British Science Guild
Annual report of the Executive

Committee
1910

British Science Guild

FOURTH
ANNUAL
REPORT

Presented at the General Meeting
held at the
Mansion House, [8th March, I9IO

THE RT. HON. THE LORD MAYOR

IN THE CHAIR

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1910

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BRITISH SCIENCE GUILD.

FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Adopted at the General Meeting of the Members of the Guild
at the FourtH ANNuAL MEETING held at the Mansion House,

on March 18th, 1910, at 4 p.m, under the presidency of
The Rt. Hon. THE Lorp Mayor.

REPORT.

The Third Annual Meeting of the Members of the Guild was held at the
Mansion House on January 22nd, 1909, under the Presidency of the Rt. Hon.
the Lord Mayor (Sir George Wyatt Truscott, Bart.), and was very largely
attended.

FORMATION OF BRANCHES IN CANADA AND AUSTRALIA.

In the last Annual Report reference was made to the proposed formation
of Branches of the Guild in Australia and Canada. During the year further
progress has been made and inaugural meetings have been held in Winnipeg
(Canada) and Sydney (New South Wales). A Branch is also being formed in
South Australia.

It should be a source of congratulation to the Members of the Guild that
the importance of the objects for which they are striving is fully recognised in
the Britains beyond the seas.

The Canadian Branch.

The Inaugural Meeting of this Branch was held on August 31st, 1909, at
Winnipeg, the date and place being chosen owing to the meeting of the British
Association in Canada and the consequent presence of members of the British
Science Guild from this side of the water. The Meeting was held in the
Chemical Lecture Theatre of the University of Manitoba, Prof. Waller occupied
the Chair, and short addresses explaining the objects of the Guild were given
by the Chairman, Prof. Perry and Dr. F. M. Perkin.

Dr. Barnes, the Canadian Organising Secretary, then described the work
which had so far been done. For about two years they had been preparing
the ground, and they had now formed a Committee of nearly 100 members
drawn from all over Canada. It was thought better to form an Organising
Committee for Canada, consisting of the leading educational, scientific and
business men in Canada, rather than to form a separate Branch. By forming
such a Committee, it was considered that not the least of the advantages
would be the keeping in touch with the scientific methods throughout the
Empire, and it was hoped that the Canadian Committee might thus be the
means of obtaining accurately for the English Guild information on Canadian
matters. Dr. Bryce expressed his sympathy with the movement, especially .
with the emphasis it laid upon the necessity of Technical Education, On the

2

motion of Prof. Lynde, seconded by Dr. Bryce, the following resolution was
passed :— 3

“ That the present Organising Committee of the British Science Guild
in Canada be constituted a Canadian Committee of the British Science

Guild with power to add to its numbers.”

The New South Wales Branch.

The inaugural meeting of the New South Wales Branch was held on
Oct. 13th, 1909, at the Royal Society’s House, Sydney, Lord Chelmsford occupy-
ing the Chair. In the addresses it was said the Guild might be looked upon as a
permanent reform committee, which, seeking alliance with societies and ~
individuals that have knowledge of special subjects, will focus the combined
expression of scientific opinion, and display continuous activity until its object
be attained. It isa neutral body. It is not a scientific society, but one for the
purpose of urging the conduct of all social and industrial matters on scientific
principles for the general advantage. An executive committee had been
preparing for the inauguration since the early part of the year. A list of office
bearers, already drawn up, was formally adopted.

Lord Chelmsford, Governor of New South Wales, who was attended by
his private Secretary, presided, and Dr. Walter Spencer, Honorary Secretary,
and Commissioner for Australia, read the presidential address of Sir Normand
MacLaurin, who was absent. Among other things the address set out that the
Committee met in February to select such work as seemed to be most urgent
for prosecution, pending consolidation of the branch by increase of membership,
and by the inaugural meeting. The work chosen concerned commercial
interests and social welfare—(1) Preservation of the Timber Industry; (2)
Prevention of loss and damage to live stock on its way to market (on this, it
was stated, depended wholesome meat for the Commonwealth, and the good
name of its exports) see Appendix A; (3) Preservation cf open spaces near schools
for the physical development of the rising generation ; (4) Check of tubercular
infection disseminated in passenger vessels afloat and in hotels ashore.

The report of the Sub-Committee on ‘open spaces for children” had been
adopted, and its recommendations could now be pushed home. The. other
sub-committees had their subjects still under discussion, and their recommenda-
tions would, in time, be brought forward by publications, public meetings,
conferences and deputations.

Lord Chelmsford said what was wanted to-day, and what he thought the
Guild intended to try to do, was to get a scientific spirit to permeate the public —
at large. He agreed with a remark of Mr. Holman, M.L.A., that science was
an end in itself; but the general public should be convinced that in giving
money for scientific purposes they were giving it for a good cause, and also that
scientific knowledge was worth something in pounds, shillings and pence. And
so he hoped in that way to get the public alive to the importance of scientific
knowledge in everyday life. The manufacture of aniline dyes had gone from
England, where they were invented, to Germany, where they had been made the
subject of scientific research. Our departments of public instruction might bring
forward schemes of co-ordination and the like, but until the parents had been
convinced that education was of value to them, all the schemes in the world

3
were not going to make them alive to education. In Germany and in America
parents in the homes were alive to the importance of education, and they were
determined to undergo any personal sacrifices if they could only give their sons
and daughters the best possible education.

In the case of Agriculture, we had to convince the farming community as a
whole that there was something in scientific knowledge that was going to be of
value to them. This was very hard to do. He did not know if the farming
community here was different from the farming community in England, and he
did not know a class more conservative than the farming community of the old
country; but if they were of practically the same character, then it would take a
very long time to instil into the minds of the farming community the value of
scientific knowledge. He hoped that by its methods the Guild would be able
to press home, not only upon men in authority—he believed men in authority
were fully alive to the value of scientific knowledge—but also upon the men in
the street, that scientific knowledge was not a mere abstraction, and that if
_ devoted to commerce, trade and everyday life, it would sweeten and enrich the
lives of all, and help the well-being of the community at large.

Speaking of the objects of the Guild, Dr. F. A. Bennet said there was
some difference of opinion as to whether England was actually decadent, but
there could be no two opinions that if she was not actually decadent she was at
least falling behind some of her neighbours in the race of commercial prece-
dence. Germany spent more money on the University of Berlin alone than
did England upon the whole of her universities put together. ‘It is not the
German Dreadnoughts we have to be afraid of, but the German schoolmaster,”
observed SirJames Graham. “ He is the man who is doing the damage.” The
Guild should be made a vigilance committee, and not a debating society.

The South Australian Branch.

The branch also being formed in South Australia has already a
membership of over 100. His Excellency the Governor, Sir Day Hort
Bosanquet, is acting as patron. In a circular, issued by the Secretary, the
ideals of the Guild are stated as :—

“To give one kind of education only to the people of the Empire—the
best (both practical and theoretical)—and to secure its economic application
to the wants of mankind.

“To help us to keep our Empire the greatest factor in the world and
retain our immense commerce. To do this we must teach the people the
necessity of applying the methods of science to all branches of human effort.
It must be observed that practical and scientific knowledge combined, and its
application to useful purposes, is the secret of all human mental influence and
power. It reduces labour, increases pleasure, and gives health and contentment.

“ Scientific straight-thinking is just as good for us as a navy is for Germany.
Brains lie at the root of all things.”

_ The following subjects have been submitted for selection and discussion by
this Branch :—

Best method of Dealing with the Unemployed Members of Society— their
profitable utilisation for the benefit of themselves and the State.

4

Best method of Educating our Youths, scientifically and practically, to
make them self-reliant and supporting early in life.

Best method of Developing our Fisheries profitably, to increase the
wealth of the State, and compete with the world’s markets.

Best method of Developing our Forests, to increase the wealth of the
State, and compete with the world’s markets.

Best method of procuring Fuel from Vegetable Products to replace Coal
for Power and Heating Purposes (alcohol, spirits, etc.), to compete with the
world’s markets.

Best method of Developing our Gold and Mineral Fields to increase our
wealth.

Best method of Cheapening the Production of Wheat, Wool and Meat,
and of Marketing them, to compete with the world’s markets profitably.

To avoid loss and deterioration of live stock during transit by road and
rail.

To avoid the dissemination of tuberculosis by passenger vessels and
hotels.

To avoid encroachment of vegetable pests on fertile areas.

To promote irrigation from the waters of the river Murray.

The best method of lifting the people from the lower to the higher realms
of life.

The best method of prevention and cure of cancer.

THe WaAntT oF NATIONAL ORGANIZATION.

The President of the Guild in his address last year remarked: “ . . . .
the doctrine which we preach is a doctrine the importance of which is as great
in the City of London as it can be elsewhere, but it is a great doctrine every-
where. It is that the nation is in danger of lagging behind. We know
well that progress—marked progress—is being made in every direction, but we
know also that in this world everything is relative, and that other nations are
making progress not less marked and not less remarkable. We have much
way to make up, and the exertions of our people as a united people are
necessary if we are to hold our own in the stress of the competition of nations.
Well, I have spoken of our work as directed to stimulating the intellectual
development of the nation, and it is true that such energies as we are able to
put forth are directed to that missionary enterprise.

But that missionary enterprise is only one form of the necessary —
missionary enterprise. Intellect counts for much; I am not sure that
character does not count for more. . . . . I am not sure that the passion
for sport is not quite as great an evil in this country as the passion for
drink. What we need above all things is to become a serious nation, if we are
to hold our own in these days when concentrated effort on every hand—alike
in practical and theoretical life—is the order of the day.”

These remarks of our President have led the Executive Committee to
consider how best the suggested changes can be brought about.

In Appendix B are brought together references to this question of
national organization which have been made at various times by our
President, the Chairman of Committees, and others.

5

The Committee would point out that in the case of the armed forces of the
country, following the example of Germany, a General Staff for Army purposes
is already in being, and the Government has announced that a similar
organization is being established for Naval purposes.

The view that the peace purposes of the nation could be well served by an
organization dealing similarly with peace requirements, and indeed that they
cannot be best served without it, is rapidly gaining ground, all the more
because it is becoming fully recognized that party politics deal more with the
temporary success of a party than with the permanent welfare of the State.

A body composed of men selected from among the most eminent repre-
sentatives of Science, Education, Industry, Commerce and Finance, associated
with the technical heads of the Government Institutions dealing specially with
such matters, would provide such a General Staff fully competent to deal with
questions in which united action would be conducive to the nation’s welfare
and progress.

UNIVERSITY ORGANIZATION.

The Executive Committee have observed with the greatest satisfaction
the steady growth of opinion in two directions. First, the necessity for the
fullest consideration of research in connection with all the higher teaching;
and, secondly, the national loss which results from the exclusion of the Uni-
versities from the Government view of Education as represented by its Board.
The question of the endowment of the Universities was referred to in our
second Report, but the consideration of this matter was postponed for a time
in consequence of an important debate by the House of Lords, during which
Lord Crewe, on behalf of the Government, stated that the appointment of
Royal Commissions was postponed because, with special reference to Oxford
and Cambridge, “it is important for us, before arriving at a final conclusion,
to know what the most thoughtful and the most competent opinion at both
Universities really demands, and we also must either inform ourselves or be
informed exactly what the Universities cannot do of their own motion, and for
what purposes legislation would be required.”

More recently, however, a Royal Commission has been appointed to deal
with the University of London, and the terms of reference are wide.

An appeal has been made to the Guild to consider specially the questions
relating to the organisation of research which may properly and advantageously
be brought to the notice of the Royal Commissioners. A commencement of
this enquiry has already been made by the Medical Committee. (See Report).

The Organisation of the University of Wales has been greatly helped by
the following grants from the Exchequer :—Increases of £15,000 for University
Education in Wales; £20,000 in aid of the Building Fund of University
College, Bangor; £2,000 for National Museum of Wales; £4,500 for National
Library of Wales. The recent increases in the endowments of the Prussian
and United States Universities are shown in Appendix J.

Alps 10 SerentiFic Inquiry RecENTLY GRANTED BY THE GOVERNMENT.

The Executive Committee desire to point out that the present
Government has shewn itself more anxious to promote scientific inquiry than
any of its predecessors.

6

We append a statement showing some of the researches which have thus
been recently aided by the State.

Sleeping Sickness Bureau.—This was established in 1908, the cost being
defrayed from Imperial funds, including a contribution from the Sudan.

African Entomological Research Comnuttee.— Appointed in 1909 by Coloniat
Office to further the study of economic entomology with special reference to
Africa. Chairman, Lord Cromer. (See Nature, Sept. 2, 1909.)

