RT Sabine tenceenrtryeeet Her beintry tees obebetetny ys Prurvanaes Macks tbabetemetoeetehee et oat Lev hobend pahsbonenanstatetel og eNOS ERE EIEN eaten anohann Spoesee spe Pisa Soes Shee ee At pene ee Siygryy oo bree tte OETA TS Phar te pth ROR SN ebm POS oe 8 seagnehanmha soesbieenahanseoprbenesansbet ofan q-enhe 1019 trrtadepae Poe rey Mor sh os eri census soeapabonaseaessneneneseAleoh ; Votes RR 4 ae 9 hod Rate Sat 4 tony doe es avn a -byvcesbvhcteae A AOA Dene eps arate be erer rt eo nt pe saboid connie -) vi sean eer ony peat ~~ SGU aetna 17 Bota Pe bed ore hol shahebew.s acters as soeneeever as P88 aa eaeing bet ee tempt aah vos hie er bath Pawapeda be pesabersRenequbeettitzersaves span e848 sca cp tow oo Pees iehesey mene sites shoes phastetnhedennieninnel 4 vs bsdahabghiohate shabivehs bine Dehelagenestpenetesanchenr tae Pere rrorangeetenysaseea sbemetenenen ered shai Ae Oe IN eh teaser weer AMOR lamer rg pte ements et bed 8 ITE Ae pedaAgMID eben digbeneronehonn me ekerese eemeeeioares papemsesnanesoten spotgeeese Ut Tir ir e en ee 9 ere teetotan: TA OH PPS ON See ¥ eee be brasnabege ts need oner Le beeen rsbew othe. brishabeps te beh onenets se See Peep aet aby . . ‘ Neererdeue Seerter OST opensnrGoneerheg sehen: $334 aa SAbmtinqet pegimee prmneoertee + ¢ erm ere betione na plete: areca ‘atethen dow te ov se ere oe Soshubtaehea on ty seve ir er ee sew ne reat pot Pome sdn eet AVP dony yey ene aarats Sharpe eodbe : . ru. hecnanees areas Pyigeatat ada “aed Dahabuboe: es rhe af ~ redroabcinonnaeneie ey sespad Labehtbsbeinecs Siar iy way state aes ois seitetbtaee sane pert prina abe sate ne: 5 peter ryt Hoye wt edu bebe, tathe Pasibae tae wae ve me Si jeaheee mete iat sididy Citast ok dadehsOamre memset fom bear ditiktns Coat rm mapas Sipe nh gen ae sotatrotscneaetoaestess reeerne 9: bate. 4H hs Part bepepeeyrer veer ttyl en inw weaniugs fib baht Nye) sia brn od anahe RePeBenen spre psnepeneseibananayitesseatatet naiba naa sane oo ae re Pee eee aer hubutedstbot-b-tnrdady babel on obseatcias heb hate ite poet aot ticie ovtebat ' lawes f “ kipity tem mane sadeneh 2 4 Othe nee Prva} JO ee athe! oat ae Ab haben teeth Madehbeh oats ve grs aie yt AKG rf er rs dathstecnadetest ashen ” se vw Shi tentteenses i. tee oetahs bes ate 4 pat unteytee ur ub Bee lenbrerenne be ewe ey ee) bese - Sones Enprigdaery Ste: vv " aha ee Wren tha ee bs Made | (ha ree 2rd ta aPe0aine deg ioe' : [ipvo-oelteranesaeh ss tb iinbaheheoet ee Loe tha te Ata (ha Wren taiP ie e oe sheds bubate ieee eh (phe beckon ayedein D100 Oe" re ret) weer pour 6 Wy irene Danse tts As eR cinaootswaiare pasa Saar ona Aaa hes ide beesbg beth thay bythe te theity >be potadbated byl t ahs esashcenmenheenanananenel Maen seine paths een rte Ser eect We pb rer etowe renee petene Se sbenOREnS Quimper erees: Dat hacer etree givere eetad eth be pity tered vaie-wrersh rea Ea ve eerrieg or ry ated Senstaratatenang| diene 6.0. eeee eat sete sihetegel vas 7 : : 1 wi ew aoe Pceee We Fe ibek - v 7 o ws epee t4 =e a Vawabtteone tose ey " teenie cremectenegnres pabovs bats nate ois baphe te Pehl teats t + + Sepomesmenets Vereyeeny. sb itistye da teremspeiepenamAnererelet 4. peter riee tne chig eey oe wey Oe 0a a paid naing Sobdia 96 $0Renghe ts notaemacntee hl cingeaeet esas atari Sepvir lalatemaseee ead pebebusbemetchesinetemet ete ce cy Cree Ray yy eve s er) oh toe We + be str , ees iiliaes sn striatot aeaatot et atte) ani ieteeshs baihels balbed 9:94. pa: nate parherrnethar ve (i Crpert ‘haPey ciaite oO) peerversrers va mae eihana ba Se Dok sdb beth Ate detapshate a ipod ee Kiebwiiong Leespaine feb toe ie 2 wore a tatheDage by! sere wctaiek i ae ire iiceatecar asses Hekate’ deetiby Scenes ae rete se aber esonesen a is ee mecocnetinnt 3 94 rates Vabad Sp totdt ate b eladenedoieibe byital sitet ew verano sr tna yh Lhe CMY Lew f wt hedeaed vitae ; ita sree spaiet.h Od bs balls py tee atl dre: ad ‘, ae aa be Sideaenapee Hebapalat sits Mim edeKy: tee sins thy de deba iene toftaibahestrande ALitd -datedeastcnye Seabee wna rshteas | ASDA Shas} d'sdabancviedeooa anpbers sel crebabatarctet hace Poth cy Pe Daa ibe reatale + eet pve et esse: eine saatsisheees ag bata ve = é - oa . ‘ -— we r sa wate 7 ‘aa ") a} she de dabened: pais foe Soe ~ ° Yams sila ot Havana ne rabhet a . a . ss isbedgbedadeccophctudeisaths iat sodghesest , i Hf pag eat a “ nieoaee vitae z ror Sevsaseelioes ives Joi nba abededene coe : : ae “gebaipaiae hd uiteetiederer: cubesededeoanes snail wr site hehe Cle esed, eaten MA . y pare emoe itedhe (24 4a aes be bod Hod 9 hale’ m shataahe tn eacacemmea ait ree ~ ; ubtye nt atric ta erhe nae eh lotaka a acbaraunaunde eres eiteagsy ersten sereneeet ” : Sbshehedntereeeteh inate sided iin anes ribet arb staat ptr ° “ te Ae | 4 ai eres ele aeore sbchtaaes sheds pacar wate) rience emg an anne wie Denne ttvnar p 3h “8 ian a7 ae fe % tee Bepsesbesrasts tess febapeass At mai v pet “hshov 204 Tae aad * . rishatekt ae nt eich : sisi seat ier a cleat aie i f C hs. ad ; tys4s arial Reed niereacaa hs els) ates beh cc © 4 Poveel sneer por hated Sates é Se het hoes cognates py ion “este hndaiana ms aepaadnatenete mate fatal rere ahadededets' etiscsupeas a4 Y “s ‘ a see hs) sete on 4 mith psi boa pied ph-asgija rd BY > » ; Me pera yr obeaspe san 2 * " ~ 6 y re Se aia 2a papana gene ese bik : te xs Chaaeere Pra saay'e ahs ; i mors " \ asbte Debs ih lees wii ey / on sie a tude gare iviaita ai ae eaene + ‘ tyre ‘i Hauaieensen mi Scien “abe ’ 4 eth ee a4 " iiisecuros “ pellet Tans Pe iv etesetes 4 at etneerbheosils Ueiel E “ . ; ~ " Af bie ot head ‘ bree veiled af added reves . ob Prayer re ‘ ‘ ‘ U % sony Ay risa ; 3 4 Pa sarads > jen Tentaieabeiie < Styat b . ‘ wc eo te 5 : Couey i, on ead ieertetses pied i ye ‘ das aldhanaus Secon! > te VPN Fane balbrivete Pate sats Oeeet" thapey) 2 e065: + ste ie Foabbe ta - S1SdSD Deb enety aa eblpves A be r4 eer jecenene cae phers ” et he averse teeth ah oe 4 f “4 cea Notatepe snags? ash < > sree aie geenngelopesses . deh rye OR BoM ABE Hy Rr - “" 7 crit pets bt yeprea mt so arte a leven sats a 0 stevaetee tents us - viwathad.ee! Salieboahtedict ial oeketodve es adabea vad et eatelicteteh teh ~~ ‘ies “tithes eee er | 1S OdAE 4979 MONREN SURE GO ved a f ver sadcdereinay si Hatt eae shames samnpuity ade ¥ ail ai ; roto Lge h ipa Fa anh ae . : jaundyeg $0 Peres ‘ % y satire are vona nese tebele siti ees tyy ayseuaises ait iroraae: “ vada Git head ry stedgisaes ait tt yaheu te sewe . ean red Manabe ty Bed A ; i ath As Peneds andtindp ows. hi 979 ; 3 + > dey jonapeer bigs > sees pubs 21 cones 3s ~ ‘ a, pm 48 dtr ro (ee Laadyes Bap grantee des. 7 : mye ray) patent easter Jigar hore sapaeesaes hears bapa 7 é ae ’ » AA * te “ Oy bedeisiat os ‘ + a " FArahsy sive “4 . os ‘ ea benoit Mast dod Waeons 4 1942 4 padene - 3 4 | ‘ en m Sfaeudguedtetderd * ‘ shore 40 Wer pebertitnigou staat = ; aitbeest maser wt gna - Fad 4 vow " fi ‘ nibs age duaavnned Aoes ues ti ut ‘ reaq dyunguaged 49 Teapady ve jswmepnventoennnaney entree lia ~ ‘ 445404 14 RET iin ceetenseetieey errr nett - % me eter 1” 26 soe freer itt an 5 users tnnd ANAb ayia “4 ‘ * Parnes prerer estat : : Pier esarnss Borer a -¢ ‘ . ( hob eacbed eeivnsdien,staunrt Perveenyarr ra Ter ir ser me any ‘ senend 4 eae oeeesentice a4, 260A RNG rhea DME NONE FASS 8 ad “ " : ayia Sle daeay 45 gee mk ee CS TEN AAT Ee 115i ODEO dla Mine Hrtd ns a . 7 Kedavinae. “3 rer prwer rare ou there tal tor sateen ee See anne fas ore aa DS ad . dobal ‘. Ly) sathd big ph CRRA OPE hs BOER dh eigs alle sere ts a } ‘ Whe donee. abeg ctelnes ‘aesunagaaineargeneel * , 4 de eh 4H Eb fereieden tinue aPE alin | sacgsd nell bn to6 ~phintatnadoaes ead anenel dt - ‘ ‘ Na49 94 49heah Du W cg bins we 4 MING oF Ha. ed EMO a AS ’ , * ” Vows Bee ods Sat) Oba eyeball (4p tele w oe wee 3 fae Pet MO ir {emer ads eselomvbedcipenmdeu tried aityy habs. 9au.WsbN ' a web ieaah oper ‘ suas iasadvodd rhe daveb shoe ‘ beahet > eerie: oth adaNiba Wagadaibvebdoe Hany tov ° ' pd pvadetians jens) Ledsdapabenetewan) vrlirmniate “ orb + sede ned eval HrAsiyetaadi ite done pated MASE EU TOD RUL Hay dadbemebt rel 9% 8 Hrs yetrald e. ~ oo . an eS ee a Wt 7 ladeheany Nai anders Det sd AAPOles 6 ded rea g apy ds aUrTe beareeredn oi seat sonvaedes: ORO ae Csr ede: ed eer aer 10-8 G td ba tedglepeRebedphedated sadafegsbomabebeladeneaee» riirbdlehan@dehadederyinegensaaye Hai 2 amr4 aby gi sae 9 mesetieten dahscoraeinsays nbs daneds ess sdam , need 29: beshet-sO)) aoe Woah 4d svcabaatsiotanes o0cugie baat iy Fuse. ouns Detietedl 41 yaade bed nylon ibee «lov eds pa dacee hpmedarbe apron wa : Wave ceuepessenadselebs ennereny pe a Ja peraded oan abe. { by we selilateasopseecasie Wire debe ae ibs he daire Ve ey 20 TEI NFE DH ore er er eu rrer ts te Oras mits ate 4 7 ‘ ia 6 A MH AOAL Ht gala bet woetecensnnc ssesessuteat viiahaassvateat “ot " ‘ey n s00bOr! hed ie gaiu gduwpemee@bedeld jebad os oo ‘. § banbewery rere oe Treen ere epee cat ee sey Rerotien quneaimaceeeransi ” Wes ELE bates dt gdh el; ' la ida sa tesbca sone d ve 18 doty ee oto anaes sea wesheted yo me pracy ont) - ramen srevasanes r . orb beatae: Ade buh ‘ Napa dl yowenaeerew: er A dpadad ery i tha Ciekntatrcespeersbatt™ ) net arnbettnesig Hise ites sg hs Meee ared : a de bagdyery Porat inbond si beeed Hp nosh iertveeryerreres, cat m tee Wie: power hh et AbD ebouscejeten ‘ Vi taenaw gs VOL ame worms ynanaensd ones ret ‘ One pent * -» _iinamrnaiepetsnnerss viene’ — “ ° peed ibe Re te We ’ Suey ws inadiaie pacers ca . ‘ inganpiy tates pie . ; Spud ioe » ” rth be aioth * Perre ate en at aie He sit git isin web see bleveeasnes: hoa doinpeasaretli ps dike a tether wey 2A Ge ewe Meow: weprepeprnrrrtrervanr senrangr ero te yr ie ved hpeeynvern si mry riser sore tora rt tos i ” Micheane 4 we isan a aroesparvcarers ir} Fae Meet eed halts bee vibe sasary ida teara dura pr orth sib 7m ee Py led ey ead teens wr yee Mpadeb deeds to 4 ‘ epee shri, boyedsasuew- wets ere Ba debs * veatanger tetas it Avastagdeies woeonan duds Brena a een enteew 08 rede ager ae 3 ioe begsas dou doa wee aon ’ to Wee iy CENTRAL CIRCULATION BOOKSTACKS The person charging this material is re- sponsible for its renewal or its return to the library from which it was borrowed on or before the Latest Date stamped below. The Minimum Fee for each Lost Book is $50.00. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. TO RENEW CALL TELEPHONE CENTER, 333-8400 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN APR 2 4 1995 When renewing by phone, write new due date below previous due date. L162 be: *. eee ee Satya - on ©: RS - ee at: “*) > 2 F ej x & _L- é PUBLICATIONS OF HISTORY REPORT SERIES VOLUME XII p MUS \ Dern & CP ES A HISTORY FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD CHICAGO, U.S.A. 1939-1941 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL JUL 3.0 1942 JINIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS cl oS POC TA : BOARD OF TRUSTEES ye | FOR THE YEAR 1941 , i tie | A MERE RR Ua 3 JUL: 3 01942. RENN dad Na eons kee aH ONT Mee al UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS t 1 ) 7 : Pp | _ REPORT SERIES emis Vat iv fe FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY _ a: , hy. “a VOLUME 12, NUMBER 3 __ | "JANUARY, 1942 AW een it PRAM 4:4" POBELCATION ‘515 ‘ay 7 t a Mai Wee , at | ~ ' Ae a : ry] ‘ " SS ap ae | iivud of LSP Mae BU MING 4 ee "hfs f } if aiid y Rey f fest i AF 4 f ; | \ Meu a t4 ) j g bidet “() (¥/ wat ‘fh ver y al lie Lowrsenal OF THE ‘piavensiry oF uaweS rta, Vol. 12, Plate 23 © - Hogcett- rs cacao SOLOMON A. SMITH s served faithfully and well as Treasurer of Ficld Museum since 1915. He was ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR TO THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES FOR THE YEAR 1941 Cc THE LIBRARY OF TH JUL 30 1942 SD) UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS GP MUS a’ NATURAL © A HISTORY REPORT SERIES FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME 12, NUMBER 3 JANUARY, 1942 PUBLICATION 515 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS CONTENTS List of Plates. : ao 2 ARES Mitel Officers, Trustees, and Committees, 1941 ........., Former Members of the Board of Trustees Hormer Officers List of Staff . Report of the Director Department of Anthropology Department of Botany . Department of Geology. Department of Zoology E N. W. Harris Public School Extension . James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond Foundation for Public School and Children’s Lectures . Lectures for Adults MRAMATMOPCLUTES Sustaining Members ........ Annual Members . Solomon A. Smith . Meemmnorand trom-Kish 9.6. 2 ok ek . 362 . df4 . 380 . 388 . Pit House near Reserve, New Mexico ........ . A Cassava Mill in Northeastern Brazil . . . . Seaweeds on the North Atlantic Coast . . New Type of Exhibit in Paleontology. LIST OF PLATES FACING Mere mca OW lines srt, oS, el Ee ee gk . A Group of American Crocodiles Sunning on a Rocky Reef . . Portable Natural History Exhibit for Chicago Schools . A Glimpse of Part of the New Hall of Gems and Jewels Pete SO ea Na ee os Heal es elie ldiion wth FI ee EA uel 335 PAGE . 381 342 396 404 . 408 OFFICERS, TRUSTEES, AND COMMITTEES, 1941 President STANLEY FIELD First Vice-President Second Vice-President ALBERT A. SPRAGUE SILAS H. STRAWN Third Vice-President Secretary ALBERT W. HARRIS* CLIFFORD C. GREGG Treasurer and Assistant Secretary SOLOMON A. SMITH BOARD OF TRUSTEES LESTER ARMOUR ALBERT W. HARRIS* SEWELL L. AVERY SAMUEL INSULL, JR. W. McCormick BLAIR CHARLES A. MCCULLOCH LEOPOLD EF. BLOCK WILLIAM H. MITCHELL BOARDMAN CONOVER GEORGE A. RICHARDSON WALTER J. CUMMINGS THEODORE ROOSEVELT ALBERT B. DIck, JR. SOLOMON A. SMITH HOWARD W. FENTONt+ ALBERT A. SPRAGUE JOSEPH N. FIELD SILAS H. STRAWN MARSHALL FIELD ALBERT H. WETTEN STANLEY FIELD JOHN P. WILSON COMMITTEES Executive-—Stanley Field, Solomon A. Smith, Charles A. McCulloch, George A. Richardson, Albert A. Sprague, Marshall Field, Silas H. Strawn, John P. Wilson. Finance-—Solomon A. Smith, Albert W. Harris,* Leopold E. Block, John P. Wilson, Albert B. Dick, Jr., Walter J. Cummings. Building —Charles A. McCulloch, Albert H. Wetten, William H. Mitchell, Joseph N. Field, Lester Armour. Auditing —George A. Richardson, W. McCormick Blair, Albert H. Wetten. Pension.—Albert A. Sprague, Sewell L. Avery, Samuel Insull, Jr. * Resigned October 20, 1941 } Elected November 17, 1941 FORMER MEMBERS OF THE Georce EB. ApAms* OWEN F. Aupis* ALLISON V, ARMOUR* Epwarp E. AYER* Joun C. BLAcK* . M. C. BuLLocK* DANIeL H. BuRNHAM* GeEorGE R. Davis* . James W. ELLswortnH’ . CHARLES B. FARWELL* FRANK W. GUNSAULUS* Emi. G. Hirscu® . CHARLES L. HUTCHINSON® . Joun A. Rocue* . MARTIN A. RYERSON* EDWIN WALKER® . WATSON F. BLAIR® . WiLuiamM J. CHALMERS* _ HARLOW N. HIGINBOTHAM*® . HUNTINGTON W. JACKSON*. _ . ARTHUR B. JoNES* _ . GEORGE MANIERRE* NORMAN B. REAM* NORMAN WILLIAMS*. Cyrus H. McCormick* . MARSHALL FIELD, JR.* FREDERICK J. V. SKIFF* _ . GEORGE F. Porter* Ricuarp T. Crane, JR.* JOHN BARTON PAYNE* CHAUNCEY KEEP* HENRY FIELD* . WILLIAM WRIGLEY, JrR.* JOHN BorDEN JAMES SIMPSON* ALBERT W. HARRIS . ; Harry E. Brram* ERNEST R. GRAHAM* : D. C. Davies* CHARLES H. MARKHAM* FrReperick H. Rawson* STEPHEN C. Stms* Witutam V. Keutey* FrReD W. SARGENT*. . LESLIE WHEELER* * Decwasep BOARD OF TRUSTEES . 1893-1917 . 1893-1898 . 1893-1894 . 1893-1927 . 1893-1894 . 1893-1894 . 1893-1894 1893-1899 . 1893-1894 ..» « « « « 1898-1894 by aw ee, Nee 1893-1894, 1918-1921 1893-1894 . . 1907-1916 1921-1931 1910-1911 1915-1929 1916-1917 1919-1931 . ¢ 7 : FORMER OFFICERS Presidents EDWARD E. AYER* ; HARLOW N. HIGINBOTHAM* First Vice-Presidents MARTIN A. RYERSON* Second Vice-Presidents NORMAN B. REAM* MARSHALL FIELD, JR.* STANLEY FIELD WATSON F. BLAIR* . JAMES SIMPSON* ALBERT A. SPRAGUE Third Vice-Presidents ALBERT A. SPRAGUE JAMES SIMPSON* ALBERT W. HARRIS . Secretaries RALPH METCALF . GEORGE MANIERRE* FREDERICK J. V. SKIFE* . D. C. DAVIES* STEPHEN C. SIMMS* Treasurers Byron L. SMITH* Directors FREDERICK J. V. SKIFE* . DAC DAVIES: STEPHEN C. SIMMS* * DECEASED 339 . 1894-1898 . 1898-1908 . 1894-1932 . 1894-1902 . 1902-1905 . 1906-1908 . 1909-1928 . 1933-1939 , 1929-1932 » 1921-1928 . 1929-1932 . 1933-1941 . 1894 . 1894-1907 . 1907-1921 . 1921-1928 . 1928-19387 . 1894-1914 . 1893-1921 . 1921-1928 . 1928-1937 LIST OF STAFF DIRECTOR Currrorp C. Grecc* ASSISTANT TO THE DIRECTOR ORR GOODSON DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY Pau S. MARTIN, Chief Curator Henry Fievp,t Curator, Physical Anthropology Witrrip D. HAMBLY, Curator, African Ethnology RicuHarp A. MARTIN, Curator, Near Eastern Archaeology C. MARTIN WILBUR, Curator, Chinese Archaeology and Ethnology ALEXANDER SPoOEHR, Assistant Curator, North American Ethnology and Archaeology DONALD COLLIER, Assistant Curator, South American Ethnology and Archaeology T. GeorGE ALLEN, Research Associate, Egyptian Archaeology A. L. KrRoeper, Research Associate, American Archaeology J. Eric THOMPSON, Research Associate, Central American Archaeology JOHN RINALDO,* Associate, Southwestern Archaeology ROBERT YULE, Assistant, Archaeology ALFRED LEE ROWELL, Dioramisi ANNE HARDING SPOEHR, A DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY B. E. DAHLGREN, Chief Curator Pau C. STANDLEY, Curator, Herbarium J. FRANCIS MACBRIDE, Associate Curator, Herbarium JULIAN A. STEYERMARK, Assistant Curator, Herbarium FRANCIS DROUET, Curator, Cryplogamic Botany LLEWELYN WILLIAMS, Curator, Economic Botany SAMUEL J. Recorp, Research Associate, Wood Technology E. E. SHerrr, Research Associate, Systematic Botany Emit SELLA, Chief Preparator MILTON CopuLos, Artist-Prepa DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY Henry W. NICHOLS, Chief Curator Etmer S. RicGs, Curator, Paleontology BRYAN PATTERSON, Assistant Curator, Paleontology Pau. O. McGrew, Assistant Curator, Paleontology JAMES H. QUINN, Chief Preparator, Paleontology SHARAT K. Roy, Curator, Geology HENRY HERPERS,t Assistant Curator, Geology BRYANT MATHER,* Assistant Curator, Mineralogy DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY KARL P. Scumipt, Chief Curator Witrrep H. Oscoop, Curator Emeritus Coutn CAMPBELL SANBORN, Curator, Mammals RupyYerp Bouton, Curator, Birds C. E. HELLMAYR, Associate Curator, Birds Emmet R. BLAKE, Assistant Curator, Birds BOARDMAN CONOVER, Research Associate, Birds Louts B. BisHop, Research Associate, Birds ELLEN T. Situ, Associate, Birds *In the Nation's Service + Resigned, 1941 340 DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY (Continued) MELVIN A. TRAYLOR, JR.,* Associate, Birds R. MAGOON BARNES, Curator, Birds’ Eggs CLIFFORD H. Popr, Curator, Amphibians and Reptiles ALFRED C. WEED, Curator, Fishes LOREN P. Woops, Assistant Curator, Fishes WILLIAM J. GERHARD, Curator, Insects RUPERT L. WENZEL, Assistant Curator, Insects FRITZ HAAS, Curator, Lower Invertebrates D. DwicuT Davis, Curator, Anatomy and Osteology TAXIDERMISTS JULIUS FRIESSER C. J. ALBRECHT L. L. PRAY LEON L. WALTERS W. E. EIGSTI JOHN W. MOYER FRANK C. WONDER, Assistant Taxidermist FRANK H. LETL, Preparator of Accessories NELLIE STARKSON, Artist-Preparator JOE B. KRSTOLICH, Artist-Preparator ASSOCIATE EDITOR OF SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS LILLIAN A. Ross DEPARTMENT OF THE N. W. HARRIS PUBLIC SCHOOL EXTENSION JOHN R. MILLAR, Curator A. B. Wo.coTt, Assistant Curator THE JAMES NELSON AND ANNA LOUISE RAYMOND FOUNDATION FOR PUBLIC SCHOOL AND CHILDREN’S LECTURES MIRIAM WOOD, Chief LEoTA G. THOMAS ELIZABETH HAMBLETON MARIE B. PABST ELIZABETH BEST BERT E. GROVE THE LIBRARY EMILY M. WILCOXSON, Librarian Mary W. BAKER, Associate Librarian EUNICE GEMMILL, Assistant Librarian ADMINISTRATION AND RECORDS BENJAMIN BRIDGE, Auditor Henry F. DITZEL, Registrar NOBLE STEPHENS, Assistant Auditor WARREN E. RAYMOND, Assistant Registrar A. L. STEBBINS, Bookkeeper ELSIE H. THoMAS, Recorder RoBeERT E. BRucE, Purchasing Agent PUBLIC RELATIONS COUNSEL DIVISION OF MEMBERSHIPS H. B. HARTE PEARLE BILINSKE, in charge PAUL G. DALLWIG, the Layman Lecturer DIVISIONS OF PHOTOGRAPHY AND ILLUSTRATION C. H. CARPENTER, Photographer JOHN JANECEK, I/lustrator STAFF ARTIST DIVISION OF PRINTING ARTHUR G. RUECKERT FARLEY H. WADE, in charge GENERAL SUPERINTENDENT CHIEF ENGINEER W. H. CoRNING WILLIAM E. LAKE JAMES R. SHOUBA, Assistant Superintendent CAPTAIN OF THE GUARD E. S. ABBEY *In the Nation’s Service 341 Field Museum of Natural History Reports, Vol. 12, Plate 24 CUP STAND FROM KISH Bronze, with drinking vessel of stone. The base of the stand is cast in the form of a frog, with inlays of shell for eyes. From a Sumerian tomb, 3000 B.c. Hall of Babylonian Archaeology (Hall K) THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1941 To the Trustees of Field Museum of Natural History: I have the honor to present a report of the operations of the Museum for the year ending December 31, 1941. During the past year I have been on active duty with the United States Army, serving at Sixth Corps Area Headquarters in Chicago. I desire to express my sincere appreciation to the Board of Trustees for permitting me to continue as Director of the Museum during this period. I further desire to record my gratitude to President Stanley Field, who by assuming many of the duties which normally fall to the Director has made it possible for me to carry the remaining load in the evening hours and in the week-ends at my disposal. The activities of the past year have been colored somewhat by anticipation of the impending war, which finally came to our country on December 7. Every effort was made at the Museum to bring to a conclusion the many required tasks of maintenance and the many purchases of equipment which might be difficult to obtain due to the increasing restrictions brought about by so-called “defense priorities.”’ On June 30 the federal Work Projects Administration program at Field Museum was discontinued by governmental order to make Beadle the full foree of WPA assistance for other projects closely ‘connected with the national defense efforts. The administration of Field Museum had long anticipated the discontinuance of this ‘program, and the Director had repeatedly warned the staff to bring as many special projects to a conclusion as possible. It was desired to avoid being caught with several unfinished projects on hand and no labor available. This course of action proved to be a wise one. Temporary provision was made for a very few unfinished items of business, as it was manifestly impossible to foresee accurately the exact month when discontinuance of WPA work would occur. _ During the latter part of the year plans were made for operations on a greatly reduced scale, because the current and future enormous “imereases in taxation are almost certain to be felt in the way of reduced income for this institution. The competition for contribu- tions, due to the needs of many worth-while wartime projects such as United Service Organizations, the Red Cross, and others, together : i 343 344 FieLp Museum or NaTuraL History—Reports, VOL. 12 with the proper desire of our citizens to purchase as large quantit as possible of government bonds for war purposes, is bound to felt in the form of loss of income at the Museum. It seems prop then, to plan to operate on a reduced income, maintaining as f as is possible all of the many services available to the public in ore that the influence of this institution may still be felt at a time whe normal educational and cultural influences are most necessary. I is hoped, however, that Members of the Museum will appreci: the problems of this institution as well as its services to the publ and will therefore continue their support to the best of their ability It is encouraging to note that despite the increasing demands mac upon the public purse, the Museum achieved a modest gain i memberships during 1941. There were 4,313 names of Member on the rolls at December 31 as compared with 4,225 on the ce sponding date of the previous year. One of the major undertakings completed during the year the relocation and reconstruction of the Library so as to make more easily available to the public. The opportunity was seize to install the finest type of indirect lighting available, and furthe to build into the new library many of the features found to t helpful through an experience of twenty years in its former location The space formerly occupied by the Library has been converted int a stackroom, where provision has been made in advance to tak care of the expected increases in space demands due to the additior books and pamphlets which are continually being acquired. It h also been possible to provide for the binding of many years’ accum lation of periodicals, and for the rebinding of many fine volum which had suffered from years of almost constant use. Another outstanding improvement accomplished during 1 was the reinstallation of the splendid collection of gems and jewel in H. N. Higinbotham Hall (Hall 31). These beautiful and valuab precious and semi-precious stones had been displayed since 1894 the original cases which contained them at the time of their acquis tion. It is historically interesting to recall further that these « housed the basic collection at the 1893 World’s Columbian Expe tion in Chicago. During the intervening years tremendous improv ments have been made in case-building, room construction, af lighting. The opening of the new hall late in June brought amaz ment to many who were quite familiar with the collections, for th great beauty had been so inadequately brought out in the forr installation that a sharply striking and certainly most pleasing co INTRODUCTION 345 trast was provided by the improvements now achieved. On the day of opening, a reception and tea were announced for the Members of the Museum, many of whom responded and were welcomed to the new Hall of Gems. One of the most unusual exhibits in any museum of anthropology or natural history is that of the mummy Harwa, which was installed in the Hall of Egyptian Archaeology (Hall J) in 1941 after being seen by millions at the New York World’s Fair during 1939 and 1940. This mummy came to America in 1904 and has been a part of Field Museum’s collection since that time. It was lent to the General Electric X-ray Corporation for the purpose of their special exhibit, due to the fact that this institution and that company had previously co-operated in experiments to perfect the technique of X-raying material of this type. At the close of the second year of the fair in New York, the General Electric X-ray Corporation, in apprecia- tion, graciously presented the entire exhibit to Field Museum. I ere here to express publicly the sincere thanks of this institution for such a splendid gift. The exhibit has been placed in a special chamber in Hall J. There visitors may see Harwa first in his external mummy wrappings; then, automatically, a fluoroscopic screen moves in front of the mummy and an electric current of 125,000 volts activates X-rays which penetrate to Harwa’s interior and project the image of his ancient skeleton on the screen. Lead glass protects visitors from being harmed by the rays. The X-ray and mechanical equipment were especially designed and built for this particular purpose, at a cost of many thousands of dollars. General Electric ‘engineers and technicians assisted in the work of installing it at the Museum. When visitors to the Egyptian Hall are few in number, | they may themselves operate the exhibit by pushing a button. On days when there are many visitors, the cycle is repeated automatically at 40-second intervals throughout the day. ) The opening in 1941 of the Hall of Fishes (Hall O) on the ground ‘floor completes a series of three splendid halls which are devoted ‘to marine life. The Hall of Marine Mammals (Hall N) occupies a central position and contains habitat groups of seals, sea lions, “manatee, and narwhal. On the south side of this hall is the Hall of Lower Invertebrates (Hall M) which was announced in the Annual Report of the Director for the year 1939. The new Hall of Fishes, ‘which was opened in July, is adjacent to and directly connected ‘with the Hall of Marine Mammals. Habitat groups include one showing the fishes of the Bahama coral reefs, another showing the \ 346 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HiIstorY— Reports, VoL. 12 rocky coast of Maine, and one of the sandy ocean floor of the Texas coast. In addition, there is an extensive systematic collection of fishes in kindred forms running from the giant whale-shark de to the tiny frog-fish from the Sargasso Sea. Throughout this report there are cited many instances of ne exhibits which have been opened to the public. It is only nature that any reader would attribute full credit to the departmer sponsoring each exhibit. Little thought or appreciation is give to the Division of Maintenance or the Division of Engineerir through whose efforts the painstaking details of case-plannin lighting, construction, and even to a large extent the actual instz tion are carried out. I am pleased to call especial attention to effectiveness, thoroughness, and spirit of co-operation with whi these divisions carry on their work. There are many persons whose names are not found in the pre reports or on the labels of the Museum exhibits, who contribute valuable service without which the Museum could not continue I acknowledge a debt of gratitude to the many men and wome who perform routine jobs with skill and extreme care, and who thus contribute to the maintenance of the good name of this institutic A development which will contribute greatly to the comfort and convenience of the public was the replacement with new facilities, at a cost approximating $30,000, of the former distantly separate | men’s and women’s lavatories. The new arrangement consists ¢ a lobby, providing smoking-room and rest-room accommodatior and a meeting place for both men and women, on either side of which are new lavatories with capacity double that formerly available, and fitted out with the most modern equipment. Details of this, and other construction and maintenance accomplishments, includin tuck pointing of the Museum building and rebuilding of the parap walls on the north side of the building, will be found in this Repe under the heading Maintenance and Construction (page 422). After the entrance of the United States into the war, such! steps were taken throughout the building as were considered necessary to provide protection against possible new hazards fre saboteurs, fire, and other eventualities. In times such as those through which we are now living, preserv tion of public morale is generally conceded to be one of the mo: important factors toward winning the war and winning the peace: to which we look forward. Field Museum and kindred institutior are performing and must continue to perform a leading function a ed "Oo os RO ew = INTRODUCTION 347 this respect both for men in the armed services of the nation and for civilians. The value of the Museum as a haven for mental and spiritual rehabilitation is recognized by Army and Navy authorities, and groups of soldiers, sailors, marines, and coast guardsmen, when on leave or furlough, are constantly coming to the Museum. Ad- mission to the Museum is free of charge on all days to men in military uniform. The attendance during 1941—1,258,147 persons— indicates that the Museum is serving its role as a morale sustainer and morale builder. Although this attendance was somewhat under that of the preceding year, it compares favorably with the average of other recent years. Slight fluctuations from the general level established over a period of years are naturally to be expected, and can hardly be considered as abnormal. Further illustration of the tendency toward unaccountable fluctuations is afforded by the number of paid admissions which went in the opposite direction, increasing to 86,535 as against 80,888 in 1940. In addition to those actually visiting the Museum itself, the institution’s benefits were extended, as in past years, to many addi- tional hundreds of thousands outside the Museum, through traveling exhibits circulated by the N. W. Harris Public School Extension, and through the extension lectures provided in the schools by the James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond Foundation for Public School and Children’s Lectures. Further, as has been emphasized ‘in past Reports, scientific information originating in Field Museum reaches probably millions of other people in this country and else- . where through such channels as thousands of newspapers and periodicals, the institution’s own publications, and the radio. _ Programs such as the Museum’s spring and autumn courses of ‘lectures for adults, the spring, summer and autumn series of moving picture programs for children presented by the Raymond Foundation, ‘the daily guide-lecture tours, the Sunday afternoon Layman Lec- tures presented by Mr. Paul G. Dallwig, and other special events, ‘were responsible for bringing more than 110,000 persons to the ‘Museum. Special groups included the annual delegations of farm boys and girls sent to the Museum by the National Congress of Four-H Clubs, the adult graduating class of the Chicago Public Schools, whose commencement exercises were held in the James ‘Simpson Theatre, the American Society of Mammalogists, which held its annual convention at the Museum, the American Oriental Society, the Hoosier Salon Patrons Association, and the Chicago Chapter of the American Gem Society. 