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You may be charged a minimum fee of $75.00 for each lost book. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. TO RENEW CALL TELEPHONE CENTER, 333-8400 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN APR 0 4 1898 When renewing by phone, write new due date below previous due date. L162 — f $5 oe Ss THE LIGRARY | : OF Tie ee ONIVERSSTY QF ILLINOIS ELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HisToRY FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893 PUBLICATION 318 REPORT SERIES Vou. IX, No. 2 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE “DIRECTOR TO THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES FOR THE YEAR 1932 i aL HISTORY Yule @ FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD , . 1893 CHICAGO, U. S. A. JANUARY, 1933 NIVERSHTY OF (LEINOIS Field Museum of Natural History Reports, Vol. IX, Plate XXIII ALBERT W. HARRIS A Trustee of the Museum, Chairman of the Finance Committee, and a generous supporter of the N. W. Harris Public School Extension ae - a FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893 PUBLICATION 318 REPORT SERIES VoL. IX, No. 2 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR TO THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES FOR THE YEAR 1932 = M ue ans ee ly Ae Y f NATURAL 2. HISTORY CHICAGO, U.S. A. JANUARY, 1933 290 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—REPORTS, VOL. IX BEQUESTS Bequests to Field Museum of Natural History may be made in securities, money, books or collections. They may, if desired, take the form of a memorial to a person or cause, to be named by the giver. For those desirous of making bequests to the Museum, the following form is suggested: FORM OF BEQUEST I do hereby give and bequeath to Field Museum of Natural History of the City of Chicago, State of Illinois, Cash contributions made within the taxable year to Field Museum of Natural History to an amount not in excess of 15 per cent of the taxpayer’s net income are allow- able as deductions in computing net income under Article 251 of Regulation 69 relating to the income tax under the Revenue Act of 1926. Endowments may be made to the Museum with the provision that an annuity be paid to the patron during his or her lifetime. These annuities are tax-free and are guaranteed against fluctuation in amount. PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS JAN. 1933 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 291 CONTENTS FS BEV (Oy gl Sir Se See NEY I Wn ay at A a 293 iicers, Trustees and Committees, 1982 .......... 295 Former Members of the Board of Trustees ........ 296 PERRET 25h! og pf a? ARS SM age he Fok ay ie 297 PERE id 0 a) Se As ice CONS ATM Ch eh RE an SLES 298 SPISIBENIE UITCCLOT ©. a ce ei ee eee a 299 menarment of Anthropology . . ...03 20.0 5 2 ss 6: 318 Pete aia TH Ol ASOCANY +6). s)ce.) So beh Sy NN slate 327 Sesematment of Geology: oc. 6k oe Ra eS aS 340 Meeeement OF FOGlOSY 6a oS a eo oe Rk egos 354 The N. W. Harris Public School Extension ....... 364 James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond Foundation for Public School and Children’s Lectures ........ 365 Meee OMOr AGNES 2 Ged vane |e WSU alee eee Ne a 371 “oP PEL RA gv SOS See nee Ce eee OO AP 372 we OPISTVTTE) (GPA eet 0 01 8 21 a a 373 Divisions of Photography and Illustration ....... 374 Pmiemiot PTDMeAGIONSs —2) ce ty Ge keds Be ae ie 375 PevitaniGl Fr uplic MelatiONS ... 66.65 6s ee nS 375 Mission or Memberships...) 6.6 a se oe Soe 377 (ETE PER Pie ERAN sie PRS TS he tate EEC ES Act Gn cat a on 377 Comparative Attendance Statistics and Door Receipts . . 378 Comparative Financial Statements .......... 379 ED TER JO DESIST CTC IOAN sd en ann. aca 380 MPEP VCHIRETS (osm a Gy wl inle! Gonna dy etiam 3 ole ede 397 ESTCIEYO Frys sly ete eave CR Sa 397 Peenoraryr NMETMIEES fac) ik. eats ifs) eos, eck al seen eos 397 A ie irene ee whe MEE: iu ba Sse ACR Ae ea ao 397 292 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—ReEports, VOL. [X Contributors) ee a Oke rr 398 Corporate’ Members 0°.) °S)heoi 29) 399 Life; Members (0). BCS 399 Non-Resident Life Members ........... 401 Associate Members. 3.06060) 000.00)... 402 Non-Resident Associate Members ......... 416 Sustaining Members: 2... .00. 0 27 2 2 416 Annual Members 2.00. ).0506) 0020 6) Ag ins. BES JAN. 1933 XXITI. XXIV. XXV. XXVI. XXVII. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX. XXXI. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR LIST OF PLATES PPPIEEGVACS ERATTIS) 00) 4, oc oh oaiy Gule UIA a Lie he Late’ Martin A. Ryerson <2 Sh. African Scene Representing a Water-hole in BOULHERN EADY SSINIA 0h. Sa Ar hen ne hae Section of George T. and Frances Gaylord Smith beable edet ly 24) ia ce emi ce a hte Reema Mer aie Reproduction of Flowering Branch of Tulip Tree CEariodendron tulipifera) 3 aes en ee 2. Mural Painting, African Reptiles of Permian SPS at ee he Wer eC ee patos 0 Sia oapleAntelope: oe be Mmdian Watersbullalo . 20). ee See ek Type of Case Loaned to the Schools of Chicago by the N. W. Harris Public School Extension . 293 312 320 336 348 356 360 368 ( j ‘ ee . + 4 ‘ 2 j ¥ 4 B) y i } ‘ i i ‘ ) fae yen call AN te Le 1 . JAN. 1933 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 295 OFFICERS, TRUSTEES AND COMMITTEES, 1932 President STANLEY FIELD First Vice-President Second Vice-President MARTIN A. RYERSON* ALBERT A. SPRAGUE Third Vice-President Secretary JAMES SIMPSON STEPHEN C. SIMMS Treasurer and Assistant Secretary SOLOMON A. SMITH BOARD OF TRUSTEES SEWELL L. AVERY WILLIAM H. MITCHELL JOHN BORDEN FREDERICK H. RAWSON WILLIAM J. CHALMERS GEORGE A. RICHARDSON MARSHALL FIELD MARTIN A. RYERSON* STANLEY FIELD FRED W. SARGENT ERNEST R. GRAHAM STEPHEN C. SIMMS ALBERT W. HARRIS JAMES SIMPSON SAMUEL INSULL, JR. SOLOMON A. SMITH WILLIAM V. KELLEY* ALBERT A. SPRAGUE Cyrus H. McCormick SILAS H. STRAWN JOHN P. WILSON COMMITTEES Executive—Stanley Field, Albert W. Harris, William J. Chalmers, James Simpson, Albert A. Sprague, Marshall Field, Ernest R. Graham, Silas H. Strawn. Finance.—Albert W. Harris, Martin A. Ryerson,* James Simpson, Solomon A. Smith, Frederick H. Rawson. Building— William J. Chalmers, Cyrus H. McCormick, Samuel Insull, Jr., Ernest R. Graham, William H. Mitchell. Auditing.—James Simpson, George A. Richardson, Fred W. Sargent. Pension.—Albert A. Sprague, William V. Kelley,* Solomon A. Smith. * DECEASED 296 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—REPORTS, VOL. IX FORMER MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES GEORGEIE ADAMS *) 50) crise Jel Ne eet ewe ee eon ae 1893-1917 OWENHNS ALDIS# 5) 52, USS cre rere ee 1893-1898 IATTAISON Vi. ARMOUR. 3s ernie re slic eles ne See 1893-1894 EDWARD Oc AVER Ge oi. 2 Aus sel Reem a 1893-1927 JOHN’ C! DEACK* 30085.) s/c ahs eee en ee eae ee 1893-1894 IM. C2 BULLOCK? |) .2) (coc leedeerey Cee ere 1893-1894 DANIEL H::BURNHAM™ 2)" e.le4 bareotentai ec) auicomenecane mee 1893-1894 GEORGE Ri. DAVIS oye eles os oc ed be ee ana 1893-1899 JAMES SW. TULESWORTH™ .)' sc) s6 cul cpietiee eueaen
o)o5c0d a hes hte Yaseen ote ae SHENG WRITE DC ct aus) ai OAD nn ec ater Ig FVATPHOMETCATE 1dr cia tase Nicene es. ecto eae Yaa ibe GRORGEMVUANIERR Eid eotac) Oats Seance ateiera a? Lame EEE DER ICKS sc Visas REE ri | ie cua sasha iy sia Mney es Pee Wee PRS eT PAVTISS Se ea a ae eR UND ee Te laa a oo vane aie * DECEASED 1894-1898 1898-1908 1894-1902 1902-1905 1906-1908 1909-1928 1921-1928 1894 1894-1907 1907-1921 1921-1928 1894-1914 1893-1921 1921-1928 297 298 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL History—ReEports, Vou. IX LIST OF STAFF STEPHEN C. SIMMS, Director DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY.—Berthold Laufer, Curator; A. L. Kroeber, Research Associate in American Archaeology. ASSISTANT CURATORS: Albert B. Lewis, Melanesian Ethnology; J. Eric Thompson, Central and South American Archaeology; Paul S. Martin, North American Archaeology; Wilfrid D. Hambly, African Ethnology; Henry Field, Physical Anthropology; T. George Allen, Egyptian Archaeology; John G. Prasuhn,* Modeler. DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY.—B. E. Dahlgren, Acting Curator; Paul C. Standley, Associate Curator of the Herbarium; J. Francis Macbride, Assistant Curator of Taxonomy; Samuel J. Record, Research Associate in Wood Tech- nology; Llewelyn Williams, Assistant in Wood Technology; Carl Neuberth, Custodian of the Herbarium. DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY.—Oliver C. Farrington, Curator; Henry W. Nichols, Associate Curator; Elmer S. Riggs, Associate Curator of Paleontology; Sharat K. Roy, Assistant Curator of Invertebrate Paleontology; Bryan Patterson, Assistant in Paleontology. DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY.—Wilfred H. Osgood, Curator. MAMMALS: Colin C. Sanborn, Assistant Curator; Julius Friesser, C. J. Albrecht, A. G. Rueckert, Taxidermists. Birps: C. E. Hellmayr, Associate Curator; Rudyerd Boulton, Assistant Curator; Boardman Conover, Research Associate; R. Magoon Barnes, Assistant Curator of Birds’ Eggs; Ashley Hine, Taxidermist. AMPHIB- IANS AND REPTILES: Karl P. Schmidt, Assistant Curator; Leon L. Walters, Taxidermist. FISHES: Alfred C. Weed, Assistant Curator; Leon L. Pray, Tazi- dermist. INSECTS: William J. Gerhard, Associate Curator; Emil Liljeblad, Assistant. OSTEOLOGY: Edmond N. Gueret, Assistant Curator; Dwight Davis, Assistant. ARTIST: Charles A. Corwin. N. W. HARRIS PUBLIC SCHOOL EXTENSION.—Stephen C. Simms, Acting Curator; A. B. Wolcott, Assistant Curator. JAMES NELSON AND ANNA LOUISE RAYMOND FOUNDATION.— Margaret M. Cornell, Chief; Franklin C. Potter, June Work,* Miriam Wood, Gordon S. Pearsall,* Guide-lecturers. LIBRARY.—Emily M. Wilcoxson, Librarian; Mary W. Baker, Assistant Librarian. ADMINISTRATION.—Clifford C. Gregg, Assistant to the Director; Benjamin Bridge, Auditor; Henry F. Ditzel, Registrar; Elsie H. Thomas, Recorder— in charge of publication distribution; H. B. Harte, Public Relations; Pearle Bilinske, Memberships; J. L. Jones, Purchasing Agent. PRINTING.—Dewey S. Dill, in charge; Lillian A. Ross, Editor and Proofreader. PHOTOGRAPHY AND ILLUSTRATION.—C. H. Carpenter, Photographer; Carl F. Gronemann, Illustrator; A. A. Miller, Photogravurist. MAINTENANCE.—John E. Glynn, Superintendent; W. H. Corning, Chief Engineer; W. E. Lake, Assistant Engineer. *RESIGNED ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1932 To the Trustees of Field Museum of Natural History: I have the honor to present a report of the operations of the Museum for the year ending December 31, 1932. The year 1932 stands out as one of acute economic and financial disturbance. Educational institutions, in common with all other public or quasi-public corporations, suffered a serious decline in the value of securities held in endowment funds, as well as a heavy decline in income from all sources. The Museum started the year with a very much reduced budget, but as the year advanced it became apparent that expenditures must be further reduced in order to keep them in line with a declining income. To accomplish this certain salaries were adjusted; then a horizontal reduction of 10 per cent was made in all salaries above $100 per month. Unfortunately, it was necessary also to reduce the staff in many divisions of the Museum, and to reduce sub- stantially, and in some cases discontinue, certain activities. All expeditions were called home, except those financed by funds especially contributed, and economies were put in force throughout the institution. The income in 1932 was $267,000 less than in 1931, and expenses were reduced $273,000; the item of general operation and main- tenance alone was reduced $198,000 (see financial statement on page 379). In spite of this the institution has been able to give full service to the public, and, in fact, has extended its educational influence to a greater number of persons than in any previous year. The number of visitors to the Museum during 1932 was 1,824,202, an increase of 308,666, as compared with 1931, or 20 per cent—this compares with an increase of 13.5 per cent in 1931 over 1930. The number of persons (chiefly children) reached by extra-mural educa- tional activities conducted by the institution was approximately 700,000, making a total of some 2,500,000 persons who benefited directly from the Museum’s operations. Even this figure does not take into consideration the incalculable number of people, probably running into millions, who are the recipients of knowledge dis- 299 300 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—REPORTS, VOL. IX seminated from the Museum in more indirect ways, such as circula- tion of its publications, leaflets and Field Museum News, reports of Museum activities published in the newspapers, radio broad- casting, motion picture newsreels, and other methods. In the face of the increased attendance, paid admissions decreased substantially in 1931 and 1932, a fact undoubtedly attributable to the business depression. Paid admissions in 1930 were 160,924; in 1931—126,207; and in 1932—82,607, a decrease of 341% per cent in paid attendance during the last mentioned year. It is noteworthy that only 41% per cent of the total number of visitors to the Museum during 1932 paid admission. The attend- ance on free days, plus the free admissions on pay days granted to Members, children, teachers, students, etc., amounted to 1,741,595 in 1932, or 226,055 more than the combined total of free and paid admissions during 1931. From these figures the conclusion seems to be fully justified that the Museum, in addition to its normal functions, is rendering special public service by providing something of interest for large numbers of people who for the time being are no longer able to afford other forms of recreation. The highest attendance for any single day during 1932 occurred on Sunday, September 4, when 36,629 persons visited the Museum. It is estimated that more than one-third of the visitors to the Museum were children. In addition to these, 181,672 children heard, in their classrooms and assemblies, natural history lessons (illustrated with stereopticon slides) presented by lecturers from the Museum sent to the schools by the James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond Foundation for Public School and Children’s Lectures; and more than 500,000 children were given daily oppor- tunities throughout the school year for study of the traveling natural history exhibits circulated by the Department of the N. W. Harris Public School Extension among all the public schools, and many private schools, community centers, and other institutions of Chicago. The schedule of deliveries and collections of these cases maintained by the Harris Extension provides each school with two of these cases every two weeks. The Raymond Foundation, in addition to the extension lectures in the schools mentioned above, provided at the Museum itself programs and tours for 69,447 children (included in the general attendance figures for the Museum), thus making a total of 251,119 reached by the Foundation’s various activities both inside and outside the building. JAN. 1933 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 301 In recognition of his eminent services to the Museum, and his noteworthy contributions to anthropological knowledge about the Chinese, Dr. Davidson Black, Professor of Anatomy at Peking Union Medical College (Rockefeller Foundation), Peiping, China, was elected a Corresponding Member of the Museum. Dr. Black is noted for his research work in comparative anatomy and physical anthropology. During the visit to China of Miss Malvina Hoffman, the sculptor commissioned by Field Museum to make bronze figures, busts and heads of various racial types for Chauncey Keep Memorial Hall, Dr. Black cooperated wholeheartedly, placing excel- lent facilities for work at her disposal, and assisting her in obtaining living models of the types most desired. In recognition of his gifts, which in 1932 reached a total of more than $3,000 in value, the name of Dr. Earl E. Sherff was added to the list of Contributors to the Museum. New Life Members of the Museum elected during 1932 are Mrs. C. T. Boynton and Mrs. Ogden Armour. A list of Members in all classes will be found at the end of this Report (p. 397). With keenest regret there must be recorded here the loss by death of two of the Museum’s Trustees, Mr. William V. Kelley, and Mr. Martin A. Ryerson. The great services