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ANNUAL REPORT

OF

THE CURATOR

OF THE

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY

AT HARVARD COLLEGE,

TO THE

PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE,

FOR

1895-96.

CAMBRIDGE, U.S.A.:
UNIVERSITY PRESS: JOHN WILSON AND SON.
3 1896.

FACULTY OF THE MUSEUM.

Faculty,

CHARLES W. ELIOT, President.

ALEXANDER AGASSIZ, Curator.

, Secretary.

ALEXANDER AGASSIZ

NATHANIEL S. SHALER.
Be de MARK x

WILLIAM MORRIS DAVIS.
H, 1. SMYTHE.

GEORGE L. GOODALE.
HENRY P. WALCOTT.

Officers.

Director and Curator.
Sturgis-Hooper Professor of Geology.
Professor of Geology.

Hersey Professor of Anatomy.
Professor of Physical Geography.
Assistant Professor of Mining.

APPOINTED BY THE FACULTY OF THE MUSEUM.

WALTER FAXON.
SAMUEL GARMAN .
WILLIAM BREWSTER
ALPHEUS HYATT
SAMUEL HENSHAW

W. McM. WOODWORTH
ALFRED G. MAYER

C. R. EASTMAN.

MISS F. M. SLACK .
MAGNUS WESTERGREN

Assistant in Charge.

Assistant in Herpetology and Ichthyology:
Assistant in Ornithology and Mammalogy.
Assistant in Paleontology.

Assistant in Entomology.

Assistant in Charge of Vermes.

Assistant in Charge of Radiates.
Assistant in Vertebrate Paleontology.
Librarian.

Artist.

APPOINTED BY THE PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS.

ROBERT TRACY JACKSON
J. B. WOODWORTH .

G. HnPARKER. .

W. MoM. WOODWORTH

T. A. JAGGAR, Jr.

C. B. DAVENPORT ;
ROBERT DeECOURCEY WARD
HENRY R. LINVILLE .
JOHN T. HAMAKER

J. H. HATHAWAY
VERNON F. MARSTERS

J. E. WOODMAN

GEORGE C. CURTIS.

R. J. FORSYTHE

Instructor in Paleontology.

Instructor in Geology.

Instructor in Zodlogy.

Instructor in Microscopic Anatomy.
Instructor in Geology.

Instructor in Zodlogy.

Instructor in Climatology.

Assistant in the Zodlogical Laboratories.
Assistant in the Zoblogical Laboratories.
Assistant in the Zoological Laboratories.
Assistant in Physical Geography.
Assistant in Geology.

Assistant in the Geographical Laboratory.
Assistant in Metallurgy.

hERP OR T.

To THE PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS. OF HARVARD COLLEGE : —

Durine the past year the usual courses of instruction have been
given at the Museum in the Natural History Laboratories. Those
in Zodlogy were given by Professor Mark, Doctors Davenport,
Woodworth, and Parker, and Mr. H. V. Neal, assisted in the
Laboratory work by Messrs. H. R. Linville, H. S$. Jennings, J. T.
Hamaker, J. M. Parker, W. L. Tower, A. Rose, A.S. Hanna, R. W.
Hall, and B. S. Oppenheimer.

Professors Whitney, Shaler, Davis, and Wolff gave courses of
instruction in Geology, Paleontology, Physical Geography, Meteo-
rology, and Petrography. The Assistants in these Departments
were Messrs. Robert Tracy Jackson, J. B. Woodworth, R. De-
Courcey Ward, Leon 8. Griswold, R. A. Daly, C. L. Whittle,
F. C. Schrader, and T. A. Jaggar, Jr. The courses in Mining Geol-
ogy and allied subjects were given by Prof. H. L. Smyth.

For the details of these courses of instruction, as well as of the
Summer courses in Geology, I would refer to the accompanying
special reports of the Professors and Instructors.

The Newport Marine Laboratory has, as usual, been open to
advanced students in Zodlogy. Eight students spent a part of
their time in the Laboratory collecting material for their special
investigations, which they will continue and prepare for publication
in Professor Mark’s Laboratory at the Museum. From want of
funds and for other reasons the Museum Table at the Naples
Zoological Station has been given up.

We have to thank Commander Brice, United States Fish Com-
missioner, for the facilities granted to our students in connection
with their work at the Fish Commission Station at Wood’s Hole.

The income of the Virginia Barret Gibbs Scholarship was used
according to the terms of the gift.

4 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

The Faculty of the Museum nominated, as occupants of the
Naples Table for parts of the year 1895-96, Dr. R. G. Harrison
and Dr. A. W. Weysse.

‘We are indebted to Professor Hyatt for the care he has given to
the collection of Invertebrate Fossils under his charge. Mr. R. T.
Jackson has kindly undertaken the selection of a collection of
Paleozoic fossil invertebrates to be placed on exhibition during
the coming year in the room reserved for the Paleozoic faune.

The Exhibition Room devoted to Jurassic and Cretaceous faunal
collections has during the past year been opened to the public.
The central piece of the room is the mounted cast of Iguanodon
obtained from the Brussels Museum. A number of fossil Reptiles,
as well as of casts of limbs of the larger Western Dinosaurians
have also been placed in this room. In the Mesozoic, as well as in
the rooms devoted to Tertiary faunal collections, no attempt has
as yet been made to place on exhibition a selected collection of
Invertebrates. This we hope to do as soon as the Paleozoic faunal
collections have been placed on exhibition. The. cases of this
room are nearly ready for the specimens, and we hope before the
next academic year to open this room to the public. As the
Museum collections are specially rich in Palzozoic fossils, it
should be possible to make an interesting general exhibit of the
older faunz of the world. |

Among the collections of fossils received, I may mention a
large collection presented by the late Professor Whitney.’ These
collections were principally made by him during his connection
with the Geological Survey of California.

The fossil Vertebrates have been in charge of Dr. C. R. Kast-
man, who has made excellent progress in arranging and storing our
material. Dr. EKastman has also secured for the Museum a num-
ber of interesting fossil Fishes.

The Europzo-Siberian Room has been rearranged. Several
new cases have been added, and a large amount of material has
been placed on exhibition, mainly Birds and Mammals. Mr.
Brewster has, as in former years, kindly supervised the care
of the collection of Birds and Mammals. The Museum is also
indebted to him for much valuable assistance in other directions.

Professor Faxon has devoted the greater part of his time to
the revision of the collection of Mollusks. This work is now
nearly completed, and it will leave the collection quite accessible

¢ ne Lar a. — 2 T =

a.

POL in Pie ARE AE sl tate at 20

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. D

to specialists. But until the Museum can afford to employ a con-
chologist whose whole time will be devoted to the care of his
department we can hardly hope to do more than maintain in good
condition the conchological collections we now possess, and cannot
of course expect to carry out any important original work in a
group in which so many of the older American naturalists have
attained prominence. Mr. Faxon has devoted considerable time
to a careful revision of the collections of Deep-Sea Crustacea, and
has succeeded in placing this material in excellent condition for
consultation.

The collections of Fishes and Reptiles in charge of Mr. Garman
continue in excellent condition.

In the Entomological Department Mr. Henshaw reports that a
good deal of his time has been spent in answering requests made
upon him for information. He has continued to send out material
for examination, while much of his time has also been given to
the care of a number of small collections sent to the Museum, and
to the supervision of the collections in general.

Dr. W. McM. Woodworth has continued in charge of the collec-
tions of Worms, but owing to his absence in Australia for a great
part of the past Academic year few additions have been made to
the collections in his charge.

The Library has received by gift or purchase the usual number
of accessions, and our exchanges have increased somewhat. The
number of volumes in the Library is now more than twenty-five
thousand, and inclusive of the Whitney Library over thirty thou-
sand. The Library has received from the State Department a set
of the Proceedings of the Fur Seal Arbitration. In connection
with Library matters, I may call attention to the plan proposed by
Professor Davis, of concentrating at the Museum Library more
of the Geological material now in the general Library, and of
placing in Gore Hall the Geographical collections in the Museum
Library. This is merely extending the plans already in existence
of splitting up our Library as far as practicable into smaller collec-
tions, more readily accessible to workers in special departments.
We thus have at the Museum, independent of the general
Library, smaller collections devoted to Entomology, to Marine
Invertebrates and Thalassography, to Fishes and Reptiles, and
the Assistants always keep within reach the most important sys-
tematic works in their Departments. It is thus a comparatively

6 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

simple task for them to keep track of the bibliography of their
respective Departments.

A list of the publications of the Officers and Instructors of the
Museum, other than those contained in our Memoirs and Bulletins,
will be found accompanying the special reports.

For a complete List of the Publications of the Museum during
the past year I refer to Appendix A. The publications have been
limited to the completion of Volume XXVILI., and to the publica-
tion of Volume XXIX. of the Bulletin. The Corporation has
continued the allowance of $400 made the previous year to aid in
the publication of some of the contributions from the Zodlogical
Laboratory. We have this year made the first attempt at joint
publication with the Boston Society of Natural History of some
of the papers which, while presented to the Society, have yet been
worked out at the Zodlogical Laboratory of the Museum in charge
of Professor Mark. The American Academy, the Boston Society of
Natural History, and the Museum having agreed upon a uniform
type and size for their octavo publications, it may hereafter be
possible to publish at joint expense illustrated papers which could
not otherwise be published.

Of the ‘* Albatross” Expedition of 1891 two Bulletins have
been published during the past year, Dr. Muller’s Report on the
Ostracods, and that of Dr. Goés on the Foraminifera.

Excellent progress has been made with the Monograph of Pro-
fessors Milne-Edwards and Bouvier on the Galathoide of the
‘¢ Blake,’ so that we hope to issue it during the early part of the
year.

The Report of Professor G, Brown Goode and Dr. Tarleton H.
Bean on the Deep-Sea Fishes of the “ Blake ” has been issued as a
special Bulletin by the National Museum and the Smithsonian
Institution. By agreement with Professor Goode the Report on
the collections of the “ Blake” was incorporated with that on the
collection of Fishes made by the “ Fish Hawk” and ‘ Albatross”
along the east coast of the United States and in the Caribbean Sea.
The Museum has issued as Volume XXII. of the Memoirs this
joint publication of Goode and Bean on Oceanic Ichthyology.

The pressure of other work prevented the late Professor Goode
from carrying out his plans regarding a discussion of the geo-
graphical and bathymetrical distribution of Deep-Sea Fishes in
the publication just completed. It is hoped that this important

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 7

work may yet be undertaken by other investigators working in
this field.

Good progress has been made on the text and plates of Mr.
Garman’s Report on the Deep-Sea Fishes of the “ Albatross ”
Expedition of 1891. More than 40 Plates have been finished by
Mr. Westergren.

Dr. Chun, to whom a collection of Deep-Sea Crustacea of the
*¢ Albatross” had been sent, has published 9 Preliminary Report
on the theory of vision at great depths in the sea, based upon
his study of the organs of vision of that group. See Bibliotheca
Zoologica, Heft XIX. Lief. 4.

Among the specimens purchased for the Museum I may mention
a small collection of European Mammals and Birds, an African
Rhinoceros, a Zebra, a number of casts of rare vertebrate fossils, a
collection of Pteropods, and one of West Indian Strophias.

Among the collections presented to the Museum the following
are specially to be noted: a type collection of more than two hun-
dred species of Corbiculz, received from Mr. Temple Prime; the
first instalment of a valuable collection of New England Shells,
from Messrs. Smith and Clapp; from the Smithsonian Institu-
tion we have received a collection of Deep-Sea Fishes from the
Northern Pacific and Behring Sea, made by the ‘“ Albatross,”
and a collection of Fishes, made under the auspices of the United
States Fish Commission, from various parts of the southeast coast
of the United States; from Mr. F. W. Townsend, a collection of
Shells from the Persian Gulf; and a number of Foraminifera from
Mr. D. Bryce Scott.

Collections have been sent for study to Mr. 8. F. Conant; to
Mr. Charles Schuchert of the National Museum have been intrusted
a number of specimens of Paleozoic Starfishes ; to Messrs. Wachs-
muth and Springer, a few Crinoids. Exchanges have been made
with the Museum at Santiago, Chile, and the State College of
Kentucky. The Crustacea collected by the ‘‘ Albatross ” expedi-
tion of 1891 have been returned to the National Museum, on be-
half of the United States Fish Commission.

The Monograph of Messrs. Wachsmuth and Springer on the
North American Crinoidea Camerata is approaching completion.
The whole edition of the 83 Plates which are to accompany the
Monograph has been delivered. Mr. Springer, into whose hands
has fallen the completion of the text, hopes the volumes may be

8 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

issued by the end of this year. The senior author of the work,
Mr. Charles Wachsmuth, has not lived to see the publication
completed. His whole life had been devoted to the study of the
North American Crinoids. He was an ardent collector and a philo-
sophical student of the group. He made during his lifetime two
oreat collections, one of which was secured for the Museum in 1878,
and the other he brought together with his friend Mr. Springer.
These collections were the materials upon which was based their
Monograph, which will be his monument to science.

A good deal of confusion regarding the date of publication of
this Monograph has been caused by the premature publication, a
few months ago, of a review of the volumes by a person having
access to the sheets and plates in Mr. Wachsmuth’s hands.

It is hoped that by the arrangements made by the Corporation
on behalf of the Museum, the funds which for the past years have
been expended for the benefit of the Undergraduate Department
may gradually be restored to the Museum account, and expended
more in accordance with the original aims of the Museum.

During the past year the Museum has lost the services of two
of its officers.