Government Recognition of Delegates to Scientific Conferences.—The use of
scientific methods by civilised governments in the best way, can only be
accomplished by meetings of men of science of different countries. Hence the
number of International Scientific Conferences is increasing year by year, and
this necessitates the travelling of the members to the capital chosen for the
meetings, and their official recognition while they are there. In all countries
except Britain the expenses of delegates are paid, and the delegates are
received by the Ruler of the State and the Government officials concerned.
The British Government in the past has not followed this course of proceeding.
The delegates to foreign States pay their own expenses, and the British
Government hitherto has taken little or no notice when the Conferences are held
in London. In one particular this treatment is to be modified in the future.

A lump sum is now provided for Government hospitality in Class VII. of
the Estimates, which is available for, inter alia, the expenses of entertainment
of delegates to a Scientific Conference held in this country, when circumstances
appear to justify it. ;

Already the foreign delegates have thus had an opportunity of meeting
representatives of the Government at a banquet presided over by a Cabinet
Minister.

Advisory Committee for Aeronautics—The Government in 1909 established
a Scientific Committee to organize continuous researches, experimental or
otherwise, on problems connected with the design and construction of aérial
machines. The President is Lord Rayleigh, and Dr. Glazebrook has been
appointed Chairman. The grant in aid of the expenses of the work of the
committee at the National Physical Laboratory is fixed at £6,500. _(Supple-
mentary Estimates, 1909-1910).

Antarctic Inquiry.—The Government have shown their appreciation of the
importance of scientific inquiry by granting £20,000 towards the expenses of the
Antarctic Expedition of Sir Edward Shackleton, and a like sum towards the
equipment of the expedition which is being fitted out by Captain Scott.

International Exhibitions.—The Board of Trade have formed a new branch
of their Commercial Department to deal with matters relating to the partici-
pation of this country in future international exhibitions and to superintend the
organisation of British exhibits in connection therewith.

While congratulating the nation that so many branches of science, and so
many national needs depending upon science, have been aided, we still have
to state our regret that, so far, the deputation and reports which have pleaded the
better housing of the Science Museum and the Solar Physics Observatory,
which were established more than thirty years ago, have so far not been
acted on.

Z

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH.

Early in the Guild’s history the importance of the encouragement of
agricultural research was strongly insisted on in a Memorandum drawn up by
Lord Blyth, the Chairman of the Agricultural Committee. (See Appendix C.)

The Agricultural Committee have recently drawn up a report in order to
bring before the Government the very inadequate amount which is granted for
agricultural research. The amount given in this direction by the Government
of the United States of America is over £750,000 per annum, while in the United
Kingdom the direct grants for agricultural research in the three years 1906-7-8
have averaged between £400 and £500.

During its preparation the question has received a great impetus by a
proposal made by the Chancellor of the Exchequer. In his Budget Speech he
referred to the encouragement of agricultural research in the following terms :—

“The State can help by instruction, by experiment, by organisation, by
direction. . . . I doubt whether there is a great industrial country in the
world which spends less money on work directly connected with the develop-
ment of its resources than we do. Take, if you like, . . . one industry
alone—agriculture—of all industries the most important for the permanent
well-being of any land. Examine the Budgets of foreign countries . . . and
compare them with our own, and Hon. Members will be rather ashamed at the
contrast between the wise and lavish generosity of countries poorer than ours,
and the short-sighted and niggardly parsimony with which we dole out small
sums of money for the encouragement of agriculture in our country.

“We are not getting out of the land anything like what it is capable of
endowing us with. Of the enormous quantity of agricultural dairy produce and
fruit, and of the timber which is imported into this country, a considerable
portion could be raised on our own lands.”

He then states his intention of devoting £200,000 to a Development Grant.
The Grant will be utilised in the promoting of schemes which have for their
purpose the development of the resources of the country. It will include such
objects as the institution of schools of forestry, the purchase and preparation
of land for afforestation, the setting up of a number of experimental forests on
a large scale, expenditure upon scientific research in the interest of agriculture,
experimental farms, the improvement of stock—as to which there have been a
great many demands from people engaged in agriculture, the equipment of
agencies for disseminating agricultural instruction, the encouragement and
promotion of co-operation, the improvement of rural transport so as to make
markets more accessible, the facilitation of all well-considered schemes and
measures for attracting labour back to the land by small holdings or reclama-
tion of wastes. Every acre of land brought into cultivation, every acre of
cultivated land brought into a higher state of cultivation, means more labour of
a healthy and productive character. It means more abundant food—cheaper
and better food for the people. A further reference to the Committee’s
work on this subject will be found on p. 8.

THE Work OF THE COMMITTEES.
During the year the Executive have met on ten occasions and the various
Sub-Committees a number of times. The results of those Committees which have
concluded their reports will be found in the Appendix. In other cases in which

8

the work of the Committees is not yet complete, the reports will be issued
later. New Committees have been formed for dealing with the Conservation |
of Natural Sources of Energy, to consider the question of Technical Education
and its Position in regard to Universities. The Executive also held two special
meetings to consider National Scientific Organisation.

Education Committee.
Members: The Hon. Sir John Cockburn, K.C.M.G. (Chairman), J. Easterbrook,
Esq., H. W. Eve, Esq., E. Gray, Esq., R. A. Gregory, Esq. (Secretary),
Sir Philip Magnus, M.P., Miss L. Manley, C. T. Millis, Esq., A. T:
Pollard, Esq., Professor T. Raymont, Miss C. E. Rigg, J.J. Robinson,
Esq., Miss K. Wallas, Dr. R. M. Walmsley, Sidney Webb, Esq., LL.B.,
J. Wilson, Esq., M.Sc., Sir James Yoxall, M.P.

The report of the Committee printed in last year’s Report dealing with the
relations to one another of primary and secondary education and with’ school-
leaving certificates was circulated among the general and educational press
for their remarks and suggestions. Nearly all the associations replied favour-
ably. A further Report is printed in Appendix D.

Inexpensive Instruments in Science Teaching Committee.

Members :—The Hon. Sir John Cockburn, K.C.M.G. (Chairman), A. Earl,
Esq., R. A. Gregory, Esq., Prof. Meldola, F.R.S., Sir Alexander Pedler, C.I.E.,
F.R.S., Prof. Perry, F.R.S., Mrs. W. N. Shaw, and Dr. G. T. Moody (Hon. Sec.).

The Report of the Committee, printed last year in the Annual Report of
the Executive Committee, was ordered to be distributed for information and
criticism. Replies have been received from the various Educational Associa-
tions to which the Report was referred.

Agricultural Committee.

Members :—Sir Norman Lockyer, K.C.B., F.R.S. (Chairman), Prof. R. H. Biffen,
The Right Hon. Lord Blyth, Major Craigie, C.B., Dr. F. W. Gamble,
F.R.S., Prof. A. D. Hall, F.R.S., W. Heape;, Esq., F.R:S., Protessar
Augustine Henry, J. Percival, Esq., Fredk. Verney, Esq., M.P.

This Committee met on five occasions, and after discussion a preliminary
report was drawn up by Prof. Hall and Mr. Percival. Invitations were then
issued to the various Agricultural Societies, and as a result two joint
conferences between the British Science Guild Agricultural Committee and
the following Societies were held:—The Central Land Association, Agricul-
tural Education Association, Central Chamber of Agriculture, and the
Farmers’ Club. Other Societies sympathised, but were unable to send
representatives.

At the Meeting of the Conference on December 13th it had been decided
to limit the scope of the enquiry to the consideration of Agricultural Research.
There are many other subjects of great importance to agriculture in the |
United Kingdom, but, as these will be discussed by the Agricultural Societies,
it was thought that any action taken by the Guild, either in the form of
deputation to the Government or of memorial, would be strongest if the whole
weight of the Conference were concentrated on Agricultural Research.

It was ultimately decided by the Conference to approach the Government
by memorial.

G,

Synchronisation of Clocks Committee.

Members :—The Hon. Sir John Cockburn, K.C.M.G. (Chairman), Sir Hugh
. Bell, Bart., Capt. Creak, R.N., C.B., F.R.S., Major O’Meara, R.E.,
C.M.G., Prof. Perry, F.R.S., Sir Wm. Ramsay, K.C.B., F.R.S.

Since the last Annual Meeting the report advocating the synchronisation
of all publicly-exposed clocks drawn up by this Committee was circulated to
the various Borough Councils in London and to the daily Press. Replies have
been received in almost all cases from the Councils stating their inability to
see their way to move in the matter. From Paddington Council, however, the
reply was in favour of the synchronisation of publicly-exposed clocks.

Particulars have also been obtained as to the methods employed in some
of the Colonies for exhibiting accurate times, and also from cities in Germany.

Naming and Numbering of Streets (Executive Committee.)

In the last year’s Annual Report (p. 10) the text of a letter sent to the
London County Council was given, in which attention was drawn to the
striking difference which exists between the Street Nomenclature in London
and in Paris. In the latter City the names of all the most illustrious French
men of science are perpetuated in the names of the streets or squares. But
in regard to London there are very few streets which bear the name of men
of science. The County Council replied as follows :—

“ Sir,—A Committee of the Council have had under consideration your
letter of the 23rd December, 1908, on behalf of the British Science Guild, with
reference to the systems of street nomenclature adopted in Paris and London
respectively.

“The Committee observe that of the thirty names suggested by the
British Science Guild as suitable for the purpose of naming new thoroughfares
or renaming old ones in London, twenty-one are already in use, the names not
in use being Clerk Maxwell, Captain Cook, Mungo Park, Watt, Joule, Stokes,
Priestley, Horrocks, and Piddington.

“As regards the naming of important streets after eminent scientists, it
appears to the Committee that there is a great difference between London and
Paris in this respect. In London some of the oldest street names have been
derived from prominent physical or business characteristics, or from the
proximity of a religious foundation or object of public interest, as for instance,
Lombard Street, Cornhill, London Wall, Fleet Street, Strand, Holborn,
Cheapside, Whitehall, Haymarket, Bishopsgate Street, Austin Friars, and
Minories. These names and names like Piccadilly, Regent Street, and Oxford
Street are steeped in historical and literary associations. Moreover, important
streets and places which have in more recent times been named after great
landowners—as Grosvenor Square, Bedford Square, Portland Place, and
Euston Road, have now acquired historical interest.

“The few important thoroughfares which have been constructed in London
in recent years, such as Garrick Street, Southwark Street, Northumberland
Avenue, Charing Cross Road, Shaftesbury Avenue, Rosebery Avenue, Kingsway
and Aldwych would seem to have been appropriately named.

10

“In Paris, on the other hand, new thoroughfares have been formed on a~
large scale within the last 50 years. These thoroughfares have lent themselves
to the process of being named after eminent men, although it would appear
that the names of famous French victories and Generals are quite as con-
spicuous as those of men of science. The system which has obtained in that
City, of periodically renaming squares and thoroughfares to commemorate
political changes does not lead to the perpetuation of names of public interest.

“It may be that the British Science Guild in suggesting the names of the
scientists mentioned, intended that these names should be applied to important
thoroughfares in the central districts of London ; but this object could only be
attained by renaming certain existing streets. There is objection to abolishing
old street names, and it has been found that the practical difficulties in the
way of such changes are almost insuperable.

«Within the last few years a number of streets in London have been
named after distinguished persons who resided in or near such streets, and the
names have not been confined to those of persons belonging to any particular
profession. Thus the following, amongst other names, have been given to
streets in London: Bernays, Brunel, Cosway, Dean Bradley, Dean Farrar,
Greenaway, Hallam, Heckford, Hessell, Keeley, Killowen, Malet, Maple, Papet,
Pym, Ruskin, Stainer, and Voltaire. Many other names, possessing local
associations, have also been made use of during the same period, and proposals
are under consideration for applying in appropriate districts the names, Airy,
Cremer, Cruden, Keats, Lassell, Raleigh, and Dean Stanley.

“The Committee trust that, with the above explanations before them, the
British Science Guild will appreciate the fact that the naming and re-naming
of streets in London is, so far as circumstances admit, carried out with due
regard to the associations of the localities with notable persons as well as to

historic interest.
“‘T am, sir, your obedient servant,

“G. LAURENCE GOMME,
‘Clerk to the Council.”

At a subsequent meeting of the Executive Committee the question of the
numbering of streets in London was considered. A correspondence has passed
between the Guild and the London County Council, from which it is gathered
that steps have been, and will continue to be taken, to bring about uniformity
in practice. This Correspondence is printed in Appendix E.

Medical Committee.