348 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL History—Reports, VOL. 12 Due to the abnormal conditions existing in the world, and t effect upon the yield of such securities as are held in the ende funds of the Museum, this institution is more than usually depenc upon the generous contributions of its benefactors. Ackno ment is hereby made to those who have contributed to the Musew funds, and also to those who have given material for use in t exhibits, study collections, and Library. Mr. Marshall Field, member of the Board of Trustees, as for many years past, was the Museum's outstanding individu supporter, his contributions during 1941 amounting to the sum $282,815.24, or more than one-third of the Museum's entire exper tures for the year. The special fund maintained by Mr. Stanley Field, F of the Museum, for designated purposes (and purposes to be de nated) was augmented during 1941 by his gifts totaling $29,0 The operations of the James Nelson and Anna Louise Rayme Foundation for Public School and Children’s Lectures were ported, as they have been ever since 1925, by the Founder, ¥ James Nelson Raymond, who during 1941 contributed $6,000 this purpose. Mrs. Richard T. Crane, Jr., presented twenty-three gems, val at $25,000, for addition to the collections in the new H. N. Hig botham Hall of Gems and Jewels. This hall is named in honor Mrs. Crane’s father, who provided the original and major part the collection in 1894. He served as a Trustee in the period f 1894 until his death in 1919, and was the second President of 1 Museum (1898-1908). Another notable contribution for Higinbotham Hall is a beaut stained glass window by Tiffany, valued at $1,000, and presen by Mr. F. G. James, of Cleveland, Ohio. The installation of t window in the hall adds greatly to the pleasing décor of the re In recognition of this gift, the Trustees elected Mr. James to m bership as a Contributor (Mrs. Crane’s name already had been the list of Contributors for some years past as a result of ot gifts she had made at various times). Gifts from Mr. Leon Mandel amounted to $1,747.76. ; his own expense, Mr. Mandel sponsored an expedition to the Ge pagos Islands. . Prior to his much regretted death, on August 26, 1941, 1 Charles H. Schweppe, for years a generous contributor to INTRODUCTION 349 Museum, made a further gift of $2,000 for an exhibition project toward which he had given $2,500 in the preceding year. Dr. Louis B. Bishop, of Pasadena, California, was elected a Contributor following the receipt of his gift of 1,180 specimens of birds (valued at more than $2,210) for addition to the Bishop Collec- tion of Birds, which he founded. Since acquisition by the Museum in 1939 of the major portion of its more than 50,000 specimens, the Bishop Collection has constituted one of the principal resources of the Division of Ornithology. The continued purchase of specimens of birds of prey for addition to the collection begun by the late Leslie Wheeler, former Trustee of the Museum, was assured by Mrs. Clarence C. Prentice, who again made a contribution of $1,000 to the Leslie Wheeler Fund. From Dr. Henry J. Bruman, of State College, Pennsylvania, the Museum received a valuable collection of ethnological specimens representing the Huichol Indians of Mexico. Mr. Boardman Conover, a Trustee of the Museum, made gifts totaling $1,146, partly for use toward the expenses of an expedition to Peru, and the balance for other purposes. The death of Mrs. Elizabeth Ayer Johnson on March 18, 1941, released to the Museum the Edward E. Ayer Lecture Fund, now amounting to $104,077.75 (in which Mrs. Johnson had had a life interest). The sum of $13,163.78 was received from the Estate of Martin A. Ryerson as an additional accrual to the legacy he left the Museum, earlier proceeds of which have been reported in previous years. From the estate of the late William Benson Storey the Museum received payment in 1941 of the $8,000 legacy designated for this institution in Mr. Storey’s will. The bequest of this sum was indicated in the 1940 Annual Report. In recognition of his generosity, the Trustees honored Mr. Storey by posthumous election to membership as a Contributor to the Museum. Among others whose gifts in money or materials were notable are Mrs. Sara Carroll Field (Mrs. Stanley Field), Mrs. John Stuart Coonley, Mr. Paul C. Standley, Dr. Julian A. Steyermark, and Dr. Paul S. Martin. Details of the many gifts of material received for the collections of the Museum will be found in the departmental sections of this Report, and a complete list classified as to departments, and with names of donors alphabetically arranged, begins on page 434. 350 Fretp Museum or NaTurRAL History— Reports, VOL. 12 The tax levied by the Chicago Park District to aid in the support of Field Museum and other museums, under an act of the St Legislature, yielded $129,498.70 to this institution in 1941, compared with $58,130.33 in the preceding year. Beginning October 1, it became necessary for Field Museum t charge a federal admission tax of three cents in addition to the regular twenty-five cents for adults on Mondays, Tuesdays, Wedne days, and Fridays. This was caused by Congressional enactment ¢ the Revenue Act of 1941, which removed the exemption from t on admission charges which formerly applied to religious, education and charitable organizations. The free days, Thursdays, Saturdays, and Sundays, are unaffected by the provisions of the new legislation. The Museum will continue to admit school children free; alse students and faculty members of recognized educational institutior will be admitted free on all days upon presentation of proper credentials, although the Museum itself will be required to pay the three-cent tax on such admissions, and on all children o twelve years of age on the days when charge is made to other person Likewise, all Members of the Museum will retain the privilege ¢ free admission for themselves, their families, and their guest Admission will continue to be free on all days to members of th armed forces of the United States, in uniform, whom the la specifically exempts from the tax. On May 2, 1941, Field Museum celebrated the twentieth anni- versary of its occupancy of the present building. Since this monu: mental structure was opened on May 2, 1921, more than 25,000,00 men, women, and children have entered the world of natural sciene through its portals; during some twenty-five years when the Museur was located in its original home in Jackson Park an additiona 5,800,000 visitors had been counted, bringing to approximately 31,000,000 the number served during the existence of the institution. As recalled in a special article appearing in the May, 1941, issue ¢ Field Museum News, the task of moving the Museum’s exhib and other collections to the new building in 1921 was a gigantic or —one of the greatest operations of its kind ever undertaken—an it was accomplished with negligible loss and damage. The New article points out further that “within the twenty years of occupar of this building, advances and improvements have been so rapic and so constant, that today the Museum is scarcely recognizab as the same institution. Many of the exhibits... have either bee changed and improved, or replaced with better material, while th INTRODUCTION BDL additions of new material have perhaps doubled both the exhibits and the research collections.... In Jackson Park there were few habitat groups... today hall after hall presents extensive series of this type.... Great improvements have been made in labeling... in lighting.... Other Museum activities have kept pace during these twenty years with the development in exhibition techniques. The educational work of .. . the Harris Extension and the Raymond Foundation ...has grown in scope, importance, and in numbers of school children and teachers reached.... Twenty years have seen an amazing growth in... the Library ...in the publications of the Museum... mechanical equipment.... What has happened in twenty years cannot be covered in the available space. The im- portant thing is that the Museum has kept vigorously alive and constantly growing. The move to a new location and building was only one of many forward steps that had to be taken to provide for its continuing growth and expansion.” The Board of Trustees held its Annual Meeting on January 20, at which time Mr. Stanley Field was re-elected to serve his thirty- third consecutive year in the office of President. All other officers who had served the Museum in the preceding year were re-elected. In October, Mr. Albert W. Harris, Third Vice-President, found it necessary for personal reasons to resign from that office and from his Trusteeship. The vacancy thus created on the Board was filled in December with the election of Mr. Howard W. Fenton as a Trustee. The election of a new Third Vice-President was deferred for action at the next Annual Meeting, to be held in January, 1942. A few new appointments to the staff, and other changes in _ personnel, were made during the year: Mr. Orr Goodson, a capable business executive, was appointed Assistant to the Director. Mr. Donald Collier, who has done notable work in American archaeology, was appointed Assistant Curator of South American _ Ethnology and Archaeology, a new post created by new needs; _ and consequently the title of Dr. Alexander Spoehr was changed from Assistant Curator of American Ethnology and Archaeology _ to Assistant Curator of North American Ethnology and Archaeology, _ with corresponding limitation of his field to the northern continent. The growing importance of inter-American relations justifies an increase in the emphasis on this division of the Department of _ Anthropology. Prospects toward the end of the year were that 352 Fre.p Museum or NaTuraAL History—Reports, VOL. 12 Dr. Spoehr would go on leave for the duration of the war in ¢ to enter the service of the United States Army, but fortuna’ Dr. Paul S. Martin, Chief Curator of the Department, is also” specialist in American ethnology and archaeology. Mrs. Alexane (Anne Harding) Spoehr, an artist, was given an aap two years on the staff of the Department of Anthropology to @ a series of paintings for new exhibits to be installed in the Hal North American Archaeology (Hall B); and Mr. Alfred Lee B was appointed as Dioramist to prepare a series of ministiall d ramas for the same hall. Mr. J. Eric Thompson, of the staff of the Division of Hi Research at the Carnegie Institution of Washington, D.C., given an honorary appointment on the staff of Field Mu as Research Associate in Middle American Archaeology. Thompson, well known as an expert on Maya archaeology ethnology, was for a number of years Assistant Curator of and South American Archaeology at Field Museum. Miss Elizabeth Best, formerly a volunteer worker in the Def ment of Zoology, was appointed as a guide-lecturer on the staff ¢ the James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond Foundation fe Public School and Children’s Lectures. Mr. Carl F. Gronemann, the Museum’s Illustrator since 1917 was retired June 30 on pension, due to ill health; subsequently h died, on November 4. Mr. John J. Janecek, his assistant, appointed Illustrator. Mr. Henry S. Dybas was given a temporary appointment a Assistant in Entomology. Mr. Joe B. Krstolich was appoint Artist-Preparator in the Department of Zoology. A few appointments, some temporary for specific tasks ami periods of time, some permanent for routine positions such % printers, clerical assistants, preparators, guards, etc., were ™ during the year. Some of these were selected from the most c of the workers assigned to the Museum by the Work ' Administration, following the termination of the WPA project ¢ June 30. Dr. Henry Field, Curator of Physical Anthropology, resigned accept a special assignment in the Library of Congress, Washingt D.C. Mr. Henry Herpers, Assistant Curator of Geology, resigned. As was to be expected under existing conditions, a number ¢ younger men employed by the Museum have been indncealll INTRODUCTION 353 various branches of military service; also some others who had retained their connections with the reserve corps of the Army and Navy have gone into active service. Prospects are that more men will likewise be called from time to time during the coming year. At the end of 1941, Field Museum’s honor roll of men in the service of their country, including two members of the Board of Trustees, was as follows: Theodore Roosevelt, Trustee—Brigadier-General, U. S. Army Joseph Nash Field, Trustee—Lieutenant (J. G.), U. S. Navy Clifford C. Gregg, Director—Major, U. S. Army Melvin A. Traylor, Jr., Associate, Birds—Private, U. S. Marine Corps Patrick T. McEnery, Guard—Master-at-arms, U. S. Navy John Syckowski, Guard—Chief Commissary Steward, U.S. Navy George Jahrand, Guard—Chief Water Tender, U. S. Navy M. C. Darnall, Jr., Guard—Candidates’ Class, U. S. Marine Corps Reserve (Officers’ Training Course) James C. McIntyre, Guard—Private, U.S. Army, Coast Artillery Others who had been notified that their calls to service would come in the first few weeks of 1942, and had arranged their affairs accordingly, were: Mr. Lester Armour, a Trustee, who was about to resume active service under his reserve commission as a Lieuten- ant-Commander in the United States Navy; Dr. John Rinaldo, Associate in Southwestern Archaeology, who served several months as a private in the Army during 1941 and had been honorably discharged, but was subject to recall following the United States’ declaration of war; Dr. Alexander Spoehr, whose imminent call to service as an Army private has already been mentioned; Mr. Clyde James Nash, of the Museum guard force, a naval reserve man about to be recalled to service as a Chief Gunner’s Mate, and Mr. Bert E. Grove, guide-lecturer on the Raymond Foundation staff, who had enrolled with the American Field Service for ambulance duty in north Africa, and at the end of the year was awaiting his sailing orders. Also serving the nation, although in a civilian capacity, is Mr. Bryant Mather, Assistant Curator of Mineralogy, who was granted a leave of absence to accept an emergency appointment in a labora- tory at West Point, to work for the Corps of Engineers of the United States Army. Mr. Herbert Weeks, a preparator in the laboratories of the Department of Anthropology since 1918, died on May 13. A skillful 54 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HisTorY—ReEportTs, VOL. 12 artisan, he was responsible for the installation of many cases. final, and one of his finest accomplishments, was the preps of the Department of Anthropology’s section of H. N. Higinboth: Hall of Gems and Jewels, which was opened shortly after his de Others who died during 1941 were Mr. Gronemann (mentior elsewhere); Mr. Axel Danielson, a carpenter; Mr. Bernhard Aucht assistant collotyper; Mr. Thomas Mason, and Mr. A. J. Thompse former maintenance workers who had been retired on pensions, ¢ Mr. Henry F. MeNeill, a janitor. Under the Museum's grot insurance policy $2,000 was paid to the widow of Mr. Weeks, $1,0€ to the widow of Mr. Gronemann, $2,500 to the widow of Mi Danielson, $1,000 to the nephew of Mr. Mason, $1,000 to the se and two daughters of Mr. Thompson, and $1,500 to the widow Mr. MeNeill. The services of faithful and hard-working volunteers assisted t Museum again, as in past years, in the advancement of its researe program, and also in the carrying on of various routine tasks whie would overtax the members of the regular paid staff, all of whe have full burdens of duty. In the List of the Staff at the beginni of this Report will be found the names of some of these volunte workers—they bear the distinguishing titles of ‘Research Associ and ‘‘Associate’’ to set them apart from listings of salaried work and one, Mr. Paul G. Dallwig, who also serves without compensatior is designated as ““The Layman Lecturer.”’ For their services, gratef acknowledgment is made to all who are so listed, and also to th following additional volunteers: Mrs. Rose Miller, Miss Marje Kelly, Mr. Millard Rogers, Miss Jane Darrow, and Miss Florer Parks Rucker, who performed various tasks in the Department ¢ Anthropology; Mr. Donald Richards, Mr. Lawrence J. King, Verne O. Graham, Mrs. Cloyd B. Stifler, Mr. Frank Dunkel, a Miss Jeanne Paul, who assisted in the Department of Botar Mr. Harold Hanson, Miss Peggy Collins, Dr. Walter Segall, David Owens, Mr. William J. Beecher, and Mr. Robert Haas, wh worked in the Department of Zoology, and Mr. Clarence L. Bre who served as a volunteer lecturer on the staff of the James Nelse and Anna Louise Raymond Foundation for Public School Children’s Lectures. The Museum acknowledges a great advancement in mai branches of its work as a result of the efforts of the many we assigned to it by the federal Work Projects Administration, whe project at this institution was discontinued on June 30. The wo INTRODUCTION 355 assigned to the Museum by WPA, and by earlier federal and state agencies created to cope with the unemployment problem and later absorbed into WPA, had been serving Field Museum since 1933, and at times the forces assigned to this institution numbered well over 200 persons. Most of these men and women proved to be willing and conscientious workers, and many had native talents and special skills which proved adaptable to various technical phases of /museum work. A few were so satisfactory that, when their WPA assignments terminated, the Museum engaged them to continue as regular employees, some on a temporary, and a very few on a permanent basis. As has been the case for several years past, but for even more /emphatic reasons this year due to the ever-widening expanse of the second World War, it was necessary to confine Museum expeditions _to the western hemisphere. Although satisfactory progress in the _Museum’s research program cannot be made without expeditions, It became apparent by the end of the year, especially after the entry of our own country into the war, that explorational activities of this type probably must be still more severely curtailed for the duration of the war, and eventually may cease entirely, even in the Latin-American countries. _ Outstanding among the expeditions of 1941 were the Tenth Field Museum Archaeological Expedition to the Southwest, and the Leon Mandel Galapagos Expedition. The Southwest expedition, ‘directed, as were its nine predecessors, by Dr. Paul S. Martin, Chief Curator of Anthropology, this year worked on a site of ancient Mogollon culture in western central New Mexico. Its findings and collections, in the assemblage of which Dr. Martin : was assisted by a large staff, are especially important in the broaden- ing of knowledge of American archaeology, and are the subject of further publications which Dr. Martin has in preparation. The Galapagos Expedition, led by Mr. Leon Mandel (his fifth contribu- tion of this type to the Museum) made a large collection of fishes, reptiles, birds and mammals. The scientific staff was headed by Dr. Wilfred H. Osgood, Curator Emeritus of Zoology, and included ‘Mr. Rudyerd Boulton, Curator of Birds; Mr. Loren P. Woods, Assistant Curator of Fishes; Mr. Melvin A. Traylor, Jr., Associate in Ornithology; Staff Taxidermist Leon L. Walters, and Mr. Ronald Lambert as assistant taxidermist. In the departmental sections of this Report (beginning on page 362) will be found detailed accounts _of these and a number of other expeditions conducted during the year. 356 FreLD MUSEUM OF NATURAL History—ReEportTs, VOL. 12 The Book Shop of Field Museum had its most successful ye since its establishment in 1938, despite increases affecting varic costs entering into its operation. There was a far greater volur of sales both over the counter to visitors in the Museum, and the fulfillment of mail orders resulting largely from advertising Field Museum News, and the distribution several times during the year of lists of books notable for their seasonal interest. The ste of books and other merchandise (such as book-ends, accu models of animals, etc.) was maintained on a larger and more va seale than hitherto. Public confidence was sustained by the ec tinued policy of offering only such books, whether for adults children, as bore the endorsement of qualified members of t Museum's scientific staff to whom they were submitted for approv The School of the Art Institute of Chicago continued to ser certain classes to Field Museum to use natural history exhibits inspirational material for painting and drawing, under the co-ope tive arrangements which have existed between the two institutic for many years. Field Museum was of particular value to concerned with problems arising in the study of composition research, pattern design, and sketching. For students in such cow as the history of art, the rich collections of art material by primit and ancient peoples in the Department of Anthropology were notable value. Instructors in the art school’s Saturday Juni Department brought classes of children to Field Museum as a fp of their regular curriculum. In July, Field Museum presented part of its collection of f similes of Irish antiquities, formerly exhibited in the Department Anthropology, to the University of Chicago, and part to Flanagan's Boys’ Town in Nebraska. A formal presentation of t University’s portion was made by President Stanley Field to D Ulrich A. Middeldorf, Chairman of the University’s Department Art. The collection did not fit properly within the scope of Fie Museum, but at the University the gold-embossed reproductic¢ created by Irish craftsmen and representing the major antiquiti of Ireland, will be made available to scholars in the fields of history, art, and literature. The gift was arranged Director and Dr. Tom Peete Cross, Professor of English and parative Literature at the University, who is an authority on ane Irish culture. Field Museum presented to Chicago’s Museum of Science ¢ Industry the models of an Illinois brick yard and of a cement p a INTRODUCTION STi _ which formerly were exhibited in the Department of Geology. _ These exhibits, because of their industrial aspects, seem to fit more closely within the scope of the Jackson Park museum than that of - this institution. For the second time, Field Museum participated in the annual Rotary Club Exposition, held in April at the Hotel Sherman. In _ recognition of the great public interest in techniques and ‘‘behind-the- ' scenes”’ activities, demonstrations of museum procedures constituted _ the essential part of the display. The booth was manned by Mr. W. E. Ejgsti, Staff Taxidermist, who mounted specimens for a small- mammal exhibit, and Mr. James H. Quinn, Chief Preparator in Paleontology, who prepared specimens of fossil ungulates. Planning and supervision of the exhibit was by Mr. John R. Millar, Curator of the N. W. Harris Public School Extension. In accordance with the Museum’s policy of co-operating with other worthy civic enterprises, special lecture tours were given in certain of the exhibition halls on Pan American Day, April 14, sponsored by the Pan American Council. Miss Elizabeth Hambleton of the Raymond Foundation staff lectured on “Story of the People of Latin America,” and Mr. Clarence L. Brown, Raymond Founda- tion volunteer, on “Commercial Products of Latin America.”’ Much favorable comment resulted from Field Museum’s repre- sentation in the Exhibit of Indian Art of the United States held from January to April at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. Displayed, together with material from other institutions in all parts of the country, were especially selected examples of the finest types of Indian arts and crafts. The loan of this material from the collec- tions of the Department of Anthropology was made at the urgent request of the United States Department of the Interior, which particularly desired to make the New York exhibit all-inclusive. It should be noted that in consenting to make the loan the Trustees were deviating from an established Field Museum policy of many years’ standing. A notable addition to the service of the N. W. Harris Public School Extension was made by the placing of ten hospital schools on the list of educational institutions receiving the benefits of traveling exhibition cases. These hospital schools are branches of regular or special public schools, and it is their function to provide instruction for children who, through misfortune, must undergo long hospitalization for the treatment of various non-infectious maladies such as rheumatic heart, chorea, or crippling deformities of various 358 FreLD MUSEUM OF NATURAL History— Reports, VoL. 12 kinds. To adapt the Harris Extension cases to hospital conditic special tubular metal stands with large free-rolling casters made. These support the usual loan of two school cases at bec or wheel-chair height, and the cases can be moved easily. A notable accession for the Division of Entomology was mad in the purchase of the Ballou collection of hister beetles, containir some 15,000 specimens accumulated over a period of twenty 5 by Mr. Charles A. Ballou, Jr., former New York publisher. is the most extensive collection of hister beetles in the Americas, and includes approximately one-half of all the known species ¢ the world, as well as many undescribed ones. Acquisition of collection, made possible by the Emily Crane Chadbourne Fune provides excellent opportunity for extensive systematic research. The book, Birds of El Salvador, published by Field Museum it its Zoological Series, won for its authors, Mr. Adrian van Rossem, of the University of California at Los Angeles, and the late Donald 8. Dickey, the William Brewster Medal of the American Ornithologists’ Union. The discovery in Guatemala of a showy and stately spide ily of a species new to science—a flower that gives great promise fe cultivation in conservatories and gardens of the United States— reported during 1941 by Dr. Julian A. Steyermark, Assistant Curate of the Herbarium. He found the plant during his expedition it 1939-40, but needed until 1941 to confirm his theory that it was new species. This was accomplished in November when bulbs whiet Dr. Steyermark had brought back grew to the flowering stage at the Garfield Park Conservatory. Dr. Steyermark has prepared technical description for publication. Various honors were bestowed upon some of the members ¢ the Museum staff during the year: The University of Chicago conferred the degree of Doctor ¢ Philosophy upon Curator Sharat K. Roy (Geology). The deg is based partly upon Dr. Roy’s research and publication in conr tion with geological and paleontological problems in Baffin where he conducted investigations some years ago as a membe of the Rawson—-MacMillan Subarctic Expedition of Field Museum. Columbia University, New York, conferred the degree of Docte of Philosophy on Curator C. Martin Wilbur (Chinese Archaeolog: and Ethnology). This degree represents a recognition of Dr. Wilbui exhaustive research and dissertation on the subject of slavery i China during part of the Han period. INTRODUCTION 359 Field Museum itself honored its Curator Emeritus of Zoology, Dr. Wilfred Hudson Osgood, one of America’s most eminent bio- logical scientists, by the publication of a testimonial volume of some 400 pages under the title Papers on Mammalogy. An especially bound copy of the book was presented to Dr. Osgood by President Stanley Field on December 8, which was Dr. Osgood’s sixty-sixth birthday. Official publication, and the beginning of international distribution of the volume to scientific institutions and scientists, occurred on the same date. The book opens with two dedicatory articles, one by President Field and one by the Director, in which fitting tribute is paid to Dr. Osgood as a scientist and as a man. In the pages that follow are eleven scientific articles by mammalo- gists on the staff of Field Museum and by colleagues of Dr. Osgood’s on the staffs of other institutions both in this country and abroad. Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, who succeeded Dr. Osgood as Chief Curator of the Department of Zoology at the beginning of 1941, was honored by the American Association for the Advancement of Science which asked him to present a paper in an important symposium of leading scientists on The Training of a Biologist. Mr. Schmidt acted as representative of the group which includes America’s field naturalists and systematic zoologists. The Director of the Museum was honored by election as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Mr. Bryant Mather, Assistant Curator of Mineralogy, was elected Vice-Chairman of the Marquette Geologists’ Association, and was appointed Technical Counselor to the Chicago Chapter of the American Gem Society. Dr. Julian A. Steyermark, Assistant Curator of the Herbarium, was appointed to the Board of Directors of the Midwest Horti- — eultural Society. Mrs. Leota G. Thomas, of the Raymond Foundation lecture staff, fulfilled a request to teach an Indiana University Extension course. She also took a leading part in organizational and other activities of the Museum-—School Relations Committee of the Progressive Education Association. At the invitation of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Vene- zuelan government, Mr. Llewelyn Williams for the second time accepted an appointment to conduct official botanical surveys in that country, and for this purpose was granted leave of absence from his post as Curator of Economic Botany at Field Museum. He will remain in Venezuela until well into 1942, and will collect 360 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL History—Reports, VOL. 12 material for the Museum in addition to his duties for the governmen of that country. Mr. Alfred C. Weed, Curator of Fishes, consented to accept a assignment from an editorial board of co-operating Americ ichthyologists to review the mullets of the North Atlantic regior This material is to be incorporated into a general account of Atlanti¢ coast marine fishes of which publication is planned. Mr. Rudyerd Boulton, Curator of Birds, was re-elected Treasure and Business Manager of the American Ornithologists’ Union, position which he has held since 1938. Mr. Bert E. Grove, staff lecturer of the Raymond Foundatior organized and conducted a group of natural science clubs for both children and adults, at the request of the Trailside Museum ¢ River Forest, Illinois. Miss Elizabeth Best, also a Raymor Foundation lecturer, demonstrated methods of dissection and tax dermy during the laboratory course given to the members of thes clubs. Mr. Henry W. Nichols, Chief Curator of the Department Geology, was appointed to the Committee on Legal Ownership Meteorites, and the Committee on Terminology, of the Socie for Research on Meteorites. In accordance with the custom of past years, many membe of the Museum staff were active, both in Chicago and outside city, in special studies at other institutions, on local field trips, i attending meetings of various learned societies, and in filling engag ments as guest speakers for organizations of many types or ¢ programs presented over the radio. A number of the lecture engag ments were received from universities and colleges. Prominer among those who figured as lecturers and radio speakers wer Dr. Julian A. Steyermark, Assistant Curator of the Herbarium Mr. Rudyerd Boulton, Curator of Birds; Mr. Bryant Mather Assistant Curator of Mineralogy; Mr. John W. Moyer, Staff dermist; Mr. Emmet R. Blake, Assistant Curator of Birds; Clifford C. Gregg, Director; Dr. Wilfrid D. Hambly, Curator o African Ethnology; Dr. Fritz Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrate Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator of Zoology; Dr. Paul S. Marti Chief Curator of Anthropology; Dr. Wilfred H. Osgood, Cw Emeritus of Zoology; Mr. C. J. Albrecht, Staff Taxidermist; M Llewelyn Williams, Curator of Economic Botany; Dr. Alexande Spoehr, Assistant Curator of North American Ethnology Archaeology; Mr. Loren P. Woods, Assistant Curator of Fishes, ar INTRODUCTION 361 Dr. C. Martin Wilbur, Curator of Chinese Archaeology and Ethnology. Mr. Rupert L. Wenzel, Assistant Curator of Insects, made an eastern trip in the course of which he conducted research based upon type specimens of parasitic bat flies and histerid beetles in the -eollections of principal museums in New York, Philadelphia, Wash- ington, Pittsburgh, and Boston. Mr. Elmer 8. Riggs, Curator of Paleontology, visited the Carnegie Museum in Pittsburgh to arrange exchanges of fossils. Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator of Zoology, read a scientific paper before the Texas Herpetological Society. Mrs. Leota G. Thomas, of the Raymond Foundation staff, attended the annual meeting of the American Association of Museums, held at Columbus, Ohio. Mr. Clifford H. Pope, Curator of Reptiles, conducted zoological field research in northwestern Illinois, and in the same general region similar botanical work was conducted by Mr. Paul C. Standley and Dr. Julian A. Steyermark, Curator and Assistant Curator respectively of the Herbarium. Dr. Fritz Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, presented a paper before the American Malacological Union, meeting at Thomaston, Maine. Mr. Rudyerd Boulton, Curator of Birds, presented a paper at the Denver meeting of the American Ornithologists’ Union. Mr. | J. Francis Macbride, Associate Curator of the Herbarium, made a _ study of the Andean collections in the herbarium of the University of | California. Mr. James H. Quinn, Chief Preparator in Paleontology, made a survey of the laboratories in principal museums of the east, _ studying their preparation and installation methods. Dr. C. Martin | Wilbur, Curator of Chinese Archaeology and Ethnology, read a paper before the American Historical Association which held its annual meeting in Chicago. Members of Field Museum’s staff took a leading part at an all-day conference of officials of schools and museums held April 19 at the Museum of Science and Industry. General problems relating to the educational use of all Chicago’s museums were discussed. The meeting was sponsored by the Chicago Museum-School Rela- tions Committee, a voluntary organization composed of representa- _ tives of the several museums and principal school systems of the city and adjacent areas, whose aim is to effect greater co-operation. Field Museum’s staff members who participated include the Director; Mr. John R. Millar, Curator of the Harris Extension; _ Miss Miriam Wood, Chief of the Raymond Foundation; and Mrs. _Leota G. Thomas and Miss Elizabeth Hambleton of the Raymond Foundation staff. 362 FreLD MUSEUM OF NATURAL History— Reports, VOL. 12 As is the case every year, from all over the United States from foreign countries as well, many persons distinguished in t sciences, and also in other walks of life, took occasion to visit Fi Museum when in Chicago for various purposes. Among the mo notable scientists were Professor Erik Asplund, of the Bot Department of the Natural History Museum of Stockholm, Swed the members of the American Society of Mammalogists, and th members of the American Oriental Society. On March 31, t Hon. Henry A. Wallace, Vice-President of the United States, vis the Museum. Many other notable personalities, too numerous list here, were also guests of the Museum at various times. An increase in the business of the Museum Cafeteria is not meals having been served to 100,740 persons in 1941 as compa to 97,225 in 1940. There was also some increase in the use of t rooms provided for children and others who bring lunches to th Museum, 76,243 persons having taken advantage of these facilitie in 1941 as against 75,738 in the preceding year. The Cafeteri management operates a special lunch counter to supply those usir the children’s rooms with supplementary provisions such as ho beverages, soft drinks, sandwiches, ice cream, etc., but the table and benches in these rooms are available to all visitors wheth they make such purchases or not. The activities of the various Departments and Divisions of t Museum are described in detail in the pages that follow: DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY EXPEDITIONS AND RESEARCH The Field Museum Archaeological Expedition to the Southwest under the leadership of Dr. Paul S. Martin, Chief Curator a Anthropology, spent three and one-half months in New Mexiet continuing excavations at the SU site. Permits for work on th site in the Apache National Forest were obtained from the Divisic of Forestry, United States Department of Agriculture. The SU site was first briefly explored in 1939 by a Field Museu expedition, and a report was issued in 1940 under the title The Sl Site—Excarations at a Mogollon Village, Western New Meri Details of this work were given also in the Annual Report of t Director for 1939. Dr. Martin’s assistant for the 1941 expedition was Mr. Robert Braidwood, who directed excavations. Mr. Braidwood, an instructe in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Chicage | Field Museum of Natural History Reports, Vol. 12, Plate 25 PIT HOUSE NEAR RESERVE, NEW MEXICO Excavated by Field Museum Archaeological Expedition to the Southwest, 1941 This house was occupied at or before A.D. 500 DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY 363 was a member of the Syrian Expedition of the Oriental Institute. Also assisting in various capacities were Mr. Robert Yule, photog- rapher and cartographer; Miss Jane Darrow, in charge of washing and cataloguing stone and bone implements and pottery; Miss Margaret Ross, in charge of cleaning and preserving skeletal materials, and Mr. Brigham Arnold, of the University of Arizona, who conducted the archaeological survey. Other members of the expedition were Messrs. Clifton Kroeber, Charles De Peso, and Jules Williams, and Mrs. Stanley Dickson. For their helpful, friendly, and courteous co-operation, the Museum is indebted to Mr. R. B. Ewing, Supervisor of the Apache National Forest, and his associates, Mr. Robert I. Stewart, Assistant Forest Supervisor, and Mr. Benton S. Rogers, District Forest Ranger. Recapitulating briefly the findings of the 1939 expedition: The SU site was occupied by Indians of the Mogollon culture—a culture discovered only a few years ago. Previously, archaeologists had believed that one civilization produced all the various types of pottery, houses, and tools that were dug up in the Southwest. We now know that this was incorrect. Within the last few years, archaeolo- gists have produced evidence that there were two other Southwest civilizations—Pueblo and Hohokam. The most recently discovered civilization is the Mogollon, toward the knowledge of which Field Museum’s Expeditions of 1939 and 1941 have greatly contributed. During the course of the 1941 excavations, eight more houses were discovered and cleared of débris, and approximately 600 stone and bone tools and 19,000 potsherds were recovered. The Mogollon tools are of a crude early type, unlike those ordinarily associated with Indians. In fact, the stone tools such as choppers, hammer- stones, polishing stones, and scrapers, are so primitive that one would ordinarily pass them by without recognizing that they had ever been used by man for any purpose whatsoever; but inasmuch as many such stones were found in all the houses, the investigators were led to note that they fell into distinct patterns and types, and therefore could not be natural, unused stones. It is of great interest to note that no grooved axes of any kind were found. The absence of these important tools makes a mystery of the means employed by the ancient Mogollon Indians to fell their trees. We know that they used trees at least six inches in diameter for roofing their houses. The potsherds represent three kinds of undecorated pottery: Alma Plain, a polished brown ware; Alma Rough, an unpolished, 364 FreLD Museum oF NATURAL History—ReEports, VOL. 12 rough, brown pottery; and San Francisco Red, a polished, slipped undecorated ware. The people who inhabited the SU village lived mostly in 7 houses—large pits sunk into the earth, and then roofed over logs, twigs, and sod; but some of these Indians built and occupie surface houses with floors flush with ground level. The walls ¢ the latter consisted of upright poles set eight to fourteen inch apart. Between these poles mud and small sticks were packed, forming a good, tight wall. This kind of construction is cal “wattle-and-daub,"’ and contrasts with subterranean houses. Fire pits were not found in any of the houses. It is believed, th fore, that these Indians rarely used fire inside the house for cookir warmth, or light. Extensive digging likewise failed to reveal am fire pits outside the houses. Most of the pit houses were equipped with entrance-tunne sometimes large, sometimes small. These always face east—why i not known, but probably the orientation was for religious reasor The dead were always buried in pits either outside the hou or dug into the house floors. The corpses were wrapped in a doubled up position. Generally burials were not placed in house pits unt after the house had been abandoned. Offerings to the dead rare. The only objects found with skeletons were tobacco-pip and sometimes shell bracelets and necklaces. Unbroken pottery never found. Very few arrowheads or spearheads were found. Food-grindir tools were brought to light in great abundance from all houses. is assumed, therefore, that the Mogollon Indians of the SU vill lived mostly on berries, roots, herbs, and grasses, and depenc little on hunting or agriculture. The people apparently were mostl; seed-gatherers rather than farmers. This may be regarded evidence pointing to the great antiquity of their culture. The entire complex found at the SU site represents an early peric in the Mogollon culture, and the Field Museum Expedition | named it “the Pine Lawn Phase.”’ The characteristic or predominan traits which as a whole distinguish the Pine Lawn Phase from a other phase or period, either earlier or later, will be described detail in Dr. Martin's report on the 1941 expedition. This repc is being prepared and will be finished in 1942. | The age of the Pine Lawn Phase at the SU village is difficult determine; but by inference, and by cross-dating or compari! the tools now at Field Museum with those from other ruins, the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY 365 ean be dated within limits. Thus far, dating by means of tree-rings has been impossible because the rings on the SU logs (fragments of roof beams) do not fit into any known sequence. It is fairly certain, however, that the SU ruin is earlier than A.D. 700 because no decorated pottery was found in it. That is important, because decorated pottery was made in that area only after A.D. 700. Thus an upper limit of A.D. 700 is established. (It would be just as in- congruous for the expedition to find decorated pottery in a site which was abandoned before A.D. 700 as it would be for an automobile to appear in a motion picture portraying a Civil War scene.) Conversely, although the SU village stone tools are similar to those of the San Pedro period (found in southern Arizona by the archaeologists of Gila Pueblo) dating from about 3,000 B.c. to about 500 B.c., the SU village must date after that period because the SU villagers made pottery and the San Pedro people did not. A site yielding pottery is generally later than one lacking it. Therefore, it seems that the SU village must have been founded, occupied, and abandoned some time between 500 B.c. and A.D. 700. Thus it seems safe to conjecture that the Mogollon culture is a new, pure, cultural entity in the Southwest, and that it should be accorded the same relative position of importance as has been given to the Basket Maker-Pueblo and Hohokam cultures. Mr. Richard A. Martin, Curator of Near Eastern Archaeology, continued cataloguing the many specimens from Kish, an ancient Babylonian city. He also planned and supervised the installation of Harwa, the X-rayed mummy, in Hall J (Egyptian Archaeology), as well as supervising the planning of cases of Etruscan, Egyptian, Roman, Syrian, and Arabian jewelry in H. N. Higinbotham Hall (Hall 31). Dr. Wilfrid D. Hambly, Curator of African Ethnology, has continued research on craniometry of the Pacific region, and has measured 150 skulls found on Pacific islands. He has begun prepa- _ ration of a publication on a collection of thirty skulls from Ambrym, New Hebrides. The data should be especially welcome because _ research has failed to reveal the existence of any prior information on the skulls found on this island. Dr. Hambly has also taken a large number of measurements on a collection of forty male and female skulls from the island of Malekula, close to the island of Ambrym. These skulls of Malekula, _ both male and female, are interesting because of deformation result- ing from pressure applied to infant skulls. The only data so far 366 FreLpD MUSEUM OF NATURAL History— Reports, VOL. 12 published by other writers consist of brief notes printed about t year 1881. Measurements have likewise been made on skulls fre New Caledonia and the Solomon Islands. Dr. Hambly’s ultima aim is to make adetailed comparative study of measurements of crai from different parts of Melanesia. Field Museum's collection ec tains about 350 skulls from this region. Dr. C. Martin Wilbur, Curator of Chinese Archaeology Ethnology, completed the manuscript of his book Slavery in During the Former Han Dynasty. He also devoted considerable tir to acquiring and studying archaeological specimens from Chir for the exhibition and study collections. Basic studies were under- taken aiming toward a fresh presentation of Chinese ethnology, and reinstallation of the collection of paintings. Dr. Alexander Spoehr, Assistant Curator of North America Ethnology and Archaeology, prepared a report published Field Museum Press, entitled Camp, Clan, and Kin Among t Cow Creek Seminole of Florida. A report on the Oklahoma Semine was also completed and is in press. Three other articles on Sou! eastern social organization were published in various journals. addition, Dr. Spoehr supervised cleaning and sorting of archae logical specimens from the eastern United States and California. Under the direction of Chief Curator Martin, Dr. Spoehr t continued the necessary research on plans for the reinstallation ¢ Hall B (American Archaeology), as well as working on details ¢ layouts for the exhibits themselves. Several cases have been stalled. Further details about this hall will be found in this B under Installations and Rearrangements (page 368). Dr. Henry Field, Curator of Physical Anthropology until h resignation, which became effective October 1, continued his wor on Part II of the publication entitled, The Anthropology Traq. Mr. Donald Collier joined the staff on August 1 as Curator a Central and South American Ethnology and Archaeology. Short thereafter he was dispatched to Ecuador on a joint expedition f Field Museum and the Institute for Andean Research, of New Yor His work involves promotion of cultural relations with Latin Ame as well as investigation of archaeological sites in little-known regic Mr. Collier expects to return to Field Museum in February, 1§ Mrs. Rose Miller continued valuable work as a volunteer, study ing and arranging the collection of 3,000 rubbings of Chinese histc monuments. DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY 367 Mr. John Rinaldo, Associate in Southwestern Archaeology, received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Chicago upon the completion of his thesis, An Analysis of Prehistoric Anasazi Culture Changes, based on the collections of Field Museum and the work of Museum expeditions. In addition, Dr. Rinaldo wrote articles on southwestern prehistory which were published in various journals, and classified the prehistoric Hopi bahos collected by Charles Owen in 1901. Dr. Rinaldo is now working on Part II of the 1941 report on the SU site. A call to military service caused his absence for several months, and he is subject to recall by the Army early in 1942. Miss Marjorie Kelly, Associate in Southwestern Archaeology, performed much general clerical work, as well as checking and sorting various archaeological specimens. Mr. Millard Rogers, volunteer assistant, has been studying Chinese paintings with a view to preparing them for more adequate exhibition. Miss Jane Darrow, volunteer assistant, has been of great help in many ways. In addition to the many tasks she accomplished for the Expedition to the Southwest, she sorted potsherds, typed manuscripts, catalogued specimens and at the year’s end was pre- paring data for a report on pottery excavated in 1941 in New Mexico. Miss Florence Parks Rucker, volunteer assistant, has catalogued and stored many southwestern pottery specimens, as well as typing the revised edition of an anthropological leaflet, Civilization of the Mayas, by J. Eric Thompson. ACCESSIONS— ANTHROPOLOGY The Department of Anthropology listed 33 accessions, com- prising nearly 25,000 specimens. Of these, 751 were gifts, 78 were acquired by exchange, 48 were purchased, and approximately 24,000 were acquired by the Field Museum Archaeological Expedi- tion to the Southwest. Mr. Henry J. Bruman, of State College, Pennsylvania, contributed / Huichol Indian ethnological specimens from the State of Jalisco, Mexico. Mr. Donald Collier, of Field Museum’s staff, presented a Nazca comb from the south coast of Peru. Mrs. Frank D. Gamewell, of Philadelphia, presented costumes of women from three primitive tribes living in southwestern China— the “Flowery” Miao, the Lisu, and the Kopu. The Museum pre- viously had possessed no specimens from these interesting but little- 368 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL History—Reports, VOL. 12 known people. Four Chinese ceramics of the T’ang and Sur periods were presented by Grow and Cuttle, Incorporated, ¢ Chicago. ; Colonel Wallis Huidekoper of Twodot, Montana, present twenty-two superb, well-preserved ethnological specimens from tk Plains Indians (Sioux, Crow, Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes Although the Museum's Plains Indian collection is among the fine in the world, this gift forms a valuable addition. A shirt belonged to Chief Plenty Coups, and the dress of the wife of Ch Red Cloud, both received from Colonel Huidekoper, will be plac on exhibition during 1942 in Mary D. Sturges Hall (Hall 5—Ir Tribes of the Great Plains). Major Oliver S. Picher, of Hubbard Woods, Illinois, presentec several Arapaho ethnological specimens as well as material from tt Southwest, Hawaii, and China. Mr. Charles Schmid, of Oak Pa Illinois, contributed an Alaskan trap known as a deadfall. CATALOGUING, INVENTORYING, AND LABELING—-ANTHROPOLOGY During the year, 19 of the 33 new accessions were entered, as well as part of another new accession, and all or part of 20 previous accessions. ; The number of catalogue cards prepared during the year te 1,081. A total of 1,238 were entered, some of which were held c from 1940. Since the first opening of the inventory books, the tot number of catalogue cards entered is 227,733. For the current year, the distribution of catalogue cards was follows: North and South American archaeology and ethnology, 218; Chinese, Japanese, Tibetan, and Korean archaeology ant ethnology, 452; African ethnology, 4; Near Eastern archaeology, 399 Melanesian and Polynesian ethnology, 5; physical anthropology, 3. From copy prepared by members of the Department, the Divisiot of Printing issued 344 labels for use in exhibition cases. Distribut . was as follows: North and South American archaeology and é ogy, 190; Chinese, Japanese, Tibetan, and Korean archacoleailil ethnology, 56; Near Eastern archaeology, 5; Gem Room, 93. The Division of Printing also supplied 5 maps, 85 store labels, 2,350 catalogue cards, and 3,760 subject index cod INSTALLATIONS AND REARRANGEMENTS—ANTHROPOLOGY H. N. Higinbotham Hall (Hall 31) was opened to the f - in June after being closed several months for reconstruct DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY 369 reinstallation. On display in this hall are magnificent collections of gems and jewelry installed under the direction of Mr. Henry W. Nichols and Dr. Paul S. Martin, Chief Curators of the Departments of Geology and Anthropology, respectively. The jewelry installation by the Department of Anthropology illustrates man’s use of precious metals and stones as personal adornment. The oldest pieces of gold in this hall, dating back some 5,000 years, are from Kish, an ancient Babylonian city. Egyptian gold on exhibition, made during the Graeco-Roman period, is studded with amethysts, bloodstones, garnets, and other brightly colored stones. Later pieces made by Etrurian craftsmen of the seventh to the fifth centuries B.c. excel in delicate gold workmanship. The Peruvians were able, about one thousand years later, to work more intricate patterns than earlier goldsmiths, due to the discovery of welding, alloying, casting, and annealing. The Quim- baya of Colombia used gold and an alloy of gold and copper. The _ exhibited examples of the craftsmanship of both peoples show fine execution of detail with complex patterns. The more modern jewelers of India and Algeria are noted for a gayer, more brilliant, effect. The former used enamel and gold, and were masters in delicate filigree. Gems, too, were used and according to popular belief certain stones were endowed with “magical proper- _ ties.”’ The Algerians also made large massive pieces, gayly studded with brightly colored cut glass not unlike costume jewelry of today. Another new and interesting installation was that of Harwa, the X-rayed mummy. Installed in a small separate room in Hall J (Egyptian Archaeology) are Harwa and the X-ray machine given to the Museum by the General Electric X-ray Corporation of Chicago. Harwa, in his own enclosure in this dimly lighted room, stands in his ancient wrappings with only his head exposed, showing his leathery and withered skin. The X-ray machine may be controlled by visitors. When the button is pushed a plate of lead glass slides before the mummy and after a moment of darkness his X-rayed image appears on the fluoroscopic screen. On busy days _ automatic operation at 40-second intervals, requiring no use of the _ button, is provided. The Department also prepared for Stanley Field Hall a case of Pueblo pottery representative of Anasazi painted ware. Work continued during the year on the reinstallation of Hall B, which will contain the projected new exhibits pertaining to American archaeology. The purpose of this hall is 370 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL History—Reports, VoL. 12 to present a graphic outline of the known history of the Indians the New World up to the time of its discovery by white men. A present there is no hall in the Museum which gives a general pic’ of the course of American Indian civilization. Anthropological speaking, North and South America form a single unit, although the are regional differences within them. Formerly Hall B dealt or with North America exclusive of the Southwest, and did not i Middle America. This region will be incorporated into a larg picture, showing North American archaeology in its proper relatic to that of other regions of the New World. Mrs. Anne Harding Spoehr, Artist, was added to the depa mental staff in March to work on exhibits for Hall B. Since th she has sketched detailed layouts of exhibits planned by Ch Curator Martin and Curator Alexander Spoehr. She has ¢ out these plans on large pictorial maps, using well-chosen media t present the basic ideas accurately and adequately. Eight exhibi in the first of the three sections have been completed by Mrs. Spe Mr. Alfred Lee Rowell, Dioramist, has nearly completed tk construction of a diorama depicting Cliff-Dwellers’ life, the first ¢ four dioramas planned for Hall B. Mr. Robert Yule, Assistant, has made all the drawings ar tracings to be used in Dr. Martin's report on the Southwest Exped tion. Further, he has made a photographic record of jewelry i the Hall of Gems. For the Recorder of the Museum, he the pages of a large book in which will be permanently recor attendance and other statistics for the period from 1941 to 198 The total number of specimens restored and repaired during t year is 270. Mr. John Pletinckx and Mr. Tokumatsu Ito, skil technicians, restored pottery from different regions of the Uni States, and Kish, and Pan pipes from South America. They prepared and cast the mold for diorama shells, and constructed ai installed the plaster molding for the doorway to the Hall of Mr. Herbert Weeks, Preparator, until the time of his deat in May, supervised the installation of the gold and silver specime now on exhibition in the Gem Room (Hall 31). Mrs. Myrtle Bright, typist-clerk, has done clerical work for th curators, as well as checking, relabeling, and rearranging specimer in storerooms and in cases of many halls. Work on the geographical-subject index has been continued t Miss Jane Temple. About 5,000 subject index cards have bee completed and checked for typographical errors. DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY Sal Cases have been readjusted and relabeled where necessary. The labels in Hall K have been mounted. The sculptures by Malvina Hoffman in Chauncey Keep Memorial Hall (Hall 3) were completely relabeled. The Hemis katcinas in Hall 7 were repaired and reinstalled. DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY EXPEDITIONS AND RESEARCH Field Museum’s Third Botanical Expedition to Guatemala, begun in 1940, was concluded in 1941 by Mr. Paul C. Standley, Curator of the Herbarium. Mr. Standley conducted the first expedition during six months of 1938-39, and the second was conducted by Dr. Julian A. Steyermark, Assistant Curator of the Herbarium in 1939-40. Mr. Standley, who left Chicago at the end of September, 1940, returned about the middle of May, 1941. During the seven months of collecting he obtained much additional material for use in prepara- tion of a Flora of Guatemala, work upon which is under way. Mr. Standley collected in almost all of the twenty-two depart- ments of Guatemala except Izabal on the north coast, and the great Department of Petén, accessible with difficulty except by airplane. In most of Guatemala the rains, which are favorable to the development of vegetation, end in October, after which the plants rapidly deteriorate, especially at low elevations. In order, therefore, to take advantage of the continued effects of the rains, work was carried on first in the Oriente, or eastern Guatemala, a region of relatively scant rainfall. Collections were made there at various stations through October, November, and early December, after which time few plants are in good condition for study. The collections from this area were among the best obtained during the whole trip, and rich in new species or in plants unrecorded from Guatemala. Leaving central Guatemala the day after Christmas, Mr. Standley spent several weeks at Huehuetenango, in northwestern Guatemala. This region which, unlike central and Pacific Guate- mala, has no volcanoes, is traversed by the great cordillera that forms the backbone of Mexico and Central America. Previously it was almost unknown botanically. It has recently become accessible by a new automobile road that climbs within a few miles from about 7,000 feet to more than 11,000. At these high elevations there is a truly alpine vegetation, most untropical in appearance and com- 372 FreLp MUSEUM OF NATURAL HistorY—Reports, Vou. 12 position. Dense and somber forests of pine and Mexican red cedar surround meadows that recall strangely those in the vicinity ol Cripple Creek, Colorado, and many of the same groups of plan are represented in these two distantly separated areas. It strange to find a giant agave or century plant in association witl alpine buttercups, dwarf thistles, gentians, and a low goosebe The agave seemed quite out of place amid such surroundings. Much of January, February, and March was devoted to in the highlands and lower mountains of western and souther Guatemala, where there are infinitely varied forests of pine, fir, a cypress, and even richer ones of mixed broad-leafed trees. Mue time was devoted also to collecting along the Pacific plains that I between the long chain of volcanoes and the sea. The last month of field work was centered at Coban in the coffer region of Alta Verapaz, one of the outstanding centers of botanic wealth in all Central America. The flora here is quite different fre that of other parts of Guatemala, and is particularly rich in palm orchids, and many other essentially tropical groups. Some of tt most interesting plants collected during the whole season were four near Coban in sphagnum bogs apparently unvisited previously b botanists, in spite of the proximity of these bogs to one of th oldest roads of Guatemala. The work of the expedition resulted in assembling some 19,001 distinct collections of plants, represented by twice as many specimer The small part of the collections thus far studied has revealed sub stantial additions to the rich flora of this Central American republ Like previous expeditions to Guatemala, this one was fortunate i receiving the most cordial and often very substantial support fron Guatemalan officials, above all from Don Mariano Pacheco He Director General of Agriculture, and from Professor Ulises Roj Director of the Botanic Garden of Guatemala. Special appreciatic is due also to Dr. John R. Johnston, of the National School ¢ Agriculture at Chimaltenango, whose thorough and sympathetii acquaintance with the country greatly facilitated the expedition’ work. Dr. Johnston was a most congenial companion upon severa visits to remote places. A fourth botanical expedition to Guatemala left the Museum a the beginning of December, under the leadership of n Curator Steyermark, who was accompanied by Mr. Albert Vatter of Chicago, a volunteer assistant. It is expected that this f will remain in the field until the end of the rainy season of 1$ DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY 373 and thus complete the Museum’s botanical exploration of the country, preparatory to publication of a Flora of Guatemala. From about the middle of the summer until nearly the end of the year, Mr. J. Francis Macbride, Associate Curator of the Her- barium, continued work on the Flora of Peru at the herbaria of the University of California. Available there are the complete series of the Goodspeed collections made during recent years in Peru and adjacent countries. Totaling many thousands of specimens, they make this university one of the most important centers for studying the plants of the Andean regions. On this visit Mr. Macbride was able to study only the large family Leguminosae (bean family), this being the group which will next be treated in the Flora. He found the Goodspeed collections supplemented by others, some unique, notably those of Balls and Belshawm. All these materials were placed freely at his disposal by the botanical staff, those directly concerned being Dean C. B. Lipman, Chairman A. R. Davis, Curator, Professor H. L. Mason, and Professor L. Constance. Professor I. H. Goodspeed, Director of the Garden, thoughtfully made available specimens that had not yet been transferred from his jurisdiction to the herbaria. With the fine library facilities which were made available to him without any formal restrictions, Mr. Macbride was able to pursue his research most effectively, and he records this co-operation with gratitude to all concerned. An expedition to California was made in September and October by Dr. Francis Drouet, Curator of Crytogamic Botany, and Mr. Donald Richards, of the University of Chicago. The primary purpose was to survey the blue-green algal flora of the inland regions of that state to supplement the large collections of the late Dr. N. L. Gardner and of Dr. M. J. Groesbeck represented in the Museum’s crypto- gamic herbarium. A general collection of other plants, especially bryophytes, was made at the same time. The expedition made short stops in eastern Colorado, Utah, and Nevada and then pursued a course in California from Alturas through Redding, Dunsmuir, Weaverville, Berkeley, Palo Alto, Yosemite, Porterville, Barstow, Needles, Blythe, Palm Springs, Calexico, and San Diego to Los Angeles. Algae were found in great abundance everywhere. In the voleanic soil of northeastern California, as well as in the sandy cultivated regions of the San Joaquin Valley, soil algae were never well developed; the streams, swales, and irrigation-ditches supported most of this flora. The deserts of the southeast, however, were found to be covered almost continuously in many places, at least wherever soil was present, with mats of algae, apparently the result 374 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HistorY—REports, VOL. 12 of many years of growth. The algae of this desert region are in fac the most abundant of all plants and often the only ones in evidene It is surprising that they have been neglected in botanical exple for all these years, especially since they play so important a part i the control of soil-erosion. About 8,000 specimens were collect during this expedition. By arrangement with the government authorities of Venez preparations were made for a joint Field Museum—Venezuelai Government Botanical Expedition to be conducted by Mr. Llewel; Williams, Curator of Economic Botany, to the upper reaches a the Orinoco. Mr. Williams, whose previous explorations of t Venezuelan Guiana render him particularly fitted for this t left New York by steamer in September for Caracas in order to com plete there the organization of his party and equipment. At tl present writing he is doubtless on his way southward into t interior. Much of the route Mr. Williams will follow has be made famous by Humboldt and Bonpland, and herbarium spec mens, woods, and other economic plant materials will be gathered bi him largely in localities made historic by the collections those e explorers sent to Europe. He will cover, likewise, a part of the rout of the English botanist Spruce, who approached the southern e of the Venezuelan Guiana from a tributary of the Rio Negro t Rio Cassiquiari, which connects the river systems of the Orinoe and the Amazon. In eastern Brazil, Dr. Gregorio Bondar made various excursions into the interior of the State of Bahia on behalf of the Museur resulting in the discovery of new species of palms as well as la numbers of insects mentioned elsewhere. Publications of the Department of Botany during 1941 were follows: Botanical Series, Volume 9, No. 6, Studies of the Vegetati: of Missouri—II: Phanerogamic Flora of the Fresh-Water Srna the Ozarks of Missouri, by Julian A. Steyermark; Botanical § Volume 13, Part 4, No. 1, Flora of Peru, by J. Francis Mach Botanical Series, Volume 20, No. 4, Tropical Marine Algae ve Arthur Schott Herbarium, by William Randolph Taylor; Botar Series, Volume 22, No. 7, Additions to our Knowledge of the Americ and Hawaiian Floras, by Earl Edward Sherff. Curator Standley published in Tropical Woods a brief acce of the forests of Guatemala. Assistant Curator Steyermark publish several short papers treating of plants of the United States. Sor reviews of foreign publications and abstracts of articles upon tropi (94 Wei) wyt Wea poo JO We Ot a} ul 1h {| boyy jo juny (ny) Aqownys fo 10 OOEL OU) Od) HYULAY Jo Wo doid oy) toy pum [eLjeApuT OAT ad yO od AY HOLUIOO TTIIZVULEL NULLS VAT LEON NI ITTIN VAVESVO V | ‘ f ude J RY ae : > ‘ ’ , af OO Mi eT ths bee) ‘ 7 py / af Ci rs tes & af 3 4 % sf - F v ‘eat v Res : ee oe ey u THE LIBRARY OF THE OMIVERSITY OF ULLINBAS DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY 310 American botany were contributed to Tropical Woods. Manuscript for an addition to the Leaflet Series was prepared by Associate Curator Macbride. Considerable attention was given in the Department to the execution of the drawings for and the preparation of a manuscript on the Fungi of the Chicago Region by Verne O. Graham. Dr. B. E. Dahlgren, Chief Curator, and the Curator of Cryptogamic Botany spent much time in correcting and editing the manuscript. The illustrations and the manuscript occupied the full time of two artists and a typist of the Work Projects Administration until July. One WPA artist was occupied during the tenure of the project with making illustrations of undescribed Myxophyceae. Through the year the phanerogamic collections of the Depart- ment were consulted by visiting botanists from near and remote regions of the United States and from South America; among such students were Dr. E. P. Killip, of the United States National Museum, and Dr. C. Vargas of the University of Cuzco, Peru, who came especially to examine the Museum’s Peruvian collections. Various workers from other institutions took advantage of the opportunity to study in the collections of cryptogams in 1941. Mr. Donald Richards and Mr. Lawrence J. King, of the University of Chicago, spent considerable time in study of bryophytes and algae respectively. Mr. William A. Daily, of the University of Cincinnati, visited the herbarium in August to complete his work on the Chro- ococcaceae of Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana. Mr. Richard D. Wood, of Northwestern University, worked at intervals through the year on the collection of Characeae. Dr. Shigeo Yamanouchi, of the Carnegie Foundation, spent several continuous months in his studies on algae of the Orient. Mrs. Netta E. Gray, of the University of Illinois, worked here for a short time on the algae of Arkansas. Dr. Verne O. Graham and Mrs. Cloyd B. Stifler, of Chicago, devoted considerable time to work on the mycological collections. Many plants were submitted to the Department during the year for study and determination. Numerous local plants were brought to the Museum for naming by residents of the Chicago region, and hundreds of inquiries regarding diverse aspects of botanical science were answered by letter, telephone, and interview. ACCESSIONS— BOTANY During 1941 the Department of Botany received 330 accessions, comprising about 80,000 items. The accessions included material 376 Fretp Museum OF NATURAL History—Reports, VoL. 12 for the wood and economic collections and for the exhibits herbaria. Of these, 20,598 were received as gifts, 4,880 as exchar 5,511 as purchases, and 49,413 were collected by Museum expeditic The total of numbered specimens in the botanical collections the end of 1941 was about 1,100,000. About 33,000 sheets of spec mens and photographs were added to the herbaria during the ye as well as a substantial number of typewritten descriptions of pla species prepared in the Department or received in exchange. Of the total receipts, items for the herbaria amounted to 78,1¢ consisting of plant specimens and photographs. The largest accessic of the year was composed of approximately 38,000 specime collected in Guatemala by Mr. Standley, as described upon a prece ing page. Other material obtained by members of the Departme staff included 8,000 specimens collected by Dr. Drouet and M Richards in California; 2,035 Venezuelan plants collected by M Williams; 1,000 Missouri plants gathered by Dr. Steyermark; a 2,000 plants chiefly from Illinois, collected by Mr. Standley Dr. Steyermark. Largest and most important gift of material for the phanerogar herbarium consisted of 1,732 specimens from Mexico, many fro historical localities, presented by Dr. Harry Hoogstraal, of t University of Illinois. These were collected by Dr. Hoogst and Mr. William C. Leavenworth, in continuation of a similar se begun in previous years and obtained by parties of students fre the University of Lllinois. Other important gifts of flowering plants during 1941 received from Mr. Paul H. Allen, Balboa, Canal Zone; the Arkar Agricultural and Mechanical College, Monticello; Dr. Hugh Cut St. Louis, Missouri; Dr. Delzie Demaree, Monticello, car Mrs. D. M. Donaldson, Aligarh, India; Rev. Brother Elias, Venezuela; Illinois State Museum, Springfield; Dr. John R. Jot ston, Chimaltenango, Guatemala; Museo Nacional de Costa Rie San José, through Professor Juvenal Valerio Rodriguez; Profe Henry Pittier, Caracas; Professor J. Soukup, Lima, Peru; Re Padre Cornelius Vogl, Caracas, and Dr. R. H. Woodworth, Bennir ton, Vermont. Besides these, there were 105 specimens of paln and economic material together with numerous photographs, 0 tained by Dr. Dahlgren in the north of Brazil in 1939. Among the are numerous palm specimens and photographs from the collectic of Dr. Gregorio Bondar, of Bahia, including type material of th author's recently described species of Cocos and Attalea palms. DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY Sia The largest of the exchanges of flowering plants consisted of 2,256 Argentinean specimens received from Instituto Miguel Lillo of Tucu- man. Other important exchanges were received from the Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts; Dr. William Bridge Cooke, San Francisco, California; Milwaukee Public Museum; Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis; Mr. Robert Runyon, Brownsville, Texas; Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Temple; Dr. Robert M. Tryon, Jr., Freelandville, Indiana; United States National Museum, Washington; the Herbarium of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and Utah State Agricultural College, at Logan. To the cryptogamic herbarium 25,019 specimens were added during 1941. About 11,500 of these were gifts from other institutions and individuals. The largest gift consisted of 7,285 fungi from the Department of Botany, University of Chicago. Others came from Mr. Donald Richards, Chicago, Illinois; Dr. Walter Kiener, Lincoln, Nebraska; United States Fisheries Laboratory at Logan, Utah; Dr. M. J. Groesbeck, Porterville, California; Mr. P. W. Wolle, Princess Anne, Maryland; Mr. Lawrence J. King, Chicago, Illinois; Mr. William A. Daily, Cincinnati, Ohio; Dr. V. O. Graham, Chicago, Illinois; Miss Netta E. Gray, Urbana, Illinois; Dr. W. G. Solheim, Laramie, Wyoming; Mr. H. S. Dybas, Chicago, Illinois; the Uni- versity of California, Berkeley; Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; Dr. Lee Walp, Marietta, Ohio; Mr. Clyde T. Reed, Gregory, Texas; Dr. Herman Kleerekoper, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Dr. H. C. Bold, New York; Dr. V. W. Lindauer, Awanui, Far North, New Zealand; Dr. E. S. Deevey, Jr., Houston, Texas; Dr. Angel Maldonado, Lima, Peru; and Dr. G. W. Prescott, Albion, Michigan. The accession of some of the gifts listed above and of many smaller ones not mentioned is owing to the interest and efforts of Mr. Donald Richards and Mr. William A. Daily; through them a number of unique and historic collections of bryophytes and algae has been made available to students in this herbarium. Specimens of cryptogams received in exchanges numbered 2,927. Because of the present international conditions, these came mainly from the western hemisphere. The one considerable set received from the eastern hemisphere consisted of 212 Myxophyceae collected by Dr. G. T. Velasquez, of the University of the Philippines. Purchases of cryptogamic specimens included 2,180 algae and ‘mosses, largely of old published European exsiccatae, from the Farlow Herbarium; 190 algae of Montana, from Mr. F. H. Rose; and 50 algae of Iceland, from Mr. William F. Palssen. 378 FreLp MUSEUM OF NATURAL History—Reports, VoL. 12 Details of all the gifts, exchanges, and purchases mentioned her and others, will be found in the List of Accessions (page 435). During the past year 46,073 prints from negatives of plant ty specimens obtained in European herbaria by Mr. J. F Macbride, Associate Curator of the Herbarium, were supplied botanists of North and South America at cost or in exchange fi similar type photographs or for specimens desired by Field Musew CATALOGUING, INVENTORYING, AND LABELING-——BOTANY There were distributed in exchange during 1941, to institutie and individuals in North and South America, 84 lots of duplie material, totaling 40,576 items. Included were herbarium spe mens, wood specimens, and photographs. Received on loan, fi study and determination, were twenty-three lots of material, cor prising more than 1,650 separate items. Eighty-four lots, comp 9,127 specimens, were lent for determination or for use in mor graphic studies. Much of the work involved in the preparation of specimens cryptogams for exchanges was performed by Mr. Donald Richare of the University of Chicago. Records of all accessions, loan transa tions, and photographs of type specimens supplied to other stitutions, as well as the various card catalogues in the Departme Library, were accurately kept up to date by Miss Edith M. Vince Librarian of the Department. The catalogues of the economic ¢ lections and woods were kept by Mr. Joseph Daston, who render valuable service also in the care and organization of the Dep ment’s files of photographs, of the growing palm collection, and preparation of exchange material. In some of this work Mr. Dast was assisted by Miss Jeanne Paul, a student at Northweste University who, because of special interest in botany, offered h volunteer services during vacation periods. INSTALLATIONS AND REARRANGEMENTS— BOTANY Some notable additions were made during the year in the exhi tion halls of this Department. The most important of these habitat group in the form of a large diorama showing the intert vegetation of the rocky North Atlantic shore. This has been instal in Martin A. and Carrie Ryerson Hall (Hall 29—Plant Life), imme ately to the right of the alpine meadow group which occupies t center of the north end of the hall. The new seaweed group tl adjoins the synoptic exhibit of algae. m DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY 379 Work upon this exhibit has been in active progress for more than a year. The material and studies on which it is based were obtained by two expeditions to the North Atlantic coast, one in 1939 by Mr. John R. Millar, and one in 1940 by Mr. Emil Sella, Chief Preparator in the Department of Botany. The first was sponsored by Mr. Sewell L. Avery, a Trustee of the Museum. Both expeditions visited the shores of the Bay of Fundy. The first one resulted in a large quantity of material with photographic records and observa- tions which served as a basis for the planning of the general lines of the group. A sketch model was prepared by Mr. Millar (then a member of the Department of Botany staff, now Curator of the N. W. Harris Public School Extension) on his return to the Museum. When other duties later prevented Mr. Millar’s further attention to the project, it was taken over by Mr. Sella, who carried the work to its present successful conclusion. From the point of view of museum technique the new diorama is a notable achievement. The usual plastic materials, from plaster of Paris to lucite, have served to produce a realistic replica of the seaweed covering a rocky sea- shore exposed at ebbtide. Much of the essentially repetitious mechanical work required for this, as for various other recent exhibits, was performed under Mr. Sella’s supervision by handicraft workers furnished by the Work Projects Administration. The background was painted by Staff Artist Arthur G. Rueckert. Minor exhibits added in their respective places in the same hall were reproductions made in the Museum of a ginger plant grown at the Experimental Station of the Department of Agriculture of Trinidad and Tobago, and of a ripe fruit cluster of Nagal dates grown near Tucson, Arizona. Recent collecting by members of the staff in Brazil, Venezuela, and Guatemala furnished fruits, seeds, and plant products for installation or replacements in the exhibits of plant material in this hall. A large amount of work was also done during the year in preparation for further habitat groups to be in- stalled in the south end of the hall. A small-scale diorama of a cassava mill was added to the food plant exhibits in Hall 25. Based on observations and photographs made in northeastern Brazil, this was begun several years ago. The many small-scale figures, buildings, trees and other plants of which it is composed, were made by WPA craftsmen and artists under staff supervision. This material, properly adapted, reassembled, and supplied with a painted background, forms a small diorama which 380 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL History— Reports, VOL. 12 serves to give an excellent idea of the preparation of farina, or farinh from the tubers of the cassava plant. Known to us chiefly as tt source of tapioca, this is one of the most important food plants ¢ tropical America. It was grown by the Indians in pre-Columbi days, was adopted by the white settlers, and is still the chief soure of starchy food in large parts of South America, particularly west the Andes. It is in many places even more important than corn, i only rival among the starchy food plants of the western hemisphe In response to the growing popular interest in soybeans, a spec exhibit has been installed in the same hall, showing many varieti of the soy, an ancient crop plant of the Far East, which is assumir importance in the United States, especially for fodder and indust: purposes. The palm exhibits on the north side of the same hall have bee enriched by some additions, the most notable being specimens ¢ the leaves and wax of the licury or “ouricury” palm of Bahia, a gi in part of Dr. Gregorio Bondar. Some additions and improvement have also been made in the babassti material presented some yea ago by Mr. H. F. Johnson, Jr. This large palm with its hea clusters of fruit—each containing five to six oleaginous kernels found over thousands of square miles in the northern Atlantic stat of Brazil, and is of interest and of growing importance as an avai source of oil at a time when the copra trade is at a standstill and th African supply of palm oil is becoming inaccessible. The cohun palm exhibit also received some attention, and some additions made to the ivory nut palm and other installations. In Charles F. Millspaugh Hall (North American Woods—Hall 2 six new colored transparencies were added to those installed durin the past few years. These complete the series of North America woodland scenes which occupy the lower part of the window opening: They serve to add interest to the woods displayed, and to modif advantageously the lighting in this hall. A few improvements made in the exhibits by replacement of various photographs new, more satisfactory ones obtained mainly from the United State Forest Service, and by the addition of a section of a cypress kr in the southern cypress exhibit. Three western woods—wester alder, noble fir, and Sitka spruce—which were lacking from t display of principal North American forest trees in this hall, h finally been secured and await drying and installation. The Hall of Foreign Woods (Hall 27) has received numero additions: seven Venezuelan woods received from Sefior Joaqu SIOYIOM VIM JO souejsisse YIM ‘B]J9g [wy Ioyeiedeig Jory Aq paqyonijsuog (QJVvT 2Uue]1q “6Z IPH) eH uosiedy aie pues -y unieyy S[PA9] APT} UdaMJoq aIOYSeas oY} JO SYooI oy} BULIOAOD ‘avZ[e udI3 pus ‘pad ‘UMOIG JO BULSISUOD ‘UOT}R}EB9A JY} SUIMOYS puNoISYOVG poured YIIM vUIeIOIp oZIS-ajl] MoU V LSVOO OILNVILVY HLYON GHL NO SGHHMVAS BES RENO Ea = ee - ee a tert DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY 381 Avellan, Caracas; and three Peruvian woods, three Central American, two Mexican, three Hawaiian, two Australian, two African, and two European woods, from various donors, including Russel Fortune Inc., Indianapolis; Penrod, Jurden and Clark, Cincinnati; T. H. Smith Veneers, Inc., Chicago; Ichabod J. Williams and Sons, and C. H. Pearson and Sons, New York. To the African woods there was added a large cross section of a trunk of one of the hardest and heaviest woods known—leadwood (also called ironwood or “hardekool’’) of South Africa—collected by the Vernay—Lang South African Expedition. By alterations in the arrangement of the offices and laboratories, space was provided for the Department’s large wood collection, for the palm herbarium, and for the expansion of the herbarium of eryptogams. Better laboratory and other working space was also thus acquired for the preparation of botanical exhibits. The work of determining the thousands of collections of Myxo- phyceae received was continued by Dr. Drouet during 1941. One of the major projects, begun in 1940, was work on the N. L. Gardner herbarium of blue-green algae. A portion of this was prepared during 1941 for filing here and at the University of California, and for distribution in exchanges with other herbaria. With Mr. William A. Daily of the University of Cincinnati, work was continued on a revision of the Chroococcaceae, even though its scope was seriously hampered by the international situation, which prevented the borrow- ing of historic material from European herbaria. The collection of fungi was carefully surveyed and put in order in new herbarium eases installed in Room 9. __ More ample storage space for the wood collection made possible its more orderly rearrangement and the filing of the Museum’s large and growing number of authentic wood specimens. Several thousand recently added South American woods were cut into standard sizes for the study collections, several duplicates of each number being provided at the same time for purposes of exchange. A large amount of bulky palm material in storage was cut and made into box and herbarium specimens, cases for which were ‘provided by the addition last year of a large number of new steel herbarium cases in the general herbarium of flowering plants. About two thousand copies of original descriptions of palms and as many photographs were filed in the palm herbarium. Three employees of the Work Projects Administration spent all of their time until July 1, when the WPA project was discon- 382 FreLD Museum oF NaTurRAL History—Reports, Vou. 12 tinued, in mounting specimens of cryptogams on sheets for filing the herbarium, and in renovating packets of the older collectio accumulated in past years. Thus, at the end of 1941, the ent collections of algae and bryophytes, and most of the lichens, in the herbarium in such a condition that portions of the specim cannot easily be lost or broken. Work of mounting new collections of vascular plants did proceed so rapidly as in previous years because of withdrawal WPA employees, with whose assistance the work had been fully up to date in recent years. At the end of 1941 a large quanti of material was still awaiting preparation for distribution into t study collections. DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY EXPEDITIONS AND RESEARCH Mr. Bryan Patterson, Assistant Curator of Paleontology, Mr. James H. Quinn, Chief Preparator in Paleontology, spent thre months collecting vertebrate fossils in Colorado, Nebraska, and Sou Dakota. This expedition enriched the collections of vertek fossils by more than 500 specimens from the De Beque form It obtained skulls and many bones of the large hoofed mamm Coryphodon, a partial skull of an early member of the rhinocen group, and a number of small primates. The careful stratigrap observations made will permit recognition of several faunal horizot within the early Eocene portion of the De Beque formation. party also obtained the skeleton of a large Mosasaur in South D early Pliocene and Pleistocene mammals in Nebraska, and fos plants from the Green River formation in Colorado. Mr. Paul O. McGrew, Assistant Curator of Paleontology, early in November on an expedition to Honduras to collect fe mammals. An important objective of this expedition is determin tion of the disputed date of the emergence of the Isthmus of Panan from the sea. This date, upon which paleontologists do not y agree, is of geological importance. Its determination will sob several mysteries concerning migrations of mammals in the geologi past, and help in the solution of other paleontological problems. Dr. Sharat K. Roy, Curator of Geology, spent two and a h months on an expedition to western and northern New York wh he collected exhibition specimens of invertebrate fossils from Upper and Middle Devonian. The object of the expedition, wh was fully accomplished, was to secure material to fill gaps in | DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY 383 exhibited collection before its contemplated reinstallation was undertaken. In addition to exhibition material, many specimens for use in researches leading to future publications were collected. To facilitate research, Assistant Curator McGrew spent three weeks studying collections in eastern museums. Chief Preparator Quinn also spent two weeks in the east studying improved methods of preparation and installation. A continuous program of research based on vertebrate fossil specimens collected by Museum expedi- tions was carried on by Assistant Curators Patterson and McGrew. Papers written by Mr. Patterson were: A New Phororhacoid Bird from the Deseado Formation of Patagonia, published in the Geological Series of Field Museum, and Two Tertiary Mammals from Northern South America, now in press, which will appear in the American Museum Novitates. Papers by Mr. McGrew, all of which have appeared in the Geological Series of Field Museum, were Heteromyids from the Miocene and Lower Oligocene; A New Miocene Lagomorph; A New Procyonid from the Miocene of Nebraska; and The Aplodon- toidea. A paper by Mr. Grayson E. Meade, A New Erinaceid from the Lower Miocene, describing a type specimen in the Museum collections, and one entitled A New Fossil Alligator from Nebraska, by Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator of the Museum’s Depart- ment of Zoology, were also published in the Geological Series. In the Museum’s Memoirs Series there was published The Upper Ordo- vician Fauna of Frobisher Bay, Baffin Land, by Dr. Sharat K. Roy, Curator of Geology. A paper by Dr. D. C. Dapples of Northwestern University, on sands collected by Field Museum Asiatic expeditions, was pub- lished in the Journal of Sedimentary Petrology. ACCESSIONS—GEOLOGY Sixty-three accessions, including 530 specimens, were recorded in the Department of Geology during the year. Of these, 377 classified as gifts, 24 were from exchanges, 115 were from expeditions, 7 were purchased, 5 were transfers from other Departments, and 2 were made in the Department workrooms. These figures omit many of the specimens collected by expeditions, because the un- packing and classification of these, although now under way, have not yet been completed. The most important gift of the year is a collection of twenty- three gems of fine quality presented by Mrs. Richard T. Crane, Jr., of Chicago. This collection includes a ruby, sapphires, topaz, tour- malines and other choice gems for H. N. Higinbotham Hall (Hall 31). 