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ANNUAL REPORTS

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FRUIT EXPERI'MENt'-SX-AliONS •.' ■

iNTOiOi'OfilCAiSOGIETY

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Thirty-Seventh Annual Report

OF THE

Fruit Growers' Association

OF

Ontario,
1905

(PUBLISHED BY THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TORONTO.

PRINTEDi BY ORDER OF

THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO

TORONTO :
Printed by L, K. CAMERON, Printer to the King's ^ost Excellent Majesty.
1906.

WARWICK BRO'S & RUTTER, Limited, Printers.
TORONTO.

la F.G.

To the Honourable William Mortimer Clark, K.C.,

Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario.

May it Please Your Honour :

I have the pleasure to present herewith for the consideration of your
Honour the Report of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, for 1905.

Respectfully submitted,

Toronto, 1906.

NELSON MONTEITH,

Minister of Agriculture.

[3

CONTENTS.

Officers for 1906 9

Presidents of the Fruit Growers.' Association of Ontario, 1859-1906 6

Annual Meeting of Directors

Report cf the Executive, 1904-5 7

Treasurer's Report, 1904-5 16

Financial Statement, Fruit, Flower and Honey Show, 1904 17

The Canadian Horticulturist 17

Annual Meeting of Association

Address: Hon. Nelson Monteith 19

President's Address: Alex. McNeill 21

Fruit Markets in Great Britain: W. T. Macoun 28

Co-operation in Fruit Growing: A. N. Brown 30

Hybridizing: H. H. Groff 34

Revision of Constitution 35

Fruit Growing in Algcma : Wm. Harris 39

New Ideas in Spraying : A. N. Brown 39

Report on New Fruits 44

New Fruits: W. T. Macoun 45

Address: Hon. Sydney Fisher 47

Report on Co-operative Associations: A. E. Sherrington 52

Paris Green and Arsenical Poisons: Prof. R. Harcourt 55

The Canadian Tariff on Fruits: W. L. Smith 59

Report cf Nominating Committee 65

Presentation to Mr. W. H. Bunting 65

Report on Packages 66

Report on Markets and Marketing 69

Report on Resolutions 69

Cover Crops ; Their Relation to Orchard St ils : Frank T . Shutt 75

The Season's Shipments to Winnipeg : Robt. Thompson 84

Transportation and Markets: J. A. Ruddick 91

Report of Transportation Committee: W. H. Bunting 93

Appendix A: Packing Houses and Co-cperation for Fruit Growers: Prof. J. B.

Reynold s 94

Appendix B : By-laws of ' ' Fruit Growers' Limited" 101

Appendix C : Fruit Prize List at Horticultural Exhibition, Toronto, Nov. 13-18, 1905 102

Appendix D: Directors' Reports for Season of 1905 106

Appendix E : Revised Constitution and By-laws of the Fruit Growers' Association of

Ontario 108

Appendix F: The Late D. W. Beadle 110

Index Ill

Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario.

OFFICERS FOR 1906:

President Jas. S. Scarff, Woodstock.

Vice-President E. Morris, Fonthill.

Secretary-Treasurer P. W. Hodgetts, Parliament Buildings,

Toronto.

Directors :

Agricultural Division Nc. 1 A. D. Harkness, Irena.

" " 2 R. B. Whyte, Ottawa.

" " "3 Harold Jones, Maitland.

" " "4 W. H. Dempsey, Trenton.

" " ft 5 Wm. Rickard, Newcastle.

" " " 6 Elmer Lick, Oshawa.

" " "7 M. Pettit, Winona

■ " 8 E. Morris, Fonthill.

" " " 9 EL H. Groff, Simcoe.

" "10 A E. Sherrington, Walkerton.

" 11 T H. Race, Mitchell.

" 12 J. L. Hilborn, Leamington.

" " 13 G. C. Caston, Craighurst.

Ontario Agricultural College : Prof. H. L. Hutt, Guelph.

The Association at large: Jas. S. Scarff, Woodstock; W. H. Bunting, St. Catharines;

Alex. McNeill, Ottawa.
Honorary Directors: Thos. Beall, Lindsay; A. M. Smith, St. Catharines; W. T. Macotjn,

Ottawa.
Auditor: J. M. Duff, Guelph.

Representatives to Fair Boards and Conventions.

London: T. H. Race, Mitchell; Jas. S. Scarff, Woodstock.

Ottawa: R. B. Whyte, Ottawa.

Toronto: W. H. Bunting, St. Catharines; P. W. Hodgetts, Toronto.

Michigan Horticultural Society : T. H. Race, Mitchell.

Quebec Pomological Society: A. D. Harkness, Irena.

Dominion Conference of Fruit Growers: M. Pettit, W. H. Bunting, A. W. Peart,

Robt. Thompson, Elmer Lick, Harold Jones, J. L. Hilborn, D. Johnson, A.

E. Sherrington.

Committees :

Executive : President, Vice-President, Secretary, with W. H. Bunting and Harold Jones.
Board of Control, Fruit Experiment Stations: G. C. Creelman, Chairman; Prof. H.
L. Hutt, P. W. Hodgetts. Elected by the Associaticn : A. M. Smith, Elmer

Lick, W. T, Macoun.
Transportation : W. H. Bunting, R. J. Graham, E. D. Smith, W. L. Smith, Robt.

ihompson, Jti. W. Dawson.
Co-operation: A. E. Sherrington, D. Johnson, W. D. A. Ross, Robt. Thompson, Elmer

Lick, A. W. Peart.
New Fruits: Prof. H. L. Hutt, W. T. Macoun and E. Morris.

Historical: Alex. McNeill, T. H. Race, L. Woolverton, H. H. Groff, W. H. Dempsey.
Fruit Show. W. H. Bunting, T. H. Race, Elmer Lick, P. W. Hodgetts.

[5]

PRESIDENTS OF THE FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION OF

ONTARIO, 1859-1906.

1859-60 — Judge Campbell, Niagara.
1861-66 — Judge Logie, Hamilton.
1867-69— Wm. H. Mills, Hamilton.
1870-79 — Rev. R. Burnett, Hamilton.
1880-82— P. C. Dempsey, Albury.
1883-86 — Wm. Saunders, London.
1887-89— A. McD. Allan, Goderieh.

1890 —A. M. Smith, St. Catharines.

1891 — J. A. Morton, Wingham.
1892-93 — A. H. Pettit, Grimsby.
1894 — T. H. Race, Mitchell.
1895-96— M. Pettit, Winona.
18^7-99 — W. E. Wellington, Toronto.
1900-01— W. M. Orr, Fruitland.
1902 — G. C. Caston, Craighurst.
1903-0^-W. H. Bunting, St. Catharines.

1905 — Alex. McNeill, Ottawa.

1906 — Jas. Scarff, Woodstock.

61

Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario.

DIRECTORS' MEETING.

The Annual Meeting of the Board of Directors of the Ontario Fruit
Growers' Association was held at Albert Hall, Victoria Street, in the City
of Toronto, on Tuesday, November 14th at 4 p.m. o'clock.

The following Directors were present : W. H. Bunting, Alex.
McNeill, Thos. Beall, J. S. Scarff, A. D. Harkness, Harold Jones, T. H.
Race, A. E. Sherrington, J. L. Hilborn, Wm. Rickard, W. H. Dempsey,
Elmer Lick, C. W. Vanduzer, H. H. Grotf , A. M. Smith, G. C. Caston, W.
T. Macoun.

The President, Mr. A. McNeill, occupied the chair.

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and confirmed.

The Secretary presented the following Report from the Executive : —

REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE, 1904-5.

The year 1905 will be recorded by the fruit growers generally through-
out Ontario as one of fair crops and good prices. While some sections have
been short in the apple crop, the other fruits, particularly the small fruits,
have borne well and brought good returns. The reports of the Directors
on the questions sent out by the Executive, would indicate that in the north-
ern and western parts of the Province, the apple crop was poor both in
quantity and quality, the scab being very bad especially in unsprayed or-
chards. In the east, little scab was present, except along the St. Lawrence,
where it developed late on such varieties as Fameuse and Mcintosh. The
codling moth, owing to the short crop, made its presence felt, perhaps more
than usual. The labor question still seems a serious one with the fruit
grower, and reports from all sections would indicate that the exodus of men
to the west and towards the towns and cities has left the farmers more
dependent than ever on the inexperienced immigrant and female labor.

Your Executive have endeavored, this past Association year, to put
more of the work on the Standing Committees. Owing to lack of funds
in previous years, these committees have been unable to get together again
after the annual convention, and were so prevented from doing the effective
work that might otherwise be accomplished. While a beginning was affected
this year, we hope to do even better in the future.

The committee appointed to consider the revision of the constitution,
organized at the annual convention in November last, and met at the call
of the executive on January 14. A whole day was spent discussing the
matter. Owing to the uncertainty relating to the Horticulturist, and also
to the Horticultural Societies, nothing definite was settled upon at that
time. On October 25th, a portion of the committee met in St. Catharines
and outlined the revision which is to be presented to the Association on
Wednesday morning. Copies of the proposed constitution have been dis-

[7]

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 10

tributed to all the members, with the request that the same be carefully
looked over previous to the meeting.

The Committee on Co-operation talked over matters after the last days'
meeting, and decided upon their line of work for the year. A second meet-
ing of this committee was called in April. A number of points were settled
upon, and the committee waited upon the Hon. Mr. Monteith to present
to him the claims of the fruit growers. A set of rules and regulations
governing local co-operative shipping associations was drawn up by the
secretary, and after some changes, approved by the committee. (See Ap-
pendix A.) Mr. Putnam, the Superintendent of Institutes, looked after the
meetings suggested in the interests of fruit growers, and with the assistance
of your secretary, a list of meetings was drawn up, and successfully carried
out. Mr. Sherrington also visited a number of scattered places, and did
good work in organizing and enthusing the growers. Among the places
visited were :

Delegates: A. E. Sherrington, Walkerton; P. J. Carey, Dominion
Emit Inspector, Toronto.

Forest J

Thedford
Oshawa . .

Pickering "

Claremont (aft) "

Myrtle (eve) '?

Whitby (aft) "

Grange Hill (eve) "

Ingersoll "

Norwich "

Cainsville "

an. 27 Oakville March 25

28 Clarkscn " 27

March 6 Islington " 28

7 Churchill « 29

8 Collingwood " 30

8 Thornbury " 31

9 Meaford April 1

9 Owen Sound " 3

22 Allanford " 4

23 Simcoe May 11

24 Burford c< 1'2

Delegates: D. Johnson, Forest; A. Gifford, Meaford.

Tupperville March 20

Thamesville " 21

Dutton " 22

Sparta " 23

Appin " 24

Ilderton " 25

Parkhill " 27

Goderich " 28

Blyth March 29

Brussels " 30

Lucknow " 31

Walkerton April 1

Paisley " 3

Port Elgin " 4

St. Mary's " 5

Simcoe May 10

Owing to the representations of the Co-operative Committee, two changes
were made in the Act relating to Cold Storage Companies, and power sprayers
were placed in operation at Meaford and Trenton under the charge of your
secretary. Fuller reports of what has been accomplished will be submitted
by this Committee in their report to the Association.

The Transportation Committee have also been active during the year.
While nothing definite in the way of concessions from the railways have
been granted, a much better feeling has arisen between the grower and the
carrier. The committee met once in the early spring at the call of Mr.
Bunting, and talked over the matter of cars with Mr. Hardwell, the chief
traffic officer of the Railway Commission. A second call was issued on
October 15th to consider the serious shortage of cars for apple shipments.
A strongly worded protest was sent to the Railway Commission at this time.
A full report from this committee will be submitted later in our sessions.

It might be well to refer here to the good work accomplished by a num-
ber of the members of the St. Catharines Cold Storage Co., who entirely
at their own expense undertook this season to forward cars of fruit regularly

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

to the western markets, with the idea of opening up a profitable outlet for
their surplus fruit, and who incidentally have assisted the Transportation
Committee in working out some of the problems relating to ventilated and
refrigerator cars. A very interesting report on the work will be submitted
on Thursday afternoon. Your Executive Committee have met as a body
several times during the year, outside of the meetings at the time of our
Annual Convention. The Executive met in January to discuss the general
plan of work for the year, and to settle, if possible, some of the details in
connection with the transfer of The Canadian Horticulturist, to the new
Company. Two other meetings were necessary before these details were
finally settled. Copies of the transfer were drawn up with legal advice,
and signed on behalf of both associations. This document m detail will be
submitted by the committee to-morrow. A settlement of all outstanding
accounts has been made by the payment of a sum of |200 to the Association
by the company. A number of other small payments were made in con-
nection with the transfer. Your Association has received f 1,000 worth of
fully paid up stock in lieu of their good will in the paper, and has further
paid |300 as 1st, 2nd and 3rd calls on a second f 1,000 of stock as authorized,
by the Association last November.

The officers of the Hamilton Horticultural Exhibition wrote early in
September asking for a grant toward their first district show this year.
They were offering quite a large sum in prizes for fruit, and had appointed
two representatives of our Association on their Board. Their entries in the
fruit section were quite large and distributed well over the surrounding
country. After some consideration, a grant of $50 was made on the under-
standing that hereafter no further financial assistance would be given to
such exhibitions.

In connection with the Toronto Exhibition, further changes were made
in the prize lists on the suggestion of your committee, largely in the rear-
rangement of the classes. Collections were grouped together, a list of best
varieties of apples placed in a commercial class by itself and cash prizes
substituted for medals in the box and barrel sections. In these commercial
classes, the results were very gratifying, as shown by the entries. The
competition among the growers was keen, and the explanations of its judges
and Mr. Boies of British Columbia, who was present, were very instructive.

In connection with the old trouble in regard to the unsuitability of the
present building, there seems little hope of improvement for two years at
least. The announcement was made after this year's exhibition closed, that
the new buildings to be erected for the live stock and other agricultural
interests would not be ready till 1907.

Membership.

No question has given the officers of the Association more trouble dur-
ing the year than that of membership. Up till last November, largely
through the Horticulturist, the nominal membership in the Association had
risen to over 4,000. Of this number, fully 90 per cent, were merely subscrib-
ers to the magazine through the Horticultural Societies, or directly through
the payment of the price of subscription. They took no apparent interest in
the Association itself and were only a source of expense. With the transfer
of the magazine to an independent company, and in the reduction in the
subscription rates to societies, this inflated membership disappeared, as the
societies sent their lists in almost all cases, directly to the business manager
of the Horticulturist. In response to an appeal from the secretary through

10 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

the columns of the magazine, not more than a dozen individual subscribers
sent in their names. It is apparent that our future membership must come
from among the fruit growers, either amateur or professional, and less from
the societies, unless some radical change is to be made in our work. It is
undoubtedly true, however, that a few of our Horticultural Societies are
composed quite largely of fruit growers, and some effort should be made to
look after their interests. We should certainly aim to gather into our
Association the members of all co-operative associations, and local or dis-
trict fruit growers' associations. These should form the backbone of the
Association. The question is one for earnest consideration at this annual
meeting. Our membership is this year apparently only 359.

Co-operative associations, and local and district fruit growers' asso-
ciations are now scattered well over the southern, western and northern parts
of Ontario and include among others the following active associations :

The Niagara District United Fruit Growers' Association.

The St. Catharines Cold Storage & Forwarding Co.

The Chatham Fruit Growers' Association.

The Forest Fruit Growers & Forwarding Co.

The Fruit Growers' Co., of Oakville.

The Burlington Horticultural Society.

The Bruce Fruit Growers' Association.

The Clarksburg Association.

The Meaford Fruit Growers' Association.

The Port Elgin Fruit Growers' Association.

The Parkhill Shipping Association.

The Thedford Shipping Association.

The East Lambton Fruit Growers' Association of Arkona.

It should be our aim at this convention to so arrange our constitution
as to admit of receiving all of these and kindred associations into our mem-
bership. They are the men whom we are working for, and we wish for their
support.

The programme for this year's convention is largely a business one.
Owing to the importance of the work of the special committees, it was felt
necessary to give them the opportunity to report in full. Several import-
ant matters in connection with the Association are to be brought up for dis-
cussion, including the transfer of the Horticulturist, the Revision of the
Constitution, and the Dominion Conference of Fruit Growers, which is ex-
pected to meet in February, 1906. However, in addition to the purely
business sessions, your Executive have succeeded in getting Mr. A. N.
Brown, of Wyoming, Delaware, to deliver a couple of addresses on topics of
live interest to fruit growers. Mr. Brown has wide experience in fruit
growing and has already made a name for himself in Ontario through his
series of addresses in the Niagara District last spring. Beside Mr. Brown,
we expect interesting addresses from Mr. Shutt of the Central Experimental
Farm, Ottawa, Mr. Ruddick of the Agricultural Department at Ottawa,
Prof. Harcourt, of Guelph, and others. Mr. Thompson, of St. Catharines,
has a very important report to bring in on the results of their attempt to
open up the Winnipeg market for Ontario fruit.

The Fruit Exhibition.

In the financial statement for the past year, you will find a statement
of the show of last November. The show itself, as an exhibition of fruit,
was undoubtedly a success, and was a revelation to the people of Toronto

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 11

in regard to the quality of apples put up in cases and barrels. The sale
of fruit at the close of the show brought fair returns, and about balanced
the expenses incurred by the Association for express, freight and cartage.
Some opposition was offered this year to the clause referring to prize fruit
becoming the property of the Association, and in regard to the Association
Exhibits, it was decided to forgo this privilege on the understanding that
the exhibitor pay transportation charges and storage.

The buildings used last year were very inconvenient in regard to loca-
tion, and undoubtedly affected the attendance. The absence of proper
heating facilities also was a source of annoyance and heavy loss, especially
to the florists. The lighting was better than we are likely to have in Massey
Hall. In every other way, the present hall is much better than the Granite
Rinks, and the gate receipts should be proportionately greater. Last year,
as seen by the financial statement, the running expenses were just about
covered by the gate receipts. This year's exhibition, judging by the entries,
should make the best show of fruit ever gathered together in Canada. The
total entries are about 600, including county exhibits, with 41 barrels, 92
cases, and plates of apples; 29 half cases, 27 plates, and 9 baskets of pears;
66 plates of grapes, 12 cases of grapes, and 123 jars of canned fruit, jam
and jelly.

The county exhibits, a new feature worked out entirely by the Presi-
dent, Mr. McNeill, will make quite an addition to an already attractive
prize list. While only about half of the counties offering the prizes will
be represented, owing partly to the late issue of the lists, and partly to the
difficulty of advertising the scheme properly, it is to be hoped that it will
lead the way to its repetition on a larger scale another year, should the ex-
hibition be continued. A better selection of varieties for most of the coun-
ties r-oiild alSo be made.

The general list differs from last year chiefly in the following classes : — ■

6. Pyramids of fruit, an entirely new class.

13. Canned fruit, 10 sections added.

14. Jam, a new class.

15. Jelly, a new class.

16. Wine, a new class.

The list itself was later in coming out than in 1904, due entirely to the
action of the advertising committee of the Show. The copy for the fruit
lists was sent down in time for the issuing of the prize lists at the Toronto
Industrial. Delay in securing the advertising was given as the excuse for
not getting these lists printed sooner. Your executive will ask for the per-
mission of the Directors to print an entirely separate list next year, should it
appear that the general list will not be issued by the 1st of September.

The first meeting of the Show Board was called in April, when the gen-
eral committee was re-organized, and officers elected. Mr. Score, of Toronto,
was re-elected President; Mr. Bunting, Vice-President; Mr. Chambers, of
Toronto, 2nd Vice-President; Mr. Dunlop, of Toronto, Treasurer; and Mr.
Cowan, General Secretary. A grant of $1,200 from the Department was
made for this year, and Mr. Cowan stated that the sum would have to be
divided : $600 for Fruit, $200 for Vegetables, $200 for Honey, and $200 for
Secretary's expenses. Last year your Association received $600 from this
grant, and $50 extra. After some discussion this year it was decided by the
Associations represented to pool all grants, donations from private parties,
etc., into one fund, to go toward the general expenses of the Show. The
question of a suitable building was thoroughly discussed, and Massey Hall
was chosen as the best possible place in every way of those available. The

12 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

cost, $650 for the week, was very little higher than that incurred last year
at the Granite rink, owing to the expense in heating and lighting the latter
place.

In arranging the dates of the Show considerable trouble arose owing to
the uncertainty of the date to be fixed for Thanksgiving Day. This holiday
made a great difference in our receipts last year. As far as the Committee
could find out, the holiday was proposed for the same week as last year, but
to our surprise, the 26th of October was finally chosen by the authorities at
Ottawa. As this date was too early for the Show, it was decided to choose
the week of the 13th of November. It will not be known till the close of this
week what effect this will have on the gate receipts as compared to last year.

Since the re-organization, in April, a number of meetings have been
held from time to time as matters of importance arose. Each Association,
through its representatives, was given four votes on all questions. Mr.
Bunting and Mr. McNeill generally arranged to attend these meetings, while
your Secretary was present on each occasion. It would seem advisable that
a Standing Committee of four members should be appointed, either by the
directors or by the Association at large, to look after the interests of the
fruit growers in connection with the Show.

tt ^l1'^0!6 matter seems one of considerable interest to our Association.
Up till 1904 the annual meeting was the great event in the year, with its pro-
gramme of interesting addresses, the election of officers, and other matters
of importance. A fruit exhibit generally formed part of the programme,
but it was of subsidiary interest. No prizes were offered in money nor were
premiums of any kind awarded. Last year the conditions were somewhat
reversed, and this year matters seem even worse. The annual meeting, with
its programme as an educational feature, would appear to be losing its indi-
viduality, and becoming a matter of secondary consideration. The question
of the moment is whether such should be permitted. The choice of a meet-
ing-place for the conventions has much to do with the relations between the
Show and the programme. For instance, in connection with the Fat Stock
Show at Guelph, the hall is within the main exhibition building, the pro-
gramme is going on all the time, and every stock man present makes an effort
to hear some of the addresses that are delivered during the days of the Show.
The hall is always crowded, even more so than the aisles between the stock,
and great interest is always taken in this, the main feature of the Show.

Here, in Toronto, the professional florists are not interested in the pro-
grammes. They at present contribute largely to the exhibition, and have a
controlling vote in all questions relating thereto. At the board meetings
all matters in regard to programmes are accordingly shelved, and the show
of flowers, fruit, vegetables and honey is alone discussed. How this

trouble may be avoided, and our programmes brought more to the front, is
a question which should be settled at the meeting this year.

Discussion.

The President : The question of the. relative importance of the conven-
tion meetings and of the exhibition is one that might very well be discussed
in connection with this report. The question is whether the Association is
losing its old-time importanceas an educative factor in connection with fruit-
growing.

Mr. Harold Jones : The late Secretary maintained that the educative
work which was formerly done by this Association was now being performed
by the Farmers' Institute, and the local horticultural societies. I think it
is a question whether this is really a fact, and whether these bodies can per-

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 13

form the work as effectively as this Association. It is a question whether
the Association will not lose its influence by making the Show the leading
feature instead of the convention meetings.

Mr. Sherrington : This is a subject which has already been fully dis-
cussed. The conclusion was reached that we should have to drop the purely
educational features of our annual meeting, as there was too much other
business to do. We decided that the work of education could be carried on
better outside, through the local horticultural and fruit growers' associa-
tions. These associations should be affiliated with the Provincial Associa-
tion, and this will add to our membership and influence. Since this policy
was outlined, my experience leads me to believe that we are progressing in
the right direction. At the same time it should not be forgotten that the
exhibition is itself of great importance from an educational point of view.

Mr. Harold Jones : I think it would be unwise to allow the value of our
annual report to run down. The reading public is increasing, and if topics
of interest to them are not discussed there, it will be necessary for the execu-
tive to secure material from these outside meetings and embody it with the
report.

Mr. G. C. Caston took the view that the discussion of matters relating
to practical fruit growing should be continued at the convention.

Mr. W. H. Bunting : I do not think there is any difference of opinion
between the directors as to the value of the Association's exhibition work;
but we have come to a critical stage in the history of the Association. Our
coming to Toronto, with the possibility of making this a permanent location
for our annual meeting was, of course, tentative. We ought now to be able
to judge whether that course is likely to prove of greater value than the one
formerly pursued. In coming here we have encountered the difficulty that
we have not been able to find a location where the Exhibition and the Associa-
tion meetings could be satisfactorily combined. I fully agree with Mr. Sher-
rington as to the importance of carrying to the people in the different sections
of the Province the information which an Association like this should supply.
In accordance with that idea we held last year, in the Niagara district, a
series of meetings which lasted for about a week. They were spread over the
entire district, and were, perhaps, the most successful series of fruit meetings
ever held in this Province. If this plan could be more widely adopted it
would do away with the necessity of making this educational work a feature
of our Convention. At the same time, I think that some of our meetings
ought to be devoted to bringing the masses of our fruit growers together, and
placing before them matters of national and provincial importance.

The President : There is no doubt the time has come when this Associa-
tion should give more attention to the business side of fruit growing than to
the educative side, and that we should relegate the elementary work to the
local societies; but, at the same time, we must see to it that the educative
work is carried on in an effective manner through the local societies, or else
we shall be neglecting our duty to the public.

Mr. Sherrington enquired whether subscribers to "The Horticulturist"
were members of the Association.

Mr. Bunting : When The Horticulturist was transferred to the company
that has taken it over, a little embarrassment arose as to what constituted a
member of the Association, and what a subscriber to The Horticulturist. In
the oast it was a case of subscribing to the journal, and becoming a member
of the Association by so doing. The consequence was that we had a very
extended list of members, many of whom took no interest in the Associa-
tion's work. What we want is men who become members for the sake of

14 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

the Association, and not to make membership one of the advantages inci-
dental to subscribing to the magazine. Our new constitution will, however,
solve some of these difficulties.

Mr. Macoun : I think it would be well if something could be done to
bring the local directors into closer touch with the fruit growers and flower
growers of their respective districts. My view is that all societies receiving
Government aid should be required to notify the local directors when they
intend to hold meetings, so as to give them an opportunity of being present.
This would enable them to keep in touch with their work, and, incidentally,
it would give them a better opportunity of ascertaining the facts regarding
the local fruit crop on which they are required to report.

Mr. Sherrington : He could not gain this information from the horti-
cultural societies, as they are interested in floriculture almost exclusively.
As far as increasing our membership is concerned, I think we must look for
it to the local Fruit Growers' Associations, and to them we must look for our
information regarding the crop.

Mr. Bunting : I do not think we should deprecate the value of the horti-
cultural societies and their affiliation with this organization. In our town
we have a live horticultural society, and our fruit growers take a deep interest
in it, although we have several local fruit growers' associations. Harmony
and good feeling between the various societies should be maintained by every
possible means, as all tend to the advancement of general horticulture.

Mr. Bjckard : We formed local fruit growers' associations a few years
ago at Orono, Newcastle, and Bowmanville. They made a good start, but,
as far as I am aware, they are now defunct. I think it would be desirable
for this Association to do something to maintain the interest in these local
associations. I agree with Mr. Jones that the educative work of the Associa-
tion is first in importance. We should aim at educating our fruit growers
to produce first-class fruit.

Mr. H. H. Groff : The difficulty seems to be that the men who make a
business of fruit growing are numerous only in certain limited portions of
the country. If that is admitted, then it is obvious that you must unite
with other kindred interests, and form societies more or less sympathetic
with all lines of progressive horticulture. The horticultural society of our
town, of which I am President, is engaged in all kinds of educational work,
but, primarily, m work among the school children. In this we have been
most successful, and our exhibition, in which the children receive awards,
is the most encouraging side-line of our horticultural work. Our meetings
are well attended, and these societies are still in full force in our county.

The President : The remarks that have been made as to the necessity
of further educational work are extremely pertinent, and I do not think that,
as an Association, we should relegate this entire work to the Farmers' Insti-
tutes or the local societies. It might be a good thing if this Association
would appoint a committee to co-operate with the Superintendent of Insti-
tutes in arranging orchard meetings and fruit meetings generally. I have
always found Mr. Putnam exceedingly ready to accept any suggestions that
were made.

Mr. Sherrington : I do not think there is any better means of reaching
farmers interested in fruit growing than through the Institutes. The Super-
intendent has been most energetic in advertising these local Fruit Institute
meetings. Not only does he give notice through the press, but he sends a
circular letter to every Institute member in the district, inviting him to at-
tend. Where no such organization exists, the Department has paid for the
advertising.

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 15

The President : I entirely agree with what Mr. Sherrington says. My
suggestion was merely by way of offering him some assistance from the As-
sociation.

Mr. Bunting : As to local associations not being very long lived, I think
this may sometimes be attributed to the fact that in the past they do not ap-
pear to have had any definite work to perform. In our own section these
societies are developing into co-operative associations with definite objects in
view. As soon as they take up definite work you will find that there will be
no difficulty in this respect. So far as the educational work is concerned,
I would again refer to the series of meetings we held last spring. There
is no reason why a similar series should not be conducted every year in each of
the thirteen districts.

Mr. G. C. Caston : In regard to county prizes, I think that this idea is
a good one, and should be written up by the local press, and interest developed
in that way. Then some plau should be formulated as to how the prizes are
to be awarded.

Mr. Harold Jones : I met with some difficulty at first in interesting our
council in the matter, as none of them were fruit growers. I had to make
my representations somewhat forcibly, and I think what took their fancy
was that Leeds and Grenville would be represented here in Toronto. As
soon as I succeeded in securing a grant, I called for the assistance of a com-
mittee from the council, and we wrote up a prize list to suit the conditions
of the county in which the fruit is grown. I promised the council that if
the prize money granted was not awarded, they would get it back. I took
that responsibility upon myself, and, if this Association does not support
me, I will pay it out of my own pocket. I wanted them to understand that
it was purely an educational feature, and an attempt to create a greater in-
terest in fruit growing in the locality. If I am able to go back and report
that the prizes have been widely distributed over the country, as I have every
reason to believe will be the case, I have no doubt that next year they will
be willing to give a still larger grant. Next year I propose to have the prize
list ready about the first of September, and to give each member of the coun-
cil half a dozen copies to distribute to the men who grow fruit in their neigh-
borhoods. The responsibility for securing the grant rests mainly with the
local director. He should gather together as many members of the council
as possible and clearly explain the intention of the grant to them. We have
to formulate the plans, and, if they are presented properly, the councils will,
in the majority of cases, fall in with them.

The President : The idea of county prizes is, to my mind, a good one,
but, in working out the plan, we fell somewhat short of what might have
been done. The fact is it had to be attended to at a time when business
was very pressing, so that it was impossible to give as much attention to out-
side work of this kind as was desired. I am rather surprised to find that it
turned out as well as it did. I think next year will show an improvement,
and that it will be worked out to much better advantage.

It was then moved by Mr. T. H. Hace, seconded by Mr. Beall, and car-
ried, that the report be received and laid upon the table for further considera-
tion.

16

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 16

TREASURER'S REPORT, 1904-5.

Balance

1004

Fees

Horticulturist

Binding

Annual Meeting ..
Government Grant

Shew

Sundries

Beceipts.
hand, Nov.

Expenditure.

12,

$853 59

174 55

204 00

40

2 00

1,800 00

U051 05

50 08

$4,135 67

Horticulturist

Annual Meeting

Committees

Salaries

Show

Audit

Exchange

Incidentals

:"ding

Stationery

Postage

Balance on hand,
1905

Oct. 31,

Details of Expenditure.

Canadian Horticulturist :

Balance in hand cf Business Manager, $165.99; Subscriptions for mem-
bers of Association, $145.20; Spectator Co., $697.00; Horticulturist
Pub. Co. (payment on stock), $200.00

Salaries :

H. B. Cowan. $83.32; C. B. Morse, $250.00; P. W. Hodgetts, $200.00*.. .

Committees ;

Transportation (services of lawyer before Railwav Commission), $20.00 ;
W. L. Smith. $4.00; J. L. Hilborn (attending Michigan Society
meeting), $14.65; Jas. Scarff, $7.85; R. J. Graham, $7.50

Annual Meeting :

G. H. Powell, $43.25; J. W. Nimmo (reporting), $5.00; R. B. Whyte,
$21.95; G. C. Caston, $7.40; A. M. Smith, $6.00; E. Lick, $4.75;
A. D. Harkness. $22.40; J. L. Hilborn, $18.05; Harold Jones,
$8.20; Thos. Beall, $11.75 : A. K. Goodman, $9.10; Murray Pettit,
$6.00; W. H. Dempsey, $7.15; A. E. Sherrington $15.62; W. H.
Bunting, $18.15; Jas. Scarff, $14.10; W. B. Varley (reporting),
$95.00

Show :

P. W. Hodgetts: (Cartage, $6.00; express, $9.19; tools, $1.35; car fare,
$2.50; pins. 90c; freisht, $16.04; express, $58.86; sundries, $5.16;
tctal. $100.00; T. Eaton Co., decoration, $25.00; Model Cartage
Co., $1.90; Treasurer, Fruit, Flower and Hcney Show, $100.00; R.
W. Starr (J^d^e's expenses'). $92.70; Miss A. M. Fox (office ex-
penses), $10.00; Dennison & Co., pins, $1.49; Ray & Hatfield, fruit,
$3.50: Bryant Press, $17.00; Douglas & Ratcliffe, paper, $6.00>;
Toronto Cold Storage, $51.31; W. H. Bunting, travelling expenses,
$24.45; W. H. Bunting, fruit. $21.75; prize money, $461.60

Audit :

J. M. Duff

Exchange :

Canadian Bank of Commerce

$1,208 19

313 87

54 00

533 32

916 70

9 50

30

63 03

57 69

29 75

25 00

924 32

$4,135 67

$1,208 19
533 32

54 00

$313 87

Incidentals :

Hamilton Horticultural Societv Exhibition. $50.00; Telegrams, 88c;
Jas. Dorman (office work), $5.00; S. P. Morse (back numbers of Hor-
ticulturist), $7.15

Bin ding :

Brown Bros

Stationery :

Bryant Press (letter heads and envelopes)

Postage :

Mrs. Hubertus

$916 70

9 50

30

63 03
57 69
29 75
25 00

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 17

FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF THE FRUIT, FLOWER AND HONEY

SHOAV, 1904.

Receipts. Expenditure.

Coupon tickets $261 90 Commission on tickets $13 20

Members' tickets 59 00 " " ads

Gate receipts 871 45 Heating and lighting

Ads. in prize list 171 00 Labor

Sale of lumber 19 75 Music

Grants from associations ... 200 00 Printing and advertising ..

Lumber
Rent of rinks
Incidentals ....
Balance

30 50

188

80

271

62

188

00

542 60

49

24

100 00

112

70

86

44

$1,583 10 $1,583 10

Balance of $86.44 was handed to Treasurer of the Floral Section to go
toward payment of their prize list.

P. W. Hodgetts,

General Treasurer.

On the motion of Mr. Caston, seconded by Mr. Dempsey, the Report
was adopted.

PURCHASE AGREEMENT.

The Secretary read the agreement regarding the purchase of The Cana-
dian Horticulturist, as follows :

Memorandum of agreement made this first day of April, A.D. 1905.
Between Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, hereinafter called "The
Association," of the first part, and The Horticultural Publishing Com-
pany, (Limited), hereinafter called "The Company," of the second part.

Whereas the Association are the publishers and proprietors of the
publication known as The Canadian Horticulturist.

And whereas the company are a corporation incorporated by Letters
Patent under the Ontario Companies Act, and one of the objects which the
incorporators had in view at the time of the incorporation of the said
company, was the acquiring of the said Canadian Horticulturist.

And whereas the Association agreed to sell and transfer the said pub
lication to the said company, but the said agreement had not been reduced
in writing.

Now therefore this memorandum of agreement witnesseth that the
Association agrees to sell and the companj- agrees to buy the said publi
pation known as The Canadian Horticulturist' together with all rights
incident thereto and to the publication thereof, and all copyrights used or
enjoyed in connection therewith or with the publication thereof, and all
the good-will attaching to the said publication, all subscriptions there-
with, and all other appurtenances thereof, including one complete file of
the magazine since the first date of publication, but not including all extra
numbers of The Canadian Horticulturist issued previous to December,
1904; and all other documents not herein mentioned at and for the price
or sum of one thousand dollars; and the said Association agrees to accept
in full payment of the said sum twenty shares of the capital stock of the
said company, of the par value of one thousand dollars.

2 F. G.

18 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

The said Company agrees to allot to the said Association, the said
twenty shares of its capital stock of the par value of one thousand dollars.

The said Company further agrees with said Association that the said
stock so to be allotted to the said Association while it remains the owner-
ship of the said stock to be represented on the Board of Directors of the
said Company by one Director.

The said Association in consideration of the premises and of the said
stock hereby covenants and agrees with the said Company that it will not
directly or indirectly engage in the publication or distribution within
Ontario, of any newspaper, magazine, or periodical or any paper or pub-
lication of a like nature, with The Canadian Horticulturist, or one likely
to compete with the said The Canadian Horticulturist, for a period of
twenty years.

The said Association retains the right to issue to its members, fruit
crop reports, statistics, price lists, and market: reports.

The said Association also agrees, for the consideration aforesaid, to
assign and transfer to the said Company, any and all the copyrights and
other rights and appurtenances belonging to or used or enjoyed in connec-
tion with the publication of the said The Canadian Horticulturist, and that
it will hand over to the said Company, a full list of all subscribers to the
said The Canadian Horticulturist, and that it will sign, execute, and
deliver to the said Company, such further assignments, documents, and
assurances as may be necessary to transfer to the said Company, the before
mentioned property and rights and subscription lists, advertising, and
other contracts.

It is understood and agreed by and between the said Association and
the said Company, that; the transfer of the said publication shall take place
as of the first day of December, 1904, and the expenses and receipts shall
be adjusted between the parties as of that date.

Signed,
A. McNeill,

President, Fruit Growers' Association.

P. W. HODGETTS, •

See.-Treas., Fruit Growers' Association.
Wm. H. Bunting, President,

The Horticultural Publishing Co., Limited.
H. B. Cowan, Sec.-Treas.,

The Horticultural Publishing Co., Limited.

Mr. Race enquired as to what relationship now existed between the
Association and The Horticulturist?

The President explained that the Association held shares in the Com-
pany controlling The Horticulturist, to the amount of $2,000, and that it
nominates one director to the Board, in which capacity he had been acting
until some one could be appointed by the Association.

In reply to an enquiry from Mr. Bunting as to the opinion of the
members regarding the present standing of the magazine, Mr. Cas-
ton said that it had improved very much. In this view Mr. Groff con-
curred, and stated that Canadians interested in horticulture could now be
reached through its columns, whereas formerly it was necessary to use
journals published in the United States for this purpose.

Mr. Race said that he had spent a great deal of his time among the
Americans, during the last two years, and had acquainted himself with

2a F.G

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 19

nearly all similar publications on that side, and he admitted that it was
now pretty nearly equal to the best of them.

The meeting of the old Board then adjourned.

OPEN MEETING.

An open meeting of the Association was held in Albert Hall, Toronto,
on Tuesday evening, November 14, at 8 p. m. o'clock. The Honorable
Nelson Monteith, Minister of Agriculture for Ontario, occupied the chair.

ADDRESS.
By Hon. Nelson Monteith, Toronto.

It was only on the understanding that the chairman is free from the
obligation of making an extended address that I consented to preside at
this meeting. Nevertheless, there are a few remarks that I should like
to make to those gathered here who are interested, I take it, in the produc-
tion of fruit, fiowers, honey and vegetables, four of the leading products
of this Province, which are displayed to such good advantage in Massey
Hall. From an economic point of view they are products of the greatest
possible value and importance to the community, and the growers are to
be heartily congratulated on the notable collection they are able to pre-
sent to the public. The specimens displayed a very high tribute to the skill
of the producer.

In the pioneer days of this Province the simplicity of the life which
was led by our people did not call for many products that are to-day looked
upon as necessities. Conditions have changed until to-day we find that
these products have an important place in every household, and the corri-
fort and welfare of the community is largely increased thereby.

There is a feeling abroad in some quarters to-day that agriculture is
second in importance to manufacturing, but agriculture is and will con-
tinue to be the primary basis of wealth in the community. The tendency
of agriculture to-day is to become more and more a manufacturing indus-
try, and in that sense it. is allied to some extent to manufacturing. A study
of the business methods adopted by the manufacturer might profitably be
undertaken by the farmer. At this period in the history of the country
more intensive farming is called for. With the opening up of Manitoba
and the Northwest, the conditions surrounding the calling in this Province
have greatly changed, and the methods adopted must necessarily change
in accordance therewith. The conditions which surround society in the
rural districts to-day are such as were never thought of several decades
ago. Railroads, telephones, and trolley-lines are spreading through the
country and bringing different classes in the community into closer touch
with one and another. Land valuations are bound to increase where these
conditions obtain, all calling for more intensive methods. You who are
interested in the growing of perishable products realize how important it
is that they should be placed in the hands of the consumer as speedily as
possible, and in this connection the developments I have mentioned are
bound to be of the greatest value to the producer.

20 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

The vegetable growers are becoming thoroughly alive to the fact that
they require to be reasonably close to the point of consumption. In order
that consumption may be increased, it is necessary that their product should
be of a high standard of excellence, and that it should be placed before the
consumer in the best possible condition and at a price that brings it with-
in reach, so that the masses of the people may take advantage of it. The
same is true in other lines of horticulture. With these conditions and
problems confronting the industry, it will be admitted that there is still
room for the closest study and investigation. In the production of var-
ieties better suited to conditions, there is ample opportunity for the best
efforts of the scientist and for the best thought and intelligence that can
be brought to bear. At this period in the development of the country,
this work is very essential. Wealth and population are centralizing to a
yreat extent, and products having special excellence are in increasing de-
mand. This is a happy state of affairs for the producer who is willing and
able to produce the best and put it up in the best form for the market.

I have found since it has been my privilege to move around in agri-
eultural circles that what we need in this Province is not so much exten-
sive farming as intensive farming. The smallness of the profit obtained
is driving many men from the farm to other callings. This is a trend of
affairs that is very much to be deplored. How may this be remedied? It
seems to me that it is the duty of those who are better equipped for the
battle of life to direct those men who are working at a loss to more intel-
ligent effort — to teach them what things can be done profitably and how to
nlo them in a profitable way. TTien the question arises^, how are we to get
hold of those men who are misdirecting their efforts and securing inade-
quate returns? How can they be put in touch with those who can aid them
to secure a fair return for their labor and thus add to their own prosperity
and aid in the upbuilding of the Province. How are we to increase our
rural population, and teach those who engage in agriculture to secure a
maximum return from the soil? These are among the most important
problems that confront us at the present time. While I am prepared to
admit that there are great opportunities for the men who settle in the
northern portions of this Province and in the Northwest to secure homes of
their own at a small outlay, I believe that even greater opportunities exist
in some of the older portions of the Province where the capabilities of
the country have been definitely ascertained. What we particularly re-
quire in the development of this country is men who will add something
to the actual wealth of the community, as many of those before me have
done in connection with fruit, flowers, and vegetables. Our young men
should be taught to realize how many avenues of usefulness are open to
them if they will avail themselves of the opportunities that exist in this
direction. I feel that it will not be out of place for me to express at the
present time on behalf of the agriculturists of this country our apprecia-
tion of the fact that our sovereign has seen fit to recognize the labors of
»ne of our leaders of thought in connection with agriculture, namely, Sir
William Saunders. It is a recognition of the importance of our calling.
It should prove an inspiration to our young men and lead them to recog-
nize that this is a calling in which the best intelligence and effort may be
profitably employed.

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 21

PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.

By Alex. McNeill, Ottawa.

I would direct your attention to the report of the executive for partic-
ulars of the work done by the Association during the year. It may not
be out of place, however, for me to commend particularly the enthusiasm
and industry of the Transportation and Co-operative Committees. These
have met several times during the year and in their different capacities
have done most effective work. Reductions have been made in the freight
rates on fruits; attention has been drawn to defects in the transportation
system, and the Co-operative Committee can point with pride to a large
uumber of Associations working successfully by co-operative methods. The
3praying experiments in charge of our secretary, Mr. P. W. Hodgetts, will
be separately and specially reported. The fruit shipments from St. Cath-
arines have been a most important undertaking, and the more so from the
fact that there was no guarantee of prices nor any promise of indemnity
for losses. In a public-spirited way the St. Catharines Cold Storage Corn-
pay arranged and carried through these experiments, a full report of which
will be given by the President of the Company.

I need scarcely draw attention to the magnificent proportions to which
the Horticultural Exhibition has grown this year. This remarkable inter-
est in the exhibition of fruit, flowers, honey and vegetables has shown the
wisdom of those who undertook this work, which is the direct outgrowth of
our Association.

I need not dilate upon the important features of the present pro-
gramme; one is to be found in the reports of committees on the subjects t©
be brought up at the Dominion Conference of Fruit Growers to be held im
Ottawa, in February, 1906. This Dominion Conference, embracing re-
presentatives from all parts of the Dominion, will be engaged in the con-
sideration of many subjects of interest to fruit growers of the whole Do-
minion. It is therefore exceedingly important that you should give the
subjects likely to come up at this Conference your careful consideration.

The second subject of very great importance is the discussion of the
question of the "Canadian Tariff on Fruits." We must not forget that t©
us in a large measure is confided the interests of the fruit growers of the
Province, and we would be recreant to our duty if we did not protect the
interests of our constituents where they come in conflict with those of the
munafacturers. It is, therefore, extremely desirable that we should appear
before the Tariff Association with a united front and I would strongly urge
that all minor differences be dropped and that we join upon the larger
issues, so that we will not put upon those who depend on handicraftman-
ship, whether in the shop or on the farm, the whole burden of building up
Canada.

Having said so much with reference to the work of the Association and
the subjects which will immediately engage your attention, may I be per-
mitted to call your attention to the general conditions which surround the
fruit trade, and lay before you some of the broader problems that will call
for serious consideration. As a preliminary I would like to rehearse very
briefly the conditions of the fruit crop of the present year.

The season opened with an extraordinary show of bloom which, how-
ever, did not materialize in fruit. This failure is probably due to several
causes. In some cases cold and nrolonged rains were responsible, in others
the trees had been weakened by a succession of heavy crops or by the seveiv
ity of the last two or three winters.

22 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

It is scarcely creditable to the traditions of this Association that we
have not attempted more systematically to investigate these phenomena,
partly for the satisfaction that every intelligent fruit grower has in possess-
ing himself of every fact in connection with his business irrespective of its
commercial value, and partly with a view of discovering some means of se-
curing more regular crops by perfect pollination.

The shortage in apples was not confined to Canada. Germany, France,
Belgium, Great Britain, as well as the United States report a very serious
year. I am sorry to have to report that in too many cases the profits that
come from these higher prices will not go to the fruit grower, but to the
apple operators who early in the season bought up a large percentage of
the prospective crop. I cannot too strongly urge apple growers to refuse
to dispose of their crop till market conditions are definitely known. One
reason lor this is that no ordinary grower can hope to have as definite
knowledge of crop and market conditions as the dealer, and is therefore
at a disadvantage. There is, however, a higher ground. All such trans-
actions partake of the nature of gambling. The fruit grower, if he gets
what is commercially called the best of the bargain, takes money for which
he does not give an equivalent; if, on the other hand, he sells below the
market price, he is making a present usually to a most unworthy recipient.

The peach growers have had a somewhat remarkable experience that
illustrates well the value of fruit statistics. It is a matter of record that
there has been a most serious loss in peach growing districts from winter-
killing, dating from the memorable season of 1899. The new plantings
have not kept pace with these losses and the increased consumption. This
year the owners of good healthy trees had a full crop, in many cases much
above the average, and so reported. Had the general public taken the
fruit crop reports both of the Provincial and Dominion Departments of
Agriculture, they would have been prepared to pay an increased but not
exorbitant price for peaches, and would have taken all the Canadian crop
and probably have imported an appreciable quantity. Unfortunately just
at a critical time when the market was depressed with the remnants of the
comparatively worthless early varieties, a report appeared in one or more
of the Toronto papers, that was very widely copied to the effect that
peaches were very plentiful and would be cheaper than apples. For want
of a prompt denial, and a true statement of the facts, which should per-
haps have been made by our Association, the public continued to expect
cheap peaches, and refused to buy in full quantities when the fruit could
have been obtained. This unfortunate report, whether it emanated from
designing wholesale buyers or from the pen of a poorly qualified newspaper
reporter, is responsible for the fact that many Canadian housewives will
not serve peaches this winter on the regular bill of fare, as well as for the
the fact that peach growers have suffered from a depression of prices much
below what was legitimate.

The plum crop was quite sufficient for local demands. The plum rot
is yet a most insidious enemy, which our fruit growers have not yet learned
to successfully combat. This, and the poor shipping qualities of most of
our varieties, renders the extension of plum growing a most serious
question.

Cherries of the Morello type have proved a paying crop. Small fruits
of all kinds brought fair prices, but the conditions show i:hat the local
markets will not bear a much further extension of the industry.

The fruit trade of the Province was never in a more healthy condition.
Having said so much, I feel if my duty to add that, though the outlook

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 23

on the whole is excellent, there are very grave problems looming up for
solution, problems arising, perhaps for the most part, from the very
prosperity for which we are thankful. Speaking for a normal condition
of things, the local markets are now well supplied. In a few cases it is
safe to say that they are frequently much over-supplied, though a partial
explanation of this may be in the inefficient methods of marketing.

Speaking particularly of small fruits, any further expansion must be
in the direction of long distance markets. The education supplied, the
varieties and the methods of doing business must, therefore, conform to
the new conditions. One of the first lessons our fruit growers will have a
learn in this extension of the small fruit business is that the conditions
which surround the growing and shipping for local markets are totally
unfit for the distant markets. No progress can be made until the radical
distinction between the two markets is fully appreciated. The local
markets will permit of comparatively soft fruit, which may be allowed to
ripen beyond the maturity point upon the vines or bushes. The long dis-
tance market requires that the over-ripe fruit, probably the very best for
the nearby market, shall be rigidly excluded from shipments to the long
distance markets. In packages, too, and methods of packing a radical
change must be made. The basket type, the very best for the local market,
must give place to the box type of packages when the fruit is intended for
distant markets. This difference in varieties, in the strictness of the grade,
in packages will also correspond to a difference in methods, of doing busi-
ness. A local market, such for instance as that of the city of London, can
very properly draw upon small growers, entirely independent of each other,
located on all sides of the city and long distances apart, but if Ontario
wishes to ship to Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, or even to Montreal,
Quebec or the Maritime Provinces, it will not do to take the product of all
these small and isolated growers. It will be positively necessary to en-
courage the growing of these products in large plantations and of concen-
trating the business at a few points where the growers will undertake to
make a specialty of the long distance shipments. It appears to be an al-
most hopeless task to attempt to assemble the small lots of miany different
growers who have the local market for their chief outlet.

I admit at the present time we are lacking in varieties, and it will
require some courage for growers who have been depending upon local
markets as the outlet for two or three acres of strawberries or raspberries to
branch out into a large plantation of ten or twenty acres with sole reference
to the distant markets. Yet a change in this direction appears to be abso-
lutely necessary.

The competitors which Ontario will have to face will be the American
and British Columbia trade. It is needless to say that the American trade
is already organized in this way, and British Columbia with her splendid
capacity in soil and climate, has no other outlet than the distant markets.
It is, therefore, extremely probable that the small fruit trade of British
Columbia will be dependent upon long distance markets as is our apple trade
and consequently British Columbia will not have the difficulty of educat-
ing her fruit growers in the requisite varieties, methods of packing and
packages. Indeed, the small fruit trade of British Columbia is now far
enough advanced to show conclusively that this is the actual condition, and
therefore my statement is not one of prophesy but one of fact. I empha-
size this particularly because I do not believe that the individual fruit
grower appreciates the wide gulf there is between all the conditions of the
local market and the distant market. Our fruit growers, perhaps, do not

24, THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

appreciate the fact that they have pratically no trade in the North-West in
small fruits, and cannot have for the next two years at least as the begin-
ning of the North- West trade must be in the making of the plantations.

To a somewhat less degree the same remarks apply to peaches and
plums. New varieties are needed; different packages, different methods
of packing and better transportation facilities. Nevertheless some of our
present, varieties of which there is an excess in normjal years will form the
nucleus of a profitable trade, if properly packed and carried. This will
be brought out in the report of the St. Cffiharines' shipments of the pre-
sent year. In addition, however, to such experimental shipments as these
followed up by larger consignments on a commercial basis, the fact should
not be lost sight of, that Ontario has the capacity of soil and climate to pro-
duce an enormous quantity of both peaches and plums, and that, there-
fore, though just now we are pausing between two great eras in the On-
tario fruit trade, yet I think progressive men everywhere should confidently
presume upon' Canadian skill and intelligence and work out the problem of
long distance shipm}ents in both plums and peaches. To this end there
should be every year, whether the crop here is small or large, regular
trial shipments to Great Britain, that large and ever increasing market
that must in the future even perhaps more than in the past be the reci-
pient of our products. There is no reasonable doubt that, with the splen-
did steamship facilities that are now at the disposal of the fruit grower, we
can land peaches in England in the best of condition, if we only have them.
It is needless to say that we have not got them this year and may not have
them next year, but five or ten years from now there is no reason why
the export trade should not form a large proportion of the output of our
peach orchards at least. The outlook is not quite so hopeful for plums,
but even here fruit growers will have to look at the question in a broad light
and appreciate the fact that the ramification of the trade in canned fruits,
jams and jellies is one in which they, for the benefit of their particular
business, will have to take a lively interest.

The problems in apple growing are somewhat different. We have de-
veloped the export trade until it completely overshadows the local trade,
large as it is and has been. The steamship facilities and the demand for
our fruit are excellent. There are, of course, problems of varieties, of
orchard care and of internal and local transportation, but the pressing
need at the present time is a better system of marketing. It is safe to say
that such wasteful methods cannot be found in any other line outside the
fruit trade. Do not misunderstand me — the middlemen who are actively
engaged in this trade are excellent businjess men, and granted that the
system they are working under is right, are above serious criticism; but it
is the system I am finding fault with. The results of this bad system are to
be noted in such facts as these : A barrel of apples, for which in a normal
year the grower would be glad to receive one dollar, is shipped to England
or Calgary and the consumer of it pays five dollars for it. Apply this
same proportion to meats, cereals or dress-goods and where would the prices
be? Of course, I do not lose sight of the perishable nature of fruit, and
readily admit that as an excuse for many of the bad methods in selling.
But the perishable nature of the fruit, the only argument for this most
extraordinary discrepancy between the producing and consuming price,
will not account for the system of buying which is in vogue in the greater
part of Ontario. This system is responsible for much of the waste and the
want of proper grading and packing and the serious deterioration between
the picking and selling, for the exorbitant price of packages and for the

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 25

unfortunate condition of affairs that will enable a number of unscrupul-
ous men to succeed in getting a product without paying a proper price
for it. Remember I cast no reflections upon the integrity of the large
number of reputable apple dealers, who under great difficulties are doing
a legitimate and perfectly honest business, but who, I am ready to assert,
would be glad to see a better system introduced and would take up their
work with renewed vigor under a better system. I, therefore, heartily com-
mend the work which has been, done by our Co-operative Committee, and
sincerely trust that this Association will give to this movement every
available assistance, both morally and financially.

Those of you who have intelligently followed the fruit trade will have
noticed that in the change which now must take place from the local markets
to the long distance markets, there comes a distinct question of the matter of
varieties. This is so intertwined with the question of soil, climate, and modes
of handling that we have reached the point I think when we can fairly ask
the Government to bring to our aid an expert who can give his whole time
to the development of the fruit industry of the Province. In this connec-
tion, it is a source of gratification to me to remember that twelve years ago
Professor Craig, Mr. W. W. Hilborn, and myself were appointed a commit-
ter to draft an Experiment Station scheme for the Province. We worked
earnestly together with the present Secretary of the Experiment Stations
for many months, and the result appears in our report, which is the basis
of the present scheme. Since that time I have been a Director of the Asso-
?iation, and therefore, of necessity, have had my attention directed officially
to the working of these Experiment Stations. I have also served a term
^pon the Board of Control, and therefore feel that I am justified in taking
my full share of the responsibility for the successes and failures which have
attended this scheme. On the whole I feel that the Association may be very
strongly congratulated upon the success which has attended the work of
these Experiment Stations. At the same time I should be sorry to assume
that they had reached the climax of their growth. It was never intended,
and never thought at any particular stage, that the history of these Experi-
ment Stations would be fixed, but time has very properly been given for
the normal development, and we now appear to have reached the point where
an onward step must be taken. Up to date the work of these Stations has
practically been in the hands of private growers who have had business of
their own to attend to, who have had little or no special training for work
of this kind and who, therefore, claim no special fitness for anything but
elementary work. The time has come when professional skill is needed.
We have confined ourselves to a few variety tests, a few climatic tests, and
have been eminently successful, but these points settled, we must look at
the broader side of horticulture, and note what is being done in other coun-
tries for the development of new and profitable lines of fruit growing. We
are in need of better varieties. Do not imagine that I am recommending
more varieties for the average growers — I am simply asserting what every-
one knows to be true, that of the few varieties that should be recommended
to the average grower, there are none that unite all the virtues that we can
imagine in a fruit. In some lines, indeed, we are particularly lacking here
in Ontario. We are lacking particularly in peaches and plums, and the
very work of the Experiment Stations themselves would appear to prove
that what is needed is the development of new varieties that are specially
suitable for our soil and climate.

This expert would be fully informed on the latest and best methods as
practiced in the Experiment Stations of the Republic to the south of us, as

26 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

well as in i lie Old Country, and could give his whole time to the fruit in-
terests of this Province. This officer might very properly be attached to the
Agricultural College, using the Experiment Stations with their varied soils
and climates for the development of his plans, and supplementing the most
excellent work of the present professor of horticulture. Unlike the present
professor of horticulture he would not be hampered with the daily routine
of class work, though his methods and results would be at the service of the
students. This, however, is a matter of detail. His main task would be
in developing at every corner and in every place the fruit interests of the
Province.

The work of Director Groff in Gladioli, and the work of Burbank in all
branches of horticulture, have shown how plastic in the hands of a master are
the elements that go to make up plant growth. It would almost seem that
be can mold these into any shape and form he desires. Species that for
centuries were regarded as strictly limited in individuality have been inter-
mixed and absolutely new creations in fruit have been made. With these
notable examples before us it is not at all creditable to us that m nearly
every case the standard varieties of our fruits are the work of chance. Fruit
growers have done little or nothing apparently, either by hybridizing or
selection, to develop the qualities which we so ardently desire in our pro-
ductions. I, therefore, think that I am hazarding little m saying that I
believe you will heartily endorse the appointment of someone who will step
in at this critical juncture of the fruit industry of Ontario and assist in solv-
ing some of the problems presented to us.

The Department of Agriculture at Ottawa took charge of an exhibit
of Ontario fruit for the Eoyal Horticultural Society in London, England,
during December, 1904. This fruit was selected from the fruit shown at
our first exhibition a year ago. It had been for some time in cold storage,
it had been exhibited for a week upon the tables here, had been handled
many times, and from the nature of the arrangements under which the halls
were engaged the packing was necessarily imperfectly and hastily done.
Notwithstanding all these drawbacks the fruit, shown no doubt to the best
advantage by the care of Mr. W. A. MacKinnon, late Chief of the Fruit
Division and now Canadian Commercial Agent at Bristol, was awarded a
silver medal, which has been passed into the care of the Executive of this
Association. This exhibition is held annually. It is needless to say that
nowhere else could be gathered together a better informed and more influ-
ential class of visitors. It, therefore, should be a matter of pride for On-
tario to have her fruit products properly represented before this most critical
public. The Provinces of British Columbia and Nova Scotia, appreciating
the opportunities of such an exhibition, have yearly sent most excellent
exhibits, for which they have obtained awards which I am bound to say tjiey
richly deserved. I would, therefore, recommend that a committee be ap-
pointed, whose special duty would be to supervise a Provincial exhibit worthy
of the Province producing nearly one-half of the fruit crop of the Domin-
ion. This committee would require a small appropriation which very pro-
perlv should be looked upon as a donation to the general public, inasmuch
as the results of such an exhibit would accrue to the general public rather
than to the fruit growers of the Province.

We are called unon at this meeting to note the death of one of our
oldest members, Mr. D. W. Beadle. Mr. Beadle was the first editor of the
"Canadian Horticulturist", and for many years successsfully conducted that
journal. The son of one of the most prominent nurserymen of Canada, and
himself a most enthusiastic horticulturist and student of nature, he was

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 27

eminentlv fitted for such a duty. Until his strength failed him a few years
ago he was one of the most regular attendants at our annual meetings, to
which he contributed very liberally both in papers and in criticisms. His
unlimited knowledge of varieties of all kinds, his wide reading and his ex-
tensive acquaintance with fruit men made him a most valuable member of
our Association. Such a career as his cannot be fittingly dealt with in the
limited space of an annual address. I have, therefore, suggested that a
suitable biographical article be prepared and incorporated in the annual
report for 1905.

The death of Mr. Beadle reminds me that in looking over old reports
I note the names of several men who have made horticultural history, but
unfortunately there has been no provision made for a systematic record of
their lives or of the events in which they figure so largely. Though it may
not be a matter strictly of dollars and cents, I nevertheless believe that no
more valuable and interesting work can be undertaken by this Association
than the making of such a record in the field of horticulture. It appears
to me too that we are rich enough to be able to permanently mark import-
ant places, and to fittingly honor horticultural workers who have distin-
guished themselves to an extraordinary degree in connection with this Asso-
ciation or in this Province.

It is not creditable to us who live in these later days that it should be
difficult to obtain accurate and definite information on the work of Mr.
Arnold, Mr. Mills, Mr. Beadle, Mr. Dempsey, Mr. Jas. Dougal and many
others. It ought to be still possible to trace with some accuracy the begin-
nings of several important fruit industries, and it is still possible to mark
the location of fruit trees that have a history not less interesting than that
of individuals. The original Mcintosh Red apple tree is still standing,
and its site should certainly not be left without a memorial. The possibili-
ties of the Baxter are too great not to be worthy of attention, and the Ontario
is a most creditable contribution by this Province. I am among the few who
can claim to have sat under the original Windsor cherry tree, and can yet
locate, I think, within a foot the exact spot where this tree grew. Many
other names and fruits will suggest themselves to the older members of the
Association. Enough has been said, I think, to indicate the work that can
be done, and I commend to you the appointment of a standing committee
whose duty it will be from year to year to make compilations, recommend
memorials and provide for the care of suitable records in Provincial horti-
culture.

As the retiring President for the year 1905, I bid you welcome to our
annual meeting, and, in doing so, may I couple with it an expression of my
regret that I feel called upon to sever the close official relations with which
this Association has honored me for the past fifteen years. Though I am
retiring as an officer, be assured that the time will never come when I shall
not be in hearty sympathy and in full accord with everything that can pro-
mote the industry of fruit growing in Ontario.

28 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

FRUIT MARKETS IN GREAT BRITAIN.

By W. T. Macoun, Horticulturist, Central Experimental Farm,

Ottawa.

It was my pleasure during the past summer to spend about six weeks
in Great Britain. During most of that time I was among those interested
in fruit growing. I went there chiefly with the idea of taking a holiday,
but, like most holidays, it was in reality just a change of work. This was
my fifth visit, and each time I go there I am more favorably impressed
with the country and the people. At first acquaintance one is apt to think
that the people are behind the times, things move slowly there, and we are
apt to compare the people and their methods unfavorably with our own.
When, however, we begin to study the people and the conditions under
which they live, we find that there is a system of living and a method of
doing business which, perhaps, is unlike that of any other country in the
world. England has built up her present prosperity on a very sound
basis; her methods are very thorough, and, although they may be slow, yet
in fifty or seventy-five years from now we in America may be sorry that we
did not adont the slower methods of Great Britain and build our external on
surer foundations.

The more you see of the work being accomplished there in agriculture
and horticulture, and all lines of business, the more you are convinced that
they go into everything with great thoroughness. It is quite possible that
some of their slowness in connection with horticulture is due to the land
tenure system, owing to which there is not the same inducement for a fruit
grower to plant as extensively as here or in the same way. But things are
changing, and the people are getting a better control of the land. Par-
ticularly in Ireland, where I spent most of the time, the fruit growers are
awakening, and I think we shall soon find that we have in that country a
formidable competitor* in the British apple market — not perhaps in the
finer dessert varieties, but in those suited to more general use. I spent
souip time in goinsr from one district to another, particularly in the county
of Armagh. There I found that young orchards are being set out in hun-
dreds of acres — orchards of ten, fifteen, twenty and twenty-five acres each.
The trees run from three to six or seven years old. The practice over there
is to grow apples on a dwarf stock. By using the dwarf stock they are
able to get a crop of fruit earlier than we can in this country. The young
trees come into bearing very early, and are soon profitable. The method
I saw adopted, especially in the north of Ireland, was to plant the trees
very close together, with small fruits between. The result, it seems to me,
will be that when the trees should be producing most profitably they will
be too close to enable the grower to cultivate crops between the rows, and
without cultivation and sunlight the fruit produced will not be of the best
quality. In this country, also, trees are often planted too closely.

I happened to be in Ireland just when the strawberries were in full
season, and this fruit impressed me very favorably, even more so than in
previous years. The perfection of their fruit is due partly to the fact that
strawberries are grown under the hill system, which permits the fruit
to get plenty of light and sunshine, and to thoroughly develop. The plan-
tations are usually laid down for three to five years, and the best crop 'S
borne the fourth year after planting. The difficulty we experience in this
Province with the hill system is that there is a slight heaving of the plant
every winter, as a result of which the crown dries out and the crop produced

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 29

is not large. Over there they have no trouble in this regard. Owing to
the hardness of the surface of the soil there the fruit lies on the ground
without injury.

It was found,. as in Canada, that the varieties of poor or medium quality
are often the most productive, and to the average grower the most profitable ;
hence one has to test Royal Sovereign or some other good variety to get a
right idea of what can be produced. The best berries are finer in flavor than
ours, are also very large, no doubt principally due to the fact that the plants
are grown on the hill system, the plants being from 22 to 24 inches apart
each way. From three to five crops are usually taken from a plantation.
The price of strawberries was, on the whole, lower than in Canada, varying
from 2d. to 6d. per box.

In going through the country one is very much struck with the diffi-
culty the farmers and fruit growers experience in working the soil. Culti-
vation is child's play here compared with what it is there, as our frosts
loosen the soil so much that it is comparatively easy to work. Over there
the rains which prevail for several months during the winter compact the
soil, and in the spring it is in a terribly sodden condition. By the time
that the crops are off the ground in the summer you would be surprised to
find how hard the surface of the soil is. I think we may be thankful for
the ease with which our land is cultivated.

, Another factor which will enable fruit growers over there to compete
with us is the cheapness of labor. My brother-in-law, who is a farmer
there, employs twelve or thirteen men on a hundred and twenty-five acre
farm, paying them about thirty cents per day, although some get as high
as fifty cents. He has a Massey-Harris binder on his farm, but he finds
it just about as cheap to bind his grain by means of hand labor. From this
you will form some idea of what we have to compete with in the way of
fruit growing. The Department of Agriculture for Ireland is doing a
great work for the Irish people, and this, perhaps, is one of the reasons why
their horticulture is developing so rapidly.

It was my pleasure to visit several of the horticultural colleges in Eng-
land, and to investigate their methods of teaching. At Swanley, in Kent,
there is a Girls' Horticultural School. There are about sixty-four students
in attendance at the present time. No men are admitted. The tuition
fee is very high, and this seems to be the principal objection to the Institu-
tion. The students are come from a good class. They are thoroughly
trained in all branches of horticulture, and they are able to go out from
that college and take positions as assistants in gardens, greenhouses, nur-
series, etc. I saw a young lady directing the operations of two men in the
botanical gardens in Dublin, a proceeding which strikes one as somewhat
unusual. You will see, therefore, that over there they are giving young
women an opportunity of studying scientific horticulture, a plan which, I
think, we might very well follow in this country. I also visited the hor-
ticultural college at Reading, where they have students of both sexes. I
found that they are doing good work there.

Mr. McNeill has brought up the subject of the value of experimental
work in horticulture. While in England I visited an experimental farm
of about forty-five acres, conducted by the Duke of Bedford. I do not
think there is any station in America that compares with it for thorough
ness of methods and range of experiments. They have about eighty dif-
ferent experiments in methods of cultivation. They have a number of
varieties growing side by side, and each receives a different method of treat-
ment. One of the most striking results I noticed was the difference in

30 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

trees grown in sod and under cultivation. Some were planted in sod from
the beginning; others were cultivated for one year and then sodded down;
others for two years; still others for three years, etc., and so on. The
trees that were planted in sod grew and developed very slowly, and are
producing nothing to speak of. Those sodded down three or four years
after planting are in a semi-dwarf condition, but those that have received
clean cultivation from the beginning are strong, thrifty trees, and producing
good crops. I also observed experiments in winter and summer pruning,
heading back one-half and three-quarters and without any pruning at all.
I think it will well repay anyone to spend a few weeks in the Old Coun-
try in order to study the methods and the people. My judgment is that
over there they give more attention to home life, and to subjects that tend
towards culture and refinement. In this country we are liable to make
our lives too narrow, we spend too much time at our business and neglect
our home life, and also to study and compare the results of the labors of
others. In respect to these thiners I think that the people in the old country
do better than we do.

CO-OPERATION IN FRUIT GROWING.

By A. N. Brown, Wyoming, Delaware.

I had the pleasure of meeting a number of the members of this Associa-
tion at a series of meetings held in the Niagara district last March, at which
I had the privilege of being present. I am glad to have this opportunity
of renewing your acquaintance, and also of making the acquaintance of the
Society as a whole. I find that I am on the programme to speak on the
subject of "Co-operation in Fruit Growing," but, as I was not acquainted
with this fact until a short time ago, I will not undertake to confine myself
wholly to the subject in hand.

We find that all classes of citizens, no matter in what profession or in-
dustry they may be operating, are to-day co-operating for their own wel-
fare— merchants, lawyers, mechanics, even ministers have their associa-
tions. They co-operate for their own better development and for the ac-
complishment of the things which will aid them in their particular lines.
Why does not the fruit grower co-operate in his own behalf? If all others
have to co-operate in order to protect themselves and to develop their busi-
ness, is it not even more needful that the agriculturist and the fruit grower
should adopt the same method? In their case it is all the more necessary
because of the fact that they have to contend with natural forces to an extent
that is not met by those engaged in any other industry.

In studying the question we find that the chief aim of co-operative
effort is to secure the proper marketing of the product. If there is one
feature in which we, as fruit growers, need co-operation, it is that of market-
ing. We need co-operation and uniformity in other lines, but more than
anything else, we need a fuller knowledge and a more united effort in the
way of marketing our product. If there is one thing we are remiss in, as
producers, it is in this regard. Manufacturers have little to say at their
gatherings as to the processes connected with the manufacture of their
goods, but they are continually discussing the market end of their business.
Just as soon as the manufacturer finds that the shelves of the merchant and
the warehouses are over-supplied with the article he manufactures, he im-

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 31

mediately stops the production of that article for a time. On the other
hand, the farmer cannot control production, and, consequently, the farmer,
and particularly the fruit grower, ought to co-operate. What can we ac-
complish as fruit growers by co-operation? One of the first objects should
be to find a market, and to place our goods on that market in such a way
as to attract the consumer. Unless we attract the consumer we cannot
realize good prices. Then we require to study the question of transporta-
tion in all its phases — the quickest means of reaching the destination with
our fruit, the cost of transporting it, the size and shape of the package in
which it is marketed.

The individual has ceased in these days to be an important factor in
nearly every line of human activity. It is only by united effort that men
are able to accomplish anything to-day. We have to co-operate with our
Government, and it co-operates with us. Some wonderful results have been
secured to our people by the co-operation of the Government with the far-
mer, by means of the Farmers' Institutes, experiment stations, and the litera-
ture distributed. These educational influences have increased the value
of the products of the farm to a remarkable extent. I observe that similar
results have been accomplished in this country by the same means. Our
people have been instructed as to how to grow their crops, and how to market
them. Secretary Wilson states that the value of the agricultural products
of the United States for 1903 was five billions of dollars. That means that
the farms of the United States produced in that year four times the value
of our manufactures; that the value of these products for one year was
equal to the value of the output of all the gold mines in America since the
days of Columbus ; that it was six and one-half times greater than the stock
in the National Bank; that it was three and one-half times greater than the
capitalization of all the railroads; and that the value of the product for one
month in 1903 was equal to the interest on our national debt. How has
this been done if not through the agencies I have named? In 1903 there
were 3,700 Farmers' Institute meetings held, with a total of 10,000 ses-
sions. These meetings were addressed by trained experts, and one million
people were reached in this way. Who can measure the educational in-
fluence that this agency would have upon production? The Department of
Agriculture at Washington has 5,000 trained experts at its command, and
distributes twelve million copies of the various reports and bulletins, pre-
pared as a result of their researches, which touch every phase of the industry.

But our Government does still more for the farmer than this. In 1903
when the dread disease known as the foot-and-mouth disease broke out, by
the expenditure of a million and a quarter they saved over five hundred mil-
lions to the cattle men. We lose every year seven hundred and eighty-five
millions of dollars through insect pests which destroy our grain and fruit.
In 1903 Washington spent six hundred thousand dollars in this connection,
and saved over three hundred million dollars to the grower.

This wonderful showing has been brought about by co-operation on ttie
part of the Government and the people. When the Government helps the
agricultural class it is simply helping that class upon which the Govern-
ment depends. This is not a matter of paternalism, because, when agricul-
ture ceases, humanity will almost instantly cease to exist. Think what it
would mean to stop the transportation of food products to the city of New
York for even a single day. Discontinue it for a week, and the streets
would be filled with perishing humanity. Agriculture is the basis not
only of our wealth, but it is the one thing that must exist in order that hu-
manity may continue to exist. We need our manufactures, but you might

32 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

stop every manufacturing industry in the country and leave us agriculture,
and our people would still support themselves and be, in a sense, prosperous
and happy.

As to what fruit growers may accomplish in a special way by co-opera-
tion : During the past twenty-seven years we have had quite a number of co-
operative associations in Maryland, Delaware and the seaboard states. For
seventeen years continuously I have been secretary of the leading associa-
tion there. We have done one thing that has been of more value to us
than anything else, namely, we have succeeded in bringing the cash buyer
of our product to our doors. We have drummed for our trade just as every
other business man in this country is drumming for his trade to-day, by
sending out our representatives and soliciting business from the men in the
various cities who are dealing in fruit products. These men now come to
us and buy our fruit at our door, and, after that, our responsibility in the
matter ends. We consider that, having planted our trees and brought them
to a producing age, having picked the crop and packed it for shipment,
and delivered it at the railroad station, we have followed it with expense
about as far as we are called upon to follow it.

In 1904 we shipped from my station 210,000 baskets of peaches, and
not a single carload was sent to a commission merchant. Every basket
was sold for spot cash at the railroad. This year we loaded 218 car lots
of Keiffer pears, and every one was sold in the same way. We have two
stations on the main line of the Delaware railroad, and last year we loaded
62 carloads of fruit every day for several days, and the whole of it was
purchased from us f.o.b. This is an instance of what may be accomplished
by co-operation; but there are other things almost as important. We have
secured, for example, a special fast service for our peach shipments on the
railroad. We have solid peach trains, and when they are running the
passenger trains are side-tracked to give them right-of-way. During the
pear season, pears that are loaded in peach cars go in the same classifica-
tion, and pay the same rate; and it is the same with apples. We also ob-
tained important changes in the classification of our fruit by the railroad,
which could not have been secured except through a powerful organization
such as our own. We did not stop with the General Traffic Manager, but
went to the Classification Committee of the National Traffic Association in
New York, and our negotiations lasted for a period of several years. The
first year we accomplished nothing. Amongst other things we desired
that pears should be classified the same as apples. Finally, they comprom-
ised by permitting us to bill our pears as "Keiffer apples," and, in that
way, we obtained the lower rating for them.

As another instance of what may be accomplished by co-operation. T
may say that there are two counties in Virginia which produce, as their
chief crops, potatoes, both Irish and sweet, and also cabbage and kale,
There were times when they could secure not more than fifty cents a barrel
for potatoes, and when a glut was on they did not pay for shipment. They
finally decided to form an association, which resulted in the organization
of the Eastern Shore Potato Exchange. They have been organized for four
years, and are to-day handling the crop on a business-like basis. They
have increased the value of the product to the grower by one hundred per
cent., and they sell every carload right at their station. They have thirty-
one inspectors, and every barrel of potatoes they ship is of a certain grade,
and bears the stamp of the Association. The Association is a responsible
body, and guarantees every carload sold. Last year they handled 350,000
barrels of potatoes, and their telegraph bill, incurred in obtaining informa-

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 33

tion on the markets, was $3,200. They can sell their product, while I, as
an individual grower, might have a carload on the market and not be able
to dispose of it at all. They have built up a reputation so that the con-
sumer may rely upon their brand. As a result of their operations they have
increased the value of the land one hundred per cent., and have built up
a profitable business. I could give you instance after instance of this kind
to show what our fruit and vegetable growers have accomplished by co-
operation, and not one of these advantages could have been secured by in-
dividual effort. The same is true of similar organizations in the Missis-
sippi Valley and in California. Seventy-five per cent, of the fruit growers
of the State of California belong to the California Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion. Every package of fruit grown by these men bears the stamp of the
Association, and every sample of fruit in that package is a perfect speci-
men. They could not crowd the eastern fruit grower out of the eastern
market, if it were not for their superior method of packing, which can be
accomplished only by systematic co-operation. Last year the Association
notified every one of its members that if they did not spray their trees the
Association would not purchase their fruit in the fall. Some of them said
that they would not be made to spray if they did not want to, and they did
not spray. Consequently, in the fall, the Association refused to take their
iruit, and they were obliged to dispose of it on the local market at such
prices as could be obtained.

I think that both in this country and in the United States we are on
the eve of great things as a result of co-operative effort, so far as the far-
mers and fruit growers are concerned. When I refer to the two countries,
I like to speak of them as being one, because I believe that the destiny of
the human race is in the hands of the two great English-speaking countries,
Great Britain and America. I, for one, should like to see reciprocal trade
between the two countries.

A Member : You need educating on that line on the other side.

Mr. Brown : We do, and on many other lines. Take our experimental
station work, — a great deal of valuable information has been secured through
this medium, and yet the experimental station idea is in a very crude form
as yet. I think the experiment stations have missed the mark to some ex-
tent, because their experiments have not been conducted along the lines of
average conditions. I can take a calf or a cow or a fruit tree, and, by
giving it special attention and great care, can produce a result which I
eauno+ *peure by taking five hundred trees or calves. T have surrounded the
individual with conditions that cannot be applied to the five hundred. The
Experiment Stntion should conduct its work on such lines as will meet the
average condition of the fruit grower. I have a neighbor who sold $1,640
worth of apples from a single acre. If I told you that the fruit growers
of Delaware could secure that per acre, you would think me a fool; it is a
possibility that happens once in a while and does not by an means represent
average conditions. It is necessary that our Experiment Stations should
perform their work on a larger scale. They cannot secure average condi-
tions by planting twenty different varieties in twenty rows, each one hun-
dred feet long. In my own State eightv per cent, of the soil is a deep,
rich, sandy loam with a red clay sub-soil. But in the northern section
there is considerable hilly, rocky land, where the conditions are entirely
different to what maintain in the more favored portion. Strange to say,
they located the station in the hilly, rocky portion, and are conducting ex-
periments there which are practically valueless for the rest of the State.
'The latest development of the Experiment Station work is to take a fruit

3 F. G

34

THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

orchard of twenty, forty or fifty acres as the basis for their investigations.
The same principle is being applied in experimenting with corn, and as an
instance of what may be accomplished by the improvement of seed, I would
point out that if the germinating power of our seed corn could be increased
fifteen per cent, (and this would not be a very difficult thing to accomplish)
it would add one hundred and twenty million dollars to the value oi the
corn crop of the United States. We need more co-operation between the
Government and the people. We need the aid of the Government experi-
ments, and the Government is not doing wrong to support an industry that
produces the wealth of the country.

I do not think it likely that in the future we shall see any large over-
production by the farmer. The tendency of the people of recent years has
been to leave the farm for the city, so that to-day there are not as many men
engaged in the cultivation of the soil in the United States as there were
formerly In spite of this fact, however, our knowledge of crop produc-
tion and the handling of the soil has been greatly increased, so that we are.
producing more per acre than was formerly the case, and the end is not yet.
In 1893 C Wood Davis made the prediction that the consumption ol wheat
had caught up to the production, and that the American wheat grower
would never see the price fall below one dollar per bushel. Since that
time there have been occasions when wheat has been cheaper than it ever
was previous to this statement. In making his calculations he haa omitted
a very important factor. He had failed to recognize that there were force*
at work which were teaching our farmers to increase the output per acre
The farmer to-day, who attends the Institute and studies the characteristics
of his crop and of the soil, knows where his soil is deficient, and how to
supply the deficiency, if one exists. He is an educated man, and is all the
lime obtaining better results.

The same is true of the results that have been secured in connection
with the fruit crop by the introduction of spraying. In the future of fruit
growing it is going to be even more surely a survival of the fittest than ;d
fome other branches of agricultural effort,. In the future the orchardis*
must learn to handle his trees with such intelligence as to grow quality into
his fruit, Our vegetable growers have learned some of the possibilities in
this direction, and I maintain that it is just as practicable to grow quality
in an apple as in a cabbage. . ,. ,

The only way by which the fruit growers of Ontario can accomplish
great results is to stand together, and work together. We have a striking
illustration of this in the Japanese; on the one hand, we saw a people co-oper-
ing with their government in wealth and patriotism. Opposed to them, we
saw a nation where the very reverse of these conditions prevailed. VV e are
all acquainted with the result, Wherever men unite for a purpose they
will accomplish results.

HYBRIDIZING.
By H. H. Groff, Simcoe.

I have been asked by your chairman to say a few words this evening re-
garding my work as a hybridist, It would be most undiplomatic at this late
hour to make my remarks at all extended. I desire first to thank you for
the honor done me in electing me one of your directors. While not a fruit-
grower, my work in connection with my special line of horticulture has not

3a F. G.

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 35

been entirely fruitless. It has attracted attention in all parts of the world,
while remaining, I must confess, comparatively little known in Canada. It
is not possible for me to say much about plant improvement by hybridization
in the short time at my disposal. The chief mistake made by plant breeders
is that they have overlooked the fact that the biology of plants and animals
is practically identical. They have gone about the work of hybridizing or
plant breeding in a manner directly opposite to that followed by successful
animal breeders. For this reason progress has not been as marked as it
would otherwise have been. The science of plant breeding, as well as breed-
ing of all lands, is attracting great attention at the present time. More pro-
gress has been made within the past century than in the whole of the history
of horticulture previous to that time. As a field of work it is absolutely lim-
itless. The amount of progress any experimeter will make depends greatly
on the concentration and activity he will bring to bear on a certain limited
number of lines of investigation. Mr. Burbank has been very much misun-
derstood, and is at the present moment being severely criticized because of
statements made in regard to his work by writers in the public press and in
magazines. I am perfectly in sympathy with the sentiments he holds, and I
am certain he would not have made many of the statements in regard to His
work which are attributed to him.

The most advanced scientific thought of the present moment is that the
creation of new tvpes is not the result of gradual work, step by step through
a long process of selection, as it was formerly supposed to be. It has been
fully demonstrated that by hybridization you may create such a disturbance
in the vital forces of the plant that breaks appear and new types are the re-
sult, from which we are able to work on more advanced lines. This principle
is now accepted by the most advanced leaders of thought. It is a solution of
the problem as to how so many different types of plants and animals come to
exist in the world at the present time. It was not by gradual development
and change, but the outcome of the sudden changes which are brought about
as a result of crosses in nature. This work can be hastened by the scientific
hybridizer. Bv his efforts we can obtain more variations in a few years than
nature could obtain in countless ages. We draw upon the resources of the
past and are rushing into the boundless aeons of the future. We bridge over
the space between by the performance of a single act, scientific hybridization.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON REVISION OF CONSTITUTION.

The draft of a new constitution was presented by the Committee ap-
pointed for the purpose, and taken up clause by clause for adoption. Consid-
erable discussion took place in regard to the name of the Association. The
Committee recommended that the old name of the Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion of Ontario be continued. A resolution was moved. by Mr. R. B. Whyte
that the Association be called the Ontario Horticultural Association. Mr.
Sherrington and others declared, however, that the old name should, for a
number of reasons, be maintained. In the first place, it was known not only
all over the American continent, but in Europe as well, and it would take
some time to secure a like recognition for the organization under another title.
They further pointed out that the Association under its present name ob-
tained a standing before the Railway Commission, the railway companies and
the Government, which it might not be able to hold under the namei sug-
gested as a substitute. It was further stated that the Association was largely

36 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

commercial in its objects, that the name under which it has been known
represented the commercial idea, and that the fruit-growing industry was of
sufficient importance to demand an organization devoted solely to the promo-
tion of the commercial fruit-growing interests. It was accordingly moved
by Mr. "W. L. Smith, seconded by Mr. Sherrington, that the clause in
the report be adopted and that the old name be retained. Mr. Groff pointed
out that the question to be decided was whether the Association wished to
incorporate other kindred interests with that of fruit-growing, as the broad
field of horticulture covered those interests, and, as he understood it, the ob-
ject of the Association was to conserve them all. Mr. Caston stated that a
Horticultural Association would in all probability be formed just as had been
the case with the Vegetable Growers. If that were done, he did not see what
object was to be gained in changing the Society's name. Mr. Woolverton
suggested that it would be desirable if the kindred Associations would elect
delegates to a central committee to take charge of the Show programme.

Mr. Smith's motion was then put and declared carried.

On motion the words "Fruit and other horticultural products" were
added to sub-section E of the preamble.

On motion it was resolved that the word "Society" be added after the
word Association at the end of the third line so as to cover locai horticultural
societies.

On motion it was resolved that the word "shall" be changed to "may"
m section 19.

On motion it was resolved that the word "or" be changed to "and" in
section 22a, and that section 22b be amended to read "ten days;" that in 22d
the words "an officers' meeting or" be struck out.

On motion, resolved that in section 23a ten members should form a
quorum.

It was moved by Mr. W. L. Stevens that section 25 be so amended as to
provide that the affiliation fee for each Society should be $5.00 and that sub-
scription to the Horticulturist should be optional. Mr. Liclv moved in amend-
ment that the privileges of membership should be allowed for the 25 cents,
not to include the Horticulturist. It was moved in further amendment by
Mr. Smith that sections 26, 27 and 28 be referred back to the Com-
mittee for consideration, and that their report be presented on the day follow-
ing.

Mr. Stevens withdrew his resolution and seconded the amendment, which
was carried.

At a subsequent session, Mr. Bunting presented the Committee's amend-
ed report on sections 26, 27 and 28, and moved its adoption. He said :
"There seems to be some little difficulty as to the relationship between the
affiliated societies and the parent body, and it was with a desire to. harmon-
ize any differences of opinion that may have arisen that the report was re-
ferred back to your Committee. Sections 24 to 28 inclusive have to do with
this matter. In connection with section 25, the point was, I think, raised
that at the present time the local societies were not properly represented at
the annual meetings of the Provincial Association, and that some provision
should be made whereby these societies might be represented by accredited
delegates. In addition the objection was raised that in some horticultural
societies their members might not care to be compelled to pay for The
Canadian Horticulturist, the official organ of the Association. I think, how-
ever, this objection has been waived, and your Committee therefore recom-
mend that the section be changed to read as follows : 'That the membership
flee shall be the sum of fl per annum, payable in advance, that of this

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 37

amount the local Secretary shall transmit 75 cents per member to the parent
Society, the payment of which shall entitle each member to receive all the
privileges and advantages of membership in this Association.' That section
27 be amended to read that 'Each affiliated society is expected to send at least
one delegate to the annual meeting of this Association for each fifty or more
members, and that the expenses of said delegates shall be paid by the parent
Association.

Mr. McNeill : The purpose of the Committee is to provide a means
whereby local societies may be brought into closer touch witn the central As-
sociation. In addition to the privilege of sending a delegate free of charge,
each member of an affiliated society will become a subscriber to The Canadian
Horticulturist and receive a copy of the annual report; and any other advan-
tages the Association may have to offer will be at the disposal of the affiliated
societies.

Mr. Thompson suggested that expenses should apply to actual transport-
ation expenses only and moved a resolution to that effect*

Mr. Bunting : The point raised was thoroughly discussed by your Com-
mittee last evening, borne of the members were of the opinion that the ex-
penses of delegates should be confined to actual traveling expenses. It was
pointed out, however, that in addition to transportation expenses, only the
actual expenses of the delegates while attending the sessions of the Conven-
tion would properly be chargeable to the Association, if delegates were here
during the entire week, the amount paid would be made equivalent to the
actual time occupied by the sessions of the organizations which they were
authorized to attend. On the standing vote the amendment was declared
lost and the original motion carried.

The remaining clauses having been adopted by resolution, Mr. T. IL
Race moved, seconded by Mr. Harold Jones of Maitland, That the Constitu-
tion, as adopted clause by clause and amended, be received and adopted as a
whole. Carried.

(See Appendix "W for Constitution in full.)

COMMITTEES.

Nominating Committee. W. H. Bunting, St, Catharines; D. Johntson,
forest; H. H. Groff, Simcoe.

Committee on Fruit Exhibits. L. Woolverton, Grimsby; L. B. Rice,
Michigan; A. E. Sherrington, Walkerton.

Committee on Resolutions. W. L. Smith, Toronto; Harold Jones,
Maitland; H. H. Groff, Simcoe.

INTRODUCTION OF DELEGATES

Mr. Rice, a delegate from the State Horticultural Society of Michigan,
said that his Society sent its best regards to the Ontario Society, which thev
uVired him to present. "We are anxious that you should send at least two
delegates to our Convention at Grand Rapids. Your delegates are always
welcome and are made members of our Society for the time being. Our
Society is in sympathy with yours and we wish very much that there coubi
be a levelling down instead of a levelling up of the tariiT wall between fch -

38 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

two countries. The levelling up process has been going on too long. The
little selfish idea of building up the industry of one man or one company at
the expense of the nation is too small for a real horticulturist to entertain
We in Michigan know that in any levelling down process your growers will
have the advantage of ours in our eastern markets, but the interests of the
nation are everything and local interests should not be considered. God made
the country for the people of the country and not for any one individual or
any one company." Mr. Rice stated further that he was a little surprised
at "the demands made before the Tariff Commission by those interested in
vegetable growing when the southern country could supply Canada with all
tne early fruits and vegetables this country could need. "Why should you
not accept them? Why should you raise a tariff wall to keep out these pro-
ducts and then build greenhouses in which to grow them? Do not ask that
everyone be taxed for your individual good."

Mr. Norman Jack, representing the Pomological and Fruit Growing
Scciety of the Province of Quebec, was introduced. In a short address he
said that he brought with him the greetings of the Society he represented,
and of tne fruit-growers of the Province of Quebec. The fruit-growing in-
dustry was considerably farther advanced in Ontario than in his Province.
At the same time they had made progress in many lines. In his own section
many men had been spraying for fifteen years, nevertheless there were people
there yet who asked him whether he thought spraying was an advantage.
The question of varieties most suitable for the locality, the best location, soil
and methods of culture, the best methods of packing and shipping to market
were questions which were all receiving attention. They had not yet taken
tne more difficult problems in hand such as co-operation ana transportation.
In reference to the culture of the apple orchard, he thought it was a mis-
take to lay down hard and fast rules in respect to clean cultivation or grass
cultivation. In his own district there was hardly ever a time when they had
not an abundance of moisture. In the summers of 1903 and 1904, when the
drought was so prevalent, their orchards had sufficient moisture. Under tne
circumstances, therefore, clean cultivation did not seem desirable in that
section. Mr. Jack extended the members of the Association a hearty invita-
tion to attend the annual meeting of his Society.

Mr. Harold Jones pointed out that the climate of the two Provinces
where they adjoined was identical. He did not consider the question of4
orchard cultivation had been given sufficient attention. He said "General
instructions are given to Ontario orchardists to cultivate often; to keep the
orchard clean cultivated say to the first of August and then sow a cover crop.
In the east, fruit trees were subjected to very low temperatures. If we follow
the plan outlined, the new growth would begin the winter in a green, sappy
and immature condition, which generally results in severe loss from winter
killing either to the bud, the bark, or the whole tree. My experience has
been that in the lower St. Lawrence valley we must use a great deal of cau-
fion and intelligence in regard to the cultivation of orchards. We must
develop the fruit bud and the wood growth early in the month of June in
order to guard against loss of this kind. The fruit bud is fully developed by
about June 24th, but the rest of the summer is required to ripen it and dry
it out, so that a temperature of 40 degrees below zero will not affect it. Clean
cultivation is necessary in order that the trees and the crop may be kept up
fo normal condition, but to those living in that section, my advice is to cease
cultivation by July 1st and then plant the cover crop. In that way we can
carry our orchards past the danger of winter killing and bud injury."

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 39

FRUIT-GROWING IN ALGOMA.

By Wm. Harris, Day Mills, Algoma.

It may interest you to know of my experience in fruit-growing in On-
tario. I settled m the Township of Morris in 1853, and planted the first
orchard in Morris in 1858. I planted trees from the Holton Nursery, at Ham-
ilton, of the following kinds : Early Harvest, Maiden's Blush, Colyert, all the
family of Pippins, three kinds of Russet, Greenings, Bellefleur, King, North-
ern Spy, Wagener, and some others. The Baldwin was a failure; all the rest
aid well.

I settled here in 1879, and planted fifty trees in 1881, the same kind as I
Bad in Huron. Most of them got winter killed. The nex. kinds I planted
were of the following varieties, and all did well : Yellow Transparent, Tet-
ofsky, Duchess, Wealthy, Mcintosh Red, Scott's Winter, Alexander, North-
ern Spy, Longfield, Gideon, Pewaukee, Ben Davis, and Snow. All of these
did well except the Northern Spy and Snow, one of each, which the borers
killed.

There are many other nardy kinds that will do well here with proper
care. "Sun-scald" has injured many trees in Algoma, and many settlers
have lost their trees with the borers. Sun-scald never injured any of my
trees until last spring. My neighbor has some very fine fruit from Wolf
River, Gipsy Queen, and Salome. Plum trees have been a failure, owing
to winter killing. What we want most are some hardy plums and pears.

NEW IDEAS IN SPRAYING.
By A. N. Brown, Wyoming, Delaware.

I want this afternoon to talk to you as to what has occurred on our side
of the line and what we find ourselves up against, rather than to present any
new ideas on the subject of spraying, which the title of my address would
indicate I was about to do. At the same time I will bring to your notice
any improvements that have been observed in connection with my own work.
When I state that some 25,000 gallons of material were sprayed last year
under my directions, you will admit that I should have had an opportunity
for gaining some little knowledge and experience. My business last year
brought me into contact with the leading fruit growers of the eastern sea-
board States. They are among the most intelligent and progressive men
in the business. I made it a point to observe their methods and to learn all
I could, because I am asked to go before meetings like this, and I try to
carry with me some of the information which I obtain from these men. I
try not only to learn more aboui it for myself, but to be able to impart the
information to others. I hope I shall strengthen some of you as to the neces-
sity of spraying.

The worst pest that we are now troubled with in our part of the country
is the San Jose Scale. It has extended over a larger area in the States this
year than ever before, and it is worse on orchards that have been treated for
seven or eight years than ever before. We have been spraying for San Jose
Scale for about ten years, and after all the work and energy expended, it
begins to look as though we were worse off than at the beginning. I can
take you to orchards where until last season they were able to control the
pest; they are now entirely covered with scale. There are two reasons for

40 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

this. We had a very wet season in the Atlantic Coast States, and one in
which the humidity was excessive during the summer. Both conditions
appear to nullify the effect of the materials used in treating the scale. That,
I think, had something to do with it, but there was another reason and it ^s
the more important of the two. We find that we have, in the badly infested
sections, the existence of scale on our shade trees and ornamentals in the
towns and cities, and on the forest trees in the country. We have been
claiming for several years that scale existed on these trees, but as it takes
two or three years before the scale becomes established and is really serious,
these trees have not been treated. It has spread to such an extent on these
trees, however, that they are now literally covered with it. If you had fire
all around the buildings on your farm, you would be correct in concluding
that it would eventually spread to them and that they would be consumed.
That is precisely the situation in regard to the scale. Our growers found
last season that after having sprayed their orchards in March and April
as they had been accustomed to do, their trees were reinfested later in the
season from the infested trees that were all around them. The birds flying
from these infested trees to the trees in our orchards carried the scale with
them, and this fall we found that our trees were covered with running
larvae and recently encrusted scale. This state of affairs teaches us that
we must spray our trees, not only in the spring, but at some other season
of the year as well, preferably I think in the fall. In my neighborhood
everybody is now getting ready for fall spraying. The condition I have
outlined above is the prevailing one in twelve States. I find that it exists
in the largest fruit orchards in those States, running from fifty to a thous-
and acres.

Another thought presents itself in this connection, which is, that when
we spray in the fall, we are spraying the scale when it is least resistant.
Formerly the whole work was done in March and April, when it was most
resistant. If we spray now. we shall catch the running larvae and those
insects on which the incrustation is still soft, and of course, the scale is much
more effectively treated at these stages of development than later on. We
have this additional compensation also that, if we do not succeed in killing
the scale in the fall spraying, we shall have another chance at it before the
breeding season begins in the spring. For the reasons I have indicated, our
largest growers have concluded that they will have to spray at least twice
a year for the scale.

Some one may ask whv we do not spray in the summer season. We have
not adopted this method for the reason, first that we do not care to apply
the solutions used to our fruit, and second, because it is very difficult to
cover every portion of the tree when it is in foliage. We therefore con-
cluded that the better way was to spray immediately after the leaves drop.
This we consider a new departure in our section. Our growers are compelled
to fisrht the scale because of the general kifestation all around them. Dr.
Smith told me recently that there was not a single town, village or muni-
cipality in the State of New Jersey but was thoroughly infested, and that
he was recommending the municipal authorities to take the matter up aivrt
spray vigorously. Professor Surface savs that precisely the same condition
of affairs prevails in Pennsylvania. That State is doing more to destroy
the scale than any other Government that I know of. They have inaugur-
ated a movement that is simplv wonderful. At the last session of the Leg-
islature they appropriated $35,000 to the agricultural department of the
State to be expended in demonstrations in spraying in every fruit growing
community in the State. The delegations follow the plan of first identify-

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 41

ing the particular pests that are most troublesome in a locality, after which
they teach the growers how to make and apply the various mixtures to be
used in treating them, just as the demonstrators of cereal foods go up and
down the country demonstrating their products. In order to properly in-
augurate this movement and put it on a practical footing, they compelled
their twenty-one orchard inspectors to take a special course at the State
Agricultural College so as to instruct them precisely how the mixture should
be made and applied. They were then given pumps and machinery and put
to work. They spend two days in each district. On the first day the inspec-
tor visits the largest orchards, identifies the pest by taking cuttings of in-
fested branches. These cuttings he takes to a public meeting, held in the
forenoon of the second day. At this meeting he submits the specimens to
examination under a compound microscope to those gathered, so that every
grower may examine the pest and acquaint himself with its characteristics.
After the inspectors have described to the people the nature of the pest and
the methods of treating it, they proceed in the afternoon to the orchard and
mix and applv their solutions. The eyes of every State of the union are now
on Pennsylvania to see how she will succeed in her efforts. The fight against
the San Jose Scale is a fearful one and if we do not succeed, we shall have
to go out of the fruit business. You in Ontario may not have reached the
stage, in any of the districts where scale is found, where the reinfestation
I have described takes place, but sooner or later, my belief is, a similar
state of affairs will be found here.

I may say that in Pennsylvania Prof. Surface sprays only with the boiled
lime, sulphur and salt solution. I am a little surprised at this , because
experiments conducted at Geneva and Cornell show that the result of spray-
ing with this mixture in the fall is that the trees throw from twenty to forty
per cent, of their buds. It would be advisable to leave the salt out of it for
fall spraying. There is a similar danger in spraying with crude petroleum
in the fall. I am not here to advocate any of the combination washes but
we have about concluded that they are the safest to use for fall spraying.
There are many of these on the market, but there are only two so far as I
know that we have any particular confidence in. I refer to Kiloscale and
Scalecide. Both these washes are similar in their results, although the
latter is perhaps a little the stronger, and it is almost forty per cent, cheaper;
in fact it is no more expensive than lime, sulphur and salt. It is absolutely
soluble in water, mixes instantly, and will not separate after it is mixed.
It was sent out to twenty-one States last spring. I have seen reports from
most of them made to the Pratt Company in New York, and all stated that
it was the most effective of the washes used. My own experience with it has
been very satisfactory. It is being applied to all my trees now.

Kerosene Limoid has proved very ineffective in our State. This is attrib-
uted to the fact that the lime used was a low grade process lime. Mr. Macoun
at Ottawa overcame the difficultv by employing a coarse grade of flour, and
it worked very nicely. I should like to ask Mr. Macoun whether he cal-
culated the exact cost of the mixture?

Mr. Macoun : We found it very little more expensive, but we find freshly
slaked lime just as effective.

Mr. Brown : Process lime has been recommended for the making of
Bordeaux, but I do not intend to use it for that purpose, nor do I intend to
slake lime for a stock solution and leave it standing. In this connection
there is a point that should be noted. On one farm in New Jersey a man
ruined his entire aDple cror> by the armlication of Bordeaux. I had recom-
mended it to him for the codling moth. I told him how to mix it and cau-

42 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

tioned him against wet seasons, etc. He made the mixture with equal
amounts of ]ime and bluestone and, as it was a wet season, his apples, which
were Staymen Winesaps, were scalded with the material. He overlooked
the fact that, as it w&s a wet season, more lime was required to neutralize
the acidity of the bluestone. I used this season twelve pounds of lime to
eight of bluestone right along. I find that a great many people burned
their apples on this account.

In our fight against the scale we intend to use oil combinations this fall.
While the lime, sulphur and salt solution is perhaps the best remedy that
can be used against the scale, I do not suppose there is a single grower who
cares to contemplate the prospect of mixing and applying this solution dur-
ing the rest of his business career. Consequently I am encouraging the use
of combination washes and looking for something that will prove satisfac-
tory. With the combination wash one gallon is mixed with so many barrels
of water and consequently we know that the solution we are using will be
of ur~form strength throughout. No matter how careful we may be in mix-
ing the lime, sulphur and salt, I do not believe that any five barrels would
analyze exactly the same. The necessity for purity in spraying materials
is nothiLj new but I wish to emphasize it.

Within a radius of three miles of where I lived there is a party
who used the lime, sulphur and salt solution boiled. He has succeeded in
exterminating the scale and in marketing a crop of fruit that was entirely
free from it. Yet in the same neighborhood there are half a dozen men who
use the same application and their crop is not marketable. I find that this
condition exists in every State which I visit. I find that the identical wash
is perfectly satisfactory with one man while it is a complete failure with an-
other. The only way I can account for it is that, wThere failure has occurred,
some detail of the work has been neglected somewhere along the line. It
cannot be otherwise. Effective spraying will not admit of any guess-work
or of careless methods. We have simply got to do it in the right wray and
do it thoroughly. It will not answer to drive along a row of fruit trees as
fast as the horse walks and say that you have sprayed those trees. Unless
you cover every part of the tree, much of your time is being wasted. This
is not a new idea, but I want to impress the necessity for more thorough-
ness in our work.

No matter what make of pump a man uses, one thing is certain — you
have got to have power ; and manual effort will not furnish the right kind of
power for effective spraying. Therefore, I always advocate the use of power
sprayers wherever practicable.

In connection with pumps, there are a great many points that should
be taken into consideration, and to many of them we pay but little atten-
tion. The nozzle, tubing, and valves have all to be considered. What is the
use of a high pressure if we sacrifice that pressure before we get to the end
of the nozzle? We must remember that we have to spray our trees and not
sprinkle them. The only way to get a fine mist-like spray is to have suffi-
cient power generated, in the first place, and then to see that the power is
not dissipated before the spray leaves the nozzle. Therefore, it will be seen
that every valve or tube or aperture which* is too small for the amount of
material that has to be carried through it, is lessening the force. I find
that 1-8 inch brass tubing is being used in all the bamboo rods. With 100
to 120 pounds pressure you cannot carry sufficient material through 1-8 inch
tubing to supply two or three nozzles. A tubing of aluminum has lately
been introduced, which is 3-8 of an inch in size and is lighter and more dur-
able than the brass. With this tubing an eight foot rod weighs 1£ pounds,

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 43

while a similar rod with, the brass tubing will weigh two pounds. The larger
tubing will carry the material to the nozzle without any sacrifice of power.
The chief point to be observed in this connection is to see that in your tubing,
valves and joints there is no point of resistance until the hole is the nozzle
is reached. Then you will have a spray that has surface covering power
and capacity. The point in spraying is to cover as much surface with as
fine a fog as possible. The fog strikes the underside of the leaf just as much
as it does the upper side and every part is reached.

There are a number of good nozzles on the market. 'One of the chief
points to be observed is that the nozzle does not offer resistance to the pas-
sage of the spraying material by a decrease in the size of the aperture or
in any other way. One of the newer types is seen in the Buffalo nozzle.
This is a straight type of nozzle, without any bends or turns and the bore
is as large as the tube itself until the nozzle-cap is reached.

A Member : A grower in my section used this lime and sulphur wash
in the fall with bad results. He claims that the bud was not sufficiently
protected at that time of the year.

Mr. Brown : It was probably due to the salt in the mixture. The fruit
bud is more tender just when the foliage drops from the tree than at any
other stage in its existence. For this reason care must be observed in fall
spraying; but what are we to do when it is a question of remaining in the
business.

Q. Are your vineyards seriously affected?

A. Not in my neighborhood. I saw for the first time in New Jersey
last week a vine that had scale on it. As bad as the year has been on account
of the excessive humidity which neutralized the results of spraying to some
extent, yet I have a letter from the most prominent grape-grower in Dela-
ware, who writes me that he sprayed his grapes from four to six times using
Bordeaux mixture, spraying the first time when the new growth was ten
inches long. As a result 99 per cent, of Moore's Early were absolutely per-
fect, as were 94 per cent, of his Concords and 92 per cent, of his Niagaras.
His crop realized |6,500 at the vineyard. Many of his neighbors who have
not been giving attention to their vineyards did not market a single pack-
age of grapes this fall. I have another letter from a gentleman in Pennsyl-
vania who is located in a scale infested district and where the codling moth
was particularly bad this year. He says "We finished picking our apples
and they ran 97 per cent, perfect, and realized $2.15 per barrel in the or-
chard." Spraying not only makes perfect fruit, but it improves the quality
of the fruit. When you have fruit that is as perfect as the above, you also
have perfect foliage along with it, and the result is an apple of higher
quality. To-day the consumer is asking for high-grade fruit, and the fruit
grower must produce something that will supply this educated demand.

Professor Shutt : I regret that Mr. Brown has been compelled to leave,
as I should have liked some further light on one or two points. The point
was raised as to the effect on foliage of the lime, sulphur, and salt wash,
and it would be interesting to compare the effects of the self-boiled wash in
this connection. The object of adding the salt is to raise the boiling point
and thus bring about a more complete union of the sulphur with the lime.
I do not see whv the salt should be injurious to the foliage. I understand
that there is a certain amount of caustic soda formed, but the main portion
of the salt would remain as sodium chloride. We add caustic soda in large
quantities to our self-boiled wash. The uncombined salt could not be in-
jurious as it is a natural chemical compound and not caustic in its nature.

44 THE REPORT OF THE No. lt>

In regard to the mechanical emulsion, — flour and petroleum — we gave it a
pretty fair trial and it makes a splendid emulsion, but does not last as long
as one made with freshly slaked lime, and' we cannot recommend it where
it is important to carry over the emulsion.

There is another point which I do not understand, and that is why pro-
cess lime will not make as good an emulsion as freshly slaked lime. I do
not know what the Americans mean by process lime unless it is what is
termed carbonated lime. The object is to finely divide the kerosene, no
matter what substance mav be used, and if the lime is fine enough I do not
know why it should not be effective. Carbonated lime is more granular than
freshly slaked lime. In regard to such products as Kiloscale and Scalecide,
I regret that Mr. Brown gave us no indication of their constituents. If
they are oil compounds, what is it that holds the kerosene in emulsion? I
think it is important before advocating these proprietary compounds that
we should know what we are using.

Mr. Tweddle : We tried the flour and kerosene emulsion on a small
scale, but found it did not hold in suspension well, and was difficult to force
through the nozzle.

Mr. Shutt : We never had any trouble in regard to the nozzle. The
emulsion is just like cream, and there are no lumps in it. It you put the
kerosene on top of the flour and add water and churn for five minutes, there
is no difficulty.

Mr. Tweddle: Mr. E. D. Smith experienced a similar difficulty. An-
other trouble we had was to know how to handle air-slaked lime and get it
right. We did not know the auantities of water and lime to use.

Mr. Shutt ; The lime must be thoroughly burned, or it will be lumpy,
and it should not contain much magnesia.

Mr. Macoun : We found in our experiments that where the lime was a
little damp when slaked it made a better emulsion, so that it is not neces-
sary to have a drv powder as one might think.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON NEW FRUITS.
Presented by H. L. Hutt, Professor of Horticulture, 0. A. C, Guelph.

Seedling Apples.
From Mr. Wm. Jarvis, West Gravenhurst, Ont.

No. 1. Seedling from Duchess of Oldenburg; medium to large (2^ x
2f), roundish, smooth; yellow skin, lightly covered with pale red with scat-
tered purplish streaks. Somewhat like Duchess in appearance and quality,
but keeps for a month or two longer. No doubt valuable for the north.