Members: Sir Lauder Brunton, Bart., F.R.S., M.D. (Chairman), Dr. F.
Andrewes, Sir Thomas Barlow, Bart., K.C.V.O., F.R.S., M.D., Dr.
Rose Bradford, F.R.S., Colonel Sir David Bruce, C.B., F.R.S., Sir
Archibald Geikie, K.C.B., President R.S., Sir Victor Horsley, F.R.S..,
F.R.C.S., Surgeon-General Sir Alfred Keogh, K.C.B., M.D., Dr. Charles
Martin, F.R.S., Professor Osler, F.R.S., M.D., Dr. C. S. Sherrington,
F.R.S., Professor Starling, F.R.S., M.D., Sir Almroth E. Wright,
F.R.S., M.D., Dr. Waller, F.R.S. (Secretary).

11

This Committee has been increased in numbers in order to take up
specially the consideration of Medical Research. Ordinary medical education
up to the Graduate Stage has not been considered.

The Committee desire to emphasize the very great importance of Post-
Graduate Medical Study, and to point out the very wide field and the great
materials for such work which exist in London, and that, owing to the absence
of organised effort relatively little use is being made of this immense field.

It was further considered that the ideal to be worked for was the estab-
lishment of a Central Medical School in connection with the London University
which should be devoted to Post-Graduate Teaching and Research.

Such a Central School might be associated with all the London hospitals in
connection with the London University for the purpose of Post-Graduate
Medical Study, and should have affiliated to it other medical institutions and
hospitals for the treatment of special types of disease (such as Hospitals for
Epilepsy and Diseases of the Nervous Systems, the Royal Ophthalmic Hospital
at Moorfields, Brompton Hospital for Consumptives, &c.).

Professors appointed by the Central London University School would be
deputed to work at any of the appointed institutions, where special facilities
might exist for Research and Post-Graduate Teaching in the subject dealt
with by each professor.

The Committee are strongly of the opinion that much greater facilities
should be given for Medical Research than exist at the present time, and that
large funds should be furnished from public and private sources for such
purposes.

One of the objects on which expenditure is urgently required is in the
endowment by the Central London University School of arrangements for
Pathological Research at the Medical Schools by the undergraduates of such
schools.

A Report from the Committee is given in Appendix F.

Conservation of Natural Sources of Energy Committee.

Members :—Sir Wm. Ramsay, K.C.B., F.R.S. (Chairman), Dr. G. T. Beilby,
Paes., Sir Hugh Bell, Bart., Dugald Clerk,’ Esq., P.R.S., H. Rider
Haggard, Esq., Prof. Vivian Lewes, Hon. C. A. Parsons, C.B., ORS:
Sir Boverton Redwood, Walter F. Reid, Esq., Dr. Hele-Shaw, F.R.S.,
Hon. R. J. Strutt, F.R.S., Fredk. Verney, Esq., M.P., H. A. des Voeux,
disq., Sir Wm. White, K.C.B., F.R.S.

At the last Annual Meeting Sir William Ramsay drew attention to the
appalling waste of natural sources of energy, such as coal and water power.
A Committee was formed with Sir Wm. Ramsay as Chairman, and has held
several Meetings. It has been decided to draw up reports on (1) Coal,
particularly in connection with its employment for smelting and other
industrial purposes; (2) Internal Combustion Engines and Oil Engines ;
(3) Atomic and Interatomic Energy; (4) The Availability and Quantity of
Natural Oil and Natural Gas; (5) The Heat of the Earth; (6) Availability of
Water Power; (7) Forestry; (8) Carburisation of Coal at High and Low
Temperatures ; (9) Solar Power.

12

Technical Education Committee.

Members :—Prof. R. Meldola, F.R.S. (Chairman), Dr. G. T. Beilby, F.R.S.,
Dr. H. T. Bovey, F.R.S., R. A. Gregory, Esq., Prof. A. Liversidge, F.R.S.,
Sir Philip Magnus, M.P., Sir William Mather, Sir Alex. Pedler, C.I.E.,
F.R.S., Dr. F. Mollwo Perkin (Hon. Sec.), Prof. Perry, F.R.S., Sir Wm.
Ramsay, K.C.B., F.R.S., A. Shadwell, Esq., Mrs. Shaw, Prof. J. Wert-
heimer, Sir Wm. White, K.C.B., F.R.S.

This Committee was formed with the object of considering the difference
between the methods of Technical Education in this country and abroad. It
has been recently stated that in this country more money is spent on
Technical Education than is spent in Prussia. But whereas in Prussia
splendid results are obtained, in the whole of this country there is much
smaller attendance and very little result. It sometimes happens that the
Governing Bodies of the Technical Institutions have hardly the technical
knowledge necessary to act as Directors of such Institutions. The main idea
in many cases is that evening trade classes for artisans will enable us to
compete with the highly-trained technologist from abroad. Extracts from
papers and reports on the subject are printed in Appendix G.

Co-ordination of Charitable Effort Committee.

Members: W. A. Bailward, Esq., Sir Wm. Bousfield, Sir Edward Brabrook,
C.B., Sir Wm. Chance, Bart., Sir Arthur Clay, Bart., Prof. Foxweli,
H.A. Harben, Esq., Lady Lockyer, Thos. Mackay, Esq., Sir Wm. Mather,
Claude Montefiore, Esq., Rev. L. R. Phelps.

At a meeting of this Committee it was decided that owing to the issue of
the Poor Law Report, it would be better to await developments and to see what
the Government propose to do in connection with the matter so as to prevent
overlapping. The following resolution was passed :—

“That the Committee considers it would be advantageous to watch
the trend of events in the discussion which took place upon the Govern-
ment Report of the Poor Law, and that if there appeared a tendency for
the discussions to move along unscientific lines, to take action.”

OTHER LINES OF ACTION.

The Study of German in Secondary Schools.

The Chairman of Committees was authorised by the Executive Committee
to sign a memorial drawn up by the Modern Language Association and
presented to the President of the Board of Education. The memorial
deplores the fact that the study of German in Secondary Schools is not at the
present as rapid as the advance in the study of French or even Latin This
memorandum is the reply of the memorialists to the letter from the Education
Board received in reply to the memorandum sent to the Board in 1908, and
mentioned in last year’s Annual Report. The full text of the memorandum is
printed in Appendix H.

13

Proposed Prize Essay.

The Executive Committee contemplate the offer of two prizes for an Essay
on “ The best way of carrying on the struggle for existence and securing the
survival of the fittest in national affairs.” The Essay should state the main
points to which attention must be directed; the following, in which the practice
of modern nations differs, may be touched upon :—

1. The training of the citizen to secure national efficiency in peace,
and national defence in war. ;

2. State organizations for securing the same objects.

3. The State endowment of the higher teaching and research in
Universities and elsewhere.

4. Whether a system of party government alone is sufficient to secure
all the best interests of the State in those directions in which brain power
and special knowledge are needed, or whether a body free: from the
influence of party politics and on which the most important national
activities are represented by the most distinguished persons is desirable.

_ 6. Whether it is of advantage that the nation’s greatest men in
Science, Learning and Industry on whom, in peace, the prestige and
progress of the nation chiefly depend should be in touch with the Head of
the State.

7. How discoveries and applications of Science can be best and
soonest utilized for State purposes both in peace and war.

Dinner with British Empire League.
The British Science Guild in conjunction with the British Empire League
took the opportunity of the Colonial Delegates being in the country to entertain

them toa banquet at the Guildhall, which was kindly lent for the occasion by the
Right Hon. the Lord Mayor.

Annual Dinner.

The Executive Committee has made arrangements for the Fellows and
Members of the Guild to dine together in the Galleries of the Royal Institute
of Painters in Water Colours, Prince’s Hall, on Friday, May 6th. The
President, Mr. Haldane, will occupy the chair, and a large number of ladies
and gentlemen have already signified their intention of being present.

ADMINISTRATION.
THE EXeEcuTIVE COMMITTEE.
The Executive. Committee has continued to hold monthly meetings
throughout the year.
The Committee work is rapidly growing, and the Executive Committee
is of opinion that to meet this condition more Vice-Chairmen of Committees
should be appointed. The number of members of the Executive Committee

was fixed at 28 at the first Annual Meeting. It is now recommended that this -
number be raised to 30.

14

VicE-PRESIDENTS OF THE GUILD.

The Executive Committee suggests the election of the following gentlemen ~

as Vice-Presidents, and their names are put before the Annual Meeting for

this purpose:—Sir Clifford Allbutt, K.C.B., F.R.S., Sir George Darwin,

K.C.B., F.R.S., Surgeon-General Sir A. Keogh, K.C.B., Right Hon. Sir
George Reid, K.C.M.G., Sir William White, K.C.B., F.R.S.

THE PRESENT MEMBERSHIP.
The membership of the Guild has increased from 793 at the end of 1907
to 855 at the end of 1909, of these 23 are Life Fellows, 46 Fellows subscribing

annually and 428 Life Members.
DEATHS.

The Committee deeply regrets to state that the following members of the
Guild have died since the last Annual Meeting:—Sir Alfred Jones, K.C.M.G.,and
Dr. Ludwig Mond, F.R.S., both munificent endowers of science; Dr. Shelford
Bidwell, F.R.S., Lady Brunton, Major-General Sir Owen Tudor Burne,
G.C.I.E., K.C.S.I., the Right Hon. Sir John Colomb, K.C.M.G., Professor
D. J. Cunningham, F.R.S., Alfred Cunnington, Esq., Earl Egerton of Tatton,
The Hon. Dudley Fortescue, Charles Hansford, Esq., Mrs. McClean, John
Smith, Esq., John Tolhurst, Esq., Sir Thomas Wardle, B. M. Woollan, Esq.

THe PLaces oF MEETING.

The Guild has been much indebted to the Royal Society, the Royal
Society of Arts, the Chemical Society, the Geological Society, the Institution
of Civil Engineers and the Iron and Steel Institute, for permitting the meetings
of the Executive Committees and various Sub-Committees to take place in

their rooms.
OFFICE FOR THE GUILD.

Owing to the great increase in the work of the Guild the Executive
considered it advisable to have a Central Office for the Guild, and they have
secured premises at 199, Piccadilly, where the meetings of the Sub-Committees

can also be held.
FINANCE.

We give the accounts to the end of 1909.
The Executive Committee wish to thank Carmichael Thomas, Esq., for
kindly acting as Auditor.

THE ExXxecuTIVE CoMMITTEE FOR 1910-11.

Under the Resolution passed at the 3rd Annual Meeting, five of the
members of the Executive Committee must retire each year, and a new
Executive Committee, consisting of 28 members, is to be elected. It has
already been suggested above that this number should be inereased to 30. If
this suggestion is acted on the retiring Committee beg to make the following
recommendation for the Executive Committee for 1910-1911.

The five members of the Committee for 1909-1910 who retire under the
rules, are printed in thick type; the proposed new members are printed in
italics,

15

MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, 1910-11.

President :
Rr. Hon. R. B. HALDANE, K.C., M.P., F.R.S.

Hon. Treasurer:

Rr, Hon. LORD AVEBURY, P.C., F.R.S.

Hon. Assist. Treasurer:
LADY LOCKYER.

Vice-Presidents :
Sir ARCHIBALD GEIKIE, K.C.B., P.R.S.
Sir JOHN WOLFE-BARRY, K.C.B.,. F.R.S.
SER DAVID “GEE Bt 5. C.B-5 ERS:

Chairman of Commuittees :
Sir NORMAN. LOCKYER, K.C.B., F.R.S.

Vice-Chairmen of Committees :

Sir LAUDER BRUNTON, Barrt., F.R.S.
Hon. Sir JOHN COCKBURN, K.C.M.G.
PROFESSOR MELDOLA, F.R.S.

Sir WILLIAM RAMSAY, K.C.B., F.R.S.
E> VERNEY,-. Eso. M:P:

SIR WILLIAM WHITE, K.C.B., F.R.S.

Other Members:
Sir HUGH BELL, Bart.
Dr, Gael BEDEBY sr eR:
Dr bOVEYe are:

Sir EDWARD BRABROOK, C.B.
Rix HON. GHEE EARL OF -CHIGHESTER.,
Capt. CREAK, R.N., C.B., F.R.S.
SURGEON-GENERAL SIR A. KEOGH, K.C.B.
PrRoFEssor A. LIVERSIDGE, F.R.S.
Sir WILLIAM MATHER.

Dr. FORSTER MORLEY.

A; MOSEIY: -sq:,.6.M.G.