384 Fretp MUSEUM OF NATURAL HistorY—ReEporTs, VOL. 12 The gem collection was increased also by the addition of twent; four miscellaneous gems presented by Dr. Paul Boomer, of Chicage Four step-cut white beryls of fine quality, weighing more than sixtee carats, were presented by Dr. Benedict Gresky, of Chicago, ar make another desirable addition to the Hall of Gems. The semi-precious and ornamental section of the gem collectic was enlarged by the addition of thirty-one specimens of Mexicai onyx (cabochons and other ornamental shapes) presented by M William E. Menzel and Mr. Steven Gulon, of Chicago, and ¥ O. C. Barnes, of Los Angeles, California, and a thomsonite of & ceptional size and quality presented by Mr. O. A. Gentz, of Chicage Mr. A. H. Becker, of Madison, Wisconsin, presented a large m of moonstone in the rough from which it is expected fine specimer can be cut. The mineral collection was increased by gifts of seventy specimens from sixteen donors, and twenty obtained by exchange Most of these are of superior or even semi-precious quality Especially noteworthy is the gift of thirty-five minerals, mostly o semi-precious quality, from Mrs. John Stuart Coonley, of Chicage The specimens include amber, lapis lazuli, agate, and other mine equally esteemed for ornament. Sixteen minerals obtained by exchange with Mr. Glen H. Hodse of Elmhurst, Illinois, include the largest slice of iris agate kne and what are believed to be the finest examples of wulfenite, dioptase caledonite, and aurichalcite in the United States. A gift from Mr Claron Hogle, of Duluth, Minnesota, added to the mineral exhibi a thomsonite superior in quality to any before exhibited. Mr. O. Salo, of Red Lodge, Montana, added to his gifts of former y eight specimens of dahlite. Mr. Willard Bascom, of Golden, Colorac presented specimens of the rare minerals cerite, allanite, and euxenit and Mr. John Butrim, also of Golden, Colorado, gave a specime of rare talctriphyllite. A mass of algae transformed into ch dony, locally called algal agate, the gift of Mr. Henry E. Lee, ¢ Rapid City, South Dakota, promises to make an unusually att tive specimen when prepared for exhibition. The meteorite collection was increased by one specimen receive as a gift, one obtained by exchange, and seven specimens resultit from purchases. An important addition to the tektite collectia was the gift of twelve tektites presented by Dr. R. F. Barton, : Manila, Philippine Islands. DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY 385 CATALOGUING, INVENTORYING, AND LABELING—GEOLOGY During 1941, there were 1,825 entries made in the Department’s _ twenty-nine record books. All specimens received during the year were catalogued except such specimens from expeditions as have _ not yet been sufficiently prepared and classified to permit cataloguing. _ All specimens of the gem collection were recorded in a new record _ book, and its classified card catalogue has been checked and the cards reassembled in final order. All classified card catalogues have been kept up to date. In all, 1,565 cards were added to these - catalogues. INSTALLATIONS AND REARRANGEMENTS—GEOLOGY Reinstallation along the improved lines detailed in the 1940 ! Report continued through the year. The two most important changes were the complete reinstallation of the gem collection in H. N. _Higinbotham Hall (Hall 31), and continuation of the conversion | of Ernest R. Graham Hall (Hall 38) into a Hall of Vertebrate _ Paleontology. With the exception of Higinbotham Hall, which was _ closed for several months, it has been possible to conduct the work so that only a few exhibits have been withdrawn from display at any one time. After months of study and preparation, the collec- tions of gems and jewels in Higinbotham Hall have been completely reinstalled and are now displayed in surroundings worthy of them, and in a manner that brings out their full beauty of color, luster, and brilliance as never before. Higinbotham Hall has been completely rebuilt both architec- turally and as to style of installation and lighting of exhibits. New cases were designed by the best available talent. The principal collection is placed in eight island cases. These have an exterior —S ee eee on —— ee ee of English harewood matching the trim of the hall. The glass is framed in polished bronze, and the interiors are of bird’s-eye maple. The gems are illuminated by concealed fluorescent lights which enhance their brilliancy. Seventeen smaller cases in the walls contain the jewelry collection and three special collections. High in the wall opposite the entrance is a stained glass window by Tiffany representing a mermaid rising from the sea. The collection now contains more than 3,000 specimens. The hall was reopened to the public on June 19. The conversion of Ernest R. Graham Hall (Hall 38) from a hall of general paleontology to a hall of vertebrate paleontology has continued steadily. The extension of vertebrate paleontology to 386 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL History—REportTs, VOL. 12 occupy the entire hall made it possible to adopt a more ea well as a more attractive, arrangement of exhibits. The arrang in alcoves of uniform extent was abandoned in favor of an alte of larger and smaller alcoves. A pleasing arrangement was adi ot making the alcoves conform in extent with the Charles R. Kr murals above them. This again was modified by the need for of spaces about the larger exhibits on the floor. The type of casing adopted for the new arrangement consists ¢ upright cases ten and twelve feet in length and two to four feet i width, with bases only twelve inches in height. These cases prov an exhibition space of six feet vertically, and are lighted by fluorese tubes. Shelving has been almost entirely dispensed with, and exhit either stand upon simple bases which cover the entire floor of t cases, or are attached by means of studs or brackets to the back the cases, or to a screen where cases face two ways. By this« ment, shadows within each case are almost entirely eliminated, a freer arrangement of exhibits is made possible. Two new exhibits were added, and six cases were rearrange regrouped, improved by the addition of restoration drawinkia color, and installed in the new type of upright cases. A skeleton Procamelus, prepared last year, was added to the camel series, an a skeleton of Oxrydactylus, which had formerly occupied a floor ¢ was remounted. These two cases, together with an evolutionar series, form the basis of an alcove devoted to camels. A sla from the Agate Springs Fossil Quarry was installed in a floor case The various elephant and mastodon specimens were worked ¢ and a series of teeth and jaws was selected and grouped in a caref study by Assistant Curator Bryan Patterson and Chief Pre James H. Quinn. Thus was formed a systematic exhibit illust the relationships of these two families. The case was made me attractive by four splendid restoration paintings, prepared by Mi John Conrad Hansen. The carefully studied arrangement of thi case, together with the introduction of restorations in color, new standard in the exhibition of fossil vertebrates in this Mu: A La Brea (California) Tar Beds exhibit, consisting of a skeletc of the great sloth Paramylodon and a saber-tooth tiger S was constructed and installed by Chief Preparator Quinn; it includ another restoration painting by Mr. Hansen. A case of pig-lil mammals and oreodonts, including members of four families, ; prepared by Mr. Elmer S. Riggs, Curator of Paleontology, other members of the staff. An exhibit, Rodents of the West DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY 387 Hemisphere, arranged on the background of a chart to illustrate the branching out of various lines of development, was prepared by Assistant Curators Paul O. McGrew and Bryan Patterson. A striking exhibit of skeletons of great flightless birds, including a Moa from New Zealand, and the Mesembriornis of Argentina, was pre- pared by Mr. Quinn under the supervision of Mr. Patterson. An exhibit of skulls of horned titanotheres was prepared by Curator Riggs and Preparator Harold Gilpin. All of these exhibits are accom- panied by rather brief descriptive labels and illustrated with restora- tion paintings. Duplicate specimens which have been exhibited in the past were brought to the third floor and stored, as were also a number of specimens too large for the cases provided, or undesirable for further exhibition. To receive such exhibits twelve A-type cases and one square case, recently discarded, were brought to Rooms 101 and 103. A large case was built in the storage space of Room 107 to receive and protect the type specimen of the large dinosaur Brachiosaurus. Preparation of vertebrate fossils for exhibition and study con- tinued throughout the year. At the beginning of the year the regular staff was assisted by a well-trained force of four men from the Work Projects Administration, and one volunteer. Because of the closing of the WPA project, the working force of the laboratories was gradually reduced until by June 1 only the regular staff remained. Important specimens prepared include two skeletons of the small Miocene camel, Stenomylus, two of the primitive deer Aletomeryz, and one of a small oreodont. In addition, forty-one skulls of fossil mammals, a similar number of jaws, several hundred odd bones, and three carapaces of fossil turtles were prepared. Much time and labor were expended in remounting old exhibits to adapt them to the “new cases in which they are now exhibited. Six of the larger old exhibits were remounted, and the mounts of a number of the smaller exhibits were improved. The thirty-six cases which contain the invertebrate fossil collec- tions were moved from Ernest R. Graham Hall (Hall 38) to Frederick J. V. Skiff Hall (Hall 37), which is to be the new invertebrate hall. The contents of these cases remain for the present installed in the old style—on shelves or the floors of table cases. Preparation for a thorough revision of this collection and the incorporation of material from Dr. Roy’s 1941 expedition is in progress. 388 FreLp MuseuM OF NATURAL HistorYy—REportTs, VOL. 12 The collection of metallic ores which fills the east end of the has been left undisturbed until it can be moved to its new positic in Hall 36. The entire collection of economic geology which former filled Halls 36 and 37 is in process of condensation to occupy Hall only. Thus far, five double cases, with contents corresponding - ten of the old cases, have been installed and placed in the end of the hall. Many of the specimens from the old installation required, be ordinary renovation, additional preparation involving much tim and labor before they were ready for reinstallation. Nearly 150 them were cut to better shape on the stone saw. Hundreds of ho for supports were drilled in rocks, some of them so hard as to req use of the diamond drill. The hundreds of new trays, label hole supports, and other accessories needed were made in the Depa ment workrooms. Reinstallation of Clarence Buckingham Hall (Hall 35), contains the structural and dynamical collections, has been temp rarily suspended, partly on account of reinstallation work else and partly because recent expeditions have provided supe material which requires much preparation before it can be exhibite The case containing rare gases, invisible until excited by electr current, which had been out of order for some time, was repa through the courtesy of the Air Reduction Company, and is ne again in operation. } The fluorescent lamp which illuminates the exhibit of fluorese minerals failed after five years’ use and has been replaced. } changes were made in the mineral collection which occupies t east end of Hall 34. The meteorite collection which fills the we half of the hall was enlarged by the addition of specimens of ni meteorites not before represented, and twelve tektites. A beginning was made on the transfer of the mineral collection from storage space beneath exhibition cases in Hall to a permanent place in Room 116. This work, which was begun b Mr. Bryant Mather, Assistant Curator of Mineralogy, was inter rupted by his absence in the service of the nation during t last half of the year. q The transfer of the invertebrate study collections to their perm nent place in Room 111 continued. During transfer, all specimet and their labels were checked, data for the classified catalog entries for the results of this year’s expedition were prepared, an gaps in the collection were noted for filling by future expeditions. ¥ ' - I NT AN tne tii at it ttt gy (QE 18H) ASo]OZUOT]Vg A}VIGezI9A JO TBH WRYyRIy “YIU SJIQIYXO [ISSOJ JO SUOTJR][BISUIL IO} posn Suleq poyJow Mou oy} JO [eoId Ay SI asvo SITY} ‘s}UOpOjseW pue ‘syJouUBU ‘sjuBYydoa Suryeijsn||] ADOTOLNOYUTVd NI LIGIHXH AO WdAL MAN | y \ ‘ . ‘ SLNOGOLSYH ee) (HE LIvhatt oF THE WWIVERSITY OF DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY 389 DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY EXPEDITIONS AND RESEARCH The most important of the Museum’s zoological expeditions in 1941 was the Leon Mandel Galapagos Expedition which sailed on the yacht Carola from Havana on January 4. This was the fifth Field Museum expedition to be sponsored by Mr. Leon Mandel, of Chicago. Included in the scientific and technical personnel were Dr. Wilfred H. Osgood, Curator Emeritus of Zoology, leader of the scientific party; Mr. Rudyerd Boulton, Curator of Birds; Mr. Melvin A. Traylor, Jr., Associate in Ornithology; Mr. Loren P. Woods, Assistant Curator of Fishes; Mr. Leon L. Walters, Staff Taxidermist; Captain William Gray, and Mr. Ronald Lambert. The expedition returned to New Orleans on March 12, after visiting and collecting in and about all of the principal islands of the Galapagos archipelago and Cocos Island, visiting the coast of Peru, and collecting on the high seas. Excellent representative collections made by this expedition comprise440 birds and 1,955 marine fishes. These supplement previous collections made by the Crane Pacific Expedition some years ago. Included in the results of the expedition were materials for a biological exhibit demonstrating speciation in birds, accessories and specimens for a habitat group of Galapagos fishes, and studies and molds of a 13-foot manta or “devil fish” for the new Hall of Fishes (Hall O). Early in July, Mr. Colin C. Sanborn, Curator of Mammals, returned to Peru to complete his project for studies of tropical bats undertaken under the joint auspices of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation and Field Museum in 1939. With the addition of funds from the Museum, Mr. Sanborn will remain in the field well into 1942, completing the survey of type localities of mammals in southern Peru begun on the Magellanic Expedition of 1939-40. He is also collecting for several other divisions of the Museum. At the end of the year he reported sending a shipment of six cases of specimens, including 50 bird skins, 255 specimens of mammals, large numbers of fishes, reptiles, amphibians, and bats in alcohol, and various invertebrates. The most notable segment of his itinerary in 1941 was the trip to the Santo Domingo Mine, where he was entertained by Mr. L. C. Woods. This locality is famous in the history of the zoological exploration of Peru as the ‘Inca Mines.”’ Other Museum field work was more strictly limited to the scope of the divisions concerned. During the spring and summer, Mr. 390 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL History—Reports, VoL. 12 Emmet R. Blake, Assistant Curator of Birds, and Mr. Melvin Traylor, Jr., Associate in Ornithology, conducted a field trip in t southwestern and Rocky Mountain states to collect miscellanec nesting material and accessories for a projected addition to the se of biological exhibits in Hall 21. The present unit, for which a ec siderable nucleus has been collected, is designed to illustrate t amazing diversity of nest construction, the wide range of habit utilized for concealment of nests and protection of eggs and your and other elements of the breeding biology of birds. A total of specimens was collected, including 156 bird skins, 42 skeletons preserved specimens, 87 nests with habitat accessories and phot graphic studies, 37 sets of eggs, 81 reptiles, and 19 mammals. Field work for the Division of Reptiles included several collectir trips by Curator Clifford H. Pope within Illinois, by means of wh he was able to familiarize himself with the animal geography ¢ the state. Chief Curator Karl P. Schmidt, accompanied by his s¢ Mr. John M. Schmidt, and by Mr. C. M. Barber, of Hot Sprin Arkansas, a former member of Field Museum's staff, visited Arkan and Texas where they collected 245 amphibians and reptiles. Mr. Pope represented the Museum at the meetings of t American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists at Gair ville, Florida, in April. Mr. Alfred C. Weed, Curator of Fishes, spent several weeks August and September at the Marine Station of the United St Commission of Fisheries at Beaufort, North Carolina. He pai especial attention to the collecting of mullets, for his part in th preparation of a general account of North Atlantic coastal marir fishes to be prepared by a co-operating group of ichthyologist After his return from the Mandel Galapagos Expedition, Curator Woods took part in four local collecting trips, as part of general study of the fish fauna of the Chicago region. A limited amount of local insect collecting was done in tt Chicago region by Curator William J. Gerhard and Assistant Cu Rupert Wenzel. In connection with his research on beetles of t family Histeridae and on the insect parasites of bats, Mr. Wenze spent several weeks in the study of collections in eastern museum Aided by Mr. Henry Dybas, Mr. Wenzel has made a thorougl examination of the alcoholic collections of bats in the Museum, an some of the bird skins, and has obtained some 1,355 specimens ¢ insect parasites. This important collection thus results from tk accumulated expeditions of past years. | DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY 391 ; Dr. Fritz Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, spent two , months, April 3 to June 3, on the California coast at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, and the Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove. At both of these stations he was most cordially received and supplied with facilities for collecting and ‘study. His collections amount to more than 3,000 specimens of mollusks, with much material of other invertebrate groups. Dr. | Haas attended the meetings of the American Malacologists’ Union ‘in Rockland, Maine, in August, and presented a paper on Habits of Life of Some West Coast Bivalves. . Mr. Frank C. Wonder, Assistant Taxidermist, joined an expedi- tion to Mexico in the summer of 1941, led by Mr. Harry Hoogstraal, , of the University of Illinois. Mr. Wonder collected a total of 358 specimens of mammalsin theinteresting region about Mount Tancitaro, in the state of Michoacan. The birds collected by other members of the party were purchased for the Museum collection, and other collections from this region, made by Mr. Hoogstraal’s expedition during the previous year, form a satisfactory nucleus of material for various scientific reports in preparation. During July and August, Mr. C. J. Albrecht, Staff Taxidermist, visited the whaling station at Eureka, California, to make photo- graphic studies and casts of whales for his series of models for a projected Hall of Whales. A visit to Monterey Bay enabled him to photograph sea otters, rare marine mammals which enjoy complete governmental protection. The publications in the Museum’s Zoological Series reflect a considerable share of the current research in the Department. Volume 27 in this series, devoted to papers on mammalogy, was published as a testimonial of the Museum’s appreciation of Curator Emeritus Osgood, various papers being invited from his colleagues in other institutions. Two papers from the Museum staff (listed below), are included, together with appreciations by President Stanley Field and Director Clifford C. Gregg, and a portrait of Dr. Osgood. Publications by the staff are: Descriptions and Records of Neo- tropical Bats, by Curator Colin C. Sanborn; Birds from the Yucatan Peninsula, by Associate Melvin A. Traylor, Jr.; Two New Birds from British Guiana, by Assistant Curator Emmet R. Blake; Reptiles and Amphibians from Central Arabia, A New Fossil Alligator from Nebraska, and The Amphibians and Reptiles of British Honduras, by Chief Curator Karl P. Schmidt; The Herpetological Fauna of the 392 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL History—Reports, VOL. 12 Salama Basin, Baja Verapaz, Guatemala, by Chief Curator Karl Py Schmidt and L. C. Stuart; Copulatory Adjustment in Snakes, by Curator Clifford H. Pope; The Arteries of the Forearm in Carnive by Curator D. Dwight Davis; New and Little Known Neotrorz Histeridae (Coleoptera), by Assistant Curator Rupert L. Wer and Henry S. Dybas; and Malacological Notes—II and Records Large Fresh-Water Mussels, by Curator Fritz Haas. Galley pro has been corrected for a volume of the Catalogue of the Birds of Americas, dealing with game birds, in which Research Associ Boardman Conover is co-author with Dr. Charles E. Hellmay Associate Curator of Birds. It is hoped that this may appear ea in 1942. A part of the remaining manuscript, covering vari families of water birds, is with Dr. Hellmayr in Geneva, Switzerlan and much concern is felt as to the possibility of obtaining it in I$ Dr. Hellmayr’s manuscript on the hawks and eagles has be received. Due to the large additions necessitated by the Museur acquisition of the Leslie Wheeler Collection, this part will amow to a separate volume. Other publications in the Zoological Series include New Te tophilous Diptera from the Neotropics, by Dr. Charles H. Seevers the YMCA College, Chicago, and A New Subspecies of Scelopors jarrovii from Merico, by Hobart M. Smith and Bryce C. Bre Considerable progress was made on the third and last part of t Bibliography of Birds, by Dr. R. M. Strong. Numerous minor papers and reviews were published by varic members of the staff in technical journals. Chief Curator Schmic continued as Herpetological Editor of the journal Copeia. é The research activities of the Department are only p: reflected in the list of publications. In the Division of Mamm Curator Emeritus Osgood has a comprehensive account of t mammals of Chile in an advanced state of preparation; and Curat Sanborn had continued his taxonomic researches on bats, with revision of the genus Rhinolophus nearly finished at the time his departure for Peru. In the Division of Birds, Curator Boulton continues his maje interest in African birds, especially of Angola, and Assistant Curat Blake has devoted some time to research on the birds of Brit Guiana. The major part of Mr. Blake's time available for resear has been spent on considerable collections of Mexican birds, in whic he is joined by Mr. Harold Hanson, of the University of Wiscor collector of a part of the material. DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY 393 In the Division of Reptiles, Curator Pope has begun to set in order the Asiatic collections, while Chief Curator Schmidt continues his interest in the herpetological faunas of upper Central America -and of Peru. In the Division of Fishes, Curator Weed is engaged in studies on mullets for a general account of the Atlantic species. Mr. Woods is engaged in the preparation of an annotated list of the Galapagos -and Cocos Island fishes obtained by the Leon Mandel Galapagos _ Expedition. | The research program of the Division of Anatomy continued to ‘center around the morphology of the bearlike carnivores. Interpre- | tation of the considerable mass of data that has accumulated on the giant panda demands much collateral research, and some of this is -so extensive that it must be handled separately in the form of preliminary reports. Two such reports were completed during the year—one, by Dr. Walter Segall, of Rush Medical College, on the structure of the auditory region in Carnivores; the other, by Curator D. Dwight Davis, assisted by Miss Elizabeth Story, on the arteries of the forearm in carnivores. Working under a special research stipend, Dr. Segall is continuing his studies of the auditory region of mammals as time permits. Miss Peggy Collins, of Glen Ellyn, Illinois, volunteered her services as artist for several months, during which she prepared an excellent series of drawings to illustrate Dr. Segall’s report. Other similar projects were under way at the end of the year. | The Museum continued its policy of extracting the maximum ) of scientific value from the animals that die in the zoo of the Chicago Zoological Society. In addition to preparations of material for use in the Museum itself, the brain of a cassowary was prepared and supplied to the University of Toronto, where special studies on brain structure are being conducted, and twenty-five mammal hearts were forwarded to the University of Oklahoma Medical School for use in studies on the aortic arch pattern in mammals. Because of the active interest in the anatomy of the Primates, particularly of the great apes, a fine adult female orang-utan was embalmed, and its circulatory system injected with latex. It is being stored for use as occasion demands. In the Division of Insects, Curator Gerhard’s time has been occupied with planning, labeling, and installing cases of North American and exotic butterflies and moths for exhibition. Assistant 394 Fre.p Museum or NaTuRAL History— Reports, VOL. 12 Curator Wenzel continued his active studies on the beetles of 1 family Histeridae and on the various insect parasites of bats. — In the Division of Lower Invertebrates, Curator Haas e to obtain a by-product in the form of malacological notes troll curatorial work on the collection. The prospect, toward the ¢ of the year, of the acquisition of the large and important Walt Webb collection of mollusks means a further period of time in the permanent arrangement of the collection, in the absence assistance, will absorb the major part of his time. ACCESSIONS-—-ZOOLOGY d The total number of accessions for the year is 413, consisting 73,559 specimens. These comprise 926 mammals, 8,655 birds 53 eggs, 2,086 amphibians and reptiles, 11,789 fishes, 44,004 ir and 6,046 lower invertebrates. Included in the above figures a 