and benefactions the Museum received from these two men are indicated in the resolutions in their honor adopted after their deaths by their fellow Trustees. At its meeting held on February 15 the Board of Trustees adopted the following resolution in honor of Mr. Kelley: “Tt is with deep sorrow and the sense of a great loss that the Board of Trustees of Field Museum of Natural History does hereby record the death, on January 21, 1932, of its esteemed member, William V. Kelley, who was a true friend of science and of the Museum. “The death of Mr. Kelley, whose rare personal charm endeared him to all, represents a keenly felt personal loss to the Trustees. To the institution it means the passing of one whose deep interest in its mission led him to give freely to it of his time and his thought, as well as in the form of many generous benefactions. “Mr. Kelley will be remembered not only at Field Museum, but throughout the scientific world, for the increase in zoological knowledge which he made possible by financing so generously the William V. Kelley—Roosevelts Expedition to Eastern Asia for Field 302 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—REPORTS, VOL. IX Museum in 1928-29. This expedition, one of the greatest and most successful undertakings of its kind, obtained many specimens of rare animals in little-known regions, and its results, exemplified by highly valued additions to the Museum’s exhibits and study collec- tions, and by publications containing noteworthy contributions to the world’s store of knowledge, make a perpetual monument to the memory of Mr. Kelley. It was in recognition of this that the Trustees dedicated one of the Museum halls—William V. Kelley Hall. “Mr. Kelley’s life was a splendid example of the rise of a man of ability and high principles from humble beginnings to a position of leadership. By the sheer force of his talents and his fidelity to his work he carved for himself an influential career in various industries and in banking. “Field Museum was one of the principal beneficiaries of the intelligent public-spirited interest he manifested in civic affairs. Impressed with the work the Museum was accomplishing as an educative influence in the community, Mr. Kelley became a Life Member. As his interest grew his many gifts to the institution assumed large proportions, and the Trustees honored him by adding his name to the list of Benefactors. In further tribute to his valuable services, the Trustees elected him an Honorary Member, and in October, 1929, chose him as a fellow Trustee. In this capacity he continued to serve with the greatest zeal until the last days of his life. Still further evidence of his deep and genuine interest in and affection for the Museum was revealed when his will, in which he bequeathed $50,000 to the institution, was probated. “Therefore, be it resolved that this expression of our admiration and esteem for Mr. Kelley, and our grief at his passing and the loss of his counsel and companionship, be permanently preserved on the records of the Board. “And, be it further resolved that our deep sympathy be conveyed to the members of his family in their bereavement, and that a copy of this resolution be sent to his widow.” At a meeting of the Board of Trustees held on November 21, the following resolution was adopted in honor of Mr. Ryerson: “The Trustees of Field Museum of Natural History sorrowfully record the death of Martin A. Ryerson, a veteran fellow member of the Board, whose great and valuable services to the institution began at the time of its founding and continued throughout the years since. Mr. Ryerson died on August 11, 1932, at the age of JAN. 1933 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 303 seventy-five. He was one of the Incorporators of Field Museum, a Trustee since it was organized in 1893, and First Vice-President since 1894. He rendered important services also as a member of the Executive Committee from 1894 to 1914, and as a member of the Finance Committee from 1901 to 1932. In addition, he was a Corporate Member, and became a Life Member about 1896. “Mr. Ryerson was one of the Museum’s staunchest friends and most ardent workers. The interest and enthusiasm he displayed at the time of the establishment of the institution never waned during all the subsequent years. He found time, despite his wide- spread business interests, to devote much thought and effort to the building up of a natural history institution which would fulfill the needs of Chicago, and of which the city could be proud. He was a man of remarkable intellect and insight, in whom extraordinary powers and abilities were matched to an exceptional degree by his gentleness, kindliness, and personal charm. He had a natural inborn sympathy with the aims of a great public institution of this kind, and a keen understanding of the best ways of accomplishing them. His sage advice was of tremendous value in the deliberations of the Trustees. His gifts, both in money and in additions to the collections, placed his name high on the Museum’s list of Con- tributors, while the many eminent services he rendered were given recognition by his election in 1922 as an Honorary Member. “Mr. Ryerson’s generosity toward the Museum was again revealed in his will which specified that upon the termination of certain life trusts, Field Museum is to share in his estate. “Mr. Ryerson bore an enviable reputation both at home and abroad as a connoisseur of art, and his collections rank among the finest, testifying to his thorough knowledge and excellent judgment —a judgment highly respected by artists, art critics, and other collectors alike. “Mr. Ryerson was highly esteemed in business, and was a leader in various important industrial and banking enterprises. He was a graduate in law of Harvard University, and had been signally honored by other universities. His public spirit was evidenced not only by his association with Field Museum, but also by his activity in connection with many other civic, educational, and charitable institutions of Chicago and other cities. “Therefore, be it resolved that this expression of our respect and admiration for Mr. Ryerson, and our heartfelt grief at the loss 304 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—REPoRTS, VOL. IX of his companionship and counsel, be spread upon the records of the Board: “‘And be it further resolved that our deep sympathy be conveyed to his widow in her bereavement, and that a copy of this resolution be sent to her.”’ Four other great friends of the Museum died during the year. Dr. George Frederick Kunz, a Patron and Corporate Member of the institution, died on June 29 in New York, at the age of seventy- six. He was an internationally known mineralogist and gem expert. Major John Coats, co-leader of two important Field Museum expedi- tions, and a Patron, Contributor, and Corporate Member of the Museum, died in August at his home in Ayrshire, Scotland. With Captain Harold A. White, of New York, he had jointly financed and led the Harold White-John Coats Abyssinian Expedition of Field Museum (1928-29), and the Harold White-John Coats Central African Expedition (1980-31), both of which obtained important zoological specimens for the Museum. Mr. Outram Bangs, Curator of Birds at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, died September 22. Mr. Bangs made studies of the birds collected by the William V. Kelley—Roosevelts Expedition to Eastern Asia for Field Museum, and reports prepared by him have been published in the zoological publications of the Museum. Mrs. Edward E. Ayer, an Honorary Member of Field Museum, and one of its Contributors, died on December 18. She was the widow of the late Edward E. Ayer, who was the first President of the Museum, and a Trustee from the time of the institution’s establishment until his death in 1927. Mrs. Ayer shared her husband’s enthusiasm for the Museum and his interest in its welfare. At the Annual Meeting of the Board of Trustees, held January 18, Mr. John P. Wilson and Mr. Sewell L. Avery were elected as Trustees to fill the vacancies caused by the death in 1931 of Mr. R. T. Crane, Jr., and the resignation in that year of Mr. William Wrigley, Jr., whose death in January, 1932, is regretfully recorded. No action was taken during 1932 by the Trustees toward filling the vacancies caused by the deaths of Trustees Kelley and Ryerson, or the office of First Vice-President which had been held by Mr. Ryerson. Among new exhibits completed and opened to public view during the year the most important is the African water-hole group in Carl E. Akeley Memorial Hall (Hall 22). This is the largest exhibit in Field Museum, and one of the largest animal groups in any museum. Field Museum of Natural History Reports, Vol. IX, Plate XXIV THE LATE MARTIN A. RYERSON A Trustee of the Museum from 1893, and First Vice-President from 1894 until his death on August 11, 1932 ad OF Whe HuivEReSTY OF i JAN. 1933 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 305 It is 45 feet in breadth, 22 feet in height, and 22 feet in depth. In the group there are twenty-three mammals of various kinds and a number of birds, gathered about an exact reproduction of a water- hole. The animals shown include rhinoceroses, giraffes, elands, an oryx, zebras, a small herd of Grant’s gazelles, several guinea fowl, and a tick bird. The foreground represents ground and vegetation typical of southern Abyssinia. A skillfully painted background gives an illusion of miles of plains stretching off in the distance with low arid mountains near the horizon. The specimens and data for the exhibit were obtained by the Harold White—John Coats Abyssinian Expedition of Field Museum (1928-29), which spent nearly a year in the field. The expedition was financed and led jointly by Captain Harold A. White, of New York, and the late Major John Coats, of Ayrshire, Scotland. Mr. George G. Carey, of Baltimore, was a member of the expedition, as was Taxidermist C. J. Albrecht, who prepared and mounted the specimens in the group. Staff Artist Charles A. Corwin painted the background. A habitat group of animals obtained by the William V. Kelley— Roosevelts Expedition to Eastern Asia for Field Museum was installed in William V. Kelley Hall (Hall 17). The group includes two large specimens, male and female, of Asiatic water buffalo, three small hog deer, and specimens of white “cow heron.”’ The animals were collected by Colonel Theodore Roosevelt and Mr. C. Suydam Cutting. The taxidermy is by Messrs. Julius Friesser and Arthur G. Rueckert of the Museum staff, and the background, representing the natural environment of the animals in southern Indo-China, was painted by Staff Artist Corwin. A group of Alaskan caribou was installed in the Hall of American Mammal Habitat Groups (Hall 16), completing this hall, which now contains a series of twenty-four exhibits representing the principal large mammals of the New World. The caribou group includes five animals—two large bulls, two adult females, and a young male. The specimens were collected by Alaska Guides, Inc. The Museum is indebted to Mr. Bruce Thorne, of Chicago, vice- president of Alaska Guides, for his wholehearted cooperation, which made possible the acquisition of the animals. The group is indirectly a result of the Thorne-Graves—Field Museum Arctic Expedition in 1929 led jointly by Mr. Thorne and Mr. George Coe Graves II, of New York. Thanks are due also to the United States Biological Survey and the Alaska Game Commission for permits to collect the specimens. The animals were mounted by Taxidermist Friesser, 306 FIELD MuseUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—REPORTS, VOL. IX assisted by Taxidermist Rueckert and Assistant Taxidermist W. E. Eigsti. Artist Corwin painted the background, which represents a scene in the Rainy Pass region of Alaska where the animals were collected. A fine specimen of the giant sable, stateliest of all antelopes, was installed in Carl E. Akeley Memorial Hall (Hall 22). It was presented to the Museum by Mr. Arthur S. Vernay, of New York and London, leader of the Vernay—Lang Kalahari Expedition in 1930. The animal is one of the best examples of the giant sable ever secured by any hunters, being in prime coat and having horns 61.5 inches in length or close to the record size of 64 inches. It was shot by Mr. Allan Chapman, a resident of Angola, Africa, who was engaged by Mr. Vernay to hunt it. Taxidermist Albrecht mounted it. A cellulose-acetate reproduction of an American alligator, with a reconstructed nest broken open at one side to show the large hard- shelled eggs, was installed in Albert W. Harris Hall (Hall 18). It is the work of Taxidermist Leon L. Walters, who, with Mr. H. L. Stoddard, well-known naturalist, collected the original material in southern Georgia. Mr. Walters also prepared a number of repro- ductions of other reptiles and amphibians added to the exhibits in this hall during the year. In Harris Hall, there were installed several important new fish exhibits, prepared by Taxidermist Leon L. Pray. The original specimens for these were chiefly gifts received during the year from Colonel Lewis S. Thompson, of Red Bank, New Jersey, and Captain Fred G. Saeger, of Miami, Florida. Especially interesting among these is the West Indian moray or tropical eel. Among new bird exhibits added to the systematic collections in Hall 21 are a series of ostriches and their principal allies, and a case containing specimens of forty-nine species of parrots representing the principal forms from all parts of the tropics. These were pre- pared by Assistant Taxidermist John Moyer. A case of North American water birds was installed in the same hall by Taxidermist Ashley Hine. Two new cases were installed in the systematic collection of mammalsin Hall 15. One contains the principal animals of economic importance as fur bearers, and the other the most interesting and important members of the civet and mongoose family. Specimens in both cases were prepared by Taxidermist Rueckert. Many of the animals are from the collections of various expeditions of the JAN. 1933 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 307 past few years, including the Cornelius Crane Pacific Expedition, William V. Kelley—Roosevelts Asiatic Expedition, C. Suydam Cutting Expedition to Sikkim, Vernay—Lang Kalahari Expedition, Marshall Field Chinese Expedition, Conover-Everard African Expedition, Field Museum—Chicago Daily News Abyssinian Expedi- tion, Delacour Indo-Chinese Expedition, and the various Marshall Field Expeditions to South America. A new collection of archaeological material of the old Bering Sea and Punuk groups of Eskimos, which is the only exhibit of this kind in the United States, was installed in Hall 10, devoted to archaeology and ethnology of the Northwest Coast and the Eskimos. This exhibit results from collections made by the John Borden- Field Museum Alaska—Arctic Expedition (1927), and from material received by exchange with the United States National Museum at Washington, D.C. The earliest known sites of the Punuk culture date back about 1,500 years. With the exception of new material added to various collections during the course of reinstallation of a number of halls, and material installed in the still incomplete and unopened Hall of the Stone Age of the Old World, the only other new exhibit in the Department of Anthropology is a synoptic collection illustrating Maya art and industry. This has been placed in Stanley Field Hall. It comprises pieces from many parts of the Maya area. Much of the material was collected by the First, Second and Third Marshall Field Archaeological Expeditions to British Honduras, and the rest comes from various sources, notably by gifts from Mr. Allison V. Armour, Patron, Contributor, and former Trustee of the Museum. The activities of the Plant Reproduction Laboratories were seriously curtailed as a measure of economy. Outstanding among new exhibits of the Department of Botany are a number of repro- ductions added to the collections in the Hall of Plant Life (Hall 29). They include branches of various South American trees and plants, such as arnatto, piquid, coca, Brazil nut, and Paradise nut, prepared from material collected by the Marshall Field Botanical Expedition to the Amazon (1929); a branch of a tulip tree of the Indiana Dunes; and reproductions of a number of extinct plants. In Hall 25, devoted to palms and food plants, there were added an exhibit comprising reproductions of the principal fruit and vegetable foods of New World origin, and a reproduction of a peanut plant. Various new exhibits were added also to the economic botany collections in Hall 28, and to the Hall of Foreign Woods (Hall 27). 