C. FREEMAN MURRAY, Eso.
PrRoFEssorR J. PERRY, F.R.S.

SIR BOVERTON REDWOOD.
Mrs. W. N. SHAW.
ALEXANDER SIEMENS, Esq.
CARMICHAEL THOMAS, Eso.
Dr. A. D. WALLER, F.R.S.
COLONEL SIR JOHN YOUNG, C.V.O.
Sir JAMES YOXALL, M.P.

Hon. Secretaries:

Sir ALEX.“PEDLER, C.LE., F,R:S,
Dr. F. MOLLWO PERKIN.

16

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17

APPENDICES.

APPENDIX A. (Report, p. 2.)

BRITISH SCIENCE GUILD, N.S.W. BRANCH, JUNE 15TH, 1909.

Hon. Secretary’s Preliminary Report on the Work of the Sub-Committee on “ Avoidable
Losses of Stock.”

“New South Wales meat is reputed in Smithfield Market as the worst that goes
to London.” This statement has reached us from a trustworthy source. The career
of the animals from the time their travels begin until their slaughter, after prolonged
bruising, exhaustion, hunger, and drought, renders the meat not only gristly, poor and
tough, but also infiltrates it with self-generated poisonous products that impair its
fitness for food. Unscientific treatment and want of special organisation meet it
throughout the trip from start to finish. The bitter cry of owners and agents is a
chronic feature of the Sydney Press, which has preached the economy of more humane
practices in vain. Caries of the teeth and dyspepsia in the stomach of consumers
avenge the sufferings of the beasts; dental caries brews purulent toxin and excites
neuralgia; dyspepsia engenders a craving for alcohol which panders to the depravity of
those for whom the bar is nearer and dearer than the doctor.

Nourishment is required by travelling animals. It is also desirable that stock
upon the road should not have to force a passage through noxious weeds like prickly-
pear and Bathurst-burr. These mock at hunger, waste the strength and spoil the
fleece. We are informed that sometimes, in moving to the nearest trucking yard, not
a blade of grass upon the routes (half a mile in width) nor on the reserves (hundreds
of acres) is to be found, so that consignments have reached the sale yards at the cost
of hundreds dead. The ghastly substitute provided is the Bathurst-burr. At least
one route is distinguished by so dense an undergrowth of this that sheep cannot be
driven through. Government lands are being overrun with vegetable pests unchecked
and spreading to the check-mating of those who attempt to eradicate them elsewhere.

Dire need there is of a public awakening to the industrious propagation along
travelling routes of noxious weeds from every passing fleece. Every wind that blows
thus becomes a blow to pasture and agriculture.

The arrangements for travelling of live stock by road being largely ironical, those
by rail afford a more brilliant example of ‘‘ how it should not be done.”

It is reasonable for stock owners to expect supply of trucks with all practicable
promptitude, as well as up-to-date facilities for getting the beasts to market alive and
well. Shortage of trucks has been acutely felt. As to other facilities our competitor,
the Argentine Republic, whose stock, like ours, travels long distances, gives to stock
trains precedence over all but passengers. Every precaution is taken to avoid
bruising. As to nourishment, when stock is detained over twenty-four hours, the
railway authorities are by law compelled to pass it into paddocks, provided at the
railway’s expense with food and water for twenty-four hours. Delivery in prime
condition is of paramount consideration on the railways of our competitor.

We have our own methods of muddling through. Our trucks are loaded and
unloaded in riotous, barbarous and obsolete manner. His cattle are driven up a gently
inclined gangway in continuous line through truck ends, until the number is complete.
Our trains, crowded with suffering animals, are side-tracked for hours without relief,
under a broiling sun. In the United States cars are specially equipped for feeding |
and watering en route. We provide no food nor water, either during transit or after
arrival whilst waiting at the sale yards.

18

The Sub-Committee is not yet able to furnish a complete Report. The foregoing -
is a mere summary of the paradoxes which confront it; but in order to promote
measures for future care and expedition it ventures to formulate the following urgent
recammendations :—

1. Railway sheep trucks should be constructed for end-loading. Stocks should
be loaded and discharged from ends of trucks.

2. Trucking yards should be arranged to suit end-trucking.

3. An improved coupling system for stock trains should be adopted, to avert
heavy jolting stock.

4, Engine drivers, who are found delivering bruised stock should be cautioned
and if the offence be repeated, discharged.

5. Cattle should be sprayed at railway stations where water is available.

6. Pending duplication of lines, where sidings should be provided so that stock
be not detained in transit more than twenty-four hours at a stretch.

7. Paddocks, to receive stock on arrival at its destination, should be provided
by the agents.

8. In case a train cannot be run to reach its destination within twenty-four
hours, the railway authority, at its own expense should provide paddocks, remove
the stock, water and feed it for twenty-fours under penalty for non-compliance.

9. More crossing places should be provided.

Reform demands improved methods and organisation with adequate outlay for
rolling stock and permanent way. Imperative public support must be accorded to the
railway authorities honestly making the attempt. Avoidable losses, restriction of
trade, danger to health and discredit to the State might justify a special loan if
improvement cannot be effected without. The lesson “ how it should be done” must
be unlearned, and the Sydney as well as the London public should be shown that gristly,
poor, tough and noxious meat results only from barbarous, unscientific and obsolete
methods having no part in the eternal fitness of things.

On the subject of new and improved sale-yards the Sub-Committee has requested
the favour of a conference with the Stock-owners’ Association.

To the Executive Committee, June 24th, 1909.

A preliminary Report on evidence taken by the Sub-Committee on avoidable losses
of live stock during transit by road and rail was read on the 15th inst., before the
Conjoint, General and Executive Committees. Its accuracy was called in question.

The Report had for its objects the opening of the public mind to the urgent need
for reform and to invite public criticism for future guidance.

The latter object was obtained in the columns of a Sydney Journal which proceeded
to sift the allegations. These, together with the Journalistic inquiries, may now be
examined and rejoinders made thereto, which will scarcely require the quotation of
testimony collected by the Sub-Committee, in view of corroborative. evidence which
has appeared independently.

ALLEGATION I.—According to a reliable informant, ‘N.S. Wales meat is reputed in
Smithfield market as the worst that goes to London.” {RN

Criticism.— Exporters disclaim injury to meat prior to exportation. They explain
that inferiority of our exported mutton is because our sheep are grown primarily for
wool, of which mutton must be regarded in the light of a by-product: Lean merino
meat is accepted in England, but lean frozen meat on being thawed out, becomes dark
in colour.

Rejoinder. -Mr. Francis Bacon wrote on the same day to the same journal: “ The
Frozen Meat Trade is ina desperate condition. Canterbury mutton is still 1d.—l3d.
above the price of the best Australian —but I am sure the statement. that Australian
mutton is the worst seen on Smithfield is wrong.” The allegation states, it will be

19

remembered, not that Australian mutton is the worst seen, but that N.S. Wales meat
is the worst reputed. A communication from Mr. Arthur Kidman, published on
May 11th, 1909, says, “Small numbers of Australian mutton and lamb are often
condemned for emaciated condition. There is a very large quantity of meat exported
from this and other States fit for human consumption but totally unfit for export. An
exceptionally poor carcase thaws out absolutely black.”

Mr. Kidman’s statements go far to explain that of the informant quoted in the
Sub-Committee’s allegation, although I now believe our informant must have meant
the evil repute to refer to Sydney-killed meat instead of indiscriminately to that of
N.S. Wales.

ALLEGATION IJ.—Prolonged ill-treatment renders the meat gristly, poor, and
tough. It also infiltrates it with self-generated poisonous products which impair its
fitness for food.

Criticism.—The assertion is ridiculous.

Rejoinder.—It is advanced in the columns of The Lancet by competent investigators.

ALLEGATION III.—Transit of live stock in N.S. Wales is unscientific, and betrays
a want of special organisation.

Criticism.—Some maintain that water is sometimes provided for live stock, which,
moreover, is detrained watered, fed, and again entrained when necessary; but the
balance of evidence denies this, and mentions objections by stock-owners against the
additional knocking about of the stock, which they fear would ensue.

Rejoinder.—The stock-owners’ objection would be obviated by adopting one of the
Sub-Committee’s recommendations, i.e., that for end-trucking with its concomitant
alteration of trucks and trucking yards, by which means detraining and re-entraining
could be effected with the least possible friction, and the dictates of common humanity
be satisfied.

Mr. Francis Bacon writes in the same journal :—‘‘ Every one of these recom-
mendations is urgently in need of being carried out. Your criticism is not a bit
exaggerated. I do not know of any trucking yards where water is provided by private
enterprise, nor is it usual on long journeys to detrain sheep and then truck them
again. We never can get the best results without a drastic alteration of the present
system.”

ALLEGATION IV.—The condition of stock routes and reserves is unsatisfactory.

Criticism.—On this subject, and on the unchecked encroachment of vegetable
pests arising therefrom, critics have hitherto maintained silence.

ALLEGATION V.—The quality of the meat supplied to the Sydney public might be
improved.

Criticism.—On this point is implied by the criticisms which have been quoted
taken as a whole.

Rejoindery.—A communication from Mr. H. Evers was published on May 28th,
1909 :—‘‘ Unless adequate provision is soon made at Flemington for the proper
handling of stock, portion of that trade which it has taken years to build up will be
lost. The congested state of the yards makes it almost impossible properly to draft
the stock, to say nothing of the knocking about it gets, which means bruised meat.”
Another writer asks: “ What is the use of breeding sheep or cattle for sale if they are
kept fifty hours without food or water, in summer, standing hours before starting,
then untrucked after hours of bumping and shunting about.”

Mr. Pitt, the exporter, who complains that mutton should be regarded as a
by-product, says that “ mutton which is exported is generally superior in quality to
that which is placed upon the Sydney market.”

What about Cattle >—According to newspaper reports during March, 1908, and in
January, 1909, two lots of cattle were yarded at Flemington suffering from heat’
apoplexy, and several died. What became of those which survived? After last

20

Easter the average of the cattle yarded is said to have been below par, including a -
number of emaciated cows, eleven of which were sold at 18s. apiece, presumably for
human consumption, they having passed inspection whilst alive; and no buyers’ names
were mentioned.

No wonder the Sydney Journal remarks that an admission to the effect that the less
attractive carcases are reserved for local consumption is not “entirely satisfactory.”
Some authorities, which it consulted, believe all the allegations to have been based
upon correct information but deprecate the emphasis of the language used.

Let them read the following extracts from a leading article which appeared in the
Pastoralists’ Review on February 13th, 1908 :—

‘One has only to travel, say, from Bourke to Sydney with a stock train at his
season of the year to have Dante’s inferno brought prominently before one.
Imagine eight hours in a siding (in summer heat) the poor brutes falling down in
their misery, men with long sticks, poking them up on their legs again, and this
continuing hour after hour, and often day after day, until the train discharges its
wretched half-mad cargoes at the sale-yards. How can the meat from such beasts
be fit for human food? . . . . We have only to see the fiery meat exposed at
times for sale in Sydney to judge of the treatment of the stock, and this condition
is all the result of the sufferings of the animals in the trucks during their long
journeys. . . . . We read with disgust of the horrors of “The Jungle,” and
yet we idly allow our own people to eat the meat of maddened animals. No one
moves, nothing is done, and so it goes on year after year. Stock are driven over
hot and dusty roads, and arrive tired and hungry at the railway siding. They are ©
immediately loaded in an antiquated and cruel manner and started off on their long
and tedious trip. The trains are jolted, the stock are bruised, and finally they
reach their destination alive, nearly dead, or dead. They are then at once sold, no
spell is given them, they are driven possibly for several miles along dusty roads,
dogs barking at them, driven frantic by fear and thirst, and then killed, sold, and
eaten the same day, or frozen for export. The system is a disgrace to Australia.

We have already thrown away millions of money through the deprecia-
tpn of our meat and the present bad system of carriage. It is time an end was
put to it.”

After reviewing the criticisms, the denials, the disavowals, the deprecations and
the facts it strikes me that demand for reform requires an emphasis to which language
cannot give adequate expression.

21

APPENDIX B.- (Report, p. 4.)

THE NEED OF A SCIENTIFIC NATIONAL COUNCIL.

In connection with the remarks made under this head in the Report, we collect
here some extracts from addresses on the subject.

Sir Norman Lockyer.*

In referring to the new struggle for existence among civilised communities-1
pointed out that the solution of a large number of scientific problems is now daily
required for the State service, and that in this and other ways the source and standard
of national efficiency have been greatly changed.

Much evidence bearing upon the amount of scientific knowledge required for the
proper administration of the public departments, and the amount of scientific work
done by and for the nation, was brought before the Royal Commission on Science,
presided over by the late Duke of Devonshire, now more than a quarter of century ago.

The Commission unanimously recommended that the State should be aided by a
scientific council in facing the new problems constantly arising.

