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UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS
LIBRARY

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1888-1897

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ANNUAL REPORT

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION

[assatl^xts^tts S^grmtllural €0!%^.

Jaihjaet, 1889.

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION

Massachusetts Agricultural College,

AMHERST, MASS.

At the organization of the Experiment Station of the Massa-
chusetts Agricultural College under the provisions of the Hatch
Bill, it was decided to name it the "Hatch Experiment Station of
the Massachusetts Agricultural College," in order to distinguish it
from the State Agricultural Experiment Station, already located
on the college grounds, but having no connection with it.

Its officers are : —

Henry H. Goodell,
William P. Brooks,
Samuel T. Maynard,
Charles H. Fernald,
Clarence D. Warner,

Director.

Agriculturist.

Horticulturist.

Entomologist.

Meteorologist.

The co-operation and assistance of farmers, fruit-growers, horti-
culturists, and all interested, directly or indirectly, in agriculture, is
earnestly requested. Communications may be sent to the director
or to any of the officers in charge.

THE EXPERIMENT DEPARTMENT.

It is proper that, in making tliis first report of a new de-
partment of the college, its organization and history should
be outlined and made a matter of permanent record. The
full text of the Act passed by Congress, Feb. 25, 1887,
under which the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massa-
chusetts Agricultural College was established, is as fol-
lows : —

[PuiiLic No. 112.]

An Act to establish agricultural experiment stations in connection with the colleges
established in the several States under the provisions of an act approved July 2,
1862, and of the acts supplementary thereto.

Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives
of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That, in order
to aid in acquiring and diffusing among the people of the United States
useful and practical information on subjects connected with agriculture,
and to promote scientific investigation and experiment respecting tlie
principles and applications of agricultui'al science, there shall be estab-
lished, imder direction of the college or colleges, or agrieultm'al depart-
ments of colleges, in each state or territory established, or which may
hereafter be established, in accordance with the provisions of an act
approved July 2, 1862, entitled, " An Act donating jjublic lands to the
several states and territories which may provide colleges for the benefit
of agriculture and the mechanic ai'ts," or any of the supjilements to said
act, a department to be known and designated as an " agricultural
experiment station : " j)rovided, that in any state or territoiy in which
two such colleges have been or may be so established, the appropriation
hereinafter made to such state or territory shall be equally divided
between such colleges, unless the legislature of such state or territory
shall otherwise direct.

Sect. 2. That it shall be the object and duty of said experiment sta-
tions to conduct original researches or verify experiments on the physi-
ology of plants and animals ; the diseases to which they are severally
subject, with the remedies for the same ; the chemical composition of
useful plants at their different stages of growth ; the comparative ad-
vantages of rotative cropping, as pursued under a varying series of
crops ; the capacity of new plants or trees for acclimation ; the analysis
of soils and water; the chemical composition of manures, natm'al or
artificial, with experiments designed to test their comparative effects on
crops of different kinds ; the adaptation and value of grasses and forage
l^lants ; the comi^osition and digestibility of the different kinds of food
for domestic animals ; the scientific and economic questions involved in
the production of butter and cheese ; and such other researches or
experiments bearing directly on the agricultural industry of the United

States as may in each case be deemed advisable, having due regard ta
the varying conditions and needs of the respective states or territories.

Sect. 3. That, in order to secure, as far as practicable, uniformity of
methods and results in the work of said stations, it shall be the duty of
the United States commissioner of agriculture to furnish forms, as far
as practicable, for the tabulation of the results of investigation or
experiments ; to indicate, from time to time, such lines of inquiry as to
him shall seem most important; and, in general, to furnish such advice
and assistance as will best promote the purposes of this act. It shall be
the duty of each of said stations, annually, on or before the first day of
February, to make to the governor of the state or territory in which it is
located, a full and detailed report of its operations, including a state-
ment of I'eceipts and expenditures, a copy of which report shall be sent
to each of said stations, to the said commissioner of agriculture, and to
the secretary of the treasury of the United States.

Sect. 4. That bulletins or reports of progress shall be published at
said stations at least once in three months, one copy of which shall be
sent to each newspaper in the states or territories in which they are
respectively located, and to such individuals actually engaged in farm-
ing as may request the same, and as far as the means of the station will
pei'mit. Such bulletins or reports, and the annual reports of said sta-
tions, shall be transmitted in the mails of the United States free of
charge for postage, under such regulations as the postmastei'-general
may from time to time prescribe.

Sect. 5. That, for the purpose of paying the necessary expenses of
conducting investigations and experiments, and printing and distributing
the results as hereinbefore prescribed, the sum of $15,000 per annum is
hei-eby appropriated to each state, to be specially provided for by Con-
gress in the appropriations from year to year, and to each territory
entitled under the provisions of section eight of this act, out of any
money in the treasury proceeding from the sales of public lands, to be
paid in equal quarterly payments on the first day of January, April,
July and October in each year, to the treasui-er or other ofiicer duly ap-
pointed by the governing boards of said colleges to receive the same,
the first payment to be made on the first day of October, 1887 : pro-
vided, however, that out of the first annual appropriation so received
by any station an amount not exceeding one-fifth may be expended in
the erection, enlargement, or repair of a building or buildings necessary
for carrying on the work of such station ; and thereafter an amount not
exceeding five per centum of such annual appropriation may be so
expended.

Sect, 6. That, whenever it shall appear to the secretary of the
treasury, from the annual statement of receipts and expenditures of
any of said stations, that a portion of the preceding annual appropria-
tion remains unexpended, such amomit shall be dedvicted from the next
succeeding annual appropriation to such station, in order that the
amount of money appropriated to any station shall not exceed the
amount actually and necessarily required for its maintenance and sup-
port

i>

Sect. 7. That nothing in this act shall be construed to impair or
modify the legal relation existing between any of the said colleges and
the government of the states or territories in which they are respectively
located.

Sect. 8. That, in states having colleges entitled mider this section to
the benefits of this act, and having also agricultm-al experiment stations
established by law separate from said colleges, such states shall be
authorized to apj^ly such benefits to experiments at stations so estab-
lished by such states ; and in case any state shall have established,
under the provisions of said act of July 2 aforesaid, an agricultural
dei^artment or exj^erimental station in connection with any university,
college, or institution not distinctively an agricultural college or school,
and such state shall have established or shall hereafter establish a sepa-
rate agricultural college or school, which shall have connected there-
with an experimental farm or station, the legislature of such state may
ajiply in whole or in part the apiaropriation by this act made, to such
sei^arate agricultural college or school ; and no legislature shall, by con-
tract, exjiress or implied, disable itself from so doing.

Sect. 9. That the grants of moneys authorized by this act are made
subject to the legislative assent of the several states and territories to
the purposes of said grants : provided, that payments of such instal-
ments of the appropriation herein made as shall becSme due to any
state before the adjournment of the regular session of its legislature
meeting next after the jjassage of this act shall be made upon the assent
of the governor thereof duly certified to the secretary of the treasury.

Sect. 10. Nothing in this act shall be held or construed as binding
the United States to continiie any payments from the treasury to any or
all the states or institutions mentioned in this act ; but Congress may at
any time amend, suspend or repeal any or all of the provisions of this
act.

The General Court, chapter 212 of the Acts and Kesolves
of 1887, accepted this grant for the State of Massachusetts
in the following terms : —

An Act to accept an annual appropriation of money by the Congress of the United
States for the support of Agricultural Experiments within the Commonwealth.

Be it enacted, etc., as follows : —

Section 1. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts hereby assents to
and accepts a grant of moneys to be annually made by the United States,
as set forth and defined in an act of congi'ess, entitled an " Act to estab-
lish agricultural experiment stations in connection with the colleges
established in the several states, under the provisions of an act approved
July second, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, and of the acts supple-
mentary thereto," — said act, designated Public No. 112, being passed at
the second session of the forty-ninth congress, and approved March
second, eighteen hvmdred and eighty-seven, — and ujjon the terms and
conditions contained and set forth in said act of congress.

6

Sect. 2. The governor of the Commonwealth is hereby authorized
and instructed to give due notice thereof to the government of the
United States. [^Approved April 20, 1887.

At a regularly called meeting of the trustees of the Massa-
chusetts Agricultural College, held at the office of the Secre-
tary of the Board of Agriculture, Boston, March 2, 1888,
it was voted to establish another department, to be styled
" The Experiment Department of the Massachusetts Agri-
cultural College," * and a committee consisting of the com-
mittee on farm and horticultural departments, together with
such other trustees as were members of the Board of Control
of the State Experiment Station, was appointed, with full
executive powers.

At a meeting of this committee, held in Amherst, March
10, 1888, the organization of the station was completed,
and the following officers appointed : —

HENRY H. (500DELL,
WILLIAM P. BROOKS, .
SAMUEL T. MAYNARD, .
CHARLES H. FERNALD, .
CLARENCE D. WARNER,
FRANK E. PAIGE, .
J. HOWE DEMOND, .

Director.

Agriculturist.

Horticulturist.

Entomologist.

Meteorologist.

Treasurer.

Auditor.

y

Recognizing the fact that the equipment and facilities of
the State Agricultural Experiment Station enabled it to
make, more economically and effectively, such chemical in-
vestigations as might from time to time arise, than could be
done at the college, without a large outlay for apparatus and
other necessary appliances, the committee entered into an
agreement with the Board of Control of the State Experi-
ment Station, in consideration of the payment of $5,000
annually, to perform the chemical work demanded; the re-
sults of all investigations, paid for by any surplus of money
not required for chemical purposes, to be published in the
bulletins of the Hatch Experiment Station, as also in those
of the State, if desired.

* This name was subsequently changed to the " Hatch Experiment Station of the
Massachusetts Agricultural College," to prevent confusion with the State Agricultural
Experiment Station already located on the college grounds.

Owing to the failure of Congress to appropriate the sums
of money called for in the Act approved March 2, 1887, it
was April of the following year before the station could
engage in any original work, and but three months then re-
mained before the close of the fiscal year. The work, there-
fore, has been largely that of preparation and equipment.
In the horticultural department a new greenhouse has been
erected, in which, side by side, the comparative merits of
hot water and steam for heating purposes are to be tested.
The walls have been built in sections, to test the value of
different materials and different methods of construction.
Investigations of the adaptability of new varieties of fruit to
this latitude continue to be carried on, as also the effects of
different kinds of fertilizers. In the entomological depart-
ment breeding-cages have been constructed, and the life his-
tories of noxious and beneficial insects carefully studied.
The economic value of these investigations cannot be too
highly appreciated. Damage to the amount of sixty millions
of dollars, it is estimated, is annually done to our crops by
insects ; and the only eflectual way in which sure results can
be reached for combating their inroads, is by studying them
through all their transformations up to the perfect insect.
For this purpose a small greenhouse is imperatively de-
manded, at an outlay of say fifteen hundred dollars, in which
the plants can be grown on which their enemies feed, and
the life history of the insect studied, at the same time that
trial is made of different remedies for destroying it. The
funds of the Station will not admit of the erection of such
building, and the field of work must be in consequence
greatly restricted. Experiment has been made of different
insecticides, and the most economical and best methods of
application. In the meteorological department a full set of
self-recording instruments has been purchased and placed in
position, and an accurate record of all meteorological phe-
nomena will be kept. The amount of rainfall and snow,
the pressure and temperature of the atmosphere, the
quantity and intensity of sunlight, and the direction, force
and velocity of the wind, Tvill be carefully observed. Dur-
ing the year three bulletins have been issued, and sent free
to any person interested or engaged in farming pursuits.

8

desiring to receive them. The subjects especially reported
upon have been the best methods of protecting fruit buds
from the extreme cold of our New England climate ; the
different kinds of fruit best adapted to our State ; the effect
of different fertilizing elements upon the time of maturing of
crops ; the results obtained from the use of various insecti-
cides ; illustrated descriptions of the beetle attacking corn,
the jumping sumach beetle, the bud moth, the grape-vine
leaf-hopper ; and a discussion of bovine tuberculosis in its
relations to public health.

I transmit herewith the financial statement of the Station
for the year ending June 30, 1888.

TKEASUEER'S REPORT.

Frank E. Paige, Treasurer Hatch Experiment Station of Massachu-
setts Agricultural College, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1888.

Cash received of United States Treasurer, .... $15,000 00
Cash paid, salaries.

labor, ....

freight and expressage,

postage and stationer}-,

printing,

library,

scientific instruments,

chemical ajiparatus,

furniture,

general fittings, .

buildings,

travelling, .

incidental expenses,

suijplies.

11,454 59

1,143 67

74 35

133 85

51 78

2,881 66

1,867 11

1,040 18

1,268 52

221 24

3,000 00

164 79

1,032 74

665 52

f 15,000 00

I, the undersigned, duly appointed auditor for the corporation, do
hereby certify that I have examined the books and accounts of the Hatch
Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College for the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1888 ; that I have foiuid the same well kept
and correctly classified as above, and that the receipts for the time
named are shown to be $15,000, and the corresponding disbursements
$15,000 ; all of the propter vouchers are on file and have been by me
examined and foiuid correct, there being no balance to be accounted for
in the fiscal year ending June 30, 1888.

[Signed]

J. Howe Demond, Auditor,

9

Division of Entomology, y'

CHARLES H. FERNALD.

The work in this division was commenced in April and a series of ex-
periments and investigations has been undertaken, many of which can
not be completed before the end of the season, but reports will be made
of them whenever results are obtained.

Many inquiries have been made by farmers in different parts of the
Commonwealth, concerning insects which have been injuring their crops,
and a large amount of time has been consumed in giving answers. The
following is published here because of its general interest.

Mr. C. Wasgatt of Lancaster reported that his seed corn was destroyed
in the ground before it sprouted, and specimens were sent to me with an
insect which he found eating the kernels to such an extent as to prevent
their growth. The insect was a small, shining, black beetle, about one-
eighth of an inch long, and proved to be the grain Aphodius {^Aphodius
granarius, Linn.)

This insect has long been known in America, having found its way here
many years ago from Europe its native country. The different species
of Aphodius^ while in the larva state, feed in stable manure, and if this be
used as a fertilizer in the hills these insects will emerge at the very place
where they can do great damage. They are also liable to attack the
•various kinds of seed grain which have been sown on lands where stable
manure is used. In this case, however, the loss is not so noticeable,
since the destruction of a few kernels of wheat usually provokes only the
remark that " it did not come up." But when the manure infested with
these beetles is put into hills, and a few kernels of seed only, put into
each, they may be able to destroy the whole crop.

Remedies.

It is recommended, when these beetles are troublesome, to soak the
seed in water for a short time, and then after pouring off the water to
stir in with it a mixture composed of one part of Paris Green to twenty
parts of flour. The reason why we recommend flour instead of plaster
or other substances as a diluent, is that flour is attractive as food for the
beetles and they will eat the poisonous mixture more readily. This
mixture over the surface of the seed corn will also prove destructive to
wire worms and other insects which might attack it. It is said that
crows will not disturb corn which has been treated with Paris Green.

10

We would very much like to have farmers who are troubled by crows
try this remedy and report the results to this station.

Blepharida rhois -.—a, egg; b, b, egg masses; c, c,c, c, c, larva; d, cocoon; e, pupa;/", beetle;
^, ^. ^y> '^i mouth parts of larvae; /, leg. (After Riley).

THE JUMPING SUMACH BEETLE.

This insect {Blepharida rhois, Forst.) has not been reported from
New England before, so far as I can learn, but it is common in the
southern and western states where it is said to do very great injury to
the different species of sumach.

In this State they are very destructive to the Smoke-tree or Purple-
fringe {Rhus cotinus), in fact they completely destroyed one of these
shrubs on my grounds, giving me every opportunity to study their habits
and experiment on them with insecticides.

The natural history of this species has been admirably presented by
Prof. Riley in his Sixth Entomological Report of Missouri, but as that
paper is not generally accessible, I give here ray own observations,
making use, however, of Prof. Riley's admirable illustration.

The perfect beetles appeared on the wing early in May (from the 10th
to the 15th of this year), having come out from their places of hiberna-
tion. They immediately began to pair on the branches of the Smoke-
tree, and soon after, each female laid about forty eggs in masses on the

11

sides of twigs, covering them with a dark smoky brown substance which
quite concealed them from view, fig. 1, b. The eggs, fig. 1, a, are
ellipsoidal in form, about one twenty-fifth of an inch in length and vary
in color from white to orange. Some are of a deep orange color over
the entire surface, others are white at one end shading into orange at the
other ; others are pink, and still others are cream colored at one end and
shading into salmon color at the other.

The eggs hatched in fifteen days, giving rise to larvce of the form
shown at c, in fig. 1. These larvae were dull greenish yellow, with jet
black heads and legs, and the top of the segment following the head,
black in the young. There were three longitudinal, broken whitish lines
on each side of the body, and the anal proleg was of the general color
of the body. The anus is situated on the top of the last segment and
the e^xcrements are retained upon the back as shown at c, on the lower
leaves in the illustration.

The mature larva is about half an inch long, of a dull greenish yellow
color, with jet black head and legs. The anal proleg is of the same
color as the body and divided into eight or ten lobes. The stripes are
of the same color and in the same position as in the young larva. When
done feeding they descend into the ground where they make a cocoon
of the form shown in fig, 1 , d, in which they transform to pupae, fig, 1 ,
e, and the perfect insects emerge in about two weeks. A second brood
occurs later in the season and the beetles hibernate during the winter.

The beetles, fig. 1, f, are about one-fourth of an inch long, oval in
outline and convex. The hind thighs are thickened, thus giving the
insect the ability to leap when disturbed, though not to so great a dis-
tance as the small flea-beetles. The head and thorax are dull yellow,
sometimes reddish yellow. The under side of the abdomen and legs
is mahogany red and the wing-covers are variously striped or mottled
with mahogany red and yellow. The antennae are black, except at the
base where they are pitchy.

Remedies.

At first I tried hand-picking but soon found that this would cost more
than the shrubs were worth. I then showered them with Paris Green
in water in the proportion of half a pound to fifty gallons of water which
quickly destroyed all the larvae then on the shrubs. This remedy should
be applied when the eggs first hatch, and again when the second brood
appears. If rains occur it should be repeated.

THE BUD MOTH.

The Bud Moth {Tmeiocera ocellana, Fab.) has been very abundant
this year, and has done a greater amount of injury than I had formerly

12

supposed it capable of doing. A careful estimate was made with several
trees and, as nearly as I could judge, more than half of the flower buds
were destroyed by this minute insect ; a very undesirable condition of
things in the " off year " for apples. The food plants of these insects
are apple, pear, plum, and laurel oak.

If the trees had been showered with Paris Green in water at the time
the buds began to swell in the sprmg, and again about ten days later,
these bud-moths would undoubtedly have been destroyed, and the apple
crop nearly doubled on the trees mentioned above. The same spraying
would also have killed the tent caterpillars, canker-worms and any other
leaf-eating insects that might have been feeding on them at that time.

Severe criticisms have appeared in the Entomological journals on the
kind of work which has been published in some of the Experiment Sta-
tion bulletins by the entomologists. These criticisms whether just or
not, lead us to consider what is the proper work of the entomologist, and
how he can make his division most useful to the farmers in this partic-
ular state.

Entomologists have already accumulated a vast store of useful know-
ledge which is now scattered through the publications of various scientific
societies and not generally accessible. In many cases these papers are
too technical to be of interest except to specialists, but the facts of gen-
eral interest to farmers and fruit growers can be selected and given in a
popular way so as to be easily understood. It seems to me that this is
perfectly in accord with the language of the first section of the act estab-
lishing these stations, — "to aid in acquiring and diffusing useful and
practical information."

The second section of the act makes it clear that original investi-
gations are to be carried on, but in my opinion they should be of such
a character that they can be finally reported to the farmers in a tan-
gible and useful form, and all descriptions of species should appear
first in some scientific journal if they are to be recognized and take
priority.

As a matter of interest to the ofiicers of the stations, it may be well
to mention the fact that the leading authorities on the different groups
of insects have decided to charge for their services when called upon to
name insects. It seems only fair that these gentlemen should be paid
for such expert services, especially when the value of the bulletins will
be in this way so greatly enhanced.

13

Horticultural Department.

S. T. MAYNARD.

In presenting the first report of experiments made in this depart-
ment, I wish to call attention to the fact that, owing to the limited
time we have been at work, most of our experiments require further
time and repetition, under the same and varied conditions, in order
to come to positive conclusions. Further reports will be made in future
bulletins, and it is hoped that interested fruit-growers, market gardeners,
etc., will repeat the experiments as fully as possible that their value may
be tested under as many conditions and in as many locahties as possible.
We would especially invite information from all who have well substan-
tiated facts upon any horticultural subject, and also suggestions as to
experiments which should be made in the interest of the Horticulture
of Massachusetts.

In most of the experiments made in this department the work is
largely done by students of the College, thus giving them the habit ot
close, careful observation and a knowledge of the subjects involved
which they could obtain in no other way, and at the same time encour-
aging and training their powers of observation and investigation
which are so much needed in studying the great subjects of plant
growth, the diseases and insect foes we have to contend with in all
agricultural operations.

PLANT BED CLGTH AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR GLASS.

The growing interest in the use of a cheap substitute for hot-bed
glass, has led to the recommendation and introduction of patent
waterproof cloth for this purpose.

To determine its value, tests were made upon frames as nearly as
possible of the same construction and exposure. The temperature
was registered by government standard soil thermometers placed
within each bed.

The period of experiment covered quite a range of temperature,
although at no time did it go below the freezing point. Careful
observations, made later, when the temperature ran lower show the
general results to be the same.

u

The following tables explain themselves.
Table No. 1.

Table No. 2.

Date.

Weather.

JBed JS^o. 4.

Thin Cloth Covers.

Jied No. 5.

Glass.

Bed No. 6.

Thick Cloth Cover.

6 AM

47°

48°

46°
:46°

10 am

2pm

9PM

6 am

48°

50^°

50^
56°

10A3I

64°

62^

85|°
103°

2pm

9pm

6 am

10am 2pm

57° 160°

57° 65°

72^° 86°
71° 89°

9pm

May 4.
" 5.

" 6.

Cloudy

ICloudy

Some rain

Foggy A.M....

Clear P. M

Pleasant

57°
59°

75^

68°

59°

65i°

86°
79°

49°
53°

56°

48°

71°

77°

110°
127°

561°

57r

73°
66°

49°
50°

m°
491°

57°

54°

61°
56°

The temperature is registered by Fahrenheit thermometer.

Table No.

3.

Date.

Weather.

Temp.

of Air. Temp, of Bed

No. 1.

Temp, of E

Jed No. 2.

Glass.

Thick

Cloth.

6 A.M.

9 P.M.

6a.m.

9 pm.

6 A.M.

9 PM.

May 8.

Pleasant.

38°

48°

60i°

68°

53°

59f

" 9.

Rainy a. m.
Pleasant p.m

46°

61°

63°

78°

56°

QG°

" 10.
" 11.

Rainy a. m.
Cloudy P. M.
Cloudy A. M.

56°
58°

60°

69°
68^°

75°

62^°
63°

67°

The sashes remained on during the day, and were equally covered at
night with mats and shutters.

Conclusion.

The conclusions reached in the above experiments are : —
1st. That the glass gives the greatest amount of protection from the

cold.
2d, That the heat accumulates most rapidly under glass when the sun
shines, and is best prevented from escaping from the heating ma-
terial in the bed at night.

15

3d. That there is less danger of injury from sun-burning, and of a too
great accumulation of heat with the cloth than with glass, and con-
sequently less care is needed in using beds covered with this mate-
rial during the day. At night, however, more protection is needed
to keep out the cold.
In our experience the cloth sash is especially valuable for beds of
recently transplanted plants, as the light is less intense and the evapora-
tion less than with glass.

The cloth frame may be made at a cost of about one-sixth that of
glass.

The details of this experiment were carried out by Mr. W. M. Sheijardson, '88.

PROTECTION OF PEACH BUDS FROM INJURY BY COLD.