Dr. D. D. Slade, who for many years had devoted his time to
the Osteological Collection of the Museum, died at Chestnut Hill in
February last. Dr. Slade attempted to build up an advance course
of osteological research, and it was a great disappointment to him
that he met with so little encouragement. He devoted his time
mainly to the arrangement of the material in his charge, and wrote
a number of papers on special subjects connected with osteology.
He hoped to build up the osteological collection with special refer-
ence to its use as an aid in paleontological research.

By the death of Josiah D. Whitney, American geology loses one
of its oldest Professors and one of its soundest and most thorough
investigators. He was the oldest officer of the Museum. In 1875,
when the Sturgis-Hooper Professorship was changed to one of
Geology, and his duties as Director of the Mining School ceased,
Professor Whitney became attached to the Museum. From that
time he was identified with its interests, devoting his time mainly
to higher instruction and to the publication of the material he had
accumulated during his connection with various geological surveys. |

Of the more important publications which the Museum owes
to him, I may mention “The Azoic System,” “ The Auriferous

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 9

Gravels of the Sierra Nevada of California,’ and ‘‘ The Climatic
Changes of Later Geological Times.”

A pioneer among American geologists, he began as assistant to
Dr. Charles T. Jackson on the Geological Survey of New Hamp-
shire. He occupied, as one of the older State geologists, a promi-
nent place among those who have laid the foundation of American
field geology. The work he accomplished as United States Geolo-
gist of Lake Superior, and as State Geologist of Wisconsin, of Iowa,
and of California, was of high grade, and the important publica-
tions he issued in connection with these surveys have stood the
test of time. After the Legislature of California had refused to
continue their appropriations for the State Survey, he continued it
for some time at his own expense. The ‘ Yosemite Book” was
issued in connection with that Survey, and on his return to the
Kast from California he published at Cambridge six volumes of
the ‘“‘ Geological Survey of California.”

He published a number of minor reports and papers in scientific
journals. He wrote the article “ United States” in the ninth
edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica and the definition of many
of the geological and mining terms in the Century Dictionary.
Among his other important publications should be mentioned his
** Metallic Wealth of the United States,” the result of extensive
travels throughout the country, and his ‘ Studies in Geographi-
cal and Topographical Nomenclature.” His scientific sympathies
extended over a broad field. Besides his special geological work
he was interested in geographical questions, and had made a pro-
found study of Mining, Metallurgy, and Chemistry, so far as they
relate to geology.

A man of strong convictions, he was naturally impatient with
many of the cruder theories of the younger school of geologists,
and was often considered as not sufficiently in touch with modern
methods. He was devoted to the interests of his students, allow-
ing them the fullest access to the materials he had brought
together, and most generous in his dealings with his fellow
workers. He brought together during his lifetime a large and
valuable library, which he gave to the Museum as the nucleus of a
library for the Sturgis-Hooper Professorship. The greater part
of it, about 5,000 volumes and nearly 1,500 pamphlets, as well as
the paleontological collections he possessed, mainly from California,

were already deposited in the Museum at the time of his death.
2

10 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

He retained his activity to the last, and his death found him
occupied in writing papers on the origin and mode of occurrence
of iron and its ores, and in their classification.

In connection with my work on the Florida coral reef, Mr. L. 8.
Griswold made an exploration into the Everglades, in order to
determine if practicable how far inland the coral reef region ex-
tended. He penetrated inland a considerable distance, reaching
the edge of the Everglades at three points. His explorations
have added greatly to our geological and geographical knowledge of
the region. His report will be published as an Appendix to my
Notes on the Coral Reefs of Florida, now in the press. (Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., Vol. XXVIII. No. 2.)

While preparing this work an interesting report on the bor-
ings of the Key West Artesian well was sent in to me by Dr.
K. O. Hovey. From the report of Dr. Hovey it is evident that
the Florida coral reef is, as I have always contended, of very
moderate thickness, well within the range of depth at which
corals can grow, and that it rests upon Pliocene deposits. (Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. XXVIII. No. 3.) A further examina-
tion of the borings of the Key West Artesian well will be made
by Dr. W. H. Dall and Dr. Woodward, in connection with ma-
terial collected by the U. 8S. Geological Survey at other deep wells
extending into the Tertiary strata of Florida and of Texas.

In pursuance of a plan to investigate the coral reefs of the
Pacific, | spent some weeks on the Great Barrier Reef of Aus-
tralia. Dr. W. McM. Woodworth and Dr. A. G, Mayer of the
Museum accompanied me as assistants. A complete outfit for
sounding and for collecting pelagic animals was shipped to Sydney
and placed on board the steamship ‘‘ Croydon,” which had been
chartered for the expedition. A complete photographic outfit, as
well as the equipment necessary for taking care of the collections,
was also sent out. Unfortunately the explorations we made were
restricted by the boisterous weather we encountered along the
coast of Australia. I succeeded, however, in examining the reef
sufficiently in detail to satisfy myself that subsidence had played
a very insignificant role in the formation of that great reef. A
preliminary account of the expedition has been published in the
September number of the American Journal of Science. It was a
great disappointment to me to be unable to carry out either my
plans for sounding off the sea face of the barrier reef, or for

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 11

making a number of deep-sea hauls in the same district with the
self-closing Tanner net ;— the more so as we were specially well
equipped for doing this work, and I anticipated a large harvest of
pelagic material from a district about which so little is known.

I am, however, satisfied that this visit to the Great Barrier Reef
of Australia, however unsuccessful it has been, will enable me to
carry out future expeditions to the coral districts of the Pacific
with far better ideas of the difficulties to be encountered and of the
nature of the problems to be solved than if I had made my trip
to Australia after an examination of the coral islands of the
Southern seas. As it would have been impossible for me to have
carried on my own investigations regarding the Great Barrier
Reef and to have made a collection of the corals of the region at
the same time, I sent Professor H. A. Ward of Rochester to
Australia, and he is at present on the Great Barrier Reef, making
a collection of the corals of the reef for the Museum. From what
I hear, he has been favored with better weather, and has been
most successful in gathering a representative collection of the
corals of the northeast coast, mainly in Torres Straits.

I have to thank for information regarding my trip to Australia
Mr. W. Saville Kent, formerly Fish Commissioner of Queensland,
Commander OC. D. Sigsbee of the U. S. Hydrographic Office, and
especially Admiral Wharton, R. N., Hydrographer to the Admiralty,
whose advice was of the greatest value. To Mr. H. M. Gray, the
managing director of the India Rubber and Gutta Percha and
Telegraph Works, Limited, I am also indebted for information
regarding the deep-sea sounding machinery in use on the telegraph
steamer of their company.

Through the kindness of the Hon. Richard Olney, the Secretary
of State at Washington, letters of introduction to the governments
of Queensland and New South Wales were sent to me from the
Foreign Office, and to prominent officials of the Australian colonies
from the Colonial Office, in London, and by Sir Julian Pauncefote,
H. B. M. Ambassador at Washington. The Governor General of
Queensland, Lord Lamington, facilitated my explorations in every
possible way, and the “ Croydon” received every courtesy in all
the ports we touched at.

To Colonel Duffield, the Superintendent of the U. S. Coast and
Geodetic Survey, I owe valuable assistance regarding the expedi-
tion of Mr. L. 8. Griswold to the Everglades.

12 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Some radical changes have taken place during the past year in
the organization of the Museum. The Department of Petrogra-
phy has been merged into that of Mineralogy. Professor Wolff
having been placed in charge of the collection of mineralogy, it
was natural that he should transfer his former department into
the section of Mineralogy.

Professor Smyth will also hereafter find such facilities as may
be given to mining geology in the same section of the Museum,
until technical and applied geology, or geology as a whole, are in
their turn transferred to more spacious and more appropriate
quarters than those they now occupy.

It is becoming self-evident that, with the great increase in the

number of Professors and students of the Zodlogical, Geological,
and Geographical Departments in the University, the continuance
of their present intimate connection with the Museum is only a
question of time and money.
_ Weare rapidly approaching the condition when. each one of the
Natural History Departments must work in its own quarters
independently, supervising its own instruction, publishing its own
researches, and having the charge of its own collections; all
holding, in short, the same relation to one another that the Bo-
tanical and the Mineralogical sections and the Peabody Museum
now hold to the University Museum.

This naturally brings up the question of carrying on the vari-
ous departments of Natural History contained in the University
Museum quadrangle. With the gradually decreasing means now
at their disposal, we cannot hope even to keep up with the progress
of science. For a healthy increase of the work done in the differ-
ent sections of the Museum a very large annual income is needed,
— two or three times larger at least than is now at our disposal.

With our present resources we are barely keeping alive, and
the future has nothing in prospect beyond the merest routine
work. Each of the Departments needs funds for additional Pro-
fessors and Assistants, as well as for the running-expenses of each
Professorship, to enable them to carry on original research. An
annual income is needed to send out expeditions both on land and
at sea to collect material connected with the questions of the day,
and a publishing fund large enough to allow the publication of the
original work of the members of each Department, be they Pro-
fessors or students. With the enormous increase in the number

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. . 13

of scientific publications annually issued, the funds at the disposal
of the University Library are totally inadequate to purchase the
books wanted for each branch of the Museum. To this should
be added the building and maintenance of a Marine Laboratory,
which is as important an adjunct to the Natural History Depart-
ments of the University as a Physical or a Chemical Laboratory.

The public to-day can hardly realize the interest that was taken
by the Commonwealth and the friends of Professor Agassiz in
the establishment of the Museum of Comparative Zoédlogy. Nor
is it likely that they fully appreciate the part which the Museum
has played in the development of the study of Nature at Harvard
and elsewhere in this country.

The Commonwealth came forward most generously, and sus-
tained, often under most unpropitious circumstances, the interest
it had shown in the Museum. From the treasury of the Com-
monwealth no less than $240,000 has been received at various
times, and up to the beginning of 1895 more than $1,580,000 (ex-
clusive of income) has been received from all sources, including
the State grants, the subscriptions of friends, and the gifts of the
family of Professor Agassiz.

This large sum is represented by the buildings, exclusive of
the Botanical and Mineralogical sections; by the collections and
the work expended upon them; by the Library, and an extensive
series of publications (20 quarto volumes of Memoirs and 30 octavo
volumes of Bulletins); and by an endowment of over $580,000, the
income of which is available for the salaries and running expenses
of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy and its allied departments.

Soon after the death of Professor Agassiz the Trustees of the
Museum deemed it advisable to ask the Legislature to transfer the
interest of the State in the Museum to the President and Fellows
of Harvard College, who already held pre-eminent rights in some
of the funds and collections. This connection with Harvard Uni-
versity led to a great increase in the study of Natural History,
both in the undergraduate and graduate departments. The Mu-
seum itself has always been primarily an institution for research,
although its collections and laboratories are to a limited extent
available to undergraduates.

A further concentration of the Natural History departments of
the University was effected in 1888-89 by the building of the
Botanical and Mineralogical sections, the Geological and Geo-

14 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

‘graphical Departments having before that time found their abode
in the Museum Laboratories. Quite early in the history of the
Museum the establishment of the Peabody Museum led to the
transfer to that section of the University Museum of all the col-
lections brought together by Professor Agassiz and others which
related to that Department. What now remains to be built is
a comparatively small section of the Museum of Comparative
Zodlogy, and the completion of the wing devoted to the Peabody
Museum. This, when erected, would complete a University Mu-
seum, in which are duly recognized the claims of the undergradu-
ates, of the advanced student, and of the investigator. The staff
of instructors through its connection with Harvard must always
retain the highest character, and the amount of original work
which can be carried on there by investigators will depend entirely
upon the interest shown by the public in keeping up the resources
for investigation and publication available to the officers of the
University Museum.

The want of the southwest corner piece of the Museum is
severely felt in the crowding of the Laboratories available for
Zoslogy and Geology, both. for undergraduates and advanced
students. Nothing can be done to complete the system of Exhi-

bition Rooms planned for Geology and Geography until that —

section is built. This will require about one hundred thousand
dollars for its erection and equipment. No greater advantage can
accrue to the Natural History Departments of Harvard Univer-
sity than the completion of the building forming the quadrangle
of the University Museum.

The income of at least two millions of dollars is necessary to
carry out the plans I have sketched and to maintain a Bice
Laboratory.

It is now fifty years since the founder ss the Museum landed in
this country. Since his death the Museum has more than doubled
in size, but its endowment has remained stationary, and its in-
come has decreased with the fall in the rate of interest since 1874.
May we not hope in this fiftieth anniversary to obtain the funds
necessary to complete the building, and to carry on the whole
Museum on a scale proportional to the demands of a great
University.

ALEXANDER AGASSIZ,

CAMBRIDGE, October 1, 1896.

EAE

———

thee rae ate

Cn cdl
———

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 15

REPORT OF MEMBERS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF
GEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY.

In recognition of the good share of attention given under the
Department of Geology to instruction in Geography, a change in
the name of the Department has been made, as indicated in the
above heading. Herewith is associated for the present the instruc-
tion in Mining and Metallurgy, although it may be anticipated that,
with the fuller development of these subjects, they will in time be
placed in an independent department, similar to that which a
year ago was constituted by bringing together the courses in Min-
eralogy from the Department of Chemistry, and those in Petro-
graphy from the Department of Geology.