But while the home Government has apparently made up its mind to neglect the
advice so seriously given, it should be a source of gratification to us all to know that
the application of the resources of modern science, to the. economic, industrial, and
agricultural development of India has for many years engaged the earnest attention
-of the Government of that country. The Famine Commissioners of 1878 laid much
stress on the institution of scientific enquiry and experiment designed to’lead to the
gradual increase of the food-supply and to the greater stability of agricultural outturn,
while the experience of recent years has indicated the increasing importance of the
study of the economic products and mineral-bearing tracts. ;

Lord Curzon has recently ordered the heads of the various scientific departments
to form a board, which shall meet twice annually, to begin with, to formulate a
‘programme and to review past work. The board is also to act as an advisory
committee to the Government,+ providing among other matters for the proper
co-ordination of all matters of scientific inquiry affecting India’s welfare.

Lord Curzon is to be warmly congratulated upon the step he has taken, which is
certain to bring benefit to our great Dependency.

The importance of such a board is many times greater at home, with so many
external as well as internal interests to look after—problems common to peace and war,
problems requiring the help of the economic as well as of the physical sciences.

It may be asked, What is done in Germany, where science is fostered and
utilised far more than here ? -20t

The answer is, There is such a council. -I fancy, very much like what our Privy
Council once was. It consists of representatives of the Ministry, the Universities, the
industries, and agriculture. It is small, consisting of about a dozen members,
consultative, and it reports direct to the Emperor. It does for industrial war what
military and so-called defence councils do for national armaments ; it considers every-
thing relating to the use of brain-power in peace— from alterations in school regulations
and the organisation of the Universities, to railway rates and fiscal schemes, including
the adjustment of duties. I am informed that what this council advises, generally
becomes law.

It should be pretty obvious that a nation so provided must have enormous
chances in its favour. It is-a question of drilled battalions against an undisciplined
army, of the use of the scientific spirit as opposed to the hope of “ muddling through.”

* Extract from Sir Norman Lockyer’s Address to the British Association at Southport, 1903.
+ Nature, September 4th, 1902.

22

Mr. Haldane has recently reminded us that “the weapons which science places ~
in the hands of those who engage in great rivalries of commerce leave those who are
without them, however brave, as badly off as were the dervishes of Omdurman against
the Maxims of Lord Kitchener.”

Without such a machinery as this, how can our Ministers and our Rulers be kept
completely informed on a thousand things of vital importance? Why should our
position and requirements as an industrial and thinking nation receive less attention
from the authorities than the head-dress of the Guards? How, in the words of Lord
Curzon,* can “the life and vigour of a nation be summed up, before the world in the
person of its sovereign,” if the national organisation is so defective that it has no means
of keeping the head of the State informed on things touching the most vital and lasting
interests of the country ? We seem to be still in the Palwolithic Age in such matters,
the chief difference being that the sword has replaced the flint implement.

Mr. Haldane.+

Mr. Haldane expressed his conviction that the problem that lay in front of the
British nation was how to develop the grey matter of the executive brain. All the
controversies that agitated the minds of politicians were of less importance than the
big question of how to make the permanent element in politics more powerful and
better. There was too little science in it at the present time. There was hardly a
department which did not require the aid of science if it was to be effective, but there
were no attractions like those held out by private firms and foreign Governments to
lead men of the highest attainments to put themselves at the disposal of the State.
Was it impossible to hope for the birth of an era when the head of the Government
should have at its disposal a corps of the finest brains which the nation could produce ?
If Great Britain was to hold her own, she must not be behind Germany, the United
States, or France in this matter.

Mr. Haldane (continued ).}

The Emperor of Germany is quoted as saying, that the real truth about the matter
lies between the German and the British systems. We have got to see how we can get the
benefit ofthe German facility of organisation, how we can train up people here to think more
of it, and how we can apply it to the different departments of our affairs. There is a
Government, but our Government—I mean our Executive Government is about as dis-
organized and chaotic an institution as anybody can conceive. Suppose you want.to get
scientific information for some Government problem; suppose you want to appoint as an
official a highly scientificman. Whatistobe done? You are at once told that, it will
go against the rules and standards of that particular department where you want him.
You are told that if you bring him in you disappoint other people in that department.
In vain you say you are bringing in a man for the public service. All you get is a reply
that the Civil Service rules have made it difficult to do anything of the kind. That has
been got over sometimes ina very lame fashion. Some of us have been trying to impress
on the nation, that the organisation of the highest education of the universities to
which Sir Norman Lockyer alluded ought not to be left haphazard. This is not within
the scope of the Education Department ; it is the Treasury who is responsible. And
who are the advisers of the Treasury? I: was a member of a Committee which sat last
year, and we made a report which has been more lucky than other reports. One of its
recommendations relates to the distribution of the grants to the University Colleges
of this country, and was to the effect that a scientific advisory body should be created and
put at the elbow of the Treasury to advise it in giving money to the Universities. 1 am

* Times, September 30th, 1902.
+ Extract from speech at the Annual Dinner of the Chemical Society, 1905 (Daily Telegraph, 30th March, 1905).
+ Extract from Speech at the Inaugural Meeting at the British Science Guiid, October 30th, 1905.

23

glad to say that a sympathetic Chancellor of the Exchequer has adopted that suggestion,
vand in the course of the winter we shall know. the names of the new advisory body of
the Treasury, and I hope we shall achieve something towards the ideal of Sir Norman
Lockyer in spending more money on the highest education. Take another department,
the Board of Trade. The Board of Trade cught to be a vast ministry of commerce.
We have a vast home trade as well as a vast foreign trade. We have got some
defective statistics, but still they are well worked out statistics so far as they go, of
our foreign trade. But what statistics have we of our home trade? In the United
‘States there is a Statistical Bureau, which furnishes the most complete information as
to the home trade of America; and what they have been able to work out by the
application of scientific methods we may work out here. Take another illustration
wwhich comes into my head, the Home Office. Some time ago they sent down
‘someone to look after the condition of the Cornish miners. There was a great
deal of doubt as to whether the rules and regulations relating to matters of
health were sufficient. It happened that the person who went down was one of
these casual people who sometimes happen to be brought in, and he was a scientific
man. He detected that the look of the men working in the mines was not what
it ought to be. He made enquiries and was told that everything was all right except
that there was a good deal of anemia about. “ Well,” he said, “anzemia is not an
epidemic,” and he made further investigations, and found that a horrible worm
disease had been imported by British miners coming from abroad into those Cornish
mines, and was raging without anybody having detected it. I hope it has now been
dealt with. But these matters should not be left to haphazard, but should be dealt
with, and we should not have defects spasmodically rectified, but the questions should
be dealt with as a whole. For myself, I believe that things will not be right until we
have a scientific corps under a permanent committee, just as the Defence Committee
_is under the Prime Minister to-day. I think you should not have a body which
consists of officials of the ordinary kind, but one which should consist of the most eminent
‘scientific men, who would go there because they are honoured and paid, and put on the
footing on which they deserve to be placed, and are recognised as a body of men who
will be at the elbow of the department, and who can organise the scientific work of the
State. If we get that, as I hope we shall, I trust that the example of the Government
in adopting Science will be followed by the Municipalities, as I believe it is going to
‘be followed more and more by our manufacturers. There is great work for this
Association to do. -

Mr. Haldane (continued ).*

The creation of the Committee of Imperial Defence carried scientific principles
into the sphere of government, and was the first step towards getting military and
nayal motions into order. We now have a general staff which is a body, not to
exercise command, but to give advice in a thoroughly practical fashion and in a fashion
which can be enforced. The speculation may be indulged in whether one of the great
reforms of government to which we are coming—because we have been driven to it—
will not be the creation in an organised fashion of just such a general staff for depart-
aments of government, and not merely for the Army.

Lord Milner.+
It [universal service] would supply just that physical toughening and discipline
which, combined with an improved system of popular education, is what we most
require alike from the point of view of health, of morals, and of industrial efficiency.
It is no use for the Cobdenite to say that nevertheless our trade is increasing.
Has not the trade of the countries which have succeeded in transferring to themselves

* Extract from Address at Liverpool, September 19th, 1907. Nature, October 3rd, 1907, p. 574.
+ Times, April 20th, 1909.

24

so much work formerly done by British people increased in a much greater degree ?_
They have got their share in the general expansion of the world’s business and part of
ours besides. And that process will continue until you take the Remedy) into your own
hands. (Cheers.)

The Times, in a Leader on the Speech, remarks as follows :

Year after year, and decade after decade, we go on, as Lord Milner says,
conducting so vast a business upon such an inadequate basis, that we are bound sooner
or later to come to grief, Now and again, as at present, reasonable anxiety becomes
more acute than usual; when such inadequate precautions as we do usually take are
seen to be in danger of being sacrificed on the altar of party. But the real trouble lies
far deeper. It lies in our dull, frivolous, incompetent dealing with the standing
problems of national existence and well-being, and in our obstinate refusal, in a world
scientifically organized, to depart from our old hand-to-mouth, make-shift system, or to
take the trouble to organise our own resources. Germany has in a very few years done
away with our old unquestioned superiority in shipbuilding, and is now in the way to
rival us in actual naval strength in a very few years more. That is a significant fact
that comes home to the ordinary observer. But its real significance lies in the national
organization that made it possible, and in the co-ordination of finance, taxation, science,
commerce, and the whole varied energies of an educated nation that lies behind this
single manifestation. This is a world in which the unfit go to the wall, by war, or with-
out war, as best suits the more fit. Though we have splendid human material in the
raw state, no one competent to judge can pretend that as a national organisation we
are fit as Germany is fit. ~

It is for full, painstaking, national organisation that Lord Milner pleads. The
thing is not easy any more than most other things worth doing. It will call fora
temper in our rulers much more manly, serious, and courageous than is at all common
at present, and among our people for a new spirit of patriotism, strong enough to make
some sacrifice of frivolous ease. It will require all the forethought and sustained effort
that go to the building of a new State, though we have Japan to show what can be done
when the task is rightly undertaken. But, until the new spirit appears and the effort is
made, this nation is frisking upon a volcano.

Lord Milner (continued ). *

The effects of that handicap would, he believed, make themselves felt more and
more, and that in many directions in which they did not as yet always recognise its
influence. And they made themselves felt in the competitions of peace almost as.
much as they would in war.

Lord Esher.t+

Victory in the future would be with the nation that had organised every
element of her being, her population and wealth, and had taken the fullest advantage
of the discoveries of modern science.

Sir Robert Stout, Chief Justice and ex-Prime Minister of New Zealand.{

“You are slack all round.” “The strenuous life seems to have gone
out of fashion. You are given over to amusement, and when you are not playing
you can hardly be said to be working. Look at the labourers in the streets, and
watch the leisurely way in which they put in time on their job. In agriculture the
same. Your Government takes next to no pains to help the farmer. You have
hardly any experimental farms, few agricultural colleges, next to no expert advisers
available anywhere. You are pottering along in the same old hugger-mugger
fashion of your grandfathers. And in trade you are nearly as bad.”

* Times, July 14th, 1909.
* Observer, June 26th, 1909.
t Westminster Gazette.

25

“ Slackness,” Sir Robert added, “is the national failing: lack of enterprise, lack
of energy, lack of care.”

Sir Walter Hely-Huchinson, Governor of Cape Colony.*

Certain lines of goods were produced in enormous quantities by foreign firms
who specially devoted themselves to that and nothing else, and owing to the large
production were able to undersell the British. He suggested that manufacturers of
such goods in England agree among themselves to cease to manufacture them in their
own factories, and to combine in establishing special factories for the manufacturing of
those lines only, the large production of which would enable them to compete with the
foreigner.

The Rand Power Company had been compelled to place in Germany over two
million pounds’ worth of orders for electrical plant. It tried to find sufficient capital in
England, but in vain, and was driven at last to apply to Germany, where the Dresdner
and Deutsche Banks, which are in close financial relations with the Allgemeine
Elektricitat Gesellschaft (employing 33,000 workmen) and Siemens’ Schuckert works,
found the money on condition that the orders were placed in Germany. All the plant
could have been supplied from Britain, possibly at lower price, and the company was
anxious to get in England.

Sir Walter summed up his advice in the word “ organise.”

Sir John Brunner, M.P.