No. 2. Medium size, roundish oblate, smooth and handsome; resembles
Wealthy in shape and coloring. Fine grain and good quality. Matures
in October and keeps till February. The most promising of the lot.

No. 3. Small to medium. White skin, well covered with light and
dark red on exposed side; numerous dots. Flesh white, good quality. About
the size and a little of the appearance of Snow. Matures about middle o!
September. Has long thick stem and long closed calyx.

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 45

No. 4. Medium size, roundish oblate; yellow skin well covered with
broken stripes of light and dark red. Like a well colored Duchess. Calyx
lobes very short and open. Small core. Fair quality. Season October.
A handsome apple and promising for the north.

From Walter Cowan, Guelph.

Medium to large; roundish oblate, waxy light; yellow skin, lightly
shaded on sunny side with lighter red. Stem short and thick in deep wid.^
cavity; calyx very small and closed in small smooth basin. Showy apple,
a little of the Col vert type, but handsomer and evidently a good keeper.
Firm, and crisp, quality said to be excellent.

Seedling Peaches.

Sept 29th. Received from Wm. McFarlane, 137 Catharine St, South,

Hamilton, Ont.

A large yellow-fleshed, freestone of the Crawford type. Showy in ap-
pearance, of excellent quality; maturing about last week of September.

Oct. 21st. From W. M. Orr, Fruitland, Ont.

A large yellow-fleshed freestone of excellent quality, ripening second
or third week in October. Promising because of its large size, good quality,
and late season of ripening when most of the good peaches are past.

Mr. Orr says: "It is much superior in color, size, shape and flavor to
any other late peach that I know of."

NEW FBUITS.

W. T. Macoun, Horticulturist, C.E.F., Ottawa.

The annual presentation of the report of the New Fruits Committee
cannot but help to suggest to the minds of this Association the question :
Is this report of any value, and is anything being done to further test the
promising varieties mentioned in this report, or is any work being done in
Canada to originate new varieties suitable to the best fruit-producing dis-
tricts? All these questions can, we think, be answered in the affirmative.
This report is valuable because it places on record the names and descrip-
tions of all the promising fruits which came before your Committee during
the year. Should any of these varieties in future years find their places in
the commercial nurseries of the country their history can be traced and
their original description compared with that given by the nurseryman.
This report not only serves as a record, but it brings these varieties and their
qualities under the notice of all the members of the Association, so that
anyone wishing to test the more promising ones can do so, providing scions
can be obtained. In reply to the next question as to whether anything is
being done to further test the promising varieties mentioned in this report,
we may say that practically all the promising varieties of fruits which are
personally examined, that are at all likely to prove hardy, are being tested
at the Central Experimental Farm, and we think should be tested at the On-
tario Fruit Experiment Stations. If a man sends in a seedling apple, for
instance, and it is considered promising, scions are asked for and if received

46 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

are propagated at Ottawa and later on the young trees are planted in the
orchard. At present there are about 100 promising seedlings of apples
alone being tested in this way. The results of such tests take time and it
has always been the policy of the Horticulturist at Ottawa to thoroughly
test a variety before recommending it for general planting. For this rea-
son there have been comparatively few additional kinds added to the list
of those recommended. When we are convinced,, however, that a variety is-
a decided acquisition the planting of it is strongly encouraged. The Mcin-
tosh Red, North-Western Greening, and Milwaukee apples are varieties of
comparatively recent introduction, the planting of which has been recom-
mended in this way. The Ontario Fruit Experiment Stations have fur-
nished much useful information as to the value of the newer named varieties
in the various parts of the Province. A large number of seedling apples from
seed of Mcintosh, Fameuse, Swayzie Pomme Grise, Lawver, Northern Spy,
Salome, Wealthy, and others are under test. Quite a number of these
fruited this year for the first time. The majority of these were apples of
good size and fair quality, but few are sufficiently promising for further
test. There are nearly 2,000 of such seedlings to fruit yet. There are also
a number of crosses, the parents of which are Mcintosh, Lawver, North-
ern Spy, Milwaukee, and North-Western Greening, from which something
good should be obtained. There are also seedling plums, currants, rasp-
berries, strawberries and grapes out of which there are some which we are
confident will find a place among commercial varieties. The wor£ of Dr.
Wm. Saunders in originating hardy apples for Manitoba and the North-
West is well known to this Association.

There have been comparatively few new varieties come under our
notice this year, but the following are those considered most promising : —

Seedling Crab: Marrison, P. A., Cataraqui, Ont. Fruit, large
size for a crab, 2x2| inches : form roundish, slightly angular : cavity, me-
dium depth and width : stem long, slender : basin open, medium depth, much
wrinkled : calyx closed : color yellow, well washed with deep crimson and
splashed with dark crimson : dots few, yellow, distinct : skin moderately
thick, moderately tough : flesh yellow, tender, juicy : core medium, fla-
vor briskly subacid, pleasant, very little astringency : quality good for a
crab : season probably early to mid October.

A handsome crab of the largest size. May prove desirable as a late
variety.

Apple: Coughan, P. (M.D.), Hastings, Ont.

Fruit, medium size; form oblate to roundish; cavity deep, medium
width, russeted; stem short, slender; basin medium depth and width, smooth;
calyx probably open ; color yellow, almost entirely covered with bright
crimson; dots moderately numerous, yellow, distinct; skin moderately thick,
tender; flesh white tinged with red, tender, juicy; core small; flavor
briskly subacid. Little decided flavor; quality above medium; season
probably mid September.

A seedling growing in remote part of farm near Hastings village. A
very handsome apple of good shape with an aroma. May prove a useful
apple at this season of the year.

Apple: Pratt, Wm., Penetanguishene, Ont. Seedling No. 2:

Fruit medium size; form roundish; cavity narrow, medium depth; stem,
medium length, moderately stout; basin, medium depth and width, wrinkled;
calyx partly open or closed : color yellow, well washed and splashed with
rich crimson; dots numerous, yellow, distinct; skin moderately thick, mod-

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 47

erately tough; flesh dull white, firm, juicy; core small; flavor subacid,
pleasant, not high; quality above medium, almost good; season probably
early winter. Tree supposed to be a seedling of Wealthy. Grows on an
adjoining farm to that of Wm. Pratt. A handsome apple, worth testing.

Pear: Williams, J. S., Bloomfield, Ont.

Fruit: Size above medium; form, obovate, obtuse, pyriform ; cavity,
shallow, medium width; stem, stout, medium length; basin, medium depth,
and width, smooth ; calyx, open ; color, yellowish green with a bronzy red
blush on sunny side; dots obscure; skin moderately thick, tender; flesh,
yellowish, tender, melting, slightly granular, juicy; core, medium; flavour,
sweet, good; quality, very good; season, probably late October; tree,
a cross of Belle Lucrative and Josephine, as hardy as the Jules, season,
November. General Notes : A good deal like Belle Lucrative in flavor,
promising.

The Americana plums are proving of such value over a large portion
of the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec that we take this opportunity of
referring to a few of the best of the newer introductions which have fruited
at Ottawa, in the hope that at least some of them will soon be offered fof
sale by our nurserymen. Those considered the most promising are : Ad-
miral Schley, Bomberger, Oren, Xiottie and Smith, although there are other
very good ones. These are described in the 1904 report of the Horticul-
turist, Central Experimental Farm.

We would also like to draw the attention of this Association . again to
the Herbert raspberry originated by Mr. P. B. Whyte, of Ottawa. This
is decidedly the best red raspberry in the plantation at Ottawa, and has
gained friends wherever it has fruited. It is now on the market.

ADDRESS.

By Hon. Sydney Fisher, Minister of Agriculture for Canada.

I do not come before you this afternoon with the idea of delivering a
set address to this gathering. I was fortunate to arrive in time to hear a
portion of Mr. Brown's remarks on the very important question of spraying*
It is one which has attracted the attention of our fruit growers and even of
our farmers for a number of years. It is a subject in which great progress has
been made and will, I believe, continue to be madev not only in the prac-
ticable application of methods, but also in the discovery of agents for the
destruction of insect and fungous growths, and in the various preparations
used in spraying. I noted in those remarks one or two matters concerning1
which I should like to say a word or two. Mr. Brown spoke of the ravages
of the San Jose Scale in the United States. We, in Canada, are to be con-
gratulated that those ravages are very restricted here. It is true that in this
Province there is a certain comparatively small section which is, I believe,
somewhat affected. I am glad to say, however, that by reason of the law
against the indiscriminate importation of nursery stock from those coun-
tries in which the scale exists, no new outbreak has occurred in Canada since
that law was placed upon the Statute Book and enforced. I congratulate
the people of Canada that the law has been effective in preventing the intro-
duction of this enemy where it was not known before the existence of that
law, I will go farther and congratulate the people of Canada on the fact that
by reason of the provincial organization in this Province, the inspection, and

48 THE REPORT OF THE No. lf>

the insistence on a proper fumigation of nursery stock, there has been no
spread in the Dominion of that dreaded enemy through any parts of the
country which were not affected before the matter was taken up by the
Government. This shows that, so far as Government work is concerned in
this country, it has been as effective as it could have been. It is true that
in places where the scale previously existed it has not been stamped out ; but
the experience of other countries has been that where scale did exist, it has
continued to spread and become worse and worse. We have been saved
from this by Government intervention, first of all by the steps taken to
arouse the public to the danger impending, and second, by the preventive
measures that have been taken to prevent its spread.

I spoke about the Provincial, organization in aid of the farmers and
fruit growers, especially yours in the Province of Ontario. By our consti-
tutional arrangement in Canada there are certain classes of subjects rele-
gated to the Provincial authorities and other classes which are relegated to
the Federal authorities. It is well that the people should understand this
division, and that each authority should keep to its own work as much as
possible; and where there may seem to be some overlapping, that the
two authorities should work co-operatively so as not to interfere each with
the other's work. Matters of trade and commerce are especially relegated
to the Federal authorities, and more particularly is the Government at
Ottawa and for this purpose my own Department entrusted with the matters
of Trade and Commerce. Matters of teaching and education are especially
relegated to the Provincial authorities, and it would not be well that the
Government at Ottawa or any Department of it should enter into that field,
either interfering with the work of the Provincial authorities or duplicat-
ing it, or overlapping it. So far as I am personally concerned, I have
quite enough to do in the sphere of work, which is legitimately put into my
hands so far as the agriculture of Canada is concerned, without being am-
bitious of having thrust on me or trying to grasp any work that does not
properly belong to my Department. I am in that happy position of hav-
ing more to do probably than I can do as effectively and well as I should like,
and it is not my personal desire to take upon myself or upon my Depart-
ment any work that I have not got to do. Therefore I think it is wise and
right to leave purely educational work to the Provincial authorities all over
the Dominion. I am well aware that our experimental work, and the issu-
ing of information gained by those experiments, is to a certain extent
pel n rational. Still it is not what might be called local education or school-
ing in the strict sense of the term; it is the result of certain experimental
investigations; and of course we have to give to the public the information
acquired in conducting those investigations. When it comes to the question
of dealing with what I may call purely local work such as the details of
fruit growing, details of orchard management, — I am talking of these par-
ticular things because they are all especially interesting to you — these things
are local in their character, vary very greatly in different parts of the
country, and are more bound up with local education. Therefore it is better
to leave them to the Provincial authorities who understand better the local
conditions and circumstances. When it comes to the larger questions which
apply equally to the whole Dominion, to those questions of inter-provincial
trade and the management of it, still more to foreign trade and the man-
agement of it, it is proper and right that the Department of Agriculture
at Ottawa should deal with these problems and that the local authorities
should place upon our shoulders the responsibility in connection therewith.
The work of the Department at Ottawa is more particularly directed in

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 49

the fruit branches to those things which apply to the whole Dominion and
are not, strictly speaking, of. local use or of local educational effect. I want
to give this explanation for two reasons, first, to let you understand what
you may fairly call upon us to do, and second, what is the nature of the
responsibility that we wish to throw upon the Provincial authorities.

In regard to what the Department at Ottawa has done and is doing, you
are, I am aware, pretty familiar with it. My various experts have' been
going about the country and mingling intimately with you. I am proud to
say that in the service of the Department at Ottawa, in matters which per-
tain to your branches of industry, as in many others, I have a most efficient
and effective staff of officers, who are doing excellent work for the people
of Canada. As we are dealing principally with commerce and trade and not
with the details of local work, our work for the fruit growers is intimately
allied with some other work which we have to do. In this connection I want
to give some explanation regarding the choice of the official who has been
placed m charge of the Fruit Branch. Some criticism was aroused a little
while ago on account of the fact that when an independent Fruit Branch
was established m connection with my Department, a practical fruit grower
was not placed in charge. You are aware that, Dr. Eobertson left the De-
partment a short time ago, and as a result there was some re-organization
in which I had to divide more or less the work he had been at the head of
among certain other officers of the Department. I examined the different
kinds of work done in his branch to see how they could best be arranged
and classified. I found, as a matter of fact, that questions of transporta-
tion were intimately allied with cold storage transportation so far as our
work was concerned, and that they were also allied with what we called
under Prof. Robertson's administration, the Extension of Markets' Branch
Inese two particular branches deal with the transportation of all perishable
products of our Canadian markets, such as butter, cheese, meats, fruits and
vegetables, and not only with the transportation of these products but with
the handling, packing, management abroad, and the supervision of the
handling of these articles at our export ports and in England, our great
market. The same men looked after the fruit as looked after butter and
cheese, not because they were experts in fruit or in dairying, but because
they were charged with looking after the handling and transportation of
our perishable food products. I found as a result that the management and
control of these important branches of the work of my Department must
necessarily be kept together, if it was to be properly and effectively carried
out, and that I could not divide it without detriment. For that reason, all
this work was put under the charge of Mr. Euddick, formerly' assistant to
tne Dairy Branch, but who now has charge also of the Transportation Branch
and the Extension of Markets' Branch. Otherwise, so far as any expert work
or opinion in connection with fruit is concerned, just the same officers are
m charge ot the business as were in charge under Professor Eobertson. There
is no change so far as the work is concerned, and there is the same efficient
co-operation and work being done for all these interests. It is not a question
of persons or individuals at all, or of the largeness of the interests; it is a
question of the administration of the work of the Department, not for the
convenience of the officers, but for the efficiency of the work that this arrange-
ment was found necessary. I am glad to know that, since the first discus-
sion of the question arose, the work has been going on equally as success-
fully as before ; and I believe that the first idea which prevailed among a
number of the fruit growers of this Province has disappeared, and that they
are now satisfied with the arrangement.
4 F. G.

50 THE REPORT OF THE No. lt>

In regard to other matters that are under our jurisdiction, intimately
allied with the question of transportation is the question of preparing the
product for transportation and for the market. * For a good while back one
of the most serious difficulties that our Canadian fruit has had to contend
with in the foreign market (also to a considerable extent in our home
market) has been the complaint as to improper grading and packing. We
have had the keenest competition from abroad. Why is it that California
stands pre-eminent in her fruit business? Not only because she has been
able to produce very large quantities at home, and because the character
of her fruit is in a general way" better adapted to carriage and transporta-
tion, but because, — and perhaps this is the most important reason of all, —
of the organization of the fruit interests of that country by means of which
growers have been able to select, grade, and pack their fruit in a way that
suits the market better than our people have been able to do. It is for this
reason that she has been able to keenly compete with our growers not only
abroad, but in our own markets, and especially in the Western markets. In a
general way her fruit is not as good as ours in quality; her peaches are far
inferior; her pears may be as good; some of her plums are good, but not
equal I think in quality to our own; her grapes are of a different character
and suit some markets better than ours ; but the great reason for her success
is found in the organization of her interests, which has enabled her to put
her fruit on the market in a more attractive shape than our own.

Why cannot the fruit growers of this country organize themselves co-op-
eratively as they have done? Is it because we are less intelligent, or because
we have local jealousies which prevent, or is it because each of us wants to
get the better of his neighbor? I do not know what the reason is, but I find all
through our whole social and commercial system the same difficulty in
getting our people to work harmoniously and co-operatively together, a
difficulty which does not seem to exist in some foreign countries. California
has set us a great example in this respect. In Denmark we see the results
of co-operation and mutual help, which threaten to endanger our position
in the English market in regard to the bacon and dairy trade. There is
something wrong amongst our people; something wrong, perhaps, with our
social system, which prevents that co-operation and organization which
these people seem to be able to carry out, and by so doing to meet us in the
competitive markets, and to some extent in our own markets. I want to say to
you fruit growers that you ought in your own interests and in the interests
of your community to try to remove that difficulty, and form associations,
or get together co-operatively, and do your work so that the whole district
may reap the benefit of mutual help and confidence. One of the greatest
stumbling blocks in the way of the marketing of your products is in the
lack of that organization and co-operation. You may say that your inter-
ests are not so large; that California has been able to do this because of her
enormous production; but I claim that, for this reason, it is all the more
necessary that our people should work together. If one individual in a
particular neighborhood cannot supply enough fruit to provide car load
lots of fruits to fill certain orders, and to make an impression on the market,
it is all the more necessary that a group of neighbours should join together
to meet the demands of the market and make arrangements which will en-
able their fruit to be sent forward in large quantities in order to meet the
competition of these other people.

We are ready and should be glad to give every assistance
on our part so far as the imparting of information goes. We
cannot undertake to mix up in commercial undertaking; that is con*

4a F. G.

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 51

trary to the duty and spirit of departments of Government ; but if it is useful
that information in regard to these things should be gathered and placed
at your command so that you may be able to do this, we shall be only too
glad to get that information and place it at your command so that you may
be able to act upon it and adapt it to your conditions. As an evidence of our
desire, I will point to the fact that lately I brought from the West an expert
packer, who has been giving demonstrations in fruit-packing in various
parts of eastern Canada. Since that opcurred, I have not had an opportunity
of getting a report upon his work, but incidentally I have learned that he
made some interesting exhibits of his work, which will, I have no doubt, be
of some benefit. If more of that kind of thing is required, I shall be only
too glad to carry it out.

I may say that I again visited British Columbia recently, and there
found an evidence of improvement in selection and packing which is very
gratifying. When I visited what are now the Provinces of Alberta and
Saskatchewan four years ago, — which is the territory nearest to British
Columbia, — I saw everywhere California fruit in command of the market.
I found on this second trip that the British Columbia fruit had practically
driven it out of the market, and the fact that it had done so was due almost en-
tirely to the improvement that had taken place in selection, grading and pack-
ing. They are able to place their fruit before the consumer just as attractive-
ly as any of the Californian Associations, and the result is that the people
of the country buy it in preference to the foreign fruit. If you want to get an
entry into the Manitoba and Western markets (and I believe that, under
existing conditions of transportation you have a little better chance in the
Manitoba markets than the British Columbia growers, and might compete
on even terms with them still farther West) — if you want to succeed there,
it is necessary that you should put your fruit up as well or a little better
than they do.

I am not going to say anything about the working of the Fruit, Marks
Act. That Act was introduced because of the almost universal complaint
in regard to the packing of our fruit. I have the most gratifying testimony
from abroad that the results have been extremely beneficial. We have been
somewhat slow in putting it energetically into force; it was a new thing; it
was pretty severe in its provisions, and therefore I instructed my officers
not to be too hasty or too severe for the first year or two. I think the time
has now come when the law may be fairly enforced in all its severity, and I
think that in the interests of the fruit growers and of the honest, intelligent
packers, as well as in the interest of the consumer, the provisions of the Act
ought to be strictly enforced, and I trust that this will be the case another
season. That the Act is good and that it is effective is proved from the fact
that in no case, or at any rate, in very few cases, has there been a failure to
convict whenever the machinery of the Act has been put in force.

We had a deputation of dealers in fruit come before the Tariff Com-
mission yesterday. I asked them amongst other questions about the pack-
ing and grading of our fruit. They said at once that the results of the
Fruit Marks Act had been most beneficial, but that apparently there were a
number of packers who did not seem yet to have learned how to pack their
fruit, as well as numerous producers and shippers. This indicated to me
that our people still have something to learn. I do not believe that our
growers and packers are dishonest or do not desire to live up to the provi-
sions of the Act, but there is a great deal of carelessness, perhaps of ignor-
ance and short-sightedness, among those who still neglect to grade and pro-
perly pack their fruit. I trust that the educational programme which has

52

I

THE REPORT OF THE N°- 16

been from* on in regard to this will continue, and that the fruit growers
themselve! will do their best to continue the improvement I have spoken
WHv ™«1 freelv to vou I appreciate the opportunity of coming before
yT'l wan to congratulate you on the progress that has been made in
IZv work and I am sure that this Association and the various local Asso-
rt ons have contributed largely to that improvement and progress; , but I
want to impress upon you that you still have much t [do, and I invite and
ask vour co-operation and assistance in. carrying out that work. It you can
noinfout legitimate work which we can do in the interest of fruit growing,
Ft will be my duty aL pleasure to endeavor to carry out those suggestions.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATIONS.
By A. E. Sherrington, Chairman, Walkerton.

Mr Sherrington: I am a stronger believer to-day in co-operation than
ever I was owing to the success that has been achieved by the a ssociations
Tow operating We have three or four such associations which have t been
in active operation for the last two or three years or longer Ihis season
we organized several others, and they .are making a perf -t ~ i ^
1^J1t,+ nf armies Amonff the active associations, I may mention tne

President and Manager of the Forest Association, who was oft re 2 cent
over and above the amount which the Association was offie ring toito mem

-<°t*d stssai r,;= sacs £&.

" "SZSSSSL: I J. »»t claim th.t thi. «- .» i» »J ™n c,«, tat

T have known of such instances occurring. , i 11..1

Clarksburg has organized a splendid association, and I understand that

they have erected a storage building which is superior to anyAx^ f its

Hnd in the Province. Other associations exist at St. Catharines tuning

fng but, as we had no fruit this year, we could do no business.

In connection with this work I think the time has come when an effort
should be made to have representatives from these Associations attend the

has arrived when We should promote the work of organization more vigor-
iuel than ever, and, through these societies get into closer touch with the
wholesale and retail merchants in Great Britain.

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 53

A Member : They should send their agents here and purchase f .o.b.

Mr. Sherrington : They are doing so, and I explained to them, whem
over there this summer, that they could make more money by this method
if they would provide storage over there for our apples.

After visiting all of the principal fruit markets in England and Scot-
land, I am more convinced than ever that co-operation among the growers
and shippers of Canada and other countries is an absolute necessity if the
growers are to retain that market and receive a share of the profits on the
products of the orchard. I saw some dickering in Great Britain last sum-
mer that could scarcely be called square dealing, in fact, it was anything
but square. Who was the loser in this particular transaction? No one
but the shipper. The commission merchant had his commission and was
at no loss. The time is coming when our fruit and other produce will be
sold f.o.b. here, instead of by consignment.

Retail merchants I saw expressed themselves as very much pleased with
our method of co-operation in packing apples, and agreed that all products
should be sold direct, and not handled on commission.

I interviewed several retail fruiters in regard to shipping apples in
boxes. A number of them had had no experience with boxes, but said
they were willing to give them a trial, believing that they would be very
convenient for their trade. Others who had handled apples in boxes were
perfectly satisfied that it is the right package for the finer sorts.

During the short time that I was in Europe I had no difficulty in ar-
ranging with reliable parties to take all their requirements from our co-
operative association f.o.b. here. If the right kind of man was over there
one seasen he would be able to place nearly all the apples grown in Ontario
by straight sales to reliable parties. It does not pay to send anything to
Europe but first-class goods. When good fruit was offered the buyers vied
with each other in bidding, but when the goods were inferior bidding was
slow.

It is a great mistake to mark the barrels wrongly. I saw some appleg
on Covent Garden Market, London, put up at Colborne, Ont., marked XXX
Duchess. I opened some of the barrels and found one marked XXX

Duchess which had not a Duchess in the barrel. They were green apples
without a particle of color. Another barrel contained Duchess, but only
number two, and marked XXX. This kind of packing will not do. It
can be prevented by co-operating in packing.

The need for greater co-operation on the part of Canadian growers be-
comes more apparent every year. Co-operation will mean better packing
and higher prices, and will strengthen the fruit industry in all its branches.
Wherever it has been given an honest trial in Ontario it has been a great
success. The more of these associations we can have, the better for the
growers of the province.

Mr. Rickard : Does your Association pick the apples, or is the work
done by the grower?

Mr. Sherrington: The grower picks the fruit and brings it in.

Mr. Hickard : We cannot get that done in our section.

Mr. Sherrington : I do not understand why the buyer can get men t©
pick fruit while the grower cannot.

Mr. Lick : Why could not the co-operative association supply the la-
bor? They could employ a gang of men and keep them regularly at work
through the picking season, sending them from orchard to orchard. This,
it appears to me, would be the most satisfactory and economical method.

54 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

Mr. Rickard : With us the buyer a]ways picks the apples. He brings
his men from a distance, as a rule, at any rate all the expert pickers. They
get fifteen dollars a week, and their expenses at the hotel. This, of course,
comes out of the pocket of the grower indirectly.

Mr. Sherrington : It is clear that the work of education will have to
go on.

Mr. A. W. Peart, Burlington : We have several co-operative associa-
tions in my district. The one to which I belong has been in existence for
twenty years, and comprises ten or twelve members. Every year we

appoint a manager on salary. We hold a meeting at the beginning of the
season, and adopt rules and regulations as to packing, to which each mem-
ber subscribes. Each member has his name and address painted on his
packages, and, in addition, we have a common brand. In this way his
individuality is maintained. Our business is a box business entirely. We
prefer boxes because we find that 99 per cent, of them reach the Old Coun-
try market in first-class condition, and we are not troubled with slacks or
wets or anything of that kind, and, therefore, we obtain a better average
price. I have accounts for two or three shipments made since Sept. 20.
The first lot netted our shippers at the rate of |2.00 a barrel, after paying
for picking, packing and transportation. This was the average for the
lot, consisting partly of No. 1 and partly of No. 2 fruit. Erom another
shipment, of which I received the returns a day or two ago, we averaged
for our fruit 6d. per box more than the current market price.

D. Johnston, Eorest, President of the Forest Co-operative Associa-
tion : Our association has had a very successful season this year. In for-
mer years a great deal of our business was with the west, but this year we
sold the crop to an English firm, which paid $2.50 for No. 1, and $2.00 for
No. 2 f.o.b. Forest. The firm paid us spot cash, and we got along very
nicely, indeed. In the spring it was decided that all members must spray
their trees at least four times during the season, twice before blooming and
twice after. Our experience of last season made it clear to us we must
grow fruit successfully before we could co-operate successfully in selling it.
We found that some of our members did not spray, or look after their or-
chards, and took no interest in them, nor in the success of the Association.
This year we enacted a by-law compelling every man to spray his trees. The
result was that members of the Association this year had a good crop of
apples, while those men outside of the Association, who did not spray, had
almost a failure. At present each member sprays his own trees, but I
think that it will end in the work being done by co-operative methods be-
fore very long. So far as my own experience in spraying goes, I may say
that we had become almost discouraged in fruit growing until we commenced
spraying our orchards. In two or three years we increased our output by
this means from 300 or 400 barrels of inferior fruit to .1,500 to 2,000 barrels,
the greater part of which was first-class. This result has now been main-
tained for ten years without a single break.

Q. What would be the best method of co-operative spraying?

Mr. Johnson : The ideal system would be to have a power sprayer go
from place to place. Personally, I have not had much experience with
power sprayers. We use a hand pump, and get along very well. Last
year we spent fourteen weeks in spraying our orchards, and this season the
work occupied twelve weeks.

W. D. A. Ross, representing the Chatham Association: Our Associa-
tion was organized nine years ago with a small beginning, and the member-

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 55

ship has now grown to seventy-five. We had a central packing house
for four years. Before that, we had considerable trouble, and thought we
should have to discontinue business. The Association has a power spray-
ing outfit which has operated for two seasons. Although not compelled to
do so by by-law, nearly all the members take advantage of it. The direc-
tors raise enough money early in the season to pay for the work, and each
man's share is charged up to him, and deducted from the returns for his
fruit. Spraying has easily doubled the value of the fruit. One man in
our district has an orchard of 180 trees just coming into bearing. When
we sent out our spraying circular in the spring, he thought that his crop
was not worth attending to, estimating it at about fifty barrels. He finally
decided to spray. A little later in the season he thought he might have
a hundred barrels. He finally delivered 290 barrels of good apples.

Our method of handling the fruit is as follows : When a man brings
his apples to the packing house we have a rubber stamp with his name on
it, which is stamped on each case before it is packed, and his fruit is kept
track of in that way. The culls are sent to the evaporator. We have a
salesman of our own in the West, where most of our fruit is sent. This
year, however, we sent some to Glasgow. The first shipment will net our
growers about |2.00, and the second about |1.50. Some of the fancy lots
brought as high as $3.75 per barrel.

PARIS GREEN AND ARSENICAL POISONS.

By Robt. Harcourt, Professor of Chemistry, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph.

The absolute necessity of having some means of successfully combating
the ravages of the potato beetle was responsible for the general introduction
of Paris Green as an insecticide. When and by whom it was first used for
this purpose does not appear to be known, but the use of Paris Green as a
standard insecticide undoubtedly began in the Western States some time
between 1860 and 1865. The fact that this substance was a poison, and
that it injured the foliage, prevented its general acceptance at once, but
these objections were soon overcome by the imperative demand for some
means of destroying the beetle in order that potatoes might be successfully
grown.

The success attending the use of Paris Green in destroying the potato
beetle soon suggested its application to plants suffering from the attack of
similar insects. In 1872 Riley suggested the treatment of cotton plants
with Paris Green for the destruction of the Cotton Worm. The same year
Le Baron, then State Entomologist of Illinois, advised the use of Paris
Green in combating the canker worm of the apple. It was, however, some
years later before the fruit growers in the Eastern States began to use this
now well-known insecticide, and it was not until the early eighties that it
was freely used by the orchardists in Ontario. As the composition and
peculiarities of Paris Green became better understood, and the life history
of insects and their manner of feeding has been studied out, the use of Paris
Green and other arsenical poisons has become general, until at the present
time hundreds of tons of these poisons are used annually in destroying the
little but numerous enemies of the crops of the farm and garden.

56 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

Paris Green is composed of copper oxide, acetic acid, and arsenious
oxide, combined as copper-aceto-arsenite in the following proportions :

Copper oxide 31.29 per cent.

Arsenious oxide 58.65 " "

Acetic acid 10.06 " "

Paris Green is not a chemically pure substance, and, as found on the
market, rarely, if ever, consists entirely of pure copper-aceto-arsenite, but
contains this compound as its chief constituent with varying quantities of
other substances. The varying composition of Paris Green is usually due
to variations in the care given to the details of the process of manufacture,
the purity of the compounds from which it is made, and to whether or not
foreign "make wreight' ' substances have been added.

Among the small amount of impurities always present, sand, sodium
sulphate, and uncombined arsenious acid are the most common. Barium
sulphate, road dust, and calcium carbonate are sometimes used as adulter-
ants. Fortunately, the presence of these substances is easily recognized
by their insolubility in ammonia water. Paris Green itself completely
dissolves in this liquid, giving an intensely blue-colored solution. This
test, however, is not conclusive, since arsenious oxide is soluble in ammonia,
and would escape detection if this method alone was depended upon. While
total solubility in ammonia is scarcely to be looked for in a commercial
article like Paris Green, the presence of any appreciable quantity affords
valid grounds for rejecting a sample. According to the results of an
examination of the genuineness of Paris Green sold in the Dominion in 1902
and 1903, reported in Bulletin No. 88, Inland Revenue Department,
Ottawa, only 7 out of 169 samples examined were adulterated. From the
figures given in this publication it would seem that an improvement has
been taking place during the last ten years in the quality of Paris Green
sold in the Dominion. The percentages of pure samples in previous collec-
tions were as follows :

1894 72.2 per cent, genuine.

1895 89.1 " "

1902-3 95.8 " "

Work in our own laboratory on samples collected directly from the country
stores indicated a larger percentage of adulterated samples than the figures
quoted above.

It is, however, to the presence of soluble arsenious oxide, to which the
scorching properties of this insecticide is due, that the most attention is
being paid at present. Several of the American States have passed laws
limiting the amount of soluble arsenious acid in Paris Green. In Cali-
fornia four per cent, is allowed; while New York's laws only permit 3.5
per cent. That there is a wide variation in the amount of water-soluble
arsenious oxide is evident by the fact that in 22 samples examined at the
Geneva Experiment Station, New York State, in 1900, the percentage amount
of soluble arsenious oxide varied from .61 to 15.69, and averaged 1.68.

According to J. K. Haywood (Bulletin No. 82, Bureau of Chemistry,
Washington), there may be three conditions of Paris Green which will cause
a scorching of the foliage.

1. There may be a certain amount of arsenious oxide in the Paris
Green over and above the amount combined with the other constituents.

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. hT

This is "free" arsenious oxide, and, until recently, it has been considered
the only cause of the scorching of the foliage by Paris Green.

2. The Paris Green may be poorly made, so that the constituents are
very loosely held together. When such Paris Greens are put into water,
especially water containing carbon dioxide, they are soon broken up, and
arsenious oxide is set free. Even the best Paris Green breaks up under
such conditions, but those poorly made break up much more* rapidly. The
effects of these substances upon the foliage would be somewhat as follows :
First, the water of the spray would act at once on the Paris Green, and set
arsenious oxide free, then carbon dioxide would dissolve in the water and
carry the decomposition still further. But the breaking up would not
end here, for the rain and dew, both containing carbon dioxide, would also
act upon the Paris Green, and enough arsenious oxide would soon collect
to seriously scorch the foliage. This would, of course, take place to some
extent with the best samples of Paris Green, but, unless the climatic con-
ditions were very adverse, not enough free arsenious oxide would accumu-
late at any one time to cause serious damage.

3. The Paris Green may be extremely fine. It is well known that
even the best brands, when ground to a very fine powder and applied to the
foliage, may scorch. This is, doubtless, due to the fact that more surface
is exposed to the action of the water, which may contain carbon dioxide, so
that its decomposing action on the Paris Green is accelerated, and enough
free arsenious oxide soon gathers to cause serious damage.

It is a very common occurrence for Paris Green to scorch the leaf owing
to one of the first two causes, i.e., either by reason of the presence of free
arsenious oxide, or, because it is poorly manufactured; but it is very seldom
that a commercial sample of Paris Green will burn, because it is in too fine
a condition.

As is well known, the object in adding lime to Paris Green, before
spraying, is to neutralize this free arsenious acid, or that formed by the
decomposition of the Green in the water.

The best Paris Green is a powder composed of crystalline globules of
microscopic fineness. Unless the particles are fine enough to pass through
a 100-mesh sieve, the Green should be condemned as unfit for spraying pur-
poses; for, if the particles are larger, there is no chance for an even distri-
bution of the poison. The aggregation of globules is probably due to, care-
less grinding and bolting, or, possibly, due to the after treatment to remove
impurities. In drying from this operation, the globules cohere and form
strings and bunches of particles which are semetimes found also to be bound
together by crystals of uncombined white arsenic.

During the last summer six samples were sent to us for analysis. These
samples were all of good quality, for they were not adulterated, and con-
tained only small amounts of soluble arsenic.

According to experiments conducted with Paris Green of known com-
position, the various kinds of fruit trees show great differences in their
ability to resist the burning or scorching action of the arsenious acid from
the Paris Green. The apple tree is, apparently, the most resistent, and
the peach the least. It is, however, equally true that the same trees
are not always equally proof against the burning action of Paris Green.
"Veather conditions have a very marked inflmence. If, after the spraying
there comes a long, dry period during which the dew and carbon dioxide

58

THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

of the air have been acting on the Paris Green the first heavy ram is likely
to be followed by a burning of the foliage. This is dne to the water taking
nto solution the arsenious oxide which has been accumulated^ during the
drv weather. If, however, there is plenty of ime on the leaf, the acid will
be* neutralized as fast as formed, and the scorching will be prevented.

It is therefore, evident that Paris Green varies in composition, and
in the readiness with which it is decomposed, that fruit trees vary m their
ability to resist the acid found and formed in Paris Green, and that weather
conditions may cause a very marked difference in the amount of arsenious
oxide which may come into solution.

From time to time, during the last fifteen years, experimenters have
claimed that Paris Green has considerable value as a fungicide this
cam is again advanced in Bulletin No. 267, Geneva Experiment Station
New York* where it is claimed that the Paris Green ^aerially checked the
potlto blight, and, thereby, increased the yield at the rate of 46 bushels per
acre The figures quoted in this bulletin would give Paris Green a fungi-
cidal value equal to about one-third that of Bordeaux mixture.

Regarding the character and value of some of the latest commercial
substitutes fof Paris Green, it may be stated that many of them depend
upon Paris Green for their poison, and that some of them contam veiy Jrttle
of this or any other poison. One brand recently examined in our labora-
tory was found to contain only about half of one per cent, of *™™™
oxide, and others contained arsenious oxide and copper equivalent to from
one to five per cent, of Paris Green. Gypsum, lime, sand and charcoal
are prominent constituents of these mixtures. Laurel Green, and the
various Arsenoids contain more arsenious oxide than the class just men-
Honed But, while these substances may be bought for less money and
may be held in suspension somewhat better, than Pans Green, many of them
contain an unsafe amount of soluble arsenious oxide, and are thus liable to
do much harm to the foliage. The Pink Arsenoid, or lead arsemte should
posribly, not be included in this latter statement, as some experimental work
Joes to show that it contains only a small amoun of uncombmed arsenious
acid, and that it is no more dangerous to foliage than Paris Green.

Regarding home-made arsenicals, there seems to be no good reason
why these may not be used in all places in spraying where arsenicals are
employed. They are cheap, easily made, and answer well in spraying, as
they a^e not hard to keep in suspension. Further, the lead arsemte and
arsenate are among the most insoluble of all combinations of arsenic and
metals, and are, therefore, not liable to burn the foliage.

The formula for making one pound of lead arsenate, i.e., enough for
from 100 to 150 gallons of water, is to dissolve 24 ounces of acetate of lead
(sugar of lead) in one gallon of water; also, separately, 10 ounces of arsen-
it gof soda in three quarts of water; both in wooden pail -./be separate
solutions may then be poured together into the spray tank filled w theater.
A white precipitate of lead arsenate immediately forms, and will remain
in Intension for hours. The preparations may be made several times
stronger without the least danger of producing any injury to foliage.

Both the "Arsenic and Lime" and the "Arsenic, Soda and Lime" pre-
parations are now used. In both preparations the arsenic is held I as in-
soluble calcium arsenite. The essential difference m the two methods is
that in the former the lime and arsenic are boiled together until combination
takes Place, while, in the latter, the white arsenic is first dissolved m sodium

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 59

carbonate, so that when lime is added, combination takes place at once. As
arsenite of soda will burn and destroy foliage, it should never be used with-
out adding lime. Recently Lime Bordeaux has been used with arsenite of
soda with good results.

In conclusion, it may be pointed out that mixtures of Paris Green, or
home-made arsenicals, with either lime or soda Bordeaux, should not be
made until it is ascertained that no harmful re-solution of the various in-
gredients is brought about thereby.

THE CANADIAN TARIFF ON FRUITS.
By W. L. Smith, "Weekly Sun," Toronto.

The subject that I am to speak upon this evening is one regarding which
I have very strong convictions, convictions which have been based on a
somewhat careful study of the facts and on the very best judgment that I
have been able to bring to bear. I wish, first, to make a strong appeal to
the members of this Association not to divorce themselves as fruit growers
from the general farmers of the Province. I do not think you can afford
to take a different stand on tariff matters to that taken by your fellow farm-
ers engaged in general mixed farming. One thing it seems to me has been
made perfectly clear, which is, that, so far as general farming is concerned,
the tariff is of no benefit as a means of protection. Facts brought before
the Tariff Commission prove that you cannot increase the selling price of the
products of the farm by any tariff you may impose, for the reason that in
the foreign market the price is governed by supply and demand, while in
the home market we do not need protection for the reason that American
prices are higher in all instances save that of hogs.

On the other hand, while the farmer cannot be benefited by tariff pro-
tection, he can be and is heavily burdened by the tariff on everything he
has to buy. A convincing argument was presented by Mr. E. C. Drury, of
Crown Hill, before the Tariff Commission recently, proving this to be a
fact. He took his figures not at haphazard but from the actual expense
account of his brother-in-law who is living on a 208 acre-farm, and showed
that his expenses were increased annually by $180 because of the tariff on the
articles purchased. The situation in which the general farmer finds himself
therefore is that, while the tariff cannot increase the value of his products,
it results in largely increasing the cost of everything he has to buy. I
therefore appeal to you as fruit growers not to take a stand on this question
which will place you in opposition to the general farming interests. If you
ask for protection on your particular class of products, the manufacturer
will certainly use it as an argument in favor of further protection for the
articles he manufactures, with the result that he will take a still heavier
toll from the general farmer. But even so far as fruit growing is concerned,
I do not think you have anything to gain by increased protection. It does
not appear to me that Californian fruits, for instance, compete in this market
with our own products to any great extent. I do not think that any one
would go so far as to shut out fruits which we either cannot produce, or
which come upon the market earlier in the season than our own. I claim
that there is no real competition between the CanaJdian and American
producers of fruit in this market. During the past season, for instance,
similar fruits were selling higher in the American market than they

60

THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

were here with the exception of pears, and so far as they are concerned, the
facts are that we had a comparatively small crop while they had a very
large one. This might have been offset by the exportation of peaches to the
United States if our growers had been alive to the facts as they had a short
crop while we had an abundant one. Unfortuately the opportunity was
overlooked. It is true that tender fruits come in from the South in consid-
erable volume in the spring, but they come in at a time when you have none,
to offer, so that they do not compete. Just as soon as our own fruit is ripe,
the American fruit disappears from the market because of the superior qual-
ity of the home grown article. The American fruit must be picked long
before it is mature because of the long distance it has to be transported, and
it cannot be placed upon the market in as good condition as our own iresnly
picked fruits. I contend therefore that the tariff will not increase the price
of your fruit, but just as in the case of your brother farmers, it does mater-
ially increase the price of what you have to buy. V?ey\hmgih*t comes
into your household must be dearer by reason of the tariff but the fruit farmer
is subjected to special burdens in this connection. One of the biggest items
of expense in connection with fruit growing is for baskets m which to ship
the fruit. Baskets brought into this country are taxed 30 per cent, on tneir
value. There was a case less than three summers ago when elm timber was
taken from this Province to the United States and manufactured into bas-
kets which were brought back here and sold in the face of the duty -Dur-
ing the past season one of the Niagara growers paid $300 more for his bas-
kets than he would have paid if there had been no tariff on .^article. Mr
Hilborn, one of your members tells me that he had occasion to Purchase a
certain make of wagon on the other side, which he could not buy in .Ontario
The duty on such articles is twenty-five per cent , but in this stance ^
tariff does not show on the face of it the full tax imposed because , ajhoug*
he paid only $30 for the wagon, it was valued by the custom authontwB at
$40 and the tax on it amounted to $10, the ruling being that a gener^ valu
ation of $40 was to be placed on all vehicles imported, no matter what tneir
value.

Perhaps the most serious tax so far as fruit growing is concerned is
the one on sugar. There is a very intimate relation between practical fruit
growing and the price of sugar in this country First because the price of
sugar largely determines the quantity of fruit the Canadian housewife puts
up for winter use and second, because it has an important bearing on the
business of commercial fruit canning. One of our largest canners told me re-
cently that one good crop of tender fruit from this Province would be suffi-
cient to supply the whole of Canada with canned fruits for a period of two
complete years. It is necessary that this surplus crop should be disposed of in
some way before the next season's crop comes upon the market. If it cannot
be consumed by the home market, it must be disposed of in the foreign mar-
ket. The tariff on sugar directly affects the cost of producing canned truits
and it is here that the situation is fraught with considerable danger to the
grower. It is clearly essential for the welfare of the fruit industry that the
export trade in canned fruits should be built up. The value °*°£*f ?*!°f
canned fruits ought to be equal to the value of our exports of fresh fruity
One of the greatest difficulties in the way of building up this business is the
excessive cost of sugar. I am told by canners that the cost of sugar represents
one-third of the selling price of canned goods. A tax of 46 per cent on re-
fined sugar coming into this country is a very serious handicap , to this
business. When this matter was brought to the attention of the Tarift Com
mission, it was suggested that a rebate might be arranged on sugar used in

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 61

the canning of fruits for the export trade. But aside from the impracti-
cability of such a scheme, it would certainly work a great injustice to the
Canadian consumer.

It should be pointed out that when the statement was made that one full
crop would supply the market with canned fruits for two years, it was on
the assumption that the rate of consumption remained stationary. There is
no reason why this should be the case. There is no reason why we should
not consume double the amount we are doing, and the way that this might
be brought about is to reduce the price of the sugar that enters into the
article manufactured for home consumption, thus reducing the market price
of that article. I remember that, some years ago, after the price of sugar
had been very high, it was suddenly reduced by one-half. I was living in
Toronto at the time, and I know that practically every person of my ac-
quaintance put up double the amount of canned fruit that season that they
had done formerly. The inference is obvious that if the cost of sugar is
still further reduced, the consumption of fruit will be increased enormously.

Sugar should be cheap for the reason that it can be produced so cheaply
in cane-growing countries. I obtained the official report in regard to sugar
statistics from Washington. In that report it was shown that with raw sugar
at 1J cents per pound, there would still be left a fair profit to the Cuban
sugar planter. The statement was made in Montreal before the Tariff Com-
mission that American refiners charged a difference of about f of a cent per
pound between the raw and the refined article, that is to say, they charged
| of a cent for refining. If therefore the raw sugar can be purchased at a
cent and a half it could be put on the market at a little over 2J cents and
sold retail at 3 cents, which is what we should have. With sugar at that
price you would double the consumption of fruit in this country. In my
judgment, and in that of many practical farmers, the establishment of the
beet sugar industry in this Province was one of the greatest mistakes that
could have been made. It cannot thrive, except it be protected by high
tariff or is very heavily bonused. I am told by men in the business that beet
sugar cannot be produced profitably unless it can be sold wholesale at 4
cents per pound but cane sugar can be sold at 3 cents a pound retail. Think
what this difference means to the Canadian consumer. The policy of the
fruit growers, it appears to me, should not be to ask for more protection on
their finished products, but to ask for cheaper sugar so as to increase con-
sumption with a corresponding increase in their output. Cheap sugar should
be their watchword. With cheap sugar the fruit growing and canning in-
dustries would be two of the largest labor-employing industries in. the coun-
try. I know of nothing that would do more for unskilled labor.

My conclusions briefly stated, are these : I do not think it is possible
for you to increase by any tariff the selling price of your fruit ; that the pre-
sent tariff is a very heavy burden on the farmers and a still heavier burden
on the fruit growers, and I urge you to stand by your brother farmers in
demanding a lower tariff on the goods you have to purchose. No Government
can stand against your united request.

Mr. Rice, Michigan : The tariff on sugar is one of the greatest curses we
have in the United States. The Havemeyer Company has become so strong
in our country that they very largely control the Government. The pro-
tection offered the sugar, steel, and other combines is one of the greatest
curses we have. I belong to the Republican party, but I maintain that we
have made some awful mistakes in this connection. As to beet sugar, there
is not a women in my neighborhood who will use it in putting up fruit.
You cannot protect an industry in that way without making the men at the

62 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

head of it rich, and at the same time mean. They get the notion of living'
off the people and cannot do otherwise. Just as soon as they see the chance
to put their hands into the people's pocket, they will do it.

Mr. H. W. Dawson, Commission Merchant, Toronto; There seems to
be an impression that a greater quantity of fruit and vegetables was imported
from the United States than was actually the case. Our exports to the
United States were a hundred per cent, greater than our imports. Last
year Toronto imported 420 barrels of apples. There were twenty men in
Toronto who each exported more than that to the United States in one week.
A high tariff against strawberries would be a mistake. The importation of
early strawberries starts consumption going and broadens the market for
the native fruit when it comes in. During the last two or three years the
price of berries has been good on the average and they were a paying com-
modity. The same arguments apply to other fruits. The trade returns show
that during the months our peaches were on the market the importation of
American peaches was not heavy, the heaviest importation being in July,
August and September; during October hardly any, and none at all in
November. The total importation to Toronto last year was $11,000 worth,
which was not much of a factor in a city of its size, as the consumption
would average more than that per week in the season. Montreal imports
more Californian fruit than Toronto, but that city is the distributing point
for the east. I also maintain that an agitation for reduced

freight and reduced express rates would do more for the industry than an
increased tariff, as it would result in widening the market. What is
required is a specified duty wherever possible, as great opportunities
exist in the fruit and vegetable industry to understate valuation in mak-
ing customs entries. The cost of the vegetables placed on the cars is fre-
quently sworn to as being the value of the goods.

Mr. J. L. Hilborn pointed out that the manufacturer had an increased
tariff already, and for the fruit and vegetable growers to ask for more pro-
tection was no reason why the manufacturer should do the same. He had
been obliged to buy certain implements and appliances in the United States
and pay the duty, but when he came to sell his products in order to pay
for these goods, he found that the market was crowded with cheap American
stuff which had paid very little duty. As to peaches if there were no pro-
tective duty, American peaches, under the conditions of transportation
referred to by Mr. Dawson, could be laid down here far cheaper than our
own. Cucumbers from the South were placed upon our markets in large
quantities. When they arrived they were yellow and wilted and in many
cases unfit for food, but they were so cheap that many people bought them
instead of the superior article supplied by local growers.

Mr. Armstrong stated that he wished to take issue with one of the
statements made by Mr. Smith, namely, that as soon as the Canadian pro-
duct reached the market, importation from the United States ceased. On
the 4th of August two carloads of tomatoes which had been consigned to
Buffalo, but met with a glut in the market, were dumped into Toronto and
auctioned off at 25 to 40 cents a bushel. The local growers were receiving
from 40 to 50 cents per bushel at the time. Immediately after this occur-
rence tomatoes dropped to 25 cents and never went above it. He had per-
sonally investigated conditions in Montreal on two occasions and found that
at the time of his visit, which was early in October, the Californian peach
was practically the pnly peach upon that market, and it was much the same
with some other fruits. In reply to his enquiry as to why Canadian peaches
and grapes were not to be found there, he was informed that Californian fruit

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 63

stood up better and looked better. Its quality was a secondary consideration.
He was willing to allow the Canadian consumer to get all the American
fruit and vegetables he required free of duty up to a certain date provided
that when our own fruit came in, the American product was entirely shut
out of the market and the market left for Canadians.

Mr. Dawson said he remembered the day the second car of tomatoes
arrived from the United States. It was a Monday morning. On the follow-
ing Tuesday the local shipments were ten times greater than on any day up
to that time, but the growers received from 40 to 60 cents for them, whereas
the American fruit realized from 25 to 50 cents. A good home grown
article, he contended, would always command a good price. Foreign fruit
that had been for eight to ten days in a refrigerator car could not compete
with it.

A representative of the vegetable growers stated that their desire for a
high tariff was in order to shut out inferior products. A higher tariff would
mean that only superior vegetables would be shipped to this market. There
was no objection to the importation of American vegetables so long as they
came in ahead of the home product. But there were men in Ontario who
were able to produce vegetables all the year round which were nearly as
cheap and of better quality.

Mr. Dawson said that peaches could be bought in Michigan and laid
down here, and the duty and freight combined was less than the freight
alone from any of the peach growing districts in Ontario.

Mr. W. H. Bunting thought there was a strain of selfishness in human
nature, and he did not claim that fruit growers were exempt from it. He
had listened to Mr. Smith's able address, and assumed that this was simply
a discussion of the principles underlying the question. As fruit growers
they found themselves between the upper and the nether millstones as regards
the tariff. When they had a surplus to send to the United States, they found
themselves practically prohibited from that market. If they had anything
to buy in the way of implements, packages, and appliances, the Canadian
duty had to be faced. He did not wish to raise the sympathetic cry on
behalf of the fruit growers, but, nevertheless, it was nothing but the truth
to say that they were still further handicapped by climatic conditions, the
season in this country being so much shorter than in the country to the
south. One of these obstacles might be endured, but a threefold handicap
made it necessary to rise in self-defence. He did not think, however, that
the representatives of the fruit interests were ready to go before the Tariff
Commission and ask, like the manufacturers, for a large increase in the
tariff. His personal view was that the large majority were willing to allow
matters to remain almost as they were for the present, but at the same
time they were prepared to protest very vigorously against increased pro-
tection for the manufacturer.

Mr. Dawson had made the statement that there are more apples shipped
to the other side of the line during one week than are imported in the entire
year. Granting that the statement is correct, let us suppose for the sake of
argument that 100,000 barrels of apples were sent to the other side from our
orchards during the present season. There is a duty of 69 cents per barrel
on that product. Who, I ask, pays that duty? The American consumer or
the Canadian producer? If I am any judge of the matter, I believe the Can-
adian producer pays it. If Mr. Dawson exports apples to the United States,
he does so because he knows that the market, say at New York, is at a stated
figure, and he must make his purchase here at 69 cents a barrel less than

64 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

would be the case if free traffic to the other side existed, consequently the
producer pays the duty.

Mr. Dawson : They pay me the same price f .o.b. here as what we get
shipping to Great Britain.

Mr. Bunting : These people would pay 69 cents a barrel more for that
fruit- if they had not to allow for the duty.

Mr. Tweddle suggested that highly protected industries were able to
pay labor such a high rate of wage that the farmer, not being able to pay
as much, could not secure the assistance he required.

Mr. Smith, replying to Mr. Armstrong, stated that the total amount of
plums and peaches combined that came into this country last year amounted
to only $107,000 worth. Our exports of berries alone amounted to $120,000
worth. As to tomatoes, $103,000 worth were imported, while the potatoes
exported to the United States were valued at seven times that amount. He
.considered, therefore, that there were two sides to the question. As to Mr.
Hilborn's contention that a higher tariff on fruit wTould have no effect on the
manufacturer, he stated that the manufacturers had been trying for years
to get the farmers to ask for more protection so that they might use this
argument as a lever. The demand for more protection on the part of the
horticultural interests would alienate the sympathy of the general farming
community and prevent co-operation.

Mr. Bunting stated that he had observed by the day's newspapers that
the retail merchants of Toronto had appeared before the Commission asking
for a very marked reduction of the tariff on fruit coming into Canada, and
he thought it incumbent on the Association to take some action in the matter.
The majority of the fruit growers were, he believed, satisfied with the pre-
sent duty. What they did object to was that some products were allowed to
enter at a nominal valuation on the ad valorem basis and thus escape prac-
tically any duty. "A consignment of pears came to my own town from
Delaware a week or two ago. They were entered at a nominal valuation for
custom purposes, and came directly into competition with the crop in our own
section. This is a case where the duty is ineffective, and I think the growers
would like a specific duty substituted for the ad valorem duty."

Mr. Armstrong suggested that the only way to relieve the situation
was to prevent the dumping of fruit on the Canadian market. He doubted
whether a specific duty would meet the case. This was a matter that had
irritated the growers during the past season more than anything else he
knew of.

Mr. Bunting then moved "That the Fruit Growers' Association of
Ontario in convention assembled would respectfully urge on the Tariff Com-
mission that it would be disastrous to the fruit industry of this country, if
any reduction was made in the duties on fruit coming into this country
from foreign ports, and that while the duties upon fruit exported to the
United States are in many cases prohibitory, the fruit growers of this coun-
try do not ask for any increase in the tariff, but would request that wher-
ever possible specific duties be substituted for ad valorem.

^ "That this Association believes it desirable and in the interests of the
fruit industry, and the general public of this country, that the Tariff Com-
mission should recommend a reduction in the duty on refined sugar imported
from foreign countries."

Mr. Haynes seconded the resolution, and suggested that a Committee
be appointed to present same to the Tariff Commission. (Carried.)

The President named the following Committee: — Messrs. Bunting,
Johnson, Peart, Thompson and Race.

f

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 65

REPORT OF NOMINATING COMMITTEE.

The Report of the Nominating Committee was presented by Mr. M.
Pettit of Winona, who moved its adoption, seconded by Mr. T. H. Race,
of Mitchell.

It was moved in amendment by Mr. Bunting, seconded by Mr. Thompson,
that the names of the directors be taken up district by district. (Carried.)

Mr. Thompson moved, seconded by Mr. Andrew Haynes, that C. W.
Vanduzer of Grimsby be reappointed director for division No. 8, instead of
E. Morris, of Fonthill, the nominee of the Committee. The amendment was
declared lost, and the motion to adopt the report was carried.

A special committee consisting of A. W. Peart, M. Pettit, and A. E.
Sherrington, appointed to consider the interpretation to be placed on rule 10,
of the Prize List, reported as follows :

"Your Committee recommends that the interpretation of rule 10 be left
in the hands of the Executive and the interested exhibitors. Your Committee
is of opinion that this is a matter which concerns these two parties only, and
that it would be a waste of the time of the meeting to discuss it here."

PRESENTATION TO MR. W. H. BUNTING.

Mr. Alex. McNeill : Before taking up the report of the nominating
committee, I wish to ask your attention to the reading of an address to Mr.
W. H. Bunting, in which we have endeavored to convey in appropriate terms
the high appreciation of the very valuable work he has been able to accom-
plish for the fruit growers in connection with transportation and other mat-
ters. None but those who have been officially associated with him can appreci-
ate how much he has actually done, and I am sure you will agree that the
address by no means overstates the facts of the case.

IF. H. Bunting, Esq., Honorary President, Fruit Growers1 Association of
Ontario :

Sir, — We, the members of the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario,
assembled in Annual Convention, cannot allow the Annual Meeting of 1905
to pass by without recognizing in some way the splendid services that you
have rendered through your official connection with the Fruit Growers'
Association, not only to the members of the Association, but to every fruit
grower in the Province. As President for the years 1903 and 1904, and
Chairman of the Transportation Committee, you have been untiring in your
efforts to secure for us some relief from the burdens imposed upon us by the
transportation companies. The compliment extended to you by the Chair-
man of the Railway Commission, on your magnificent presentation of the
fruit growers' case before the Commission in June, last year, was appreciated
by the members everywhere, and we desire now to add our words of congratu-
lation on the beneficial results that have followed your efforts.

We trust that you will long be spared to continue the good work which
you have so well begun, and that, through your close connection with the
fruit industry, you may with many others reap the reward of your labors
in the improved transportation facilities and rates, which have resulted
largely from your own exertions.

As an officer of the Association during the past four years you have
voluntarily given up a great deal of your time to the furthering of the general
interests of the Association. Several important schemes for the betterment.

5 e. G.

66 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

of the lot of the fruit growers have been carried out during these years, and
many others have been begun at your suggestion. Your good judgment and
business-like methods while acting as chairman of our meetings have won
for you the highest praise, and we desire to express at this time our most
sincere acknowledgment of the untiring zeal with which you have labored
on behalf of the fruit growers of Ontario.

In conclusion, we wish once again to thank and to compliment you upon
the success which you have achieved in and for the fruit industry, and trust
that you may live to see the efforts which you have put forth on behalf oi
this Association crowned with unparalleled success.

Signed on behalf of the Officers, Directors and Members of the .bruit
Growers' Association of Ontario. ,

Alex McNeill, President.

November 16, 1905. P. W. Hodgetts, Secretary.

Mr. W. H. Bunting : I thank you, gentlemen, for the very kind expres-
sions contained in the address which has just been read. It comes to me as
a complete surprise and I feel myself quite incapable of expressing m word*
how much I value the appreciative statements it contains I trust that l
may be enabled in the future to join with you in your efforts to still iurtner
promote the welfare of the fruit growing industry.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PACKAGES.
Presented by Robt. Thompson, St. Catharines.

Your Committee beg leave to report as follows : That the eleven quart
basket has been found satisfactory as to size, etc. ; that the law in regard to
the 6$ quart basket be amended to read b\ quart, and that the regulations
regarding uniform dimensions as to depth, length and breadth and top and
bottom measurements be made imperative on the manufacturers placing
baskets on the market.

That the Association take steps to secure information as to best package
to be used for carriers, for fancy fruit, for long distance shipment; also as
to a suitable package for pears, the present standard package not being satis-
factory.

Your Committee further recommends that barrels be made entirely of
the 28J inch stave, with a capacity of 96 quarts, instead of the two sizes now
used.

The reason for desiring uniformity in the different makes of baskets is
because in loading a car it is found very difficult to pack different sizes and
shapes together. The reason for the suggested change in the size of the
smaller basket is that we find that, with the exception of one or two factories,
the 6§ quart basket is no longer made, and that the 5J quart has taken its
place.

Major Sheppard : We have five different makes of basket in our section,
every one of different size. What is required is that the dimensions of the
standard baskets should be made uniform.

Mr. Eaton : I quite agree that it would be a desirable thing to have bas-
kets of a uniform shape, size and make, and am quite sure that the manu-
facturers are perfectly willing to do whatever is required of them by the
growers.

5a F. G

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 67

A Basket Manufacturer : I do not suppose that manufacturers would
object if they were compelled by law to keep to standard sizes, but I do not
see what there is to prevent the consumer using imported baskets that do not
conform to the requirements. I quite concur in the recommendation of the
report that these packages should be made uniform. The tendency has been
that the manufacturer who produces the smaller basket gets the trade. That
is not right, and the law, whatever it is, should be enforced.

Mr. Everist : I would advocate that the Minister of Agriculture should
bring in a law regulating the size of fruit packages, but my idea is that such
a law should go still farther and stipulate the number of quarts a package
should hold. I am very much in favor of the passing of a law compelling
every manufacturer to make peach, plum and grape baskets uniform in size
in all particulars. Then, if in compliance with the specific requirements of
customers for special markets, other sizes are manufactured, compel him to
put on the outside of the package in quarts just how much the package holds.
Then the purchaser or shipper knows exactly what he is getting. As to under-
sized baskets I am disposed to lay the blame on the grower or shipper, as the
manufacturer is only seeking custom and is willing to make what his cus-
tomer wants.

Mr. Ford : We are trying to conform to the law in regard to the sizes
of baskets, and in my opinion the grower is to blame for baskets being under
size, as they want a small-sized basket so as to get the better of their neigh-
bor in shipping fruit. If ^one manufacturer will not supply what they want
they go to another. In my opinion the basket should be long enough on the
top so that you can cross four and they do not dip in. They should also have
a first-class cover ; some are not up to the mark in this respect ; and should be
of a standard size throughout.

Major Sheppard : As to the responsibility for the small basket, I find
that basket agents go around and by packing a basket, show the grower that
he can save four to six peaches in every basket by using that particular make.
This has been done all over the country.

Mr. Haynes : With reference to the package for pears, I may say that
I saw the expert packer from British Columbia packing the fruit, and after
he had shown what he could do with apples and pears in certain boxes, I
asked him to pack a basket for us. After spending half an hour in a vain
attempt he had to throw it up. In his opinion, while it might be a satisfac-
tory package for peaches, apples or plums, it was altogether unsuitable for
pears. I think this is on account of the flare in the basket. The baskets
made by some factories have altogether too much flare.

A Manufacturer : In my experience I have found the eleven quart bas-
ket a very popular one. It is well proportioned and gives good satisfaction
in our district. We went to great expense in changing our forms and dies in
order to manufacture the 6f quart basket, and afterwards found that we
could not sell it in competition with the smaller American basket. I will
admit that since then we have been violating the law. I think it would be
well if the Association would form a committee which would secure samples
of all the different makes of baskets. Hardly any two manufacturers use the
same forms and each will contend that his is the best because he does not
want to go to the expense of changing his forms and dies. Your Committee
could then decide as to the best shapes and sizes, and the manufacturers
would govern themselves accordingly.

Mr. Carey : I was entrusted with the work of investigating the different
makes of baskets. I visited nearly all the factories, and found that the re-
puted eleven quart basket ranged from nine to thirteen quarts in capacity.

THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

All but four manufacturers were making them large enough or too large.
The use of the thirteen quart basket was a greater hardship to the grower
than the 10J quart basket was to the consumer. I am in favor of each manu-
facturer being furnished by the Committee with the exact dimensions of the
approved size, and that the inspection be of the pattern used, rather than of
the output. This would very much reduce the work of inspection. I am in
favor of the Committee deciding on dimensions and having every manufac-
turer adopt them.

The Chairman suggested that this point be referred to the Committee
that was to meet that afternoon with the manufacturers.

Mr. Benning : In regard to the half pear case, I have been using it this
year with very satisfactory results. I find no trouble in filling the case with
any sized pear, except it be one of very large size, such as the Duchess. It
is also uniform with the apple case, being the same in length and width.

Mr. Thompson maintained that pears could not be properly packed in
the present half cases, and stated that this fact was demonstrated by fruit
on exhibition at the Show, which had not received first prize simply because
it was impossible to pack it satisfactorily. If we are to ship our fruit to the
western markets we must adopt the size of box in general use in those markets,
and give the buyer and the merchant what they want and are willing to pay
more for. Tour Committee did not feel like recommending any particular
size of box until more information was gained. He suggested that this point
be referred to the Committee also.

The question of the most desirable length of barrel stave was then dis-
cussed. The present law requires as a minimum size a 28J inch stave, whereas
the ordinary Ontario barrel has a 30 inch stave. Mr. Sherrington stated that
during his visit to Great Britain, merchants had advised against changing
the size of the Ontario barrel, as they claim to prefer it to the Nova Scotia
or the American barrel. He further stated that the Ontario barrel was well
known there, and had the preference in all the markets and that buyers would
pay more for it.

Mr. Innis was of the opinion that the 30 inch barrel although it held
two quarts more fruit did not bring a penny more than the twenty-eight and
one-half inch in the English market. He claimed that a 28£ inch barrel of
the proper build, so that it would not crush in, was the best one that could
be obtained, and would bring just as much as the larger size. He further took
exception to the statement that more was paid for the Ontario barrel than for
the Nova Scotia.

Mr. Carey stated that his observation was that the Ontario barrel brought
from one to two shillings more. He did not consider there was this differ-
ence in reality, but that when the two barrels were placed side by side the
difference appeared to be greater than it really was. He stated that he had
done everything he could to discourage the use of small barrels in Ontario,
and thought that one or the other should be uniformly adopted.

Mr. Innis suggested that the small barrel quoted at one or two shillings
less was what was known as the West Virginia barrel with a 16J inch head
and a 27 \ inch stave.

Mr. Wilson, of Seaforth, was of the opinion that the old country mer-
chant would not pay as much for the small barrel as for the larger one.

Mr. Caston thought that a barrel 19 inches across the bilge, 17 across
the head, and a 30 inch stave was about right. He objected to too much
bilge as when such barrels where packed in tiers those at the bottom were
severely squeezed.

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

Mr. Sherrington also advocated the smaller proportion of bilge. He
thought that four hoops would be an improvement as they protected the
fruit in the event of the barrels being rolled, which, however, should never
be permitted.

Mr. Ettddick pointed out that the present law was passed on the re-
commendation of the fruit growers, and that it was not likely that the Govern-
ment would decide to change it without some very important improvement
was to be had. He did not know whether the intention was to instruct the
Association's delegates to the Ottawa conference to take some action in this
regard, or whether it was merely a discussion to ascertain the opinion of the
members of the Association. When it came to the question of barrels the
Nova Scotia men had to be considered, and they were very hard to convince
on some of these points.

On motion it was decided to refer the matter to the consideration of a
committee to be appointed before the close of the session.

EEPOET OF COMMITTEE ON MAEKETS AND MAEKETING.

Your Committee on Markets and Marketing beg leave to report that we
recommend this Association to press upon the Dominion Conference of Fruit
Growers for a vigorous campaign in conjunction with the Dominion Govern-
ment to exploit the apple markets of Europe, Great Britain and South Africa.

To appoint agents whose sole duties will be to open up markets in these
countries. To ask the Government to continue to improve the conditions
of cold storage for tender fruits, so that the shipper may have the best
facilities for reaching the markets of the world.

EEPOET OF THE EESOLUTION COMMITTEE.

To the Officers and Members of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Convention,
Your Committee on Eesolutions beg to submit the following : —

(1) That Messrs. McNeill, Eace, Woolverton, Groif, and Dempsey "be
appointed a Standing Historical Committee. That it be the duty of this
Committee

(a) To prepare as occasion arises, for publication in the annual reports
of the Associations, sketches of the life work of those who have rendered dis-
tinguished services to the cause of Horticulture.

(b) To provide for the erection of suitable tablets to mark the place of
origin of varieties of fruits, which have proved of special value.

(c) To prepare for our next annual report, a biographical sketch of the
late D. W. Beadle, who during his life distinguished himself as a fruit
grower, nurseryman, editor of The Canadian Horticulturist, and officer in
the Fruit Growers' Association.

(d) To prepare a life sketch of our esteemed member, A. M. Smith, the
father of the commercial peach-growing industry of Ontario.

(e) To arrange for the erection of a tablet marking the site on which the
original Mcintosh Eed anole still stands, and that whereon the first Windsor
Cherry tree sprang into life, grew and died. Carried.

(2) That we express our most sincere appreciation of the value of the
work done during the past season by the Fruit Division of the Dominion
department of Agriculture in arranging for the publication, at frequent

70

THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

intervals, while the growing season was on, of reports upon the fruit crop
Sospects as ttey appeared from time to time. We trust Jhis £j»£«2
renortinir will be continued and extended as the effect of it is to place tne
rIEk and file of producers, so far as regards knowledge of the situation, on a
footing of comparative equality with those to whom they sell.

Mr. Sherrington : I have found these reports of great value to ml
govern my sales and prices in accordance with the ^for^°^7~^
They were particularly valuable to me this year on account of the short apple

r°PMr McNeill : The reports are compiled from the returns made by
about five thousand correspondents, and in these reports I have tried to pre-
sent a consensus of the opinion given. Not a hint of the nature of the infor-
mation gained s given out until such time as the whole becomes public pro-
perty and the dealer and producer receive it at the same time I feel that
this work should be supplemented by the statistical departments of the Pro-
vincial Governments, as it is desirable that the producer should be put in
possession of absolutely accurate and early information regarding the crop.
The resolution then carried. _

(3) That we desire also to congratulate the Dominion Department of
Agriculture on arranging for informal but effective suP™°? of the work
of transferring fruit shipments from rail to steamer at Montrea . This work,
so well done? nas been oPf inestimable benefit to fruit growers in preventing
serious loss by damage in course of transit. Carried.

(4) That we desire to put on record an expression of our thanks to tne
railway compiles for the courtesy which they have shown to the ■ »p™ente-
tives of this Association from time to time and for the earnest effort ^ey have
made! during this year, to provide an improved service in the carriage of our
perishable fruits. Carried.

(5) That it be a specific instruction to the delegates who go from ^this
Association to the Dominion Fruit Conference, to be held in Ottawa early
next year to bring before that Conferenee the desirability of securing at the
forthcom'ng session of Parliament, legislation, under which express rates
will be placed within the control of the Railway Commission, and that our
de gates to said Conference he urged to endeavor to arran ^or a deputa-
tion from the whole Conference to wait unon the Government, to urge the
adoption of that which is herein recommended. Carried.

(6) That our delegates to said Conference be urged to bring before the
body to which they are accredited, the desirability of securing legislation
under which provision will be made that will insure just returns from the
commission men for the fruit consigned to their care. Carried.

(7) That the Executive of this Association be instructed to wait upon
the proper railway officials with a view of securing the privilege, now ac-
corded other agricultural societies, of free return tickets from our annual
convention without regard to the number in attendance Carried.

(8) That the thanks of this Association he tendered to those organizations
which have sent delegates to the present Convention Among these organi-
zations being Quebec Pomological Society, represented by Norman E. Jack,
Michigan Horticultural Society, represented hy L. B Rice ; Woodstock
HortSural Society, represented hy J. S. Scarff; Chatham Co-operative
Fru Growers' Association, represented by WD A. Ross; Forest Co-oper-
ative Association, represented by D. Johnson ; Orillia Horticultural Society,
^presented by C. L Stephens, and Burlington Society, represented by W.
E. A. Peer. Carried.

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 7)

(9) That we heartily approve of the educational work carried on in con-
nection with fruit-growing, through the Farmers' Institutes and Fair Sys-
tems of Ontario, and express the hope that Messrs. Putnam and Cowan may
be able to see their way clear to continue and extend this work along the
same lines in future. Carried.

(10) That we desire to express in special manner our appreciation of the
services rendered the whole fruit-growing industries of Canada by Alexander
McNeill as an officer of this Association for many years and also as chief of
the Fruit Division at Ottawa. We believe the prominence our industry now
occupies in the public view is very largely the result of the efficient, unselfish
and never-ending labors of our retiring President.

This resolution was moved by Mr. Stevens of Orillia and seconded by
Mr. Peart, of Burlington, who both spoke in the highest terms of apprecia-
tion of the services of Mr. McNeill.

In supporting the motion Mr. Bunting said that he was in hearty
accord with the sentiments expressed. He for one appreciated very mucn
the unselfish service Mr. McNeill had given to the Association and the cheer-
fulness with which he had taken hold of anything that promised to benefit
the fruit grower. He said "I have given special attention to the statistical
reports prepared by his Branch, and I must say that for accuracy and com-
prehensiveness we never had anything in this country to compare with it,
and I feel that this resolution is quite in accord with the wishes of the fruit
growers generally."

Mr. Geoff : As the representative of a different branch of horticulture,
I may say that I heartily approve of this resolution. I have been especially
impressed by the courteous consideration given to every interest that it was
possible to serve by his Department or in his position as President of the
Association.

Mr. Armstrong : What the rank and file of the fruit growers particu-
larly appreciate in Mr. McNeill is his wonderful energy.

Mr. Norman E. Jack, delegate from the Quebec Pomological Associa-
tion : As the representative of a sister Province, I can heartily endorse this
resolution, and am assured that the other members of my Association would
do so as well.

The resolution was then carried unanimously by a standing vote.

Mr. J. S. Scarff, acting Chairman, presented the same to Mr. McNeill,
who said in reply : I can assure you that this resolution is a complete surprise
to me. I had some little oversight of the work of the various committees,
among others that of the Committee on Resolutions, but I had no idea that
their report contained a resolution such as the one which has just been voted
on. I thank you most heartily. I have perhaps done some little work in the
interests of the fruit growers, but can assure you that I have been amply re-
paid by the appreciation which I have met with all through my work. While
I appreciate this resolution most heartily, I appreciate equally the very warm
sympathy which has been apparent to me day by day as I came among you.
This in itself constitutes a very large part of the reward of my labors. Whether
i am President of your Association or not, my interest will still continue, and
my services are at your disposal and always will be.

(11) That your delegates to the Dominion Conference be instructed to
gather all information possible with regard to the workings of the Fruit Marks
Act in the past and to give careful consideration to the advisability of defining
XX apples in barrels and boxes.

72

THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

Mr Harold Tones : There is a feeling, particularly among the dealers,
that the XX apple should he denned by the Fruit Marks Act, and as this mat-
ter will doubtless be discussed at the Dominion Conference, it would seem
wise for the Association to instruct its delegates whether to favor such defin-
ition or whether the Act should stand as it is in this regard. Under the pre-
sent Act all that is required in a XX apple is that the face should fairly repre-
sent the contents of the package. In my opinion the definition of a XX will
lead to many difficulties as the question has to be considered with reference
to varieties.

Mr Peart : I do not think that the time has come to define the XX
grade but that it would be premature. I think that first of all sufficient time
snould be given to establish thoroughly in the public mmd the definition of
the XXX grade. There are too many difficulties in the way at present to
attempt it, and for that reason I think the Association should instruct the
delegates to oppose any such definition. ,

Mr Sherrington: I am of the same opinion. I have studied this ques-
tion considerably and have discussed it with the officers of the Fruit Division,
but have not yet arrived at a satisfactory solution. I think mat co-operation
on the central packing house system will work this matter out m time These
Associations will desire to secure a reputation for their number XX grade
iust as much as for the number one. e

Mr. Lick: I should very much object to putting up No. 2 apples
according to any definition I have yet seen. .

Mr. Tweddle : My idea of a number two apple is that it should nil the
demands of people who cannot afford to pay for the No. 1 grade. If the No.
2 is ever defined, it ought to be with this end in view. It should sell, as a
general rule, at two-thirds the price of No. 1, and the consumer should get
two-thirds the value of a No. 1 apple. I cannot support tne contention that
it should be like a number one in all respects except as to size, as that would
exclude a large number of apples from being sold in packages at all, which
at the same time would be quite satisfactory for the purpose I have indicated.
Mr. McNeill : I took the trouble to secure tne views of about fifty prom-
inent snippers and growers. The majority of them say by all means define
the No. 2 apple, but no two of the number agree as to what the definition
should be. I think you can leave this matter very fairly in the hands of
your delegates, as I am sure you will not select anyone wHo would act upon
insufficient data. My view is that we had better go slowly in thid matter
until we are convinced that we have the support of public opinion. Until
that time arrives I shall oppose any attempt in this direction, and I am quite
in sympathy with the conservative views which have been expressed.
The resolution was then carried. v

(12) That we approve the suggestion contained in President McNeill s
address that an expert officer be appointed to take charge oi the work of the
Ontario fruit experiment stations and horticultural work of the Province gen-

erallv.

Mr. Pettit: Is it proposed that this official should be a man thor-
oughly posted in hybridization work, one who could work in conjunction
with the Experiment Fruit Stations and make them more valuable by con-
ducting or supervising a series of experiments ? If so, I think he would be
a very valuable officer. There is room for a lot of work of this kind in On-
tario Our experiment stations have pretty thoroughly tested varieties dur-
ing the ten years in which they have been in existence, and it would seem
that the time has come when work of the kind I have indicated would be ot
great benefit.

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 73

Mr. E. B. Whyte : What is wrong with the present system?

Mr. McNeill: So far as I can judge from the criticisms expressed, it
Kas worked very well up to date, but they have now reached the limit of the
series of experiments, and a new lease of life is looked for by the appointment
of an expert, who is thoroughly competent and trained to take up new work
of the kind suggested.

Mr. Wallbeidge : Are they not doing work of that kind at the Farm
at Ottawa and also at the College at Guelph? It seems to me that the kind
of man we want is one generally qualified in fruit-growing matters, who
could go about the Province giving instruction and advanced informat'on.
It seems to me that the kind of a man Mr. Pettit speaks of should be con-
nected with the Experimental Farm, either tat Guelph or Ottawa.

Mr. McNeill : As I understand it, the idea would be to attach a man
to the College at Guelph with the intention that he should unify the work of
the experiment stations and get the best that there is out of the system we
now have.

Mr. W. E. Wellington: It seems to me that the resolution is on the
right lines. I am satisfied that, so far as the experiment stations are con-
cerned, they are at a dead stop and that nothing is being done to extend the
work. Such an officer, provided always that he is qualified and that the Min-
ister of Agriculture is willing to incur the additional expense, is, I think,
just what is wanted. The experiment stations at Ottawa and Guelph are
doing important work, but they are not situated so as to be of general benefit
to the fruit-growers of the country. This is the reason why the experiment
stations were established in the first place. The experimenters should receive
better pay than they are getting and there should be some one to oversee
operations so that we may get an expression as to the value of new varieties
from year to year. We want everything new tested and the tests made in a
proper way. I think that the work of the stations should be carried on on
a more extended scale and that the men who are running them should be paid
something worth while. In my opinion parsimony in this connection simply
nullifies the good results that should be obtained from the work of these
stations.

Mr. Tweddle : It seems to me that work should be conducted along the
line of new varieties. We need new varieties especially in plums, peaches
and grapes, that will carry to distant markets. In peaches we have only one
variety that will carry to the Northwest. Work of this kind might be pro-
fitably undertaken by such an officer.

Mr. Groff : If I properly understand the matter, one of the chief objects
in view is to centralize as far as possible the knowledge and information
gathered by the units and groups throughout the Province with the idea of
taking advantage of the Knowledge and material produced by various sec-
tions of the country in order that it may be made of benefit to the Province
and Dominion. The point is a very important one. In my own experience,
in connection with my specialty, the expense of informing myself as to what
others were doing, what could be done and what was needed, was very great.
Such a system as is proposed would doubtless result in placing all the inform-
ation available before the fruit-grower, and if so, it would be an exceedingly
valuable movement.

Mr. Jones : I think Mr. Groff has touched the keynote of the situation.
He has touched the point that means advancement in regard to the general
knowledge of the fruit-growers of this country. The desirability of varieties
for certain localities is a matter which the majority of fruit-growers know
Tittle or nothing about. There are certain sections or geological formations

74 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

where certain varieties grow to much better advantage tnan elsewhere. In
my opinion the geological formation has more influence on some varieties
than climate has. We have a range of hills in the eastern part of the Pro-
vince where the rock formation is richer in phosphates than will be found
anywhere else in jNorth America, and these rocks have influenced the soil in
the locality and it will grow apples of the Wealthy an- Mcintosh Red
varieties that are of crisper flavor, higher color and more desirable in every
way than the same varieties grown in sections where the chestnut will grow.
What do we know about that as fruit-growers ? What data have we to show
the geological formation of the Province as it concerns fruit-growing? What
data to show why an apple grown in one locality is vastly superior to a simi-
lar apple grown somewhere else? A man who is properly trained in horti-
culture and properly qualified to superintend, could guide the work of each
individual station taking into consideration the geological situation. He
could take an apple such as the Wealthy and ascertain and compare its quali-
ties in different localities, and he could in time work out a map of the Pro-
vince showing the geological formation and its relation to the data secured.
Men will plant varieties which they hear are proving to be money-makers,
perhaps one hundred miles away, and there is more money lost in fruit-
growing because of this than perhaps from any other reason. I believe that
the right man with the right idea's and a definite object in view could guide
the experimenters and tell us what to do. We are set down in a little corner
of the worlu and do not always know what is going on around us, with the
result that unless we are instructed to do certain things we probably do little
or nothing.

Mr. Pettit moved that a committee, consisting of Messrs. McNeill,
Wellington, Hilborn, Jones and Groff be appointed to formulate a proposal
and to lay the same before the 'Minister of Agriculture. The resolution was
seconded by Mr. Peart, and carried.

SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON
RESOLUTIONS.

Your Committee on Resolutions beg leave to submit the following
additional resolutions :

(1) That owing to the extreme scarcity of labor during the height of the
fruit season, a scarcity involving the loss of large quantities of a valuable
product, we are of opinion that the Dominion Parliament should be peti-
tioned to allow the importation of labor from North Europe under contract
during the continuance of the fruit season.

(2) That the delegation appointed to appear before the Tariff Commis-
sion be instructed to urge upon the Commission that the importation or sale
of adulterated fruits be prohibited save where the cans containing such fruits
show on the label the contents of the package.

(3) That this Association desires to congratulate Mr. T. H. Race on the
extremely able manner in which he represented not only the fruit-growing
industry, but the whole of Canada, at the St. Louis Exposition, at Liverpool,
and again at the recent Exhibition at Pittsburg. This Association has pleas-
ure in testifying its belief that Canada is always worthily represented and
the fruit-growing industry has a special champion when represented in the
person of Mr. Race.

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 75

(4) That we desire to place upon record our recognition of the value of
the service performed by the Department of Agriculture of Ontario, in col-
lecting this year, apple statistics showing numbers of trees and varieties of
fruit and further statistics relative to quantities and prices of fruits purchased
from growers by proprietors of canning factories, and also in the operation
of power sprayers at Meaford ana Trenton.

(5) That we as fruit-growers, to whom a prompt mail service is of vital
importance, would respectfully but most strongly urge Hon. Mr. Ayles-
worth, Postmaster-General, to secure legislation authorizing the inauguration
of a system of rural mail delivery.

Experiment Station for Southern Ontario.

A resolution was presented urging upon the Provincial Government the
necessity for establishing an experimental fruit station for Southern Ontario.
Mr. Alexander McNeill, speaking in opposition to the motion, pointed out
that Ontario already Ea"d a system of experiment stations, two of which were
located in the southern section. He thought that as the Association had
already passed a resolution in favor of the appointment of an expert horticul-
turist, with a view to making the work of the stations of greater value, to pass
such a resolution as the one indicated above would have the effect of making
the Association look somewhat foolish. Mr. Tweddle stated that he believed
the Association had taken the right course in recommending the appoint-
ment of a horticultural expert, but he considered that so far as the southern
section was concerned, more than this was required. He stated that there
was great need for improved varieties of peaches, plums and grapes which
would carry to the markets of the Northwest. For example, they needed
early and late peaches of a quality as good as the Crawford that would carry
to these distant markets. There was at present nothing to meet the require-
ments and it was very much the same in regard to plums and grapes. He
considered, therefore, that the work of experimentation should be taken up
and carried out on a larger scale in the district. In reply Mr. McNeill main-
tained that this was exactly in the line of work which was proposed for the
horticultural expert. He agreed that the objects suggested by Mr. Tweddle
were of the utmost importance, but as two stations were already established
in the district, what was proposed was to make these stations accomplish the
work Mr. Tweedle desired to see performed. The resolution was finally
withdj.vwn by consent of the committee.

COVER CROPS: THEIR RELATION TO THE FERTILITY AND
MOISTURE-CONTENT OF ORCHARD SOILS.

By Frank T. Shutt, M. A., Chemist, Dominion Experimental Farms,

Ottawa.

The development of the fruit growing industry in Canada during the past
fifteen years has been marked by, or I might say has in a large measure been
the outcome of, certain advances in the rational treatment of our orchards.
We all recognize that much has been accomplished through the adoption of
improved methods of picking, sorting and packing, by better storage and trans-
portation of the fruit ; but this acknowledged, we must realize that the more
recently introduced methods of soil treatment in the orchard and the keeping
in check of insect and fungus pests by spraying, have had very much to do
in the production, both as to quality and quantity, of our marketable fruit.

76 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

In these matters of soil management and spraying, fruit growers are much
indebted to scientific research, and, speaking generally, we have not been
slow to put into practice the methods indicated by the results of investiga-
tions carried on in American — I use the term in its geographical sense —
agricultural institutions. Very much good work has been done in the Experi-
ment Stations of the United States, but we have also in Canada contributed
our part toward that knowledge that we now possess regarding the rational
grcwing of fruit. The Canadian agricultural institutions, Federal and
Provincial, have recognized that our conditions necessitated in many
instances modifications of the general plan; that our problems called for a
special solution, and as a result they have, I believe, done most useful work
towards putting fruit growing on a paying basis.

It must not, however, be lost sight of that it is necessary, each one for
himself, to do a certain amount of experimental work. The principles can
be established from the researches of the trained expert who has all the
necessary apparatus at hand to assist him, but in the application of these
principles, if we would obtain the best results, there must be brought to bear
the inteHigent study by the individual, for there -are many soils and many
climates in our fruit growing districts. I am careful to emphasize this
aspect before bringing to your notice the data of our experiments, lest any
should suppose we are laying down a hard and fast plan of procedure suitable
to all alike.

It is my purpose, then, to-day to present in brief form certain of the
chemical data we have obtained on the Dominion Experimental Farms rela-
tive to the enrichment of the orchard soil, and the control of its moisture
through the use of cover crops. In the main I shall let the facts speak for
themselves, indicating merely the deductions that may be made therefrom
and the broad principle they support.

The term cover crop was, I believe, first used by Prof. Bailey, of Cornell
University, in 1892, who was then advocating the breaking away from the
old plan of keeping orchards in sod. His suggestion was to grow a crop in
the late summer and autumn which would afford a winter protection to' the
roots of the trees and at the same time enrich the soil. Such a crop he
designated a "Cover Crop." Prior to that time the general practice no doubt
was to utilize the soil of the young orchard for some vegetable or farm crop;
when the trees had attained such a size that this was no longer possible or
profitable, the orchard was allowed to grow a sod — the grass being pastured
or cut and cured according to the fancy of the owner. Occasionally the
orchard received a dressing of barnyard manure, but this unfortunately, wTas
the exception rather than the rule, it being scarcely recognized that our
orchard trees required to be fed, as other farm crops. There are, no doubt,
to-day many good orchards in sod, but their number is steadily decreasing;
and we find the majority of advanced orchardists abandoning the old method,
and employing some modification of the cover crop system.

There are several reasons against a permanent sod in the orchard. One
is that the grass is robbing the trees of that moisture and plant food necessary
for their legitimate growth and for the production of fruit. I shall show
you later from our experiments that sod, and especially an old, established
sod, very rapidly exhausts a soil of its moisture. The loss takes place partly
by transpiration through the leaves of the grass, and partly through capil-
larity and surface evaporation. In consequence of this the trees suffer in
seasons of insufficient rainfall. In an orchard covered wi^1 sod it is true

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 77

that the tree roots are nearer the surface than in a cultivated orchard, but
nevertheless it is an unequal battle between them and the grass, with the
result that the moisture is entrapped and used by the grass — and this, as a
rule, just at that time uhen the trees are needing it most, viz., from May
to July. As to the extraclion of the elements of fertility from the soil by
the grass, I have only to point out that a yearly yield of two tons of timothy
hay per acre will remove in ten years about 600 lbs. of nitrogen, 400 lbs. of
phosphoric acid, and 900 lbs. of potash. There are, I know, soils so well
supplied with moisture and so rich in plant food that the newer method of
which we are speaking is not necessary, but such soils, we are assured, are
by no means common.

Objects Obtained by Cover Crops and Cultivation. As you are well
aware by this system the land is part of the year under a crop and part under
cultivation. We seek thereby to (1) enrich the soil in humus and nitrogen;
(2). to regulate or control the soil moisture; (3) to furnish protection to the
tree roots during the ensuing winter ; (4) to arrest the loss through the leach-
ing of the nitrates in the autumn. It is only with respect to the two first
named features that this paper deals. The data have been obtained in the
orchard and the laboratory during the past ien years, and in all this work I
have had the advice and co-operation of my colleague, Mr. W. T. Macoun,
Horticulturist, of the Experimental Farm, Ottawa, whose interest in these
investigations has throughout been most enthusiastic.

The Cover Crop System : In outline the treatment of the orchard soil
is as follows : The land is kept thoroughly cultivated throughout the spring
and early summer months, say, until early in July. This conserves the
moisture for the growth of the trees, favors aeration of the soil and nitrifica-
tion of the humus. The cover crop is then sown. This is preferably one of
the legumes. The crop is, as a rule, allowed to remain until the following
spring, possibly till the second or third week in May, when the growth is
turned under and the soil cultivated as many times as is deemed necessary
until the beginning of July, when a cover crop is again sown. The growth
of the cover crop in late autumn abstracts much moisture from the soil,
naturally checking growth of the trees and thus indirectly causing the early
ripening of their wood.

The dates of these various operations are by no means fixed; they will
naturally depend on the condition of the soil and the district in which the
orchard is situated. Thus, if a drought is not unusual in the early summer
months, plowing under the cover crop should not be later than the middle
of April — even if there then be little or no spring growth. By this means
a dry earth mulch may be maintained by cultivation which will conserve the
moisture from the winter's snow and early spring showers. On the other
hand, if a generous and well distributed rainfall may be expected, the clover
or other legume may be allowed to remain throughout the summer, mowing
the crop occasionally and leaving the cut material as a mulch. The system
allows of much modification, and in this lies one of its best features ; it lends
itself readily to adaptation. The observant eye of the orchardist must note
the necessities of his trees, the characteristics of his soil, the climatic con-
ditions prevailing in his district — the practice may then be adapted accord-
ingly.

The Enrichment of the Soil. Why should it be necessary to enrich
the orehard soil ? In the first place because there is an annual draft upon the
available soil plant food by the trees. We have done a considerable amount of

78 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

work on the chemistry of the apple, and I compute from our analyses that the
following amounts of the essential elements of fertility are removed in ten
years per acre: i.e., by forty trees, when the orchard is in full bearing:
Nitrogen, 600-650 lbs., phosphoric acid, 135-150 lbs., potash, 700-850 lbs.
These amounts are, of course, distributed between root, . trunk, branches,
twigs, leaves and fruit; a part is locked up in the wood of the tree, a part
is lost in the leaves and fruit. Compared with other farm crops, the orchard
is not exhaustive in the sense that that term is usually applied, but never-
theless our results show the necessity for a continual supply of plant food
in an available form.

Some years ago we analyzed four well known varieties of apples, and from
the data then obtained, and assuming a yield of 160 barrels per acre, I cal-
culate that the amount of plant food removed in the fruit from this area, per
annum, would be from 9 to 10 lbs. nitrogen, 5 to 6 lbs. phosphoric acid, and
32 to 35 lbs. potash. These amounts, as you will notice, are by no means
excessive.

We also analysed the leaves of the apple tree, collected in May and
September. We found that as the leaves ripened there was a considerable
return of the plant food they contained to the wood, so that the fallen autumn
leaves are not as rich in potash and phosphoric acid as when they were
younger. However, a 1,000 lbs. of the leaves in September, still green and
containing 60.71 per cent, of moisture, would contain nearly 9 lbs. of nitrogen,
almost 2 lbs. phosphoric acid, and approximately 4 lbs. of potash. It has
been estimated that in the fallen leaves per acre an annual loss may ensue of
approximately 23 lbs. nitrogen, 6 lbs. phosphoric acid, and 12 lbs. potash.
A part of this may, of course, be returned to the soil, but owing to high
winds in the autumn it is extremely doubtful if much of it gets back to where
it came from, unless there is a cover crop to hold the flying leaves.

So far as the soil is concerned, the plant food stored in the wood and
that in the fruit must, of course, be regarded as lost.

Without unduly lengthening this paper we could not now stop to discuss
in any detail the losses of soil plant food in other ways. If the orchard is
in sod and the hay removed, the exhaustion is greater than that incidental
to the growth of the trees. If, on the other hand, the soil is continuously
under cultivation there necessarily follows a very considerable loss of nitro-
gen and destruction of humus. This fact we have recently established m the
Experimental Farms laboratories. It is very evident, therefore, that under
all ordinary conditions there must be a return of plant food if the orc.nar<*
is to thrive. We think this in the majority of instances can be accomplished
in the most economical way by the growth and turning under of one oi tne
legumes. This class of plants might be known as nitrogen-collectors, tor
they are able through the agencv of certain organisms (bacteria) that reside
in their roots to appropriate and build up into their tissues free nitrogen
from the atmosphere.

The Functions of Humus in the Soil. Before speaking more particu-
larly of our data regarding the amounts of nitrogen that can be added to
orchard soil by the leguminous cover crops, I would for a moment emphasize
the importance of humus as a soil constituent. Every arable, every fertile
soil consists of two classes of constituents: broken down rock matter, l. e.,
disintegrated and semi-decomposed rock matter, and semi-decayed vegetable
matter, commonly known as humus. We have had investigations m hand
for several years, more particularly at Indian Head and Brandon, because

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 79

there they follow the system of fallowing. This we find is very hard upon
the soil and that there is more available matter destroyed and more nitrogen
dissipated by fallowing than is removed by the crop of grain. Whatever
destroys the humus in the soil, dissipates the nitrogen. When by excessive
cultivation we let the air into the soil just as we open the damper of a stove,
we destroy humus and dissipate nitrogen. Every favorable soil contains
a large number of micro-organisms. Without the humus, they cannot livej
it is their food. Consequently if we would have that agency which nature
has provided for the conversion of insoluble plant food into available forms,
we must have humus, for these organisms to live upon. Most of the
potash and phosphoric acid used by plants is not taken directly from the
undecomposed rock material, but is taken from the humus as it exists there
in a more soluble form better adapted for plant food. Humus is not only
the source of nitrogen, but also largely the source of potash and phosphoric
acid. Yery briefly, the functions of humus are as follows :

1. It conserves the nitrogen. Soils rich in humus are those rich in
nitrogen, and vice versa. Whatever destroys the humus, dissipates the
nitrogen.

2. It increases the absorptive power of soils for moisture — and this
whether they be clays or sands.

3. It improves the tilth or mechanical texture of soils, mellowing them
and making them more friable, and better adapted for root extension.

4. It makes possible the life of those soil organisms whose function it
is to convert insoluble, unavailable soil constituents into soluble, available
forms.

5. It furnishes in its further decomposition not only all the nitrogen used
by our crops, but also the greater part of the phosphoric acid, potash, lime,
etc., required by them.

The mineral matter in humus is not large, but it is readily transformed
into available compounds.

6. It regulates soil temperature, preventing rapid changes.

7. It diminishes the loss of plant food by drainage.

Recognizing, then, the importance of humus and the fact that it may
be readily dissipated, it is encouraging for us to know that by the growth,
say, of one of the clovers, we can add in one season from 1J to 2J tons of
organic matter per acre, and that this will in a short time become part and
parcel of the soil's store of humus.

The Legumes as Nitrogen-Enrichers. Our work in the estimation of
the nitrogen furnished by the legumes was begun in 1894 and has been con^
tinued more or less every year since that date. The results of these investi-
gations, carried on simultaneously in field, orchard and laboratory, are to be
found in the Reports of the Experimental Farms, and consequently there is
no occasion to bring them before you in detail to-day. To simplify matters,
eliminating much that we could not discuss to-day for lack of time, I have
constructed the following table. It states the yield, the nitrogen, the
organic matter, and ash constituents contained in various legumes after three
months growth, viz., from 1st July to 1st October, in the orchard.

80

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 16

Orchard Cover Crops — Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa.

Period of Growth : July 1 to Oct. 1.
(approximately).

Weight of

Crop
per acre.

Nitrogen
per acre.

Organic

Matter

per acre.

Mineral

Matter

per acre.

Clover, Common Red :

tons. lbs.
4 1,779
2 1,445

lbs.
70

48

lbs.
1,824
1,394

lbs.
481

Roots

172

Total

7 1,224

118

3,218

653

Clover, Mammoth Red :

6 1,310
3 1,260

82
48

2,269
1,409

508

Roots

219

Total

10 570

130

3,678

727

Clover, Crimson :

11 234
3 201

85
19

2,093
801

602

Roots

199

Total

14 435

104

2,894

801

Alfalfa :

5 1,192
5 558

75
61

2,664
3,120

510

Roots

613

Total

10 1,750

136

5,784

1,123

11 1,895
2 345

129

18

3,689
536

425

Roots

56

Total

14 240

147

4,225

481

Soja Beans :

7 350
1 900

82
13

3,319
549

313

Roots

28

Total

8 1,250

95

3,868

341

7 733

2 852

63
15

2,193
605

156

Roots

39

Total

9 1,585

78

2,798

195

These results are to be considered as representative rather than absolute ;
they have been obtained in several instances by averaging the data from two
or more seasons. We find, as might be expected, that results vary according
to the nature of the soil and of the season, and the abundance of nitrogen-
fathering bacteria in the soil. Again, although the table gives a larger
crop yield and nitrogen content for the Mammoth Red than for the Common
Red clover, it must be pointed out that several of our experiments have shown
the reverse If it had been possible to determine the relative values oi tnese
legumes upon soil alike throughout all the plots and during the same season,
the data might have been more strictly comparable, but this was not possible.

We cannot state exactly what proportion of the nitrogen as recorded in
the table, has been drawn from the atmosphere, or to put it in another way,
what proportion previously existed in the soil. The probabilities, however^
are that the greater part of it is from the air. This assumption is made from
til fact that the increase in nitrogen content of a soi by the turning ; under
of clover has been found almost equal to the amount of nitrogen gained in
the clover Experiments conducted during the past three years show that by

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 81

the decay of turned-under clover the nitrogen of the soil has been increased
on an average to the extent of 85 lbs. per annum. A consideration of all our
data leads me to the conclusion that according to the nature of the soil and
the character of the season we may enrich the orchard soil with from 75 lbs.
to 125 lbs. of nitrogen per acre by one of the legume crops. This amount
would be contained in 8 tons to 10 tons of fairly good barnyard manure.

It is a significant fact that in the case of the two clovers — Mammoth
Red and Common Eed — practically one-third of the total nitrogen is in the
root system. Undoubtedly these two are the most commonly useful of all the
clovers as orchard cover crops.

Crimson Clover seldom survives the winter in the colder districts, and
consequently gives no spring growth. Neither does it, as a rule, furnish as
much nitrogen by its summer and autumn growth. Its root system does not
equal those of the two first-named clovers.

Alfalfa on suitable soil has done very well, furnishing somewhat more
nitrogen than clover, half of which is contained in the extensive root system.
From all points of view it is undoubtedly a most valuable cover crop.

The Hairy Vetch, though a low growing plant, has given most excellent
yields — nearly 12 tons of foliage per acre, containing more than two tons of
humus-forming material. This foliage is very rich in nitrogen, the crop
containing 150 lbs. of this element per acre. It is, therefore, a plant of high
fertilizing value when turned under, in spite of the fact that it has a very
small root system.

Soja Beans and Horse Beans. These in point of nitrogen fall behind
the crops already dissussed. They are, nevertheless, important as cover crops
from the fact that they may be sown in drills and cultivation of the soil
between the rows continued must later than if a broadcast-sown crop were
used. They are also excellent snowholders.

The Importance of Moisture Control. We have come to realize in
these later years that one of the most important problems in agriculture is
the control, the regulation, of soil moisture. It is a large subject, and if,
discussed fully would involve the question of drainage — a matter of consid-
erable interest to the orchardist, — the question of aeration of the soil, and
several others. I purpose speaking of two phases only, phases that immed-
iately touch upon our work under discussion — cover crops in the orchard.

All the soil-formed food that plants absorb must be in a state of solution
before the crops can utilize it ; the feeding rootlets can only appropriate, as
it were, highly diluted food. In order then to obtain their food from the
soil, crops require vast amounts of water. It has been estimated that at
least 300 lbs. of water are taken up by the roots for every lb. of dry matter
stored up in the stem, leaf or fruit. During the growing season we are to
understand there is a constant stream of water passing through the tissues
of the tree, parting with its dissolved material to build up, here and there,
the various parts and organs of the tree, and finally transpired by the leaves
and so returned to the atmosphere. In this way, probably more than 1,000
tons of water per acre each season are absorbed by the roots of a mature
orchard, and this in addition to the water retained in the tissues of the tree
and fruit, and that lost by capillarity and surface evaporation.

What is true of the tree is likewise true of the grass. To produce a
crop of hay will require at least from 500 to 600 tons of water. Unless the
season is one characterized by an abundant rainfall there are few soils that
can support both grass and trees with all this moisture, and, as I have already
said, it is the trees that suffer.

6 F. G.

82 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

It is essential then that while the tree is making its growth and its fruit
filling, there should be a sufficiency of soil moisture. This, as we have seen,
is not likely to be the case if during that period a second crop — a surface
feeder — is grown on the same area.

But it will not merely suffice in many districts to leave the trees the
undisputed crop upon the soil during the growing season. In soil that is
bare of foliage and left undisturbed, capillarity is set up and surface evapor-
ation takes place. How can this be prevented? By occasional cultivation.
The dry earth mulch so formed breaks up the capillarity tubes and thus
arrests evaporation. It seems clear, then, that cultivation should be prac-
ticed during the spring and early summer. Is it essential or desirable that
it should be continued throughout the season? I think not.

Some few years ago we determined during the autumn and winter the
moisture content in the twigs of ten varieties of apples. These apples
included some of the hardiest and some of the most susceptible to cold of
the varieties that can be grown in the Ottawa district. Our results showed
that the hardiest were those containing the least water. Indeed, the order
of their moisture content was the order, or practically so, in which the Hor-
ticulturist, Mr. Macoun, had arranged the varieties according to observed
hardiness. This goes to support the view that growing tissue contains more
water than mature wood, that cessation of growth and early maturity of the
wood may be induced by limiting the soil moisture supply, and that such
mature wood is better able to withstand very low temperatures. It seems quite
probable from the results of this investigation that the character of the
autumn, both as to rainfall and temperature, may have very much to do in
determining the immunity of the trees during the following winter.

Arguing from these premises, it is clear that to check the growth of the
orchard trees in the autumn, abstraction of the soil moisture is very desir-
able. This can be accomplished through the growth of the cover crop sown
in July.

For five years past we have conducted experiments in this matter of soil
moisture control in the orchards of the Experimental Farm at Ottawa, and
for two years past, similarly on the Experimental Farm at Nappan, N.S.
The results and the conclusions therefrom are to be found more fully in the
annual reports of the Chemical Division of the Experimental Farms. I need
not now, therefore, enter- into any detailed account of this work. A few of
the more important data and deductions may suffice.

Let us consider first the case of an orchard in sod. In 1902, one of our
series consisted of two adjoining plots, the one cultivated throughout the
season; the other, in sod two years old. The soil was light and sandy. The
rainfall throughout the summer was ample and well distributed. The samples
of soil for moisure determination were taken every two weeks, beginning
April 19th, and represented a depth of 14 inches. These two plots started out
with practically the same moisture content, 15.5 per cent., but as the season
advanced and the grass grew, the demand on the soil moisture in the sod plot
became greater and greater. This became evident very soon after May 1st.
By May 15th there was 50 per cent, more moisture in the first 14 inches of
the cultivated plot. At the end of May this difference had increased to almost
100 per cent., or, in other words, there was nearly twice as much moisture
in the cultivated soil. The percentages on May 31st were 1.7.3 and 9.8, respec-
tively. This represents a difference of nearly 200 tons per acre. Throughout
the whole growing season differences of a marked character and always in the
same direction were to be observed. The data are of a most decisive nature,
pointing to the heavy call on the moisture of the orchard soil by sod at a time-

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

when the trees are most in need of it. It was not until October 18th, the close
of the season, when vegetative growth had ceased, and there was a liberal
rainfall that the two plots approximated once more in their moisture con-
tent.

_ In 1903, a severe and unusual drought prevailed at Ottawa during the
spring and early summer months. It affords an excellent opportunity to
prosecute this research on the conservation of soil moisture. On May 23rd,
on adjoining plots, the moisture in the cultivated soil was 12.65 per cent.;
in the soil under sod, 4.78 per cent.— a difference equivalent to 180 tons of
water per acre. The soil of the cultivated plot was quite moist to the touch,
and the trees had not visibly suffered; the soil under the sod was a powder^
apparently dry, and the leaves of the trees had begun to wither and fall!
Enough has been said. It will not be necessary to follow the results in detail
throughout the season till the drought broke. They emphasize the very
exhaustive character of sod as regards soil moisture, and furnish proof of the
immense value of cultivation in arresting the drying out of soils. Further,
in another series we had that year, our data pointed out the desirability of
early turning under the cover crop, and, if this is done by the plough, immed-
iately working the soil with the cultivator in order to again set up capillary
action with the underlying soil and creating an earth mulch to prevent sur-
face evaporation.

We have referred to the growing of a grain crop in the orchard. Our
experiments at Ottawa and Nappan show that this practice is to be condemned,
for it makes an unusually large draft on the soil moisture at a time when
the trees most require it. Trials were made with oats, winter rye and buck-
wheat. It will prove of interest to cite certain of the data we obtained.
First, with regard to rye : During the first month of the investigation, May
9th to June 9th, the growing rye reduced the water content of the soil 5.89
per cent., equivalent to a loss of 150 tons of water per acre of 14 inches,
over and above that lost on the adjoining cultivated plot — and this in spite
of the fact that during that period there had been 2J inches of rain. By the
23rd June, the percentage of moisture in the rye plot was still further reduced,
though the cultivated plot maintained its initial percentage. This continued
until a determination made about the middle of July showed but one-third
the amount of water in the rye plot compared with that of the cultivated
soil. The data of the oat and buckwheat plots are of a similar nature, though
in certain particulars not quite so pronounced as those from the winter rye.

We also estimated the losses of soil moisture caused by growing a grain
crop as compared with those resulting from the growth of the legume crops
— clover and hairy vetch — and found in every instance that the soil bearing
the grain crop suffered the greater loss. This is probably owing in a large
measure not to greater transpiration, but to surface evaporation being more
active in the grain covered soil; the soil carrying the clover and vetch is
much shaded by their foliage, and thus evaporation is checked.

The effect of the various legume crops upon the soil moisture has been
very fully studied. As it would be impossible now to recount all our experi-
ments, I would present the following summary of the results obtained :

Soil moisture is retained by cultivation; is lost by growing a crop. This
is true, of course, in spring, summer, and autumn, and consequently in this
system we have a means of controlling the water supply of our orchard trees
at all seasons during which it may affect their life or thrift.

The difference in the moisture content of soils from adjoining plots — the
one under cultivation; the other, supporting a growing crop — is dependent

84

THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

upon several factors: in amount, it may vary from a few tons to more than
200 tons per acre, in the surface 14 inches of soil.

The larger the rainfall, the less difference in moisture content of these
two plots, and vice versa. Cultivation is, therefore, all the more necessary
with a restricted or limited rainfall. . , ,

The amount of transpiring surface or foliage materially affects the loss
of soil moTure; the larger the crop,.the more water it takes fro* l tfu > so£

The character of the soil determines in some measure the extent of the
loss If capmarUy is easily eet up in the undisturbed soil, viz., that which
is bearintr a crop, water escapes by surface evaporation.

The shade afforded by a cover crop prevents in a degree surface evapor-

atiOITuttmff the cover crop and using the material as a mulch, checks the loss
of son moifture. This allows in some districts and on certain soils gr owing
the c" crop throughout the summer without unduly affecting the water
supply of the trees.

•RFPORT ON RESULTS OF THE SEASON'S SHIPMENTS TO WINN1-
REPORT ON g^jj T^E gT CATHARINES COLD STOR-
AGE COMPANY.

By iioBT. Thompson, St. Catharines.