For the past five years no peach crop has been grown upon the Col-
lege farm. Last year a few buds survived the winter, and gave us a
few specimens of fruit. This spring a few buds only opened, but per-
haps rather more than last season.

During the winter of 1887 the temperature reached 16 below 0°
once or twice. Last winter (1888) it ranged from 28° below 0° on the
low lands to 16° below 0° on higher lands at three separate times.

With this failure of the crop for so many successive seasons, peach
growing has been a very discouraging business and some sure, cheap,
and easily applied protection for the fruit buds has become a positive
necessity if peach growing is to be a successful industry in New Eng-
land.

To overcome this difficulty the following experiments have been
made during the past few years.

Experiment No. 1.

1st. In the fall of 1886 trees were laid down upon the ground and
covered with soil, * by first loosening the roots on one side and
carefully bending those on the other.

2d. The branches were drawn together and tied, 1st without covering,
2d with a covering of pine boughs, 3d with a covering of strong
matting. The drawing of the branches together on young trees is
easily accomplished by two men standing close to the trees on
opposite sides and clasping hands around them and drawing them
in with a strong, steady pressure. Very large trees could not be
very easily drawn close enough to cover except at a great expense.

* The wood was not well matured and many of the branches heated. The branches not
thus injured showed more iminjured buds than those protected in any other way.

16

Result.

No satisfactory results were obtained from Experiment No. 1, a few
scattering buds only being found on those unprotected as well as those
covered.

Covering trees bent over on the ground except with soil was not tried
on account of the danger of injury from mice, although in one or two
experiments made several years ago favorable results were obtained by
covering with cornstalks.

A covering of pine boughs is suggested as the least liable to attract
mice.

Experiment No. 2.

Following the suggestion that the peach buds might be injured by
the drying out of the moisture during the fall and winter, the following
materials were applied to the branches early in December of 1887.
Two trees were syringed with

1st. A thin solution of glue.

2d. Turpentine.

3d. Turpentine and benzine.

4th. Benzine and rosin.

4th. 1 Benzine and hard oil finish.

5th. Linseed oil and turpentine.

JResult.
All the trees except those treated with glue, linseed oil and turpen-
tine were killed. The trees treated with linseed oil and turpentine
were badly injured, but are now making a good growth. The tree
treated with glue was wholly uninjured, but showed no more fruit buds
than those unprotected.

Experiment No. 3.
To still further extend the last experiment, a single tree which had a
large number of fruit buds upon it was selected. Three branches of as
nearly the same condition as possible were selected, and treated with
each of the following materials applied with a brush.
1st. Linseed oil.
2d. Linseed oil and turpentine.
3d. Linseed oil and benzine.
4th. Benzine and rosin.
5th. Shellac.
6th. Glue.

JResult.
Upon examination in March it was found that the buds covered with
linseed oil, shellac and glue were apparently uninjured, but as the sea-
son advanced it was found that the turpentine and benzine had been

17

applied to branches near the trunk and had spread over it so much as
to kill it, consequently those buds which seemed uninjured failed to
start.

Experiment No. 4.

Four trees of the same kind were selected and covered with straw
matting. After the mat was bound about the tree, dry sawdust was
poured in at the top of one, moist sawdust into another, and coal
ashes into another, and the fourth contained nothing. After tying up
the ends of the mats, the whole was supported by two strong stakes.

Result.

The trees covered and protected with dry sawdust show more unin-
jured fruit buds than those covered in other ways or unprotected.

The trees protected with wet sawdust and ashes showed no more un-
injured fruit buds than the same kinds unprotected.

This experiment was cai-ried out iu detail by Mr. L. F. Kinnej' of tlie Class of '88.

Conclusion.
Very little satisfactory information has been obtained by the above
experiments, but the following facts are as fully demonstrated as is pos-
sible by one series of experiments.
1st. That turpentine and benzine will destroy peach trees when applied

to branches or trunk.
2d. That the fruit buds are not protected by the ordinary light cov-
ering of mats, pine boughs, etc.
3d. That the glue solution as applied is of no value in protecting
the buds.
The system of covering trees by binding over must be more fully
worked out as to detail, to demonstrate its practicability and economy.
Further experiments are required to demonstrate the value of linseed
oil and shellac.

GIRDLING APPLE TREES TO PRODUCE FRUITFULNESS.

In many sections where the soil is moist and rich, fruit trees grow
largely to wood and foliage, and fail to produce fruit until they reach
considerable age and size.

To discover some means of hastening the fruiting of such trees the
following experiments have been made.

A row of crab apple trees of about the same size and condition of
growth were selected and treated as follows.

Experiment No. 1.
1st. Three trees were girdled by cutting out a ring of bark ^, ^, and
^ inch wide at the ground, July 12th, 21st and 29th.

18

2d. Three trees were girdled just below the main branches with the
three widths of girdle as in 1st, July 12th, 21st and 29th.

3d. The same as above was made on one or more main branches with
the three widths of girdle, July 12th, 21st and 29th.

Result.

1st. All the girdles made near the ground healed over readily and
completely.

2d. Those on the main trunk healed less completely, but sufficiently
to ensure a good growth of tree and the covering of the injured
part in another year.

3d. The girdles made in the branches healed less completely than the
last, and in two instances the new growth failed to meet and con-
sequently the branch died soon after starting growth in the spring.

4th. All showed a marked increase in fruitfulness over those not
girdled.

5th. Little difference was observed in the effect of the girdling made
at different times or in the various widths of the ring of bark
taken out.

Conelusion.

No definite conclusion can be made at this time as to the effect of
this treatment upon the permanent health of the tree. Observations
for many years alone can determine the point.

Reasoning from analogy and from the known laws of plant growth
we can only advise this treatment upon trees that are planted too
closely and a part of which must be removed after a time to allow the
full development of others, or those in very rich, moist soil which are
long coming into bearing.

GIRDLING THE GRAPE VINE TO HASTEN RIPENING OF

THE FRUIT.

Cutting rings of bark from the canes of the grape vine to hasten the
time of ripening has been practiced more or less for many years to pre-
pare large specimens for exhibition, but only for the few years past has
it been practiced to hasten the crop for market.

In a series of experiments made in the college vineyard in 1877 and
1878, and recorded in the Report of the Board of Agriculture of Mass.
of 1878 and 1879, it was found that removing a ring of bark early in
July, }( of an inch wide, resulted in hastening the time of ripening
from one to two weeks.

It was also concluded from very careful tests made at the time that
the increased size and early maturity was not at the expense of the
quality, and that as far as could l)e determined at that time, and which

19

further observations have confirmed, that the vines are not materially
injured by the girdling.

Girdling has been practised in the college vineyard more or less
every year since with favorable results ; the canes that are to be cut
away at the fall pruning only have been girdled, to avoid any possibility
of injury to vine or root from stopping the downward flow of sap by the
girdle.

Some seasons the results of this practice have been more marked
than in others, but generally the increased price obtained for the early
fruit has much more than paid expenses of the work, and in seasons of
early frost, to which many sections of New England are liable, it has
made the difference between total failure and fair profit.

To save expense in the work, for the past two years the girdling has
been done by twisting a wire very firmly about the canes the last of
June above the point where the cane is to be cut away at the fall
pruning.

About No. 20 wire has been found best, and results obtained have
been more satisfactory when the wires were put on the last of June or
early in July and twisted very firmly about the cane.

Conclusion.

While we have no proof that the vines are in any way injured (not-
withstanding that we have made very careful observations for many
years), we would not advise girdling the entire vine, but would treat
only those canes to be cut away at the fall pruning, and would leave
about one-half of the vine to grow to a natural condition.

PROTECTING TREES FROM MICE.

During the winter of 1886 and 1887 thousands of fruit and orna-
mental trees were destroyed by mice in Massachusetts ; all of the ordi-
nary precautions taken to prevent this injury having failed.

To discover some sure and cheap remedy for this condition of things,
the following experiments have been made during the past two years.

Experiment No. 1.

In March, 1887 a row of Transcendent crab apple trees were painted
with linseed oil and Paris green and a mixture of linseed oil, turpentine
and Paris Green as follows.

1st. The trunk was painted 15 inches from the ground.
2d. Trunk painted to main branches.
3d. Trunk and main branches painted.

4th. Trunk, main branches and some of the lateral branches were
painted.

20

Result.

Trees have shown no signs of injury from the paint which still ad-
heres to the bark.

Experiment No. 2.

Having fears of the danger of using Paris green and oil upon young
trees, in November of 1887 trees of all kinds were painted with lime
wash, glue and Paris green (1-2 lb. glue dissolved in hot water and
mixed with 10 qts. of lime wash and 1 table-spoonful of Paris green).
This was applied to many hundred trees.

Result.
This mixture adhered well to the trees until after several rain storms
and some frost, when it scaled off rapidly so that before winter was over
it was entirely washed off. Upon trees so treated very few were girdled
although the deep snow has been favorable for the working of mice.

Experiment No. 3.
To secure some paint that will not injure delicate trees, the following
mixtures were applied in April, 1888.

Series No. I.
Lime wash of the consistency of common paint.
" "10 parts and gas tar 1 part.
" "10 parts and asphaltum 1 part.
" " 10 parts and Morrill's tree ink 1 part.
" " and skimmed milk equal parts.
" " skimmed milk (equal parts) and gas tar.
" " " " ( " " ) and asphaltum.

" ( " " ) and Morrill's tree ink.

Series No. 2.
Portland cement, of the consistency of common paint.
" " 10 parts, gas tar 1 part.

" " 10 parts, asphaltum 1 part.

" " 10 parts, Morrill's tree ink 1 part.

'' " and skimmed milk equal parts. ^

" " " '•' " " " and gas tar 1 part.

" " " " " " and asphaltum 1 part.

" "' " " and Morrill's tree ink 1

part.
The above was applied with a common paint brush.

Results.
Although these have been upon the trees over two months, most of
them still adhere well. The skimmed milk was found to add but little to
their adhesiveness.

21

None of trees treated show any indications of injury from the paint ;
in fact, from the simple nature of the materials we do not believe it pos-
sible that any injury can result.

The details of this experiment were carried out by Mr. E. P. Felt of the Freshman
class.

Conclusion.

By the addition of Paris green to such compositions as the above, pro-
vided they prove upon further trial to be harmless to the trees, we feel
certain some of them will prove an effectual preventive against depre-
dations by mice, and will be free from danger except where poultry or
small animals may be allowed to remain in the orchard.

Further reports will be made upon this subject before the close of the
season, so that anything discovered in this line may be made use of or
thoroughly tested the coming winter.

Division of Entomology.

C. H. FERNALD.

THE GRAPE-VINE LEAF-HOPPERS.

These insects belong to the order Hemiptera or true bugs, and to the
suborder Homoptera. They are of small size, averaging only about one-
tenth of an inch in length, and are exceedingly variable. They were first
mentioned by Harris in his article " Locust " in the Encyclopsedia Amer-
icana, published in 1831, where he gave the name of Tettigonia vitis to
one of the species. He also refers to it in his "Insects Injurious to Veg-
etation," and states that it does much damage to the grape leaves in this
country.

In 1856 Dr. Fitch, in his "Third Report on the Noxious Insects" in
New York, described three species and established for them the genus
Erythroneura. His species are vidnerata, tricincta and vitifex. Say
had previously described a species under the name of Jei^fp^o/^m hasilaris
which has been found on the leaves of the grape at this place. All these
species have been referred to the genus Erythroneura by Prof. Uhler, our
highest authority on the Hemiptera, but it is more than probable that
some of them are only varieties of others. Vine growers generally call
hem thrips, vine-hoppers, leaf-hoppers, etc. They all have similar
habits, and the same remedies may be used for each.

These insects are believed to pass the winter in the perfect or adult
stage, under bark or leaves, and in the spring deposit their eggs on the

under surface of the tender leaves. These eggs hatch in June, and the
young larvae, which resemble the adult except in size and in having no
wings, suck the juices from the leaves, generally remaining on the under-
side. During their growth tbey molt their skins several times, and these
may often be seen on the leaves. After a time the larvae transform to
pupae with the rudiments of wings, and finally when they reach maturity
the wings appear fully developed.

They are now able to fly from vine to vine or even from one vineyard
to another. Late in October they seek a shelter for the winter, where
they hibernate till the following spring. Leaf-hoppers are very active in
their movements, and hop from one leaf to another or run sideways,
often passing quickly from one side of a leaf to the other for protection
when disturbed.

Nature of Their Attacks.

Leaf-hoppers do not consume the substance of the leaves, but forcing
their tube-like mouth-parts through the epidermis or skin, suck the sap
from the interior. The leaves first indicate the presence of these insects
by becoming yellowish or brownish in small spots where the sap has been
exhausted. As the insects increase in size and take more sap, these
spots grow larger and the whole leaf appears as though scorched, turning
brown and even falling off in cases where the hoppers are very abundant.
The result is that as the leaves are injured, the growth of the stem is
checked, the fruit is stunted or fails to ripen, and if the ravages of these
insects are not prevented, the vines become entirely ruined in a few
years.

Some varieties of grapes are especially liable to suffer from the leaf-
hoppers, as the Delaware, Clinton, and in general all varieties having
thin leaves. The abundance of these insects from year to year seems to
depend in a large degree upon the severity of the winter and their ability
to obtain protected places for shelter.

Remedies.

The remedies should vary according to the location of the vines. If
they are in graperies, smoking them with tobacco, taking care to prevent
the escape of the smoke, has been tried with good results. Similar treat-
ment with Persian Insect Powder poured upon burning coals carried
under the vines is also successful. Syringing with strong tobacco-water
or soapsuds, dusting with lime, sulphur and lime, hellebore and cayenne
pepper have all been recommended but have not yet been tested at this
station.

In vineyards, the treatment is more difficult as the adult insects can fly
away, and thus avoid the fumes of tobacco or insect powder. If fumi-

23

gating be attempted in the field, it should be done several times at
intervals of a day or two, and before the hoppers develop their wings,
that is, in this state the last of July or the first of August. It is
always desirable to destroy these insects early, before they are large
enough to greatly affect the vines, and before the energy of the plant
that should be ripening its fruit, is required to repair the damages inflict-
ed on its leaves. .

If fumigation in the field be tried, its success will be much increased
by using a small canvas tent which can be let down over the vines and
kept there for a little time to retain the smoke, though entirely satisfac-
tory results will hardly be obtained this way. Another method of some
value is to carry lighted torches through the vineyard at night, beating
the vines lightly at the same time. The insects will be attracted to the
light as they fly from the disturbed vines and perish in the flames. It is
well, also, to remove all rubbish from near the vines, and frequently rake
the ground late in the fall and early in the spring, to expose the hiber-
nating insects to the frosts.

About the middle of August the attention of this Division was called
by Hon. J. H. Deraond of Northampton, to the condition of the grape
vines in his grapery. A special agent, sent to examine them, reported
that the leaves were badly discolored, and that leaf-hoppers were present
in large numbers. The remedy used in this case was that of fumigating
with pyrethrum. The grapery was tightly closed and the powder scatter-
ed, on burning coals carried under the vines. The treatment was en-
tirely successful, all the insects being destroyed. A similar experiment
tried on a vine in the open air in Amherst gave much less satisfactory
results.

The Glassy-winged Soldier-bug {Hyaliodes vitripennis Say) devours
many of these pests, and is their only insect enemy so far as known. It
belongs to the Heteroptera, the other group of the true bugs, and is rather
larger than the leaf- hopper, and when mature is pale green with a pinkish
head and thorax, and the wings are transparent with a pink cross band.
This insect should not be destroyed.

ANTS.

Small ant hills in smooth lawns, and in the cracks or along the edges
of walks, much injure the otherwise neat appearance of the grounds
about our houses. During the past year many inquiries how to drive
away the industrious nuisances have been made, and a number of exper-
iments have been conducted, to discover a remedy.

In Bulletin No. 11, of the Division of Entomology of the Department
of Agriculture is a report of experiments made in Indiana for the same
purpose. These experiments were: 1. Carbolic Acid and water;

2i

2. Copperas Water; 3. Ammonia Water; 4. Tar Water. The last three
proving ineffectual were not tried here, but the Carbolic Acid was report-
ed as being quite successful and so was repeated at this Station this
summer.

Experiment I. Carbolic Acid.

One part of Carbolic Acid to sixty-four parts of water. About three
table-spoonfuls were applied to each hole.

Result. — One day later no ants could be found and the hills showed
no signs of fresh work. The following day, however, fresh dirt was pres-
ent around the holes, and the ants were seen at work.

The grass near was killed by the solution.

Experiment II. Carbolic Acid.

One part of Carbolic Acid to thirty-nine parts of water. About three
table-spoonfuls were applied to each hole.

Result. — This stronger solution seemed to have even less effect than
the solution tried in Experiment I. The grass was killed as in the other
case.

Why these experiments, which were a success in Indiana, should fail
here I cannot say. The injury done to the grass, however, would render
this an undesirable remedy even if successful so far as removing the ants
is concerned.

Experiment III. Kerosene.

The kerosene was poured on in sufficient quantity to moisten the en-
tire hill.

Result. — The nests were deserted and the ants either destroyed or
driven away.

The grass around was killed, however, which makes this an undesira-
ble remedy also.

Bisulphide of Carbon.

This disagreeably smelling chemical may be obtained of any druggist
at about fifty cents a pound. The bottle in which it is contained should
be kept tightly stoppered, as it loses its strength if exposed long to the
air. When used, care should be taken to avoid breathing the fumes, not
only because these are disagreeable but also because when breathed for
some time the health is affected. It should also be kept away from fire
as it burns at loy*^ Far.

Experiment IV. Bisulphide of Carbon.

Eight or ten drops poured on the top of the hill.

Result. — The ants seemed greatly disturbed, but after a time returned
to their work and were apparently unaffected.
The grass around was not killed.

25

Experiment V. Bisulphide of Carbon.

About twenty-five drops poured on top of the hill.
Result. — Same as in experiment IV.

Experiment VI. Bisulphide of Carbon.

An ant hill nearly six feet square, next to the underpinning of a house,
was doing much damage. The ground was so thoroughly mined that a
person walking over it would sink in quite deeply, the grass on the hill
was nearly dead. With a small stick, holes about six inches deep were
made about fifteen inches apart, over the hill, and two or three teaspoon-
fuls of the Bisulphide poured into each hole, after which all the holes
were closed up and the earth pressed down by stepping on them.

Result. — No ants have since appeared there, no fresh earth has been
brought to the surface, and the whole place has formed a good turf.

It is probable that the method of treatment in this case is the explana-
tion of its success and of the non- success of experiments IV. and V.
Further trials are needed, however, to obtain any final results, and for
that reason this should be considered as a partial report, only.

ALUM NOT DESTRUCTIVE TO CURRANT WORMS.

The statement was quite widely circulated in the agricultural papers
during the early part of the summer, that alum in solution in water would
destroy the currant worm (Neniatus rihesii Scop.)

To settle the question beyond the shadow of a doubt, a plant with cur-
rant worms upon it was placed in a breeding cage and showered with a
weak solution of alum from an atomizer such as is used by physicians.
The worms showed a little disquiet when the spray was falling on them,
and threw the posterior end of their bodies back and forth a few times,
and then went on feeding as though nothing had happened. In a few
days they were treated again with a stronger solution but with like re-
sults. Finally a saturated solution of alum was made and showered over
them and the leaves of the currant, but they in no case fell from the
leaves, and appeared no more disturbed than when clear water was
thrown upon them from an atomizer.

After this the worms under observation were not disturbed, but con-
tinued feeding quite as if nothing had happened, and passed their trans-
formations in quite as healthy a condition as those which were not
treated.

From these experiments we must conclude that alum as an insecticide
for the currant worm is a perfect failure. It is possible that some one
who tried showering currant worms with alum water, did it just before

26

they were done feeding, and when they went down into the ground, he
supposed his application had destroyed them, and at once reported his
supposed success in the papers.

POISONOUS DOSES OF INSECTICIDES.

We have frequently been requested to give information as to the quan-
tities of poisonous insecticides in general use, that would prove fatal or
dangerous to man and our domestic animals. It is impossible to be very
exact in this matter as Toxicologists differ in their opinions as to the
quantities required to prove fatal. This is undoubtedly due to the fact
that some persons are not as susceptible to the action of certain poisons
as others, and amounts that would prove fatal in some cases might not
prove seriously injurious in others.

Arsenic.

Arsenious acid or white oxide of arsenic, known in common language
as arsenic, is not very much used as an insecticide, but some of its com-
pounds are the most useful insecticides now known. The following table
of approximately fatal doses may prove useful, and serve as a basis for
calculations on its compounds.

From one to two grains will probably prove fatal to an adult person.

About one-half as much will probably prove fatal to a person fourteen
years old.

About one-third as much will probably prove fatal to a person seven
years old.

About one-fifth as much will probably prove fatal to a person four
years old.

x\bout one-sixth as much will probably prove fatal to a person three
years old.

About one-eighth as much will probably prove fatal to a person two
years old.

About one-tenth as much will probably prove fatal to a person one
year old or under.

Blyth in his " Poisons, their Effects and Detection" states that the
following doses of arsenic may be considered as dangerous : two grains
for an adult, thirty grains for a hors&, ten grains for a cow, one-half of
a grain to one grain for a dog.

There are numerous cases on record of recovery after enormous
doses. In nearly all these cases, however, two conditions are recorded :
first, that the poison was taken after a full meal, and secondly, that
very early and free vomiting occurred. This, indeed, is doubtless the
explanation of many cases which otherwise appear inexplicable.

27

Treatment for Arsenical Poisoning.

Never neglect treatment because the case seems hopeless. As a rule
vomiting sets in spontaneously, and, if the poison has been taken on a
full stomach, the whole of it may be gotten rid of. If, however, the
poison be taken on an empty stomach, it sticks to the walls and sets up
an intense inflammation.

It should be the endeavor first to get rid of the poison, and to this
end, Woodman and Tidy, in their work on Forensic Medicine and
Toxicology, advise the administering of hot milk and water, and
" emetics of sulphate of zinc or mustard ; at the same time the throat
should be tickled with a feather, but in no case should antimony be
given. After free vomiting, give milk and eggs. Sugar and magnesia
in milk is a good mixture, an insoluble compound with arsenious acid
being in this way formed." Whatever active measures are taken in
case of poisoning, one should not neglect to call a physician as early
as possible.

Paris Green.

Arsenite of Copper, generally containing an excess of arsenic. It
varies somewhat in composition, hence, no absolute percentage table
can be given, but there is generally over 50 per cent, of arsenic in
that which has not been adulterated. The commercial Paris Green is
undoubtedly more or less adulterated, and that sold in the market for
the destruction of insects probably never contains more than 50 per
cent, of arsenic, and may contain no more than 30 per cent. If the
average is between these percentages, a fatal dose would be from two
to three times as much as of arsenic, and the table given under that
poison can be changed so that it will apply to Paris Green.

The antidotes for Paris Green are given on the packages sold in
this state, or that given for arsenic may be used.

London Purple.
This substance is one of the waste products obtained in the manu-
facture of aniline dyes, and, according to an analysis made by Prof.
Collier, contains about 43 per cent, of arsenic. If unadulterated, a fatal
dose would be about the same as that of the commercial Paris Green.
It does not appear to be so generally used as an insecticide in Massa-
chusetts as Paris Green, for which I cannot find any good reason,
unless the farmers first got accustomed to the use of Paris Green and
are slow to change ; or else because London Purple is sold in bulk,
while Paris Green is put in more convenient packages.

Hellebore.
White Hellebore ( Veratrum album) is in general use for the destruc-
tion of the currant worm {Nematus rihesii), and is the most poisonous

28

of all the species of Hellebore. Blyth, in his work previously referred
to, states that a dose of " 20 grains of powdered root has caused death,
and, on the other hand, ten times that quantity has been taken with
impunity, so that at present, it is quite an open question just how
much may prove fatal." It is probable that the powdered root loses its
active principle with age, and becomes not only less poisonous, but
also less valuable as an insecticide.

Division of Horticulture.