I have been one of a Royal Commission visiting the North of France, Belgium,
and Northern Germany, and our duty has been to examine what those three countries
have done in the improvement of their canals and their waterways. We have been
very deeply impressed by what we have seen, and I can tell you to-day, speaking as a
man of business to men of business, that the fact that in those three countries there is
communal effort, that is to say, that the State acts as a whole, using the whole power
of the State in money and in credit for the benefit of the national trade, has brought
to those three countries enormous, almost incalculable, benefits ; and I think that any
man, any intelligent man, who studies this matter as I have studied it for a great
many years, will come to the conclusion, as I have come very clearly and decidedly,
that the old policy which we have adopted for generations of leaving all public works
to private enterprise—the old policy, so-called, of ‘‘ Laisser-faire”’—is played out com-
pletely, and I am of opinion, very firmly, that, if we mean to hold our own in matters of
trade, we must learn to follow the example that has been set us not only by France,
Belgium, and Germany, but by the United States and by every one of the Colonies of
our Empire. Everywhere do you find that trade is helped by the effort of the com-
munity, by the force of the State.

* Address to Sheffield Chamber of Commerce, Duily Mail, 26th February, 1910.

26

APPENDIX C. (Report, p. 7.)

MEMORANDUM BY LORD BLYTH ON THE APPLICATION OF SCIENCE TO AGRICULTURE.

From the time I was asked to take an interest in the Agricultural Section of the
British Science Guild, I have availed myself of every favourable opportunity of
enquiring into the state of agriculture in this country, and also have collected as much
information as possible in France and Egypt on matters which have any bearing upon
the subject.

After careful reflection I have been brought to the conclusion that England cannot
expect to hold its own in the future against other nations unless every branch of
agriculture is worked upon more scientific principles.

I do not think it will be difficult to demonstrate that, whenever a certain amount of
science has been applied to one or other branch of agriculture, a great advance has
been perceptible, but that whenever we have continued to work on the old ‘rule
of thumb” principle, we have lost ground as compared with France, Germany, or
America.

The general body of the public hardiy realize that ‘‘ Science” is only another word
for ‘“‘ Knowledge,” although it implies a more perfect grasp of the facts concerned, and
therefore more capacity to utilize those facts.

I would feel inclined to say that the expression ‘rule of thumb” most nearly
defines the “ Knowledge,” which in agriculture we have continued to exercise until
lately, while it is just in this greatest of all industries that the Scientific Knowledge
which is revolutionising now-a-days most other industries is needed most of all, though
it is in agriculture that it is perhaps less looked to as a remedy for lack of prosperity,.
than in those others in which the soil is less immediately concerned.

Agriculture, in fact, has suffered in the past, and is still suffering, from the want of
application to its various branches of the scientific skill which abroad has been
concentrated on every branch of industry, whether manufacturing or agricultural.

Whether it be in Creameries, Breweries, or Dye Works, the Continental Chemist
has long been ahead of us in the scientific direction of great concerns, and in some
cases we are awaking to the fact that, owing to the superior scientific knowledge of other
countries, industries have left our shores, never perhaps to return, at all events hardly
to be recovered except at a great total pecuniary loss to the nation.

When it is considered that we imported farm produce, such as butter, cream, milk
cheese, poultry, game, eggs, fruit, and vegetables, to the value of upwards of £60,000,000
sterling, it will at once be seen how great a field of further production is open to the
farmer in this country. We do not necessarily imagine that we can grow all the
articles, nor do we think that we need altogether displace the importation of all this
perishable produce, but our farmers ought to secure a vastly greater share of the trade
than they do now, mainly by more combined effort and better scientific knowledge.

Mr. Heap’s admirable work on the Breeding Industry will no doubt cause a large
amount of attention to be directed to this important and far-reaching branch of
agriculture, and I have therefore preferred to devote some little time to collecting
information with regard to agricultural commodities, such as butter, cheese, lard,
margarine, condensed milk, eggs, poultry, fruit and vegetables, etc., all of which can be
produced in a high state of perfection in Great Britain, but which, nevertheless, we are
importing in ever-increasing quantities from abroad.

Turning to Ireland as an instance, it might be mentioned that, owing to the humidity
of that country as a whole, it is better by nature adapted for permanent pasture than
for corn-growing, and with properiy directed effort ought to do a far more profitable
and extensive export trade in cattle, butter, and other perishable articles, in which her
reputation might be as world-wide as in her breeding of horses, even though it were

bf

27

necessary to obtain from other countries the greater part of her supplies of wheat,
an article grown with equal facility in almost every part of the world, and which
admits of such easy and safe transport. rah

Another instance, which has come under my notice, of where Science has been
applied to the afforestation of a hitherto barren tract, also aptly illustrates my
contention as to this special, albeit too often unknown, value of almost every acre of
land for some purpose or other :—The region of the Landes, which fifty years ago was
one of the poorest and most miserable in France, has been made one of the most prosper-
ous, owing to the planting of pines. The increased value is estimated at 1,000,000,000f.
(£40,000,000 sterling). Where there were fifty years ago only a few thousand poor and
unhealthy shepherds, whose flocks pastured on the scanty herbage, there are now
sawmills, charcoal kilns, and turpentine works, interspersed with thriving villages and
fertile agricultural lands.

During a two months’ visit to Egypt this spring, I was privileged to have long
interviews with Lord Cromer, and more particularly with Sir Reginald Wingate, the
Sirdar, and it was plain to me that the phenomenal advance which is being made both
in Egypt and the Sudan is increasingly the result of science being rightly applied in
every direction. Whether it be to the growing of cotton, rubber, cereals, rice, or
sugar; or the storage of water and the drainage of land; or the quick and cheap land
and water transport ; all the best scientific methods applied in any other part of the
world are now being placed at the disposal of the Egyptian Fellaheen, who have
already begun to reap incalculable advantages from the scientific knowledge gained
elsewhere.

But apart from Natural Science, which is the special consideration of this Guild
I may here, in the region of Financial Science, mention what Lord Cromer told me,
that the establishment of Agricultural Banks has been of immense benefit to the
agriculturist throughout Egypt. While providing a safe deposit for his savings, the
money which he can now command on loan at reasonable interest enables him to
purchase on the best terms all the materials and implements for his work, while the
Government supplies him on the most favourable terms with every variety of corn or
cotton seed selected scientifically for its suitability to the soil of his district.

Science can teach us how best to occupy each separate acre of the soil; by corn
here, pasture there, fruit, vegetables, or timber elsewhere, for it is a truism to say that
every acre has a capacity of its own for the production of some special article.

I am convinced that there is nothing in connection with agriculture which science
will not be the means of showing us can be produced either (1) much more abundantly
on the same space ; (2) to a much greater degree of perfection; (3) at a much lower
cost. :

Let us of this Guild, therefore, so seek to spread the influence of science amongst
agriculturists, that every seed of every variety, every plant of every kind, every animal
of every species, shall be of the best possible type for reproduction, so that this Empire
may pre-eminently be the nursery ground of all that is choicest in corn and cattle, and
every other agricultural product.

28

APPENDIX D. (Report, p: 8.)

Epucation ComMITTEE’s FurtTHER REporT.

The Report of the Education Committee of the British Science Guild for
1908 (see Annual Report, pages 19-21), after its adoption by the Executive
Committee was duly circulated among the general and Educational press, by
which it was favourably received as a practical policy of educational reform.
Copies of the report were also sent to the principal educational organisations
of this country with a circular asking (a) for their opinions and criticisms of the
various suggestions contained in the report, and (b) if favourable to the general
educational policy outlined by the Guild, were the associations consulted
prepared to co-operate with the Guild in securing, if possible, the realisation in
practice of the proposals contained in the Report? The replies received from
the associations in response to the circular were generally very favourable,
criticisms being offered only upon minor matters of relatively unimportant
detail. It is evident that the general trend of the recent educational
development of this country is upon lines closely parallel to the chief
recommendations made by the Guild. As examples of this, brief reference
may be made to the following :—

(1.) The Minority Report of the Poor Law Commission recommended that
“boys should be compelled to attend some suitable public institute giving
physical and technical training for not less than thirty hours per week at
periods to suit the convenience of employers in different industries,” coupled
with this is the statement “ it should be illegal to employ boys below the age of
15, or any youth below 18 for more than thirty hours per week.”

(2.) The Majority Report of the Poor Law Commission states “there is
very strong general feeling that the education of our children in the elementary
schools is not of the kind which is helpful to them in after life . . . . we
would suggest to the Board of Education the advisability of . . . . a
thorough re-consideration of the time and curriculum in our Elementary
Schools, as well as the aims and ideals of Elementary Education.”

(3.) In July last, a report on attendance, compulsory or otherwise, at
Continuation Schools was issued by the Consultative Committee of the Board
of Education. The Committee recommended that (a) the leaving age be
extended to thirteen years, and after a short period to fourteen years, (b) local
education authorities should be compelled to make suitable provision of
continuation classes for the further education of young persons up to the age
of 17, and that they should be empowered to make bye-laws enforcing
attendance in continuation schools of young persons up to this age.

(4.) At the Conference of the Association of Teachers in Technical
Institutions, held at Whitsuntide, 1909, the main points of the Guild’s Report
were supported in the President’s address and in the resolutions adopted by the
Conference. The President urged the need for “two distinct types of
secondary schools, one preparing for the Universities or the learned professions,
and the other preparing the boys (and girls) for commerce, scientific and
technical industries, trades and crafts, while continuing the general education
of the pupils.” The Conference regretted that the preliminary training which

29

students receive at present before entering technical institutions is not such as
to fit them for the instruction provided, and to improve this the following were
suggested as desirable :—(a) No child should be allowed to leave school before
the age of fifteen, and the half-time system should be abolished; (b) In the
education of children attending elementary schools, special attention should be
paid to the teaching of practical arithmetic, elementary science, and to manual
training.

(5.) The half-time system has been reported upon by an Inter- Departmental
Committee on Partial Exemption from School Attendance. As a result of its
enquiry, this Committee recommended in August, 1909:—(a) That all partial
exemption be abolished from a date not earlier than January Ist, 1911 (b) that,
at the same time, total exemption under the age of thirteen be abolished, (c)
that the attendance certificate for total exemption be abolished, (d) that total
exemption at the age of thirteen be granted only for the purposes of beneficial
and necessary employment, (e) that the ordinary condition for total exemption
be due attendance at a continuation class, but (f) that, subject to the approval
of the Board of Education, an authority may adopt as an alternative condition
the passing of a standard not lower than Standard VI.

(6.) In February, 1909, the Higher Education Sub-Committee of the
London County Council Education Committee put forward the following
recommendatioms, among others: —(a) The compulsory attendance at
elementary schools should be raised to fifteen; (b) Certain children should be
transferred at the age of thirteen to trade or craft schools; (c) The elementary
school curriculum should be more practical by a considerable increase in the
time devoted to various kinds of manual training; (d) Local education
authorities should be empowered to compel employers to allow their apprentices
and learners the necessary time during the day to attend classes, and to enforce
such attendance on the apprentices and learners; (e) At least half the working
day should be spent in school; (f) All boys and girls not on the rolls of trade
or of secondary schools should be required to pass through a three years
course of ‘half-time’ instruction at continuation schools.

(7.) The London County Council, recognising the unsuitability of the
present type of secondary school for the average boy or girl has recently
announced its intention to institute a new type of ‘‘ Central School” for boys
(and girls) between the ages of thirteen and sixteen years. The object of these
schools is to prepare the boy or girl for their later industrial or home life, while
continuing at the same time the general education commenced in the primary
schools. Manual training for boys, and domestic work for girls will be
prominent features of these schools.

30

APPENDIX; E.’ }, (Report;,p:; 10.)

NUMBERING OF STREETS.
(Secretary’s Letter.)

“199, Piccadilly, W.,
** May 19th, 1909.
“To the Clerk of the London County Council,
“Spring Gardens, S.W.

‘““Sir,—With reference to the previous correspondence on the naming of London
streets, I am directed by the Executive Committee of the British Science Guild to
inform you that the information they had at their disposal was that contained in the
Postal Guide and the Post Office Directory. As the L.C.C. seems to have a new
complete list, I shall be obliged if a copy of it can be forwarded to me for the
Committee’s information.

“There is another matter which I am requested to lay before you—the numbering
of houses. In various streets and squares at present there is absolutely no system,
and in consequence much time is lost and much confusion arises, especially in the
case of the longer streets, from the fact that there is no rule as to the end of the
street at which the numbering begins and, further whether the numbers run along
or across the street.

“As all streets must be exactly north or south, or have one end directed eastward
between north and south, a rule that the numbering shall begin at the north or
easterly end, and shall in all cases go along or across the street, would bring about
uniformity and be a sure guide to anyone who was desirous of finding a particular
number.

“If this or some similar method were adopted some temporary confusion would
arise from the necessary change of numbering in certain cases, but this would be
nothing compared with the permanent confusion in which we now find ourselves,
arising from the present want of system.