The liberal appropriations made by the Council of the Univer-
sity Library for several years past have made it possible to obtain
a nearly complete collection of large-scale topographical maps of
the various countries of Europe. As further expenditure in this
direction will henceforward be limited to the purchase of new map-
sheets, as they are issued, it is desired now to turn attention to
the accumulation of the large-scale maps and detailed memoirs
issued by the various geological surveys abroad. A good be-
ginning in this direction has been made in the Whitney library,
where the publications of the geological surveys of Germany,
Italy, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland are already in hand, as far
as published. A second step has been taken during the past year
by the allotment of a special sum from the funds of the University
Library for the purchase of geological maps. The maps of Sax-
ony and a considerable number of those of England have thus
been bought. It is hoped that a sum, equivalent to that allowed
for topographical maps in recent years, may now be appropriated
for geological maps for several years to come.

The better concentration of geological and geographical mate-
_ rials is promoted by a plan proposed during the past winter. Geo-
graphical journals and topographical maps, hitherto in the Library
of the Museum, have been transferred to the University Library,
in so far as they are not duplicates. In like manner, geological

16 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

journals, reports, and maps in the University Library will be
deposited in the Museum Library, so far as may be needed to fill
out the Whitney collection. In this manner, each collection will
be as thorough as it can be made. The recent alteration in the
University Library building has allowed opportunity for concen-
trating all the geographical journals on a single group of shelves,
so that they may be most conveniently consulted.

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. LF.

REPORT ON THE COURSES OF INSTRUCTION IN
GEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY.

Durine the Academic year 1895-96, the following named courses
of instruction were given in the laboratories and in the field by the
instructors of the Department of Geology and Geography.

Instruction in General Geology.

1. (Geol. 4.) A course in Elementary Geology ; two lectures a week
by N. 8. Shaler, with a third lecture and an hour for special exercises
by R. A. Daly, assisted by F. C. Schrader, and with required reading
and field-work. Attended by two hundred and sixty-two students.

2. (Geol. 8.) A course in General Critical Geology ; two lectures a
week by J. B. Woodworth, with an additional hour for review. During
the autumn and spring ten half-day excursions were made in the field to
points in the vicinity of the University. Each student prepared a thesis
during the winter months, and a map and report upon some locality in
the neighborhood. Twenty-two students took this course.

3. (Geol. 22a.) A course in Field Work and Geological Mapping,
designed to afford training in original investigation, with work in the
library and.in the preparation of geological reports, supplemented by
special training in the experimental method of solving field problems.
Conducted by T. A. Jaggar, Jr., under the direction of N. S. Shaler,
W. M. Davis, and J. E. Wolff. Conferences were held once a week
during the year. The course was attended by three students.

4, (Geol. 22 6.) Anadvanced course of research for special geological
investigation in the field and laboratory, designed for second-year stu-
dents who have already passed in the work of 22a. The work in this
course is under the personal supervision of the different instructors of
the Department. It was attended by one student.

Instruction in Meteorology and Physical Geography.

5. (Geol. 2.) A half-course in Physiography, by W. M. Davis, as-
sisted by L. S. Griswold. Two or three lectures a week, with laboratory
work and recitations, first half-year. Attended by thirty-four students.

6. (Geol. 1.) A half-course in Elementary Meteorology, by R. DeC.
_ Ward. Two or three lectures a week, with laboratory work and reci-
. tations, second half-year. Attended by fifty-eight students.

3

18 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

7. (Geol. 3.) A half-course in Physiography and Meteorology, by
W. M. Davis and R. DeC. Ward. Two lectures a week. Attended by
twelve students.

8. (Geol. 7.) A half-course in the Physiography of Europe, by W. M.
Davis. Lectures, library work, and reports, second half-year. At-
tended by seven students.

9. (Geol. 20.) A course in advanced Physiography, by W. M. Davis.
Conferences held once a week. Attended by five students.

Instruction in Paleontology.

10. (Geol. 14.) A half-course in Paleontology, by N. S. Shaler, as-
sisted by R. T. Jackson. Two lectures a week, with theses. This
course was attended by fifteen students.

11. (Geol. 13.) A course in Invertebrate Paleontology, by R. T.
Jackson. Two lectures a week with laboratory work. Attended by
three students.

12. (Geol. 15.) A course in Historical Geology, designed to train
advanced students in the use of fossils in determining geological hori-
zons, by N.S. Shaler, assisted by R. T. Jackson. This course was
taken by four students.

Instruction in Special Geology.

13. (Geol. 16.) A half-course in Glacial Geology, by J. B. Wood-
worth. Lectures once a week, with additional hours for conferences,
field and laboratory work. Attended by two students.

Instruction in Mining Greology.

14. (Geol. 10.) A half-course in Mining Geology, by H. L. Smyth.
Lectures, laboratory and field work ; three times a week, first half-year.
Attended by six students.

15. (Geol. 11.) A half-course in Geological Surveying, by H. L.
Smyth. Lectures, laboratory and field work; three times a week,
second half-year. Attended by seven students.

16. (Geol. 18.) A course in Economical Geology, by J. D. Whitney.
Lectures three times a week, with required reading and theses. Attended
by two students.

Norr. — The instruction in Petrography is now announced under the department
of Mineralogy and Petrography.

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 19

Summer Courses. 1896.

17. (Geol. S.1.) <A course in Elementary Geology, beginning July 3,
and lasting six weeks, under the direction of N.S. Shaler, by G. E.
Ladd. Instruction was in the form of lectures, laboratory work, and
field excursions. Besides the systematic lectures by Mr. Ladd, special
subjects were treated by Professors Shaler and Davis. Attended by
thirteen students.

18. (Geol. S. 2.) An advanced course in field study, beginning
July 3, at Cambridge, and continuing six weeks, in Southern New
England, by N. S. Shaler and J. B. Woodworth. Attended by five
students.

19. (Physiog. 1.) A course in Elementary Physiography, beginning
July 3, and lasting six weeks, by W. M. Davis, assisted by J. M. Bout-
well. Lectures, laboratory work, and excursions. Attended by fifty-
three students.

20. (Physiog. 2.) A course in Advanced Physiography, beginning
July 3, and lasting six weeks, by W. M. Davis. Conferences, reports,
and theses. Attended by one student.

20 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

REPORT ON COURSES IN GENERAL GEOLOGY AND
PALAONTOLOGY.

By N. S. SHALER.

A. HALF-COURSE of lectures, designed to set forth the phenomena
of Geology to beginners, and known as Course 4, was given as in
previous years. |

The laboratory and field work of the course in Elementary
Geology was conducted under the general supervision of Profes-
sor Shaler, by Mr. Reginald A. Daly, with the assistance of Mr.
F. C. Schrader, following the plan of instruction developed in
previous years by Mr. R. E. Dodge. Substantial additions were
made to the teaching collection, mainly in the form of fossils and
lithological specimens purchased from dealers. The system of
numbering and cataloguing these collections mentioned in the
last Report upon this course has been maintained. The use of a
clinometer compass manufactured by F. Barker & Son of London,
and larger than that heretofore employed, was introduced in the
field work.

Mr. Daly gave also a course in Elementary Geology to students
in Radcliffe College, following the plan of instruction noted in last
year’s report. By this arrangement the students of Radcliffe Col-
lege are admitted to the Geological Laboratory on equal terms with
those of Harvard College. In June, Mr. Daly, having received
the degree of Ph. D. and having been appointed to a Parker
Fellowship, resigned his position as Instructor in Geology to take
up the study of geology in Europe.

Mr. J.-B. Woodworth reports as follows on the instruction in
General Geology (second course, Geol. 8), and Glacial Geology
(Geol. 16) : —

The second course in General Geology (Geol. 8) was completed
by twenty-two men, the number in attendance being somewhat
larger than during the previous year. The survey of square-mile

areas in the vicinity of the University by students in this course

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. mel

was continued as heretofore. Each year there is a noticeable
increase in the effacement of our glacial deposits. It is hoped
that, by carefully recording the occurrence of these superficial
phenomena, the field work of our students will preserve the
knowledge of an interesting district, the natural features of which
are rapidly vanishing. The same advance of culture upon the
natural ground in the environs of Boston has rendered it desirable
to extend the regular field excursions to more distant points than
were formerly visited. © Half-day excursions were therefore made
again this year to Attleboro, Plainville, and Pondville, Mass. Dur-
ing the April recess, a voluntary excursion was made to Martha’s
Vineyard for the purpose of examining the terminal moraine on
that island, and of making a section of the Gay Head cliffs. Mr.
Francis Noyes Balch, a student in the course, succeeded in veri-
fying the reported occurrence of a substance resembling amber in
the Gay Head section. The teaching collection was farther en-
riched by a collection of lignite from the non-marine Cretaceous
of the island, and by characteristic lithological specimens from the
Cretaceous, Neocene, and Pleistocene beds. In the lectures, more
attention than usual was given this year to the light which the
alluvial deposits of modern great rivers throw upon the structure
and origin of certain ancient fresh water or non-marine deposits
of the Carboniferous and Triassic Periods. The subject of joints
and fractures in rocks was illustrated by new and undescribed
material largely collected on the excursions made with students
in this course. |

The course in Glacial Geology (Geol. 16) was taken by two
men. In addition to the instruction given, some time was spent
with one student in elaborating a classification of glacial depos-
its, paying especial attention to the recognition of the moraine
terrace or ice-contact slope at the rear of sand plains and mo-
raines as a key to the understanding of the relations of the
departing ice sheet to the drift laid down about it. Excursions
were made tending to show the widespread distribution of this
feature in Southern New England. Trips were also conducted to
Mt. Monadnock, N. H., to the Falmouth moraine and the Queen’s
River boulder belt in Rhode Island, in the interest of students
in this course.

In addition to the instruction in the above courses, work was
done by Mr. Woodworth with the aid of Mr. F. C. Schrader, in

22 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

collecting and preparing a series of rocks for the University of
Missouri, and in gathering material from localities in Eastern
Massachusetts for exchange with the laboratories of other institu-
tions. As Assistant Geologist of the U. S. Geological Survey,
Mr. Woodworth spent a week in January in the examination of
the Richmond coal basin, work on which was resumed again in
June. Other work done in connection with this organization is
set forth in the report of Professor Shaler in the 17th Annual
Report of the Director of the Survey.

Dr. R. T. Jackson reports that the collections used in teaching
Paleontology are in good condition, and have received some desira-
ble accessions. A new feature has been introduced in wall diagrams
for class use. These diagrams are photographic enlargements
of structural and developmental figures of fossils, taken directly
from original publications. The method was adopted first by
Dr. W. M. Woodworth of the Zodlogical Department, and it has
proved to be very useful in palzontological instruction as well.

A few palzontological papers and specimens have been received
as gifts from Professors C. H. Beecher and A. Hyatt, and Messrs.
Wm. F. KE. Gurley, C. L. Whittle, and J. B. Woodworth.

The most important accessions of material to the Department
are choice specimens of Metacrinus rotundus and Nautilus pom-
pilius, both in alcohol, purchased of Ward’s Natural Science
Establishment. From the same source was obtained a collection
of Permian fossils from Europe. A collection of Permian and
Cretaceous fossils from Kansas was purchased of Mr. C. N. Gould.
A choice lot of Cretaceous Invertebrates, recently collected by
Mr. C. L. Johnson, in Texas, Alabama, and New Jersey, was
purchased of the Wagner Free Institute of Science. A limited
number of Silurian Sponges and Brachiopods, showing silicified
arms and other details of structure, was purchased of Mr. G. K.
Greene.

As in previous years, Dr. Jackson spent a considerable part of his
time in working on the Palzontological collections of the Museum.

Mr. T. A. Jaggar, Jr., reports as follows concerning the advanced
courses in Geological Field and Laboratory Work : —

During the past year, research in general geology has been
carried on in two courses: Geology 22a, planned for students just

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 23

entering upon geological research work in the University, and
Geology 226, intended for more experienced men. The work of
the first course was closely supervised by Mr. Jaggar, and the
students were individually given much time in the field and
laboratory by the instructor. In the fall they were offered a
series of seven general excursions conducted by the officers of the
department to various carefully studied localities in New England,
so that by note-taking, collateral reading, and conferences each
student attained at the outset a somewhat varied field experience
as a basis for original work. During the winter months a short
course of lectures was given by Mr. Jaggar on the experimen-
tal or synthetic method of interpreting geological processes, and
this was supplemented by regular laboratory work in devising,
constructing, and applying special apparatus for the solution of
problems in dynamical geology. During the spring season the
northwestern part of the Boston basin was carefully studied in
three sections, especially with a view to discovering the source of
the remarkable series of fragments included. in the younger erup-
tive rocks which cut the Somerville slate ; the adjacent crystalline
rocks of Belmont, Arlington, and Medford were found to contain
many types identical with these inclusions, and the results of this
investigation will be published in the near future.

In course 226, Mr. J. KE. Woodman prepared, under the super-
vision of Professor Shaler, a report ‘“‘ On the Geologic Forces and
Forms of the North Jersey Coast,” based upon field work done
during the previous summer.

Following the plan carried out by Mr. Ward in Meteorology,
Mr. Jaggar, at the request of Mr. W. A. Baldwin, Superintendent
of Schools in Belmont and Danvers, gave a course of lectures to a
class of fifteen teachers in Danvers, Mass., on ‘‘ Physiographic
Types, as illustrated in Southern New England.” At the close of
the season an extended excursion was made with the class in
Essex County, where examples of many typical geographical forms
were seen and studied in the field.

Mr. Jaggar has devoted much time to the construction and
arrangement of special pieces of apparatus, with the view of estab-
lishing a Laboratory of Experimental Geology. Two basement
rooms in the Museum have served well for this purpose, being
immediately associated with the motor, dynamo, petrographical
workshop, and photographic room.