Early in the spring of this year several of the leading growers and mem-
bers of the St. Catharines Cold Storage and forwarding Company Limited
met and agreed to co-operate and see if some arrangement could not be made
Zi carried into effect whereby an opening could be secured for the disposal
rf our tender fruits in the Winnipeg and Western markets M supplement the
effor s commenced in 190. under Prof. Reynolds. It was realized that some
sacrifices would have to be made the first season to enable us to secure a
foothold and overcome some of the prejudices against Ontario fruits and
Ontario packers, many of which were unfounded and were caused by dealers
handline; Western and American fruits. _

Arrangements were at last made with the Ottawa Fruit and Produce
Company of Winnipeg to handle our goods on commission anu we agreed to
shipPthey first car about the middle of August and ship «ayl»«Jy^
Friday, one car on each date, making two cars per week until the end of the
season The first car left on Friday, August 18th. Some twenty-five , or more
of our shippers by this time were anxious to join and ship some o their pro-
duce. A committee had been appointed to assist the directors of the Com-
pany in -ne management and handling of the details and it was felt that to
refuse these shipments would cause hard feeling and possibly incur the ill-
will of some, and as it was for the best interests of our other co-operative
work that no cause for any disagreement should be given, no restrictions ,were
placed as to the varieties of fruit and quantity of each to oe placed in the cars
£ each individual shipper, provided he notified those in charge a reasonable
Hmeln advance of his intentions; neither were any restrictions placed as to
S style of package and packing, provided it were honest As a result all
makes of baskets and variety of packages were brought to the cars ami great
^fflnnltv was experienced in filling the cars snugly and safely. This was
Jvfrcome TftrThe first two cars by dmdmg the car into three compartments
bv first filling say one-third at each end with packages nearly alike and then

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 85

putting up two solid partitions or bulkheads. After this little or no trouble
arose from packages being damaged in transit.

Another serious difficulty confronted us by thus allowing every shipper
to use his own judgment as to what he placed in each car. For instance, the
first few cars contained from seven to eight hundred packages of tomatoes
and only from four to five hundred of all other varieties of fruits. As a con-
sequence tomatoes sold for little above cost of package, freight and commis-
sion. Later on some other variety of fruit would be overdone at times. When
the first returns came in and those shippers who had placed tomatoes exclu-
sively in the cars dropped out, we were confronted with the fact that unless
something were done the shipments would have to be discontinued. Two
cars had gone out light with only about eight tons of fruit in each, and you
can readily see that freight on such would be very high. Two or three of
the committee agreed that they would place all of their fruit going on com-
mission in these cars, and if necessary buy enough to enable the cars to go
forward as agreed. From thi#s time to the end of the season no car went
out light. It is true we had to place in these cars some baskets possibly
not well filled, that we had to buy and at times we had to take baskets of
pears and apples intended for other nearby markets and even pretty ripe
tomatoes to make weight.

Just at this point I must digress for a moment to refer to the publication
in not only our local papers, but in the leading Provincial and Dominion
dailies of statements, purporting to be made by a Mr. Andrew Haynes, of
Louth Township, who was sent out by the Department of Agriculture and
accompanied one of the cars sent to another commission house in Winnipeg.
In justice to our fruit-growers who shipped in these cars, I must most
emphatically deny the truth of such misleading statements, as not a single
barrel of apples was snipped from St. Catharines this season to the West in
these cars. Not a single complaint of fruit being falsely packed in boxes or
baskets was received from any buyer. I saw nineteen-twentieths of all the
fruit placed in these cars, and examined the individual shipments frequently
so as to be able to make notes on my copy of contents and shippers in the cars
for future reference to see if we received more for better grades of fruit or
better packages and packing, and also to judge of the ripeness of fruits shipped.
I can truly say that in all the cars sent forward — twenty-eight in all — I did
not find a single package dishonestly packed. I might also say that Mr.
Carey or some other Inspector was present when over one-half of these cars
were being loaded, and saw a portion of the contents of each and they can
and will verify my statements. I think this speaks well for our shippers. I
am sorry Mr. Haynes has not seen fit 10 have these statements corrected, and
it will De only tardy justice if the papers that so readily copied and published
the statements referred to would now publish the denial. We hope and trust
that whenever any fruit-grower or Association of shippers is honestly trying
to improve the packing and to overcome some of the difficulties arising from
long distance shipments, that encouragement will be given to them in future
by our officials and not have discredit thrown on them by classing all with
some one dishonest packer out of hundreds of honest forwarders.

Early in the season the Dominion Government, through Mr. Moore,
Chief of the Markets Division, placed thermographs in about one-half of the
cars. These records are very interesting to study, and we feel from the le-
sults obtained that next season we shall ask thai these be continued. Now for
the results and conclusions we have come to, from the data received so far,
(for there are still a few cars, detailed statements for which we have not re-
ceived) : — First, that it is not wise for any number of shippers, unless belong-

86 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

ing to a co-operative association and having a storage in connection, to under-
take to place cars in the West, as the kind of package to be used, the- quantity
of each variety of fruit to go in the car, must be named by tlie committee in
charge, and there must be a sufficiency of fruit to fill each car on date of
shipment. Few shippers are disposed to take the extra trouble in getting
ready for long distance shipments. Packing in boxes or fancy packages
without skilled and steady help is useless, as the results of our first efforts at
box packing would show. The packing in boxes was kept up by two of our
shippers and the results are very gratifying. Box pears, wrapped, which
sold at first for from $1.35 to $1.60 per box, advanced steadily and sold later
from $2.00 to $3.40 per box. You will see from the figures that I give later,
that between 1,100 and 1,200 boxes were shipped to Winnipeg and of these
over 1,000 were shipped by two of our growers. Only six men placed fruit
in over one-half of the cars and these men are the most sanguine for the
future.

A difficulty we encountered was to know just what degree of ripeness to
have our fruit in. If the car should go forward and reach Winnipeg in five
days or less and be placed on the market the next day, the fruit would prob-
ably be green, whereas if the car was delayed and took eight days in transit
and not be sold for two or three days, the fruit would be spoiled if placed in
the car even half ripe.

To summarize shipments : The first car left here on August 18th, the
last on October 30th. Twenty-two cars were sent to me Ottawa Fruit and
Produce Company, three to another wholesale house in Winnipeg, two sold
to a firm in Calgary, and there was one car of vegetables. In these cars
forty-two shippers placed fruit, but only six shippers had fruit in more than
half of cars, twenty-five in four cars or less, and seventeen in over four.

Total Packages Shipped to the West.

3,300 baskets of tomatoes. 915 packages of peaches.
3,100 trays of tomatoes. 58,643 baskets of grapes.

300 baskets of crab apples. 610 packages of plums.

1,300 baskets of apples. 262 baskets of quinces.

70 bos ps of apples. 8 boxes of quinces.

5,300 baskets of pears. 24 baskets of peppers.
1,140 boxes of pears.

The above fruit sold for $17,763, besides a car of vegetables.

I have given the darker side of the year's work, showing our difficulties
and not our successes. I think this only right, as the first season there will
be disappointments and we feel that we have learned many lessons that we
will profit by, next season.

The men who stayed with the shipments throughout the season were
unanimous in their conclusion that the price received was on the average
equal to, if not greater than, the price in the Ontario and Quebec markets.
They are prepared to go oh next year and arrange with those who handle the
fruit to supply so many carloads. We never sold so much fruit f.o.b. at St.
Catharines as we did this year, and when the local market was glutted with
grapes we were able to keep just that quantity out of the market here by
shipping them to the West.

Mr. Andrew Haynes : As my name has been brought up in connection
with the report just read, I desire to place the facts clearly before the Asso-
ciation, and have them fairly understood. When I was in the West my at-

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 87

tention was drawn to a certain shipment from Ontario, which was a disgrace
f*o those who made it, and I so expressed myself to the reporter that inter-
viewed me. Unfortunately, when the report appeared in the press, it asso-
ciated the shipment with growers in the St. Catharines district. Had T
observed the report at the time, I would have taken steps to have had the facts
clearly understood. My difficulty in publishing this explanation was that I
should have been obliged to publish the names and the' locality in question.
I did not go to the West with the intention of inspecting fruit. I regret ex-
ceedingly that discredit should have been reflected on the St. Catharines
growers through a misstatement in me press.

Mr. McNeill : I can corroborate Mr. Haynes' statement in so far as
that I know he was there at the time a very bad snipment was made, and
his statement corresponds with the report of our inspector that this shipment
was a scandal and a shame to the fruit-growers who put it up. It did not
come, however, from the St. Catharines section.

Q. Has there been a prosecution?

Mr. McNeill : Not as yet, but I can assure you that there will be one.

J. A. Ruddick, Chief of Transportation and Markets Branch, Ottawa :
Mr. Thompson has given you some interesting iniormation regarding the
Winnipeg shipments of fruit. That brings up the question of long distance
transportation of your fruit. In considering that, we must of course realize
that when we undertake to ship fruit to Winnipeg, we have a somewhat dif-
ficult proposition before us. While a car of fruit may carry successfully for
a twenty-four hour journey, it is an entirely different matter to have it carry
successfully for four or five days. The first thing to consider is the car.
There are a number of different styles of refrigerator cars, but they are all
constructed on similar principles. There are, I consider, one or two essential
points. First, the ice bunker should carry sufficient ice to keep the car cool
between icing stations, and also to reduce the temperature in the car. Second,
there must be provision for a proper circulation of air. The partition which
forms the bunker at the end of the car should be open top and bottom and the
car should be so constructed that it is not possible to pile uie packages closely
against these openings, so as to prevent circulation, which is often done.
In some cases it is not possible to leave the opening unless you pile
the fruit some distance away from the partition, which is likely to
result in the packages shifting in transit. There should also be a grating of
slats on the floor of the car so as to permit of ventilation and drainage. These
slats should be flat — not rounded on the upper surface as is 'sometimes seen, as
they do not provide a proper foundation for the packages, and light baskets
especially are apt to break down under such conditions. Before loading a
refrigerator car the drain pipes should be examined to see that they are not
clogged. Our inspectors frequently find that in icing a car, the sawdust is not
carefully removed and blocks up the drain-pipe, which results in the flooding
of the bottom of the car.

I think these shipments prove conclusively that if you want fruit to
remain cool as far as Winnipeg, it is necessary that it should be cool before
it is placed in the car. It should be borne in mind that there is a great
difference between a cold storage warehouse and a refrigerator car. If the
fruit is placed in the car in a hot condition, the cooling capabilities are not
sufficient to materially reduce its temperature, especially in view of the fact
that the fruit itself is all the time generating a certain amount of heat. The
car is at a further disadvantage owing to the fact that it must be loaded to its
fullest capacity. If you were to fill a cold storage warehouse in the same
way, no amount of refrigeration would cool off heated fruit in a reasonable

88 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

time. There is iuways a reserve of space in the warehouse which tends to
keep the temperature down. In shipping butter to Europe I find it necessary
to chill it in a cold storage warehouse before it goes on board the steamer
instead of taking it from the car to the vessel direct. The same principles
apply there, as the steamer chamber is filled to its full capacity. There is
this difference between fruit and dairy products that, with the latter there
is no temporary increase of heat, whereas with fruit the amount of heat
evolved in the process of ripening is perhaps greater than is generally sup-
posed. In the case of the Winnipeg shipments the temperature outside the
car was sometimes as high as eighty-live degrees, and at that temperature
fruit ripens much faster than at sixty aegrees. as a result of this we found
that the recorded temperature of the first Winnipeg car which left on August
the 18th was eighty-five degrees at the outset and that it fell gradually to
seventy-one degrees, which is a very high temperature for carrying fruit for
such a long distance. The other cars, which were despatched when the tem-
perature was lower and where the fruit was cooled down to fifty-four degrees
at the start, reached a point as low as forty-three degrees before arriving at
Winnipeg.

A great deal has been said about the loading of cars. It should be re-
membered, especially in shipping fruit in baskets, that where you pack bas-
kets to a height of six to eight feet in a car, there is, during a long journey, a
very great strain on tne lower tiers. One basket is a little weak, perhaps,
and breaks down; the weight is then thrown on the others, and they all
begin to go. Under sucn conditions, if the fruit has become a little ripe, the
packages are more or less saturated with the juice and weakened on that
account. I think it is desirable to put a packing of strips of half-inch wood
between the packages in the lower tiers in order to distribute the weight.
This packing should be placed over the tops of the baskets so that the baskets
above rest on these strips. This system also promotes circulation of air
through the fruit, and further, it stiffens the bulk of the packages and com-
bines them together. This is a great advantage especially on a long journey,
as it prevents the shifting which must otherwise occur with the continual
swaying and jerking of the car back and forth.

My department had little to do with these shipments except that one of
our inspectors was present when the car was shipped and also on its arrival at
Winnipeg. Mr. Carey, also, accompanied one car to Winnipeg. We did,
however, place thermographs in the cars so as to get a record of the tempera-
ture, and this is really the first time we have succeeded in getting good
records. The thermograph case is stored away in the car with the fruit, the
case being so constructed that a circulation of air is allowed through it.
The Department has one hundred and thirty of these thermographs, and dur-
ing the past season we had two hundred and seventy-seven records of tem-
peratures in the holds and chambers of steamships carrying perishable pro-
ducts; so that we know in 'each case exactly what the temperature was from
the start of the voyage to the finish. From these, blue-prints are afterwards
made and copies are available for any interested shipper who has a cargo
on that vessel. A thermograph is more rapidly affected by changes of tem-
perature than the ordinary thermometer, and makes an accurate record of
these changes. When the machine arrives at its destination, the chart is
taken off and indicates the varying temperature during the trip. A thermo-
graph is also a very good means of ascertaining where the delays occur,
because, where the car is standing, the record is clear, but while the car is in
motion, it is more or less blurred. We find from this record that some of the

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 89

cars in these shipments were delayed twenty-two hours a^ one place. It
shows where the delays occur and the duration of them.

I hope there will be considerable done in this Province in the way of
erecting storage and packing houses for fruit. This is a matter to which I
have given a great deal of attention as regards the construction of suitable
buildings, and I shall be glad to place any information in my possession at
the disposal of the fruit-growers. We have conducted experiments at Ottawa
in reference' to materials and combinations of materials for cold storage pur-
poses. The most effective insulating material we have found, considering
cost and everything else, is ordinary planing mill shavings.

Q. Could shavings be used for ice storage?

Mr. Ruddick : I have never used them for this purpose.

Q. Have you tested the qualities of various woods as regards insulation ?

A. Spruce is ordinarily used because it has less odor than pine.

Q. I read that beech is the best wood to use for this purpose.

A. A great deal of unreliable information has been published on this
subject as most of the work has been by companies who are interested in pro-
moting a certain material for the purpose. We find that a twelve-inch space
filled with shavings and double boards outside, will give just as satisfactory
results as the same space with seven-ply lumber and a dead-air space between.
It is better to fill the space with shavings than leave it as a dead-air space.
The information that has been gathered on this subject will be published
in the report of the branch at the end of the year and we shall be prepared
to give you the details of these experiments and any other information we
have in regard to construction of this kind.

Mr. Bunting : I wish to record my appreciation of the effort put for-
ward by the Department of Agriculture at Ottawa in order to assist us in
making a success of the St. Catharines shipment. The primary reason in
making these experimental shipments was the desire of the Railway Commis-
sion to ascertain the best type of refrigerator car for the transportation of
fruit. The heads of the several divisions heartily co-operated with us in the
work, and I feel that we are under a deep obligation to them for the assist-
ance rendered. I think that these experiments are fraught with important
results in connection with the opening up of the western market to our fruit.
I believe we are on the verge of very great improvements in our transporta-
tion service. It has been felt for years that we have been laboring under
excessive burdens in this respect. During the past year or two some relief
has been afforded, and as the report states, the attention 01 those best calcu-
lated to give relief has been drawn to the necessity for improvement in refer-
ence to equipment, despatch, and the charges levied for the service rendered.
I have every reason to believe that this Association will by a continuance of
its efforts succeed in ameliorating these difficulties to a large extent, and if
our fruit growers will profit by the results of the investigations which are
being made in connection with the handling and packing of fruit, and sup-
plement the efforts of the transportation company in this respect, I think our
fruit industry will be placed on a much more satisfactory basis than ever
before.

Mr. itUDDiCK : In reference to ice supplies for refrigerator cars, I took
upon myself the other day to write1 to the Superintendent of the C. P. R.,
pointing out that the supply of ice at North Bay had not been adequate during
the present season and that, in view of the fact that shipments in the West
would probably increase in 1906, it would be necessary to put up an addi-
tional supply this winter. If any of the shippers have any complaints to
make in regard to the shortage of ice at any point, I should be glad if they

90 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

would acquaint me with them. We are paying the railway companies some-
thing like ten thousand dollars a year for the refrigerator car service and we
are, therefore, able to approach them on such matters. I have no doubt they
will be ready io adopt any suggestion that may be made.

Mr. Bunting : I should like to say that information received from a
gentleman who accompanied a car to the Northwest is to the effect that the
icing facilities at North Bay and west are very crude indeed, and that con-
siderable delay frequently arose on that account. I think, therefore, it would
be quite in order if Mr. Ruddick would investigate that matter, and suggest
to the railway authorities that some improvement should be made.

Mr. Euddick : I shall be glad to do that. Mr. Carey mentioned that
fact in his report on the shipment.

Mr. Webster : I am glad that the report refers to the necessity of
placing express companies in cnarge 01 the Railway Commission. It is a
very important matter wThere I live. It was pointed out yesterday that people
living in certain points in Northern Ontario could bring fruit from the
United States and get it cheaper, after paying the duty, than they could
bring it from Southern Ontario owing to the heavy express charges. This is
not a proper state of affairs, and I think that continued pressure should be
brought to bear on our representatives at Ottawa until me desired result is
accomplished.

W. W. Moore, Extension of Markets Branch, Ottawa : In reference to
transportation of iruit across the Atlantic, I should like to call the attention
of the Association to the fact that this year thousands of dollars were lost
to the fruit-growers and shippers through the bad condition in which apples
have been landed in the Old Country. There was a shipment which left
Montreal on October 6th by S.S. Bavarian, consisting of 28,000 barrels of
apples, which was the largest single shipment that ever left that port. The
vessel reached its destination at Liverpool on the 15th of that month. Ac-
cording to the report received from Montreal, the temperature of the sheds
averaged 62 degrees, while the temperature of the barrels taken by the Inspect-
ors ran from seventy degrees to eighty degrees. The Fruit Inspectors
examined one hundred and five lots. Thirteen were reported to be in poor
condition and twelve in a heated condition, this being equal to twenty-four
per cent, that went aboard the vessel in bad shape. When the steamship
arrived at Liverpool, our Inspector reported upon the condition of the ship-
ment as follows: — "This cargo of apples was in poor condition. They had
been heated. Many of the Snows, Colverts, Greenings, e!c, were badly
spotted and many of the 20 Oz. Blenheims, King-Pippins, etc., were bronzed
or "scalded." Many were slack and a big percentage slightly wet and wet.
Package good."

In the first four days sales by J. Adam, Son & Co. and Woodall & Com-
pany, 13,444 barrels were sold. Of this number 5,817 barrels, or forty-three
per cent., were tight; 4,093 barrels, or thirty-one per cent., were slack; 1,495
barrels were slightly wet; 1,438 were wet; 416 were both slack and wet, and
140 were wasty or worthless. This makes a total of twenty-six per cent, that
were more or less slack, wet and wasty. The prices received were in accord-
ance with the above and were a""s follows :

Snows Tight, 15/ Slack, 7/6 Slack and wet, 3/

Baxter "21/ " " 6/

Greening... " 15/6 " " 6/

Baldwin ... kt 17/9 " " 5/6

Kin* " 21/6 " " 6/

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 91

The point I wish to make is that the analysis showed that twenty-four
per cent, of the fruit went on board the steamer in bad condition and that
twenty-six per cent, came out on the other side in bad condition. The best
ventilation system that can be conceived of will not turn out apples in good
condition when they go aboard heated or spoiled; so that it is up to the
grower to see that the fruit is in good shape when it goes on board.

A Member : With reference to this shipment it should be borne in mind
that we had abnormally warm weather about the time the shipment was
made, which was probably the reason for the high temperature of the fruit.

Mr. Tweddle : Was there any provision made for the ventilation of the
barrels? Our practice is to bore holes in the barrel with a view of keeping
them cool. That has been our custom for the past two or three years when
shipping in warm weather.

Mr. Moore : I think that is a good idea. I do not think there was any
such provision in this case and as a matter of fact, we see very few barrels
where provision is made for ventilation.

Mr. Lick : Is there any effort made to provide heated cars for
the winter transportation of fruit ? I am informed by a gentleman in Maine
that they have no difficulty in getting heated cars.

Mr. Euddick : The C.P.E. undertake to supply heated cars for ship-
ments out west. The heating is done with a coal-oil stove, that is to say, it
is an ordinary refrigerator car with a lamp added. I think these cars could
be procured down here. I cannot say how really efficient they are. Occasion-
ally, I believe, a lamp goes out and causes some difficulty on that account.

Mr. McNeill : These cars are not in sufficient number here in winter
time to meet requirements, and I have known cases where through the explo-
sion of the lamp the fruit has been much damaged by coal-oil smoke.

Mr. Moore : They use them largely in Nova Scotia, and on the whole
they appear to give satisfaction.

A resolution adopting the report was then carried.

TEANSPOETATION AND MAEKETS.
By J. A. Euddick, Department or Agriculture, Ottawa.

I do not appear before you this afternoon as an expert in fruit growing,
but I have some interest in this great industry, especially where it touches
the questions of transportation and marketing. With these subjects I have
had a great deal to do for a number of years past. I have listened to the
discussions here with a great deal of interest, particularly to the remarks on
co-operation, because I believe there is a great future before that line of
effort in connection with the fruit industry, and that it will do much to
assist it, just as it has assisted the dairy industry. During a recent trip to
Great Britain and Europe. I had an opportunity of looking into co-operation,
especially in Denmark. In that country they have carried the work farther
than in any country of the world to-day, and the results are most gratifying.
In Denmark the work embraces the three great products of the country,
butter, bacon, and eggs, and they have succeeded in producing enormous

92 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

quantities of these commodities considering the area of the country, and
put on the market a very excellent article. In this connection I may say
that I was able a few months ago to publish a report on some phases of dairy-
ing in Denmark, and among them is included a description of the co-oper-
ative movement. If any of your members would care to secure a copy of this
report, I shall be glad to send it to them. I should like to see it read by
everyone who is interested in the work of co-operation, because there is no
doubt that the Danes have been very successful in that line, owing largely
to some of their native characteristics which perhaps we have not got to the
same extent ; but I believe that a study of the conditions of success there will
be of use in this country.

I also listened with interest to Mr. Macoun's statements in regard to
fruit growing in Ireland, and I agree with what he says as to the possibility
of competition from that source. I spent three days with a fruit expert of
the Department of Agriculture of Ireland, and I believe that if their plans
materialize, they will prove important competitors. I am not prepared to
say anything about the quality of their apples, because I do not, know
whether they have sufficiently proved that or not. I saw fine early dessert
apples selling in Ireland last autumn at 14 S. a dozen. But for fruit of
this kind there would of course be but a limited demand.

We have in dairy products very strong competition from this source. I
was amazed at the quantity of butter produced there, the value of which
reaches thirty million dollars annually.

While I was there I took occasion to visit some of the leading markets
in Great Britain, just as did Mr. Sherrington. I visited some of the sale-
rooms he speaks of and my conclusion was the same as his that it was diffi-
cult to understand with the noise and confusion which prevailed and the
rapidity with which sales were made how business could be successfully con-
ducted. Mr. Sherrington referred to the fact that Canadian products were
not sold in those markets as Canadian. I was struck with that fact when
visiting the retail establishments. I saw great quantities of Canadian pro-
duce but as a rule there was no mark upon it to indicate where it came from,
with the exception of cheese and also of butter in some instances. There
are, however, some difficulties in the way of indicating this, and so far as I
could ascertain, it made no particular difference so long as the quality was
right. I am not considering methods of selling or handling. The great
mass of consumers in Great Britain do not care where the stuff comes from.
With dairy products in particular, the difficulty exists that they come from
so many different parts of the earth. On one day a man will be selling
butter from Siberia, the next day from Ireland, and the next from Denmark,
Canada or somewhere else, and it is impracticable for him to differentiate.
I do not think there is much to be gained by trying to advertise, among the
consumers, the country of origin of these products. The man who deals in
the product is the one to get at.

As to selling our products to retailers, I am not sure that I would recom-
mend that method, and believe that the plan of selling f.o.b. here would be
more successful on the whole. I happened to be the means of sending the
man to Canada that Mr. Johnston spoke of last night. I met Mr. Idiens in
London, and he was then considering the advisability of sending his son
over to purchase apples, and I gave him a letter of introduction to Mr.
McNeill.

1906 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 93

REPORT OF TRANSPORTATION COMMITTEE.
By W. H. Bunting, St. Catharines.

Gentlemen, — Your committee on Transportation begs to report as
follows.

The past season Las been one in which the volume of fruit more
especially with reference to peaches and plums has been largely in excess
of the year 1904. In fact with the single exception of apples, the same
may be »aid of nearly all fruit grown in the Province of Ontario.

This has been the case to such an extent that it has at times taxed the
ability of the railway companies to move all the perishable fruit that offered, •
more especially during the past two months. The situation became so
critical at one time that your committee was forced to appeal to the Railway
Commission, presenting the claims of the fruit growers and asking that
provision be made for reasonably prompt handling of fruits which are of
such perishable nature. We have reason to believe that this appeal was
not without results.

There is still, however, a great lack of equipment suitable for the
carriage of fruit on all the railways doing business in Canada. While the
Refrigerator Car service is fairly good when the cars can be obtained, and
an icing station is near the shipping point, it is often extremely difficult to
secure these cars when required and considerable loss and disappointment
has arisen during the past season from this very cause. Such a thing as a
thoroughly efficient, ventilated car is not to be had outside of the refriger-
ator system which cars may be used for this purpose by fastening open the
ice hatches.

A series of investigation has been instituted under the auspices of the
Railway Commission for the past twelve months with the purpose of ascer-
taining what type of ventilated car is likely to be most suitable for this ser-
vice and no doubt some recommendations will be made to the railway com-
panies based on the results of these investigations. It is to be hoped that
something may be granted in this respect before long.

Tour committee is still of the opinion that a reduction in the rate of
carriage of apples should be made, as the rate at present in force is consid-
ered excessive.

The express companies have had a very prosperous season as far as the
fruit trade is concerned and it is felt by your committee that the time has
come when a material reduction in express rates on fruit must be made.
While the railway companies have to some extent recognized the justice of
the claim of the fruit growers for a reduction in rate by freight service,
the express companies have stood firmly to their guns, and continued in
many instances to absorb by far the greater portion of the gross sales of
large quantities of fruit. Tour committee would urge this Association to
bring all possible pressure to bear to have the express business brought
under the control of the Railway Commission.

Tour committee desire to state most emphatically that at no time in the
history of the fruit trade of the Province have the railway authorities and
officials taken a deeper interest in the question of the satisfactory transpor-
tation of fruit than during the past season. This fact augurs well for the
prosperity of the trade in the future. We would urge upon the members
of this Association to supplement by every available means the efforts of
the railway (vmipanies to handle our shipments in a satisfactory manner.

APPENDIX "A.

PACKING HOUSES AND CO-OPERATION FOR FRUIT GROWERS.
By Prof. J. B. Reynolds, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph.

Last year in connection with my investigations in cold storage, I sup-
erintended an experimental shipment of fruit from St. Catharines and
Grimsby to Winnipeg. The report of this shipment has appeared in Bulle-
tin 139. One of the principal conclusions from this experimental shipment
is that in order to command the markets, and gain and hold the confidence
of fruit dealers, and consumers, general co-operation among fruit growers
is essential. First, in order that a continual supply of fruit in succession
may be forwarded to the various markets in quantities and varieties such as
the market may demand. A single grower is unable to fulfil this condition,
but a community of growers shipping together will be able to supply, m
succession and quantity, the varieties demanded. Secondly, for the pur-
pose of packing. There are some Fruit Growers' Associations in Ontario
who ship in co-operation and pack separately. The result of this packing
is lack of uniformitv in grading. Apart altogether from honesty of inten-
tion, no two men in different orchards can have exactly the same standard
of excellence. As a consequence, fruit marked No. 1 from different orchards
shipped in the same car will unavoidably vary both in size and in quality.
This lack of uniformity is one of the most serious drawbacks in the Ontario
fruit business, and I am satisfied that the only way to secure uniformity
is to have all the fruit shipped by the Association packed in one place and
under one management. Thirdly, for purpose of shipping and marketing,
for the securing of cars, of obtaining favorable rates from the car companies ;
and for making a sufficient impression on the market. Further, co-opera-
tion in shipping will ultimately enable the growers to deal directly with
the purchasers without the intervention of commission men. This will be
accomplished when the purchaser can rely absolutely on the marking on
the package. So long as the purchaser requires to examine his fruit before
buying, fruit must be shipped to take its chances with the market, but so
soon as the buyer may know that the mark on the package truly represents
the quality of the goods contained therein, just so soon may the seller quote
prices f.o.b., and thus dispense with sales on commission. For example,
Mr. W. H. Owen, Manager of the Gypsum Fruit Co., Gypsum, Ohio, informs
me that not only does he quote his own prices for the fruit shipped by his
company, but the purchaser of that fruit, the wholesale dealer, resells it
previous to the receipt of the goods. This manner of business implies abso-
lute confidence in the quality of the goods, — confidence that goods marked
No. 1 shall be No. 1 without exception, and that goods marked No. 2 shall
be No. 2. When this feeling of confidence exists between shipper and pur-
chaser, the goods shipped need not long take its chance on the market. I
am convinced that the shipper will not be able to quote prices until this
confidence is established through co-operative packing.

Co-operative packing in Ontario is making very satisfactory progress.
Mr. A. E. Sherrington, of Walkerton, has been indefatigable in assisting
to organize various associations in the different parts of the Province. Mr.
Sherrington addressed meetings at a number of places where it was intended
to organize associations, and by his experience and enthusiasm he succeeded
in giving these enterprises in most places a good start. Among others,
associations have been organized at Sparta, Clarkson, Burford Ilderton

[94]

1905 REPORT OF THE FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 95

Thedford, Bloomfield, Oakville, Thornbury, Forest, Owen Sound, and Walk-
erton.

I have not a complete report as to what has been done at all of these
places. At Oakville the association is in operation this year. A report of
what is being done there appeared in the November number of The Horti-
culturist, and the Manager speaks with much gratification of the success
of their business. At Forest last year thirty-eight cars of apples were
shipped west. Perfect satisfaction was given, and one purchasing com-
pany stated that if they would pack under the same system this year, this
company would handle their whole output. From Thornbury Mr. J. G.
Mitchell writes that they have an excellent packing house with all the
appointments up to date. The shipping part of the business, as well as the
financial part, he reports in first-class working order. At Walkerton, under
Mr. Sherrington's management, while only a small organization is there,
last year fifteen cars were shipped, — one-half of which went west. Eight
hundred barrels of apples were sent to Scotland. This year, owing to the
scarcity of apples in that district, no business is being done by the Association.

Besides inquiring about the work in Ontario, I have visited a number of
places in the neighboring states, where co-operation is being carried on. On
the western side of Michigan there are several co-operative associations,
handling, principally, peaches. Among these are Fennville, Bangor, and
Benton Harbor, all of which I visited. At these places the fruit in all
instances is brought to a central packing house, and is repacked under the
eye of the manager. In some instances, fruit is sold f.o.b., prices being
quoted according to the local ruling; in others the fruit is sold on commis-
sion. The best organized association that I visited on the other side is that
at Gypsum, Ohio, under the management of Mr. W. H. Owen. This is a
large association in the peach district, and peaches are the principal kind
of fruit handled. The first year of the management, I think in 1900, 105,000
bushels of fruit were handled at the packing house in ninety days. Last
year, 1904, 45,000 were handled. The day that I visited the packing house,
the 5th September, eight cars of peaches were shipped out. The packing
house with a full complement of labor can handle 5,000 bushels per day.
This packing house is about 150 feet in length and 50 feet in width. Along
the full length of the house runs the delivery floor. The packing floor is
three feet lower than the deliverv floor, and at the breast just below the
delivery floor stand machine graders, which are used exclusively in grading
the large fruits, such as pears, peaches, and apples. The peaches are graded
by the machine into four grades, according to size, and at each basket whiah
receives the different grades from the machine, an attendant stands to
remove any unsound or imperfect samples which are not up to the required
quality. The peaches are shipped mostly in bushel baskets, but partly in
half bushel and quarter bushel baskets. The -nrices are quoted to the dealers
and the fruit sold mainly to wholesale dealers in Boston, Philadelphia,
Pittsburg, Cincinnati, and other large cities. When orders have not been
received for the next da^'s packing, the manager usually sends out wires to
his different customers stating the prices that will be ruling the next day
on the different grades of fruit, and in this way he avoids the necessity of
shipping on commission.

I append herewith extracts from the by-laws and business forms of the
Gypsum (Ohio) Co-operative Association :

Objects. The object of this organization is for the sale of the fruits
grown by its members, also to buy and sell such fruits during the season as
opportunity presents.

96 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

Executive Committee. The directors may select not to exceed three of
their number to act as an executive committee, (the President to serve as
chairman of this executive committee) to have general charge of the affairs
of the corporation during the fruit season. This committee shall order all
purchases of supplies. The directors shall regulate the amount of compen-
sation this committee shall receive.

Membership. Any fruit grower in district specified, shall be eligible
to become a member by a two-thirds vote of the stockholders of record at the
time the application is made, also a two-thirds vote of members shall deter-
mine the value of each share of the stock that such party shall pay into the
treasury, if he or she shall be admitted as a member.

Meeting of Executive Committee. The executive committee, during the
fruit season of each year, shall meet at least once a week, or oftener if the
interests of the company shall demand it.

Fruit Delivered. All peaches, pears, plums, and quinces grown by
each and every member of this company shall be delivered to the company's
packing-house for grading, packing and shipment.

Grapes and other small fruits may be delivered to the company for sale
or disposal, and shall be disposed of for the grower on a commission of one
cent per basket.

Condition of Fruit. Each and every member shall pick his fruit in
prime condition and deliver same promptly to the company's packing-house.
In case green and immature fruit or overripe fruit, or windfalls be delivered
by any member, same may be accepted and said member shall be credited
with average price such fruit may bring.

Penalties. Each and every member shall have the right to give away
such fruit of his own raising as he or she may elect; but shall not seek,
solicit and make sales of fruit outside of the company, excepting windfalls
and cull grades or any fruit that may not be accepted by the company. Any
member so doing shall pay into the company's treasury the sum of fifty cents
per bushel for all such fruits sold, excepting sales of aforesaid grades.

Credits and Expenses. All fruit delivered each day shall be credited
to the person furnishing the same at the average price which fruit brought
that day.

One-third of the amount so credited may be retained by the company
until the close of the season for final settlement, and from the aggregate,
of the amounts so retained from each member there shall be at the end of the
season, before paying the same over to the respective members of the com-
pany, be deducted all expenses and losses. All expenses of handling,
packing and marketing fruit shall be borne by the several members of the
company in proportion to the number of bushels of fruit with which each
has been credited. All losses and rebates shall be deducted in proportion
to the money credit of each member.

Following are forms of receipt and credit that are made out for each
lot of fruit brought to the packing house :

Date, 1905.

Received from

Bushels Yellow Peaches, ungraded.

Bushels White Peaches, ungraded.

Other Fruits

No . Receiving Clerk.

1905

FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

97

Grade.

Carriers.

\-

Total in
bushels.

Price.

Amount-

AA Yel . . .
White

A Yel . . .
White

B Yel . .
White

Culls

Other fruit

Grader No.

Total of peaches

Total credit $

Summary.
Peaches.

190

Total bushels.

AA

A..
B ..
C ..

Total bus.
peaches

Av. per bus.

Total amount

Total.

Total average peaches (all grades)
per bushel

Other Fruits.

Total bushels .

Plums
Pears .
W. F.
Culls.

Total bus all fruits
exclusive of culls.

Av. per bus.

Total credits all fruits $

Total.

To balance

Cr.

Date.

Items charged.

Total debits

Amount.

The Forest Fruit-Growers and Forwarding Association.

This association was organized and commenced business in 1904 with
seventy-five members. This year, 1905, the membership has been reduced'
to thirty, principally by the operation of a by-law requiring all members

7 F.G.

98 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

of the association to spray their orchards four times during the season. The
secretary reports a good crop of clean fruit among the members of the asso-
ciation, "while generally in that district the crop is inferior. Last year most
of their fruit was sold to Winnipeg and Brandon dealers, and with such
good satisfaction that the same dealers wished to buy all the output this year
and orders were received from the west for 25 or 30 carloads. Being anxious,
however, to establish a British trade, the association this year sold the bulk
of their fruit to an English buyer. Practically all the fruit thus far has
been sold at the packing house.

The association have not as yet built a packing house, but have rented
a large curling rink in Forest, the ungraded fruit is delivered at one end
of the large floor space, the grading and packing done at the middle, and
the packed fruit stored at the other end. There are, as yet, no cold storage
facilities here, nor have these been needed by the class of apples so far
handled. ,

The district of Forest is situated within five miles of Lake Huron, ana
is thus favorably placed for fruit growing. In fact in its climatic features
it is very similar to the Annapolis Valley in Nova Scotia. The President,
Mr. Daniel Johnson, has an orchard of 30 acres bordering on the shore of

the lake. ,

Both the president of the association and the secretary, Mr. Andrew
Lawrie, when I visited them, felt highly gratified with the success so far
achieved, and especially with the very prompt recognition, by the buyers,
of the superior quality and uniformity of their goods. They hope to have a
cold storage, and possibly a packing house of their own, in the near future;
although they think so far as a packing house is concerned, what is required
is a building of requisite shaoe— oblong ; plenty of floor space for working
and storing; a place for storing packages; and nearness to the railway track.
Most of these requisites they find in the building at present used, and as the
rent is reasonable, they are in no hurry to build.

The Georgian Bay Fruit-Growers' Limited.

The fruit-growers in that part of the Georgian Bay district surrounding
Thornbury have organized a company for the purpose of packing and dis-
posing of "the fruit grown in that district, This company has a feature that
is somewhat unique in farmers' co-operative concerns ; it has been organized
into a joint stock company, with a Provincial Charter authorized to pack,
buy and sell fruit, and to erect packing houses and storage houses. The
shares of the companv are held at twenty-five dollars each, and thus far
there are about one hundred and thirty shareholders in the company. A
building has been erected this fall, and already about seven hundred barrels
of apples have been packed and shipped to Liverpool. About three hundred
barrels were held in the packing house, and it is the intention of the company
to keep this fruit, consisting entirely of winter varieties, until late m the

winter. , ,

The packing house was commenced about the first of August and Dy
the first of December was practically completed. It is a building 100 feet
in length and 40 feet in width, consisting of a basement 9 feet high and a
storage and packing house 13 feet high, and above this a garret. The base-
ment, as well as the storage house above are intended for winter storage.
These two together have a capacity of about 5,000 barrels. The ground floor
is divided into two parts, one part about 25 x 40, consisting of the packing
house proper; the other .part about 75 x 40, consisting of the storage house.

7a F.G.

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 99

The garret above when used will contain empty packages. The walls are
constructed of concrete ten inches thick, and from the ground floor up to
the first floor, the wall is insulated by four inches of planer shavings, held
in place by inch lumber tongued and grooved. The whole building is well
lighted, and the windows of the storage house have been provided with
double sash and close fitting wooden shutters, so that it is hoped the temper-
ature can be kept above freezing point. For ventilation, two large flues,
one near each end of the building, have been provided, running from the
basement ceiling to the garret, and extending some six feet above the garret
floor. As these flues pass through the storage chamber, slides are provided
which may be opened or shut as desired for change of air in the storage
chamber. When the windows in the basement are opened, a strong current
of .air passes up these flues and effects a rapid change of air and affords a
means for controlling the temperature of these chambers.

The building is situated close to the freight sheds of the railway at
Thornbury, these two buildings being connected by a platform. Fruit may
be delivered at one side of the building, packed and passed through to the
platform on the other side, and loaded immediately on the cars; or, if it is
to be held, it may be run into the storage room or carried to the basement.

A number of the members of this Joint Stock Company have purchased
a small cooper shop in the town and have manufactured their own barrels
this season, at a cost of twenty-seven cents per barrel. It is the intention
to place the manufacturing of barrels under the control of the company.

Thus far fruit has been consigned to commission agents in Liverpool,
but the company will likelv in the near future sell direct to dealers. A
commendable feature of their business transactions is the arrangement
whereby their members may be advanced part of the value of the fruit stored
in the building. It was felt that there would be difficulty in inducing all
the members concerned to hold the fruit until a later and more favorable
opportunity for selling. Accordingly, arrangements have been made with
the bank for advancing to the owners of the fruit one dollar per barrel.

Mr. J. G. Mitchell, the energetic manager of this company, is very
hopeful regarding the outcome of this experiment. He claims that the
joint stock company feature has two advantages over the mere co-operative
association; "first, the members have a financial interest in the success of
the concern apart from the mere picking and selling of their own fruit.
This constitutes a bond of union, and it is claimed members are less likely
to withdraw from membership or to sell their fruit elsewhere. Secondly,
by the selling of shares, money is provided for capital expenditures, such as
the erection of packing houses, storage houses, and cooper shops. The com-
pany expect next vear to erect an ice cold storage to aid them in handling
their summer and early fall fruits, the present insulation storage being
adapted only for winter storage.

Cold Storage and Co-operation.

In my inquiries on the subject of packing houses, I do not find much
attention given to cold storasre as a factor of the business, that is to say,
buildings constructed for the purpose of cooling the fruit by means of ice
or some other refrigerant. There are storage houses, such as the one at
Thornbury, intended for winter storage. But in most of these districts,
if not in all, there must be a considerable quantity of summer and early
autumn fruits which are very perishable and which seem to require some
cold storage facilities to complete the arrangements. At these places there

100 REPORT OF THE FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. No. 16

are at least plums and pears and early apples to be handled. In the Niagara
and Lake Erie districts there are other tender fruits, such as grapes and
peaches. Unless these can be packed, loaded, and shipped within a few
hours after picking, some arrangement for cold storage seems to be advis-
able. Most of the co-operative associations realize this and intend in the
near future to construct a cold storage of some kind. At St. Catharines a
first rate cold storage of the mechanical pattern has been in operation for
some years. Mechanical refrigeration, however, is not generally advisable,
since it is very expensive in the first cost and expensive in operation as com-
pared with ice. Where ice storage will give a desired temperature, the
latter is to be preferred. It is not necessary here to go into details by way
of recommending any particular plan for cold storage. I may say, how-
ever, that I have given considerable attention to this question, and shall be
glad to assist co-operative associations in the preparation of plans to suit
their special purposes.

In the above report I have dealt more particularly with the co-operative
associations that have been more recently established. There are other asso-
ciations in Ontario that have been established for some time and that have
been during that time sufficiently before the public not to require any
detailed account here. Of these associations, I might mention the Burlington
Fruit Growers' Association and the St. Catharines Cold Storage and Forward-
ing Company. Both these companies have been organized for some time, and,
while so far as I know they have not attempted any packing in co-operation,
they have co-operated for the purpose of marketing their fruit. The Bur-
lington Fruit Growers have been selling their fruit as an association for
some years. This year the St. Catharines Association have followed up the
experimental shipment made last year from St. Catharines and Grimsby,
and have shipped a large quantity of fruit in carload lots by freight to Win-
nipeg. A report of these shipments was given at the Fruit Growers' Con-
vention recently held in Toronto.

After looking over the whole field in its varied aspects, including pack-
ing, storing, and marketing, it seems to me that in order to command the
situation to the best advantage either a co-operative association or a joint
stock company is necessary, and also a packing house of suitable arrange-
ments and dimensions, and situated at the railroad, is highly advisable
if not absolutely necessary. As to the construction of the packing house,
when I commenced my inquiries, I was inclined to think that a specially
constructed house would be desirable. Now, however, I am inclined to
recommend that no special features are necessary in packing houses, so far
as internal arrangements are concerned. It should be long and relatively
narrow, so that the ungraded fruit may be unloaded at one end, the grading
may be done at the centre, and the graded fruit at the other end be adjacent
to the railway platform. Beyond that, so far as packing houses are con-
cerned, there are no special features.

Next, as to storage houses, it seems that winter fruit should generally
be held by the owners if the best ultimate results are to be reached. If
green stuff is put on the market, it makes an unfavorable impression and the
grower or packer should be the best judge of the fitness of fruit for the mar-
ket. At the packing house, therefore, I advise that the fruit should be held
until it is ready for use. In order to do this winter storage will be neces-
sary, that is to say, a building or part of a building with well insulated
walls provided with ventilation. I think that the construction of the build-
ing I described above, belonging to the Georgian Bay Fruit Growers', is one
to be recommended.

APPENDIX "B."

By-laws of the Fruit Growers, Limited. Incorporated under

the Act to provide for the Incorporation of Cold Storage Associations of
the Province of Ontario.

1. This Association of fruit growers shall be known as the

Fruit Growers, Limited.

2. The purpose of this organization is for the packing and selling of
the fruit grown by its members, also buying and selling such other fruit
during the season as opportunity presents itself.

3. The capital stock of the company shall be in shares of the sum of
ten dollars. No member shall hold more than twenty shares.

4. The annual meeting, of the Company shall be held on the first
Thursday in May in each year.

5. Special meetings of the stockholders may be held at any time upon
call of the President by written notice mailed to each stockholder five days
before the meeting. Special meetings shall also be called by the President
whenever required to do so in writing by one-tenth part in value of the
shareholders of the company.

6. At any meeting of the Company, a one-half representation of the
stock either in person or by written proxy shall constitute a quorum for the
transaction of business.

7. At the annual meeting of the Company, five Directors shall be elected
of whom three shall constitute a quorum at any board meeting.

8. The officers of the Company shall consist of a President, Vice-Pres-
ident, Secretary-Treasurer, Manager and two Auditors.

9. The President and Vice-President shall be chosen by the directors
from among themselves at the first board meeting after the annual meeting.
The other officers shall also be chosen at this time, but not necessarily from
among the Directors.

10. All elections of the company shall be by ballot, plurality electing,,
conducted by two scrutineers appointed ,by the chairman. Each share-
holder shall be entitled to as may votes as he owns shares in the Company.

11. The President shall preside at all meetings of the Company. He
shall call meetings of the board of Directors and shareholders when neces-
sary and shall advise with and render such assistance to the Manager as
may be in his power. In his absence, the Vice-President shall have and
exercise all rights and powers of the President.

12. The Secretary-Treasurer shall keep a record of the proceedings of
all meetings and of all the receipts and disbursements, and report the con-
ditions of the finances annually or as often as the Directors shall desire.

13. The Manager shall have charge of the business of the Company
in detail under the supervision of the President.

14. The Manager and Secretary-Treasurer shall give bonds in such
sums as shall be acceptable to the Company.

15. The Directors may select three of their number to act as an Execu-
tive Committee (the President to serve as chairman) to have general charge
of the affairs of the corporation during the fruit season.

16. When a vacancy shall occur through any cause in any of the offices
established by the by-laws of the Company, it shall be filled at the next
regular or special meeting of the Company.

[101]

102

THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

17. Any fruit grower in County or Township shall be
eligible to become a member by a two-thirds vote of the stockholders at the
time application is made.

18. Any member of this Company may withdraw at any time between
January 1st and April 1st. Such notice of withdrawal must be given in
writing to the President or Director of the Company.

19. All -apples grown by the members of the company shall be delivered
to the Company's packing house in prime condition for grading, packing
and shipping. Other fruits may be delivered to the Company for sale on
commission.

20. "The books of the Company shall be audited before the date of the
annual meeting each year. At this meeting a printed statement of the
receipts and expenditures as audited shall be presented to each stock-
holder.

21. These by-laws may be amended at any regular or special meeting
by a vote of the stockholders or stock present in the affirmative. Notice of
such amendments must be given each shareholder by letter or otherwise
at least five days previous to the meeting.

APPENDIX " C.n

FRUIT PRIZE LIST.

HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION, TORONTO, NOV. 13-18, 1905.

Apples. Class I.— Export or Foreign Market Varieties.

Barrels Beady for Shipment.

Baldwin. 1st, Biggs F. & P. Co. 2nd, E. Lick. 3rd, Chatham Fruit Growers'
Association. _ „ - ,„ . ,

Ben Davis. 1st, Chatham F. G. A. 2nd, F. S. AVallbndge.
Greening. 1st, E. Lick. 2nd, Bigqs F. & P. Co. 3rd, Chatham F. G. A.
King. 1st, E. Lick. 2nd, Biggs F. & P. Cc. 3rd, Chatham F G. A.
Russets. 1st, The Forest Fruit Growers' Association. 2nd, Chatham *. U. a.

Spy. 1Clst, C. W. Challand. 2nd, Biggs F. & P. Co. 3rd, Forest F. G. A.

Boxes Beady for Shipment (Fruit Unwrapped).

Baldwin. 1st C. W. Challand. Pnd, F, Xiqk. 3rd, Chatham F G. A.

Fameuse. 1st, J. B. Gutthrey. 2nd, A. D. Harkness. 3rd, H. Jones.

Greenina. 1st. Bigcrs F. & P Co. 2nd, E. Lick. 3rd, Chatham F, G. A.

King. 1st, E. Lick. 2nd. J. B. Gutthrey. 3rd, Biggs F. & P. Co.

"Mcintosh. 1st. A. T). Harkness.

Busset 1st, Biggs F. & P. Co. 2nd, E. Lick. 3rd, J. B. Gutthrey.

Spy. 1st. C. W. Challand. 2nd. Bigss F. & P. Co. 3rd. N. Brown.

Boxes Beady for Shipment (Fruit Wrapped).

Fameuse. 1st. J B. Gutthrey. 2nd, H. Jones. 3rd, A. D. Harkness.

Gravenstein. 1st. E. Lick.

Kiva 1st. E. Lick. 2nd. J. B. Gutthrey. 3rd, Biggs F. & P. Co.

Mel ntosh . 1st, A. T>. Harkne

Scarlet Fipmn. 1st, H. Jones.

Sny. 1st, Bicras F. & P. Co. 2nd. J. C. Harris. 3rd, R. Thompson.

Wealthy. 1st, J. B. Gutthrey.

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 103

Class 2 — Domestic or Home Market Varieties not Included in Class One, Barrels

Beady for Market.

Gravenstein. 1st, E. Lick.

Any Other Variety. 1st, E. Lick. 2nd, J. B. Gutthrey.

Boxes Beady for Market.

Alexander. 1st, E. Lick.

Blenheim. 1st. J. B. Gutthrey. 2nd, A. R. Davison. 3rd. Biggs F. & P. Co.

Gravenstein. 1st, E. Lick.

Any other Variety. 1st, E. Lick. 2nd, W. H. French. 3rd, C. L. Stephens.

Class 3.

Any Three Varieties, Fall or Early Winter, Dessert. 1st, Biggs F. & P. Co. 2nd,
W. C. Reid. 3rd, A. D. Harkness.

Any Three Varieties, Late Winter Dessert. 1st, C. W. Challand. 2nd, Forest
F. G. A. 3rd. J. B. Gutthrey.

Any New Variety, Dessert. 1st, J. B. Gutthrey. 2nd, C. L. Stephens.

Any Three Varieties, Fall or Early Winter, Cooking. 1st, J. B. Gutthrey. 2nd,
A. R. Davison. 3rd, C. L. Stephens.

Any Three Varieties, Late Winter, Cooking. 1st, N. Brown. 2nd, Fcrest F. G.
A. 3rd Biggs F. & P. Co.

Any New Variety, Cooking. 1st, W. M. Robson. 2nd, J. B. Gutthrey. 3rd, C. L.
Stephens.

Class 5.

Collection, Six Varieties, Winter. 1st, C. W. Challand. 2nd, J. B. Gutthrey.
3rd. Forest F. G. A.

Class 6 — Pyramids of Fruit.

Ben Davis. 1st. Chatham F. G. A. 2nd. J. L. Hilborn.

Baldwin. 1st, E Lick. 2nd, J. B. Gutthrey. 3rd, Chatham F. G. A.

Gravenstein. 1st, E. Lick.

Fameuse. 1st J. B. Gutthrey. 2nd, A. D. Harkness. 3rd, H. Jones.

King. 1st J. B. Gutthrey. 2nd. E. Lick. 3rd, Chatham F. G. A.

Spy. 1st. J. B. Gutthrey. 2nd, Biggs F. & P. Co. 3rd, A. R. Davison.

Scarlet Pippin. 1st. H. Jones.

Pears.

Class 8 — Any Three Varieties Correctly Named.

1st C. E. Secord. 2nd. R. Thompson. 3rd, Biggs F. & P. Cc. 4th, F. G. Stew-
art, oth, W. H. Bunting.

Export Varieties, Half Cases Beady for Shipment (Fruit Wrapped).

Anjou. 1st, R. Thompson. 2nd, F. G. Stewart. 3rd, C. E. Secord.
Bosc. 1st, F. G. Stewart. 2nd, C. E. Secord. 3rd, R. Thompson.
Clairgeau. 1st, Biggs F. & P. Co. 2nd, F. G. Stewart. 3rd, R. Thompson.
Duchess. 1st, F. G. Stewart. 2nd, C. E. Secord. 3rd, W. H. Bunting.
Kieffer. 1st, F. G. Stewart. 2nd, C. E. Secord. 3rd, W. H. Bunting.
Lawrence. 1st, F. G. Stewart. 2nd, C. E Secord. 3rd, R. Thompson.

Class 10 — Domestic Varieties, 11 qt. Baskets, Beady for Market.

Winter Nelis. 1st, R. Thompson. 2nd, F. G. Stewart. 3rd, C. E. Secord.
Any other Variety. 1st, R. Thompson. 2nd, W. H. Bunting. 3rd, N. Brown.

Grapes.

Class 11 — For the Best Six Bunches Correctly Named of each of the Following

Varieties.

Agawam. 1st, R. Thompson. 2nd. F. Sinnett. 3rd, F. G. Stewart.
Concord. 1st, F. Sinnett. 2nd, W. H. Bunting. 3rd, F. G. Stewart.
Lindley. 1st, F. G. Stewart. 2nd, R. Thompson. 3rd, W. M. Robson.
Niagara. 1st, F. G. Stewart. 2nd. W. H. Bunting. 3rd, F. Sinnett.
Vcrgenncs. 1st, F. G. Stewart. 2nd, R. Thompson. 3rd, C. E. Secord.

104 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

Wilder. 1st, R. Thompson. 2nd, F. G. Stewart.

Black, 9 lb. Basket. 1st, R. Thompson. 2nd, F. G. Stewart. 3rd, F. Sinnett.

Red, 9 lb. Basket. 1st, F. G. Stewart. 2nd, R. Thompson. 3rd, W. H. Bunt-
ing.

White, 9 lb. Basket. 1st, W. H. Bunting. 2nd, R. Sinnett. 3rd, F. G. Stewart.

Black Grapes, Crate. 1st, W. H. Bunting. 2nd, R. Thompson. 3rd, C. E.
Woolverton.

Red Grapes, Crate. 1st, W. H. Bunting. 2nd, R. Thompson. 3rd, F. G. Stewart.

White Grapes, Crate. 1st, W. H. Bunting. 2nd, R. Thompson. 3rd, F. G.
Stewart.

Collection of Hot-house Grapes. 1st, John Chambers.

Hot-house Grapes, Two Bunches, White. 1st, John Chambers.

Hot-house Grapes, Two Bunches, Black. 1st, John Chambers.

Class 12 — Collection by Association or Society. 1st, St. Catharines Cold Storage
Co. 2nd, Norfolk Union Fair. 3rd, Chatham Fruit Growers' Association. 4th.
Orillia Horticultural Society. 5th, Leamington Horticultural Society.

Preserved Fruit.
Class IS — One Quart Sealer of Canned Fruit of Each of the Following Varieties.

Cherries, Black. 1st, Mrs. A. M. Smith. 2nd, Mrs. R. Thompson.

Cherries, Red. 1st, Selkirk Women's Institute. 2nd, Miss Douglas. 3rd, Mrs.
Emory.

Cherries, White. 1st, Mrs. A. E. Sherrington. 2nd, Mrs. H. Thompson. 3rd.
Miss Douglas.

Gooseberries. 1st, Mrs. L. A. Brown. 2nd, Mrs. Hutt. 3rd. Mrs. Thompson.

Grapes, Red. 1st. Mrs. Thompson. 2nd, Mrs. Smith

Grapes, White. 1st, Mrs. Thompson. 2nd, Mrs. Hutt.

Grapes, Black. 1st, Mrs. Thompson.

Peaches, White. 1st, Mrs. Shuttleworth.

Peaches, Yellow. 1st, Mrs. Bunting. 2nd. Mrs. Sherrington. 3rd, Mrs. Hutt.

Pears. 1st, Miss Douglas. 2nd, Mrs. Hutt. 3rd, Mrs. Smith.

Plums, Red. 1st, Selkirk Women's Inst. 2nd, Miss Douglas. 3rd, Mrs. French.

Plums, Yellow. 1st, Mrs. French. 2nd, Selkirk Women's Inst. 3rd, Mrs. Hutt.

Raspberries, Red 1st. Mrs. Thompson. 2nd. Mrs. Hutt. 3rd, Mrs. Emory.

Raspberries, Black. 1st, Mrs. Thompson. 2nd, Mrs. T. Hammond. 3rd, Mrs.
Shuttleworth.

Stray-berries. 1st. Mrs. French. 2nd, Mrs. F. G. Stewart. 3rd. Mrs. Smith.

Class H.

One Pint Sealer of Jam of Each of the Following Varieties.

Black Currant. 1st, Mrs. A. N. Broddy. 2nd, Mrs. Shuttleworth. 3rd, Mrs.
L. Woolverton.

Peach. 1st. Mrs. Thompson . 2nd, Mrs. Hutt. 3rd. Mrs. C. E. Woolverton.

Pear. 1st Mrs. Thompson. 2nd. Mrs. Hutt. 3rd. Mrs. C. E. Woolverton.

Plum. 1st. Mrs. C. E. Woolverton. 2nd, Mrs. Emory. 3rd, Mrs. Thompson.

Raspberry. 1st, Mrs. Shuttleworth. 2nd, Mrs. Broddy. 3rd. Mrs. Hutt.

Strawberry. 1st. Mrs. Stewart. 2nd, Mrs. Woolverton. 3rd. Mrs. Thompson.

Class 15.

One Half-pint Jar of Jelly of Each of the Following V<iriet\es.

Apples. 1st, Mrs. Hutt. 2nd, Selkirk Women's Inst. 3rd. Mrs. C. E. Woolver-
ton.

Crab Apple. 1st. Mrs. Hutt. 2nd. Mrs ._ Thompson. 3rd. Mrs. Bunting.
Red Currant. 1st, Mrs. Hutt. 2nd, Mrs. L. A. Brown. 3rd, Mrs. Thompson.
Grape. 1st, Mrs. Hutt. 2nd, Mrs. C. E. Woolverton. 3rd, Mrs. Thompson.
Quince. 1st, Mrs. C. E. Woolverton. 2nd, Mrs. J. L. Hilborn. 3rd, Mrs. Bunting.

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 105

Class 16.
Grape Juice. 1st, Mrs. Bunting. 2nd, Mrs. Stewart. 3rd, Mrs. Thompson.

Class I — Special.

Cherries, Peaches and Strawberries. 1st, Mohawk Women's Inst. 2nd, Selkirk
Women's Inst. 3rd, Burlington Women's Inst.

Pears, Plums and Baspberries. 1st, Burlington Women's Inst. 2nd, Mohawk
Women's Inst. 3rd, East Elgin Women's Inst.

Apples, Best Collection. 1st, Selkirk Women's Inst. 2nd, Mohawk Women's
Inst.

County Exhibits.

Class 17 — Hastings.

Export Varieties. 1st, Lewis Miles. 2nd, W. C. Reid.
Domestic Varieties. 1st, W. C. Reid. 2nd, L. Miles.

Class 18 — Bruce.
Export Varieties. 1st, W. A. Rowand.

Class 19 — Kent.

Export Varieties. 1st, C. J. Ross. 2nd, Chatham F. G. A.
Domestic Varieties. 1st, Chatham F. G. A. 2nd. C. J. Ross.

Oxford.

Export Varieties. 1st. J. C. Harris.
Domestic Varieties. 1st, J. C. Harris.

Lambton.

Export Varieties. 1st. J. Atkin. 2nd, Forest F. G. A.
Domestic Varieties. 1st, J. Atkin.

Lincoln.

Export Varieties. 1st C. E. Secord.
Domestic Varieties. 1st, C. E. Secord.

Class 20 — Leeds & Grenville.

Alexander. 1st Wm, Beddie. 2nd, J. Warner.
Baxter. 1st, Ed. Keeler. 2nd, J. Warner.
Canada Bed. 1st, J. Warner. 2nd, Wm. Beddie.
Fom.pvse. 1st, J. Warner. 2nd, Wm. Beddie.
Mcintosh Bed. 1st, Wm. Beddie. 2nd, H. Jones.
Golden Busset. 1st, Wm. Beddie. 2nd, H. Jones.
Scarlet Pippin. 1st, Wm. Beddie. 2nd, J. Warner.
Scott's Winter, l.st, Wm. Beddie. 2nd, H. Jones.
Wealthy. 2nd, Ed. Keeler.
Any other Variety. 1st, Ed. Keeler. 2nd, H. Jones.

Class 21 — East Simcoe.

Section I. 1st, C. L. Stephens.
Section II. 1st, C. L. Stephens.
Section HI. C. L. S':e^hens.
Section V. C. L. Stephens.

Class 22 — Ontario.

Export Varieties. . 1st. W. H. Stevenson. 2nd, E. Lick.
Domestic Varieties. 1st, E. Lick. 2nd, W. H. Stevenson.

APPENDIX "D.'

DIRECTORS' REPORTS FOR SEASON OF 1905.

1. What fruits were injured last winter, and to what extent?

In the eastern counties, reports state that no injury worth noting was
done. Cherry buds as is expected, suffered, and the buds of European and
Japan plums. These fruits are considered tender there. Trees injured during
the winter of 1903-4 are still dying off in considerable numbers.

In the central, western and northern counties, the reports are also favor-
able. Mention is made of continued evidence of the severe winter of 1903-4.
Respberries and strawberries suffered in a few cases, and in the Guelph sec-
tion, pears, plums and cherries are reported as damaged to the extent of
twenty-five per cent. Peach buds suffered at Leamington.

2. How much planting was done in your district, and were any varieties
planted more largely than others?

Reports from the extreme eastern sections show the average amount of
planting of apples, chiefly, Fameuse, Mcintosh and Wealthy. Along Lake
Ontario, the export varieties of apples, such as Stark, Ben Davis, Baldwin,
Spy and Ontario were set out in about the usual quantity. In the Niagara
district, peaches, and grapes were reported as being pretty largely planted.
Peaches, cherries and raspberries seem to be still the favorites throughout the
tender fruit districts. Peaches are being replanted in the Leamington section
again. Otherwise in the West and North not much planting is being done.

3. What were the most injurious insects of the year, and how much
injury did they do?

Codling moth, oyster-shell bark louse and curculio are mentioned, but
injury was not very serious in the East, except from worms in light-bearing
orchards. In the central, western and northern sections, the codling moth
was reported as very bad, specially in unsprayed orchards. Owing to the
light crop of apples in these parts of the Province, the proportionate amount
of damage from this insect seems larger than usual. Some reports state that
from one-half to one-eighth of the crop was worm-eaten. The San Jose scale-
is mentioned in the Niagara district as one of the most troublesome pests in
the peach, plum and pear orchards, while the tent caterpillar seems to have
done some damage further west.

4. Wltat diseases were most injurious this year, and to what extent did
the apple spot fungus occur?

In the eastern apple sections, there was practically no apple scab pres-
ent. Along the St. Lawrence, however, the scab developed very rapidly on
Fameuse, Mcintosh, and Scarlet Pippin during the month of August, injur-
ing fifty per cent, of the crop. In other sections, the scab was present to a
greater or less degree. Most injury was done along the Lake Erie and Geor-
gian Bay counties. Among the tender fruits, the cherry and plum suffered
badly from rot, Twig blight is mentioned as spreading in the Guelph section.

[106]

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 107

5. Give a list of the varieties of apples you recommend for your district.
For the Eastern counties along the St. Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers, the
following list is preferred :

Alexander. Mcintosh. Transparent.

Baxter. Milwaukee. Wealthy.

Canada Baldwin. Northwestern Greening. Wolf River.

Duchess. Scarlet Pippin. Fameuse.
Scott's Winter.

Along Lake Ontario, the following varieties are mentioned :

Baldwin. Golden Russet. Greening (Rhode Is.)

Ben Davis. Hubbardston. Wolf River.

Blenheim. King. Wealthy.

Duchess. Ontario. Stark.

Fameuse. Seek. Spy.

With the exception of Ben Davis, the above list is suitable for Western
Ontario. The following additions are mentioned: Newton, Ribston, Mann,
Tolman and Transparent.

For the Lake Simcoe District, the following are recommended to be top-
grafted : Baldwin, Greening, King, Ontario and Spy. Additional varieties
mentioned are Alexander, Ben Davis, Colvert, Duchess, Fallawater, Gano
and Wolf River.

6. Were the crops of apples, plums, etc., light, medium or good on the
whole?

In the extreme east, all crops except cherries are reported good. Along
Lake Ontario, the main crop, apples, is reported light to medium. Other
fruits light or a failure except small fruits, which are generally good. In
the Niagara district, reports state peaches, good; plums (Japan), good,
(others) light to medium; cherries, light; pears, light to good; apples, light;
strawberries, light; grapes, medium to good. In other sections, plums are
given as a good crop, apples light, strawberries good.

• 7. Are there any varieties of fruit, not generally grown that you would
recommend for your district?

The Herbert raspberry is reccommended for more general planting. The
Milwaukee and Northwestern Greening seem worthy of extended planting as
hardy varieties in the east and north. All varieties of grapes should be
planted along the Lake Erie shore for general trial.

In regard to this question, the general concensus of opinion seems to be
that greater attention should be given to improving the quality of fruit from
the varieties that are already extensively planted.

8. Give notes and results from spraying ^this year.

Spraying is not extensively practised in the eastern part of the Province.
Where the Fameuse type of apple is the favorite, greater precautions will
be necessary if the crop is to be clean and marketable. One report states that
three sprayings gave 80 per cent, clean fruit, one spraying gave 50 per cent.,
while unsprayed trees gave from 10 per cent, to 50 per cent, clean fruit.
Another report from the east, states that from this year's experience, spray-
ing must be done to succeed. There was a marked difference between sprayed
and unsprayed orchards this season, especially in regard to wormy apples.

Results with the plum rot and San Jose scale were not so favorable,
reports varying widely. Better results were reported from the use of Bor-
deaux in its various forms upon cherries for the control of the rot, some
stating that the disease was entirely checked. For the scale, lime-sulphur

108 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

mixture and Carlson's mixture are reported as the best remedies, but neither
of these were entirely satisfactory.

In the west, reports state that where the spraying is properly done, good
results follow, while where a poor machine and coarse nozzles are used, the
results are not satisfactory. At the College in Guelph, where the spraying
was thoroughly done, an excellent crop of fruit of good quality was the
result.

9. What were the average prices offered for apples and were many buyers
present?

Prices ranged from f 1.00 to $1.50 per barrel in the orchard for XX and
XXX, and from $2.00 to $3.00 for the same grades packed ready for ship-
ment. Local buyers took the crop in most instances.

10. Notes on scarcity of labor, effects of cultivation, special conditions
of climate, etc.

Labor is reported scarce, even unskilled labor being hard to get at any
price. Some fruit was lost owing to this scarcity, and much of it was badly
packed. Cultivation of the orchards was neglected in many instances, owing
to the wet weather and this scarcity of labor. Where orchards were culti-
vated, the fruit was not as highly colored as orchards in sod owing to the
excess of moisture. Along Lake Erie, rain was lacking almost entirely from
July 12th to August 10th, while elsewhere in the Province, especially early
in the season, the rainfall was excessive.

APPENDIX "E."

REVISED CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS OF THE FRUIT GROW-
ERS' ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO.

Preamble.

The objects of the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario shall be the advancement
of the science and art of horticulture in all its branches.

(a) By holding an Annual Convention for the consideration of questions relating

thereto. . n . . . >

(b) By co-operating in every possible way with district and local fruit growers

associations and horticultural societies hereinafter mentioned.

(c) By collecting, arranging and disseminating useful information.

(d) By co-operating with the Ontario Department of Agriculture in all matters

pertaining to the advancement of horticulture.

(e) By holding an annual exhibition of fruit arid other horticultural products and

awarding premiums in connection with the same.
(/) And by such other means as may from time to time seem desirable.

Name.

1. This Association shall be called the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario.

Membership.

2. Any person interested in horticulture may become a member by payment of
one dollar per annum in advance, either to the general secretary or the secretary ot
any district or local association or society in affiliation with the provincial association.
A single payment of $10.00 to the general secretary shall constitute a member for lite.

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 109

3. Members of this Association in good standing shall be entitled to receive reg-
ularly the official organ of the Association, a copy of the Annual Report, such other
literature as may be sent out by the Association from time to time and any other
privileges that may be provided or arranged for by the Association.

4. The Association year shall end on the 31st of October.

Annual Meeting.

5. The Annual Meeting shall be held at such time and place as may be designated
by the Association.

Officers.

6. A President, Vice President, Secretary-Treasurer and Directors only shall be
the duly qualified officers of the Association.

7. The Directors shall be elected at the morning session of the last day of the
Annual Meeting, and shall be thirteen in number, representing the thirteen agricul-
tural divisions as set forth in Schedule "A" of the Ontario Agriculture and Arts
Act. In addition to the Directors herein provided for, the Association may at the
Annual Meeting, elect such other directors from time to time as may be deemed exped-
ient and in the interests of the Association.

8. The newly elected Directors shall at their first meeting appoint from among
their number a President and a Vice-President, and also from among themselves or
otherwise, a Secretary-Treasurer.

9. The President, Vice-President, Secretary-Treasurer and two other members
appointed by the Directors shall constitute the Executive Committee of the Associa-
tion.

Duties of Officers.

10. It shall be the duty of the President to preside at all meetings of the Associa-
tion, decide all questions of order, and make any suggestions he may deem necessary
in the interests of the Association. He shall be ex-ofticio, a member of all committees
appointed.

11. In the absence of the President, the powers and duties of his office shall devolve
upon the Vice-President.

12. It shall be the duty of the Secretary-Treasurer to attend all meetings of the
Association, the officers and the Executive, and keep correct minutes of the same ;
conduct all correspondence and issue all press and other reports ; prepare the report
of the Executive Committee for the Annual Meeting ; forward the list of representa-
tives to the Secretaries of Fair Associations, also prepare for publication the Annual
Report. As Treasurer, he shall receive and account for all moneys belonging to the
Association, pay such bills and accounts as have been approved by the Executive.
He shall have the power of Managing Director acting under the control and with the
approval of the Executive.

13. By virtue of his office he shall be a member of each committee appointed.

14. Before entering upon the duties of his office, he shall enter into a bond, with
security when required, which shall be approved of by the Directors.

15. The accounts of this Association shall be audited by an expert auditor or
accountant appointed by the Executive Committee, and approved by the Minister of
Agriculture for Ontario.

16. At each Annual Meeting, the retiring executive officers shall present a full
report of their proceedings to the Association. A detailed statement of the receipts
and expenditures for the previous year, and of assets and liabilities, a list of members
and such information on matters of special interest to this Association as the officers
may have been able to obtain, shall be sent to the Minister of Agriculture for Ontario
within forty days after the holding of such Annual Meeting.

17. The Executive Committee shall carry into effect the plan of work decided upon
by the officers, and shall arrange the details of the same.

18. The officers, or the members of the Executive, or of any Committee may conduct
by correspondence, the duties assigned to said officers, Executive or Committee, by
the Constitution and By-laws, or by the Association, when such a course is deemed
advisable by said officers, Executive or Committee.

19. In case a vacancy occurs in the officers or directorate ,the Executive Committee
may fill said vacancy forthwith.

110 THE REPORT OF THE No. 16

Committees.

20. The Association may appoint such committees from time to time as may be
deemed expedient, and the first person named thereon shall be declared chairman of
each committee.

21. The actual and reasonable expenses of officers and members of committees when
attending meetings in the interests of the Association shall be defrayed out of the
funds of the Association.

Notice of Meeting.

22. (a) At least" two weeks' notice shall be given of each annual and general meet-
ing, naming time and place of meeting. Notice may be given through the public
press and by circular letter mailed to each member.

(6) An officers' meeting shall be called by mailing at least ten days before date
of meeting to each officer, a notice of meeting as above provided.

(c) Similar notice shall be given to each member of the Executive before an Exec-
utive meeting is held.

(d) An Executive meeting may be held on shorter notice, provided each officer is
otherwise notified and consents thereto.

Quorum.

23. (a) Not less than ten members shall be a quorum to transact business for the
Association ; not less than five members shall be a quorum at an officers' meeting ; and
not less than three members shall be a quorum of an Executive meeting.

(b) Any member of the Directorate or Executive not present at a meeting, if he
send his views in writing, shall be considered as present.

Affiliated Societies.

24. Local Fruit Growers' Associations and Horticultural Societies in affiliation
with this Association may be organized in any locality where it is deemed advisable,
and it shall be the duty of the officers and directors of this Association to encourage
the formation of such local societies.

25. The membership fee in the aforesaid affiliated, societies shall be the sum of
one dollar per annum payable in advance. Of this amount the local secretary shall
transmit to the Secretary-Treasurer of this Association, the sum of seventy-five cents
for each member, the payment of which shall entitle the members of the local society
to all the privileges and advantages of membership in this Association.

26. The 'proceedings cf such affiliated societies, shall on or before the first day
of November each year be forwarded to the Secretary of this Association, who may
use such portions for the Annual Report to the Minister of Agriculture as may seem
to him of general interest and value.

27. Each affiliated Society is further expected to send one duly accredited delegate
to the Annual Meeting of this Association for each fifty or more members, and the
expenses cf said delegates shall be paid by this Association.

28. The Directors of this Association for the Agricultural District in which any
society if formed shall be ex-officio, a member of the Directorate of such affiliated
societies and receive notice of all its meetings.

Change of Constitution.

29. This constitution and by-laws may be amended by a majority of members
present at an Annual Meeting or a special meeting called for the purpose of considering
the same, and of which two weeks' notice shall be given.

APPENDIX "F."
THE LATE DELOS W. BEADLE, B.A., LL.B.

17 October, 1823—30 August, 1905.

During the year 1905 there passed quietly away in the city of Toronto
one of two then living constitutional members of the Ontario Fruit
Growers Association, in the person of Mr. Delos W. Beadle. To this gentle-

1905 FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. Ill

man in no small degree, is due the early progress and development of the
fruit growing interests of this Province and some lasting tribute to his mem-
ory is justly due from this society.

Mr. Delos W. Beadle inherited a taste for horticulture from his
father, Dr. Beadle of St. Catharines, who was one of our earliest Canadian
nurserymen. He was born in that place on October IT, 1823, and was pre-
pared for college at the Grantham Academy, now the St. Catharines Colle-
giate Institute. In September, 1841, he entered the sophomore class in
Yale College, New Haven, Conn., where he obtained his B.A. degree in
July, 1844, and two years later he received his B.A. (ad eundum) from the
University of Toronto. In 1874 he received his LL.B. degree from Har-
vard University, Cambridge, Mass., and in 1848 he was called to the bar
in New York City, where he practiced law for about 6 years. His failing
health made it necessary for him to seek an outdoor life. He accepted from
his father an interest in the nursery business, in which line he continued
until his retirement in 1887.

When the Hon. George Brown began the publication of the Canadian
Farmer, Mr. Beadle undertook the charge of the horticultural department
and continued to edit it for several years.

In January, 1859, the Fruit Growers' Association of Upper Canada was
organized in the City of Hamilton, with 18 members. Judge Campbell was
the first president, and Arthur Harding, the first recording secretary. On
the 16th of January, 1861, Judge Logie of Hamilton, was elected president
and D. W. Beadle, secretary, a position which he filled for twenty years
with such distinguished ability, that his statements on matters horticultural
were everywhere in Canada looked upon as authoritative and reliable. Dr.
William Saunders in his annual address, as president in 1884, says of him :
"While I acknowledge with pleasure the valuable aid rendered by my much
esteemed predecessors in the presidential chair, the lamented Logie, W. H.
Mills, Dr. Burnet and P. C. Dempsey and esteem it an honor to wear their
mantle, I feel free to say with no fear of contradiction, that the Fruit Grow-
ers' Association owes its present high position and influence more to its able
secretary than to any other man belonging either to the past or to the pre-
sent."

At the suggestion of Mr. Beadle, the publication of the Canadian Hor-
ticulturist was undertaken in January, 1878, by our Association. His idea
' was that such a publication would serve to hold together the membership by
affording a means of constant intercommunication of ideas, suggestions and
experiences in horticulture throughout the round year. As an evidence that
Mr. Beadle's abilities were recognized abroad, we may add that on the 10th
of November, 1862, he was elected corresponding member of the Horticultural
Society of London, England.

In the year 1887, Mr. Beadle sold out his nursery business in St. Cath-
arines to the D. W. Beadle Nursery Company. At the same time he
resigned as secretary of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association and editor
of the "Canadian Horticulturist." His most valuable book, "The Canadian
Fruit, Flower and Kitchen Gardener," was dedicated to the President and
members of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association. The rest of his life he
spent in Toronto, a student of nature and botanical research until his
lamented death, the 30th of August, 1905.

INDEX

PAGE.

Americana plums 47

American fruit in Toronto markets 62, 63

Apple growing, problems in 24

Apples, prices offered during 1905... 108
Apples recommended for Ontario 107
Arsenite of soda, precautions in use 59

Barrel, size of apple 66, 68

Beadle, I). W., the late 110

British Columbia, competition from 51
Burlington Fruit Growers' Ass'n ... 54
By-laws for co-operative associations 101
Chatham Fruit Growers' Association 54

Cold Storage and co-operation 99

Committees appointed 6, 37, 65, 74

Constitution and By-laws, revised 35, 108

Co-operation 30, 50, 52, 94, 101

Co-operation in the United States 32, 95
Co-operative Associations, reports of. 52

Co-operative spraying 54, 55

Cover crops 75, 80

Crop conditions, 1905 21, 106

Crop reports, continuance of 70

Definition of XX apple 72

Delegates to Annual Meeting 37

Delegates to Fruit Conference 6

Directors' meeting 7

Directors' reports ;. 106

Educational Work, discussion on ... 13
Expenditure for 1905, details of ... 16

Expert horticulturist, need ot 26

Financial Statements 16, 17

Forest Fruit Growers' Association 54, 99

Fruit Exhibition, prize list 11

Fruit Exhibition, financial statement 17

Fruit Exhibition, officers of 11

Fruit Experiment Stations 25, 73

Fruit Growers' meetings, 1905 8

Fruit Growers' Associations, list of 10

Fruit Growing in Algoma 39

Fruit Marks Act 51, 72

Fungous diseases of 1905 106

Georgian Bay Fruit Growers 98

Grape rot in Delaware 43

Groff, H. H 14, 34

Gypsum Co-operative Association... 95
Hamilton iHorticultural Exhibition 9
Herbert raspberry 47

page.
Horticulturist, purchase agreement... 17

Humus in soil, functions of 78

Hybridizing, Mr. Groff on 34

Industrial Prize List, changes in ... 9

Injury to trees from frost 106

Insects injurious during 1905 106

Lead arsenate, formula for 58

Legumes as cover-crops 79, 80

Lime, sulphur and salt mixture ... 41, 42

Markets and Marketing 69

Markets, in Great Britain 28, 53, 92

Markets, local vs. long distance 23

Membership, future of 9

Moisture control in orchards 81

New fruits 44

New Jersey, fighting scale in 40

Officers for 1906 6

Packages for pears 68

Packages, report of committee on... 66

Packing houses 94, 100

Paris Green, analysis of 56

Paris Green, fungicidal value 58

Paris Green, impurities in 56

Pears, prices realized in Winnipeg 86

Prize lists 102

Refrigerator cars, essentials in 87

Representatives to Exhibitions 6

Resolutions, report of committee on 69

Revision of Constitution 35, 108

Royal Horticultural Society 26

Salt in scale mixtures 43

San Jose Scale 39 42

Scorching of foliage by Paris Green 57
Shipment of apples by "Bavarian,"

report on 90

Sod in orchards 76

Spraying, for San Jose Scale 39, 41

Spraying, new ideas in 39

Spraying, notes on 107

Strawberries in Ireland 28

Sugar, tariff on 60

Tariff on fruits, Canadian 59

Tariff, resolutions on 64

Transportation Committee, report of 93

Treasurer's Report, 1905 16

Walkerton Co-operative Association 53
Winnipeg shipment, report on 84

[112]

Twelfth Annual Report

OF THE

Fruit Experiment Stations

of Ontario

UNDER THE JOINT CONTROL OF

THE ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH

AND

THE FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION OF ONTARIO

1905

PUBLISHED BY THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TORONTO

PRINTED BY ORDER OF

THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO

m

Printed by L. K. Cameron, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty
Toronto, 1906

WARWICK BRO'S & RUTTER, Limited, Printers
TORONTO

To the Honorable WILLIAM MORTIMER CLARK, K. C.,

Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario.

May it Please Your Honor :

I have the pleasure to present herewith for the consideration of your
Honor the Report of the Fruit Experiment Stations for 1905.

Respectfully yours,

NELSON MONTEITH,

Minister of Agriculture.

Toronto, 1906.

[3]

TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

Ontario Fruit Experiment Stations.

To the Honorable the Minister of Agriculture :

Sir,— I have the honor to present for your consideration the Twelfth
Annual Report of the Ontario Fruit Experiment Stations, containing valu-
able reports from our fruit statio s and some important plans for further
progress. The revised and complete edition of "Fruits of Ontario" will
he issued later as a separate report.

I have the honor to be, sir,

Your obedient servant,

LINUS WOOLVERTON,

December, 1905. Secretary of the Board of Control.

[51

Fruit Experiment Stations.

BOARD OF CONTROL, 1906.

G. C. Creelman, B.S. A.. Professor of Agricultural College, Guelph ....Chairman.

H. L. Hutt, B.S. A., Professor of Horticulture Guelph.

W. T. Macoun, Horticulturist at Central Experimental Farm Ottawa.

Elmer Lick, Director of Ontario Fruit Growers' Association Oshawa.

A. M. Smith, Director of Ontario Fruit Growers' Association St. Catharines.

P. W. Hodgetts, Secretary of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association Toronto.

Linus Woolverton, M.A., Grimsby Secretary.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

G. C. Creelman Chairman.

Prof. Hutt } Inspectors.

L. Woolverton

P. W. Hodgetts Sec. O. F. G. A.'

THE ONTARIO FRUIT STATIONS.

Name. Fruit. Experimenter.

1. Southwestern Peaches ...W. W. Hilborn, Leamington.

2. Wentworth Grapes Murray Pettit, Winona.

3. Burlington Blackberries and Currants A. W. Peart, Burlington.

4. Lake Huron Raspberries A. E. Sherrington, Walkerton.

5. Georgian Bay Plums J. G. Mitchell, Clarksburg.

6. Simcoe Hardy Apples & Hardy Cherries.. G. C. Caston, Craighurst.

7. Bay of Quinte Apples W. H. Dempsey, Trenton.

8. St. Lawrence Hardy Plums and Hardy Pears.. Harold Jones, Maitland.

9. Strawberry Station E. B. Stevenson, Ponsonby.

10. Maplehurst Cherries. Peaches, Pears, Plums,

and other tender fruits ; also a
general collection cf all kinds
of fruits for descriptive work
for "Fruits of Ontario." L. Woolverton, Grimsby, Ont.

11. Algonia Hardy Fruits .....C. Young, Richard's Landing.

MM

Fruit Experiment Stations, I 905.

THE SECRETARY'S REPORT.
By Linus Woolverton, Grimsby, Ont.

During the year 1905 the work planned by the Board of Control has
been carried out by your Secretary and by the various experimenters as
fully as possible.

The following list of fruits for testing at all stations was sent each
-experimenter, asking that he mark out any that would duplicate varieties
already planted, and the lists as revised were duly ordered for each sta-
tion. Some of the varieties, however, could not be secured, and must be
included in the new lists for 1906.

Fruits for Testing at all Stations.

Apples. Gravenstein, Ontario, Cranberry, Louise, Wolf, Alexander,
Boerdanoff, Duchess, Transparent, Milwaukee, Charlamoff, Longfield,
Boiken, Patten's Greening, Russell, LaVictoire, Windsor Chief, Mammouth
Black Twig, Huntsman, York Imperial, Brockville Beauty.

Peaches. St. John, Fitzgerald, Lewis, Champion, Elberta, Longhurst,
Carlisle, Smock, Carmen, Emperor, Niagara, New Prolific, Banner, Beers
Smock, Klondike, Leamington, Millionaire.

Cherries. Orel. Richmond, Montmorency. Brusseler Braune, Late Duke,
Lutovka, vSuda Hardy, Koslov, English Morello, Byng, Windsor, Dyehouse,
Elkhorn, Mezel, Homer, Compass.

Apricots. Shense.

Pears. Pitmaston, Hoosic, Wilder, Chambers, Louise, Triomphe de
Yienne.

Plums. Red June, Chabot, Late Orange, Whittaker, Maynard, Richard
Trotter, Dunlop, Stoddart, Emerald, Don.

Grapes. Campbell, Charlton, McPike.

Currants. Wilder, Ruby, London, Cherry, Prince of Wales, Champion,
White Yersaillaise.

Blackberries. Ancient Briton, Eldorado, Agawam, Child's Tree, Lin-
coln. Ozark, Lawton, Snyder, Eureka, Rathbun, Early Cluster.

Raspberries. Herbert, Cumberland.

Gooseberries. Columbus, Champion, Golden Prolific, Oregon, Jumbo.

The following varieties of apple trees were sent out by W. T. Macoun,
"Horticulturist Central Experimental Earm, Ottawa, to our experimenters in
New Ontario, in the Temiskaming District, viz. : Transparent, Milwaukee,
Duchess, Charlamoff, North West Greening, Wealthy, Patten's Greening,
Hibernal, McMahon White, Scott's Winter; also t'he following hardy kinds
of plums, viz., Bixby, Mankato and Don.

At the Southwestern Station in Essex, where the peach orchards have
"been twice killed out by winter freezing of the roots, five acres were planted
to peach trees for the especial object of testing various methods of winter
protection, for the encouragement of this important industry.

Our experimenter on St. Joseph's Island, having reported much dam-
age to fruit trees from sun scald, I sent him, under the instructions of the

[7]

THE REPORT OF THE No. 1

Board, four dozen veneer tree protectors for shading the trunks, to ascer-
tain if this would prevent such injury.

The instructions of the Board regarding a supply of hoi ties for the
experimenters were also fully carried out. The object of these was to enable
them to keep for exhibition such early fruits as would otherwise be out of
season.

Visits to Stations.

During the fruit season your Secretary made such visits to the Fruit
Stations as were necessary in the work of studying fruits as they were grow-
ing and ripening under various conditions, and for the securing of normal
samples of fruits for illustrations.

The Strawberry Station. The first fruit of the season to ripen is
the strawberry, and, where soil conditions are favorable and proper methods
of cultivation employed, it is, perhaps, the most profitable. The wonder-
ful improvements in varieties of late years have contributed much to give
the strawberry its high place among the profitable fruits, and any one who
fails to secure the new and productive varieties mentioned in our reports
will make a serious mistake. The extension of the season, by breeding
early, mid-season and late varieties, is another important factor in success-
ful strawberry culture, which should be carefully considered by planters.

Since our strawberry experimenter, the Rev. E. B. Stevenson, resides
at Ponsonby, which is a few miles from Guelph, and since Prof. Hutt has
on the College grounds every desirable variety under trial, I thought best
to go up on the 27th of June and look over the collections.

The results of the tests by Prof. Hutt, and of those by Mr. Stevenson,
do no+ always harmonize, neither do the reports of one year on the same
grounds always harmonize with those of another concerning the same varie-
ties. I am of the opinion that this is in part due to the limited extent of
the experiment. One hundred and fifty varieties, giving 12 feet to 20
feet of row to each does not afford sufficient test of commercial varieties.
I would recommend the same course of procedure which I advised the Board
of Control last year, viz., that ten or a dozen of the most productive varie-
ties be selected, and of these say fifty or one hundred plants be sent each
experimenter, insisting upon exact reports from each upon vigor and pro-
ductiveness. We would thus be very soon in a position to recommend cer-
tain varieties with absolute confidence; and, further, we might be able to
sav which varieties were best suited to the different districts, and to the
different soil conditions.

The Cherry Station. The second fruit to ripen is the cherry, and
all known kinds of this fruit are being tested on my own grounds. Unfor-
tunately, as you will see from my Cherry Report, the season has been a
most disastrous one for this fruit. Many orchards of Sweet cherries bore
little or no fruit, while, owing to the continuous wet in picking season,
what fruit was produced rotted before ripening. Certain varieties, how-
ever, seemed to be almost rot-proof, as, for example, the Orel, Russian 207,
Dyehouse, Purity, Richmond, and Montmorency. I would advise send-
ing a dozen or more trees of each of these varieties to each station.

The Raspberry Station. Closely succeeding the cherry is the rasp-
berry, a fruit which is becoming every year more popular with housekeep-
ers.^ Indeed, there is no fruit which has such an exquisite flavor either
in jam, preserves, or canned, as the raspberry, and the demand is bound
to increase rapidly. We are testing all varieties of the raspberry at Wal-
kerton on the grounds of Mr. A. E. Sherrington, who is keeping careful

1905 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

records of the behaviour and comparative merits of each. I visited his
experimental grounds on the 2nd of August, and found him in the midst
of his raspberry harvest. Prominent among his varieties of red raspber-
ries stood the Herbert, for its vigor of bush and its productiveness. It
appears as though in the near future it will be Herbert and Cuthbert for
favorite market berries instead of Marlboro and Cuthbert, as at present.
When we plant a lot of varieties side by side it is surprising how many
of the new varieties, which have been introduced as superior to any in
existence, are at once shown to be inferior. Mr. Sherrington will ask the
Board to allow him to weed out a great number of the" varieties now in his
plantation, and to plant more freely of certain promising kinds. Of black,
for example, he finds Miller and Older too small to be profitable; of white,
Caroline and Golden Queen are useless; and of the purple, neither Shaffer
nor Columbia are to be recommended for his district.

The Herbert should be planted freely at all our stations so that we may
know its real value for the practical fruit grower as quickly as possible,
because, if it bears out present promises, the sooner the fact is known the
better.

Gooseberries are doing remarkably well with Mr. Sherrington, and for
fruit growers in his district they appear to be well worthy of consideration
for planting as a market fruit. The Red Jacket, for example, bears most
abundantly at Walkerton, and sells at a remunerative price. I would
advise the Board to send Mr. Sherrington a liberal number of plants of
Red Jacket, Keepsake, Whitesmith, and Pearl, for careful tests as to yield
and selling price.

There being no peaches at the Peach Station in Essex, and very few
plums at the Plum Station in Grey, I did no+ visit these stations this sea-
son; nor the apple stations east and north, having visited ihem so recently.

The Hamilton Fruit and Flower Show.

In accordance with instructions from the Minister of Agriculture, the
Honorable Nelson Monteith, I made an educative exhibit of fruit at this
show, which was held in the Thistle Rink on the 12th, 13th and 14th of
September, 1905. There are two large rinks, one of which was devoted
to flowers and the other to fruits.

In making the Experiment Station exhibit those stations only were
invited to contribute which are in the Hamilton District, viz., Burlington,
Wentworth and Lincoln, the latter being represented by the Secretary's
collection.

These exhibits were of great interest to the visitors, covering five large
tables, or about three hundred square feet of space, on the left of the en-
trance of the fruit rink. They were distinctly labelled "Ontario Fruit
Stations," and your Secretary was in attendance, not only during the whole
thrpe days of the Fair, but, also, the day previous, setting up the exhibit,
and the day after for its removal.

The Burlington Station showed a fine collection of apples and pears,
including several baskets, packed with choice fruit, ready for market. The
principal feature of this exhibit, however, was the excellent show of all
varieties of red, black, and white currants, put up in bottles with formalin.
Branches had been cut and placed in the bottles, to show the manner of
fruiting. The liquid was perfectly clear, and showed the fruit in a per-
fect appearance.

The Wentworth Station showed a very large collection of varieties of
grapes, divided into two lots, the one containing the most desirable kinds,

10 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

the others those new, or undesirable, or of which the merits are, as yet,
not fully decided upon. It is worth noting, however, that some kinds which
have been condemned other seasons, have this year showed considerable
merit. It is, therefore, evident that tests must extend over several seasons
to be at all accurate.

From the Secretary's fruit farm, on which a large collection of varie-
ties has been planted for study and description, a great variety of apples,
pears, peaches, olums, and grapes were shown, covering about one-half the
whole space. Among these was a collection of Japan plums, which attracted
the attention of fruit growers. The kinds shown were Burbank, Wickson,
Satsuma, Hale, Golden Prolific, and Chabot. Among the pears some fine
export varieties were shown, including Anjou, Clairgeau, Hardy, Duchess,
Bosc, Louise, Pitmaston and Triomphe de Vienne. For home markets there
were shown such varieties as Giffard (in bottles), Bartlett, Clapp's Favorite,
Hoosic. Sheldon, Seckel, Souvenir de Congres, Elizabeth, Petite Marguerite,
etc. Some of the newer varieties of grapes shown were Ohio, Black Giant,
Woodruff, Early Victor, Diamond, Green Mountain, Empire State, etc.

On the whole this kind of an exhibit, with a Superintendent to give
information about the varieties suited for home uses, for export, for home
markets, and about novelties tested at the stations, promises to be of great
service to practical fruit growers. Another important service which can
be rendered fruit growers is the identification of varieties. Judges often
give prizes to kinds wrongly named, not knowing the variety sufficiently
well to detect the attempted imposition by an exhibit, or to correct his
error. Sometimes a variety is misnamed by all growers of a section through
the error of a nursery man; for example, near Collingwood, the writer once
found the Clairgeau grown by several people, and exhibited as Louise. An
expert in charge of our experimental exhibit can often correct these errors,
and it would be well if the authorities of Fairs would accept such a person
as referee.

The Toronto Fruit Show.

In response to my request as authorised by the Board of Control, the
fruit stations made a very fine exhibit in Massey Hall. The place assigned
was unfavorable, being at the centre of the front, under the gallery, where
the light was dim. The table also was too wide to show the fruit placed on
the far side, which was only approachable from the front.

The Experiment Sation exhibits covered about 400 feet square of table
space, and were of great interest to fruit growers. The principal varieties,
which were recommended for each district for commercial purposes, were
shown in pyramids, and those still under test in plates of five. Thus, Mr.
Jones, of the St Lawrence district, showed a large pyramid each of Fameuse,
Mcintosh, and Scarlet Pippin; Mr. Dempsey, of King, Ben Davis, Falla-
water, Ontario, Stark, Baldwin, Spy, Fameuse and Mcintosh; Mr. Peart, of
Baldwin, Greening, Spy, etc.

Mr. Sherrington showed quite a variety of fruits, especially in bottled
currants, cherries, and raspberries. The complete list of fruits, shown by
him, will given some idea of the extent of the exhibits of varieties shown
by each of our experimenters, so we subjoin his list in full.

Apples. Golden Russet, Ben Davis, Barry, Cranberry Pippin, Fameuse,
Grimes Gilden, Greening, Hurlbut, King. Mcintosh, North Western Green-
ing, Ontario, Pewaukee, Pound Sweet, Ribston, Salome, Spy, Seek, Seed-
ling, Tolman, Transparent, Wealthy, Wagener, Winter Banana.

1905 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS 11

Pears. Kieffer.

Cherries. Dyehouse, Downer's Late, Empress Eugenie, English Mor-
ello, Early Richmond, Late Duke, Montmorency, Ostheim, Olivette, Reine
Hortense, Wragg, Yellow Spanish.

Strawberries. Brandy wine, Saunders, Strawberry-Raspberry.

Currants. Black Victoria, Champion, Cherry, Fay, North Star, Nap-
les, Pomona, Prince Albert, Red Cross, Raby Castle, Saunders, Versailles,
White Grape, White Imperial.

Gooseberries. Downing, Pearl, Red Jacket.

Raspberries. Brandywine, Brinckle, Cuthbert, Caroline, Golden Queen,
Herbert, Harris, Loudon, Marlboro, Miller, Phoenix, Reliance, Turner,
Thompson.

Black Caps. Conrath, Gregg, Hilborn, Kansas, Ohio, Older, Smith's
Giant.

Blackberries. Agawam, Eldorado, Snyder.

Mr. Caston's exhibit was in one way the most striking one of all, hav-
ing two immense pyramids of Wolf River apples, many of which were 16
inches in circumference. Such Wolf River apples have not been shown
before in Ontario. His Baxter apples were also remarkable for their size
and beauty; and a pyramid of Peerless was most excellent, quite bearing
out all that Mr. Caston has said in its favor.

I began a kind of exhibit at this show which I think can be made of
still greater interest in future. I showed in one collection about twenty
varieties of commercial apples, one good average sample of each variety,
and each labelled in bold letters, with a shading pen. In another, twelve
varieties of dessert apples, one sample of each ; in another twelve varieties
of pears recommended for export, etc. I found that many people stopped
to study these collections and to take note of the same for future guidance.

Another educational feature which I prepared, at the suggestion of Mr.
Cowan, was a card for each commercial variety with a few brief notes
regarding it, which could easily be read by the visitor. We give a few
examples :

Gravenstein : An apple of the very highest quality for cooking, excel-
lent for export, succeeds in the Southern districts, and worthy of being
planted widely for export.

Blenheim : A high grade apple to fill in between the Gravenstein and
the King. Adapted to apple districts south of Kingston, Peterboro and
Orillia.

Bellflower : A good apple when well grown, but inclined to be irregu-
lar in form and size. Adapted to the great apple districts along the shores
of lakes Erie and Ontario.

McIntosh : A very excellent dessert apple; badly subject to scab in
the southern apple districts, but successfully grown in the St. Lawrence
and other northern districts.

The display of bottled currants and other fruits by Mr. Peart, and of
raspberries etc., by Mr. Sherrington, were usually fine, and deserve especial
mention. These unfortunately had to be set up too far back for proper exhi-
bition; for they need to be near to the eye, and upon a line with it. In
future exhibitions we hope for better instalment.

I was in attendance every day of the week to answer questions except
Friday, the day of our Pomological Meeting; and the various experimenters,
Mr. Sherrington, in particular, gave me much assistance in this work, as

12 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

did also Mr. A. M. Smith, of our Board. This attendance upon the exhibit
I would emphasize before the Board as of extreme importance, if we desire
to make our work of the greatest educational value.

The Board of Control.

No change has been made in the personnel of the Board of Control.
The following members having been reappointed for the year 1906, by the
Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, viz.: — A. M. Smith, Port Dalhousie;
Elmer Lick, Oshawa; and W. T. Macoun, Horticulturist of the Central
Experimental Farm, Ottawa.

A meeting of the Board was held at the Parliament Building3, Toronto,
on the 8th of December, 1905. The first business was an interview with the
Hon. N. Monteith, Minister of Agriculture, regarding the work of the
Fruit Stations, after which the Board met in one of the committee rooms
to hear the reports, and correspondence read by the Secretary.

All the reports from the experimenters having been received, the Secre-
tary was authorized to ask the department for payment of their respective
salaries for 1905.

The report of inspection of the various stations by Prof. Hutt was read
by him, and is printed in full in this volume.

The Secretary laid before the Board his work on the fruits of the Pro-
vince, having included during the year the varieties agreed upon for the
first edition of a complete volume, showing all the varieties studied and
described during the last seven years, in alphabetical order.

The Secretary was authorized to place or record the appreciation by
this board of Mr. W. T. Macoun's action in sending to our experimenters
in New Ontario such varieties of hardy apples as seemed to him worthy of
test in that district.

Plans for 1906.

The following are some of the more prominent lines of work ordered
for the new year.

The continuance of the exhibit at the Canadian National of the best
fruits then in season, including bottled samples of small fruits; standard
packages of fruit; charts showing fruits adapted to the various districts;
devices for trapping codling moths and for protecting trees from mice and
rabbits; spraying mixtures, etc.

The ordering of desirable varieties of the newer fruits for testing at
the various stations, and recommended varieties for general test;

The appointment of a committee, consisting of Messrs. G. C. Creelman,
P. W. Hodgetts and Prof. H. L. Hutt, to consider the desirability of locat-
ing another station somewhere between Walkerton and Leamington;

The continuance of an exhibit of summer fruits at the Hamilton Fruit
and Flower Show, in case this is continued in 1906;

Arranging for special educative exhibits of fruit at the Toronto Fruit,
Flower, and Honey Show in conjunction with those from the Agricultural
College and those from the Central Experimental Farm at Ottawa;

Ordering the revision of the various sections of the Secretary's work on
the " Fruits of Ontario," by various fruit experts as follows, viz. :

Apples, by W. T. Macoun, Horticulturist, C.E.F., Ottawa; Pears, by
M. Pettit, Winona ; Peaches and Cherries, by A. M. Smith, Port Dalhousie;
Plums, by W. M. Orr, Fruitland; Grapes, by W. H. Bunting, St. Catharines;
Small Fruits, by Prof. H. L. Hutt, O.A.C., Guelph ; these gentlemen to ?\ci
as chairmen of committees to be at their own appointment.

1905 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 13

A New Experiment Station.

In view of the changing- conditions affecting the work of the Ontario
Fruit Stations, the Board of Control passed a resolution expressing their
views to the effect that the time has novv come for a further enlargement of
our work, and for taking up other lines of experimental work, such for
example as the production of new and more valuable varieties of fruits;
the Board therein recommended to the favorable consideration of the Hon.
Minister of Agriculture, the establishment of an Experimental Farm in the
Niagara district, in charge of a suitable person, who would devote his whole
time to the work.

The Financial Statement for the year 1905 was presented by the Secre-
tary, who pointed out that he had kept within the estimates in the expen-
ditures.

The Financial Statement fob 1905.

Salaries of Experimenters $1,850 00

Salaries of Secretary and Inspectors ^'199 99

Fruit Exhibits and Pomological Meeting

Travelling expenses of Inspectors

Photographs of fruits

Trees and Plants for Stations

Tree protectors

Freight, express and duty '.

Rooks. Printing, and Stationery

Postage and telegrams

Board Meetings

Reporting

Albert Hall for Pomological Meeting

$3,925 66

398

27

112

50

95 30

236 48

3 70

16

47

46

75

16

42

33

27

12 00

4

50

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR OF THE FRUIT EXPERIMENT

STATIONS.

By Prof. H. L. Hett, O.A.C., Geelph.

I inspected each of the stations this year, and noted the condition and
progress of the work. On the whole it has been ranch along the same line as
last year and satisfactory progress has been made. It is hardly necessary,
therefore, for me to report npon it in detail again, as was done last year.
There are, however, a few general features of the work to which I wish to
call your attention, and some changes which I think it advisable to make.

The Fruit Experiment Stations were established eleven years ago, prim-
arily for the purpose of determining what varieties of the various kinds of
fruits were best adapted to the different sections of the Province. At that
time the fruit industry had not anything like the commercial importance it
has to-day. Planters were more or less at a loss to know what was best to
plant. Many of the older varieties were proving unsatisfactory, and the
hosts of new ones being introduced from year to year only added to the gen-
eral confusion of the planter. During the eleven years that the stations
have been established, our experimenters have been testing and comparing
the new with the old, with the result that the greater number of the much-
lauded new varieties have been found worthless, some have been recommended
for further trial, and a few have proved worthy of more general planting.
In most cases the experimenters are now in a position to speak with authority
in recommending the varieties most desirable for planting- in their particular
sections.

14 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

In so doing the Experiment Stations have brought order out of confu-
sion, and because they have done so it might appear that they had accom-
plished their purpose, and the work might now be dropped. The result of
such a course would not be hard to foresee ; in a very few years we would be
as far behind the times as we were when the work began. Our aim must be
progress, and our policy should be to adapt the work of the stations to meet
the requirements of the times. Inasmuch as variety testing is concerned,
this must necessarily be continued as a prominent feature of the work. Our
report should now give annually a list of the varieties recommended for gen-
eral planting from each of the stations, indicating those most desirable for
commercial planting, and those specially adapted for home use. Lists should
also be given of those varieties which have been fully tested and are not
recommended, stating why they should be discarded. Lists might also be
given of those varieties which are deemed worthy of further trial before
placing them on either of the foregoing lists.

At each of the stations there should be a general weeding out, as soon as
possible, of those varieties which have been fully tested and have not come
up to the requirements, and in their stead those varieties which have proved
most valuable should be grown in larger numbers, at least sufficient to afford
a good standard for comparison, and the new varieties appearing from time
to time should be added and tested as soon as they can be obtained, so that
we may still keep abreast of the times with regard to all varieties deemed
worthy of cultivation.

One of the important facts brought out by the Fruit Experiment Station
work is that the lists of varieties desirable for planting must vary consider-
ably to meet the requirements of the different sections of the country.
No one -list will do for all parts of the country. In this par-
ticular the co-operative nature of the work has proved its adaptability
to the needs of the country better than any one central experiment station
could do. And this leads us to ask if we yet have enough stations to fully
represent the varied conditions of all sections of the Province. Two years
ago I recommended the extension of the work to include the Temiskaming
district, for the benefit of the settlers going into that newer part of Ontario.
Collections of the hardiest varieties of the fruits most likely to succeed in
that northern latitude have been sent to four of the pioneers of that section,
and a co-operative effort is thus being made to ascertain the fruit-growing
possibilities of that northern part of the Province.

In the Niagara district a strong effort has been made during the past
year to impress upon the Government the necessity for establishing a large
Central Fruit Experiment Station for that district — one owned by the Gov-
ernment and managed entirely for the good of the public, where more of the
problems confronting the fruit-grower might be worked out than can be
attempted under the plan of privately owned stations. This matter may be
outside the jurisdiction of our Bonrd. yet an expression of opinion on the
subject of this Board would not bo without weight. The growing importance
of the fruit interests and the multiplicity of the unsolved problems connected
with it, well warrant the careful consideration of the Government and the
united efforts of the growers. Unfortunately for the majority of fruit-growers,
the Dominion Central Experimental Farm and the Provincial Experimental
Farm are both too far away from the tender fruit belt to render as much
assistance as they otherwise might. So that a third Experimental Farm, or
even a Branch Fruit Experiment Farm, in the tender fruit district, might
be made of great service to fruit-growers of that section.

1905 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 15

There is another important fruit district which is not reprsented by any
of the stations, and has not yet asked for a station, that is the Central West-
ern part of the Province. Taking the County of Middlesex as a centre, we
have Huron and Perth on the north, Lambton and Kent on the west, Elgin
on the south, and Oxford on the east. All of these counties are more or less
extensively engaged in the fruit industry, and are not represented by any of
the stations. A good station, centrally located, should be of great value to
that part of the Province. It would help to bring its fruit-growing into prom-
inence, and would, no doubt, as the work has done in other places, bring out
some of the prominent growers of the district and secure their co-operation
in advancing the fruit interests of the Province generally. In this particular
alone the Experiment Stations already established have done something
which has been well worth all that has been expended upon them — they have
brought into public service some of the most energetic and progressive men
engaged in the fruit industry of to-day.

POMOLOGICAL MEETING.

The Secretary also reported having arranged for a pomological meeting
of expert fruit growers near Massey Hall, on Friday the 17th of November,
during the week of the Fruit Fair. This meeting was well attended, and
served to bring out many important details concerning the behavior of var-
ieties in the various districts. The following is a report of the addresses and
discussions at this meeting.

CO-OPERATION IN PLANTING.
By Linus Woolverton, Grimsby.

Co-operation is without doubt the keynote of successful fruit growing
in this twentieth century. Slowly, very slowly, our fruit growers are
awakening to the importance of united effort. It was not until the unbusi-
nesslike methods of sale forced down the prices of fruit so low that little
or no profit remained to the owner of an orchard to meet the value of time
and labor, and interest on investment, that he was willing to enter into
co-operative work.

The first move has been co-operation in sales. Local organizations have
been, formed, the members of which place their fruit under the control of
the Association so that contracts are made for the sale of it to distant buyers
in car lots.

Next comes co-operation in packing, which means that all fruit handled
by the Association is graded to uniform size and quality, either individually
subject to the inspection of an overseer, or at a central packing house; each
man to receive pay according to grades of his fruit.

Then we have co-operation in spraying, which included a power sprayer
and an expert to run it and to do the work thoroughly, which is the only
kind of spraying that counts. Perhaps Mr. Tweddle's ideas may prevail.
Mr. Tweddle is a progressive fruit grower of Fruitland, near Hamilton,
who has made a specialty of pruning and spraying apple orchards. He says
it should be one of the conditions of membership of a local fruit growers'
Association, that each member have his trees cultivated, pruned and sprayed
according to certain rules, so that the fruit sent out should be of the very
highest grade of excellence.

16 THE REPORT OF THE No. 1

All those are important points of progress, but there is still one that
receives too little, if any consideration, and that is co-operation in planting.
The curse of many orchards in Ontario is the great collection of useless
varieties often found in them. Some ten years ago when I was asked by the
Dominion Department of Agriculture to make up experimental shipments
of pears and peaches to Great Britain, I found it almost impossible to col-
lect enough cases of any one good variety of each to make a fair showing
upon any large market. Mixed lots are slow of sale and often bring low
prices. This difficulty can be remedied by co-operation in planting. The
local Association should decide upon the most desirable varieties of apples,
pears, peaches, grapes and cherries for the section represented, and see that
a sufficient average is planted to each variety by members of the Association
to make up car lots of the same for shipments, either to our Great North-
West or to Europe.

It is to aid in deciding upon the most desirable kinds to plant in quan-
tity for profit in each locality, that the work of the Ontario Fruit Stations
has been conducted during the past ten years, and I think we have in that
period made much progress in the way of proving what kinds should be
planted and what should not in the various sections.

Take pears for example. We have an excellent market for the Bartlett
in the Winnipeg market, a market that will take larger quantities every
succeeding year. But in what section of Ontario can this pear be put up in
car lots, outside of the Grimsby and the Burlington district?