“ T am, Sir, etc.,
“F. MOLLWO PERKIN,
** Acting Hon. Sec.”

(Reply.
“15th July, 1909.

“ Sir,—With further reference to your letter of 19th May, 1909, I am directed to
inform you that the Council has laid down the following rules in regard to the
numbering of houses in London :—

“St. Paul’s Cathedral is recognised as a central point, and the numbering of hee
begins at the end or entrance of the street nearest to that building, except where a
street leads from a main thoroughfare to a less important street, and then the
numbering starts from the main thoroughfare.

“Taking, therefore, the sides of a street as left and right (assuming that the back is
towards St. Paul’s), the odd numbers will be assigned to the left hand side and the
even numbers to the right hand side.

‘71 am, Sir, etc.,
“G. L. GOMME,
‘* Clerk of the Councic.
“ Dr. F. Mollwo Perkin,
“ British Science Guild.”

31

APPENDIX F. (Report, p. 11.)

ReporT OF THE MEDICAL COMMITTEE.

The Medical Committee of the British Science Guild recommend the
Executive Committee of the Guild to support the following general principles :—
1. That it is an essential duty of the University of London to promote
Research as laid down in Statute 3 of the University of London Act of
1898, and in Article II. of the Charter (1897) of the Imperial College of
Science and Technology.
2. That Research organized by the University requires support from
public funds.

The following method of carrying out these principles is suggested by
the Committee.

It is proposed that an organization for University Research should be
formed in the Faculty of Science of the University of London, grouped
under the four following heads :—

(1) Mathematics (Astronomy, Meteorology, Navigation, Geography

and Cartography, Applied Mathematics).

(2) Chemistry and Physics.

(3) Botany, Zoology, Geology.

(4) Physiology (Experimental Psychology, Pathology, Pharmacology).

It is proposed that each of these four groups should include :—

(a) A panel of University Research Fellows selected by the Faculty
Board from the recognized teachers of Science and other distinguished
persons in London, in the United Kingdom, and in the overseas dominions.
Research Fellowships shall be of two classes, senior and junior. The
Faculty shall choose from amongst these Fellows a certain number to
deliver courses of lectures.

The duty of a Research Fellow should be to deliver a course of
lectures upon and in connection with his own researches when invited to
do so by the University Faculty Board.

(b) A lecture room for experimental demonstrations served by a
research laboratory, organised on the lines of the present Physiological
Laboratory of the University of London at South Kensington.

(c) Systematic publication of lectures and monographs under the
authority of the University. (i.) by reason of additions to knowledge by
the lecturer; (ii.) by reason of additions to knowledge and doctrine by
others.

It is essential that such lectures should be at the outset conducted by the
University itself in Lecture Rooms and Laboratories under its direct control.
If the organisation of Research Fellowships is to be common to the teachers of
all “its colleges, schools and institutions and to include distinguished persons
outside London, it is essential that the local habitation should be at the ©
University itself.

32

The University of London occupies at present as Offices, Laboratories and
Examination Halls, the larger portion of the Imperial Institute Buildings, of
that portion two-thirds are occupied by offices and one-third by the Physio-
logical Laboratory of the University. The proposed organisation of Scientific
Research should involve the occupation by the University of the entire building,
which would provide the accommodation necessary for the four sections
contemplated.

It is estimated that the total cost of the organisation (for research
laboratories and lecture rooms) fifteen senior fellowships at £200, forty junior
fellowships at £50, and establishment and laboratory expenses would amount
to £20,000 per annum to be provided from public funds.

The Committee strongly urge that the entire building should be assigned
to the University in order to enable the organisation of scientific work as

proposed above to be carried out.
LaupDER Brunton, Chairman.

33

APPENDIX G. (Report, p. 12.)
Need of Organisation in Technical Instruction.*

From the statistical data contained in the Government Blue-books and Budgets
I have made a calculation as to the total expenditure of public money in England and
Wales as compared with Prussia. The two countries are similar in industrial activity
and in the character of their population. Prussia, with its highly efficient educational
system and its technical institutions admired by all the world, spends roughly £600,000
per annum on current expenditure. The statistics available for England, particularly
as to local contributions, are rather scanty, but from a very moderate estimate I find
that at least £1,000,000 are annually spent for equivalent purposes. Taking into
account the larger population of Prussia, we arrive at the result that England already
spends about twice as much money as Prussia, reckoned per head of population, with
educational results which—I say it without hesitation—will not bear any comparison.
If one would compare the extraordinary expenditure incurred in building and equipping
new institutions, the result, I believe, would be even more unfavourable to England.

Neither lack of money nor of effort is the fault, but the fundamental principle is
wrong on which rests the whole structure of technical training in this country.

Technical education is not a private or local, but it is by its very nature a
national affair, and the most essential condition for efficiency and economy is that it
should be established on the basis of systematic national organisation, and that it
should be nationally managed.

(1) The number of day students in ail institutions, and consequently the attend-
ance at the majority of classes, is far too small. Taking the figures given by the
British Education Section of the Franco-British Exhibition for 1908, there were in
England and Wales forty-five technical and agricultural colleges, with a total attendance
of 3,334 day students. This corresponds to an average of seventy-five students per
college, or approximately six students per class. These figures do not include the
technical students of universities and university colleges, but, nevertheless, the facts
are even worse, because the large number of smaller technical institutions providing
for day instruction is omitted from the list, and the preponderance of students in the
first-year courses must also be kept in mind ; and, further, even in the largest colleges,
in such institutions as the Birmingham University and the Manchester Municipal
School of Technology, the attendance of day students bears no proportion to the cost
of their beautiful equipments. Manchester, for instance, reports a total attendance
in all departments of 165 full-course day students during the present session. In
numerous institutions it is by no means an exception to find classes, especially in more
advanced subjects, consisting of two or three students, and many classes only exist on
paper, there being no students at all to take advantage of the facilities offered to them.

(2) The average education of day students entering for technical instruction is
poor, and the diversity of their previous training so great, that the gravest educational
difficulties result. This is only partly due to the unsatisfactory state of primary and
secondary education. The chief reason is the scarcity of students, which leads to
little regard being taken to the previous education of a would-be day student.

(3) The undue importance attached to external examining bodies, and the conse-
quent variety of examinations to which the training must be adapted, detracts from a
concentration of effort and uniformity of purpose.

(4) The usual management of municipal institutions by a committee, the consti-
tution and policy of which may change every year, and which only too often consists of a
number of private gentlemen more or less strangers to technical education, is unsound

_ * Extracts from Paper read before the Association of Teachers in Technical Institutions (West Yorkshire
. : Branch) in Huddersfield, on March 27th, by Dr. Robert Pohl.

34

and wasteful. It often stultifies the really enthusiastic teacher by delaying necessary
and urgent improvements.

How long will this country continue to leave the management of so vital a
matter as day technical education largely in the hands of amateurs ?

(5) The equipment provided in individual institutions cannot be kept up-to-date,
due to lack of funds and lack of students.

Now, I venture to submit to you that all these defects could be removed by
placing technical education on a national basis.

Day technical teaching, to be efficient, must, in my opinion, be thoroughly
organised all over the country, so that a limited number of excellently equipped
colleges, with a very large number of students and a corresponding number of
specialised lecturers in each department, will satisfy the needs of their correspondingly
large districts. That is the secret of Prussia’s success; and though many English
people, justly proud of their free institutions, may look down on Prussia as a State
governed by army officers and policemen, so much they will have to admit, that
England not only can, but must and will, learn a good deal from Prussia in regard to
the organisation of education.

May I, for example, refer to the Charlottenburg College, about which so much
was said and written in connection with the founding of the Imperial College of
Science and Technology? Very rarely have I found that the English admirers of
Charlottenberg understood the real difference between the German and any corres-
ponding British technical college. It is this: technical education being nationally
organised in Prussia there exist only four technical universities in tlie whole country,
with a population of 38,000,000 people. The average number of day students is about
2,500 per day. Charlottenburg, the largest of them, is the technical university, not
only for the whole of Berlin, but in addition for a district of some 40,000 square miles.
The number of its students, which, of course, are all day students, is about 5,000, and
the most stringent regulations as to their previous training are in force. With such
an attendance the State can afford to appoint for each department a number of
professors, each of whom is a recognised authority in some branch of the respective
department. As an example I may mention that there are at Charlottenburg not less
than seventeen professors and lecturers in electrical engineering subjects only.

Instead of this, what do we findin England? The British Government has chosen
the easier course of leaving the founding and management of technical institutions to
the enterprise of charitable private persons, corporate bodies, and the local authorities.
As a result, there are—not in greater London, but in the administrative County of
London only—at least six colleges of university standing and six day colleges recognised
by the Government as technical institutions competing with one another, not to
mention ten other institutions with day technical classes and eighteen schools of art.
Similarly, in the provinces quite a number of lavishly equipped university colleges
have been founded, and technical day schools have sprung up like mushrooms, their
number now being many times in excess of the well-understood needs of the country.
Many of these institutions are in close proximity to and competing with one another.

The educational consequences require no repetition. You may go through all
the defects which we have considered, and you will easily see that every one of them
is directly attributable, not to lack of energy or ability on the part of the technical
teacher or to unwillingness of the British rate—and taxpayer to part with his money,
but to the absence of national organisation and the consequent disastrous competition
between the existing schools.

Technical education can be far more easily organised on the basis of a national
system than, for instance, primary education. In fact, | even doubt as to whether any
new legislation would be required for the purpose. The pressure which the Board of
Education, by means of the grant, alone, can bring to bear on the governing bodies will
prove sufficient to bring the majority, if not all, of the existing schools into line with

35

a national scheme, and to make them take up the position assigned to them init. I
will go further, and venture to prophesy that before many years have passed the
Government will have to take this matter up, under the combined pressure of the two
parties chiefly interested in efficiency and economy, 1.c., the technical teacher and the
ratepayer.

RESULTS OF THE ORGANISATION OF THE TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION CONNECTED
WITH THE MINING INDUSTRY IN GERMANY.*

The letter from which the following extracts are made was written in consequence
of the large importation of German machinery consequent upon the revival of the tin
industry in Cornwall :—

“More than a century ago the Governments of those countries on the Continent
in which the minerals and some of the mines are national or Crown property began to
establish schools for the technical instruction in mining, geology, mineralogy, chemistry,
metallurgy, mechanics, and so on, of all candidates for positions of responsibility in
their gift, and confined their choice of officers to fill these appointments solely to those
who had passed through the specified courses with credit and advantage to themselves.
The favourable results of this system becoming more and more apparent as time went
on, the Governments in question nourished the schools, spent large sums of money on
them, and added technological departments, for tuition in many of the subjects named
above, for the universities. The industries carried on by private enterprise followed
suit in giving all their leading appointments to none but educated experts; and the
half-educated or wholly uneducated rule-of-thumb man, the practical man of British
fame, was eliminated from the higher ranks of employés. On the Continent, therefore,
no such situation can arise at the present day as that so graphically described by your
correspondent, of a young man, scientifically educated for his profession, having to
struggle with and being held back by an uneducated superior, for the simple reason
that the uneducated superior does not now exist. The United States and Japan have
both within the last forty years adopted the same course of educating the future
leaders of their industries, and these nations are freely spending millions of pounds
annually for this purpose—to take one instance alone, the subsidy to Berlin University
for last year amounted to over £600,000, or five times as much as the niggardly sum
devoted by our own Government to all the universities and technical schools in the
British Isles.

“ Our young men are in no way inferior to those of other nations, and, given the
opportunity, would stand well to the front in the battle for industrial supremacy. But
they are starved; they cried for bread, we give them a stone; we put them off with
evening classes, we substitute a gloss of pseudo scientific teaching for a fundamental
training based on scientific principles. The result is a foregone conclusion. They go
forth to battle badly armed; many of them fall in the encounter, and education is
brought into disrepute.

“A few years ago Sir Norman Lockyer, in his presidential address to the British
Association, appealed to the Government and people of this country on behalf of the
schools and universities in which technical subjects are taught, and pointed out that a
capital sum of £24,000,000 was required to place them on a footing of equality with
those on the Continent. But he was like the voice of one crying in the wilderness,
and his cry has remained unanswered up to the present day.

“With great force of eloquence, he drove home the statement that in a very few
years the whole of the capital would be returned, with overflowing interest, in time to
come in the shape of increased prosperity in every department of trade and commerce.

“Why should we not import foreign machinery if we find it better and more
carefully designed, and more economical in working, than anything of the same kind
we can buy in this country? Within my own knowledge and experience two large

* Extract from the Western Mail (Cardiff), January 7, 1908.