308 FreLp MuseuM oF NATURAL HISTORY—REeEportsS, VOL. IX In Ernest R. Graham Hall (Hall 38) a group of fossil edentates was installed, one of which has the distinction of being the first skeleton of its kind discovered. This animal is a ground sloth called Pronothrotherium, hitherto known from fragments of skull and jaws only. The other animal represented in the group is a glyptodon called Sclerocalyptus. Both were collected by the Marshall Field Paleontological Expedition to Argentina and Bolivia (1926-27), led by Associate Curator Elmer 8. Riggs. The specimens were prepared for exhibition under Mr. Riggs’ supervision by Messrs. Phil C. Orr, Sven A. Dorf and James H. Quinn of the paleontological staff, and a background for the group was prepared by Mr. Orr. Various other new fossil exhibits were added to Ernest R. Graham Hall. An unusually large and fine specimen of geode containing brilliant crystals was placed on exhibition in Hall 34. | It was presented to the Museum by Mr. William J. Chalmers, of Chicago. Other new exhibits in the Department of Geology consist chiefly of material added to various halls in the course of extensive reinstallations. In all Departments there were carried forward during the year extremely heavy programs of reinstallation. Simultaneously there was installed a great deal of new material to improve the rein- stalled exhibits. Detailed accounts of this work will be found under the various Department headings in this Report. Among the halls in which important reinstallations were made are Hall 10, devoted to Northwest Coast and Eskimo ethnology; George T. and Frances — Gaylord Smith Hall (Hall 24), containing Chinese archaeological and ethnological material; Joseph N. Field Hall (Hall A), devoted to the Melanesian and South Pacific collections; Mary D. Sturges Hall, containing North American archaeological exhibits; the Hall of Plant Life (Hall 29); the Hall of Foreign Woods (Hall 27); Hall 28, devoted to plant raw materials and products; Clarence Buckingham Hall (Hall 35), devoted to physical geology, rocks, and relief maps; Hall 36, containing the petroleum, coal, clay, and sand collections; Frederick J. V. Skiff Hall (Hall 37), containing ores, marbles, and alkalies; Ernest R. Graham Hall of Historical Geology (Hall 38); and Hall 19, containing the osteological exhibits of the Department of Zoology. Much progress was made in the preparation and installation of two new halls still incomplete and not yet ready for opening to the public. In the Hall of the Stone Age of the Old World (Hall C) work has proceeded steadily. Mr. Frederick Blaschke, the sculptor JAN. 1933 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 309 engaged to prepare the eight life-size group restorations of early man in various stages of cultural development, has completed many of the figures for these groups, and some have been installed already. Painted backgrounds for the groups have been prepared by Staff Artist Charles A. Corwin. In Hall O, which is to be devoted to marine life, the large undersea group resulting from the Field Museum-—Williamson Undersea Expedition to the Bahamas (1929) was completed by Taxidermist Leon L. Pray, and the case containing it was glazed. The public cannot be admitted to this hall, however, until general reconstruction work in this part of the building has been completed. Toward the end of 1932, the Marshall Field Zoological Expedi- tion to China concluded two years of intensive collecting of the fauna of central and western China. Mr. Floyd T. Smith of New York was leader. The collections received from this expedition in 1932 total 6,868 specimens, and represent all branches of vertebrate zoology. Of special value for exhibition purposes are seven speci- mens of Chinese takin, which it is planned to use in a large habitat group. Mr. Smith obtained also a good specimen of the rare giant panda. The Museum is deeply indebted to officials of the Academia Sinica and the Metropolitan Museum of Natural History at Nanking for the many courtesies and excellent cooperation they extended to Mr. Smith, thus greatly aiding the accomplishment of his mission. The Mandel—Field Museum Zoological Expedition to Venezuela, sponsored by Mr. Leon Mandel II, and Mr. Fred Mandel, Jr., of Chicago, reached Venezuela early in the year aboard Mr. Leon Mandel’s yacht Buccaneer. Extensive collections of birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians were made along the Orinoco River and in the easternmost part of the Andes, where there is a distinctive mountain fauna. A large part of the collecting was done by Mr. Emmet R. Blake, a zoologist of the University of Pittsburgh, who accompanied the party. Mr. Blake alone obtained more than 800 bird specimens in five weeks of work in the Mount Turumiquiri region. The Field Museum—Oxford University Joint Expedition to Mesopotamia concluded its tenth season of excavations on the site of the ancient city of Kish. A third palace building of the Sassanian period (about A.D. 400) was unearthed, and various other interesting discoveries in connection with both the Persian and the Sumerian periods were made. The expedition was again under the directorship of Professor Stephen Langdon, with Mr. L. C. Watelin as field director. It has been necessary for Field Museum to forego participa- 310 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—REPoORTS, Vou. IX tion in the 1932-33 winter season of excavations at Kish, and Professor Langdon was so informed. Field Museum shared in a zoological expedition to French Indo- China, led by Mr. Jean Delacour, well-known French zoologist. Funds for the Museum’s participation had been provided by the late William V. Kelley. From little-known regions of the Province of Laos collections were received numbering more than 2,000 birds and 200 mammals. The Paris Museum of Natural History and the British Museum (Natural History) were other participants in this expedition. The expedition to Asia and the South Pacific of Miss Malvina Hoffman was completed during 1932. Miss Hoffman is the sculptor commissioned to make the series of bronze figures, busts, and heads representing the principal living races of mankind for Chauncey Keep Memorial Hall. About two-thirds of her entire task is now finished. Before undertaking her work in the Orient, Miss Hoffman had made figures illustrating types of some of the peoples of Europe, Africa, and America. The journey concluded in 1932 had begun in the autumn of 1931 when she visited Hawaii, Japan, and China. This year Miss Hoffman’s studies took her to the Philippines, Bali, Java, Singapore, Penang, the Malay Peninsula, Caleutta, Delhi, Jaipur, and Colombo. Everywhere local anthro- pologists kindly rendered her valuable assistance. Museums and hospitals were placed at her disposal for studying, measuring, photographing, and modeling the best available representatives of the racial types desired. Later, at her Paris studios, Miss Hoffman made the finished bronzes of the figures modeled in clay during her travels, and a large number of these are now at the Museum awaiting installation. Miss Hoffman was accompanied in her travels by Mr. Samuel B. Grimson, her husband, who acted as photographer; Miss Gretchen Greene, secretary and manager; and Mr. Jean de Marco, who made the plaster casts of the clay models. An expedition to western Colorado to collect fossil vertebrates was conducted by Mr. Bryan Patterson, Assistant in Paleontology, accompanied by Mr. Thomas J. Newbill, Jr., of La Grange, Illinois. Specimens of rare fossil mammals, turtles, and crocodiles were obtained. The work of photographing type specimens of plants in European herbaria, financed by the Rockefeller Foundation, was carried into its fourth year by Mr. J. Francis Macbride, Assistant Curator of Taxonomy. The number of negatives made since the work began now totals more than 23,000. JAN. 1933 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 311 A large amount of accessory material, photographs, color notes, etc., required for the preparation of eight habitat groups of Asiatic mammals, was received as the result of an expedition conducted for Field Museum by the Bombay Natural History Society under a cooperative arrangement. The Museum is especially indebted to Sir Reginald Spence, Honorary Secretary of the society, and Mr. S. H. Prater, Curator of its museum, for the splendid spirit of friend- ship and scientific cooperation they manifested in this project. The expense of obtaining this material was financed by funds provided by the late William V. Kelley. As a result of an expedition in Upper Burma sponsored by Mr. C. Suydam Cutting, of New York, the Museum received an important collection of plants for its Department of Botany, and a valuable collection of insects for its Department of Zoology. These were presented to the Museum by Mr. Cutting. Captain F. Kingdon Ward, noted British botanist, and Lord Cranbrook were the collectors. A collection of birds and mammals was also made for the Museum, and Mr. Cutting indicated it would be delivered early in 1933. A number of excellent zoological specimens were presented to the Museum by Mr. John McLaren Simpson and Mr. A. Watson Armour III, as a result of a private hunting expedition they con- ducted in East Africa and India. During part of this hunt they were joined by Mr. James Simpson, who likewise presented speci- mens to the Museum. Mr. Henry Field, Assistant Curator of Physical Anthropology, visited Europe during September and October making studies and collecting additional material for the Hall of the Stone Age of the Old World (Hall C). The year’s operations resulted in a deficit of $2,025.56 which was met by a special contribution for the purpose made by President Stanley Field. Of the notes payable, amounting to $184,800, carried forward at the end of 1931 on account of money borrowed for previous years’ deficits, $28,700 was paid during 1932 with funds especially con- tributed for this purpose, leaving a balance still payable of $156,100 as of December 31, 1932. A number of benefactions both in money and material were received during the year, for which expressions of gratitude are herewith made. Acknowledgments of the gifts of funds follow: 312 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—REPorRTs, VoL. IX Mr. Marshall Field contributed a total of $96,000, of which $64,000 was for use in meeting part of the general operating expenses of the Museum, and $32,000 was for special expenses in connection with the preparation of Chauncey Keep Memorial Hall. President Stanley Field contributed a total of $35,787.98 to the Museum during 1932. This amount represents three contributions: the $2,025.56 mentioned above to meet the budget deficit; $28,662.42 towards liquidation of the building fund deficit; and $5,100 towards the operating expenses of the Stanley Field Plant Reproduction Laboratories of the Museum. From Mrs. E. Marshall Field there was received a gift of $50,000 representing her annual contribution. A contribution of $18,000 was received from Mrs. Charles H. Schweppe, to defray the cost of the ‘Unity of Man” bronze group, which is to occupy the central position in Chauncey Keep Memorial Hall. Mrs. James Nelson Raymond contributed $3,000 toward the operating expenses of the James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond Foundation for Public School and Children’s Lectures which she established in 1925, and to the support of which she has made further contributions ever since. Mr. Frederick H. Rawson contributed $3,000 toward the fund for preparation of the Hall of the Stone Age of the Old World (Hall C). The American Friends of China, Chicago, contributed $1,075 for the purchase of material to be added to the Chinese collections of the Museum. Mr. Leon Mandel II and Mr. Fred Mandel, Jr., contributed funds covering all the expenses of the Mandel—Field Museum Zoological Expedition to Venezuela. Mr. William J. Chalmers contributed funds for the purchase of additional specimens for the Museum’s crystal collection. Mr. Arthur M. Barnhart contributed funds for the purchase of important books needed for the Museum Library. A bequest to the Museum of $50,000 was provided in the will of the late William V. Kelley, Trustee of the institution, whose death during the year has been mentioned in the foregoing pages. The death, noted elsewhere, of Mrs. Edward E. Ayer, released to the Museum the Edward E. Ayer Library Fund of $50,000 provided for in the will of the late Edward E. Ayer, first President of the Museum, who died in 1927. Mrs. Ayer had had a life estate in this fund. ield Museum of Natural History eS ny AFRICAN SCENE REPRESENTIN(/A Harold White-John (/ts Taxidermy by Clarence J. a Carl E. Akeley Reports, Vol. [X, Plate XXV ‘“TER-HOLE IN SOUTHERN ABYSSINIA ‘can Expedition, 1929 Ickground by Charles A. Corwin iHall (Hall 22) THE LIBBANY OF Tae DRIVERS Y OF ILLINOIS JAN. 1933 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 313 The will of the late Martin A. Ryerson provides a bequest to the Museum whereby the institution will receive a substantial portion of his residuary estate. Under the will of the late Mrs. Annie S. Coburn Field Museum will share in a trust fund of $60,000, the income of which, after certain life interests have terminated, is to be divided equally between the Museum, the Art Institute of Chicago, and Harvard University. The will provides also for a similar distribution of Mrs. Coburn’s residuary estate. The South Park Commissioners turned over to the Museum $112,926.45, the amount due the institution under the tax levy for this purpose authorized by the state legislature. Some gifts of material for the various departmental collections presented during the year by friends of the Museum have already been mentioned in the foregoing pages in connection with their installation as exhibits, or their collection by expeditions. As usual, many other such gifts, some of them not yet placed on exhibi- tion, and others intended for the study collections rather than for exhibition, have been received. It is appreciated that the donors often incur considerable expense and much trouble in obtaining material and forwarding it to the institution, and it is indeed most gratifying to note year after year the continuance of this widespread interest in the development and improvement of the Museum’s collections. Details of the acquisitions of this nature received during the year will be found in the departmental sections of this Report under the Accessions heading in each Department, and also in the tabulated List of Accessions which begins on page 380. The Board of Trustees of the Museum accepted an offer, made by the Board of Trustees of the University of Chicago, transferring to the Museum title to the entire herbarium of the university, con- sisting of 51,603 mounted plants. These plants have been on deposit in the Museum Herbarium for the past twenty-five years, but the Museum had not possessed permanent title to them previously. The collection was made chiefly by the late Dr. John M. Coulter, who was head of the university’s department of botany for many years. The annual spring and autumn courses of free illustrated lectures on science and travel for the general public were given in the James Simpson Theatre of the Museum, and the large attendance they attracted proved that their educational value is widely known. The programs given, and statistics on the attendance, will be found elsewhere in this Report. 