For export to Great Britain again we have several kinds that give
excellent returns, and which grow to perfection in many p.arts of the Pro-
vince, for example we may name Howell, Bosc, Pitmaston, Duchess, Louise,
Clairgeau, Anjou, Diel, Easter Beurre and others. Put up in half bushel
cases and carefully packed and shipped in lots of a few hundred cases of a
variety there is almost an unlimited market abroad, with most encouraging
returns; but where in this Province can you find a sufficient number of
bushels of any one of these varieties to make up a respectable ship-
ment. The plantations of pears are small at the best, and selection of var-
ieties has been made hitherto with an eye to local markets only. Now we
begin to find a surplus which these markets cannot use, and we must seek
distant markets or sell at losing prices.

Here there is work for our local Associations, viz., to decide upon the
markets to be taken up and then plant varieties suitable for these markets,
and in quantities sufficient to make proper shipments.

Again in apples • is it not strange that in no section of Ontario can you
find an orchard of Gravenstein? Here is one of the very finest fall export
apples, with no competitor that can compare with it in beauty, or in quality
for shipment about the 1st of September; an apple that has made the Anna-
polis Valley famous, and which may be grown just as successfully in Ontario
as in Nova Scotia, and yet it is comparatively unknown in our Province.

Another apple too little planted with us is the Blenheim. This fine
apple just fills in a gap between Gravenstein and King and brings long
prices in the British markets, but who knows of any section in which a buyer
could gather up a carload of Blenheim?

In grapes, also, I believe co-operative planting would tell to the advant-
age of the growers. The Concord and the Worden are grown extensively,
but are both wretched shippers. The Worden loosens from the stem and
the Concord, though holding on a little better, is too tender in skin and
very soon deteriorates. We tried exporting it to Great Britain one season

1905 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 17

but the experiment was a failure. This season I tried shipping it to British
Columbia, sending it to such points as Rossland, Grand Forks, Phoenix and
Greenwood, but in every case they landed in poor condition, though packed
with great care.

The question for us to solve under this head is, what grapes can we
grow that will carry well and command a good price? Perhaps Wilder or
A.gawam or Lindley would answer; if so, Associations in grape sections
should see that these varieties are planted by their members. Now it is
along these lines that our Fruit Experiment Stations are at work, attempting
to help in settling the vexed question of what varieties are best suited for
planting in each section for profit, and in this work we invite the earnest
co-operation of the members of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association.

The Chairman : What do you think of the desirability of introducing
any new variety of apples?

Alex. McNeill : It would be a dangerous experiment to introduce any
new variety too hastily. I think we should experiment with a great many
varieties, but we should distinctly discourage the planting of new or unknown
varieties. For that reason I commend most heartily the suggestion that
Blenheim should be planted. The Blenheim is not as good an apple in many
sections as the Baxter, but the man who plants Baxter has to make his market
to some extent, whereas Blenheim is well known in England, and there
would be no impropriety in planting it in large quantities, as there would
be no difficulty in disposing of the crop. When it comes to introducing a
new variety with a new name, I should distinctly discourage it among the
farmers. There should be years of patient experiment with any new variety,
no matter what its merits may be, before it should be recommended for
extensive planting. I commend the spirit of the address most heartily. The
idea of co-operative planting, and thus doing things on a larger scale, is in
complete accord with the recommendations of the Department with which
I am connected.

The Chairman: You do not call Gravenstein a new variety?
* Mr. McNeill : No, you would be perfectly safe with it.

The Chairman : I understand that the commission merchants complain
bitterly as to the great number of varieties which come to the commission
houses in small quantities. If you introduce another variety such as Graven-
stein, unless it could be introduced very widely, would it not still further
increase the difficulties of the commission men?

Mr. McNeill : You can sell Gravensteins in considerable quantity any-
where and at any time. A man who has a carload to dispose of can make a
fairly good bargain. If it could be put on the market in car lots, it would
be at no disadvantage. It would be very different from planting new and
rare varieties, because in the latter case you could not sell your crop to,
advantage.

Mr. A. E. Sherrington, Walkerton : Gravenstein does not do well in
my section, but Blenheim does excellently.

Mr. W. H. Dempsey, Trenton : I do not think there is any difficulty
in selling Gravenstein if you have from ten to twenty barrels. The Ottawa
market will take them readily and at an advance in price over other apples
of that season. I think Gravenstein could be grown to advantage in our sec-
tion. Blenheim is slow in coming into bearing and in some sections it does
not produce in sufficient abundance.

Mr. McNeill : In Nova Scotia they discontinued planting Gravenstein
to any extent because transportation facilities were such that they could not
be sure of getting the fruit to market safely, but during the last two years
?"T 2 F. E. s.

18 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

these facilities have improved so- much that this variety is again becoming
the best paying apple they grow. It has become very subject to collar rot
there, however, and is such a weak tree that they are afraid to plant it on
that score.

Mr. Woolverton : Gravenstein is one of the finest and most vigorous
growers I have in my orchard. The fruit is very fine. Just as good as any
in the Annapolis Valley.

Mr. Robertson, Lindsay : For what section would you recommend
Blenheim ?

Mr. Woolverton : I think it succeeds in your county. It certainly is
a success in the Niagara Peninsula.

Mr. W. T. Macoun, Horticulturist, Ottawa: I find Blenheim one of the
tenderest varieties we have at Ottawa. I should be afraid to plant it at
Peterborough. Gravenstein is also very tender with us.

A Member : In the vicinity of Belleville, Blenheim stood the test of
the recent severe winters.

Mr. Harold Jones : With me Gravenstein is weak and has been killed
back. Blenheim has been killed outright.

Mr. Dempsey : One of the reasons why Gravenstein is tender is that it
bears heavily each alternate year. If a severe winter follows a heavy bear-
ing season, the tree will be injured.

DESIRABLE NOVELTIES AMONG APPLES.
By W. H. Dempsey, Trenton.
We hear a great deal nowadays about new varieties being introduced^
and about hybridization. We are apt to lose sight, I think, of the great
work done thirty or forty years ago by some of the members of the Fruit
Growers' Association who were among its founders. Charles Arnold worked
on the Spy and Wagener and produced the Ontario and several sisters to it,
but the Ontario is the best of his creations. From the union of Spy and
Golden Russet, my father, Mr. P. C. Dempsey, produced Trenton and Wal-
ter. Trenton is one of the best early shipping varieties we have, and has
never sold in Liverpool or Glasgow, at less than twenty shillings a barrel.
In small fruits there are a number obtained by crosses made by Dr. Saunders
when at London. At the present time Mr. Macoun is also doing a very
important work in the production of new varieties.

We should, however, be very careful about recommending the planting
of new varieties. We have a lot of old varieties which are widely grown,
and it is easy to select from them varieties which will suit any apple growing
section. Blenheim requires a heavier soil than some varieties and, where it
is suited to the section, it will produce abundantly. The same is true of
Gravenstein and Trenton. Trenton on quite light land is the most profit-
able variety I have. Ontario is larger than Spy with me, but it is, if any-
thing, more tender in the skin than the Spy.

Of the new varieties Coo's River Beauty attracts me more than any
other. I received it from a California Experiment Station. The first year
it fruited, it did not promise well as the fruit dropped early and was not
very good. Last year the fruit hung to the tree until late in the season
and kept fairly well. This year the bulk of the fruit was picked last Satur-
day, and there were fewer specimens on the ground than in any other
variety. The tendency to fall off is a great drawback to many varieties,
such as Wealthy, Snow, Blenheim, and Cranberry Pippin the latter
being one of the worst. Coo's River will class as to quality with the

2a f.e.s.

1905 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 19

Snow and the Mcintosh and it is as fine in appearance as Wealthy. York
Imperial has shown up better with me this season than in any previous
season. The trees bore a nice crop this year and looked very promising.
Windsor Chief still looks promising, is of fair quality, and hangs to the
tree well. Winter Maiden's Blush impresses me more favorably this year
than in any season yet. The fruit is very evenly distributed over the tree,
which produces a good crop of large apples of good quality. Sutton's
Beauty is not doing well and appears subject to green aphis and to twig-
blight, and the tree is apparently weak. It is not frozen back but does not
come on rapidly.

Mr. Woolverton : What about Salome and Jonathan?

Mr. Dempsey: I have had no experience with Salome. The fruit of
Jonathan is of good quality but entirely too small with me.

Mr. Woolverton : It grows beautifully in some parts of the United
States.

Mr. Armstrong: What district do you represent?

Mr. Dempsey : North Durham, Hastings, and Prinee Edward, includ-
ing the Bay of Quinte section.

A Member : Do you find Ontario more tender than Spy ?

Mr. Dempsey: I have some Ontario but , they are nearly all top
grafted. Those grafted on hardy but unhealthy wood have shown weakness.
I find the Ontario subject to canker and that it is a poor slow-growing tree.

Mr. Sherrington : My Ontarios on their own stock are useless, but
top grafted on Crabapple stock, they are quite hardy.

Mr. Dempsey : I have seen Ontario trees 12 years planted in Hastings
county that are perfectly hardy and in good condition. They bear early.

Mr. Macoun : We have top grafted about ninety varieties of tender
apples on hardy stocks, the idea being to find out whether the stock made
the tree any hardier. We find it does not. It makes a difference if the trunk
is tender, such as Ontario. In that case it is good to top graft on a hardy
trunk. As regards the new growth, the hardiness of the stock does not
influence it. Spy top grafted on Duchess killed down to the stock. Where
two varieties were grafted on the same stock, the tender one was killed
outright and the hardy one left.

Mr. Dempsey : If you graft a hardy variety on tender stock, does it
not have the tendency to make the top tender?

Mr. Macoun : I can give no opinion as to that. Where a tree has a
weak trunk, there is no great advantage in top grafting. It is well known
that top grafting on hardy stock increases earliness..

Mr. Robinson, Lindsay : McMahon White is very successful with me.
The tree is healthy, the most hardy we have and bears annually.

Mr. Dempsey: It is not a good apple to market on account of the
color, but it is well liked for cooking purposes.

Mr. Robinson : We find that Ontario on its own stock dies out in our
district. I grafted it on Duchess and it did well until the severe winter of
two years ago, when every branch was killed.

HARDY CHERRIES.

By G. C. Caston, Craighurst.

Situated as I am half way between Georgian Bay and Lake Simcoe and
away from the moderating influences of the Great Lakes, I am unable to
grow successfully any but the sour varieties of cherries. The winter of
1903-1904 was the coldest in twenty years, and the varieties that survived

20

THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

may, I think, be classed as perfectly hardy. Among these are Orel 24 and
Ostheim. Orel is one of the best we have, and my favorite among the Rus-
sian cherries. It is not a fast grower but is very hardy. The fruit is very
nearly black when ripe and of very fair quality. Next on my list to Orel
24 I would recommend Ostheim. Dyehouse is another good variety but the
tree is not long lived and was injured during the winter I referred to.
Russian 207 is third on the list. It is a large bright red cherry and it is
of better quality even than Dyehouse or English Morello. The latter is
the finest cherry in my section; it begins to bear early and yields very
abundantly, but I do not consider the quality good Dyehouse is smaller,
but is decidedly of better quality; I do not know which of the two is the

1(Mr G Woolverton : Dyehouse is earlier with me than English Mor-

°Mr Caston: They are pretty nearly alike in season with me. I _have
tried the better kinds of cherries but none of them have survived and there-
fore cannot be recommended for planting in my section
Q. Do not sour cherries pay better than the others.'
A I think they do. People are planting more of them at any rate.
Mr. Woolverton : Montmorency is one of the best sour cherries. Can

1 Mt^Caston: The trees are growing nicely but have not fruited yet.
As to susceptibility to black knot, all varieties seem to be affected more, or

1 peg

Q. Have you tried spraying as a remedy?

Mr Caston : I believe that spraying on the bare trees with bluestone
is a soo'd preventive. It should be followed later on by Bordeaux mixture.
The trees should be sprayed before the leaves come as after that it is very
difficult to reach the spores. Instead of two pounds of bluestone m forty
gallons of water, I use three. . m on n„a

Q I have a large number of seedling cherries on my farm four or five
years old. If I cut them off and allow shoots to come up, can I bud on the

>0 Mr Sherrington: I had some cherries girdled by mice. I sawed them
off below the girdle and grafted to Morello and Bigarreau. They are now
growing finely. At the time of grafting they were from one and a halt to

two inches in diameter. .,',..■ ^ + ~+a ;« +l,o

Mr. Macoun : Cherries must be grafted before growth starts in the

spring. l i p

Q. Could you grow sour varieties satisfactorily on this seedling stocky
Mr. Macoun : Sweet cherries do well on sour stock and 1 thmK tne
reverse would be all right if you can graft successfully. ^„TiM

Mr Sherrington, Walkerton : In my district we can grow cherries
that are unsuccessful with Mr. Caston. I have twenty-five varieties m my
experimental plot. During the last two winters we lost the majority oi those
in the Bigarreau and Duke classes and I would not recommend for our dis-
trict any of the varieties in those classes The varieties I rcommend are
English Morello, Montmorency, Ostheim, Early Richmond. All these ur-
vived the recent severe winters,, but fruit buds^ were killed on Early Rich-
mond and Montmorency. I consider English Morello the most profitable
Morello the most profitable cherry we have. Dyehouse has not yet fruited
cherry we have. Dyehouse has not yet fruited with me but promises well.
It is anlrly variety and, I think, may be included in the list. As to spray-
ing for black knot, I believe in spraying with bluestone alone early in the

1905 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 21

season before the buds burst. With reference to the failure of municipalities
to enforce the law regarding black knot, in our district we have overcome
the difficulty in this way; when our local Fruit Association was organized
we petitioned the Council for an inspector. We had sufficient influence to
get one appointed and to £et the Council to see that he properly enforced the
law. Black knot is rapidly disappearing in our section in consequence. .

VARIETIES OF CURRANTS FOR PROFIT AND HOW TO GROW

THEM.

By A. W. Peart, Freeman.

I have had a number of years' experience in the growing of currants.
In regard to soil, a rich, moist, cool soil gives the best result. Where the
soil is very fertile, satisfactory returns can be had among orchard trees.
Shade is afforded in this way which is often beneficial, as there is less lia-
bility to sun-scald than when the bushes are planted in the open. This
is especially true of red varieties. The best results are obtained from
wide planting, the distance apart depending on the variety. As a rule,
reds may be planted closer than blacks. For the average plantation six
by six or six by seven is advisable. It is safer to plant in the spring than
in the fall, unless the soil is naturally well drained. If the land is low
and wet the plants heave, and are found lying on the surface in the spring
because they have not had time to become established before winter caused
growth to cease. I prefer planting early in the spring, and when the
soil is reasonably dry. I never plant trees or bushes of any kind in the
mud.

In regard to pruning, my practice is to prune in the spring, although
I do not object to fall pruning if there is time. March is the best month.
In red currants I thin out the old wood, and cut back the strong, young
shoots, leaving sufficient cane to give a good crop. All wood over three
years old should be removed, and, if the bushes are making vigorous growth,
the three year wood may go, too. Red currants bear on two year old wood
but the blacks do not. They are more inclined to bear on wood of the
previous year's growth. For this reason they are not cut back so closely.
I prefer the bu^h form to the tree form, especially where the currant borer
is found, because in the tree form, if the borer attacks the stem, the whole
bush is lost. I have divided the varieties I have tested into three classes,
desirable, doubtful and undesirable. I find, however, that the varieties
placed under these three headings differ greatly from year to year. Among
the red currants there are two distinct classes of plants, one having a dark
foliage, and the other a much lighter foliage. The lighter greens are,
I find, the more rugged. In red currants I would recommend the follow-
ing : Cherry, Wilder, Old Victoria, Prince Albert, North Star, Fay's Pro-
lific. In black varieties, Naples, Saunders, Lee's Prolific and Collins' Pro-
lific. ^ Among the white varieties White Grape is productive, but White
Imperial stands first on the list for quality. Among the doubtful varie-
ties I would class Champion, New Victoria, Pomona, Red Cross. In unde-
sirable varieties I include Belle de St. Giles as being the least productive
of any of the red currants, also Brayley, which is small and unproductive.
Raby Castle may, also, be classed as undesirable, being too small in the
fruit, as are also Red Dutch and Versailles.

22 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

Q. Which is the largest of the black varieties?

A. I think Collins' Prolific. For some time the demand was poor,
and prices for currants were low. The last year or two, however, has seen
a change in this regard, and many growers have realized encouraging pro-
fits. With ordinary planting, twelve hundred bushes may be set to the
acre. These should average three quarts per bush, which gives 3,600
quarts per acre. Recent prices have netted over three cents a quart, after
paying for package and picking.

Mr. Joseph Tweddle, Fruitland : I think the tendency is to plant cur-
rants too closely. I have a plantation where they were originally set out
six feet by four. Bushes have been removed until they are wide enough
apart to permit a team to work between them. The result is that three times
the crop has been realized. I am in favor of spring pruning. My

experience with dark-leaved varieties is that, if pruned in the fall, they
will die back very badly. I have found a great improvement in the growth
and health of my bushes after I discontinued fall pruning.

Q. How long do you find it profitable to keep your bushes?

Mr. Peart : Not after they are eight or ten years old.

Mr. Tweddle : By planting ten feet apart and four feet apart in the
row, you will have a thousand plants to the acre. I sow a cover crop just
as in the orchard.

Q. Do you cultivate both ways?

Mr. Tweddle : No, only one. In regard to spraying currants, when
our bushes were nine years old, and were beginning to die out, we sprayed
them with lime and sulphur in the spring, and they became almost as
vigorous as a young plantation. They were suffering somewhat from fun-
gous growth.

HARDY FRUITS.

By Harold Jones, Maitland.

The question of hardy fruits cannot be discussed without due reference
to locality. What may be a success in Northumberland and Durham
may be an absolute failure east of Kingston. The thermometer does not
show a great difference in temperature in the two sections, possibly three
or four degrees, but there is the lake influence, which reaches much farther
back through the Counties of Northumberland and Durham than we are
perhaps aware of. A talk upon the various fruit districts of the Province
would form a very interesting subject, but I must confine myself at present
to the St. Lawrence Valley district, between Stormont and Cornwall. This
is known as the Snow apple section. As the result of my experience as a
fruit grower, running over a period of twenty-five years, during eight of
which I have been engaged in experimental work. I may say that we still
have to look for something better than the Snow,- Mcintosh, Scarlet Pippin
and apples that are somewhat kindred to them according to parentage, such
as Trenton. The first three are our leaders in that section. When par-
ties come to me as an experimenter, I cannot conscientiously advise them
otherwise than to stick to the varieties that are giving us the most money
per acre, and, possibly, as much money per tree, as any other varieties we
can plant. These varieties are all of pretty much the same season, and we
now have to look for apples of commercial value which will extend the
season through the winter. We have some valuable early varieties, such

1905 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 23

as Alexander, Wolf River, and the Baxter. These bring high prices,
sell readily and export well. Trees of the Wolf River and Alexander
are comparatively hardy, and may be classed as ironclads in the St. Law-
rence Valley. Alexander will sometimes show a tendency to rot on the
trees in individual instances, but, as a rule, the crop is picked in first-class
condition, and is not subject to fungus or spot. The variety is readily
attacked by the codling moth, but in our section we are particularly favored.
In Western Ontario there seems to be one continuous brood from early in
May till late in the autumn. We have two distinct broods, a spring brood,
which appears shortly after blossoming, and a midsummer brood about the
middle of July; between the two there is a distinct intermission. There-
fore, if we give proper attention to spraying at the proper time in the sea-
son, we suffer but little loss from this pest. My experience, after fourteen
years of spraying, is that if the work is done properly, after the blossoming
period, not more than two per cent, of the apples will be found to have
suffered injury from the codling moth. In the island of Montreal, Alex-
ander is giving as good money returns as any variety they grow. Wolf
River is a close second, and, possibly, may be a better apple, but we have
not had it under test long enough to say. The trees of that variety planted
in 1896 are showing up well, and the fruit will ship successfully till the
end of! November. Duchess is a standard variety which need not be touched
upon; it does well in our section. Following these three varieties (I leave
Astrachan out as not being profitable with us) we come to Wealthy. This
variety fills the gap between Alexander and Snow. It is disappointing,
however, in our section. Our soil is an alluvial one with a large percentage
of clay, which makes it rather heavy. There are, of course, gravel ridges
and some strips of lighter soil occur occasionally. Wealthy is subject
to canker with us; the tree leans over very much from the prevailing wind;
the fruit strips very easily, and does not attain size or quality, except in
individual trees grown under favorable conditions. I have watched
Wealthy very carefully in various sections when on Institute work, and
have obtained specimens of the fruit in almost every month of the winter.
My conclusion is that it grows to the best advantage on the slopes and de*-
pressions of the Laurentian hills, whch run through the province from the
Georgian Bay, following the valley of the Ottawa, and crossing the St.
Lawrence River at the Thousand Islands. In my opinion the soils of this
Province may have more influence than climate on the quality of our fruit.
In studying the geology of our country, we find that the range of hills I
have referred to is composed to some extent of rocks that carry a high
percentage of phosphates. My observation leads me to believe that cer-
tain apples, Wealthy for instance, possess far finer quality, texture, color
and keeping qualities where grown on the slopes of these hills, because of
the fact that the soils is rich in phosphates. I think this is a point that
is worth v of further study. I am satisfied I am on a track of forming
a basis in this regard on which we may work in the future in locating the
best sections for certain fruits.

After Wealthy come our three leaders, Snow, Mcintosh, and Scarlet
Pippin. They all have defects, but all are heavy bearers, and come into
bearing fairly early. All are subject to black spot. I heard the state-
ment made a few years ago at one of the fruit meetings that Flemish Beauty
pear could not be kept free from spot even if a sprayer were kept working
continuously on the tree from spring to fall. My experience with it is
that it can be kept free from spot easier than the Snow apple by proper and
intelligent spraying done at the right time with sufficient force to give a

24 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

mist spray, and not a drenching. You can. secure from eighty to ninety
per cent, of clean Snow apples, you will also obtain better sized fruit by
keeping the foliage clean. There is still need of much missionary work in
regard to spraying. In our locality we find people who will not spray
because they have to use lime. They do not know how to handle it, and
it clogs the nozzle and gives trouble generally. Trees should be sprayed
twice, the last spraying coming about July first, after which the crop is
practically assured.

The three varieties I have mentioned do not last longer than Christmas.
They will keep longer, but the market demands certain varieties at certain
seasons. The consumer is looking for these varieties now, and will con-
tinue to do so until about the third week in December; after that time
winter varieties are in requisition. This is a point worth considering.
The market for these varieties is very extensive, and we cannot grow enough
to fill the demand for these apples in their season, but they must be in the
consumer's hands by the first of January.

Mr. Kydd : What is the variation in season of these three varieties ?

Mr. Jones : The Scarlet Pippin is slightly earlier, and should be picked
first, because it drops easier than the others.

Mr. H. B. Cowan: The experience in the Ottawa Valley is that Scar-
let Pippin keeps longer than either of the other two varieties.

Mr. Jones : Yes, but it loses its crispness and flavor. It is not a
question of how long an apple will hold out, it is a matter of when it will
bring the best price in the market, — that is the time to sell it. I think
that the most valuable work before the Experiment Station for the East
is to try to find a profitable winter apple, which will some in after the varie-
ties mentioned. So far we have not got such an apple. Spy shows fair
hardiness with us up to the time of full bearing. After bearing one or
two full crops it begins to show defects, and dies off, and that, after taking
from twelve to sixteen years to come into bearing. I imagined at one
time that I was going to have something that would take the place of the
Spy in the Ontario. I started in by planting 106 trees. I took care of
them for four years, but after the freeze of 1903 I cut them all down.

Mr. Macoun : He would not take our advice. We had had experience
with Ontario. That is where people make a great mistake. These Sta-
tions are for the purpose of testing the hardiness of apples, and the men in
charge of them are there for the purpose of giving advice to the people of
the district. If the people will take that advice they will often save them-
selves thousands of dollars.

Mr. Jones : Each year I have more people coming to me for advice on
this subject.

As to Baldwin and Greening, it is definitely settled that they are not
hardy in our section. I have Ontario, top grafted, which is just below
an open wind break and escaped the freeze of 1903. I suppose the weak-
ness of Ontario is due to the fact that the fruit bud is not properly matured
in the fall, and that the cold winds destroy the vitality of the tree. Al-
though we have not yet secured a profitable winter apple, I think the time
is approaching when we shall do so. The most profitable winter variety
we have is Golden Russet, but it wilts in ordinary storage and gives a slack
package. It also loses its crispness and juiciness, and it is only at certain
times in the year that Russets are A 1; after that they become second grade.
Ben Davis attains neither size nor color; North West Greening has many
good qualities, but lacks color, and, on that account, it has to take its place
on the market with Rhode Island Greening.

1905 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 25

Mr. Sherrington: Is it subject to spot?

Mr. Jones : Slightly, but not as much so as the ordinary Greening.

Mr. Sherrington : I would class it below Ben Davis for my district.

Mr. Jones : As to McMahon White, the chief point regarding it is
that it is one of the best varieties I have found to top graft on. It has
strong vitality, is perfectly hardy, and has one of the best crotches of any
tree I ever saw. You cannot do better than use this variety, especially if
you wish to bring an apple into early bearing. The next best variety to
McMahon is Hibernal. Pewaukee does not compare with it and Tolnian
Sweet has not the same vigor. I find that that there is always a market
for a good cooking apple, and the most promising variety we have of this
description is Milwaukee. It has a sharp acid but no very decided flavor
and is not, of course a table apple. It keeps its acidity and does not get
flat. It is especially valuable in the western market and commands a price
right through the Winter. It should be remembered that more apples are
sold for cooking purposes than for dessert, probably the proportion is ten
to one. Another profitable cooking apple is Scott's Winter. It is a bright
red and very hardy but has the fault of running small after the trees
come into bearing. It is an annual bearer and a good yielder. It has a sharp
acid and will keep its quality until June and is a first class cooker.

Q. Is there any reason why you should not have a first class winter
table apple?

Mr. Jones : I do not know why we should not. We have cooking var-
ieties that will hold their quality, and I see no reason why table apples
should not be found which will do the same. Mr. Macoun is now engaged
in hybridizing and crossing early winter varieties with our later keeping
varieties, and I think we shall eventually secure what we require in this
regard. The best varieties we now have originated largely from chance
seedlings. Mcintosh Red was of this description but it was one of a million.
It no doubt resulted from a natural cross of two varieties. Mr. Macoun may
be able to get one out of a thousand seedlings by intelligent crossing. He
has a great work before him, and I hope he will live to see great results.

Mr. Robertson, Lindsay : I have grown Phoenix very successfully.
It is similar in appearance to Milwaukee.

Mr. Jones : I do not know it.

Q. Have you had any experience with Cooper's Market?

Mr. Jones : I have no trees of that variety as yet. I have about six-
ty-eight varieties and have mentioned only the most promising ones. I have
a very long list of undesirable varieties. Salome was planted in .1896 and
up to the present has grown three or four crops, but the fruit is absolutely
worthless — it lacks size, is uneven in form and a poor apple in every way.

Mr. A. McNeill : The Fruit Division at Ottawa is frequently asked
to identify Phoenix. It looks not unlike Canada Red. Phoenix is one of
the most profitable apples grown. When I say that, I do not wish to be
understood as recommending its planting. It is no more profitable than Ben
Davis. It is a good shipper, and if it had been universally planted years
ago, so that large quantities could have been shipped, I think it would
have been as profitable as Ben Davis. It is sweetish and insipid in quality.

The Chairman : Has anyone present had favorable experience with
Salome?

Mr. McNeill : I know of a most successful small orchard of this
variety, owned by Mr. Zavitz, of Coldstream, Middlesex County. It should
never be grown in the colder sections. I would not recommend it anyway
as it is just an additional variety.

26 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

Mr. Sherrington : Our trees are doing splendidly.

Mr. McNeill: You will not get fruit of good size.

Mr. Jones : Mr. Huggard of Whitby unfortunately reported the variety
as very desirable some years ago, but on further test it proved worthless for
our section, and we must try to counteract the impression that has gone
forth regarding it.

Q. How do you regard Baxter?

Mr. Jones : It is quite a profitable variety with us and may easily be
classed as hardy. There is some tendency to sun-scald. Trees of sixteen to
twenty years old yield from one to one and a half barrels and the price
received is from |3.00 to $3.25 per barrel.

Q. What about Blue Permain?

Mr. Jones : It is a very handsome apple of midwinter class, and is of
rather high quality as a table apple. It is a shy bearer, however. My
trees are from thirty to thirty-five years old, and from two to two and a half
barrels is an average crop, so that it is less than the Spy in yield.

The Chairman: We must keep in mind the fact that Mr. Jones is
talking of varieties adapted to his district, where they require hardy apples.
He is not discussing varieties for the warmer sections.

Mr. Reed : Delaware Red is quite as hardy as anything Mr. Jones has
mentioned, and it is a good keeper.

Mr. Macotjn: It is a hardy apple, but not sufficiently so for the dis-
trict. We thought so until two or three years ago when we had an excep-
tional winter. We may not have another exceptional winter for twenty
years, but if it comes along just as your trees are commencing to bear nicely
and kills them out, your loss will be a severe one. We have crossed this
variety with Mcintosh Red because it is one of the best keepers we have.
I have kept it in an ordinary cellar over two seasons. I would not add
it to Mr. Jones' list. It is not sufiiciently hardy, and the fruit is inferior
in size, too much of it grading as number two.

Mr. Jones : That is the reason I spoke of Milwaukee, whose parent is
Duchess. The tree takes care of itself, and does not require pruning. It
does not grow a lot of extra wood for nothing, but is a business tree from
the start. Besides this, it bears a high percentage of No. 1 fruit. It is
practically free from spot. Keep away the codling moth and fertilize
your trees, and spraying will be reduced to a minimum. The result will
be a crop of high class commercial fruit with a small amount of labor and
expense.

Mr. Robertson : Bellflower does well in our section.

Mr. Jones : We consider it one of our finest winter apples, but it does
not meet with favor in the market, as its shape and color are both against
it. It goes to the export market as Bishop's Pippin, but the Bishop's
Pippin of Nova Scotia is superior to Bellflower. It seems that Pans green
added to the soda Bordeaux mixture is very injurious to foliage, and I think
this subject should be brought up for the benefit of Institute speakers so
that they might be in a position to explain why this is the case.

Prof. Shutt, Ottawa : The soda Bordeaux mixture was recommended
by the Provincial and Dominion authorities for use on potatoes. It was
introduced by Institute speakers last winter, and considerable interest was
taken in it. As it is much easier to make than the ordinary Bordeaux,
people have used it for other purposes, and, as they have been in the habit
of adding Paris green to Bordeaux, they added it in like manner to the
soda Bordeaux mixture. In consequence of this much iniury was done
both in Ontario and Nova Scotia to foliage and fruit. The reason for

1905 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 27

the trouble is this : When Paris green is added to soda Bordeaux, arsenide
of soda is formed. This is injurious to foliage, and cannot be used even
in a very dilute solution. It does not injure potato foliage, however. We
found from our experiments that it injures apples, plums and cherries, and,
particularly, plums and cherries. Some varieties of apples were less
affected than others, but all were affected more or less. There is another
point in connection with the use of soda Bordeaux that should not be lost
sight of, namely,, that it has to be used within twenty-four hours of being
made or it will become granular, and will not adhere to the foliage.

RASPBERRIES FOR PROFIT: VARIETIES, PRUNING, AND

PLANTING.

By A. E. Sherrington, Walkerton.

Last year I recommended the following varieties in red raspberries,
namely, the Reliance, Turner, Marlboro, Cuthbert, Phoenix. Loudon
was also included in the list, but his was a mistake; it is not a satisfactory
variety. I have a few changes to make in this list. I find that Reliance and
Turner are too small for good market varieties, although their quality is
excellent. Marlboro might also be improved upon as an early variety,
as it does not make cane enough. Perhaps a cross between Marlboro and
Cuthbert would produce a more vigorous plant and an earlier berry. Marl-
boro is a large berry of good color and a good shipper, but the fruit is dry
and crumbly.

Q. Are there not two or three different kinds of Marlboro?

Mr. Sherrington: The difference is in the habit of growth, not in the
berry. Herbert fruited with me for the first time this year. This variety
was originated by Mr. R. B. Whyte, of Ottawa, and from one year's ex-
perience I have to place it at the head of the list. The plant is not so
vigorous as Cuthbert, but is, I think, sufficiently so. It is the largest berry
I have, being three-quarters of an inch in diameter as against half an inch
for Cuthbert. 'Cuthbert still stands at the top of the list as the best all round
berry grown. The first fruit of Cuthbert was harvested July 19 ■ and it
yielded 347 ounces by the middle of August, when the crop was over. It is a
hardy and vigorous grower and the fruit is in great demand in all sections.
The first fruit of Herbert was picked on July 17 and the last on August 11.
In that time a crop of 665 ounces was taken off a twenty-foot row. The
quality was fine, and it proved to be a good shipper. In Marlboro the
season lasted twenty-nine days, beginning on July 13, and the crop realized
was 330 ounces. Turner came in on July 11 and yielded only 257 ounces.
The first Phoenix were picked on July 13 and the crop, which was concluded
by August 13, amounted to 330 ounces. The fruit of this variety is small,
but as a rule it is a regular and heavy yielder. The fruit is of good quality
and I should not like to discard this variety.

Black raspberries have been a comparative failure recently owing to the
work of anthracnose. Hilborn is the hardiest and best, but the fruit is small.
Conrath comes in earlier, but is not so hardy. Older is perfectly hardy but
the fruit is shiny black and lacks the characteristic bloom. It is not popular
on the market on that account. It also has a very short fruiting period.
During the past season the crop was taken off in four pickings extending
from July 13 to August 1, and the quality is only fair. The yellow and

28 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

white var'eties are not needed in the commercial market. Golden Queen is
perhaps the best of them.

Mr. Woolverton : Is not Brinckle's Orange of better quality?

Mr. Sherrington: But the plant is not as good. I have tested a con-
siderable number of purple varieties. Columbian is the hardiest and the best
yielder, but I prefer Schaffer, as it is of better quality. I can find no mar-
ket, however, for purple berries.

Q. Schaffer is in demand as an early canner?

Mr. Sherrington : It is necessary to have the ground thoroughly culti-
vated and perfectly free from grass before setting out the raspberry planta-
tion. Cultivation and fertilization are the two main factors in securing a
good crop. I am very much in favor of spring planting as against fall plant-
ing. The plants should always be set deeply because the roots are surface
feeders and they should be kept down as low as possible. The method I adopt
in planting is to make a furrow with the plow and then turn out another
along the same bottom. The bushes should be set in this trench and the roots
well covered. Hows six feet apart give good satisfaction. The suckers are
allowed to spread until a hedge row is formed thirty to thirty-six inches wide,
a space of three feet is maintained between the rows. This system is con-
venient for working with a horse cultivator, and is especially adapted to
plantations set out between the rows of orchard trees. A suitable arrange-
ment is three rows of berries and the outside rows nine feet from the trees.
When the tree rows are thirty feet apart this plan has been found to work
satisfactorily. A fruit plantation requires plenty of fertilizer. Some grow-
ers rely solely on the commercial fertilizers. It is true that in this way weed
seeds are avoided, but it also results in deficiency of humus and a compact
surface soil. Shallow cultivation is necessary as the roots gradually come
near the surface, and if the soil is cultivated too deeply, they are liable to
be destroyed and the supply of nourishment cut off. A one-horse cultivator,
which will work up the ground to a depth of two or three inches, used once a
week or oftener in dry weather, will be found suitable. I do no summer
pruning of raspberries, as the practice permits of the growth of late laterals
and numerous suckers. If there is time, all the old wood is taken out in the
fall. If not, this work is done in the spring after the fruit trees have been
pruned. At this time, too, the canes are cut back. Great judgement is re-
quired in cutting back canes. In some cases the canes have made rank
growth. If there is a sufficient number of buds low down, the canes can be
cut back much more severely than if the buds are higher up. All canes that
have been damaged by frost should be removed. The canes are thinned out
so as to leave the strongest ones four to six inches apart. My raspberries,
which were cultivated under the above method, yielded me last season from
twenty-three rows, three hundred feet long, planted in a young apple orchard,
about 3,600 boxes. These netted seven cents a box.

Q. What would be a good yield for an acre?

A. From three to four thousand boxes.

PEACHES FOR PROFIT : PRUNING AND WINTER PROTECTION.

By W. W. Hilborn, Leamington.

A larger and better peach is demanded by the market to-day than was
required some years ago. The present demand is for a peach of large size,
good color and fine quality. We should have varieties of this kind which
would cover the entire season and we do not at present possess such var-

1905 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 29

ieties. We also require better shipping varieties in order that we may
extend our business. The Elberta is perhaps our best peach. When grown
to perfection it is very fair in quality, of good size, good color and will
stand shipping well. It thrives best on high, dry, sandy soil, and the trees
should be well thinned out to admit plenty of sunlight.

Q. — Is not the soil you mention the best kind for any variety of
peach ?

Mr. Hilborn : It is the best peach soil for color and quality. I do
not think I should care to plant on any other kind of soil.

Q. — Have you ever seen Elberta grown on light gravel?

A. — I have grown it on such soil but the fruit does not obtain the same
size.

Q. — If we were to draw the line as closely as you do in regard to soil,
there would be very few peaches grown.

Mr. Hilborn : I suppose you cannot get that soil everywhere. The
chief point is to see that the roots of the tree will not run down to water, or
good results will not be secured in the quality and color of your fruit. We
have fruited about 150 varieties, some quite extensively, but others only
in limited numbers. The market demands a yellow peach. Yery few white
peaches are asked for even though the quality may be as good or better.
White-fleshed varieties do not stand shipping well as a rule, and by the
time they reach the market, they are usually in bad condition; but for my
own use I prefer them. The following are the varieties I would recommend
for my district : In early peaches, the Alexander and Greensboro. These
are white varieties, as you cannot get a yellow peach of the same season.
They produce a nice peach on suitable soils, but I would not recommend
planting them in large quantities. Next come St. John, Early Crawford and
Garfield.

Q. — Do you not find that Garfield ripens before Crawford?

A. — There is very little difference one year with another. Then come
the following in order of ripening : Garfield, Fitzgerald, Prolific, Engle,
Mammoth, Elberta, Gold Drop, Bronson, Kalamazoo, Smock, Banner.

Q. — Would you not include late Crawford?

A. — It does not bear well enough to be profitable with us.

Q. — Is not Kalamazoo a very small peach?

A. — Not with me.

Q. — Do you not include Sneed?

A. — No, because of its small size and poor color.

Q. — What do you consider the hardiest peaches?

A. — Those of the Crawford type, Fitzgerald and New Prolific.

Mr. Robertson, Lindsay : I grew Fitzgerald at Lindsay and exhibited
the fruit at the Fall Fair two years ago, but the trees were killed the follow-
ing winter.

Mr. Woolverton : What advantage has Fitzgerald over Crawford?

Mr. Hilborn : The trees produce younger, the fruit colors better,
yields better and averages equally well in size. The tree is also a little
hardier.

The Chairman : I observe that the list Mr. Hilborn gives us this year
does not agree with last year's list.

Q. — What is Kalamazoo like?

A. — It most nearly approaches Gold Drop and is about the same size.
The trees are inclined to over-bear and have to be thinned. As to pruning;
very much depends on the pruning as to whether you will have large or
small fruit. To secure good peaches, the trees must be properly pruned to
admit sunlight throughout and the fruit thinned out sufficiently.

30 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

Q. — How high do you head your trees?

A. — From two to two and a half feet from the ground. In some districts
they consider this too low to work under. If you head high enough for horses
to pass under, it takes a long time to get a large crop, and even then you do
not get as good fruit as with low-headed trees, and the latter are not so
much affected by wind. The only disadvantage is in cultivating the orchard-

Q. — Do you both prune your trees and thin out your fruit?

A. — I like to prune the wood early in the spring and thin out the fruit
as required. The difficulty in thinning peaches is that if we do it ourselves,
we do not remove half enough of the fruit, and if we set someone else to do
it, they do not discriminate between good and poor fruit. I aim to pick out
small, ill-shaped fruit.

Q. — Is it not more profitable, under present labor conditions, to prune
well with the shears and leave out the thinning?

A. — To get the best results trees should be thinned if they are over-
loaded, and you cannot always regulate it with the shears. To secure the
best peaches, they should be thinned to four or five inches apart.

Q. — What would be the cost of thinning a twelve year old tree?

A. — One man should do it in an hour. I find if we thin down to what
appears to be about half the crop, the money returns are better than if the
trees are untouched.

Q. — If it takes an hour to thin a tree, how would you get sufficient
labor to thin say four thousand trees?

A. — At the time I speak of we had twenty thousand trees and the work
took from two or three weeks with from four to six men employed. We
thought it paid us. The peaches have to be picked any way and labor is
more readily obtained at the time of thinning than later on in the season,
and less care is required to pick green fruit. Then, too, it costs as much in
soil fertility to produce the pit of one peach as it does the flesh of three or
four.

Q. — When do you begin to thin?

A. — As soon as the peaches are well set and large enough to work upon.
My practice it not to thin too closely the first time, but to go over the trees
quickly as it tends to prevent fruit from dropping.

Q. — Don't you think that much of the cost of the thinning might be
avoided by judicious pruning and heading back the laterals? Do you prac-
tice heading back the laterals to a certain number of buds or do you thin
out the main branches and let the laterals go ?

Mr. Hilborn : I do not cut back the laterals.

Mr. Armstrong : I think you would save hundreds of dollars in thin-
ning if you would use that method of pruning.

Mr. Hilborn : We try to thin at the time of pruning so as to leave the
tree as nearly right as possible and then thin afterwards if required.

Mr. Woolverton : Do you think you will be able to successfully grow
peaches in Essex by any method?

Mr. Caston : I think it could be done by grafting peaches on plum
stock.

Mr. Hilborn : I have not tried it myself, but had the same idea, and
I wrote to a number of parties across the line wTho had followed that method
and they pronounced it a failure as the graft would not unite properly. As
to winter protection, one of our difficulties is that our best peach land is
high, dry, sandy soil. On land of this kind if we get a winter without any
snow and long continued cold, the frost enters sufficiently into the ground
to kill the roots while the tops remain uninjured. We have tried a number

1905 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 31

of cover crops without very satisfactory results. On our soil we must cul-
tivate till about the first of August, and if we sow a cover crop after that
time, we cannot get sufiicient top to give protection; or if we do get a fair
crop, we do not get it immediately around the tree, where it is required, as
it will not grow there with sufiicient vigor.

Q. — Would not rye answer?

A. — It is perhaps as good as any but does not give sufiicient cover.
Next year we intend to grow early tomatoes among the trees and after they
are through, by September 1st, we shall take the vines and pile them around
the trees covering them with a little earth.

Q. — Are you troubled with mice?

A. — We have no mice. If we keep our fences clean and cultivate our
orchards, mice do not trouble us.

Q. — Would not sawdust be useful in this connection?

A. — It sours the soil and some growers claim that two or three appli-
cations will kill the trees.

Q. — How do you treat borers?

A. — We hunt them out in the spring and destroy them. We also apply
a mixture consisting of one bushel of lime, one bushel hard wood ashes,
one pint crude carbolic acid, with sufiicient water added to form a cream.
After the borers are picked out in the spring, this is applied from the roots
to the limbs.

Mr. Jones : We use linseed oil on aprde trees with good results.

Mr. Woolverton : The apple tree borers work only in summer time,
and a little soft soap will keep them away.

REPORTS OF EXPERIMENTERS.

APPLES.

Notes by W. H. Dempsey, (Bay of Quinte Station).

The apple crop was very light in this district this year, there being not
more than one-third of a crop. There are several reasons for this. The trees
may not have recovered from the effects of the severe winter of 1903. Some
that were in an unhealthy condition last year have died this year, and
many individual limbs which bore heavily in 1903 have died this season, while
the remainder of the tree is apparently sound. Again, the cold foggy
weather at the time of blooming may have lessened the crop for only those
not in full bloom at that time were heavily loaded. The codling moth, which
was very numerous, has also tended to lessen the crop by causing so many
apples to drop. The curculio also had a share in the destruction of the
crop by causing in many orchards many barrels of apples to become ill-shapen
and unfit for market.

There was very little spot on the apples, and only in locations favorable
to it, where it appeared late in the season.

The fungus on the foliage did considerable damage by causing it to
turn yellow and drop in August and September, which left the wood unrip-
ened for winter, and the fruit exposed to the sun to ripen prematurely.
This was most noticeable on the Baldwin, Stark, King, Seek, Fameuse,
Greening, Russett, and Ben Davis.

Coo's River Beauty is improving each season; it bore a fine crop again
this year which hung to the tree until the first of November, with very few
windfalls. At present it appears to be one of the most promising of the
new varieties which I have; quality good.

Boiken is still maintaining its good fruiting qualities, and the fruit is
of good size.

Milding : Planted in 1896 ; a very vigorous grower, making large
handsome trees; requires but little pruning; tree spreading, has produced
very little fruit; evidently requires age before fruiting. Fruit, large,
striped and splashed with red; medium quality.

Rome Beauty : Fruit running much smaller ; tree not a vigorous
grower, looks as though it were becoming unhealthy.

Sutton's Beauty: Planted 1894; still making very little growth; bore
only a few specimens this year. It is too weak a grower and too slow in
fruiting to be of value here ; possibly it might do better top grafted on good
stock; have not tried it.

Shiawassee Beauty: Planted 1894; has made slow growth, produc-
ing good crop each alternate year; this year nearly one barrel of mostly
XXX fruit; fruit good size, color and quality; excellent for cooking, and
dessert; season, October and November.

York Imperial : One year old, planted 1898, made medium growth,
handsome tree, heavily loaded this year for the first, has a far more prom-
ising appearance than the scions top grafted on yellow Bellflower in 1897,
which have borne only a few specimens. The fruit is handsome, light red;
keeps good till spring, medium quality.

[ 32 ]

1905 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 33

Notes by Harold Jones, (St. Lawrence Station).

My notes on 22 varieties published in the Report of 1904, do not need
repeating. The following varieties fruited with me this year.

Aken's Red: Planted 189T; yielded a fair crop of medium sized, dull
red apples, of no special value; fruit subject to fungus spot.

Downing's Winter Maiden's Blush: Planted 1896; bore a crop of
about 15 apples; fruit large, similar to Maiden's Blush in color and mark-
ings; a handsome apple of promising appearance.

Gano : Planted 1900 ; a few specimens similar in size and form to Ben
Davis; a handsome deep red apple; promising.

Hurlbut : Planted 1896 ; yielded a good crop of rough uneven fruit
of no special value; not desirable.

Magog Red : Planted 1896 ; bore a fair crop of large yellow fruit
faintly streaked; quality medium to poor; does not hold to the tree well;
not desirable.

Milding : Planted 1897 ; a vigorous healthy tree ; yielded a few speci-
mens of large, smooth apples of attractive color; worthy of further trial.

North West Greening : Planted 1896 ; bore good crops for two years ;
fruit large, green with color in some cases ; a fair cooking apple ; tree vigorous
and hardy; worthy of further trial.

Rome Beauty : Planted 1898 ; tree healthy and vigorous ; fruit large
and attractive; worthy of further trial.

Switzer : Planted 1897 ; a vigorous, hardy tree coming into bearing
young and giving heavy crops; fruit medium size, attractive in color; fol-
lows Astrachan in season; drops on reaching maturity, and does not sell as
well as Duchess ; not desirable here, but might take the place of Astrachan in
Northern sections where that variety does not succeed.

Wolf River : Planted 1896 ; a hardy vigorous tree ; a fair cropper ;
fruit large, handsome ; resembles Alexander ; meets with a ready sale at good
prices; a month or six weeks later than Alexander; an all round desirable
apple worthy of more extended trial.

Yates' Red: Planted 1897; a poor, weak grower with no vigor; fruit
small, red, of no value; undesirable.

Notes by G. C. Caston, (Simcoe Station).

Alexander : I think this apple has come to stay as one of our list of
fall apples; perfectly hardy; a good bearer; fruit large, handsome and a
first-rate cooker.

Wolf River : About a month later in season than Alexander, in fact
i+ keeps fairly well until Christmas. Tree a real ironclad in hardiness,
thrifty, prolific; fruit very large and highly colored, handsome and a first-
rate cooker.

Colvert : This apple still retains its place as a good shipper among our
fall apples.

For a rotation, beginning with Duchess, the Peerless would come next;
then Alexander, and next Colvert, Wolf River and Blenheim. This would
probably be the best list for profit and to cover the season until winter apples
are ready to ship.

Snow, McIntosh and Wealthy are unsatisfactory and give but a small
percentage of first-class fruit.

In winter apples, if I were to add any to the list given in former reports,
it would be the

3 F. E s.

34 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

Boiken : While not of high quality, it is a good cooker and keeps as
well as Ben Davis; it is clean skinned, and colors fairly well here; the tree
begins to bear almost as soon as planted and keeps right at it every year; so
it could not fail to be profftable. Its color might be against it as an export
variety, but it would be all right for the home market, especially in view of
its great keeping qualities.

Among the list of undesirable varieties of apples fruited here, I might
mention nearly all of the Russians; Scott's Winter, a small, sour scrub. I
would consider myself in a bad plight for winter apples if I could grow noth-
ing better than Scott's Winter.

Walbridge : Another worthless scrub, should never have been propa-
gated.

Haas, or Fall Queen : Highly colored and handsome; hardy; but of very
poor quality.

Gideon : Healthy, hardy, prolific, but rots at the core and the tree, like
Wealthy, has a tendency to overbear and the fruit to run small.

Barry : About as useless a variety as was ever sent out.

Hastings. Worthless here.

Scarlet Pippin Too small to be of any use and scabby at that; no
larger than some of the crabs; worthless here.

Ribston Pippin : Blooms profusely, but never yields a full crop.

Magog Red Streak: Poor stuff; should never have been propagated.

Cooper's Market: Poor bearer; fruit small. If there is anything to
commend it elsewhere, it must be out of its latitude here.

Hamilton : An early fall variety ; color against it ; nothing to com-
mend it.

Sutton's Beauty: No use here.

Fanny : A worthless scrub.

Clayton : Little better.

Montreal Peach: A yellow apple; nothing to commend it.

Blushed Calville : One of the most worthless ever tried.

Winter St. Lawrence: Not favorably impressed with' it: may be
worthy of further trial.

York Imperial: Too tender here; might do, top-grafted.

Winter Maiden's Blush: This variety is worthy of further trial; it
may have a place as a winter variety. The tree is a hardy, thrifty grower
and the fruit is clean and fairly attractive, and I would not condemn it
without further trial. However, I feel that it is not wise to add anything
to the list of winter varieties unless possessed of highly commendable quali-
ties, commercial value being of first importance.

Notes by A. W. Peart, (Burlington Station).

The following varieties were top-grafted last spring on a Roxbury Russet
tree: — Baxter, Mcintosh, Princess Louise, Wolf River, York Imperial;
southern apples, Apple of Commerce, Black Ben Davis, Collins' Red, Dyer,
Olivet, Rengen Red, Richardson's Russet.

Southern varieties which this year fruited for the first time are : —

Bonum : Top-grafted 1901 ; fruit very small, red.

Malinda : Topgrafted 1901 ; fruit medium size, very fine skin, toplike
shape, very perfect and symmetrical, red in color.

Swaar: Top-grafted 1901; fruit red, medium size.

These three varieties appear to be late keepers.

3a f.e.s.

1905 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 35

Notes by Chas. Young, (Algoma Station).

The crop of 1905 in Algoma has been an excellent one, and sold locally
at remunerative prices; perhaps the best apple crop we ever had. Fall fruit
we can always depend upon, but this year winter fruit, owing, no doubt, to
favorable weather, did splendidly. Just here on St. Joseph Island we have
gotten past the stage of doubting whether fruit can be grown at all or not;
we know it can, and are planting more every year and with good results, now
that we know just what to plant. Eastern nurserymen have kept back fruit-
growing in the north by unloading unsuitable stuff upon us; in fact, this
seems to have been a dumping ground for what could not be sold at home,
and many thousands of dollars have been paid for stuff sold by a highly
colored picture which we never hear the name of. We are not just quite
satisfied yet, although our fall apples will keep much longer than the same
grown in the east. We are still looking and trying to get something nearer
perfection and a long keeper. Scott's Winter is more extensively grown as a
long keeper than any other, but is by no means a perfect apple. It wants clean
cultivation, good rich ground, or else the fruit runs small. The demand
here is for a larger apple. Then, for the grower, it does not yield enough
to the tree, and even with clean cultivation, etc., we cannot grow the fruit to
compare with that shown at the F., F. and H. Show in Toronto in November,
1904. With fall fruit it is different; we can hold our own with any part of
Ontario. Walbridge will keep late into spring and is a profitable apple to
grow, but the quality is poor ; we hope in time to be able to grow something
nearly up to your Spy.

I had a number of winter apples top-grafted, expecting to get something.
In fact, I had stuck on everything I could get with the name of winter
attached, but unfortunately upon Tolman stock, which proved too tender for
the winter of 1903-4. Had I used Longfield, McMahon, or Gideon as stock
most would have been safe, as these are proof against sun scald. Just here
I may say that I have found by experience that growing a tender top on a
hardy stock does not necessarily make that top any hardier; that is, that top
will not stand any more frost, or drying wind, in winter than when grown
on its own root. It cost me some work and took some years to be convinced,
but I am now satisfied that it is so. But, by top working on a stock proof
against sun scald, we go a long way in overcoming our greatest difficulty
here. We have received an importation from the east that I do not like as
yet ; they are very few, only half a dozen, and confined to one tree — I mean
the Codling Worm. I will watch that tree very particularly, you may be
sure. It is now five years since my experimental orchard was started here;
2J acres was set aside for the work, which was then planted with some stock
that I had very little hope for. Now it is a good object lesson; some trees
having a circumference of top of 30 feet, such as Wolf Eiver, Princess Louise,
etc., while just alongside a little decayed stub, very little bigger than when
it came from the nursery, probably Sweet Bough or Blenheim, and that
replanted, is to be found. Nature study is good in its place, but as that
experimental plot lies just alongside the road, I am tired studying nature
just here, and propose to fill up that empty space with something that J
know will grow, if for no other reason than to keep up appearances, moving
the experimental plot farther back, where I have already made a beginning
on a piece of excellent ground.

Notes by J. G. Mitchell, (Georgian Bay Station).
In apples I have nothing new to report. What new varieties have been
added to our list are not in bearing yet. In the Georgian Bay district Spy,

36 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

Baldwin, Mann, Golden Russet, and Ben Davis are strictly winter kinds
and the only ones which are stored for long keeping. For early winter R. I.
Greening, King, and Snow, if they could be grown clean. Wealthy is taking
the place of Snow to some extent here. The most desirable autumn varieties
are Gravenstein, Twenty-ounce Pippin, Ribston and Blenheim Pippin.

The above are about the only apples that are asked for in car lots.
Ninety per cent, of all the enquiries we get are for Spys in carload lots, which
clearly proves the Spy to be not only the most popular but the best apple
grown. Only a few days ago we had enquiries for fifty thousand barrels of
Spys, while the same people would not buy anything else we had in store.
To be sure, we have other good varieties, but the above list is sufficiently large
and also the greatest money makers out of some two hundred varieties grown
in this section of the country. The Golden Russet, if well grown, is one of
the best export apples, but requires strong rich soil.

Of Ben Davis probably there are enough planted for some time, as nine-
tenths of all the apple trees planted in the last eight years have been Ben
Davis.

BLACKBERRIES.
Notes by A. W. Peart, (Burlington Station).

The blackberry crop was fair, hardy varieties yielding an average crop,
while the more tender gave but few berries. Prices ranged from 7 to 10 cents
per quart, according to size and quality of the kind. Young canes made a
good growth, and were practically free from any disease. Yield is based on
the average per bush or hill of variety.

Agawam : Planted 1901 ; hardy, vigorous and fairly productive ; fruit
medium size; yield per bush or hill, | quart; season medium.

Ancient Briton : Planted 1901 ; hardy, vigorous and very productive ;
fruit medium; season early to medium; yield per bush, 1J quarts. This is a
very promising berry.

Dorchester : Planted 1901 ; a vigorous but tender grower, and poor
cropper; fruit large; season early to medium; yield per bush \ quart.

Early Cluster : Planted 1901 ; vigorous, but tender and unproduct-
ive; no fruit; frozen to snow level.

Early Harvest : Planted 1901 ; medium vigor; tender; no fruit; frozen.

Early King: Planted 1901; moderately vigorous; no fruit; frozen.

Eldorado: Planted 1901; medium grower, hardy and fairly product-
ive; fruit medium; season medium; yield £ quart per bush.

Erie: Planted 1901; fair grower, somewhat tender; season medium;
fruit medium to large; yield \ quart per bush.

Gainor : Planted 1901; strong grower, but too tender; no fruit; frozen.

Humboldt: Planted 1902; medium grower; no fruit; frozen.

Kittatinny: Planted 1901; a very strong grower, but a little tender;
injured by the winter; season late; fruit large to very large; yield \ quart
per bush.

Lovett's Best: Planted 1901; a stiff, upright but tender grower; fruit
medium size; season medium to late; yield \ quart per bush.

Maxwell: Planted 1901; a very spreading, weak grower; too tender;
no fruit; frozen.

Minnewaski : Planted 1901; strong but tender grower; fruit medium;
season early to medium; yield \ quart per bush.

Oiimer : Planted 1901; a vigorous but tender grower; fruit very large;
season medium; yield J quart per bush.

1905 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 37

Snyder : Planted 1901 ; strong hardy grower and very productive ; fruit
medium; season early to medium; yield 1£ quarts per bush.

Stone's Hardy: Planted 1901; strong, hardy grower and fairly pro-
ductive; fruit small to medium; season medium; yield § quart per bush.

Taylor : Planted 1901 ; moderate grower, hardy and productive ; fruit
medium to large; season medium to late; yield j quart per bush.

Wachusetts : Planted 1901 ; fair grower, hardy, but not very product-
ive; fruit medium size; season medium to late; yield J quart per bush.

Western Triumph : Planted 1901 ; strong, hardy grower, and very pro-
ductive; fruit medium size; season medium; yield, 1 quart per bush.

Wilson's Early: Planted 1901; a strong, spreading, but tender
grower; fruit large; season medium; yield \ quart per bush.

Wilson's Junior: Planted 1901; strong vinelike grower, but too ten-
der; fruit large to very large; season medium; yield \ quart per bush.

Notes by G. C. Caston, {Simcoe Station).

Agawam and Eldorado are the two best varieties for this section. Aga-
wam is hardier than Eldorado, and I would give it the preference. This
year it did the best. Neither of those varieties suffered the loss of any bear-
ing wood up to the winter of 1903-4. That year, had it not been for the deep
snow, there would have been no wood left alive, Eldorado being injured the
worst. This variety was injured again last winter, although the lowest tem-
perature was about 24 degrees below zero. Here again the use of nitrogenous
fertilizer is certainly wrong, and the use of a manure with a high percentage
of potash and phosphoric acid and low in nitrogen is indicated, as having a
good deal to do with the ability of plants to stand the effects of excessive cold.

Notes by Chas. Young, (Algoma Station).

I cannot report much success with this fruit. I can see now that they
were planted in an unfavorable location, and they behaved so badly that per-
haps I did not give them the attention they deserved.

This spring I have planted out a new patch on what I think much more
suitable ground, a few of each kind, enough to experiment with; twelve
varieties in all. Eldorado and Agawam, so far, are apparently the hardiest,
but all have been unsatisfactory. I would not recommend any one to plant
them in Algoma with any expectation of paying for the trouble. The canes
are too stiff to lay down ; if they are left standing they are frozen ; if topped
in the late summer heavy snow strips off the side snoots. I don't want a
berry that needs covering in winter. I have twelve varieties under test.

The three new ones received and planted this spring have made a good
growth.

CHERRIES.
Notes by Linus Woolverton, Secretary for Ontario Fruit Stations.

Perhaps never was there a more unfavorable season for cherries than
that of 1905. Constant rains with variations of cold and heat, developed rot
so rapidly that many varieties of sweet cherries were not worth gathering.
Tartarians that were in perfect condition apparently, when shipped, were
opened out at their destination the following morning a mass of rot. Napo-
leons that were in perfect condition one day and promised 20 or 30 baskets
$i magnificent stock to a tree, were the next day worthless and not considered

38 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

worth picking. The Dukes were nearly all rotten as soon as ready for pick-
ing. Of the black cherries, the one least affected with rot, was* Knight's
Early Black. The Windsor was worthless near the Mountain, but in the
open field it was much freer from rot; orchards that were sprayed, however,
were comparatively clean, and no cherry is finer, or more desirable, as a
aweet dessert cherry for either home use or market.

The Aphis was not at all troublesome this season, perhaps because of the
frequent rains. The following are some brief notes on varieties tested on my
grounds :

Varieties.

Choisy is a sweet Duke, delicious flavor. The tree is upright in habit
and vigorous. One of the trees is dead, without apparent cause. The crop
this season was very light. Season 10th to 15th July.

Black Eagle : Tree vigorous, and grows to a very large size, but is not
productive; sweet cherry class. Fruit heart-shaped, large, almost black, and
of the very highest quality for dessert. Not profitable. Season, 10th to 15th
July.

Black Tartarian : Tree upright, spreading ; vigorous ; fairly product-
ive. Fruit large, black, heart-shaped, delicious. Season July 8th to 15th.
Unprofitable this season on account of rot.

Cleveland : Habit round spreading, fairly upright head ; a fairly vig-
orous grower, yield very small this season. Fruit a white oxheart of very fine
quality, if anything superior to Governor Wood.

Coe : Tree round spreading ; sweet cherry class ; very vigorous ; yield
\ery good, but not firm enough to ship well. Season July 7th to 14th.

Dyehouse : Kentish ; round head ; fairly vigorous ; very productive ;
yield this season quite as large as Richmond; ready last week in June, and
gathered July 5th.

Early Purple (Prunus avium) : Sweet Cherry class, and well deserves Us
botanical name, for it is more eaten by birds than any cherry. The cherry
is good if fully matured, but the birds will not allow this, unless protected
by nets. It was not profitable; indeed, after counting cost of picking, baskets
and sale, it was harvested at a loss. Season, the first ripe cherries were about
June 14th, at which time J were rotten, J eaten by birds, and \ blasted. Had
all remained good, there would have been a very heavy crop. Harvested
June 20th.

Early Richmond : The staple early pie cherry of Ontario. The tree is
not quite as vigorous as Montmorency, nor quite as productive. The fruit is
smaller than Montmorency, and it ripens earlier. Season last of June. Har-
vested first week in July this year.

Elkhorn : A vigorous upright, spreading tree, very productive alternate
years, and sometimes annually. A Bigarreau that contests the first place for
profit with Windsor. The fruit is smaller than Windsor, but in some soils
much less liable to rot; black when fully ripe. Season 15th to 20th July.
A profitable variety.

Elton: Upright spreading in habit; productive, but fruit is too soft to
ship well, and was not profitable. Season July 5th to 10th.

Empress Eugenie: Habit upright; class Duke; vigorous and hardy;
fruit rather small, and, like May Duke, subject to rot in unfavorable seasons.
Not profitable this season.

English Morello : Tree of roundish habit ; inclined to blight this sea-
son and cherries to blast ; crop small ; harvested last of July or beginning of
August. Not as profitable this season as Montmorency.

1906 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 39

Governor Wood : Habit round spreading ; very vigorous, trees forty
years planted still vigorous and productive; small crop this season; not as
profitable as in other years. The best early white oxheart. Harvested June
22nd to 27th, 1905; 63 quarts from a ten-year-old tree.

Grenner Glas : Tree of Duke habit, but cherry much like Kentish ;
upright, vigorous, and productive; cherries grow large in clusters; harvested
July 13th.

Knight's Early Black: Tree very vigorous, healthy and productive,
a forty-year-old tree now thirty feet in height, with proportionate width.

Late Duke : A very upright vigorous grower ; fruit very large and
hangs in great clusters. Harvested July 15th, was most profitable of the
Duke cherries this season (1905).

May Duke : Very upright in habit, very vigorous, and very productive ;
branches slender, brittle; fruit medium in size, excellent for pies because not
too acid; fruit rather tender for shipment and ripens unevenly, therefore not
a first-class market cherry; deserves a place in every garden for home use.
Season June 15th to 30th. Not profitable this season.

Mezel : Tree upright, spreading, very vigorous and productive ; Bigar-
reau class; fruit on healthy trees very fine, large and showy, reddish black
color and very firm. Season last half of July along with Windsor and Elk-
horn; does not equal the Windsor when latter is well grown and rot free.

Montmorency : Tree Kentish, round head, willowy, fairly vigorous,
hardy, very productive most seasons, but this season half the trees gave a
light crop; cherry larger than Richmond. Season July 15th to 20th, 1905;
the best pie cherry grown, as well as the one most reliable for profit.

Napoleon : Tree Bigarreau, spreading habit, very vigorous, very pro-
ductive ; fruit of immense size, the finest white Bigarreau, in dry seasons the
most profitable white cherry; this season not worth harvesting on account of
cherry rot.

Ohio Beauty : Tree upright, symmetrical, vigorous, very productive, a
nine-year-old tree gave 24 quarts worth 7 cents each; cherries large, white,
red cheek, very tender, juicy, sweet, delicate, too tender for distant ship-
ment. Season June 25th to July 5th.

Orel 28: Round head, very hardy; succeeds at our St. Lawrence sta-
tion; productive; fruit rather small. Ripens 10th to 15th July; valuable
for cold sections.

Purity : Tree Kentish, vigorous, very productive, worthy of a visit
when it was ready to gather, about tenth of July ; cherry of good size, sub-
acid, almost sweet, perhaps the best of its season. Season 1st to 10th of July.
Reine Hortense : Tree Duke, upright spreading, vigorous, stout, usually
productive, this season a failure, yielding only a few specimens ; cherry large,
color light and dark red, excellent for dessert or cooking, too soft to be a pro-
fitable shipper.

Rockport : Fruit all destroyed with rot.

Royal Duke : Tree Duke class, very upright, fairly productive ; fruit
not equal to that of Late Duke. Season 1st week in July.

Russian 207: Tree Morello, vigorous and productive; fruit small to
medium; dark red with a long stem and colored juice, quality fair, good for
cooking, worth 75 cents an 11-quart basket in 1905, the same as the Kentish
Pies. Season July 10th to 20th.

• Schmidt's Bigarreau: An upright-spreading grower, very vigorous, a
scanty bearer; fruit very large and fine; one of the best for dessert; a failure
this vear. Season July 10th to 20th.

40

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 17

Windsor : Tree Bigarreau, the most vigorous in the experimental plot,
very productive; fruit very large, dark red, becoming almost black, flesh
meaty, rich, excellent, but subject to rot. Season July 15th to 25th.

Wragg : A failure.

Yellow Spanish : Tree Bigarreau, spreading, very vigorous, making
an immense tree; fruit yellowish white, firm, rich and excellent, but sadly
subject to rot; a failure this season; seldom profitable.

Vladimir : A failure.

Koslov-Morello : A failure this season.

Scale of points from 1 (lowest)

Habit of growth and vigor of trees on Maplehurst Fruit Farm

to 10 (highest.)

Variety

Abbesse

Choisy

Belle Magnifique

Black Eagle

Black Tartarian

California Advance

Cleveland

Coe

Connecticut Black Heart.

Dikeman

Kranien Kursch

Dyehouse

Early la Maurie

Early Purple

Early Richmond

Elkhorn

Elton _

Empress Eugenie

English Morello

German Ostheim

Governor Wood

Grenner Glas

Griotte du Nord

Ida

King's Amarelle

Koslov

•Knight

Late Duke

Love Apple

Lutovka

May Duke

Mezel

Montmorency

Mazzard

Napoleon

Olivet

Orel

Puritv

Red May

Reine Hortense

Rockport

Roval Duke

Russian 207

Schmidt's Bigarreau

Schatten Amarelle

Spate Amorelle

Strauss Weichsel

Suda Hardy

Windsor

Wragg

Yellow Spanish

Ostheim

Vladimir

Class.

Duke

Duke

Sweet

Sweet

Duke

Sweet Heart

Sweet

Sweet

Kentish

Sweet

Kentish ,

Sweet Bigarreau

Sweet Heart

Duke

Morello

Morello

Heart

Morello,

Kentish
Morello.
Heart. . .
Duke . . .

Morello. .
Duke ....
Bigarreau
Kentish. .
Sweet
Bigarreau
Duke ....
Kentish, .
Kentish. .

Duk^ . . .
Bigarreau
Duke.....
Morello . .
Bigarreau

Kentish . .
Bigarreau
Morello . .
Bigarreau

Morello .

Habit,

Round head

Upright, spreading .

Round head

Upright, spreading
Upright, spreadiug.

Very upright

Round, spreading. . .
Round, spreading. . .

Spreading

Very spreading
Upright, spreading.

Round head

Upright,

Upright, spreading.

Round head

Upright, spreading .
Upright, spreading.
Upright, spreading.

Round head

Round head

Round, spreading. . .
Duke habit, upright.

Round head

Upright, spreading.
Round, compact. . . .

Bush

Round

Very upright,

Spreading

Upright

Upright

Upright, spreading.

Round

Upright, spreading.

Spreading

Round

Round, spreading. . .
Round, spreading. . .

Upright

Upright, spreading.
Upright, spreading.
Very upright

Upright, spreading.

Round, slender

Round head

Round head

Round head

Upright, spreading.

Spreading

Large spreading head

Round, slender

Round

Vigor.

9
8
6
9
8
8
7
8
7
7

10
5

10
8-
4
9
9
8
5
4
9
8
5

10
9
2
7
9
6
8
9

10
6

10
9
7
6
7
7
9

10
9
8

10
6
5
7
5

10
5

10
5
3

1905 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 41

Notes by G. C. Caston, (Simcoe Fruit Station).

I see no reason to make any change in the list given in my last report.
The winter of 1903-4 killed several of the most tender kinds, and gave the
others a severe trial from which they had not entirely recovered this year
so that the crop was so small as to amount to almost a failure. Most of
the trees bloomed well and set a large quantity of fruit, but it fell off quite
early soon after it was nicely formed. This I attributed to the shock given
the trees by the excessive cold of the winter of 1903-4.

Two of the most troublesome pests in connection with cherry growing
are the black-knot and the robins. Whether the good done by the latter
in the number of insects they destroy compensates for the amount of fruit
they devour, is with me still an unsolved problem.

Notes by A. E. Sherrington, (Lake Huron Station).

Early Purple : Tree vigorous and fairly hardy, but the birds take the
whole crop before it is ripe, so I cannot report as to quality or yield. I
shall dig out the trees.

Early Richmond: Tree vigorous and hardy; fruit, medium; color, red;
quality, very good, but the birds got nearly all of the crop.

English Morello : Tree, not so vigorous as some, but hardy and a good
bearer; fruit, large; color, dark red or nearly black, colored juice; yield
per acre, five baskets; a valuable market variety.

Empress Eugenie: Tree, vigorous and hardy, belongs to the Duke
class; fruit, large; quality, good; will make a good commercial variety.

Downer's Late: Tree, vigorous and hardy; fruit, large; color, black;
flesh, firm; quality, good; a good late variety.

Dyehouse: Tree, a good grower, of the Morello class; fruit, ripens
earlier than the Richmond; color, red; quality, good, but the birds took
the whole crop.

Elkhorn : Trees all killed by frost.

Late Duke: Tree vigorous and fairly hardy; fruit, large; color, dark
red; quality, good; one of the best of its class for this district.

Montmorency : Tree, vigorous, hardy ; fruit, medium to large ; color,
red; quality, good; flesh, very firm; yield per tree, two baskets.

Mezel : Tree, vigorous, half hardy ; fruit, large ; color, black ; flesh, very
firm ; quality, good.

Olivet: Tree, a good vigorous grower, and hardv; fruit, large; color,
red; quality, good, flesh very firm; yield per tree, two baskets.

Ostheim : Tree, a moderate grower, hardy, and a regular bearer; fruit,
medium; color, nearly black when fully ripe; quality, good; yield per tree,
five half baskets.

Heine Hortense : Tree, rather tender for this district ; fruit, large ;
qualitv, good; color, reddish purple.

Wragg : English Morello under another name.

Yellow Spanish: Tree, a good grower, half hardy; fruit, large, color,
yellow; quality, good; yield per tree, one basket.

Notes by Harold Jones, (St. Lawrence Station).

My report on cherries for 1905 is rather more encouraging than for
any previous year since planting for experimental purposes.

The Bigarreau and Duke cherries have both proved unsuitable to this
climate, and it is useless to experiment further along this line, but the

42 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

Morellos, Kentish and Russian cherries give promise of being hardy and
giving fair crops in favorable years.

English Morello: Is fairly hardy, though not entirely so; it comes
into bearing at an early age and gives good crops. Some years the fruit
buds are partly injured by frost, but 24 below zero does not injure them
if the cold is not of too long duration.

Early Richmond has not done well with me, not being planted on
suitable soil ; on sandy loams it is hardy and prolific, but the birds destroy
the crop as fast as the fruit gets color.

Montmorency: Tree hardy and healthy; fruit buds tender and injured
most winters. This year I had a fair crop of fine fruit. The tree gives
promise of living longer than the English Morello.

Orel : This variety came to me with the label lost, but from the char-
acter of the tree and fruit I am satisfied as to the correctness of the name.
Tree, hardy and vigorous, heavy bearer, and fruit buds the hardiest of any
variety I have planted. Bore a full crop of fruit this year; a good pie
cherry.

Ostheim: Tree, vigorous, healthy and hardy, but a very shy bearer,
and unless its bearing habits improve as it gets aged it is not worth planting
here.

Olivet : Tree, fairly healthy, but fruit buds are killed every year.

Vladimir : A hardy, healthy tree, but shy bearer of small fruit of low
quality; of no value.

Notes by W. H. Dempsey, {Bay of Quinte Station).

Early Richmond produced a fine crop of fruit which found ready sale
at good prices in our local market. It is by far the most profitable cherry
for this district.

Montmorency produced a fine crop which, unfortunately, matured in
foggy weather and nearly all rotted on the tree.

Notes by Chas. Young, (Algoma Station).

This may be disposed of by stating that the sour cherries are profitable
here.

Early Richmond, Montmorency and English Morello will fill the
season. It is between the two last which is the most profitable to grow.
If I were buying the fruit I would prefer by all odds Montmorency. Orel
seems to be a good cherry, but I have only one tree to judge by. Morello
Fouche is too small, but bears immense crops; a fine preserving cherry.
Ostheim has never given me a full crop and the tree is half dead. I have
found Montmorency just as hardy as any of the others. It is no use to try
to grow sweet cherries here; the tree may live for a few years, but will
surely die before it produces any fruit except a few which the birds will
claim.

A few Dukes were planted last spring, but the trees were two years
too old when taken from the nursery and many are dead.

I have twelve varieties under test, besides some Russians put on as
grafts last spring.

1905 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 43

CU RRANTS.
Notes by A. W. Peart, {Burlington Station).

Red and White Currants were a good crop, while black gave about
three-quarters of an average.

The season was favorable, there being sufficient rainfall and not too
warm.

The prices of red currants were from six to eight cents per quart; black
ten to twelve cents. All the currants seem to be hardy, and healthy.

Baldwin : Planted 1903 ; bush, a moderate grower ; fruit, medium size,
sub-acid, black; season, medium to late; yield, one-quarter quart per bush.

Belle de St. Giles : Planted 1896 ; bush, weak grower and unproduc-
tive; berry, red, large to very large; season, medium; yield 1J quarts per
bush.

Black Victoria: Planted 1903; very strong grower; fruit, large,
sweet; season, medium; yield per bush, J quart.

Boskop's Giant: Planted 1903; a strong grower; berry, black, large,
acid; season, early; yield, J quart per bush.

Bratley : Planted 1896 ; moderate grower and not very productive ;
fruit, dark red, medium size; season, medium; yield, 4 quarts per bush.

Beauty: Planted 1903; strong grower; fruit, black, sweet, medium size;
season, late; yield, 1-3 quart per bush.

Champion: Planted 1896; a moderate and fairly productive grower;
berry, black, large, sub-acid; season, late; yield, 3 quarts per bush.

Comet : Planted 1903 ; fairly strong grower ; fruit, red, acid, medium
to large; yield, \ quart per bush; season, medium.

Cherry : Planted 1896 ; strong grower and very productive ; berry, dark
red, medium to large, acid; season, medium; yield 5 quarts per bush.

Collins' Prolific: Planted 1898; very strong grower as well as pro-
ductive; berry, black, large to very large, sub-acid; season, medium to late;
yield, 4 quarts per bush. 4

Crandall : Planted 1897 ; a strong rampant grower, and moderately
productive; fruit, bluish-black, large to very large, sub-acid; season, medfum
to very late; yield, four quarts per bush.

Fay : Planted 1898 ; moderate grower, fairly productive ; berry, large to
very large, red, sub-acid; season, medium; yield, 3£ quarts per bush.

Lee : Planted 1896 ; moderately vigorous and fairly productive ; berry,
black, large to very large, sub-acid; season, medium; yield, 3 quarts per bush.

Naples: Planted 1896; bush, vigorous and productive; berry, black,
large, sub-acid; season, medium; yield, 4 quarts per bush.

New Victoria : Planted 1897 ; vigorous and productive ; fruit, red,
small to medium, sub-acid; season, medium; yield, 5 quarts per bush.

North Star : Planted 1896 ; strong grower and fairly productive ; berry,
red, medium to large, acid; season, medium to late; yield, 4 quarts per bush.

Perfection : Planted 1903 ; a moderate grower ; fruit, medium to large,
acid, red; yield, J quart per bush.

Pomona ; Planted 1897 ; a fair grower and moderately productive ; fruit,
red, medium to large, quality especially good; season, medium; yield, 4
quarts per bush.

Prince Albert: Planted 1897; a strong productive grower; berry,
medium, very acid; season,, late; yield, 5 quarts per bush.

Raby Castle: Planted 1896; vigorous and productive; fruit, light red,
small to medium, acid; season, medium; yield, 5 quarts per bush.

44

THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

Red Cross; Planted 1896; strong grower; berry, red, medium to large,
sub-acid; season, medium; yield, 2 quarts per bush.

Red Dutch: Planted 1897; a moderate grower, productive; berry, red,
small, acid; season, early to medium; yield, 3J quarts per bush.

Red Victoria: Planted 1896; bush, very vigorous and productive;
berry, medium to large, acid; season, medium; yield 5 quarts per bush.

Saunders : Planted 1897 ; strong and productive grower, berry, black,
large, sub-acid to sweet; season, medium; yield, 4 quarts per bush.

Standard: Planted 1903; bush, a strong, vigorous grower ; berry,
black, large, sweet; season, medium; vield, \ quart per bush.

Success: Planted 1903; moderate grower; fruit, black, large and
sweet; season, medium; yield, J quart per bush.

Versailles: Planted 1896; a moderate grower; fruit, red, medium
size, acid; season, early to medium; yield, 2J quarts per bush.

White Grape: Planted 1896; bush, vigorous and productive; truit,
large, white, sub-acid; season, medium to late; yield, 3 quarts per bush.

White Imperial : Planted 1896 ; moderately vigorous, but not very pro-
ductive; berry, white, medium to large, sweet and fine in flavor; season,
medium; yield, 1J quarts per bush.

Wilder: Planted 1896; a strong and productive grower; berry, red,
medium to large, sub-acid; season, medium; yield, 5 quarts per bush.

Notes by A. E. Sherrington, (Lake Huron Station).
Red Currants.

Cherry: Bush, a fair grower, but not as vigorous as some other var-
ieties, hardy and a good bearer; fruit, large; quality, good; yield per bush,

6 lbs., 13 oz. .

Fays : Bush, strong and vigorous, hardy ; fruit, large ; quality, good ;

yield, 13 lbs., 8 oz.

North Star: Bush, a good grower, but very slender and weak canes,
hardy; fruit, small; quality, poor; yield, 2 lbs. 10 oz. per bush. I think
this is not the correct North Star. m

Pomona : Bush, a fair grower, not as vigorous as it might be, but hardy ;
fruit, medium to large; quality, of the best; yield per bush, 5 lbs., 10 oz.

Prince Albert: Bush, a strong vigorous grower and hardy; fruit,
medium to large; quality, good; yield per bush, 5 lbs., 2 oz.

Red Cross: Bush, vigorous and hardy; fruit, large; quality, good;
yield per bush, two years old, 2 lbs.

Raby Castle : Bush, vigorous and very hardy ; fruit, small to medium ;
quality, rather acid; yield per bush, 17 lbs., 10 oz. ; a heavy bearer.

Versailles : Bush, strong and vigorous; hardy; fruit, medium to large;
quality, good; yield per bush, 5 lbs.

Black Currants.
Champion: Bush, very vigorous and hardy; fruit, large; quality, good;

yield per bush, 2 quarts.

Naples: Bush, a strong vigorous grower, and hardy; fruit, large; qual-
ity of the best; yield per bush, 3 quarts. ,,.... ... ,

* Saunders: Bush, fairly vigorous; hardy; fruit, large; quality, good;

yield per bush, 2 quarts. t

Victoria: Bush, a fair grower, hardy; fruit, medium to large; yield,

none this year.

1905 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 45

White Currants.

Imperial: Bush, strong and vigorous, hardy; fruit, medium; quality,
good; yield, 4 lbs. oer bush.

White Grape: Bush, strong, vigorous and hardy; fruit, medium to
large, quality, good; yield per bush, 5 lbs.; the best white currant.

Notes by Chas. Young, (Algoma Station).

If there is any one point that we excel in up here in the North it is
currants. They never fail to produce a heavy crop, red or black. In
twenty years I have never known a failure; give them some care, plenty of
manure on the surface, keep down the worm on the red and white and nature
will do the rest. I have eight varieties under test and all are good and
desirable except the white, which, though perhaps the heaviest cropper
among them, yet, on account of its color, meets with poor sale.

The old Red Dutch is perhaps best in quality and Fay's Prolific in
productiveness. The chief fault of the latter is its sprawling habit, and
it scarcely makes enough of new wood.

Saunders black is good; is of rather a strong growing habit, requires
thinning out and cutting severely back.

The local price of red currants is 80 cents per 10 quart basket, and of
black fl.00 to |1.25.

GOOSEBERRIES.
Notes by A. E. Sherrington, (Lake Huron Station).

Downing: An American variety; bush, strong, vigorous and hardy;
fruit, large, color, green, quality, good; yield per bush, 5 quarts.

Pearl : Another of the American varieties ; bush resembles Downing
in every respect, and no difference can be seen in the fruit; quality, good;
yield per bush, four and a half quarts.

Red Jacket : Bush, a strong vigorous grower, hardy ; fruit, large ; color,
red; quality, good; yield per bush, six quarts.

Whitesmith: An English variety; it is perfectly useless, owing to the
mildew which destroys all the fruit.

Crown Bob : This is also an English variety, but less subject to the mil-
dew than Whitesmith; still the fruit is unsalable on account of it.

Notes by Chas. Young, (Algoma Station).

These have done very well this summer, the fruit was good and clean.
The bushes were sprayed once or twice for worms. Among those bearing
enough to form an opinion were Pearl and Downing, and decidedly the best
as well as the most profitable to grow, two qualities that rarely go together.
There is not much difference in the bush of these varieties, but in the basket
Pearl is rather larger and evener in size, takes the eye better and perhaps
yields a little better; both are good, perfectly hardy and make plenty of
young wood to renew. They are thin skinned and can therefore be allowed
to get ripe if so desired. They are quite large enough for all practical
purposes and of the very best quality. I have grown the English berries
for some years, but certainly do not recommend them either for profit or for

46

THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

quality. The berries do not mildew to any extent here; the leaf sometimes
shows a little of it towards the end of a hot summer, especially if the busn
is very open, but I fail to see any reason for growing them to the exclusion
of the two former. Red Jacket is good enough, but I would only give it a
place after the others. I have received three new varieties of Englisn
berries this spring for testing and already notice that some of them lack
vigor of bush. I recommend Pearl and Downing; the fruit I sold at W
cents a box, and I could not supply the demand. My bushes were planted
five years ago. I have thirteen under test.

GRAPES.

Notes by M. Pettit, (Wentworth Station).

Grapes in the experimental vineyard- were a very light crop. The wood
did not fully ripen and mature the fruit buds owing to the cold wet season
of 1904. On many of them the bearing wood was winter killed.

The following is a report on the varieties I have recommended for pro-
fit in the Niagara district, in order of ripening :

Champion: A full crop, ripe September 1st; sold at 30 cents per basket
net, in hundred basket lots ; one of the most profitable as grown at this sta-
tion on heavy clay with proper thinning.

Delaware : Not a full crop ; sample not as good as usual ; first picking,
Sep. 12th; net price, at that date, 40 cents per basket.

Lindley: A full crop; good sample; first picking, Sept. 13th; net price

28 cents per basket. .

Worden: Average crop; first picking, Sept, 14th; price, 20 cents per

Niagara: A heavy crop; fine sample; first picking, Sept. 14th; price,

22 cents per basket. ' .

Concord: Medium crop: good sample; first picking, Sept. ^>tn; price,

14 cents per basket.

Agawam: Below an average crop; good sample; net price, ZU cents

per basket in car lots. . rtn , , .

Catawba: Average crop; well ripened; net price, 20 cents per basket

in car lots. m ni , ,

I have not included Wilder in the list for profit as previously done,
it does not yield quantity enough and it sells for very little, if any, more

than Concord. • »

There are several promising varieties, both new and old; and some oi
them may in certain localities and soils be as profitable as those mentioned.
The following is as short description of some of them : . .

Aminia: A very large, black Roger, of excellent quality; vine, vigor-
ous and hardy; not quite productive enough.

Brighton : This well known grape is early ; good quality ; fine appear-
ance; only medium in productiveness.

Campbell's Early: A large, handsome, black grape of fair quality;
hardy; productive; early; very promising. . -

Cambridge: Closely resembles the Concord in growth of vine, foliage
and fruit; not as productive.

Dr. Collier: This grape is also of the Concord type,, but not as pro-
ductive.

1905 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 47

Early Victor : A very productive black grape ; compact clusters ; berry
smaller than Concord; ripens earlier; quality not as good.

Moore's Diamond: Handsome, white; good quality; earlier^ but not
as productive as Niagara; valuable on, account of its earliness.

Moore's Early: This well known grape should only be planted on
deep, rich soil.

Mills : A fine black grape of good quality, very late ; an excellent grape
for winter use; requires close pruning or thinning.

Requa (Rogers 28) : Large, compact clusters ; berry, dull red or bronze
color; good quality; hardy and productive.

Winchell : Earlv. white, of excellent quality ; fairly productive ; vine
lacks vigor.

Wyoming Red: Early; productive; a little larger than Delaware; mot
as good in quality.

Grapes for Wine : There are many varieties which will produce the
finest grades of wine which are not profitable to grow ; as they are not proline
enough every year. For instance the Diana is the best of all for quality :
then comes Lindley, Brighton, Creveling, all extra good, but not produc-
tive enough on an average. Catawba is good and prolific, but does not ripen
well enough except on certain soils and localities. I would think well of the
following for profitable vine grapes named in order : Concord, Worden, Clin-
ton, and Pearl.

Diseases : Vineyards were comparatively free from diseases this sea-
son; ours were sprayed with the soda Bordeaux twice and some of them
three and four times. A very little brown rot and mildew appeared on"
unsprayed vines.

All varieties ripened well and foliage kept green and healthy until
frost on the morning of October 25th.

Spraying : One row of cherry, plum and peach trees in the experimental
plantation was thoroughly sprayed with lime and sulphur; the other rows
with soda Bordeaux before the buds started. The cherry trees on which
the lime and sulphur was applied were very slightly affected with aphis as
compared with the other rows, and peach trees showed very much healthy
foliage where the lime and sulphur was applied. Japan plums and a few
peach trees sprayed, after the fruit set, with soda Bordeaux lost most of
the foliage and fruit. Apple trees were also badly burned. We shall use
lime instead of sal soda in future. Where we applied three pounds of sul-
phur to full grown Lombard trees, soon after the fruit set and again when
half grown, it proved far more effectual than four sprayings with Bordeaux-
mixture, and is much cheaper.

Bradshaw and Heine Claude have again this season been very profitable,
as has also Burbank of t!he Japan varieties.

Fertilizers : We have seen no marked results from the use of stable
manure or fertilizers on trees or vines, except in a Baldwin orchard, ovef
twenty years planted. On a row in the centre of the orchard, in the spring
of 1902, fifty pounds of Thomas' Fertilizer was applied to one tree and one
hundred pounds on the next ; two trees were missed, and one bushel of ashes
was applied to one tree and two bushels to the next; two trees were again
missed, and two hundred and fifty pounds of stable manure applied on the
next, and five hundred pounds of manure on the next.

There has been no perceptible difference until this season. When the
apples were being picked, there were fully one-third more apples where
the manure was applied and the fruit was much larger; the wood growth was

48 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

also stronger and the foliage better. The other trees made only a fair aver-
age with other parts of the orchard.

Notes by Chas. Young, (Algoma Station).

This is another fruit that will never be grown successfully in the north.
A hardy, early ripening variety, such as Champion, Janesville, or Moore's
Early, can be depended on any year to ripen, but the quality compared with
Southern grown grapes, is so poor that there is neither money nor pleasure in
them. I have 20 varieties under test, besides three received this spring;
they are all growing, none are dead, but I do not care to recommend any of
them either for pleasure or profit. The vines will grow and fruit attain full
size, color up some and stop at that. I have seldom succeeded in raising a
bunch of grapes fit for the table, and have very seldom seen any one who
could say they did so. They need not be tried further in this station. I
have had the best success in growing in the horizontal form, within ten
inches or a foot from the ground.

Notes by J. G. Mitchell, (Georgian Bay Station).

The few varieties which we have, have been pretty well described in
previous reports, therefore there is very little to add. Without exception
this year all our varieties were loaded full, the largest and best we ever had.
For several years we have been fruiting such varieties as Niagara, Worden,
Brighton, Salem, Concord, Delaware, Green Mountain, Moore's Diamond,
Champion, Yergennes, etc.

I think the fact is fairly demonstrated that grapes can successfully be
grown here. Every one who has a small garden may have some grapes.
They are as easily grown as potatoes. So far we have been free from insects
or fungus. All we have to do is to prune and tie them on the trellis and
they winter in good condition.

PEACHES.

Notes by Linus Woolverton, Secretary for Ontario Fruit Stations.

The season opened July 26th with, —

Sneed, the earliest of all peaches, small in size and very tender in
flesh. By many this peach is condemned as of little value, but having no
competitor I am inclined to judge it rather favorably. I snipped a few six
quart baskets which sold at 35 cents each. The last were harvested about
August 10th.

Greensboro closely followed Sneed, being in season from August 10th
to August 20th. The trees gave a magnificent yield of about 100 quarts per
tree, or about eight baskets each. It is a soft peach, too soft to ship
far, but it colors prettily, and does not show bruises as badly as the Rivers.
It also ripens through and through, which many of the early peaches do not.

Alexander came in about as early as Greensboro, but in many cases
where unthinned was worthless for market. Where well grown and well
ripened it was salable at a low price.

Rivers followed the Alexander, but in most cases was so overloaded
that it was small, lacking in color and flavor, and almost unsalable. Where
thinned and grown on vigorous trees the fruit was large and fine.

1905 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 49

Triumph came in about the 20th of August; but when the trees were
unpruned and the fruit not thinned, the latter was scarcely worth gather-
ing. Many of the trees suffered from twig blight and altogether such fruit
was unsatisfactory. Where carefully pruned and thinned, however, the
fruit was very fine. It is the first yellow fleshed variety, and its color was
in its favor among buyers.

Hynes Surprise was in season from August 20th to August 30. Though
not large, it is a variety of real value in the home garden for it is the best
early dessert peach. The yield was good but the trees were not overloaded.
Like all early peaches it sold at a low price.

Yellow St. John seems to gain in popularity every year; certainly
during 1905 it has been remarkably fine. It was large in size, sometimes,
where grown on young trees, quite rivalling early Crawford in appear-
ance. This season also it was very highly colored, and packed beautifully
in two layers in the seven quart basket. We began harvesting it on the 3rd
of September, and were able to secure a few dozen on the 12th of the same
month to show at the Fruit Fair in Hamilton.

Early Crawford was a great disappointment where not thinned, for
the fruit was very small, and had to be sold as second class. The season
extended to the 20th of September, about a week later than usual.

Fitzgerald, Golden Drop, Garfield, Millionaire, Jacques Eareripe
and New Prolific are all of the early Crawford type, and of about the same
season.

Reeves was exceptionally large in size, highly colored and very beauti-
ful. It is also yellow in flesh, and a fine market peach, but not very pro-
ductive. It is a trifle later than Early Crawford.

Wonderful is another new yellow flesh peach large in size, fairly pro-
ductive, and a few days later than Early Crawford. I was very favorably
impressed with it.

Elberta surpassed all records this year. The tree did not show the
least^ indication of Curl Leaf, was most vigorous in growth, and the most pro-
ductive variety in the orchard. One remarkable thing about the Elberta was
that, notwithstanding the immense crop, which broke down many trees, the
fruit grew to a large size and took on a superb color. The fruit began ripen-
ing about the 20th and was harvested by about the 28th. The worst fault
of this peach is its tendency to drop its fruit almost before full maturity.

Champion is the finest white flesh peach, of the season of the Early Craw-
ford, viz., in 1905 between the 10th and 20th of September. The trees loaded
tremendously and the fruit was a great favorite for dessert.

Thurber is one of the new peaches which this season has attracted con-
siderable notice. It is a magnificent white flesh peach, of the largest size,
firm enough to carry well, but withal of the most delicious melting flesh
and of the highest flavor. Its season was from the 20th to the 30th of Sep-
tember.

Crosby and Kalamazoo began ripening about the 25th; both were over-
loaded, and too small to deserve much notice this season.

Wheatland impressed me this season as the best yellow flesh peach in
the orchard. It is large, beautiful in appearance, of the highest flavor, mak-
ing it suitable for either dessert or cooking, a week later than Early Crawford,
and the tree is fairly productive. No one who knew the varieties would
ever buy Elbert as when he could get Wheatlands.

Longhurst was as usual not very attractive in appearance, but its good
quality for canning still hold for it a leading place with many growers.
When allowed to overload the fruit was too small to be marketable.

4 f.e.s.

50

THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

Matthew's Beauty ripened between September 27th and October 5th.
It was an attractive looking yellow peach, smooth of skin an d wit ha fine
blush. In form it resembled Elberta so much that it might be called Elberta
Late ; but in quality it quite surpassed that variety.

Willett was harvested the first week in October. It is a large, round-
ish yellow-flesh peach, with a red cheek. It is a free stone, of good quality,
and a splendid shipper. Then came several varieties to end up the season as
for example Lemon Cling, for which we have no longer any place; Carlisle
which was this season rather small and almost entirely lacking in color and
consequently unattractive, although the flesh was a beautif ul pure white
and excellent in quality. The latter was harvested on the 9th of October

Smock held its place as about the best late peach, giving a splendid
yield, but two others of about the same season, viz., between the 10th and
15th of October, closely disputed places with it, viz Greary s Holdon
and Beer's Smock, both of which are free stone yellow-flesh peaches oi
about the size and shape of Smock and well worth further trial.

Sal way is one of the latest good peaches of the season, but does not

alWTRR'seSEEDLiNGawaS shown me on the 19th of October by the originator
Mr W M Orr of Eruitland. It impressed me as being a peach ot great
promise. It is large, 2| inches in diameter, almost round, yellow fleshed, of
excellent quality, a free stone, and superior to any peach of the same
season, I have ever seen. It is certainly worthy of careful testing to see if
it will ripen in other seasons as well as it has done this season. The peach
is a chance seedling on clay ground.

Soper, Bray, and Steadley are all white flesh peaches of good quality,
freestones, which ripened about the 20th of October (1905), and kept inside
in good condition until about November 1st. The largest and the best m
quality is the Steadley which measured 2J inches in diameter. If a peach
is wanted so late this seems to be desirable -.,..,,. +Tl . 0

Kalamazoo was almost as late, and a yellow flesh; but this year the trees
were overloaded and the fruit very small.

Notes by A .W. Peart, (Burlington Station).

The following varieties gave fruit, some of them very abundantly: —
Alexander, Crawford, Champion, Crosby, Greensboro, Longhurst, Sneed,
Steven's Rareripe, Yenshi.

Notes by W. W. Hilborn, (Southwestern Station).

I have little to report this season as all the peach trees of the experi-
mental plot were destroyed by frost. All the peach orchards on high dry soil
in this locality were killed during the winter of 1904 Long continued
cold weather froze the ground to a depth of four and five feet. There was no
snow during this cold period to prevent the frost from penetrating below the
roots "When this occurs it proves fatal to the life of a peach tree.

As per instructions of the "Board of Control I planted about five acres
to commercial varieties last spring. These have made a good growth and
will be protected during the coming winter by a cover crop of Kye ana
banking up soil around the trunks of the trees.

Varieties planted were mostly of the following, Yellow St. John, Fitz-
gerald, Garfield, Engle, Mammoth, Edmunds, Reeve's Favorite, New Proline,
Elberta, Gold Drop, Banner, and Wigle.

1905 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 51

It is my intention to give special attention to various methods of win-
ter protection of this orchard, with the hope that some practical method can
be adopted that will protect the trees and not be beyond the reach of the
average grower in cost of application.

Notes by A. E. Sherrington, (Lake Huron Station).

The peach trees that were planted previously to the winter of 1903 where
all frozen out. Four varieties have been planted again, and the trees are do-
ing well but have not fruited yet.

Notes by W. H. Dempsey, (Bay of Quinte Station).

Bokhara : The part of the tree which survived the winter of 1903,
bore a fine crop of medium quality.

Fitzgerald, which sustained very little injury beyond the fruit buds,
from the severe winter of 1903, bore a medium crop of fine large peaches of
good quality.

Notes by J. G. Mitchell, (Georgian Bay Station).

Last year we had no peaches, but this year gave us a very nice crop on
all the trees which survived the freezing of 1903. Fitzgerald is our favorite.
It is much hardier with us than Crawford; bore a fine crop this year, only
missed once in four years. Tyhurst also does well having failed only once
in six years. Bowslaugh's late had a fine load; failed once in five years.
Crosby a good crop to scattering fruit every year and Triumph the same.
Champion, Hales Early, Yellow St. John, and Elberta were all killed except
one tree, with the cold of 1903.

Let it not be supposed because peaches do fairly well on the Station
grounds they will do that all through the Georgian Bay district. The peach
belt is only a narrow strip from one to three miles wide along the lake front
from Collingwood to Owen Sound.

PEARS.
Notes by A. W. Peart, (Burlington Station).

In regard to blight of pear trees, I submit the following divisions. The
trees have reached bearing age, most of them are nine years old, and are
grown on a sandy-gravelly loam in a good state of cultivation. Cultural con-
ditions are the same for all : —

No Blight : Bosc, Boussock, Clairgeau, Giffard, Kieffer, Louise Bonne,
Lawrence, Seckel, Sudduth, Tyson, Vermont Beauty, Wilder.

Some Blight: Anjou, Bartlett, Buffum, Duchess (dwarf), Josephine,
Marguerite, Winter Nelis.

Badly Blighted : Clapp's Favorite, Easter Beurre, Howell, Lawson,
Osband's Summer, *President Drouard, Sheldon.

My experience would lead to the conclusion that pear trees grown on clay
or clay loam are less subject to blight than those on lighter soils, and that
too much cultivation and manuring, especially on the lighter soils, tend to
induce blight through an undue growth of wood.

• Trees all killed.

52

THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

Notes by G. C. Caston, (Simcoe Station).

Baktlett does very well top worked on Flemish Beauty ^^J
\, Wnnh nf rinrm'a Favorite, not experimental stock, but in my orcnara,

fc.dK very weU Idaho and Anjo'u in the experimental plot are doing
faWy well aid I have several varieties top worked on Russian and Flemish
Beauty stock that are not far enough advanced yet to give a .d .finxte report;
I may have something interesting to report m future about them.

Notes by Harold Jones, (St. Lawrence Station).

Referring to the report of 1904, all the varieties sent me for test are dead
or severely injured, except Flemish Beauty, Clapp's Favorite and Ritson
of thlse three' Flemish Beauty is the hardiest and the only one likely to

SUCCpossiblv it would be worth while to test a few varieties as dwarfs which
I bellvTlill be the only way in which a pear of good quality can be grown

iU ^T mav [Z that I have a pear growing on the farm, that has borne
annual^rops for four generations. It is a first class preserving pear and sells
n the \oTmarket, wfere known, in preference to any< of the «£*««£
for canning or preserving. It has been renewed from time to time by trans

Plani\n!sSposlSle0rthUatkthis pear might succeed in other northern sections,

roots.

Notes by W. H. Dempsey, (Bay of Quinte Station).

The rear crop was very light; only a few varieties bore enough to do any
thing with There was very little blight and a marked decrease of Pear

Pn™gatS'i:suaaitwS::Zaded and the fruit was much larger and finer

thiByGoZtTCtlj made a moderate growth; it does not seem to be

-4^J^!I^^^^ CiStrrfruit is of

V°0T£af£zl GrYoilfdffremarkably well here; it started to fruit the

ISrc SSSS AW SS-Mi'SMOT c:

^ 'w™ Ne°L" wafplanted 1895; made moderate drooping growths;
- ^^Z^^^:S^J^JZ^p^ hand-
some?fruiSdthiryeaPr for the first; fruit large, fine and of good quality,

^^i^Bonne was planted 1895; made medium growth; fruited thh
yearfeNnpr ^d I^mentum grower; this is the first year it
fruited; producing a good crop of large, green pears.

1905 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 53

Seneca was planted in 1897; the tree is a thrifty, upright grower;
fruited two years; fruit large, yellow, with red next the sun; medium
quality; season September.

Superfine was planted 1897, and made a moderate growth; tree spread-
ing, blighted once, produced only two good crops; fruit ripened in October;
good quality; I would not recommend planting it.

Notes by A. E. Sherrington, (Lake Huron Station).

Thirty-five varieties of pears are now under test at this station, but as
only a few have fruited as yet, producing only one or two fruits per tree, I
cannot make any report as to quality, or yield. All trees are doing well. I
am top working some Kieffer stocks over to other better sorts and I am look-
ing for a great improvement in some varieties by this method.

Notes by J. G. Mitchell, (Georgian Bay Station).

This season Anjou produced the largest and finest crop we ever had,
exceptionally clean and smooth. Some of the trees were bent to the ground.
They seem to be doing better as they grow older. Duchess gave rather a
lighter crop than usual, but the fruit was very large, clean and smooth, and
the best in quality we ever had. Bartlett is still the most profitable early
pear here. They generally yield a good crop, ripening just after the Nia-
gara district pears are done; and this, together with their fine quality,
makes them always command a ready sale.

Such varieties as Howell, Louise, Beurre Clairgeau, Clapp's Favorite,
Goodale, are all doing very well. In fact, we have not any failures to
report in pears. Bartlett Seckel fruited both last year and this, a very few
fine pears. I am very much impressed with them. They are very strong,
healthy growers, and most promising in every way. None of the recent
French importations have yet borne fruit, and some are, so far, not very
promising; they are very slow growers, while others are doing very nicely.
They are living, however, and a few blossoms showed on some of them last
spring, and we hope to get some samples next year.

Notes by Chas. Young, (Algoma Station).

The winter of 1903-4 was so destructive on this fruit that I may say
I have to begin at the beginning again. Seventy-five per cent, of the
trees, such as they are, are left; some growing from a stump, others with
half the top gone, but all more or less injured. Among the nine varieties
tested Kieffer is gone, root and branch ; this was the earliest to come into
bearing, but the quality was so poor I do not want any more of it. Anjou,
not supposed to be a hardy variety, has come through better than even
Flemish Beauty. None, except Kieffer, were killed to the ground. Besse-
mianka suffered least, and bore fruit this jear, small and poor in quality.
The winter of 1903-4 was the hardest ever known in Algoma, and, although
I cannot say that pears before that were successfully grown in the district,
still, to some extent, they could be. Unless we can get something as hardy
as Bessemianka, and of a better quality, the general public will have to
depend for a supply upon growers further south.

At the present I would not recommend any for planting, although some
of the Russians might be experimented with. I have several on old stocks
for test, and hope to report more favorably later on when thej come into
bearing. All were planted in the spring of 1900.

54,

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 17

I would most distinctly affirm that all trees, apples and pears, planted
in the north, should be headed low. Pears, especially, as near a bush
form as possible. If the lower limbs are on the ground, all the better.

PLUMS.

Keport on Vigor and Habit, by L. Woolverton, Secretary for Fruit

Stations.

Scale in points from 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest).

Varieties.

Abundance
Arch Duke
Arctic

Baker German Prune .
Belle de Septembre. .

Burbank

Chabot

Czar

Dunlop

Fellemberg

German Prune

Golden Cherry

Goliath

Gueii

Hale

Hand

Huling

Ickworth

Imperial Gage

Jefferson

Kingston

Lady Jane

Lafayette

Lincoln

Luscombe

McLaughlin

Orleans

Oullin

Peter's Yellow Gage.
Prince d'Agen

Prince Engelbert

Purple Egg

Quackenboss

Red June

Reine Claude

Saunders

Shropshire

Sophia

Spaulding

Tatge

Transparent

Victoria

Washington

Wild Goose

Willard

Yellow Gage

Younker's Golden. .

York State Prune. . .

Upright, spreading

Upright

Round

Upright

Upright

Spreading, sprawling . . .

Upright, spreading

Upright

Upright, spreading

Round

Round

Round, willowy

Spreading

Upright

Round, spreading

Round

Round

Round

Round

Upright, spreading

Upright, spreading

Spreading

Round

Round

Spreading

Round

Round

Upright

Spreading :

Round

Upright

Upright

Upright

Upright, spreading

Round

Round

Very upright

Round, willowy

Upright, spreading. . . .

Upright, spreading

Round

Round, spreading

Upright, spreading....

Spreading

Spreading

Round

Round, spreading, willowy

Round

8
8
6
7
5
5

10
5
5
5
5

10

10
8
6
7
8
10
8
8
6
5
7
5
8
8
8
5
7
10
10
9
5
5
8

10
8
5
5
7
8

10

9

8

10

8

1905 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 55

Notes by J. G. Mitchell, (Georgian Bay Station).

European Plums. A1 great number of varieties of these plums have
been tested here. After an extensive trial, and under quite equal condi-
tions for all, the old well-known and well-tried varieties still carry the palm.
Unlike the Japans, many of these plums are from fairly good to excellent
quality. But I would, after long experience with large plum orchards)
advise the planting of few varieties. Plum growers would find very muchi
less trouble and, also, more profit with just a few varieties, sufiicient to
cover the season, and they the very best.

Climate and other conditions are so different in places a short distance
apart that I don't like to advise except in a general way. The following
list should give excellent satisfaction, and are what I would plant for myself,
to cover the season: (1), Red June; (2), Washington, where it will do as
well as it does here; (3), Bradshaw; (4), A few Lombards, Quackenboss (or
Glass Seedling); (5), Prince D'Agen, which is a good bearer, and almost as
good a plum as German Prune, usually a very poor bearer. I would include
also Arch Duke, Yellow Egg, Pond Seedling, Coe's Golden Drop, and Eeine
Claude. To this might be added Monarch, as the plums are splendid ship-
pers, but the trees are very short-lived with us.

Cultivation, Pruning and Care. Let me say right here, there is no
fruit which responds to good cultivation, fertility and care better than the
plum, and there is none, I think, which more quickly show neglect. There-
fore, it is expedient they should never be neglected. Cultivation in the
early season is to conserve moisture. They need lots of water fertilizer
to promote growth and fruit. We might just as well try to raise a prize
calf on starvation rations as to grow plums without fertility.

A word about pruning. It has been generally supposed that plums
require very little pruning. Experience has taught me such is not the
case. They require very careful pruning, all dead or decaying wood should
be cut out and burned every year. All long, slender shoots should be cut
back to a foot or so long, and, finally, the whole top thinned to admit free
circulation of air and sunshine to all parts of the tree.

Spraying. I find it a paying operation to spray once just before the
buds begin to burst; again, when young plums are just formed, and again
in about eight or ten days, as to weather.

If all the above conditions are faithfully carried out it is almost cer-
tain that there will be a crop of very good plums. It should be needless
to say the spray should be the standard Bordeaux mixture, with Paris green
added.

Japan Plums. Although strong growers, quite hardy, good bearers,
and many of them of the most attractive appearance, yet their quality is
so much against them that they are fast becoming unpopular. In my
opinion, and, also, in the opinion of many more fruit growers, nothing else
has so much tended to make plum-growing unprofitable as the introduction
of the Japan plums. Very few people who ever bought a basket of Japan
plums will ever want a second one, and I, myself, would not use the best
basket of Japan plums I ever saw if I could at all get one of any of the well-
known European varieties.

The canning factories, at least all those I have interviewed, do not want
them. They say that the Japan plums make a very poor class of goods.
Even here, where several lake traders call, and large quantities of plums
are shipped north, they are hard to sell; in fact, they cannot be, only at a
low price, which reflects very much against the plums of better quality.

56 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

Therefore, I could not recommend the planting of Japan plums at all,
unless it would be the Eed June, and then in quite limited numbers They
are more like the European, and the first to ripen. In addition to that,
Chabot, Burbank, and Satsuma are the best, as far as tested here

Native Plums. After a thorough test of several years, and under
exceptionally favorable conditions, all the native or American plums I have
for profit, as compared with the European varieties, have proved themselves
to be most signal failures. Out of all the large list which we had m test
there is not one single variety I could recommend, but must condemn them
all as not worthy of a place in any orchard in the best fruit sections of
Ontario.