24 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

The students of Geology 22a carried on experimental work on
two subjects. Mr. C. W. Dorsey made a series of models of
glacial sand plains by means of an apparatus imitating the con-
ditions of glacial drainage, and the resulting delta deposits were
studied minutely with respect to form, bedding in cross-section,
influence of water level, and other variable conditions. Messrs. W.
A. Baldwin and E. E. McCarthy, the other students of the course,
were led through a series of experiments imitative of the deforma-
tion of stratified rocks under compression, following in general the
plan adopted by Mr. Bailey Willis in his work on the “ Mechanics
of Appalachian Structure” (13th Ann. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Survey).
For general work of this sort a massive compression chest was
constructed of oak, provided with two heavy thrust pistons at
opposite ends, which can be advanced by screws. The models are

cast from mixtures of wax and plaster, and are then submitted to

slow compression under a heavy load of fine shot. The apparatus
is so made that the amount of movement and pressure is registered
on special indices at various points; a metronome is used for
regulating the rate of compression. Hach model is removed and
photographed at different stages of deformation, and the records
so obtained are used by the students for comparative study with
structures in the field and with published descriptions of similar
phenomena.

In addition to the apparatus above described, and in preparation
for a special course in Experimental and Dynamical Geology, to be
given in 1896-97, the following instruments have been collected : —

Machine for the reproduction and measurement of Ripple-mark.

Ring-shaped tank for producing a continuous current of water ;
for the study of Ripple-drift, rate of transportation of material in
suspension, etc.

Five vessels of different form, for the study and optical projec-
tion of vortical movements in a liquid, as affecting conditions of
transportation and deposition.

Gas Furnace, model Leclere and Forquignon, made by Lequeux
in Paris, with adjustable blowpipe and improved hydraulic blast
(after Damoiseau). The latter may also be used as sucking or
vacuum pump. ‘This apparatus is most useful for general work in
the synthesis of minerals and rocks.

Electric Furnace, model O’Neill, for experiments requiring
excessively high temperature.

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 20

The following instruments are in preparation : —

Geyser apparatus, after the models of Petersen and Andree.

In addition Mr. Jaggar has devoted some time to the prepara-
tion of photographs, lantern slides, and diagrams illustrative of
the work of former experimenters.

The following papers, results of work in the experimental labora-
tory, are in preparation : —

Ripple-mark, and related Geologic Phenomena.

On the Geological Work of Vortices and Eddies.

An Experimental Study of Glacial Delta Deposits.

The Influence of Rate of Compression and of Composite Thrusts,
in Rock Deformation.

Summer Courses in Geology.

The elementary summer course was given in Cambridge, under
the direction of Professor N. 8. Shaler, by Dr. G. E. Ladd. In
addition to the systematic instruction by lectures and laboratory
work, about twenty field excursions were made to localities easily
accessible from Boston, the most remote being Newburyport on
the north and Newport on the south. Lectures were given by
Professor Shaler on dynamical geology, Professor Davis on physio-
graphic geology, Dr. Jackson on paleontology, and Mr. Woodworth
on glacial geology. The course closed with a written examination
and a practical test in field work.

The second course in geology in the Summer School was given
by Professor Shaler and Mr. J. B. Woodworth. One week was
spent in Cambridge at the beginning in preparation for the subse-
quent outdoor work. The districts then visited included the Nor-
folk County and Narragansett basins, the Island of Martha’s
Vineyard, and the Triassic valley in Counecticut. These districts
afford an exhibition of the Pre-Cambrian, Cambrian, Carbonifer-
ous, Jura-Trias, Cretaceous, Miocene, and Pleistocene rocks of
Southern New England, with a variety of secondary structures.
Five students took this course, three of these being registered in
the University during the college year.

26 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

REPORT ON COURSES IN PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

By Proressor W. M. Davis.

THE most important changes during the past year have been
the addition of field excursions to the course in Elementary
Physiography (Geol. 2), the transfer of the course in Elemen-
tary Meteorology to Mr. Ward, and the presentation for the
first time of the course on the Physiography of Europe, by Pro-
fessor Davis. As in former years, all these courses were re-
peated for the students of Radcliffe College.

The field excursions in Elementary Physiography, conducted by
Professor Davis and Mr. Griswold, were introduced because the
experience of previous years made it only too plain that our under-
graduate students have no sufficient acquaintance with actual land
forms as objects of conscious study, and that without such ac-
quaintance it was difficult for many of them to acquire the art of
reading maps, on which much of the laboratory work depends.
The excursions proved of distinct value, although the necessity
of limiting them narrowly in time and expense was somewhat
embarrassing.

In the course on the Physiography of Europe, the sets of large-
scale topographical maps of foreign countries, accumulated in the
University Library chiefly during the last five years, and the col-
lection of grouped sheets of the same maps mounted for laboratory
use, were put into active service and proved to be simply invaluable
in giving vivid ideas concerning the facts of geographical form.
Exercise in reading these maps largely superseded reference to
written text, although the latter was drawn from the most recent
monographs accessible. In view of this, an article was prepared
for the Chicago “ Journal of Geology,” advocating the more gen-
eral use of large-scale maps in teaching, and indicating by special
examples the character of the results thus obtainable. One of the
most noticeable advantages of the maps was that they were sus-
ceptible of uniform treatment in study and description; while the

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 27

use of texts required a frequent change of point of view, aim, and
method, according to the habit of the author consulted. The ab-
sence of any complete and consistent method of treating geo-
graphical subjects became inconveniently conspicuous during the
progress of the course. It was found impossible to illustrate the
Physiography of Europe with any thoroughness by means of the
Gardner collection of photographs, for, in spite of the large num-
ber of foreign views in the collection, it does not yet include a sys-
tematic series selected to represent the leading physical features
of each country. It is therefore suggested that special effort be
directed, during the coming years, to making good this deficiency.
The time of a well prepared and well disposed graduate, during a
year of foreign travel, might be pleasurably and profitably given
to this task.

The course in Advanced Physiography was devoted, as in former
years, to individual study of selected problems. Mr. Gulliver com-
pleted his discussion of the development of shore lines, embodying
his results in a thesis which was accepted as contributing towards
the degree of Ph. D., which he secured at the end of the year. He
is now continuing his studies abroad, having already during the
past summer visited a number of interesting shore localities. Mr.
Woodman undertook the study of Brittany, as an example of an
old land adjoining a denuded coastal plain (the western part of
the Paris basin), with special attention to the courses of rivers as
indicative of the area of old land from which the coastal plain
cover has been stripped. In another connection, the same student
examined the western slope of the central plateau of France, with
the same problem in mind. Although not intended to lessen the
importance of local field study, the investigations by Messrs. Gul-
liver and Woodman may be taken to confirm the contention that
original physiographical research may be based on good maps,
provided the student has acquired the art of map reading. In
regions of complicated structure, geological maps and text con-
stitute an essential supplement to topographical maps.. Mr. Curtis
undertook a novel subject: the design of a coastal region in which
various features should be rationally associated, and its represen-
tation in a model. The essentials of this task were that every
element of form should be reasonably accounted for by citation
of a similar form in nature; and that the association of these
forms in the designed model should follow a reasonable scheme

96 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

of geographical development. Mr. Wadsworth undertook a de-
scription of volcanic topography with the intention of giving a
better proportion of ‘‘ values ”’ to the various forms, and relegating
symmetrical volcanic cones to a less prominent rank than is given
to them in current text-books.

Summer Course in Physiography.

The summer course in Elementary Physiography seems to have

met a popular want, as the number attending it increased from |

nine in the summer of 1895, when it was first offered, to fifty-
three this year. In this course Professor Davis had the assist-
ance of Mr. J. M. Boutwell, of the College class of 1897. With
the exception of one person who was enrolled as a “ student,”
all the others were actually engaged in professional work. The
greater number were teachers in Massachusetts grammar schools,
but teachers in high schools, academies, and normal schools, and
school superintendents, were also represented. Instruction was
given by morning lectures, illustrated by diagrams, maps, and
lantern slides, and frequently interrupted for informal confer-
ences; by laboratory work, in which many diagrams and maps
besides those used in the lectures, were conveniently placed for
personal study; and by field excursions to Waverly, Newtonville,
Nantasket, Provincetown, and Greenfield, Mass. It was manifest
from the avidity with which the teachers accepted a rational
method of studying and teaching geography that empirical meth-
ods are outgrown, even though they may still be preserved by
those who have no escape from them. Another result of the
course was the determination to introduce, in the next session
of the school, a series of systematic exercises in outdoor obser-
vation and description of elementary forms, so as to overcome if
possible the embarrassment now prevailing among teachers when
in the presence of nature and in the absence of a text-book. On
the whole, it may be said that the summer physiographical work
with teachers, as now developing, takes high rank among the
duties of the year.

It was particularly with a view to introducing observational
work at an early stage in the teaching of geography that Profes-
sor Davis prepared for Connecticut and Rhode Island small pam-
phlets on ‘‘ The State Topographical Map as an aid to the Study

SS ee ee Se ES er

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 29

of Geography in Grammar and High Schools.” These pamphlets
have been published by the Board of Education of the respective
States, and distributed to the public schools of grammar grade.
Similar pamphlets will probably be published by Massachusetts
and New York.. The following extract will indicate the intention
of these efforts: ‘‘ Lack of experience in the use of the State Map
in field teaching is, for the present, a necessary result of the recent
completion of the map. Three, four, or five years hence, a similar
lack of experience will be interpreted, by those who understand
the advance in the teaching of geography now in progress, as the
result of the neglect of the opportunities for self-improvement that
every teacher is in duty bound to use to the utmost. Fifteen or
twenty years hence, it will be a reproach to the school in which
the younger teachers of that time began their education, if they do
not bring from it an acquaintance with home geography and the
geography of the State, such as the proper use of the State Map
in the grammar schools will surely develop.”

Instruction in Meteorology.

Besides giving the lectures and conducting the laboratory work
of the course in Elementary Meteorology during the second half-
year, Mr. Ward gave much time to accumulating material in prep-
aration for the course on Climatology, to be offered for the first
time during the coming year. The course of informal lectures to
teachers given by Mr. Ward in Hingham a year ago was repeated
during the past winter at Braintree, North Abington, Brockton,
and Natick. At each place the course consisted of ten lectures,
the attendance being about two hundred teachers in all. As a re-
sult of this work, instruction in local observation and its sys-
tematic correlation with the practical uses of the daily weather
maps has been introduced to some extent in all the places above
mentioned. This work seems likely to grow rapidly during com-
ing years. A paper on ‘“‘ Meteorological Observations in Schools ”’
was prepared for the Connecticut State Board of Education by
Mr. Ward, and was published by that Board as a School Docu-
ment. Mr. Ward continued to act as editor of the ‘‘ American
Meteorological Journal,” to which work he devoted much of his
time, until the suspension of the Journal with the April number,
at the close of the twelfth volume ; since then he has undertaken

30 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

to report current notes on Meteorology to “ Science.” In con-
junction with Mr. A. L. Rotch, proprietor of the Blue Hill Meteoro-
logical Observatory, Mr. Ward has given some time to the accumu-
lation of climatological reports in the Library of the Astronomical
Observatory of Harvard College. Through the active support of
the Director of the Observatory, this Library promises to become
exceptionally complete in climatological material.

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 31

REPORT ON COURSES IN MINING GEOLOGY.
‘By Assistant Proressor H. L. Smyru.

In 1895-96 the courses in Mining Geology and Geological Sur-
veying were given by Assistant Professor Smyth, as in the year
preceding, in the Mineralogical Section of the University Museum,
where also, by the courtesy of the Department of Mineralogy and
Petrography, the library of Professor Pumpelly, and the special
collections for these courses, are still temporarily installed.

The course in Mining Geology began with the Academic year,
instead of in December as in former years, and ended at the mid-
year examinations. It was followed in the second half-year by the
course in Geological Surveying. For the coming year noteworthy
changes are made in these courses. Mining Geology (Geology 10)
becomes a full course, running through the year, and is thrown
open to College students ; while Geological Surveying (Geology 11)
is transferred to the new group of courses in Mining and Metal-
lurgy, as Mining 1, and remains open only to students in the
Scientific School.

No formally announced excursions were made during the year,
but several students who intend to specialize in Economic Geology
accompanied Mr. Smyth on professional visits to Lake Superior,
California, and South Dakota.

The time of the instructor, aside from his University duties,
was entirely devoted to the completion of a Monograph on the
Michigamme District in Michigan, and to the preparation of a
paper on Magnetic Observations in Geological Mapping, the latter
soon to appear in the Transactions of the American Institute of
Mining Engineers.

During the year considerable additions have been made, by gift
and purchase, to the collections in Economic Geology, the most
important being very complete suites of specimens of the iron ores
and coals of the Southern States, which were generously given by
many exhibitors at the Atlanta Exposition. It is to be regretted
that the usefulness of the collections continues to be hampered by
the lack of room for arrangement and study.

OL ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

EXCURSIONS AND CONFERENCES.

A SERIES of fourteen geological and geographical excursions was
conducted by the instructors of the department, with the co-opera-
tion of the geological departments of other New England colleges,
during the autumn and spring. These were in general charge of
Mr. Jaggar, and were open to members of other colleges and tech-
nical schools, and afforded opportunity to obtain a general view
of the geology and physical features of Southern New England.
Excursions were made to the following localities during the
Academic year 1895-96 : —

Nantasket, Mass., Mr. L. 8S. Griswold.

Hoosac Mountain, Mass., Professor Wolff.

Nahant, Mass., Messrs. Woodworth and Jaggar.

Meriden, Conn., Professor Davis.

Salem and Marblehead, Mass., Mr. John H. Sears of Salem.