314 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—REPorRTs, VoL. IX The guide-lecture tours for adults given daily except Saturday and Sunday for the past several years were continued during 1932, but the schedule was reduced from two lectures a day to one, the morning lecture being eliminated. A wide variety of subjects was covered, and many persons availed themselves of the opportunities presented by this educational feature. As in the past, in addition to the regular public tours, special guide service for groups requesting it was made available upon application to the Director. Colonel Theodore Roosevelt passed through Chicago on February 3 on his way to the Philippine Islands to assume the post of Governor-General to which he had been appointed by President Hoover. While in the city he visited Field Museum to see groups of animals, completed and under way, resulting from the William V. Kelley—Roosevelts Expedition to Eastern Asia which he led jointly with his brother, Mr. Kermit Roosevelt, and on which he was accompanied by Mr. C. Suydam Cutting. Eighty-five members of the American Oriental Society, one of the oldest learned societies in the country, made a tour of the Museum’s Oriental collections on March 30. They heard a lecture by Mr. Rowland Rathbun, Assistant Professor of the History of Architecture at Armour Institute, on the subject of the palaces discovered at Kish by the Field Museum—Oxford University Joint Expedition to Mesopotamia. Sir Henry Wellcome, founder of the Wellcome Foundation, famous research laboratories in London, visited the Museum on June 9 to study certain anthropological material. Many other distinguished visitors were entertained at the Museum during the year. The Museum granted permission to the management of the Century of Progress Exposition to construct an official entrance to the exposition on a part of the eastern section of the Museum’s restricted area. The exposition management will restore this area to its original condition after the close of the world’s fair. The Art Research Classes conducted at the Museum, in coopera- tion with the Art Institute of Chicago, have again moved steadily forward in the quality of the students’ productions. Classes in painting, drawing and illustration find excellent reference material in the exhibits and study collections of the Museum. Among the students are some taking a teachers’ training course. The number of students enrolled in the various classes is 31. Field Museum furnishes a classroom fitted out with working facilities, and the JAN. 1933 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 315 Art Institute assigns a member of its faculty, Mr. John Gilbert Wilkins, as instructor. In addition to the regular art research classes of advanced students which have been conducted for a number of years, there were inaugurated in 1932 several classes of younger children from the Saturday school of the Art Institute. About 130 children, ranging from fourth grade to high school students, are studying in these various Saturday classes. At Field Museum their efforts are con- centrated chiefly on the drawing of animals, and studies in design work as exemplified in ethnological collections. Several members of the Museum staff received honors from other institutions during the year. Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, Assistant Curator of Reptiles, was appointed to a fellowship of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation in recognition of many valuable contributions to herpetology resulting from his researches for Field Museum. The fellowship carries with it a substantial grant of money with which Mr. Schmidt, on six months’ leave of absence from the Museum, pursued his studies at European museums in association with leading foreign herpetologists. Mr. Paul C. Standley, Associate Curator of the Herbarium, was appointed a member of the General Committee of Botanical Nomen- clature, established by the Fifth International Botanical Congress held at Cambridge, England, in 1930. He is one of three members representing the republic of Mexico, and was designated as a repre- sentative of that country because of his numerous publications upon its flora. Mr. Henry W. Nichols, Associate Curator of Geology, was appointed a member of the Mineral Industries Committee of the Western Society of Engineers. Mr. Llewelyn Williams, Assistant in Wood Technology, was awarded the honor of election to membership in the International Association of Wood Anatomists. Mr. C. Eliot Underdown, Assistant in Ornithology, died on February 21. Under provision of the Field Museum Employes’ Pension Fund, insurance amounting to $1,000 was paid to his mother. Mr. John Duffy, who had been employed as a janitor since 1906, and who was placed on the pension payroll in 1931, died on November 10, 1932. Under provision of the Museum Employes’ Pension Fund insurance amounting to $2,500 was paid to his two daughters. 316 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—REPORTS, VOL. IX Because of failing health, Mr. Carl Neuberth, Custodian of the Herbarium since 1910, was retired in July. Payment of a pension to him, effective from January 1, 1933, was authorized. Mr. Cleveland P. Grant, Acting Curator of the Department of the N. W. Harris Public School Extension, resigned as of January 31. Mr. Robert L. Yule was employed as letterer for marking speci- mens in the Department of Anthropology, taking the place of Mr. S. S. Djou, who resigned. One compositor was added to the force of the Division of Printing because of the needs of the Department of the N. W. Harris Public School Extension for many new labels. The services of six carpenters were dispensed with as of April 30. Mr. J. Eric Thompson, Assistant Curator of Central and South American Archaeology, was granted a leave of absence for five months so that he might engage in certain work in England for the Carnegie Institution of Washington, D.C. This leave will become effective February 22, 1933. The usual careful attention was given to maintenance of the building, and various improvements were made, some of the more important of which are as follows: The walks at the west entrance, used by those attending enter- tainments held in the James Simpson Theatre, were taken up and reset because of the effects of years of service. The motion picture screen in the Theatre was repainted in order to secure better results in the projection of films and slides. By changes made in the lighting system employed in the exhibi- tion cases containing habitat groups, and many other cases, a decided improvement in illumination was effected, together with a substantial economy in lighting costs. The interiors of all the hoods over the cases in Carl E. Akeley Memorial Hall (Hall 22), and Hall J, devoted to Egyptian archaeology, were painted to give better reflected light. The metal reflectors of the built-in cases in the Hall of American Mammal Habitat Groups (Hall 16), William V. Kelley Hall (Hall 17), and Ernest R. Graham Hall (Hall 38) were removed and replaced with white painted plaster board reflectors. These changes brought about a better diffusion of light, and they make possible a decrease in the wattage necessary, in some instances amounting to as much as 50 per cent. The combined saving achieved for all of the cases thus treated is 30 per cent of the wattage formerly used. In the walls of the Hall of the Stone Age of the Old World (Hall C) thirty electrical outlets were installed. In the same hall wiring was JAN. 19338 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 317 completed for eleven built-in exhibition cases and fifteen other cases. In George T. and Frances Gaylord Smith Hall (Hall 24) forty-eight cases were wired and installed. In new installations, and in reinstallations and rearrangements of exhibits in various halls, the scientific Departments were given cooperation by the maintenance and engineering forces of the Museum. Forty-six exhibition cases were rebuilt or remodeled, refinished and reglazed, economy being effected in this work by the use of salvaged material. New glass was installed in three group cases. Twenty-six cases were cleaned and reinstalled. Groundwork frames-were built for fourteen anthropological and zoological cases. On the third and fourth floors 286 window sills were repaired, calked and painted, and thirty new window sills were installed on the third floor. An insulated steel cabinet was built in the macerating room of the Department of Zoology to provide facilities for the cleaning of bones by the use of dermestids. In various workrooms and storage rooms on the third floor 5,919 square feet of steel shelving were installed. Two metal-clad cabinets for the storage of birds were installed in a workroom (Room 76) of the Department of Zoology, and a cabinet for the storage of phonograph cylinders was provided for the study room (Room 55) of the Department of Anthropology. A new oven was built in the photogravurist’s shop in order to accommodate the larger sizes of plates which are now being used in some of the work produced. The workroom used by the pottery mender in the Department of Anthropology, Room 38A, was painted and fitted with two work benches, two closets, a table for a gas stove, and 326 square feet of steel shelving. A set of dampers of three zones was installed under one of the boilers and placed in operation January 31. As a result, there has been a saving of about 9 per cent in the amount of coal burned under this boiler. All four of the boilers and their settings were given their usual overhauling by the engineering force, and a new filter bed was laid in one of the two filters. During the seasons when heat was required steam was furnished from the Museum’s plant to the John G. Shedd Aquarium under the contract in force since the establishment of the aquarium. 318 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—REPORTS, VOL. IX DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY EXPEDITIONS AND RESEARCH During the year three expeditions were operating in the interest of the Department of Anthropology. Miss Malvina Hoffman, the sculptor commissioned to model life- size statues, busts, and heads of representative types of human races, completed her expedition to Asia in May of this year. Her work in Hawaii, Japan, and China was detailed in last year’s Report (pp. 69-71). From China Miss Hoffman proceeded to the Philip- pines, Java, Bali, Singapore, and Penang, with several excursions into the jungles of the Malay Peninsula, and India. Among the numerous tribes inhabiting the Malay Archipelago the artist selected for life-size portrait heads a dancing girl from Bali, a typical lad and girl from Java, a Jakun (proto-Malay), a Sakai and a Semang (pygmies of tribes living in the densest jungles of the Malay Penin- sula), a Dyak from Borneo, and a pure Malay. In order to track down the Jakun and Sakai, hundreds of miles had to be traversed by motor car over hills and into jungles. During this trip the artist’s work had to be performed under most trying and primitive conditions. Several weeks spent in India included sojourns in Calcutta, Delhi, Jaipur, and Colombo. The principal accomplishment of Miss Hoffman in India was the modeling of a strong Kashmiri with a fine head. In Calcutta she was fortunate enough to meet a Tibetan couple, traders in jewels from Lhasa. Both husband and wife were modeled. Also modeled were the heads of a Brahman from Benares, a high-caste Brahman woman from Bengal, and an Indo-Afghan from Kabul. In addition to heads and life-size figures, the artist made numerous casts in negocoll of hands and feet of natives in characteristic poses. Among these are the hand of an aged native of India in the act of taking his food, and the hand of an Indian artist wielding his paint brush. As the Oriental manner of using the hand is very different from that of other peoples, these casts are of considerable scientific value. Many life-size drawings were made in crayon or sanguine of a Samoan chief, a pure-blooded Papuan from British New Guinea, a youth from Bali, a Burmese from Rangoon, and a Tamil from Madras. Mr. Samuel B. Grimson, the sculptor’s husband, took more than two thousand still pictures of native types, all carefully numbered, identified, and mounted in albums. He also made motion pictures of such subjects as Ainu people and their villages, JAN. 19338 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 319 and dances in Bali, Java, and Burma. In all places visited a vast amount of information was collected for the benefit of anthropological research. Miss Hoffman and her party sailed from Colombo on April 20, landing at Marseilles on May 3, whence she returned to her studio in Paris. She spent the summer completing in bronze the figures and heads modeled in clay during her journey. Altogether seventy- two subjects have been finished in bronze thus far. These include the group of three figures of heroic size symbolizing the unity of mankind, twenty-four life-size statues, twenty-five heads, and twenty busts. The Field Museum—Oxford University Joint Expedition to Mesopotamia resumed operations at Kish. This was its tenth season, and Mr. L. C. Watelin was again the field director. Professor Stephen Langdon of Oxford University continued as in previous years as general director of the expedition, remaining in England where he conducted research in connection with the material excavated. A third palace building of the Sassanian period (about A.D. 400) was discovered. No stuccos like those found in the other palaces were unearthed, but it yielded a large quantity of pottery, both glazed and unglazed. An interesting feature of this palace is a large square reservoir in which water could be stored, equipped with pipes used for drainage. It may have served as a bathing pool. In the neighborhood of this palace a Persian private dwelling was found, and the conclusion now seems warranted that the Persians had an extensive settlement at Kish. This is indicated by ruins extending more than half a mile to the east. Three graves of the Sumerian period were excavated, yielding material similar to that in the Sumerian palace, especially pottery and copper pins. A remarkable object found is an ancient vanity case. Work was resumed also on the ruins of Sumerian buildings. While not so remarkable for the discovery of other objects, this season resulted in a rich harvest of inscribed tablets which have been sent to Professor Langdon for translation. A large number of additional stuccos, chiefly fragmentary, from the Sassanian palaces, and eighteen pieces of Sassanian pottery were received this year. Also obtained were pottery vessels, clay figurines, beads, bronze implements, and skulls of the Sumerian period. Professor Rowland Rathbun, who last year began a study of the plan of the Sassanian Palaces I and II, completed measured drawings of each of the patterns of the stucco reliefs. These studies were 320 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—REPORTS, VOL. IX sent for criticism to Mr. Watelin, who approved them, made sugges- tions for the correct placing of some of the designs, and answered many questions on doubtful points. The final composition of the walls of the interiors is now in progress. An interesting report on the human remains found at Kish was published by Messrs. L. H. Dudley Buxton and D. Talbot Rice in the Journal of the Anthropological Institute for 1931 (pp. 57-119). Assistant Curator Henry Field spent part of September and October in Europe obtaining additional material and data for the Hall of the Stone Age of the Old World, supplementing his previous work on the Marshall Field Archaeological Expedition to Western Europe (1930). He visited Glasgow, where, through the courtesy of Mr. Ludovic McLellan Mann, he obtained a series of flint and bone implements of the Azilian period, and examples of the ancient fauna, including the extinct auk. This material is from Mr. Mann’s personal collection resulting from excavations he has conducted, and comes to the Museum as an exchange. Casts were secured by Mr. Field of four important Azilian specimens, originals of which could not be obtained. Azilian material from Scotland is extremely rare, and hitherto no examples were allowed to leave the country. In England Mr. Field purchased fifty flint implements collected from the Cromer Forest bed, which is believed to contain the earliest implements made by man. Healso obtained casts of fifteen important paleolithic and neolithic objects from the British Museum (Natural History). In France, Mr. Field went to the Charente, where he was allowed to examine the recently discovered Lower Aurignacian Chatelperron level at La Quina and to revisit the Solutrean station on Le Roc, for the purpose of obtaining additional data for the reconstruction of this scene now in progress in the Hall of the Stone Age of the Old World. In Paris twelve painted pebbles from Mas d’Azil and casts of the Neanderthal skulls from La Quina were purchased. Through the courtesy of Dr. Johannes Brgndsted in Copenhagen an important series of casts of Maglemosean and kitchen-midden specimens from various sites in Denmark were