Notes by Harold Jones, (St. Lawrence Station).

The plum trees that survived the freeze of 1903-4 came through the
past winter in fairly healthy condition. All the new wood made during
the summer of 1904 came through uninjured, and the fruit buds wintered
well. The following varieties fruited :

Burbank: Two trees planted 1899; a few fruits ripened in 1900; buds
injured in 1901, 1902 and 1903; one tree injured, and one Killed in 1904;
in 1905 the living tree bore a crop of fruit, about 18 qts. ; some injury from
plum rot at picking time. t

Gueii : Planted 1896 ; trees hardy and vigorous ; fruit buds Partly
injured most winters, but this year the trees bore a full crop, part of which
was injured by plum rot at' picking time.

Gold: Planted 1898; one tree survived the freeze of 1903, and pro-
duced a crop of one plum this year; tree is not in a healthy condition.

Glass Seedling is proving a hardy, healthy tree, but does not bear
any fruit; a few blossoms this spring, but no fruit on trees planted in 1897.

Lombard gave a fair to full crop of fruit, and was much freer from
plum rot than Gueii or Burbank.

Maru, Ogon and Red June continue healthy, but do not set truit,
although they had a good bloom this spring.

Col. Wilder, Whitaker and Hammer had light crops.

Wolf, Wyant and DeSoto suffer severely from attacks of aphis from
year to year, which ruins the crop, if not controlled early in the season
In any event, these plums are of no commercial value, and are not worth
growing, except for home use where Europeans or Japans do not succeed.

Notes by A. E. Sherrington, (Lake Enron Station).

Abundance: Tree, vigorous and hardy; fruit, large; color, reddish
purple; quality, good; yield per tree, ^ve and a half baskets; ripe, August

Burbank : Tree, spreading, vigorous, healthy and hardy ; fruit, large,
if thinned, or not allowed to overbear; color, red; quality, good for canning;
yield per tree, 12 baskets; one of the best of the Japanese varieties.

Bradshaw: Tree, upright to spreading, vigorous and hardy; fruit,
large; color, purple; quality of the best; yield, 5 baskets per tree; a very
profitable plum. , *

Coe's Golden Drop: Tree, sti^ng, vigorous and hard^ ; fruit, large;
color, yellow or light green; quality, medium; a late variety; yield per
tree, 5 baskets.

Field: Tree a vigorous upright grower, hardy, does not come into
bearing as early as some other sorts ; fruit, medium to large ; color, purple ;
quality, very good; yield, four and a half baskets.

1905 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 57

Gtjeii : Tree, vigorous and hardy; fruit, large; color, purple; quality,
good; yield per tree, 12 baskets; one of the best of the European varieties.

Gold : Tree a slow grower, but hardy ; fruit, medium ; color, yellow ;
quality, poor; yield per tree, two quarts; worthless.

Hughes' Seedling: Tree an upright grower, vigorous and hardy;
fruit, medium to large, resembles yellow egg, but quality not so good;
yield per tree, three and a half baskets.

Improved Lombard : Tree resembles the old Lombard ; fruit, about the
same as the old variety; yield per tree, four baskets.

Imperial Gage : Tree vigorous and fairly hardy ; fruit, medium sized
color, yellow; quality, rich and good; yield per tree, 8 baskets.

Lombard : Tree vigorous and fairly hardy ; fruit, medium to large ;
color, purple; quality, good; yield per tree, four baskets.

Monarch : Tree vigorous and fairly hardy ; fruit, large ; color, purple,
with heavy bloom; quality, good, first-class for shipping; yield per tree,
five and a half baskets.

Ogon : Tree vigorous, hardy, and early bearer; fruit, large; color,
yellow; quality, good; yield per tree, one basket, two years old.

Prince Englebert : Tree an upright grower, fairly hardy ; fruit,
medium to large; color, purple; yield per tree, five and a half baskets.

Pond's Seedling: Tree an upright grower, vigorous and hardy; fruit,
very large ; color, red ; quality, rather coarse ; yield per tree, four and a half
baskets.

Quackenboss : Tree spreading, vigorous and hardy ;.? fruit, very large;
color, purple; quality, very good, must be left on the tree until fully ripe;
yield per tree, seven baskets.

Red June : Tree is a strong and vigorous grower, hardy and produc-
tive; fruit, large; quality, good, valuable owing to its earliness; yield per
tree, three baskets.

Shippers' Pride: Tree upright, strong and vigorous grower; fruit,
large; color, purple; quality, good, very firm, making it a good shipper;
yield per tree, six baskets.

Spaulding : Tree vigorous, spreading and hardy; fruit, medium; color,
yellow or green; quality, good; yield per tree, ten and a half baskets.

Victoria : Tree moderately vigorous, hardy, and a persistent bearer ;
fruit, large; color, mottled; quality, good, this is the favorite in England
and Scotland; yield per tree, seven and a half baskets.

Yellow Egg: Tree vigorous, spreading and hardy; fruit, large; color,
yellow; quality, good, but a little coarse; yield per tree, three baskets.

Notes by A. W. Peart, (Burlington Station).

Newer Varieties. American: Planted 1901; tree upright, spread-
ing, hardy, moderately vigorous; fruit, medium to large, oblong, light yel-
low, mantled with crimson, and very handsome; season, early September;
quality only fair; yield per tree, two quarts.

Blood No. 4: Planted 1898; tree and fruit resemble verv closely the
Satsuma, the flesh being red to the stone; yield, two eleven-quart baskets
per tree.

Normand : Planted 1898 ; tree a spreading, hardy, moderate grower ;
fruit, large, round, yellow, firm and meaty; with a distinct nutty flavor like
that of a well-matured Ogon; quality, excellent; season, last of August;
yield, one eleven-quart basket per tree.

58 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

There was a medium crop of plums this year, although the rot was very
bad in some varieties, and curculio bad, causing considerable loss in the
early part of the season.

America: Planted in 1900; tree made slow growth, bore six small, red
plums this season.

Burbank : As usual, bore a heavy crop of fine plums that sold well in
our local market at $2.00 per bushel. Trees planted in 1896 produced 2 1
bushels.

Abundance: Planted in 1896; tree is not very hardy, freezing back
more or less each year; has produced but very little fruit yet.

Orange Prune : Planted 1895 ; tree made good growth : has yielded but
little fruit, and of very poor quality.

Chabot : Planted in 1897 ; made rapid growth ; productive, maturing
in August.

Notes by G. C. Caston, (Simcoe Station).

Of over 20 varieties of plums of the European class tested here one
stands out prominent as thoroughly hardy. That one is the Staunton.
It is now quite a large tree, and came through the severe winter of two
years ago unharmed, and bore a nice crop this year. Of the Japans the
Burbank is about the only one surviving. These fruited well this year.
I have some of the Americana class, but they are not worth growing.

Notes by Chas. Young, (Algoma Station).

All plums, except the Americana class, suffered more or less on account
of the winter of 1903-4. The percentage of loss does not fix the degree
of hardiness by any means, for I notice that trees which carried a heavy
crop in 1903 suffered most in the following winter. I am losing my pre-
ference for the Japans as a whole somewhat. They are not strictly an
honest fruit, that is, to put it in plain English, they look better than they
taste. Of course they are not all poor in quality; Burbank is a good plum,
and one of the most desirable in this class ; it requires severe cutting back to
form a closer top. Taking quality into consideration, this is for this sec-
tion perhaps the most desirable in this class. Red June may be better,
but is more tender, and absolute hardiness should be the first consideration
here. Ogon came through that severe winter better than any of this class;
it is a handsome fruit, but not first rate in quality ; it bore a small crop this
year. Gold fruited for the first time; it is fairly hardy, and better in
quality than some of the others. Wickson is too tender, I have replanted
it twice, and lost all. Willard is only worth growing as an ornamental;
it is completely covered with blossom in the spring, but not one in a thousand
sets fruit; the quality is very poor; the tree is moderately hardy. America
kills back on the south side of the top every winter. Smith's October had
a few fruits for the first time this year.

The Europeans, as a class, are not quite so hardy as the Japans, but the
quality is better. Peine Claude I have lost completely. It was planted
on low, wet ground, and this may have been the reason. Glass Seedling
and Lombard have suffered least, and bore some fruit this year. They have
recovered better than any of the others. This last is inclined to overbear
some years. No curculio has made its appearance here yet, nor has black
knot affected any of the European plums.

I was badly disappointed with the Americana plums before they began
io bear fruit; it was very annoying to see a fine, big top half broken off;

1905 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 59

but they soon recovered, and are absolutely hardy, and in just such a season
as 1905, when we have few plums, we can estimate their value. I have
Hawkeve, Wolf, Stoddard, and De Soto. All are desirable in this section.
They are poor plums to eat out of hand, tough, thick skins, but excellent
for preserving. I would like to have them ripen two weeks earlier. This
is a most desirable class of fruit for the North, especially for those who do
not make a specialty of fruit growing. This class should be further tested,
and, if possible, some variety a little earlier, and with less of the appearance
of the wild plums, could be had, and of as good a preserving quality as
De Soto ; then as near perfection as we can reasonably look for in this fruit
would be attained.

I have 22 varieties under test, mostly Europeans.

KASPBERRIES.
Notes by A. E. Sherrington, (Lake Huron Station).

B randy wine : A poor grower, canes small and weak, lacks vigor; fruit,
small, half quality, rather poor and soft; color, bright red; ripe July 11,
last picking July 22; yield, 12 pounds per 20 feet of row.

Cuthbert : A very strong and vigorous grower, canes strong, healthy
and hardy enough to make it a very profitable variety; size of fruit, 11/16,
of an inch; color, dark red; firm, and quality of the best; ripe July 19,
last picking August 14; yield per 20 feet of row, 21 pounds 11 ounces.

Caroline : Plant, strong, vigorous and hardy ; fruit, sman, quality
very poor; color, white; ripe July 17; yield per 20 feet of row, 9 pounds
14 ounces. Poor.

Golden Queen: Canes strong, vigorous and hardy; size of fruit, 5/8
of an inch; color, white; quality, good; ripe July 15, last picking August
14; yield per 20 feet of row, 14 pounds 2 ounces.

Herbert : Plant, strong, vigorous and very hardy ; size of fruit, f inch ;
color, bright red; quality, good; ripe July 17, last picking August 11; yield
per 20 feet of row, 35 pounds 5 ounces.

Harris : Canes very small, only about 18 inches high ; size of fruit,
| inch; color, red; quality, good; ripe July 13, last picking August 11; yield
18 pounds.

Marlboro : Canes strong, of dwarfish habit, healthy and hardy ; size
of fruit, | inch, firm and fair quality; color, bright red; ripe July 13, last
picking August 11 ; yield per 20 feet of row, 20 pounds 10 ounces.

Miller: Canes fairly vigorous, healthy and hardy; size of fruit, 5/8
inch; color, red; quality, fair; ripe July 11, last picking August 7; yield
per 20 feet of row, 16 pounds 7 ounces.

Phoenix : Plant fairly vigorous and hardy; size of fruit, 5/8 inch; color,
dark red; quality, good, firm; ripe July 15, last picking August 14; yield
per 20 feet of row, 24 pounds.

Reliance: Plants fairly vigorous and hardy; size of fruit, small, \
inch; quality, good, but soft; ripe July 11, last picking August 3; yield
per 20 feet of row, 15 pounds 6 ounces.

Thompson: Plants small and weak, a poor grower; size of fruit, i
inch; soft, and quality only fair; ripe July 11, last picking August 7;
yield 7 pounds.

Turner: Plants fairly vigorous and very hardy; size of fruit, small,
i inch; color, dark red, soft, but quality good; ripe July 11, last picking
August 7; yield per 20 feet of row, 15 pounds 11 ounces.

60 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

Notes by G. C. Caston, (Simcoe Station).

Cuthbert is still the leading market berry, and will continue so until
something better turns up. Although it kills back a little in the tips, yet
there is nothing among a good many varieties tested to supersede it. This
was decidedly a raspberry year, and the crop was one of the best ever har-
vested. I have found it the best plan in pruning, especially old planta-
tions, to allow the canes to grow during summer and not stop or pinch
them ; and in the spring to cut back to the sound wood, thus cutting out the
frozen tips as far back or a little farther than they are injured by the win-
ter. I have found this plan to give better results than the former plan of
pinching back in summer. I nave quit growing Black Caps and the
purple crosses. They were not in demand, and do not pay.

STEAWBEEEIES.

Notes by E. B. Stevenson, (Strawberry Station).

The strawberry season in this section was nearly two weeks later than
usual. Snow covered the ground until the middle of March, which was
fine the whole month. Snow had all disappeared by the last week, then
followed some very warm weather. The temperature one day was 76° in
the shade, and other days were quite warm the last week in March. April
came in bright and fair, changed the second week to cold and high winds ;
on the 14th very cold and snow; on 15th rain and flurries of snow; 16th
cold and snowy; 17th to 21st cold and snow, with very hard frost at night;
rain the night of 20th turned to snow; snow covered the ground all the
21st.

May was very cold, frosty nights. The consequence was that straw-
berries were late in blooming; all the first blossoms were frozen. June
came in wet and cold at night, with frosts from 3rd to 8th, and wet all
the time. The sun was hardly seen during that period, this sort of treat-
ment by the sun was very hard on the strawberry blossoms. The crop
was short, all the first ones having succumbed to the late frosts; still we had
a fair crop of the medium and late varieties. This has been a season in
which the medium and late varieties have been more profitable than the
early and extra early sorts.

The first picking of Van Deman was on June 20th. We also picked
the first of Johnson's Early and Lord Sheffield on that date. Howard's
103 and Early Hathaway we picked June 22nd, and Annie Hubach was
first picked June 24th.

The old standards such as Tennessee, Prolific, and Haverland, Glen
Mary, Splendid, Clyde, Williams, Sample, Senator Dunlap, Brandywine, all
did well. Tennessee Prolific and Sample and Haverland were about the best
of the old varieties. Parson's Beauty did very well this season. These
old varieties have been so often described, and are so well known, that it
will not be necessary for me to burden my report with such description,
but will use my allotted space in placing before you the newer and less
known kinds that fruited with me the past season. I will give them in
alphabetical order; but, before doing so, I would just like to single out one
or two of the new kinds for special mention, such as the "Cardinal," "Won-
der," and "Howard's No. 103."

1905 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 61

The Cardinal, I believe, will take a first place as a market berry when
it is well enough known. The first plants of it were sent me two years
ago by the originator, Geo. J. Streator, of Ohio. He made great claims
for it. I would first say that it has proved to be all that he said it was,
and I hear of it doing as well in other places, viz., A. W. Clarke, of Rhode
Island, says with him, "It is all that the originator claimed for it; it is a
wonderful berry.' '

I will now endeavour to give a description of the new and largely
unknown varieties which I have fruited this season.

Annie Hubach (Perfect) : Originated and sent out by Hubach and
Hathaway, of Arkansas. Plant healthy, stools out, each plant has a half
dozen fruit stalks, loaded with fruit; berry long, conical; seeds somewhat
imbedded; good scarlet color; firm and tartish; very productive and early;
medium in size.

Arkansas Black (Perfect) : From the same firm as above; plant large,
healthy, dark, stools out, only medium in productiveness; berry very
roundish, dark scarlet, medium to small in size, of poor quality, not desir-
able.

Alice Hathaway (Perfect) : From the same firm. Plant healthy, a
good runner, and productive; the berry medium to small, roundish conical,
scarlet, and good quality, worth trying.

Auto (Perfect) : Sent out from Maryland. Plant is strong acd healthy,
a fair grower; the berry is large, somewhat irregular, resembles Glen Mary.

August Luther (Perfect) : is a good early, and does well in many
places; a failure in others.

Aroma (Perfect) : A strong, healthy plant, one of the best late varie-
ties, a good pollenizer for late pistillates; it ripens a little earlier than
Gandy, but continues later; the berry is large and fine; a good late.

Armstrong (Perfect) : This is almost identical with New York Cor-
sican, Uncle Jim, and Maximus, and others. I can see no difference

between them. The plant is large and healthy, a good grower; the berry
is large, the flavor is good; somewhat irregular; medium only in produc-
tiveness.

Ben Davis (Perfect) : The plant is healthy, a good runner, and very
productive; the berry is roundish conical, somewhat irregular, scarlet with
yellow seeds, medium to large in size, medium firm, of fair quality; worthy
of a trial.

Beaver (Perfect) : This was sent me by Mr. Crawford, of Ohio. It
has been a disappointment. The plant is small, hugs the ground, shows
considerable rust; it makes runners freely, is fairly productive of small,
roundish berries; is quite firm, white inside, of good quality. I will give
it further trial.

Buster (Imperfect) : Sent out some years ago by C. C. Stone. The
plant is a strong, healthy grower, making runners freely; the berry is large,
roundish, bright red, medium in firmness, quality fair, but acid; medium
to quite late; it is well worthy of a trial by growers.

Bubach (Imperfect) : Brandywine, (Perfect) : Bismarck, (Perfect) :
Beder Wood, (Perfect) : All did well ; are so well known and grown that
it is not necessary to describe them more than to say they maintain their
position held for so Ions-; it is hard to beat them.

Clyde (Perfect) : One of the best known and most grown ; with me it
it is weakening in plant vigor; it did well the past season; fruit large and
good quantity.

62 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

Commonwealth (Perfect) : Originated with Wm. H. Monroe of Massa-
chusetts. Plant is large, healthy, a good grower, shows no rust; medium in
productiveness; berry is large, conical like Woolverton, resembles it very
much in shape and appearance also in taste; I should call it a second Wool-
verton. It is claimed for it that it will be the "great coming berry." Well
perhaps, but it must do better than it did for me the past season.

Cardinal (Imperfect) : Originated by Geo. J. Streator, of Ohio. The
plant is very large and healthy, no rust has yet appeared on it, the foliage
is bright green, it makes lots of runners that root freely; in fact it has
made the widest row of any in my trial plot this season, the fruit stalks are
strong and tall, and hold the fruit well up from the ground; the berry is
large, not as large perhaps as Clyde or Bubach but large; the plant is very
productive; berry of good color, attractive and of good flavor, a little acid,
firm enough to ship a good distance; the reports from other places, where
it has been grown the past season, are all favorable, some of the reports are
very favorable. At the Rhode Island Exhibition for 1905 it obtained 1st
prize for "best new variety" and a "certificate of merit." I believe it will
prove to be a good market berry.

Corsican (Perfect) : See "Armstrong."

Climax (Perfect) : Originated by C. Graham of Maryland from seed
of Bubach. The plant is strong and healthy; berry is roundish, large scar-
let, early, and quite productive; it is worth of a trial.

Challenge (Perfect) : The plant has proved so weak with me that it
has been a complete failure here.

Early Hathaway (Perfect) : Originated by Hubach and Hathaway
of Arkansas. Plant a good runner, healthy; berry conical, firm, red all
through, acid' of good quality, medium to large; very productive; a good
early, well worthy of a trial.

Early Market (Perfect) : From Hubach and Hathaway. Plant
healthy, good grower, makes plenty of runners, quite productive; berry
scarlet, roundish, worthy of a trial.

Early Beautt (Perfect) : Plant a good grower, small, some rust,
medium in productiveness; the fruit roundish, medium to small, good red
but sour ; very like to Excelsior.

Emperor and Empress (Perfect) : Originated by the late J. Little,
of Granton, Ontario, both have same origin; very like each other; plant a
strong, healthy grower; medium in productiveness; very like the old Jessie;
berry large of good quality.

Fairfield (Perfect) : Plant good grower, quite productive, did well
with me, seems to be a good early kind; berry is above medium size, some-
what irregular, promises well as an earlj.

Fremont Williams (Perfect) : From Hubach and Hathaway. Plant
large and healthy, a good runner, productive, medium to late; berry large,
double at nose, of good quality, worthy of a trial.

Floretta (Perfect) : Seedling of Bubach by Dr. Brown, la. Plant
strong and heathy, a good grower and plant maker, productive ; berry large,
some of them double, a good bright scarlet, quality good, fine for eating
out of hand; worthy of a trial.

Ford (Perfect): From Arkansas. Plant a good runner; berry round,
scarlet, medium size, of good quality; fairly productive.

General De Wet (Imperfect) : Introduced by L. C. Keoitt of N. J.
Seedling of Bubach and Parker Early; plant like Bubach; berry large,
somewhat soft, good color; not very productive.

1905 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Great Washington (Perfect) : The plant is a fair grower with some
rust, makes plenty of runners ; the berry conical, scarlet, firm, of good quality
and productive.

Glen Mary (Perfect) : and Gandy, (Perfect) : Both old standards,
well known, did well with me.

Granville (Perfect) : Plant very healthy, a strong and vigorous
grower, supposed seedling of Minet's Prolific; berry large, roundish oblong,
dark glossy red, seeds red, flesh solid and white inside, very good flavor;
season medium to late.

Greenville (Imperfect) : A second Bubach, did very well this year.

Howard (Perfect) : From J. H. Black, N. J. Seedling of Barton's
Eclipse and Gandy; the plant is strong, and healthy and productive, season
]ate as Gandy; good color and firm; worth a trial.

Howard's No. 2 (Imperfect) : Originated by late G. W. Howard of
Michigan. Plant small, some rust, fairly vigorous ; fruit roundish like Splen-
did; mild flavor, medium in productiveness, scarlet color, medium in size,
will give further trial.

Howard's 96 (Perfect) : By late G. W. Howard of Michigan. Plant
healthy and strong, a good grower; berry is roundish conical, scarlet in
color; medium firm, good quality, and fairly productive.

Ham (Perfect) : Originated by J. H. Black of N. J. Plant a vigorous
grower; very dark foliage, fairly productive of large berries; berry dark in
color, smooth and firm, flesh deep red, good quality; worthy of a trial.

Howard's 103 (Imperfect) : Originated by A. B. Howard of Massa-
chusetts, not yet introduced, sent to me for trial. The plant is a good grower
makes runners freely, very productive; berry is large, conical, dark scarlet,
firm and good flavor, solid and white inside, seeds yellow, a good looking
berry; rioe two days after Van Deman, a good market berry.

Howard's No. 7: Originated by A. B. Howard of Massachusetts, not
yet introduced, did well with me this season; plant healthy, a good runner;
berry conical, quite productive, very good quality.

Heflin's Early: Plant healthy, small medium grower; berry small,
roundish, only medium in Droductiveness ; another trial.

Haverland (Imperfect) : Maintains its place at the front ; it did well
this season.

Irene (Imperfect) : Did well this season, a good one.

Joe (Perfect) : From J. H. Black, N. J. The plant is vigorous, fol-
iage clean, and healthy, productive; the berry is large, bright red, obtuse
conical and uniform in size, quality, good; season medium to late; a good
one.

Kansas (Perfect) : Plant a good grower, makes plants freely, healthy,
medium in productiveness; berry good scarlet, firm and good flavor.

Kitty Pice (Imperfect) : Plant a good grower, claimed to be a good
market variety; it has only succeeded moderately with me.

Lyon (Imperfect) : A good mid-season sort ; berry dark glossy red, red
seeds, flesh red, medium in firmness, flavor good, spicy, large, resembles
Longfield; berry quite productive.

Latest (Imperfect) : Plant - is healthy, vigorous stools out ; berry
is large, conical, blunt at end, color good crimson, flesh red, medium firm,
quality good; quite late; worth trial.

Louis Hubach (Imperfect) : Sent out by Hubach and Hathaway.
Plant small, fair runner, berry roundish flat, medium productiveness,
medium quality, not much good.

f4 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

*

Lucas (Perfect): Plant healthy, a good runner, and productive;
berry, roundish conical, dark scarlet, medium firm, fair quality, medium in
size, will give another trial.

Lester Lovett (Imperfect) : Gandy under a new name.

Monitor (Perfect): A good early plant, good grower, healthy; berry
large, round, medium firm, bright scarlet, worthy of trial for near markets.

Mrs. Fisher (Imperfect): Seedling of Hubach, and Sharpless b> J.
H. Black; plant good healthy grower; berry very large, late bright scarlet,
medium firm, good quality, valuable for near market.

Mrs. Mark Hanna: Plant is large, some rust; berry large on vine;
not desirable on acount of its rusting. . .

Mark Hanna (Imperfect) : Sent me by M. L. Thompson, of Virginia;
a strong robust grower, and productive of large berries; good color; worthy

of a trial. , _ , __ , ,.

Mrs. Miller (Imperfect: Plant is large and healthy, productive;
berry medium to large, bright, long, good quality; worthy of a trial.

Morning Star: Did not do well; another trial.

Minute Man (Imperfect) : Plant a good grower and productive ; berry
medium in size, regular conical, good red in color; not firm enough.

Margaret (Perfect) : On rich ground this is one of the best ; plant
healthy ; berry large, mostly conical, sometimes long, dark glossy red, and
good quality; late season. ,

Marie (Imperfect): Seedling of Crescent plant; is healthy, a good
grower; berry large, roundish, somewhat irregular, scarlet yellow seeds,
medium firm, flesh pink, somewhat sour but spicy; a good one.

New York (Perfect) : See Armstrong, etc.

Oom Paul (Perfect) : Plant large and healthy, a fair runner, medium
productiveness; berry is large, somewhat irregular, dark red; did fairly

well. ,. i

Olive's Pride (Perfect): Plant healthy medium in size, a good
grower, very productive ; berry resembles old Crescent in size and shape, of
fair quality ; season medium early ; worth a trial for market.

Oscar's Early (Perfect) : From Hubach and Hathaway, Arkansas.
Plant healthy, great runner; berry small, shy bearer, of good quality.

Olympia (Perfect) : Originated in California by W. M. Gray. Plant
strong, some rust, a fair runner; berry light scarlet, seeds pink, resembles
old Earlv Scarlet in appearance; of mild flavor, fairly firm, birds like

Parson's Beauty (Perfect): This standard did well; it is a good
market berry; is being widely grown.

President (Imperfect) : Plant large, but develops some rust, it did
not do as well t*his year as last, its first fruiting. It is however, very highly
spoken of in other places; I will give it a further trial.

Perfection (Perfect) : Plant a good grower, some rust, a good runner
and quite productive; berry conical, a good dark scarlet, medium firm, of

° Peerless (Perfect) : From Hubach and Hathaway, Arkansas. Plant
large and strong, healthy, dark in color, a good runner; berry large, roundish,
like Bismarck in appearance; good quality; worthy of a trial.

Prof. Fisher (Perfect): Seedling of Bubach and Sharpless, by J.
H. Black, of N.J. Plant a strong grower, large and healthy, quite pro-
ductive; berry large, resembles Glen Mary in shape, lighter color, of good
quality, late.

1905 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 65

Ridgewai (Perfect): Has been on the market for some years; plant
is medium in size, stools somewhat; berry medium to large, dark rod: does
very well on some soils.

Ryckman (Perfect) : Plant is healthy and a good runner, medium in
productiveness; berry medium to large, with a neck roundish conical, mild
flavor, goo.d quality.

Sunny South (Perfect) : Sent out by Hubach and Hathaway of Arkan-
sas. Plant large, shows some rust, made a poor showing; berry of very good
quality ; a shy bearer not desirable.

Splendid (Perfect) : One of the best medium earlies for market ; well
known now; needs no description.

Success (Perfect): Plant is strong and vigorous and healthy, and
productive; berry medium to large, fairly firm; a good early.

Sample (Imperfect) Seafoed (Imperfect): both well known; did
very well ; among the best.

Senator Dunlof (Perfect) : Plant medium in size but a good strong
grower and productive of large, fine berries like the old Wilson; firm, ships
well; one of the best for market, medium early.

Sutherland (Imperfect) Did fairly well; good grower.
Superior (Perfect) : Also did well.

Tennessee Prolific (Perfect): Good strong plant, awigorous grower,
very healthy; berry good, bright scarlet, firm and of good flavor; one of the
best market varieties; has always done well with me.

Texas (Perfect) : * Is classed as an early variety ; the plant is of good
size, healthy, does not make as many runners as some, but sufficient; berry
fair in size, red, firm and of fair quality; medium in productiveness.

Uncle Jim (Perfect), (See Armstrong): So like New York, Corsican,
and others of same stjJe; I see little or no difference; to describe one is to
describe the whole class.

Uncle Sam (Perfect) : Plant is strong, healthy and a good grower ;
medium in productiveness; berry good, red, yellow seeds, medium to large;
firm and fair, quality; did well with me and is highly spoken of in other
places.

Velvet (Imperfect) : Seedling of Bubach and Jessie by P. C. Cronk,
of Wisconsin; made a poor showing with me the past season; plant appeared
weak ; I have reset and will give it another trial ; it is said to have done
very well in some other places.

Van Deman (Perfect) : One of the best early sorts ; does very well
in some places, not so wrell in others ; it runs through a long season, can be
picked with the earliest, and some of the latent picked have been Yan
Deman; it is firm, very fine in appearance.

Wonder (Perfect), (or SampseTs Wonder) : Plant large, strong and
healthy, a good runner and quite productive; berry large, conical, scarlet
with red seeds, the berry has a neck, very good quality; well worth a trial
by all growers, one of the best new ones, next to Cardinal with me; a good
one judging from one season's trial.

Wilson (Perfect) : The old Wilson did fairly well with me this season,
did not have as much rust as usual.

Wm. Belt (Perfect) : Not as much rust as usual, did well, a good
runner, quite productive; the first berry is sometimes somewhat irregular,
but the rest are of regular, conical shape, large and firm and a good quality:
a good one to grow.

5 F.E.S.

6ti THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

Williams (Perfect): Warfield (Imperfect): Woolverton (Per-1
feet): Are al] so well known they need no description; they have all main-
tained their place at the front.

Yant (Perfect): A desirable variety; plant strong, vigorous and
healthy, makes plants freely, quite productive; the berry is of large size,
quite regular, with a neck, conical in shape, of good color, medium in sea-
son; worthy of a trial by growers.

New Trial Plot.

Several new varieties were received and planted in the trial plot for
next year's fruiting, some of them have done very well in other places
according to reports. They are as follows:

Abingdon; Almo ; Boston Prize; Catherine; Commander; Duncan;
Elma; Howard's No. 3; Laxton; Mrs. Miller; Mead; Himrod; North Shore;
New Home; President Roosevelt; Reynolds; Three W's; Victor; Wild Won-
der; Stevens' Late Champion. Of the above all have done_well in the way of
making plants, no rust as yet seen, Nov. 15. The Three W's and Wild
Wonder have made the widest 'row. Victor is a grand plant, strong dark
foliage and fine runner. Abingdon also has made a fine row of strong healthy-
plants; trust they may come through the winter well; I have given them a
new lot of coarse manure.

List for Growers and Season of Fruiting.

Extra Early and Early.

Van Deman, Michel, Success: Cameron; Excelsior: Howard's No. 103;
Johnson's Early; Beder Wood; Lord Sheffield; Clyde; Texas; Early Hatha-
way; Fairfield; Ham; Staples.

Mid Season.

Bubach; Haverland ; Ben Davis; Sutherland; Splendid, Bismarck; Ten-
nessee Prolific; Senator Dunlap; Parson's Beauty.

Mid Season to Late.

Glen Mary; Lyon; Marie, Saunders; Williams; Wm. Belt; Lovett;
Brandywine; Emperor; Woolverton ; President; Kitty Rice; Yant; Mrs.
Fisher; Sample.

tLate 'to Extra Late.

Joe; Gandy; Klondike; Nettie; Robbie; Aroma; Lester Lovett; Gran-
ville; TJuclc Sam; Uncle Jim; Latest; Enhance; Howard's 96; Wonder;
Perfection.

Notes by Cha$. Young, Richard's Landing, Ont.

Strawberries have not been quite so profitable a crop as in some former
years; just what the reason was I cannot say. They were kept clean, the
weather was favorable, the berries set, but many did not mature. Our old
Ftandbv Clyde was very nearly a failure. I think the plants are running
out. Haverland again this year was the most profitable berry; with Brandy
wine as a good second; these are both good berries with me. I never like to

1905 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 07

tell anyone what strawberries lie should plant for profit. I plant in rows
four feet apart and two feet in the rows, letting all runners grow, merely
straightening them 10 keep in the row. Saunders and Williams are liable
to have green tips with me, which spoil their appearance; they do not yield
as well as some others ; I have found it more profitable to take only one crop
and turn them under.

I have never yet satisfied the local demand, although increasing the
size of the plot every year. The crop of 1905 sold at 10c a box, or $1.00
per 10 quart basket. I have received this year for test the following: —
Texas, all alive; Success, alive; August Luther, all dead; Monitor, Splen-
did, Tennessee Prolific; Senator Dunlap, Glen Mary, Joe, Sample, Parson's
Beauty. They are all planted on uniform ground and I purpose to carefully
note condition in spring; time of blossoming; freedom from rust; date of
first and last picking; and yield per plant. I have twenty-four varieties
under test. I discarded Rio, and Van Deman; I give no winter protection;
J cultivate once in the spring, as soon as I can get the ground dry enough.

GENERAL NOTES.

Notes by Harold Jones, (St. Lawrence Station).

Apples : The climatic conditions of 1904-5 may be considered in every
way favorable to fruit growers in this section, and trees that had suffered
slight injury during the previous winter had every chance to recover their
former vigor, and in most cases they have apparently done so. The fruit
buds came through the winter in a healthy, normal condition and produced
a perfect bloom that set fruit well. The crop was below medium in quantity
which has left the trees in a healthy, vigorous condition for the winter now
coming on. Insects were not very numerous, though codling moth did
more damage than for several years past. "Spot" developed to an alarming
extent late in August, and reduced a crop of otherwise perfect fruit by at
least forty per cent. There were several causes that led to this sad condi-
tion of affairs such as almost entire freedom from "spot" in 1904; the low
price of fruit; and the weakened condition of the trees, which all had a ten-
dency to cause indifference, disappointment or disgust among the growers,
resulting in very little or no spraying being done in 1905 until late in the
season, where people began to realize that good apples would bring good
prices. Then they began to spray but were too late to remedy the damage
already done ; all of which goes to show that there is still lack of appre-
ciation of the fact that only good, clean, well grown fruit will pay any \ear,
and that a high class product will give fair returns every season.

After several seasons of close observation I am confirmed in my opin-
ion that cultivation of our apple orchards must not be continued past mid-
summer. When clean cultivation is practiced and continued up to the 1st
of August, followed by a cover crop, the growth of new wood is continued
so late in the season that it goes into winter in a green, sappy condition and
serious injury is the result; and, more than that, the cover crop is very
scanty and leaves the ground and root system in a bare and unprotected
condition.

Cultivation should cease and the cover crop be sown by the first of July ;
then you will get well ripened, hard shelled fruit bud and the terminals
of the new growth will be ripened before winter sets in, thus nlacing the

08 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

tree in the best possible condition to withstand temperatures of 2d to 36
degrees below ze_ro, such as we are liable to have in this section some v

I think this question of cultivation of orchards and when it should
cease, in order to obtain the best results in hardiness of tree and bud, keeping'
in mind the results on the growing crop of fruit, should be given carefuJ
study and thought by the experimenters in the different sections of the Pro-
vince, which would result in a better knowledge of the requirements of each
section and would do away with the too broad question of to-day in many
sections : cultivation versus sod in orchards.

Pears and Plums : As will be seen by my report of 1904, were nearly
all injured or killed by the freeze of that year and it is safe to say that they
can never be grown here in a commercial way; although a few varieties give
promise of being satisfactory for the home garden. The detailed repon on
varieties will show the results of this year's experiments.

Sour Cherries were very satisfactory this year and gave fair crops;
further experiments along this line will probably result in my being able to
give a satisfactory list for the home garden with possibly some commercial
value.

Xotes by A. TV. Peart, (Burlington Station).
The varieties of fruits here are divided as follows: —

22

9

Apples 67 Blackberries

Pears 46 Raspberries

Plums 54 Currants

Peaches 13 Gooseberries 6

Cherries 11 •

Grapes 30 281

The fruit crop in the Burlington district was good, and, with the excep-
tion of the more tender varieties of blackberries, all fruits passed the win-
ter in excellent condition. The season was favorable, plenty of moisture
and sufficient heat. Growth of wood has been, perhaps, too abundant.
Insects were numerous, but fungi were below the average. Power spraying ls
becoming quite general.

Apples were an average crop of excellent quality. The codling moth
was plentiful, but spots were scarce. Prices were good.

Peaks were a light crop. A severe frost about May 23rd, when some
of the leading varieties were in full bloom, so injured the blossoms, that
(here were but few Anjou and Duchess. Clapp's Favorite, Bartlett, Kieffer,
Winter Xelis, Josephine, Giffard, Wilder, however, gave a good yield.
Prices were fair.

Plums were a moderate crop. Many of the European varieties, such
Lombard, Yellow Egg, Reine Claude, and Imperial Gage suffered consid-
erably from rot. Bradshaw, Niagara, Glass and the Japan varieties were.
however, comparatively exempt. The latter class gave a heavy yield of
good fruit. The curculio did not work much injury.

Peaches were a good crop of excellent quality. The peach curl cut no
figure.

Cherries were a fair crop, and sold at high prices.

Grapes were a good crop of excellent quality. There was practically
no rot nor disease among them. The vineyards were sprayed three tinier,
twice with Bordeaux, and the last time with the ammoniacal solution of
copper corbonate. Prices ranged from 2 to 5 cents per lb.

3905 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 69

Blackberries were a fair crop. The tender varieties were injured by
the winter and gave but little fruit.

JUspberries were a good crop of excellent quality.

Currants gave an average yield at advanced prices.

Gooseberries were an average crop. There was little mildew, and prices
ruled higher than, usual.

Notes by A. E. Sherrington, (Lake Huron Station).

The winter of 1904-5 was not so severe as the previous one, still quite
a number of plum, cherry and apple trees were killed, owing to their weak-
ened condition from the previous winter. The spring opened very favor-
ably; all trees and plants that had not been damaged previously, came out
in fine condition. Later on, where the trees were in full bloom, cold, heavy
rains set in, making spraying very difficult and causing trees that were
weak, and orchards that were not cultivated, to cast all their fruit; hence the
apple crop in this district was nearly a total failure. Plums were very
good, and the crop was all harvested and sold at fair prices.

Pears were a light crop, but not much grown in this district. The young
pear plantation at this station has not come into bearing yet, but the trees
are doing well.

Cherries were very good, with good demand and good prices.

All small fruits were excellent, with the exception of black currants.
Not much planting was done at this station last spring. A few trees of new
varieties were added to the already large list of fruits. As none of the young
apple trees fruited this season, no report can be given as to yield.

The experiments that are being conducted at this station in regard to
the working of tender and more suitable varieties on hardy stalks are doing
nicely.

York Imperial is grafted on Barry; Stark on Alexander; Spy on Tol-
man: King on Tolman; Baldwin on Tolman; and Baldwin on Ribston.

In pears, I am working Bartlett-Seckel on Kieffer; Duchess on Kieffer;
Louise on Kieffer; and have a number of Kieffers planted with a view of
grafting other desirable varieties on them. Under this method we will in
a few years be able to have something definite as to whether certain var-
ieties will do best by working on their own stocks, or will be improved on
bardy stocks.

All undesirable varieties of young apple trees will be worked over as
soon as a thorough test has been made. Clean cultivation is practiced
success.

Nearly all varieties of apples do well in this district, but all have not
throughout the plantation, believing it the only method that will bring

Notes by John Mitchell, (Georgian Bay Station).

This has been a most discouraging year for fruit growing in this dis-
trict. The winter was unusually severe, following the extreme cold of the
previous winter, which killed half the plums, nearly all the peaches,
many of the cherries and young Baldwin apple trees, and weakened many
more so much that hundreds have died this past summer, after showing a
few weak leaves and blossoms. In our own plantation of over twelve hundred
there are only two or three hundred left. I don't expect that we will

70 THE REPORT OF THE

have a real good crop of plums here again till we have new orchards. Most
people seem rather pleased than otherwise. Plnms have heen so cheap for
years that they were quite unprofitable.

In apples there is the lightest crop ever gathered » tins district since
fruit growing became a business. Although the spring opened early it soon
bee-ime cold and wet for a long period about blossoming time. There was
scarry a day of sunshine. It was so cold the bees could not work, and too
wet for the winds to carry the pollon which seems to be almost completely
washed out. Not more than ten per cent, of a crop set and that not the
best which made it very expensive to gather and pack apples this fall.

'Cherries were about half a crop and the quality was only fair.

Pears also were about half a crop; in some places the quality was very
good, but generally rather poor. ,.,,,-. j ' „_,

Bush fruits were fairly good, being well covered with the deep snow
during the hardest part of last winter.

Notes by G. C. Caston, (Simcoe Station).

There is little that is new to report this year. The full effect of the
severe winter of 1903-4 was not fully realized until this year. Many trees
were so badly injured, that they have since succumbed and we may be sure
that anything that stood the test of that year maybe classed as hardy
enough for the locality in which they are growing. The varieties injured
but not killed, were; Ontario, Baldwin and Spy. The op grafted trees
stood by far the best. A few Baldwin top grafted and a few Ontario, also
top grafted, were injured slightly; but Spy top grafted was not injured at
all So I see no reason why I should not continue to preach the gospel of
top grafting the best commercial apples upon good healthy, hardy stocks.
The crop of apples throughout this district this year was below he
average as to quantity and the* quality was fair Insect pests, ™tn jth*
exception of Codling Moth, were not troublesome, there was no injury from
leaf eating insects at all. There is little or no injury from Borers n this
district. This may be owing to the fact that Woodpeckers are quite plenty
ful here. The fungus scab is bad on some varieties of apples, and is quite
likelv to continue as nothing is bein* done by the majority growers to pre-
vent Most of the orchards are small and generally neglected as to prun
ing and spraying. This is a stock county, generally speaking, and very few
make a specialty of fruit growing. But, on the rolling lands of this County,
where the soil is good, apples of the very finest quality can be produced, and
we can do fairly well with several varieties of pears.

Experience' teaches valuable lessons as the years go by, and I am con-
vinced that in addition to pruning, spraying and cultivation, we ^™ tne
still more important problem of fertility to deal with, feeding the trees a
balanced ration. This matter does not receive the attention ^ deserves
I usually pack a few cars of apples every year, and have_ obse ryed a good
many orchards. I find that where the fertility is right the fruit is good
even where the other conditions of pruning and spraying are ««H»rent«eIJ
neglected or imperfectly done. There is the key note of successful fruit
growing, the great unsolved problem will, most of us, viz I ee 1 u g the
trees a balanced ration. Where the orchard is manured at all, it i it it*
.tame or harvard manure; and, while I admi that there are hundreds <rf
orchards that would be vastly benefited by a liberal dressing of it, yet it .
not by any means a balanced ration for a fruit tree There is oo great a
preponderance of nitrogen, This, especially in cold climates, should take

1905 F.RUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 71

second place and potash and phosphatie manures stand first in importance,
in order to build up a healthy, well balanced tree. Such a tree properly nour-
ished, will bear perfect fruit of the best quality, while a fertilizer with
an excess of nitrogen has the effect of producing a rampant wood growth
which is sure to suffer severely in such winters as that of 1903-4. And I am
convinced that by the exercise of good judgment in the proper fertilizing of
orchards, we can do a great deal to prevent the damage by excessively cold
winters such as that of 1903-4.

APPENDIX I.

FRUITS RECOMMENDED FOR PLANTING.

In Various Parts of the Province of Ontario, after Careful Tests of
Varieties made at the Various Fruit Experiment Stations.

General Lists. After testing a large number of varieties of fruit at the
various fruit stations, the Board of Control has decided upon the following
as the most desirable for general planting.

Distinct Lists. The District Lists given by the various experimenters
show varieties especially adapted to the sections represented by their stations.

The term Commercial is intended to include the varieties most desirable
for market purposes and the term Domestic those most desirable for home
uses, either cooking or dessert.

These lists are given, as far as possible, in the order of ripening.

It is realized that there are many varieties not included in these lists
which may do well under special conditions, yet which are generally not con-
sidered as desirable as those mentioned.

The Board of Control recognizing the great disadvantage which faces
inexperienced persons who desire to engage in fruit growing for profit,
because of the very large and confusing list of varieties, has ordered the
publication of select lists of tested varieties which shall serve as a guide to
intending planters. ^

Apples.

General List of the most Valuable Varieties for Market Approved by the

Board of Control.

Summer.

Astrakhan: Adapted to all sections except the extreme north.
Duchess : Adapted to all sections.

Fall.

Gravenstein : Adapted to all sections except the St. Lawrence River and
other northerly portions of the Province.

Wealthy: Particularly .valuable for northern sections.

Alexander: Especially ior northern sections.

Mcintosh: Adapted especially to the St. Lawrence River district, but
can be grown over a much wider area.

Fameuse : Adapted especially to the St. Lawrence. River district, but
succeeds well over a much wider area.

Blenheim : Adapted to all sections except the St. Lawrence River dis-
trict and other northerly portions of the Province.

Winter.

King: Adapted only to the best apple sections, and succeeds best when
top grafted on hardy stocks.

Hubbard'ston : Adaoted to the best apple sections.

Greening : Adapted to the best apple sections.

Baldwin : Succeeds best on clay land, and is adapted to the best apple
districts.

[72]

1005

REPORT OF THE FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 73

Yorthern Spy: Adapted to the best apple districts, but can be grown
with success farther north by top-grafting on hardy stocks. This is also
a Rood method of bringing it into early bearing , L v , 13

Ontario: An earlv and abundant bearer, but short lived Recom-
mended as a filler among long lived trees. Adapted to same districts as
Northern Spy, which it somewhat resembles.

Stark: Adapted to best apole districts.

Varieties Especially Adapted to Home Use.
Summer.

Transparent : Adapted to all sections.
Primate : Adauted to best apple sections.
Sweet Bough : Adapted to best apple sections.
Duchess: Adapted to all sections.

Fall.

Chenango: Adapted to best apple sections.
Gravenstein: Adapted to best apple sections.
Wealthy: Especially adapted to northern sections.
Mcintosh: Especially adapted to northern sections.
Fameuse: Especially adapted to northern sections.
Blenheim: Adapted'to best apple sections.

Winter.

King: Adapted to best apple sections. Should be top grafted.

Wagener: Adapted to best apple sections.

Swayzie : Adapted to all sections except most northerly.

Greening : Adapted to best apple districts.

Tolman: Adapted to best apple districts.

yorthern Spy : Adapted to best apple districts, but will succeed farther

^VL^fF^ to best apple districts, but will succeed farther north
if top grafted.

Hardy Varieties for Sections North of Latitude 46 Degrees.

Summer.
Yellow Transparent, Charlamoft*.

Fall and Winter.
Duchess, Wealthy, Hibernal, Longheld, Patten, Whitney, Hyslop, Scott
Winter.

Crabs Suitable for the Whole of the Province.

Whitney : A large crab of high quality, suitable for planting in the
extreme north where other apples will not succeed. May be used for dessert

or cooking.

Martha : An early crab of fair quality.

Transcendent : Yellowish crab, season early autumn.

Hyslop: Dark, rich, red crab, of laie season, quality only fair. .

74 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

District Lists, Recommended by iiic Experimenters.

Niagara District.

Commercial'. Astrachan, Duchess. Gravenstein, Alexander, Blenheim,
Cranberry, Hubbardston, King, Greening, Baldwin, Spy.

Domestic: Early Harvest, Sweet Bough, Duchess, Chenango, Graven*
stein. Shiawassee, Fall Pippin, Fameuse, Swayzie, Wagener, Yellow Bell-
flower, Esopus < Spitzenburg), Tolman.

Bay of Quinte District.

Commercial-. Duchess; Gravenstein. Trenton, Alexander, Wealthy, Fam-
euse. Mcintosh, King. Greening, Baldwin. Ontario, Seek, Spy, Tolman, Ben
Davis, Stark.

Domestic : Benoni, Primate, Gravenstein. Fameuse, Mcintosh, Grimes,
Greening (P. I.), Ontario, Spy, Tolman, Swayzie.

Burlington District.

Commercial : Astrachan, Duchess. Wealthy. Pibston, Blenheim, King,
Greening, Baldwin, Spy.

Domestic: Astrachan, Sweet Bough. Gravenstein, Wagener, Seek,
Golden Russet.

Lake Simcoe District.

Commercial : Duchess. Peerless. Alexander. Wolf, Blenheim, Pewaukee,
Stark, and the following if top-worked on hardy stocks : Greening, King,
Ontario, Baldwin. Spy.

Domestic: Astrachan, Primate. St. Lawrence, Fameuse, Mcintosh,
King, Spy.

Lake Huron District.

Commercial: Astrachan, Duchess, Wealthy, Fameuse, Mcintosh, Blen-
heim. Greening, Baldwin, Spy, Golden Russet, Ben Davis.

Domestic: Transparent, Astrachan, Duchess, Mcintosh, Grimes, Blen-
heim. King, Spy, Golden Russet.

St. Lawrence District.

Commercial: Duchess. Alexander. Wolf, Scarlet Pippin, Fameuse,
Mcintosh. Baxter. Milwaukee, Golden Russet.

Domestic: Transparent, Brockville Beauty, Scarlet Pippin, Fameuse,
Mcintosh, Blue Pearmain, Golden Russet. Yellow Bellflower.

Algoma District.
Commercial and Domestic: Astrachan, Transparent, Duchess. Charl-
amoi Gideon, Longfield, Wealthy, Scott Winter.

Blackberries.

General List, Approved by the Board of Control.
Agawam. Snyder, Eldorado, and for southern sections, Kittatinny.

District Lists, Recommended by the Experimenters.

Burlington District.

Commercial and Domestic : Snyder, Ancient Briton, Western Triumph,
Agawam, Taylor.

Lake Simcoe District.

Commercial and Domestic, Agawam, Eldorado.

]906 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 75

Cherries.

General List, Approved by the Board of Control.

Hardy: Orel 25, Orel 24, Early Richmond, Montmorency, Russian 207.

District Lists, Recommended by the Experimenters.
Niagara District.

Commercial : Wood, Knight, Napoleon, Tartarian, Dyehouse, Montmor-
ency, Late Duke, Elldiorn, Windsor, English Morello.

Domestic: May Duke, Cleveland, Knight, Elton, Tartarian, Hortense,
Choisy, Black Eagle, Mezel, Royal Duke.

Lake Simcoe District.

Commercial and Domestic: Orel 24, Ostheim, Lithaur, Russian 207,
Bessarabian, Dyehouse, English Morello.

Algoma District.

Commercial and Domestic : Early Richmond, Montmorency, English
Morello.

Bay of Quinte District.

C onwnercial and Domestic : Early Richmond, Montmorency.
St. Lawrence District.

Commercial and Domestic: Early Richmond, Montmorency; Orel 24r
English Morello.

Currants.

General List, Approved by the Board of Control.

Black : Black Victoria, Champion, Lee, Naples, Saunders.
Bed: Cherry, Fay, Pomona, Red Cross, Victoria, Wilder.
White : White Grape.

District Lists, Recommended by the Experimenters.

Burlington District.
Commercial :

Black : Lee, Naples, Saunders.

Red: Cherry, Fay, North Star, Prince Albert, Victoria, Wilder.

White : White Grape.

Lake Huron District.

Black : Champion, Naples, Saunders.
Red: Pomona, Red Cross.

Gooseberries.

General List, Approved by the Board of Control.

Pearl. Downing, Red Jacket. Whitesmith is one of the best English
varieties, but is almost valueless on some soils and in some localities owing
io mildew.

70 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

Grapes.

General List, Approved by the Board of Control.

Com mcreial and Domestic.

Black: Moore, Campbell, Worden, ('uncord, Wilder.

Red: Delaware, Lindley. Agawam, Vergennes.

White: Niagara, Diamond.
For Northern Sections \

Black: Champion, Moore. Campbell, Worden. Wilder.

Red : Mover. Brighton, Delaware, Lindley.

White: Winchell, Diamond.

District Lists, Recommended by the Experimenters.

Went worth District.
Com mcreial :

Black : Champion, Moore, Campbell, Worden, Concord.

Red : Delaware, Lindley, Agawam, Yergennes, Catawba.

White : Niagara, Diamond.
Domestic :

Black: Black Delaware, Earlv Dawn.

Red : Jefferson, Mills.

White : Winchell, Golden Drop.

Niagara District.

Domestic* Mover. Campbell, Worden, Delaware, Lindley, Brighton,
Wilder, Agawam, Requa.

Peaches.

General List, Approved hij the Board of Control.

Commercial :

Sneed: Whitefleshed, clingstone, quality only fair, earliest of all.

Alexander: Whitefleshed, clingstone.

Hynes : Whitefleshed, semi-cling, quality good.

St. John : Yellowfleshed, freestone, quality good.

Mountain Rose : Whitefleshed. freestone, quality very good.

Early Crawford : Yellowfleshed, freestone, quality very good.

'Champion : Whitefleshed, freestone, quality very good, for home use
or near markets.

Brigdon: Yellowfleshed, freestone, quality good.

Fitzgerald: Yellowfleshed. freestone, quality very good.

Reeves : Yellowfleshed, freestone, quality fair, large size.

Elberta: Yellowfleshed, freestone, quality fair, good for long distance
shipments.

C] d mi. von : Whitefleshed, freestone, quality good.

Stevens: Whitefleshed. freestone, quality good.

Smock : Yellowfleshed, freestone, quality fair, very late, good shipper.
Domestic :

Rynes, St. John, Early Crawford, Oldmixon, Longhurst, Stevens.

District Lists, Recommended by the Experimenters.

Niagara District.
Commercial: Sneed. Alexander. Greensboro, St. John, Early Crawford,
j^sew Prolific, Champion, Elberta, Willet, Smock.

1905 FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Domestic: Eivers, Hynes, St. John, Early Michigan, Lewis, Crosby,
Champion, Reeves, Wonderful, Jacques Rareripe, Wheatland, Longhurst.

Essex District.

Commercial : Alexander, St. John, Brigdon, Early Crawford, Fitzger-
ald, New Prolific, Engol, Elberta, Golden Drop, Kalamazoo, Banner, Smock.

Domestic (Whiteflesh) : Alexander, Mountain Rose, Oldmixon, Stevens.

(Yellowflesh) : St. John, Early Crawford, Fitzgerald, New Proline,
Engol, Crosby, Golden Drop, Banner.

Pears.

General List, Approved by the Board of Control.

Commercial : Giffard, Clapp, Bartlett, Boussock, Flemish (hardy, sub-
ject to spot), Howell, Louise, Duchess, Bosc, Clairgeau Anjou.

Domestic: Summer Doyenne, Giffard. Bartlett, Flemish (for the north)
Sheldon, Seckel, Bosc, Anjou, Lawrence, Josephine, Winter Nelis.

District Lists, Recommended by the Experimenters.

Niagara District.

Commercial: Chambers, Wilder, Giffard, Clapp, Bartlett, Hardy, Bosc.
Howell, Louise, Duchess, Pitmaston, Clairgeau, Anjou, Easter Beurre.

Domestic : Doyenne, Manning, Giffard, Boussock, Rosteizer, Marguer-
ite. Sheldon, Seckel, Triumph, Ritson, Louise, Hardy, Diel, Anjou, Law-
rence.

Burlington District.

Commercial: Wilder, Clapp, Bartlett, Boussock, Louise, Duchess
(dwarf). Anjou, Kieifer, Winter Nelis, Easter Beurre.

Domestic : Wilder, Bartlett, Louise, Anjou, Winter Nelis.

Bay of Quinte District.

Commercial and Domestic: Giffard, Tyson, Clapp, Boussock, Hardy,
White Doyenne, Dempsey, Bosc, Clairgeau, Goodale, Lawrence, Josephine

St. Lawrence District.
Domestic: Clapp, Flemish, Ritson.

Plums.

General List, Approved by tJic Board of Control.
Commercial and Domestic:

American : These are extremely hardy and are desirable where the Eur-
opean and Japanese varieties cannot be grown : Aitkin, Cheney, Bixby,
Mankato, Wolf, Hawkeye, Stoddard.

European: Bradshaw, Imperial Gage, Gueii, Shipper's Pride, Lombard
(liable to over bear, requires thinning), Quackenboss, Yellow Egg, Grand
Duke, Golden Drop (Coe), Reine Claude (one of the best for canning).

Japanese : These are apparently quite as hardy as the European varie-
ties : Red June, Abundance, Burbank, Chabot, Satsuma (red fleshed, desir-
able for canning).

District Lists. Recommended by the Experimenters.
Lake Huron District.
Commercial and Domestic: Red June, Ogon, Burbank, Bradshaw,
Imperial Gage, Gueii, Shipper's Pride, Victoria, Quackenboss, Yellow Egg,
Monarch, Grand Duke, Satsuma.

78 REPORT OF THE FRUIT EXPERIMENT STATIONS. No. 17

Georgian Bay District.

Commercial and Domestic: Red June, Burbank, Washington, Brad-
shaw, Imperial Gage, Quackenboss, Arch Duke, Diamond, Monarch, Yel-
low Egg, Golden Drop (Coe), Satsuma, Heine Claude.

Burlington District.
Commercial:

European : Bradshaw, Niagara, Imperial Gage, Lombard, Yellow Egg,
Glass, Reine Claude.

Japan : Bed June. Abundance, Burbank, Chabot, Satsuma.

Domestic: Abundance. Saunders, Bradshaw, Imperial Gage, Smith,
Orleans, Lombard, Yrellow Egg, Satsuma, Heine Claude.

Niagara District.

Commercial : Bed June, Burbank, Bradshaw, Chabot, Gueii, Golden
Drop (Coe), Quackenboss, Satsuma, Reine Claude.

Domestic: Abundance, "Washington, YTellow Egg, Shropshire, Quacken-
boss, Satsuma, Reine Claude.

St. Lawrence District.
Domestic :

European : Gueii. Lombard, Shipper's Pride, Glass.

Japan : Red June, Burbank,

American : Milton, Whitaker, Hammer.

Quinces.
General List, Approved by the Board of Control.
Fuller, Orange (the leading market variety in Ontario), Champion (for
Southern Ontario only as it ripens too late for other sections).

Raspberries.

General List, Approved by the Board of Control.

Black: Hilborn, Older, Gregg, Smith Giant.

Purple : Columbian, Shaffer.

Red: Marlboro, Herbert, Cuthbert.

White : Golden Queen.

District Lists, Recommended by the Experimenters.
Lake Huron District.

Commercial and Domestic :

Black: Hilborn, Conrath, Older.

Purple : Columbian, Shaffer.

Eed\ Marlboro, Herbert, Cuthbert.

Strawberries.

General List, Approved by the Board of Control.

Commercial: Splendid (Perfect), Bederwood (P.), Warfield (Imperfect),
not suited to light sandy soil, Greenville (Imp.), Williams (P.), Saunders
(P.), Sample (Imp.), Irene (Imp.), Buster (Imp.).

Domestic: Yan Deman (P.), Splendid (P.), Excelsior (P.), Senator
Dunlap (P.), Ruby (P.), Bubach (Imp.), Irene (Imp.), Belt (P.), Lovett (P.).

Note. — jn selecting varieties for planting, perfect-flowered varieties
should be included to fertilize those having imperfect flowers.

APPENDIX II.

UNDESIRABLE VARIETIES OF FRUIT FOR COMMERCIAL

ORCHARDS,

In the Various Fruit Districts, as Proven by Tests Made at the

Various Fruit Stations of Ontario.

Apples.

Niagara District : Blue Pearinain, Canada Baldwin, Cooper's Market,
Early Harvest, Early Strawberry, Esopus Spitzenberg, Fall Pippin, Fameuse,
Golden Sweet, Beauty of Kent, Keswick Codlin, Lady, Maiden Blush, St.
Lawrence. Swaar, Yandevere, Yellow Bellflower, Yellow Transparent.

Bay of Quinte District: Archer, Akin, Barry, Baxter, Beauty of Kent,
Blunt. Barcelona Pearmain, Cabashea, Canada Reinette, Cellini, Carlough,
Dora, Ella, Eicke, Green Fameuse, Golden White, Grand Sultan, Haas, Has-
tings, Hawley, Highland Beauty, Hurlburt, Haskell' Sweet, Hamilton, Isa-
bella, Isham, Lady, Lady Henniker, Lady Sweet, Lawver, Landsfinger Rein-
nette, Maggie, Magog Red Streak, Mountain Tulip, Mountain
Beet, Xewtown, Norcaster Spy, Plumb's Cider, Powell, Pioneer, Rawles
Janet, Royal Russet, Rivers Winter Peach, Rochelle, Scott Winter, Sops of
Wine. Stump, Switzer, Scott ^"aaet. Starr, Utter "Red. Wine Sap, Winter
St. Lawrence, White Winter Pearmain, Willow Twig, White Pippin, Winter
Fameuse, Walbridge, WThinnery.

Burlington District : Holland Pippin, Snow, Pewaukee, Keswick Codlin,
Rambo, Cranberry Pippin.

Lake Huron District: Alexander, Barry, Cayuga, Colvort, Early Harvest,
Early Joe, Fall Jenneting, Fall Pippin, Gideon, Haas, Hawley, Keswick
Codling, Lowell, Maiden's Blush, Pomme Grise, Pound Sweet, Rambo,
Swayzie, Sour Bough, Tetofsky, Walbridge, Wine Sap, Wolf River.

St. Lawrence District : Aikens Red, Blenheim Pippin, Chenango, Dart-
mouth crab, Excelsior crab, Gideon, Hurlburt, Hibernal, Longfield, Late
Strawberry, Mann, Magog Red, Ontario, Orion crab, Palouse, Peach of
Montreal, Roman Stem, Salome, Sutton Beauty, Switzer, Shackleford, Waxon
crab, WTine Sap, Yates Red.

Algoma District : Blenheim (tender), Ben Davis (sun scalds), Baldwin
(very tender in trunk and top), Cranberry Pippin (tender), Greening, Mann
{tender both in top and trunk), Rolf, Stark (sun scalds), Sweet Bough, Spy.

Blackberries.

Burlington District : Early Cluster, Early Harvest, Early King, Dor-
chester, Gainor, Humboldt, Lovett's Best, Maxwell, Minnewaski, Ohmer,
Wachusetts, Wilson Junior.

Cherries.

Magara District : Early Purple, Elton, Yrellow Spanish, Choisy, Black
Eagle, Ostheim, Yladimir, Mazzard, Amber, Rockport.

St. Lawrence District : Governor Wood, Black Knight, May Duke,
Olivet, Reine Hortense.

Currants.

Burlington District: Belle de St. Giles, Brayle Seedling, Xew Vic-
toria, Raby Castle, Red Dutch, Versailles, White-Imperial.

[79]

80 THE REPORT OF THE No. 17

Grapes.

Niagara District : Bacchus, Clinton. Diana, Dracut Amber, Duchess,
Early Dawn, Eumelan, Faith, Goethe, Hartford, Isabella, "Ives, Mills, Noah,
Pocklington, Telegraph.

Peaches.

Niagara District : Anisden, Barnard. Early Purple, Early Rivers, Tri-
umph, Late Crawford, Lemon Cling, Morris AVhite, Wager, Bowslaugh,
Kalamazoo.

Pears.

Niagara District : Brandywine. Buffum. Dearborn, Elizabeth, Flemish
Beauty, Idaho, Jones, King Sessiny, Koonce, Lawson, Le Conte, Mount
Vernon, Onondaga, Osband, Pound, Tyson. Vicar, White Doyenne.

Burlington District: Buffum, Flemish Beauty, Idaho, Petite Marguer-
ite, President Drouard, Sudduth, Summer Doyenne.

St. Lawrence District : Bartlett, Seckel, Beurre Clairgeau, Bessemianka,
Bergamot, Beurre Hardy, Cherburn, Dempsey, Goodale, Japan Golden Rus-
sett, Howell, Idaho, Lincoln, Lincoln Coreless, Le Lecture, Yaronish, Ver-
mont Beauty, Winter Pear.

Plums.

Georgian Bag District : Admiral De Riany, Becksley, Berckmans,
Brunswick. Czar, Copper, Communion. Chas. Downing, Comfort, Cheney,
Forest Rose, Golden Cherry, Hattankio, Hammer, Hungarian Prune, Milton,
Maru. Xormand, Ogan, Orange Prune. Pottawattamie, Saunders, Tatge,
lTngarish, Willard, Wild Goose, Wolf, Whitaker, Wyant, Youkin's Golden ;
and to these might be added General Hand for its poor bearing.

Burlington District: Weaver, Fellenberg. Marianna. Czar, Shropshire.

St. Lawrence District: Abundance, Blood No. 4, Burbank, Berckmans,
Communia, Chabot, Charles Downing, Coe's Violet, Forest Garden, Green
Gage. Gold, Grand Duke, Hughes' Seedling, Hatankio, Kelsey, Lombard Im-
proved, Large Golden. Muir, Montreal. Moore Arctic, Normands, Pond
Seedling, Satsuma, Saunders. Tatge, Wickson. Yellow Egg;

RASPBERRIES.

Lal-c Huron District : Brandywine. Caroline, Miller, Reliance, Thomp-
B( B, Turner.

Thirty-Sixth Annual Report

OF THE

Entomological Society

OF

ONTARIO

1905

(Published by the Ontario Department of Agriculture, Toronto.)

PRINTED BY ORDER OF

THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO.

TORONTO :

Printed by L. K. CAMERON, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty.

1906.

WARWICK BRO'S & RUTTER, Limited, Printers,
TORONTO.

To the Honorable William Mortimer Clarke, K.C.,

Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario.

May it Please Tour Honor :

The undersigned begs to present herewith for the consideration of His
Honor the Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario for 1905.

Respectfully submitted,

NELSON MONTEITH,

Minister of Agriculture.
Toronto, 1906.

[3]

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Letter of Transmission

6

Officers for 1905-6

Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario

Reports on Insects of the Year-Division No. 1, C. H. Young

" Division No. 2, C. E. Grant

<< u u Division No. 3, J. B. Williams

Division No. 5, C. J. S. Bethune 10

13

Discussion of the Directors' Reports

The Tussocks: Rev. Thos. W. Fyles

The Tussock Moth Situation in Montreal: Henry H. Lyman 18

Entomological Conditions in North Carolina: Franklin Sherman, Jr 20

Experiments Against the San Jose Scale in 1905: Wm. Lochhead 27

A Review of the Mosquito Work in New Jersey: John B. Smith

Exhibit of Specimens •.

Report of the Council

<< << Montreal Branch

42
<< • " Quebec Branch

<< " Toronto Branch

44
« « Guelph Branch

<< « Librarian and Curator

46

<< <( Treasurer

Delegate to the Royal Society •

Annual Address of the President: J. D. Evans

Insects as Nature Studies: S. B. McCready

Notes on the Season of 1905: Charles Stevenson ^

Forest Insects: Rev. Thos. W. Fyles •••» ■"

The Advantages and Disadvantages of the Canadian Entomologist: Rev. ^

Thos. W. Fyles

Orthoptera and Odonata from Algonquin Park: E. M. Walker 64

Butterfly Collecting in Canada, 1904: Mrs. Nicholl <

Notes on Mrs. Nicholl's Paper: Dr. James Fletcher

Insects Injurious to Canadian Crops in 1905: Dr. James Fletcher 81

Entomological Record: Dr. James Fletcher

Notes of Captures

Injurious Insects of the Flcwer Garden: Arthur Gibson ^

Forest Entomology: E. J. Zavitz

Phlox Mite— Tetranychus Bimaculatus : T. D. Jarvis •

Blue Spruce Saw Fly-Lyda : T. D. Jarvis l "

Bumble Bees that Fertilize the Red Clover: T. D. Jarvis 1*

Injurious Insects of 1905 in Ontario: W. Lochhead ^

Report of the British Columbia Branch

List of Canadian Members of Entomological Society ■

TNDEX [4]

THIRTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

Entomological Society of Ontario

1905.

To the Honourable Nelson Monteith, Minister of Agriculture :

Sir, — I have the honour to present herewith the Thirty-sixth Annual
Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, which contains the pro-
ceedings of the Forty-second Annual Meeting of the Society. By kind
invitation of President Creelman, this was held at the Ontario Agricultural
College, Guelph, and was one of the most successful and interesting in the
annals of the Society. The following Report contains a full account of
the proceedings, the papers read and discussed and the reports of the various
Officers and Branches of the Society. Two new Branches have been formed
during the present year, one in British Columbia and the other at Guelph,
and large additions have been made to the membership.

The Canadian Entomologist, the monthly magazine of the Society, has
been regularly issued during the year, and has now completed its thirty-
seventh volume, containing no less than 428 pages.

I have the honour to be, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

CHARLES J. S. BETHUNE,

Editor.
London, Ontario.

[5]

Entomological Society of Ontario.

OFFICERS FOR 1905-1906.

President— J. D. Evans, F.L.S., C.E., Trenton.

Vice-President — Dr. James Fletcher, Ottawa.

Secretary — W. E. Saunders, London.

Treasurer — J. A. Balkwill, London.

Directors: Division. No. 1 — C. H. Young, Hurdman's Bridge.
Division No. 2 — C. E. Grant, Orillia.
Division No. 3 — J. B. Williams, Toronto.
Division No. 4 — G. E. Fisher, Burlington.
Division No. 5 — Prof. Franklin Sherman, Guelph.

Directors Ex-officio — (Ex-Presidents of the Society) — Professor Wm.
Saunders, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S.C., F.L.S., Director of the Experimental
Farms of the Dominion, Ottawa; Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M.A., D.C.L.,
F.R.S.C, London; James Fletcher, LL.D., F.R.S.C., F.L.S., Entomologist
and Botanist of the Experimental Farms, Ottawa; W Hague Harrington,
F.R.S.C, Ottawa; Professor John Dearness, Vice-Principal Normal School,
London; Henry H. Lyman, M.A., F.R.G.S., F.E.S., Montreal; Rev. T. W.
Fyles, D.C.L., F.L.S., Levis, P.Q.; Professor Wm. Lochhead, B.A., M.S.,
Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph.

Librarian and Curator — Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, London.

Auditors — W. H. Hamilton and F. A. Stuart, London.

Editor of the "Canadian Entomologist" — Rev. Dr. Bethune, London.

Editing Committee— Dr. Fletcher, Ottawa; H. H. Lyman, Montreal; J.
D. Evans, Trenton; Prof. Lochhead, Guelph; G. E. Fisher, Burlington; J. B.
Williams and C. W. Nash, Toronto.

Delegate to the Royal Society— A. F. Winn, Montreal.

Delegates to the Western Fair — J. A. Balkwill and W. E. Saunders.

Finance Committee— J. Dearness, J. A. Balkwill and Dr. Bethune.

Library and Rooms Committee — Messrs. Balkwill, Bethune, Bowman,
Dearness and Saunders, London.

[0]

Entomological Society of Ontario.

ANNUAL MEETING.

The forty-second annual meeting of the Society was held, by kind invit-
ation of President Creelman, at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, on
Wednesaay and Thursday, October 18th and 19th. Owing to the unavoidable
absence of Mr. John D. Evans, President of the Society, the chair was taken
by the Vice-President, Dr. James Fletcher, Dominion Entomologist and Bot-
anist, Ottawa. Among those present were: Rev. Dr. Fyles, Quebec; Mr. H.
H. Lyman, Montreal; Mr. C. H. Young, Hurdman's Bridge; Mr. Arthur
Gibson, Ottawa; Mr. C. C. James, Deputy Minister of Agriculture for On-
tario; Messrs. J. B. Williams and C. W. Nash, Toronto; Mr. G. E. Fisher,
Burlington; Rev. Dr. Bethune, London; President Creelman, Professors
Lochhead, McCready, Sherman, Hutt, Reed, Messrs. Zavitz, Barlow, Jarvis,
Hots on, Klugh, and others, Guelph. There were also present a large number
of the young women students from the Macdonald Institute and of young
men from the Agricultural College. At some of the meetings the attendance
was over onr; hundred. The Society was also favored with the presence of
Professor John B. Smith, State Entomologist of New Jersey, and a Professor
in Rutger's College, one of our honorary members.

During the first morning a business meeting of the Council was held, at
which the Treasurer's report was received and adopted. Application was
made by a number of gentlemen belonging to the Agricultural College and
the Wellington Field Naturalists' Club for the formation of a Guelph Branch
of the Entomological Society of Ontario. The request was very heartily ac-
ceded to, and the Branch was inaugurated with an initial list of twenty-four
members.

Professor T. D. A. Cockerell, of the University of Colorado, Boulder,
Colo., an eminent entomologist, especially distinguished by his work in the
Coccidge and Hymenoptera, was unanimously elected an honorary member.

The members of the Society from a distance were very hospitably enter-
tained at luncheon by President Creelman.

In the afternoon Dr. Fletcher took the chair at 2.30 o'clock, and called
upon the Directors of the Society to read their reports on the noteworthy in-
sects of the year in their respective divisions. The reports for the first three
Divisions were read, and Mr. Fisher explained his inability to prepare a re-
port for Division 4 owing to the pressure of business during the summer
months. Prof. McCready also had no report to make for Division 5. as he
had removed from London to Guelph before the opening of the season, but his
place was filled by Dr. Bethune.

REPORTS ON INSECTS OF THE YEAR.

Division No. 1 — Ottawa District. By C. H. Young, Hurdman's Bridge.

Like the two preceding years, the season of 1905 has not, in the Ottawa

District, been marked by any serious outbreaks of injurious kinds of insects.

Early in the season the Red-backed cutworm, Paragrotis ochrogaster, was

[7]

THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

very bad in gardens at Meach Lake, Que., being particularly destructive to
onions, peas, cucumbers, vegetable marrow, and broad beans. These cater-
pillars were extremely abundant in one garden which I was observing, and
some evenings I killed as many as 150 and 200 specimens. Poisoned bran-
mash was applied, and while this must have done some good, still the cutworms
were so numerous that almost every green garden crop was eaten.

The Onion Maggot, as far as I observed, was not nearly so prevalent this
ypar as it was in 1904. Dr. Fletcher telk me that this season he has had
success with the Cook carbolic wash. In years of bad infestation nothing,
however, acts as a perfect remedy.

Tent caterpillars were slightly more numerous in 1905 than they were m
1904, and it would seem as if these troublesome insects are again on the in-
crease. Everyone can do something to lessen the numbers of these cat- r-
pillars by cutting off, whenever seen, the unsightly tents and trampling upon
the contained larvae. .

An insect which has been rather abundant in some orchards in my dis-
trict, 'is the Woolly Aphis (Schizoneura lanigera) of the apple. (Fig. 1.)
The large snowy deposits on the limbs and trunks of trees are quite conspicu-
ous and when seen should be destroyed. ♦ This can be done in most instances if
the trees are not too large, by brushing the clusters off with a whisk, or some
other such instrument, dipped in kerosene emulsion, or even pure coal oil.
The Woolly Aphis on the alder has also been more than usually abundant this
year around Ottawa, some trees being almost wholly covered with these in-
sects. The Woolly Aphids on the alder are interesting on account of the
larvae of Feniseca tarquinius feeding upon them. This year these larvae
were quite abundant among these Woolly deposits, and I have brought some
of the curious chrysalids to show here at this meeting. The larvae of Syrphus
flies were also busily engaged feeding upon the Woolly Aphids.

Young strawberry plants were destroyed in spring by White Grubs, the
larvae of the well-known June Bugs. They seemed to be very abundant the
past season. _ __.

In apple orchards, in which spraying had not been practised, Codlm*
Moth caterpillars did serious harm. In some orchards fully half the crop of
apples was destroyed. In the Ottawa District, I feel sure, however, that
owners of orchards are realizing more and more every year the value of spray-
ing their trees to protect them from insect and fungous enemies.

Ked currant bushes were defoliated in some gardens by the well-known
Currant Saw-fly larvae. As it does not take these larvae very long to strip a
bush of its foliage, as soon as they are noticed a remedy should at once be ap-
plied. There are two broods of this insect in the season. The remedy for
the first one is to spray the bushes with a Paris green or some other arsenical
solution. For the second brood, which appears later in the season when the
fruit is formed, white hellebore should be dusted on to the bushes.

On some radish plants in my garden at Hurdman's Bridge this autumn,
which had gone to seed, I noticed a great number of specimens of the Zebra
caterpillar (Mamestra picta) (Fig. 2). As I was away at Meach Lake during
the summer, I have not been able to find out yet whether they did any serious
damage in turnip fields, etc., near by. The Birch Bucculatrix (B. Canadensis-
ella) was very bad on white birch trees at Meach Lake, the leaves^ having a
scarred appearance, and falling prematurely from the trees. The insect did
not occur on birches nearer to Ottawa. . '

Fall Webworm was also noticeably abundant m September on torest
irees and in orchards. This insect is such an easy one to destroy m orchards
that it is a wonder to me owners do not cut off the colonies of caterpillars
when first noticed.

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The foliage of many maple trees around Ottawa was this year badly at-
tacked by the Maple-leaf Gall mite, Phytoptus quadripes, on numerous fine
trees, the leaves being conspicuously distorted by the galls made by this tiny
mite.

I have brought to the meeting a collection of Micro-Lepidoptera which I
have made at Ottawa and Meach Lake during the past two seasons. This year
I have mounted up nearly 1,500 of these small moths. I have also brought
some interesting larger moths, which are rare in the Ottawa District.

• Division No. 2 — Midland District. By C. E. Grant.

This has been a fine year for the entomologist, many species appearing
in numbers surpassing anything seen since 1898, and whilst that was the
case with some species, very little injury has been noticed or reported to me
from injurious insects. Of course the Codling moth (Cqrpocapsa pomonella),
the Potato-beetle (Doryphora decemlineata) are always with us, and Onion
Maggots (Phorbia ceparum) and the Cutworms of various kinds were also
plentiful Mamestra arctica in particular. I again note the scarcity of the
imported Currant-worm (Nematus ribesii), the Tent-caterpillars (Clisiocampa
Americana and disstria) and also the Tomato Hawk-moth (Proptoparce cel-
eus). The Cottony Maple Scale was noted on the maple trees, but not in un-
usual quantities; Asparagus-beetles have not reached us yet. No complaints
were received of the Pea-weevil. The Tussock moths were abundant this
fall, Antigua being by far the most plentiful.

I have added a lot of new moths to my collection not yet identified. The
following I recognized, namely, Macronoctua onusta, Panchrysia purpurigera,
Hadena ducta, Perigea vecors, Remigia repanda, Prothymia rhodarialis, Ma-
rasmalus inficita, Noctua jucunda, Ancyloxypha numitor, and a new Plusia,
making twenty-one species of this genus taken in Orillia.

Butterflies were very numerous, Grapta J. album, Vanessa antiopa, Py-
rameis cardui and hunte<ra, and Atlantis very much more so than ever before
noticed. The Geometrids were also very much in evidence; among several
new ones mention might be made of Phasiane Orilliata, Macaria glomeraria,
Plagodis alcolaria, and Philereme Californiata.

On October 14th I took Remigia repanda, Aletia argillacea, Xylina an-
tennata, Orthopia ferruginoides, and Scopelosoma tristigmata.

Division No. 3 — Toronto District. By J. B. Williams, Toronto.

I was not well enough during the past summer to do much entomological
work, so that my observations on insect pests have been confined mainly to
the ravages of the Grey Tussock moth (Hemerocampa leucostigma) on the
shade trees in the streets of Toronto. (Figs. 3 and 4.) They were very num-
erous this year, especially on the horse-chestnuts.

The city authorities spent some money in the collection of the egg masses
during the past winter, but there are so many infested trees in private grounds
that the destruction of eggs on shade trees only cannot effectually check them.
There are eight chestnut trees on the grounds in front of the house where I
live, some of which were partially denuded of their foliage by these cater-
pillars. Towards the middle of July, while sitting under these trees, one
could hear a continual patter on the grass as the creatures dropped them-
selves down from the branches; and quite an army of them were creeping
about the ground for several days, while they sought for places to pupate.
Females emerged and began to lay eggs about the 5th of August.

10

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

I offered a small sum to several boys on the street if they would clear the
cocoons off those eight trees. Some of them were good climbers, and they col-
lected, I believe, about two buckets full. The trees are now, apparently, free
from them, and it will be interesting to observe next season to what extent
this clearing has been effectual, for there are no other chestnut trees near
them.

Fig. 1. Woolly aphis
of the apple ; much en-
larged, except twig.

Fig. 2. a Zebra caterpillar, b the moth, Mames-
tra picta .

Walking-stick insects (Diapheromera femorata), which were so numerous
in some localities last year, have only appeared this year in about their ord-
inary numbers.

Tent caterpillars, as far as I have noticed, have been comparatively scarce
around Toronto, and Dr. Brodie's observations also confirm this statement.

I heard one complaint of apples, from a garden north of the city, having
worms in them, but I had no opportunity to examine any of them.

Division No. 5— London District. By C. J. S. Bethune.

At the request of Professor McCready, whose appointment to the chair of
Nature Study at the Macdonald Institute, Guelph, caused his removal from
London last winter, I beg to make a report upon the noteworthy insects of the
past season in that part of the country.

In the city of London itself public attention has been especially drawn
to the widespread abundance of the Cottony Maple Scale (Pulvinaria innum-
erabilis, Eathv.) on the shade trees of the streets and boulevards of the city.
(Fig. 5.) On the maple and basswood trees especially it was to be found in
countless millions, end the cottony tufts of egg-masses on the underside of
twigs and branches were so numerous and so close together as to look as if
the boughs had been thickly .spattered with whitewash. Towards the end of
August the leaves on many trees were curled and withered from the continu-
ous drain of the scale insects and began to fall prematurely; in some in-
stances the trees were almost bare by the first of September. Grape vines,
the Boston ivy, Virginia creeper, and many shrubs were included in the at-
tack, and injury was also caused to plants and flowers by the constant drip
of "honey dew" and the black fungus that grew wherever it fell. This at-
tack has been ooing on for some years and steadily increasing in extent, and
now it_seems to have reached its culmination, and, we may hope, may begin to
decline. Two years ago at our annual meeting, I gave an account of this

1905

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

11

insect and an outline of its life history ; as this was published in our Report
for 1903, it is unnecessary to go over the same ground again. In September
last the Park Superintendent and one of the aldermen asked the local mem-
bers of the Society to report upon this insect and the Tussock moth to the
City Council. This was accordingly done, and on the 2nd of October we at-
tended at the City Hall and were invited by the Mayor to present any report
we had to make.

7/1

a b

Fig . 3 . Tussock moth : a wingless female moth on its cocoon ; b young
caterpillar ; c chrysalis of female ; d of male ; e male moth .

Fig. 4. Tussock moth : full-grown cater-
pillar.

Fig. 5 . Cottony maple scale ; female scales
with tufts containing eggs .

The Tussock moth (Figs. 3 and 4) was the subject of newspaper articles
in the local press from time to time during the summer, and fears were ex-
pressed that, as it was very destructive in Toronto and doing some injury in
Hamilton, it might soon reach London. We were able to assure the City
Council that this dreaded insect had been well known in London to ento-
mologists for thirty or forty years, and that during the past summer it had
been as plentiful as usual. It was not, however, numerous enough to be a
cause of any alarm, and no injury to the trees of the city could be charged
tc it. A simple method of preventing its increase was suggested and will no
doubt be carried out, namely, the gathering and destroying during the win-
ter the masses of eggs laid by the wingless female moth on her cocoon.
These are white and conspicuous and in most cases within easy reach; they
are so few in number that any householder could clear the trees on his own
premises in a few minutes, and the work of removing them from the city trees
would involve but little labor. It was recommended that only the cocoons
bearing egg-masses should be destroyed, as the others contained either empty
male chrysalids or parasites.

With regard to the Cottony Maple Scale, we were unable to suggest any
practicable remedy. Two methods of dealing with the insect were mentioned
as worthy of adoption by anyone who wished to protect his own trees : first,
the spraying of the trees during the winter with the lime and sulphur wash
that is found so effective in the case of the San Jose Scale, in order to destroy
fhe female scales that winter on the twigs and branches of the trees; and
secondly, by spraying of the trees with kerosene emulsion towards the end of
June and during the first two weeks of July — three or four times in all — in

12

THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

order to destroy the lice when they are hatched from the egg-masses and are
moving about in search of a final resting place. At this particular time they
are exposed and can be reached by spraying, but as soon as they attach them-
selves to the 'leaves and become covered with their scale they are practically
invulnerable The Park Superintendent was instructed to try these methods
on selected trees and report results next year, but it was felt to be heyond the
power of the city authorities to deal with the immense number of shade trees
throughout the city, unless they were quite sure of exterminating the pest.

By way of encouragement I mentioned to the Council that this insect is
well known in many cities in the United States, and the general experience has
been that after a few years of abundance it ceases to be numerous for a time
owing to the attacks of parasitic insects and the effects of atmospheric condi-
tions It does not, as a rule, kill the trees, because its attacks do not strip ott
the foliage nor entirely prevent the leaves from discharging their function,
though when so numerous as at present they must certainly impair the vigor,
if not the vitality, of the trees they infest. As an illustration of their num-
bers, I may mention that on a single maple leaf picked at random- from a tree
f counted 707 scales on the under side and 72 on the upper surface When we
consider the number of leaves on a large tree, the majority of which are in-
fested, the specific name innumerabilis seems most appropriate.

There were several other insect attacks during the year that may be men-
tioned, but they did not attract public attention.

Fig. 6. May beetle : 1 pupa, 2 the white
grub, 3 and 4 the beetles.

White grubs (larvee of Lachnosterna or May Beetles) (Fig. 6), were
complained of in some cases both in Woodstock and London on account ot the
damage they had done to lawns by devouring the roots of the grass. As tney
work underground and spend three years in the larval state, it is not easy
to prescribe a remedy. In the case of old pasture fields, where they sometimes
become'very abundant, a simple remedy would be to plough up the sod and
turn in pigs or turkeys, and then to grow a root crop. Where lawns are badly
damaged it would be worth while to dig up the affected parts late m tne
autumn and exposethe grubs to the frost, or during the summer to remove the
tiod and soak the ground below with coal oil. Subsequently new earth could
be filled in and fresh turf laid.

Wire-worms (larva? of Elateridce or Click-beetles) were very abundant in
many market gardens in the neighborhood of London. As these. creatures also

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 13

work under ground it is difficult to find a remedy that will be effective.
Much, however, may be done to reduce their numbers by trapping them. This
is done by placing bunches of clover or sweetened meal poisoned with Paris
green under shingles or pieces of board where they are troublesome. The
insects are in the habit of taking refuge in the daytime beneath shelters of
this kind and will naturally partake of the poisoned food they find provided
for them.

The 12-spotted Asparagus beetle (Crioceris 12-punctata) is becoming each
year more and more numerous in gardens about London. The other species,
C. asparagi, has not yet made its appearance. Dusting with air-slaked lime
seems to be the simplest and most effective remedy for getting rid of the
larvae which feed upon the foliage during the summer.

The Fall Web-worm (Hyphantria textor) has been somewhat in evidence
with its unsightly webs on some trees here and there on the city streets, and
on many shrubs and trees in Springbank Park. As soon as the Super-
intendent's attention was drawn to them, they were speedily got rid of
in the Park, but on private grounds many were left unmolested. It
is such an easy matter to remove the webs with a stick, and destroy the
inmates by trampling under foot, that there is no excuse for neglecting
them. It is true that they generally inflict but little damage upon the trees
owing to the lateness of their attack, but they are very unsightly and are
scmetimes very injurious to young trees and shrubs.

The Codling_Moth is reported to have been more prevalent than usual
this year and to have considerably affected the apple crop about London. The
increase of this serious pest is no doubt due to the neglect of spraying, and
possibly to ignorance of the fact that there are two broods in the year in this
region of country.

The Pea-weevil, on the other hand, is very little complained of, and could
be effectually checked if a combined effort were made by all growers and
seedsmen. Fumigation with bisulphide of carbon is an easy remedy and not
expensive. Its general adoption would soon restore the growing of peas to the
valuable position it formerly held in Ontario.

Regarding the Hessian fly, no complaints at all were heard and evi-
dently no appreciable damage was done.

Cutworms, Squash-bugs, Onion and other root maggots were as preva-
lent as usual and gave the market gardeners much trouble. On the whole
the season was not marked by any unusual or violent outbreak of insects, with
the exception of the Cottony Maple Scale already referred to.

DISCUSSION OF THE DIRECTORS' REPORTS.

The Tussock moth was the first insect taken up for consideration.

Mr. T. D. Jar vis stated that at St. Catharines and in Toronto eighty per
cent, of the cocoons that he examined were parasitized by Pimplas and Chal-
cid flies.

Prof. J. B. Smith explained that one of these classes of insects was a sec-
ondary parasite upon the other, and could not, therefore, be credited with
aiding in the reduction of the Tussock moths, but rather the contrary.

Mr. C. W. Nash said that the Tussock moth was by no means confined to
cities, as he had found them abundant all through the County of York and
even as far away as St. Joseph's Island in Lake Huron. There he had found
a female depositing its eggs as late as the 8th of October. His experience was
\ery different trom that of Mr. Jarvis, for he had only found one cocoon in
400 oarasitized; many, however, were diseased and their contents had become
fluid.

14

THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

Prof. J. B. Smith had collected many egg-masses and found none that
were parasitized. In the southern part of the State of New Jersey there were
two broods of the insect in the year, but in the northern part only one. The
city of Newark is situated on the dividing line between the life-zones, and
consequently there are two broods in part of the city and only one in the rest.
Ten cents per quart was paid for egg-masses collected, but he considered spray-
ing with Paris green a much cheaper method of destruction, as it only cost
about ten cents per tree, while egg-collecting came to $2.50 when the attack
was severe. The egg-masses he found to contain an average of 200 eggs.

Dr Fletcher, in reply to a question as to whether spraying should be
discontinued in order to avoid killing the parasites as well as the noxious in-
sects, stated that it was much safer to spray and be sure of killing the enemy,
especially as there was no certainty regarding the work of the parasites. In
answer to a further question, Does spraying kill internal parasites.' he replied,
Yes if it destroys the insect which supplies its parasite with food. On one
occasion he had found a number of parasites in egg-masses on trees at the
corner of King and Simcoe streets, Toronto.

In remarking upon Dr. Bethune's paper, he stated that the Codling Moth
was one-brooded from Toronto eastward and two-brooded westward. At Ot-
tawa, where there is but one brood, spraying in the spring is sufficient for its
control but at London the conditions are quite different. For the Cottony
Maple Scale he recommended treatment of the trees in winter with the lime
and sulphur wash. White-grubs in lawns may be checked by freely spraying
the affected portions with kerosene emulsion and then washing with water.
Click-beetles, the parents of Wire-worms, are attracted m large numbers to
the bait used at night in sugaring for moths, and might be largely destroyed
by this means. It was remarkable that the twelve-spotted Asparagus beetle
should have outstripped the other species in its advance westward through
Ontario; the latter (C. Asparagi) was spreading very slowly. The Pea-weevil
is at present somewhat scarce and therefore now is the time for a successful
fight against it. The growers of peas should not pay five times too mncn lor
their seed, because peas infested with weevils only contain one-fifth of their
proper contents. The seedsmen are now fumigating their peas, because their
customers demand seeds that have been treated with bi-sulphide of carbon,--
the method is very simple and should be universally adopted.

Mr C W Nash said that peas should be treated at once after they are
harvested, because a large proportion of the weevils emerge from the peas early
in October and thus escape fumigation, if it is' postponed to a later date.
They may be found in immense numbers in barns where peas have been
stored.

Prof J B. Smith asked whether the White-grubs referred to by Dr.
Bethune were hairy or smooth. On being told that they were smooth and the
larvae of May-beeties (Lachnosterna), he said that at Washington a few years
ago a lawn was so badly affected by White-grubs, which ate the roots of the
grass that the turf could be rolled up like a carpet; there the grubs were
hairy and the larvae of Allorhina nitida (a beetle which does not occur in On-
tario).

In New Jersey they had had a similar experience to that in London with
the Cottony Maple Scale,— the city of Plainfield last year was the worst af-
fected and the numbers were similar to those described by Dr. Bethune. The
large wintering scales of the female he had found abundantly parasitized. A
Lady-bird beetle (Eyperaspis) was very numerous and attacked the scales,

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 15

while its larvae devoured the eggs in the cottony masses. The parasites be-
came more and more abundant as the season went on, and he had every con-
fidence that there would be little or no trouble from this insect at Plainfield
next year. His count of scales was similar, having found from 500 to 800 on
a single leaf. Insecticides of various kinds had been tried, but he could find
nothing that would kill the insects and not injure the foliage. He had, there-
fore, resorted to water from the city maii^s, and found that with a hose the
eggs could be washed off the trees if applied when the cottony masses are
opening early in May. This is a simple, easy and inexpensive remedy, and
one that is ready at hand for every one who has a lawn and hose for watering
it. If the scales are higher up than their usual position on the lower branches
they can usually be reached with the assistance of a step-ladder.

Mr. C. W. Nash spoke of the damage done to asters and dahlias by the
Tarnished Plant-bug (Lygus pratensis) and the trouble it gave to florists in
Toronto; dusting with Pyrethrum insect powder was recommended as a rem-
edy. He also referred to the prevalence of Hydroecias (Gortyna) this year;
ne had found them boring into the roots and stalks of rhubarb, dahlias, Rud-
beckia, burdock and in fact all plants that were capable of holding them ; two
species, Gortyna nitela and cataphracta, were especially abundant.

Dr. Fletcher drew attention to the good work being done by Mr. H. H.
Lyman and other entomologists in Montreal in breeding and tracing out the
life-histories of these moths. G. nitela was of use, as it destroys large num-
bers of Canada thistles and rag-weed.

THE "TUSSOCKS."

By The Rev. Thomas W. Fyles, D.C.L., F.L.S. .

The common application "Tussock Moths," as applied to the perfect
insects of the species Orgyia antiqua, Linneus, and Orgyia leucostigma,'
Smith and Abbot, (Fig. 7), is a misnomer. It is to the caterpillars of these
species that the name "Tussock" is properly applied — they are conspicu-
ously tussochy, or tufted, along the back, (Fig. 4). The generic name
Notolophus given to these insects by Germar signifies this: — Notos — the
back; Lophos — a crest. The male perfect insects of the two kinds have
been very appropriately called "Yapourers," because of their airy and un-
certain flight. They are known respectively as the "Brown Yapourer"
and the "Grey Yapourer." The females of both species are incapable of
flight, having only rudimentary wings.

The Greek generic name Orgyia was probably given because of the out-
stretched black pencils extending like arms from the shoulders of the larva.
The feminine specific name, antiqua, from the Latin, appropriately denotes
the grey and hunched form of the female moth. Linneus was often fanci-
ful in his application of names !

The term leucostigma was given by Smith and Abbot to the Grey Ya-
pourer on account of its white spots, (Fig. 3e) ; though the spots on Antiqua
are more conspicuous than they, because of their darker setting.

The genus Orgyia belongs to the family Liparidaz which, in England,
includes some very handsome, and also some very troublesome species.
Psilura monacha, the "Black Arches," is a remarkably beautiful moth.
Porthetria dispar, the "Gypsy Moth," is handsome, but its larvse are de-
structive; whilst the larvae of Europroctis chrysorrhcca, the "Brown-Moth"

16

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

are offensive, not only from their destructiveness, but also from the fact that
their barbed hairs are easily cast, and, alighting on the human skin, work
their way into its pores, and cause excessive irritation. In my early el-
forts at raising insects, in England, I again and again experienced the
baneful effects of too close contact with these caterpillars.

The story of the introduction of the Brown-tail and Gypsy Moths to
Massachusetts has been well told in the publications of Messrs. Fernald and
Kirkland and Forbush ; and so the evil reputation of these species has been
widely spread. People in Canada have looked for their advent with appre-
hension It is not to be wondered at, therefore, that when the egg-masses of
an allied, but less injurious, species became conspicuous, to expectant eyes,
something like a panic occurred— it was thought that the dreadful Gypsy
Moth was come.

Fig. 7. Tussock moth : a caterpillar ; b and c chrysalids ; d and e male moths ; /"and g
female moths ; h eggs ; i male cocoons ; I female moths and egg-masses on cocoons.

I have known both the Brown Yapourer and the Grey for many years.
The former, indeed, attracted my attention soon after my arrival in Canada ;
for it was to me an old acquaintance. Both species are common at Quebec.
Leucostigma has been plentiful here for some years past— it has never done
noteworthy damage. Its favourite food here is the White Willow <£ato-
alba, Linneus) ; and patches of its eggs may at this present time (October, *
1905), be seen on the bolls of the willows in the Custom House Square, and
along Mountain Hill.

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 17

I have always regarded the larvse of Antiqua and Leucostigma as harm-
less and very beautiful objects — creatures to be admired. I certainly read
with amused surprise the following paragraph in the "Montreal Daily Star"
of July 22nd last: —

"It is now beyond question that in addition to the caterpillars being
very destructive to vegetation, they are also poisonous to human beings.
They can let themselves down from a tree by means of a silken thread, simi-
lar to that made by the spider. They seem especially to like to get down
the back of one's neck, and they certainly do some painful work there/ '

What a thick skin a man must have who could let a caterpillar alight
on his neck, and not brush it off immediately !

Still further to alarm the public, and to show "that our troubles have
hardly commenced yet," the writer in the "Star" proceeds to describe the
ravages of the Gypsy Moth in Massachusetts, and re-produces some of the
illustrations from Forbush and Fernald's Report. There is a representation
of the Dexter Elm with ten men engaged in freeing it from the eggs of the
moth.

There, too, is a picture of the destroying of the eggs in a stone wall by
means of cyclone burner.

Both of these are likely to excite apprehension, but are hardly fair to
the Tussocks, who were not the guilty parties in the case. "Give a dog a
bad name and hang him!"

"We remember the "Kissing Bug Scare," in which kissing-bugs multi-
plied to such an extent that it was hard to believe that any damsel could
go unkissed.

In this Tussock Moth Scare, whatever damage has been done to trees,
the Tussocks — in popular opinion — have been the doers of it. One man
told that the gooseberry bushes in the gardens near him had been defoliated
— of course the Tussocks had done the harm, and not Eufitchia ribearia, nor
Nematus ventricosus. The larvae of Vanessa Antiopa, Clisiocampa disstria,
Hibernia tiliaria, Hyphantria textor, and others, always do their share to-
wards denuding the trees; but for injuries done by these the Tussocks are
now held blame-worthy.

To show how easily a mistake might arise: — A person at Quebec, on
the look-out for damage by the Tussocks, would notice that the Ash-trees,
which formerly were such graceful adornments to the public squares and
gardens of the city, were leafless, dead, or dying. "Oh," he would be like-
ly to exclaim, "the terrible Tussock Moths!" But the Tussocks were en-
tirely blameless in this case. My attention was directed to the trees, in the
spring of 1904, by Mr. Joly de Lotbiniere. I examined them carefully,
and could find no trace of injurious insects. I came to the conclusion that
the death of so many of these beautiful trees was occasioned by the exces-
sive drought of the preceding spring.

I had recorded that on the 11th of April, 1903, and again on the 12th,
the thermometer m my yard indicated 82 degrees in the shade. The untimely
heat was followed by a long, cold, and exceedingly dry time. Prayers for
rain were offered in some of our churches.

In the end of May and beginning of June, the air was thick with smoke
from forest fires. On the 3rd of June the smoke was so dense that the river
steamboat "Frontenac" was unable to run.

I am convinced that the young foliage of the ash trees was so affected
by these circumstances that it performed its functions imperfectly. Then,
too, the earth was so parched that the roots of the trees must have failed

18 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

to extract nutriment from it — the Ash is a tree that requires much moisture !
The unfavourable summer was followed by a very severe winter.

To these consecutive circumstances I ascribe the loss of so many of our
Ash trees, and not to insect depredations.*

The two Canadian species of Orgyia may be easily distinguished in
every stage of their existence.

The eggs of Antiqua resemble a cluster of whitey-brown beads; those of
Leucostigma to a dab of cake-frosting.

The larva of Antiqua has a black head; that of Leucostigma has a red
one.

The difference in the moths has already been sufficiently shown.

It is impossible that the Tussocks can ever be as destructive as the Gypsy
Moth has proved itself. Their females have no wings — they lay their eggs
on the cocoons from which they crept. So the advance of the species is
slow, and is made by the caterpillars. But the female Gypsy Moth has
ample wings; and, though it is heavy with its burden of eggs, it can, and
does, take flight for other localities. Its caterpillar, moreover, attains a
much greater size, and is more voracious than either of our Tussock larva?.

The close of the autumn is undoubtedly the season for reducing the
numbers of Orgyia antiqua and Orgyia leucostigma. The egg-clusters of
both species may be easily peeled from the trees with the thumb and finger.
They should then be thrown into the fire. So the numbers of the creatures
can be kept down with ease and without cruelty.

THE TUSSOCK MOTH SITUATION IN MONTREAL.
By Henry H. Lyman, M.A., Montreal, Que.

Until Montreal was visited early last spring by a gentleman from Lin-
coln Park, Chicago, we hardly knew that we had a Tussock Moth situation
in our city. Those of us who know about such things, of course, knew that
we had the Tussock Moth, that, like the poor, it was always with us and al-
ways likely to be with us. But this gentleman, seeing a good many egg
masses on trees, sounded the alarm, and addressed a letter of warning to the
President of the Natural History Society, who happened to be a Professor
of Botany.

The newspapers took the matter up, and one especially devoted much
space and energy to a sensational account of the "arrival" of this much
dreaded pest, and, evidently confusing it with the Gypsy Moth, told of
the millions which had been spent in the United States in fighting it.

A meeting of the Natural History Society was called to consider the
situation, to which the public were invited, and about twenty, all told, re-
sponded— the Dominion Entomologist being present to throw light on the
subject.

After considerable discussion, a Tussock Moth Committee was appointed
which later waited upon the Finance Committee and asked for a grant to
be used in fighting the pest. The Committee voted the munificent sum of $100
for this purpose. The Society then offered a bounty of 25c. per hundred for
-the egg masses (Fig. 7h), and the school children began to collect them, and
much good was anticipated, as the amount voted would have paid bounties

♦The trees were out down this fall (1905). The wood was found to be perfectly sound-
quite free from borers.

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 19

on 40,000 egg masses, but the Parks and Ferries Committee of the city council
took alarm. Here were no less than one hundred good dollars slipping
through their fingers to a purely disinterested society, and being honestly
expended for the good of the city without the slightest chance of patronage
on their part — which was, of course, intolerable. So they demanded the
money, and took over the campaign themselves, withdrawing the bounty,
and, instead, putting men to work with poles with tin triangles on the ends
to scrape the cocoons off the trees and let them lie where they fell.

A certain amount of scraping was, of course, done, but I doubt if we
got more than $50.00 worth for the $100.00 expended. The work was begun
late, and done much too leisurely, and had it not been that the eggs were
unusually late in hatching, would have been even less effective than it was.

In spite, however, of the inefficiency of the work, no very serious damage
resulted. A few isolated trees were stripped of their leaves, and a good
many trees had at least a part of their foliage rendered pretty ragged, but
a very large number of trees were hardly affected at all.

In the grounds about the house where I live there are many trees — silver
maples, elms, horse chestnut, butternut, black cherry — and a careful search
early in the season only resulted in my finding two egg masses and one fe-
male cocoon from which the imago had never emerged. This was removed
from the tree and placed in a glass-bottomed pill box, and later there emerged
from it over a hundred parasites which, on being submitted to Dr. Ashmead,
were pronounced Diglochis omnivora, Walker, which I was informed was not
previously known to be a parasite of Orgyia Leucostigma.

Before the time for the eggs to hatch, I selected a few cocoons with
typical egg masses, and immersed them for about ten minutes in gasoline,
which I thought would kill the eggs, intending later to place one of them
with an inflated larva with the moths in my collection. Fortunately, I did
not do so at the time, as I found later that many of the larvae had hatched,
though perhaps some of the eggs were killed by the gasoline bath.

As the caterpillars of the Tussock moth matured and the damage to the
trees became quite evident, the city fathers took alarm for fear there might
be a second brood which would be much more destructive than the first, but
they were assured by the official entomologist that there was no danger of
that. There must, nevertheless, have been a few eggs which hatched, as
Mr. Winn reported seeing a few days ago nearly mature larvse crawling
around, and a newly emerged female ovipositing. The numbers were, how-
ever, too insignificant to cause any further appreciable damage.

A Bank manager, knowing the nature of my business, applied to me for
a "prescription" to clear out the pest from his trees, but when I told him
that it was never pospible to exterminate an insect pest, that all we could do
was to control it, and recommended careful, hard and continuous work in
removing the egg masses from his trees, I am afraid that He thought that
there was not much good in entomology.

The Parks and Ferries Committee decided to apply to the Finance Com-
mittee for a grant of $500.00 for further work in removing the egg masses
this autumn, but I have learned from the Secretary of the former committee
that only $200.00 was granted, and that this wholly insufficient grant has
been nearly all expended.

In this matter, however, I think we are likely to derive nearly as much
benefit from the action of natural causes as from the efforts of man. Pro-
bably owing to the frequent rains, bacterial disease broke out among the
caterpillars when approaching maturity, and many were seen hanging limp
and rotten from this cause.

20 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

Of a number of cocoons which I gathered for Dr. Fletcher many were
found to be putrid, and I have seen many cocoons, apparently of females,
from which the moths had evidently not emerged.

In view of the preparation of this paper I devoted a few hours recently
to a necessarily rapid and very cursory examination of the shade trees ;n
some of the principal uptown streets and squares, as well as making inquiries
among my entomological friends. I ascertained that on one street a horse-
chestnut in a garden had been quite stripped, but that it had leafed out again
and had even blossomed a second time. I examined it, and fdund that it
was an old and decrepit tree. In the same garden there is a specimen of
what used to be called Negundo Aceroides, but now Acer Negundo, L. (the
Ash-leaved Maple), which had also been stripped, but a few. yards further
up on the opposite side of the street were Horse-chestnuts and Ash-leaved
maples which had practically not suffered at all.

We have very few Horse-chestnuts in Montreal, and practically none on
the streets, nearly all the trees set out in the streets being maples and elms.
But Acer Negundo, where attacked, seemed to suffer more than any other tree.
The examination I made disclosed only a few trees very seriously infested,
but very many trees were found which had a few egg masses upon them.

A few egg masses were found on telegraph poles, and, as I suggested to
Dr. Fletcher, if the caterpillars could be induced to eat them they would be
the greatest possible blessing to our city.

It is greatly to be deplored that the Finance Committee voted so inade-
quate an amount, as had the full $500.00 been granted a great deal more
work could have been done, and as the species has only been increasing
slowly of recent years, if all the egg masses which could be found were de-
stroyed, it would probably be years before any further expense would have
to be incurred; but doing the work in only a half-hearted way will necessi-
tate its being done every year if our shade trees are to be protected from
damage.

No depredations by this pest were perceptible in the district surrounding
Montreal, and the damage to the shade trees in the city is, doubtless, to be
attributed to the greater immunity of the caterpillars from their natural bird
and insect enemies.

ENTOMOLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN NOETH CAROLINA.

Bi Franklin Sherman, Jr., Professor of Entomology and Zoology,

O.A.C., Guelph.

North Carolina is a State of approximately the same area as "Old On-
tario," approximately the same length, and approximately the same popula-
tion, and lies directly south of Old Ontario, Ottawa being almost precisely
north of Cape Hatteras, and Windsor north of Murphy, the western-most
county seat. At its eastern end the State is some 150 miles broad, across
the middle something like 100 miles, and tapers to a dull point at the south-
western extremitv. In fact, the State is somewhat slipper-shaped.

The population is more evenly distributed than in Old Ontario, there
being no large region so thinly settled as the northern section of our province,
and no large region so thickly settled as the southern section. There are no
large cities, Wilmington, the largest, having but 25,000 population, and
Raleigh, the capital, having 13,000, almost exactly the size of Guelph. From
these facts it is easy to conclude (and rightly) that agriculture is the chief

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 21

occupation in all parts of the state, far out-ranking all other industries com-
bined in the amount invested and in returns. The abolition of slavery forty
years ago left these people poor, and many of the large plantations were
abandoned, while, as a rule, the farms are still too large to be cultivated to
best advantage. An abundance of cheap, inefficient and generally ignorant
labor, and a scarcity of intelligent and reliable help, has had a very detrimen-
tal effect. In all parts of the state, especially east of the mountains, may
be seen abandoned farm lands, and occupied lands which are poorly cared
for. These facts all influence the entomological conditions prevailing.

Geologically, the state is very distinctly divided into three great re-
gions : — 1st, the Eastern, or coastal plain region, extending from the coast
to about 100 miles inland to an elevation of 300 feet. 2nd, the Middle, or
piedmont region, extending from the coastal plains region to the foot of the
mountains, a belt some 150 miles in width, ranging from 300 to 1,000 feet
elevation. 3rd, the Western, or mountain region extending from the Blue
Ridge mountains to the Great Smokies which form the western boundary of
the state. Elevation ranges from 1,000 to 6,700 feet. The Blue Ridge ;a
the water-shed, and the fauna and flora of the mountain region partakes to
some degree of the nature of the Mississippi valley, though the Great Smoky
Range cuts off many of the typical and more southern forms. I shall only
mention such insects as are of interest as showing distribution, variation ^n
habits, remedies, etc.

The Eastern Region.

This portion lies principally in what is biologically known as the humid
area of the Lower Austral Zone, a zone not at all represented in Ontario. The
soil is for the most part sandy, or a black muck or peat. The crops are corn,
cotton, peanuts, sorghum, a little rice along the coast, potatoes (both Irish
and Sweet), and garden truck for early shipment to northern markets.