S. T. MAYNARD.

Report on new and standard varieties of fruit.

As each season passes, more positive knowledge as to the value of the
old and new varieties is brought out. Old varieties often develope
some quality either good or bad, not before known, which affect their
value for market or other purposes ; diseases or weaknesses become
more marked, or valuable qualities become noticeable, or the consumer
learns more of those qualities and greater demand is created.

For these reasons, in making this report of the past season's experi-
ence in the college orchards and fruit plantations, we shall not only
sum up the merits of new varieties, but also note any change in the
standing of the older varieties.

This summary will be based principally upon observations taken on
our own grounds, but we may also note the standing of varieties in
other sections of the state.

THE APPLE.

The crop in this state will probably prove one of the largest recorded.
The fruit is large and fair generally, but less free from codling moths
than for several years. Should the crop in other sections prove as
small as reported, good prices will prevail, if the growers will not allow
themselves to be frightened into putting their fruit upon the market
too rapidly. To obtain the best prices more care must be given to
sorting and packing of the fruit than is usually given.

Varieties.

Yellow Transparent. This is one of the best Russian varieties yet in-
troduced. In time of ripening it is in advance of the Early Har-
vest or Red Astrachan. Its color is against it as a profitable mar-
ket apple, even should it prove as vigorous and productive as the
latter varieties. Tree only moderately vigorous. It is a very
promising variety, but further trial must be made to establish its
value.

29

Early Harvest. The fault of this variety of producing few perfect
specimens in many locahties, especially under the " no care " sys-
tem by which a great many of our orchards are managed, has in-
creased so largely in this state as to seriously injure its value. Its
color and tender flesh are so objectionable that it can no longer be
recommended as a market fruit except in favored localities. The
only way any profit can be expected from it is to pick it several
weeks before the larger and better varieties like the Astrachan are
colored enough to market.

Red Astrachan. This variety, which has always been profitable, is
growing in favor as a cooking apple. It reaches large size early
in the season, and by picking the largest and most colored speci-
mens very early, good prices may be obtained.

Oldenburg. This variety on account of its vigor of growth, productive-
ness and good qualities for both cooking and the table is gaining in
favor with both grower and consumer.

Early Williams. For table use this is by far the best and most profi-
table variety grown in Massachusetts. The best results can only
be obtained from trees in vigorous condition, in full exposure to
sun and wind to cause early coloring of the fruit.

Porter. This once popular and profitable apple seems to be losing
much of its vigor of growth, and many trees are dying. Unless
grown on vigorous trees, the fruit is so small as to be almost un-
salable in many markets.

Gravenstein. Notwithstanding the many new varieties introduced and
the numerous valuable older varieties so abundant, this still holds
its own, and even is gaining in popularity in almost every market.
It has scarcely a fault, and is perhaps the most profitable variety
to grow.

Fall Pippin. The vigor and hardiness of the tree, together with the
large size and good quality of the fruit, make it an apple that
should be more generally grown.

Haas. This has fruited heavily and regularly for several years, and
although it ripens at the same time as many very valuable varieties,
its handsome color, good quality, and great productiveness will
probably make it a profitable variety.

Red Bertigheimer. The largest and most showy apple of its season.
It is of a good quality, tree vigorous and said to be productive,
although, on the college grounds, the young trees have borne only
a few specimens. It is so large and heavy that, if planted on high
and exposed land, much loss often occurs from heavy winds. It

30

is colored early and, although not mature, may be put upon the
market between the first and middle of August. Unless it devel-
opes some failing not at present known, it will prove a valuable
market apple.

Winter.

Baldwin, E. I. Greening and Huhhardston retain their place of supre-
macy as the best varieties well known in the market for both home
use and shipping. It was generally reported during the past
winter that, for some unknown cause, the second variety kept bet-
ter than the Baldwin.

King. In sections where the soil is heavy and rich, this apple proves
valuable, but does not generally yield the quantity obtained from
the above mentioned three varieties,

Fameuse. This beautiful apple has failed in many localities to
fulfil the expectations of its growers. Unless the soil and loca-
tion are very favorable, it is very irregular and imperfect. It also
has the fault of being attacked by the apple maggot which renders
the fruit useless.

Roxbury Russet. On heavy, rich soil it has done admirably for the
past few .years, but shows the effect of neglect more than rhany
other varieties.

N. Spy. Generally not profitable in New England.

Red Russet. This variety is gaining favor where known on account of
its vigor, productiveness, beauty and long keeping qualities. The
tree is as vigorous as the Baldwin, the fruit nearly as large and
keeps about as long as the Roxbury Russet.

Fallawater. Large, showy, of good keeping qualities, mild subacid
flavor and very productive. The skin is tough and less injured in
shipping than almost any green or yellow apple. For table use it
will be valuable, but is not quite acid enough for cooking.

Sutton Beauty. This valuable apple has been a long time in making its
good quahties known. Its principal fault is its medium size, but
its many good qualities of flavor, beauty and productiveness are
being recognized. With so popular a variety as the Baldwin oc-
cupying the field, it wiU be only by persistent effort on the part of
those who appeciate its merits that it will be largely planted.

Pewaukee. A seedling of Oldenburg which possesses the great vigor
and productiveness of that variety. The fruit is of good size,
striped and splashed with red and covered with a deep bloom. It
is a late keeper, of fair quality and may prove valuable as a mar-
ket fruit. It has borne heavily annually on young trees in the col-
lege orchard.

31

PEARS.

The pear crop in the experiment orchard has been so hght, and so
few varieties have fruited, that little extended observation could be
made. The varieties bearing the most fruit are the Bartlett, Anjou,
Lawrence, Belle Lucrative and Louise Bon ; although none of these
have produced a full crop, the Anjou and Bartlett throughout the coun-
try are producing more fruit than any other varieties.
Kieffer. This has failed to make the rapid growth credited to it in
more southern localities, in the orchard, but in the nursery the
growth has been very good.
Le Conte. Notwithstanding the claim that the Le Conte and other
Japanese pears are not subject to the attack of the bhght, this and
a seedling Sand pear were destroyed by blight the past season.
Lawson. A tree of this variety having been planted beside a variety
from Kentucky known as the Early Harvest, it is shown that the
two are very much alike in foliage. The Early Harvest has fruited
with us and answers the description of that of the Lawson, but it
is worthless for any purpose. The table on page 34 shows the
condition of the atmosphere and amount of leaf blight noticed
during the months of Jul-y and August.

PEACHES.

Owing to the destruction of the fruit buds by the cold during the
winter of '87 and '88, little or no fruit has been produced this season.
The trees are making a fine growth and are generally free from disease.
A few trees standing partly in turf with strips of cultivated land be-
tween the rows, however, have died, while those where all the land has
been cultivated, and where they stand wholly in turf have escaped.

The early varieties like Amsden, Alexander, Waterloo and Schumaker
have rotted so badly, except in warm, airy places, as to be almost
worthless. While these and other very early white fleshed varieties are
more hardy than those of the Cravyford and Old Mixon type, this de-
fect of rotting is so serious that, unless some remedy is found, it will
not be profitable to plant such early varieties, It is hoped that another
season experiments may be made to test some of the well-known agents
destructive to such fungus growth as cause this rotting.

The following varieties are growing upon the grounds, but few of
them have fruited this year. Our data is therefore so small, owing to
the limited fruiting, that we simply give a list of varieties growing in the
orchard without attempting to decide upon their comparative value for
this locality.

32

Amsden, Alexander, Waterloo, Schumaker, Mt. Rose, Old Mixon
Slump, Mrs. Brett, Sally Worrel, Arkansas Traveler, Conklin, Red
Cheek, Coolidge Favorite, Morris White, Holland (local seedling).
Wager, Wheatland, Reeves Favorite, Smock, E. Crawford, L. Crawford,
Foster.

PLUMS.

The plum crop has been small in the college orchard and many varie-
ties have rotted badly on the tree before fully ripe. Owing to the cool
weather, the quality has not been up to the average of former years.

The curculio has been more than usually abundant, but notwith-
standing that nothing has been done to destroy it, those trees that blos-
somed and set fruit produced a moderate crop. The black wart upon
the branches seems the most serious obstacle to the growth of the
plum. We are making experiments with suggested remedies for this
disease and hope, another season, to report something of value in this
line. In the mean time, every grower should cut away all warts as soon
as they break through the bark and burn them, for, with every wart de-
stroyed early in the season, millions of spores may be prevented which,
under favorable conditions, would produce warts upon other branches.
Vigorous growth obtained by good cultivation will, in a measure, prevent
the attack of this disease. The following is a list of varieties growing
upon our grounds. The old varieties are growing in the college orchard
and the newer kinds in the Experiment plot.

Lombard, Washington, Wild Goose, Yellow Egg, Lnperial Gage,
Green Gage, Coe's Golden, Smith Orleans, Bradshaw, McLaughlen,
Jefferson, Gen. Hand, Reine Claude de Bary, Prince Englebert, Pond's
Seedling, Victoria, Grand Duke, Niagara, Peach, Ogden or Ogan, Kel-
sey, Mariana, Quackenbos, Duanes, Lawrence, Simooni.

CHERRIES.

Owing to the increase of insect enemies and the ravages of birds but
little success has attended the cultivation of this fruit in New England.
Unless a large number of trees are grown, the birds get all of the fruit,
and should any escape, the larvae of the plum curculio is so abundant,
as to render them almost worthless. The question, how to prevent the
ravages of birds is a serious one, yet, considering the great benefit such
birds as the robin, cat-bird, etc., render in destroying noxious insects,
we shall take the ground that they do more good than harm and urge
the planting of more trees that they may have a due share of the fruit
and leave some for the grower.

The prevention of insect injuries is a more serious problem. The
remedies, applied for the destruction of the curculio on the plum, of
jarring of the trees or of planting in poultry yards, cannot be depended

33

upon. It is possible, however, that the use of Paris green or London
purple while the fruit is still quite small may be effectual, although from
the nature of the condition we are unable to see how. Experiments
made at the Ohio Experiment Station seem to indicate favorable re-
sults, and it is to be hoped that so simple and cheap a remedy may be
found successful. Another season this i"natter will be fully tested on
our grounds. The varieties growing in our orchard are : Yellow Span-
ish, Gov. Wood, Black Tartarian, Early Purple, Royal Duke, May Duke,
Early Richmond, Belle Magnifique, Downer's Cleveland, Tradescants,
Black Heart, Downer, Reine Hortense, Napoleon, Rockland, Bigarreau,
Montmorency Ordinaire.

GRAPES.

Owing to the unusually cool summer the grape crop has been very
backward in ripening, and in many localities was cut off entirely by the
early frosts. Where it has escaped however, the warm, moist weather
following the frost has caused the crop to mature in a fairly good con-
dition.

Very little mildew has appeared, and only a few cases of serious
rotting of the fruit have been reported.

In order to make a careful study of these two diseases a series of
weather observations have been made, taken in the centre of the vine-
yard. By this means we hope to become thoroughly familiar with all
the conditions under which they become destructive. It is proposed
the next season to make a thorough test of the numerous remedies
recommended in this country and Europe for the destruction of these
n*st serious obstacles to grape growing in America.
f The following table shows the condition of the atmosphere during the
two most critical months, together with the amount of mildew noticed
upon the foliage or fruit.

34

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36

We give a brief account below of the behavior of the varieties growing

on our grounds.

Agawam. Mildewed and rotted to some extent ; many vines were in-
jured last winter by the cold weather. It is too unreliable for this
section.

Amber Queen. This variety shows but little fruit this season. The
foliage is good, but will not withstand the attacks of mildew when
the season is more favorable for its development, than this has been.

Ann Harbor. Slow in growth, but foliage good. Lacking in vigor and
productiveness.

August Giant. Foliage mildewed badly; has not fruited enough to
enable us to give a fair judgment of its merits.

Bacchus. Foliage like the Clinton and entirely free from mildew.
Fruit not much better than that variety, but a little larger.

Beauty. Good foliage and no mildew on the leaves, but the fruit has
been attacked by a dry rot that has destroyed it.

Brackman. The foliage very much like the Clinton and entirely free
from mildew. The grapes resemble the lona in size, color and
quahty. It is early and from the two seasons' trial we are led to
believe that it will be one of the best grapes for New England. It
ripens with the Delaware and although not of as sugary quality, is
more vinous and nearer the perfect grape than any variety, except
the lona.

Brighton. An early red grape of some value, but often gives straggling
bunches that are not attractive.

Concord. This grape still takes the lead as the " grape for the millions."
Probably more vines of this variety are planted in the country than
all others together. It is, however, too late for New England, to
ensure its ripening every year, and while we have in the Wordens,
a grape in all its important qualities like it, and one that ripens
more than a week earlier, the Concord should not be planted.

Cottage. Fohage good, ripens early and is of fair quality, but lacks
vigor.

Champion. Very early, but too poor to be recommended for cultivation.

Delaware. One of the most dehcate varieties in quality of fruit and
foliage. In warm, sheltered and airy locations -with a good soil it
reaches great perfection. It mildews badly in moist, warm weather,
which often destroys all the fohage. If the remedies recommended
by the Department of Agriculture for the destruction of mildew and
rot shall be proved successful we may hope to see the Delaware
among the most satisfactory varieties in New England.

Duchess. Foliage poor, and as far as fruited with us, not promising.

Early Victor. Ripens very early, but the fruit is of the same character
as the Telegraph and Champion and of little value.

37

Eldorado. Vine immensely vigorous and foliage good, but too late in

ripening its fruit for this section.
Empire State. The vine is moderately vigorous and a little inclined to

mildew. In quality the fruit is good and alate keeper, but it has

not shown the vigor and productiveness claimed for it when first

introduced.

Hayes. Vine perfectly hardy and with good foliage, but of slow growth.
The fruit is rather medium in size of bunch, but ripens early and is
of good quality.

Highland. Vigorous and hardy, but the fruit is too late for any but
warm localities.

Hart/ord. This old grape is seldom planted on account of the fault of
the fruit in dropping from the bunch, but from its hardiness and per-
fect foliage it should be used as a parent for the production of hardy
and early new varieties.

lona. Vine tender, foliage liable to mildew and the fruit to rot, yet the
fruit is so fine that in favored locahties it should be planted, unless
the Brackman, which so closely resembles it in fruit, shall prove to
be a success in New England.

Janesville. Another grape with the Clinton foliage and with fruit that is
much better than its parent, but which has the very serious fault of
dropping from the bunch when ripe. As a parent of new varieties
it may be of value.

Jefferson. Too late to be of any value in this section.

Jessica. Vine of moderate growth and a foliage that has mildewed
badly this season. Fruit of good quality.

Lady. One of the most satisfactory early white grapes, although mod-
erate in growth and not very productive.

Lady Washington. A magnificent growing vine, but too late for this
section.

Martha. An old variety scarcely equaled by any new variety ripening
at the time unless by the Lady ; foliage good, but of very moderate
growth.

Moore's Early. The one really good grape that is sure to ripen in
Massachusetts when any variety does. The vine is not quite as vig-
orous as the Concord, but it is as hardy and the fruit of nearly as
good quality.

Niagara. The most vigorous and productive white grape in cultivation.
It is late in ripening and in unfavorable seasons has rotted badly,
but the foliage has not been injured by mildew.

Oneida. A red grape of some promise which has thus far failed to pro-
duce a sufficient crop to be profitable.

Pearl. Vine vigorous, but fruit does not ripen here.

38

Pocklington. Foliage good, vine vigorous and the fruit large, fine and
of good quality, but it is unfortunately late in ripening.

Poughkeepsie Bed. A promising variety, but has failed to fruit as abun-
dantly as in other- sections.

Prentis. Vine slow in growth, fruit of medium size and good quality,
late.

Rochester. Foliage good, vine vigorous ; has fruited but little with us.

Telegraph. Early, pefectly hardy, but of poor quality.

Ulsters Prolific. Small red grape of good quality ; we have not fruited
it long enough to test its value.

Vergennes. Hardy, vigorous and moderately productive ; a very
promising variety.

Wyoming Red. Good foliage, moderately vigorous and early.
Promising.

Wilder. Rogers' No. 4. One of the best of Rogers' hybrids and under
favorable conditions succeeds well.

Warden. By far the best grape to plant for profit in New England. It
is equally hardy, productive and of as good quality as the Concord
and more than a week earlier. In vine and fohage almost identical.

RED RASPBERRIES.

Hansel. Hardy, rather weak in growth, foliage good, fruit early, ripen-
ing with the Marlboro and before the Turner. The fruit is of fine
color and good quality, moderately firm and productive. In some
localities the foliage has mildewed badly ; on the college grounds
it has been injured in this way, but one season since its introduction
four years ago.

Rancocas. This variety as we have it is in every way identical with the
Hansel, although it never has been injured by mildew. It is possi-
ble that we may not have the true variety.

Marlboro. For the past three seasons this variety has fruited with us,
and we consider it the most promising variety for profit. The fruit
is large, of light color, firm and of fair quality. It has proved
entirely hardy and moderately vigorous. In some sections the
foliage is reported to burn badly in dry weather ; but with good
cultivation and liberal manuring in the fall, it has proved by far the
most profitable raspberry.

Cuthbert. This superb variety still heads the list for hardiness, reliability
under all conditions, and the quality of fruit produced. With an
abundant supply of the earlier varieties in the market it may not be
quite as profitable in the future as in the past, but can be recom-
mended everywhere for home use.

39

Turner. Under the ordinary methods of cultivation this variety is too
small to be profitable, especially if such varieties as the Marlboro,
Hansel and Rancocas are grown extensively.

Superb. Truly superb in form and size, but of so poor a quality and
breaks up or crumbles so in picking as to be valueless for market.
The plants are rather weak in growth.

Shaffer's. A hybrid between the Blackcap and red raspberry. In vigor
it exceeds all of the former, and in size of fruit all of the latter. Its
color is very objectionable as a market berry, being like that of the
old Philadelphia, a reddish purple. In quality not quite equal to
the best red raspberries ; especially valuable for canning. The canes
have not proved quite hardy, but it has produced a fair crop of
fruit for the three years past.

YELLOW RASPBERRIES.

Caroline. A comparatively old variety that is perfectly hardy and
immensely productive, but the fruit is very soft and of only medium
quality. It can only be recommended for home use, where other
varieties fail.

Golden Queen. A seedling of the Cuthbert which it resembles in habit
of growth and form of fruit, but the latter is nearly golden yellow.
It has proved hardy for the two winters we have tested it and very
productive. In quality, to the taste of many it is very inferior to
most of the red varieties. Its value as a market fruit is very
uncertain, for it has not as yet been grown in sufficient quantities to
know how such a color will "take ;" we think, however, that it will
not sell as readily and at so good prices as the bright red varieties.
Several new varieties were planted last spring, but they have not made

growth enough to give any comparative test. They are Excelsior,

Thompson's Early Prolific, Thompson's Pride, Crystal White.

BLACK CAP RASPBERRIES.

Carman. This is of the Doolittle and Souhegan type and has failed to
show the vigor and hardiness of those varieties.

Centennial. A vigorous, rapid growing variety producing large, shining,
black, fine flavored berries in great abundance. It ripens a httle
later than the earliest, but much before the Gregg. The one serious
fault noticed is its tenderness, having been injured last winter and
during the winter of '?>&.

Hopkins, Doolittle, Souhegan and Tyler. These are four varieties that
are so nearly identical that we see no reason for giving them
separate names. If there is any difference it may be shown a little
in the Tyler, which may be a little larger and more productive.

40

Gregg. In growth, foliage, and color of cane this resembles the
Centennial, but the fruit is thickly covered with bloom. Sometimes
a little tender, but is generally considered one of the most profitable.

Ohio. This variety has not fruited with us, but it proves a good grower
and is highly recommended and largely planted in some sections of
the country.
Of the new varieties planted, but not fruited are —

Butler's Seedling. Of the Doolittle type, but very vigorous in growth
with thick, hard foliage.

Crawford. Canes and habit of growth like the Gregg.

Nemeha. Canes and habit of growth like the Gregg.

Hillhorn. Foliage and habit of growth like the Doolittle, vigorous.

Thompson's Sweet. Not making very vigorous growth.

Other varieties have been received, but owing to the condition of the

plants failed to grow.

BLACKBERRIES.

Agawam. After another season's trial we can report that it is perfectly
hardy, very vigorous in growth, productive, and of the best quality.
It is not quite large enough, however, to compete with such varie-
ties as the Wilson, but for New England no other variety pos-
sesses so many good qualities. It ripens before the Snyder.

Snyder. Perfectly hardy, vigorous, productive and of good quality.
The fruit is firm but often changes to a reddish color after being
kept a short time.

Taylor's Prolific. The most productive blackberry on our grounds, but
the fruit ripens late and is not of as good quality as the two
previously mentioned.

Wachusett. Hardy, vigorous, moderately productive and of good
quality, but small size. The canes are less thorny than other
varieties, whence the name Wachusett Thornless, often given.
Except on a rich soil, the berries are too small to sell readily in
market.

Early Harvest, Early Cluster, Wilson and Wilson, Jr., are all too ten-
der to grow successfully in Massachusetts, except by covering. From
the large size of the berry, the Wilson and Wilson Jr. may be found
profitable by covering the canes to protect them.

Lueretia. The fruit upon this running blackberry was very fine and of
good quality. It ripens its fruit so early that it may become profit-
able if covered in winter and if the ground can be mulched to
protect the fruit from coming in contact with the soil.
The new varieties which will fruit next year are Erie, Fred, Minne-
waski. Western Triumph, Thompson's Mammoth.

41

STRAAVBERRIES.

The strawberry crop began ripening about one week later than the
average season. In most sections of the state the crop was reported
good, and of large size, but the yield very much below the average. The
price realized for the fruit on account of its improved size and scarcity
was much above the average, and we hope growers generally, will take
the lesson of the season and improve their methods of cultivation and
shipping, as an improved condition of the fruit will certainly increase the
consumption and enhance the price.

We must also give more attention to quality, for people are learning,
though slowly, that there is a great difference in the varieties, and are
still more positive in their demands for size and appearance.

The following tables give a summary of the characteristics and quali-
ties of the varieties grown upon the College grounds.

42

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The new varieties planted last spring gave no fruit, consequently we
report only upon the vigor and character of foliage and growth. In
this table 1 means perfect as to qualities under each heading, while 10
stands for the lowest condition of same.

VARIETIES PLANTED IN SPRING OF 1888.

VARIETY.

Beseck
Cardinal .
Carmichael
Eva . .
Excelsior
Fansworth
Gold . .
Haverland

Vigor.

Foliage

8

8

3

4

8

8

9

8

(j

(3

5

5

9

8

4

4

VARIETY.

Ilaska

Katie ....

Leroy

Logan

Norman

Auger's No. 70

Photo . . .

Warfield . . .

Vigor.

Foliage

It may be said in connection with the test of the new varieties
planted this spring that the soil has not received quite as much manure
as in 1886 and 1887.

THE EFFECT OF THE DIFFERENT FERTILIZING ELEMENTS UPON THE TIME
OF MATURING OF CROPS.

The time of ripening of most of our farm and garden crops often
makes all the difference between profit and loss on them ; and it is
very important that we know what agencies we may employ to hasten
ripening.

In order to test the effect of the various essential elements of plant
food, we have conducted a series of experiments with several kinds of
crops.

The elements employed are as follows :
Nitrogenous. Sulphate of Ammonia, Nitrate of Potash, Nitrate of Soda

and Dried Blood.
Potash. Sulphate Potash, Nitrate of Potash and Muriate of Potash.
Phosphoric Acid. Dissolved Bone Black.

In order to make the test a fair one the plots were arranged with the
nitrogenous alternating with the mineral elements and with sufficient
space between each.

To prevent any uncertainty as to the varying nature of the soil, the
plots were duplicated three times in different parts of the field.
■ The first experiment extended across a field in which there were planted
cabbages, peas and potatoes for annual crops, and three varieties of red

44

raspberries and three of blackberries for perennial crops. The applica-
tion of fertilizer was made early enough to influence the annual crops,
but not so materially that of the perennials, yet, as some results are
shown, we give in the following tables, the crops resulting in the order
of maturing.