36

electrical installations, costing many thousands of pounds—one of them between thirty
and forty thousand—have been put up in this country, one by a German, the other by
a British firm. The German installation has worked admirably since the first few
minor adjustments were made; the British installation has given endless trouble, and
has cost thousands of pounds for repairs, alterations, and experimental substitutions
of various parts. Would anybody possessed of ordinary commonsense take the re-
sponsibility of advising a board of directors, let us say, to repeat the unhappy experience
of the company who employed the British firm ?

“Again, there are certain classes of plant employed in colliery operations—coal-
washing machinery, coke-ovens, by-product plant, internal combustion engines actuated
by coke-oven gases—in which the Germans are admitted even by French experts to be
their masters. If the Germans are willing to supply us with the best of these appliances
and to erect them for us, from foundation to finish, in all their minute and innumerable
details, quietly, unostentatiously, and for a moderate price, shall we refuse their aid
simply from sentimental considerations ?

‘““Why are the Germans ahead of us and all the rest of the world in all matters
relating to mining and in some other branches of technology? Because they are
amenable to discipline, painstaking to a degree, willing to learn, and, above all, have
opportunities of learning practically “thrust upon them.”

“Lastly, no fact can be more certain than that so long as the British continue to
look upon technical education with the almost supine indifference which characterises
them at present, just so long will they continue to deservedly occupy their present
position amongst the ruck of industrial nations.”

Organisation of Primary and Secondary with Technical Schools.*

The following resolutions on general education matters were passed during the
conference :—

(1) The preliminary training which students receive at present before entering
technical institutions is not such as to fit them for benefiting by the instruction
provided. To improve this, the following reforms are desirable :—

(a) No child should be allowed to leave school before the age of fifteen, and the
half-time system should be abolished.

(b) In the education of children attending elementary schools, special attention
should be paid to the teaching of practical arithmetic, elementary science, and to
manual training.

(2) Resolutions concerning the present evening continuation schools :—

(a) The evening continuation schools should be affiliated to the higher institutions
in their respective districts.

(b) The curricula of the evening continuation schools should be arranged in
conjunction with the authorities of the higher institutions, who should have the right
of entry or inspection.

(3) Admission to technical schools should, in general, be conditional on the
student having reached a standard of education to be subsequently fixed.

(4) (a) The work of the secondary schools should be divided into three branches,
viz., (i.) technical secondary school (including trade schools ; (ii.) commercial secondary ;
(iii.) classical secondary.

(b) There should be a properly graded system of scholarships, with maintenance,
available at these schools.

(5) This Association heartily approves of the general principles embodied in the
following recommendations of the Minority Report of the Poor Law Commissioners :—

* Extract from Report of Association of Teachers in Technical Institutions Meeting at Liverpool
at Whitsuntide, 1909.

37

It should be illegal to employ boys below the age of fifteen or any youth below
eighteen for more than thirty hours per week, and boys should be compelled to attend
some suitable public institute giving physical and technical training for not less than
thirty hours per week at periods to suit the convenience of employers in different
industries.

The main points emphasised during the discussions at the conference were the
following :—

(1) The pressing need for co-ordination of technical education with primary and
secondary education, especially the linking on of the technical school to the elementary
school through the evening continuation school.

(2) The need for the provision of technical-secondary schools in which, while
continuing the general education of the pupils in English, a modern language, and
science, the curricula shall be such as to afford a suitable training for those who at the
end of their secondary-school period will pass on direct to the day technical institution
or enter upon industrial or commercial work.

38

APPENDIX H. (Report, p. 12.)

STUDY OF GERMAN IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS.
(Copy of Memorial.)
To the Right Honourable the President of the Board of Education.

Sir,—On behalf of Associations and other bodies concerned with the study of
Modern Languages we, the undersigned, beg to convey to you our sense of disappoint-
ment generally with the ‘*‘ Memorandum on Language Teaching in Secondary Schools
in England” (Circular 705), and our dissent in particular from several of the doctrines
and statements laid down in its concluding paragraphs.

We desire in the first place to say a word on one point which was not directly
referred to in our former letter, but which we feel to be of great importance. It is
shown conclusively that the Board of Education has not obtained, and cannot obtain,
the materials required for making the return on the time allotted to Modern Language
teaching in schools in the exact form that the motion in the House of Lords made on
February 5th, 1908, demanded, but there seems no good reason why the Board should
not furnish Parliament and the public, in whatever shape it thought good, with the
information suggested by the motion. What we desire to know, and what the Board
has full power and opportunity for ascertaining, is the present condition of Modern
Language teaching in secondary schools, the place assigned to it in the curriculum
by headmasters and governing bodies, the relation in which it stands to the teaching
of Classics and of English, the qualifications, emoluments, and status of its teachers.
On these points the Memorandum throws no light, for it is impossible to draw any
conclusion from the reports of the Board’s Inspectors therein summarised. Worse
than this, the Board, while acknowledging the great value of an investigation
conducted on the lines that are here suggested, can see no prospect of its undertaking
the work for years to come. We would respectfully submit to the Board that it would
be possible at least to give as full and adequate an account of the state of Modern
Language teaching in England as has been given about the teaching of various
subjects in the Special Reports on more than one foreign country.

In another respect the Memorandum is equally disappointing. The Circulars
issued by the Board on the teaching of History, Geography and Geometry were well
considered documents sanctioning the views of experts in their respective subjects.
They have greatly influenced educational opinion and have been welcomed as practical
aids to teachers. We looked for something analogous in .a Memorandum on
Language Teaching, but we search in vain. We feel that many would welcome
guidance on those questions which are now engaging the attention of Modern
Language teachers, ¢.g., the new or direct method of teaching, use of phonetics,
compulsory oral tests in examinations, prescription of set books. .

In particular we desire to take exception to paragragh (16) of the Memorandum
which professes to answer a letter on the position of German in secondary schools
addressed by us to you in November, 1908.

It is granted that “the advance in the study of German is not at the present
moment as rapid as the advance in the study of French or even of Latin.” We would
submit that there has been no advance in the study of German, but rather a rapid and
alarming retrogression. If the present rate of decrease in the number of candidates
offering German in the Local Examinations continues, there will in three years’ time
be no candidates in German for the Oxford Locals and in about four years’ time none
for Cambridge Locals.

The statistics set forth in the memorial were, for the sake of brevity, confined to
Local Examinations, but the figures of the Joint Board Examinations, of the Army

39

Entrance Examinations, the Army Qualifying Examination and of the Examinations of
the College of Preceptors, all point to the same conclusion,

As regards the contention that “the curriculum of schools is necessarily guided
by the course of the Universities to which it is to lead,” we would observe that only
a fraction of the pupils in State-aided Schools proceed to the University, and no
curriculum can be deemed satisfactory which does not satisfy the needs of the bulk of
the scholars. The majority of the pupils in these schools leave school before the age
of 17, and it is allowed that for such pupils “ both practically and educationally German
is a language of the first importance”; yet the Board throws the whole weight of its
influence into the scale of Latin as against German, apparently out of consideration
for the one boy in a hundred who will go on to the University. And in this case what
would be confessedly good for the many would be no less good for the favoured few.
The number at Oxford and Cambridge taking Medicine, Science, and Modern subjects
is rapidly on the increase, and it is a constant cause of complaint among the
Professors and teachers of these subjects that their pupils come to them heavily
handicapped by their ignorance of German. It is hardly necessary to insist on the
value of a knowledge of German to Honour students in every Faculty.

Our suggestion that the Board should encourage and foster schools of the type of
the German Realschule and Ober-Realschule is not noticed, but it is indirectly
negatived by the insistence on Latin as one of two foreign languages, where two are
taught.

We would reiterate our conviction that a sound and thorough literary training can
be given through English, German, and French, without a knowledge of Latin. If, in
the words of the Memorandum, English can serve as “the backbone of a humanistic
education,” surely a combination of English, German, and French would constitute a
valuable type of humanistic education.

We greatly regret that the Board has not as yet seen its way to lead public opinion
on so vital a matter as the study of Modern Languages and we express a hope that the
Memorandum is not its last word.

We are, Sir,
Your obedient servants,

Signed on behalf of the Modern Languages Association by
A. A. SOMERVILLE, Chairman of Committees.
Ep. MILNER-BARRY, Vice-Chairman.
H. W. Eve.
AS ES POLEARD,
F. STORR.

Signed on hehalf of the Society of University Teachers of German by
KARL BREUL.
H. G. FIEDLER.
J. G. ROBERTSON.
A. W. SCHUDDEKOPF.

Signed on behalf the Teachers’ Guild by
H. WESLEY DENNIS, Chairman of Council.
WALTER RIPPMANN.

Signed on behalf of the British Science Guild by
J. NORMAN LOCKYER, Chairman of Committee.

G. F. Briop, Hon. Sec. Joint Committee,
45, South Hill Park,

Hampstead, N.W,
October, 1909.

40

APPENDIX J.

THE RATE OF INCREASE OF THE ENDOWMENTS OF THE PRUSSIAN AND

UNITED STATES UNIVERSITIES.

PRUSSIA.
Ordinary Ordinary Ordinary
Universities. State Endow- | State Endow- | State Endow-
| ment, 1891-2. ment, 1900-1. ment, 1906-7.
(A) Prussian Universities— £ £ £
1. Berlin ete ee <a reset 107,057 130,743 161,539
9. Bonn ese SEN? tice eet 45,806 | 51,982 59,192
oe foresiatt ao a2 “ie ayy. 44,749 57,435 66,375
4. Géttingen ... } Es 28,877 | 27,403. | 35,303
5. Greifswald ax % 52 13,974 20,490 28,889
6. Halle ik St +¢ a 33,284 51,666 59,819
7. Kiel $22 , Me eae 28,188 | 37,286 53,072
8. K6nigsberg =a = =e 39,930 | 47.069 57,344
9. Marburg ... a Re bite 30,129 | 36,255 42,364
10. Minster... Ree GS yeh 8,110 14,364 21,091
11. Braunsberg Lyceum _... ~ 994 1,989 3,032
Prussian Universities ; Totals £381,098 | £476,682 £588,020 .

|
|

UNITED STATES.

For the 10 years prior to 1903 the average annual amount of benefactions for the
Universities of the United States was about £2,000,000. For 1906, the latest year for
which statistics are to hand, the amount was more than double the above annual
average. The sum was £4,540,000, this is of course in addition to the large State
endowments.

BRIRISE oC TENCE (GUILD:

DONATIONS.
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The Worshipful Company of Clothworkers see v8 5 ee LOORRO
Blyth, The Right Hon. Lord es Se

Lockyer, Sir Norman, K.C.B., F.R.S.

Longstaff, Lieut.-Colonel ...

Gray, R. Kaye, Esq. :

Haldane, The Right Hon. R. B., K. C., ary Nit) BAe F. R. Ss.
Gard, Ro H.; Esq. 535 BS ee
The Worshipful Company of Balters

Duveen, E., Esq. 23

Hannah, R., Esq.

Seligman, Isaac, Esq.

Thomas, Carmichael, Esq.

Davis, Major

Godman, F. Du Cane, Peas FE.R-S.

Lindley, The Right Hon. Lord, P. C., FE. R.S.
Lockyer, Lady .. 233

Morgan, S. Sascthan; Bea.

Priestley, Lady (the late)...

Brassey, The Right Hon. Lord, G. C. B.

Mather, Sir William ace

Waring, S. J., Esq., SA 7
Bevington, Colonel S. B. (the late) ...

Bolitho, Mrs. Robins

Mallet, R. T., Esq. = eae

Noble, Sir Andrew, Bart., K.C.B., F.R.S.
Ingham, C. B., Esq.

Jackson, Rear-Admiral, Sir Hebe K. Cc. V-.0:, E. R. Se
Mathews, Professor G. B., F.R.S. eee
Morgan, Alderman Sir Walter Vaughan, Bart.
Scott, Miss Eva Russel

Singleton, Mrs. E.

Southall, John, Esq.

Herbert, Miss J. C.

Hunt, Wilfred, Esq.

Marconi, The Chevatier G.

Steers, W. E., Esq.

Davidge, Professor

Plunkett, Count and Goupecss

Fairley, Thomas, Esq.

‘*A Friend ”’

“ A Well-Wisher ”’

Baillie, Miss Hunter

Banks, Arthur, Esq.

Bell, Dr. James, C.B., F. R. S. (the late)

Buller, Sir Walter, K.C.M.G., F.R.S. (the fate),
Green, The Rev. Herbert, W. H. ee
Griffiths, Dr. A. B.

Hambling, W. G. A., Esq

Dodds, P. A., Esq.

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