Insects of Staple Crops. The Black Grain weevil, Calandra oryzae,
occurs abundantly throughout this region. Carbon bi-sulphide is the re-
medy recommended, and is satisfactory when properly applied. The Corn
Bill beetle, Sphenophorus sculptilis, is destructive to young corn on low lands,
especially those subject to overflow. They are worse on lands just from rice
sod, and the avoidance of such lands is the only satisfactory method of avert-
ing injury. During the last two seasons there have been serious outbreaks
of the Sugar-cane Beetle, Ligyrus rugiceps, although this is typically a pest
of the cane plantations along the Gulf of Mexico. A satisfactory remedy
for this insect is yet to be devised. Late planting was the only expedient
which proved worthy of notice. The Corn Stalk-borer, Diatraea saccharalis,
(Lepidoptera) is also destructive throughout this area, while the Ear-worm,
Heliothis armigera, (Lep.) I have seen destroy whole fields of sweet corn,
every ear containing from one to twelve of the voracious larva?. This latter
insect is also frequently guilty of boring into the bolls of cotton, and of re-
cent years, since there has been so much discussion of the Boll-weevil, farmers
often mistake it for this pest. The peanut has no serious insect pest to my
knowledge.

Insects of Garden Crops. Throughout most of this region the Potato-
beetle, Doryphora 10-lineata, is abundant and destructive, though, curiously
enough, I had a report from one isolated locality that it appeared there in
numbers for the first time in 1901. It can hardly be said that spraying is
a common practice even in combatting this pest, as labor is generally so ig-
norant throughout this region that pumps would be rapidly broken, and the
work would be poorly done. Hand-picking is, therefore, much relied upon

22 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

even at this late day. Paris green mixed with lime or land plaster is also
widely used as a dust application. It is only within the last year that I
heard of three field sprayers, spraing four rows at a time, being purchased in
this section, although the growing of Irish potatoes is a leading industry in
many localities. Some few of the growers have knapsack pumps, but the
universal complaint is that hands are not to be had who will honestly and
carefully do a day's work with them.

The Harlequin Cabbage Bug, Murgantia histrionica, (Fig. 8), while com-
mon enough in all the state east of the mountains, is much more abundant
here than further west. It is one of the Stink-bug family (Pentatomidae),
and is a destructive enemy of cruciferous crops, especially cabbage and collards
in this region. Hand-picking and late planting are the principal remedies.

Fig. 8. Harlequin cabbage bug.

In the strawberry section the Strawberry Weevil, Anthonomus signatus,
is the most important enemy. So far as I have been able to learn this is
the southern-most region for this pest on the Atlantic seaboard, but sureh7
it is very destructive here. It lays its egg within the bud and then cuts the
pedicel. The staminate varieties are chiefly attacked, and by the use of
a large proportion of pistillate varieties the growers are able to secure the
greatest degree of immunity. The insect also breeds in abundance on the
blackberries (Rubus sp.), which grow wild in that region, and the use of fire
to burn out these vines as well as to run over the berry fields as soon as pick-
ing is over, is coming into favor, as many of the developing larvae, pupae,
and fresh adults are still in the fields after the last of the crop is removed.

Insects of Orchard Fruits. The Codling Moth is abundant and de-
structive in this section, good crops of apples being a thing almost unknown in
recent years. Within the last few years, however, spraying is becoming more
popular in the orchards, especially as these are generally small and the owners
in many cases do their work with their own hands. The Plum Curculio
throughout this region is as destructive to the peach as to the plum. The,
jarring method is being widely used in commercial orchards, as it is a purely
mechanical process which can be done by even the most ignorant laborers,
for even they can soon be taught to recognize the adult beetle. The largest
peach and plum section is in the western part of the Eastern Region, at South-
ern Pines. Here the San Jose Scale has been well known for the last ten
years, yet I know of many thousands of trees which have been known to be
more or less infested for eight years, and which this year brought forth the
sixth consecutive profitable crop, a tribute to the efficacy of careful, persistent
spraying. In these orchards oils and soaps were relied upon until about
three years ago, since which time the Lime-Sulphur-Salt wash has held sway.
One large orchard has been treated principally by the fumigation method,
and is in excellent condition, and the owners are now undecided whether it
will be better to renew their outfit of tents or resort to the wash. I think
that the tendency is, and will continue to be, to avoid the use of self-cooked
mixtures or chemical substitutes, and use only ihe wash made of lime, sul-
phur and salt, boiled with artificial heat for not less than one hour. In this
particular region white labor is quite obtainable, hence conditions are more
favorable for the use of such washes as require care in their preparation and

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 23

use. #The experience there has been that the best time to apply the wash
is as late in winter or early spring as possible, just so the work is completed
before the buds actually open, the advantage of this being that the coating
adheres through a large part of the summer, and renders it difficult for the
young to obtain a foot-hold. One thorough, annual treatment has been
found sufficient, two or more being necessary only when trees have been neg-
lected, or the scale not discovered until badly encrusted. By making the
treatment late the growers also secure much fungicidal effect, so much so that
many will hereafter use a late treatment for the scale, and also for its effect
on fungi, thus taking the place of the usual late winter treatment with the
Bordeaux Mixture. Indeed, from the present outlook it seems not unlikely
that in many apple and pear orchards the scheme of spraying will eventually
be as follows : —

1st. Just before buds burst with Lime-sulphur-salt.

2nd. Just after blooms fall with Bordeaux and Paris green.

3rd. Ten days later with Bordeaux and Paris green.

The southern method of jarring for the Curculio also deserves notice. Two
men are engaged in the work of jarring a tree, each being provided with a
semi-circular frame or screen large enough so that the two will include all
the space directly beneath the branches. The two men walk rapidly along
the rows, one on each side, and, bringing the screens together under each tree,
a few quick, hard blows are given with a padded club. After some ten to
thirty trees have been jarred in this way the screens are lowered to the ground
and the jarring carefully searched for adult Curculios, which are crushed in
the fingers. The method is quite rapid, two men having been observed to
jar and kill the insects from 24 trees in 6 minutes. In the large commercial
orchards this method is almost universal, and they find that the beetles appear
first along the edges of the orchard, indicating that they hibernate in woods
or fields, but I have never yet taken one of tlie insects in hibernating quar-
ters. The growers make an effort to have each tree jarred at least twice a
week, but still they prefer to give more attention to the outside rows, hence
the trees bordering woods may sometimes be treated four or five times in the
week while those in the interior may be jarred only once or twice.

Among insects not of economic importance this region is notable for a
strong infusion of southern forms. Several times we sent insects to the Na-
tional Museum at Washington representing species which they reported be-
long typically to the Florida fauna. The Orange-dog butterfly, Papilio thoas
which has of recent years been taken even in Southern Ontario, is common
in eastern North Carolina near the coast, though many years of careful
collecting has failed to reveal it at Haleigh, about 120 miles inland. Here
the handsome skipper, Eudamus proteus, is also found, and less than a
month ago this species was taken at Raleigh for the first time. The swallow-
tail Papilio palamedes is also abundant through the summer near the coast.
Among the Pierids, I think that Pieris monuste occurs, though this opinion
is based only on a brief glimpse of a specimen taken to be this species on
one of the low, sandy islands along the coast. The dragon-flies, Libellula
and Calopteryx sp., are also found here.

The Middle Region.

This region lies about equally in the lower austral and upper austral
zones. The typical soil is a red clay, but this varies to yellowish clay
mingled with much sand and gravel in the east. The crops are corn, to-
bacco in the north, wheat in the middle, and cotton in the southern areas.

24

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

As the upper austral zone includes the southern tier of counties in Dntario,
many of the insects of this region are well known in this province. The
Chinch Bug is rarely reported in North Carolina from either the eastern
or the western sections, but it is a standard pest in the middle section.
Spraying with kerosene emulsion at a strength of 10 to 15 per cent, oil has
been practised in a few instances but only with more or less injury to the
crops, and our recommendation was to rely principally upon the well-known
plowing methods, and our farmers were surprised to see how effectual even
a single, deep, furrow was.

The Hessian Fly is another pest which is practically confined to this
region, probably mainly because very little wheat is grown in the other sec-
tions. At any rate it is here a very destructive insect in the best wheat
section of the state. Late planting is the preventative usually employed,
and careful inquiry brought out the fact that from October 15th to Novem-
ber 1st is the safest time to sow to avoid fly and at the same time escape the
injurious effects of winter freezing. Wheat is frequently sown as late as
the last week in November, and I have been told of seeding in Xmas. week.

Fig. 9. Euptoieta claudia.

/ „.---

Fig. 10. Junonia caen

There are but few insects which I could name as distinctive of this re-
gion. One of the most characteristic butterflies is Euptoieta claudia (Fig.
9), the larvae of which are everywhere common on the May-pop or Passion-
flower. Another is the Buckeye, Junonia coenia (Fig. 10). Both of these
butterflies are almost too southern in range to be expected in Ontark^ though
I suspect, without having inquired, that they are occasional in the southern
counties.

[They have been taken, though rarely, in the Counties bordering on
Lake Erie. — Ed.]

The Western Region.

This region is characterized by high plateaus and mountain ranges. It
lies in the Transition and the Boreal life-zones. The Transition includes
all of Old Ontario between the northern and southern tiers of counties, and
the Boreal includes practically all of New Ontario and the great region about
James Bay. Of course the more northern animals and plants of these re-
gions are not represented in North Carolina, but one would be surprised at
the similarity of the mountain plateau region and the country right here
at Guelph. Cattle-grazing is one of the chief agricultural occupations,
while hay, potatoes, oats, and apples are also standard crops. This is the
only region where currants, raspberries, and rhubarb can really be said to
be a success. Here, too, one finds many of the typical Ontario insects and
insect pests. The currant bushes are regularly attacked by the currant
worm, and the apple trees by the Oyster-shell scale, which is only known
to me in this state in the mountain and west-central parts of the state. In

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 25

the steep mountain orchards the dust-spray is being experimented with. As
one apple-grower in this region ha-s something over 30,000 trees now coming
into bearing, the cheapest, efficient means of spraying the trees becomes
an important question. The Scurfy Scale is more abundant here than else-
where in the state.

Among the insects not of economic importance a specialist in lepidoptera
could, doubtless, name many species well known to our most active collec-
tors. Among the butterflies may be mentioned such forms as Argynnis
aphrodite, A. diana, A. cybele, Brenthis myrina, Grapta f annus, G. comma,
and G. j-album. I had threatened to capture Basilarchia arthemis, and
Vanessa milberti, and even cherished a fond hope of finding a stranded colony
of Chionobas on one of the high mountains, but further exploitation of this
interesting region must now be left to others. But it is extremelv inter-
esting, as showing how mixed are the faunas in these southern mountains, to
point out that in the extreme southwest corner of the state Papilio thoas
(Fig. 11), and the Gulf Fritillary, Agraulis vanilla?, both appear to be
somewhat common.

General Observations.

A more interesting territory for the entomologist can scarcely be found
than North Carolina. Most of the collectors of insects are in the north, and
when these collectors have gone south at all they have gone through to
Florida, Georgia, Louisiana or Texas. Consequently there is a great strip
of middle ground which has never been at all adequately explored. Even
in economic entomology nothing definite has been attempted previous to the
opening of this new century. The entomologist in this state is, therefore,
met by persons of every conceivable attitude toward his work, some incredu-
lous, some interested, some contemptuous, and some indifferent. The farm-
ing classes, as a whole, however, have in recent years been brought to see
the importance of this work. The wide spread of the San Jose Scale, the
threatening danger of the cotton Boll-weevil, and the almost total destruction
of fruit crops by the Codling Moth and Curculio in the eastern section, have
brought them to a realization of its true meaning.

For the five years that the writer was located in North Carolina, he, his
assistants, and a Mr. Brimley, at Raleigh, were the only active collectors
known to be residing in the state. "Within the last few months another
collector, a native of Connecticut, was discovered. Now there are two
or three school teachers who are doing a little work along this line, though
in a very primitive way. Altogether, the state is, as yet, practically un-
explored, entomologically.

While spraying is gradually coming into vogue, the pumps are, as a
rule, cheaper and more inefficient than those in use in the north. In order
to get the practice started at all it has been necessary to begin at first in the
simplest manner possible. But the poverty of the farming classes in past
years, and the unreliability of the labor, would in any case have rendered
the more expensive machines impossible. In the largest peach and plum
section, where the San Jose Scale is generally distributed, barrel pumps
with two leads of hose, each with a single nozzle, are principally used. Large
tanks and heavy machinery could not be used here on account of the very
sandy nature of the soil, through which the wheels readily sink so that heavy
loads are impossible.

The generally prosperous years of recent times, and the development of
enormous fruit and trucking industries throughout the south to supply the
large and expanding northern markets, is giving cause for more demand for

26

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

information, about insect pests and methods of combatting them, and at
the present time more places are open for the employment of economic en-
tomologists in the south than any other section, so far as the writer is aware,
while it goes without saying that in regard to life histories, broods, hiberna-
tion, etc., much more remains to be discovered there than in the more north-
ern states.

Fig. 11. Papilio thoas, the Giant Swallow-tail Butterfly. Colours black and yellow.

In the discussion that followed the reading of this paper, the first insect
that was commented upon was Plum Curculio (Co no tracheitis nenuphar).

Dr. Fletcher spoke in high terms of appreciation of Prof. Sherman's
paper, and congratulated the Society upon the addition to its members of so
able and enthusiastic an entomologist. He remarked that the Plum Curculio
in Canada was kept in check almost entirely by spraying, and that jarring
was rarely resorted to.

Mr. George E. Fisher had tried both methods, but preferred spraying,
as it proved more effective, and had the additional advantage that a fungicide
could be used with the Paris green, and thus a double result was accomp-
lished. Mr. Willard, of Geneva, N.T., whom he had visited, depended
entirely upon jarring for the protection of his plum trees. He uses the wheel-
barrow system, and employs twelve men, each with a barrow, for the pur-
pose. As the Curculios are very susceptible to cold, the jarring is done in
the early morning when they are sluggish and have a less firm grasp on their
resting place. As many as a hundred of the beetles were often shaken from
one tree. There was undoubtedly one advantage in jarring, — you killed the
beetle for certain, whereas in spraying you only distributed poison for the
insect to eat and could not be sure that he would partake of it.

Dr. Fletcher said that the cost of the labour required for jarring was
very much greater than for spraying. Good paying results were obtained by
the use of the latter method, and, as Mr. Fisher had stated, there was the

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 27

great additional benefit derived from the addition of Bordeaux mixture to
the Paris green or arsenate of lead. For his part, he much preferred to use,
and always recommended to others, Paris green rather than the arsenate, as
its conspicuous color prevented any danger of its being mistaken for anything
else.

San Jose Scale.

Mr. G. E. Fisher, in the discussion on Prof. Sherman's paper, referred
to the methods of dealing wrh the San Jose Scale, and first to the use of
the lime, salt and sulphur mixture. He preferred to dispense with the salt
as it corrodes the pumps, and in his experience the mixture destroyed the
scale better without it. He used a heavy wash of the mixture, employing
one pound of lime to half a pound of sulphur in each gallon of wash. It
should be cooked for two hours, not for one otAj, as was the common practice.
He made use of the steam from a threshing engine for the purpose, and
cooked twelve barrels at a time, in order to have an abundant supply both
for himself and his neighbours. The test of the boiling was that the mixture
should finally turn green.

The results were most satisfactory. An orchard of one hundred trees of
all sorts, badly infested with the scale, was treated three or four years ago
with the wash made in the manner just mentioned and was sprayed thorough-
ly; no scales have been found there since. The wash should be applied by
the middle of April, not later; he had found it safer to do the work from
the middle of March to the middle of April, if later injury was done to the
opening buds.

Prof. Sherman expressed the opinion that it was best to apply the wash
as late as was safe, as he found that it stuck to the trees better and did
good work for a longer time. His mixture consisted of 20 lbs. of lime, IT
lbs. of sulphur and 10 lbs. of salt to each 50 gallons. In an orchard contain-
ing 20,000 peach trees the wash had been tried both with and without the
salt, and the results when the salt was included were much better than with-
out it. The boiling was done for at least one hour and the spray was applied
while hot. The advantage from the salt was that it made the wash stick
better.

Prof. Lochhead read the following paper in which he gave an account
of his recent experiments in treatment for the scale.

EXPERIMENTS AGAINST THE SAN JOSE SCALE IN 1905.

By Wm. Lochhead, Professor of Botany, Ontario Agricultural College,

Guelph.

During the eight years that the San Jose Scale has been in Ontario many
remedies have been devised and applied for its extermination. Among the
early remedies were whale oil soap, kerosene and kerosene emulsion, potash
solution, soda solution, and dilute crude petroleum. All of these were only
partially successful. The whale oil soap was a most effective destroyer of
scale and a tonic for the tree, but was too expensive for the ordinary fruit-
grower to use. The potash and soda solutions were not sufficiently effective
against the scale to make them favorite remedies. Kerosene, either pure or
dilute, was too unsafe, and was soon discarded. The kerosene emulsion,
although quite effective in controlling the moving larvae, was not at all

28 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

adapted as a remedy for the scale under other conditions, and hence was
abandoned. During the last few years new remedies have appeared and have
been remarkably successful. Probably the most effective of these is the lime-
sulphur wash. Various combinations of this wash have been tried, in order
to determine the most satisfactory remedy for the scale, from the standpoint
of both effectiveness and cheapness. .

The following are the formulae which have been usually adopted in On-
tario for the preparation of these different combinations of the lime-sulphur

wash:

The Lime-Sulphur Wash (fire or steam boiled) :

Fresh lime 20 pounds.

Sulphur (flowers) 15 pounds.

Water 40 gallons.

With warm water make the sulphur into a paste ; put in the lime and
add about 15 gallons of warm water with stirring. The sulphur made into
a paste may be added after the lime has been slaked. Boil for an hour and
a half in a kettle or in a barrel with live steam. Make up to 40 gallons with
hot water; strain into spray tank and apply while warm. #

Some of our fruit-growers obtained excellent results by using larger
proportions of lime and sulphur to the barrel, namely, 35 of lime and 20 sul-
sulphur; 25 lime and 20 of sulphur. The time given to the cooking of the
lime-sulphur wash is quite different in different localities, and even by fruit-
growers in the same localities. In some cases the wash is boiled for an nour
and a half to two hours, in other cases it is boiled for one hour, and many
state that they have obtained good results by boiling for only one-halt hour.
Lime-sulphur Wash (self -cooked) : .

Formula No. 1 Recommended by Mr. A. N. Brown, Wyoming, Dela-
ware.

35 pounds of best stone lime.
17 pounds flowers of sulphur.
40 gallons water.
(1) Put the IT pounds of sulphur into a vessel, add two gallons boiling
water, a little at a time, stirring vigorously all the while until a fine paste

° ^TPut the 35 pounds of lime in another vessel, large enough to hold 40
gallons, pour into this lime 12 gallons boiling water; now add the sulphur
paste previously prepared. Very quickly cover the barrel with a heavy bur-
lap sack, having placed an old hoe into it first; now allow it to cook for <30
minutes. Do not stir, as that reduces the heat by letting in cold air but
with the hoe raise it from the bottom occasionally so that it does notrun
together and burn before the lime is thoroughly slaked. Nothing must be
done to interrupt the cooking process, as that would affect the final quality
of the wash. .

(3) After this mixture has cooked 30 minutes, add 28 gallons of warm
water, not necessarily boiling. Strain into the spray tank, and apply while
warm, as in this condition it will flow through the spray pump nozzles more
easily than when the wash gets cold. It will also remain in solution much
more thoroughly when it is warm than when it cools.

Formula No. 2.

25 pounds good stone lime.
20 pounds flowers of sulphur.
12J pounds sal soda.
40 gallons water.

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 29

Put 5 or 6 gallons of hot water in a wooden barrel, add the lime, quickly
following with the sulphur and sal soda, and stir until the slaking is practi-
cally completed. It may be necessary £o add a little cold water at intervals
to keep the mixture from boiling over. After the violent action has ceased,
cover the barrel to retain the heat and allow it to stand 15 to 30 minutes,
dilute to the full quantity and apply.

Formula No. 3. (Geneva formula).
30 pounds of good stone lime.
15 pounds of flowers of sulphur.
4-6 pounds of caustic soda.
40 gallons of water.

In preparing the wash, the lime was started to slake with six gallons
of water, and while slaking, the sulphur, which had just previously been
made into a thin paste with hot water, was added and thoroughly mixed m
with the slaking lime. To prolong the boiling of the wash, the caustic soda
was then added with water as needed, and the whole mixture was kept thor-
oughly stirred. As soon as the chemical action had ceased the required
amount of water was added, when the mixture was ready to use. Aside from
the heating of the water, the cooking of the wash was done in a tub or barrel,
and took from ten to twelve minutes. In some preparations, especially when
hot water was used to start the slaking of the lime, not all of the stated
amount of caustic soda was employed, but six pounds was the minimum.

Dr. Felt, New York State Entomologist, writing under date of Oct. 30th
this year, advocates the employment of a lime-sulphur wash composed of 20
pounds of lime, 15 pounds of sulphur, and 40 gallons of water, bringing
about the combination either by using 10 or 12 pounds of sal soda and start-
ing the action by hot water in a barrel, or by boiling for at least 30 minutes.

It will be noted that salt has not been used in the preparation of any of
these mixtures. In the preliminary experiments carried out three years ago
by Mr. G. E. Fisher, he came to the conclusion that the presence of the salt
added to the expense, made the wash more difficult to spray, and increased
its corrosive action on the metal parts of the pump; while it failed to be
any more effective as a destroyer of scale, or more adhesive to the bark of the
tree. Whether these conclusions will be borne out by future experiments
remains to be seen, but some observations made this year show that probably
the presence of the salt is beneficial, and it would be advisable to conduct
experiments this coming season to test this very point.

My observations this season would, I think, incline me to believe that
the presence of salt renders the wash more adhesive, and hence more effec-
tive. I found, as a rule, that in those orchards where the mixture adhered
longest and best to the bark the scale had made but little progress.

It would appear that the adhesiveness of the wash is a large factor in its
effectiveness . The tremendous reproduction of the scale that occurs in Sep-
tember and October can hardly be checked, or the spread prevented, unless
the bark has a coating which is either distasteful or harmful to the crawling
larvae. For this very reason that the bark is made clean and enticing to the
larvse during the last months of the growing season, other remedies fail to
keep the scale in check, when only one application was made and that appli-
cation in the spring just before the buds opened.

As to the results of the season's experiments with lime-sulphur, it may
be stated in a general way that little or no difference could be observed be-
tween the effectiveness of the cooked and uncooked washes. Some orchards
that had been treated with the cooked wash showed more scale at the end of
the season than at the beginning, and the same results were observed in

30 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

some orchards treated with the uncooked wash. On the other hand, it should
be stated that both washes gave good results in many orchards. The reason
for this variation in results is difficult to find; for example, Mr. W. H. Bunt-
ing of St. Catharines, who did not check the development of the scale with
the cooked wash, is a most careful and thorough sprayer. On examination of
Mr. Bunting's plum, peach, pear, and apple orchard in late October, Mr. P.
W. Hodgetts and myself found the scale more abundant and more wide spread
than at the close of any previous season. Like results were observed in Mr.
Bunting's orchard at his home in St. Catharines. The scale had spread and
parti v encrusted many trees in spite of treatment with the cooked wash in
the spring.

Mr. Titterington's orchard composed of peach and plum chiefly, just
across the Welland Canal, was sprayed also in the spring with the cooked
lime-sulphur wash. The trees near the road at the south end were fairly
free from scale, but many trees at the north end were quite badly infested.
Mr. Irvine, near Queenston, on the Queenston Koad, used the cooked
lime-sulphur wash prepared according to the usual formula. The results
might be said to be good in spite of the fact that there is now a
sprinkling of scale in his peach orchard. Many of his Japan plums^ and
a few of his peach trees, however, are badly infested. Mr. Muir, of Virgil,
also sprayed with the cooked wash and speaks very highly of its merits. Cer-
tainly the condition of his trees at the end of October would seem to justify
his opinion, for there was but a slight scattering of scale. This is saying a
good deal when we remember that the scale is very bad throughout the Virgil
district. In Mr. Muir's orchard the wash on the bark was quite visible in
most of the trees up to the end of the season.

Mr. Lambert's orchard near the Welland Canal was sprayed thoroughly
in early spring with the cooked lime-sulphur-salt wash. Two rows of Japan
plums, badly encrusted last season, were in good condition, and the scale
was not abundant. These trees showed very plainly the wash at the end of
the season, and were perhaps the best in this regard of all the trees we ex-
amined. To my mind the presence of the salt made the wash more adhesive
than that applied by his neighbors; moreover, it is very likely due to the
extra adhesiveness of this wash that the scale was so reduced in numbers.

In the peach orchards of Mr. Porter Adams, on the Queenston road, near
Queenston, the uncooked lime-sulphur wash was used. The results were good,
although there was a slight sprinkling of scale throughout his orchard. Un-
treated trees were very bad, the bark being wholly encrusted. An interesting
observation in this orchard is worth recording. There were three, and only
three so far as we could find, badly injured peach trees in the sprayed orch-
ard, and these were not close to one another. These received the same appli-
cation as the other trees, but they are now encrusted with scale.

Mr Bradley, near Mr. Adams, was not so successful with the uncooked
wash We are told, however, that the trees received a one-sided application
on account of the hi*h winds that prevailed at the time of spraying. The
older trees of this orchard are now badly infested.

Mr C A Secord used the uncooked lime-sulphur wash in his fine 16-acre
peach orchard, and secured excellent results. Scale was there, but it was
rather hard to find. The owner is perfectly satisfied with the results, and
will use a similar wash next spring.

Mr Beattie, Scale Inspector, of St. Catharines, tried Scalecide, Carl-
son's Mixture, and the uncooked lime-sulphur wash in his own orchard.

1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 31

After examination of the trees we concluded that the last wash gave the best
results, although scale was plentiful on all his trees in October, at the time of
our visit.

As part of the experimental work for 1905, in addition to the lime-sul-
phur washes, Mr. P. W. Hodgetts and myself tried some new mixtures
which had been advocated, viz., Carlson's Mixture, and Pratt' s Scalecide.

In the peach orchard of the Industrial Home near St. Catharines, Carl-
son's Mixture, kerosene-flour, and uncooked lime-sulphur were used. The
first two did not give satisfactory results, for scales were very abundant on
trees treated by these mixtures; the last, viz., the uncooked lime-sulphur, in
our opinion, did its work well, for scales were very scarce on trees treated
by it. Here again, the wash was quite evident on the bark to the end of the
season. The condition of these trees is remarkable when we bear in mind
that across the fence is an untreated peach orchard which is terribly encrust-
ed and rapidly dying. The few trees left untreated as checks are now very
badly encrusted .

As I have already stated neither Scalecide nor Carlson's Mixture gave
as good results in Mr. Beattie's orchard as the uncooked lime-sulphur. It
appeared to us that in this orchard Carlson gave better results than Scalecide.

Carlson's Mixture and the kerosene-flour emulsion were also tried in a
peach orchard belonging to Jas. Hutchison, near Virgil, the bulk of the
orchard, however, remaining untreated. Results were far from satisfactory
with both mixtures, the treated trees showing serious incrustation, although
not quite as bad as those left untreated. This orchard furnishes an instance
of the awful multiplication of scale in a single season. When the trees
were sprayed on April 19th, a record was made in our note books to the effect
that the orchard was comparatively free from scale, yet on October 24th,
when we examined the orchard, the trees were very badly encrusted.

Scalecide and Carlson's Mixture were applied to some Japan plum
trees belonging to Mr. Porter Adams, Queenston. Results were not satis-
factory, as the trees are now badly infested.

A few Bartlett pear trees in Mr. Hodgett's garden, St. Catharines, were
sprayed with the summer strength of Scalecide, but the results showed it
powerless to control the scale.

Mr. Henry Kottmeier used Carlson's mixture on his plum orchard, but
the results here too were far from satisfactory, and the majority of the trees
are now badly infested.

In a small orchard near Mr. Kottmeier's, Carlson's Summer Mixture
was applied, but it was not able to any extent to prevent the scale from multi-
plying. The treated trees are now badly infested.

Other examples of treated orchards might be stated, but enough has been
given to show the values of the different mixtures as scale destroyers. None
of the new mixtures, such as Carlson's, Pratt's Scalecide, or the kerosene-
flour emulsion, can be recommended to the fruit-growers as effective remedies
for the San Jose Scale. The lime-sulphur washes gave better results in every
case that came under our observation.

We are not in a position to decide definitely whether the uncooked lime-
sulphur wash or the cooked wash is the better remedy. To us it would appear
that the personality of the man who makes and applies the wash counts in
most cases for success or failure. Careful preparation of the wash according
to formula, the use of good rapid-slaking stone lime, and thorough application
to the trees will in nine cases out of ten check the scale completely. More-
over, we are of the opinion that the addition of salt to the wash would
increase its adhesive qualities, and add to its effectiveness.

32

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

Fig. 12. San Jose scale : an infested twig, scales and larvae on bark-much enlarged.
(After Howard and Marlatt.) .

PROF J B Smith, upon being called upon by the Chairman, said that
it was evident that the experience in dealing ™ft *^^^^
blares the same In New Jersey it was found that the eiiect ot spraying
£ ime ^and sulphur was slow and cumulative; if properly done, no young

were produced,^ the ^f^^^^'^ Sd^phn? wafh
orchard, contammg over half a million tree., tne nme : j f

was used without any salt and with a larger P™£rt™ °f £™ ^ nex
the mixture, it was found, did not adhere so well to the trees ine ne
ime salt was added to the mixture, but not much difference was t° ^ seen
in the results. The addition of salt made it spray more ea s ly ««* 8pread
better In Georgia and elsewhere many ^^^ndSefS the? preter
cation of the lime and sulphur wash spoils the trees, and therefore ^tney pr
to use the oil treatment, either crude petroleum or kerosene Pratt s
cide a preparation of soluble petroleum, was found satisfactory

Wifh Time and sulphur he found that the thinner the wash the better it
penetrated he recommended boiling the mixture because by so oWgjood
results can be secured even with bad workmanship and inferior materials
and usintnequal parts of lime and sulphur. This mixture »*teo
peach and plum trees, but was no good on apple and pear trees A n "PP*
orchard was treated with this wash and in June the trees ^^Jg.
but they did not bear an apple worth marketing on account of the scales tnat

covered tW ^ ^ ^ ded the oii treatment, using one

part of petroleum with twenty of water Spraying should be done as early
as possible in the fall because many of the scales were still active and they
were not so closelv adherent to the trees as later on m the winter; the oil
3 therefore get at them better and destroy the insects This method was
very effective in keeping the scale in check, and we could not hope for ex-
termination.

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 33

Dr. Fletcher, the chairman, in closing the discussion, said that it was
evident that good results can be obtained in the contest with the San Jose
Scale by using the crude petroleum treatment on apple trees and the lime
and sulphur wash on peach and plum.

EVENING SESSION.

Wednesday, October 18th, 1905.

A public meeting was held in the Massev Hall at the Ontario Agricul-
tural College, at 8 o'clock p.m., and was largely attended by members of the
Society, students of the College and Macdona]d Institute, and visitors from
the city of Guelph. The chair was taken by Dr. Fletcher, the Vice-Presi-
dent.

President Creelman welcomed the Society to the Ontario Agricultural
College and gave an outline of the different departments of work in it and
the affiliated Macdonald Institute. They might be regarded as forming three
main divisions : the College for training farmers' sons in all that relates to
agriculture; the Farm for growing farm products and carrying on experi-
ments in the cultivation of all manner of field crops, fruits and vegetables,
the raising of stock, etc. ; the Macdonald Institute, with its two-fold objects
of training teachers from rural schools in nature study and elementary agri-
culture, for which purpose 45 or 50 came three times a year, and of teaching
farmers' daughters the best methods of performing household work, such
as cooking, sewing, laundry-work, dressmaking, millinery, etc.

Two of their departments of work could hardly fail to strike the average
man, these were Agronomy or Field Agriculture, and Animal Husbandry;
in the former, seeds of all kinds from all parts of the world are tried and
their suitability for this Province tested. Experiments have been going on
for some twenty years, some plants are found to be no good and are cast
aside, others are useful forms or improvements on those in ordinary cultiva-
tion and are duly propagated and made known as widely as possible. About
2,000 plots are employed for this purpose and careful records are kept of each.
The value of Animal Husbandry may be gathered from the fact that about
eighty per cent, of the produce of farms is fed to live stock; it is therefore
most important that farmers should know what is the best breed for his pur-
poses and how the animals should be most advantageously fed and treated.
In the spring two hundred farmers are brought here and shewn stock from
both the farm and the neighbourhood, in order that they may learn all about
them.

Other departments that may be briefly referred to are those of Chem-
istry for the analysis of soils, food products, fertilizers, etc. ; Physics-; Bacter-
iology; Horticulture for testing all sorts of fruits and vegetables; Dairying,
a most important department, as it is worth millions of dollars to Ontario
that the best butter and cheese should be made and exported; Poultry
raising, for teaching the best methods and so reaping the largest profits.

The College is now visited in the month of June each year by farmers
and their families to the number of 25,000 to 30,000, who are brought here
from all over the Province by special excursion trains. Few of them
probably return to their homes without having learnt something that they
can turn to practical advantage in their own work. The College, too, is filled
with young men who are taking long or short courses of study, and who go
back to the farms with a training that will make them more progressive and
successful workers, and who will influence for good all those in their own
neighbourhood .

3 en.

34

THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

De Fletcher, in reply, spoke of the high position the College had at-
tained in public estimation and the great value of its work m improving in
al depaHmen s the agriculture of the country. While its object was largely
to teach I increase and improve the products of the farm, the work of
he EnfomoTogical Society was devoted to the saving of a proportion of the
crop! thaT would otherwise be destroyed by insects and be a serious loss to

the m7b ' Bablow, the President of the Wellington Field Naturalists Club
welded the Society to Guelph and extended . the cordia g^had now
Club In the course of his remarks he mentioned that the Uub tad now
Eoi^ for five years, and during that time had devot ed it scH to the
study of the fauna and flora of the County of Wellington. , th > aim ben£
to mike in time a complete biological survey of the distnet. So far, tne>
£d formed aTrt of over 200 birds observed in the county, with a record of
tesTeeding, numbers, etc., and were not likely to ^^y more to it
In botanv, flowers, plants, grasses, ferns, sedges, etc., £er« bemg ™\^X
and studied- fishes and other aquatic animals, mammals such as squirrels
mole S etc., were also under observation. Fortnigh y meetings wer
held either n the town or at the College and were well at ended He spoke
with much gratification of the formation of the new f^P^TaJ f the
Entomological Society, which had been completed this morning, and witn
which the Club would work hand in hand d

Db. Fletcheb acknowledged the kind greetings of the Club ^drtatefl
that it was now widely known and had established an exaeHgnt -^totion

t rnfiVBBk SST3£SSiJ5 S En o^tt^ Cob

world-wide reputation, one who was distinguished for his scientific work on
nocturnal lepiaoptera, his practical work in economic entomology^ ind his
important researches regarding mosquitoes and P^*™* £r™eir
mination in some badly infested regmns on the ^"f^™ which was

The following is a brief abstract of Prof. Smith s lecture, wn en w
illustrated with Tlarge number of lantern slides made from original photo-
graphs and drawings.

A REVIEW OF THE MOSQUITO WORK IN NEW JERSEY.*

By John B. Smith.

Mosquitoes are essentially aquatic in the larval stage and none have yet
been found that form an exception to this rule As the larva, of nearly all
the troublesome species are known, and all breed m water, it is safe to plan
for practical work on the assumption that the habit is universal

Of tbe adul mosquitoes only the females bite, the lancet-like structures
being undeveloped in the male which, necessarily, subsists on plant juices
on lyg When a'mosquito bites, it injects into the wound a minute drop of
poL (saliva) and this seems to break up the Wood structure s > tha it no
lcngTr forms a clot: a smear from the mosquito stomach spreads out thin

"* S IS ^active agents in the transmission of certain febrile
diseases is no longer seriously questioned^, m general, it is agreed that

iX^^r^n^Tre delivered at the evening meeting. Oct. 18th and illnstrated .1*

lantern elides.

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 35

they are also the only agents; the life cycle of the malarial Plasmodia
being now fully understood. In a patient suffering from malaria the single
celled protozoons are present in the red blood corpuscles, each of which fur-
nishes nutriment for one Plasmodium which matures and reaches the repro-
ductive or sporulating stage in 24, 48 or 72 hours, according to its kind.
When ripe, the cell bursts and the pores are discharged into the blood serum.
As all the organisms mature at practically one time, this general sporulation
upsets body conditions and a "chill" results. The spores work their way
into new corpuscles and the cycle is repeated. After a time bodies are pro-
duced that make no attempt to enter new corpuscles ; but remain in the blood
serum. These are the "gametes" qr*sexed forms of the animal and they
undergo no further development in man. If an Anopheles maculipennis now
bites the patient, it will take in with the blood some of these gametes which,
as soon as they get into the mosquito stomach differentiate. The smaller
forms or micro-gametes produce "flagellse," which break off and conjugate
with the larger or macro-gametes, the product of the union forming a "ver-
micule," which works into the tissue of the mosquito stomach. This developes
into a "zygote" and, in about a week that becomes mature, bursts and liber-
ates into the body cavity, thousands of "blasts" which, sooner or later find
their way into the salivary glands. Now, when such a diseased mosquito
bites a healthy subject, some of the "blasts" are introduced into the wound
with the saliva and, if the subject is susceptible, a case of malaria is estab-
lished; the "blasts" working their way into the red blood corpuscles and
starting the vegetative cycle.

The species of Anopheles select quiet pools of water bodies as breeding
places and, floating on the surface can maintain themselves in shallows out
of reach of most fish. The adults do not fly far and local work is likely to be
be effective.

Some mosquitoes migrate or fly for long distances from their breeding
places and among those are the species that breed in the salt marshes whici
occur so generally along the New Jersey coast. These breed as readily in
salt as they do in fresh water and their influence extends inland 40 miles at
least. In New Jersey this species is dealt with by ditching work, which gets
rid of surface water before the larvae have a chance to develop. The eggs
of these migratory species are laid in the marsh mud and in that stage they
pass the winter. The high tides of spring furnish water for their development
and the broods begin early in May. The specimens that fly far inland are
all females, and all of the migrants are infertile.

Filling as well as ditching is practised in some places, and much of the
Brooklyn rubbish is gathered in huge tanks, transported on trolley flat cars
and dumped on the marshes of Gravesend Bay near Coney Is]and, N.Y., to
the material advance of comfort in that resort.

The common house mosquito, Cwlex pipiens, breeds anywhere and in
liquids of all kinds from decently clean water to sewage and even liquid
manure. It forms an egg boat and is the only species that agrees in all re-
spects with the early published accounts of mosquitoes. It is not a carrier
of any disease known in our climate and it is more as a first class nuisance
than as a danger to health that it challenges attention. Local work is very
effective against this species, and, indeed, only local work is likely to be of
any benefit, since the species is not a traveller.

There is no sort of place where water occurs where mosquitoes will not
breed, and even tree holes have their own fauna. In New Jersey one species
of Anopheles and two species of Culex occur nowhere else.

36

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

The most marked recognition of the mosquito danger ever displayed wm
in the fUt carried on against the recent epidemic of yellow fever at New
Orleans La The snrgews in charge accepted the theory of transmission
bv Sleaomvia only and bent all their efforts first, to the destruction of the
Xo^T,Tnd TSLa. to protecting patients and ^^TT^l
As to the habits, etc., of this species I must speak at second hand, since it
does not occur in New Jersey.

Mosquitoes.

Fig. 13. Mosquito (Culex pungens) egg-mas, .above £%J^°*°*& ^ afc ^ 5
larvae on right and below. (After Howard, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. )

Fig.^ 14. Adult Mosquitoes at rest : Culex at left, Anopheles at right. (From U.S. Dept.
of Agriculture.)

1905

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

37

Fig. 15. Mosquitoes (Culex pungens) : female above, male below-
scales. All greatly enlarged (after Howard, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.)

different forms of

At the close of the lecture which was listened to with marked attention
and interest by the large audience, a hearty vote of thanks to Prof. Smith
was proposed by Mr. C. C. James, Deputy Minister of Agriculture for
Ontario, seconded by the Rev. Dr. Fyles, of Quebec, and enthusiastically
adopted by the meeting.

38 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

SECOND DAY'S SESSION.

Thursday, October 19th, 1905.

The Vice-President, Dr. Fletcher, took the chair at 10 o'clock a. m.
There were forty-six persons present and this number was increased during
the morning.

Me. T. D. Jarvis, Lecturer in Entomology at the Agricultural College,
read papers, illustrated by specimens, on insects collected in Jamaica; two
species of Saw-flies (Lvda) taken at the College Farm; notes on the genus
Fhytoptus; three species of bumble bees that fertilize red clover at Guelph;
notes on two species of Fenusa; and Parasites of the Abittibi country.

Papers were also read, and will be found in subsequent pages of this
report, by Dr. Fyles on forest insects; Mr. A. Gibson on insects of flowering
plants; Mr. Lyman on the Formation of an Entomologist's Union;* Mr.
2avitz on some forest insects; also a paper sent by Mr. J. Stevenson of
Montreal on insects of the season.

During the sessions a large number of rare and interesting specimens
were on exhibition and attracted much attention. Mention may be made
tf: the following :

By Professor Sherman : some small collections of recent captures of local
insects, to show his system of labelling; among them was a remarkable form
of Pyrameis cardui, the Painted-lady butterfly.

By Mr. Zavitz : a large number of wood-boring insects (Cerambycidae)
collected at Bidgeway, Ont.

By Mr. T. D. Jarvis: a number of Jamaican inserts, sawflies and other
insects, referred to in his papers, taken at Guelph.

By Mr. Lyman : a case of lepidoptera in which were interesting speci-
mens of Gortyna and other noctuids, and also some rare diurnal Lepidoptera^

By Dr. Fyles : a number of forest insects in illustration of his paper.

By Mr. Young : a magnificent case containing over a thousand speci-
mens of Micro-lepidoptera all most beautifully spread and mounted; also
a number of Noctuids — these were all collected at Ottawa during the season
of 1905. He also exhibited some living specimens of the grotesque pupae
of Feniseca Tarquinius.

By Dr. Fletcher: a collection of Lepidoptera made in the Yukon
Territory by Mr. J. Keele of the Dominion Geological Survey Department;
this included Colias Boothii and Pelidne, Erebia Magdalena and Disa.

By Mr. A. Gibson: a case of rare lepidoptera, inflated larvae, and
living larvae of Apantesis vittata received from Mr. E. Denny of Montreal.

By Mr. C. W. Nash: specimens of a remarkable fungus growth (Cordy-
ceps) on wire-worms.

Many of these exhibits will be found recorded, with dates and other
particulars, in the "Entomological Record for 1905."

•Published in the Canadian Entomologist

190& ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 39

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.

The Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario begs to present its
report for the year 1904-5.

The forty-first annual meeting of the Society was held in London on
the 26th and 27th of October, 1904, and was well attended by local members
as well as by many from a distance. There were also present Prof. H. F.
Wickham, of the University of Iowa, Iowa City, an eminent coleopterist
and an honorary member of the Society, and Mr. T. N. Willing, Chief
Inspector of Weeds and Naturalist for the Department of Agriculture, Re-
gina, N. W. T. During the first afternoon reports were read from the
various Branches, Sections and Officers of the Society, and from the Directors
on the notable insects of the year in their respective districts. Mr. Willing
gave an interesting account of the methods adopted in the North-West
Territories for controlling noxious weeds and dealing with injurious insects.

In the evening a public meeting was held at the Normal School at
which the President, Professor Lochhead, read his annual address and
Prof. Wickham gave an able and interesting paper, illustrated by a large
number of lantern slides made from his own photographs, on "The Great
Basin in the Western States and its Entomological Features. " The second
day was taken up with the election of officers and the reading of papers on
a variety of entomological subjects. A large number of interesting speci-
mens were also exhibited by the members present.

The 35th Annual Report on economic and general entomology was sent
to the Department of Agriculture in January last and in due course was
presented to the Legislature of Ontario and ordered to be printed. Owing
to changes in the methods adopted by the King's printers and other causes
for which we are unable to account, the volume has only just been published.
The great delay impairs to some extent the value of the report, and has
produced wide-spread complaints from members and correspondents in all
directions.

In addition to the papers already referred to, the volume contains the
following among other articles : "Insects injurious to Ontario crops in 1904"
and the valuable "Entomological Record for 1904," by Dr. James Fletcher;
"Notes on the Basswood, or Linden insects' ' and on "The Columbine Borer"
by Mr. A. Gibson; "Insect Names and Insects Lists," by Mr. J. B. Williams;
""Insects collected at light during 1904," by Mr. J. D. Evans; "Insects
affecting the oak," and "the Food habits of certain Hymenoptera," by Rev.
Dr. Fyles; "Notes on the Season of 1904 in Western Quebec," by Mr. C.
Stevenson; "An elementary study of insects," by Prof. Lochhead; an obitu-
ary notice, with portrait of the late J. Alston Moffat.

The Canadian Entomologist, the monthly magazine of the Society, has
been regularly issued. The 36th annual volume wa3 completed in December
last and ten numbers of volume 37 have now been published. The volume
for 1904 consisted of 367 pages and was illustrated with four full-page
plates, one of which was coloured, and a number of figures from original
drawings. The contributors numbered 63 and included writers in Canada,
the United States and England. The articles are for the most part scientific
and contain, among much other highly valuable matter, descriptions of 217
new species and varieties and 11 new genera in various orders of insects.
The material contained in the volumes of our magazine is so important and
necessary to scientific workers that there is a constant demand from various
parts of the world for complete sets or separate volumes and numbers.

During the winter months classes were held fortnightly on Saturday
evenings for practical instruction in the elements of entomology as a basis

40 THE REPORT OF THE No.' 19

for nature study work. They were attended by a number of teachers from
the Public Schools in London as well as by other members of the Society
The course was begun by Prof. S. B. McCready and after his appointment
to the Macdonald Institute at Guelph, was continued by Dr. Bethune. When
spring opened, the subject was changed to Botany, several outings to the
country in the neighborhood were made, and the wild plants collected were
carefully studied. Owing to various causes, especially to the absence or
want of time on the part of the leaders, no formal meetings of the Sections
were held. A number of popular lectures, illustrated by lantern pictures,
were given by Dr. Bethune on insects and by Mr. W. E. Saunders on birds,
under the auspices of various organizations in London and some of the
neighboring towns.

Prof. Lochhead also has given lectures at several places on entomolog-
ical and other subjects.

The reports from the branches of the Society at Montreal, Quebec and
Toronto are highly satisfactory; great interest is taken in their proceedings
by the local members and much good work has bf>en accomplished.

The Council has much gratification in recording the formation of an
active Branch in British Columbia, with head-quarters at Vancouver and an
initial membership of eighteen; quarterly meetings are held and it is
expected that, with so many energetic and enthusiastic members, rapid
advancement will be made in the knowledge of the insect fauna of the
Pacific Province.

To-day the Council has the additional pleasure of authorizing the
formation of a Branch here at Guelph and welcoming the members to our
annual meeting. The large number of members, no less than 24 at the out-
set and the presence of Professors and Students of the Agricultural College
and Macdonald Institute, give the Branch a unique position and ensure its
permanent success.

The. Council desires to record its sorrow at the loss of one of its earliest
Honorary members, Professor Alpheus S. Packard, M.D., who died at
Providence, Rhode Island, on the 14th of February last. He was a dis-
tinguished entomologist, and author of a larsre number of books, both popular
and scientific, on a variety of entomological and biological subjects: he also
contributed from time to time to the ' 'Canadian Entomologist." His name
is held in high honour in Europe as well as throughout North America.

The Council has much pleasure in offering its hearty congratulations to
Professor Lochhead on his appointment to an important position on the
staff of the new Macdonald Institution at St. Anne's, P.Q., and has every
confidence that, in his new sphere of active duty, he will continue to do
good work in economic and scientific entomology and extend the influence
of our Society.

To Professor Franklin Sherman, who has recently been appointed to
the chair of entomology in the Ontario Agricultural College, the Council
extends a cordial welcome, and feels assured that he will prove thoroughly
efficient in his work and do much to encourage and direct his students in the
earnest pursuit of this Department of Natural Science.

The outlook for the Society was never brighter or better, and the Coun-
cil calls upon each member to do his share, in his own neighbourhood, in
making investigations in insect life and extending the usefulness and
influence of the Society.

All which is respectfully submitted.

John D. Evans,

President.

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 41

REPORT OF THE MONTREAL BRANCH.

The 267th regular, and 32nd annual meeting of the Montreal Branch
of the Entomological Society of Ontario was held on May 8th, 1905, at the
rooms of the Natural History Society.

The following members were present,— A. E. Norris, (President) ; A.
F Winn; D. Brainerd; Alfred Griffin; L. Gibb; G. Chagnon; E C. Bar-
wick; G. R. Southee; S. Robinson; Chas. Stevenson; Geo. A. Moore; H.
H. Lyman; and four visitors.

Minutes of April meeting were read and confirmed, and those ol tne
last annual meeting were taken as read.

The President read the following

Report of the Council.

The Council in submitting this report feel encouraged in knowing that
the Society is not only keeping up its honorable traditions, but is going
ahead in a manner worthy of the strenuous times in which we are now pass-
ing. Nine regular meetings have been held during the year, the average
attendance being a fraction over 7. Twenty-six papers were read, viz.

President's address, Chas. Stevenson.

A talk on Lycaenidae, A. F. Winn.

Hydrcecias, illustrated by colored slides, A. E. Norris.

Leaf Hoppers, Fam. Jassidae, G. A. Moore.

Pontia rapae, n. var. rhaphauus, C. Stevenson.

Notes on Saperda, G. Chagnon.

^ydnidae — Burrowing Bugs, G. A. Moore.

Mompha eloisella, A. F. Winn. ^

Notes on some types, and other specimens in the Br. Museum, H. H.
Lyman.

The water-lily moth, A. F. Winn.

Notes on travel, with random observations on Entomology, H. H.
Lyman.

Brief notes on breeding specimens of the past season, H. H. Lyman.

Cercopidae, or Spittle insects, Geo. A. Moore.

Notes on Canadian species of Donacia, G. Chagnon.

Notes on Hemiptera for season 1904, Geo. A. Moore.

Stenopelmatus fasciatus— The sand cricket, A. F. Winn.

Small-headed fly— Pterodontia flavipes, Gray, Chas. Stevenson.

Report on annual meeting at London, H. H. Lyman.

Berytida^, or Stilt-bugs, Geo. H. Moore.

More about Micro Lepidoptera, A. F. Winn. _

Notes on the species of Saperda in my collection, C. Chagnon.

New Gortynas, H. H. Lyman.

Criocephalus obsoletus and Asemum moestum, a correction, G. Chagnon.

Agamic reproduction in insects, A. F. ^ inn.

How to describe larvae, H. H. Lyman.

Hemipterous nymphs, Geo. A. Moore.

Field days were held at St. Hilaire, Que., May 24th and July 1st and
at the Maisonneuve Woods on April 21st, 1905.

At the annual meeting held at London, the branch was represented by
Mr. Lyman.

firing the year two new members were added to the Society.

respectfully submitted on behalf of the Council.

(Signed), A. E. Norms,

President.

42

THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

The Treasurer submitted his report, showing a balance on hand of $58.71
Reuorts of the acting Curator and Libanan were presented and on
motionTf Mr Winn, seconded by Mr. Brainerd, were recelved and adopted.
Mr Norris read his annual address.

The election of officers for the coming year resulted as follows .
President, A. E. Norris, re-elected.
Vice-President, Geo. A. Moore.
Secretary-Treasurer, A. F. Winn.
Curator and Librarian, Chas. Stevenson.

collections made on that occasion. ;iwtra+pd bv original,

Mr Norris gave a talk on butterflies and moths illustrated bjongm ,

colored lantern flides. . He was assisted at the lantern by Mr. Griffin.
The meeting then adjourned. ^ ^ ^^

(bigned), Secretary-Treasurer.

REPORT OF THE QUEBEC BRANCH.

The annual meeting of the Quebec Branch was held on the 8th day of
November, 1905, at the house of the President #

There were present: The Rev. T. W. Fyles inthe chair the Rev^ W.
W McCuafg, Lt.-Uol. Crawford Lindsay, J. H. Simmons, Esq. Mrs. B.
Turner, Mrs Simmons, Mrs. Poston, Mrs. Fyles, Miss Hamel, Miss Free-
man Miss Bickell, Miss Hedge, Miss W. Fyles Miss Russell.

The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed. ,

Mr A R M. Boulton was elected a member of the Branca.

The President then addressed the meeting upon some of the noteworthy
entomological incidents of the year: the alarmist articles in J^J^

upon ^mTc'w Xh Tz::t of ern;Tth;ttk:fpTsSn of

r^reworm; mnla^tw «#»»*" ^«££%&&%
abundance of the spiny caterpillars olCynthuz cafdM\Xrs of the cotton
holly-hocks; the appearance at Quebec, ™ Fea* aumhers of t he cot ten
moth, Aletia argillacea; late captures including that of tatocala rciicta ai

the electric light, etc. _ Fyles • Vice-President,

The officers elected were: President R ev. **.*£**, Vc,. Q

"'"He?™" te. o< ft>»k> w,„ p,«..d to ft. Preheat »i *• S~*«P

treasurer and the hostess of the occasion.

Report of Council.
The Branch now includes 25 members (22 adults and 3 junior^
The Treasurer's report will he submitted and will no donbt be to.mn

satisfactory.

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 43

During the year interesting lectures were delivered by the President.

The Council regret to have to record the death of one of the members,
Mrs. Morgan. A resolution of condolence was passed and forwarded to the
husband of the deceased, Major James Morgan, and to her relatives.

Our thanks are due to the authorities of Morrin College for having
•continued to allow us to use their rooms for our meetings.

Crawford Lindsay,

Secretary-Treasurer.

EEPOET OF THE TOEONTO BEANCH.

The ninth annual meeting of the Toronto Branch of the Entomological
Society of Ontario was held in the Provincial Museum, St. James's Square,
on June 22nd, 1905.

The President Dr. Brodie was in the chair, and the following members
were present: Messrs. Paul Hahn, J. B. Williams, E. Hallam, M. Hallam,
J. H. Webb, Dr. E. M. Walker, J. H. Maughan, Junr., and Dr. Abbott.

The Secretary, Wm. John Maughan, Junr., read the following report.
"Your Secretary-Treasurer, has the pleasure to announce anotlier year's
statement of prosperity and advancement for 1904-5.

We have kept our membership up, and although some members have
moved away, other new ones have joined.

The list of papers and lectures attached hereto have been splendidly
descriptive and scientifically accurate, and not a few of them covered new
and hitherto unknown material; some have been illustrated by lantern,
others by specimens, charts, and drawings ; putting before the members most
completely all material connected therewith.

The attendance at meetings has been good, although the weather at
times has not been propitious.

Your Secretary-Treasurer has also to announce that the Librarian-Cur-
ator has arranged and hung in the museum another large case of specimens,
showing moths found in and near Toronto ; also to thank members for their
kind donations both of specimens and publications.

It is with sincere regret that your Secretary-Treasurer announces his
withdrawal from the position he has held for some years past, and begs to
thank the members, as a whole, for their kindness and courtesy shown to
liim on all occasions.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

(Signed) J. Maughan, Jr.,

Secretary- Treasurer.

List of papers read, 1904-5.

The Leaf-cutting bee (Megachile brevis) and its Parasite", Dr. Brodie.

'A week at Lome Park," J. B. Williams.

'Insects of North Ontario," G. M. Stewart.

fGalls of Oak," Dr. Brodie.

'Orthoptera," Dr. E. M. Walker.

'Scales on Butterflies Wings," J. B. Williams.

'The Tussock Moth and its Parasitical Life," Dr. Brodie.

'Dragon flies," Dr. E. M. Walker.

'A trip to Algonquin Park," Paul Hahn.

44

THE REPORT OF THE No. 13

The following officers were elected for 1905-6 :

President, Dr. Wm. Brodie.

Vice-President, Paul Hahn.

Librarian and Curator, J. B. Williams. „,„„„„ , ~

Council, Messrs. Leslie Walker, J. H. Webb, R. Hallam and Dr.

^Secretary-Treasurer, Mr. H. S. Saunders was elected, but he finds bimself
unable to accept the position, and another Secretary will have to be elected at
the next meeting of the Society. Miss E. Blackmore, 242 Borden street, was

SUbSThee Treasurer's 'report shows the funds to be in a satisfactory condition
with a balance of ninety cents on the right side.

GUELPH BRANCH.

The Guelph Branch at its meeting for organization has drawn up and
adopted the following:

CONSTITUTION.

Article I. Name.
The name of this Society is the Guelph Entomological Society-a
Branch of the Ontario Entomological Society.

Article II. Object.

The object of this Society is the increase and difiusion of the knowledg*

of insects.

Article III. Membership.

Section 1. Members shall be persons interested in insects. Member,
shall be elected by a two-thirds vote of the members present at any meeting
Section 2. There shall be not less than six members resident in Guelph

and vicinity. Article TV. Oeeicers.

Section 1. The officers shall be a President, Vice-President, and Sec-
retary-Treasurer, elected at the annual meeting to serve one year

Section 2. The President shall preside at the meetings of the Socurty.
The President and the Secretary-Treasurer shall sign all written obligation.

°f tLSeeotietl.' The Vice-President shall assume the duties of the President

^ ftljSn ^SWTreasurer shall record the P-eedin^onh.
Society and of the Executive Committee, conduct correspond *nce, and inake
an annual report. He shall publish due announcement of the meetings
the Society. He shall be Curator of the museum of the Society.

Section 5. The Secretary-Treasurer shall have <**r&°*$*J»Z„ £
the Society and shall make collections and disbursements and render an
annual report and his accounts shall be audited by a committee of th.

80CitcrnUfyAll new officers shall begin their duties on the first day after
the annual meeting.

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 45

Article Y. Committees.

Section 1. There shall be an executive Committee consisting of the
President, Yice-President, Secretary-Treasurer, and a student appointed
by the President.

Section 2. The executive shall constitute a standing committee on
programmes, publications, admissions to membership, research and finance.

Section 3. The society shall elect a delegate to the annual meeting of
the Entomological Society of Ontario.

Article VI. Finances.

Section 1. The fiscal year of the Society shall begin on the first day
after the annual meeting.

Section 2. The annual dues of members shall be one dollar, payable
at the annual meeting, and the dues for the first year shall be payable on
signing the constitution.

Section 3. Members whose dues remain unpaid one month after they
are due shall be notified by the Secretary-Treasurer that within one mouth
they will be in arrears and not entitled to a vote at the annual meeting, to
receive the publications of the Society nor of the Entomological Society of
Ontario. Members one year in arrears shall, after formal notification by
the Secretary-Treasurer, be regarded as having withdrawn from the Society.

Article VII. Meetings.

Section 1. Regular meetings of the Society shall be held on alternate
Wednesdays from October to June.

Section 2. Special meetings may be called by the President.

Section 3. The annual meeting shall be held on the first Wednesday
in October.

Section 4. Six members shall constitute a quorum.

Section 5. The Executive Committee shall hold its regular meetings on
the same days as the regular meetings of the Society; special meetings may
be called by the President.

Section 6. The regular meetings of the Society shall be open to all.

Article VIII. Publications.

The Canadian Entomologist shall be the official organ of the Guelph
Entomological Society. The Canadian Entomologist and the reports of the
Ontario, Entomological Society shall be sent to all members not in arrears.

Article IX.
The Society shall maintain a Museum.

Article X. Amendments.

These By-laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members
present at any regular meeting, provided the proposed amendments have
been read at the last previous regular meeting of the Society.

The following officers were elected for the year 1905-6 : President, Prof.
Franklin Sherman; Vice-President, Richard Readwin; Secretary-Treasurer,
T. D. Jarvis; Executive Committee, Messrs. Sherman, Jarvis and Klinck.

46

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 1$

REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN AND CURATOR,

During the year ending August 31st, 1905, thirty bound volumes have
been added to the Library, making the total number on the register 1,862^
also a large number of periodicals and pamphlets. Among the new acqui-
sitions may be mentioned the fifth volume, with plates, of Sir George
Hampson's " Catalogue of Lepidoptera Phalamse" in the British Museum.
During the year 27 volumes were issued to local members.

A card catalogue according to subjects has been begun and all the
bound volumes of pamphlets have been indexed in this way as well as a
number of entomological bulletins and reports.

The collections have been increased by the kind contribution of 123
specimens of Coleoptera, including 113 species, by Prof. H. F. Wickham of
Iowa City, who took note of the blanks in the cabinets when he visited the
Society during the last annual meeting. The President, Mr. J. D. Evans,
sent 50 specimens of beetles, including 16 species, new to the Society's
collection. Mr. J. A. Balkwill throughout the summer has brought in a
large number of specimens of various orders, especially Lepidopttra and
Coleoptera, and Mr. J. A. Morden, of Hyde Park, has presented some rare
specimens of nocturnal Lepidoptera, for all which the Society is deeply
grateful.

The Curator would repeat his desire to receive specimens of almost all
of our Canadian insects to fill blanks in the cabinets and to replace old and
imperfect examples; also to have the specimens provided with labels giving
the important information of locality and dates of capture, etc. Any mem-
ber who has specimens to spare, and every one must have some, will confer
a favour by first sending a list of those he is willing to present to the
Society in order to prevent unnecessary duplication. The collections of
Lepidoptera and Coleoptera from Ontario and Quebec are fairly c mplete,
but in other orders the Society is very badly off.

The number of visitors is satisfactorily, advantage being taken of the
opportunities to inspect the Library and collections during three afternoons
in each week, when they are open to the public.

Respectfully submitted,

Charles J. S. Bethune,

Librarian and Curator.

REPORT OF THE TREASURER.

Receipts and Expenditures of the Entomological Society of Ontario for the year
ending August 31st, 1905.

Receipts. Expenditures.

Balance on hand September 1st,

1904 $445 74

Members' fees 340 71

Legislative grant 1,000 00

Sales of pins, cork, etc 43 59

Sales of Entomologist 174 10

Advertisements 41 44

Interest 7 63

$2,053 21
J. A. Balkwill, Treasurer.

Audited and found correct.

Annual Meeting and Report ... $91 85

Salaries 275 00

Postage, stationery, etc 146 29

Printing 753 77

Pins, cork, etc 16 31

Rent .' 171 25

Insurance 48 80

Library 32 18

Balance on hand 517 76

$2,053 21

F. A. Stuart,

W. H. Hamilton. Auditors.

1905

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 47

REPORT FROM THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OP ONTAEIO TO
K THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.

Through John D. Evans, Delegate.

During the past vear the Entomological Society of Ontario has drifted
along in its usual even tenor, doing good work and progressing steadily and
has passed the upwards of two score years of its existence.

The forty first annual meeting was held in October last in its new,
commodious and accessible quarters in the Public Library Building, Queen s
Ave , London, the attendance being good, and among those present were
four representatives of the gentler sex. From a distance may be mentioned
the presence of Mr. T. N. Willing, Chief Inspector of Weeds for the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Regina, N.W.T., and from among our neighbors ^rom
across the border we gladly hailed the presence of an of t contributor to 'W
magazine in the person of Prof. Wickham of the University of Iowa, Iowa

After the usual routine of business at the morning session the President
opened the proceedings in the afternoon, at which the reports of the several
Directors on the injurious insects of the year were read. ,..,.,

A feeling reference was made to recent death of the valued and faithful
Curator and Librarian, J. Alston Moffat.

Mr T N Willing presented a most interesting account of the methods
inaugurated for the eradication of the noxious weeds in the North-west
Territories, following which, Prof. Lochhead read his paper on the injur-
ious insects of the vear in Ontario.

The reports from the Toronto and Montreal Branches were also read

A very largely attended and appreciative meeting was held m tne
evening in the Normal School presided over by Dr. Jas. Fletcher, at^ which
Prof Lochhead read his Presidential address on "Recent Progress in En-
tomology," and Prof. Wickham gave a most interesting lecture illustrated
by a large number of beautiful lantern slides on "The Great Basin m the
Western States and its Entomological Features."

The 35th annual report of the Society to the Legislature of Ontario has
been presented in which is given a full report of all the papers read at the
annual meeting. In addition to the af ore-mentioned the following of tne
most important contributions may be enumerated, viz.,—

"Insects Injurious to Ontario Crops in 1904," and "Entomological
Record 1904," by Dr. Fletcher.

"Further Notes on Basswood or Linden Insects," and Notes on tne
Columbine borer," by Arthur Gibson. •

"Insects Collected at Light during 1904, by J. D. Evans.

"Spining Methods of Telea Polyphemus," by J. W. Cockle.

"Insect Names and Insect Lists," by J. W. Williams.

"Notes on the Season of 1904 in Quebec," by C. Stevenson.

"Insects Affecting the Oak," and "On the Food-Habits of Certain Hy-
menoptera," by T. W. Fyles. '^ T , , 2

"An Elementary Study of Insects," by Wm. Lochhead.

"The Pear Tree Psylla and How to Deal with It," by G. E. Fisher.

Obituary notice of the late John Alston Moffat. _

The foresroing is termed the annual report; in addition to this is pub-
lished monthly the magazine, The Canadian Entomologist, now in its
37th year.

48 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

The 36th volume (being for 1904) consists of 367 pages, has four full-
page plates and a number of cuts from original drawings. The contributors
are 63 in number, embracing thirteen Canadian, thirty-nine in the neighbor-
ing Republic and one in England.

The papers cover all the important orders of insects, such as Lepidoptera,
Hymenoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, and Neuroptera,
throughout which are described 217 new species and varieties and 11 new

genera. .,

The papers being too numerous (being upwards of one hundred, besides
numerous short paragraphs, book reviews and obituary notices,) to desig-
nate all by title; a few of the more important may be mentioned such as,—
"Classification of the Fossorial, Predaceous and Parasitic Wasps, or the
Super-family Vespoidea," by Wm. H. Ashmead; "Several New Diptera
from North America,'' by D. W. Coquillett; "Notes on North American
Stratiomyidse," by A. L. Melander; "New Noctuidse from British Colum-
bia," by Harrison C. Dyar; "Synopsis of Anthopila," by Charles Robert-
son; "The Diptera of British Columbia," by James S. Hine and Raymond
C Osburn; "Synopsis of Bees of Oregon, Washington, British Columbia and
Vancouver," by H'y. L. Yiereck, et al.\ "New Tortricids from Kaslo, B.C.,
and the Northwest," by W. D. Kearfott; "Descriptions of Some New Species
and Varieties of Canadian Butterflies," by Dr. Fletcher; "The Crickets of
Ontario," also "Notes on the Locustidse of Ontario," by E. M. Walker;
"New Noctuidae for 1904," lv Prof. John B. Smith; "New Species of North
American Lepidoptera," by Dr. Wm. Barnes; "Synopsis of Prosopis and
Colletes with Supplementary Notes and Descriptions," by Charles Robert-
son; "New Species of North American Asilidse," by E. A. Back; "On Some
New Coleoptera, Including Five New Genera," by Thos. L. Casey; A
Review of Our Geometrid Classification," by Richard F. Pearsall.

"The British Columbia Entomological Society" has recently become
affiliated with us and is now the B. C. Branch of the Entomological Society
of Ontario. Thus are we "lengthening our cords and strengthening our
stakps

During the winter months regular classes have been held fortnightly in
London for the study of entomology under the direction of Mr. S. B.
McCready, Science Master of the London Collegiate Institute and now
Nature Study Professor at the Macdonald Institute, Guelph, assisted by Dr.

Bethune. . -*

These meetings have been well attended, chiefly by teachers m the

public schools of the city. .

Similar instruction has been begun in botany and will be carried on
during the summer, excursions being made for specimens to different parts
of the surrounding country.

A number of lectures illustrated with lantern pictures on noxious, ben-
eficial and interesting insects have been given by Dr. Bethune in London and
a few places in the neighborhood. ,

Prof. Lochhead of Guelph has given lectures on similar sub]ects in Ham-
ilton and elsewhere.

The Library and collections of the Society are open to the public on
three afternoons in each week and attract a fair number of visitors.

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 49

AFTERNOON SESSION.

Thursday, October 19th, 1905.

The Vice-President, Dr. Fletcher, took the chair at 2.30 o'clock, p. m. ;
there were about eighty persons present. The first business of the session
was the election of officers for the ensuing year, which resulted as shown on
page 2.

Prof. Sherman, who has been recently appointed to the chair of Entomol-
ogy at the Ontario Agricultural College, on being called upon, said that his
duties were confined to entomology in all its bearings and departments, now
that is was separated from the teaching of botany and other subjects. Among
other objects he had especially in view the formation of a representative col-
lection of the insects of all orders to be found in the Province of Ontario, °nd
a catalogue giving dates, localities, etc. He intended that every specimen
should be properly labelled so as to give all necessary data regarding it, and
he exhibited some recent captures showing his method of labelling. He ex-
pected that the Entomological Society would help the College and the College
would certainly help the Society.

The Chairman then read the annual address of the President and ex-
pressed the regret that was felt by all at the absence of Mr. Evans.

ANNUAL ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT.

By John D. Evans, C.E., F.L.S., Trenton.

It is with the utmost diffidence that I presume to present to you this, the
President's Annual Address, on this auspicious occasion, being the first meet-
ing of the Society at the fountain-head of economic entomology for the Pro-
vince of Ontario, the Ontario Agricultural College at Guelph.

Owing to pressure of official duties in my professional capacity for some
months past, it has been quite impossible for me to prepare anything upon a
special subject bearing upon the all-absorbing, instructive and useful pursuit,
the study of insect life. I trust, therefore, you will kindly bear with me in
the few brief remarks I may have to make and pardon me for not providing
you with the inteiiectual treat you are usually regaled with upon like occa-
sions.

We have met together to transact the (always) important duties attend-
ant upon the annual meeting, and we should heartily congratulate ourselves
upon having reached the 42nd annual gathering of the Society without a
break or misstep either in its annual meetings or publication of its magazine
for such a length of time. It is the oldest extant on this continent, I be-
lieve, save one, and is held in the highest esteem not only over the length and
breadth of this continent, but also in the remote parts of the Old "World.
And its publication (the monthly magazine) includes among its many con-
tributors most of the leading specialists from among our Very helpful neigh-
bors across the border, as well as occasional ones from the other side of the
salt water. Nor should we omit to refer to the annual reports of this Society
to the Ontario Department of Agriculture, now numbering thirty-five, which
are replete with the most useful information regarding the life histories of
insects, the methods of dealing with the injurious ones, and preserving the
garden, orchard, and farm crops from their ravages. These reports are very
much sought after, not only by those for whom they were especially prepared
(the sufferers), but also by the entomologists and entomological societies the
world over.

4 en.

THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

50

Aa ;„ +V,p otudv of the insect fauna generally,
Great strides are being ™J» " ^3 °f late to some of tbe, hereto-
bnt more especial y has atten ion been *™ffj m tera coming well to the
fore, most neglected orders, ^.^P^^ beePn recently catalogued by
front, particularly the last ^n*10"*?' w^^ the species now- numbering
Prof. J. M. Alchich of fhe ^'L^4^^ Sacken and follow-
8.300 as against 2>500 catalogued in 18 < 8 by Baron

ing closely, numerically, the ' ColeopteM ana £ J v continent who

S Among many other assiduous workers » ttotg "regarding their several
are doing ggood work, adding largel y to the kno- le« ge r g Re

rSyfor rnYhe^^S^nd^-W^. Kearfott in the Micro-Lepid-

°Pte^e are deeply indebted to a large -^^^^^JT^.

among whom may be «5fat»ne^D^e^D^ Henry Skinner, Mr. E. P.
Mr. D. W. Coquillet Dr ^ H Ashmead ,^r. y ^ self

Vanduzee, and Prof. H. F. 7^?^%^^^ the various orders for the
ficing acts in examining and naming species m

Canadian collectors and students. b produced during the

Much literature on entomological subjects tosoeep Insects," by

past year, but foremoat among ammay be closed A ^ ly

prof. V. L. Kellogg, of Leland Stanford J r urn >, ides R very

Illustrated with colored pla to. ana figu s m the text ^P d

valuable work for the use of nature > otoerve: ™ >h dded «A Synonymic Cata-
of general readers. Also in *« category may . * «^ 0f Eeading, Penn.

logue of the Erycinidje of the World lw . f*™ ^* id * t M &nd ;n_

8 We are sorry to learn that our worthy Pas™^?tlldraw hi3 valued serv-
defatigable worker, Prof. W. I^chW « ato^to wrtoa at

ices from the Ontario Agricultural ^College £ becom ^^ gir

new Agricultural College at St. Anne s, «4ue,wn removed geo-

Wm Macdonald, but although he ™S ^. B°™^£ atour meetings in the
graphically, still we hope to always jmv , h» presenc at o ^ ^g^ and
future and counsel in matters ' P«*p»* to to w ^ ^ mc

fetst^^

^iS^SpSfii asVs been done under

the re-rime of his predecessor d from my own ex-

The passing season has been, so far -as 1 a^w > speaking very

perience and observation a very poor one , fc ?™«£»>«™ ConJeqLntly insect

wet, somewhat similar to the two last PI?*?"** t caterpillar (C. disstna)

S&TTUTJS^^^^«2^ °f L M ™Worm

<* xt&T&Edward -d ^-rounding d^t h ^
noted in the past for large crops of high g *de pease, but ^ almost

Pea-weevil (B. yi») has been so dea^otiye ^at «i .^P ^^

ruined. A great warfare has been waged agai ^ ^

instrumentality of the ^"SSSSto at Ottawa and
workers in this department at^ the Central^ &xp ^

the Ontario Agricultural Col lege at GuelP^ comnumity with the hope that

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. . 51

is to be hoped now that those interested will take to heart a lesson from past
experience and use all the means available, which have been so thoroughly
advertised and disseminated by the officers above-mentioned throughout the
length and breadth of the country, so as to keep the pest within due bounds.

I leajrn that the San Jose Scale and Codling moth are also well under
control by means of the spraying methods practised under the leadership and
guidance of the afore-mentioned officers through the instrumentality of this
Society.

The White Cabbage butterfly (P. rapce) and Yellow Clover butterfly (C.
phitodice) have been very numerous in places late this season, but they have
not apparently done any serious damage.

Nature study is a suoject gaining much strength and being taken up
among the schools all over the country, and is now one of the subjects recom-
mended by the Educational Department of Ontario. Steps are being taken
at this time to take up the subject in the Trenton schools, and its rootlets
have taken hold in most remote outlying districts, even to the most northern
extremity of this County of Hastings.

This subject has repeatedly been brought before the notice of the public
by various members of this Society, lectures having been given in London and
various places in the neighborhood, at Guelph, Hamilton and elsewhere, by
Dr. Fletcher, Dr. Bethune, Prof. Lochhead, Prof. McCready, and others.
Particular mention must be made of Prof. John Dearness, who has recently
produced "The Nature Study Course,' ' a book designed for the use of those
interested in the education of the young, both boys and girls.

In furtherance of this most commendable study, reference should be made
to an illustrated paper, "Practical and Popular Entomology," "Entomology
in Schools," by Mr. H. S. Saunders, of Toronto, which appeared in our maga-
zine in the February issue of this year, as being deserving of emulation by
other members of our Society.

After the remaining papers on the programme had been read and dis-
cussed (they will be found in succeeding pages of this report), President
Creelman expressed the pleasure which it had given him and the members of
the College to have the annual meeting of the Society in their buildings, and
on behalf of the students in Biology, the Wellington Field Naturalists^ Club
and the Entomologists, he asked the Society to meet at the Guelph College as
often as it possibly could.

Prof. H. L. Hutt joined in this expression of gratification and said that
he had been especially pleased to meet and make the personal acquaintance-
ship of many veteran entomologists whose names had long been familiar to
him.

Prof. Lochhead spoke of the importance of this meeting to the students,
who would receive a lasting inspiration from it.

Totes of thanks were unanimously passed to President Creelman and his
staff for their kindness and hospitality^; to Prof. J. B. Smith for his welcome
visit and most interesting lecture; and to the reporters of the Toronto Globe,
the Guelph Herald and Mercury, and the Toronto Weekly Sun, for their ex-
cellent accounts of the proceedings.

52 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

INSECTS AS NATURE STUDIES.

By S. B. McCready, Professor of Nature Study, Macdonald Institute,

Guelph.

My interest in this topic is not that of an entomologist, but that of the
schoolmaster. To the student of insect life nothing, perhaps, is more natural
as nature studies, than insects; nothing perhaps is more likely to awaken
readier interest and develop powers of careful observation; nothing in animal
life has much, if any, greater concern with our lives. But while our teachers
are quite ready to acknowledge that the study of insects may profitably be
admitted to a place amongst the multitude of school studies, they are, as a
class, quite at a loss to know how to commence the study of them. They feel
afraid, or helpless, or rebellious, or indifferent. They feel that they have been
imposed upon; they have been trained and accepted into a work which is
suddenly changed; sometimes it is hinted that their inability to handle the
work is through fault of theirs to readily adjust themselves to new conditions;
in fact through insects and the other "what-nots" of nature studies, the con-
scientious teacher's burden has become considerably heavier in these later
days.

Here are the insect studies prescribed for Manitoba schools, e.g. :
Grade I. Butterflies and moths. Reference to color, beauty, movements, etc. ;
study of simple life-history of butterfly or moth; preparation for
winter by insects.
Grade II. Observation of habits of the ant, bee, wasp, and grasshopper.
Grade IV. The House moth. The eggs, the larva, the cocoon and pupa, the
imago, the egg; or the study of a wasp in nest making, feeding
young, guarding young, and in winter season.
Grade V. Insect life in relation to the shade trees; aphis, caterpillar and
leaf gall of maple suggested ; rearing mosquitoes and butterflies from
eggs in order to obtain life histories ; recognition of lady-bird beetle
with a view to protecting it. Finding the larvae on trees infested by
aphids; observation of insect life in an old log, a rotten stump, a
sand hill ; incidental observation of insect life.
Grade VI. Interdependence of insects and flowers; special study of grass-
hoppers; finding the eggs, observing young hoppers, and growth of
their wings; the most favorable weather, food how eaten, behaviour
in wet and windy weather, etc.
Grade VII. Cockroach and field insects. Simple classification of insects ac-
cording to character of wing.
Grade VIII. Insects of field, Bee.

This is the outline of insect work for the Manitoba teacher in the Public
Schools, and is like that for Ontario schools, except that it is more specific —
the Ontario outline is expressed in general terms e.g., in Form IV. the work
is life histories of conspicuous and economic insects; organs and functions.

With most teachers, even those who have had advantages of University
training, there has never been an awakening of interest in insect life — life
histories, moths and butterflies, aphids, beetles, larvae, galls, caterpillars,
-cocoon, pupa, imago, egg — such terms mean very little, if anything. They
:are cut off from helping themselves as they may do in other subjects; the
work demands actual personal observation if it is to be rightly presented;
Ithey cannot read ahead of their classes as in history, geography, and arith-
metic and make proper presentation of the subject; it isn't in books, in fact
it needs quite another kind of adjustment, a humiliation, a really putting of

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 53

oneself into the child's position and attitude. This is hard. No other subject
demanded it, the teacher has, in many branches of school work, grown away
from the child's atmosphere, but here it is only by becoming as a little child
that success may be won.

But while the teacher is learning of insects in this way it is slow, and
with the demands of other studies upon him, disheartening; advanced classes
will be demanding greater knowledge than patient independent investigation
could attend to in many years, — the teachers must be helped ; in the multi-
plicity of text-books there is confusion, even if they should be able to secure
them; and many of the books are more hinderance than help on account of
being over technical or too exhaustive ; the school inspectors can very seldom
help much, and without help from books, or superintendent, the teacher
may be unintentionally working harm to a good cause; may in striving for
the same end in nature study as he does in many other subjects — the acquire-
ment of facts — defeat its chief purpose — the development in our boys and
girls of a sympathetic, patient, independent outlook on nature.

The Entomological Society of Ontario and its members can do a great
deal to help on the work — as indeed they have done already.

There should be some means adopted by our Department of Education
whereby articles such as that of Dr. Fletcher's on the Clover Butterfly, pub-
lished... in the Ottawa Field Naturalist, and the articles on economic insects
appearing in our Annual Reports, could be put into the hands of every school
teacher and school inspector in Ontario, and free, it has to he free, and with
clear instructions for adapting the work to the schools. There is a large
field of usefulness for our Canadian Entomologist in offering through the
Department of Education special articles in insect studies suited to our
schools. At the present juncture, since travelling instructors or local cen-
tres of instruction are impracticable, and the University is not helping,
these are the best means I can think of for helping our teachers, and our
boys and girls in a rather puzzling situation.

NOTES ON THE SEASON 1905 (WESTERN QUEBEC).
By Charles Stevenson, Montreal.

Insect collecting this season has been interesting on account of the quan-
tities of several species of butterflies that appeared. But it has been some-
what disappointing in the captures of rare species and varieties.

'In Lepj'loptera our old friends Vanessa atalanta, Linn., huntera, Fab.,
and cardvi, Linn., have been very plentiful; in fact in some localities more
prominent than the common Pontia rapce, Linn., and Eurymus philodice,
Godt., the Albinic variety of the latter being prominent. Over twenty-five
specimens were captured by Messrs. G. Chagnon, E. Denny and myself on
the 28th Sept., in a small patch of ground in Outremont, near Montreal. The
one-time-common Anosia plexippus, Linn., which had almost disappeared last
year, showed up more frequently. A fine fresh specimen was caught as late
as the 3rd Oct., near Montreal.

Owing to the activity of the collectors this year, four separate localities
around Montreal are now known to be frequented by Stenopis thule, Strecker,

Great prominence was brought before the public of Montreal by the rav-
ages of the Tussock moths. Three species were found, Notolophus antiqua,
Linn., Hemerocampa leuco stigma, S. & A., and definita, Pack., leucostigma

I

5i THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

f*in* the most plentiful and antiqua rare. Considerable amusement was given
« the entom logLto by the ridiculous methods adopted by vhe authorities to
Exterminate them, the chief one being to scrape the egg-masses off the trees

and SoodtTk hastecHot by Mr. E. Denny ^^ ^f^l
peciallv in procuring varieties of Apantesis vittata, Fab., and great credt is
Tue to tWsPgentleman for his patience and perseverance in bringing other
lepidoptera larv, to , ma turrty .^ ^ ^ k m the study of Hemiptera^

Messrs' H. H. Lyman, A. E. Norris, and A. E. Wmn have continued
tfcoir studies of the life histories of the Gortynas.

Mr G Chagnon has made a specialty of the BupresUda ^Ceramby-
c^ of the world, and has built up a collection of these msec to which » well
worth seeing At the same time he has not neglected the local fauna of Cole-
ootei 3oe which he has commenced a collection of local Lepidoptera,
Lkin^articulaT interest in the Geometrid*, in which group we hope to see
him ha« > a common in Mr. G. A. Sonthee, who has recently become an
e.thusiastm collector .^^ ^ ^ amQng h

vounRer folk not only in making collections but also m he economic value
anfthe 1 fe histories It the specimens they capture Special mention may be
made of the steady work of Masters G. E. Southee, Arthur Denny, T. S. Eob
inson H G. Eoche, and Eoland Desjardms.

I myself have little to record, owing to my having been severely handi-

^ The following interesting captures may be mentioned : —

±ne luiiuwi x TTilairP Oue 24th May. E. C. Barwick.

S^^WSK Quc/lOth June. Charles Stev-

^iS^U, Mt. Johnson, Que 10th June E Denn (F,0m
which he obtained a batch of eggs, which he ™?^lZ*™£^ ™g mat.
maturity and obtained a splendid series of varieties. ^fXlown cXr-
ing some of the imagoes and got more eggs, which are now full-grown cater

PillaCaLOTa scrutator, Fab., St. John's, Que., 30th July. G. Chagnon.

(TlSHyLna pennsylvanica, Kies, St. Anne de Bellevne, Que., 23rd Jnly. G.

tx ■h-^c.': fast sjmkm

encouragement of the insect-hunting hobby.

1905

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

55

Fig. 22. Cicada : a pupa, b empty shell, e eggs, d slits
made in twig for eggs, c mature Cicada.

^

Fig. 17. Calosoma scrutator, the
Green Caterpillar-hunter beetle.

Fig. 20. A Hawk-moth (Sphinx) caterpillar.

Fig. 21. Prionus laticollis
beetle. „.-.

56 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

FOREST INSECTS.
By Bev. Thomas W. Fyles, D.C.L., F.L.S., Levis, Que.

Insects fall naturally under two heads. — biting insects, Mandibulata,
and sucking insects, Haustellata. To the former belong the borers in the
tree-trunks, the twig-girdlers, and the leaf devourers; to the latter, the Cic-
adas, the scale insects, and the plant lice. It is difficult to tell which of the
two orders is the most hurtful to vegetation. In "God's great army" the
most insignificant corps becomes occasionally by force of numbers, a formid-
able array.

In the summer of 1881, the maples presented a strange appearance.
Their foliage became brown and withered, as if autumn had come before its
time. On examination it was found that countless multitudes of the larvae
of a minute species of moth, Depressaria acerifoliella, had assailed the foliage.

The larva of this species bites disks from the leaves and binds them to-
gether with a silken filament, so constructing a case for itself. It protrudes
its head and forelegs from its case and moves about the leaf, eating away the
fleshy parts*.

In 1893 another remarkable insect attack upon the maples was witnessed ;
nearly every leaf of the trees was drawn out of shape — its edges being fastened
together with a fine web. Within the tent thus formed was a curious brown
case, somewhat in the form of a cornucopia, and snugly ensconsed within the
case was a green larva with an amber-colored head. This truly was one of
the most economical of insects. Longfellow has said: —

"O thou sculptor, painter, poet !
Take this lesson to thy heart:
That is best which lieth nearest,
Shape from it thy work of art."

And this larva had used up its exuviae and excrement in forming a case for
itself — an inner retreat. The leaf was its shelter and store of food; for it fed
upon the parenchyma, and left only the veins and skin. The case was its
stronghold. The name of the insect is Semasia signatana.

Our native insect pests are bad enough ; but the insect foes that we most
dread are the foreigners, for the reason that "it is better to .deal with the
devil you know than the devil you don't know."

The advent of the Larch Saw-fly (Nematus Erichsonii) is an old story
now. This pest destroyed our tamaracs in the eighties, and it

"Still goes marching on."

Mr. A. H. D. Ross, in his excellent article on "The Forest Resources of Lab-
rador Peninsula," tells us that of late years the European Larch Saw-fly has
destroyed most of the larch between Lake St. John and Lake Mistassini, and
the pest is spreading northward.

The Gypsy moth, the Brown-tail moth, and the Leopard moth are new
importations to the country to the south of us.

So great a plague has the Gypsy moth been in Massachusetts that the
Legislature in four years (1890-4) expended f 275,000 in the effort to extermin-
ate it, and had not succeeded; and further appropriations were required.

The larva of the Brown-tail moth is also injurious in Massachusetts, and
as their fine barbed hairs are easily detached and carried in the air, they often
settle upon the passers-by, work their way into the pores of the skin and cause
much suffering. They are greatly to be dreaded.

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 57

The larvae of the Leopard moth are borers. The species has found its
way to New York.

In Canada a very common and mischievous pest is the Forest-tree tent
caterpillar {Clisiocampa disstria). This also nourishes more abundantly some
years than others. In 1899 it and its congener, Clisiocampa Americana, were
so abundant in the Counties of Drummond and Shefford that they stripped
the second growth trees bare. Hordes of them crossing the railway brought
the train to a standstill, the rails having become slippery with crushed larvae.

The larva of C. disstria (the Forest tent caterpillar) can readily be dis-
tinguished from that of C. Americana (the Orchard Tent caterpillar). It has
a blue head, and a row of silvery spots down the back (Fig. 18), while the
other has a black head and a continuous dorsal line (Fig. 19). I consider C.
disstria the worst of the leaf-eating foes of our hardwood trees.

The larvae of Orgyia antiqua and Orgyia leucostigma are handsome but
mischievous. They are beautifully tufted .along the back. (Fig. 4.) Those
of the latter species may be known by their red heads. Both kinds feed upon
a variety of forest trees.

The males of these species are called "Vapourers" because of their jaunty
flight. They skip hither and thither, as Wood says, "like Coelebs in search of
a wife." The females, on the other hand, are most exemplary in their be-
haviour. St. Paul, if he had been an entomologist, would have admired them
greatly — they "go not from house to house/' they stay at home and mind
their own affairs. They remain upon the cocoons, from which they crept. There
they await their mates; there they lay their eggs; and there they die. But
we must not give them too much credit for their domestic virtues. They are
aided by the force of circumstances in conducting themselves well — they have
ouly rudimentary wings. (Fig. 7.)

There are a number of large moths, the larvae of which under peculiar
circumstances might become injurious to forest trees. Their very size makes
them formidable. (Fig. 20.) The larvae of the Hawk-moths, Sphinx chersis
and Sphinx kalmioj, feed upon the ash, though I frequently find them on the
lilac. This is not surprising, for both the lilac and the ash belong to the same
family of plants, the Oleaceae, of which the olive tree is the type.

The larva of Ellema coniferarum feeds upon the pine. I wish the species
were a little more common, for I have only met with one specimen in many
years.

The larvae of Ceratomia amyntor feed upon the elm. They have four
prominent horns on their shoulders ; and Harris on this account gave them the
name of Quadricomis . There are peculiarities in the form and habits of this
species that are well worth notice.

It will be remembered that the leaves of the elm on the under side are
strongly and regularly ribbed, and that they are often curled over on one side
in a roll. The Amyntor caterpillars are of the same color as the leaf, and
along the sides have seven oblique, raised, rough lines. They lie extended
alons: the edge of the leaf, and in that position very closely resemble the roll
of the leaves near them. Nor is this all. In the autumn the leaves of the
elm become rusty brown in colour, and that the resemblance to the leaves may
be maintained, the caterpillars become of the same hue. They afford in this
a rmarkable instance of what is called Mimetic Analogy.

The Jarva of that stately mo+h, Triptogon modesta, feeds upon the pop-
lar, and that of Cressonia juglandis upon the black walnut, the butternut and
the hiokory.

Upon a variety of forest trees, the larvae of those magnificent Saturn-
ians, Attacus cecropia (the largest of our moths), and Telea polyphemus are

58

THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

to be found, whilst those of Actios luna (the most beautiful) feed upon the
butternut, and those of Hyperchiria lo upon the elm, the basswood and the
balsam-poplar. The last-named larvae are set with stinging spines.

In ^he West the larva of that splendid moth, Eacles imperiahs, feeds
upon the white pine; and the larva of Ciiheronia regalis, which has ^ many
horns as the Beast in the Apocalypse, and is locally known as the Hickory
Horned Devil," feeds upon the black walnut, butternut, hickory, etc. I have
never heard! however, that the caterpillars of these very large insects have

done much damage. . ,, ,

Of insects that injure the roots of the trees, these are remarkable —
The White Grub: This is the larva of the May Beetle, Lachnosterna
iusca (Fig 6.) The grubs of this species are very general feeders upon the
roots of plants They are said to be injurious to young pines and tainaracs.
A formidable fito the poplar, basswood and oak is *W« "»>
the Bror'd-necked Sawyer which bores into the roots, of trees. As it works
underground its ravages are not easily detected, (.nig. -si.;

But of the underground insect foes of the forest trees the Cicadas are I
think the wbrst. Happily this part of Canada is out of the range °\TiUcen
tpkndel™ "hich spenls seventeen years at the roots of -es rmbibmg a
the very founts of vegetable life. But Cicada caniculans is very abundant
with us If you go into the woods in autumn you will hear the shrill sound
produced by theif little tambours or side drums, which vibrate, as the boys
say "for aH they are worth." We have another species, TiUcen nmosa, but

* 1S TBhe h" Tffc&U. are interesting. The females -t grooves in the
twigs of their favorite trees, and in each groove lay a row of eggs. The eggs
slem tb be nourished by the sap in the twigs, for they become enlarged, lhe
thatched larva, drop to t|e ground and burrow till they reach ^e r £
of the trees. Into these they drive their beaks, and then, for three years, live
by suction upon the sap. At the end of that time they work their way out^of
the earth climb for a short distance up the trees, and then writhe and twist
S the r 'skiZourst down the back. Out of the rent, m -ery case creeps a
perfect insect, drawing its legs out of their former enclosures as out of boots,
fn about ten minutes^ havf watched the process) the air t- penetrated o
every part of the insect's body, its wing, have been shaken out ; of p ait into
their full dimensions, and the creature is ready for flight (*W-f *• >

If vou ask me what should be done to check the Cicadas, well, I know
what I should do as regards the orchard the -gar-bush and ^enclosed
woods. I should in the autumn turn a herd of swine into them, lhe as maU
would not only eat the windfall apples, the acorns and beech-mast and fungi,
they would grub about the roots of the trees, and devour the ^ immature Cc-
adas, the White Grubs, and the pup* of many kinds of flies, beetles and
moths. I have seen the experiment tried, and the pigs throve

But a part of my subject of more interest to lumbermen is that_ relating
tc the "Borers" — and truly their name is legion.

A number of beetles belonging to the family Buprestidae bore in the pine.
Two splendid beetles of this family are Chalcophora \irgintensis and Chalco-
ihorafortis^ ^ ^ and kandsomest 0f our Buprestidas and, perhaps,

as regards our collections, the rarest. Mr. H. Hague Har nngton speaks^ of it
as rafe at Ottawa, and I never met with it at Montreal, nor m the Eastern
Townships; but one day I was walking under ^ cliff at Hadlow on tbe
south side of the river, when I found specimens of ^* ^^^nd £e £
fortis. There were no trees near in which they could have bred, and the in

1905

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

59

sects were fresh, and perfect. The- discovery was a marvel to me till, on look-
ing to the river side, I saw, stranded, a crib of pine timber; and then the
mystery was solved. This incident shows how easily insects may be spread
over the country.

There is a beetle called M onohammus titillator. (Fig. 23.) This beetle
and its congener, Monohammus scutellatus (Fig. 24) make damaging tunnels
in the trunks of the pine ; and they sometimes turn up unexpectedly in places
far from their native forest.

Fig. 24. Monohammus scu-
tellatus. Fig. 25- Plagionotus

speciosus, Maple-tree
borer.

Fig. 23. Monohamus titillator, Pine-
borer beetle.

The larva of Plagionotus speciosus (Fig. 25) is a borer in the maple.
That of the fine beetle Saperda calcarata bores in the poplar. The Apple-tree
borer, Saperda Candida (Fig 26) works also in the American mountain ash
and the thorn. The larvae of Saperda vestita, Saperda tridentata and Cyllene
pictus bore respectively in the basswood, the elm and the cedar (Thuja occi-
dentalis).

Time would fail me to enumerate the small beetles which mine between
the bark and the white wood, and which at times do much harm — volumes
might be written upon them.

& c

Fig. 26. Saperda Candida, Apple-tree borer : a grub,
b pupa, c^ beetle.

But I must not pass over the more important of the Lepidopterous and
Hymenopterous borers. Of the former we have remarkable instances; in
Cossus Centerensis, which bores in the poplar (Fig. 27) ; in Prionoxystus rob-
mioB, which, as its name implies1 bores in the locust, or false acacia ; and in
Prionoxystus Macmurtrei, which Mr. A. F. Winn has found upon oaks on
Mount Royal.

60

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

The larva of several species of Ciear-wing moths are borers ; Sesia acerni
in the soft maple, Sesia pictipes in the wild cherry, Pseudohazis denudata in
the ash.

The Horn-tail, Tremex columba, or Pigeon Tremex (Fig 28), is a creature
of formidable appearance. It has a stout acuform, but hollow, ovipositor
which extends in its sheath from the middle of the underside of the abdomen
to a length of half an inch beyond the body. The Tremex drives this instru-
ment through the bark and into the soft wood of the tree (which is usually a
maple or a beech), and then, by muscular action, it passes its eggs through the
oviposifor to the end of the wound it has made. The Tremex is, in many in-
stances, so exhausted in the process that it has not strength to withdraw its
ovipositor, and perishes at its post.

As soon as the young larvae are hatched they begin to tunnel in different
directions, enlarging their passages as they grow.

Other Horn-tails of like habits to the Tremex are Sirex albicornis, Sirex
flavicornis, and Paururus cyaneus, and these assail the pine.

Fig. 27.
chrysalis.

Wood-boring caterpillar (Cossus) and

Fig. 28. Pigeon Tremex
Horn-tail borer.

It must not be supposed that nature has left these borers to multiply and
work their will without a check. If she had, the forests would have disap-
peared long ago. No — a number of formidable Ichneumon flies, with yet
longer ovipositors, are engaged in reducing the hosts of the enemies.

Indeed every kind of destructive insect has its foes. Insectivorous birds
and predaceous insects, under ordinary circumstances, keep the spoilers within
bounds. And man may give his assistance to nature to the same end. For
instance, he can preserve the woodpeckers and the soft-billed birds. The
man who would shoot a woodpecker ought to be ostracized. I wish I could
hear more frequently the hearty laughing call of that noble bird the Bonneted
Woodpecker, Picus pileus. Alas, its beauty has been to it a "fatal gift." It
has drawn the attention of the fowler.

There should be a law forbidding juveniles to carry guns. There is this
to be said, these gun-bearing boys lessen their own numbers. Many a young
rascal will go into the woods and think he has done a clever thing if he has
brought down a Wakeup or a Tom-tit.

When a tree is found with Horn-tails affixed in the position I have men-
tioned, it may be known that that tree is doomed; it should be felled and
split up for stove-wood.

The proper and timelv burning of brush-piles will do much to lessen the
numbers of insects. Brush should be burned, not when the ground is covered
with dry herbage and dead leaves, but when vegetation is lush and green, and
then the fire and smoke would destroy their thousands of insect pests.

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 61

In Europe in former days foresters were men of standing and import-
ance. It seems to me that it would be a good thing if our Government would
appoint in every county in which lumbering operations are being carried on
and settlements made, Government foresters, intelligent men of high charac-
ter, allowing them such assistance as might be required. Their duties
should be to preserve the game, destroy the wolves, regulate the burning of
the debris of the lumber camps and clearings, see to the due observance of
forest laws, and generally to conserve woodland interests.

I think that such officers would have many important duties to perform
and that their life would be full of interest and attraction.

THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE CANADIAN

ENTOMOLOGIST.

Eev. Thomas W. Fyles, D.C.L., F.L.S., Levis, Quebec.

The youthful entomologist m England, in the forties and fifties of last
century, was a privileged person — he enjoyed many advantages. Kirby
and Spence were both living in the earlier half of the period mentioned.
Kirby died on the 4th of July, 1850. In 1856 Spence brought out a cheap
edition of the "Introduction to Entomology," and, in four years, 10,000
copies of the work were sold. This work did more than any other to popu-
larize the study of entomology.

Those were the days of Newman, Stainton, Waterhouse, Douglas, West-
wood, Morris, Wollaston, Wilkinson, and other lights. Van Voorst was
publishing works on Natural History. Newman was carrying on the "Zoo-
logist," and Stainton the "Weekly Intelligencer." There was an abun-
dance of cheap yet valuable literature for the rising entomologist.

The comparatively small extent of the British Islands brought the
number of species — say of the Lepidoptera — within the mental grasp of
the diligent student. How different is it with us now, on this vast continent
of North America ! A crown-octavo volume of 723 pages is now required,
for a mere list of the Lepidoptera with its index.

England in those days was a very paradise for entomologists. The
plantations and hazel-copses for the preservation of the game, the open
woods of —

.... "tall ancestral trees

O'er all the pleasant land,"

the withy-gores, the fens, the moors were all famous hunting-grounds.

It was a privilege to take part in an '/outing" at some appointed place.
To wander along the forest paths alive with Marbled Whites and Silver-
washed Fritillaries, till the waving nets shewed the spot where the Entomol-
ogists were gathered together. The excitement of the chase, the refection
in the shade of the trees, the pleasant conversation, the comparison o*f
captures, were things to be remembered. So were the multitudinous voices
of the birds that made the woodland ring. England is rich in song-birds;
and linnets, goldfinches, bulfinches, yellowhammers, black-caps, white-
throats, robins, blackbirds, thrushes, and others, seemed to greet the wood-
land visitors in one full tide of song.

62 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

I remember an effusion that I sent to the ' 'Weekly Intelligencer," after
such an outing. It ran: —

"Come to the wild woods, come away,
Now the sun is bright in the month of May.
And the mated birds, in boist'rous glee,
Fill the wide heavens with harmony;
Now the breezes shake the hyacinth bells,
And the pale anemone whitens the dells,
And young leaves whisper soothingly,
And all is joy and light and love —
For the azure heaven is smiling above,
And the green earth laughs for sympathy.
Come where the Hair-streak* nutters by
Like a living leaf ; where the butterfly f
Whose snowy wings are dash'd with green,
And with rich orange tipp'd, is seen;
Where the Chequer'd Skipper,t as you tread.
Springs lightly from his grassy bed;
And Clouded-border Moths § unfold
Their tender wings of speckled gold;
Where Fuciformis quivers round
The stems with honeysuckle bound;
And, like a fragment from the sky,
Sweet Alexis gambols by;
Where Falcula, whose hooked wings
Have eye-like spots, to the birch leaf clings-,
While near it, where the catkins play,
Papilionaria larvae stray,
Mid forms like their own safe to be
From prowling Ichneumonidce,
From the busy tit that twitters near,
And other foes they have to fear.
Oh, come to the wild woods, come away,
Now the sun is bright, in the month of May !
Come, for a thousand sights shall cheer
Your eye — a thousand sounds your ear!"

In Canada the brethren of the net are too widely scattered, the claims
of business are too urgent, the mosquitoes too troublesome for such gather-
ings to be very frequent, very numerously attended, or very thoroughly
enjoyable.

But, notwithstanding, the sugar-woods, the intervales, the neglected
bottom lands of this country, the orchards, where the owners are better
farmers than fruit growers, are all fine hunting-grounds.

On the 16th of August I discovered an undrained hollow in which was
a thick growth of dwarf willows, sedges and flags. It was richly bordered
with asters, Joe.Pye Weed and Golden Rod, in full bloom. The multitude
of insects clustering about the flower heads was truly astonishing. The
Painted Ladies were much in evidence. Pamphila Manit&ba was there;
and there was a great show of Humble-bees, wasps, ichneumons, dragon-
flies, flower-flies, etc. I spent a very profitable hour amongst them.

Bombyces were scarce in the collections of former days. We have an
advantage now that was undreamed of when I was a boy, viz., the electric
light. Many of the gems of our collections have been taken at this light.
So late as the beginning of this month (October, 1905), I was passing by a
warehouse on the Louise embankment late at night, when I saw, .under an
arc-light, a fine specimen of Lophodonta ferruginea, Pack, and one of
Charadra deridens, Gn. I had no cyanide bottle, nor chip boxes, with me;

•Thecla ruoi. XThymele alveolus.

lAnthocharis cardamines. iVenilia maculata.

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 63

but the specimens were near together; and I swept them into my hat, and
clapt it quickly upon my head. They were fidgety for a while, but soon
quieted down and went to sleep ; and on reaching home I transferred them to
the cyanide-bottle.

Speaking of the cyanide-bottle : how great an improvement its use is to
the old method of killing insects. Many a man, in the days I have spoken
of, fixed a sheet of cork in the crown of his hat, and a supply of pins in the
lapels of his coat; nipped his captures smartly under the wings with the tips
of his thumb and fore-finger ; pinned them ready for setting, and then stowed
them away in his hat.

My own plan was to carry a small vial of chloroform and a few pieces of
twine about two inches long in my vest pocket, and a few nests of chip-boxes
in a special pocket of my coat. When I had boxed a specimen 1 slipped in
one of the pieces of twine wet with the chloroform, to send it to sleep ; and
when I reached home I gave it its final quietus by piercing it under the
wings with a steel pen dipped in a solution of oxalic acid. I found this a
good plan, and I often make use of it still.

Before the cyanide-bottle was fairly established, men tried various ex-
pedients,— bruised laurel-leaves, formic acid, etc. One entomologist advo-
cated, in doggerel verse, a new agent: —

"An agent nothing can surpass,
Will insects instant kill,
For preservation, too, as well,
This wondrous agent let me tell, —
Five drops, or ten, of nothing but
Essential oil of cajeput."

W. H.

There are many advantages now open to the Canadian entomologist, for
which he may consider himself highly favored. There is the great advan-
tage of having so able and obliging a scientist as Dr. James Fletcher of the
Department of Agriculture, to consult in his difficulties — one from whom he
may feel sure of receiving a courteous reply to his enquiries, and valuable
information.

Again, the privilege is open to him of membership in the Entomological
Society of Ontario, either directly with the parent stem, or through one of
its branches. And in this connection, I congratulate Professor Sherman and
the members of the newly-formed Branch in Guelph. One of the helps they
will receive in their studies will be the receipt monthly of the Canadian
Entomologist, a publication in which Dr. Charles J. S. Bethune has built,
and is still building — and long may he continue to build — a monument that
will preserve his name as long as entomologists shall be found in Canada —
which I trust will be till the end of time.

The annual meetings of the Society present opportunities to be highly
prized. "Like as iron sharpeneth iron, so doth the countenance of a man his
friend;'' and we cannot attend the meetings of this Society without feeling
encouraged and stimulated.

A meeting that will be remembered with special pleasure is this pre-
sent gathering. The noble institution in which we are assembled, and its
beautiful surroundings; the kindness of Principal Creelman and the mem-
bers of his staff; the presence with us of Professor J. B. Smith; his wonder-
ful description of the mosquito and its habits, so beautifully illustrated, will
all afford us delightful reflections.

64 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

Who amongst us has not known Professor Smith by his works? It is
good, now, to look upon his face, and listen to his voice, and feel the warm
grasp of his hand.

I made the acquaintance of the mosquito years ago, off Anticosti. I
saw the little brute alight upon my hand, and I watched it swell and change
color from grey to crimson, with some amusement; but the results taught
me that such pleasures could not be indulged in with impunity. Neverthe-
less, as I listened to Professor Smith last night, I almost longed to be wad-
ing knee-deep in those delightful swamps he showed us, and assisting those
worthy fellows who were bagging the peddlers of malaria and yellow fever.

Lastly, what advantages the modern student has in the number of ad-
mirable works, upon every branch of entomology, that have appeared of late
years. Among them are Harris's Insects Injurious to Vegetation, Packard's
Guide, Saunders' Insects Injurious to Fruits, Smith's Insects of New Jer-
sey, Ashmead's Proctotrypidae, Holland's Butterfly and Moth Books, How-
ard's Insect Book, Edwards' and Scudder's respective works, the valuable
series of Bulletins issued from Washington, Albany, and other points of ob-
servation, not omitting Ottawa.

May the Entomological Society of Ontario flourish ! May its new
Branch, the Guelph Branch, bourgeon, and blossom, and bring forth fruit
to the benefit of the general community, and for many a day !

OETHOPTEEA AND ODONATA FKOM ALGONQUIN PAEK, ONT.
By E. M. Walker, B.A., M.B., Toronto.

The following list of Orthoptera and Odonata is based chiefly upon col-
lections made by the writer during two canoe trips in Algonquin Park, and
the vicinity of Dwight, a few miles to the south-west of the Park limits.
The first trip was made during the second and third weeks of August, 1902,
while the second occupied the latter half of the same month in 1903. To
the list of Odonata are added the names of a number of species taken by
Prof. John Macoun in July, 1900, and also those of many specimens, especi-
ally nymph exuviae, collected by Mr. Paul Hahn during August, 1904.

I wish to express my thanks to Prof. J. G. Needham for his kindness in
determining some of the more difficult species of Odonata.

As August is rather late for most Dragonflies, although it is the height
of the season for Orthoptera, the list of the former is by no means a repre-
sentative one, but will give some idea of the dragonfly fauna of the region.
It probably contains less than two-thirds of the number of species native to
the district, whereas the list of Orthoptera doubtless includes more than
three-fourths of the total number of species to be found there.

The country traversed is an ideal one for dragonflies, abounding in lakes
and streams, which vary in their course from the most placid weed-^rown
reaches to the swiftest rapid. The north branch of the Muskoka River,
which was our chief highway in both trips, is a very characteristic stream.
In some parts of its course its surface is perfectly smooth for miles at a
stretch, the shore low and fringed with alders, with a background of

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 65

luxuriant balsams and spruce; in the other parts there are rocky, turbulent
rapids, and the banks are much higher with a much more varied vegetation.
In other places, again, the rapids are smoother and shallower, with gravelly
bottoms, and there are steep sandbanks on either side. Each kind of locality
has its peculiar species of dragonflies, more species apparently being found
about the gentle rapids than elsewhere.

Algonquin Park, which covers an area of about 1,600 square miles just
north of the Muskoka District, lies at the extreme northern limits of the
Transition life zone as it passes into the Boreal zone. Many forms of plant
and animal life found within its limits do not belong to the Boreal zone in
a restricted sense, but on the whole the flora and fauna are of a Boreal type.
In the partly cleared and cultivated country in the vicinity of Dwight, lying
to the south-west of the Park limits, several species of insects belonging to
the Transition and Austral zones were met with, which did not appear
within the Park limits. Among these are the following Orthoptera :

Spharagemon Bolli, Scudd. A single male of average size was taken
at Dwight. This locust belongs to the Austral and warmer parts of the
Transition zones, and becomes smaller in the northern part of its range. It
is abundant and of large size in the Austral strip along Lake Erie, but be-
comes smaller and scarcer at Sarnia and Toronto, north of which I have
never before taken it, except a single female from Peterboro' County.

Mecostethus linefitus, Scudd. This species was found among the sedge
bordering a small lake in a brule near Dwight. It belongs to the Transition
and northern parts of the Upper Austral zones, and is replaced in the Boreal
by its ally, M. gracilis, Scudd., whose range in Ontario overlaps that of
lineatus considerably, as it extends southward to the watershed between
Lake Simcoe and Lake Ontario. M. gracilis was not found in the Park, but
doubtless occurs there.