PEA PLOT.

Planted April 17th.

Harvested June 29th,

Condition of Maturity

at Harvesting.

1*

5

3

4

2

4

5

Qiiantitv.

31bs,

41bs.

4lbs.

41bs.

olbs.

31bs.

41bs.

7 oz.

12 oz.

3 oz.

1-2 oz.

14 oz.

8 oz.

The time was so short between that of planting and harvesting that we
do not feel that we have results that might not have come from natural
causes. In fact we do not hope to establish any facts until the experi-
ments have been repeated several years and under many varying
conditions.

♦Marked on scale of 1 to 10; 1 equalling perfect maturity, 10 nothing mature.

CABBAGE PLOT.

NUMBER OF HEADS MATURING.

July.

M. Potash.

S.Am.

Sul. Potash.

, N. Soda.

B. Black.

N. Potash.

D. Blood.

9

0

3

0

2

0

2

7

14

5

9

7

4

7

7

6

18

5

3

1

2

2

0

0

27

11

7

7

12

13

9

8

Aug.
10

3

2

9

4

2

6

3

Total,

24

24

24

WEIGHT

24

OF HEADS,

24

24

24

July.
9

lbs. oz.
0

lbs. oz.

12 6

lbs. oz.

0

lbs. oz.

10 7

lbs. oz.
0

lbs. oz.

11 7

lbs. oz.

18

14

25 2

23 8

16

20 8

16 8

19 6

8 8

18

18 8

12

3 8

12 8

8 8

0

0

27

41 8

51 8

32

74

62 8

57 8

57 8

Aug.
10

16

12

62

31

10

18

22

Total,

101 2

111

113 8

148 7

97 8

106 4

106

lbs. oz.

AVERAGE WEIGHT PER HEAD.
lbs. oz. lbs. oz. lbs. oz. lbs. oz.

lbs. oz.

4 3 4 10 4 11
Total average per head, 41bs. 9oz.

6 2

4 1

lbs. oz.

45

RASPBERRY PLOT.

July.

Muriate Potash,

. S. Am.

S. Potasl:

1. N. Soda.

B. Black.

N. Potash. D. Blood

oz.

oz.

oz.

oz.

oz.

oz.

oz.

10

3

6

4

4

4

4

3

12

3

14

6

6

9

7

4

14

12

17

15

18

13

13

12

16

12

16

15

20

16

17

14

18

10

11

17

16

13

13

12

21

36

38

48

48

56

36

62

24

76

72

62

76

62

64

30

26

50

48

48

38

31

30

39

28

36

44

30

32

34

34

33

31

48

42

46

40

40

32

36

Aug.

2

28

24

29

28

15

20

25

4

22

20

15

16

12

14

10

7

19

22

16

16

26

8

20

10

10

10

22

13

9

4

14

Total,

365

384

373

381

340

296

314

lbs. oz.

lbs.

lbs. oz.

lbs. oz.

lbs. oz.

lbs. OZ.

lbs. OZ.

22 13

24

23 5

23 13

21 4

18 8

19 10

POTATO PLOT.

wt. of 24

hills,
lbs. oz.

wt. of
Larg-e.
lbs. oz.

wt. of
Small,
lbs. oz.

wt.

per hill,
oz.

Per ceni. of
Large.

Muriate Potash,

19 8

11

8 8

13

o6

Sulphate Ammonia,

28

20

8

27

71

Sulphate Potash,
Nitrate Soda,

23 8
29

14 8
17 8

9
11 8

15
19

65
60

Bone Black,

26 8

19 8

7

17

74

Nitrate Potash,

31 8

24

7 8

21

77

Dried Blood,

31 8

23 8

8

21

75

Unfertilized (Ave.)

21

14

7

14

65

BLACKBERRY PLOT.

M. Potash. Sul. Am. Sul. Potash. N. Soda. B. Black. N. Potash. D. Blood.

oz.

oz.

oz.

oz.

oz.

oz.

oz

2

2

4

6

9

3

' 5

2

4

2

1

1

2

6

1

1

7

1

1

1

2

4

3

2

10

2

3

2

3

2

1

2

Total, 7

10

16

15

10

The blackberry crop was very small, but enough fruit was given to
make a fairly accurate test.

In the following two plots, wood ashes and four grades of bone were
added :

46

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47

LIQUID MANURE FOR PLANTS UNDER GLASS.

In the growth of plants in green houses and in the sitting-room, the
plant food in the limited amount of soils that can be used, often be-
comes exhausted or rendered unavailable to the plant, and to overcome
the difficulty the application of liquid manures is resorted to as the best
means of giving the plants a rapid and vigorous growth.

The use of some liquid food is also necessitated by the small pots
that must be used to insure an abundance of bloom.

To test a liquid plant food under the name of " Flora Vita " sent for
comparison with other liquids, twenty-eight Bon Silence rose bushes
were selected. Fourteen of tliese were potted in soil made very light
with sand, and the remainder were put in a good rose soil, made of
rotted turf and manure.

These plants were divided into four lots of seven each. Two of these
lots, seven in sandy soil and seven in good soil, were watered with a
liquid manure made by placing stable manure in a tub and filling up
with water, and the other two lots were watered with '' Flora Vita."
The first liquid was diluted to the color of weak tea.

RESULTS.

The results of this experiment show : —

First. That the liquid called " Flora Vita " gave as good growth as
the ordinary liquid manure.

Second. That the roses potted in a soil composed largely of sand
made as good growth and gave more buds than those in soil with little
or no sand in it.

In regard to the above liquid sent for trial we know nothing of its
composition ; but its liquid form and perfect solubility make it espec-
ially easy of application and free from the objections to other plant
foods for the sitting-room, since it is odorless and free from dust.

We hope to give an analysis of " Flora Vita " in our next Bulletin.

PROTECTING YOUNG TREES FROM MICE.

In our last Bulletin we reported experiments made for the purpose
of finding some simple and harmless mixture which could be used to
hold Paris Green to the bark of young trees during the winter. It will
be seen by referring to this report that the simple mixture of lime, and
lime and glue were ver}' soon washed off.

The condition of the various mixtures applied in April, 1888, the
results of which were also reported in this same Bulletin, have been
carefully observed during the summer, the result of which we give
on next page.

^8

1.

Lime was

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

s

For the benefit of those who may not have the last Bulletin at hand,
we repeat the series :

Series No. 1.

Lime wash of the consistency of common paint.

•' 10 parts, 1 part gas tar.

" " " " " asphaltum.

" " " " " Morrill's Tree Ink.

" and equal parts skimmed milk.

" " "■ " " " , gas tar 1 part.

" " " " '' " , asphaltum I part,

" " " " " '•• , Morrill's Tree Ink 1 part.

Series No. 2.

1. Portland Cement wash of the consistency of common paint.

2. " "10 parts, gas tar 1 part,

3. " « u a asphaltum 1 part.

4. " " " " Morrill's Tree Ink 1 part.

5. " " and skimmed milk, equal parts.

6. " " " " " " " gas tar 1 part.

7. " " " " " " " asphaltum 1 part.

8. " " " " " " " Morrill's Tree Ink.

Results.
Series No. 1.

1.

Nearly all wash

sd off. Se]

2.

(( u u

li

3.

li ii it

ii

4.

Washed off but little.

5.

a a a

k<

6.

ii a a

((

7.

u ' a a

ii

8.

ii ii ii

li

Series No. 2.

Sept. 22d

1.

Nearly perfect.

2.

(( ii

3.

a a

4.

a ii

5.

Nearly all washed off.

6.

(( a li

"

7.

li ii li

((

49

Conclusion.

It will be seen by the above that in the first series the addition of the
skimmed milk rendered the paint more permanent while in series No. 2
it had the opposite effect. From the present appearance of the trees
painted we feel confident that No.'s 1, 2, 3, and 4 of the 2d series will
adhere sufficiently long to hold the Paris green during the winter and
that there can be but little, if any, danger from their use.

NEW VARIETIES OF APPLES AND OTHER FRUITS.

In every locality there are found growing local varieties of fruits of
more or less merit, which are known only to those sections, and as
most of our best varieties in cultivation are chance seedlings, we feel
hopeful that among the great number there may be many of value.

For this reason we would urge every one who may have such varieties
of promise, to make careful observations as to their qualities. One of
the great advantages of such varieties is that they are mature trees or
plants and their merits are more or less known. There is need of im-
proved varieties of all of our fruits, yet no variety should be introduced
unless it has decidedly superior qualities to those already in cultivation.

In order to aid in this matter, we would ask all growers who have
any varieties of fruit of merit to send a sample to the Horticultural De-
partment of the College Experiment Station for comparison and test.
Named varieties of which the owner may have lost the name will be
received and named if possible.

SULPHUR AS AN INSECTICIDE AND FUNGICIDE.

The fumes of sulphur are well known to be destructive to both plant
and animal life, but in its crystalHne or " brimstone " form it is wholly
insoluble and therefore inactive as an agent of destruction to either
plants or animals.

Almost every season the report comes to us through the agricultural
journals or from other sources, of experiments made with the insoluble
form of sulphur for the prevention of insect injuries to the foliage of
fruit or other trees.

The most common method of apphcation is to insert the sulphur
in holes bored in the trunks of the trees, with the idea that it will be
dissolved by the sap of the tree and carried to the foliage or fruit in
such quantities as to render it offensive to insects. No longer ago than
the past spring it was reported that the Forester of the city of Boston
had bored large holes in many of the large elms within the city limits,
and had inserted sulphur to prevent the elm beetle from injuring the
foliage.

50

Now, it has been found upon cutting down trees that have been
pkigged with sulphur that the material remains unchanged for many
years, and from the very nature of these conditions it is absurd to
supppose any good result can come from this practice. We have in the
Botanic Museum a specimen of a tree cut down and split open, in
which is found a mass of sulphur wholly unchanged. It had been in-
serted in an inch augur hole twenty-five years before the tree was cut
down. See Hovey's Magazine of Hort. No. CCLXXX., P. 1H2.

It is hoped that at the close of the coming season some of the trees
thus treated by the city of Boston may be cut down and examined, and
the results made public, for, while we spend so much time in trying to
prevent injury to our trees from borers, we certainly ought not to make
holes in them many times larger than those of any known species ot
insect borers.

While we would discourage anything that may be of such serious
injury to the tree as the above, the suggestion comes to us that sul-
phur in a soluble form may be introduced into a tree in sufficient quan-
tity to affect fungus growths which cause the rusts, blights, mildews, etc.

In order to test this matter, a lot of rose bushes of large size, which
were badly mildewed, were selected and the following solutions inserted
by boring a hole with a small gimlet and forcing the liquid into the
opening with a medicine dropping tube.

1 . Potassium Sulphide, Saturated solution.

2. Hydrogen " "

3. Ammonium " " "

After forcing in all the liquid the plant wouUl take (about a tubeful)
the holes were plugged with hard grafting wax.

Observations were made from time to time with the following results :
At tirst a slight improvement was noticed in the amount of mildew upon
the foliage, but as the season advanced, the effect of the holes made in
the trunk became more apparent, so that Sept. 2 2d, all the bushes were
dead except one of those treated with ammonium sulphide.

This experiment was made in part to demonstrate the great injury
that must result in making large incisions in the trunks of trees or
shrubs, and that while there is some promise that the introduction of
antiseptics into the circulation of the sap may prevent the growth of
injurious fungi like the blights, mildews, etc., we must find other means
of introducing the solutions.

From the very nature of the case presented, it seems hardly possible
to introduce any substance into the circulation of a plant in sufficient
quantities to affect insect life, and no experiments were undertaken in
this hne.

SECOND ANNUAL REPORT

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION

lassarljusdls g^grkullural €alkQt,

Januaky, 1890.

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION

Massachusetts Agricultural College,

AMHERST, MASS.

At the organization of the Experiment Station of the Massachusetts
Agricultural College under the pro^'isions of the Hatch Bill, it was
decided to name it the "Hatch Experiment Station of the Massa-
chusetts Agricultural College," in order to distinguish it from the
State Agricultural Experiment Station, already located on the college
grounds, but having no connection with it.

Its officers are : —

Hexkt H. Goodell,
"WiLLiAii p. Brooks,
Samuel T. Matxard,
Charles H. Ferxald,
Clarence D. Warner,
William M. Shepardsox,
Herbert E. Woodbury,

Director.
Agriculturist.
Horticulturist.
Entomologist. /y
Meteorologist.
Assistant Horticulturist.
Assistayit Horticulturist.

The co-operation and assistance of farmers, fniit-growers, horti-
culturists, and all interested, du-ectly or indirectly, in agriculture, is
earnestly requested. Communications may be sent to the director
or to any of the officers in charge.

The general policy of the station has been to furnish
information on such subjects as were uppermost in the minds
of the public, and to take up the investigations of such
questions as were of practical importance. The quarterly
bulletins are therefore an index of the general correspondence
carried on through the year in this State. In conformity to
this policy, experiment has been made of the different
methods of heating green-houses, soil tests have been under-
taken, and information disseminated on such insects as were
at the time most injurious in their depredations. That this
has met the requirements of the State would seem to be
indicated b}^ the steady and increasing demand for our bul-
letins. The edition of sixty-five hundred in January, 1889,
has been increased with successive issues, till that of January,
1890, numbered ten thousand. Four regular bulletins have
been sent out over the State ; and a special one from the ento-
mological division, of twenty-three thousand copies, local in
its character, to every tax-payer in the towns of Medford,
Everett, Stoneham, Winchester, Maiden and Somerville.
A dangerous insect pest, of foreign origin, more feared
abroad than the potato beetle here, suddenly made its
appearance in West Medford, and threatened spreading over
the entire State. To give information respecting the appear-
ance and habits of this moth, the danger of permitting it to
get a foothold, and the best remedies to be used in combat-
ing it, a bulletin was sent to each tax payer in the infested
district and the towns immediately adjoining.* In view of
the fact that this moth is wonderfully prolific, the female
laying from four hundred to five hundred eggs ; that its
appetite is almost omniverous, the list of its food plants
ranging from cabbage, strawberry and corn up to the cherry,
quince, apple, elm, maple and oak; and that it has now
"multiplied to such an extent as to cause the entire de-
struction of the fruit crop, and also to defoliate the shade
trees in the infested region," — it would seem judicious for

* It is with pleasure that we record bere our indebtedness to the Secretary of
tlie Board of Agriculture. But for his generous assistance, we should have been
unable to meet the additional expense involved in the publishing of so large an
edition of an extra bulletin.

the State authorities to take some effective means for stamp-
ing it out, and preventing its further spread.

Additions to the equipment of the various departments
have been made during the year, and these, together with
an outline of the work undertaken, will be briefly sum-
marized in the several reports.

Division of Agriculture.

A barn has been completed for special work in questions
affecting the dairy interests, and for all general work involved
in the handling of crops under experiment, and the mixing,
weiffhino; and measurino; of fertilizers. It consists of a
main structure, 43 by 37 feet, containing : a cellar for roots,
22 by 27 feet ; a silo, 8 by 12 by 20 feet ; hay scales of six
thousand pounds capacity ; an office and record room ;
separate rooms for grain, seed and fertilizers; an L 21 by
36 feet, with stalls for feeding experiments ; an L 19 by 12
feet, for dairy and heating purposes.

The investigations of the year have been : —

1. Soil tests with fertilizers, upon the grounds of the
station and in ten of the leading agricultural counties of the
State.

2. Conditions afl'ecting the value of the calf's stomach for
rennet.

3. Use of difierent styles of hay caps.

4. Use of Avater in varying amounts upon grass of differ-
ent degrees of dryness.

5. Fertilizers (variously compounded and applied) com-
pared with stable manure for grass, — influence upon both
quantity and quality of product.

6. Test of Colcord's " Silo Governor."

7. Preservation of corn stover in the silo.

8. Comparison of varieties of corn for ensilage, —
" Sweet Fodder," " Amber Cream Sweet," and " Sanford's
White Flint."

9. Test as to adaptation to our soil and climate of Japan-
ese seeds. (Bulletin No. 7.)

10. Variety tests : sorghum, seven varieties; corn, two
varieties ; upland rice, one variety ; oats, two varieties.

Division of Horticulture.
But little addition has been made in equipment, except in
the way of adding all the new and promising varieties of

both lurge and small fruits that could be easily ol)tained.
Experiment through the year has been made in the following
directions : —

1. Protection of peach buds from injury by cold.

2. Comparative value of different materials in the con-
struction of green-house walls. (Bulletin No. 4.)

3. Comparative value of steam and hot water for heating
green-houses. (Bulletins Nos. 4 and 6.)

4. Evaporated sulphur for the destruction of red spiders,
mildews of the rose, lettuce and chrysanthemum, and rust on
violets and carnations. (Bulletin No. 4.)

5. Testing new varieties of fruits, vegetables and flowers.
(Bulletins Nos. 4, 6 and 7.)

6. The comparative value of Eastern and Western grown
seed sweet corn for New England growers. (Bulletin No. 7.)

7. The efiect of girdling vines upon the amount of sugar,
acid and water in the grape. (Bulletin No. 7.)

8. Use of insecticides and fungicides upon the potato.
(Bulletin No. 7.)

9. Remedies for the black wart upon the plum. (Bul-
letin No. 4.)

Division of Vegetable Pathology.

Investigations have been carried on through the year of
the fungous diseases of plants, and report has been made on
the following subjects : —

1. The black-spot of rose leaves. (Bulletin No. 6.)

2. The black-knot of the plum. (Bulletin No. 6.)

3. The potato blight and rot. (Bulletin No. 6.)

Division of Entomology.

An insectary has been added, for the breeding of all in-
sects discovered on all useful plants, and for experiment
with various insecticides. It is a story and a half building,
28 by 20 feet, with a green-house attached, 18 by 22 feet,
divided into a hot and a cold house. On the first floor of the
main building are an office, a laboratory and an insecticide
room ; on the floor above, two store rooms ; and in the base-
ment, a pupa room and the hot- water heating apparatus.

The policy of the department has been to learn the life his-
tory and means of combating those insects which have been
most common and troublesome in the State, as indicated by

6

correspondence. Report has therefore been made exclu-
sively on those respecting which inquiry has l^een made,
namely : —

1. The buffalo carpet beetle. (Bulletin No. 5.)

2. The pitchy carpet beetle. (Bulletin No. 5.)

3. The larder or bacon beetle. (Bulletin No. 5.)

4. Clothes moths. (Bulletin No. 5.)

5. Ants. (Bulletin No. 5.)

6. The gypsy moth. (Special Bulletin, and No. 7.)

7. Tuberculosis in the domestic animals. (Bulletin
No. 3.)

Division of Meteorology.

The observatory is equipped with the following instruments :
Draper's self-recording barometer, Draper's self-recording
anemometer. Draper's self-recording anemoscope. Draper's
self-recording force of wind, Draper's self-recording sun ther-
mometer. Draper's self-recording wet and dry thermometer,
Draper's self-recording thermograph, Draper's self-recording
rain gauo-e, two sets of common thermometers, maximum and
minimum thermometers, hygrometers, ozometer, and a few
other instruments of minor importance.

The work in this department comprises thus far investi-
gations in atmospheric pressure ; temperature at different
heights ; precipitation and relative humidity at different ele-
vations ; direction, velocity and pressure of wind ; percentage
of cloudiness ; various systems of clouds, their movement
and direction ; amount of sunshine and temperature in sun.
There is kept a full i-ecord of heavy and light dews, hard
and light frosts, halos, coronte, storms, and all natural phe-
nomena. In short, a full and careful history of each day is
written down and placed in the observatory for future ref-
erence, in order that data may be collected for determining
the general character of climate, and the periodic recurrences
of certain natural phenomena in the vicinity of the station.
In addition to this, monthly bulletins are issued, recording
for each day the meteorological phenomena observed. In
the recent division of the country into districts, to promote
the efficiency of the United States Signal Service in making
local weather predictions, this station has been selected to
co-operate in the work of the New England division, and
furnish data to Lieut. John P. Finley, the officer in charge.

The atmospheric conditions, as shown by the accompanying
graphic charts of temperature, rainfall and sunlight, have
been very unfavorable for securing the best results. The
continued low tempierature, the excessive moisture, and the
lack of sunshine, have had their efiect on the ripening of
crops, and necessitated, in several instances, the postpone-
ment of lines of investigation to a more favorable season.

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TREASURER'S REPORT.

fl5,000 00

8 60

$15,008 GO

$2,848 02

3,273 43

218 86

967 46

946 41

4,166 68

407 67

1,251 69

602 61

74 12

89 48

182 28

....

$15,008 60

Frank E. P41GE, Treasurer Hatch Experiment Station of Massachu-
setts Agricultural College, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1889.

Cash received of United States Treasurer,
Cash received fi'om sale of produce, .

Incidental expenses,

Labor, ...

Travelling expenses.

Supplies,

Scientific instruments.

Salaries,

General fittings, .

Printing,

Library,

Postage and stationeiy

Freight and express,

Chemical apparatus,

I, the undersigned, duly appointed auditor for the corporation, do
hei'cby certify that I have examined the books and accounts of the Hatch
Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College for the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1889, and have found the same well kept
and correctly classified as above ; and that the receipts for the time
named are shown to be f 15,008.60, and the corresponding disbursements
$15,008.60 ; all of the pi'oper vouchers are on file and have been by me
examined and found correct, there being no balance to be accounted for
in the fiscal year ending June 30, 1889.

[Signed] J. Howe Demond, Auditor.

Amherst, Dec. 31, 1889.

I hereby certify that the foregoing is a true copy from the books of
account of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agi'i-
cultural College.

FuANK E. Paige, Treasurer.

Amherst, Jan. 4, 1890.

I hereby certify that Frank E. Paige is the treasurer of the Massachu-
setts Agricultural College, and that the above is his signature.

[Seal]

Henry H. Goodell,

President Massachusetts AgricuUt/ral College.

THIRD ANNUAL REPORT

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION

inssculjusctts J^grtculturnl (fToKcge-

January, LS91

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION

Massachusetts Agricultural College,

AMHERST, MASS.

At the organization of the Experhnent Station of the Massachu-
setts Agricultural College under the provisions of the Hatch Bill, it
was decided to name it the " Hatch Experiineut Station of the
Massachusetts Agricultural College," in order to distinguish it from
the State Agricultural Experiment Station, already located on the
college grounds, but havipg no connection with it.

Its officers are : —

Henry H. Goodell,
William P. Brooks,
Samuel T. Maynard,
Charles H. Fernald,
Clarence D. Warner,
William M. Shepardson,
Herbert E. Woodbury,
Frank O. Williams,

Director.
Ar/riculturist.
Horticulturist, i
Entomologist. H
Meteorologist.
Assistant Ilorticultnrist .
Assistayit Horticulturist.
Assistant Agriculturist.

The co-operation and assistance of farmers, fruit-growers, horti-
culturists and all interested, directly or indirectly, in agriculture, is
earnestly requested. Communications may be sent to the director or
to any of the ollicers in charge.

The Experiment Department.

This has been conducted along the same general lines as in
previous years, new work being taken up as occasion seemed to
demand. Four regular bulletins have been issued, as required by
law, and a special one in May, " On the most profitable use of
commercial fertilizers," being a translation of a monograph by
Prof. Paul Wagner, Director of the Agricultural Experiment
Station at Darmstadt, Geruuiny. The increasing demand for our
publications now requires an edition of eleven thousand, and the
time must soon come when it will be found impossible to supply
requests from outside of the State.

The work of the different departments during the year can be
briefly summarized as follows : —

The Agricultural.

Report has been made on several varieties of Japanese crops,
viz., four varieties of beans and three of millet. Of the latter,
two, the Setaria Italica {Jap. Mochi Awa) and the Setaria Italica
{Jap. Awa), seem especially promising for seed production and
fodder, yielding respectively at the rate of twenty-eight and fifty-
five bushels per acre and two and one-half and two tons of straw.