Plainville and Attleboro, Mass., Mr. J. B. Woodworth.

Niantic and Exeter, R. I., Professor Davis and Mr. J. B. Woodworth.

Monadnock Mountain, N. H., Mr. J. B. Woodworth.

New Haven, Conn., Prof. H. S. Williams of Yale College.

The Middle Susquehanna District, Pa., (April recess,) Professor Davis.

Gay Head, Martha’s Vineyard, (April recess,) Mr. J. B. Woodworth.

Cape Ann, Mass., Professor Shaler.

Provincetown, Mass., Professor Davis.

Mount Toby and Bernardston, Mass., Prof. B. K. Emerson of Amherst
College.

Twenty-nine conferences were held on Tuesday evenings through-
out the year. At each meeting there was a leading paper by an
instructor, occasionally illustrated by stereopticon or experimental
demonstration. Abstracts of papers presented were published
regularly in ‘* Science,” under the following titles : —

The Development of Oligoporus, by R. T. Jackson.

Tidal Sand-cusps, by F. P. Gulliver.

Some Features of the Arizona Plateau, by L. S. Griswold.

The Great Barrier Reef of Australia, by J. B. Woodworth.

Notes on Geological Excursions, by W. M. Davis.

The Pirna and Kirchberg (Saxony) Zones of Contact Metamorphism,
by T. A. Jaggar, Jr.

Theories of Ocean Currents, by W. M. Davis.

eS eS ee ae eee ee ee ee

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 33

Some Causes of the Imperfection of the Geologic Record , by N. S. Shaler.

Some Features of Joints, by J. B. Woodworth.

The Geology of the Woonsocket Basin, by F. C. Schrader.

Preliminary Report on the Stamford Gneiss, by W. H. Snyder.

Notes on the North Jersey Coast, by J. E. Woodman.

Some Occurrences of Eruptive Granite in the Archean Highlands of
New Jersey, by J. E. Wolff.

On the Origin of the Copper Deposits of Keweenaw Point, by H. L.
Smyth.

On the Geological Work of Vortices and Eddies, by T. A. Jaggar, Jr.

The Harvard Meteorological Stations in Peru, by R. DeC. Ward.

Geography and Geology for Training and Elementary Schools, by R. E.
Dodge.

Experiments imitative of Glacial Esker and Sandplain Formation, by
C. W. Dorsey.

An Elementary Presentation of the Tides, by W. M. Davis.

Tidal Scour, by F. P. Gulliver.

Note on Penning’s Field Geology, by T. A. Jaggar, Jr.

Longshore Transportation on the North Jersey Coast, by J. E. Woodman.

Ice Phenomena in Green Bay, Lake Michigan, by E. P. Carey.

On the Function and Systematic Importance of the Aptychus in
Ammonites, by C. R. Eastman.

The Quartz Porphyry and Associated Rocks of Pequawket Mountain,
N. H., by R. A. Daly.

April Recess Excursion to the Middle Susquehanna, Pa.,by W. M. Davis.

THE GARDNER COLLECTION OF PHOTOGRAPHS.

Tue Gardner Collection of Photographs has been increased by
a considerable number of views, secured chiefly by purchase, under
the direction of a committee consisting of Messrs. Woodworth,
Daly, Griswold, and Ward. In the latter part of April an exhibi-
tion of about a thousand photographs, selected from the collection
to exhibit different subjects in geology and geography, was made
on the lower floor of Massachusetts Hall, attracting a satisfactory
attendance of students and teachers, and bringing to the attention
of many persons for the first time the existence of the considerable
resources of the department in this direction. The most notable
addition to the collection, a series of views taken by W. H. Rau
along the line of the Lehigh Valley Railroad, and presented by
Mr. Charles S. Lee, general passenger agent of that road, was

received just in time to be displayed in the exhibition.
5

aN

34 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

PUBLICATIONS BY OFFICERS AND STUDENTS OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY
SINCE THE LAST REPORT.

By N. 8. Shaler : —

1. Administrative Report of Work done in the U. S. Geological Survey
for the Year 1893-94. 15th Annual Report of the Director of the U. S.
Geological Survey. Washington, 1895, pp. 160, 161. -

2. Preliminary Report on the Geology of the Common Roads of the
United States. 15th Annual Report of the U.S. Geological Survey for
1893-94, Washington, 1895, pp. 255-306. Also separately printed.

3. The Geology of the Road-building Stones of Massachusetts, with some
Consideration of similar Materials from other Parts of the United States.
16th Annual Report of the U. S. Geological Survey, 1894-95, Part II1.,
pp. 277-341. Washington, 1895. Also separately printed.

4, Origin, Distribution, and Commercial Value of Peat Deposits. 16th
Annual Report of the U. S. Geological Survey, 1894-95, Part IV.
Washington, 1895, pp. 305-314. Also separately printed.

d. Third Annnal Report of the Massachusetts Highway Commission.
Boston. Public Document No. 54. (With Geo. A. Perkins and W. E.
McClintock.) January, 1896, pp. 126. Separately printed.

d. Beaches and Tidal Marshes of the Atlantic Coast. National Geo-
graphic Monographs, Vol. I. American Book Co., New York.

7. Some Causes of the Imperfection of the Geologic Record. Science,
II., 1895, pp. 858, 859. |

8. Sea and Land: Features of Coasts and Oceans, with, special Refer-
ence to the Life of Man. New York, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1895,

9. Relations of Geologic Science to Education. Annual Address by
President of the Geological Society of America. Bull. Geol. Soc. of
America, Vol. VII. Rochester, 1896, pp. 315-326. Also separately
printed. Also Science, Vol. IIL, 1896, pp. 609-617.

10. Conditions and Effects of the Expulsion of Gases from the Earth.
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XX VII., 1896, pp. 89-106. Abstract
in Science, Vol. II., 1895, p. 281; also in Am. Geol., Vol. XVI., 1895, —
pp. 244, 240.

11. Domesticated Animals: Their Relation to Man and to his Advance-
ment in Civilization. New York, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1895, pp. 267, —

12. American Highways: A Popular Account of their Conditions and —
of the Means by which they may be Bettered. New York, The Century
Co., 1896, pp. 293.

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 35

13. The Economic Aspects of Soil Erosion. The Nat. Geog. Mag.,
Vol. VII., 1896, pp. 328-338, 368-377.

14. The Share of Volcanic Dust and Pumice in Marine Deposits.
Bull. Geological Society of America, Vol. VII., 1896, pp. 490-492.
Abstract in Am. Geol., Vol. XVII., 1896, p. 93.

15. [Discussion regarding low Temperature Gradients in Mines.| Ab-
stract in Am. Geol., X VII., 1896, p. 100.

16. [Discussion on the Carriage of Boulders by Indians.] Abstract in
Am. Geol., 1896, p. 104.

17. High Buildings and Earthquakes. No. Am. Review, Vol. CLVL.,
1893, pp. 338-345. (Omitted from previous lists.)

By W. M. Davis : —

1. The Quarries in the Lava Beds at Meriden, Conn. Amer. Jour.
Sci., 1896, Vol. I. pp. 1-13.

2. The Physical Geography of Southern New England. Nat. Geogr.
Monograph, No. 9, pp. 269-304, November, 1895. Amer. Book Co., New
York.

3. La Seine, la Meuse et la Moselle. Ann. de Géogr., Vol. V., 1895,
pp. 25-49.

4, The Seine, the Meuse, and the Moselle [original English version of
the above]. Nat. Geogr. Mag., Vol. VII., 1896, pp. 189-202, 228-258.

5. Plains of Marine and Subaerial Denudation. Bull. Geol. Soe.
Amer., Vol. VIL., 1896, pp. 377-398.

6. The Outline of Cape Cod. Proc. Amer. Acad., Vol. XX XI., 1896,
pp- 803-332.

7. Large Scale Maps as Geographical Illustrations. Chicago Journ.
Geol., Vol. IV., 1896, pp. 484-513.

8. Current Notes on Physiography. Science (through the year).

9. A Speculation in Topographical Climatology. Amer. Met. Journ.,
Vol. XII., 1896, pp. 8372-381.

10. Physiography as an Alternative Subject for Admission to College.
School Rev., Vol. III., 1895.

11. A Word with President Coulter [on teaching physical geography,
etc., in public schools]. School Rev., Vol. IV., 1896, pp. 173-175.

12. The State Map of Connecticut as an Aid to the Study of Geog-
raphy in Grammar and High Schools. Conn. School Doc., No. 6,
1896.

13. The State Topographical Map as an Aid to the Study of Geog-
raphy in Grammar and High Schools. State of R. I. Educ. Pub., 1896.

14. Outline of Summer Courses in Physiography, 1896. Harvard
Univ., 8 pp.

36 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
By R. T. Jackson : —

1. Studies of Oligoporus. Science, Vol. IT., Nov. 22, 1895.

2. Studies of Palwechinoidea. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. VII. pp.
171-254, Table and Plates 2—9 inclusive.

3. With T. A. Jaggar. Studies of Melonites multiporus. Bull. Geol.
Soc. Am., Vol. VII. pp. 135-170. Plates accompanying this paper are
included in the preceding reference.

By R. DeC. Ward: —

1. Reviews of American Meteorological Publications in Annales de
Géographie, No. 18, 4 année, 15 Juillet, 1895. Bibliographie de l’année
1894, 8vo, Paris, 1895.

2. Meteorology as a University Course. Am. Met. Journ., December,
1895, Vol. XII. pp. 242-250.

3. The Harvard Meteorological Stations in Peru. Science, Vol. IIL,
March 27, 1896, p. 490.

4. Meteorological Observations in Schools. Conn. School Document,
No. 10, 1896. Whole number 123. Conn. State Board of Education,
1896, 8vo, pp. 9.

5. Edited the American Meteorological Journal. An Illustrated .

Monthly devoted to Scientific Meteorology and allied Branches of Study. —

Vol. XII. Boston, Ginn & Co., 1895-96.

6. Current Notes on Meteorology. Science, Vol. II[I., May 1, 1896,
and following numbers.

By J. B. Woodworth : —

1. Three-toed Dinosaur Tracks in the Newark Group at Avondale
N. J. Am. Jour. Sci., Vol. L., 1895, pp. 481, 482.

2. Harvard University. Summer School of 1896. Fieldwork in
Course 2 in Geology. pp. 6.

3. The Gardner Collection of Photographs. Boston Evening Tran-
script, March 24, 1896.

4. Marsh Gas under Ice. Science, Vol. III., 1896, p. 203.

5. (Notice of) Las Rocas eruptivas del suroeste de la Cuenca de
México, by E. Ordofiez. Science, Vol. III., 1896, p. 450.

6. Some Features of Joints. Science, Vol. II., 1895, pp. 903, 904.
Also reprinted, pp. 2.

7. (Notice of) Great Barrier Reef of Australia. Science, Vol. IL.,
1895, p. 743,

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 37

8. (Notice of) The Laccolitic Mountain Groups of Colorado, Utah, and
Arizona, by Whitman Cross. Science, Vol. II., 1895, pp. 700, 701.

9. (Notice of) Fauna fosil de la Sierra de Catorce en San Luis Potosi,
by Aquilera y Del Castillo. Science, Vol. II., 1895, pp. 739, 740.

By T. A. Jaggar, Jr.: —

1. With R. T. Jackson. Studies of Melonites multiporus. Bull.
Geol. Soc. Am.,’ Vol. VII. pp. 135-170.

2. The Pima and Kirchberg Zones of Contact Metamorphism. Science,
Vol. II., No. 50, Dec. 15, 1895.

3. On the Geological Work of Vortices and Eddies. Science, Vol.
IIT., No. 62, March 6, 1896.

4. Note on Penning’s Field Geology. Science, Vol. III., No. 67,
April 10, 1896.

5. Edited “ Abstracts of the Geological Conference of Harvard Uni-
versity,” in Science (through the year).

6. Current Studies in Experimental Geology. Science, Vol. III., No.
71, May 8, 1896.

By F. P. Gulliver : —

1. Cuspate Forelands. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., Vol. VII., 1896, pp.
399-422.

38 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

REPORT ON THE INSTRUCTION IN PETROGRAPHY.

By Proressor J. E. Wo.rFr.

THE usual courses were given in Elementary and Advanced. ~

Petrography, the former attended by six and the latter by three
students. Two students obtained the Ph. D. degree, presenting
theses on petrographical subjects, viz. : —

Mr. L. G. Westgate: Thesis ““On the Geology of the Northern Part —
of Jenny Jump Mountain, Warren County, New Jersey” (published in
the Annual Report of the State Geologist, 1895).

Mr. R. A. Daly: Thesis “ On the Porphyritic Gneiss of New Hamp-
shire.”

Professor Wolff continued his work on the Franklin, New Jersey, —
sheet of the Geological Map of the United States, and was engaged ~
during the winter on the Monograph on the Crazy Mountains. A —
short paper was published in the American Journal of Science,
‘On an Occurrence of Theralite in Costa Rica.”

The work of consolidating the Laboratories of Petrography and
Mineralogy has been completed, and the two rooms used for
Petrography on the second floor of the Geological Section of the

Museum have been vacated, and their contents transferred to the ¥

Mineralogical Section. The Department Library has been arranged
and increased by the transfer of the leading periodicals from Gore
Hall, and by purchase of books. The Chemical Laboratory is now —
thoroughly equipped for analysis. A machine for cutting rocks by ©
an endless revolving wire has been added to the workshop. |

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 39

REPORT ON THE INSTRUCTION IN ZOOLOGY.

By Proresssor E. L. Marx.