Orchelimum vulgare, Harr. This grasshopper was found in small num-
bers in the fields about Dwight, but did not appear in the Park, nor could
I find it at North Bay, Lake Nipissing, in September, 1900, although the
proper surroundings apart from the northern latitude were apparently often
met with. This species and Conocephalus ensiger, Harr., are enumerated by
Scudder among the Alpine Orthoptera of the White Mountains (Appalachia,
VIII., No. IV., p. 19). Their range seems to stop short of the Boreal zone
in Ontario and I found the same to be true in Quebec.

Scudderia furcata, Brunn. A single male was taken near Dwight. It
ranges at least as far north as Lake Nipissing, but I doubt its being a truly
Boreal form. It is much commoner southwards.

Except the above species, all of which were taken near Dwight, outside
the Park limits, and possibly another (Nemobius palustris, Bl.), whose
range is not yet well enough known, all the Orthoptera in the list are in-
habitants of the Boreal zone. N. palustris has elsewhere been taken only in
the peat bogs of Northern Indiana, where several northern Orthoptera occur.

Of the Odonata, the comparatively large number of Cordulinse, despite
the fact that their season was practically over, testifies to the Boreal charac-
ter of the dragonfly fauna. Most of these Cordulinse are represented by
nymphal exuviae only. But one dragonfly, Celithemis elisa, Hagen, taken
near Dwight, did not appear within the Park limits. I have never before
seen it so far north. It is fairly common in the Austral and lower part of
the Transition zones in Ontario.

The absence of Libellulce I do not regard as significant of anything but
the rather late season in which most of the collecting was done, and the char-
acter of the bodies of water met with.

5 ENTO.

66 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

Orthoptera.
Acridiidse. —

fte status (W-8^^t^S^^^ ^
^^^^M-b^SSSogh a hardwood forest, August

20, 1902. . A „lirnw nf long-winged examples taken

from3a ss o?s tss, Asi^w^-i-. on sandy j

8011 ? jJSS^SSTH^rinnn.t™ specie were found on .

iow rsiis^ct^r^r- c™ » ^ drier Parts of 0Pen

woods. , , *• • /Tiorr ^> Vptv abundant in low places wher-

6. Stenobothrus curtipennis (Harr.). very aouuuau

ever long grass occurred f d fl { about the

7. Mecostethus lineatus (bcudd.). # A ^ lew we*e „

sedge bordering a small lake ^(^^^^^s were found on
8 Chortophaga vvndifasciata (De Ueer;. xouug uj F

^ raJSfJftffir^Sid.). Common everywhere in dry, open places

in %™£to^ci6:CaS\l.). Common about Dwight and occasionally

86611 & twSit S/ Scudd. One male from a dry, grassy hillside

at 15?SS£g?4tJ2L (Kirby). Common in clearings in the Park

«* S.S£:jS&n ^ten^ods ATheTp0encimensTrye
SSEt£«t:5Xt 1900, Ld approach

the race variegata more closely. . , . • s found in consider-

14. Melanoplus Bruneri, bcudd. 1 his "P^?. , Th were fovmd

one male. August 10 1903, many ^cbmm. losel alUed specie8

in Jtri r^ sriS'szS^S. ^ * ^w **

iC°- In my List of Ontario ^^^™£ 5 ^clm^s J£2£
as Br«ne(ri from a single male, but in ISOd s '™ Scudder's types of Brun-
and I have since been able to compare them ^ hc^™ yp ^ .
en. In these the pronotum is 8l^ »»Xt" cUon does not° hold good

,ke ;f«iS. ■"»«» (Kile?)- ai>™j-.' » ">• •"» '»dr c°'"""

with P. glacialis canadensis.

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 67

17. Melanoplus fasciatus (Walk.). A few were taken in open woods at
Whisky Falls, North River, and it was occasionally met with elsewhere, but
not commonly.

18. Melanoplus femur-rubrum (De G.). Common in open, grassy clear-
ings and in open marshes.

19. Melanoplus luridus (Dodge). Abundant on dry hillsides and scrubby
fields, on sandy soil near Dwight, and occasionally seen in clearings in the
Park.

There seems to be no doubt that M . collinus, Scudd, and luridus are
synonymous.

20. Melanoplus bivittatus femoratus (Burm.). Common everywhere in
rank grass in low places.

Locustidae. —

21. Scudderia furcata, Brunn. Dwight, August 23, 1903, one male.

22. Scudderia pistillata, Brunn. Common on bushes in open woods in
the Park. Our most characteristically Boreal Locustid.

23. OrcUelimum vulgar 'e, Harr. A single male was taken and a few
others heard shrilling in clumps of tall grass in fields about Dwight.

24. Xiphidium fasciatum (De G.). Very common in open, grassy places
everywhere.

25. Xiphidium brevipenne, Scudd. In rank grassy places, not very
common. None were found at North Bay.

26. Ceuthophilus pallidipes. Walk. A great deal of careful searching
was done for Ceuthophili, but not a single individual was found during the
first canoe trip. On August 20, 1903, however, a nearly full-grown male of
this species was found under a rotten log at Ragged Lake. A few very
young Ceuthophili were also observed beneath stones beside a lumber road.
Gryllidae. —

27. Gryllus pennsylv aniens , Burm. This species occurred sparingly
throughout the Park.

28. Gryllus abbreviatus, Serv. Small-sized specimens were common in
the fields about Dwight. I am still doubtful about the separation of these
small northern individuals from pennsylv aniens , but they seem to pass
through every gradation into the typical large abbreviatus of the Austral
zone.

29. Nemobius fasciatus (De G.). Common everywhere in open grassy
places. The small black variety, abortivus Caudell, was often met with in
the Park.

30. Nemobius augusticollis, Walk. This species, by an oversight, was
not collected, but its shrilling, which is easily recognizable when once
known, was often heard along the banks of the North River. Unless abund-
ant, it is very difficult to find. It is a common northern species.

31. Nemobius palustris, Bl. On August 18, 1903, I found this little
cricket in considerable numbers in a floating sphagnum bog at the mouth
of a creek flowing into Ragged Lake. (See Can. Ent. XXVI., 1904, 185.)
It was the only Orthopterous insect found in the bog, except a few Melano-
plus fe(tnur-rubrum in the more solid parts.

32. (Ecanthus fasciatus, Fitch. Common on bushes and tall herbaceous
plants in open places.

Odonata.
Zygoptera. —

Calopterygidae . —

1. Calopteryx maculata (Beauv.). Common on the river, flying along
the shore amid the luxuriant vegetation.

6S THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

2 Calopteryx aequabilis, Say. In 1902 I saw four or five of this n>ecte.

tad 25th, 1900. They are probably much commoner at that 8eaSon.

tte^cZoener, Hagen. Common in open woods and ^shes

4. Lestes uncata, Kirby. A single male from the North Ewer, dated

AUg5S1 ' SkUforcivata, Rambur. Two males from the North River, August

13' t&r+Z****,^ ^reh^tyin1:

Tnto Sa£sd il£ ThV^TaToclfed with Ischnura verttcalu and ten-

^S^rit^HaS'Trumber of specimens were taken by Mr.
HahnflrJuTy^Th^o list! ,1903, and 1904. I have also a badly broken

-tffSaB1 RT^aLTsmoke Lake, August

17' Tinallagma Hageni (Walsh). Very common in open marshes and fly-
inff over the river in the smooth parts. Tr^r,

lakes and streams.
Anisoptera. —

settling on the exposed PeDDles- _ j all somewhat worn, were

14. H«?en^ breW*2/Z«, belys. J0™™3' Hahn with one sweep of
captured along the river. Two were ^en *y f ^ Hah n wit ^ ^

the net while flying over the wa^r, August^, m«. 1903 Jn

S&SSttSSS^^ -t fcS on the rois on the shore of
Oxtongue Lake, August 10, 1903. Gomphine was fairly

15' ^^T ™1&S^ ^ &t to a*proach and °nly °ne

numerous locally over rapiuj.. * J

male was taken (August 10 1»^- f ]e was captured on the river

16. Go^s brevn ^^ f^ few minutes afterwards a male, also
at Whisky Falls, Augnrt 20, 1903, a nd a tew m gking ^ ^^ ^

worn, was taken at nearly t^ same *Pot ^f Ragged Lake,
the logs of a Vmbe/r7-? ^set This nymph skin was found on the timber
.HdeS S5 Lalf 'sSSi other's weVfound by Mr. Hahn on a log hut
at the edge of Smoke Lake. striking species was common on

18. *^*^J^\^3£ was 'a considerable current

Swhe?: ttit S4 »-- aa-fe-ns'.^as

Xt e^ynrLJ^mSfa"£S to another spot. They would

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 69

sometimes alight on the canoe. Only one female was taken, but quite a
number of males.

19. Gomphus plagiatus, Selys. A nymphal skin was found on a muddy
part of the river shore just below a rapid.

20. Bpyeria vinosa (Say). This was the most abundant of all the larger
dragonflies along the river, hut was never seen away from the water. It was
most common on the smoother parts and had the curious habit of following
the canoe, sometimes hovering close to the gunwale. A few nymphal skins
were found by Mr. Hahn.

21. JEschna constricta, Say. A male was taken on Little Joe Creek,
August 29, 1902, a pair from the North Eiver, August 14, 1903, and a few
females at Dwight, August 23, 1903. Much less common than the next
species.

22. /Eschna clepsydra, Say. The commonest JEschna in this locality;
plentiful in openings in the coniferous woods, frequently settling on the
trunks and branches of the spruce trees and balsams. A female Was taken
while ovipositing. She was resting on the edge of the shore with the end of
the abdomen immersed in the water among a few aquatic plants.

23. JEschna verticalis, Hagen. Associated with the preceding, but
apparently less numerous. A number of ^Eschna exuviae were found by
Mr. Hahn, but it is not known to what species they belong.

Libellulidae. —

24. Macromia Illinoiensis , Walsh. A nymphal skin was found by Mr.
Hahn. The imagoes were occasionally seen patrolling the river, but would
swoop past the canoe and disappear so quickly that it was quite useless to
attempt their capture.

25. Didymops transversa (Say). A nymphal exuvia was found on the
rocky shore of Oxtongue Lake, some yards from the water. Several others
were found by Mr. Hahn along the river.

26. Neurocordulia (sp.). About a dozen exuviae were found upon the
side of a timber slide at the upper end of Ragged Lake, August 17, 1903.
They were mostly from two to four feet from the ground, of which there was
a narrow strip between the timber slide and the water. Another was found
by Mr. Hahn at Canoe Lake.

Prof. Needham, to whom I sent one of the skins, says they do not belong
to TV. obsoleta (Say), the only species of Neurocordulia which has been bred,
and may be N. YamasJcanensis (Pro.), which occurs in Quebec.

27. Epicordulia princeps, Hagen. A single nymphal exuvia was found
by Mr. Hahn.

28. Tetragoneuria semiaquea, Burm. One male taken by Prof. Ma-
coun, July 6, 1900. I found the exuviae in considerable numbers on the tim-
bers of a log hut at the lower end of Smoke Lake. The hut was built on the
shore of a shallow bay connected with the main body of the lake by a rather
narrow passage. The bay was full of pond-weed (Brasenia peltata), and
other aquatic plants and was doubtless a fine breeding-ground for Odonata.
Skins of Helocordulia Uhleri and Gomphus exilis were also found on the hut.

29. Tetragoneuria cynosura (Say). Skins of this species, according to
the distinctions given by Prof. Needham, were also found.

30. Tetragoneuria spinigera (Selys). Two exuvia of this genus with the
lateral spines of the ninth segment considerably more divergent than the
others probably belong here.

31 Helocordulia UMeri (Selys). Two exuviae taken from the log hut on
Smoke Lake and a number from Canoe Lake.

70

THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

32. Samatochlora elongata, ' Scudd. Two males were taken one at the
mar«nv hav at the lower end of Smoke Lake, August 17, 1903, the other
rroma" lumber road which runs through the woods close to the North River
August 20, 1903. Many others were seen flying oyer the river and in the
woods but they are almost hopeless to catch, as they fly very high.

33 SoLLhlora forcipata (Scudd.). A male of this rare species was
taken by Prof. Macoun, July 15, 1900. .

34. Cordulia Shurtleffi, Scudd. A single nymphal skin was found by
Mr Hahn upon a boat-house on Canoe Lake, August 15, 1904.

35 CeZit/iemu eZisa (Hagen). A single fresh male was captured at
Dwight by Mr. Hahn, August 23, 1903. «„„._„

36. Leucoshinia frigida (Hagen). Two females, taken by Prof. Macoun

at C3f tS^JLm^ageB). Yery common at Dwight on Septem-
ber 2 1902, and in the cranberry bog at Ragged Lake. Also seen occasion-
ally in other marshy places. Many of the specimens seen were .teneraL,.

38. Sympetrum semicinctum (Say). Pour males and one female taken
by Prof. Macoun, July 23 and 25, 1900. Three of these are labelled ( Catfish
Lake. I found them quite numerous at one spot on the upper end of Ragged
Lake near the timber slide (August 17, 1903). I also saw one on Little Joe

Cr6l9. gg££ 5*£JSL. (Say). Very abundant everywhere. A

number were taken by Prof. Macoun in July. Q„orT7WT,P7.P T took

40. Sympetrum obtrusum (Hagen). Very common everywhere 1 took

more examples of this species than the preceding, but in Prof. Macoun s

flprip«s tTiPTp are more of rubicundulum. T -, r

41 LadonaTulia, Uhler. A male was taken by Prof. Macoun, July 5,

1900.

BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN CANADA, 1904.
By Mrs. Nicholl, Bridgend, South Wales.

I will not weary you with a long account of my last year's collection of
butterflies, becIuseVe insects that I brought home do not represent, even
tolerably, the Lepidoptera of British Columbia south-west

I hone to return there next summer and to collect in the soutn west

sometimes known as the Rattlesnake Belt, comprising the district wrath ot
Lake OkanSan and Arrow Lake, is perhaps the extreme northern limit of
many southeL species-which would be met with in typ-al perfecti on south
of the boundary line. Arriving at Montreal May 22nd, I went direct to

p.b H,«yI had ,h. p.™. o<^ oT;i7s-:rL,,ha,S

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 71

agreeably, and was much interested by Mr. Wolley Dod's fine collection of
local moths and butterflies. But the weather was unfavorable, and I caught
very few insects. I failed to get the local prize, Chionobas ((Eneis) Alberta,
which has, of late years, become very scarce. It formerly swarmed all
around Calgary. I took Ch. varuna, E. discoidalis, and a few other insects.
My next halt was at Banff, where I had a fine day and secured good speci-
mens of Brenthis Freija and B. frigga, besides one solitary Euchloe creusa
which I never met with anywhere else. I also got a last ragged straggler of
Thecla eryphon high up among the pines.

June 4th found me at Victoria, where I remained for two days, and had
rather indifferent weather. I here took Papilio eurymedon, P. rutulus, and
Basilarchia Lorquinii, besides a few less remarkable butterflies. The woods
swarmed with Cyaniris pseudargiolus. I took a great number, but all much
rubbed.

June 7th, I went to pay a visit at a ranch on the mainland two miles
north of the boundary line and about three miles from the sea. Here, again,
weather was indifferent, but I was lucky enough to take Parnassius clodius,
Papilio zolicaon (the only one I ever met with), and Phyciodes pratensis var
Orseis.

Taking the C.P.R. eastwards from New Westminster, I went to Sica-
mous, and thence by rail and steamer down the hundred-mile-long Lake
Okanagan to Penticton, where I came into the "dry belt," and found glori-
ous weather. South of the Okanagan, Arrow and Kootenay Lakes, I spent
the remainder of June, and caught a great many butterflies; of which the
best is Erebia Yidleri — hitherto supposed to be peculiar to Mt. Cheam, on
the Eraser — appearing in August. I did not know what it was when I took
it in the valley of the Upper Keremeos, about twenty miles south-west of
Penticton and over one hundred miles south-east from Mt. Cheam, at an ele-
vation of 4,000 feet, in mid-June.

Holland does not mention the species at all, and I did not appreciate my
good fortune and wait for the female to appear, as I expected to find it again
elsewhere. In the Upper Keremeos I also took Chrys, zeroe, Lycsena sagit-
tigera, and one ragged specimen of Thecla spinetorum, whilst higher up
Brenthis frigga and B. freija were abundant. Close to the boundary, south
of the mining town of Greenwood, Colias Alexandra v. Emilia was very
common, and the same grassy slopes produced numbers of the lovely L. Ac-
mon, L. heteronea and Melitsea chalcedon. On the mountain above Green-
wood I again took P. clodius — perhaps at its most eastern limit. Near Nel-
son I took Y. California, Thecla ssepium, and other interesting butterflies.
From Nelson I went up Lake Kootenay to Kaslo, where I arrived June 30th,
and found good quarters in the excellent hotel of a very keen entomologist —
Mr. Cockle. I remained in this district for a week. Colias interior was
probably my best catch. I also got a great many Argynnis, all of three
species, Monticola, Atlantis, Eurynome and var. Clio, showing considerable
variation; 2 specimens of Lycsena anna, and one high mountain Lycsena,
which Mr. Cockle considered to be Podarce, but I fail to see any difference
between that specimen and the series which I took, later on, at Lake Louise,
and which Mr. Elwes pronounces to be Aquilo.

Mr. Cockle has a good collection of local Lepidoptera, and sent home by
me some rare and interesting insects for the collection at the British Natural
History Museum.

On July 11th, I went to Glacier, in the Selkirks, 4,000 feet above the
sea. The weather was tolerable, but there were very few butterflies about, a
few Brenthis epithore and Pamphila mandan — the American name for C.
Palsemon), being all that I saw in two days.

72 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

On the 14th July I met Mr. Wolley Dod at Lake Louise, where there is
a beautifully situated mountain hotel (altitude 6,000 feet) two miles from
Laggan. Here we spent a week, of which the first four days were dull, cold,
and miserable, with very occasional gleams of sun and frequent storms of
hail and sleet; then came three days of perfect weather, such as the moun-
taineer and butterfly hunter dreams of for years afterwards. We made the
best of our luck. B. astarte, B. alberta, Ch. Beani, Chrys. Snowi, Lycsena
aquilo (Orbitulus var Franklini), Colias elis, C. nastes, and others, filled our
boxes to overflowing.

On the 25th, Mr. Wolley Dod returned home, and I went into camp at
Hector, just at the summit of Kicking Horse Pass (5,190 feet). I spent the
remainder of the summer camping in the Rockies.

I thoroughly worked the Lake O'Hara district, on the south-western side
of the great mountains whose northern precipices enshrine Lake Louise and
her sister lakes. Then, returning eastwards to Banff, I went three days'
march (about fifty miles) south-westwards to Mt. Assiniboine, a splendid
peak 11,800 feet high, just west of the Divide, and the southernmost outlier
of the glacier fields of the northern Rockies. Here I spent five days, in fine
weather, though the nights were frosty, and then a week's march brought
me to Field, and I encamped at Emerald Lake, about eight miles north of
Field, and well on the western slope of the Divide. Here we were close to
the Yoho Valley, where there is a National Park reserve and splendid scen-
ery. It was August 19th, when three days of bad weather set in, which de-
layed me, and killed the butterflies. For although we afterwards had five
splendid days in the Yoho, and made excursions right on to the great Wah-
putek glacier, I caught very little. A battered B. astarte, a much-worn B.
alberta, a few Colias minismi, and several fresh Grapta zdphyrus were all
my captures.

I greatly regret my late arrival in the Yoho, as I believe that earlier in
the season I might have found different insects to those I caught on the sum-
mit and eastern side of the Divide. Prof. Macoun, the celebrated botanist,
told me that during two days' plant collecting around Field he gathered no
less than forty-two species of plants which do not grow east of the Kicking
Horse Pass, and the same variety might probably occur among the* Lepidop-
tera.

Around Lake Louise, Lake O'Hara, and Lake McArthur, all high Alpine
lakes, surrounded by glacier mountains, I took much the samp butterflies,
more or less commonly. Mt. Assiniboine afforded some variety. I took
Parnassus smintheus var. Behri only at Simpson's River, about twenty miles
north of Assiniboine, in a steep gorge with rock faces, above tree level. < B.
amphirape (or myrina) swarmed on the wet ground near Lake Assiniboine.
Everywhere Brenthis astarte was to be seen (though not generally to be
caught) on every rocky peak over 8,000 feet, and Brenthis alberta was equally
well distributed at a rather lower level. With Astarte, on the highest sum-
mits, Ch. Beani was invariably abundant, and Chrys. Snowi shared the
haunts of Alberta, only it was rather less common. Ly. aquilo was to be
had still lower down, rather local, but very common where it occurred. It
fairly swarmed on the damp path at the head of Lake Louise, and on a warm
and very steep slope above Lake O'Hara. Colias minismi was very common
everywhere on grassy slopes from 5,500 feet to 6,500 feet, whilst the beauti-
ful orange Elis was less abundant and flew at a higher level. C. nastes was
very common, on all the highest grass, and varied a good deal. The speci-
mens I took on Mt. Assiniboine were generally paler than those from the
more northern mountains. Molitea anicia var Beani and a small mountain
form of probably M. rubicunda, occurred on all the higher slopes of Lake

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 73

Louise and Hector district. Chionobas Chryxus was also plentiful every-
where. Ch. jutta only at Lake Louise and in Lake O'Hara valley, half way
down.

On the 29th of August I left camp and started homewards. I had one
day at Banff, where I got Y. antiopa, just out of chrysalis, and Colias Chris-
tina— very common, but considerably the worse for wear. Then I had one
day at Ottawa, and half a day at Montreal, which concluded a most agree-
able expedition. But the only district that I thoroughly worked, and where
I got most of the insects that were to be had, is the central chain of the
Rockies, on both sides of the Kicking Horse Pass.

I cannot conclude without expressing my acknowledgments to Dr.
Fletcher of Ottawa, Mr. Wolley Dod of Calgary, Mr. Wheeler (C.P.R.
Survey), and Mr. Cockle of Kaslo, for the great kindness and attention they
showed me. And I must also make mention of James Simpson, my guide
and packer, who ran my camp, took care of me, and helped me to catch but-
terflies. I never saw a better man with the net nor one with a quicker eye for
any variation in an insect, and I can honestly recommend him to any ento-
mologist wishing to collect in the Rockies.

Catalogue of Butterflies Taken in Canada During 1904.

1. Parnassius clodius. Common on the Island of Vancouver, where I
was too early for it. I took it first on the Pacific coast early in June at sea
level, or but little above, and at Greenwood, about 200 miles inland, at the
end of June.

2. P. sminiheus. This is the common representative of the genus
throughout the Rocky Mountains. It was common at low elevations all
through June, at Nelson and Greenwood, and at Kaslo in July. I took two
or three specimens of the fine dark female variety Hermodur. In August,
in a mountain gorge near Mt. Assiniboine, at a height of 7,000 feet, at
least, well above tree level, I found var. Behri just appearing (August 13th).
No females were then out, and I never met with the insect at Lake O'Hara,
or in the Yoho valley later in the month.

3. Papilio eurymedon. Common on the Pacific coast and eastwards as
far as Kaslo. In Vancouver Island it is very abundant.

4. P. rutulus. Common all through the west of British Columbia. Mr.
Wolley Dod does not appear to have taken it at Calgary.

5. P. glaucus var. turnus. Not so common as Rutulus, but more widely
distributed. It was very common at Greenwood, near the boundary, in June.

6. P. zolicaon. One specimen only, close to the Pacific coast at the
boundary. It very nearly resembles Machaon, but Dr. Dyar gives Machaon
as a different species, represented in America by var. Aliaska, taken in
Alaska only.

7. Pontia occidentalis. Very common all through British Columbia on
the western slope of the Divide right down to the coast.

8. Var. calyce is the high mountain form of occidentalis, and is much
paler on the under side, and the veins yellower.

9. P. rapce is an emigrant from Europe, and not a welcome one. This
was the first butterfly I caught on landing at Quebec in May. It is common
all through Canada to the Pacific.

10. P. napi. Another European emigrant, universally common but
nowhere destructive.

74 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

11. Synchloe creusa. Of this insect I only took a solitary specimen at
Banff June 2nd. It was probably nearly over, and I saw no more of it. It
is taken on the Pacific coast and crosses the Divide at Banff. Mr. Wolley
Dod inclines to think that it merges into ausonides at Calgary. I consider
my specimen from Banff to be quite distinct.

12. S. ausonides. Widely distributed but nowhere common. I took one
or two specimens at Penticton, Greenwood, Kaslo, and Nelson, but never
found it plentiful anywhere. It is common at Calgary.

13. S. sara. Common all through the south-western districts of British
Columbia. I did not get either of its varieties. It does not occur at Calgary
and probably does not cross the Divide.

14. Eurymus (Colias) Meadii var. Elis. Scattered rather sparingly over
all the high mountains of the main chain of the Eockies at an elevation of
6 500 to 7,500 feet. I took the greatest number on the steep slopes of a
mountain above Hector Lake. It also occurred at Lake Louise, Mt. Assmi-
boine and mountains above Simpson River.

15. E. eurytheme var Keewaydin. Of this butterfly I only took two
specimens at Victoria, June 6th.

16. Yar. eriphyle is the commonest Colias all through Western Canada.
I took it everywhere, and without any great variation. The beautiful orange
type of the species and var Ariadne I did not meet with. I also took two
in the Fraser Canyon in May, and a fine fresh one at Banff August dOtn.

17 C. philodice is also very common and widely distributed. I never
took it at a high level, but it is the commonest butterfly at Montreal and
Ottawa in September. At Ottawa (September) a fine white female variety

was common

VV 0.0 Wiuiuuii.

18 E. Christina. At Banff only, where it was flying in plenty August
30th, but in very bad order, and the females far worse than the males. It
is common at Calgary.

19. E. alexandra. One specimen only, from Greenwood, near the bound-
ary- .-, T+

20 Yery plentiful in the valley from Greenwood to Midway. It

also occurs through the whole of British Columbia south of Lake Okanagan.
The color of the under side is much yellower than in the type (Alexandra),
in which the under side is greenish and very pale. Dr. Rebel pronounces
the specimens I sent him to be Behri (Edwards), but m this opinion Mr.
Elwes does not agree (nor do I).

21 E. interior. I took it only at Kaslo, where it is not yery common.
Mr Wolley Dod takes it in some numbers at Calgary, where it flies among
the spruce in July, which is just where and when I took it at Kaslo.

22. E. pelidne var. Minismi (Elwes). This a very common butterfly
over the whole of the higher Rockies, flying from 5,000 to about 6,000 feet.
The females vary considerably, the white ones being commoner than the
vellow. It flies all through" August, (Dr. Rebel pronounces this insect to
be not Pelidne, but SJcinneri (Barnes), which he considers to be a good
species.) .

23 E. nastes. Common at very high levels on every mountain 1 went
up in the whole chain of the Rockies. It varies considerably and 1 tnmK
that those from Mt. Assiniboine, the most southern point at which 1 iouna
them are paler and yellower than more northern specimens.

24 Euptoieta Claudia. One specimen only taken at Mt. Assiniboine m
August, close to the lake, at 5,000 feet or more. It is a southern butterfly,

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 75

but a wanderer. Mr. Wolley Dod has taken two at Calgary, and there is one
in the Banff museum.

25. Argynis cybele. Common all through the Atlantic States. Mine
were taken at Ottawa, in September. Mr. Wolley Dod gets it at Calgary,
but not commonly.

26. A. atlantis. Very common and widely distributed all through Brit-
ish Columbia. I took it at Kaslo, Greenwood and in the high Rockies below
tree level. Atlantis is very like Electa, which Mr. Wolley Dod takes, though
not commonly. I have no specimens of Atlantis from Calgary.

27. A. monticola. Widely distributed and common. I took it at every
place I visited from the third week in June till the end of August. The high
mountain specimens differ little from those at lower levels. It is a variable
species as to color and the silvering of the spots of the under side, but the
markings are the same in all that I have taken.

28. Var. purpurascens , which I took only near Greenwood and Nelson at
low levels. It is given by Holland as a variety of Zerene. Dyar gives it as
a variety of Monticola, with which its markings exactly coincide. I do not
possess Zerene.

29. A. coronis. I never took this species at all on the western side of the
Divide, but I believe that I got a battered individual at Banff, August 30th.
Those I have were all taken by Mr. Wolley Dod near Calgary, where it is
not uncommon. Yery like Halcyone.

30. A. nevadensis. Widely distributed through the Rocky Mountains,
but I never saw it common except at Banff, where there were many, much
worn, August 30th. It ranges as high as tree level, but I never took it west
of the Divide. Common at Calgary.

31. A. nevadensis var. Meadii. One, June 18th, in the Upper Keremeos,
and one, much battered, at Mt. Assiniboine, August.

32. A. eurynome. Widely distributed, nowhere common. I took a fine
dark form in the Selkirks at about 8,000 feet. I also took a paler form at
Kaslo.

33. A. eurynome var. Clio. Also widely distributed and not common.
My high mountain specimens are allmuch paler than the Kaslo insects.

34. Brenthis myrina is the amphirape of the Eastern Hemisphere. I
found it in swarms at Mt. Assiniboine in August, flying over the marshy
ground near the lake, which was formerly the basin of a great glacier. I
also took it by Lake Louise in July. Mr. Wolley Dod takes it commonly at
Calgary.

35. Brenthis chariclea. Yery common everywhere in the Rockies among
brushwood. Common at Calgary.

36. Brenthis chariclea var. Boisduvalii, is apparently undistinguishable
from Chariclea, though Holland gives it as a separate species.

37. B. chariclea var. obscurata. I have so called a remarkably dark fe-
male taken near Lake Assiniboine, very high up.

38. Brenthis fre{ija. Common in May at Calgary and Banff. Also took
it in mountain bogs near Lake Okanagan in June at 5,000 feet or more.

39. B. frigga. Common in bogs at Banff and Calgary, also took it near
Lake Okanagan in mountain bogs.

40. B. bellona. Common at Calgary, Ottawa, and generally west of the
Divide.

76 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

41. B. epithore. The Pacific form of Bellona. Common and generally
distributed. Flies at high elevations.

42. Brenthis alberta. Nowhere in great numbers, but widely distributed
over the higher peaks of the Rockies end of July and August. All the peaks
mund Lake Louise and Lake O'Hara, Hector, Mt. Assiniboine, and head of
Toho valley, produced a few specimens (not always captured). I never saw
it below 7,500 feet.

43. Brenthis astarte is another very common butterfly, if you seek it on
the highest points not entirely snow-covered. It is very hard to catch, but
very unmistakable to the eye. It has an even wider range than Alberta, for
I saw it, without securing one, at Glacier Crest in the Selkirks. The males
haunt the summits, the females are to be found on the highest grassy slopes,
arid are not very hard to stalk, when feasting on a flower.

44. Lemonias (Melitcea) chalcedon. I took this fine insect only at Green-
wood and in the district south-west of Lake Okanagan.

45. L. anicia. The commonest of the family. I took it at nearly every
place I visited. Penticton, Kaslo, Lake Louise and the Selkirks all produced
it in plenty; but Mr. Wolley Dod finds it rare at Calgary.

46. L. anicia var. Beani. A small and dusky high mountain form of
Anicia, not uncommon on the highest grass slopes about Lake Louise, Hector
and Lake O'Hara. I never saw it under 7,000 feet.

47. Lemonias nubigena. Two specimens only, from Revelstoke, a very
hot place, 1,400 feet.

48. L. rubicunda. Another Californian insect, which extends into the
Rockies as far north as Hector and Lake Louise. I never took it commonly.
It may be so around Lake Okanagan in July.

49. L. palla. Common about Lake Okanagan, Greenwood and Kaslo in
June. I never took it in the Rockies, but Mr. Wolley Dod gave me a speci-
men from Red Deer, 100 miles north of Calgary. There the winter is re-
markably mild.

50. Phyciodes tharos. Yery common at Nelson, Kaslo and Calgary. Did
not find it in the mountains.

51. Phyciodes pratensis. Universally common. A small mountain form
occurs at Hector, at 5,000 feet.

52. Phyciodes pratensis var. Orseis. Ranked as a species by Holland.
Probably the south-western form of type. I took mine on the Pacific coast.

53. Phyciodes camillus. Common at Greenwood and Penticton in June,
and I took one at Hector, at 5,500 feet, in July.

54. Psyciodes mylitta. In the Okanagan country in June. I took none
in the mountains or further eastwards.

55. Polygonia satyrus. At Victoria in June, and at Calgary in May, all
hibernated specimens.

56. Polygonia f annus. At Victoria only in June. Mr. "Wolley Dod re-
ports it from Calgary and Banff, but not commonly.

57. P. zephyrus. At Field, common in August, and at Banff.

58. P. gracilis. At Ottawa' and Montreal only. It does not appear to
occur in British Columbia.

59. Polygonia oreas var. silenus. Two specimens at Banff, August 30.

60. P. progne. One at Calgary, 31st May, one at Ottawa in May, and
several at Ottawa in September.

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 77

61. Eugonia calif ornica. Two fine fresh specimens at Bonnington Falls,
^near Nelson, end of June.

62. Euvanessa antiopa. Just appearing at Banff in August. It is com-
mon all through Canada and I took worn specimens in June in the Upper
Keremeos.

63. Aglais milberti. Very common all along the Pacific side of the Sel-
kirks, and I took it high up, 8,000 feet, above Glacier. I never saw it in the
Rockies, but it is common at Calgary.

64. Vanessa atalanta. One specimen only, in July, above Kaslo. I saw
one other at the same place; no others. It is very rare at Calgary.

65. Basilarchia archippus. One specimen only at Penticton, near the
river. I saw one other at the same place. It is an occasional visitor at Cal-
gary.

66. B. Lorquinii. Very common all through the western slopes of the
Divide and flies at Glacier. Not seen by me in the Rockies and not found
at Calgary.

67. Cercyonis charon. Common at Penticton, Nelson, and Banff, at low
levels throughout the summer.

68. Erebia discoidalis. Yery common at Calgary and Banff in May at
moderate elevations. I never saw it west of the Divide.

69. Erebia Vidleri. Plentiful in the open woodlands of the upper Ker-
emeos, in mid-June at an elevation of from 3,000 to 4,000 feet. Only males
had then appeared. I did not take it on similar ground at Nelson and Green-
wood a week later.

70. Erebia epipsodea. The commonest Erebia from Penticton to Calgary
and flies as low as 2,500 feet.

71. C cenonympha ampelos, or ochracea, or inornata. Yery common
everywhere at moderate elevations from Yictoria to Calgary. Mr. Wolley
Dod cannot separate the species.

72. Ccenonympha elko. One specimen only, near Lake O'Hara, in Aug-
ust. Evidently a wanderer.

73. (Eneis Macounii. Taken by Mr. Wolley Dod near Calgary. He took
this rare butterfly in some numbers in June last, on the summits of grassy
hills, about 4,000 feet.

74. (Eneis chryxus. Yery common everywhere from the warm slopes
of Okanagan and Nelson right up to the high glens of the Rockies, even
above tree level. It varies little. Mr. Wolley Dod has never taken it at
Calgary, but it flies at Banff.

75. (Eneis varuna. At Calgary only, where it is common in May and
June. I never saw it at Banff, or in the Rockies.

76. (Eneis jutta. Not uncommon in mountain marshes. I took mine at
Lake Louise in July. It is common at Calgary.

77. (Eneis noma var. Beanii. This active butterfly is common on all
the high rocky summits of the Rockies. It haunts lichen-covered rocks,
which it exactly resembles in color. I never found the female lower down,
as was the case with the Astarte female.

78. Uranotes melinus. At Kaslo and at Bonnington Palls in June.

79. Thecla sazpium. At Bonnington Falls, just out, third week of June.
I was too late for it at Kaslo.

79J. Thecla augustus. Banff, May.

78 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

80. Thecla spinetorum. One much worn female, upper Keremeos, June
18th.

81. Thecla acadica. One at Kaslo, where it is common. I was too late
for it.

82. Callicista eryphon. Banff, in May, high up among pines.

83. Callophrys dumetorum. Several wretched specimens at about 5,000
feet in June, above upper Keremeos. Probably common earlier.

84. Chrysophanus thoe. At Ottawa along the railway banks in Septem-
ber, rather common, but worn. It also occurs at Calgary.

85. Epidemia mariposa. Very common everywhere in the Rockies, and
flies up to 6,000 feet.

86. Epidemia zeroe. Not uncommon in the south Okanagan country,
and at Greenwood. I never found it in high mountains.

87. Epidemia helloides. Yery common everywhere in the west at low
elevations.

88. Heodes hypophleas. Not common. I took several at Ottawa. Mr.
Wolley Dod takes it sometimes near Calgary.

89. Chalceria Snowi. The most beautiful of the coppers. A high moun-
taineer, never seen below 7,000 feet. Widely distributed over the high
Rockies, but seldom plentiful.

90. Cupido heteronea. At Greenwood and in the lower Keremeos in June.
I met with it nowhere else.

91. Cupido fulla. I have this butterfly from Calgary only, where Mr.
Wolley Dod takes it commonly. Mr. Elwes considers it to be identical with
pheres, which it closely resembles.

92. Cupido sazpiolus. Yery common everywhere and flies up to 6,000
feet at Hector. Yery common at Calgary. Dr. Rebel calls it L. antiacis.

93. Cupido pheres. Common in the south-west of British Columbia, Pen-
ticton, Greenwood and Yancouver. Not taken at Calgary. It is very near
to C. fulla. Dr. Rebel calls my specimens L. lycea (Edw.).

94. Nomiades Couperi. Yery common on both sides of the Divide, but
not high up. Yery like Antiacis.

95. Phoedrotes sagittigera. Not common. I only took three at Green-
wood and upper Keremeos. It is taken occasionally at Calgary and Kaslo.

96. Agriades aquilo. A high mountaineer, locally abundant at Lake
Louise, Hector and Lake O'Hara.

97. Agriades rustica. Yery common at Calgary. I never took it at all.

98. Agriades podarce. One specimen only, taken July 5th, on Bear
Mountain, behind Kaslo, which is a locality for Podarce. I was too early
to get a series and have no female, which is said to be distinct. The male is
exactly like Aquilo.

99. Rusticus melissa. Yery common everywhere up to 6,000 feet. (Ar-
gus.)

100. Rusticus acmon. Common near Greenwood. A southern insect.

101. Rusticus anna. Two from Bear Lake, which is a locality for it,
and one female from Penticton. A southern insect.

102. Everes amyntula. Common everywhere in the West, also at Cal-
gary.

103. Eve{res comyntas. Not common. My specimens are from Penticton.
It is taken at Kaslo and at Yictoria.

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 79

104. Cyaniris pseudargiolus. Very common and variable.

105. Amblyscirtes vialis. Only taken by me at Greenwood, June. Re-
ported from Vancouver and Kaslo.

106. Pamphila palcemon. Very common and flies as high as Glacier.

107. Erynnis comma. Very common and widely distributed.

108. Polites peckius. Only one at Nelson, June. Reported from Cal-
gary.

109. Anthomaster leonardus. Only at Ottawa, in September.

110. Thymelicus cernes. Common at Penticton, June. Reported from
Coldstream (Pacific coast) and Calgary.

111. Thorybes pylades. At Penticton, much worn, in June. Reported
from Kaslo and Calgary.

112. Pholisora catullus. Common at Penticton.

113. Thanaos juvenalis. At Ottawa only. An eastern insect.

114. Thanaos persius. Very common at Greenwood, Penticton, Van-
couver and Calgary.

115. Thanaos icelus. Common and widely distributed.

116. Hesperia centaureoe. One only, very high up, above Lake Louise.
None reported from other places.

117. Hesperia ccespitalis. Common in upper Keremeos, but nearly
over. Common near Victoria (May). Not common at Kaslo and Calgary.

Notes on the above Paper by Dr. James Fletcher.

The above extremely interesting paper by Mrs. Nicholl was kindly given to us for
publication last summer. Unfortunately, Mrs NicholPs absence exploring in the Rocky
Mountains during the summer, my own subsequent absence from Ottawa, and the
early call for the manuscript for the Report, made correspondence with Mrs. Nicholl,
about some of the above named species, impossible. As it is important that the

paper should be published without delay, I add a few notes concerning some of the
species, with regard to which there was some doubt, thinking that as I have collected
in most of the localities mentioned, these might be of use to lepidopterists.

6. Pavilio zolicaon is a black swallow-tail with yellow markings, machaon on the
other hand is yellcw with black markings. Oregonia. which flies in the interior of
British Columbia, is much more like the European machaon but is larger. It is easily
separated from zolicaon by its larger size, broader areas of yellow, particularly on the
lower side, and by the characters of the large red ocellus at anal angle, which is much
more like that of machaon than of zolicaon, not being pupilled, as a rule, but with the
margin running round into the lower part of the ocellus and ending in a club-shaped
expansion, with or without a short spur at the extreme anal angle. The characters
are best seen on the lower side.

11. Synchloe creusa is smaller than S. ausonides, is greener beneath, with the spots
smaller and silvery pearly. The black discal spot on the primaries beneath is cut off
square at the bottom, where it runs along the vein. In ausonides this spot tapers.

20. This was probably Colias emilia which flies in the Okanagan valley just at the
time Mrs. Nicholl was there. The male is like a large interior but sometimes has an
orange flush. The female is very much like some females of Christina. Both sexes
have beautiful red fringes. Alexandra has a white fringe and a silvery white spot
beneath on the lower wings. In emilia the spot is white but is more or less conspicu-
ously ringed with pink. Edwardsii, as I understand that species, is like alexandra, but
has pink in the fringe, and some of the females are marked as in christina female.
Behrii in no way resembles the species above referred to. It is a small, very dark green
thing. There must have been some mistake about the specimens examined by Dr.
Rebel.

80 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

22. Eurymus pelidne, var. minismi, Elwes. I cannot find that this name was ever
published, although Mr. Bean always spcke of the insect Mrs. Nicholl refers to, under
the name of minismi. E. pelidne, var. Skinneri is the same thing.

24. E. claudia is a prairie species. The larvae are sometimes destructive to pansies
and other violets in gardens.

26. Argynnis atlantis. The Rocky mountain species called atlantis by Mr. Elwes
is claimed by Mr. Edwards to be electa. There is only one form in our Rocky Moun-
tains.

Melitcea chalcedon has not so far been recorded from a Canadian locality. Pos-
sibly this may be Macglashani, which occurs in the Boundary country.

M. nubigena. True nubigena has not been recorded from Canada.

48. M. rubicunda, ditto.

54. Ph. mylitta is a small species expanding about 1 inch to 1£ inches. All that
I have seen from the Okanagan are a somewhat similar species, Ph. Barnesii, with a
large female expanding about 1£ inches.

71. Ccen. ampelos. This species at least is easily recognised by the absence of ocelli
and by its silky pale fawn color. It is the only Ccenonympha on Vancouver Island.
Inornata is much darker in tone than ochracea and has much less white beneath.

72. C. elho 's a synonym of ampelos.

88. Heodes hypophleas. The species taken by Mr. Wolley-Dod near Millarville,
south of Calgary, is a magnificent insect larger and far finer than any form of hypor
phleas we have in Canada. I hope Mr. Dod will describe it.

92. Cupido scepiolus. This species in no way resembles antiacis. The male is
silvery blue above, has a double row of spots on hind wing beneath and two or three
reddish spots at anal angle above. None of these characters are found in antiacis.

93. Cupido pheres. The form of this species on Vancouver Island is the variety
ardea which has the spots beneath almost obliterated. Lycea is like fulla but is violet
blue above, not the silvery blue of pheres.

94. Nomiades Couperi. The mountains fcrm here referred to is called lygdamus by
Canadian collectors following Mr. W. H. Edwards.

100. Busticus acmon. Common across the plains.

101. Busticus anna. Not uncommon on Vancouver Island and at many places in
the mountains.

103. Everes comyntas. I never saw this from Vancouver Island. \Amyntula is
common everywhere from Manitoba to the Coast. The differences are slight, but the
two species can, as a rule, be easily separated. Comyntas is less silvery beneath and
altogether a more eastern-looking species.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO ONTARIO CROPS IN 1905.
By James Fletcher, Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa.

In nearly all parts of Canada, weather reports have shown favourable
conditions for the growth and maturity of crops, and Ontario has been no
exception in this respect. Although reports have mentioned a large number
of different kinds of insects which have been more or less noticeable by their
attacks upon crop-plants, there have been fewer bad outbreaks of injurious
insects than has been the case for many years; and the general report of the
year in Ontario is that there have been no attacks of special importance and
no new enemies which are likely to be the cause of serious loss in the future.
Notwithstanding this, however, there are still plenty of the old and well
known enemies which require the attention of the fruit grower and farmer;
and this seems an appropriate time to again reiterate the warning that the
most effective time to fight injurious insects which are known to have ex-
tensive powers of injury, is just when they occur in small numbers, as evi-
denced by slight injury. It becomes more and more apparent every year
that preventive measures for warding off insect attack should become general
principles of agriculture to be applied as a matter of course every year.

Now that spraying fruit trees to protect them against injury by the
Codling Moth and the Black Spot fungous disease, has become such a matter
of course with the leading fruit growers, there are numberless instances which
might be cited in proof of the statement that orchards which are sprayed
every year gradually become so free of their enemies that practically they
may be said always to produce clean fruit, whereas in neighbouring orchards
where no spraying is done, the opposite to this is the case.

Cereal Crops.

The worst enemies of grain crops have been conspicuously absent during
the season of 1905. There have been no complaints at all of Hessian Fly;
and, although, if looked for carefully, it was possible to find in one or two
localities the orange larva? of the Wheat Midge, there have been no reports
received from farmers of their occurrence. Neither Wireworms nor White
Grubs were mentioned in grain crops. The only exception to the general
immunity was in the case of a locally rather severe occurrence of the Wheat
Joint Worm (I so soma tritici, Fitch). This was at Millbrook, Ont., where
it did considerabe harm. Mr. T. D. Jarvis, of Guelph, also mentions Joint
Worms as the cause of injury to both wheat and barley in western Ontario.

In Ontario there is only one annual brood of the Joint Worms, the
insects passing the winter as larva? within cells which they have hollowed out
inside galls made at joints of the swollen and distorted straws, Fig. 29,
These are, for the most part, so near the ground that a large proportion of the
larva? are left in the fields in the stubble. The ploughing down deeply
or the burning over of stubble in autumn reduces the numbers of the larva?
which can turn to flies the following spring. That part of the stem which
is attacked, generally swells and makes a distorted and bent gall; but this
is not always the case, the attacked portion of the stem simply becoming
thickened and hardened. These hardened portions frequently break off
in threshing and are either carried through with the grain or with the small
seeds. When cleaned out, they should be destroyed and not left on the
ground, where the flies can hatch the following spring and fly to the fields.
When the screenings are fed, these should always be crushed; but, if fed

6 EX. [ 81 ]

82

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

to chickens, it should be done where the galls will be trampled under the
Let o stock or otherwise destroyed. The straw from an infested crop should
be either fed or burnt before the ensuing spring. A regular and short ro-
tation of crops and the mowing down of all grasses along the borders of
fields! have been found useful in controlling these enemies of the wheat
grower.

Fig. 29. Wheat-Joint Worm Fly (much enlarged),
and stems showing galls.

Peas in Ontario have been an excellent crop, without any injury by
insect enemies. The Pea Moth seemed almost entirely to .restrict its attack,
to the seeds of wild legumes such as the Purple-tufted Vetch, the Wild
Tare and the Cream-coloured Vetchling. The Pea Weevil.has only been
reported with regard to its disappearance; and we again point out the im-
portance of everybody insisting on having all seed pease fumigated before

W„ <?0 Rose Chafer (Macrodactylm subspinosus.) a, beetle; b, larva; c and <*, mouth
parts of same ;TPupa;/, injury to leaves and blossoms with beetles, natural size, at wort.
After Marlatt, U.S. Dept. Agriculture.)
6a ENTv.

1905

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

83

sowing them. The reputation of our Canadian grown pease has risen again
rapidly since last year, on account of their freedom from weevils; but
growers may remain perfectly certain that, if they again become negligent
and do not treat their seed pease, they will have to suffer for it, by the Pet*
Weevil increasing in numbers and in destructiveness.

Fodder Crops.

The loss in grass and fodder crops in 1905 from insect enemies was
nowhere noticeable; but there were one or two interesting occurrences from
the entomological point of view. The most remarkable of these was a severe,
although short, attack on young corn grown in Grey county, by the Rose
Chafer. Macrodactylus subspinosus, Fab., Fig. 30. Late in June the
beetles flew in large numbers to a field of growing corn when the plants
were about eight inches high and in a good vigorous condition. They ap-
peared suddenly, covering about two thirds of a twenty acre field; and clus-
tered, as many sometimes as twenty insects on each plant, and devoured
the leaves. This swarm remained on the corn field for only three days,
during which they did considerable harm, and then disappeared as suddenly
as they came.

Fig. 31. Stalk-borer (Papaipema nitela) ; a, female moth; b, half-grown larva ; c, mature
larva in injured stalk ; d, lateral view of abdominal segment of same ; e, pupa — all somewhat
enlarged. (After Chittenden, U.S. Dept. Agriculture) Full measure.

The Stalk Borer (Papaipema nitela, Gn.), Fig. 31, which in past years
has frequently been accused of doing injury to various plants, but of which
no reared specimens were to be found in collections in Canada, was this
season certainly identified from specimens sent from Fargo, Ont., by Mr.
G. W. Eiseborough. In previous years all larvae sent in under the name
of "Gortyna nitela" proved to be when reared, Papaipema cataphracta,
Grt., which is a much wider-spread species in Canada and of which the larva
is very similar to that of P. nitela. This is a rather general feeder, like
P. cataphracta, but has more frequently been known as the Potato Stalk
Borer, although it attacks corn probably to a greater extent even than pota-
toes. Mr. Riseborough found the larvse in some numbers in his corn field

84

THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

and also sent specimens which had attacked potatoes and Canada Thistles
Zhs were reared from these, and also some parasites. La er in the season
the corTcrop "outgrew the injury, as there were sufficient plants left, and a
goodcrop was^reaped. ^ ^ ^ ^ m h ti d

as usual although it caused some anxiety in Middlesex county early m July
TlleLuse of this whitening of the head is the work of a very small insect
helonrin* to the Thripidaf, probahly Phheothrips poaphagus, Comstock,
wtch attacks the soft growing^ base of the top joint, inside the uppermost
sheath The same, or a similar injury, occurs m oats in which not the
Sole panicle hut the lowest flowers while in the sheath are a tacked and
vr t+ a *„ +W tTipv turn white and never develop. Ine nrjury oi tne
Grfss Thr psttf 5USri£8 nature, but is always much worse in mea
dow which have been down to grass for many years, and Particularly when
♦h Jland is exhausted or of low fertility. There is no remedy which can be
applied to ^ grass Tands° but a short rotation by which the land is ploughed
Z at short intervals and used for other crops, has been of great advantage.
^eVresence of the Grass Thrips was noticeable in almost all localities
hreouPghS h? province, wherever looked for, and the only ^ reason it was no
more complained of, was the abundant growth of all grass from the tre

^SciitdMit (Cecidomyia leguminicola, Lintner), although
perhaps not quite so destructive as in 1904, was ^^J^ffi*?^

t?ed, of feeding off seed clover fields up to the 20th June and then leaving

^ XndcCPJeaf "Weevil (Phytonomus punctata, Fab) occurred this
year ft Se° first time at Ottawa. No injury _w» . noticed ^on t^e clover
crop a few specimens only of the mature beetle being taken Although
loss from Thkinsect is seldom extensive, owing to the Prevalence of the
parasiti ? bTngn™ Entomophthora sphcerosperma, Fres., which destroys the
farvfin enormous numbers. It will be well for clover growers in the dis-
trirt to be on guard against an outbreak next June. . . ,,

Cr°PThe Clover-seed Caterpillar (Grapholitha interstinctana, Clem.) was
noticed in many places, the pretty little silvery moths being Been on the
folS and flying about the flowers. The injury from this insect is a a
..?. i1*8* Si Tny itent. and the same remedies will answer for it and the

rule, small in extent,
clover weevils.

1905

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

85

The Red-headed Flea-beetle (Systena frontalis, Fab.), Fig. 32. This
beetle which has a very wide range of food plants was found as a destruc-
tive pest on the second crop of clover in August, both at Ottawa and Guelph,
Ont. The insect, which is a common species, was rather more abundant
than usual, and it occurred doubtless at other places where it was not
noticed.

Root Crops and Vegetables.

The favourable season enabled all garden and field crops of this class
to develop well. Cutworms of a few kinds, as usual, did considerable harm
locally; but there was no extensive outbreak such as sometimes occurs.

During the month of July almost all plants in the flower and vegetable
garden were attacked at Ottawa by a smooth cutworm-like caterpillar, when
young greenish in colour, but having the body divided into two equal parts
above and below the spiracles, the back being dark with three pale lines
along it, and the underside of the body yellowish up to a clear yellowish
side stripe. These at first rather inconspicuously marked caterpillars, were
largely nocturnal in habit, coming out at night and devouring nearly all
kinds of vegetation. They were particularly destructive to the forming seed
pods of larkspurs. After the last moult they were very much more conspicu-
ously marked, presenting a handsome Mamestra-like appearance with three
lines down the back and with each segment ornamented with large black
velvety patches on the back and above the spiracles. The head honey-
coloured and mottled. When full grown, these caterpillars are very vor-

Fig. 32. Ked-head-
ed Flea-beetle (greatly
enlarged) (Chittenden,
U.S. Dept. Agricl.)

Fig. 33. The Diamond-back Moth ; a, cater-
pillar ; d, pupa ; e, cocoon ; /, moth — enlarged .
(U.S. Dept. Agriculture.)

acious. They are about two inches in length, cylindrical in shape, like
cutworms, and about a quarter of an inch in diameter. There is very much
variation in their colours, some specimens being almost black, while others
are of a dark olive green; but all specimens show a distinct side band
and the three thread-like stripes down the back. These caterpillars were
the progeny of a rare species of noctuid moth named Barathra occidentata,
Grt., an insect which is so rare that the only specimens I had ever seen
before were two reared by Mr. J. A. Guignard many years ago from larvae
which he had found destroying larkspurs in his garden; and Dr. J. B. Smith
reports that it is an extremely rare insect in collections. In June, while
collecting moths at Ottawa, we had found that this species was well repre-
sented among our captures, and we were pleased to secure eggs and rear the
larvae. Later, however, the caterpillars occurred in too great abundance
out of doors. There is only one brood of Barathra in the year, the eggs
being laid in June and the caterpillars feeding through July and into

86 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

August. Not only was the species found in abundance at Ottawa, but speci-
mens were sent from Nova Scotia and were also found at Nepigon, Ont., as
destructive enemies of tlie cabbage; it also occurred at various places be-
tween these two points, and Dr. Fyles took it at Quebec. Favourite foods
in the vegetable garden were cabbage and spinach.

The Diamond-back Moth (Plutella maculipennis, Curtis, better known
as Plutella cruciferarum, Zell.), Fig. 33, was abundant and destructive in
many places, doing considerable harm in rape fields and on Swede turnips
and cabbages. The attack, however, was of rather short duration and ended
sooner in the season than is usually the case. This little insect is very
much attacked by a small hymenopterous parasite which this year occurred
in large numbers. The remedies for controlling the small caterpillars are
rather difficult of application. They consist of kerosene emulsion, or arseni-
cal mixtures mixed with soap washes, which must be sprayed well under
the leaves by means of an angled nozzle. An important supplementary
treatment is to induce a vigorous growth of the crop with light surface
dressings of nitrate of soda. As a preventive measure, care must be taken
to keep down all weeds and plants of the Mustard Family and to destroy
in autumn all refuse plants of a crop which has been attacked.

The Turnip and Cabbage Aphis (Aphis brassicce, L.) did much harm
to turnip crops particularly around Guelph, but also in many other parts of
the Province. There is nothing new in the way of a remedy; but it is well
to emphasize the importance of feeding off or ploughing down turnip tops
and remnants in cabbage fields, late in autumn, so that the over-wintering
eggs may be prevented from hatching.

The Turnip Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta mttata, Fab.) was only once or
twice mentioned in correspondence; but the favourable weather which pre-
vailed in most parts of the province at the time the young plants were start-
ing, £ave them full opportunity to outgrow the attacks of the beetle.

The Onion Maggot and Cabbage Maggot, which for the last few years
have been so excessively destructive, during the past season were hardly
noticeable in many localities where in previous years they had made a clean
sweep of almost everything.

The Carrot Rust-Fly (Psila rosce, Fab.), on the other hand, was rather
more abundant than usual and extended over a wider area than for many
years past. Some early carrots at Ottawa were quite destroyed; but later
sowings on the same ground produced satisfactory crops. There was no
injury recorded to celery or parsnips, both of which are occasional food
plants of the Carrot Rust-fly. The remedies for this insect are to take great
care, when thinning out young carrots, to do this late in the day, and then
spray the rows at once with a deterrent preparation, such as kerosene emul-
sion or a carbolic wash. The time when most injury is done, is in June
and July, so that two or three sprayings, a week apart, will generally have
the effect of protecting the crop. The late sowing of seed has been fre-
quently attended with good results, and carrots should never be planted
in the same spot as they were grown the previous year. Should maggots
be found in stored carrots, the sand in which these roots are kept for the
winter, should be treated in spring so that the puparia therein contained
may not give forth their flies. This may be done either by burying it in a
deep hole or by throwing it into a pond or into a barnyard where it will
be trampled by stock.

Fruit Crops.

The fruit crops of the province may be said, on the whole, to have been
very good in quality, although in some localities the yield was rather light.

1905

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

87

Apples in the Ottawa valley were abundant and in sprayed orchards of first
quality. In western Ontario the crop was rather poor, the shortage being
due probably to lack of vigour in the trees. The very severe winter of
1903-04 worked great havoc in orchards. The trees in 1904 bore very
heavi]y, which fact was in many cases an indication of weakness. This
made a further draught on their strength, and the result was apparent in
1905. The very fact that the crop was light this season, was a benefit to
the trees. Another cause for the lowering of the average of the apple crop
in 1905 was the heavy wind storm which occurred in October last. Plums
were a good crop and much less injured by the Curculio than last year.
Peaches and pears were abundant and of high quality. Grapes were to some
extent attacked by the Grape Pot; but, on the whole, vineyards which were
sprayed and well looked after gave good returns. The Grape-berry moth
(Eudemis botrana, Schiff.), Fig. 34, was prevalent in south-western Ontario,
as could be seen by traces of its work in grapes which were sent to the
market. This little insect, the minute caterpillars of which eat into the
berries and web two or three of them together, is apparently increasing
in the grape-growing districts of the province. The remedy which has been
suggested by Saunders, is to gather up and burn all leaves of the vines in
the autumn, so as, at the same time, to destroy the overwintering pupse.

Fig. 34. Grape-berry moth ; a, much enlarged ; b,
caterpillar ; c, grapes ; d, injured berry.

The San Jose Scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus, Comst.). Notwithstanding
all that has been written on the subject, there is little change in the San
Jose Scale situation. In the infested district there are still a great many
fruit growers who are content to grow small, poor and almost useless crops
of fruit, because they will not spray; but most of the advanced growers
have now adopted the lime and sulphur wash and have grown paying crops
as a consequence. That large class of fruit growers who are always on the
lookout, first of all, for something new, and put off work on this score, have
unnecessarily lost a large percentage of the returns which they might have
had for the necessary yearly work among their fruit trees. If any new
remedy is discovered which will take the place of those already in use, over-
anxious people may be quite sure that it will be quickly made known and
they will soon hear of it, if it proves successful. There are ample means
in Canada for anyone engaged in any kind of farming to find out, free of
all cost, from the Government institutions, both at Ottawa and at Guelph,
what the recognized best treatment is, and they would be wise to adopt this
until something better has been discovered. There is never a year passes
by that some new and loudly exploited supposed improvement on recognized
methods, or some new remedy, is not brought forward to be heard of for
a short time and then disappear altogether. The best advice which I think
can be given to those who are wise enough to acknowledge that they do not

88 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

know everything about their own work, is to watch carefully and learn from
their most successful and enterprising neighbours, at the same time, keeping
well posted as to the progress of the experimental work of the Government
officials specially engaged to investigate these matters, and to obtain and
read their reports, which are published by the Government for their benefit
and all of which are distributed free to all applicants.

In this connection, it may be well to mention Prof. Close's recent im-
provement in the convenience of making kerosene emulsion by first mixing
the kerosene with lime and then simply churning it in water, and also the
later improvement on this method by Mr. F. T. Shutt, in substituting flour
for lime, which gives it a much wider ra-nge of usefulness. There are many
parts of Canada where lime cannot be obtained easily ; but flour is a necessity
everywhere, and it has been found that, for a kerosene emulsion which is
to be used at once, there is nothing more convenient than to mix the kero-
sene and flour in the proportion of one pint of kerosene to four ounces of
cheap flour, and, when this is thoroughly mixed, add one gallon of water
(preferably warm) for every pint of kerosene. The whole is then vigor-
ously churned for from two to five minutes, and the emulsion is ready for
use. Even a weaker mixture will answer if the emulsion is to be used
immediately; for two ounces of flour will emulsify, or more correctly hold
entangled around its molecules, one quart of kerosene for a sufficient time
to be applied by a spraying pump; but, on standing for a short time, the
kerosene will separate from the water. Mr. Shutt has also found, how-
ever, that by scalding the flour before adding the kerosene, an excellent
emulsion which will not separate for several days, can be prepared with
two ounces of flour and one quart of kerosene, mixed with two gallons of
water. For immediate use and particularly in gardens and over small areas,
this emulsion will be of the greatest value. The above quantities for mak-
ing the new emulsion give a percentage of coal oil to water equal to that
contained in the ordinary Riley-Hubbard formula, which has two gallons
of coal oil in every thirty gallons of wash ready for use.

These new kerosene emulsions have been very much discussed in con-
nection with work against the San Jose Scale; and it is probable that, if
their application were persisted in, they would finally vanquish the San
Jose Scale; but the cost of labour and materials in these frequent applica-
tions would probably render them unpractical remedies. For this redoubt-
able enemy, something more drastic is necessary; and the lime and sulphur
wash which has so frequently been recommended in our reports, is still the
best standard remedy for that insect. The recently sent out proprietary
remedies "Kil-o-Scale" and "Scalecide", notwithstanding their forbidding
names, are said by Dr. J. B. Smith, of New Jersey, to have given good re-
sults. These are petroleum preparations prepared, I believe, to a large
measure in accordance with Dr. Smith's advice. For the meantime, how-
ever, the lime and sulphur wash remains the standard remedy for the San
Jose Scale, and, if regularly and carefully used, will keep trees in a healthy
condition and enable them to produce paying crops of fruit.

The Woolly Aphis of the Apple (Schizoneura lanigera, Hausm.). See
Fig. 1, page 10. An insect which has been particularly abundant and much
noticed by fruit growers from the conspicuous white colonies which have
been seen on apple trees and hawthorns during the past season is the "Woolly
Aphis of the Apple. It is many years since this insect has appeared ;n
the vast numbers that it was noticed in 1905. The injury, however,
has not as yet been very great, and, since the root inhabiting form is seldom
destructive in Canada, it is to be hoped that the abundant occurrence of the
past season will not be attended by serious after consequences in our or-

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

chards. The attacks were largely upon nursery stock, and the colonies
could doubtless have been destroyed by an application of kerosene emulsion
or a whale-oil soap wash. As the colonies are so dense and frequently many
of them are hidden inside an open swelling caused on the bark of young
trees by their punctures, spraying the above insecticides would not in all
cases reach all of the insects. Where possible, a more thorough applica-
tion by means of a stiff brush would probably be more satisfactory. In
very bad instances, however, twigs high up in the trees may be covered
with the plant-lice, and in such cases the only practical treatment would
be spraying with a strong kerosene emulsion (one to six), and the liquid
must be applied with as much force as possible.

The Buffalo Tree-hopper (Ceresa bubalus, Fab.). This little homopter
is often complained of for the injury done to young apple wood by the egg-
laying females, which cut crescent-shaped slits in pairs along the young
branches when depositing their eggs. These slits run deeply into the wood
and leave lasting scars which give an ugly gnarled appearance to the trees.
Injury is seldom severe; but a remarkable instance has occurred during
the past summer in Mr. J. P. Gourdanier's magnificent seventy-acre or-
chard at Morven, Lennox county, Ont., where nearly all the trees were
severely injured. The remedy usually recommended for this insect is to
spray at the time the young hoppers hatch, with kerosene emulsion. In
this case, however, spraying with crude oil or a strong kerosene emulsion
just before the buds burst in spring would be advisable, so as to kill the eggs.
It has been found that the young do not feed to any extent upon the apple
trees after hatching; but upon weeds and other coarse vegetation near the
ground. All such useless vegetation, therefore, should be kept closely
mowed and the ground cultivated in infested orchards.

Forest and Shade Trees.

Perhaps the most noticeable occurrences of insects upon forest trees
during the past season were the reappearance of the Larch Sawfly and the
remarkable increase in the numbers of the Spruce Gall-louse, Chermes
abietis, L. This latter insect has been the cause of considerable anxiety
among growers of ornamental spruces for some years. It undoubtedly
renders the trees very unsightly and gives them an unhealthy appearance;
but I know of no actual instance where it has killed trees. The young
issue from the cone-like galls about the middle of August and crawl about
on the trees, where later eggs are laid from which hatch young plant-lice
that remain on the twigs until the following spring. Their presence in
the young buds of the spruces causes slight swellings at the base of the
leaves. Each female of the May brood lays about 300 eggs and the young
from these, cluster in the swellings begun by their mothers, where they soon
cause the galls which later are so conspicuous. No treatment is possible
upon forest trees; but, upon hedges and ornamental specimen trees, good
work has been done by spraying them at the times the young plant-lice are
exposed and before they are enclosed in the galls, with a tobacco and soap
wash, or with kerosene emulsion. The two seasons of the year when the
young plant-lice may be reached are in the latter part of August and in
May. A good soap wash may be made by soaking ten pounds of tobacco
leaves in enough hot water to cover them. Then strain off the. liquid and
add two pounds of whale oil soap. When dissolved, dilute to forty gallons
of water. Two or three applications of this spray should be made at short
intervals.

90 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

The Tussock Moth has been fully treated in other parts of this report
so requires no special mention here.

The Larch Case-bearer (Coleophora laricella, Hbn.). During the past
summer the European larches on the Experimental Farm, at Ottawa, were
seen to have many bleached leaves on some of their branches and upon close
examination it was found that the leaves were being eaten by large num-
bers of the small European Elachistid, Coleophora laricella, Hbn. This
had been recorded previously on larch trees in America ; but I am not aware
of its ever having been observed in Canada. The injury was not very
severe, but every new importation of this nature is worthy of considera-
tion, and it is to be hoped that this latest visitor may not be equally injuri-
ous here as it is in the German larch forests. The larval case is somewhat
similar to that of the Cigar Case-bearer of the Apple, but is rather shorter
and pale drab in colour. The caterpillars have a curious habit, when full
grown and ready to pupate, of fastening themselves in the centre of a fas-
cicle of leaves, where they are difficult to detect. There is only one brood
in the year, the moths of which appear in June. They are very small, of
a satiny ashy gray in colour, with long antennse and very long fringes to the
wings. After pairing, the females lay their tiny yellow eggs singly on
the needles of the larch. These soon after hatch and the larvae eat their
way into the slender needles, of which subsequently they make a very slen-
der case about one-eighth of an inch long, in which they pass the winter
attached to the twigs of the tree. As soon as the young buds begin to swell
in spring, these minute caterpillars revive and feed upon the young leaves.
The presence of the caterpillars upon a tree is easily recognized by the con-
dition of the leaves, the terminal portion of which is bleached and soon
shrivels. When the caterpillar attacks a leaf it eats a hole in the side, and,
as it consumes the interior portion, it protrudes its body until it can reach
no further without leaving its case. The winter case soon becomes too
small, when it is split down the side and the emptied skin of another leaf
is inserted. The case in which the Larch Case-bearer passes the winter,
is straight and slender, not curved as in the case of the Cigar Case-bearer
No parasites were reared, and the young larvse are to be found in large
numbers on the trees this autumn.

ENTOMOLOGICAL RECORD, 1905.
By James Fletcher, Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa.

Although few of the correspondents mentioned in the last Entomological
Record, to all of whom it was sent, have expressed an opinion of its utility,
I learn indirectly that it is highly valued by entomologists as a means of
learning what is being done in the country, where species have been taken
by our collectors, where these live, and what orders they are specially inter-
ested in. Most of this evidence, however, has been given gratuitously by
specialists living outside of Canada.

Up to the present time the Entomological Record has been sent regu-
larly to every active collector known to me in Canada. In future it will be
sent only to those who acknowledge its receipt.

From the large number of records sent in, it is evident that some of our
collectors do not understand the objects of publishing this paper. These
were stated in our first issue and repeated in 1902. There is no idea of pub-
lishing year after year long lists of insects which have been taken within

1905

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 91

their own range, but only such data as it is thought will be of value to stu-
dents of geographical entomology and to those interested in life-histories,
particularly the exact dates when various insects occur in the perfect state.
It is hoped in this Eecord to publish a list of rare species or such as have
not previously been noted as occurring in Canada; to give exact data as to
the distribution of species together with dates when certain insects have been
taken, so that localities may be visited and desirable species sought for at
the time and place where they are known to have occurred; also to draw
attention to works of particular value in the different departments of ento-
mology, and to place on record anything which it is thought will encourage
the study of insects in the Dominion.

A great many notes on captures have been sent in, and from these a se-
lection has been made of such species as in the opinion of the writer or those
specialists whom he has been able to consult, seemed worthy of recording.
As in the past, great care has been exercised in endeavoring to arrive at cor-
rect determinations.

I have again to express great gratitude to the well-known specialists in
the various orders who have so patiently identified large numbers of insects
for Canadian collectors; and I am glad to know from these gentlemen that
their own collections have been considerably enriched from the interesting
northern and western Canadian material, much of which was unrepresented
in the large collections of the United States. Particular mention in this
direction must be made of Dr. J. B. Smith, of New Brunswick, N.J., who is
untiring in his efforts to help all who apply to him. The same must be said
of Prof. H. F. Wickham, of Iowa City, Iowa, Mr. W. D. Kearfott, of Mont-
clair, N.J., and Dr. Skinner, of Philadelphia. Dr. L. 0. Howard, U. S.
Entomologist, and his expert associates, in the Bureau of Entomology, at
Washington, have, as heretofore, given invaluable help in almost all orders
of insects, to the many who have constantly asked for it.

The season of 1905 has been irregular, correspondents differing consid-
erably in their opinion of it. On the whole, however, in most places it prob-
ably was a rather unproductive year. The cool nights and damp weather
in many districts through the collecting season were very discouraging.
Notwithstanding this, many good species were taken, and, sis is always the
case, energetic workers added many desirable species to their collections.

Among the important expeditions in our country, mention may be made
of another extensive trip by Mrs. Nicholl, of Bridgend, South Wales, who
again spent the summer in our Rocky Mountains and the mountains of Wash-
ington State, where she made large collections of butterflies and other in-
sects. Another expedition of which up to the present time no report has
been received, was made by Mr. J. Chester Bradley, of Ithaca, N.Y., to-
gether with a large party of naturalists, into the Selkirks, the mountains
around Revelstoke and down the Columbia River. Mr. J. Keele, of the
Geological Survey, Ottawa, brought back a small but most interesting col-
lection of insects from the Yukon Territory. Among these were Erebia Mag-
dalena, Eurymus Boothii and € 'cenonympha JcodiaJc — all insects of great
rarity. Mr. W. J. Wilson, also of the Geological Survey, likewise made a
collection of insects in the Hudson Bay country.

The collections of insects of our own Society at London, and those of the
two Government institutions, viz., at the Central Experimental Farm, Ot-
tawa, and at the Agricultural College, Guelph, have been materially in-
creased during the past year ; and it might be well for Canadian collectors to
remember that there are a great many insects not represented in the cabinets
of all these three institutions, and that specimens will always be acceptable.

92 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

Efforts are made to help applicants whenever possible with identifications,
and the more complete these collections are, naturally of more use will they
he io the whole country. We are glad to welcome Prof. Franklin Sherman,
jr., at the Ontario Agricultural College at Guelph, and as his duties are more
restricted than were those of his highly esteemed predecessor, Prof. W.
Lochhead, we look for a rapid increase in the college collections. We would
remind all our readers that as these Guelph collections, with the exception
of Lepidoptera, are practically new ones, many species are entirely unrepre-
sented, and, if properly labelled as to localities and dates, specimens in all
orders taken in Ontario will be very acceptable to Prof. Sherman. Even
unnamed material will be thankfully received.

Prof. Lochhead, who has done such good work at Guelph for many
years, has severed his connection with the Agricultural College and has been
appointed Biologist at the Macdonald College of Agriculture, Ste. Anne de
Bellevue, Que. Doubtless he will soon make collections of insects for the
Province of Quebec and will form at his College another centre for the ac-
cumulation and dissemination of knowledge concerning Canadian insects.

Literature.

Biographical notes on entomology appear regularly in all the entomo-
logical journals and scientific magazines, such as the Canadian Entomologist,
the Ottawa Naturalist, Entomological News, Journal of the New York Ento-
mological Society, Le N aturaliste Canadien, and Psyche. These publications
are indispensable to the working entomologist. Among the articles upon
North American moths, Mr. Wolley Dod's series of papers in the Canadian
Entomologist, giving critical notes on the Noctuids he has taken at Millar-
ville and Calgary are of the greatest value to students of Western Canadian
insects.

Among the books which have appeared during 1905, some are of special
importance to Canadian students.

Aldrich, J. M. A Catalogue of North American Diptera. Smithsonian
Misc. Coll. XLVL, No. 1,444, 1905, pp. 680.— The latest catalogue of North
American Diptera which has had to serve students until the present time
was that by Baron Osten Sacken, published by the Smithsonian Institution
in 1878. Many who would have taken up the study of flies have been pre-
vented from doing so, for the lack of some systematic list by which they
could arrange their collections. Prof. Aldrich has produced a most valuable
contribution to entomology and there are few books which have appeared on
this branch of science which have been so gladly welcomed as his catalogue.
The work is done admirably and the greatest care has evidently been taken
in searching literature and in verifying references. The references to Cana-
dian publirations are very complete and with this catalogue and the four
Entomological Records which have appeared in our last four annual reports
a check list of Canadian Diptera might now easily be made out. There has
been an enormous increase in our knowledge of American flies during the
last 27 years. In the present catalogue no less than 8,300 species are men-
tioned. The printing and general get-up of this work are as nearly perfect
as can be. We congratulate the author in having finished so well this great
work which has taken him seven years of patient labor.

Cook, Mel. T. The Insect Galls of Indiana (20th Annual Eeport Dept.
Geology and Nat. Eesources of Indiana, 1904, pp. 801 to 871). — We have
received from Prof. Blatchley a separate copy of Mr. Cook's interesting and
well illustrated pamphlet, which makes a fitting companion for Mr. Beuten-
muller's bulletin on insect galls, noticed in our last issue. This will be found

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 93

a useful help to those who are now taking up this attractive subject. Bio-
graphical references under the different species are a noticeable feature.

Kellogg, Yernon L. American Insects. Henry Holt & Co., New York.
Pages 674; 13 colored plates; figs. 812 in text. — Prof. Kellogg gives us in this
work a useful addition to the books on general entomology which will be
appreciated by beginners and will be found interesting to all who consult it.
It is more popular and more up to date in many respects than the two stand-
ard works of a similar nature, Comstock's "Manual for the Study of Insects"
and Packard's "Text-book of Entomology." The author states in the pre-
face that "the book is written in the endeavor to foster an interest in insect
biology on the part of students of natural history, of nature observers and
of general readers, and does, as it professes, provide in a single volume a gen-
eral systematic account of the principal American insects. Comstock's clas-
sification, which is now generally adopted by American teachers, is followed
and synoptic tables are given which will be found very useful to students.
The whole work shows evidence of the writer's original investigations, but
naturally the specialist is more apparent in certain places than in others.

The physiology of insects, their relations to the development of plants
and as carriers of disease, are treated of at greater length than is usual in
such works, and form valuable contributions to the literature of these sub-
jects. The printing, paper and general get-up of the book are excellent.
The colored plates are good and will be found a great attraction to many who
wish for such a work as a present for boys and girls. A few of the text
figures are poor, and there are a few instances of errors as to the names of
species represented. These, however, are minor faults which can be cor-
rected by an "errata" slip or in a future edition.

Hampson, Sir George F. (Bart.), Catalogue of the Lepidoptera PhalasnaB
in the British Museum. Vol V. Noctuidse, 1905, pp. 634, plates 78 to 95.—
This volume is a continuation of Sir George Hampson's monographs of the
moths of the world, and gives the classification of the subfamily Hadeninse
as he understands it. "The subfamily is characterized by its trifid neuration
of the hind wing combined with the hairy clothing of the eyes and forms an
extremely natural and well-marked group of species." The generic names
used will be found unfamiliar to American students. The old genus Mames-
tra is now included in Polia. Many species recognized in our lists are in-
cluded as synonyms of other species. Possibly, however, larger series of
specimens would enable the eminent author to change his judgment on some
of these. The specific limits of many insects can only be decided after care-
ful breeding from the egg, a class of work which is now receiving great
attention in this country, and of which much is still to be done for many
North American species. Some of the Canadian localities given are very
vague and give little information as to distribution. The figures in the
plates are for the most part excellent and about 160 species are shown which
have already been or are likely to be found in the Dominion. It is noticeable
what good work has been done by Mr. F H. Wolley-Dod in supplying Sir
George Hampson with specimens.

Osborn, Herbert. Jassidae of New York State. (20th Report of the
State Entomologist of New York, pp. 498-545.— This comprehensive list of
the Jassidae of New York is of special interest to hemipterists in Eastern
Canada, as all the 175 specimens mentioned may be expected to occur with
us. Prof. Osborn has for many years made a special study of the Jassidse,
so is well fitted to prepare this list. It is printed on good paper and in the
admirable manner characteristic of Dr. Felt's reports. It contains copious
bibliographical references and is carefully indexed in the general index to
the Entomologist's report.

94 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

Skinner, Henry (M.D.). Synonymic Catalogue of North American
Rhopalocera, Supplement No. 1. — A supplement to Dr. Skinner's Catalogue
of 1898, giving references to the literature of the subject up to the end of
1904. This will be found a most useful help to students of North American
diurnals and shows that a great deal of attention has recently been given to
these attractive insects. No working entomologist can do without this sup-
plement. Dr. Skinner's well recognized knowledge of North American di-
urnals makes his critical notes a valuable feature of the pamphlet, which is
printed in the same neat and convenient style as the original catalogue. The
genera, we are glad to see, appear under the same names as before, which
seems preferable for the present at any rate.

Smith, J. B. (Sc.D.). Reports upon the Mosquitoes occurring within the
State of New Jersey, their habits, life history, etc. Trenton, N.J., 1904, pp.
482. — Copiously illustrated with numerous figures and plates. No index.
Many books and pamphlets have recently appeared upon mosquitoes and the
mosquito question, but none, we think, so complete or of such general utility
as this extensive report. The work has been done thoroughly, as all of Prof.
Smith's work is, and his results are presented in a readable and intelligible
manner, which must make the report very satisfactory to the people of the
State of New Jersey, who provided the necessary funds for the large amount
of work which was necessary in carrying out the experiments in draining
large marshes, making of surveys, etc., as well as for the scientific biological
work carried on in the laboratory. The report is well arranged. Part I. treats
of mosquito characteristics and habits; Part II., checks and remedies; Part
III., classification and descriptions; Part IV., local problems and surveys.
Parts I. and III. will be of greatest interest to the systematic entomologist,
no less than 37 species of New Jersey mosquitoes are described and fully il-
lustrated. The whole work shows the capability of the author in carrying
to a successful issue a work of great magnitude and also one demanding great
scientific knowledge.

Van Duzee, E. P. List of Hemiptera taken in the Adirondack Moun-
tains. (20th Report of the State Entomologist of New York, pp. 546-556.)
Although less complete than Prof. Osborn's list of Jassidse of New York, the
present paper will be found to be of great value to Canadian students on
account of the similarity of the fauna treated of and that of vast and varying
areas in Canada. It is a most welcome addition to the literature of an order
which requires many more students than so far have given their attention to
it. Mr. Wm. Metcalfe of Ottawa has shown what good work may be done
even in a restricted locality by an energetic collector.

Wright, W. G., The Butterflies of the West Coast of the United States.
(The Wittaker & Ray Company, San Francisco, pp. 257, 31 plates, color pho-
tography (940 figures). — This handsome work, which has just come to hand,
is uniform in size, style, paper and print with Dr. Holland's Butterfly Book,
and the plates are equally beautiful in execution and are superior in the im-
portant feature that many more undersides are shown, particularly among the
Argynnidse and Lycsenida?, where this is of so much importance. Mr.
Wright's name is so well known as a collaborator of Mr. W. H. Edwards
that his work will be read with great interest by all the older students, al-
though perhaps younger men will not altogether approve of the generic classi-
fication adopted. This, however, is, as the author points out, not a matter of
very much moment so long as the specific names remain constant. He
naively says : "Students should bear in mind that the species is the foun-
dation. Genus and family names are more or less arbitrary. . . . When
looking up a butterfly in the index, look for the specific name rather than

1905

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

95

the genus or family name, because these latter names are found in all sorts
of queer places, according to the fancy of the man who writes the list."

The first chapter, "General Features of Butterfly Life," consists of short
essays giving the author's views on many subjects which will be read with
interest, but with some of which lepidopterists will not agree. They are
valuable as being founded on the author's personal experience and observa-
tion of the species treated, mostly in California. A complete list of the but-
terflies of the United States gives the names as classified by Mr. W. H. Ed-
wards with the date of the original description. The names of the Pacific
coast species are in full-faced type and the descriptions are numbered in the
body of the book the same as the figure on the plates, which makes them
very easy of reference. The points of difference between allied species are
original, and coming from one with such long experience with the species
mentioned will be very useful. This work will be of great value to our col-
lectors in British Columbia, where many of the California species occur; but
Thecla blenina and T. spinetorum, two species which probably they will first
look for, will be a disappointment. The former, although referred to in the
Index, is neither figured nor described, and spinetorum as figured is neither
the insect which occurs in collections under that name, nor the closely allied
T, Johnsonii, of Skinner. Our Vancouver Island friends will read with much
amusement the description of their climate given under Chionobas gigas.
Mr. Wright visited Mount Finlayson on July 3, 1891, for eggs of C. gigas.
He says : "The males stay about the bare rock-knobs, flirting and playing
during the few sunny hours that shine upon the rocks in that cloudy, raw
climate." C. gigas and nevadensis are treated as different species, the latter
being considered as more nearly related to californica.

The following is a list of the full names and addresses of the collectors
referred to in the "Notes of Captures" for 1905: —

Anderson, E. M., Victoria, B.C.
Baldwin, J. W., Ottawa.
Bethune, Rev. C. J. S., London, Ont.
Bryant, Theodore, Wellington, B.C.
Bush. A. H., Vancouver, B.C.
Chagnon, Gus., Montreal.
Cockle, J. W., Kalso, B.C.
Criddle, Norman, Aweme, Man.
Dod, F. H. Wolley-, Millarville, Alta.
Draper, R., Vancouver, B.C.
Evans, J. D., Trenton, Ont.
Fletcher, Dr. James, Ottawa.
Fyles, Rev. T. W., Levis, Que.
Gibbon, Hugh, Miniota, Man.
Gibson, Arthur, Ottawa.
Grant, C. E., Orillia, Ont.
Hanham, A. W., Victoria, B.C.
Harrington, W. H., Ottawa.
Harvey, R. V., Vancouver, B.C.

Heath, E. F., Cartwright, Man.

Hudson, A. F., Millarville, Alta.

Jones, W. A. Dashwood, New Westmin-
ster, B.C.

Keen, Rev. J. H., Metlakatlah, B.C.

Keele, Jos., Ottawa.

Lyman, H. H., Montreal.

Marmont, L. E., Rounthwaite, Man.

Metcalfe, W., Ottawa.

Moore, W. H., Scotch Lake, N.B.

Perrin, Jos., McNab's Island, Halifax,
N.S.

Sanson, N. B., Banff, Alta.

Taylor, Rev. G. W., Wellington, B.C.

Venables, E. P., Vernon, B.C.

Walker, Dr. E. M., Toronto.

Willing, T. N., Regina, N.W.T.

Wilson, W. J., Ottawa.

Young, C. H., Hurdman's Bridge, Ont.

96 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

NOTES OF CAPTURES.

Lepidoptera.

(Arranged according to Dyar's List of North American Lepidoptera,
U. S. N. M. Bull. No. 52.)

RHOPALOCERA.

(Dyar's number).

21. Papilio brevicauda, Saunders. Larva found at the North-west Eiver
Post of the Hudson Bay Co., on Lake Melville, Ungaya, (Lyman).

37. Pontia pmtodice, Bdv. & Lee. Second specimen taken at Ottawa,
September 27, (Gibson). n

41. Nathalis iole, Bdv. Perfect female taken Sept. 29 at Eounthwaite,
Man., by Mrs. L. E. Marmont. A specimen of this insect was also taken at
Cartwright, about 50 miles S. E. of Eounthwaite by Mr. Heath, about 20
years ago.

64. Eurymus Boothii, Curtis. Lansing Eiver, Yukon Territory, June
24, Leduc Eiver, Y. T., July 4, (Keele). Two fine males.

65. Eurymus eurytheme, Bdv., b. eriphyle, Edw. Millarville, Alta.
Nov. 17; female quite fresh and very small, evidently of a third brood; a
most exceptional record, (Dod).

74 Eurymus palceno, L. Leduc Eiver, Y. T., July 4; Stewart Eiver,
above Boswell, Y. T., 2 males; Fraser Falls, Y. T., (Keele). ^

92. Euptvieta claudia, Cram. Baltimore, Ont. Larvae in dozens des-
troying pansies, July 11, (T. M. Wood).

98. Argynnis leto, Behr. McLeod, Alta. July 3, 1904, (Willing)

119. Argynnis Edwardsii, Eeakirt. Alameda, N. W. T., June 19, 19UU,

(Fletcher). . _r , ~ ,T

Phyciodes Hanhami, Fletcher. Eounthwaite, Man., July <, Mar-

194 Phyciodes Barnesi, Skinner. Okanagan valley, 1895, (C. deB.
Green); Mr. E. M. Anderson, of Victoria, B. C, has shown me some speci-
mens so named by Dr. Dyar; and, having examined into the matter 1 have
no doubt that what in the past I have been naming for correspondents as/;.
mylitta, Edw. is Barnesi, Skin., which was described by Dr. Skinner for this
similar but much larger species. I have specimens of true mylitta which
were taken at Agassiz and Mission in the Fraser valley, B. U, but had con-
sidered them as merely dwarfs of the form which has since been described
as Barnesi. The males of the two species are much alike. Both are ngured
in Holland's Butterfly Book. _ ;

209. Polygonia f annus, Edw. Scotch Lake, N. B., (Moore). This fine
Grapta was remarkably abundant all through Canada this ^ season. As a
rule, it is one of the rarest of the genus, notwithstanding its wide range.

216 Eugenia califomica, Bdv. Eounthwaite, August 30, (Marmont).

270. Erebia disa, Thun., a. mancinus, D. & H. Lansing Eiver, Y. T.,
June 24, (Keele). . ' _ „ ■

275. Erebia magdalenya, Strk. On mountain 12 miles up Hell Eiver,
Y. T., August 2, (Keele). A very rare insect.

282 Camonympha Jcodiah, Edw. Lansing Eiver, Y. T., June 24, Leduc
Eiver, Y. T., July 4, (Keele); Atlin, B. C, (sent by T. Bryant).

286. Enodia porilandia, Fab. MacNab's Island, Halifax, N. S., (Per-
rin); Cartwright, Man., July 16 & 22, first time there. (Heath).

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 97

292. CEneis jutta, Hbn. North Fork, Stewart River, Y. T., June 22;
Lansing Eiver, Y. T., June 24; Leduc River, Y. T., July 4, (Keele).

Thecla Johnsoni, Skinner. Vancouver, B.C., end of May, (Draper);
Stanley Park, Vancouver, June 9, 6 sp., (Harvey).

472. Ancyloxypha numitor, Fab. Orillia, Ont., Plentiful, never taken
here before, (Grant).

490. Erynnis pawnee, Dodge. Rounthwaite, August 10, (Marmont).

504. Anthomaster leonardus, Harr. Ottawa, Sept. 1904, (Mrs. Nicholl) ;
Britannia, Ottawa, August 23, 1904, (Baldwin). This has been very rare at
Ottawa up to the present time; not taken for 25 years.

555. Limochroes bimacula, G. & R. London, Ont., (Bethune).

HETEROCERA.

657. Lepisesia flavo fas data, Wlk., a. ulalume, Strk. Evidently remark-
ably abundant this year at Vancouver, where many specimens were taken by
Bush, Draper, Harvey and Jones. Mr. Cockle also caught the species at
Kaslo and secured eggs for rearing.

659. Lepisesia clarkice, Bdv. Victoria, B. C, May 17, 25, 27, (Ander-
son).

701. Sphirite dvupiferarum, S. & A. Kaslo, June 30, (Cockle); bred
from larvae which were abundant in orchards last year, Vernon, B. C,
(Venables).

705. Sphinx Vancouverensis, Hy. Ed. Wellington, B. C, May 30,
(Taylor).

836. Utetheisa bella, L. Ottawa, Sept. 25, (Fletcher). The second
specimen seen at Ottawa, the other one being taken Sept. 20, 1877.

861. Phragmatobia assimilans, Wlk., a. franconica, Slosson. Ottawa,
June 3, 1899, (Gibson); Meach Lake, Que., May 16 & 17, (Young).

875. Apantesis virguncula, Kirby. Ottawa, July 6, (Baldwin). A rare
species at Ottawa.

880. Apantesis anna, Grt., a. persephone, Grt. Trenton, June 17,
(Evans).

880. Apantesis nevadensis, G. & R. a. incorrupta, Hy. Edw. Fine
specimens reared at Ottawa by Mr. Gibson from larvae collected by Mr.
Marmont, at Rounthwaite, Man.

891. Apantesis celia, Saunders. Ottawa, pupa May 9, imago June 7,
(Baldwin).

895. Apantesis vittata, Fab. Ottawa, pupa May 1, imago May 26,
(Baldwin).

895. Apantesis vittata, Fab., b. phalerata, Harr. Trenton, June 20,
(Evans). I doubt very much that this is a variety of vittata.

982. Apatela leporina, L., var. mo^sta, Dyar. Kaslo,, June 1 at sugar,
(Cockle).

994. Apatela furcifera, Gn. Aweme, Man., June 6, 29, common at
sugar, (Criddle).

1,000. Apatela quadrata, Grote. Miniota, Man., June 28, 1904,
(Gibbon).

1,004. Apatela superans, Gn. Aweme, June 12, one specimen, first
time taken here, (Criddle).

1,015. Apatela mansueta, Sm. Kaslo, one specimen at sugar, July 1,
(Cockle).

1,075. Baileya Doubledayi, Gn. Hull, Que., June 3, (Gibson).

1,176. Hadena didonea, Sm. Ottawa, bred from larvae boring in root
shoots of Phalaris arundinacea, June 26, (Fletcher).

7 EN.

98 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

1212. Hadena passer, Sm. Regina, N.W.T., July 15, (Fletcher).
Hadena exhausta, Sm. Cartwright, (Heath).

1,221. Hadena apamiformis, Gn. Ottawa, June 28, (Gibson).

1,247. Hadena cinefacta, Grt. Regina, June 11, 30; July 3, 14, (Will-
ing); Victoria, May 12, (Anderson).

1,273. Folia contadina, Sm. Victoria, Sept. 12, (Anderson).

1,281. Hyppa brunneicrista, Sm. Victoria, June 6, first one taken for 4
or 5 years, (Anderson).

1,302. Laphygma frugiperda, S. and A. Cartwright, Sept. 29, always
scarce, (Heath). Aweme, Sept. 16, (Criddle).

1,312. Homohadena badistriga, Grt., var. fifia, Dyar. Yorkton, N.W.T.,
July 28, (Willing); Aweme, July 10, Aug. 3 and 12, (Criddle).

1,333. Oncocnemis Saundersiana, Grt. Aweme, Sept. 9, at light, (Crid-
dle). Very rare in collections.

1,344. Oncocnemis iricolor, Sm. Aweme, Sept. 1, at light, (Criddle). A
very rare species.

1,358. Oncocnemis cibalis, Grt. Millarville, Alta., Aug. 27, at light,
not seen for years, (Hudson).

1,354. Oncocnemis viriditincta, Sm. Aweme, Aug. 22 and 31, at light,
(Criddle).

1,370. Adita chionanthi, S. and A. Cartwright, one specimen, Aug. 19,
first specimen appeared here about five years ago, (Heath).

Rhynchagrotis scopeops, Dyar. Kaslo, Aug. 26, at sugar, (Cockle).
Aplectoides discolor, Sm. (Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Dec, 1905.)
Mouth of Skeena River, June 29. Inverness, B.C., July 16, (Keen).

1,392. Rhynchagrotis minimalis, Grt. Kaslo, July 20-29, at sugar,
(Cockle).

1.426. Semiophora elimata, Gn. Kaslo, Aug. 17, (Cockle) ; Meach Lake,
Que., May 8, (Young).

1.427. Semiophora opacifrons, Grt. Meach Lake, Que., Aug. 7, (Young).
1,450. Setagrotis infimatis, Grt. Kaslo, Aug. 7, one specimen with a

pink suffusion on upper side of primaries, Aug. 11, (Cockle).

1,453. Agrotis aurulenta, Sm. Aweme, June 16, 1904, (Criddle). A new
locality for the species.

Noctua acarnea, Sm. (Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Dec, 1905.) Banff,
Alta., July 11, 1902, (Sanson).

1,498. Noctua pyrophiloides, Harvey. Kaslo, Aug. 3 and 20, at light,
(Cockle).

1,500. Noctua havilce, Grt. Cardston, Alta., June 21, 1902, (Fletcher).

1,506. Noctua substrigata, Sm. Rounthwaite, July 20, (Marmont).
Feltia obliqua, Sm. Millarville, May 25, at light, (Dod).

1,588. Paragrotis brocha, Morr. Vernon, Aug., (Venables).

1,590. Paragrotis cogitans, Sm. Millarville, Aug. 10, at light. One
male only previously taken, (Hudson).

1,623. Paragrotis deter sa, Wlk. Larva found at Youghall, N.B., on
saltwort, Salsola Jcali. Very much like that of Paragrotis scandens, Riley.
Moth emerged at Ottawa, Sept. 6, (Fletcher).

1,660. Paragrotis incallida, Sm. Millarville, Aug. 27, (Hudson); July
21, very rare of recent years, (Dod).

1,693. Paragrotis mollis, Wlk. Millarville, at light, July 30, a great
rarity, (Hudson).

Paragrotis nesilens, Sm. Cartwright, July 3, (Heath) ; Aweme,
July 10, (Criddle); Millarville, July 17, Aug. 25, at light, (Hudson).

7a ento.

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 99

Paragrotis maimes, Sm. Cartwright, one at sugar, Sept. 4, always
a rarity, (Heath); Millarville, Aug. 12 and 27, (Hudson). This is the species
previously known in Canada as Riding siana, Grt., which, however, is a south-
ern' species.

1.731. Paragrotis acutifrons, Sm. Cartwright, at sugar, a single speci-
men, (Heath).

1.732. Paragrotis nordica, Sm. Millarville, at light, July 28, (Hudson).
1,881. Barathra occidentata, Grt. Abundant from middle of June to 1st

of July at Ottawa, (Young, Gibson, Baldwin, Fletcher). Specimens also
sent from Nova Scotia, (Dr. C. A. Hamilton), Quebec, (Fyles), and also
found at Nepigon.

1,885. Morrisonia sectilis, Gn., a. vomerinay Grt. Toronto, May 9, 1898,
(Gibson); Aweme, May 16, (Criddle).

1,910. Scoto gramma uniformis, Sm. Kaslo, at light, Aug. 8, (Cockle).

1,953. Heliophila unipuncta, Haw. "Wellington, B.C., March 2, (Bry-
ant).

2,026. Graphiphora peredia, Grt. Cartwright, at sugar, Aug. 8, several
subsequently, (Heath).

2,096. Xylina amanda, Sm. Cartwright, at sugar, Aug. 31, (Heath).

Xylina ancilla, Sm. Cartwright, at sugar, Aug. 31, Sept. 3,
(Heath).

2,142. Rancor a strigata, Sm. Yernon, Ap. 5, (Venables).

2,175. Papaipema Harrisii, Grt. Bred from Heracleum lanatum on the
Restigouche River, N.B., (Lyman); Cartwright, one specimen, (Heath).

2.179. Papaipema nitela, Gn. Fargo, Ont. Although frequently re-
corded from Canada as a pest on potatoes and corn, these are the first speci-
mens I have actually seen. Most of the previous records referred to P. cata-
phracta. Larvae buried at Ottawa, Aug. 2, and moths appeared Sept. 6.
(Fletcher.)

Papaipema thalictri, Lyman, var. perobsoleta, Lyman. Bred from
roots of Thalictrum cornuti at Montreal West, (Lyman).

2.180. Papaipema nelitay Strk. Cartwright, one at light, (Heath).
2,184. Papaipema frigida, Sm. Cartwright, at light, Aug. 8. This is

a rarity and is somewhat like a large nelita, (Heath.)

2,205. Conservula anodonta, Gn. Meach Lake, Que., July 12, (Young).

2,288. Nycterophceta luna, Morr. Rounthwaite, May 25, 1901, (Mar-
mont); Millarville, July 6, asleep on thistle head in sunshine, open prairie
near Red Deer River, 50 miles north-east of Gleichen, (Dod). Mr. Marmont's
record was sent in in 1901 but was accidentally overlooked.

Melicleptria sexata, Sm. Aweme, July 21, (Criddle).

2,473. Polychrysia formosa, Grt. Meach Lake, Que., Aug. 15, (Young).

2,494. Autographa rubidus, Ottol. Meach Lake, Que., June 5, (Young).

2,496. Autographa brassicce, Riley. Kaslo, common, (Cockle) ; Van-
couver, June 14, (Anderson); Ottawa, Aug. 16, (Gibson); Rounthwaite,
common, Marmont).

2,551. Marasmalus inficita, Wlk. Orillia, at light, (Grant); Montreal,
July 1, (Chagnon).

2,555. Alabama argillacea, Hbn. Cartwright, Sept. 1, (Heath); Levis,
Que., (Fyles). The Cotton Moth was abundant in many places in eastern
Canada for a few days in the beginning of Sept., but not in such numbers
as it sometimes appears.

2,623. Prothymia rhodarialis, Wlk. Orillia, at light, (Grant).

2,766. Melipotis fasciolaris, Hbn. Ottawa, at rest in yard, July 6, (Bald-
win). A remarkable capture. The species is a native of the West Indies

100

THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

and was probably brought in with bananas. The Ottawa Fruit Exchange
building is close to Mr. Baldwin's house.

2,788. Syneda ochracea, Behr. Vernon, June, Venables).

2,844. Catocala augusta, Hy. Edw. Kaslo (Cockle).

2 858. Catocala coccinata, Grt. Cartwnght two or three each year. This
is much smaller than parta though like it at firs t sight (Heath)

Bowolocha lutalba, Sm. Cartwnght, July 10, Heath).

3,072. Bomolocha toreuta, Grt. Aweme June 18, (t riddle).

3,128. Dasylophia thyatiroides, Wlk. Ottawa, June 24, (Young), To-
ronto, June 6, (Gibson).

3,147. Zai^a paKtifl, Strk. Kaslo, Aug. 3, (Cockle)

o'pi i T0/^e laricis, Fitch. Orillia, two specimens at light, (Grants

Se! OrZroZ, Wlk. St. John's, Que., July 29, (Chagnon). The
larva feeds on Viburnum cassinoides in peat bogs. _ .

6,606 St^opu ttob, Strk. Ottawa, July 6, (Gibson) Tins is it e , only

„„„;',, 80 far known with certainty to have been taken at any otter place

C Montreal Mr Gibson also saw two more specimens the -following : even-

TnTi but? although sought for carefully then and for several days afterwards,

M bS08."SX" hynerhoreus, Moesch. Kaslo, one specimen, bright red-
dish orange, no silver, (Cockle).

COLEOPTERA.

(Arranged according to Henshaw's List of the Coleoptera of America, North
v of Mexico.

25f . Cicindela Ivmbalis, Kl. Calgary, May 17, (WiUing).

B-Cl5ftg^iir:S^otoh. Olds Alt.., June, (»
.^rdS^^

hami,696. Vm^. *ri Lap .Montreal Sept 27 at light, (^hagnon).
1707. Silpha trituberculata, Kirby. Tofield Alta , July ^ <> ^m ng^
2 180 Philonthus discoideus, Gray. Trenton, Aug. 20, (Lvans) , ut

^k^n^S^- Montreal, under dead leaves, Sept. 2,

fChaffi!'^M-- «****«<. L Ottawa ^\^J>^°^
This rare and beautiful species resembles badtpes, but has red elytr

two rows of golden spots, one down ^fj^f^^j (Evans); Ottawa,
2,434. Stenus croceatus, Casey. Trenton, &ept. it, K^v* ,,

Oct. i0, (Harrington). fioldstream B C, abundant in

2 825. Lathrimccum pictum, Fauv. Uolastream, r>.^.,
Skunk cabbage, Lysichiton, early in the season, (Hanham).

2 854 ZwLn rufipes, Fauv. Trenton May l,^)'

3 043a. Hippodamia mmsta, Lee. Goldstream, Victoria, a late su
species, rare, found on thistles, etc., (Hanham).

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 101

3,118. Hyperaspis postica, Lee. Goldstream, by sweeping, August,
(Hanhani). Described from California.

3,168. Scymnus Phelpsii, Cr. Victoria, on fences, Sept., (Hanham).

3,179. Phymaphora pulchella, Newm. Montreal, on dead birch partly
covered with fungi, Sept. 29, (Chagnon).

3.223. Mycotretus pulchra, Say. Trenton, Aug. 26, (Evans). Rare at
Ottawa in fungus.

3,403. Triphyllus elongatus, Lee. Goldstream, early summer, (Han-
ham).

3,505. Hister sedecimstriatus. Say. Montreal, in cow dung, June 15,
(Chagnon).

3,971. Macropogon testaceipennis, Mots. Goldstream, June 28, beaten
off Arbutus Menziesii only; rare, (Hanham).

3,984. Arceopus monachus, Lee. Vernon, (Venables).

3,993. Eucinetus terminalis, Lee. Montreal, from sweepings in marshy
land, Sept. 21, (Chagnon).

4,083. Adelocera profusa, Canad. Vernon, under pine bark, May, (Ven-
ables).

4,218. Elater nigrinus, Payk. Trenton, June 20, (Evans).

4.224. Elater vitiosus, Lee. St. Hilaire, Que., July 1, (Chagnon); Ot-
tawa, one specimen, (Harrington).

4,247. Elater obliquus, Say. Trenton, June 30, (Evans).

4,343. Melanotus Sagittarius, Lee. Montreal, May 4, (Chagnon); Ot-
tawa, one specimen, in spring, (Harrington).

4,369. Limonius subauratus, Lee. Vancouver, May 16, (Harvey).

4,382. Pityobius anguinus, Lee. Six specimens of this fine elater were
taken at electric light, Ottawa, June 28, (Gibson and Baldwin).

4,474. Corymbites sagitticollis, Esp. Vancouver, May 16, (Harvey).

4,498. Corymbites rotundicollis , Say. Specimens of the Pacific form that
passes by this name were taken by Mr. Hanham at sugar and on fences.
(Wickham.)

4,587. Dicer ca sexualis, Cr. Vancouver, June 20, (Harvey).

4,738. Agrilus acutipennis, Mann. St. John's, Que., June 25, (Chag-
non).

4,836. Photinus marginellus, Lee. Rare at Ottawa, (Harrington); Tren-
ton, Aug. 8, (Evans).

5,020. Endeodes collaris, Lee. Albert Head, Victoria, Aug. 3, on sandy
beach under moist seaweed, (Hanham); all of our species of Endeodes are
found in such locations along the Pacific coast and are remarkable for their
curious short elytra. (Wickham.)

5,164. Clerus spinolce, Lee. Victoria, (Anderson).

5,177. Clerus nigriventris, Lee. Vernon, (Venables).

5,356. Amphicerus bicaudatus, Say. Eegina, Oct. 6, 1900, (Willing).
Donoderus pacificus, Casey. Banff, Alta., July 13, (Willing).

5,432. Canthon simplex. Lee. Vernon, (Harvey).

5,439. Onthopliagus janus, Panz. Trenton, May 9, (Evans).

5,557. Aphodius scabiceps, Lee. Aweme, Sept. 19, (Criddle). Described
from Colorado and so far not reported from any other locality. (Wickham.)

5,659. Dichelonycha testacea, Kirby. Saltcoats, N.W.T., July 12, (Wil-
ling).

6,233. Centrodera decolorata, Harr. Montreal, June 14, at light, (Chag-
non).

6,428. Liopus fascicularis, Harr. Trenton, July 9, rare, (Evans).

102 THE REPORT OF THE No. ID

6,478. Saperda calcarata, Say, var. adspersa, Lee. St. John's, Que.,
Aug. 27, (Chagnon).

6,560 (10,-337). Syneta hamata, Horn. Vernon, May, (Venables).

6,599. Saxinis saucia, Lee. Vernon, (Venables).

6,959. Disonycha rufa, 111. St. Hilaire, Que., on willows, June 28,
(Chagnon).

7,303. Coelus ciliatus, Esch. Victoria. Prof. Wickham so names the
species I recorded as globosus in last Ent. Record. (Hanham.)

7,396. Coelocnemis dilaticollis, Mann. Goldstream. This is our largest
Tenebrionid. It ocurs rarely on dry hillsides under logs, etc., August and
later, (Hanham).

7,484. Uloma longula, Lee. Goldstream, July, under bark of fallen
Douglas fir, (Hanham).

7,666. Serropalpus barbatus, Schall. Oak Bay, Victoria, B.C., Sept. 1,
at sugar, (Hanham).

7,724. Calopus augustus, Lee. Enderby, B.C., April, (Venables).

7,729. Ditylus gracilis, Lee. Vancouver, (Harvey).

Xanthochroa testacea, Horn. Albert Head, beaten from Spircea, July
31, (Hanham). As yet this (Edemerid is rare in collections. (Wickham.)

7,872. Eury genius campanulatus , Lee. Goldstream, June, only taken on
the ground in cultivated fields, (Hanham).

7,874. Stereopalpus vestitus. Say (badiipennis, Lee). Sandhills near the
big Douglas swamp, Manitoba, June, (Hanham).

8,240. Trigonoscuta pilosa, Mots. Victoria, among roots on sea beach,
one pair, (Hanham). Not uncommon further south, but this Vancouver
Island record is of interest. (Wickham.)

8,270. Amnesia decorata, Lee. Goldstream, occasional under stones,
(Hanham).

8,349. Sitones crinitus, Gyll. (following LeConte). Olds, June 5, (Wil-
ling).

8,357. Trichalophus simplex, Lee. Hegina, July and August, (Willing).

8,526. Cleonus vittatus, Kirby. Victoria, one pair, (Hanham). Uncom-
mon so far north. (Wickham.)

8,641. Anthonomus sycophanta, Kirby. Olds, in a gall on willow, Sept.
5, (Willing). Occurs from New Hampshire to District of Columbia, from
Oregon to Southern California. (Wickham.)

8,687. Proctorus armatus, Lee. North of Olds, June. Prof. Wickham
says this is very rare in collections, (Willing).

9,207. Allandrus bifasciatus, Lee. Abernethy, N.W.T., June 28, (Wil-
ling).

Orthoptera.

Some collections have been made of Orthoptera, but even yet this im-
portant field for good work is almost untouched. Dr. Walker, of Toronto,
has been in Europe during the greater part of the past collecting season;
but one or two other students have taken up the study, and it is probable
that next year will show a considerable advance in our knowledge of Cana-
dian locusts and their allies. The following records of species of some in-
terest have been received : —

Ageneotettix Scudderii, Brun. Aweme, Aug. 1, (Criddle).

Amphitornus bicolor, Thorn. Aweme, July 21, Aug. 1, (Criddle).

Arphia pseudonietana, Thorn. Aug. 12, Vernon, (Venables).

Chloealtis conspersa, Harr. This is conspersa, but is colored like the
western abdominalis. The sides of the pronotum are not shining black as in

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. , 103

all the specimens of conspersa I have seen before, but are dark only in the
upper half as in abdominalis. The latter is a Rocky Mountain form which
I have taken at Banff and in Manitoba, and also along the Severn River,
Ont. (Walker.) The above specimens were taken on Anticosti Island by Dr.
J. Schmitt in 1903.

Chloealtis conspersa, Harr., var. prima, Morse. Grimsby, Ont., Aug.
22, 1904, (Metcalfe), also recorded from Lake Simcoe by Walker. (A. N.
Caudell.)

Conocephalus nebrascensis, Brun. Grimsby, Aug. 12, Sept. 3, 1894,
(Metcalfe).

Cordillacris cinerea, Brun. Aweme, July 7, Aug. 8, (Criddle).

Gomphocerus clavatus, Thorn. New Lunnon, Alta., July 22, (Fletcher);
Aweme, (Criddle).

Hippiscus latifasciatus, Scudd. Aweme, June 15, (Criddle).

Hippiscus tigrinus, Scudd. Aweme, May 25, (Criddle).

Mecostethus gracilis, Scudd. New Lunnon, Alta., July 27, (Fletcher);
Aweme, Sept. 6, (Criddle).