secured through exchange. Arrange- ments were made for an exchange of original specimens which belong to periods not previously represented in the Museum’s collections. Mr. Field visited the Museum Moraviae at Briinn, and made arrangements for the exportation of original material purchased in 1930, representing the Aurignacian sites of Predmost, Pekarna, and Wistonice. SayINbyUB esouIyH JO UOIZRI|BISUL puL “QUOWIEZURIIe IIOY} ‘sosvd Jo sadA} Mou SuIMOYg (F2 IPH) TIVH HLINS CUYOTAVS SHONVUA GNV “L ADYOUD AO NOILOGS JAN. 1933 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 321 At Tiibingen photographs and publications dealing with the Swiss Lake-dweller culture were obtained. These contain valuable data for the preparation of the Lake-dweller group in the Hall of the Stone Age of the Old World. With Professor Enno Littmann of Tiibingen Mr. Field conferred on the inscriptions and tribal marks collected during the Marshall Field North Arabian Desert Expeditions (1927-28). Professor Littmann very kindly consented to make a report on this material. A series of casts of paleolithic objects was ordered from the National Museum at St. Germain-en-Laye, near Paris. Mr. Field visited Miss Malvina Hoffman’s studio in Paris and consulted with her in regard to her work for Chauncey Keep Memorial Hall. This opportunity is taken to express the Museum’s appreciation of the kind assistance rendered to Mr. Field from time to time by Abbé Breuil, Dr. Henri-Martin, Dr. P. Rivet, Dr. G. H. Riviére, and Mr. Harper Kelley. The results of a study made by Assistant Curator J. Eric Thomp- son of the Maya inscriptions at Quirigua, Guatemala, were published this year. This article demonstrates the corrections made by the Mayas at that city to keep their calendar year of 365 days in accord- ance with the solar year. The calculations used by the Mayas show that their year approximated the Gregorian year. They intercalated so accurately that the accumulated error over nearly 4,000 years of 365 days was but one day. Mr. Thompson is now preparing a guide to the archaeological collections from South America in Hall 9. A new edition of his leaflet, The Civilization of the Mayas, was issued toward the end of the year. Curator Berthold Laufer devoted most of his time during the year to the reinstallation of the Chinese collections, in George T. and Frances Gaylord Smith Hall (Hall 24). However, he also made researches into prehistoric pottery of China in preparation for a monograph on this subject and into the history of Chinese and Indian chess. Assistant Curator Paul S. Martin has completed the manuscript of a guide to Mary D. Sturges Hall of North American Archaeology. A manuscript entitled Arabs of the Kish Area, their History, Ethnology, and Physical Characters, has been completed by Assistant Curator Field. He also wrote a report, now nearly completed, of the Marshall Field North Arabian Desert Expeditions (1927-28). Assistant Curator Wilfrid D. Hambly completed a manuscript on the ethnology of Nigeria, based on the results of the Frederick 322 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—REPorRTS, VOL. IX H. Rawson-Field Museum Ethnological Expedition to West Africa (1929-30). Fourteen signed articles were contributed by the staff of the Department to Field Museum News during 1932; also twelve unsigned articles and seventeen brief items. The staff supplied material for forty-one newspaper publicity stories during the same period. ACCESSIONS—-ANTHROPOLOGY The number of accessions recorded during the year is thirty-nine. Of these, twenty-eight are by gift, four as the result of expeditions, one by purchase, and six by exchange. Twenty-two objects from the Eskimo of the Aleutian Islands were presented by Mrs. Ira M. Price, of Chicago, who obtained them while living on the islands. Among them are several fine ivory carvings and rare baskets which have been placed on exhibition in Hall 10. Mrs. Edwin C. Loomis, of Chicago, presented three beaded bags, a beaded pouch, a tobacco pipe pouch with bead and quill work, a beaded bandolier, a pair of beaded leggings, and a pair of beaded moccasins, from the Sioux Indians of North Dakota. By exchange with the Peabody Museum of Harvard University, the Museum acquired 257 prehistoric stone, bone, and shell objects from Maine, Massachusetts, and Georgia. These are localities from which the Museum heretofore possessed but scanty archaeological material. Twenty-eight archaeological objects pertaining to Maya civilization were obtained through an exchange with the same institution. This collection contains several good examples of Maya stone sculpture from Copan, Honduras. Dating from about A.D. 700 they are representative of Maya art at its best period. One of these, a head of the Maya sun god, is now on exhibition in Stanley Field Hall (Case 2). Other objects obtained in this exchange are a number of copper bells, jade beads, and a ball of copal incense in a tripod bowl. These were recovered from the sacred well at Chichen Itza, Yucatan, into which they had been thrown as offerings to the rain god. The following objects were acquired with a fund presented by the American Friends of China, Chicago: an archaic ceremonial jade scraper with zones of various colors; a figure of Kwan Yin, goddess of mercy, carved from buffalo horn, of the Ming period (sixteenth century); a figure of celadon porcelain, representing the god of the north, of the Sung period (twelfth century); and a cover of cut velvet with elaborate designs of peonies in five colors, of the K‘ien-lung period (1736-95). A silk handkerchief, inscribed with JAN. 1933 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 323 one of the classical books of China for use as a “crib” in a civil service examination, was presented by Mr. Edward Barrett (since deceased), of New York. Its significance is described in Field Museum News for August, 1932. A collection of archaeological interest, consisting of thirty-four pottery sherds and sixteen flint implements, excavated at Hong Kong, is the gift of Professor J. L. Shellshear, of the University of Hong Kong. Supplementing a small bronze piece from Luristan, Persia, pre- sented in 1931, Dr. Arthur U. Pope, of New York, this year made a gift of six interesting bronze implements: a mace head, a rein ring, three battle axes, and a spearhead. Mrs. Nathaniel Allison, of Chicago, presented a wooden fern root pounder from New Zealand. This specimen was found in a swamp, and is certainly very old, possibly antedating the arrival of the Maori. Fifteen objects from the Fiji and the Polynesian Islands are the gift of Mrs. Freeman S. Hinckley, of Chicago. Noteworthy among these are a very fine, carved food dish from the Fiji Islands, of a type not previously represented in the Museum’s collections, and a model of the ancient Fijian double canoe, complete with sail and rigging. An exchange with Baron Max von Oppenheim, of Berlin, resulted in the acquisition of a number of fragments of painted pottery of various types from Tell Halaf, upper Mesopotamia. The designs on these fragments are interesting for comparison with the early painted ware associated with pictographic tablets in linear script from Jemdet Nasr near Kish, obtained by the Field Museum—Oxford University Joint Expedition to Mesopotamia. A flint ax of the Upper Acheulean period from Saintes, Somme Gravels, northern France, presented by Mr. Harper Kelley, of Paris, is beautifully flaked and demonstrates admirably the skill of the prehistoric craftsman. This opportunity is taken to express the institution’s grateful appreciation to Mr. Austin Corbin, of New York, a member of the Blue Mountain Forest Association of Newport, New Hampshire, for presenting four wild boar skins for use in one of the groups to be set up in the Hall of the Stone Age of the Old World. CATALOGUING, INVENTORYING, AND LABELING—-ANTHROPOLOGY Twenty-six of the thirty-nine accessions received during the year have been entered in the inventory books. 324 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—REPoRTS, Vou. IX The work of cataloguing has been continued as usual, the number of catalogue cards prepared during the year totaling 7,360. The total number of catalogue cards entered from the opening of the first inventory volume is 205,883. Of these entries, 8,577 were made during 1932, including cards left over from previous years. The catalogue cards prepared are distributed as follows: archaeology and ethnology of North America, 789; archaeology and ethnology of Mexico, Central and South America, 38; archaeology: of China, 299; archaeology of Mongolia, 366; ethnology of Polynesia, 2; ethnology of Africa, 521; prehistoric archaeology of Europe, 3,039; archaeology of Syria, 47; archaeology of Persia, 6; physical anthro- pology, 2,253. Most of these cards have been entered in the inventory volumes, which number fifty-seven. A total of 13,201 labels for use in exhibition cases was supplied by the Division of Printing. These labels are distributed as follows: Eskimo and Northwest Coast, 4,561; Hopi, 450; Central and South America, 512; China, 5,852; Melanesia, 1,020; Europe, 806. The Division of Printing also supplied 9,060 catalogue cards and 1,810 blank cards for the label file. The number of photographs mounted in albums is 495. Two new albums were opened. To the label file 2,058 cards were added. INSTALLATIONS AND REARRANGEMENTS—ANTHROPOLOGY The main efforts of the Department during the year were directed toward the installation of Hall 10, devoted to the ethnology of the Eskimo and Northwest Coast Indians, and George T. and Frances Gaylord Smith Hall (Hall 24), in which the exhibits illustrate the archaeology of China. Hall 10 is now completed, and Hall 24 is 90 per cent completed. One hundred and twelve exhibition cases, an unprecedented record for the Department, were newly installed or reinstalled during the year, distributed as follows: Cases Stanley Field Halles scsi os ee se otis oo ee eee 2 Mary D: Sturges) Wallick oo. ooo ee eee i Eskimo and Northwest Coast Indians (Hail 10)................... 40 Southwest ethnology, (Hall Qc: oo ee ee eee 6 George T. and Frances one Smith Hall (Hall 24) Jie eh 42 Joseph N. Bield: Halls (alla) oo. iic. ga ae ee eee ee ee 23 The Stone Age of the Old wold (Hall (C)e. ee eee 6 Totalecnis 22.5 ose i ic ae hak dee 120 In Stanley Field Hall a small collection illustrating Maya art and industry was placed on exhibition (Case 6). Much of the JAN. 1933 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 325 material was collected by the First, Second, and Third Marshall Field Archaeological Expeditions to British Honduras under the leadership of Assistant Curator J. Eric Thompson. Dominating the exhibit is a forceful representation in stone of the Maya sun god. In contrast is a delicately carved piece of shell showing a seated priest or ruler wearing an elaborate headdress. Indian dentistry may be seen in the sets of teeth decorated by filing and the inlaying of jade studs. Case 7 in Stanley Field Hall, showing selected examples of Chinese art, has been reinstalled, the center piece now being a porcelanous vase of the third century A.D. The collections reinstalled in Hall 10 are Northwest Coast and Eskimo material, formerly on exhibition in Mary D. Sturges Hall, which is now devoted to North American archaeology. In Hall 10 they have been rearranged under the direction of Dr. Ralph Linton. These exhibits are now installed on buff screens and have labels of the new buff-colored type. Many objects received since the previous installation have been added to the new exhibit. The western half of the hall is occupied by a general exhibit of Northwest Coast art at the northern end, and by collections from the Tsimshian, Kwakiutl, Bella Coola, Nootka, and tribes of Puget Sound, which are arranged from north to south. The Kwakiutl collections are particularly complete. It has been possible to show the masks and other para- phernalia of the more important societies taking part in the Winter Ceremonial, the principal religious ceremony of this tribe. The northeast quarter of the hall is devoted to the culture of the Tlingit and Haida. As the culture of these two tribes is practically identical, objects from both have been combined to eliminate needless repetition. Members of these tribes were the best carvers on the Northwest Coast, and much of the material shown here possesses considerable artistic merit. The Eskimo exhibits occupy the southeast quarter of the hall. The most noteworthy feature is an exhibit of Eskimo art and antiquities, which contains type collections illustrating the culture of the Old Bering Sea and Punuk groups, which preceded the modern Eskimo in the Bering Sea region. It is the only exhibit of its sort in this country, and was made possible by material brought back by the John Borden—Field Museum Alaska—Arctic Expedition, and by exchanges with the United States National Museum. A new feature has been introduced into the Eskimo exhibits. The costumes are shown on models with portrait heads in plaster, made by Modeler 326 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—REpPorRTS, VOL. IX John G. Prasuhn and colored by Mr. Leon L. Pray, of the Department of Zoology. These heads show the physical type of the Eskimo in each of the localities represented by the costumes. The Chinese collections in the East Gallery (George T. and Frances Gaylord Smith Hall) were completely reinstalled during the year in a new type of case with concealed lighting. Plate XXVI in this Report conveys a good idea of the present appearance of the hall and the arrangement of cases. The hall will contain a total of thirty-seven floor cases and sixteen wall cases, with the addition of framed paintings and several open exhibits on bases. Thirty-two floor cases and ten wall cases were installed this year. In the process of rearrangement the material previously on exhibition was carefully sifted, only the best examples being retained. Much new material obtained through gifts and by the Marshall Field Expedition to China in 1923 has been added. The result is a much more forceful and clearer representation of the development of Chinese civilization in all its various phases from earliest times down to the end of the eighteenth century. Each case contains a general descriptive label which sets forth the characteristic features of the material and the period in question. In addition, each object is provided with a label of its own. Two large bronze drums, a cast iron bell, and a temple censer are shown on bases. A lacquered imperial screen with elaborately carved dragons, which was presented some years ago by the Arts Club of Chicago, has been placed at the north end of the hall. The reinstallation of Joseph N. Field Hall (Hall A), begun in 1931, has progressed satisfactorily. Twenty-three cases with buff- colored screens and labels have been placed on exhibition. Three of these cases contain material from New Guinea not previously exhibited. In all cases many improvements have been made in the arrangement of the objects; many have been removed from exhibition and replaced by better ones. Photographs have been added to nearly all screens to illustrate the method of using various articles or the manner of wearing clothing and ornaments. Many products of the industries of these primitive peoples show remarkable artistic ability, as demonstrated by the wood carvings of New Ireland, the masks of New Britain, and the great variety of decorative designs found in many parts of New Guinea. In twenty-three cases of Hall F (Polynesian ethnology) the old style labels have been replaced with buff cards in black type. The relabeling is now complete in the forty-one cases of this hall. In JAN. 1933 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR Brat Mary D. Sturges Hall, devoted to North American archaeology, two cases were labeled, and maps and numbers were placed in all cases of this hall, which is now completed. The model of the Great Serpent Mound of Adams County, Ohio, has been greatly improved by a thorough overhauling given it by Mr. Pray. It is now exhibited with an explanatory label in a new, specially constructed case in Mary D. Sturges Hall. An innovation in Hall J, devoted to Egyptian archaeology, is a series of colored transparencies set into one of the walls and electri- cally illuminated from behind, showing scenes among the principal ancient ruins of Egypt. Good progress has been made with the installation of Hall C, which is to be devoted to the stone age of man in western Europe. Four of the eight groups planned have been completed, and six cases of archaeological material have been installed. The chief work in African ethnology during the year has been the sorting and laying out for installation of the material collected by the Frederick H. Rawson—Field Museum Ethnological Expedition to West Africa. Approximately two-thirds of this material has been prepared for exhibition, while the remainder has been displayed in the Study Room. The total number of cases planned for exhibition is thirteen. Labels for these have been prepared. All phonographic records made by various expeditions of the Department, amounting to more than one thousand, have been identified, classified, listed and systematically arranged in a cabinet placed in the Study Room. Repairing and numbering of specimens, and poisoning of exhibi- tion cases and perishable material, were taken care of in the usual manner. DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY EXPEDITIONS AND RESEARCH No expeditions were conducted during the year by the Depart- ment of Botany. However, in a delayed shipment from the Vernay— Lang Kalahari Expedition for Field Museum (conducted in 1930 primarily for the Department of Zoology) there were received 884 mounted and named sheets of South African plants. Part of these were collected in the Kalahari Desert, an area previously unrepre- sented in the Museum’s Herbarium, and the remainder consisted of plants of other regions in South Africa. 