A careful tabulation of soil tests with different fertilizers in ten
localities of the State was made in Bulletin No. 9, and the grand
average increase to hard corn and stover per acre, taking all
experiments into account, was as follows : —

For potash, . . hard corn, 0.51 bushels; stover, 643.3 pounds,
phosphoric acid, " " 3.56 " " 211 "

nitrogen, . . •' " 3.72 " " 287.6

The same soil tests have been repeated this year on a larger
scale with corn for grain and for the silo, and with potatoes. An
investigation requiring much time, respecting the " Conditions
affecting the strength of the calf's stomach for rennet," has been
concluded and report made in the January Bulletin for 1891. At
the request of various dairymen a series of analyses are being
made of samples of milk from each of forty cows in various
periods of lactation, and including five pure breeds and a great

variety of grades, with a view to the study of their results in their
bearing upon the question as to what is a proper legal standard for
milk solids in this State. Experiments are likewise in progress to
determine the influence of different elements and combinations of
elements of plant food on the proportion of the different species
of grass and other plants in a mixed sod.

The Entomological.

So great a demand arose for information respecting the gypsy
moth, that, though a special bulletin on the subject, in an edition
numbering 23,000 copies, had been issued in November, 1889, it
was found necessary to reprint it as a part of Bulletin No. 7, and
distribute it through our regular channels in all parts of the State,

Efforts during the year have been directed as follows : —

1. The completion of the life history of the bud moth
{Tmetocera oceZ^ana), and the best methods for its destruction.
This small insect has, in various parts of the State, done con-
siderable damage to our fruit trees, and the final results of the
investigation, which has covered a number of years, will be
reported in Bulletin No. 12.

2. The insects affecting the cranberry vines have been care-
fully studied, but no definite conclusions having been reached, the
various experiments made with different insecticides will be
continued through the coming season.

3. Particular attention has been paid to the breeding of
injurious insects, sent in by diff"ereut individuals throughout the
State, for the purpose of determining their life histories, and thus
learning the period at which they are most vulnerable.

4. A series of experiments have been made with Paris green to
ascertain the maximum percentage that could be used on fruit
trees without injury to the foliage, in wet as well as in dry
weather ; also the minimum percentage that will successfully
destroy the common injurious insects at different stages of their
growth. These experiments have led to such unexpected and
unsatisfactory results that final report will be withheld until they
can be repeated under different conditions. Trees under shelter,
under varying conditions of moisture, will be sprayed with

6

preparations of Paris green to ascertain tlie effect of different
proportions upon the foliage.

5. A biological collection has been started, consisting of a
series of inflated larvas, to aid in the determination of such insects
as may be sent to the station, and to serve as an object lesson to
every farmer and fruit grower visiting the insectary. Already
the work has considerably progressed, and a number of insects
are represented in all their stages, together with their injurious
effects upon the foliage of the trees on which they feed.

The large and increasing correspondence of this department
testifies to its importance, and shows the keen interest felt by
those to whom the annual damage to their crops has become a
problem worthy of their most serious consideration.

In the line of disseminating useful knowledge among the
people, an article was pul)lished in Bulletin No. 8 by Dr. Harold
C. Ernst of Boston on "How far maj' a coav be tuberculous
before her milk becomes dangerous as an article of food." Out
of one hundred and fourteen samples of milk taken from thirty-six
different cows, all of them presenting more or less distinct signs
of tuberculosis of the lungs or elsewhere, but none having marked
signs of disease of the udder of any kind, seventeen were found
in which the bacilli of tuberculosis were distinctly present, or the
actual vims ivas seen in 10 -(- per cent, of the samples examined.
As these seventeen samples of infectious milk came from ton
different cows, the percentage of detected infectiousness rose to
27.7 per cent. The milk was shown to be infectious by inocula-
tion experiments in seven out of fourteen of the cows from which
the milk came, — that is fifty per cent. These results are to a
certain extent preliminary, but they show —

First. That the milk from cows affected with tuberculosis in
any part of the body may contain the virus of the disease.

Second. That the virus is present whether there is disease of
the udder or not.

Third. That there is no ground for the assertion that there
must be a lesion of the udder before the milk can contain the
infection of tuberculosis.

Fourth. That, on the contrary, the bacilli of tuberculosis are
present and active in a very large proportion of cases in the milk

of cows affected with tuberculosis, but with no discoverable lesion
of the udder.

The Horticultural.
Investigations respecting the most economical w^ay of heating
green-houses, whether by steam or hot water, have been continued
with the same results in favor of hot-water heating as in previous
experiments, — a higher temperature being secured at a less con-
sumption of fuel. Report has been made on tests of thirty-eight
varieties of lettuce, twenty-four varieties of potatoes, ninety-seven
varieties of strawberries, nineteen varieties of the red raspberry,
fifteen of the black raspberry, sixteen varieties of blackberries
and forty-six varieties of tomatoes. Attention is called in the last
mentioned to the fact that varieties jyroducing most doable flowers
are most irregular in form and imper/ect in fruit. The impoi'-
tance of this to growers of choice fruit is apparent. By discarding
plants producing double blossoms, fruit in greater perfection will
be secured. Seed growers, too, by a more judicious selection of
plants can save waste and obtain a better strain of seed. Experi-
ments with the co-operation of Dr. Jabez Fisher of Fitchburg
have been carried on, in the girdling of grape vines, with the
results of an increase of sugar, a gain in size of the berry, and a
forwarding of the time of ripening by at least ten days. The
protection of fruit trees from the attacks of mice, rabbits and
woodchucks by the application of a mixture of lime, cement and
Paris green has had continued trial with the same favorable
results as reported in previous Bulletins. Tests have been made
of the value of varieties of seed of sweet corn grown in New Eng-
land as compared with the same varieties raised in the western
States. The Corey, Crosby and Stowell's Evergreen were the
varieties under trial, and a very decided increase of sugar in the
eastern grown over the western was found. Investigation has
been made of the cause of peach yellows, and of the yellows as
affected by special fertilizers, by condition of the soil and by its
surroundings. Special fertilizers for green-house crops have been
made the subject of experiment and have been applied to carna-
tions, lettuce, pansies and potatoes. The results summed up
show that of the nitrates, the nitrate of potash gave the best

8

results, but that sulphate of ammonia proved even m6re efficacious,
especially in the production of foliage crops. Of the potash salts,
the sulphates gave better results than the muriates, while bone-
black had a marked effect in increasing the number of blossoms.

The Meteorological.
Presitlent H. 11. Goodell, Director.

Sir : — The work in the meteorological department the past year
has been a continuation of that begun the year preceding, together
with additional labor in certain special lines. Particular attention
has been given to the study of weather prognostics, climatic con-
ditions and signs of local weather changes. Special study also
has been made of solar and lunar halos and coronne, and their
appearance, as precursors of coming storms. A series of experi-
ments has been carried on for some months for the purpose of
ascertaining the effect of dynamical electricity on the growth and
development of vegetation, also the effect of incandescent electric
light on plant development, the results of which w^ill appear later
in the form of a bulletin. As atmospheric electricity is considered
of late a potent factor in the economy of nature, it was thought
proper to make it a careful study and undertake a series of
observations in this department of meteorology. Preparations,
therefore, have been made in this direction by placing an electro-
graph in the observatory. The following is a general description
of the instrument.

The electrograph consists of a Thomson's quadrant electrometer,
registering ajj^^aratus and water-dripping apparatus. A jmrtial
description of the different parts will be found under their
appropriate headings. When in proper position, the electrometer
is enclosed in a glass case, the registering apparatus in a mahogau}^
case, and the whole arrangement is mounted on a strong slate
slab. The instrument was constructed by Elliott Bros, of
London especially for this observatory, from drawings made by
Sir William Thomson, and is designed for observations in atmos-
pheric electricity.

The Electrometer. — The quadrant electrometer (see Fig. 4)
has first a white Hint glass bell jar, surrounded and supported,
mouth up, by a metal casing. The outside of the jar is partially
covered with tin-foil, while the inside contains strong sulphuric
acid to the depth of about three inches. The acid serves a three-
fold purpose : (a) it keeps the air inside quite dry, thereby
insulating parts required to be so ; (6) it holds a charge of

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electricity, hence acts a,s an inner coating of the jar ; (c) it
allows the needle to become charged without impeding its move-
ments. Over the mouth of the jar is the main cover, a circular
brass plate, screwed down to the raetal casing, and secured so
as to be air-tight and prevent the entrance of moisture. Over a
large circular hole in the cover stands the " lantern" ; the latter is
of brass and covers the mirror and its suspending arrangements.
It has a glass window in front and allows the ray of light to fall
upon the mirror and be reflected back on the scale. It also carries
the "gauge" and three electrodes, which project from the top.
Four quadrants supported by short glass pillars project downward
from the main cover. The quadrants are movable in radial slots,
and can be drawn out or pushed in toward the axis of suspen-
sion. When the instrument is in adjustment, the quadrants are
arranged symmetrically about tlie needle. One of the four is
capable of adjustment by turning a milled head screw ; the moving
of this quadrant also serves in adjusting the zero of the instru-
ment. Each pair of opposite quadrants is connected by a fine
wire, and from one quadrant of each pair rises an electrode,
which, insulated, passes through the top of the lantern. These
electrodes serve to connect the two conductors whose difference of
potentials is to be measured. The third electrode, seen projecting
through the top of the lantern, is for charging and discharging
the Leyden jar of the electrometer.

Tlie Needle (Fig. 2) . — The needle consists of a flat piece of sheet
aluminum shaped like a double canoe paddle, and is fixed horizon-
tally to a stiff vertical platinum wire which passes through its centre
upward and downward. A small cross-bar is attached to the upper
end of this wire, and the whole is carried by a bifilar suspension
of cocoon fibres. To the lower end of the stiff platinum wire is
attaclied a very fine platinum wire carrying a small plummet,
which dips into the sulphuric acid at the bottom of the jar. By
tliis means the needle is brought in contact with the inside coating
of the jar and is charged. The platinum wire carrying the needle
has also a small circular mirror attached to it. This mirror is a
concave mirror of silvered glass, about !.'> millimetres in diameter,
and weighs about one-third of a grain. The concavity of the
mirror is such that reflected rays of light are brought to a focus
about one metre distant from the mirror. All the movable parts
a"e carefully guarded from external influences ; the platinum wire,
botli above and below the needle, is protected by a metal " guard
tube " through which it passes, and the mirror by a little cylindrical
hood projecting some distance from the suspension plate.

10

The whole principle of the instrument depends upon the potential
of the needle remaining constant throughout the time a series of
observations is being made. The sensibility of the instrument
is really proportional to the potential of the needle ; therefore, by
altering the charge of the Leyden jar, we can alter at will the
sensibility of the electrometer. As this constant and normal
condition is very essential in making a series of measurements,
it is of great importance that some means be devised whereby
we can know at au}' time the electrical condition of the needle.
The latter is accomplished by the gauge connected with the instru-
ment.

The Gauge (Fig. 3) is really a very delicate electrometer. It
consists of two metallic disks having their planes parallel and
close to each other. The upper disk G has a square hole imme-
diately over the centre of the lower disk. The latter is in electrical
connection with the acid of the jar. A piece of white sheet
aluminum, shaped like a spade, is carried on a tightly stretched
platinum wire, as seen in Fig. 3. The blade P covers the square
hole in the upper disk. The rung of the handle H is a very fine
black hair, and behind the hair stands a porcelain pillar with two
black dots upon it. The arrangement is looked at through a
plano-convex lens a little distance off. When the lower disk is
charged the blade is attracted and the rung of the handle is raised.
If the handle sinks below the mark, we know the potential of the
jar is falling. The instrument is in proper condition when the
hair is midway between the dots. The gauge is controlled by a
very delicate electrical machine called the " replenisher," turned
by the finger.

Replenisher. — The replenisher consists of two curved shields,
one of which is in connection with the acid in the jar and the other
with the framework of the instrument, and through it the tin-foil
outside of the jar. Two metal wings, curving outward and insulated
from each other by a small bar of ebonite, are made to revolve
within the shields. Dui'iug such revolution of the wings, the latter
are made to come in contact with two springs connected together
but insulated from the rest of the instrument. The wings come
in contact with the two springs at the same time, and being thus
connected and under the influence of the shields, the positive
electricity of the left-hand shield, say, draws negative electricity
to the left-hand wing, close to it, and drives the positive to the
right-hand wing.

Continuing the revolution still further, the wings clear the

11

springs; but, though disconnected, each wing retains its charge.
Further rotation brings the right-baud wing with the positive
charge in contact with the left-hand shield, and the charge is sent
to the jar. Tlie negative electricity on the left-hand wing runs to
the outer coating of the jar.

The shields are now neutral, as at first, but by continuing
the rotation the process is repeated. Every turn increases the
potential of the jar, and we can augment it as much as we choose.
By reversing the motion we can likewise diminish the charge.
The instrument is so extremely sensitive to slight variations of
potential that a few turns of the replenisher will supply any loss,
however small.

Water-dripping Apjmratvs. — The water-dripping apparatus is
a strong cylindrical tank of galvanized iron, two feet in diameter
aud eighteen inches in depth. The tank stands on three solid glass
supports set in feet made of mahogany wood ; the glass supports are
incased in cylinders of thick glass in which may be placed pumice
stone soaked in sulphuric acid in order to better the insulation.
From the tank a pipe projects about five feet and terminates in a
fine orifice ; the water flowing through the latter breaks into drops
immediately after leaving the nozzle of the tube. An insulated
wire connects the vessel with the electrometer placed in-doors, A
short time from the starting of the stream the can will be found to
be electrified to the same potential as the air at the point of the
tube. This potential is imparted through the conductors to the
electrometer, and a deflection of the needle ensues.

Registering Apparatus. — The registering apparatus consists of a
powerful clock with weight, second pendulum, dial and gearing.
Tlie latter connects with, and turns a cylinder provided witli a pair
of thin brass bars furnished with spring hooks and hinges for hold-
ing the sensitized photographic paper. The cylinder turns once in
about thirty hours. The sensitized paper, or chart, is provided with
a zero line and a suitable scale division. On one side of the zero
line the positive potential is recorded, and on the other side the
negative. In front of the cylinder is a long cylindrical glass lens.
Near one side of the case covering the cylinder is a gas burner
with an opaque chimney carrying a round glass window on one
side. The pencil of light passes through the window, and also a
vertical slit in the case, falls upon the mirror connected with the
needle, and is reflected back upon the cylindrical lens, which
concentrates the rays in a point. This follows the motion of the
mirror and thus impresses upon the sensitized paper the curves

12

which measure the electrical potential of the air. A shutter suit-
ably geared from the clock intercepts for four minutes, every
alternate hour, the passage of the light, the gaps marking a time
scale on the paper. During the same the quadrants are put
to earth and thus discharged. The mirror then reverts to the
zero line and commences a new trace. The readings are reduced
to absolute measurements by multiplying by the factor of the
instrument.

This electrograph is like the one at Greenwich observatory.- It
is the latest and most improved of Sir William Thomson's instru-
ments, and is most valuable and useful for accurately measuring
potentials, and extremely so for the observation of atmospheric
electricity. No instrument is more ingeniously contrived, deli-
cately arranged and capable of producing continuous photographic
records than this one. Few of these electrographs are in operation.
Some of the observatories of Europe are supplied with an old
form of the instrument. In ttie observatories of Montsouris and
Kew, especially the latter, the instrument has no gauge and no
replenisher, and each pair of quadrants is connected with thirty
or more cells, and the needle receives its charge direct from the
atmosphere. But with the latest improved instrument no such
battery is required. Its potential is controlled by delicate arrange-
ments, and the needle is charged through the acids in the jar.
While parts of this instrument may be found in the different labo-
ratories of our institutions, it is thought that the electrograph at
Amherst is the only complete one of its kind in this country.

Arrangements were made with the Signal Office at Washington
for furnishing this observatory with the "official forecasts and
cold-wave warnings," but the expense of obtaining the telegrams
from the office was so great that it was thought proper to wait
until funds could be obtained sufficient to place telegraph instru-
ments in the observatory, and thus be able to communicate directly
with the central office at AVashington. This can be done at an
expense of less than two hundred and fifty dollars, for the United
States government will pay for all telegraph service. It is there-
fore recommended that money be appropriated for this purpose, in
order that a complete signal station may be established at the
college.

Respectfully submitted,

C. D. Warner.

13

TREASURER'S REPORT.

Ajstnual Statement of the Hatch Fund
For the year ending June 30, 1890.

Cash received from the United States

,

$15,000 00

Casli paid, salary,

$5,266 58

lilirary.

305 54

labor, .

3,994 03

postage,

53 40

freight, express,

43 15

printing,

897 72 ■

building,

366 89

furniture, .

159 34

supplies.

985 81

scientiflciustruments,

582 41

general fittings, .

782 05

travelling expenses, .

104 90

incidental expenses.

1,512 18

$15,000 00

Franiv E. Paige, Treasurer.

Amherst, Mass., Jan. 3, 1891.

I, the undersigned, duly appointed auditor for the corporation, do hereby
certify that I have examined the books and accounts of the Hatch
Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College for the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1890, and have found the same well kept and
correctly classified as above ; and that the receipts for time named are
shown to be $15,000.00 and the corresponding disbursements $15,000.00.
All of the proper vouchers are on file and have been by me examined and
found correct, there being no balance to be accounted for in the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1890.

(Signed) J. H. Demond, Auditor.

Amherst, Mass., Jan 3, 1891.
I hereby certify that the foregoing is a true copy from the books of
account of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agri-
cultural College.

Frank E. Paige, Treasurer.

Amherst, Mass., Jan. 8, 1891.
I hereby certify that Frank E. Paige is the treasurer of the Massachu-
setts Agricultural College, and that the above is his signature.

Heney H. Goodell,

[Seal] President dlassacJiusetts Agricultural College.

FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION

[assat^us^tts i^grrcitltural MUql

January, 1892.

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION

OP THE

Massachusetts Agricultural College,

AMHERST, MASS.

At the organization of the Experiment Station of the Massachu-
setts Agricaltural College under the provisions of the Hatch Bill, it
was decided to name it the "Hatch Experiment Station of the
Massachusetts Agricultural College," in order to distinguish it from
the State Agricultural Experiment Station, already located on the
college grounds, but having no connection with it.

Its officers are : —

Henry H. Goodell,
William P. Brooks,
Samuel T. Maynard, .
Charles H. Fernald, .
Clarence D. Warner, .
William M. Shepardson,
Henry J. Field, .

Director.
Agriculturist.
Horticxdtiirist.
Entomologist. J
Meteorologist.
Assistant Horticulturist.
Assistant Agriculturist.

The co-operation and assistance of farmers, fruit-growers, horti-
culturists and air interested, directly or indirectly, in agriculture, are
earnestly requested. Communications may be sent to the director or
to any of the officers in charge.

The Experoient Department.

At no period in the history of the station has its influence
been more widely felt, or its work more fully appreciated by
the farmers of the Commonwealth. The divisions, particularly
of horticulture and entomology, have been overwhelmed with
correspondence.

Five bulletins, in editions of eleven thousand, have been
issued during the year on the foUowiug topics : —

Directions for the use of fungicides and insecticides.
Experiments in greenhouse heating, over versus under bench
piping.

Special fertilizers for plants under glass.

Report on varieties of strawberries.
Report on varieties of blackberries and raspberries.
Report on fertilizers for corn.
■ Report on strength of rennet.
Report on hay caps.
Report on Flandres oats.
Report on prevention of potato rot.
Report on fungicides and insecticides on fruits.
Report on seventeen of the more common injurious insects.

In addition to the above, a monthly bulletin, in a limited
edition of three hundred co})ies, has been issued, covering the
entire meteorological data for each day.

The analyses performed for this department by the State
experiment station during the past three years are herewith
sulimitted in tabulated form : —

1889.

1890.

1891.

Ash analj-sis, ....

1

1

2

Fertilizer analysis,

11

25

24

Fodder and ash analysis, .

71

121

68

Fodder analysis, ....

0

24

6

JNIilk analysis, ....

0

62

2

Detevraination of rennet value, .

18

18

0

Determination of sug-ar, .

20

0

0

Moisture determination, .

11

106

459

Moisture and starch determination,

0

0

45

Fungicides and insecticides,

5

15

10

The burning, April 5, 1891, of the barn erected for experi-
ment i)urposes, together with the loss of valuable data and
materials, has proved a serious hindrance to the work under-
taken in the agricultural division. It is now being rebuilt, and
will be completed in time for the next season's operations.

The specific work of the different divisions during the year
is brieily summarized in the reports of the several officers, here-
with submitted : —

Plate 1

l.V

■^f>

Drawn by JosepK Bridghani .

GYPSY MOTH.

Helioiype Printing Co. Boston

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I

GYPSY MOTH (Ocneria dispar, L.)

Fig. I. — Female with the wings spread.
2. — Female with the wings folded.
3. — Male with the wings spread.
4. — Male with the wings folded.
5. — Pupa.
6. — Caterpillar.

Full grown.

7. — Caterpillar.

8. — Cluster of eggs on bark.

9. — Several eggs enlarged.

10. — One egg greatly enlarged.

The Entomological Division.

The life-history of the bud moth (Tmetocera ocellana) has
been completed and published in Bulletin No. 12, together with
methods for its destruction. In the same bulletin were also
published, with illlustrations, the life-histories of spittle insects,
the squash bug, the pea weevil, the bean weevil, the May beetle,
the plum curculio, the onion maggot, the cabbage butterfly,
the apple-tree tent caterpillar, the forest tent caterpillar, the
stalk-borer, the pyramidal grape-vine caterpillar, the grape-
vine moth, the codling moth, the cabbage-leaf miner and the
gartered plume moth.

The studies on cranberry insects have been continued during
the summer at the insectary, and also on the bogs of Barnstable
and Plymouth counties during the months of July and August.
The work has not been completed, but a preliminary bulletin
on the subject wnll soon be issued. Experiments were per-
formed with Paris green and London purple on cranberry vines,
to determine how large an amount may be used without injury
to the vines, and also how small an amount will prove
destructive to the vine worm, the results of which will appear
in the preliminary bulletin.

A series of experiments was performed with Paris green on
ay)ple-trees, to ascertain what conditions of weather cause the
Paris green to aflect the foliage the most unfavorably.

Experiments w^ere made with kerosene emulsion on red
spiders and plant lice on rose bushes.

A series of experiments was made to ascertain the smallest
proportion of Paris green in water that would kill apple-tree
tent caterpillars in their different molts, and also what propor-
tion would prove the most successful in destroying them.

Six Barnard moth traps were kept in the garden and orchard
during the season. From these the insects were taken each
day and determined, in order to ascertain whether the beneficial
efi'ect of the traps in collecting injurious insects was ofiset by
the number of useful insects destroyed.

The work on the card catalogue of insects and also on the
biological 'collection for the insectary has been continued as
time and circumstances permitted.

Much time has been given to the scientific supervision of the
work of destroying the gypsy moth in the eastern part of the

6

Sto.te. This insect was accidentally introduced into Medford
twenty-three years ago, and has spread from that place till it
has now been found in more than twenty towns and cities.
The moths emerge from the pupal stage in July, and, after
mating, the female (plate 1, figs. 1 and 2) lays her eggs (figs.
9 and 10, enlarged), in a cluster on the bark of trees (fig. 8)
and in various other places. These egg clusters are covered
with very fine yellowish hairs from the under side of the abdomen
of the female, and do not hatch till the following May. As soon
as the eggs hatch, the young caterpillars feed on the leaves of
nearly all species of plants, and have proved especially injurious
to fruit and ornamental trees. They grow rapidly and reach
maturity in about six weeks, when they vary somewhat in size
and appearance, as shown in figs. 6 and 7. They then change
to the pupal stage (fig. 5) and in about two weeks the moths
emerge. The males (figs. 3 and 4) differ from the females
both in size and color.

During the past season several different species of parasites
have been discovered attacking the gypsy moth, and these have
been collected and referred to the best authorities for deter-
mination. Some of them prove to be new to science, while
others are amono^ the most useful in holdino- our common native
insects in check.