Mecostethus lineatus, Scudd. Anticosti Island, (Dr. Schmitt). Male
and female. These differ from Ontario specimens in having a dark ring
on the hind tibiae near the base, and in the shorter tegmina and wings ; the
female also differs in the pronotum, which is more contracted before the
middle. (E. M. Walker.)

Melanoplus bilituratus, Walk. Aweme, July 4, (Fletcher and Criddle).

Melanoplus Dawsoni tellustris, Scudd. Aweme, (Criddle).

Melanoplus extremus Junius, Dodge. Aweme, July 7, (Criddle and
Fletcher).

Melanoplus fasciatus volaticus, Scudd. Edmonton, Alta., (Fletcher).

Nemobius griseus, Walk. Toronto, Oct. 8, 1903, (Metcalfe).

Spharagemon Bolli, Scudd. Aweme, July 27, (Criddle).

Stenobothrus acutus, Morse. Edmonton, Alta., (Fletcher)*

Stirapleura decussata, Scudd. Aweme, May 24, (Criddle).

Tettix ornatus triangularis, Scudd. Toronto, April 4, 1904, (Metcalfe).

T rimer otropis citrina, Scudd. Vernon, B.C., Aug. 25, (Yenables).

Odonata.

This order has not yet received from Canadian entomologists the atten-
tion which it deserves; but an effort will be made to draw more attention to
it, as there are doubtless a great many interesting species in Canada which
have not yet been recorded. The few collections which have been submitted
to specialists, have all contained species of interest, and this attractive order
presents a field well worthy of study. The life-histories of many species are
anknown, and the habits of the larvae of all make them very desirable objects
for an aquarium. Dr. E. M. Walker, of Toronto, has collected for some
time and has now a collection of about 65 species found in Ontario. He has
kindly named any specimens I have submitted to him, and the following
notes are made from letters which he has written. The species mentioned
are the most interesting of a large number which have been submitted to
bim or which he has taken himself recently.

Calopteryx crquabilis, Say. Algonquin Park, Ont., July 25, 1900, (Prof.
John Mapoun). The same locality, Aug. 31, 1902, (Dr. E. M. Walker).

Ophiogomphus rupinsulensis, Walsh. North River, Algonquin Park,
Aug. 13 to 30, 1902-03, (Walker).

Hagenius brevistylus, Selys. Lake Simcoe, July, Algonquin Park, Aug.
20, (Walker).

104 • THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

Lanthus albistylus, Selys. iNorth River, Algonquin Park, Aug. 14,
(Walker). '. .

Somatochlora forcipata, Scudd. A very rare and interesting species oi
northern range. One male, Algonquin Park, July 15, (Macoun); Isle of
Orleans, Que., Aug. 30, (Walker). .

Gomphus Scudderi, Selys. North River, Algonquin Park, Aug. 20,
1903; Aug. 30, 1902, (Walker).

Gomphus furcifer, Hagen. High Park and East Toronto, June lo,
(Walker).

Dromo gomphus spinosus, Selys. Lake Simcoe, July to Sept., (Walker).

Macromia illinoiensis, Walsh. Lake Simcoe, July to August, Algon-
quin Park, Aug., (Walker).

Dorocordulia libera, Selys. Lake Simcoe, July 8, (Walker).

Ladona julia, Uhler. Algonquin Park, July 5, (Macoun).

Tramea Carolina, L. One male of this fine large southern dragon fly
was taken by Dr. E. M. Walker, in High Park, Toronto, May 24, 1904.

DlPTERA.

(Arranged according to a Catalogue of North American Diptera by J. M.

Aldrich (Smithsonian Mis. Col. XLVI. No. 1,444.) The numbers refer

to the pages of the Catalogue.)

166. Bibio nigripilus, Loew. Common in April, Yancouver, (Harvey);
Victoria, (Anderson).

179. Sargus decorus, Say. Yictoria, (Anderson).

202. Tabanus captonis, Marten. Mt. Arrowsmith, B.C., July 28,
(Fletcher).

203. Tabanus epistatus, O. S. Sumner, N.W.T., June 23, 1903, (Wil-
ling); Deloraine, Man., Ottawa, June 23, 1903, (Fletcher).

204. Tabanus illotus, O. S. Moosomin, N.W.T., June 23; Tantallon,
N.W.T., July 23; Prince Albert, N.W.T., July 23, (Willing); Indian Head,
N.W.T., July 1, (Fletcher).

204. Tabanus lasiophthalmus , MacG. Ottawa, 29 May, (Fletcher).
204. Tabanus lineola, Fab. Ottawa, Aug. 8, (Fletcher).

Tabanus Osburni, Hine. Deloraine, Man., 1902, (Fletcher).
207. Tabanus Reinwardtii, Wied. Millarville, Alta., July 27, 1903,

207. Tabanus septentrionalis, Loew. McLeod, Pincher, Pine Creek,
Spruce Grove, Tofield, all N.W.T., July 2-27, (Willing).

207. Tabanus sonomensis, O. S. June 20, Yancouver, (Harvey); Mt,
Arrowsmith, B.C., July 28, (Fletcher).

209. Tabanus vivax, O. S. Little Current Eiver, Hudson Bay slope, 22

July, 1903, (Wilson). . , ' ■» , 91

209. Tabanus zonalis, Kirby. Mamamattawa, Hudson Bay slope, 21

June, 1903, (Wilson).

230. Anthrax eumenes, O. S. Yictoria, (Anderson).
259. Cyrtopogon dasylloides, Will. Yictoria, (Anderson).

351. Paragus bicolor, Fab. Yictoria, (Anderson).

352. Chilosia lasiophthalmus, Will. Yictoria, (Anderson).

361. Melanostoma stegnum, Say. Common, end of April, Yancouver,

(Harvey).

mS.Didea laxa, O. S. One male, April 24, Yancouver, (Harvey).

363. Lasiophthalmus pyrastri, L. Yictoria, (Anderson).

364. Syrphus americanus, Wied. Common, April-May, Yancouver,
(Harvey).

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 105

365. Syrphus diver sipes, Macq. Common, April-May, Vancouver, (Har-
vey).

366. Syrphus macularis, Zett. Victoria, (Anderson).

366. Syrphus intrudens, 0. S. Common, April-May, Vancouver, (Har-
vey).

368. Syrphus torvus, 0. S. Common, April-May, Vancouver, (Harvey).

382. Sericomyia chalcopyga, Loew. Victoria, (Anderson).

383. Pyritis Kincaidii, Coq. Victoria, (Anderson).
400. Chrysochlamys croesus, 0. S. Victoria, (Anderson).

402. Criorhina Kincaidi, Coq. Common, March to May, at willows and
salmon-berry, Rub us spectabilis, Vancouver, (Harvey).

403. Criorhina tricolor, Coq. Two at end of May, Vancouver, (Harvey).

404. Spilomyia fusca, Loew. One pair, Trenton, Ont., Aug. 27, (Evans).
430. Clausicella Johnsoni, Coq. Ottawa, 26 June, (Metcalfe).

472. Blepharipeza adusta, Loew. April 30, Vancouver, (Harvey).
489. Epalpus bicolor, Will. One, Sept., Vancouver, (Harvey).
520. Calliphora viridescens, Desv. Victoria, (Anderson).
525. Pyrellia cyanicolor, Zett. Common, April, Vancouver, (Harvey).
563. Lisp a tentaculata, De G. Victoria, (Anderson).

A good many flies have been collected during 1905, but very few of the
eastern records sent in are of special interest. Those given above are almost
all from the west, and most of them are additions to the Canadian list. All
the identifications have been made by leading specialists.

INJURIOUS INSECTS OF THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By Arthur Gibson, Division of Entomology, Central Experimental

Farm, Ottawa.

Growers of flowering plants in gardens are often troubled with insect
enemies of various kinds. Some of these attack the foliage, others the flow-
ers, while others again bore into the stems and even into the roots. As the
subject is an important one, an effort has been made to bring together such
information as we had concerning certain little-known species, and to add,
at the same time, short notes on some of the more regularly occurring pests in
flower gardens, some of which may appear in destructive numbers during
any season.

Injurious insects may be divided into two classes : (1) those kinds which
bite their food, such as caterpillars, beetles, etc., and (2) those which suck up
their food in a liquid form, by means of their beaks, such as the true bugs,
plant lice, etc. When insects, therefore, are noticed doing harm to any
plant, the first thing* to do is to decide by the nature of the injury to what
class they belong. If they are biting insects, some poison, such as Paris
green, must be placed upon the food which will be eaten with it. If, how-
ever, they are sucking insects, some material which will kill by contact, such
as kerosene emulsion, or whale oil soap, must be used. For the convenience
of applying liquid applications to the foliage of plants a small spraying
pump will be found useful. Good hand pumps suitable for use in ordinary
flower gardens may be now purchased at a small cost, but it will pay in the
end to get a good pump, even if this should be a few dollars more.

There are some insects, such as the borers, which cannot be reached by
any outside application of spraying materials. Injury to plants by these
insects, which work inside the stems and roots, is often of a serious nature

106

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

and should be met with preventive remedies. In some cases the only thing
to do is to cut out the infested part if this is possible, or destroy the whole
plant so as to reduce the numbers of the insect.

It must be remembered, however, that all insects which occur m gardens
are not injurious kinds. There are beneficial ones as well, which are continu-
ally doing good by destroying those species which do harm. These beneficial
kinds should all be known to the gardener. Foremost amongst them are the
different kinds of ladybird beetles (Fig. 35), which, both in their larval and
adult stages feed almost exclusively upon plant-lice and scale insects.

*Os

Fig. 35. Lady-bird beetles.

Fig. 36. Lace-wing fly ; eggs much magni-
fied ; the fly, showing one pair of wings only ; the
eggs on their stalks ; the larva.

Another kind of beetle, the Fiery Ground beetle, Calosoma calidum, Fab.,
is a particularly useful insect. This beetle, and its voracious black, grub,
which is called the Cutworm Lion, destroy enormous numbers of cutworms.
TEe beetle shown in the figure is brownish black, with the wing cases spotted
with coppery red in nearly all the eastern specimens. The appearance and
habits of this £ood friend should be known to everyone. (Fig. 37.)

Other well-known beneficial insects belong to the parasitic Hymenoptera,
four-winged flies, and to the Diptera, or two-winged flies. The females of
these large groups of flies deposit their eggs upon or in the bodies of cut-
worms and other injurious caterpillars. These eggs soon hatch and the young
larva* at once begin to feed upon the living caterpillar, which of course soon
dies. The different kinds of Lace-wing flies (Chrysopa species) (Fig. 36) are
also good friends of the gardener, their larvse working particularly among
the plant lice.

Fig. 37. The Fiery Ground-
beetle and its larva, the Cut-
worm Lion.

Fig. 38. Agrotis ypsilon ;
cut worm and moth.

INSECT PESTS OF IMPORTANCE.

Cutworms. These destructive insects are very troublesome in flower
gardens, and when they are at all abundant no plants seem to be exempt from
their attacks. The moths of some of the species lay their eggs in fall, others
in spring, and some species pass the winter either as a pupa or a half-grown

1905

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

107

larva. Their ravages are most noticeable in the spring, just as young seed-
lings appear above the ground, or when annual plants have been set out. As
they feed chiefly at night, their injury is quite apparent in the morning,
when plants may be seen to have been cut or eaten off at the surface, or even
a little below it. If the earth around such plants is examined, coiled up,
dirty gray, or reddish brown, smooth caterpillars, about an inch or more in
length, will be seen. Around some plants the writer has found as many as
nineteen. They are all of some dull shade of color similar to the ground in
which they hide during the day. When they occur in large numbers and
their food supply is short, they feed by day as well as by night. In Ontario
the two kinds which have given the most trouble in flower gardens are the
Red-backed Cutworm, Paragrotis ochrogaster, Gn., and the Dark-sided Cut-
worm Paragrotis messoria, Harr. These two cutworms often occur together
and it is sometimes difficult to distinguish between the two. Other cut-
worms which are present in some numbers almost every season, and which
occasionally do serious damage, are the White Cutworm, Paragrotis scandens,
Riley, the Spotted Cutworm, Noctua c-nigrum, L., and the Greasy Cutworm,
Agrotis ypsilon, Rott. (Fig. 38). The Variable Cutworm, Mamestra atlant-
ica, Grt., the moths of which are very abundant some seasons, may at any
time do harm. (Fig. 39 shows another common moth of this family.)

During the past season, another kind of cutworm, that of Barathra occi-
dentata, Grt., made its first appearance in Canada as a pest of importance.
The moths of this species were very abundant at Ottawa in June, and later
the larvae appeared in considerable numbers and did serious damage to lark-
spurs, bleeding hearts, pansies, violets, etc.

As the habits of cutworms are very similar, the same remedy is applic-
able to all the species. As soon as their presence in a garden is detected, the
well-known poisoned bran remedy, which has lately come into such wide use,
should be applied. This is made by simply moistening some bran with a
little sweetened water and gently dusting in Paris green, so that all the
particles of the bran will be poisoned. The whole should be mixed thoroughly
together and then placed in small quantities near, but not touching, the
plants to be protected. Half a pound of Paris green is sufficient to poison
fifty pounds of bran.

Fig. 39. Agrotis Subgothiea.

Fig. 40. Wire worm and beetle.

White Geubs. (Lachno sterna.) The roots of many kinds of flowering
plants are^ often eaten by the larvae of May Beetles, or June Bugs. These
larvae, which are known as White Grubs, usually occur in land which has
been in sod for several years. (See Fig. 6.) During the past season at Ot-
tawa the roots of asters and other annuals were eaten, causing the death of

108 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

many plants. As these White Grubs take so long to come to maturity, there
is no time during the growing season that they do not attack plants. Un-
fortunately the only remedy which has given any degree of success in garden
practice, is the ploughing or digging up of the land in late autumn, by which
time the larvae will have made their winter cells ; but where many perennials
are grown this would be difficult. This disturbing of the soil in autumn
breaks up their cells and exposes the larvae and pupae to the cold of winter.
In spring, when the ground is dug again, all White Grubs seen should be
picked up and destroyed. At this time if it is at all possible, should the in-
festation be severe, poultry or pigs may be turned into the garden. These
animals are very fond of White Grubs and it is claimed they will soon rid a
piece of land of them. In cities and towns it would hardly be possible to use
pigs for this purpose, but poultry might in many cases be used to advantage.

Wireworms. (Fig. 40.) Occurring sometimes with White Grubs,
but more often by themselves, are slender yellowish, or reddish-brown, shin-
ing grubs, which feed on the roots of almost all kinds of plants, and have
somewhat the same habits as the White Grubs. These are Wireworms, the
larvae of the Click-beetles. The digging up or disturbing of the soil twice in
autumn, first in August, to destroy the tender pupae, and in October or later,
which will expose the newly formed beetles to the cold of winter, as men-
tioned under White Grubs, is also of use in reducing the numbers of this
class of insects.

Tarnished Plant Bug. Lygus pratensis, L. This common plant
bug is troublesome, more or less, in gardens almost every season. When
it is very abundant it is a difficult insect to combat. It not only sucks
the juices from the leaves, but also attacks the flowers of many annual and
perennial plants, causing them to become distorted. The spraying of the
infested plants with kerosene emulsion or whale oil soap may be resorted to,
or they may be dusted with insect powder, but these remedies are not always
satisfactory. These bugs are most active during the heat of the day, but in
the early morning they are comparatively sluggish, at which time they may
be beaten off the plants into an inverted umbrella and then put into some re-
ceptacle containing coal oil and water. As this insect passes the winter in
ihe perfect state, all garden rubbish should be burned in the fall. This prac-
tice of cleaning up gardens is important, as it reduces the shelters which
harbor this and many other kinds of injurious insects.

The Four-Lined Leaf-Bug. Poecilocapsus lineatus, Fab. Another
plant bug which is very destructive at times, and which is a bright greenish-
yellow insect, three-tenths of an inch long, with two black spots on the
thorax and four stripes of the same color down the back, is the Four-lined
Leaf-bug. This insect, unlike the Tarnished Plant Bug, passes the winter
in the egg state, the eggs being laid in the autumn in the terminal twigs of
currant and other bushes. The eggs hatch the following spring and the
young nymphs at once begin to feed on the foliage, which soon becomes
spotted with brown. The eggs are white and once they are known, it does
not take very long to looK over a bush and clip off the shoots containing them.
When the insects have been troublesome during the summer, the eggs should
be looked for in the fall and destroyed. A strong kerosene emulsion (1 to 6)
will reduce the numbers of the nymphs and perfect insects. Pyrethrum in-
sect powder dusted on the plants is also useful, as well as the beating of the
insects into open pans containing coal oil and water. The plants most at-
tacked in gardens are sage, mint, gooseberry, currant, weigelias, dahlias and
snap-dragon.

1905

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

109

Fig. 41. Plant-lice.

Plant-lice.

Plant Lice. (Figs. 41 and 42.) This class of injurious insects, which
are chiefly known from their attacks on shrubs and trees of various kinds,
as well as upon plants in vegetable gardens, are every year the cause of much
damage in flower gardens. Some seasons their injuries are very serious, the
growth of many flowering plants being stunted or completely destroyed.
There are a great many different kinds of plant lice, or aphids, in Canada,
but most of these have in general the same feeding habits. They are all
sucking insects and live solely on the juices which they extract from their
host plant. Some kinds feed on the under side of the foliage, others cluster
on the stems of plants, and others again are found attacking the roots.
Those which feed on the foliage often cause the leaves to curl and become
conspicuously distorted.

One species in particular about which much enquiry is made in Ontario,
is the Snowball Plant-louse. Large clusters of these insects are found on
the under surface of the leaves, which soon become drawn up, giving a very
unsightly appearance to this beautiful and popular bush.

When plant lice are first noticed the plants should be sprayed with kero-
sene emulsion, or whale oil soap. The dark kinds are the more difficult to
kill, and the solution used will have to be stronger. Whale oil soap, one
pound in four gallons of water, will be necessary. During the past year
some new methods of making kerosene emulsion have been devised by Mr. F.
T. Shutt, Chemist at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa. One of these
emulsions is worthy of notice here and is particularly applicable for immedi-
ate use in gardens and over small areas. This is made by mixing two ounces
oi flour in a little scalding water, afterwards adding one quart of kerosene,
and then two gallons of water, stirring the whole thoroughly for a few min-
utes.

/

Fig. 48. Blister-beetles.

Blister Beetles, Epicauta pennsylvanica, De G., (Fig. 43), Epicauta
vittata, Fab., (Fig. t44), and Macrobasis unicolor, Kirby. These active, soft-
bodied, beetles, from their habit of suddenly appearing in large numbers,
often do much damage in gardens before their presence is detected. They

110 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

have a great variety of food plants, among which are the various kinds of
China and German asters, dahlias, and some other Composite. As a rule
Blister Beetles only do damage in years following excessive locust outbreaks.
In their larval state, as is well known, they are predaceous parasites on the
eggs of grasshoppers, and therefore when the beetles appear in numbers it
is undesirable to destroy them if this can be avoided. Although the attack
is generally severe while it lasts, the period during which Blister Beetles
injure vegetation is not of long duration, and, besides this, they do not occur
injuriously every year. Like other leaf-eating insects, however, these beetles
can be destroyed by spraying the plants with a Paris green, or other arsen-
ical, mixture. In small gardens a simpler remedy is to beat them into a pan,
or other shallow vessel, containing water with a little coal oil on the top.

-^. .c ™ , ,, Fig. 46. Rose beetle.

. Fig. 45. Flea-beetle. s

Blistergbeetle. " "^ (Much enlarged.)

Flea-Beetles. (Fig. 45.) The foliage of some kinds of garden plants
is often partly, or wholly, devoured by small active beetles, which leap like
fleas, owing to which habit they are known by the name of flea-beetles.
There are a number of different species in Canada, two of which specially
are responsible for much damage. In early spring at Ottawa, the white
flowers of the favorite border and rockery plant, Alpine Rock Cress, Arabis
alpina, L., are nearly every year injured, some seasons very seriously, by
Phyllot/eta vittata, Fab., which, on account of its great destructiveness to
the leaves of turnips, is called the Turnip Flea-beetle. The perfect beetles
are about one-eighth of an inch long and in color are black, shining, with
yellowish marks on the wings. On several occasions the Red-headed Flea-
beetle, Systena frontalis, Fab., has been the cause of much injury in the
Botanic Garden of the Central Experimental Farm. (Report Entomologist
and Botanist, Dom. Exp. Farms, 1889.) Young plants and low shrubs of a
great many orders were attacked, their ravages being particularly to some
species of Althaea, Hibiscus and Weigelia. Injury was all done by the per-
fect beetles, few plants appearing to come amiss to them. This flea-beetle
is about one-fourth of an inch long and has a black head with a red patch on
the top of the head in front. In August last the beetles were very abundant
at Ottawa, particularly on the second crop of clover. Another flea-beetle
which has not yet been identified is occasionally destructive at Ottawa to
Forget-me-nots. Paris green and land plaster, or flour, in the proportion of
one pound of the former to twenty of the dry diluent, dusted on infested
plants, if possible when they are covered with dew, is one of the best reme-
dies against these troublesome insects. The ordinary poisoned Bordeaux
mixture is particularly effective against flea-beetles when applied as a
spray, and indeed has been found to be by far the best remedy for controlling
the Potato Flea-beetle, Epitrix cucumeris, Harr.

The Rose Beetle, Macrodactylus subspinosus, Fab. (Fig. 46.) This
common enemy of the fruit-grower, known also as the "Rose-chafer" and
'Rose-bug," which every year does so much harm in vineyards and orchards,

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Ill

is often very destructive to the flowers of rose bushes, as well as to the bloom
of many other kinds of flowering plants. In Ontario this insect has been
particularly abundant in the Niagara district. The mature beetles last for
about five weeks and when present in large numbers are very difficult to get
rid of. It has been found, however, by Prof. F. M. Webster that 95 per
cent, of the adult beetles may be killed by spraying them with half a pound
of fish-oil soap in a gallon of water. The suds must be thrown directly onto
the beetles while they are clustered on the flowers. This remedy of course
ie only useful in killing the beetles on the plants ; it has no effect in keeping
them off afterwards. These beetles, although very active during the hot
hours of the day, are sluggish early in the morning, and at this time may
be easily beaten from the plants into an inverted umbrella and then emptied
into some vessel containing water with coal oil on the surface. Rose bushes
may be protected by covering them with netting.

The American Rose-Slug, Endelomyia (Selandria) rosce, Harr. Oc-
curring commonly in Ontario, and doing considerable damage every year to
the .foliage of roses, is a slug-like larva about one-third of an inch long,
green in colour, swollen near the head, but not slimy as is the case with many
other allied saw-fly larva?. This false caterpillar is nocturnal in habit, and
feeds on the upper side of a leaf, but during the day, when at rest, may be
found concealed on the under-surface of the leaf. Infested plants will soon
show the presence of these slug-like larva? from Hie foliage becoming con-
spicuously skeletonized. These rose slugs may be easily destroyed by dust-
ing the plants with white hellebore, or spraying them with a mixture of two
ounces of hellebore to every two gallons of water. A weak solution of Paris
green, one ounce in fifteen gallons of water, is also very effective.

The Bristly Rose-Worm, Cladius pectinicornis, Fourcr. Another
saw-fly larva which is abundant in Ontario, and which, at Ottawa, is the
commonest of the three rose saw-flies mentioned in this article, is the Bristly
Rose-worm. This larva, when full grown, is about two-thirds of an inch
long, and ranges in colour from dirty yellowish-green to a glaucous-green,
with a darker green line down the back. This false caterpillar is covered
with stiff hairs, which give it a conspicuous bristly appearance. The larva,
when young, works very much in the same way as the Rose-slug, skeleton-
izing the leaves, and leaving whitish blotches. As it grows older, however,
it eats out irregular holes all over the leai', often consuming the whole sub-
stance, except the stronger ribs. The same remedies used for the Rose-slug
are applicable for this insect.

The Curled Rose-Worm, Emphytus cinctipes, Nort. This rose-worm
is also common all through Ontario wherever roses are grown, and, like the
two preceding species, is an important enemy of that plant. TFe larva is
easily distinguished from either of the other two kinds mentioned above,
being smooth, and in having a yellowish brown head marked with a broad
brownish-black spot. The body is dark green above, with the sides and legs
grayish-white. This larva eats the entire substance of the leaf, feeding
along the edges, with the body curled beneath it. When at rest it remains
curled up on the under-surface of the leaf. Hellebore, or a weak solution
of Paris green, is also recommended for the Curled Rose-worm.

The Small White Cabbage Butterfly, Pontia rapae, L. (Fig. 48).
This pest of the market gardener, which now occurs right through Canada,
not infrequently requires attention in flower gardens, from its ravages to
stocks and other crucifers, mignonettes, nasturtiums and spider flower
(Cleome). These velvety green caterpillars about an inch in length, with a

112 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

broken yellow line along each side and an unbroken one down the middle of
the back (Fig. 47), are particularly destructive to mignonettes, some seasons
it being almost impossible to grow good plants. The insect is, however, an
easy one to control. The dusting of infested plants with pyre thrum insect
powder is about the best remedy for the caterpillars of this common butterfly.
This preparation can be made by mixing thoroughly one part of weight of
the insect powder with four parts of cheap flour, keeping the whole in a
closed vessel for at least 24 hours. The mixture can then be distributed eas-
ily by placing it in a small bag of fine muslin which can be tied to the end
of a short stick so that it swings freely. If the bag is tapped lightly with
another stick held in the other hand, many plants can be gone over quickly
and without tiring the operator. Many florists and seedsmen now sell proper
bellows or dusters for applying dry powders, and these are not very expensive.

Fig . 48 . White Cabbage butterfly.

Fig . 47 . Pontia rap?e : a, caterpillar ;
6, chrysalis.

The Diamond-Back Moth, (Plutella maculipennis, Curtis, Plutella cru-
ciferarum, Zell. (See Fig. 33.) This well-known enemy of the market gar-
dener, during some seasons does serious harm to wall-flowers, stocks, and other
crucifers. The caterpillar which is from one quarter to three-eighths of an
inch in length is green and very active. It is particularly abundant during
July and August, but fortunately occurs irregularly, being doubtless held
in check by parasites. These small caterpillars when disturbed run back-
wards, wriggling their bodies from side to side, and when they reach the
edge of a leaf, they let themselves down by means of a silken thread. In
garden practice infested plants may be sprayed with kerosene emulsion, or
a soap mixture, to which Paris green or some other active poison has been
added, the spray to be forced well up under the leaves if possible.

The Zebra Caterpillar, Mamestra picta, Harr. (See Fig. 2.) This
common enemy of turnips, cabbages, clover, etc. is sometimes troublesome
in flower gardens. In his 1896 annual report, Dr. Fletcher spoke of a ser-
ious infestation at Ottawa, the plants attacked in gardens being sweet peas,
lilies, gladioli ; in fact it was stated that the larvae attacked indiscriminately
almost all the annuals. On Oct. 3rd of the present year, the writer noticed the
species feeding on asters. The caterpillar is a handsome one, about two inches
long when full grown, velvety black on the back and having two golden yel-
low stripes on each side of the body, which are connected by narrow lines of
the same colour, the head and feet bright reddish brown. When young the
larva? for a time feed together, but as they grow larger they separate and
feed singly. There are two broods of the insect in the year, the second one
of which occurs in September, and is the most troublesome. A remedy for
these caterpillars is to spray infested plants with Paris green, one ounce m

1905

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

113

10 gallons of water. Dusting the plants with pyrethrum insect powder is
also useful. If only a few specimens are found in a garden, they can of course
be removed by hand and destroyed.

Fig. 49. Salt-marsh caterpillar and moth. (Chittenden, Bull. 43, Div. of Ent., U.S.
Dep. Agr.)

Fig. 50. The Yellow Woolly-Bear : a, cater-
pillar ; b, chrysalis ; c, moth.

Woolly-Bears. The caterpillars, or "woolly-bears," of two kinds of
arctian moths, commonly occur in gardens, occasionally in sufficient numbers
to demand attention. These are the Salt-Marsh Caterpillar, Estigmene
acraia, Dru., (Fig. 49) and the Yrellow Woolly-Bear, Diacrisia virginica, Fab.
(Fig. 50;) Both of these caterpillars are, in general, of similar appearance
and habits, and feed on a great variety of plants. The former kind is the
larger, measuring when full grown about 2\ inches in length, and it differs
from the Yellow Woolly-Bear in having a darker body and yellow markings
along the sides. These caterpillars, as the name "woolly-bear" indicates,
are quite hairy, the hairs of the former being mostly always reddish, or
reddish brown, while those of the latter vary considerably, the hairs in some
specimens being whitish, or pale yellow, while those in others are reddish,
or reddish brown. Injury by these caterpillars is most noticed when they

8 EN.

114 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

are in their younger stages during which time they feed together, but as
they grow older and reach maturity they separate and wander off by them-
selves. Hand picking answers as a remedy in most cases, but if the attack
should be serious, spraying with Paris green, or any other of the well known
arsenical poisons, would soon destroy the larvae.

The Oyster Shell Scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi, L. (Fig. 51). Occurr-
ing commonly in some districts in Ontario on rose bushes of many kinds are
the oyster-shell shaped scales, which are so well known from injuries by the
insects to fruit trees, particularly the apple. Unlike many other kinds
of scale insects, the Oyster-shell Bark-louse has only one annual brood, the
insect passing the winter in the egg state under the mother scales, and the
young larvae appearing in spring. If rose bushes are found to be heavily
infested with this scale insect, they should be sprayed in late fall or early
winter with a whitewash mixture, using one pound of unslaked lime to every
gallon of water. A second spraying should be applied as soon as the first
one is dry. The lime hardens on the bark and flakes off during the winter,
taking with it the scales with the clusters of eggs. In June when the young
lice hatch they may be easily seen running about on the bark preparatory to
settling down. When detected the bushes should be sprayed with kerosene
emulsion. A simple formula for making this for immediate use in gardens
will be found under the paragraph treating of Plant Lice.

The Pose Scale, Diaspis roscv, Bouche. An unpleasant sight in rose
gardens are clusters of roundish white scales which show up conspicuously
in contrast to the greenish or reddish shoots of the rose bushes. This scale
insect is sometimes very common on neglected bushes, and if not attended
to will soon do serious damage. Being a sucking insect kerosene emulsion
or whale oil soap are the best remedies. It has only so far occurred in the
Province of Ontario around Lake Ontario, its worst attacks being on rasp-
berries.

The Pose Leaf-Hopper, Typhlocyba rosce, L. This common leaf -hop-
per, which occurs all through the country, wherever roses are grown, is often
seen in swarms on the leaves of these bushes. These insects are very small,
pale greenish-white, and are often spoken of by the confusing name of "Rose
Thrip." Throughout the summer they may be found on the leaves in var-
ious stages of development, and are frequently extremely destructive. They
can be controlled, however," by spraying the bushes with kerosene emulsion
or whale oil soap.

The Grape Vine Leaf-Hopper, Typhlocyba comes, Say, T '. vitis, Harr,
etc. An insect which demands much attention every year in Ontario is the
Grape Vine Leaf-hopper. Although very destructive to the foliage of grapes,
lovers of ornamental plants are often exercised over a small hopping insect
which occurs in countless numbers on Virginian Creepers. These insects,
also as in the case of the Rose Leaf-hopper, are erroneously spoken of as
"Thrip." They are of a translucent white colour prettily marked with red
and dark brown lines. In their younger stages they are pale and although
lacking wings are almost as active as the full grown insects. These leaf-
hoppers pass the winter in the perfect state hidden away amongst fallen
leaves and other rubbish. The ground, therefore, should be raked and kept
clean during autumn so as to reduce as much as possible the opportunities
of these insects wintering near the vines. In all their stages these leaf-hop-
pers live by suction and therefore can be killed by contact insecticides. Ker-
osene emulsion and whale oil soap are the best mixtures to use, and the

1905

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

115

spraying should be done before the insects develop their wings. When these
insects are present on a vine the leaves soon become white in patches and
then fall to the ground.

Fig. 51. The Oyster-shell Scale.

Fig. 52. Grape-vine flea-
beetle and larva, much en-
larged ; also leg, greatly-
magnified.

Fig. 53. Grape-vine Flea-beetle, showing beetles and larvae at work.

The Grape Vine Flea-Beetle, Haltica chalybea, 111. (Figs. 52 and 53).
This is another well known grape insect, but one which often does much
injury in Ontario to the foliage of Virginian creepers. When the dirty,
yellowish-brown grubs, which have black shining bristle-bearing tubercles
are found on the vines, they may be destroyed by a Paris green spray 1 oz.
in 10 gallons of water. All fallen leaves and rubbish should be burned in
autumn to prevent the mature beetles from hibernating near the vines.

The Violet Sawfly, Emphytus canadensis, Kirby. Pansies and violets,
which are always favourites in gardens, are sometimes seriously attacked by
the false caterpillars of this sawfly. These larvae which are smooth and
bluish-black in colour are about \ an inch in length when mature. When
in their younger stages they have the habit of eating little holes in the leaves,
but as they reach maturity they feed mostly along the edge of a leaf. These
false caterpillars when at all numerous do a great deal of harm, oftentimes
completely defoliating plants. At Ottawa the species is of common occur-
rence, some seasons doing considerable damage. Last June and the first half
of July the larvae were very abundant on violets on the grounds of the Cen-
tral Experimental Farm. In Canada, Dr. Fletcher tells me injuries by the
Violet Sawfly, have not been reported from very many localities. In 1898
considerable injury was done in large beds of violets grown under glass in
Toronto. As the larvae feed as a rule during the night, Dr. Fletcher recom-

116

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

mends as a remedy, the dusting of the plants in the evening with white helle-
bore, or with Paris green mixed with 50 times its weight of common flour,
or some other dry diluent.

The Oblique-banded Leaf-roller, Archips rosaceana, Harr. (Fig. 54).
This widely distributed leaf-roller, the caterpillar of one of the tortricine
moths, is very common in Ontario and has a great range of food plants.
At Ottawa the larvae have been particularly abundant on apple, and in
flower gardens we have found the species on roses, climbing honeysuckles,
geraniums, spiraeas, and many other plants. The caterpillar besides rol-
ling up the leaves very often has the habit of tying together the upper leaves
and buds of flowering plants and then destroying the flowers. When full
grown it is about three-quarters of an inch in length, green, with a darker
green dorsal vessel ; the head black in front, brownish at the top, as is also the
top of the first body segment; the feet all black. This leaf-roller, although
common and widespread, has never occurred in gardens in Ontario to re-
quire much attention. Handpicking as a rule will serve as a remedy, but
if the caterpillars should appear in numbers spraying with some poison
would soon destroy them.

Fig. 54. Oblique-banded
Leaf-roller moth.

Ants (Fig. 55). Enquiries are frequently made for information con-
cerning ants which infest garden plants of many kinds. It is generally
believed that these insects do harm to plants, but this is not the case. In
most instances, if close observation is made, it will be found that plant lice
are present and are the real cause of the injury. The relations of ants to
plant lice are very interesting. It is well known that ants are protectors
of plant lice; thev are very fond of the sweet honey dew which is emitted
by them, and certain kinds even actually colonize them on plants near or
inside their nests. Some ants indirectly, therefore, are very injurious, al-
though they do not themselves feed upon plant tissue. When they
are seen to be running about on plants, a search should be made for their
nest which will, in all probability, be located in the earth close by. When
this is found a tablespoonful of bisulphide of carbon should be poured into
it and the opening immediately closed up by stepping on it. The fumes
from this liquid will penetrate quickly into all parts of the nest, and not
only kill the adults but the larvae as well. This material is very inflam-
mable and care must be taken not to bring a light near it. Another remedy
is to pour scalding water into the nests.

Red Spider. Although chiefly a greenhouse pest, these minute
mites are often found doing considerable damage to the foliage of plants
in flower gardens, particularly during hot, dry seasons. The presence of
these small creatures on the plants is easilv detected by the leaves losing
their colour, having a white, bleached appearance, and becoming stunted.
These mites live by sucking out the juices from the leaves and in this way

1905

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

117

slowly reduce the vitality of the plants until in manv instances they are
completely killed. They do not seem to have a preference for any particular
kind of plant, but possibly are more noticed, at least in this locality, on
verbenas and roses. Some years when they are very bad it is almost impos-
sible to grow verbenas. Probably the best remedy for these mites is to
spray the plants with flowers of sulphur in the proportion of one ounce to
every gallon of water. As these mites feed chiefly on the under side of
leaves, the spray should be forced up among the foliage as much as possible.
If only a few plants are found to be infested with red spider, the sulphur
may be dusted on to the leaves by means of a small bellows, or other specially
made implement, which is now used for such purposes, and sold by many
seedsmen.

Snails and Slugs. These slimy, soft-bodied mollusks which, of course,
are not insects, are included in this article, because the entomologist is often
asked for information concerning them and particularly for a remedy for
their destruction. Every year they are very injurious in flower gardens,
and as they come out to feed in the evening an excellent remedv is to broad-
cast lightly over the soil, before nightfall, freshly slaked lime. This adheres
to their bodies and soon kills them. Two or three applications on conse-
cutive evenings will eradicate them thoroughly.

Fig. 56. Colorado Potato-beetle.

PESTS OF LESSER IMPORTANCE.

The Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Say. (Fig.
56). In the fall of the year, when there are few potato tops left in the fields,
these beetles on account of the scarcity of food, wander about in search
of something to eat, and often attack plants of the tobacco family as Nico-
tiana affinis and the newly introduced N. Sander oe, both of which are fav-
orites in flower beds because of their large foliage and showy flowers. The
former is deliciously scented at night. These beetles swarm on to such
plants in September and unless attended to at once quickly destroy the
foliage and flowers. As soon as they are noticed the plants should be dusted
with Paris green mixed with 50 times its weight of common flour, or some
other dry diluent. If more convenient the plants may be sprayed with
Paris green, using one ounce in every ten gallons of water.

The Milkweed Doryphora, Labioderma clivicolUs, Kirby. In Eastern
Ontario this bettle is very abundant on the common milkweed, Asclepias
cornuti. Owing to its beauty, the Pleurisy-root, Asclepias tuberosa, is

118 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

grown in some of the beds on the Central Experimental Farm, but every
year the plants are attacked by this insect. Some seasons the species is very
abundant and does a lot of injury. It is most prevalent during the month
of August, and the injury is mostly done by the mature beetles. The insect
although it is so abundant at Ottawa is, I believe, uncommon in western
Ontario.

Homohadena badistriga, Grt. For some years the larva? of this noctuid
moth have been present, in more or less numbers, on several kinds of climb-
ing honeysuckles, (Lonicera species) on the Central Experimental Farm.
During certain seasons their injuries have been quite apparent. In May,
1901, the larvae were abundant on many of the yellow-flowered varieties,
which they seem to prefer. At this time caterpillars in all stages were
found. Yery young larvae, about a quarter of an inch long, were collected,
but no trace of eggs or empty shells could be seen. Every year since 1901
we have looked in vain for eggs, although we have found young larvae which
could not have been out of the egg more than a day or two. The young
larvae feed on the buds and foliage of the new shoots of the plant, hiding
in the day time inside the two clasping leaves, which surround the cluster
of flower buds at the tip. As they mature they crawl down to the shady
side of the old wood of the plant upon which they rest when not feeding.
When in the last stage the ground colour of the caterpillar is remarkably
like that of the stem, or twig, upon which it rests.

The Iris Borer, Macronoctua onusta, Grt. In the 1903 report of this
Society, the writer reported the occurrence, in destructive numbers, of the
larvae of this noctuid moth, which is rare in collections, and gave notes on
them and on the pupae. During the past season the species was again observed
in some of the Iris beds on the Central Experimental Farm, but not in de-
structive numbers. Full grown larvae were found on July 21. Nothing new
was noted with regard to their habits.

The Columbine Borer, Papaipema purpuri fascia, G. & R. Mention
of an infestation by this insect at Ottawa in 1904, was made by the writer
in our last annual report. During the past season this borer was again
very destructive at Ottawa to cultivated Aquilegias. On June 29 they were
very abundant, boring into the stems. At that date they were 7-8 of an inch
in length and only a few had entered the roots. On July 13 as many as 13
larvae were found in one columbine plant, and every plant in a large bed
seemed to be seriously infested. It was interesting to note this year, how-
ever, that many of the larvae were parasitized by a Tachina, possibly one-
third of the larvae collected.

The Burdock Borer, Papaipema cataphracta, Grt. This is another
noctuid borer, but one which, while abundant almost every season at Ottawa,
seems to be of rather uncommon occurrence in other parts of Ontario. Un-
like the two mentioned above, this larva seems not to mind adapting itself
to any plant with a succulent stem, and so has been found infesting a variety
of different plants. At Ottawa, the favourite food plant is burdock, and
two or three larvae are often found in the same plant. During the past
season the caterpillars were quite abundant at Ottawa, and in about an
hour's time, on July 27, Dr. Fletcher and I collected nearly fifty specimens.
These with the exception of two were all found in burdock. Other plants
in which we have found this borer are Canada Thistle, dahlias, lilies, sun-
flowers, tomatoes, potatoes and rhubarb.

Unfortunately, owing to the boring habits of these larvae, there is no
remedy for them other than cutting off the portion of the plant containing
the caterpillar and destroying the latter. It is seldom, however, that these

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 119

insects are sufficiently abundant to be destructive enough to cultivated plants
to cause alarm. As a rule it is only a very small number of plants which
are attacked. The presence of these borers in gardens can usually be de-
tected by the unhealthy appearance of the plants, the tops in most instances
having become withered and fallen down to one side.

The Spiraea Leaf-tyer, Olethreutes hemidesma, Zell. In 1901 the leaves
of several of the Spiraeas in the Arboretum of the Central Experimental
Farm, were drawn together at the tips of the plants by beautiful little
larvae about half an inch in length. Specimens of these were collected on
June 18 and moths reared, the first one emerging on July 3. These cater-
pillars were fairly abundant on a few bushes and their feeding places could
easily be detected at the tips of the branches. The caterpillar is very dark
velvety green, with conspicuous rows of white tubercles on the body, each
of which bears a long slender hair. The head is tawny, with a distinct
black band on the posterior margin of cheek; ocelli and antennae black.
Thoracic shield concoloro-us with head centrally, but black on most of the
lower third. Thoracic feet black. Specimens of the moths were kindly
identified by Mr. W. D. Kearfott.

The Aster Shark, Cucullia convexipennis, G. & R. At Ottawa the larvae
of this noctuid moth are some years fairly abundant feeding chiefly on the
the flowers of China asters. They have never been abundant enough to do
very serious injury, as a rule not more than one or two specimens being
found on the same plant. Full grown specimens have been found during
the latter part of August and in September. The caterpillar is a rather
striking one when mature, measuring over an inch and a half in length,
with a wide reddish band uown the centre of the back, on either side of
which are four or Rye dark brown irregular lines, the colour between being
white. The sides are white with transverse bands of brown. Just above
the feet is a bright, wide band of red. On the under side are some more
irregular lines. The head and front feet are shiny black, the hind feet
being dark brown. When present on a plant the larvae are generally seen
lying among the florets, and as a rule are quite conspicuous, although
sometimes they are rather difficult to detect on account of their colours re-
sembling those of the flowers. Occasionally we have seen specimens resting
on the stems of the plants.

The Mint Sphinx, Sphinx eremitus, Hbn. On several occasions we have
found, at Ottawa, the full grown caterpillar of this beautiful hawk-moth,
feeding in flower gardens on Monarda and mint. The species is not at all
common in Ontario, and collected specimens are always considered good
finds. Two dates on which we have found the larvae are 25th August and
20th September.

The Bordered Sallow, Pyrrhia umbra, Hufn. The young larvae, green
spotted with black, of this noctuid have the habit of eating into the buds of
Delphinium, Aquilegia and many other garden flowers. The larvae are
also frequently found late in the year on many low plants, particularly on
different species of Polygonum. There are two distinct forms of this larva,
one being green spotted with black tubercles and having conspicuous dark
longitudinal stripes, the other milk-white with a cross-shaped orange blotch
in the centre of each segment on dorsum. This latter form also has markings
along the body but these are indistinct.

The Bronze Copper, Chrysophanus thoeh Bdv. (Fig. 57.) In the Botanic
Garden at the Experimental Farm, plants of the genus Polygonum, are al-
most every season, more or less, attacked by the caterpillars of the above
butterfly. These infestations are never very serious, but on one or two

120 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

occasions the larvae were rather abundant and noticeable injury to the foliage
was done. It is not likely, however, that these caterpillars will ever become
sufficiently numerous to require attention. Some of the cultivated Polygon-
ums are familiar in flower gardens and if this insect should be found doing
serious injury, Paris green applied to the foliage either in a spray, or a dry
diluent, would soon destroy any caterpillars present. Injury to the foliage of
such conspicuous plants as these is easily recognized, and further damage
can be prevented if prompt action is taken. The ordinary wild food plants
are various species of Eumex.

Fig. 57. Chrysophanus thoe ; male and female butterflies.

The Sunflower "Peacock Fly/' Straussia longipennis, Weid. Stems
of the common sunflower, Helianthus annuus, L., at Ottawa are invariably
infested by the maggots of this fly. These insects, or "peacock flies" so-
called, because of their habit of elevating the wings and strutting about
peacock-like, are very beautiful, the wings of many of the species being
prettily marked and spotted with black or brown. At Ottawa the above
species has been so abundant some seasons that it has been impossible to find
a sunflower plant of which the pith had not been almost entirely devoured.
Plants, however, the pith of which had been tunnelled from the base to the
very flowers grew remarkably well and kept green and vigorous up to the
first frosts. This insect, therefore, does not appear to injure the sunflower
to any practical extent. The flies may be found in early summer.

Injury to Pinks and Carnations by an Anthomyian. Occasionally in
flower gardens in different parts of Canada, various kinds of pinks and car-
nations have been injured by Anthomyian larvae. In Dr. Fletcher's report
for 1885 it is stated that injury at Victoria, B. C. was first noticed about the
middle of May. Referring to this attack Dr. Fletcher says: "The egg ap-
pears to be laid at or near the base of the topmost leaves. The young maggot
burrows beneath the epidermis of the base of the leaves for some time and
then bores down the centre of the stem." Specimens of this Anthomyian
were bred at Victoria by Mr. J. J. Cowley. The maggots left the plants
about 1st June and went into the ground to pupate. The flies appeared
about 10 days later. During the same year Dr. Fletcher found a specimen
at Ottawa which was destroying Indian Pinks in exactly the same manner as
those in Mr. Cowley's garden. This specimen produced a fly which Dr.
Fletcher says, was apparently identical with those bred at Victoria by Mr.
Cowley. Since then the species has been found to be rather destructive to
the shoots of the pretty perennial Gypsophila paniculata, which also belongs
to the Pink family.

The Variegated Fritillary, Euptoieta claudia, Cramer, (Fig. 9.) In
July last an enquiry was received at the Division, concerning a cater-
pillar which was destroying pansies at Baltimore, Ont. The correspondent,
Mr. T. M. Wood, writing to Dr. Fletcher, July 18 said: "I send herewith
two caterpillars which I found on a row of pansies. About a week ago there

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 121

were dozens of them but to-day I got but five, which I put in a box with a
pansy plant. I see to-night they are changing to the pupa state." The
specimens arrived at Ottawa on July 20 and proved to be Euptoieta claudia,
Cramer. The occurrence of the species in numbers, at Baltimore, Ont., is
very interesting, as the insect is rare in Ontario, only a few previous records
of the butterfly having been recorded by collectors. In the North-west the
butterfly is much more abundant, and was found, by Dr. Fletcher, very
destructive to pansy beds at Kinistino, N. W. T. Dr. Fletcher tells me he
has seen the females ovipositing on the wild flax, Linum sulcatum.

Sparganothis (CEnectra) flavibasana, Fern. In June, 1895, this
species was found in some numbers by Mr. J. A. Balkwill, at London, Ont.,
and specimens of the moth were identified, through our late Curator, Mr.
J. Alston Moffat, by Prof. C. H. Fernald. Mr. Balkwill found his first spec-
imens at rest upon honey-suckle in his garden, but later found some pupse
which produced the moths. In the Canadian Entomologist, October, 1895,
Mr. Moffat says: "Presumably the larvae had fed upon the honeysuckle, as
chrysalids were found in the connate leaves with a thin silken web spun over
them, one of which I raised to the moth. There is plenty of evidence of"
feeding having been done upon the plant, but nothing positive as to what did
it. A lookout is being kept upon the plants for the next brood." Under
date of November 17, 1905, Mr. Balkwill writes : "Your letter of the 15th
inst. is to hand. I am sorry that I am unable to give you the information
desired. I captured the moths on honeysuckle and found some of their co-
coons, which were reared to mature insects. We could not find the larva?
although Mr. Pennie and I kept a good look out for the next two years."

The Greenhouse Leaf-Tyer, Phlyctamia rubigalis, Gn. = Phlyctcenia
ferrug{alis, Hbn. In Canada this insect has never been reported as doing
any injury to plants other than those grown under glass. In the United
States, however, the caterpillars are known to feed on several kinds of crop
plants, as celery, cabbage, beets and tobacco, as well as on a great many orn-
amental plants grown outside, such as wall-flowers, dahlias, daisies, begon-
ias, roses, nasturtiums, geraniums, carnations, etc. The insect is abundant
in some of the large greenhouses in central and western Ontario and mention
has been made of injuries by. the larva? in Toronto, in the annual reports of
the Dominion Entomologist for 1899 and 1900. Since that date Dr. Fletcher
and the writer have published the life-history of the species in the May,
1901, number of the Canadian Entomologist. When full grown the cater-
pillar is about three-quarters of an inch in length, of a semi-translucent
green colour, with two distinct black spots (one on each side) close behind the
head, and a green dorsal vessel showing distinctly down the middle of the
back, bordered on each side with a double white band. As its popular name
would suggest the caterpillar has the habit^.of drawing together portions of
a leaf, or of two leaves that happen to be contiguous, and tying them with
fine threads of silk. This webbing of the leaves is more apparent, of course,
as the larva reaches maturity, and owing to its manner of protecting itself
it is rather difficult to reach with a spraying mixture. A Paris green or
some other arsenical mixture would doubtless prove to be a remedy, should
the caterpillars be noticed working on any plants in flower gardens, or many
of them could be removed by handpicking.

Pose Poot-Gall, Rhodites radicum. O. S. (Fig. 58.) This large gall
which is from 1J to 2 inches in diameter is not infrequently found in Ontario
on and at the roots of many kinds of wild roses, as well as sometimes on culti-
vated ones. The insect which causes this conspicuous gall is a four-winged

122 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

fly, with a short round reddish body, belonging to the hymenoptera. At
Ottawa we have found these galls irregular, smooth and potato-like rather
oftener than elongated as shown in the figure. The only suggestion in the
way of a remedy is to cut out the infested portions of the plants.

Fig. 58. Rose Root-gall

Tortrix albicomana, Clem. The small caterpillars of this well known
little Tortrix moth were very abundant and destructive to the leaves of Jap-
anese Rose at Ottawa during the past summer. They were particularly
abundant about the middle of June and moths were flying in large numbers
around the bushes on July 8, on which date Dr. Fletcher collected many
specimens.

At chips purpurana, Clem. Several specimens of the larva of this com-
mon, rather small, moth, were found at Ottawa by Dr. Fletcher during the
past season in his cultivated beds of wild violets. No serious injury was done
to the plants and the specimens when discovered were removed by hand.

The Hoary Plume, Pterophorus monodactylus, L. During the past
season at Ottawa the small green caterpillars, much the same colour as the
leaves of their food plant, of this plume moth were found to be very destruc-
tive to the Minor Convolvulus. These larvae which were most abundant in
September were found to be eating the flower buds and leaves at the tips,
entirely preventing the plants from developing any flowers. Associated also
with this species was the tineid BedeUia somnulentella, Zell, which helped
to some extent in the injury.

Leaf Miner in Leaves of Lonicera. During some seasons at Ottawa
the leaves of one of the honeysuckles, Lonicera fulgens, have been mined
by a small lepidopterous larva, which in 1901 we reared to the perfect state,
and which has been identified by Mr. August Busck of the U. S. Bureau of
Entomology, as TAthocolletes fraqilella, F. & B. The larva makes a con-
spicuous blotch-like mine in the leaves, and on some foliage examined there
were two or three mines in the same leaf. In 1901 the larvse were first noticed
about July 20 and by August 5 had pupated.

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 123

FOREST ENTOMOLOGY.

By E. J. Zavitz, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph.

Destruction of the forest by insects is a problem in which the forester
is very much interested. The depredations of these small foes are being
carried on to a greater extent than we realize, and every season sees large
quantities of timber being injured or destroyed by insects.

Entomology is of vast importance to the forester, and he should at least
become acquainted with the appearance and life history of the important
forest insects. In universities and forest academies in Germany where
forestry is taught, special courses are given in Forest Entomology. The
German forester carries in his pocket a small calendar in which he takes
notes and in which is recorded what to look for during each month of the
year. It is interesting to note that one of the subjects, taking greatest space,
is that regarding the insects for which to be on the lookout during each
month.

Insects damage forests in many ways and at various stages. The fruit,
the tender seedling, and the roots, foliage and wood of the mature tree all
have their enemies. In fact, during its whole life history the tree is subject
to attacks.

Fig. !59.^Balaninus beetle, grub, pupa
and infested nuts.

In collecting the acorns of Eed Oak for seed I have found that a large
percentage of the acorns are destroyed by one of the Curculionidse. Two
bags of acorns, which had been allowed to stand over night, were surrounded
by footless grubs one centimetre in length. These are probably the larvae
of Balaninus quercus. It was estimated that about forty per cent, of these
acorns were destroyed by this insect. The female insect bores a hole into
the acorn and then drops in the egg which develops into the grub-like larva.
This larva feeds upon and in most cases destroys the acorn. After the
acorn falls to the ground in autumn the larva? go into the soil and transform,
coming forth the following spring. (Fig. 59 represents a closely allied
species which attacks Filberts).

This shows that this insect alone is a strong factor against the repro-
duction of red oak under natural conditions. Curculios also infest the seed
of such trees as basswood, hickory and chestnut.

During the seedling stages of the tree the insects carry on their work.
The cutworm has given some trouble in cutting the white pine seedlings
in the nursery beds. A number of small white ash were found to be dying,
and upon examination it was found that the roots were attacked by the wire-
worm or larvae of the click-beetle. The larvae were hardly discernible at first

124

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

as they had gone into, and were working in, the centre of the root. Damage
was also done to the roots of some seedlings by the Lachnosterna larvae.
(See Fig. 6.) I regret that I am unable to identify the above species.
However, I expect they will give me sufficient opportunity to further study
them. The foliage of forest trees suffers from the work of a great variety
of insects. This injury is not only unsightly but from the forester's stand-
point hinders the proper development of the stem of the tree. Defoliation
cuts off the food supply and so lessens the amount of wood laid on during
the season. Considerable damage is annually being done by Lepidopterous
larvae. Owing to the fact that their life history is more easily followed
than that of other orders there is considerable known and written concern-
ing their work.

Fig. 60. Larch Saw fly ; a, with outspread wings ; b, the brown pupa case — both greatly I]
enlarged ; c, terminal twig of Larch showing eggs in slits made by the female saw-fly.

The Larch Saw-fly, (Fig. 60), a hymenopterous leaf destroyer, has done
an enormous amount of damage in Canada. The tamarac has suffered from
this insect throughout its known area of distribution and as yet its natural
enemies have not controlled it. In the vicinity of Guelph this insect has
done considerable damage to the European larch and our native tamarac
during the last season.

Coleoptera, in both the larval and adult form, are responsible for dam-
age done to the foliage. The Lamellicorns and Chrysomelids both feed upon
the leaf in the adult form. Lachnosterna frequently does damage to the
maple and other leaves, but not to any serious extent. The basswood or
linden leaf seems to suffer most from their attacks and late in the summer
it is almost impossible to find a perfect leaf. Large numbers of Macrodac-
tylus subspinosus (Fig. 30) and Odontota rubra have been taken from this
tree in beating operations and probably they are responsible for a great
share of the damage done. Of the Coleoptera the Chrysomelids in the larval
and adult stages do most damage to the leaves of forest trees.

Boots are attacked by the larvae of Prionids and Lamellicorns. Buds
have enemies in the Curculionidae and Lepidoptera. Deformities on ter-
minal branches are formed by Aphidae, Cynipidae and Cerambycidae.

1905

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

125

The direct injury done to the stem or timber part of the tree affects
the forester most seriously. One of the Cossidae or Carpenter moths, Prio-
noxystus robinice, was taken emerging from the sugar maple in the vicinity
of Ridgeway, Ontario. The work of this Cossus moth was noticed in several
trees in the same vicinity. These same maples are infested with one of the
Siricidse which I take to be Tremex columba. (Fig. 28.)

In the College nursery some Austrian pines about three feet high
showed signs of dying" in August. Upon examination it was found that the
stems in some places were completely girdled beneath the bark. This work
was being done by one of the Curculionidae, Pissodes strobi, (Fig. 61), de-
scribed in Bulletin 22, Division of Forestry. In July the leaves of these
pines began to droop and by August they had turned quite brown. In the
second week of October I took a number of mature insects from their little
cells beneath the bark. Upon a further examination about the first of
November I found they had left this retreat for hibernation in other quarters.

Fig. 61. Pissodes strobi,
Pine-Curculio.

Fig. 62. Tunnels of Scolytus beetle .

Fig. 63. Scolytus beetle and its tun- Fig. 64. Tunnels of Scolytus Fig. 65.

nels- beetle. Buprestis borer.

126

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

However, the insects which do the most serious technical injury to
trees are the Scolytidae, Buprestidae and Cerambycidae. These insects by
boring either in the cambium layer, sapwood or heartwood of the tree leave
channels which greatly lessen the commercial value of the tree. They
attack the living tree in the forest, the log at the drive or mill, and the
lumber in the yard.

The Scolytidae work in the bark, cambium layer and sapwood (Figs.
62, 63 and 64) and this family is one most to be dreaded by the forester.
Large areas of forests have been destroyed by members of this family. It
would be impossible to estimate the value of timber destroyed by the pine
bark beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis. Its distribution seems to cover the
whole coniferous region east of the Rocky Mountains. An unidentified
species of Scolytidae has been doing some damage this season in the nursery
to Scotch pine. The beetle is about two mm. long and has completely
undermined the bark.

Buprestidae (Fig. 65) and Cerambycidae (Figs. 66 and 67) injure the
stems of the tree in much the same manner. In some cases they make chan-
nels throughout the stem although some species work only beneath bark
and in the sapwood.

Fig. 66. Cerambycid beetle (wood-borer).

Fig. 67. Cerambycid Pine-borer.

The stems of second growth hickory (Hicoria ovata) in the vicinity of
Eidgeway have been badly infested with the larvae of Goes pulchra. The
same trees are also attacked by Dorcaschema nigrum which girdles the ter-
minal branches. Even after the tree leaves the forester's care it is liable
to insect attacks. Upon examination of some hickory lumber, which had
been piled so that the boards were in close contact, I found Phymatodes
variabilis doing great damage. Thus throughout the whole history of the
tree it is subject to insect injury and the amateur entomologist feels that
the species to be studied are almost infinite in number.

From the systematic collector's efforts probably a large percentage
of our forest insects in the adult form are now in collections throughout
the country. However, this is a subject of economic importance, the forest
being one of our greatest resources. Very little is known concerning the
life history of our forest insects and only by research can the required
knowledge be obtained. There is a wide field for the study of forest insects
in relation to plant host, parasites or other enemies. Future protection
can only be had in so far as we have men specially trained who recognize
and understand the movements of these tiny foes.

1905

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

127

PHLOX MITE— TETRANYCHUS BIMACULATUS.
By T. D. Jarvis, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph.

This species of mite, for several years past, has caused injury to the cul-
tivated perennial Phlox on the College Campus. It answers to the de-
scription of the "Red Spider". The leaves become spotted above and the
under surface is coated with a fine loose web containing many minute par-
ticles. The small red oval mites may be seen with the naked eye and they
vary from a few to as many as fifty or more on the under surface of a single
leaf. (Fig. 68.)

Length of mite .433 m.m. ; width .241 m.m.

Length of front legs, .241 m.m. ; length of mandibles, .016.

Length of cephalo-thorax, .040 m.m. ; length of hairs on legs, .100
m.m.

The legs of the mites are slightly orange or yellowish in color and six
jointed.

The mites hibernate on the lower leaves of the plant. Up to the 20th
of May the mite may be found feeding on the basal leaves of the plant.

Fig. 68. " Red Spider,"
greatly magnified.

Fig. 69. Spruce Saw fly— greatly magnified.

BLUE-SPRUCE SAW FLY— LYDA SP.
By T. D. Jarvis, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph.

This Sawfly has caused injury to the Colorado Blue Spruce, Picea
pun gens, on the College Campus at Guelph. It has not been found on any
other species of spruce on the Campus.

The excrement of the larvae lies in masses on the leaves and branches,
and in some cases the tree becomes very unsightly. The larvae are found
in small colonies of from three to ten feeding beneath the masses of ex-
crement. They cut off the leaves and carry them to their retreat under the
excrement.

The larvae (Fig. 70) are green and when full grown are 26 m.m. long
and the antennae 1J m.m. long. The head and prothroax are black. The

128 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

hair-like appendage on posterior segment of abdomen 1£ m.m. long. The
abdomen contains 11 segments.

When mature the larvae drop to the ground and make a little cell about
3 inches below the surface of the sod. They pass the winter as larvae and
pupate in the spring.

Fig. 70. Spruce Sawfly larva ; head and anal seg-
ments—greatly enlarged .

The adult Sawflies (Fig. 69) appear about the 20th of May. They
spend only a few hours depositing their eggs and then disappear. The saw-
fly is a large, black, shiny insect, about 14 m.m. long. The mandibles and
a part of the face is yellow, the rest of the body is black. The thorax is
feebly punctured. The antennae are about 9 m.m. long and 32 jointed.
The upper wings are mostly clear, while the lower wings are clear above
and dusky toward the outer margin.

BUMBLE-BEES THAT FEETILIZE THE BED CLOVEK.
By T. D. Jarvis, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph.

In the month of June Mr. C. C. James, Deputy Minister of Agriculture,
mailed to our department a letter which he had received from the New
Zealand Government, enquiring for information on the species of Bombus
that fertilizes the red clover in Ontario so that they might find out what
species is most useful in clover fertilization.

The following is a copy of the letter received from Mr. 0. B. Pember-
ton, Secretary of the Canterbury Agricultural and Pastoral Association,
Christchurch,' New Zealand, 26 May, 1905.

The Secretary of Agriculture.

Sir, I take the liberty of writing to you on behalf of this Association regarding

the fertilization of Red Clover in Canada.

A Committee of this Association has been appointed to enquire into the fertiliza-
tion of red clover in other countries with the view of the introduction of the bees most
suitable as fertilizing agents. >

Before the introduction of the humhlebee into New Zealand from England m 1855,
the yield of red clover seed was not sufficient to be commercially payable. Since the
introduction, however, the yields have been more prolific, but it is still thought that
the best results have not yet been obtained.

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

J 29

We have in New Zealand, as far as we knew, three kinds of humblebees th*
descendants of those imported in 1885, viz., Bombus terrestris, BomLsZrtorum and

f 7 Sn« °nm-/B15ety .?a™ellus' Bo™*™ Osiris is the rno^t numerous anl
is, I believe, considered quite unsuitable on account of the shortness of its proboscis

My Association would deem it a great favor if you could forward me any inform-
^0^^^ °r ^^ ** ^ * C-d* -st suit-

* .Ir°rt^:eifllt specimens of bumblebees were collected from the flowers
o± the red clover. The specimens were sent to Dr. McGillivray, Cornell
University, and identified. Three species were found— Bombus fervidus,
Bombus ternarzus and Bombus borealis.

Dr. Brodie, of Toronto Normal School, reports Bombus consimilis as
being one of the more common species around Toronto.

* nP/' Flet?^er £tat.ed t]Jat Bombus fervidus is the most common species
at Uttawa, while n. borealis is rare.

INJURIOUS INSECTS OF 1905 IN ONTARIO.
By W. Lochhead, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph.

The number of injurious insects in the season of 1905 was about the
normal but the amount of damage done to crops of all kinds was perhaps
below the normal,— there being no outstanding case of very serious loss

lhe Fea-weevil no longer gives anxiety to the growers of peas, but in
this apparent security from this pest lies the danger for the future The
farmer just now is able to give practically a death-blow to pea-weevils for
many a year if he would insist on sowing only peas that have been fumi-
gated with carbon bisulphide. It is an easy task to conquer and control an
enemy when it is weak; and this is the present condition of the pea-weevil
1± this precaution of using fumigated seed is not taken, the weevils wili
increase every year until they are beyond control.

A species of Joint-worm, (see Fig. 29), probably Isosoma hordei, was pre-
sent m a few localities on wheat and barley, but did very little damage It
produces galls at, usually, the second joint of the stems, which are conse-
quently deformed and weakened. Within the galls are the minute yellowish-
white maggots with blackish jaws. The larvae usually remain over winter
xntjnn the galls, and the adults, small black four-winged flies, emerge in the
spring. Fortunately there is only one brood each year.

It is doubtful if this Joint-worm will ever become a serious enemy in
Ontario, where the majority of farmers practise a system of regular rotation
of crops, and where the roadside and fence corner grasses are cut at the
time of haying.

The Horn-Fly (Haematobia serrata), was more prevalent over the Pro-
vince this past season than it has been for several seasons. Although this
insect is now well known by nearly all farmers, yet it is remarkable how
few stock-owners apply the simple treatments that have been advocated for
years by the practical entomologists. This fly, it is well known, is 6ne of
the most annoying and troublesome pests of cattle in summer, and young
cattle m good pasture are frequently annoyed to such an extent that they
lose rather than gain flesh. Milch cows, too suffer much from these flies,
and the supply of milk is always very much reduced in quantity during the
"fly" season.

The life-history of the Horn-fly is well known. The eggs are deposited
m fresh cow droppings, where the maggots develop and the pupae form.

9 EN.

130

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

There are many broods during the season, so that their increase is very rapid.
The adult flies are smaller than the house-flies. They congregate in masses
about the base of the horns, on the flanks, and on the belly, just outside the
reach of the tail or head of the afflicted animal.

For several years it has been observed that oils or greases rubbed on the
affected parts will give relief for several days, and the flies will not come
near. Fish oil is strongly recommended and has been used by many owners
of stock. The addition of crude carbolic acid in the proportion of one table-
spoonful to one quart of fish oil increases its effectiveness.

This past summer I had an opportunity of testing the effectiveness of
kerosene emulsion solution against the Horn-fly. The emulsion is readily
made and in the usual way, and was applied by means of a small hand spray
pvnip. A fine nozzle was employed so that a very fine mist was obtained. I
found that although the emulsion gave almost immaliave relief and killed
enormous quantities of flies that collected in the stable, jet il was necessary
to repeat the operation during the worst portion of the season, both h'ght
And morning.

Unless I was present, the spraying operation was usually neglected, and
the flies became as numerous as ever. It became apparent to me that if the
stable employees about a large stock farm found it difficult to apply this
kerosene emulsion sufficiently often to keep the flies away, we need not
expect to have any better results in the ordinary farm stables where stock is
probably not as well cared for.

Fig. 71. The Seed-corn Maggot; a, b, flies; d, maggot; h, puparium— all very
much enlarged. (After Chittenden, U.S. Dept. Agriculture).

In the dairy stables of the Ontario Agricultural College Zenoleum was
used. It was applied with a compressed air sprayer. As it is readily made,
the same objections cannot be found with regard to its preparation as against
the preparation of the kerosene emulsion. The herd was kept free from the
horn-fly with but two or three applications per week, and the herdsman is
enthusiastic concerning the merits of this preparation.

Again, the use of the compressed air sprayer makes the operation a very
simple one, and with the general introduction of such sprayers, we may hope
to have less fear for the Horn-fly in the future.

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 131

Garden Insects.

The Seed-Corn Maggot (Phorbia fusciceps, Zett), Fig. 71. The work
of this maggot on planted corn seed was brought to our attention about the
third week in June, at St. Anne de Bellevue on the Island of Montreal. In
a field recently planted many of the seeds sprouted very slowly, while others
failed to sprout at all. On examination of the planted seeds many of them
showed the presence of the Seed-corn Maggot. From the seeds that had not
sprouted the maggots had hollowed out large cavities and had destroyed the
embryos. In other seeds the cavities were smaller, and sometimes the
embryo had escaped injury, with the result, however, that the germs were
weak and made but little growth.

The seeds were planted at a time when the soil was cold and damp and
for over a week the weather remained cold and wet, with the result that
incipient decay set in, and the adult flies were attracted to the decomposed
matter as a suitable place for oviposition.

It may be stated here that the stand of corn was a large one in spite of
the number of injured seeds. After a dressing of soda nitrate had been given
to the land, the crop developed well with returning warm weather, anda
fine yield was obtained at the close of the year.

In 1900 I called attention to a destructive outbreak of similar maggots
on beans in Lambton County. It is probable that the maggots in this case
belong to the same species as those observed at St. Anne's.

The life-history of this insect is not well known. The adult is a two-
winged fly about the size of a small housefly. Dr. Chittenden of Washing-
ton says it can best be identified by the male, which possesses a row of short,
rigid, bristly hairs on the inner side of the posterior tibiae.

The Seed-Corn Maggot is smaller than the Onion Maggot, being about
J of an inch in length. Dr. Chittenden says : "In the Northern States it
is probable that we have at least two generations, the first injurious in May
and June to such seedlings as are then to be found, and the second gener-
ation feeding upon weeds or dead or dying plants, in excrement and in refuse
without their presence being manifested.

It has been surmised that the species agrees with others of its kind in
passing the winter in the adult condition, although it is possible also that
it hibernates in some localities at least as a puparium."

Professor Garman of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station
reports that this insect attacks young cabbage plants, in early spring, and
hemp plants which are often destroyed over large areas. "The maggots
work in the stems, but leave the plants, when ready to pupate, and enter
the earth for a short distance, changing to yellow pupae .18 inch long and
about .06 inch in diameter. Besides hemp and cabbage the insect is

known as an enemy of planted seed corn, of radishes, onions, and of /the
common weed, hedge-mustard. " Professor Garman calls this insect the
Fringed Anthomyian, and places it m the Genus Pegomya.

The Tarnished Plant bug (Lygus pratensis). Many reports reached us
throughout the season regarding the injuries done by this insect to cultivated
plants of both the garden and orchard. In the garden it was specially injur-
ious, for it pierced and deformed buds and terminal shoots of cabbage,
cucumber, and potato, and sucked their juices. Flower gardens and plan-
tations of small fruits suffered also, and reports came in of the blighting
of strawberry blossoms and young berries, and of the blackening and shrivel-
ing of the currants. Besides, these insects attack many weeds and other wild
plants. The insects are more numerous, and hence more readily notice-

132 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

able by the public, in late summer, but most of their injuries are done in
early summer.

The Tarnished Plant Bug (Fig. 72), is one of the true bugs, and obtains
its food by piercing the tissues with its beak and sucking the juices. The
adult insects are about 1-5 of an inch long, and are very variable in color,
ranging from a dark brown through light brown to yellowish or yellowish-
green. The broad region behind the head (prothorax) is bordered with
yellow, and has four or five longitudinal yellowish lines; the triangular
area behind the prothorax bears also a yellow V, and ihe upper wings are
marked with dark and light spots.

The adults winter over under rubbish, and are ready in the early spring
to attack the young buds and fruits. Their eggs are deposited on the food
plants, and in a few days the young larvae or nymphs appear. All Vhruiigh
the season nymphs and adults may be found feeding together. The nymphs
moult four or five times, gradually becoming more like the winged adults.
There are probably only two broods in Ontario.

Fig. 72. The Tarnished
Plant-bug — much enlarged.

On account of the fact that Tarnished Plant Bugs have a wide range of
food plants, hence are widely distributed, and occur at all times of the season
in every stage of development, treatment is difficult. The following remedies
have been found somewhat effective and are here recommended :

1. The use of pyrethrum or insect powder. This should be mixed with
four or five times its weight of flour and dusted on such plants as straw-
berries, garden flowers, cucumbers, potatoes, &c, in early morning while
the insects are torpid and the dew is on the foliage.

2. The bugs may be readily shaken from infested trees and shrubs in
early morning upon a sheet, and destroyed.

3. The application of a kerosene-emulsion spray or some good tobacco
solution in early morning will destroy large numbers of the bugs, and help
to keep them in check.

Root Maggots belonging to different species of insects attack the roots
of cabbages, onions, and radishes, and do a great deal of injury. These
along with the white grubs and wireworms are the betes noires of truck-
gardeners. No satisfactory remedies have as yet been discovered for their
control, and great losses are sustained every year through lack of inform-
ation and treatment.

We are, however, specially indebted to Professors M. V. Slingerland
and S. A. Forbes for their valuable investigations into the life-histories of

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 133

these troublesome root insects, and for their experimental studies of remedial
treatments. It is now fairly well known that many of the so-called remedies
are utterly worthless.

The most common root maggots that are found affecting vegetables are
the Cabbage or Radish Root maggot, and the Onion Maggot. The adults
of these are small flies. These lay their eggs on the stems of the plants near
the ground and the maggots on hatching make their way down the stem and
begin burrowing into the roots. It is a common thing to find the surface of
the roots of young radishes completely mined by maggots. "When full grown
these maggots form brown puparia in the soil. The cabbage or radish mag-
got does its chief harm in June and July, as the young radishes are coming
up and after the young cabbages are transplanted.

With regard to remedies, it may be repeated that no perfectly effective
remedy has been found for the cabbage root maggot, but the following
remedies are valuable in controlling their depredations to some extent :

(1) Cheese cloth covers. In the large truck gardens of Long Island and
New York, many of the growers resort successfully to the use of enclosures
made of cheese cloth, arranged about light wooden frames. These may be
made of any size, and can be removed at time of cultivation. If such frames
are kept over the young plants for about six weeks, injury from these maggots
may be completely prevented, since the fly is not able to deposit her eggs
on the plants.

(2) Tarred paper disks. These were advocated by Prof. Slingerland,
but the great objection to such a procedure is the trouble required to place
the disks on the plants, and most growers of cabbages prefer to lose their
plants rather than take this extra trouble.

(3) Hellebore or Insect Powder. Both of these insecticides have been
used to great advantage. Dr. Forbes says "about one-half tea cupful of a
decoction of pyrethrum powder, four ounces to a gallon of water, or white
hellebore of the same strength, poured around the root of each plant after
drawing away the earth right down to the roots, will destroy any maggots
which may have started work. The earth should be put back again and the
plants hilled up, when new rootlets will soon be formed. A light sprinkling
of nitrate of soda will encourage a quick growth and help the plants to over-
come attack."

For radishes white hellebore used as a powder and dusted along the
rows once a week has given good results; and a carbolic wash prepared
originally by Prof. Cook by dissolving one pound of hard soap in a gallon of
water and one-half pint of crude carbolic acid added, then the whole is boiled
together for a few minutes to make a stock solution, which should be diluted
fifty times with water when required for use. This solution should be
sprayed upon "the plants once a week from the time they appear above the
ground until ready for use.

White Grubs. These are the well known larvae of June Beetles. The
adult beetles deposit their eggs just below the surface of the ground and
the grubs hatching feed on the roots of plants for from two to three years.
In Bulletin 44 of the Illinois Agricultural Experimental Station, Dr. S. A.
Forbes states that the grubs do not change to pupae until June and July
of the third season, — the perfect beetles transforming in September but not
emerging until the next spring. White Grubs are often very abundant and
injurious in garden plots, but a good rotation of crops will do more than
anything else to control these insects. Dr. Forbes claims that as the white
grubs have an opportunity to develop only in sod land and do not seem to
relish the roots of clover plants, it would be well to bring strawberries or

134

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

corn late into the rotation. He recommends a short rotation in which rye
is sown on the broken-up sod, then seeding to clover the following spring,
followed by the small grains, and this followed again by corn or potatoes.
If such a method, or a similar one, be adopted in gardens, very few com-
plaints would be heard regarding attacks of white grubs. When white grubs
are known to infest lawns, kerosene emulsion may be applied with advant-
age, if followed by copious watering.

Fruit Insects.

The Peach-Tree Borer, (Sanninoidea exitiosa Say (Fig. 73) is quite
prevalent in many of the Niagara peach orchards, as the brown gummy
masses about the bases of the trees testify. These exudations are composed
of a mixture of earth, larval excrement, and borings, and sometimes they
extend entirely around the tree. The borer is the grub-like caterpillar of a
beautiful moth, and works in the inner bark of the lower trunk or a large
root, excavating a tunnel.

The life-history is not yet well enough known to the peach growers. The
moths appear from July to September, and the females deposit their eggs on

Vv-.-.-:.

Fig.

73. Peach-tree Borer ; 1, female
moth ; 2 male moth.

Fig. 74. Datana moth.

the bark of the trunk near the ground soon after their emergence. The
larva hatches in a week or so and begins to bore into the trunk, feeding and
forming its burrow until winter sets in, when it hibernates. In May the
larva begins again to feed, and reaches full size in June or early July. It
leaves its burrow then, and forms a dirty brown cocoon at the base of the
tree. As a pupa within this cocoon, it remains about three or four weeks,
when the moth emerges.

The old-fashioned method of "digging out" or "worming" the borer is
perhaps the best that has been devised. The best time to do this work is
in spring and fall, and it must be thoroughly done on all the trees.

The practice of "mounding" the trees in early summer is frequently
recommended, as it compels the deposition of the eggs some distance above
the ground, and the chances are that the birds and predaceous insects devour
the young larva before it has a chance to bore into the trunk. ^

Wrapping the trunk with tarred paper in July and washing the trunk
twice with a thick wash composed of "two quarts of strong soap, a half pint
of crude carbolic acid in a pail of water with enough of lime and clay to
make a thin paste," are methods often used by fruit-growers with consid-
erable success. These methods will give best results if they are made auxil-
iary to the worming process.

The San Jose Scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst), has extended its
area considerably during the year, not only in the Niagara district but also
in the south western part comprising the counties of Kent and Essex. In
the latter region little or nothing is being done by the owners of the trees to
control the scale, so that its spread has been very rapid.

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 135

In the Niagara district there are now areas thoroughly infested which
the inspectors three years ago reported "clean.' ' The number of dead and
dying orchard trees is becoming larger every year, and many fruit-growers
have had to go out of business because they would not spray.

In another article in this Report I give an account of some experiments
which Mr. P. W. Hodgetts and myself conducted to determine the efficiency
of the newer scale remedies.

The Codling Worm (Carpocapsa pomonella) was perhaps not so des-
tructive this year as usual to apples. The Fruit Marks' Act is in many
instances compelling apple-growers to spray their trees, for XXX or No. 1
fruit must be practically free from worm and scab.

The Rose Chafer (M acrodactylus subspinosus) (Fig. 30) appeared in
large numbers in one or two peach orchards along the lake shore in the
Niagara district. This insect is a brownish, long-legged beetle, and breeds
in sandy, undrained meadow land. The eggs are laid in the ground and the
grubs feed on the roots of grasses. By autumn they reach full growth; in
spring they pupate and the adults emerge in June or July. Sometimes these
beetles fly in hordes to adjacent vineyards and peach orchards, where they
devour the foliage and eat holes in the young peaches. Under such conditions
little can be done for arsenicals do not seem to have much effect in diminish-
ing their numbers. Usually they disappear as suddenly as they came. The
only remedy to prevent future recurrences of these beetles is to break up and
cultivate the meadow land, their breeding places.

The Apple Maggot (Trypeta pomonella) is a serious enemy of apples in
the eastern part of the Province and Quebec. Its work is readily recognized,
as the maggot tunnels the pulp of the apple in all directions, thus rendering
it worthless. The adults of these maggots are two-winged flies. They make
their appearance in early summer and deposit their eggs through the skin
of the apple. The maggots on reaching maturity crawl out of the apple,
and transform to pupae in the ground, where they remain all winter.

Spraying as a treatment for this insect is of little or no value. The
fallen apples and those infested with maggots should be fed to hogs ; in fact,
where these maggots are present every year, the hogs should have free run
of the orchard.

Grape-Berry Moth (Polychrosis viteana, Clemens). (Fig. 34). While
engaged in carrying on spraying experiments in vineyards in the Niagara
district this season, we found many cases of grapes which were infested with
a small dark caterpillar. This caterpillar was quite abundant in some vine-
yards and was evidently doing much harm. We were not able to work out
the life-history of this insect on account of the limited time at our disposal,
but we glean the following information from Bulletin 231, "The Grape-
Berry Moth," by Prof. Slingerland of the Cornell Agricultural Experiment
Station, November, 1904.

The winter is passed in the pupa state in the cocoon, which is most com-
monly observed on damp and decaying leaves near the ground under the
vines. About the first of June the moths escape and deposit their eggs,
probably on the stems of the blossom clusters. The early caterpillars begin
feeding before the grape blossoms are fully opened, and they often destroy
the bud blossoms. Throughout the blooming period the caterpillars continue
to work and destroy many of the young developing fruits. This first, or
spring, brood of caterpillars feed on the outside of the blossoms and berries,
and are thus readily treated with poisons. By July the first most of the
caterpillars have reached full size and soon make their peculiar cocoons out
of leaves fastened together by silk threads, and lined on the inside with white

136 THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

silk. Within three or four days, the caterpillar, after forming its cocoon,
transforms into a pupa, and a couple of weeks later the moth begins to
emerge. Eggs are again laid for a second brood, and this summer brood
of caterpillars works during the latter half of July and August. The eggs
of the summer brood are laid on the skin of the green berries or on the stems
Ihe most injury is done by this second brood of caterpillars, since in Ontario
vineyards the number of the second brood is very large. Many of this sum-
mer brood become full grown in August and form their characteristic cocoons
and develop moths by the first of September. Some, however, hibernate as
pupae, so that there is only a partial third brood in the autumn. Some of
the caterpillars of the third brood are full grown before October the first,
and transform to pupae within the berries, but most of them make their
characteristic cocoons on the leaves like the earlier broods.

Prof. Slingerland recommends the following treatments for the Grape-
Berry Moth :

(1) The destruction of fallen leaves. As has been stated, the cocoons
winter over on the leaves near or on the surface of the ground. It is evident
that the gathering and burning of fallen leaves will destroy the great major-
ity of the cocoons. He also advocates early cultivation, especially the land
along the trellis under the vines, in which case many of the hibernating
pupae will be buried and destroyed.

(2) The bagging of clusters of grapes, by putting paper bags around the
clusters soon after they have set. This is practicable only to a limited
extent, but many grape-growers find that it pays to bag many of their choice
grape clusters.

(3) The picking of infested berries in August. It is a comparatively
easy matter to detect grapes infested with the Grape-Berry Moth caterpillar
and when such berries are picked and destroyed, much injury can be averted
and the surrounding grapes can be saved.

(4) The application of arsenical poison sprays. Experiments were con-
ducted m the Chatauqua district during the last two or three seasons, and
successful results have been secured from the application of arsenical
poisons, and Prof. Slingerland strongly advocates their use in infested vine-
yards, but states that the poison spray is effective only against the spring
brood of caterpillars working in the blossoms, and recently set clusters. He
advises two applications at the rate of four pounds of arsenate of lead in 50
pounds of water or Bordeaux Mixture. The first application should be made
before the blossoms open and the second just after the blossoms fall. Now
that many of our grape-growers are using Bordeaux for the control of the
Black Rot and the Mildews, it is an easy matter to add the arsenical poisons
to this mixture, so that the Grape-Berry Moth can be controlled at the same
time as the fungus diseases.

Shade Trees.

The Spiny Elm Caterpillar, the larva of the Mourning Cloak butterfly
(Euvanessa antiopa) was more numerous than usual this summer on elms.
This caterpillar is not often sufficiently numerous to attract attention, or to
destroy foliage. The different stages of this insect are interesting. The
winter is passed as a butterfly, and almost any bright day it may be seen
flitting about as if it enjoyed the sunshine. Its wings are of a dark, rich
purplish-brown color with yellowish borders, dotted with brown. Its eggs
are beautifully sculptured, and are laid in compact clusters about a twig.
The caterpillars are salt-and-pepper colored with a row of red spots along

1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 137

the middle of the back, and their bodies are protected by many branched
spines. Their chrysalids are also spiny and they occur suspended by the tail.

The caterpillars of the White-Tipped Moth (Edema albifrons) were also
very abundant this fall on the leaves of the hard maple about Guelph. They
are readily recognized by their smooth, shiny body, by the numerous fine
yellow and black stripes, and by the orange-red head, and the orange-red
hump near the end of the body.

The Walnut Datana Caterpillars (Datana Sp.) (Fig. 74) were very
numerous on walnut trees in the south western part of the Province in August
and September, and in many cases stripped the trees of their leaves. These,
larvse when full grown are about two inches in length. To the owners of
shade walnuts and hickories the habits of these caterpillars are rather mys-
terious. When disturbed the caterpillars raise both ends of their bodies to
assume a threatening attitude. They feed in colonies and at moulting period
they descend the trunk of the tree and congregate in a large mass. When
full grown they descend to the ground to pupate, hence their mysterious
disappearance at this stage. The moths are brown, with bars crossing the
front wings, which may expand one and three-quarter inches.

These caterpillars can be readily poisoned by Paris green applications,
and at moulting periods captured en masse.

Fall Web-Worms (Hyphantria cunea) were more numerous this year
than usual. Usually the webs are confined to forest trees, but this fall their
webs were observed in many vineyards, on currant and raspberry plantations,
and in apple orchards.

Their webs are unsightly objects, especially when they are large, and
become filled with dead leaves, moulted skins, and excrement. The cater-
pillars differ in their habit of feeding from the Tent Caterpillars, as they
always feed within the web. Moreover, they are very variable in color and
markings, — some having a black band along the back and long white hairs,
while others have two rows of prominent black marks instead of a band, and
have shorter hairs.

The pupae are formed within cocoons, and are usually found at the
surface of the ground, mixed with dirt, in crevices of bark of trees, under
fences, &c. The moths appear in early summer, and the eggs are deposited
in flat masses on the under surfaces of leaves.

There is but one brood a year in Ontario. Two or three lines of treat-
ment may be adopted against the Fall Web-worm : (1) to spray the cater-
pillars with arsenical poisons, such as Paris green or arsenate of lead; (2)
to destroy the webs by burning them on the tree with a torch; and (3) to
clean up all refuse so as to destroy the hibernating cocoons.

The Cottony Maple Scale (Pulvinaria innumerabilis) was even more
destructive this year than last, having been reported from many towns
in the western peninsula. Briefly, the life-history is as follows : — The females
winter over on the twigs, and in spring begin feeding and secreting a cottony
mass for the reception of the large number of eggs which are laid at this
time. The larvse soon hatch by the thousands, and swarm over the leaves
and twigs. They soon become fixed and begin forming a scale-like covering.
In August they become mature, and usually in September .females are fer-
tilized By the males who die soon afterwards.

Treatment is rather difficult, but much may be done by spraying the trees
with the kerosene-soap emulsion at the time the larvae are crawling. Suc-
cess has followed the application of strong streams of cold water in spring,
when the eggs are dislodged from the cottony mass and are destroyed. In
some cases winter and spring pruning is beneficial. It is very probable,

138 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

however, that the* insect enemies of this scale will soon get the upper hand
and keep it in check.

The Spruce Gall Louse (Chermes abietis) is extending its range every
year, but in the older sections the parasities are apparently keeping it in
check. There are two broods annually; the eggs of the first brood appear
in May in fluffy masses on the affected spruce twigs, the second in August.

Judicious pruning when practicable, and applications of kerosene-soap
solution in May when the larvae are hatching will do much to prevent the
spread of this insect.

The, Tussock Moth (Orgyia leuco stigma) was very injurious in our large
cities, but much information has been written in this and previous reports
regarding it, and it is only necessary here to note its occurrence.

REPORT OF THE BRITISH COLUMBIA BRANCH OF THE ENTOMO-
LOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO FOR THE TEAR 1905.

The fourth annual meeting was held February 6th, 1905, at the Queen's
School, Vancouver. There were present Rev. G. W. Taylor (President) in
the chair, T. Wilson (Vice-President), R. V. Harvey (Secretary-Treasurer),
A. H. Bush, R. S. Sherman, R. Draper and J. Towler.

The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved.

The Treasurer presented the balance sheet for the year 1904, which was

The retiring officers were re-elected for the ensuing year.

It was unanimously resolved that the British Columbia Entomological
Society should become an affiliated branch of the Entomological Society of
Ontario, and the Secretary was empowered to conduct the necessary negotia-
tions.

The Society now numbers nineteen active members ; eight of these reside
in the neighborhood of Vancouver, but the rest are so widely scattered through
the Province as to make representative gatherings difficult, and severely
handicap co-operation in entomological studies.

Individual members, however, have done good work, and the forthcoming
list of B. C. Lepidoptera, compiled by Rev. G. W. Taylor, besides his papers
on our Geometridse, which will appear shortly, will show how much has been
accomplished in the last few years.

In other orders various members are rapidly accumulating valuable
notes and extensive collections: in the Coleoptera, Messrs. Taylor, Hanham,
and others; in Hymenoptera, Mr. Venables; in Diptera, Messrs. Venables,
Sherman and Harvey. .

The season of 1905 was not notable for either abundance of ^sects or
particularly interesting captures. It is worth noting that a moth hitherto
regarded as extremely rare, Lepisesia flavo fas data, var, ulalume, Strk., was
taken in some numbers both by Mr. Taylor at Wellington and by several
Vancouver collectors round cherry and apple blossom in early spring. Mr.
Venables of Vernon records the capture of a specimen of a fine bpnmgid,

M arumba modesta.

R. V. HARVEY,
Dec. 30th, 1905. Hon. Secretary-Treasurer.

1905

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

139

LIST OF CANADIAN MEMBERS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF ONTARIO.

Province of Ontario.

Abbott, Dr. A. R Torcnto.

Albright, W. D London.

Andrus, G. A "

Arnott, Dr. D. H "

Baker, A. C "

Baker, Merrit, O.A.C Guelph.

Balkwill. J. A London.

Bapty, Miss Gertrude .... "

Barlow. B Guelph.

Benson, W. D London

Bethune, Rev. C. J. S....

Binnie, T. H., O.A.C Guelph,

Black, Davidson Torcnto.

Blackmore, Miss E "

Blue, John "

Bock. H. P London.

Bond G.. O.A.C Guelph.

Bond, I. B London.

Boon, Miss Bella C "

Bowman. Prof. J. H

Brodie, Dr Torcnto.

Buchanan. J.. O.A.C Guelph.

Butt. W Oakville.

Butterworth, C London.

Buttery, Miss G

Csesar, L., O.A.C Guelph.

Cornish, G. A Lindsay.

Creelman, Pres't, O.A.C. Guelph,

Dearness, Prof. John London.

Dickson, J. R., O.A.C Guelph.

Dunlop, Miss M. V Woodstock.

Durand, Napier N Eglinton.

Elliott, W. H Torcnto.

Evans, J. D Trenton.

Fisher, George E Burlington.

Fletcher. Dr. J Ottawa.

Fox, Charles J London

Fraser, W. J Torcnto.

Gammage, Wm London.

Gibson, Arthur Ottawa.

Goodeve, Miss A Woodstock.

Graham, R. R., O.A.C... Guelph.

Grant, C. E Orillia.

Green, B London.

Haas, S. Ward Walkerville.

Hahn, Paul Torcnto.

Haight, D. H Copper Cliff.

Hallam, R. Torcnto.

Hallam, M "

Hamilton, W. H London.

Harrington. W. H Ottawa.

Hicks, F. M London.

Horton, C. W Torcnto.

Hotson, J. W., O.A.C Guelph.

Hotson, Miss Maude London.

Jackson. V. W., O.A.C. ..Guelph.

Jarvis, T. D., O.A.C

Jones. D., O.A.C Bartonville.

Johnston, J Guelph.

Keays, J. E London.

Kilman. A. H. ...'. Ridgeway.

King, R. W Toronto.

Klinck, C R., O.A.C Guelph.

Law, John London.

Lawson, F "

Lochhead, Prof. W Guelph.

MacMillan, H. R., O.A.C. "

Maughan, J., Jr Torcnto.

Mayou, Miss London.

Mayou, Mrs "

McCready, Prof. S. B Guelph

McQueen, Alex London.

Merchant, Principal F. W. "

Moore, T.J., O.A.C Guelph.

Morden, John A Hyde Park.

Mosey, Miss Toronto.

Nash, C. W "

Paine, John London.

Painter, A. J., O.A.C Guelph.

Parsons, C E London.

Pearson, Gerald "

Peek, Walter M Freeman.

Priddis, Miss London.

Pugsley, E Port Rowan.

Read win, R Guelph.

Rennie, H. C London.

Rennie, R. W "

Richard, A. E Ottawa.

Rigsby, Rev. W London.

Sanders, G. E., O.A.C Guelph.

Saunders, Henry S Torcnto.

Saunders, W. E London.

Sherman, Prof. F., O.A.CGuelph.

Silcox, Sidney St. Thomas.

Simpson, Miss J London.

Slater, A. E., O.A.C Guelph.

Smith, Walter London.

Spittal. Miss "

Stewart, E Ottawa.

Stewart, J London.

Stevenson, Dr. W. J

Stuart, F. A "

Tanton, John "

Thompson, P. J "

Thompson, W. Robin "

Thompstone, E., O.A.C... Guelph.

Tyner, S Prescott.

Walker, E. M., M.B :. Torcnto.

Watson, Dr. A. H. R Pert Hope.

Webb, John H Torcnto.

Weir, D., O.A.C Guelph.

Westland, Malcolm London.

White, James Snelgrove.

Wheaton, R. R., O.A.C... Guelph.

Williams, J. B Torcnto.

Wood, A. A Coldstream.

Wood, S. T Toronto.

Wood, T. M Baltimore.

Woolverton, Dr London.

Yerex, O. E Little Britain.

Young, C H Hurdman's

Bridge.
Zavitz, E. J., O.A.C Guelph.

Province of Quebec.

Barwick, E. C Montreal.

Begin, Rev. Abbe P. A...Sherbrooke.

140 THE REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. No. 19

List of Canadian Members— Concluded.

Bickell, Miss Quebec.

Boulton, A. R. M "

Boulton, Mrs "

Bowen, Miss "

Brainerd, Dwight Montreal.

Brainerd, E "

Brodie, Mrs. Alex Quebec.

Burgess, Dr. T. J. W Verdun.

Chagnon, Gustave Montreal.

Denny, E "

Dunlop, G. C "

Elliott, W. R Sherbrooke.

Freeman, Miss I. H Quebec.

Fyles, H Levis.

Fyles, Miss W "

Fyles, Mrs "

Fyles, Rev. Dr "

Geggie, James Beauport.

Geggie, Miss Lois "

Gibb, Lachlan Montreal. .

Griffin, A "

Hamel, Miss Julia Levis.

Hedge, Miss Louisa Montreal.

Huard, Rev. Victor Quebec.

Johnston, Miss M. G Levis.

Johnstone, Walstan Montreal.

Lindsay, Col. Crawford ..Quebec.

Lyman, H. H Montreal.

MacDonald, Miss Elloe ...Quebec.

MacLeod, Miss E "

McCuaig, Rev. W. W. ...Levis.

Moore, G. A Montreal.

Morgan, Mrs. James Quebec.

Newman, C. P Lachine Locks.

Norris, A. E Montreal.

Ouellet, C. S. V

Poston, Mrs. T. A Levis.

Reford, L Montreal.

Reich, Emil "

Robinson, T. S Outremont.

Roy, Rev. Prof. Elias Levis.

Scott, Rev. F. G Quebec.

Seton, Mrs. W. W Levis.

Simmons, J. H "

Simmons, Mrs. J. H "

Southee, G. R Outremont.

Stevenson, Charles Montreal.

Tourchot, A. L St. Hyacinthe.

Turnbull, Lt.-Col. F Quebec.

Turner, Hon. Richard ....
Turner, Mrs. Richard ....

Wade, Miss Annabel

Wade, Miss Gladys H. ...

Winfield, Mrs

Winn, A. F Montreal.

Wintle, Gilbert Como.

Wood, Rev. Edmund Montreal.

Alberta.

Baird. Thos High River.

Dod, F. H. Wolley Millarville.

Gould, Henry Red Deer.

Gregscn, Percy B Blackfalds.

Sanson, N. B Banff.

Assiniboia.
Willing, T. N Regina.

British Columbia.

Anderson, Ernest M Victoria.

Bryant, T "

Bush, A. H Vancouver.

Cockle, J. W Kaslc.

Danby, W. H Rossland.

Draper, R Vancouver.

Findlay, Rev. George H...Fort Steele.

Hanham, A. W Victoria.

Harvey, R. V Vancouver.

Jcnes, W. A. Dashwood...New Westmin-
ster.

Keen, Rev. J. H Metlakatla.

Livingston, Clermont Duncan'sSta.

Marrion, B Vancouver.

Reed, E. Baynes Victoria.

Sherman, R. S Vancouver.

Skinner, E. M Duncan'sSta.

Taylor, Rev. G. W Wellington.

Towler, J .Vancouver.

Venables, E. P Vernon.

Wilson, T Vancouver,

Manitoba.

Boger, H. W. O ....Brandon.

Criddle, Norman Aweme.

Dennis, A. J Beulah.

Heath, E. Firmstone Cartwright.

Hutchinson, H Kinosota.

Marmont, L. E .Rounthwaite.

New Brunswick.
Mcintosh, Wm St. John.

Nova Scotia.

Harlow, L. C Truro.

Mackay, Dr. A. H Halifax.

Russell, J Digby.

Swaine, J. M Antigonishe.

Honorary Members.
Ashmead, Dr. W. H Washington,

D. C.
Cresson, Ezra T Philadelphia,

Pa.
Edwards, William H Coalburgh,

W. Va.
Howard, Dr. L. 0 Washington,

D. C.
Osten Sacken, Baron R... Heidelberg,

Germany.
Scudder, S. H Cambridge,

Mass.
Smith, Prof. J. B New Bruns-
wick, N.J.

Uhler, P. R Baltimore,Md.

Webster, Prof. F. M Washington,

D. C.
Wickham, Prof. H. F Iowa City,

Iowa.

Life Member.
Sauridors, Dr. Wm., (Direc-
tor of the Experiment-
al Farms of the Do-
minion ) Ottawa.

INDEX.

PAGE.

Agrctis subgothica 107 (fig.)

Agrotis ypsilon 106 (fig.)

Aldrich's Catalogue of N. Am.

Diptera 92

Algonquin Park, insects of 65

American Insects: Kellogg 93

Anopheles maculipennis 35

Anthcnomus signatus 22

Ants 116 (figs.).

Aphis brassicse 86

Aphis of the Apple, the Woolly, 8, 10 (fig.)
Apple, insects affecting, 8, 13, 14,

22, 87, 88, 135

Archips purpurana 122

Archips rosaceana 116 (fig.)

Asparagus Beetles 13, 14

Aspidiotus perniciosus (see San Jose

scale).

Aster Shark 119

Balaninus beetle 123 (fig.)

Barathra occidentata 85, 107

Bedellia somnulentella 122

Beneficial Insects 106 (figs.)

Bethune, C. J. S., artcles by 10, 46

Blister beetles 109 (figs.)

Bcmbus, species fertilizing Red

Clover 129

Books on Entomology 92

British Columbia Butterflies 70

Buffalo Tree-hopper 89

Bumble-bees that fertilize Red Clover 128

Buprestis Borer 125 (fig.)

Burdock Borer '117

Butterflies of the West Coast:

Wright 94

Cabbage, insects affecting ...86, 131, 133

Calosoma calidum 106 (figs.)

Calosoma scrutator 54, 55 (fig.)

Carnations, Maggot affecting 120

Carrot Rust-fly 86

Cecidomyia leguminicola 84

Cereal crops, insects affecting 21, 81

Ceresa bubalus 89

Chermes abietis 89, 138

Chrysophanus thoe 119 (figs.)

Cicada canicularis 55 (figs.), 58

Cladius pectinicornis Ill

Clover-leaf Weevil 84

Clover-seed Caterpillar 84

Clover-seed Midge 84

Clover Weevil, the Green 84

Codling Moth 8, 13, 14, 22, 135

Coleophora laricella 90

Coleoptera, captures of 100

C( lumbine Borer 118

Conotrachelus nenuphar 26

Cook's Insect Galls of Indiana 92

Corn, Insects affecting 83, 131

Cottony Maple Scale... 10, 11 (fig.), 14, 137

Cucullia asteroides 119

Culex pipiens 35

Culex pungens 36 (figs.)

Currant Sawfly 8

Cutworms ..7, 85, 106 (figs.)

Datana caterpillars on Walnut 137

Dendroctonus frontalis 126

Diacrisia virginica 113 (figs.)

Diamcnd-back Moth 85 (figs.), 86, 112

Diaspis rosse 114

Diglcchis omnivora 19

Diptera, captures of 104

Diptera, Catalogue of N. American :

Aldrich 92

Dragon-flies from Algonquin Park 64, 67

Edema albifrons 137

Emphytus Canadensis 115

Emphytus cinctipes Ill

Endelomyia rosse Ill

Enodia portlandia 54, 55 (fig.)

Epicauta pennsylvanica 109

Epicauta vittata 109 (fig.)

Estigmene acrsea 113 (figs.)

Eudemis botrana 87 (fig.)

Euptoieta claudia 24 (fig.), 120

Euvanessa antiopa 136

Evans, John D., articles by 47, 49

Fall Web-worm 8, 13, 137

Field crcps, Insects affecting 21, 81

Flea Beetles 85, (fig.), 86, 110, (fig.)

Fletcher, J., articles by 79, 81, 90

Flower garden, injurious insects of

the 105

Fodder crops, Insects affecting 83

Forest Insects 56, 89, 123 (figs.)

[141]

142

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

Four-lined Leaf -bug 108

Fruit-trees, Insects affecting

8, 22, 27, 86, 134

Fyles, T. W., articles by 15, 56, 61

Garden crops, Insects affecting ...21, 130

Gibson, A., article by 105

Gcrtyna cataphracta 15

Gortyna nitela 15

Grant, C. E., article by 9

Grape-berry Moth 87 (fig.), 135

Grape-vine Flea-beetle H5 (figs.)

Grape-vine Leaf -hopper 114

Grapholitha interstinctana 84

Gryllidse from Algonquin Park 67

Htematobia serrata 129

Haltica chalybea 115 (figs.)

Hampson's Catalogue of the Lepid-

optera Phalsen® in the British

Museum

93

Harlequin Cabbage bug 22 (fig.)

Hemerocampa leucostigma 9

Hemiptera of the Adirondack^ : Van

Duzee 94

Hickory, insects affecting 126

Homohadena badistriga 118

Horn-fly 129

Hyphantria cunea 137

Insect Galls of Indiana: Cook 92

Insects as Nature Studies 52

Iris Bcrer n8

Isosoma hordei 129

Isosoma tritici 81 (figs.)

Jarvis, T. D., articles by 127, 128

Jassidas of New York State: Osborn 93

Joint-worms 81, 129

Junonia csenia 24 (fig.)

Kellogg' s American Insects 93

Kerosene emulsion, improved method

of making 88, 109

Labidtmera clivicollis 117

Lace-winged Fly 106 (figs.)

Lady-bird Beetles 106 (figs.)

Larch Case-bearer 90

Larch Saw-fly 89, 124 (fig.)

Leaf-hoppers 114

Leaf-tyer, the Greenhouse 121

Lepidoptera Heterocera, captures of 97
Lepidopteral Rhopalocera, captures of 96
Lepidoptera Rhopalocera, Catalogue

of: Skinner 94

Lepidoptera Phalsense, Catalogue of:

Hampscn 93

Lepidosaphes ulmi 114, 115 (figs.)

Leptinotarsa decemlineata 117 (figs.)

Lime, Sulphur and Salt Wash 22, 27

Lithocolletes fragilella 122

Lcchhead, W., articles by 27, 129

Locustidse from Algonquin Park 67

Lyda affecting Spruce 127 (figs.)

Lygus pratensis 15, 108, 131, 132 (fig.)

Lyman, H. H., article by 18

Macrodactylus subspinosus

81 (figs.), 83, 110 (fig.), 124, 135

Macronoctua onusta 118

Mamestra picta 8, 10 (fig.), 112

Maple-leaf Gall Mite 9

Maple Scale, the Cottony, 10, 11 (fig.), 14

May Beetle 12 (figs.), 14, 58, 107

McCready, S. B., article by 52

Mecostethus gracilis 65

Mecostethus lineatus 65

Melancplus Bruneri 66

Melanoplus species taken in Algon-
quin Park 66

Members, List of 139

Milkweed Doryphora 117

Mint Sphinx 119

Monohammus scutellatus 59 (fig.)

Monohammus titillator 59 (fig.)

Mosquitoes, Disease transmitting 34

Mosquitoes of New Jersey: Smith... 94

Mosquitoes, Work against 35

Murgantia histrionica 22 (fig.)

Nemobius palustris 65

"Nicholl, Mrs., article by 70

North Carolina, Entomological con-
ditions in 20

Oblique-banded Leaf -roller 116

Odonata, captures of 102

Odonata from Algonquin Park ...64, 67

Olethreutes hemidesma 119

Onion Maggot 133

Orchelimum vulgare 65

Orgyia antiqua 15, 57

Orgyia leucostigma 15, 18, 57

Orthoptera, captures of 102

Orthoptera from Algonquin Park 64

Osborn's Jassidse of New York State 93

Oyster-shell Scale H4, 115 (figs.)

Papilio thoas 26 (fig.)

Packard, Dr. A. S., death of 40

Papaipema cataphracta H8

Papaipema nitela 83 (figs.)

Papaipema purpurifascia 118

Paragrotis ochrogaster 7

Pea Weevil 13, 14, 50, 82, 129

1905

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

143

Peach-tree Borer 134 (figs.)

Phlceothrips poaphagus 84

Phlyctsenia ferrugalis 121

Phlyctsenia rubigalis 121

Phcrbia fusciceps 131 (figs.)

Phyllotreta vittata 86

Phytonomus nigrirostris 84

Phytonomus punctatus 84

Phytoptus quadripes 9

Pine, Insects injuring 125

Pissodes strobi 125 (fig.)

Plagionotus speciosus 59 (fig.)

Plant Lice 109 (figs.) .

Plum Curculio 22, 26

Plutella cruciferarum ...85 (figs.), 86, 112
Plutella maculipennis ...85 (figs.), 86, 112

Pcecilocapsis lineatus 108

Polychrosis riteana 135

Pcntia rapse Ill (figs.)

Potato Beetle, the Colorado 117 (fig.)

Prionoxystus robiniae 125

Prionus laticollis 55 (fig.), 58

Psila rosee 86

Pterophorus monodactylus 122

Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 10, 11 (fig.)

14, 137

Pyrrhia umbra 119

Radish Maggot 133

Record, Entomological, for 1905 90

Red Clover, Bees that fertilize 128

Red-headed Flea Beetle 85 (fig.)

Red Spider 116. 127 (fig.)

Rhodites radicnm 121 (fig.)

Root crops, Insects affecting 85

Rose Chafer... 81 (figs.), 83, 110 (fig.), 135

Rose Leaf -hopper 114

Rose Root-gall 121 (fig.)

Rose Scale 114

Rose Slug, the American Ill

Rose Worms Ill

Roct Maggots 132

Salt-marsh Caterpillar and Moth

113 (figs.)

San Jose Scale... 22, 27, 32 (figs.), 87, 134

Sanninoidea exitiosa .134 (figs.)

Saperda Candida 59 (figs.)

Sawflies affecting Blue Spruce, 127 (figs.)

Sawflies affecting Roses Ill

Sawflies affecting Violets 115

Schizoneura lanigera 8, 10, (fig.), 88

Scolytus beetles 125 (figs.)

Scudderia furcata 65

PAGE.

Seed-corn Maggot 131 (figs.)

Shade-trees, insects affect'g, 10, 15, 18, 136

Sherman, F., article by 20

Siiver-top (in grasses) 84

Skinner's Catalogue of N. Am.

Rhopalocera 94

Smith, John B., lecture by 34

Smith's Mcsquitoes of New Jersey... 94

Snails and Slugs 117

Sparganothis flavibasana 121

Spharagemon Bolli 65

Sphinx eremitus 119

Spiraea Leaf-tyer 120

Spruce Gall-louse ....89, 138

Stalk-borer 83 (figs.)

Stevenson, C, article by 53

Straussia longipe'nnis 120

Strawberry Weevil 22

Sunflower Peacock Fly 120

Systena frontalis 85 (fig.)

Tarnished Plant-bug 15, 108, 131,

132 (fig.)

Tent Caterpillars... 8, 9, 50, 55 (figs.), 57

Tetranychus bimaculatus 127

Tortrix albicomana 122

Tremex Columba 60 (fig.), 125

Trypeta pomonella 135

Turnip, Insects affecting 86

Tussock Moths 9, 11 (figs.),

13, 15, 16 (figs.), 18

Typhkcyba comes 114

Typhlocyba rosae 114

Typhlocyba vitis 114

Van Duzee's Hemiptera of the Adir-

ondacks 94

Vegetables, Insects affecting 85

Violet Sawfly 115

Walker, E. M., article by 64

Walnut, caterpillars affecting 137

Wheat Joint Worm 81 (figs.)

White Cabbage Butterfly Ill (figs.)

White Grubs... 8, 12 (figs.), 14, 58, 107, 133

Williams, J. B., article by 9

Wire-worms 12 107 (fig.), 108

Woolly Aphis of the Apple, 8, 10 (fig.), 88

Woolly-Bear caterpillars 113 (figs.)

Wright's Butterflies of the West

Coast 94

Young, C. H., article by 7

Zavitz, E. J., article by 123

Zebra Caterpillar 8, 10 (fig.), 112

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