328 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—REPORTS, VOL. IX Mr. C. Suydam Cutting, of New York, presented 638 specimens of plants as a result of a private expedition which he sponsored in 1932 along the Burma-Tibet frontier. These plants were collected by Captain F. Kingdon Ward, British botanist, noted for his work on the Chinese flora. The material, representative of the flora of the high mountains, consists largely of plants belonging to groups which occur also in North America. In Europe Assistant Curator J. Francis Macbride continued his work, described in previous Reports (1929, pp. 62-63; 1930, pp. 331-334; 1931, pp. 72-74), of photographing, under a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, type specimens of American plants preserved in European herbaria. During 1932 about 5,000 negatives were made, of which 3,997 thus far have been received at the Museum, a substantial addition to the collection of negatives that has grown so rapidly since the inception of the work late in the summer of 1929. More than 23,000 photographs have been made since the work began. During the first half of the year operations were continued at the Berlin Botanical Garden and Museum, where the work has now been practically completed. This work has proceeded with the cooperation of the director, Dr. Ludwig Diels, and the staff of the Berlin museum, with results of incomparable benefit to systematic botanists of present and future generations. It is impossible to express adequately Field Museum’s appreciation of this generous spirit of cooperation, maintained through the three years that the work has continued. During the summer of 1932, arrangements were made for photo- graphing the collections of the genus Begonia at the Botanical Institute of Hamburg. With the cordial approval of Dr. Edgar Irmischer, this task was completed satisfactorily. With the aid of Dr. Frederick Wirth, president of the American Chamber of Commerce in Berlin, permission was obtained from the president of the province of Hanover to photograph the important types of palms described many years ago by Wendland, now pre- served at Herrenhausen in Hanover. Since these have not been accessible generally to botanists, the photographs will have great value. Later in the year further photographic work was carried on at the Botanical Institute in Munich, which Mr. Macbride had visited in 1930. From the director, Dr. Fritz von Wettstein, and Dr. Karl H. Suessenguth there was received the same generous assistance JAN. 1933 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 329 extended on the occasion of the previous visit. At Munich there is found the most extensive and significant series extant of the plants assembled by Martius, father of Brazilian botany. The last months of 1932 were passed by Mr. Macbride at Copen- hagen, where he photographed types in the collections of the Univer- sity Botanical Museum. Dr. Carl Christensen, in charge of the herbarium, gave hearty cooperation, and the work has been carried to a successful conclusion. This herbarium is of great interest because of its wealth in early collections, particularly those of Lund and Warming from Brazil, Liebmann from Mexico, and Oersted from Nicaragua and Costa Rica. In the photographs made to date of a total of more than 23,000 type specimens, Field Museum has acquired a representation of the flora of South America which, in conjunction with the specimens from that continent already in the Herbarium, can scarcely be duplicated elsewhere. With all this new material at hand, it is now possible to begin study of almost any group of South American plants with expectation of good results, and determination of collec- tions received for identification can be undertaken with confidence, since the majority of known South American species are represented by either photographs or specimens, or by both. The beneficial results of this work are not confined to the Her- barium of Field Museum. Prints of the photographs are available at cost of production to all other institutions desiring them, and the requests thus far received for them have been reasonably exten- sive and would undoubtedly have been much greater but for the effects of the present economic situation on the funds of scientific institutions. The Museum Herbarium has been in constant use throughout the year by the staff of the Department of Botany, and by numer- ous visitors to the Museum, including some from foreign countries. During the year there appeared at least twenty-seven papers by American and European botanists based wholly or in part upon material in this Herbarium. Probably others which have not been brought to the attention of the Museum authorities have also been published. During the early part of the year Dr. H. S. Pepoon and Mr. E. G. Barrett, of the Illinois Natural History Survey, spent several weeks in study of the Museum’s Illinois Herbarium, to obtain data for the Flora of Illinois soon to be published by the Survey. This publication will prove of inestimable value to those interested in 330 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—REPORTS, VOL. IX the vegetation of Illinois, as well as to all botanists of the Mississippi Valley. The Museum published in September, as Volume VIII, No. 6, of the Botanical Series, a paper by Dr. Earl E. Sherff, a Chicago botanist, entitled Revision of the Genus Cosmos. Twenty-six species are enumerated. Associate Curator Paul C. Standley published twenty-one short papers based more or less directly upon the Herbarium collections. One of these, entitled New Plants from British Honduras, appeared in December as Volume XI, No. 4, of the Botanical Series of the Museum. Seven of Mr. Standley’s papers, treating of American trees studied at the Museum, were printed in Tropical Woods. To the same periodical Mr. Llewelyn Williams, Assistant in Wood Technology, contributed a paper on Peruvian mahogany, based on material and observations in northeastern Peru resulting from the Marshall Field Botanical Expedition to the Amazon (1929-30). The members of the staff also prepared for Tropical Woods several abstracts and reviews of current literature relating to tropical trees. Sixteen signed articles on various botanical subjects by members of the Department staff, and numerous other items, were published from time to time in Field Musewm News. Articles on the wood exhibits by Mr. Williams appeared in the trade journals Veneers and Southern Lumberman. The unusually extensive plant collections which arrived during the year have fully occupied the time of the Herbarium staff. Unfortunately the staff was reduced during the latter part of the year by the retirement, for reasons of failing health, of Mr. Carl Neuberth, Custodian of the Herbarium, who during his many years of service has been largely responsible for the excellent order and condition of the collections. It has been possible, however, to keep up to date all routine work except that of mounting specimens. In spite of the volume of material sent to the Museum for study, it usually has been possible to report upon it with reasonable promptness. During 1932 there were submitted to the Herbarium for more or less critical determination 207 lots of plants. Of these, 48 lots, consisting of 5,253 specimens, were named and returned to the senders, while 159 lots, comprising 7,717 specimens, were retained by the Museum. In addition, there were determined many specimens of plants from the Chicago region and elsewhere that were brought to the JAN. 1933 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 331 Museum by visitors, teachers, and students, or forwarded by mail. In some cases only one or two specimens were submitted, while in others there were collections containing up to a hundred. Numer- ous telephone calls for botanical information, and many letters containing diverse queries, were answered. A large proportion of the material received from other institutions for determination belonged to the Rubiaceae or coffee family, with the study of which Mr. Standley has been engaged for several years. Among the larger sendings of this group forwarded for naming were 1,859 sheets from the Museum of Natural History, Paris, largely Brazilian plants obtained almost a century ago; 320 sheets from the Botanical Museum of Berlin; 103 from the State Museum of Stockholm; 282 from the United States National Museum, con- taining specimens collected about the end of the eighteenth century by José C. Mutis, pioneer explorer of the flora of Colombia; and 1,422 from the University Botanical Museum of Copenhagen. Determination of large collections left little time for special work of an original nature. However, on the basis of a large amount of material obtained recently on Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, Associate Curator Standley prepared a new enumeration of the plants of that island, listing some 1,200 species. This has been submitted for publication to the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. In association with Professor Samuel J. Record, Mr. Standley also compiled for publication an account of the plants of British Honduras. Assistant Curator J. Francis Macbride has continued at Berlin and elsewhere in Europe his studies of Peruvian plants, and has made progress in the preparation of manuscript for the Flora of Peru. Mr. Hermann C. Benke, of Chicago, a local botanist, has visited the Herbarium as in previous years, and has devoted a great deal of time to study of collections made by himself and others. He has rendered much assistance in the determination of North American material. ACCESSIONS—-BOTANY During 1932 the Department of Botany received 370 accessions, comprising 37,500 specimens, both numbers being in excess of the receipts of the preceding year. The material consisted of specimens for the Herbarium and for the wood and economic collections. Of the total number, 11,896 were gifts, 12,661 were received through exchange, 1,363 were purchased, and the balance came from mis- cellaneous sources. 332 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—REPORTS, VOL. IX Of the Department’s total receipts of 37,500 specimens, those for the Herbarium consisted of 36,900 items—plant specimens, photographic prints, and negatives. The most important accession of the year, and the largest single item ever received by the Depart- ment of Botany, is not included in the figures just cited. It is the University of Chicago Herbarium, composed of 51,600 mounted specimens of plants. Twenty-five years ago these were deposited with Field Museum, and incorporated with the general Herbarium. During 1932, the contract between the university and the Museum regarding the deposit having expired, the trustees of the university very generously presented the collection to the Museum, and it now becomes a permanent part of the Museum Herbarium, with the provision that it shall be available to students of the university qualified to make use of it. Its permanent acquisition is a matter of great satisfaction. The collection was formed largely through personal effort of the late Dr. John M. Coulter, for many years head of the department of botany of the university. Its nucleus was his own private her- barium, which was assembled when he was occupied primarily with systematic botanical work, and it therefore contains a large number of types of the species he described from the western United States, Central America, and elsewhere. In addition, it possesses much historical material obtained by early collectors in the western states, as well as representative collections from all parts of North America, and from other continents. With the addition of this collection the number of specimens received by the Herbarium during the year, therefore, might be stated to be 88,500, rather than the number reported above. The gift next in importance received during 1932 came from Dr. Earl E. Sherff, of Chicago, and consisted of 2,234 photographic negatives of type and other important specimens of the family Compositae, chiefly of the genera Bidens, Cosmos, and Coreopsis. Dr. Sherff has been engaged for many years in the study of these groups and has examined most of the material in the leading herbaria of America and Europe. The negatives he has given have been added to the Museum’s large collection of type negatives, and will be available for the use of other institutions interested in them, Mention is made on page 328 of the continuation of the work of Assistant Curator Macbride in European herbaria and of the photo- graphic negatives of type specimens of tropical American plants received from him. These represent chiefly South American types JAN. 19338 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 339 in the Berlin Botanical Garden and Museum. There were added to the Herbarium approximately 5,700 prints from these type negatives. It is worthy of record, also, that during 1932 the Museum distributed by sale or exchange to eight institutions and individuals of North and South America 12,806 prints from the negatives. In spite of the fact that it has been impossible to purchase more than a few specimens, it is most satisfactory to be able to report unusually large receipts, by gifts and exchanges, of plants from South and Central America. Among the outstanding accessions are 601 specimens from the Department of Cuzco, Peru, presented by Dr. Fortunato L. Herrera, rector of the University of Cuzco; and 814 plants and wood specimens presented by the School of Forestry of Yale University through Professor Samuel J. Record, the material being from British Honduras, Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, and other regions. This collection contains numerous new or rare species. One of the most valuable accessions of recent years consisted of 922 Brazilian plants, belonging to the families Rubiaceae, Ama- ranthaceae, and Nyctaginaceae, presented by the Instituto Biologico, of Sado Paulo, Brazil. Associate Curator Standley, who studied and determined the material, reported that it was the most important single collection that he had handled during many years of work in herbaria. Welcome, too, was a sending of 552 Brazilian plants, chiefly Rubiaceae, received from the Museu Nacional of Rio de Janeiro, through the courtesy of Dr. A. J. de Sampaio. Through the continued cooperation of the Companhia Ford Industrial do Brasil, in Para, Brazil, there were received in 1932, through Mr. Roy Carr, 469 specimens of plants, chiefly from Ford- landia on the Tapajos River. Since this collection consists almost wholly of timber trees and includes 185 ample specimens of wood, its value is considerably greater than the actual number of speci- mens would indicate. The material was determined in the Museum, and a report upon it was sent to the Ford company. Labeled samples of wood also were returned to the company, which is making a study of the plant resources on its properties. A preliminary list of the trees represented, with their vernacular names as furnished by the Brazilian collectors, Messrs. Monteiro da Costa and Capucho, was prepared by Associate Curator Standley, and published during the year in Tropical Woods. Several striking new species of trees were described from the collections, which include many Amazonian species represented in the Herbarium previously only by photographs of the types. 