THE number of students attending courses in Zodlogy during the
Academic year 1895-96 was somewhat in excess of the number
for the preceding year. ‘The increase was about eight per cent ;
the increase of the previous year having been ten per cent. The
accompanying table gives as usual the numbers in each course
from the several classes. A comparison with the numbers of the
preceding year shows slight fluctuations in the several courses.
The gains have been in courses 1, 3, 7, and 20a. In Course 5
there were two additional students who were in regular attend-
ance on lectures, one of whom also did the laboratory work, and
in Course 4 there was one such. In the second half of Course 6
there were also two unenrolled attendants upon lectures.

)

Courses, 1895-96. Grad. | Sen. Jun. | Soph. | Fr. | Spec. Sci. | Total. |
Zoology 1 4 17 21 26 | 86 y| 28 141
“a 2 =) 9 7 15 2 1 16 53
i. 5) 5 5 8 2 0 0 tt: 5)
ee 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 3 12
“ 5 2 5 0 0 0 0 2a
es 6 3 3 1 0 0 0 2 9
« 7 5 7 1 0 0 0 3 | 16
9 20a 10 2 0 0 0 0 2 14
Totals 36 53 38 45 38 8 | 68 | 286

Kven the small increase (about ten per cent) in the size of the
class in Course 1 resulted in considerable inconvenience, and it is
becoming a serious question how to provide accommodations for
all who elect the course. The nature of the lectures and the
laboratory work was not materially changed from that of the
preceding year. Some experimental work of a simple sort was
tried for the first time, to the satisfaction of the instructor.
Dr. Davenport had, as his Chief Assistant, Mr H. R. Linville; as
Sub-Assistants, Messrs. J. M. Prather, W. L. Tower, A. Rose,
and A. 8. Hanna.

40 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

As previously, Dr. Parker conducted the course in Zodlogy 2.
His Chief Assistant was Mr. J. I. Hamaker, and Messrs. R. W.
Hall, A. S. Hanna, and B.S. Oppenheimer served as Sub-Assist-
ants in the laboratory work.

In Zodlogy 8, the plan of allowing six weeks for the special-
topic work, as in 1894-95, was continued. It is believed that this
plan of special topics has a distinct advantage over that which
made the laboratory instruction consist wholly of prescribed routine
work. It is of course at the cost of a certain amount of detailed
information, but the additional experience offered by this plan, and —
the greater stimulus to individual effort, more than compensate for
, this loss. The results obtained in the study of two of the topics
assigned are deemed worthy of publication, and will be published
under the following titles: ‘‘ The Brachial and Lumbosacral Plex-
uses in Necturus,” by F. C. Waite, and ‘‘The Azygos Veins in
Swine,” by C. H. Tozier. In conducting this course Dr. Parker
had the assistance in the laboratory of Messrs. P. E. Sargent and
W.L. Tower. Two short papers on the use of Formol, prepared
last year by Dr. Parker, in collaboration with Mr. R. Floyd, have
been published as Nos. LI. and LIV. of the Contributions.

The lectures in Zodlogy 4, by Dr. Mark, covered about the same
ground as usual, and were supplemented by additional lectures
given by Dr. Woodworth, who also had charge of the laboratory
work. The class being a little smaller than in the previous year,
it was not found necessary to seat the students in different rooms ;
but the facilities for laboratory work are insufficient even for the
number of students taking the course the past year.

Dr. Woodworth, owing to the exceptional opportunity offered
him of accompanying the Curator of the Museum in an expedi-
tion to Australia, was released from his duties in connection with
the laboratory work of Zoology 5 at the end of February, and
Mr. H. V. Neal was employed to take his place. The lectures
and laboratory work were nearly the same as in _ previous
years:

The lectures in Zodlogy 6, by Dr. Davenport, were devoted to
ontogenetic problems during the first half-year, to phylogenetic
ones during the second. ‘The laboratory work had to be conducted
under the great disadvantage of being in different rooms, and often
at tables where the student was carrying on other studies ; for the
laboratory in the basement, though well adapted to certain work,

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 41

is not a suitable place in which to conduct many of the experi-
ments.

Of the several topics investigated, two have been completed
ready for publication: (1) “On the Determination of the Direc-
tion and Rate of Movement of Organisms by Light. By C. B,
Davenport and W. B. Cannon.” (2) “ Variation in the Markings
on the Thorax of Doryphora decemlineata, and their Experimental
Production. By W. L. Tower.” A paper prepared by Dr. Day-
enport last year, in conjunction with Mr. Neat, has been published
as No. LILI. of the Contributions.

Next to a permanent laboratory, the most pressing need in con-
nection with this course is additional expensive apparatus for the
measurement of the intensity of the physical agents used in experi-
mental work.

In accordance with the statement made in the last Report,
' Zoology 7, by Dr. Parker, was so modified as to make the ground
covered in two successive years different. During the past year
the brief introduction to the study of the nervous system was
followed by an extended discussion of the Anatomy and Physiol-
ogy of Sense Organs. Laboratory work in connection with this
course is desirable, and it is hoped that provision for it can be
made as soon as the Department has at command the necessary
room.

Following out the plan proposed in the Report of last year,
Zodlogy 6 and 7 have been enlarged, the former into two courses,
the latter into two half-courses. In both instances the work in
alternate years will be different, so that the change practically
amounts to offering to students one and a half additional courses
in Zodlogy. It has been decided to make in connection with this
change an alteration in the numbering of the courses involved, so
that for the present Zodlogy 6 and Zodlogy 7 disappear from the
annual announcement, and in their stead occur respectively the
courses numbered 10 and 11, and 15 and 16.

The work of the students in Zodlogy 20a was highly creditable,
and as an outcome a considerable number of papers have been
well advanced or completed for publication. Some of these have
been preliminary notices, the nature of the subjects being such
that a prompt announcement of the chief results seemed desirable.

The degree of Doctor of Philosophy was conferred at the last

Commencement upon two candidates in Zotlogy, Mr. Herbert S.
6

rs ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Jennings and Mr. Herbert V. Neal. The titles of their theses
appear in the list of forthcoming Contributions from the Zoo-
logical Laboratory. The thesis of a candidate for the degree
of Doctor of Science, Mr. Alfred G. Mayer, was received and
approved, and Mr. Mayer was granted leave of absence from the
end of February to the close of the College year, in order that he
might accept the invitation of the Curator of the Museum to
accompany him in his expedition to Australia. Mr. Mayer’s
thesis, No. LIX. of the Contributions, has already been ese in

the Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., Vol. XXIX. No. 5.

Doctors Jennings and Neal are to continue their zoological
studies in Germany, the former as holder of a Parker Fellowship
from this University, and Mr. Mayer holds the position of Assist-
ant in the Museum in charge of Echinoderms, Polyps, ete.

The degree of A. M. was conferred on four students whose work
was chiefly in the Department of Zodlogy.

The generous action of the Corporation of the University in
appropriating a sum of money, and the liberality of the Curator
of the Museum, have again made it possible to continue the publi-
cation of the more important Contributions from the Zodlogical
Laboratory, of which the following twenty numbers have appeared
since my last Report : —

L. Davenport, C. B.—Studies in Morphogenesis, 1V.— A Prelimi-
nary Catalogue of the Processes concerned in Ontogeny. Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zodl., Vol. XX VII. No. 6, pp. 171-199. 31 Figs. in text.
November, 1895.

LI. Parker, G. H., anp Firorp, R.—The Preservation of Mamma-
lian Brains by Means of Formol and Alcohol. Anatomischer An-
zeiger, Bd. XI. No. 5, pp. 156-158. September 28, 1895.

LII. Castie, W. E.— The Early Embryology of Ciona intestinalis,
Flemming (L.). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., Vol. XXVIII. No. 7,
pp. 201-280. 138 Pls. January, 1896.

LIII. Davenport, C. B., anp Neat, H. V.— Studies in Morpho-
genesis, V.— On the Acclimatization of Organisms to Poisonous
Chemical Substances. Archiv fiir, Entwickelungsmechanik der Or-
ganismen, Bd. II. Heft 4, pp. 564-583. 38 Figs. January 28, 1896.

LIV. Parker, G. H., anp Fioyp, R.— Formaldehyde, Formol, For-
malin, and Formalose. Anatomischer Anzeiger, Bd. XI. Nos. 18,
19, pp. 567, 568. February 14, 1896.

LV. Parker, G. H. — The Reactions of Metridium to Food and other

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 43

Substances. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoél., Vol. X XIX. No. 2, pp. 105-
119. March, 1896.

LVI. Gerou tp, J. H.— The Anatomy and Histology of Caudina are-
nata Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXVII. pp. 7-74.
8 Pls. April, 1896. Also Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodél., Vol. XXIX.
No. 3, pp. 121-190. 6 Pls. April, 1896.

LVII. ParKker, G. H.— Variations in the Vertebral Column of Nec-
turus. Anatomischer Anzeiger, Bd. XI. Nos. 23, 24, pp. 711-717.
2 Figs. March 27,1896.

LVIII. Witcox, E. V. — Further Studies on the Spermatogenesis of
Caloptenus femur-rubrum. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., Vol. X XIX.
No. 4, pp. 191-206. 3 Pls. June, 1896.

LIX. Mayer, A. G.— The Development of the Wing Scales and their
Pigment in Butterflies and Moths. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., Vol.
XXIX. No. 5, pp. 207-237. 7 Pls. June, 1896.

LX. Forsom, J. W. — Neelus murinus, representing a new Thysanuran
Family. Psyche, Vol. VII, No. 242, pp. 391, 392, Pl. 8. June,
1896.

LXI. Goro, 8. — Vorliufige Mittheilung iiber die Entwicklung des See-
sternes, Asterias pallida. Zool. Anzeiger, Bd. XIX. No. 505, pp.
271-274. June 15, 1896.

LXII. Parker, G. H.— Pigment Migration in the Eyes of Palemo-
netes. A Preliminary Notice. Zool. Anzeiger, Bd. XIX. No. 506,
pp. 281-284. 2 Figs. June 29, 1896.

LXIUI. Woopvworts, W. MoM. — Preliminary Report on Collections
of Turbellaria from Lake St. Clair and Charlevoix, Michigan. Bull.
Michigan Fish Commission, No. 6, pp. 94, 95. 1896.

LXIV. Goro, S. — Preliminary Notes on the Embryology of the Star-
fish, Asterias pallida. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., Vol. XX XI.
pp. 833-835. July, 1896.

LXV. Woopworrn, W. McM.— Report on the Turbellaria collected
by the Michigan State Fish Commission during the Summers of 1893
and 1894. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodél., Vol. XXIX. No. 6, pp. 237-
244. 1Pl. June, 1896.

LXVI. Tower, W. L. —On the Nervous System of Cestodes. Zodl.
Anzeiger, Bd. XIX. No. 508, pp. 323-327. 2 Figs. July 20,
1896.

LXVII. Davenport, GertrupeE C.— The Primitive Streak and No-
tochordal Canal in Chelonia. Radcliffe College Monographs, No. 8.
04 pp. 11 Pls. Boston, Ginn & Co., [Aug.] 1896.

LXVIII. Lewis, Marearer. — Centrosome and Sphere in Certain of
the Nerve Cells of an Invertebrate. Anat. Anzeiger, Bd. XII.
Nos. 12, 13, pp. 291-299. 8 Figs. Aug., 1896.;

44 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

LXIX. Jupp, Syivester D.— Descriptions of three Species of Sand
Fleas (Amphipods) collected at Newport, Rhode Island. Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XVIII. No. 1084, pp. 593-603. 11 Figs.
Aug., 1896.

The money for the publication of the paper by Mrs. G. C. Dav-
enport was provided by Radcliffe College.

Besides the foregoing there are already in hand the following
Contributions, some of which will appear before this Report is in
print : —

LXX. Jennines, H. S. — The early Development of Asplanchna Her-
rickii de Guerne. A Contribution to Developmental Mechanics.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., Vol. XXIX. No. 1, pp. 1-117. 10 Pls.
Oct., 1896.

LXXI. Neat, H. V.— A Summary of Studies on the Segmentation of
the Nervous System in Squalus acanthias. A Preliminary Notice.
Anat. Anzeiger, Bd. XII. No. 17, pp. 877-391. 6 Figs. Oct. 20,
1896.

Brewster, E. T. — A Measure of Variability and the Relation of Indi-
vidual Variations to Specific Differences. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist., Vol. XX VII.

Mayer, A. G. — On the Color and Color Patterns of Moths and Butter-
flies. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., Vol. XXX.; also Proc. Bost. Soc.
Nat. Bist, Vol,27. 10 1P is.

Porter, J. F. — Two new Gregarinida. 2 Pls. Journal of Morphology.

Porter, J. F. — Trichonympha and other Parasites of Termes flavipes.
3 double plates. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl.

Parker, G. H.— Photomechanical Changes in the Retinal Pigment
Cells of Paleemonetes. 1 Pl. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl.

Neat, H. V.— The Segmentation of the Nervous System in Squalus
acanthias. 10 Plates.

Davenport, C. B. anp Cannon, W. B.— On the Determination of the
Direction and Rate of Movement of Organisms by Light. 1 Fig.
Journ. of Physiol.

Davenport, C. B., AnD BuLLARD, C. — Studies in Morphogenesis, VI.
— A Contribution to the Quantitative Study of Correlated Variation
and the Comparative Variability of the Sexes. 1 Fig. Proc. Amer.
Acad. Arts and Sci.