298 specimens of mammals, birds, and reptiles preserved for an tomical study or as skeletons. Accessions by gift total 19,2 specimens, by exchange 562, by Museum expeditions (or ot collecting by the staff) 11,536, and by purchase 42,207. Notable gifts of mammals include numerous specimens rec from the Chicago Zoological Society; a mounted grizzly bear f Mr. F. N. Bard, of Chicago; a mounted head of the Marco F wild sheep from Mr. James Simpson, Jr., of Chicago, and a collection of excellently prepared study skins from Colorado, f sented by Mr. John M. Schmidt, of Homewood, Illinois. Fron Brothers, who operate the well-known fur farm at Hamburg, \ consin, presented the Museum with five specimens of foxes rept senting the typical silver, black, cross, and red foxes familiar as fu It is intended to prepare an exhibit of these as a separate case, W the addition of the Arctic white and blue foxes. } The principal gifts of birds were 522 specimens from the Mex State of Oaxaca, presented by Mr. Boardman Conover, and 1,000 specimens from Dr. Louis B. Bishop, of Pasadena, Califor Collections of fishes from the Chicago region, amounting to 8, specimens, were presented by Messrs. Ree ee oren. Woods, of Chicago. Notable gifts of insects were 2,409 5 from Mr. Emil Liljeblad, of Villa Park, Illinois, toreadlll Curator in the Division of Insects; 970 beetles from Earp Peru from Professor J. Soukup, of Lima, Peru, and 169 s from Dr. Charles H. Seevers, of Chicago. DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY 395 Noteworthy additions to the collection of skeletons and to the series of specimens preserved especially for anatomical studies came mainly from the Chicago Zoological Society. Valued specimens were received also from the Lincoln Park Zoo. Exchanges were made during 1940 with the principal American museums of natural history, and with various individuals. Purchases include noteworthy additions to the reference collec- tions of birds from Bolivia, West Africa, and Australia; a collection of amphibians and reptiles from Mexico, purchased from Dr. Harry Hoogstraal, of Urbana, Illinois; and two large sharks for exhibition models. Two notable purchases greatly increased the insect collection. One of these is a special collection of beetles of the family Histeridae (on which family Assistant Curator Wenzel is a recognized authority), amounting to about 15,000 specimens. Such collections, built up in the course of their studies by specialists who assemble specimens from all quarters of the world, are of great scientific value and it is important that they should find their way into the permanent collections of the larger museums. The second large purchase of insects represents fresh material, collected by Mr. Henry Dybas in Mexico in the summer of 1941. It is rich in the interesting beetles of the family Ptiliniidae, which includes some of the smallest insects. CATALOGUING, INVENTORYING, AND LABELING—ZOOLOGY The entries in the Departmental catalogues number 12,957; of these 895 were for mammals, 5,796 for birds, 2,967 for reptiles, 2,519 for fishes, 26 for anatomy, and 1,654 for lower invertebrates. During the first six months of the year, with the aid of the WPA, 1,061 sets of eggs were packed and labeled. Much work was involved in the unpacking of the large collections received during the year. The collections of reptiles on the fourth floor (East Gallery) were completely inventoried and labeled by Mr. Pope. Mr. Pope has made much progress in identifying, labeling, and shelving accumulated Asiatic and South American collections. Mr. Woods continued a program of re-labeling the reference collections of fishes. The collection was found to be in need of a change of alcohol, due to deterioration by evaporation and solvent action on oils in specimens. This change is accomplished in an economical way by redistillation of the old alcohol; more than 650 gallons were so reclaimed during the year, from an original 950 gallons changed. Good progress was made in the cataloguing of the more important segments of various 396 FreLp MuseuM oF NATURAL History— Reports, VOL. 12 collections accumulated by the Division of Fishes. In the Diy of Anatomy (which catalogues its specimens mainly in the catalogus of other Divisions), the card index of such material was kept up date by a total of 317 entries. So far as possible all new acquisitions in the Division of were given the attention needed to render the specimens ace for study and to insure their permanent preservation. Some € specimens were pinned, 5,000 were pin-labeled, and 3,200 sorted, labeled, and preserved in alcohol. A limited amount of t was devoted to assembling and determining scarabaeid beetles i order to advance the rearrangement of the collection of Nort American beetles. At least 2,000 histerid beetles were also pinr classified, and arranged in new unit-trays that are now being u for certain orders of insects. In the Division of Lower Invertebrates, about 1,200 numbers o the old shell collection, comprising some 12,000 specimens, hav been revised. New material, corresponding to the 1,654 catale entries for the Division, has been labeled and placed in the permar collection. INSTALLATIONS AND REARRANGEMENTS—ZOOLOGY Important additions and changes were made in the hall ec taining the systematic collection of mammals (Hall 15). The | hibit of wild pigs was enlarged to occupy two cases by the addit of a European wild boar, African red river hog, Abyssinian bush f Pi Philippine pig, and the remarkable babirusa of Celebes. The * men last named is a cellulose-acetate reproduction by Staff T dermist Leon L. Walters; the others are mounted skins, the wo of Staff Taxidermist Julius Friesser. An unsatisfactory moun of grizzly bear and cub were replaced by the fine specimen collect and presented by Mr. F. N. Bard, of Highland Park, Illinois, whit had been mounted by Mr. Friesser. The case containing a Han alpaca, and vicufia was removed from exhibition. Exhibition work in progress for the Division of Mammals ii cludes an exhibit of enlarged models of bats by Mr. Walters, aide by Mr. John Erker; two new screens representing the mammals ¢ the Chicago region by Staff Taxidermist W. E. Eigsti, and a seri of models for a hall of whales by Staff Taxidermist C. J. Alb ‘" The panoramic background for a habitat group of gibbons, f by Mr. Arthur G. Rueckert, Staff Artist, was finished in De Two screens were added to the series of exotic birds in Hall 2 exhibiting many specimens of diverse families that fill gaps int a Field Museum of Natural History Reports, Vol. 12, Plate 29 HABITAT GROUP OF GREEN PEAFOWL IN INDO-CHINA The specimens are a gift from Dr. Wilfred H. Osgood, Curator Emeritus of Zoology, who collected them on an expedition he personally sponsored and conducted Prepared by John W. Moyer, Frank H. Letl, and Arthur G. Rueckert Hall of Birds (Hall 20) THE LIBRARY OF THE umIveERsiTY OF WLLINEHS DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY 397 series on exhibition. These mounts are the work of Staff Taxidermist John W. Moyer. A habitat group of green peafowl was completed and installed in Hall 20 in the series of groups that show the environments and range of ecological conditions under which birds live throughout the world. The specimens, together with accessories, were collected by Dr. Wilfred H. Osgood in Indo-China and presented by him to Field Museum. The group shows a pair of the birds aroused at dawn from their roosting perches in a dead tree overtopping the tropical forest. In the background the early morning mist is lifting from low areas in the terrain and a rosy glow pervades the sky. This species of peafowl, less widely distributed and not so well known as the common Indian species, is in a subtle way the more gorgeously colored. The train of the male, shown to advantage in the habitat group, is fully as large and extensive as that of the common species. The plumage of the body and neck is rich, lustrous, bronzy green, each feather delicately laced with an edging of velvety black. The birds in this group were prepared by Staff Taxidermist Moyer; the accessories and installation are by Mr. Frank H. Letl, Preparator of Accessories, and the background is by Staff Artist Rueckert. The principal additions to Albert W. Harris Hall (Hall 18) consist of an alcove case of enlarged models of tadpoles designed to demonstrate what a tadpole is, and make clear the extraordinary fact that evolution of the tadpole stage proceeds independently of evolution of the adult frogs. Frogs that are apparently very much alike in general appearance may have tadpoles of extremely different types. The models display tadpoles that are adjusted to life in mountain streams, with suction devices for holding to the rocks; surface film feeders with extraordinary flower-like mouths, and bottom feeders of various types. These models are the work of Mr. Letl and Mr. Joe Krstolich, Artist-Preparator, and represent a most important adaptation of modern plastics to the preparation of museum models. The group representing the American crocodile at Lake Ticamaya, Honduras, was moved to its permanent place in Hall 18, with a new background by Mr. Rueckert. Reinstallation, ~ which required remaking of the foreground and a rearrangement of the specimens, occupied Mr. Walters and Mr. Rueckert for some time in the early part of the year. The entire exhibition series of fishes, removed from Hall 18, was reinstalled in a room now designated as the Hall of Fishes (Hall O) on the ground floor. The old alcove arrangement for the 398 FreLD Museum or NaTuRAL History—Reports, VoL. 12 exhibition of specimens in the “systematic series” has been replac by built-in wall cases. It is now possible for the visitor to get connected picture of the variation of fishes from the most primit species, such as the lampreys and their relatives, to the more vanced forms, such as the sea basses, scorpion fishes, trigger fishes, swell fishes, and angler fishes. Old, faded, and otherwise unsuit: specimens have been replaced by newly prepared material, consequent great improvement in the appearance of the series a whole. The especially interesting case of sharks, rays, ar chimaeras is supplemented by a mounted whale-shark some twenty five feet long, representing a young specimen of this species collected at Acapulco, Mexico, by Messrs. Spencer W. Stewart and Robert J. Sykes, of New York, and presented by them to the Museum. Th specimen was mounted by Staff Taxidermist Friesser, aided by Assistant Taxidermist Frank C. Wonder. Part of the space in Hall O is occupied by habitat groups in which an attempt is made to reproduce some of the natural conditior under which fishes live, and show some of the plants and anim with which they are associated in their daily occupations. At the west end of the hall is a large colorful group s ir conditions at the edge of a Bahaman coral reef when a school « tiger sharks comes dashing along in search of food. The comme produced by the passage of the sharks drives nearly every small fish to a safe hiding place in the coral. This group results from studies and collections made by the Williamson—Field Museum Undersea Expedition of 1929. Other groups show conditions off the sandy shores of southertr Texas and along the rocky coast of Maine. The Texas group she how oysters build up large rock-like “lumps” on sandy coasts whe there is very little opportunity for young shells to attach themselve to rock or other solid substratum. The Maine group shows rocks below the surface covered by a luxuriant growth of brilliantly colored plants and animals, very different from the barren conditions above the protecting infiuene of the water. The Maine and Texas coast groups result from Mu: seum expeditions by Mr. Alfred C. Weed, Curator of Fishes, anc Mr. L. L. Pray, Staff Taxidermist, in 1924 and 1937. i Specimens are in preparation for a similar group to show con: ditions as they exist along the lava cliffs of the Galapagos Islands. Brilliantly colored fishes, crabs, and other animals will be she in their natural environment. N. W. HARRIS PUBLIC SCHOOL EXTENSION 399 The habitat groups of fishes and the models in the systematic _ series are largely the work of Staff Taxidermist Pray; the accessories are by the Division of Group Accessories under the direction of | Mr. Let}. Some rearrangement of exhibition cases of skeletons in Hall 19 was necessitated by plans for the development of an alcove installa- tion consisting of four cases to form a general exhibit illustrating animal reproduction. Two of these cases had been installed at the end of the year, and it is planned to complete and open this exhibit early in 1942. The exhibit results from a gift to the Museum made _ by the late Charles H. Schweppe, of Chicago. Plans for exhibition cases of insects, to fill the space in Hall 18 vacated by the removal of the fishes to their special hall on the ground floor, are well advanced. Two cases, illustrating North American and exotic butterflies and moths, will be finished early in 1942. An important improvement in several halls of the Department of Zoology consists in adapting the cases of Hall 18 (Reptiles), Hall 19 (Anatomy), and Hall 18 (Hoofed Mammals) to individual ease lighting, with fluorescent lights. The reduced reflections, better lighting of individual specimens, and improved general appearance of the halls are highly gratifying. N. W. HARRIS PUBLIC SCHOOL EXTENSION Continued growth in all of its established functions was shown by the Harris Extension in 1941. The number of schools receiving portable Museum cases increased by ten to reach a new high total of 495. Although approximately half a million children are enrolled in the schools served, it is not possible to make a valid estimate as to the proportion of them actually reached through this phase of the school extension services of Field Museum. The methods of using the exhibits vary from school to school, and the collect- ing of statistical information is thus made impracticable. In some schools the cases are taken to every classroom; in others, a more restricted circulation is the rule. In social settlements, boys’ ciubs, and similar organizations receiving Harris Extension cases, it would be even more difficult to determine the percentage of children in attendance who pause to examine the exhibits. However, many complimentary letters of appreciation, received from teachers and principals, are testimony to the value of the portable exhibits as aids in the teaching of science in the schools. 400 FreLD Museum oF NaTURAL History— Reports, VOL. 12 Resources in material for the preparation of exhibits, or for ler ing separately, were increased by gifts, transfers from the scientific departments of the Museum, and some collecting by members of the staff of the Harris Extension. Mrs. Charles B. Cory, of Chic gave 142 insects in individual Denton mounts, and 157 mount pressed plants. Articles pertaining to northern South Ame and some Eskimo artifacts, were received from the Der of Anthropology; soy beans and soy bean products were receiver from the Department of Botany; numerous rock and mine specimens were received from the Department of Geology, ar twenty-eight models of fishes were received from the Department ¢ Zoology. Twenty-nine bird skins, fifteen small mammal skins, ar numerous insects were prepared and added to reserve collectior by the staff. Thirty-three new exhibits were prepared, and eight old exhik were completely reinstalled. Two cases on the subject of cole in birds were made. One illustrates the seasonal changes in appe ance of some common birds, and the other directs attention to th differences in plumage associated with sex. Cases showing t nesting habits of the robin and also the bluebird were made. Fifteen exhibits in the field of geology were completed. These ir clude five cases with models showing the supposed structure of t earth's interior, five with diagrammatic models showing some m features of volcanism, and five with simplified arrangements ¢ igneous rocks and the principal rock-forming minerals. Exhibits intended to aid in the teaching of those subjects are now broadly grouped by teachers under the general term “soc studies’ were augmented by the installation of ten cases of Eskim material in duplicate series of five cases. Each case of the deals with a different aspect of Eskimo life. Guatemalan children’ clothing, carefully selected and purchased in Guatemala throug the courtesy of Miss Elizabeth McM. Hambleton of the Rayme Foundation staff, was installed in four cases. Twenty-two c are available in what may be called an anthropological series, ne added to the botanical, geological, and zoological series which ha’ been long-established subdivisions of subject matter in Extension cases. Seventeen pairs of cases were delivered to each of the schoc and other Chicago institutions receiving the Museum service the entire year. In addition, sixty-four requests for specific ¢ or materials were filled. This number is larger than reported i N. W. HARRIS PUBLIC SCHOOL EXTENSION 401 previous years, and analysis of the kinds of material requested has some significance. Of the sixty-four special loans, ten were for standard cases only. But of the ten loans, six, involving forty-four cases, were made to organizations which used the cases for display or to provide a general atmosphere of interest to children. Only four special loans, comprising nine cases, should be considered as having been used directly for teaching purposes. By contrast, fifty-four loans of study collections of objects which could be handled by children, were made to schools through teachers or pupils who called in person at the Museum to secure the material. In these instances, the borrowers were given individual attention and help in the selection of illustrative material for particular units of study. Bird study-skins were most in demand, pressed plant specimens next, while insects, and rocks and minerals ranked third, equal numbers of loans being made in each of the last two classifi- cations. The actual figures are in the ratio of 2 to 1.4 to 1. Since units of study in science tend to be seasonal, it is not ex- pected that lending study collections will more than partially solve the problem of providing teachers with visual aids in the form of Museum materials at times when they will be most useful. If all of the schools simultaneously were to require from the Harris Extension such visual aids (which are now available only to a limited extent), the demand could not be met with present resources or with any reasonably planned increase possible in the future. The two Museum trucks traveled a total of 11,996 miles without mishap or delay in the circulation of exhibits. An interesting observation which may be made with respect to truck mileage is that the growth in the number of schools reached over a period of fifteen years has not appreciably increased the amount of driving necessary to serve them. In 1926, when 371 schools were receiving cases—124 less than now—the reported annual mileage was 11,734 for a period of service seven school days less than in 1941. The explanation for this apparent anomaly is fairly obvious. Once truck routes embracing the whole city have been established, punctuating those routes with additional stops does not add to the distance traveled. All necessary work to keep the trucks in good mechanical con- dition and preserve their appearance was done as the need arose, particularly during the non-operating period of the summer vacation of the schools. 402 Fretp MUSEUM OF NATURAL History— Reports, VOL. 12 The amount of damage to cases directly due to accident, or cai less handling in any particular school, was not great and manifest no discernible trend. Less glass and fewer sliding label frames broken, but there was more injury to case woodwork. The tot number of cases damaged in schools was fifty-eight, or nearly per cent of the number of cases in circulation. During the y however, mechanical repairs were made on 399 cases, or nearly on third of the entire inventory of Harris Extension cases. New bottoms were fitted to sixty-six cases, hanger strips added to seventy-three cases, and auxiliary label guides to 1¢ cases. Entire new back assemblies were made for eleven ca: Among other kinds of repairs made, the biggest item was slidir label frames, of which 268 needed attention. Much of the rep work required was not the result of one season of circulation, but must be attributed to accumulated wear over a period of yeai Twenty-one exhibits, which had not been in active use for sev years, were retired, and reconditioning of the cases was begun. A circular saw and a drill press were added to the equipment ¢ the Department to facilitate the performance of many mechanic operations which were formerly done by hand. During the first six months of the year, Work Projects Admini tration employees provided clerical assistance in the organizati and indexing of reserve collections, as well as manual oni reconditioning old portable cases for further use, and in the produ tion of numerous parts for various models scheduled for completion in the future. A WPA artist painted backgrounds for the reinstall. tion of six cases of the habitat type. THE JAMES NELSON AND ANNA LOUISE RAYMOND FOUNDATION FOR PUBLIC SCHOOL AND CHILDREN’S LECTURES The Raymond Foundation in 1941 conducted its customai activities, which evoked a notable response from school authoritie teachers, and children. The various types of programs which h proved successful in past years as entertainment and as supf mentary education were continued both in the schools and at th Museum. These included the regular spring, summer, and autum series of free motion picture programs for children, presented it the James Simpson Theatre, and also two special patriotic programs guide-lecture tours in the exhibition halls; seven series of spect RAYMOND FOUNDATION 403 science programs; six radio follow-up programs, and extension lec- tures given in the classrooms and auditoriums of schools. | The Foundation staff has again made a special effort to take 'eare of the greatest possible number of the requests received for lectures and tours in the Museum. These reach their peak during 'the months of April, May, June, October, and November because _ the weather in those months encourages many groups to travel even hundreds of miles to visit Field Museum and other cultural institu- tions. During the period from early December to the end of March, when the Museum is less accessible to many groups, the staff lays greater stress upon the extension service in which lecturers go out to the schools. Beginning in September, 1941, each Chicago school, public and private, was offered one lecture. After all requests covering the school year 1941-42 are filled, second lecture requests will be granted if time permits. ENTERTAINMENTS FOR CHILDREN—RAYMOND FOUNDATION Three series of motion picture entertainments and two special patriotic programs were arranged for the young people of the com- munity. The programs were as follows: SPRING COURSE March 1—‘“‘Cloudy and Colder—Probably Snow” (The story of weather). Cartoon—“‘Fun on Ice.” March 8—‘‘Four Feet and Fur’ (Animals tamed and untamed). Cartoon—‘“Busy Beavers.”’ March 15—‘‘Nature on the Wing” (Birds and bugs). Cartoon—‘“‘A Little Bird Told Me.” March 22—“‘The Song of China” (A picture produced in China with Chinese cast). March 29—‘‘Animal Life of the Swamps” (Insects, birds, and mammals). Cartoon—“‘Night.”’ April 5—“‘The Forest” (A picture in celebration of Arbor Day). Cartoon—“‘Springtime Serenade.” April 12—“‘Balancing Nature’s Budget” (A story of conservation). April 19—“‘Sudan”’ (Life in the heart of Africa). _ April 26—“‘A Day at Brookfield Zoo.” Cartoon—‘Along Came a Duck.” SUMMER COURSE July 10—‘‘The Adventures of Chico” (Story of a Mexican Boy). July 17—“Exploring and Collecting in Forest, Field and Stream” (Narration by | William Hassler, with colored motion pictures). July 24—“Summer Time in the North Woods” (Animals and birds). Also a cartoon. July 31—‘‘To the South Seas with Zane Grey.” Also a cartoon. August 7—‘‘A Western Vacation in the Ranch Country’ (Yosemite National Park and the Grand Canyon—Courtesy of Santa Fe Railroad). Also a cartoon. August 14—“‘Tundra”’ (An Arctic adventure). ? 404 Fretp Museum oF NaTuRAL History—Reports, VOL. 12 AuTUMN COURSE October 4—“Indian Lore, Life and Culture” (Narration by Charlies E Plume; illustrated with dancing and costumes). October sliior em of the Plains” (A story of the region west of ppi). a cartoon. October 18—"Adventures in the Far North” (Birds, animals, and people). October 25—“South America” (Things used daily in our count coffee, chocolate, etc.). November 1—‘‘Mexico, Our Southern Neighbor.” Also a cartoon. November 8—“Life in Our Southwestern Desert.” Also a cartoon. November 15—‘‘Wild Animals” (Narration by Sam Campbell—courtesy oft Chicago and North Western Railway 7 Compaaai November 22—‘‘Canada, Our Northern Neighbor.” Also a cartoon. November 29—"The River Nile, Egypt's Life Line” (From the time of | mummies to the present). The following two special patriotic programs were offered addition to the aforementioned series of entertainments: February 12—Abraham Lincoln Program. February 22—George Washington Program. In all, twenty-six motion picture programs were given in t James Simpson Theatre. Of these, twenty were repeated at a seco showing, which brings the total of programs given to forty-s Combined attendance at these numbered 28,798 children. Of t number, 9,425 attended the spring course, 5,239 the summer ec 11,151 the autumn series, and 2,983 the special patriotic prog The programs were given publicity in the Chicago Daily Chicago Tribune, Chicago Herald-American, Chicago Daily I and Downtown Shopping News, as well as in many neighborhood ai suburban papers. ) FIELD MUSEUM STORIES--RAYMOND FOUNDATION Two new series of Field Museum Stories for Children, written members of the Raymond Foundation staff, were published. Li drawings and photographs were used to illustrate the stories. Su jects of the stories and the pictures correlated with films shown the programs, or were chosen for their seasonal interest. Follov are the titles of the stories in each series: : Series XXXVI—Snow, cage tbh mga pt he Shunk one ee ve ; China Moves Alon 3 oy of the Mayfly; Arbor : : A Day with the of Africa; Primitive Snakes: Priced Series XXX VII—Wigwams of the Woodland Indians; The American E = Ertialo: . The Horned Lisard; The ee Cod fishing off Cans . . oe Egypt and the Nile. CRC RC a Se pF 5 (87 II@H) eH Stee “M deqiy Jlaypony “4 InyjIy Aq punoisyoeq ‘sloqeM “]T UoaT Aq AULOpixey, svinpuoy ‘eAvueoly, oyxV'] Ye UeDg AMOOU V NO ONINNAS SATIGODOUO NVOIYHNV HO dNOUD V LPrrnaarrtr wmawmayr TK WIMAcNn TAT NTAT FT THE LIBRAKT OF THE GWIVERSITY OF ULLIAMS RAYMOND FOUNDATION 405 A total of 25,000 copies of Musewm Stories was distributed to the children who attended the Saturday morning programs. LECTURE TOURS FOR CHILDREN—RAYMOND FOUNDATION The use of exhibition halls for classroom work was extended to the following groups by means of conducted tours: Number of groups Attendance Tours for children of Chicago schools: Chicazompublicischoolss.ss2 oases ese. 325 13,658 Chicagos;parochialschoolsta.24. 55: Pal 1,108 @hicago private schools................ 12 245 Tours for children of suburban schools: Suburoanspublieischoolsyassa44- eso 397 13,310 Suburban parochial schools............. 20 323 Suburban private schools.............. 8 131 Tours for special groups of children: SimerenS elU DS) 2:8 ae eee ote 16 352 Special science programs............... 1382 5,815 Mascellanecousernn.c eh ei eee 64 4,864 Guide lecture service was thus given to 1,000 children’s groups, and the aggregate attendance was 39,806. Several of the schools and groups receiving this service were also given illustrated talks and discussions in the lecture hall in advance of the tours in the exhibition halls. The background for a better understanding of the exhibits was provided by these talks and the accompanying pictures. There were 56 such lectures given, with an attendance of 6,157. As in past years, many groups came from outside Chicago and Illinois. Especially during the months of April, May, June, Sep- tember, October, and November these groups from out of the Chicago metropolitan area make use of the Museum. Tours were given for 377 such groups, comprising 11,164 persons. One group of eighth grade pupils from Detroit was of unusual interest. A greater part of their year’s course of study had been based upon materials and facilities provided in this and certain other institutions. They spent several days in Chicago. During the months prior to coming here, preparation had been made by adjusting the course of study to co-ordinate with this plan. Leaflets on certain Field Museum exhibits and post cards had been obtained in advance and used in classroom work. Participation in the trip was voluntary, and each pupil in the party had been required to earn at least one-half of his total expenses. The purpose of the trip was to present an 406 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL History—ReEports, VOL. 12 introduction to various new phases of life, and to offer the child opportunity to begin trying the solution of problems away from k On December 2 and 4 the Museum was host to parties of 900 boys and 700 girls from among the delegates to the Nat Congress of 4-H Clubs. An introductory lecture was given for th in the Theatre, after which they explored the Museum in accore with their own interests, aided in finding the exhibits they se by Museum staff guides and special mimeographed floor a SCIENCE PROGRAMS-—-RAYMOND FOUNDATION Again Field Museum offered special science lectures, tours, @ supplementary materials to the schools because of the emf placed on science in the school curriculum. The programs of are as follows: April and May: Conservation—The conservation of natural wild life, with emphasis on of the Chicago region (for 6th grade). Bird Migration—The nen of mg of birds told with pictures: Museum exhibits (for 5th gra Bird Study—A general survey ot = habits of birds with empha ey of the Chicago region (for 5th grade). Wild Flowers of the Chicago Region—A survey of the wild flowers forest con aman dunes, swamps, prairies and roadsides (for 4th October and November: Living Trees (for 5th and 6th grades). America the Beautiful (for 7th and 8th grades). Stories of Rocks (for 5th and 6th grades). Illustrated lectures in the Museum Lecture Hall and ‘ followed by directed study in the exhibition halls, were the eb features of these programs. The students were provided with of questions and suggestions, and were assigned to the task of fi the answers from the exhibits. The Raymond Foundation — assisted them in the work. | Gratifying success was achieved by these programs, and, ina to demands for more than the twenty-two programs ¢ git offered, it became necessary to give ten additional ones. Gro from 102 schools came to the Museum to participate in the pre Included were eighty-five Chicago public, eleven Chicago parod and six suburban public schools. The total attendance at the th two lectures was 5,327; of this number, 5,293 were divided ir groups for supervised study and work with the exhibits and sheets. 