This is undoubtedly one of the most dangerous insect pests
that has threatened our Commonwealth and country, and every
possible measure should be adopted for its destruction. For
two years past the State has made appropriations for the exter-
mination of this insect, and most vigorous efforts are being
made in the infested towns to accomplish this purpose. It is
highly important that our citizens in all parts of the Common-
wealth should be able to recognize the insect in each of its
stages, so that, if it should be found in any new localities, it
may be reported to the gypsy moth committee in Maiden,
Mass.

To aid in recognizing this insect the plate given herewith has
been prepared, and also twenty-four boxes, each containing a
cluster of the eggs, three diff'erent sizes of the caterpillars
inflated, a pupa, a male and a female moth with ' the wings
spread and one of each with the wings closed, have been put
on exhibition in the infested towns for the information of the
people.

The Meteorological Division.

The work in the Meteorological department has been a con-
tinuation of that begun in previous years. The object for which
the observatory was established has been constantly kept in
view ; namely, the gathering of useful meteorological data and
its systematic arrangement, in order to facilitate the study of
climatic changes and their direct bearing upon agriculture. A
careful register of all meteorological phenomena and a full and
minute record of every day since the establishment of the ob-
servatory have been kept for future reference. The impor-
tance of such records must be apparent, for all the peculiarities
of the weather in any locality do not manifest themselves in a
season. Natural conditions change and corresponding results
follow ; extreme drought, copious rains, heavy snows, high and
low mean temperatures are periodical, and occur as the result of
cyclical atmospheric changes. Hence our knowledge of climatic
and recurring local weather changes is not obtained from obser-
vations made for a few years, but accurate and reliable deduc-
tions can only be drawn from data covering at least a period of
half a century.

A careful record of the mean rainfall and temperature at
Amherst has been prepared from the writings of the late Pro-
fessor Snell of Amherst College, who began work in this direc-
tion in 1836, so that the observatory is now in possession of an
unbroken chain of data covering a period of fifty-five years.

Bulletins containing a daily and monthly summary of obser-
vations are issued every month, and at the close of each year a
summary for the twelve months is prepared ; thus the more
important results are placed in a condensed and useful form.
The bulletins are sent to meteorological societies and signal
stations in the various States, also to voluntary observers and
other individuals who may apply for them.

In addition to the regular routine work of the observatory,
a series of experiments with dynamical electricity and its
influence upon vegetable growth has been undertaken. These
experiments have been in progress for two years, and further
observation will be made in this direction. J^reparations are
now in progress for testing various seeds, submitted to the
influence of electric currents of different degrees of intensity,

8

before planting, to ascertain whether seeds thus treated
develop more rapidly in the soil, or whether their vitality is
partial!}^ or wholly destroyed. For the lack of funds, experi-
ments in this department must necessarily be carried on in
a small, economical and inexpensive way, and the latter is
often a detriment to the best results. It is hoped that means
will soon be provided whereby more elaborate field experi-
ments can be made concerning the direct and indirect influ-
ence of atmospheric electricity upon the growth and develop-
ment of plants.

Since the agricultural department assumed charge of the
weather bureau, the hearty co-operation of voluntary observers
has been solicited, and daily forecasts and storm warnings
promised to all those in country places who would display
flags. That the movement is a wise and important one cannot
be questioned, for many cases already can be cited where
valuable crops have been saved from destruction through the
timely warnings of the signal service ; and it is the desire of
the latter that these oflficial forecasts should reach the remote as
well as the more accessible agricultural districts. While this
may not be fully realized, yet a great deal can be done toward
furthering the work, and important service rendered the farmer
in helping him to protect his crops. It seems proper that the
observatory, situated as it is on the college grounds, in a rich
and fertile agricultural section, should be provided with the
necessar}^ means for communicating storm and frost warnings
to the surrounding fiirmers.

It was recommended in the last annual report of this depart-
ment that money be appropriated for flags used for signalling
and telegraph instruments to be placed in the observatory, that
direct communication might be had with the Weather Bureau
at Washington. The expense of such equipment has been
estimated at two hundred and fifty dollars. Arrangements were
also made with the authorities at the central office to furnish
this department with the oflicial weather forecasts twice daily,
and free of charge.

The Agrimdiural Division.

The Japanese millets mentioned in the last annual report, to-
gether with two other species of millet and a number of varie-
ties of Soja bean, have been under further trial. The millets

9

show remarkable cropping capacity. Panicum italicum in half-
acre plots has yielded in one instance at the rate of seventy-
two bushels of heavy seed and two and one-sixth tons of straw,
and in another at the rate of seventy-six bushels of seed and
two and one fifth tons of straw per acre. This straw will be
analyzed, but from its appearance it is judged that it must equal
corn stover in feeding value. An experiment in feeding will
be undertaken this winter. Another vcnWet, Panicum cims g alii,
yielded at the rate of forty-two and a half bushels of seed and
nearly seven tons of straw to the acre ; and another, Panicum
miliaceum, at the rate of ninety and eight-tenths bushels of seed
and six and one-half tons of straw. The latter when green was
eaten with all the avidity which cattle usually show for green
corn fodder, and promises to be a valuable crop for soiling or
for the silo.

Several of the varieties of Soja bean, Glycine Jiisjjida,
which have been under cultivation, prove well adapted to our
soil and climate, and on soil of medium quality have yielded in
different years from about twenty-five to thirty-five bushels to
the acre. About eight bushels of these beans were ground into
a fine meal by the local miller last winter, and an experiment
in feeding the meal to milch cows would have been undertaken,
had not the destruction of our barn by fire prevented. This
experiment will be undertaken the present winter, upon a
smaller scale, made necessary by the loss of our stock of seed.

White mustard seed at the rate of about sixteen bushels per
acre has been raised, and was ripe in season for use in seeding
for green manuring upon stubble land and in standing corn.
Careful experiments in the use of this crop as a nitrogen con-
server and soil improver have lieen begun.

Hemp of two varieties and flax of three have been success-
fully raised ; but the experiment with flax, which occupied
three-fourths of an acre, has demonstrated the impossibility, at
present prices, of growing the crop at a profit in this section.

Black Tartarian oats and early race-horse oats from Japan,
and a large number of varieties of English and American
wheats, both winter and spring, have been under trial upon a
small scale. The most striking point brought out by these
trials is the unsuitability of English wheats for this climate.
They are very late and unusually susceptible to rust. Full
reports on these crops will be published in future bulletins.

10

The soil tests with fertilizers for corn in twelve localities of
the State reported in Bulletin No. 14 confirm in a striking
manner the conclusions presented in Bulletin No. 9. Both sets
of experiments indicate the necessity of more potash than is
usually employed for the growth of this crop, The grand
average increase in hard corn and stover per acre in 1890, tak-
ing all experiments into account, was as follows : —

For potash, hard corn, 11.3 bushels ; . stover, 1,308 pounds.

For phosphoric acid, hard corn, 4.7 bushels ; stover, 389 pounds.
For nitrogen, hard coi-n, 3.6 bushels ; . stover, 162 pounds.

Similar soil tests have been carried out in five localities this
year with oats and potatoes. They show that oats, in particu-
lar, difler in a marked degree in their requirements from corn,
being greatly benefited by an application of nitrogen in the
form ot nitrate of soda.

The soil tests of two years having led to the conclusion that
potash should be more largely used both with fertilizers and
manures for corn, experiments have been carried out to test
the correctness of this conclusion. In two experiments, occu-
pying one-half an acre each, manure alone, applied at the rate
of $30 worth per acre, gave at the rate of about 57 and 56
bushels respectively of corn, and 3,840 and 3,800 pounds of
stover per acre; while manure and potash, applied at the rate
of $17.50 worth per acre, gave crops of about 54 and 52
bushels respectively of corn, and 3,780 and 3,660 pounds of
stover per acre. The larger application ( double ) of manure
alone gave slightly the larger yields ; but the difference was by
no means sufficient to pay for the larger amount of manure
used. The difference in cost of manures was $12.50 ; in crops,
about three bushels of corn and one hundred pounds of stover.
An experiment with fertilizers, to test the conclusion alluded
to above, was carried out upon another half acre. Fertilizers
containing the average amounts of nitrogen, potash, and phos-
phoric acid found in six special corn fertilizers in the market,
and costing $13.66, gave a crop at the rate of about 55 bushels
of hard corn and 4,100 pounds of stover ; while a fertilizer with
less nitrogen and phosphoric acid and much more potash, and
costing $10.70, gave at the rate of 56 bushels of corn and 4,300
pounds of stover, — a slightly superior crop at considerably less

11

cost. A similar experiment with millet occupied another half
acre, and this also showed the superiority of the cheaper com-
bination of fertilizers.

The two experiments with fertilizers just alluded to were
designed to serve also as a basis for comparison of millet and
corn as grain crops. The millet yielded at the rate of about
seventy-five bushels of seed and two tons of straw per acre ;
the corn fifty-six bushels of grain and a little over two tons of
stover. The cost of labor Avas the greater for the millet ; but
until the crops are analyzed it is impossible to make an exact
comparison. The millet has been ground, and makes an excel-
lent meal.

The grand average of the milk analyses of the two samples
(morning and night) of the milk of all the cows in our herd
made in December, 1890, was 13.17 per cent, total solids and
4.11 per cent, fat, thus being a little above the legal standard
in this State. The milk of the Ayrshires (six cows) averaged
13.29 per cent, solids and 3.78 per cent, fat; Holstein-
Friesians (five cows), 12.10 per cent, solids, 3.26 per cent,
fat; Shorthorns (four cows), 13.19 per cent, solids, 4.04 per
cent, fat; Jerseys (three cows), 13.91 per cent, solids, 4.96
per cent, fat ; Guernsey (one cow), 16.36 per cent, solids, 6.79
per eent. fat; grades (twenty-one cows), 13.23 per cent,
solids, 4.18 per cent. fat.

Horticultural Division.

The work of this division has been carried on according to
the plans made at the beginning of the year, the results of
which have been published in full, or in part, in the quarterly
bulletins.

In Bulletin No. 11 are given the results of the use of fungi-
cides and insecticides combined, for the destruction of insects
and fungous growths attacking the same kinds of crops. In
Bulletin No. 13 is given full instruction for the use of fungi-
cides, and also fungicides and insecticides, when they can be
successfully and economically combined, based upon the work
of this station and the facts estaVjlished by workers in the same
line connected with other stations.

During the past season duplicate experiments have been con-
ducted by responsible parties in different parts of the State, and,

12

as far as results have been reported, many important facts
have been obtained. The object of this work has been two-
fold : first, to increase the certainty of accurate results by
having the work done by specialists, and in different parts of the
State ; and second, to extend as much as possible the knowledge
of the methods of using fungicides and insecticides.

Among the results obtained the past season from all sources
are the followins; : —

It has been demonstrated beyond question that the apple
crop can be saved from serious injury by the apple scab, and
the injury from the larva3 of the codling moth can be largely
prevented.

That the rotting of the fruit of the peach and plum before
full}^ ripe can be largely prevented, but in the use of copper
salts on the peach foliage very dilute solutions must be made.

That the pear and plum leaf blight can also be largely
prevented, and that the plum wart, so destructive to our plum
trees, can be prevented.

That the potato blight, and the rot that soon follows, can be
largely prevented by using solutions of copper, and that, by
the use of Paris green in the same mixture, the potato beetles
are more certainly and economically destroyed than in any
other way.

Extensive experiments have been made in protecting peach
buds from injury by cold ; but, as the buds unprotected were
not injured, no results were obtained the past season. We
have, however, demonstrated that large trees, w^hich have not
been especially prepared for the purpose, can be laid down
upon the ground at a very small expense and without injury.

In the green-houses, the testing of the over-bench piping, as
compared with the under-bench, resulted somewhat in favor of
the latter, although the comparison for one season only is not
sufficient to establish the matter beyond a doubt.

The results of the comparative tests of the leading varieties
of fruits have been of much interest. Among the apples, the
Haas has proved for several years to be a very productive,
hardy and handsome autumn apple of good quality, and the
Excelsior peach, although medium in size, is of fine quality,
and for the past five or six years has proved more hardy than
any other variety. Among the plums, the Abundance, one of

13

the Japanese varieties, is very fine in quality, of good size, and
very productive.

The one grape that stands out as having especially valuable
qualities, among the many new kinds, is the "Winchell"or
" Green Mountain." This is a very early, green grape of
medium size and growth of vine, but of very fine quality, and,
so far, free from disease.

Among the small fruits, the red raspberry known as
Thompson's Early Prolific has proved the earliest variety upon
the grounds. It is hardy, of vigorous growth and good quality,
and, if it proves as productive as the Cuthbert or Marlboro, it
will be one of our most valuable varieties. Of the strawber-
ries, those taking the highest rank are the " Beder Wood" and
"Parker Earle," the first a very early, perfect-flowered variety,
valuable for home use or market, grown in the matted row or
in the hill, and the second a late variety, growing naturally in
hills, yet producing runners enough for its rapid propagation.

An efibrt is being made to test all the new varieties of large
and small fruits, and such of the vegetables and flowers as may
be sent to us for trial, but with limited means this is all that it
has seemed advisable to undertake. The testins; of all varie-
ties of vegetables and flowers, in a comparative way, is of great
importance to the people who cannot afibrd to spend the time
and money necessary for this work.

One of the pleasant duties connected with the work of this
department has been answering the numerous questions sent to
us upon all horticultural subjects, and receiving reports of the
interesting results obtained by those who are experimenting in
a private way. All such questions or reports of results are
earnestly solicited, and full credit will be given to the parties
communicating them.

14

TREASUEER'S REPORT.

Annual Statement of the

Hatch Fund.

For the Year Ending June 30, 1891.

Cash received from the United States,

$15,000 00

Cash j)aid, salary, ....

$6,885 80

library, .

580 02

labor.

1,6.97 00

freight and express.

111 27

■^

printing.

1,681 45

\ ,

incidentals,

1,980 72

\/'

supplies,

1,238 66

|i

general fittings.

199 15

1

scientific insti'uments,

381 80

postage, .

37 46

furniture.

96 05

travelling expenses,

110 62

115,000 00

Amherst, Mass., Jan. 2, 1892.
I, the undersigned, duly appointed auditor for the corporation, do hereby
certify that I have examined the books and accounts of the Hatch Experi-
ment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College for the fiscal year .
ending June 30, 1891, and have found the same well kept and correctly**^!
classified as above ; and that the receijjts for time named are shown to be *
$15,000, and the corresponding disbursements f 15,0dQ, All of the proper
vouchers are on file, and have been by me examined and found correct,
tJiere being no balance to be accounted for in the fiscal year ending June
30, 1891. J. Howe Demond, Auditor.

Cash received for insurance on buildings and contents burned

dui'ing the year, belonging to the station, . • . . . $3,470 00
Cash paid out for rebuilding, 1,624 63

fl,845 37

Jan. 2, 1892.
This is to certify that I have this day examined the accounts of the cash
received and paid on money received for insurance on Hatch Agricultural
building, and find balance of cash on hand of $1,845.37.

J. Howe Demond, Auditor.

I hereby certify that the foregoing is a true copy from the books of
account of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural
College. Frank E. Paige, Treasurer.

I hereb}' certify that Frank E. Paige is the treasurer of the Massachusetts
Agricultural College, and that the above is his signature.
[Seal.] Henry H. Goodell,

President Massachusetts Agricultural College,

FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT

or THE

HATCH P]XPER1MENT STATION

OF THE 1 /

Utassat^usetts |igrkulturul CoKcge.

January. 1893.

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION

OF THE

Massachusetts Agricultural College,

AMHERST, MASS.

At the organization of the Experiment Station of the
Massachusetts Agricultural College under the provisions of
the Hatch Bill, it was decided to name it the " Hatch Exper-
iment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College,"
in order to distinguish it from the State Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, already located on the college grounds, but
having no connection with it.

Its oflBcers are : —

Henry H. Goodell, LL.D.,
William P. Brooks, B.Sc,
Samuel T. Maynard, B.Sc,
Charles H. Fernald, Ph.D.,
Clarence D. Warner, B.Sc,
William M. Shepardson, B.Sc,
Malcolm A. Carpenter, B.Sc, .
Henry M. Thomson, B.Sc,

Director.
Agriculturist.
Horticulturist, y
Entomologist. V
Meteorologist.
Assistant Horticulturist.
Assistant Horticulturist.
Assistant Agriculturist.

The co-operation and assistance of farmers, fruit-growers,
horticulturists and all interested, directly or indirectly, in
agriculture, are earnestly requested. Communications may
be sent to the director or to any of the officers in charge.

Four bulletins, in editions of eleven thousand, have been
published during the year, on the following subjects : —

148

No. 16. Electro-culture, and experiments with lettuce under the

influence of dynamical electricity.
No. 17. Experiments with fungicides and insecticides.

Testing new varieties of grapes and peaches.

Protection of peach buds.

Amount of copper on sprayed fruit.

Siberian crab as a stock.

Girdling grape vines.

Report of spraying apparatus.
No. 18. Fertilizers for potatoes, oats and corn.

Use of muriate of potash with manures for corn.

" Special corn fertilizer " versus fertilizer rich in potash.

Comparison of corn and millet as grain crops.

Proximate composition of potatoes as affected by fer-
tilizers.

Report on oats, hemp, flax, English wheats, Japanese
millets and beans.
No. ID. The gypsy moth.

Barnard's insect trap.

Effect of damp weather on Paris green in burning foliage.

Kerosene emulsion as an insecticide for plant lice and
red spiders on rose bushes.

Formula for preparation of kerosene emulsion.

Amount of Paris green to be used in showering apple
trees.

The cranberry insects.

From the meteorological division, a monthly report, in an
edition of four hundred copies, has been issued, covering all
meteorological phenomena for each day. Expensive addi-
tions have been made to the apparatus, with a view to secur-
ing more complete results.

In the agricultural division, the barn destroyed by fire in
1891 has been replaced by one more commodious in every
respect, and better adapted for purposes of experiment.

The work of the different divisions during the year is
briefly outlined in the reports of the several officers herewith
submitted : —

The Entomological Division.

Two bulletins have been issued from this division during the
past year. The first. No. 19, contains the history and description
of the gypsy moth in all its stages, illustrated with six plates, one

149

of them in colors, and one a map showing the distribution of the
insect ; a description of Barnard's monitor moth trap, with an
iUustration ; an account of experiments with Paris green on apple
trees and tent caterpillars, and also with kerosene emulsion on
plant lice and red spiders ; and a paper on cranberry insects, with
illustrations of the tip worm, the vine worm and the fruit worm.
The second bulletin, No. 20, contains a brief history of the canker
worms, the apple tree tent caterpillar, fall web-worm and the
tussock-moths, with directions for their destruction.

A Beneficial Fly.

On several occasions we have received at the insectary a long,
slim, worm-like larva, found under carpets, and supposed to be
injurious to woolen fabrics. This larva is about eleven-sixteenths
of an inch in length, as large as an ordinary pin in the middle, and
gradually tapering towards each end. The head is conical, nearly
twice as long as broad, and of a reddish-brown color, while the
body is whitish translucent, and together with the head comprises
apparently twenty-one segments. There are a few short hairs on
the head, and on each side of the three following segments. There
are also a few hairs on the twentieth segment, and a pair of anal
prolegs on the last segment, which is smaller and shorter than tbe
one before it, and easily overlooked.

This larva proves to be the young of a fly long known in Europe
by the name of Scenoj^iniis fenestralis Linn., and was redescribed
in this country by Say under the name of Scenopimia palUpes, and
by this name it was figured and described by Dr. Packard in his
" Guide to the Study of Insects " (page 401). The adult fly is
about one-fifth of an inch in length, metallic-black in color, with
dull yellowish-brown legs and slightly gray wings.

The larva of this insect was generally supposed to feed in rotten
wood, and was also thought to be destructive to carpets ; but it is
now known that it is carniverous, and feeds upon other insects.
Professor Lintner reports that they feed on the larvtv of clothes
moths, and this observation has also been made by others. We
have lately discovered that they feed on the larvae of the Buffalo
carpet beetle, and I have one before me feeding on carpet beetles.
Some time ago I kept two of the larvte in a bottle with a piece of
flannel, but both died, and I could not discover that they ate the
flannel or injured it in any way. This little fly, being destructive
both to clothes moths and carpet beetles, is a friend to house-
keepers, and therefore should not be destroyed.

150

A Destructive Cut-ivorm.

For several years past we have received specimens of a cut-worm
which has proved very injurious to the grass fields iu many locali-
ties. This caterpillar is about one and three-fourths inches in
length when full grown, and quite stout, tapering slightly from the
middle towards each end. The head and top of the second
segment are very dark brown, and the body of a glossy bronze-
green color, with lighter longitudinal stripes. They feed by night
on corn, grasses and knotweed, i^emaining concealed during the
day under pieces of boards or in any other convenient hiding place.
They pass the winter as partly grown caterpillars, and specimens
bred at the insectary reached their full growth and pupated August
4, and the moths emerged September 2, of the second year.

The moth belongs to the great family Noctuidm, which includes
the army worm and a host of other noxious insects, and is known
by the name of Neplielodes minians Guen. A fuller account of it
will be published at some future time in one of the bulletins.

A series of experiments was conducted, during the early part of
the summer, on the gypsy moth, to ascertain whether this insect
can be wholly exterminated with Paris green. The proportion
used in each case was one pound of Paris green to one hundred
and fifty gallons of water. This was sprayed upon branches of an
apple tree, and the caterpillars of the gypsy moth in their different
stages of growth were placed on the leaves. From these experi-
ments we learn that the newly hatched caterpillars can live on
poisoned leaves from four to six days ; just before the first molt,
from one to seven days ; between the first and second molts, from
one to two days ; between the second and third molts, from one to
seven days ; between the third and fourth molts, from one to
twelve days ; between the fourth and fifth molts, from three days
to two weeks or more ; or, in other words, the experiments verify
the field observations on this insect in Maiden, namely, that Paris
green seems effective in reducing their numbers, but it does not
appear that all the caterpillars on a tree can possibly be destroyed ;
for in these experiments, where the leaves were sprayed more
evenly and effectually than it could be done on tall trees in the
field, some of the caterpillars lived long enough for all the Paris
green to be washed from the leaves. All the puptfi that came
from the poison-fed caterpillars were kept, and from the majority
of them the moth successfully emerged, showing that, in their
cases at least, they had not taken poison enough to prevent them
from completing their transformations. These experiments prove

151

beyond a doubt that we cannot rely upon Paris green for the ex-
termination of the gypsy moth, but that other measures must be
used in connection with it.

The work on the card catalogue of the literature of the insects
of the United States has been pushed forward as rapidly as possi-
ble, and the final copying is about one-third done.

The biological collection has been increased by a large number
of inflated caterpillars, and insectss of all orders have been collected
as time permitted. A similar collection has been commenced for
the gypsy moth committee.

The correspondence at the insectary has grown to such propor-
tions as to consume a large amount of time, although we have
declined to answer letters on entomological matters from other
States.

The Agricultural Division.

The Japanese varieties of millets which have been alluded to in
previous reports have been under trial this year, both as forage
and seed crops. The yield of seeds has been smaller than in
previous years ; viz., in the case of PanicKin itallcmn, fifty-five
bushels ; Panicum cnis galli, sixty-nine bushels ; and Panicum
miliaceam., twenty-eight bushels, per acre The analysis of the
meal manufactured from the seed of the first shows it to resemble
oats very closely in composition, and an experiment in feeding it
to cows for milk in comparison with corn meal has shown it to be
slightly superior to the latter for that purpose. The yield of straw
is heavy, amounting to one and one-half tons per acre, and an
experiment in feeding it indicates that it is even superior to corn
stover for milk production. The food value of the product of an
acre in millet has often exceeded the food value of an equal area
of similar land in corn ; but if threshed by hand the increased
labor cost is out of all proportion to the excess in value. It may
pay to raise the seed under favorable conditions for market, when
it should be machine threshed ; but as a grain crop it cannot com-
pete with corn under the conditions existing here.