Owing to the illness of Professor Whitney, Dr. Mark was ap-
pointed during the latter part of the year temporary Chairman of
the Division of Natural History, and Dr. Davenport was chosen
Secretary of that body.

eS es a se ee” hem

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 45

Besides the work done by Dr. Davenport in connection with the
Contributions from the Laboratory, he has published in the “* Edu-
cational Review ”’ for May, 1896, a discussion on ‘“‘ Botany as an
Alternative in College Admission Requirements,” and has nearly
completed Part First of a book on “ Experimental Morphology,”
to be published by the Macmillan Company.

In addition to the papers by Dr. Parker, already enumerated in
the Contributions, he has nearly finished an article on the “ Ar-
rangement of the Mesenteries in Metridium.”

Dr. Woodworth has collaborated with the Curator of the Museum
in a paper on “Some Variations in the Genus Eucope,” which is
to appear in the Studies from the Newport Marine Laboratory.

The translation of Part First of Korschelt und Heider’s “ Ent-
wicklungsgeschichte der wirbellosen Thiere,”’ by Drs. Mark and
Woodworth, was published soon after my last Report.

The meetings of the Zodlogical Club have, as usual, been well
attended by the instructors and advanced students.

All of the courses in Zodlogy given in Harvard were likewise
given to students of Radcliffe College. There were in all 62
students, as follows : —

wool. 1 10 Zool. 5 ,
me 2 8 a IOP 5
- 3 6 cg 7 z
2 4 i) i 20a 4

The lectures have all been given at the Museum; but for want
of necessary room the laboratory work in one of the courses,
Zodlogy 3, was conducted elsewhere.

46 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

REPORT ON THE MAMMALS AND BIRDS.

By WILit1AM BREWSTER.

Most of our collections of mounted Mammals and Birds were |

long since so nearly completed,—at least in the sense of filling
the spaces available for their exhibition, — that of late there has
been neither incentive nor opportunity to add much to them. The
Europeo-Siberian Room has constituted an exception to this rule,
but during the past year its collections have been augmented by
the addition of several valuable Mammals, and no less than one
hundred and fifty-four Birds. The Mammals are a Reindeer
(Rangifer tarandus), a fine male Beaver (Castor fiber), a male
Marmot (Arctomys marmota), and two Varying Hares (Lepus
variabilis), representing the summer and winter pelages of the
species. The Beaver was taken in Germany, the Marmot and
Hares are from Switzerland. All of these specimens were pur-
chased mounted of a dealer in Switzerland.

The Birds comprise eighty specimens from Japan, and seventy-
four from various parts of Europe and Siberia. Of the latter, a
Wall-Creeper (Zichodroma muraria), a Chough (fregilus graculus),
a Great Black Woodpecker (Dryocopus martius), two Three-toed
Woodpeckers (Picoides tridactylus), a Pygmy Owl ( Glaucidium
passerinum), and a Coot (fulica atra) were bought mounted of
the Swiss dealer above referred to. The remaining European
birds, as well as all of those from Japan, were mounted by J. T.
Clark from skins taken from the Museum collections or furnished
by Alan Owston of Yokohama. A pair of Red-cockaded Wood-
peckers (Dryobates borealis), a Traill’s Flycatcher (’mpidonaxr
traillii), and an Alder Flycatcher (Hmpidonaz trailli alnorum)
have also been mounted to fill gaps in the North American Faunal
Room. The selection and identification of the skins, and the la-
belling and arrangement of the mounted birds after they were
ready to be placed in the cases, have been done chiefly by Mr.
Faxon, who, during my absence from Cambridge, has been kind

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i

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. AT

enough to devote much of his time and attention to this part of
the work.

In addition to the specimens just mentioned, the Museum has
acquired during the past year the following. By gift, from Lieut.
Wirt Robinson, U. 8. A., skins (with the skulls) of a Bay Lynx
(Lynx rufus), a Canada Porcupine (Hrethizon dorsatus), and
an Opossum (Didelphys virginianus); from Mr. Walter Faxon,
mounted specimens of a Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Habia ludovici-
ana) —an adult male in a peculiar and very interesting autumnal
plumage — shot at Hast Lexington, Massachusetts, September 14,
1895, and a young Virginia Rail from the same locality, taken
September 17, 1895; from Mr. J. D. Sornborger, the skin of a
Labrador Jay (Perisoreus canadensis nigricapillus), obtained in
Labrador; from Mr. W. Brewster, a Florida Wild Turkey (Me-
leagris gallopavo osceola), taken at Fort Thompson, Florida. By
purchase, a fine male Two-horned Rhinoceros (Ainoceros bicornis)
from Mashonaland, Africa, and a female Hedgehog Rat (Aulaco-
dus swinderianus) from West Africa, both furnished mounted by
H. A. Ward, — who has also mounted for the Museum a skeleton
of the Florida Manatee (Trichechus latirostris).

I have published during the past year only the following article,
which appeared in the “ Auk” : —

Descriptions of a New Warbler and a New Song Sparrow.

48 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

REPORT ON THE REPTILES AND FISHES.

By SAMUEL GARMAN.

THE series of Deep-Sea Fishes from the Northern Pacific, secured »

by the steamer “ Albatross” in 1890-91, sent by the United States
Fishery Commission, forms the most important addition to these
collections since the last Report. The list of species is large; the
Specimens arrived in excellent condition, and at an opportune
moment for use in connection with studies of the fauna of the
tropical Pacific. The Commission also furnished the Museum a
large number of Fresh-Water Fishes from the basins of the Upper
Missouri, the Maumee, and different rivers along the southeastern
coast of the United States. Other collections were received from
Messrs. Charles A. Parker and James Reed.

Among accessions to the Reptiles and Batrachians there are a
fine lot of Floridan species sent by Outram Bangs, Esq., a number
of handsome live Ophidia from Georgia by Prof. George E. Ladd
of the United States Geological Survey, a considerable lot of Ba-
trachians by Rev. Robert K. Smith, some desiderata collected in
Central America by George B. Gordon, Esq., and representatives
of various species contributed by Messrs. Wm. F. Clapp, M. A.
Frazar, Frank W. Haven, and M. Reitz.

A collection of Reptiles and Batrachians was forwarded to Dr.
Fernand Lataste, of Chili, as exchanges, and another, including
certain Fishes and Selachians, to Prof. H. Garman of the State
College of Kentucky.

The ichthyological work noted in the preceding Report has been
continued ; likewise the changes, rearrangements, and classification
of the exhibition and storage collections. Aside from a number
of unsigned articles in various publications, the following papers
were published in the American Naturalist: ‘‘ Sexual Rights and
Lefts,’ and “Cross Fertilization and Sexual Rights and Lefts
among Vertebrates.”

vo

peda ado te) it

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 49

REPORT ON THE ENTOMOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT.

By Samurt HensHaw.

Avpitrons to the collections of the Department have been re-
ceived from Miss Isabel Johnson, Messrs. A. L. Babcock, Outram
Bangs, W. 8S. Bigelow, Frederick Blanchard, H. K. Burrison, 8S. C.
Carpenter, T. D. A. Cockerell, W. G. Farlow, J. W. Folsom, G. B.
Gordon, F. P. Gulliver, F. L. Harvey, Roland Hayward, Brainard
Hooker, G. H. Horn, L. O. Howard, J. G. Jack, R. T. Jackson,
F. C. Kenyon, A. D. Macgillivray, EK. L. Mark, A. G. Mayer, A. P.
Morse, EH. A. C. Olive, Wirt Robinson, S. H. Scudder, M. V.
Slingerland, L. W. Swett, Roland Thaxter, and E. V. Wilcox.

The Australian specimens generously given by Mr. Olive,
together with those collected by Mr. Mayer, form the largest and
most important addition received.

Material for study has been loaned to Messrs. W. H. Ashmead,
William Beutenmiiller, O. F. Cook, J. W. Folsom, W. J. Fox, Roland
Hayward, L. O. Howard, A. D. Macgillivray, A. P. Morse, S. H.
Scudder, and EK. P. Van Duzee.

The use of the collection and of the library continues to increase,
and attention to requests for information, identifications, etc., has
increased the number of contributors,—a direct benefit to the
Museum.

The collection, though not absolutely free from insect pests, is
practically so.

A revisional rearrangement of (1) the Mutillide, Uroceride, and
Tenthredinid of the Hymenoptera, (2) the Sesiide of the Lepi-
doptera Heterocera, (3) the Cicindelide, Buprestide, Cassidine,
and Melvide of the Coleoptera, (4) the Cicadide of the Hemiptera
Heteroptera, and (5) the Ixodide of the Arachnida, has been com-
pleted. Considerable portions of the Carabide, Scarabeide, and
Tenebrionide of the Coleoptera have also been revised.

The specimens illustrating the Europeo-Siberian fauna, which
have been on exhibition since 1885-86, have been replaced by a
new series, representing more than double the number of forms
previously shown,

7

50 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

REPORT ON THE CRUSTACEA AND MOLLUSCA.
By Water Faxon.

A VALUABLE lot of fresh-water Crustacea from Arkansas, Texas,
and the Indian Territory has been given to the Museum by Profes-
sor S. E. Meek. Acknowledgments of gifts of specimens are also
due to Mr. Ralph Hoffmann and to Professor D. W. Thompson, of
University College, Dundee. Other important accessions are the
result of exchanges carried on with the United States National
Museum.

The Stalk-eyed Crustacea of the “ Albatross’? Expedition of
1891 have been divided between this Museum and the National
Museum. A first set, comprising types of all the species, has
been retained for our Museum, while the rest, including the larger
part of the duplicates, have been sent to Washington. The large
collections of Crayfishes that have accumulated in this Museum
as well as in the National Museum during the last six years have
been worked up by me, and the results embodied in a paper
illustrated by nine plates, to be published in the Proceedings of
the National Museum. A considerable collection of deep-sea
Crustacea obtained by the ‘* Blake” in 1877-79 — composed in
part of duplicates reserved when the bulk of the collection was
sent to Professor Alphonse Milne Edwards, in Paris, in part of
specimens returned by him unused —has also been determined
and catalogued. This collection revealed several new and inter-
esting forms of deep-sea Crustacea, and added something to our
knowledge of the distribution of many species already known.

I am happy to report that all of the deep-sea Crustacea in this
Museum, the rich booty secured during the cruises of the ‘ Bibb,”
‘“¢ Hassler,” “ Blake,’ and ‘Albatross,’ are now — with the ex-
ception of the “ Albatross” Cirripeds and Isopods, which are still
in the hands of Dr. Hansen, of Copenhagen — identified and
catalogued, and thus made available to workers in this important
field.

Among the more valuable gifts to the department of Mollusca

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 51

are a lot of shells from the west coast of the United States and
Mexico, made over to the Museum by Professor J. D. Whitney a
short time before his death, and a small but valuable collection
from the Persian Gulf and the neighborhood of Bombay, presented
by Mr. F. W. Townsend. The Reverend R. K. Smith, of Woburn,
Mass., and Mr. R. Clapp, of Cambridge, have deposited in the
Museum the first instalment of a special collection of New England
shells. Rather curiously, the Museum collection is particularly
weak in material from New England. Mr. Smith and his coad-
jutor have been at great pains to collect a fine series of each species,
selecting specimens with a view to showing individual variations
and the changes induced by growth. ‘This collection, when com-
pleted according to the design of the donors, will form an invalu-
able aid to the student of our local fauna. Mr. Temple Prime
has lately given to the Museum his valuable collection of Corbicu-
lide (Cyrenidz), answering to his printed catalogue of 202 species,
and rich in types.

By purchase, a set of beautifully preserved Pteropod shells has
been got from Mr. G. B. Sowerby, of London, and from Mr. C. J.
Maynard a series of the Bahama Cerions (Strophias) that form
the subject of his ‘‘ Monograph of the Genus Strophia:” Last
winter Mr. Maynard spent some time in the study of the Cerions
in our old collection, particularly the Cuban forms. The results
of this investigation were published, as a continuation of the
“Monograph of Strophia,’” in Maynard’s ‘Contributions to
Science,” Vol. III. No. 1, pp. 1-40, Pls. 1-VII., March, 1896.

$

52 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

REPORT ON VERMES.

By W. McM. Woopwortu.

THE work done on the Museum collections of Vermes was con-_

fined chiefly to the preparation and arrangement of specimens for
exhibition. All of the material in the Atlantic and Synoptic
Rooms has been relabelled and rearranged, and a number of jars
have. been added to these exhibits. Considerable progress has
been made with the systematic exhibit, the chief additions being
some fine preparations of several intestinal parasites of the Sheep
and Hog, collected and presented by Mr. C. Bullard. A good
beginning has been made in the arrangement of the general col-
lections, in separating the determined material from the undeter-
termined, and a systematic arrangement of the same.

The Chetognatha were sent to Mr. F. C. Conant for determina-
tion, and were returned by him with some additions to the collec-
tion. Thanks are also due to Dr. S. Goto for determining the
ectoparasitic Trematodes, and to Prof. H. B. Ward for depositing
in the Museum the Turbellaria collected by the Michigan State
Fish Commission during 1893 and 1894, descriptions of which
have been published in the Museum Bulletin.

The Assistant has deposited in the Museum his collection of
Vermes, amounting to about one hundred bottles, and the Museum
has also received from the Bureau of Animal Industry of the U. 8.
Department of Agriculture a small collection of parasites.

A card catalogue of the Vermes in the Museum collection is in
course of preparation, and includes a generic list as well as a
serial one.

The report on the Nemertines of the “ Albatross’ Expedition is
well advanced, as is also a report on the Turbellaria of the Illinois
State Survey.