1° RAYMOND FOUNDATION 407 An additional unannounced lecture on museum organization was given by request to seven audiences aggregating 522 persons. These students were then divided into twelve groups for work in the exhibition halls. Thus there were, in all, thirty-nine science lectures, attended by 5,849 persons, and 182 follow-up tours participated in by 5,815 persons. RADIO FOLLOW-UP PROGRAMS—RAYMOND FOUNDATION Co-operation was again extended by the staff of the Raymond Foundation to the Chicago Public School Broadcasting Council. Two series of programs were presented as follow-ups to radio broad- casts given by the Council. Museum exhibits which correlated with the subjects of the broadcasts were featured in these programs. Stereopticon slides were shown, and objects were made available for the students to handle, at meetings held in the Lecture Hall. Mimeo- graphed information sheets were distributed, and questions were answered in the course of informal discussion. The meetings were followed by tours in the exhibition halls. The subjects were as follows: Chicago Birds; Hunters and Fishers of the Northlands; Swallow-tail butterflies; ee oducts; Farmers, Shepherds and Acorn Eaters; How Forests Are ormed. Total attendance was 529. EXTENSION LECTURES—RAYMOND FOUNDATION Extension lectures, illustrated with slides, were given in class- rooms, laboratories and assemblies of Chicago public and private schools. When time permitted, open discussions followed in which teachers and students were invited to participate with questions and ideas. The following subjects were offered to high school groups: Borany: Plant Life of the Chicago Region; Plant Formations of Different Kinds of Places; Plants as Barometers of Environmental Conditions; One Plant Society Follows Another in a Region (causes and order of plant successions) ; Plants as Conservationists; Plants Are of Economic Value to Man; The Origin, Development and Structure of Plants. ZooLoGy: Animals—From Amoeba to Man; Environment Affects Animal Life; Distribution and Adaptative Radiation of Animal Life; Animals of Economic Importance; Animal Life of the Chicago Region; The Birds of the Chicago Region; Insects Affect the Welfare of Man; Wildlife Conservation. Gro.tocy: A Rock May Be a Treasure Chest; Minerals of Economic Value; The Changing Earth; The Story of Soil; The Geography of the Chicago Region; The Relief Features of the Earth; The Fossil Story of Prehistoric Life. ANTHROPOLOGY: The Story of Prehistoric Man; Ancient Civilizations of the Old | World; Ancient Civilizations of the New World; Contemporary Primitive Peoples; North American Indians. MISCELLANEOUS: The Work of Field Museum; The Conservation of Natural Resources. 408 Fretp Museum OF NATURAL History—Reports, VOL. 12 The following subjects were offered to elementary school groug Caribbean Lands; South America; The E “gy Ptians; The gt hmt.- of Africa; 3 see at The Story of Clothing; North American Indians ae Pode # of Woodlands and Plains; Nature in City Yards and Parks; "China and People; Migisi, The Indian Lad; Our Outdoor Friends; Exploring the Wor in Autumn; Winter in the Woods; Signs of Speines _ 7, en and Me dc Summer Comes to the Countryside: Trees of th of the Lge — Birds of the Chicago Reston: “Mammals of th the . Region apey of the Chi ion; Insects—Friends Animals of orld at Home; The Changing Earth; The Wark of and Water; A "Boek May Be a Treasure Chest; Plants and Animals of Ago; The Adventures of a Great Museum; What Will the Great Out-of-De Be Like 100 Years from Now; The Navajo and Pueblo Indians; Land of the Feathered Serpent. The extension lectures given by the staff of the Foundation totaled 441, and the aggregate attendance was 1 This service was given as follows: SEPEN, ures Attendance Chicago elementary schools rer Ty 132,201 Chicago high schools dance 21,860 Chicago private schools eee 155 Other organizations PT ome TELEVISION PROGRAM— RAYMOND FOUNDATION Field Museum again participated in an experimental t program. By invitation of the manager of Station W9XBK, Raymond Foundation staff was enabled to place Field Muset both aurally and visually ‘on the air." The program featured Bryan Patterson, Assistant Curator of Paleontology, who assi the Foundation in presenting the story of prehistoric animals. ACCESSIONS RAYMOND FOUNDATION For use in the Theatre, Lecture Hall, and in extension lectur the Raymond Foundation acquired 18 slides by purchase from t American Museum of Natural History; 9 slides by purchase fro the National Geographic Society; and 391 slides made by Division of Photography. Of these standard size slides, 260 we colored by the Museum Illustrator. The collection of 2 x 2 inch slid is also being built up, 324 slides of color photographs having be purchased. Gifts received include 16 color photographs from Mi Robert Yule, of the Department of Anthropology, and 47 from M John W. Moyer, Staff Taxidermist. LECTURE TOURS AND MEETINGS FOR ADULTS—-RAYMOND FOUNDATIO! Guide-lecture service was made available, without charge, special parties from colleges, clubs, and other organizations, | addition to the regular service provided for the general public. 1 [J24s 9x2U 2y 7 200 243 4apun parmumop HLYVd JHL JO YOMALNI SHI Leary pmo nner, Ping ne PS ree MH MON AL A PO oZIS [BNnjoe Y }XIS-0U() uINesN, Ply JO UoIsuexM JOOYDS oyqnd sie “A “N 243 Aq posedaig STOOHOS ODVDOIHO YOu OOK FEN THIS WIL ry LIGIHXH AUOLSIH TVU! ISNILXG“TOOH IST d- SAV ACN Ad - GUNVOT LLVN aTAVLUOd das aary sjeu 1 sueadde ay gaya jo dn spew ssew pros © st Yura yp p2aryjaq Snoiys pur punose paaiw suen syoys axenbyssee ryaq 242 Woy aaut s ) amitu 24) 3 ien32> 02 pa} sty SURF UMOUY aorins 24) uo pe2u2uadx2 } pura] 2q Ajuo ue samsue 24] gpl{os 30 piny ‘PI 2 24) 9pisul sty AA HLUYVd JHL JO YONSLNI SHL Lamy MN RP PL PF PS I HAC NL RAYMOND FOUNDATION 409 The regular public tours were continued on week days (except Saturdays) at 2 P.M. as in past years; and during July and August additional tours were given at 11 A.M. The monthly schedules of these tours are printed and distributed at the entrances of the Museum. The tours given for the public numbered 280, and the total attendance was 4,299 persons. Special tours were given for fifty-four college groups composed of 1,643 persons; and for forty-six other organizations with attendance of 1,593, making a total of 380 tours for adults with an aggregate attendance of 7,535. The Raymond Foundation assisted in program details for the commencement exercises held on June 19 for 1,163 foreign-born adults who had completed special courses in the public schools of Chicago. The James Simpson Theatre was made available to the Board of Education for this purpose. SUMMARY OF ATTENDANCE AT ENTERTAINMENTS, LECTURES, ETC.— RAYMOND FOUNDATION Including both intra-mural and extra-mural activities of all the types conducted by the Raymond Foundation, a total of 1,969 groups, composed of 244,399 persons, was reached with education and entertainment in one form or another. LECTURES FOR ADULTS The Museum’s seventy-fifth and seventy-sixth courses of free lectures for adults were presented in the James Simpson Theatre on Saturday afternoons during the spring and autumn months. As in past years they were illustrated with motion pictures and stere- opticon slides. Following are the programs of both series: SEVENTY-FIFTH FREE LECTURE COURSE March 1—Headhunters Still Live. Douglas Oliver. March 8—Blue-green Water. Wesley Mueller. ~ March 15—Malay-Utan. Joseph Tilton. _ March 22—The Leopard of the Air. Captain C. W. R. Knight. _ March 29—Northwest Passage Patrol. Richard Finnie. April 5—Birds and Animals of the Rockies. Edgar Hoff. April 12—Ancient America’s Most Civilized People. J. Eric Thompson. _ April 19—Life in a Tropical Rain-Forest. Dr. Ralph Buchsbaum. | April 26—An Alaskan Adventure. Bradford Washburn. 410 Fretp Museum or NaturaAL History— Reports, Vou. 12 SEVENTY-SIXTH Free Lecture Course October 4—The Netherlands East Indies. Dillon Ripley. October 11—American Holiday with Wild Life. Dr. Gustav Grahn. October 18—Along Alaska Trails. A. Milotte. October 25—Hunting for Walrus in the Ice Floes. Carl Dreutzer. November 1—From Seashore to Glacier. Karl Maslowski. November 8—New Worlds Undersea. Vincent Palmer. November 15— Florakeys. James B. Pond. November 22— Pan American Highway. James Sawders. November 29—Through the Rainbow. Stuart D. Noble. The total attendance at these eighteen lectures was 17,224, « whom 8,685 attended the spring series and 8,539 the fall se Included in these audiences were 2,140 Members of the Museu who, by their memberships, are entitled to reserved seats for ther selves and a companion. LAYMAN LECTURES The novel Sunday afternoon lectures presented in the Muset since 1937 by Mr. Paul G. Dallwig, The Layman Lecturer, continued in 1941, and attracted greater attendance than in previous year. Mr. Dallwig gave thirty regular lectures for t general public, and one for a special group (members of the Ameri Gem Society who came shortly after the reopening of H. N. Higt botham Hall of Gems and Jewels). At these thirty-one lectt the aggregate attendance was 3,264, an increase of more than over the number composing the audiences of the preceding yea The size of the groups on these lectures has to be rigidly limit because of practical considerations in conducting the parties throug the exhibition halls which Mr. Dallwig uses to illustrate his lecture: Therefore, as in the past, the Museum has had to require pe wishing to participate to make reservations in advance. Usual such reservations were necessary several weeks in advance, af even so it was found imperative to modify the limitations on t size of the parties, so that the average group each Sunday numbe 105 hearers. The physical limitations imposed by the conditic attendant on presentation of this type of lecture made it impossib at first to meet more than about one-half of the demands — LAYMAN LECTURES 411 reservations, but by presenting parts of the lectures in the lecture hall, and by temporarily shifting exhibits in some halls to provide ‘more space for listeners, about 75 per cent have been accommodated. Mr. Dallwig’s lectures have proved to have a special appeal to audiences composed for the most part of very discriminating types ‘of people. The records show that those who have attended are Beedominantly drawn from such classes as business executives, educators, students, journalists and other writers, physicians, lawyers, men and women engaged in a variety of professions, and others with a natural leaning toward interest in cultural subjects. __ The unique feature of Mr. Dallwig’s lectures, which distinguishes them from most similar presentations, is the manner in which he dramatizes his subjects while at the same time interpreting science with complete accuracy based upon thorough research. Mr. Dallwig engages in this activity purely as a hobby and as a contribution to the promotion of scientific knowledge. He receives no compensation either from the Museum or from his audiences. The popularity he has attained, increasing each year, is notable, and in addition to ‘serving the public his activity has proved to be a large factor in publicizing the Museum as an institution, and drawing attention to its activities in general. Since Mr. Dallwig’s first lectures at the Museum in October, 1937, he has spoken before audiences totaling 12,265 persons. During the seven months of 1941 in which Mr. Dallwig made his lecture appearances at the Museum, his subjects were as follows: January (four Sundays)—Digging Up the Cave Man’s Past. February (four Sundays)—Nature’s ‘“‘March of Time.” March (five Sundays)—Gems, Jewels, and ‘“‘Junk.”’ April (four Sundays)—The Romance of Diamonds. May (four Sundays)—The Parade of the Races. November (five Sundays)—Gems, Jewels, and ‘Junk.’ December (four Sundays)—Mysterious ‘‘Night-Riders” of the Sky. SUMMARY OF ATTENDANCE AT LECTURES, ETC. Instruction, entertainment, or similar services were made avail- able by the Museum during 1941 to a total of 2,018 groups compris- ing an aggregate attendance of 264,887 individuals. Included in these figures are all those reached through the varied activities of the James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond Foundation (1,969 groups, 244,399 individuals); the 17,224 persons who attended the eighteen Saturday afternoon lectures for adults in the James Simpson Theatre, and the 3,264 persons who participated in the thirty-one Sunday groups before whom the Layman Lecturer appeared. 412 FieLD Museum or NaTuRAL History—Reports, Vou. 12 LIBRARY The Library's new reading room, more conveniently located the old one, with improved lighting, more efficient arrangement, ar other facilities adding to its usefulness and to the comfort of reade was completed in 1941. Plans for this improvement have been und consideration for several years, and actual construction was begu in the latter part of 1940. The change was accomplished by reconstructing and refurnishir the former stack room as a reading room, and moving the boc stacks into the former reading room. During the months this we was in progress, there was no interruption to the Library's servie to scientists and to the public in general—a fact in which consic able pride is taken, as its accomplishment presented many difficult due to the magnitude of the operation. The new reading room is easily reached by visitors arrivir at the third floor as the entrance is close to the passenger elevate landing. Effective and agreeable lighting for readers has bee provided by installation of an entirely new system of fluorescer illumination from coves around a new lowered ceiling. This typ of lighting is a distinct innovation which, it is believed, will be four of interest by other libraries. The new drop ceiling improves t general appearance of the room, as well as providing needed insul: tion. New service counters, new office space for the librari and a new rubber tile floor covering in a color harmonizing with tk furnishings, all help to make the new reading room attractive ar quiet, and add to the efficiency of the service provided by th Library personnel. Revision of the arrangement of the Library’s rooms provide opportunity also to replace the wooden book stacks with modert steel ones. Those in the reading room were grained and stair to resemble mahogany. Much-needed additions also were made t the shelving space. The finding of books and pamphlets in the stae room has been facilitated by installation of fluorescent lights. new map cases have been placed in a conspicuous position in t stack room and thus made more accessible for use. For those unacquainted with its facilities, it may be well to ca attention to the fact that the Library of Field Museum, which ne contains approximately 124,000 books and pamphlets on pology, botany, geology, zoology, and related subjects, offers tl largest reference collection in its special fields in Chicago. It particularly rich in anthropological and ornithological works, w LIBRARY 413 collections that rank among the foremost in the world. Invaluable for research are the extensive series on its shelves of the proceedings, transactions and publications of learned societies, academies, and universities all over the world. Strictly a reference library, the reading room is maintained to make the Library’s resources available for the use of scientists, students, teachers, and others engaged in research work. These facilities are extended, on application, to laymen with problems requiring reference to the works in a scientific library. Amateur naturalists, and persons with hobbies involving the natural sciences, will find much of value in the Museum Library. The Library is open week days from 9 A.M. to 4 P.M., except Saturdays, when it closes at noon; it is closed all day on Sundays and holidays. Another great improvement in the Library, long needed and much desired, has been the opportunity to bind an accumulation of periodicals that had been gathering for many years. This had become imperative for the proper preservation of the files. Begun in April, this activity has required much time throughout the rest of the year. The number of volumes bound is 6,413. During the early part of the year the Library had the help of several WPA workers who were of real assistance in much of the detail work. Due partly to their help, 17,070 cards were written and filed in the catalogues during the year. As in previous years, efforts were made to complete some partial files of periodicals. One of the latest acquisitions is the long-desired first thirty-two volumes of Petermann’s Mitteilungen and Numbers 1-84 of the Ergdanzungsheft. These are beautifully bound, and con- tain important maps, mounted on linen. Volumes 19-26 of the Journal of Egyptian Archaeology were secured, thus completing the early part of the file. The file of the journal Iraq has also been completed to date. The set of the Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, formerly incomplete, now includes all parts thus far issued. The Biological Bulletin file has also been completed. Subscriptions were entered for a few new periodicals, among them the new Malayan Nature Magazine. President Field, Director Gregg, and some of the members of the staff have generously presented current periodicals to the Library. They have also given a number of significant books. Mr. Boardman Conover, a Trustee of the Museum, presented a much appreciated copy of Agassiz, Nomenclator Zoologicus, and five volumes of desirable works on the birds of Europe and Asia. 414 Fretp Museum or NATURAL History—ReEports, VOL. 12 Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator of the Department of Zoology, presented some old books, difficult to obtain, as well as a copy of Field Book of the Snakes of the United States and Canada, which he wrote in collaboration with Mr. D. Dwight Davis, Curator of Anatomy and Osteology. Mr. Henry W. Nichols, Chief Curator of the Department of Geology, presented several volumes of Fortune. Mr. Elmer S. Riggs, Curator of Paleontology, made additions to the collection — of paleontological publications. ; Mr. William J. Gerhard, Curator of Insects, presented many entomological pamphlets. Mr. Emil Liljeblad, former Assistant Curator of Insects, had a fine collection of books and separates on— Coleoptera from which, as an addition to the 175 he presented in : 1940, he gave 150 more in 1941—a valuable and much appreciated — acquisition. Mr. Rupert L. Wenzel, Assistant Curator of — also is the donor of many entomological pamphlets. Dr. Henry Field presented several important foreign cariodiallll The publication of the Paleontographical Society of London, an— unusual periodical, has been especially welcome, as are also publica-— tions on comparative morphology and ancient man. From the late © Mr. Carl F. Gronemann, formerly Staff Illustrator, the Library | received Kurr’s Das Mineralreich im Bildern. Mrs. Stanley Field gave a set of the Naturalist’s Miscellany, a — much appreciated gift. Mrs. Malcolm Farley, of Chicago, added valuable numbers to the Chinese material in the Library. Mr. — Peter Gerhard, of Winnetka, Illinois, presented approximately 100 — maps of various parts of the world. Mr. Stanley Charles Nott, of Palm Beach, Florida, presented several more of his publications on Chinese jade. Mrs. Robert Sonnenschein, of Chicago, is the donor of seven volumes on Egyptian mythology and archaeology. Mr. — Walter Necker gave the Library some numbers of the Bulletin of the Boston Society of Natural History which hitherto had been im- possible to obtain. Miss Ruth Marshall, of Wisconsin Dells, gave twenty-eight publications on water mites. Dr. Gregorio Bondar, of Bahia, Brazil, has most kindly sent — interesting publications on palms as well as helpful material on — entomological subjects. The volumes necessary to complete Field Museum's set of Publications of the Egyptian Department of the Metropolitan Muse of Art, New York, were received as a gift from that insti These are invaluable in the field of Egyptian archaeology. Ibe LIBRARY 415 Carnegie Institution of Washington has continued the gift of the noteworthy publications it issues. The Conoco Travel Bureau, Chicago, presented an up-to-date set of its road maps, which have been found very useful. The Library has been fortunate in making some purchases of important books, among which the following are outstanding: Boerschmann, Chinesische Architektur; Creswell, Muslim Architec- ture; Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences (8 vols.); Herzfeld, Iran in the Ancient East; Pope, Survey of Persian Art (6 vols.); Index Londinensis (Supplement 1921-35); Migula, Kryptogamenflora von Deutschland; Grabau and Shimer, North American Index Fossils: Invertebrates; Biological Symposia (5 vols.); Chenu, Bibliotheque Conchyliologique (ser. 1, 4 vols.); Fabricius, Systema Eleutheratorum, Systema Piezatorum, Systema Antliatorum, and Systema Glossatorum; Holbrook, North American Herpetology (edition 1, 5 vols.); Marseul, Monographie sur la Famille des Histérides (and supplement); and Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris, Nowvelles Archives (ser. 1, vols. 1-10). The number of exchanges has not been increased as much as in other years because so many foreign countries have been entirely cut off by the war. Many of the institutions with which exchanges of publications have been made for years, have not been heard from at all; from others only a few publications have reached this country. Several foreign publications have come with remarkable regularity, however, and some important purchases also have arrived safely. On this side of the water there have been some good additions to the list of institutions making exchanges, and their publications will be very helpful. Included are institutions in both North and South America. The Museum’s gratitude is due to the scientists and scientific institutions who have sent their publications to the Library, both as exchanges and as gifts. Service of the Library has included granting requests for permis- sion to photograph illustrations and pages of the text of rare books. These requests have come from many distant as well as local corre- spondents. In many cases this was the only way in which access could be had to certain books, as other copies are not available in this country. The Library has been greatly assisted in its work by loans of books from various other libraries, and acknowledges this courtesy with deep appreciation. The Library of Congress has been, as always, especially helpful. Among others which have co-operated 416 FreLD Museum or NaTuRAL History—Reports, Vou. 12 | | notably are the John Crerar Library, Chicago; the Libraries of the University of Chicago and the Oriental Institute; Harvard Uni- versity, and its Libraries (Peabody Museum, and the Museum of Comparative Zoology); Columbia University Library; the United States Department of Agriculture, and the Missouri Botanical Garden. Field Museum has reciprocated by sending its books on loan to— libraries all over the country. The number of books thus sent out has been increasing from year to year. This service of libraries to” each other constitutes a movement constantly growing in impor-— tance and value. The Library of Congress is doing much to promote - these relations by making information about each library's resources" available through its Union Catalogue. i i PUBLICATIONS AND PRINTING | The distribution of publications by the Museum during 1941 differed from the sendings of other years in that shipments for about two-thirds of the foreign exchanges were withheld due to the war. Of the publications issued during the year, 6,248 copies — destined for existing foreign exchanges have been held for later shipment. Many have been prepared in addressed packets, and others have been wrapped with the open stock that is available for future sales and other distribution. The Museum did send 11,687 scientific publications, 1,744 leaflets, and 830 miscellaneous publications and pamphlets on ex- change account to domestic and certain foreign institutions, and to individuals engaged in scientific work. The books for distribution abroad were sent to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., which forwarded them through its international exchange bureau. Acknowledgment of receipt has come from libraries in many far distant parts of the world. Grateful acknowledgment is made to the Smithsonian Institution for its courtesy and helpfulness in effecting such deliveries. The Museum also sent 3,794 complimentary copies of the Annual Report of the Director for 1940 to its Members. Sales during the year totaled 2,625 publications, 6,819 leaflets, and 13,011 miscellaneous pamphlets such as Guides, Handbooks, and Memoirs. Twenty-two new exchange arrangements were established institutions and scientists during the year, which undoubtedly prove of mutual benefit. PUBLICATIONS AND PRINTING 417 Interest in the living races and in prehistoric man again was manifested by the numerous purchases of copies of The Races of Mankind and Prehistoric Man leaflets, of which more than 1,200 were sold during the year. At the end of December a third edition of the latter was issued, and a fourth edition of The Races of Mankind is scheduled to appear early in the spring of 1942. Since the first printings of these two leaflets in the summer of 1933, more than 18,900 copies have been sold. New editions of three other leaflets—Archaeology of South America, A Forest of the Coal Age, and Meteorites—were required in 1941. An important volume published for the Geology Memoirs Series, The Upper Ordovician Fauna of Frobisher Bay, Baffin Land, by Dr. Sharat Kumar Roy, Curator of Geology, was given wide exchange distribution. It contains a narrative of the Rawson—MacMuillan Expedition of Field Museum to Labrador and Baffin Land during the seasons of 1927 and 1928, with notes on the coastal geology of that region, and descriptions of the fossils collected. The total number of post cards sold during 1941 was 84,226, of which 9,206 were grouped into 500 sets. Reprints of sixty-five individual post card views totaled 85,000 copies, and there were 200 packaged sets reissued of the thirty cards comprising a representative collection of views of the Malvina Hoffman bronzes of the races of mankind. Production of the Division of Printing during the year included twenty-five new numbers in the regular publication series of the Museum. These comprised 1,600 pages of type composition. In subject matter, there were one anthropological, four botanical, seven geological, and twelve zoological publications; also included was the Annual Report of the Director for 1940. These twenty-five publications were printed by Field Museum Press in editions totaling 26,771 copies. Three reprints from Volume XIII of the Botanical Series, Flora of Peru, consisting of 58 pages (262 copies), and eleven reprints from Volume 27 of the Zoological Series, Papers on Mam- malogy, consisting of 370 pages (1,141 copies), also were printed. Three leaflets, one in the anthropological series and two geological ones, were reprinted; likewise, a third edition of one anthropological leaflet was printed. The number of pages in these four leaflets was 256, and the copies totaled 6,655. A twenty-first edition and a reprint of the General Guide, each consisting of 56 pages and ten illustrations, were issued, the two printings totaling 11,377 copies; 418 FreLp Museum oF NATURAL History—Reports, Vou. 12 also printed were a tenth edition of the Handbook of Field Museum, containing 78 pages (2,555 copies), and a Geological Memoir, con- sisting of 212 pages (909 copies). The total number of pages printed in all books was 2,686, and the total of copies issued was 49,670. A large part of the time of the printers was consumed in miscel- laneous job work. Printing of the twelve issues of Field Museum News (eight pages per issue), with an average of 5,200 copies a month, was one of the Division's major tasks. The number of exhibition labels printed for all Departments exceeded that of any previous year, totaling 6,350. Other printing, including Museum stationery, posters, lecture schedules, post cards, pin labels, ete., brought the total for the year to 995,357 impressions. A detailed list of publications follows: PUBLICATION SERIES 488.— a Series, Vol. 24, No. 16. Reptiles and Amphibians from Central . Karl P. Schmidt. January 31, 1941. 6 pages, 2 text- figures. fe ition 900. 489.—Zoological Series, Vol. 24, No. 17. Malacological Notes—II. By Fritz © Haas. January 31, 1941. 8&8 pages, 2 plates (1 colored). Edition 924. 490.— Zoological Series, Vol. 24, No. 18. New Termitophilous Do from the Neotropics. By Charles H. Seevers. January 31, 1 20 pages, — 1 text-figure. Edition 832. ~Botanica! Series, Vol. IX, No. 6. Studies of the Vegetation of Missouri—Il. _ Phanerogamic Flora of the Fresh-Water Ser in the Ozarks of Missouri. By Julian A. Steyermark. February 1941. 