334 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—REPpPoRTS, VOL. 1X One of the distinctive gifts to the Herbarium during the year, came from Dr. Anton Heimerl, of Vienna, long recognized as the leading authority on the family Nyctaginaceae. Having completed his life work upon this difficult group of tropical plants, he forwarded a private collection of 100 specimens in order that they might be available to Associate Curator Standley, who likewise has devoted much time to the study of this family. It is with special gratitude that there is recorded also a gift of Uruguayan plants, from Mr. Cornelius Osten, of Montevideo, who, in addition, lent for study his private collection of Rubiaceae. The Museum’s series of Argentinian plants is as unsatisfactory as that of most other North American herbaria. Consequently it was gratifying to obtain from Argentina during 1932 several lots of Rubiaceae from the following institutions and individuals: Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, of Buenos Aires, through the courtesy of Professor Alberto Castellanos; Museo de La Plata; Dr. Angel L. Cabrera, of La Piata; Museo de Historia Natural, of Tucumdan; Mr. Arturo Burkart, of Buenos Aires; Ministerio de Agricultura, Buenos Aires, through Dr. José F. Molfino; and Instituto de Botanica y Farmacologia, of Buenos Aires. Noteworthy among the gifts of Mexican plants are a collection obtained in the state of Tamaulipas by Mr. H. W. von Rozynski, of Jaumave, and specimens from the state of Veracruz, forwarded by Dr. C. A. Purpus. A collection from the lakes of the Yucatan peninsula and Guatemala was presented by Dr. Alfons Dampf, of Mexico City, and specimens of Yucatan plants were forwarded by Dr. Roman Sabas Flores, of Progreso, Yucatan. Among the important gifts of Central American plants were specimens from Mr. William A. Schipp, of Stann Creek, British Honduras; from the Direccién General de Agricultura of Guatemala City, through Mr. Jorge Garcia Salas; from the Museo Nacional of Costa Rica, specimens collected by its director, Professor Manuel Valerio; another collection from Costa Rica, gathered by Professor Rubén Torres Rojas, of Cartago; plants collected on Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, from Mr. James Zetek, Resident Custodian; and further Barro Colorado collections from Dr. R. H. Wetmore, Mr. E. G. Abbe, Dr. R. H. Woodworth, and Mr. P. A. Vestal, of Harvard University. Among the receipts of United States plants are 988 specimens from the Mississippi Valley and the southern and southwestern ~- JAN. 1933 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 335 states, collected, presented, and determined by Mr. Hermann C. Benke, of Chicago. Besides the accessions specifically mentioned above, the Her- barium received a large amount of valuable material by gifts and exchanges from institutions and individuals in many parts of both the New and the Old Worlds. A summary will be found in the List of Accessions for the year (p. 380 of this Report). Of economic material and woods there were received from scientific and commercial institutions and from individuals as gifts or in exchange 594 specimens, of which 458 were wood samples. Some of these are for exhibition purposes, and some are to augment the reference collections. They also are noted in the List of Acces- sions, or described under Installations and Rearrangements—Botany. Through the cooperation of Acting Curator B. E. Dahlgren with Mr. S. C. Johnson, of Racine, Wisconsin, the Museum secured a series of products of the carnauba palm, assembled early in the year during a visit to Ceara, Brazil. Through the aid of the govern- ment agronomist in charge of the activities of the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture in that state, Mr. Humberto Rodrigues de Andrade, special opportunities were provided for observations on the carnauba industry and for collection of data and representative material. Two export houses of Ceara contributed specimens showing the prevailing classification of carnauba wax, which forms one of the main export products of the semi-dry regions of northeastern Brazil. To the Museum’s large series of domestic and foreign woods there was added a large number of specimens. Particularly noteworthy are the woods, with accompanying herbarium specimens, sent by the Companhia Ford Industrial do Brasil. The Museum now possesses more than 2,500 authentic specimens of woods from the Amazon region. In continuation of contributions made in previous years, Ichabod T. Williams and Sons, of New York, donated twenty-nine exhibition panels of imported woods from Brazil, East Africa, India, Philippine Islands, and other countries. The Schick-Johnson Company, of Chicago, contributed its services for the execution of the plywood work on various panels required for exhibition in the Hall of Foreign Woods (Hall 27). In 1932 the Department of Botany distributed in exchanges 6,052 herbarium specimens, woods, photographs, and packets of seeds, to thirty-five institutions and individuals in the United States, Europe, and South America. The distribution consisted in 336 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—REPORTS, VOL. IX large part of Peruvian material collected by the Marshall Field Expeditions. It also included several hundred duplicate sheets removed from time to time from the Herbarium, and duplicates of woods received, prepared, and named in the Museum. Loans of mounted specimens from the Herbarium amounted to 1,620 specimens, sent out in thirty-six lots. CATALOGUING, INVENTORYING, AND LABELING—-BOTANY In 1932 the permanent collections of the Herbarium were increased by about 15,000 sheets of plants and photographs, the total number of mounted specimens being at present 653,078. The specimens labeled and incorporated into the collections of the Department of Botany as a whole now number 670,881. Additions to the records of the collections of economic material totaled 594 in 1932. Labels were written for the economic reference collections, for many thousands of herbarium specimens, and for thousands of duplicate specimens distributed in exchanges. There is maintained in the Herbarium a card catalogue recording the contributions of every collector whose plants are in the collec- tions, and the extent to which the flora of any country is represented. The index of collectors contains 12,159 cards, with the names of almost as many collectors. To this index 189 cards were added during 1982. The geographic index now consists of 3,187 cards. From the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 5,230 cards were received in continuation of the index of new species of American plants, and these were inserted in the Museum’s file of these cards. Also there were received from the Institut Colonial de Marseille, Marseilles, France, 919 index cards dealing with phases of economic botany. Several thousand cards were prepared and added to the catalogue of the Department library for the books and pamphlets on travels, plant geography and ecology, morphology, physiology, ete. INSTALLATIONS AND REARRANGEMENTS—BOTANY In the Hall of Plant Life (Hall 29) there were installed during the year some important exhibits of material obtained in part by Museum expeditions, and in part produced by the Stanley Field Plant Reproduction Laboratories. The recent work on various Paleozoic plants for the Carboniferous forest group, installed in Ernest R. Graham Hall (Hall 38) in 1931, led to an expansion of the Equisetum exhibit in the Hall of Plant Life in 1932. This was wnosnyy oy} jo Auwjog jo yuowyiedeq SoLOPBIOGV'T UOljoNpoidoy YuRlq pyoyy Aojueyg ur poonpoidoyy (92 II1@H) SpooM UvolIouly YON Jo eH ysnedsyipy “yy sopaeyO (paafidyn} UospueporwT) GAUL d/InL AO HONVUA ONINAMOTA TO NOILONGOUANY THE LIBRARY OF THE WYER: <7 OF ELLINAIS ( o cl =) \ ~% r 5p : A. 7 : r JAN. 1933 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 3 84/ reinstalled with the addition of fossil material and some reconstruc- tions, notably portions of the large calamites which in past ages represented this now greatly reduced group of plants. Likewise an exhibit of seed ferns (Cycadofilices or Pterido- spermeae) was prepared to represent in the Hall of Plant Life this entirely extinct but botanically important group of plants with eycad-like seeds. This display includes a reconstruction of the famous Lyginopteris Oldhamnium, of which seeds and foliage had long been known separately before it was realized that they were parts of the same plant. The Marshall Field Botanical Expedition to the Amazon in 1929 furnished material and information for some of the new botanical exhibits which were completed in 1932. Perhaps the most interesting of these are a branch of the Brazil nut tree, and a fruiting branch of one of the more typical monkey-pots, a species of Sapucaia yield- ing nuts even superior to Brazil nuts. These have been reproduced and installed, together with a representative variety of the curious large and woody dried fruits of this family, obtained in part by the same expedition. Another exhibit resulting from collecting and preparation in the field by the Amazon expedition, and subsequent completion in the Stanley Field Plant Reproduction Laboratories, is a fruiting branch of the souari nut or tropical butternut tree of northern South America, of which there are several species. At present rarities outside of the countries where they grow, some of these probably will become much better known. The thick, fleshy pulp of the fruit is of interest as a source of oil, and the excellent wood has a distinctive appearance, as may be seen from the small specimen displayed with the branch, and from planks shown among the Amazonian woods in the Hall of Foreign Woods (Hall 27). A coca bush which the Amazon expedition encountered in flowering as well as fruiting stage, furnished the original for repro- duction in celluloid and glass of this plant from which the alkaloid cocaine is obtained. The employment of celluloid for leaf forms, as exemplified in the coca-bush exhibit, makes it possible to repro- duce both surfaces in perfect detail, and represents an important advance in the technique at the disposal of the Museum laboratories. Another branch which may well be considered a technical achieve- ment as a satisfactory reproduction of the original is that of the curious tropical flowering shrub or tree, Brunfelsia. This furnishes a beginning toward a representation of the nightshade family with 338 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—REPORTS, VOL. IX its many important plants, including belladonna, tobacco, pimentoes, potatoes, tomatoes, etc. Of these a pimento and a tobacco plant are well under way. Another new exhibit of an important economic plant which has long been a desideratum for the Department’s economic displays is that of a peanut plant in flower and fruit. This plant’s some- what unusual habit of developing and ripening its fruit only under ground, after flowering in the usual manner, is undoubtedly its special point of botanical interest. ‘Though in a botanical sense the peanut is not a nut but a legume pod, the instructive reproduc- tion of this plant has been installed, in accordance with popular conception, in the exhibit of nuts of American origin in Hall 25. An extensive addition to the exhibits in this hall is an assemblage of specimens of the principal vegetable foods of New World origin. This is designed to show at a glance which of numerous vegetables and fruits in common use are native or peculiar to the two American continents. Some belonging to the northern circum- polar flora, such as various blueberries, raspberries, strawberries, etc., are omitted because they have Old World counterparts. Included are Indian corn, pumpkin, squashes and marrows, potatoes, sweet potatoes, manioc or cassava, Jerusalem artichokes, pimentoes, tomatoes, string beans, Lima beans, kidney beans, peanuts, avocados, papaws, papaya, tuna fruit, pineapple, persimmons, the fox grape, which is the parent of Concords and catawbas, and others. One of the American nuts has been included for the purpose of calling attention to the special exhibit in the same hall of the many varieties of these. To the economic botany exhibits in Hall 28 some important additions were made during the year. One of these is a case showing the principal vegetable oils used for industrial purposes. These are arranged in two general groups: one of the chief so-called non- drying oils used for soap making, for dyeing, and for illuminating; the other group including the drying oils used commercially in paints and varnishes, and for foundry oils. The exhibit comprises also the most prominent oil-producing seeds. Most of the oil samples were presented by the Scientific Oil Compounding Company of Chicago, through the courtesy of Dr. Otto Eisenschiml, whose cooperation should be especially acknowledged. To the exhibits of cellulose products in Hall 28 was added one showing various kinds of rayon or so-called artificial silk. This exhibit illustrates the different kinds of raw materials used and JAN. 1933 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 339 the chemical treatment by which the cellulose is dissolved and subsequently re-precipitated in the form of threads. In the same half-case are exhibited the different stages in the preparation of celluloid lacquer or varnish. A case showing paper made from wood pulp was added to the exhibit of paper-making materials in the same hall. A series of samples represents the various stages in the mechanical and chemical treatment of coniferous woods for the manufacture of wood pulp paper. There are also shown some of the common and some of the unusual types of paper manufactured from coniferous and other common soft woods of this country. A series of tropical soft woods suitable for paper pulp is another feature of the exhibit. The cork exhibit, also in Hall 28, was completely reinstalled and relabeled, as was the case of products made from bamboo. Informa- tion for some of the labels of the latter was kindly furnished by Professor T. Nakai of Tokyo Imperial University. In the Hall of Foreign Woods (Hall 27) there were installed five panels of commercial woods of the West Indies: blue mahoe, satin- wood, degame, cocus wood, and West Indian boxwood. Of the extensive collection of Japanese woods which have been on display for several years, one case was refinished and reinstalled. The unusually fine collection of planks representing the principal woods of eastern Australia was also refinished and reinstalled. A full length veneered panel of the so-called Australian silky oak, and a series of four panels of Oriental wood (Endiandra Palmerstoniz) showing a wide variation of grain, were added. During the last months of the year the Division of Printing furnished the Department of Botany with a large quantity of labels including descriptive labels for new exhibits as well as for some installations of the previous year. As a result there are now few specimens with labels lacking. The black labels in the Hall of Plant Life are being replaced with new buff labels. General case labels of such size that they can be read with ease from the central aisles of the halls have been prepared for most of the cases of the Department, and have been installed in two halls. Placed near the top within the cases, they serve to indicate in a word or two the general nature of the material displayed. Thus a visitor may see at a glance whether an exhibit of woods is composed of specimens from Australia, Europe, or Argentina. In the exhibit bE et ta of industrial raw materials, the words ‘‘cotton,” “‘linen,” “jute,” 340 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—REPORTS, VOL. IX “ramie,”’ ete., will guide him. In the Hall of Plant Life such words as ‘‘algae,” “fungi,” “conifers,” etc., will aid in finding any desired item and at the same time will serve the general purpose of classification. DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY EXPEDITIONS AND RESEARCH The Department of Geology had no official expeditions during 1932. However, some collecting was done by certain members of the Department staff who chose to engage in such activities during their vacations, presenting to the Museum the specimens resulting from their efforts. Of such undertakings the most important was carried on by Mr. Bryan Patterson, Assistant in Paleontology, in the neighborhood of Grand Junction, Colorado. Mr. Patterson was accompanied by Mr. Thomas J. Newbill, Jr., of La Grange, Illinois, who generously provided a car for transportation and gave much assistance in the field. The purpose of the expedition was to obtain material of individuals of the fossil mammal belonging to the genus Titanoides, a few bones of which had been received in the previous year. This animal belonged to the group of amblypods, an order of ungulates which became extinct in early Tertiary times. Members of the genus were about the size of a modern rhinoceros, but had been known hitherto only from a few scattered bones. Mr. Patterson and his associate made seven different finds, which afforded vertebrae, limbs and feet, ribs, part of a skull and complete lower jaws of members of the genus. From this material it will be possible to make a much more nearly complete representation of the animal than heretofore. Much assistance was rendered the collectors by Mr. E. B. Faber, of Grand Junction, who had furnished the material on which Mr. Patterson’s first study of the animal had been made and in whose honor the species had been named. Besides collecting specimens, careful records of the stratigraphy of the region were made by Mr. Patterson, and these will aid in further investigations. Investigation and description of portions of the collections made by the Marshall Field Paleontological Expeditions to South America, conducted from 1922 to 1927, were continued during the year. In pursuance of this work, Associate Curator Elmer S. Riggs and Assistant Patterson prepared a publication on certain notoungulates from the Notostylops beds of Patagonia. The manuscript is now in press. JAN. 1933 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 341 A monograph on the Cerro Cuadrado Petrified Forest of Patagonia, based on collections of petrified cones and branches made by the Marshall Field Expeditions in 1924, has been prepared and submitted by Dr. George R. Wieland of Yale University. Dr. Wieland has been engaged in the preparation of this monograph for several years, and his study is an exhaustive one. Dr. Rudolf Stahlecker, who was a member of the Second Marshall Field Paleontological Expedition to Argentina, has prepared and submitted notes on the stratigraphy and tectonic features of certain - fossil-bearing formations of the Province of Catamarca, Argentina. These observations now await publication. They are not only a new contribution to science but also serve to establish the horizons from which the Museum collections were obtained. Other studies of the South American collections which were carried nearly to completion during the year include one of a new carnivorous marsupial and another of a rare ground sloth and related species. Through arrangements with the American Museum of Natural History, New York, studies of the South American fossil mammals of pre-Santa Cruz age are to be shared by the two institu- tions, the American Museum to devote itself to mammals of the two lower, and Field Museum to those of the two upper horizons of that period. In pursuance of this plan an exchange of specimens for purposes of study has been made between the two institutions by virtue of which the American Museum has loaned 119 specimens and Field Museum 126 specimens. A Museum leaflet entitled The Geological History and Evolution of the Horse by Associate Curator Riggs was published during the year. This leaflet contains, in addition to anatomical comparisons of the horses of various geological periods, an account of the more important branches of the horse family, of the climatic conditions under which horses of extinct types have lived, of their food, the influence of these factors upon the development of the animal, the migrations of various branches of the family over the world, and the probable causes of their extinction. A paper on “The Upper Molars of Canis ambrusterz’’ by Assistant Patterson was published in the American Journal of Science during the year. Papers by Associate Curator Henry W. Nichols and Phil C. Orr on ‘Bakelite Impregnation of Fossil Bones,’ and by Mr. Nichols and Assistant Curator Sharat K. Roy on “Preparation of Micro-fossils’’ were published in the British Museums Journal. 342 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—REPORTS, VOL. IX Work on the collections of invertebrate fossils made by the Second Rawson—MacMillan Subarctic Expedition (1927-28) has been continued by Assistant Curator Roy, and all the more important groups, except a few species of gastropods and bryozoans, have been examined and described. Eleven new species have been discovered, in addition to twenty-five previously reported. Included in this work, besides superficial cleaning and preparation of a large number of specimens, has been the grinding and polishing of thirty sections of fossil corals and one of a fossil cephalopod. Articles contributed by members of the Department staff to Field Museum News totaled fourteen signed contributions and a similar number of briefer, unsigned notes. Curator Oliver C. Farrington addressed a special meeting of the Milwaukee Astronomical Society held at the Museum November 13, on the subject of meteorites and the Museum’s large model of the moon. A special meeting of the Western Society of Engineers held at the Museum on September 24 was addressed by Associate Curator Nichols on the economic minerals of Illinois as compared with those of the world. Dr. Elias Dahr, of the University of Lund, Denmark, spent a few days in the Department in the study of fossil carnivores, and Dr. Remington Kellogg, of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, D.C., made further studies here on a fossil whale. Other visiting scientists included Dr. Henry Fairfield Osborn, Mr. Barnum Brown, Mr. Walter Granger, and Dr. G. G. Simpson, of the American Museum of Natural History; Mr. C. W. Gilmore, of the United States National Museum; and Dr. Harry Berman, of Harvard University. Requests from correspondents and visitors for information and for identification of specimens were received as usual in large numbers, and were attended to as quickly and fully as possible. There were 376 correspondents and 239 visitors referred to the Department during the year. Specimens brought or sent for identification were chiefly invertebrate fossils, 686 of these being determined. Of minerals and supposed meteorites 221 were determined. ACCESSIONS—GEOLOGY While the number of accessions was not as large as in some previous years, many interesting and important additions were made to the collections by gift, exchange and purchase. Mr. William J. Chalmers, of Chicago, added to the crystal collection, JAN. 1933 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 343 which has been brought to such a high standard of excellence through his long continued gifts, a quartz geode, twenty-two inches in diameter. It weighs 125 pounds, and is filled with brilliant quartz crystals. Other gifts to the collection by Mr. Chalmers were an unusually large and transparent crystal of sphalerite from Boulder, Colorado, and a specimen of a new habit of crystallized mimetite from Tsumeb, Southwest Africa. He also gave, from the so-called Petrified Forest in Arizona, two specimens of petrified wood which show unusual colors for that occurrence. An important gift received from Dr. B. E. Dahlgren, Acting Curator of the Department of Botany, included seven specimens of diamonds in matrix obtained by him at Dattas, Minas Geraes, Brazil. Besides the value of the diamonds themselves, the specimens are of unusual interest in showing the diamonds associated with the rare minerals lazulite and cyanite. Three specimens of another matrix in which diamonds occur at the same locality, probably an alteration product of the lazulite, were also included. Besides these, Dr. Dahlgren presented fifteen specimens of the rare mineral euxenite, notable for its composition of rare earths. Mr. Herbert C. Walther, of Chicago, added to the collection of rare metals in elemental form, to which he had previously liberally contributed, specimens of metallic potassium, sodium, manganese, uranium and cerium. He also presented some elemental phosphorus, ores of caesium and tantalum, a specimen of ferrocerium alloy and seventeen garnets. Additional specimens illustrating the minerals of Arkansas, of which Mr. Frank von Drasek, of Cicero, Illinois, had previously been a generous donor, were given by him in the form of five fine quartz crystals, twenty-two pearls from the Little Missouri River, and some small crystal chips. Mr. von Drasek also presented some carved turquois from the Zufii, New Mexico, Indian reservation, the carvings representing birds and animals. The above-mentioned gifts comprise a total of thirty-seven specimens. Also, as a result of recent visits to some of the more important mining localities in New Mexico, Mr. von Drasek obtained, partly by his own collecting and partly by gifts from local officials, sixty-nine specimens of minerals, ores, and fossils which he kindly presented to the Museum. Important specimens in this gift include some of the potash-bearing mineral polyhalite as found at Roswell; specimens of the Hanover zine ores and silver; and gold ores and volcanic ash from the region of Silver City. 344 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—REpPorRTS, VOL. IX A large mass of pure gilsonite in the form of a two-foot cube, and about forty smaller specimens of the same mineral, all from Cuba, were presented by the Central Commercial Company, of Chicago. Both the large mass and the smaller specimens are remarkable for the high purity of the material. Mr. Le Roy P. Guion, of Newton, Massachusetts, presented to the Museum for permanent possession, a large, etched section of the Seneca Falls meteorite which had been loaned to the institution many years before by his father, the late General G. Murray Guion. Interesting correspondence in connection with the meteorite and its study by Professor Charles U. Shepard, of Amherst, and Professor Benjamin Silliman, of Yale, the leading mineralogists of their day, was an appreciated addition to the gift. From Dr. C. T. Elvey, of the Yerkes Observatory, Williams Bay, Wisconsin, there were received as a gift, two specimens of the iron meteorites which occur at Odessa, Texas, in connection with the crater of problematic origin to be seen there. Of this occurrence the Museum previously had no specimens. The two presented include one of an unaltered meteorite, and one of the so-called ‘fron-shale’”” which is formed by oxidation of the meteorites. As the topography and distribution of the Odessa meteorites resemble in many ways the corresponding features at the well-known locality of Canyon Diablo, Arizona, the possibility that the crater was formed by the fall of a large meteorite at Odessa is indicated. There were also received, by gift from Mr. N. H. Seward, of Melbourne, Australia, specimens of meteorites from another “meteor crater’ not previously represented in the Museum collection. These specimens, in the form of two typical individual meteorites, are from the craters at Henbury, Australia. A cast of the Santa Fe meteorite, illustrating its peculiar shape, was another welcome addition to the meteorite collection, coming as a gift from the United States National Museum, Washington, D.C. Two valued additions were made to the Museum’s series of copper masses distributed by glacial action, in the gift of a seventeen- pound copper boulder from Columbus, Wisconsin, received from Mr. Carl Pickhardt, of Chicago, and a seven-pound mass found at Oglesby, Illinois, presented by Mr. Leonard Pryde, of Oglesby. Mr. Arthur Roat, of Red Lodge, Montana, contributed fourteen specimens of the rare mineral mesolite. These specimens represent a new locality for this mineral. JAN. 1933 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 345 Twenty specimens of phlogopite and other micas from Laurier County, Quebec, presented by Mr. Frank Spaak, of Chicago, afford a series illustrating valuable, newly discovered deposits of mica in this remote locality. Mr. Spaak also gave seven specimens of other minerals from the locality, these being chiefly talc, apatite, and corundum. A number of shells of the pearl oyster and one pearl weighing seventeen grains, from the Tuamotu Archipelago, French Oceania, were presented by Mr. Edward A. Zimmerman, of Chicago, who collected them. They afford a valuable illustration of the pearl fisheries in that portion of the globe. Six crystallized specimens of the rare minerals, tennantite, colusite, and enargite, from Butte, Montana, were presented by Mr. Blair W. Stewart, of South Bend, Indiana. Mrs. A. H. Roper, of Oak Park, Illinois, presented a large specimen of mica schist containing many well-formed crystals of staurolite, which she found near Rausin Lake, Wisconsin. A specimen of the highest grade of glass sand, and one of testing sand, from the important deposits at Ottawa, Illinois, were presented by the Ottawa Silica Company. Mr. Stafford C. Edwards, of Colton, California, gave four speci- mens of the remarkable maul-shaped concretions which occur at that locality. They are the largest of this type that have yet been received. Another group, numbering eleven specimens, of interesting compound concretions showing unusual forms was received from Mrs. J. T. Stewart, of Chicago. They were obtained near Grand - Junction, Colorado. From Mr. A. T. Newman, of Bloomer, Wis- consin, there were received by gift thirty limonite concretions of an unusual type found in the vicinity of his home, as well as four specimens of the Devil’s Hill, South Dakota, sand-calcite concretions. A skull and jaws of the rare horned fossil gopher Ceratogaulus, an extinct type of rodent of which only a very few specimens are known, was included in a gift from Messrs. Thompson Stout and Ed. Hartman, of Lewellen, Nebraska. Added to this gift were three teeth of the fossil horse, Pliohippus, and a bone of the fossil rhinoceros, Teleoceras. To several groups of collaborators the Museum is indebted for a number of specimens of fossil plants and invertebrates collected by them in various localities in Illinois. One group, which included Mr. and Mrs. J. R. Below, Miss Nan B. Mason, and Mr. Bryan Patterson, all of Chicago, presented collections they assembled at Galesburg, Illinois, of ninety-one fossil plants and five fossil shark 346 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY—REPORTS, VOL. IX spines. The same group, from collections made in the neighborhood of Sag Canal, Illinois, presented forty-nine invertebrate fossils. Mr. Henry Field, of the Department of Anthropology,and Messrs. Bryan Patterson and Sharat K. Roy, of the Department of Geology, presented 150 specimens of the rare fossil worm, Lecthaylus, and 198 specimens of trilobites, graptolites, and other invertebrates, which they collected at Blue Island, Illinois. Messrs. Field and Patterson also presented nine specimens of invertebrates, chiefly remains of trilobites, which they collected at Racine, Wisconsin. Mr. Frank Letl, of the Department of Zoology, Mr. Thomas J. Newbill, Jr., of La Grange, Illinois, and Mr. Patterson presented forty-eight specimens of invertebrate fossils, collected by them at Danville, Illinois. Messrs. Patterson and Roy gave twenty-three specimens of cephalopods and brachiopods of Devonian age collected at Milwaukee, Wisconsin. From an expedition to Plateau Creek, Colorado, conducted by Messrs. Patterson and Newbill, there were received a large part of a skeleton of the rare amblypod, Titanoides, a part of the carapace of a fossil turtle, the front portion of the snout of a fossil crocodile, and three specimens of invertebrate fossils. From the United States National Museum, a skull of the large fossil peccary, Platygonus cumberlandensis, was received by exchange. This affords a highly valued representation of the occurrence in the United States of this type of mammal now found chiefly in South America.