The Assistant has published two papers on Turbellaria: see
Contributions from the Zodlogical Laboratory, Nos. LXIII. and
LXV.

ee Oe oe oe

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 53

REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT OF VERTEBRATE
PALZONTOLOGY.

By Cuarves R. Eastman.

THE work in this Department has been carried on in accordance
with the lines laid down in the last Report. The greater part of
the Assistant’s time has been devoted to the care of the collec-
tions ; incidentally a selection has been made of specimens to be
placed on exhibition, and some attention bas been given also to
the detailed study of certain groups of fossil Fishes. The task of
identifying, labelling, and cataloguing the collection has _ pro-
gressed uninterruptedly. As a record is kept of the transfer of
each specimen from the study series to the Exhibition Rooms, or
vice versa, the location of all catalogued material in the Museum
is apparent from a mere inspection of the cards. A quantity of
broken or oxidized specimens have been repaired, and numerous
others have been put in readiness for exhibition.

The Mesozoic Exhibition Room having been placed in order
during the winter, it was thrown open to the public in March. A
suite of fossil Fishes and Amphibians will shortly be installed in
the new Paleozoic Exhibition Room,

Some very notable additions have been made during the year.
Certain interesting reptilian casts and one of Dinotherium were
purchased in England, and the majority of them are now on exhibi-
tion. By its acquisition of the Whitney Collection the Museum
was enriched with a large number of specimens possessing great
intrinsic and historical value, many of them being types. No less
than thirty-five boxes of fossils, besides twenty-five of minerals
and books, were brought down from Northampton last fall, where
they had been stored since the date of Professor Whitney’s con-
nection with the various State geological surveys. One box of
Vertebrate fossils from California was accompanied by the manu-
script determinations of Professor Leidy, but no description of the
remains has ever been published.

The purchase of the Enniskillen and Worthen Collections also
secured to the Museum some valuable material. The first named
was sent in exchange by the Right Honorable the Earl of Ennis-

54 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

killen, of Florence Court, Ireland, to Professor A. H. Worthen in
1865; it is accompanied by a complete list of specimens. The
Worthen Collection of fossil Fishes from Illinois admirably sup-
plements the Wachsmuth and St. John collections from adjoining
States. Lastly, some important material was acquired by the
Assistant during a recent visit to Western New York and Ohio,
where negotiations were opened for further additions. Excellent
opportunities were enjoyed on this trip for the study of the
principal fossiliferous horizons, as well as public and private
collections. —

Additions to the Collection during the Year.

1895. Casts of Pareisaurus Baini, Cetiosaurus Oxoniensis, Dodo ineptus, Dinotherium
giganteum, and various other casts, principally of fossil reptiles. Purchased. Re-
ceived September 10, 1895.

1896. Whitney Collection. A large and valuable collection of fossils, princi-
pally Invertebrates, accumulated by the late Prof. J. D. Whitney during his con-
nection with the Wisconsin, lowa, and California State Geological Surveys. Includes
many types and figured specimens, also some rare forms from Central and South
America. Presented by Professor Whitney, January 1, 1896.

1896. Enniskillen Collection. An interesting series of fossil Fishes from the
Carboniferous Limestone of Armagh, Ireland, and Bristol, England, with original
MS. catalogue. Purchased of the heirs of Prof. A. H. Worthen, and presented to
the Museum through the Assistant. Received February 28, 1896.

1896. lephas primigenius. An excellent molar tooth of large size, found at the
Pebble Phosphate Company’s works, Marvinia, Florida, and presented to the Mu-
seum by Mr. J. Evarts Merrill of Jacksonville, Florida. Received June 4, 1896.

1896. Clark Collection. Interesting specimens of Dinichthys, Cladodus, Mazodus,
and other genera of Devonian Fishes from’Ohio. Purchased of Dr. William Clark,
Berea, Ohio. Received September 15, 1896.

1896. Worthen Collection. An especially fine series of fossil Fishes, forming
part of the private collection of the late Prof. A. H. Worthen. Purchased of Mr. T.
A. Worthen, Warsaw, Illinois. Received September 16, 1896.

Papers published during the Year.

Remarks on Petalodus alleghaniensis Leidy (Journal of Geology, Vol. IV.
pp. 174-176), March, 1896.

Review of Unter-Tertiare Selachier aus Siid-Russland, by Dr. Otto Jaekel (Amer.
Geol., Vol. X VII. pp. 245-247), April, 1896.

Preliminary Note on the Relations of Certain Body-plates in the Dinichthyids
(Amer. Jour. Sci., Vol. II. pp. 46-50), July, 1896.

Textbook of Paleontology. Translated and edited from the German of Prof.
Karl A. von Zittel. Vol. I. Part I. Protozoa to Mollusca. August, 1896.

Observations on the Dorsal Shield in the Dinichthyids. Read before the Amer.
Assoc. Adv. Sci., August 26, 1896. (Abstract in Amer. Geol., Vol. XVIII. pp. 222,
228), October, 1896.

Review of paper On the Vertebral Column, Fins, and Ventral Armoring of
Dinichthys, by Dr. Bashford Dean (Amer. Geol. Vol. XVIII. pp. 316, 317),
November, 1896.

ii i ti i Bl te te

a ee

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 55

REPORT ON THE FOSSIL INVERTEBRATES.

By Avpueus Hyatt.

THe Ammonitine of the Inferior Odlite have been carefully
studied and relabelled, to accord with the publications of S. S.
Buckman, whose extensive researches on the fossils of this forma-
tion in England have made this revision very desirable.

Researches upon the remarkable and ill understood group of
Cretaceous Ammonitinz of the Bucheceratide have been begun,
and are partially completed. During the summer vacation several
weeks have been expended upon the revision of the Paleozoic
Cephalopods preparatory to the picking out of sets for exhibition
in the Stratigraphic Collection.

The Department is indebted to R. T. Jackson for selecting ma-

_ terials for exhibition in the Stratigraphic Collection from the fossil

Sponges, Hydroids and Corals. The collection of Crinoids has
been consulted by Mr. Frank Springer. <A paper ‘‘ On the Valid-
ity of the Family Bohemillide Barrande,” Am. Geol., Vol. XVII.
pp. 360-362, 1896, has been published by Prof. C. E. Beecher of
Yale University, based on the materials studied last year by him.

Forty-seven Paleozoic Starfishes have been loaned to Mr. Charles
Schuchert of the National Museum for study.

Four specimens of Paleozoic Echini have been received from
Dr. R. T. Jackson.

A small but valuable collection of Silurian Sponges and some
Tertiary Fossils from Texas have been purchased from Henry A.

‘Ward, of Rochester.

A small collection of Tertiary Corbiculidz have been trans-
ferred to this Department from the Temple Prime Collection.
_ The following papers have been published : —

“ Lost Characteristics,” by Alpheus Hyatt. American Naturalist, Janu-
ary, 1896, pp. 9-17.

“The Meaning of Metamorphosis,” by the same. Natural Science,
Vol. VIII. No 52, June, 1896, pp. 395-403.

56 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

“The Development of Oligoporus,’ by R. T. Jackson. Science, II.,
November, 1895.

“Studies of Melonites multiporus,’ by the same and T. A. Jaggar, Jr.
Bull. Geol. Soc. America, Vol. VII. pp. 185-170.

“‘ Studies of Palzeechinoidea,” by R. T. Jackson. Ibid., Vol. VII. pp. 171-
254, Plates Il. to IX.

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 57

REPORT ON THE LIBRARY.

By Miss F. M. Suack.

Durine the year ending September 1, 1896, the Library has
received 573 volumes, 2,134 parts, and 118 pamphlets.

VOLUMES. PARTS. PAMPHLETS.
i Ne a ere tas eee ae ate 35 81 a%
OT CE eae na Tene nee Rar Amer > 963 72
BUEN TS ra Ra Grae aii sint, Sain Me ug t ee 258 0
eR ge Ver, ee alae. a 832 29
[Sal a fi i eae ae ee eee 0

573 2.134 118

The number of volumes now in the Library (exclusive of
pamphlets and the Whitney Library) is 22,744. There are
16,735 pamphlets bound in 2,811 volumes, making the total
number of volumes 25,555.

To this should be added the Whitney Library, containing about
5,000 volumes and 1,500 pamphlets, making the total volumes
30,555, and about 1,800 pamphlets not yet arranged by subjects
for binding.

58

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

iA]
PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY

FOR THE ACADEMIC YEAR 1895-96.

Of the Bulletin : —
Vol. XX VIL.

No.

No.

No.

[ Vol.

5. Reports on the DREDGING OrERATIONS off the West Coast of Central
America to the GALApaGos, etc., by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer
‘‘ ALBATROSS,” in charge of Alexander Agassiz. XIX. Die OsTRacopEn.
Von G. W. Mitier. pp. 16. 3 Plates. October, 1895.

6. Srupres in Morpnocenesis. IV. A Preliminary Catalogue of the
PRocESSsES concerned in Onroceny. By C. B. Davenport. pp. 28.
November, 1895.

7. The Early Empryoxioey of Crona INTESTINALIS Fleming (L.). By W. E.
CasTLe. pp. 78. 13 Plates. January, 1896.

XX VIL. is complete. |

Vol. XXIX. (March—June, 1896.)

No.

No.

[ Vol.

1. Reports on the Dreperne Orrrations off the West Coast of Central
America to the GALAPAGOS, etc., by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer
“ ALBATROSS,” in charge of Alexander Agassiz. XX. The FoRAMINIFERA.
By Axel Goks. pp. 104. 9 Plates and Chart. March, 1896.

. 2. Contributions from the Zoological Laboratory. LV. The Reactions

of Merripium to Food and other Substances. By G. H. Parker. pp. 14.
March, 1896.

.3. Contributions from the Zodlogical Laboratory. LVI. The Anatomy

and Histology of CauDINA ARENATA GouLD. By J. H. Geroup. pp. 68.
8 Plates. April, 1896.

. 4. Contributions from the Zoological Laboratory. LVII. Further Stud-

ies on the SPERMATOGENESIS of CALOPTENUS FEMUR-RUBRUM. By E. V.
Witcox. pp.12. 38 Plates. June, 1896.

5. Contributions from the Zodlogical Laboratory. LIX. The DrveEtop-
MENT of the Wine Scatzs and their Pigment in Burrerriies and Morus.
By A. G. Mayer. pp. 28. 7 Plates. June, 1896.

. 6. Contributions from the Zoodlogical Laboratory. LXV. Report on the

TURBELLARIA Collected by the Micuiean State Fish Commission dur-
ing the Summers of 1893 and 1894. By W. McM. Woopwortu. pp. 6.
1 Plate. June, 1896.

XXIX. is complete. |

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 59

Of the Memoirs : —
Vol. XAT.
Reports on the Results of DrepeGine under the supervision of ALEXANDER
Agassiz in the Gutr or Mexico (1877-78), in the CariBBean Sua (1878-
79), and along the ArLantic Coast of the Unirep Srares (1880), by the
U. S. Coast Survey Steamer “ Braxe,” Lieut. Com. C. D. Siespnz, U.S.N.,
and Com. J. R. Bartietr, U. S.N., commanding. XXXVI. Oceanic Icu-
THYOLOGY, a Treatise on the Deer Sea and Peracic Fisnes of the
World, based chiefly upon the Collections made by the Steamers “ BLaKe,”
“ ALBATROSS,” and “ Fish Hawk” in the NORTHWESTERN ATLANTIC. By
Grorce Brown Gooper and Tarteton H. Bean. pp. xxxvi + 26+ 553,
and Atlas of 123 Plates. September, 1896.
[Published in Connection with the National Museum and the Smithsonian
Institution. |

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60 ANNUAL REPORT.

[B]
INVESTED FUNDS OF THE MUSEUM.

In THE HANDS OF THE TREASURER OF HARVARD COLLEGE, SEPT. 1, 1895.

Sturgis-Hooper Fund . . «10: 4. 4°00) 4, 2) Bp es
Gray Fund =. 25 ee te ee a
Agassiz Memorial Fund). . .0 f0).8:20, 6 og 5)
Teachers and Pupils -Fund 3 \.558-2) 3) 5s > 7,694.01
Permanent Fund . «2.030. 4. 3 Due Se ee
Humbeldt Fund- -. 3.060 4-0 Se a 7,740.66
Virginia Barret Gibbs.Fand |. >. =... 22.) 42% ue 5,000.00

$585,787.11

The payments on account of the Museun are made by the Bursar of Harvard
College, on vouchers approved by the Curator. The accounts are annually exam-
ined by a committee of the Overseers. ‘The only funds the income of which is
restricted, the Gray and the Humboldt Funds, are annually charged in an analysis
of the accounts with vouchers to the payment of which the income is applicable.

The income of the Gray Fund can be applied to the purchase and maintenance
of collections, but not for salaries.

The income of the Virginia Barret Gibbs Scholarship Fund, of the value of $250,
is assigned annually, with the approval of the Faculty of the Museum, at the recom-
mendation of the Professors of Zoology and of Comparative Anatomy in Harvard
University, ‘in supporting or assisting to support one or more students who have
shown decided talents in Zodlogy, and preferably in the direction of Marine
Zoology.”

The income of the Humboldt Fund (about $300) can be applied for the benefit
of one or more students of Natural History, either at the Museum, the Newport
Marine Laboratory, the United States Fish Commission Station at Wood’s Hole,
or elsewhere.

Applications for the tables reserved for advanced Students at the Newport
Marine Laboratory, and for the tables at the Wood’s Hole Station, should be made
to the Director of the Museum before the lst of May. Applicants should state their
qualifications, and indicate the course of study they intend to pursue.

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