The seed of this variety was sold to a large number of farmers
in this State last spring, all of them trying it as a forage crop.
Those sowing the seed in sufficient quantity and at the right time
report themselves generally well pleased with the results.

Both of the other species have been tried here as forage crops,
one acre of each having been grown. The yield of the two was
not very different, amounting, in the case of the miliacemn, or
'• panicle " millet, to ten and three-fifths tons ; while the cms galli,

152

or " crow foot" millet, gave ten and one-half tons per acre. One-
fourth acre of each was fed green to cows, with very satisfactory
results. It would appear to be fully equal to good corn fodder,
and is more closely eaten, there being absolutely no waste. The
crop from three-fourths of an acre of each variety was put into a
silo, which has not yet been opened. I consider these very
promising fodder crops for the purposes for which we have used
them, but not for making into hay, as they are too coarse for that
purpose.

Three varieties of soya beans have been under cultivation.
These have given yields of from about twenty-two to twenty-eight
bushels per acre. It is significant that the yield has been greatest
where the tubercles which are connected with the assimilation of
atmospheric nitrogen were most abundant. The cause for the
wide differences noticed in the number of tubercles upon the roots
in different fields will be studied another season. At present we
are unable to determine whether these differences were due to
variety of b^an, or to location ; though it is believed that the fact
that soya beans had previously been grown where the tubercles
were this year most abundant is a sufficient explanation of the
phenomena noticed, for this would mean a greater number of
germs in the soil, as the certain consequence of the previous culti-
vation of the crop upon which the tubercle bacilli develop.

The large white Japanese radish has been under trial as a field
crop. This seed is generally sold in this country under the name
Chinese radish, as the Chinese as well as the Japanese make
extensive use of this root as food. The crop can have no impor-
tance here for this purpose, as its flavor is too strong ; but it is of
possible value as a crop for cattle or sheep. It grows in about
the same length of time as the larger English turnips, and gives a
heavy yield. Although our seed was far from the best, we got in
different fields from fifteen to twenty-two tons per acre. Sheep
and cattle eat it greedily, and its food value is probably about the
same as that of English turnips. It will be analyzed for the
determination of this point.

Small areas of hemp and flax of several varieties have been
successfully grown, but do not promise to be profitable. White
mustard gave us at the rate of twelve and one-half bushels of seed
to the acre, the yield being very light, on account of injury from
worms at the root while the plants were growing. This crop is
under careful experiment as a nitrogen conserver and soil im-
prover.

So-called "mammoth spring" rye offered for sale by a Con-

153

necticut seedsman proves to be utterly worthless. The seed is a
mixture of wheat with a grain that has the appearance of being a
hybrid between wheat and rye. The growth is very feeble and
the yield exceedingly light.

A feeding experiment, designed to throw light upon the compar-
ative value for milk production of silage and mangolds, has been
carefully carried out. This experiment was tried with four new-
milch cows, and was continued for twelve weeks (four periods of
three weeks each) , with every precaution to insure reliable results.
The silage was made from Longfellow corn, generally well glazed
when cut. Thirty pounds of this, together with suitable amounts
of hay, stover and mixed grain feed, were fed against forty pounds
of sliced mangolds and equal amounts of hay, etc. The cows gave
more milk and more cream when receiving silage, and gained
weight, while they lost weight when receiving the beets. The
figures for the four cows during eight weeks (the last two weeks
only of each of the three-weeks periods being taken into account)
are as follows : —

For beets: milk, 2,787 pounds; cream, 840 spaces.
For silage : milk, 2,908 pounds ; cream, 849 spaces.

It will generally cost from one and one-half to two times as
much to produce beets as corn silage, and the former is much the
more uncertain crop of the two. The superior economy of corn
for the silo over beets as a food for milk production thus becomes
sufficiently evident.

As in previous years, soil tests with fertilizers in different parts
of the State have engaged a large share of attention. In Bulletin
No. 18 are reported the results of nine such experiments, — two
with oats, five with potatoes and two with corn.

The results with corn are confirmatory of the conclusions of
previous years, and indicate the great advantage of a liberal use
of potash when sod land of medium fertility is broken for this
crop.

For potatoes, too, the potash exerts the most marked effect upon
the crop. The grand average increase for the five experiments
reported is as follows : —

lUishels.

For nitrogen : merchantable potatoes, . . . . 10.74
For phosphoric acid : merchantable potatoes, . . 10.11
For potash : merchantable potatoes, . . . . 41.. 5.5

154

The nitrate of soda produced a marked effect upon the oats in
these experiments, and, except upon land already quite rich, its use
in small amount in spring would probably be generally profitable.

The influence of fertilizer upon the quality of potatoes was
studied in connection with the soil tests reported in Bulletin No. 18.
A large number of chemical analyses were made for this purpose.
The leading indications afforded by these analyses are : —

First. That nitrate of soda and superphosphate are favorable to
starch formation and good quality;

Second. That muriate of potash is distinctly unfavorable to starch
formation ; and

Third. '1 hat manure will produce tubers of better quality tlian a
"complete fertilizer" in whith the potash is in the form of the muriate.

Seven soil test experiments have been carried out the past sea-
son, — two with grass, three with oats, one with corn and one with
soya beans. The results are not fully worked up, but the following
are the leading points indicated : —

First. Potash is the controlling element for the beans and curn ;

Second. Nitrate of soda is beneficial to the oats ;

Third Nitrate of soda greatlj- increases the yield of grass ; and

Fourth Muriate of potash causes a remarkable increase in the pro-
portion of clover in mowings where timothy, red-lop and clover seeds
are sown.

The experiment of growing corn on manure alone, six cords to
the acre, in comparison with corn receiving one-half as much
manure and one hundred and twenty-four pounds of muriate of
potash per acre, has been continued upon the same land as last
year. The results are in favor of the manure alone ; viz. (the
average of two experiments), GO. 5 bushels grain for the manure
and potash, and 69.0 bushels for the manure alone. The average
yields of stover are respectively 4,545 pounds and 5,207 pounds.
The money cost of the manure alone was at the rate of S30 per
acre; that of the manure and potash, $17.50. There is still a
financial advantage (labor not included) of $5.35 in favor of the
half manure and potash ; but it is apparently asking too much to
expect one hundred and twenty-four pounds of muriate of potash
to replace three cords of manure.

A careful comparison of hill and drill culture of corn has been
made, with results slightly in favor of the drill system.

The comparison of special fertilizers, as generally found in our
markets, with a home mixture richer in potash, has been continued
upon the same land as last year. One-half acre has been in corn,

155

and tin eqiuil amount in millet. There is a slight difference in
favor of the special fertilizer in the case of the grain, but an equal
advantage in favor of the fertilizer richer in potash in the case of
the stover in the corn experiment. In the case of the millet the
advantage is with the home mixture both in grain and straw. The
figures are as follows : —

Oiain per Acre.

stover per Acre.

Corn
Mil lot

^Special fertilizer,

(^Ilome mixture, ....

^Special fertilizer,

(glioma mixture, ....

G2.3 bushels.
56.7 bushels
54.3 bushels
56.3 bushels.

4,164 pounds.
4,452 pounds.
2,700 pounds.
3,050 pounds.

The materials in the special fertilizer cost at the rate of $13.66
per acre ; those in the home mixture, ^10.70.

Two experiments have been tried for the comparison of the sul-
phate with the muriate as a source of the potash in fertilizer for
potatoes. In one experiment all the fertilizers were applied broad-
cast, in the other they were broadly scattered in the drill. In both
experiments the results were decidedly in favor of the sulphate.
The yields per acre were as follows : —

Sulphate of Potash.
Broadcast, merchantable tubers, bs5.7 bushels; small tubers, 10 8
bushels.

Drill, nicreliantable tubers, 192.5 bushels; small tubers, 13.5 bushels.

Muriate of Potai^h.
Broadcast, merchantable tubers, 166.6 bushels; small tubers, 13.3
bushels.

Drill, merchantable tubei's, 179.1 bushels ; small tubers, 17.0 bushels»

In these experiments the fertilizers were used in such quantities
as to supply equal amounts of actual potash in each plat, and
together with the potash salts were used suitable amounts of
fertilizers supplying nitrogen and phosphoric acid, the same to each
plat.

In appearance when cooked, and in eating quality, the potatoes
grown upon the sulphate of potash were distinctly and decidedly
better than were those grown upon the muriate. This statement is

156

made upon the independent authority of three parties who tested
them repeatedly, and without knowing in any ease the nature of
the difference between the samples offered for the test.

Experiments witli grass in half and quarter acre plats have been
carried out during the last three years in great number. In these
experiments the plan has been to study the question whether manure
at the local prices, or fertilizers, would afford the more profitable
increase in crop. Manures of various kinds have been used on
from seven to ten plats each year, and in quantities varying from
about three to five cords per acre. Fertilizers in various combina-
tions and amounts have been employed upon about an equal number
of plats. The mateiials used have been muriate of potash, dry
ground fish, dried blood, bone meal and superphosphate. Among
the most satisfactory combinations have been : —

1. Muriate of potash, 160 pounds; dry ground fish, 400 pounds

2. Muriate of potash, 160 pounds ; diy ground fish, 200 pounds ; and
bone meal, 200 pounds.

In these experiments the manure applied has cost on the land
from $15 to $25 per acre. The increase in the crop has been
insuflicient to repay this expenditure. Such applications of fertil-
izers as I have mentioned above can be made for $10 to $12 per
acre, and the increase in crop is sufficient to repay such an ex-
penditure.

The Horticultural Division.

The work of this division has been continued on similar lines to
those of former years, and is outlined as follows : —

Comparison of New and Old Varieties of Fruits.

Among the new varieties of fruits tested, few if any have been
found superior or even equal to the older sorts. Many of them
are very promising, but their real value for New England can only
be determined by several years' tests, and that in more than one
locality.

Taking the old and new varieties together, those that our tests
lead us to pronounce the most valuable for general market and
home use are as follows, given in the order of ripening : —

Apples, — Red Astrachan, (i raven stein, Haas Bahlwin, Rhode Island
Greening, Roxbury Russett.

Pears. — Giftard, Clapjj, Bartlett, Bose, Sheldon, Anjou, Lawrence,
Dana's Hovey.

157

Peaches. — Amsden (on account of hardiness of buds), Early Rivers,
Crawford's Early, Crawford's Late, Mountain Rose, Oldmixon, Crosby
(Excelsior) and Stump.

Plums. — Bradshaw, McLaughlin, Lombard, German Prune.

Quinces — Orange and Rea's Mammoth.

Orapcs — Moore's Early, Wordcn, Concord, Delawai-e, Winchell
(Green Mountain).

Blackberries — Agawam, Snyder, Taylor's, p]rie.

Black-cap Raspberries. — Souhegan or Doolittle, Gregg, Nemeha,
Crawford.

Bed Basjjberries. — Marlborough, Ilansell, Cuthbert.

Curranti. — Versaillaise, Cherry and Fay's Prolitic.

Strawberries. — Beder Wood, Bubach, llaverland, Sharpless.

Fungicides., and Insecticides and Fungicides combined.

Fungous diseases, owing to the dryness of the season, have not
been as prevalent the past as in several preceding seasons, but
mai'ked results were obtained in many experiments. By combining
the Bordeaux mixture with Paris green, the apple scab and the
codling moth were largely destroyed, as was also the potato beetle
and potato blight or rot.

The plum wart was largely prevented by the application of ker-
osene, by the use of copper solutions, and the severe heading in of
the infected trees.

The black or Italian poplar, so badly injured by the poplar rust
for two seasons past, was treated with many kinds of fungicides,
and from the results obtained this season we believe this alarming
disease can be controlled.

The carnation rust, reported in many greenhouses as causing
much injury, has been treated with the Bordeaux mixture and
other fungicides, with very favorable results.

The use of the simple solutions of copper sulphate suggested in
our April bulletin has not been as satisfactory as was anticipated,
the foliage of nearly all kinds of trees and plants having, under
some circumstances, been injured by it.

Experiments in overhead vs. underbench piping have been con-
tinued with about the same results as for the past two years.

Fertilizers for the greenhouse have been experimented with, but
no results have been reached at this time, other than those reported
in previous bulletins.

Spraying AppKLratus.
Many kinds of spraying pumps have been tested, as well as
nozzles and other appliances, and also numerous kinds of fungi-
cides and insecticides, both out doors and under glass ; but we find

158

the best results thus far obtained from the Bordeaux mixture and
ammoniacal carbonate of copper as a fungicide, and Paris green as
an insecticide.

The Meteorological Division.

The line of work previously decided upon in this division has
not been fully performed. The series of experiments in electro-
culture, pursued for a season with encouraging results, has been
delayed ; the necessary apparatus has been purchased and prepa-
rations made, and it is hoped that when the season opens investi-
gation in this direction may be resumed. In other respects there
has been steady progress toward improvement. A fine standard
signal service barometer for verifying the readings of the baro-
graph, and Greeley's " self -starting, self -stopping, ink- writing
telegraph register,'' have been placed in the observatory. The
latter instrument is unique in itself, and designed to record
weather foi'ecasts which at any time may be telegraphed to the
college. The connection, however, between the observatory and
the main line has not been made ; but as soon as this can be
accomplished and preparations for displaying flags completed, the
weather service at Washington will furnish the daily forecasts free.

For taking observations at the base of the tower there" have
been recently purchased a new set of maximum and minimum
thermometers, a portable self-registering anemometer, and Furges-
son's self-recording rain and snow gauge. This new apparatus, in
addition to the valuable appliances already in place, increases the
value of the division, and makes an observatory more fully equipped
with self-recording instruments than any other of its kind in the
country. AVith the present facilities for wofk, and encouraging
prospects ahead, it is hoped that soon the object so long pursued
and the efforts put forth will be realized and appreciated in a well-
established signal station at the college.

A knowledge of the climate is of vital importance to tlie agri-
culturist; extreme periods of heat and cold, early and late frosts,
rainfall and drought, relative humidity, and the ever-changing
conditions of the weather, hold largely in their power the success
and failure of crops and the health and prosperity of the people.
As every locality has a climate peculiar to itself, it is wise that the
meteorology of each section of country should be thoroughly under-
stood. It is with this end in view that the department has under-
taken to study the large amount of most valuable meteorological
data, collected for the last fifty-seven years by the late Professor
Snell (of Amherst College) and the Misses Suell, and bring it into
a more condensed form, that deductions^ can be made and some
definite conclusion drawn as to the mean climate of Amherst.

159

Much ci'edit is due Miss Sabra Snell, who kindly allowed the
writer the use of the valuable records in her charge, which greatly
aided him in arriving at the results herewith submitted. The data
mostly reviewed are those relating to atmospheric pressure, tem-
perature and precipitation in the form of rain and snow. Accom-
panying these results will be found a chart upon which curves are
traced, showing the fluctuations of the mean yearly barometric
pressure, mean annual temperature, mean temperatures of the
summer and winter mouths, and the rain and snow fall for the last
fifty-seven and tifty-two years respectively.

Atmospheric Pressure.

From what has been observed and recorded, we deem it safe to
say that the mean barometric pressure at Amherst (reduced) is
seldom if ever greater than 29.81 inches, or less than 29. G6, the
difference being .15 of an inch. It is found that during fifty-six
years the mean barometer has fallen below 29.70 only nine times,
while it has reached 29.70, or above that point, forty-seven times.

It is also noticed that the first mean recorded was 29.68 ; fifteen
years elapsed before the mean again fell below 29.70 ; three years
intervened, when the mean was again below 29.70 ; two years
later the same occurred, making the cycle of five years complete;
two periods of five years passed, and at the end of each the mean
fell below 29.70; then came a break of three years, after which
another period of five years and a minimum below 29.70, the latter
always occurring on the fifth year or the one following. Fourteen
years have elapsed since the last minimum below 29.70 was
recorded. Thus from the facts above noted it would seem that
the minimum pressures, with few exceptions, occur in cycles, and
that the number of years in these cycles is some multiple, or
very near some multiple, of five. Basing the value of future
expectations on deductions already made, we find the probability
that the mean pressure in inches for each of the next fifty-six
years will be —

At least as high as 29.70

At least as high as 20.72

At least as high as 29.74

At least as high as 29 ;76

At least as high as 29.77

At least as high as 29.78
Above . . .29.78

Tem2:>erature.
In 1830 the mean temperature was 52.70°, and fifty-two years
after the mean was 50.88°. The number of years between these

to be as

47:

:9

to be as

45;

; 11

to be as

33:

;23

to be as

22:

:34

to be as

12;

:44

to be as

7:

:49

to be as

4;

:52

160

two dates is very close to a multiple of six. If we consider the
next lowest maximum, 49.81°, which occurred in 1839, we find
that thirty years afterward the mean again reached above 49°,
namely, 49.17°. Then a period of six years intervened, and a
mean temperature above 49° was recorded for two years in succes-
sion, the true means being 49.12° and 49.47° respectively.
Reckoning from the first of these maxima, we find that just twelve
years elapsed, when the mean temperature was again above 49°,
namely, 50.88°. If we count from the last maximum, we find
twelve years intervened before the same mean was again recorded.
Hence it would seem that the mean temperature from 49° upward
occurred in periods of some multiple, or very near some multiple,
of six.

If we consider the next lowest maximum, viz., 48.85°, we find
that the latter occurred in 1841 ; four years elapsed, when a
yearly mean of 48.02° was recorded. Twenty-four years later the
48° line was crossed, for the mean temperature was 49.17°. The
seventh and eighth years following, the temperature passed the
maximum line in question ; reckoning from the first of these, the
seventh, we find four years later another mean of 48.49° ; reckon-
ing from the second or eighth year, we find in just four years yet
another mean of 48.70° recorded ; that is, two years in succession
the mean temperature was over 48° but less than 49°. Taking the
first of these as our starting point, we find that four years inter-
vened, and the mean temperature of 48.29° occurred ; another four
years passed, and the maximum line was again crossed by the
mean of 50°.

It would seem, therefore, from the above statements, that the
occurrence of a mean temperature of at least 48° appeared in cycles
whose number of years is some multiple of four, with an occasional
exception. As the yearly means approach the mean for fifty-seven
years, that is, 47°, the maximum and minimum points in the curve
occur more irregularly. The numbers forty-five, forty-six and
forty-seven, the integral parts of three means, occur forty -one
times ; that is, the number forty-five appears eight times, the num-
ber forty-six twenty-four times, the number forty-seven nine times,
and there have been thirty-six years during the period under dis-
cussion when the mean yearly temperature was below 47°.

On examining the curve which indicates the mean temperatures
for the winter months during fifty-six years, it will be noticed that
the maximum means occur in cycles, the number of years in each
being some multiple, or very near some multiple, of five. If the
four lowest minima are considered, it will be found that from the
first minimum to the second, fifteen years had passed ; thirteen

161

years after another minimum occurred, and twenty years later the
fourth minimum was registered.

It would seem, then, that the periods between the ocurrences of
low temperatures are also multiples, or near some multiple, of five.
Again, the mean temperature of the summer months recorded as
beiug above 70° with one exception occurs in periods, the number of
years in each being some multiple, or near some multiple, of five.
The following is a table of probabilities based on the yearly mean
temperature for the last fifty-seven years. The expectation that the
mean annual temperature for the next fifty-seven years will be —

At least

52 degrees

is as

1:

;56

At least

50 degrees

is as

2;

:o5

At least

49 degrees

is as

7:

:50

At least

48 degrees

is as

12:

:45

At least

47 degrees

is as

21;

;36

At least

46 degrees

is as

45

:12

At least

45 degrees

is as

53:

:4

At least

44 degi-ees

is as

56:

: 1

At least

43 degrees

is as

57:

;0

There is no probability that the meai; yearly temperature will be
below 43° during the next fifty-seven years.

Precipitation.

Regarding the rain, it is found that in 1843 the mean rainfall
was 51.58 inches; in 1850, 55.05 inches was noted; in 1853, ten
years from the time the first mean above 50 inches was observed,
51.23 inches of water fell ; five years elapsed, then a mean of 51.28
inches occurred; four years later, in 1863, 57.71 inches of rain
fell ; six years later, 53.29 inches, — and thus another cycle of ten
years was completed. It would thus seem that the mean annual
rainfall of 50 or more inches occurs in periods, the number of
years in each period being some multiple of five. But if we con-
sider the three largest yearly means, it will be seen that they occur
in cycles of some multiple of twelve. For example, in 1850, as
stated above, 55.05 inches of rain were registered ; twelve years
after, 57.71 inches were recorded ; and twenty-four years later,
58,04 inches were observed.

The probability that the mean rainfall for each of the following
fifty-seven years —

Will be at least 58 inches is as 1 : 56

Will be at least 57 inches is as 2 : 55

Will be at least 55 inches is as 3 : 54

Will be at least 53 inches is as 4 : 53

162

Will be at least

51 inches

is as

7;

:50

Will be at least

50 inches

is as

8:

;49

Will be at least

49 inches

is as

10:

47

Will be at least

48 inches

is as

13:

44

Will be at least

47 inches

is as

17:

:40

Will be at least

46 inches

is as

21;

:36

Will be at least

45 inches

is as

23:

:34

Will be at least

44 inches

is as

25:

:32

Will be at least

43 inches

is as

28;

:29

Will be at least

42 inches

is as

34:

:23

Will be at least

41 inches

is as

39:

:18

Will be at least

40 inches

is as

43:

;14

Will be at least

39 inches

is as

47:

:10

Will be at least

38 inches

is as

52:

:5

Will be at least

37 inches

is as

53:

:4

Will be at least

36 inches

is as

54:

:3

Will be at least

35 inches

is as

54;

;3

Will be at least

34 inches

is as

56:

:1

Will be at least

30 inches

is as

57:

:0

There is no probability that the mean yearly rainfall will be less
than 30 inches for the next fifty-seveu years. The mean rainfall
from 1836-92 inclusive is #44.05 inches, and twenty-five of the
years during this period had a mean rainfall of 44 or more inches,
while thirty-two years had a mean below 44 inches. Therefore
the probability that the mean yearly precipitation for the next
period of fifty-seven years will be equal to the mean of the last
fifty-seven years, is as 25 : 32.

Snovjfall.
It is found that the mean snowfall varies greatly from year to
year. During the last fifty-two years the annual depth has ranged
from 17 to 87 inches. The whole amount recorded is 230.42 feet,
or an average of 53.17 inches per year. The curve shows that
very seldom does the same depth occur twice during this period.
Twenty-seven times the yearly mean was 52 or more inches, and
twenty-five times below 52. That is, the probability that at least
52 inches of snow may fall each of the next fifty-two years is as
27 : 25. If the time be divided into three periods, beginning with
1840, it is found that the first seventeen years 923.7 inches of
snow, or an average of 54.33 inches per year, was recorded ; the
second period of seventeen years, 951.5 inches, or an average of
55.9 inches each year ; while the last eighteen years the whole
amount is 889.9 inches, or a yearly mean of 49.44 inches. This
would seem that for the last eighteen years the mean yearly,
snowfall had gradually decreased.

in.

ri

n

n

rn

-n

~

~"

n

n

'~

'

""

~

"

~

~

"

H

-

~

~

~

~i

r-

_

V-

~

~

~

^

_

^

_

_

^

_

..

__

_

_

__

~

~

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~

~

-

"

.-

~

""

~

-

-^

^

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...

—

-

~

"^

~

m

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~

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Q_

U

Fiq.l. Mcdv-v bcironnetr.c pressure. i837- 1892

si^^gii^^ili^l

II

Frq.2- Mear> temperature 5>umnner- montt^is. 1836' 1892.

Fig 3. Mean temperatuire w-r^ter rr>onth5, 1836- 1892

Fig. 4. Mean yearly temperature. 1836 -l892

Of^t

;==^^^^^

:2^--.-

oft

F.g 5. Snowfall .n feet. 1840 - i892.

Oin

:h

Oin.

I

I

-P'^

g

-^

1^^

O.n.

s

S

lOfni

Fig 6. Rainfall in inches. i836-l892.