142 pages, 24 plates, 21 text-figures. Edition 821. 492.—Zoological Series, Vol. XXII, No. 7. New and Little Known Neotropical Histeridae. By Rupert L. Wenzel and Henry S. Dybas. February 28, 1941. 42 pages, 4 plates. Edition 832. . 493.—Zoological Series, Vol. 24, No. 19. Birds from the ——s Peninsula. By Melvin A. Traylor, Jr. February 28, 1941. 32 pages, 1 text-figure. Edition 807. 494.- Se Series, Vol. 8, No. 4. A New Fossil Alligator from Nebraska. © Ln arl P. Schmidt. March 15, 1941. 6 pages, 2 text-figures. Edition 495.—Zoological Series, Vol. 24, No. 20. Two New Birds from British Guiana. | By Emmet R. Blake. March 15, 1941. 6 pages. Edition 827. 496.— Botanical Series, Vol. XIII, Part IV, No. 1. Flora of Peru. By J. Francis Macbride. June 30, 1941. 566 pages. Edition 834. 497.—Report Series, Vol. 12, No. 2. Annual Report of the Director for the Yea 1940. January, 1941. 156 pages, 10 plates. Edition 5,688. 498.— ae Series, Vol. 33, No. 1. Camp, Clan, and Kin amon Seminole of Florida. By Mexentiet Spoehr. August 2, 28 pages, 1 text-figure. Edition 802. 499.— Zoological Series, Vol. 24, No. 21. The Herpetological Fauna of the Sal. Basin, Baja Verapaz, Guatemala. By Kari P. Schmidt and L. C. Stua August 30, 1941. 16 pages, 2 text-figures. Edition 897. 500.—Zoological Series, Vol. 24, No. 22. Copulatory ae in Snakes. By Clifford H. Pope. August 30, 1941. 4 pages, 1 text-figure. Edition & PUBLICATIONS AND PRINTING 419 501.—Zoological Series, Vol. 24, No. 23. A New Subspecies of Sceloporus jarrovii from Mexico. By Hobart M. Smith and Bryce C. Brown. August 30, 1941. 6 pages, 1 text-figure. Edition 810. 502.—-Geological Series, Vol. 8, No. 5. A New Procyonid from the Miocene of Nebraska. By Paul O. McGrew. September 20, 1941. 4 pages, 2 text- figures. Edition 935. 503.—Geological Series, Vol. 8, No. 6. A New Miocene Lagomorph. By Paul O. McGrew. September 20, 1941. 6 pages, 1 text-figure. Edition 943. 504.—Geological Series, Vol. 8, No. 7. A New Erinaceid from the Lower Miocene. By Grayson E. Meade. September 30, 1941. 6 pages, 1 text-figure. Edition 909. 505.—Zoological Series, Vol. 24, No. 24. Records of Large Fresh-Water Mussels. By Fritz Haas. October 30, 1941. 12 pages. Edition 850. 506.—Botanical Series, Vol. 22, No. 7. Additions to Our Knowledge of the American and Hawaiian Floras. By Earl Edward Sherff. October 31, 1941. 388 pages. Edition 836. 507.—Geological Series, Vol. 8, No. 8. A New Phororhacoid Bird from the Deseado Formation of Patagonia. By Bryan Patterson. October 31, 1941. 6 pages, 1 text-figure. Edition 904. 508.—Geological Series, Vol. 8, No. 9. Heteromyids from the Miocene and Lower Oligocene. By Paul O. McGrew. October 31, 1941. 4 pages, 1 text-figure. Edition 938. 509.—Botanical Series, Vol. 20, No. 4. Tropical Marine Algae of the Arthur Schott Herbarium. By William Randolph Taylor. November 29, 1941. 24 pages, 2 plates. Edition 1,084. 510.—Geological Series, Vol. 9, No.1. The Aplodontoidea. By Paul O. McGrew. December 5, 1941. 30 pages, 13 text-figures. Edition 972. 511.—Zoological Series, Vol. 27. Papers on Mammalogy. Published in honor of Wilfred Hudson Osgood. December 8, 1941. 396 pages, 12 plates, 57 text-figures. Edition 782. 512.—Zoological Series, Vol. XXII, No. 8. The Amphibians and Reptiles of British Honduras. By Karl P. Schmidt. December 30, 1941. 38 pages, 1 text-figure. Edition 887. Reprinted from Botanical Series, Vol. XIII, Flora of Peru Botanical Series, Vol. XIII, Part IV, No. 1, pp. 181-202. Begoniaceae. By Lyman B. Smith and Bernice G. Schubert. June 30, 1941. 24 pages. Edition 212. Botanical Series, Vol. XIII, Part IV, No. 1, pp. 52-56. Lacistemaceae. By Charles Baehni. June 30, 1941. 6 pages. Edition 25. Botanical Series, Vol. XIII, Part IV, No. 1, pp. 56-82. Violaceae. By Charles Baehni and R. Weibel. June 30, 1941. 28 pages. Edition 25. Reprinted from Zoological Series, Vol. 27, Papers on M ammalogy Zoological Series, Vol. 27, pp. 17-36. Pygmy Sperm Whale in the Atlantic. By Glover M. Allen. December 8, 1941. 20 pages, 4 text-figures. Edition 76. Zoological Series, Vol. 27, pp. 37-124. Mammals Collected by the Vernay— Cutting Burma Expedition. By H. E. Anthony. December 8, 1941. 86 pages, 4 plates, 1 text-figure. Edition 102. Zoological Series, Vol. 27, pp. 125-136. Cranial and Dental Characters of Some South American Cervidae. By Angel Cabrera. December 8, 1941. 12 pages, 5 text-figures. Edition 76. Zoological Series, Vol. 27, pp. 137-228. The Arteries of the Forearm in Carnivores. By D. Dwight Davis. December 8, 1941. 92 pages, 34 text-figures. Edition 76. 420 Fretp Museum oF NATURAL History—REportTs, VOL. 12 Zoological Series, Vol. 27, pp. 229-232. A Pleistocene Otter from lowa. oy ——— A. Goldman. December 8, 1941. 4 pages, 1 text-figure. tion 76. Zoological Series, Vol. 27, pp. 233-278. Revision of the Rodent Genus Microdipodops. By E. ond Hall. December 8, 1941. 46 pages, 8 text-figures. Edition 303. Zoological Series, Vol. 27, pp. 279-292. The Femoral Trochanters. By 2. razier Howell. December 8, 1941. 14 pages, 2 text-figures. Edition io. Zoological Series, Vol. 27, pp. 293-312. On the Identity of the tg ori Sagmatias amblodon. By Remington Kellogg. December 8, 1941. 20 pages, 7 plates. Edition 102. Zoological Series, Vol. 27, pp. 313-318. Incisor Tips of Young Rodents. aa “oh Lawrence. mber 8, 1941. 6 pages, 2 text-figures. tion 76. Zoological say eg 27, PP. 319-370. The Races of the Ocelot and the Margay. By R. I. Pocock. December 8, 1941. 52 pages. Edition 76. Zoological Series, Vol. 27, pp. 371-388. Descriptions and Records of Neotropical Bats. rf Colin Campbell Sanborn. December 8, 1941. 18 pages. Edition 102. Memorrs SERIES Goss Memoirs, Vol. 2. The U bast Ordovician Fauna of Frobisher Bay, Baffin Land. By Sharat Kumar Roy. September 30, 1941. 212 pages, 146 text-figures. Edition 909. LEAFLET SERIES Anthropology, No. 33. Archaeology of South America. By J. Eric Thompson. 160 12 plates, 1 map, 18 text-figures. Reprint. March, 1941. Edition 554. Anthro logy, No. 31. Prehistoric Man. Hall of the Stone Age of the Old World. By Henry Field, with a oe Berthold Laufer. 44 : °—_ 1 map, 1 cover design. Third edition. December, 1941. ition 3,000. Geology, No. 14. A Forest of the Coal Age. By B. E. Dahlgren. 40 - Bags - —— 3 maps, 1 cover design. Reprint. March, ; ition 1,101. Geology, No. 4. Meteorites. By Oliver C. Farrington. 12 pages, 4 plates. Reprint. December, 1941. Edition 2,000. HANDBOOK SERIES Handbook. General information concerning the M its history building, exhibits, expeditions, and activities. Tenth edition. July, 1941. 78 pages, 8 plates, 1 cover design. Edition 2,555. Guipe SERIES General Guide to Field Museum of Natural History Exhibits. Sa oo 1941. 56 pages, 6 plates, 3 text-figures, 1 cover design. General Guide to Field Museum of Natural History Exhibits. Twenty- first edition. 1941. Reprint. 56 pages, 6 plates, 3 text-figures, 1 cover design. Edition 2,077. PHOTOGRAPHY AND ILLUSTRATION The Division of Photography reports for 1941 a total production of 25,373 items. This figure includes negatives, prints, bromide ae PHOTOGRAPHY AND ILLUSTRATION 421 enlargements, lantern slides, transparencies, etc. Although a few hundred of these were made for sales, fulfilling orders received from other institutions, publishers, and the public, the great majority were necessary to meet the various requirements of the Departments and Divisions of the Museum. The Museum staff Photographer and his assistant were respon- sible for the production of 11,778 items; the remainder, consisting chiefly of the making of prints of routine character, was produced by workers assigned by the federal Work Projects Administration during the period preceding July 1, at which time this project ceased. Included in the WPA production was a great number of prints of type specimens of plants for the herbarium as a result of the negatives collected in Europe through the efforts of the Depart- ment of Botany over a period of more than ten years prior to the beginning of the war. More than 100,000 negatives are now included in the photographic files of the Museum, making available pictures for various uses covering an enormous number of subjects in every one of the institu- tion’s Departments. In order that this material may be used to full advantage an elaborate system of classifying, indexing, and number- ing negatives and prints has become necessary, and is being carried on with skill and speed as has been the case in several years past. This work during 1941 involved more than 62,000 items handled or operations performed. The Museum Collotyper produced a total of 723,600 prints during 1941. These included illustrations for publications and leaflets, covers for books and pamphlets, picture post cards, headings for lecture posters, and miscellaneous items. The Museum Illustrator produced 142 drawings, the majority of which were used for publication purposes; the remainder for exhibitions, experimental work, etc. Besides scientific drawings, there were graphs, charts, transparencies, diagrams, lettered plates, mimeograph stencil drawings, and an oil painting. The drawing, lettering, and coloring of 79 maps was a major item, as was also the retouching, etching, and opaquing of 501 photographic negatives. Photographs retouched, lettered, and tinted numbered 69, and stereopticon slides colored were 266 in number. Other miscellaneous work included the tooling of 51 cuts, and the correcting, retouching, and lettering of 50 drawings made by outside illustrators and sub- mitted for Museum publications. Assistance in the designing of a poster publicizing Harwa, the X-rayed mummy, was given to the 422 FieLD MUSEUM OF NATURAL History—Reports, VoL. 12 Division of Public Relations. A three-colored poster and a three- colored folder announcing activities of the Raymond Foundation were also designed. MAINTENANCE AND CONSTRUCTION An important improvement for the comfort and convenience of the public was the construction, in the north center portion of the ground floor, of new lavatories with an adjacent lobby and rest room, replacing former facilities. The new arrangement practically doubles capacity and provides a waiting room where men, women, and children all may meet. Facilities for smoking are also provided. Separate from the public rooms is a rest room to care for cases of emergency illness or accident. The fixtures and fittings from the old rooms were disposed of, and the east room is being converted into additional exhibition area for Hall B (New World Archaeology), while the west room is being reconstructed as an enlargement of the children’s lunch room. Three smaller lavatories were also built for employees’ use: one adjoining the guards’ rooms; one adjacent to the Cafeteria employees’ dressing rooms, and one on the fourth floor near the paint shop. A large amount of exterior repair work was done during the year. All four elevations were given attention as to tuck pointing and painting of woodwork. All exterior sashes were painted, includ- ing those in light courts on the second and third floors. White paint, which gives better protection and appearance than the former black finish, was applied to sashes, frames, and screens of the light courts. — The parapet walls on the north side of the building at the third — floor level were removed and rebuilt to correct an outward “lean.” Expansion joints were built in at proper intervals to prevent a recurrence of this condition. t The main roof skylight above Stanley Field Hall was a source of considerable trouble during a rather wet autumn, and it became necessary to recondition it. This work was begun late in the year under a time-and-material contract calling for completion in 1942. Fifty-five casement sashes and frames were replaced by double hung sashes of white pine with frames of tidewater cypress, com- pleting all sash replacement on the fourth floor. The roof slabs of the boiler room and shipping room, which form part of the terrace floor, were caulked and painted to prevent leaks. The weeds growing in the terrace walk were eliminated with special acid, and the edges of the lawn were trimmed straight. MAINTENANCE AND CONSTRUCTION 423 When the United States entered the war, equipment was pur- chased to repair, replace, and increase fire-fighting apparatus throughout the building. Windows in the night guards’ rooms, and the boiler and pump rooms, were prepared for possible ‘‘blackouts.”’ Sashes at each end of the second floor exhibition halls on the east side of the building were rehung to give the maintenance and guard forces better access to the roofs of each light court. This was essential because in the exhibition halls dioramas or transparencies bar most of the windows which would normally be used. To identify the building for strangers in its vicinity, four new signs were made and placed in remodeled standards at the north and south entrances. Several other signs were purchased and hung in the exhibition halls. The Museum’s carpenters also made a number of boxes and crates required for various Departments and Divisions. A special ladder was built for the Staff Artist, and a stationery cabinet was made for the Division of Public Relations. A large stationery and clothes cabinet was constructed and installed in the Raymond Foundation office to replace a miscellaneous assort- ment of old furniture. Two bulletin boards were made and hung on the third floor. A great deal of time was spent on repair and maintenance of door checks, window screens, fire extinguishers, etc. The areas under and near the south steps on the ground floor, and the entire shipping room, were cleaned. Old cases were dis- mantled, and usable material was salvaged for future use. A large amount of wall washing and painting was done during the year. A new safety steel scaffold was purchased and used in washing and starching the walls and statuary in Stanley Field Hall. Rooms 14, 15, 49, 79, 82, 84, 85, 86, and 89 were washed and painted. The north corridor on the ground floor, leading to the new rest rooms and Cafeteria, was redecorated. The shaft of the passenger elevator was washed and painted. A new rubber tile floor was installed in the Registrar’s office, and the room was com- pletely redecorated. The janitorial force was fitted out with new uniforms under a system whereby the laundry cleans the uniforms and the Museum pays only the laundry charges on each soiled garment. A special room was constructed on the ground floor for the Department of Anthropology, to house the X-ray and fluoroscope equipment used in the new exhibit of the mummy Harwa. Light boxes were installed over the cases in Edward E. and Emma B. Ayer Hall (Hall 2—Archaeology of Etruria and Rome). 424 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— REPORTS, VOL. 12 A large portion of the construction work required in the remodeling of Hall B (New World Archaeology) was done. Nineteen new “built-in” cases were completed, except for the final coat of paint; two floor cases were remodeled, and five new cases were purchased. Work in this hall will continue in 1942. A new storage room was completed at the south end of the third floor. In the working quarters of the Department of Botany, steel door storage cases from Rooms 14 and 15 were reinstalled in Room 17, thus permitting the other two rooms to be equipped and redeco- rated for office use. Two 8-door herbarium cases were set up in Room 9. Steel racks were assembled in Room 61 for storage of metal cans containing specimens. The case for the Atlantic inter- tidal vegetation diorama in Martin A. and Carrie Ryerson Hall (Hall 29—Plant Life) was glazed and trimmed. The work of reconstructing H. N. Higinbotham Hall of Gems and Jewels (Hall 31), begun in 1940, was completed in time for a public opening in June. Construction was begun on four cases for the Department of Geology for use in Hall 36. Additional book- shelving was added to the Department's library, and a 12-door metal storage case was set up in Room 116 after rearranging the laboratory sink and equipment. The remodeling and building of cases for the Division of Paleon- tology was continued, and only nine cases remain to be remodeled. Twenty ‘‘open base” cases were moved from Ernest R. Graham Hall (Hall 38) to Frederick J. V. Skiff Hall (Hall 37), and twenty old cases in the latter were dismantled. A number of bases for mounting specimens were constructed, and two large discarded cases were remodeled to house a study collection in Room 107. Four cases were prepared for an exhibit illustrating embryology which is to be installed in Hall 19 (Anatomy and Osteology). The location chosen for this exhibit made it necessary to make extensive shifts of other exhibits in the hall. Three wall-suspended cases — were constructed for the Department of Zoology. Eight new cases were purchased for the west end of Albert W. Harris Hall (Hall 18) to house new insect exhibits in preparation. — Two of the pyramid screens needed for these were made. Light boxes were installed on the cases in George M. Pullman Hall (Hall 13), Albert W. Harris Hall (Hall 18), and Hall 19 (Anatomy and Osteology). It was necessary thoroughly to clean the glass on the in- side of the cases in Halls 13 and 18, a task which required removal of many exhibits, but a marked improvement was thus achieved. i | i (1g PH) eH wey oquisiAt *N “H wood ayy Jo Ajnveq sy} SooUBYUO MOPUTA ssvjs Aueyly Y “surly sT| JUeosotony YIM peddinba qiyxo jo sodA} Ulopoul Mou Aq ‘a1ojoq JaAeu sev ‘yno 1YBnNoIq St UOLJoa][Oo JUDDYLUseU oY} JO IO}OO PUB aouRTyiuq [ny ayy STAaMAL UGNV SNGD JAO TIVH MUN AHL AO LUuVd AO ASHNIID V SosBvo UO AloystH] [eanNgRN Jo wanesn]] Plt — ZE Ald ‘SI “TOA ‘SHOodey » ee es oe THE LIBRAKT OF THE WRIVERSITY OF LLiNTS MAINTENANCE AND CONSTRUCTION 425 The “‘built-in’”’ case for the crocodile group at the east end of Harris Hall was glazed and trimmed, as was the case for the new peacock habitat group in Hall 20. Preparations were made for the accommodation of a habitat group of Galapagos fishes in Hall O. Partitions with doors were built at the west end and center of the Hall of Fishes (Hall O) to separate it from the service area. About ninety lineal feet of counter, two research tables, and a wall cabinet were built and installed in Room 86 (Division of Insects). The interior wooden racks of three steel storage cases in this room were remodeled so as to make the trays of adjoining cases inter- changeable with them. A base was built for a mammal group to be placed in Hall 15. Four benches were constructed for mounting new electric power tools used by preparators in Room 99 of the Department of Zoology. Shelves in the metal storage cases on the west side of the fourth floor were shifted, and additional shelves added for the Division of Herpetology. Expedition equipment, including two glass-bottomed buckets for under-water studies, were made for the Division of Fishes. Three racks on casters, to fit metal specimen tanks and alcohol drums, were also made. Metal ends were made and fitted to shelving in the storage cases on the east side of the fourth floor for the Division of Lower Invertebrates. Construction was begun on three work rooms for taxidermists and preparators at the north end of the east side of the fourth floor. Steel beams and floor to form a mezzanine for future storage cases were erected, and completion is scheduled for early in 1942. The N. W. Harris Public School Extension delivery trucks were fitted with new shelves. New shades were purchased and installed in the photographer’s operating room. The relocation and reconstruction of the Library and stack room (begun in 1940) was completed. Two book trucks were made for the Library. All four boilers were thoroughly cleaned. New baffle tiles were installed where necessary, a total of 750 tube tiles being used; 160 arch tiles were used in repairs on one of the boilers; a new circulating tube was installed in another. The stokers were repaired wherever necessary. The coal conveyor was overhauled; several new buckets and eighteen feet of worm screw were installed. New hopper chutes were made for the ash conveyor. Soot blowers were removed and ill 426 Fretp Museum or NATURAL History—Reports, VOL. 12 repaired, 125 feet of new pipe being used. The smoke stack was relined with asbestos blocks. A new shaft was installed on the bilge pump in the boiler room. A new steam boiler feed pump was in- stalled by the engine room crew, along with a new electric boiler feed unit. A new six-inch water main was run into the building from the Thirteenth Street main to provide against emergency shutdowns in the regular service. Valves and check valves were installed in the lines in compliance with Board of Health regulations. Vacuum pumps were overhauled and repacked. The hydraulic elevator at the shipping and receiving room entrance was repacked and necessary repairs made. ; Under contracts of several years’ standing the Museum furnished 11,805,214 pounds of steam to the John G. Shedd Aquarium, 5,931,362 pounds to Soldier Field, and 8,063,705 pounds to the Chicago Park District Administration Building. Fluorescent lighting was extended to Halls 2, 13, 18, and 19 under the program for improvement of illumination inaugurated in 1939. Some fluorescent lighting was installed also in the Library, and in Rooms 48, 56, 75, 85, 89, and 107. The new exhibition cases in H. N. Higinbotham Hall of Gems and Jewels (Hall 31) were provided with fluorescent lights and ventilating fans. In the Hall of Chinese Jades (Hall 30) the lights were replaced with larger lamps which greatly improved illumination. — Additional lights were installed in Halls 29 and 38, and in the egg storage room on the third floor. Altogether, 1,036 new light units were installed. ‘ New feeder cable was run from the switch room to supply current — for the new lavatories and the X-rayed mummy case in Hall J. Water and drain lines were also supplied to meet requirements for operation of the X-ray machine. An alarm system was developed and installed in the Hall Gems. A microphone was purchased and a public address system set up in the James Simpson Theatre, using the existent equipment. All the lavatories on the third floor were checked over equipment was replaced where necessary. A new lavatory installed in Room 14. All cases in Halls 13, 15, 16, 17, 22, and C were poisoned protect their contents against damage by insects, etc. PUBLIC RELATIONS 427 PUBLIC RELATIONS Despite the ever-increasing demands made upon their space by news of the war and other critical events, the newspapers of Chicago and of the nation continued to give their columns generously to information for the public released through Field Museum’s press bureau. Of prime importance to the Museum, of course, is publicity in the local metropolitan dailies, and deep appreciation is due to the Chicago Daily News, Chicago Tribune, Chicago Daily Times, Chicago Herald-American, and Chicago Journal of Commerce, all of which have been co-operating with the Museum for years, and also to a newcomer, the Chicago Sun, which began publication toward the end of 1941. In addition to the large dailies, the Museum directed its publicity efforts to hundreds of papers each of which reaches special groups of readers, such as the community newspapers and the foreign language papers circulated among the populations of distinct neighborhoods within Chicago, and the principal dailies and weeklies published in the city’s suburbs and in other parts of Illinois and neighboring states. Much desirable publicity was obtained also in the pages of various special newspapers and period- icals, such as This Week in Chicago, Downtown Shopping News, National Corporation Reporter, and Daily Law Bulletin. In other cities throughout the nation, and to some extent inter- nationally, the attention of prospective visitors to Chicago was directed to Field Museum through news releases carried in the wire and mail services of such agencies as the Associated Press, United Press, International News Service, and Science Service. Leading newspapers in New York, Boston, Los Angeles, and other cities receive, at their own request, news direct from Field Museum’s press bureau so that they may have a more complete coverage than can be afforded by the national news services. Stories about the Museum appeared frequently also in the news-magazine Time, in the Illustrated London News, and other important magazines in this country and abroad. Nearly 300 news releases were prepared by the Public Relations Counsel and distributed through all of the above-mentioned channels, in many cases accompanied by photographs. In addition supple- mentary material was furnished constantly to reporters and photog- raphers sent to the Museum on special assignments. As has occurred in past years, news from the Museum occasionally also was followed up by the appearance of an editorial on the subject of the institution’s releases. | 428 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL History— Reports, VoL. 12 As a result of the reopening of the newly installed Hall of Gems and Jewels (Hall 31, H. N. Higinbotham Hall), and the opening of the entirely new Hall of Fishes (Hall 0), the Museum received especially lavish publicity, with several pictorial “spreads,”’ includ- ing a page in full colors in the Chicago Sunday Tribune. The Sunday Tribune, on its own initiative, also published late in the year a comprehensive illustrated article on the Museum's purposes and accomplishments. Special attention was devoted to the release of articles relating the Museum exhibits to current topics of the day, as, for example, featuring the institution's exhibits from Pacific islands when public interest was focused upon that area due to the attacks on Hawaii, the Philippines, the Dutch East Indies, and Malaya. The Museum co-operated in a number of instances with other civic agencies in joint publicity. As usual, a constant flow of releases was maintained about all current activities such as expeditions, research, new ex- hibits, lectures, children’s programs, etc. To maintain constant and intimate contact with the several thousand persons who contribute to the Museum's support through membership subscriptions, the monthly bulletin Field Museum News was continued in publication, completing its twelfth volume and year. Distributed to all Members promptly at the beginning of each month, this bulletin kept them informed of the institution's activities, and brought them illustrated articles on scientific subjects of popular interest. Besides providing a service to the membership, — Field Museum News operates as an exchange medium in the Mu- seum's relationships with other similar institutions, and also as the source of much additional publicity—many of its articles are re printed or quoted in the daily press and in a wide variety of periodi- cals, including magazines both for the general reader and those addressed to specialized classes, such as trade and technical journals. Radio stations and networks continued to co-operate in the Museum's publicity by carrying news from the institution, and by presenting special programs devoted to Museum activities or featuring members of the staff as speakers. Especially notable were programs about the work of the Museum presented in the series ‘A World of Interest’’ by Mrs. Clifton (Frane) Utley, well- known radio personality, on station WBBM and the network of the Columbia Broadcasting System. The Museum continued to benefit from advertising facilities made available by the Chicago Rapid Transit Lines, the Chicago, MEMBERSHIP 429 Aurora and Elgin Railroad, the Chicago, North Shore and Mil- waukee Railroad, the Chicago and North Western Railway, the Illinois Central System, and the Chicago Surface Lines. Through the co-operation of the Illinois Art Project of the federal Work Projects Administration the Museum was enabled to issue a number of attractive posters for use in the stations and cars of the above named transportation companies, and in libraries, travel bureaus, schools, office buildings, department stores, hotels, and elsewhere. As has been the practice for years past, many thousands of descrip- tive folders advertising the Museum were distributed through these various agencies, and also thousands of folders announcing the Sunday afternoon lectures presented at the Museum by Mr. Paul G. Dallwig, The Layman Lecturer. Likewise, thousands of folders were provided for delegates attending the many conventions held in Chicago. Valuable contacts for the promotion of the Museum’s press and radio relations were maintained through its representation, by the Public Relations Counsel, in the Publicity Club of Chicago and the Chicago Conference on Association Publicity. DIVISION OF MEMBERSHIPS Although the demands of taxes and contributions necessary for national defense produced varied and unusual drains on the resources of all citizens during the past year, it is indeed encouraging to be able to report a net increase of 89 in the number of Museum Members on record in 1941. This is an improvement in number and in rate of increase compared with 1940. The total of new Members enrolled in 1941 was 451, against a loss of 362 incurred through transfers, cancellations and deaths. The total number of memberships as of December 31, 1941, was 4,313. Field Museum is greatly indebted to the many Members who have associated themselves with its activities, and the administra- tion of this institution wishes to express its gratitude and apprecia- tion for their loyal support. Such public-spirited co-operation and support constitutes a most important factor in making possible the successful continuation of the educational and cultural program of the Museum. An expression of deep appreciation is due also to those Members who found it necessary to discontinue their memberships, and it is hoped when conditions are more favorable that they will again enroll as Members of this institution. 430 FreLpD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HistorY—Reports, VOL. 12 The following tabulation shows the number of names on the list of each membership classification at the end of 1941: Honorary Members..........0.0... scdctee sya 12 Pattous. .