163

29.
68.
68.

Recapitulation.
Mean barometric pressure, in inches, 1837-92,
Mean temperature, June, July and August, 1836-62,
Mean temperatui'e, June, July and August, 1862-92,
Mean temperature, December, January and February,

1836-G2,

Mean temperature, December, January and February,

1862-92,

Mean temperatui'e, 1st period of 19 years, 1835-54,
Mean tempei'ature, 2d period of 19 years, 1854-73,
Mean temperature, 3d period of 19 years, 1873-92,

Mean yearly temperature, 1836-92,

Greatest annual rainfall, 1888, .....

Least annual rainfall, 1837,

Mean annual rainfall, 1836-92,

Amount of snow, 1840-57,923.7 inches; yearly average, 54
Amount of snow, 1857-74, 915.5 inches; yeai'ly avei'age, 55
Amount of snow, 1874-92,889.9 inches; yearly average, 49

Amount of snow, 1840-92, 230,

Average per year, 53

Greatest depth recorded, 1875, 87

Least depth recorded, 1877,

Mean cloudiness observed, 1845-92, . . . .50

741
26° F.
10° F.

24.53° F

25° F.
29° F.
48° F.
23° F.
,00° F.

04 inches.
70 inches.

05 inches.
,33 inches.
90 inches.
44 inches.
42 feet.
17 inches.
5 inches.
17 inches.
83 per ct.

Since Jan. 1, 1892, a careful record of the daily forecasts, both
Washington and local, has been kept ; each day these forecasts
have been compared with the true state of the weather at Amherst,
and the percentages of correctness recorded and remarks made
upon those predictions that have proven failures or partial failures.
This feature of our work was desired, in order that a better knowl-
edge of the efficiency of the weather service might be obtained.

The following table gives the percentages of forecasts which
were found to be correct for Amherst : —

* Local
Forecast.

Washington
Forecast.

1892.

January,

February,

March,

April,

May,

June,

July

August

September,

October

November,

December,

Total average for the year,

Difference in favor of local.

Per Cent.
93.3
93.1
100.
93.3
SO. 6
70.
88.8
96.7
96.3
93.6
96.6
90.5

91.06

Per Cent.

87.
86.6
100.
80.
71.
83.3
87.
96.7
96.6
96.8
96.6

1.86 per cent.

* The term " local " indicates Boston forecasts.

164

Relation of Climate to Health.

The relatiou of climate to health and disease is attracting the
attention of scientific minds. Large numbers of statistics are
being collected for the purpose of discovering the exact bearing
that temperature, relative humidity and different electrical condi-
tions of the atmosphere have upon the health and mortality of the
people. That a direct relation exists, all who have investigated
the subject admit. Much time has been spent by this division in
collecting and comparing statistics, with a view of aiding in this
important undertaking. While the work has not progressed suffi-
ciently to warrant a lengthy article on the subject, still we deem it
proper to present at this time a few summary results.

The curve of mortality has an inverse relation to temperature.
In some climates, however, the curve of mortality and tempera-
ture are directly related, rising and falling together.

Fevers seem to be related to high temperature, and generally
follow it.

The absolute humidity curve almost always follows that of
cholera infantum and cholera morbus.

Pneumonia and diphtheria, small-pox, scarlet-fever and con-
sumption, invariably increase as the temperature falls.

" La Grippe " is thought to be the direct result of natural atmos-
pheric conditions, chiefly a high followed by a sudden change to
low temperature.

From careful observation it seems that there is a close connec-
tion between ozone at low temperature and deaths from pneumonia.
The ozone and cholera curves are inverse to each other, as also the
ozone and intermittent fever curves.

165

TREASURER'S REPORT.

Annual Statement of the Hatch Fund

For the Year ending June 30, 1892.

By Geoege F. Mills, Treasurer pro tern.

Cash received from the United States,

from agricultural department,
fi'om chemical department, .

Cash paid, salaries,
library, .
labor, .

freight and express,
printing,
incidentals, .
supplies,

general fittings, .
chemical apparatus,
postage,
travelling expenses,

.

$15,000 00

,

76 11

•

-

27 78

$15,103 89

17,914

13

140

62

1,618

59

71

29

1,790

98

947

34

1,915

26

301

33

285

07

52

09

67

19

$15,103 89

Amhekst, Mass., July 28, 1892.

I, the undersigned, duly appointed auditor for the corporation, do

hereby certify that I have examined the books and accounts of the Hatch

Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College for the

fiscal year ending June 30, 1892, and have found the same well kejit and

correctly classified as above, and that the receipts for time named are

shown to be $15,103.89, and the corresponding disbursements $15,103.89.

All of the proper vouchers are on file, and have been by me examined

and found coi'rect, there being no balance to be accounted for in the

fiscal year ending June 30, 1892.

J. H. Demond, Auditor.

Cash received on insurance fund. Hatch Agricultural build-
ing,

Cash received for interest,

Cash paid for rebuilding,

.$1,866 84

$1,845 37
21 47

fl,866 84

166

July 28, 1892.
This is to cei'tify that I have this clay examined the accounts of cash
received and paid in money received for insurance on Hatch agricultural
building, and find that the sum of f 1,860.84 has been expended, that the
proper vouchers are on file, and that there is no balance to be accounted
for. . J- H. Demond, Auditor.

I hereby certify that the foregoing is a true copy from the books of
account of the Hatch Exj^eriment Station of the Massachusetts Agricult-
ural College. Geokge F. Mills, Treasurer pro tern.

I hereby certify that George F. Mills is the treasurer pro tern of the
Massachusetts Agricialtural College, and that the above is his signature.
[SEAL.] Henry H. Goodell,

President Massachusetts Agricultural College.

SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION

[assadjusdts S^igrkultural (iTodcge.

January, 1894.

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION

Massachusetts Agricultural College,

AMHERST, MASS.

At the organization of the Experiment Station of the
Massachusetts Agricultural College under the provisions of
the Hatch Bill, it was decided to name it the " Hatch Exper-
iment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College," in
order to distinguish it from the State Agricultural Experiment
Station, already located on the college grounds, hut having
no connection with it.

Its officers are : —

Henry H. Goodell, LL.D.,
William P. Brooks, B.Sc,
Samuel T. Maynard, B.Sc,
Charles H. Fernald, Ph.D.,
Clarence D. Warner, B.Sc,
William M. Siiepardson, B.Sc,
Malcolm A. Carpenter, B.Sc,
Henry M. Thomson, B.Sc,
Archil H. Kirkland,
Charles P. Lounsbury,

Director.
Agriculturist.
Horticxdtxirist. j
Entomologist. y\J
Meteorologist.
Assistant Horticulturist.
Assistant Horticulturist.
Assistant Agriculturist.
Assistant Entomologist.
Assistant Entomologist.

The co-operation and assistance of formers, fruit-growers,
horticulturists and all interested, directly or indirectly, in
agriculture, are earnestly requested. Communications may
be sent to the director or to any of the officers in charge.

Experiment Department.

Bulletins during the year have been published on the fol-
lowing subjects : —

Report on the comparative tests of varieties of small fruits :
Ninety-six varieties of strawberries, of which the following
seemed to give most promise of value for home use or for
market: Beder Wood, Belmont, Bubach No. o, Edgar Queen,
Haverland, Martha, Parker Earle, Parmenter's Seedling, Seed-
ling No. 24 and Wolverton ; twelve varieties of red and fifteen
varieties of black-cap raspberries ; thirteen varieties of blackber-
ries ; one hundred and fifteen varieties of grapes, of which the fol-
lowing were recommended for New England growth : Berckman's,
Brighton, Concord, Delaware, lona, Lindley (Rogers No. 9),
Moore's Early, Winchell (Green Mountain) and Worden.

Report on the use of fungicides and insecticides for the grape,
peach, plum, pear, apple, potato and black or Italian poplar.

Report on insects, containing brief histories of the canker-worm,
the apple-tree tent-caterpillar, fall web-worm and the tussock
moth, with directions for their destruction.

Of special interest was a series of experiments conducted
by the meteorological division in electro-culture. The results
obtained would seem to be in every particular identical with
those recently published by Professor Chodat of Geneva.
Of two lots of seeds planted under the same conditions of
moisture, temperature and soil, those under the influence of
electricity germinated earlier, and there w^as a marked diflfer-
ence at first in the superior vigor of their stems, leaves and
roots. But in a short time the non-electrified plants seemed
to overtake them, and the diflference in foliage was not ap-
preciable to the eye. The crops, however, diflered materi-
ally ; those subjected to the influence of electricity being
larger, heavier and diflfering in form. The experiments con-
ducted here, at Geneva and St. Petersburg would seem to
bear out the conclusions that the use of electricity forwards
germination, growth in length and increase of size and
weight.

The Horticultural Division.
Comparison oj New and Old Varieties of Fruits.

All the new varieties of fruits, both large and small, that are
recommended as of value are obtained by purchase from the orig-
inator or introducer as soon as they are put on the market, or are
received from the originator with restrictions as to dissemination.
The former is preferred, in order that we may have the right to
distribute without conditions such varieties as seem valuable among
the fruit-growers of the State for further trial under different con-
ditions of soil and exposure. Careful examination of all these
varieties is made as to growth, freedom from disease, quality, etc.,
and records are made from time to time during the season, using
the older varieties for comparison.

At present there are growing on the college grounds about —

100 varieties of apples.

40 varieties of pears.

38 varieties of plums.

16 varieties of cherries.

20 varieties of peaches.
G varieties of quinces.
130 varieties of grapes.

120 vai'ieties of strawberries (excluding all the older sorts that have no
marked characteristics that make them valuable for comparison).

15 varieties of currants.

12 varieties of gooseberries.

Few of the new varieties of the large fruits show marked im-
provement over the older standard sorts, although some very prom-
ising additions have been made.

It is hardly possible to report definitely as to the value of the
above in the time the work has been in operation, but among the
small fruits more positive results have been reached.

Grapes. — Among the grapes we would mention as especially
valuable varieties the following : Winchell (or Green Mountain) —
This is the earliest grape of good quality we have tested ; it ripens
with or a little before the Moore's Early and fully a week before
the Concord and Delaware, and is much better in quality than
either of the first two ; the berry is medium in size, the bunch
medium to large and greenish-yellow in color ; the vine is, thus
far, hardy, fairly vigorous and productive. Peabody — This va-
riety has fruited two seasons in the vineyard here, and is one of
the most promising black grapes in the collection ; the berrj' is
black, covered with an abundant bloom, of medium to large size ;

6

the bunch of large size and of good quality ; the vine is vigorous,
hardy and productive, and the foliage, of the cordifolia or pigeon-
grape type, has proved thus far entirely free from mildew ; this
variety would not be classed as a sweet grape, but is vinous and
the seeds separate easily from the pulp, which is not as acid as
the Concord or Worden.

Blackberries and Black-cap Raspberries. — No new varieties of
either of the above have been found that will supersede the old
sorts.

lied Raspberries. — To the list of varieties for general planting,
for home use and market we think should be added Thompson's
Pride and Thompson's Pearly Prolific. Both varieties are very
early, earlier than the Hansell, of equally good quality with that
variety, more firm and produce a larger berry. They are per-
fectly hardy and fairly productive.

Strawberries. — The variety called the Marshall has attracted
more attention than any other during the two seasons past. The
plant is remarkable for its vigor, while the berry is of the largest
size, of good form and the best qualit\'. Should it prove as hardy,
productive and free from disease as it now promises, the introduc-
tion of this variety will mark a new era in strawberry growing.
No other of the new varieties shows such decided improvement
over the old sorts.

List oj Varieties of Large and Small Fruits.
For general purposes of market and home use, we would recom-
mend the following, in their order of ripening : —

Apj)les. — Red Astrachan, Oldenburg, Haas, Gravenstein, Fall Pippin,
Rhode Island Greening, Baldwin, Roxbury Russet.

Pears. — Giflfard, Clapp, Margaret, Bartlett, Bosc, Sheldon, Seckel,
Lawrence, Anjou, Dana's Hovey.

Peaches. — Amsden, Early Rivers, Mountain Rose, Crawford's Early,
Oldmixon, Crosby, Crawford's Late, Stump.

Plums. — Bradshaw, McLaughlin, Lombard, Imperial Gage, German
prune, Reine Claude de Hartive.

Quinces. — Orange, Rea's Mammoth.

Grapes. — Winchell (Green Mountain), Moore's Early, Worden, Con-
cord, Delaware.

Blackberries. — Agawam, Snyder, Taylor's Prolific.

Black-cap Raspberries. — Souhegan, Carman, Ililborn, Ohio.

Red Raspberries. — Thompson's Pride, Thompson's Early Prolific,
Hansell, Marlboro, Ciithbert.

Currants. — Versaillaise, Cherry, Fay's Prolific.

Strawberries. — Beder Wood, Bubach No. 5, Haverland, Sharpless,
Beverly.

Spraying Apparatus.
The work of testing the various kinds of spraying apparatus has
been continued, with the results that we find notliing that better
answers the purpose for general work than the pumps and nozzles
made by the large pump manufacturers in various parts of the
country.

Fungicides and Insecticides combined.
Again the value of the use of combined fungicides and insecti-
cides has been demonstrated in securing a fine crop of grapes,
cherries, plums and apples, free from injury by insects or fungous
growths. /

The Entomological Division. ^

During the past season a series of experiments has been con-
ducted with various insecticides on the gypsy moth and tent cater-
pillar, for the purpose of determining which insecticide would
prove the most efficacious and also the least injurious to the leaves
of the trees.

The insecticides used in these experiments were Paris green,
Paris green and lime, arsenate of soda, arsenate of lead and
Oriental Fertilizer.

Paris green gave results similar to those which had been ob-
tained with it in previous years. The object in repeating experi-
ments with this insecticide was to verify those made on the gypsy
moth for three years past. Strange as it may seem, gypsy cater-
pillars, when half grown or larger, are not destroyed by any pro-
portion of Paris green in water that can be used on fruit trees
without injury to the foliage.

Experiments with Paris green and lime have been made at some
of the stations, and it was reported that this mixture permitted a
larger proportion of Paris green to be used without injury to the
foliage. This, however, did not prove true in the experiments
made here, and they were also repeated with the same results in
the field at Maiden.

Arsenate of soda was tried in varying proportions, but invari-
ably injured the foliage, except when used in such small propor-
tions as not to kill the caterpillars on the trees.

The Oriental Fertilizer, a preparation for sale by a firm in
Chicago, was tried, but, when used in the proportion recommended
by the manufacturers, injured the foliage, and when used in smaller
proportions did not destroy the caterpillars.

The experiments with arsenate of lead proved very satisfactory
in some respects, for it did not injure even the most delicate

8

foliage, however large a proportion was used. In one case 24
pounds to 150 gallons of water were used without injury to the
leaves. A complete account will be given later in a bulletin.

The study of the cranberry insects has been continued, and a
number of insects which have not previously been reported as in-
jurious to the cranberry have been found feeding on the vines.

The biological collection has been largely increased, and not
only makes a fine display, but also proves exceedingl}' useful in
the work at the insectary. This collection consists of the eggs
and inflated caterpillars of all sizes, as well as the pupae and
moths of many of our common species, placed in a row in such a
manner as to show at a glance the life history from the egg to the
adult. The collection now fills five large trays.

The card catalogue is now far advanced, and proves exceedingly
useful as a work of reference.

The correspondence continues to increase, and occupies much
time, proving in many cases very irksome.

A new insect has appeared in the plant-house and on the
grounds, on various species of plants, and may become a trouble-
some pest. This is an imported insect, a native of China, a
member of the order Hemiptera, or true bugs, and of the family
Coccidas, or bark-lice, and has been named Orthezia insignis Doug.
My attention was first called to it by Mrs. Goodell, who found it
on a plant received from the plant-house, where it appears to be a
common resident. A more complete account of the history and
habits of this insect will be given at another time.

Meteorological Division.

Much has been done toward perfecting plans and accomplishing
the work decided upon in our last report. From the beginning the
desire has been to make this division of a practical and useful
nature, and the growing interest which the public has manifested
in the observatory is most gratifying, and should be an additional
incentive tow^ard making the work one of general importance.

A complete set of telegraph instruments has been placed in the
observatory, and a loop now connects the latter with the main line
at the centre of the town. This loop was placed on a line of elec-
tric-light poles between the town and college, belonging to the
Amherst Gas Company, the latter having kindly granted tbis
privilege, thus saving considerable expense to the division, and
the observatory now is in close touch with the Government
Weather Service.

The forecasts for twenty-four hours in advance are received
daily about 10.30 in the morning, and are automatically recorded

9

in the tower. Signals are displayed from an iron pole, 37 feet in
height, placed on top of the tower, and can be seen over a con-
siderable extent of country. Arrangements have also been com-
pleted whereby frost warnings may be telegraphed to the station
during the period of early and late frosts. The signal flags were
furnished by the Weather Bureau, and all forecasts and frost
warnings are sent at Government expense.

In addition to the large amount of routine work connected with
the observatory, experiments in electro-culture have been carried
forward. Two years since, this line of investigation was under-
taken, but owing to adverse circumstances the work was delayed
till the present year. At considerable expense a plot of ground
has been furnished with wires and apparatus for controlling and
measuring the electric current, and the effect of electricity upon
various kinds of vegetables has been carefully watched and re-
corded. The results of the experiment will appear later in bulletin
form, as it is too early to give in this report a full account of the
observations.

The Agricultural Division.

The experimental work of the past season has been more exten-
sive than in any previous year ; but, owing to the early date at
which this report is made, it is impossible to present many results
in a satisfactory manner. Our corn, soya bean and millet crops
are not yet harvested ; our silo, though filled, cannot be opened ;
analytical work and moisture tests are not completed, and data
have not been worked up. The incomplete nature of this report
is therefore unavoidable.

Soil tests have occupied a large share of attention. These have
been confined to land in grass, with the exception of one acre upon
our own grounds, which was sown with oats. Four tests have
been conducted with grass upon the grounds of selected farmers
in different parts of the State and one upon our own grounds. In
all, the difference in the character of the growth produced by the
different fertilizers and combinations of fertilizers has been a most
marked feature. Wherever potash has been applied, whether
alone or in combination with other elements, the growth of the
clovers has been strong ; and to a less degree the presence of phos-
phoric acid promotes the growth of the same plants, while the ni-
trate increases the yield of the grasses proper. Only upon the
plats receiving potash and those which received manure has there
been any considerable growth of rowen. These results which we

10

have obtained indicate that the conditions controlling the growth
of clover here are the same as those in other countries, where it
has long been known that clover follows potash. The farmer who
would raise more of this invaluable fodder should make sure that
his land is well stored with potash and phosphates. This plant
can draw much of its nitrogen from the air. An interesting result
of our experiments with fertilizers upon grass land is the demon-
stration afforded of the remarkable capacity of soils to hold even
soluble forms of potash and phosphoric acid. These do not ap-
pear to be diffused laterally to any considerable extent, remaining
just where they are placed. The line between clover and " no
clover " on adjoining plats, one of which had and the other had
not received any potash, has been as true as it could be drawn.
The clover comes up to the line and there stops short.

The soil test with oats was quite unsatisfactory on account of
the lodging of the crop upon a part of the plats. Throughout
the early stages of growth the phosphoric acid appeared to be the
controlling element ; but upon threshing, it was found that the
plats which had received potash gave the largest yields. The re.-
sults, however, were quite indecisive on account of the injury
from lodging, due to heavy showers and wind.

Manure alone versus Manure and Potash for Corn has been
under trial for the third year upon the same land. The applica-
tion where manure alone was used was at the rate of 6 cords per
acre. Where the manure and potash were used, we applied 4
cords of the former and 125 pounds of the muriate of potash.
The crop has not been husked, but appears to be very even, with
the probabilities in favor of the larger yield where manure alone
was applied. The application of 6 cords of manure costs $30.
Four cords of manure and the 125 pounds of muriate of potash
cost $22.65. The latter application will yield the greater profit.

Special Corn Fertilizer has been under comparison with a home
mixture containing more potash. The crop is in the stack and
too nearly even to warrant an assumption of superiority for either.

Drill and Hill Culture of corn have been compared upon one
acre, with the advantage clearly with the drill, though figures can-
not now be given. The seed germinated more quickly and better,
and the crop was much more clearly vigorous from the start.

The Effect of sowing White Mustard in the standing corn early
in August has been under study upon one acre. The present is
the second year of this trial ; but the results are not yet striking.
In a series of years it is confidently believed the effect will prove

11

beneficial, as the growing mustard conserves the nitrogen of the
soil, and it is sufficiently hardy to grow until about the middle of
November.

An Experiment with Scarlet Clover used in a similar way has
been begun, but no results can be obtained before another year.

The two experiments for the comparison of the muriate with the
sulphate of potash described in the last annual report have been
repeated this year upon the same land. Equal amounts of mate-
rials furnishing nitrogen and phosphoric acid are used upon all
the plats, and the same number of pounds of actual potash is ap-
plied to each ; but upon two of the 4^-acre plats the muriate is
the compound of potash used ; on the other two the sulphate is
used. On one each of both the muriate and sulphate plats the
fertilizers were all spread broadcast and harrowed in ; on the other
l)lat of each they were all put in the drill.

This year, as last, the larger yield is produced by the sulphate
of potash ; but the difference is less than last year. Last year
the quality of the potatoes raised on the sulphate was much better
than that of those grown on the muriate. This year the most
careful tests of a number of different parties fail to detect any
appreciable difference. Both are of a very superior quality. In
appearance the advantage is with the potatoes raised on the mu-
riate of potash ; they average larger and there are fewer very
small ones. The yields per acre were as follows : —

Sulphate of Potash.

Broadcast: Merchantable tubers, 290.4 bushels; small tubers, 26.4
bushels.

Drill: Merchantable tubers, 344.4 bushels ; small tubers, 16 bushels

Muriate of Potash.

Broadcast: Merchantable tubers, 285.6 bushels; small tubers, 15
bushels.

Drill: Merchantable tubers, 325.8 bushels; small tubers, 21 bushels.

This year, as last, the advantage lies with drill application, and
the differences are even greater than last year. The past season
has been much drier than last, and this, I think, explains the fact
that the quality of the potatoes grown on the muriate is this year
equal to that of those grown on the sulphate, while last year it
was much inferior. It does not seem best to theorize, however.
This experiment must be repeated upon both the same and differ-
ent soils.

12

The millets, Panicum cms galU and miliaceum, have had a more
extended trial this season as crops for green fodder and ensilage.
The first proves much the more valuable of the two. It grows
quickly and gives yields of 10 to 14 tons per acre. That ensilaged
last year made excellent silage, a sample of which was sent to the
laboratorj' .for analysis. The results are not yet received. This
year both these millets were sown June 12, after a crop of rye
had been removed. They were put into the silo September 18 and
19, in alternate layers with soya beans.

We have cultivated in small amounts some twenty varieties of
soya and other Japanese beans the past season, but these are not
yet all harvested. It is thought that the early white and the me-
dium green and black varieties first cultivated here will prove as
valuable as any. The first gives a fine yield of seed. The others
have ripened perfectly for the last five years, but are a little late
for this section. They appear to be valua,ble varieties for fodder
or for ensilage.

The appearance of tubercles which are known to be connected
with the assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen upon the roots of
some varieties under cultivation last year and not upon others led
us to undertake investigations to determine the causes of this dif-
ference. A crop with these tubercles upon its roots can take free
nitrogen from the air, but without them it is powerless to do so ;
hence the interest of the inquiry. A large number of plats in dif-
ferent localities, a number of pots of plants and several varieties
of beans have been under cultivation for the purposes of this
study, but our work is not suiliciently advanced to enable me to
report.

The possibility of raising good seed of Canada and other field
peas and of spring vetches has been tested with favorable results
for the peas and unfavorable for the vetches. The peas can
be raised for much less than the usual market price of such
seed.

The experiment for the comparison of fertilizers with manures
as top-dressing for grass lands has been continued, this being
the fourth year. There have been seven half-acre plats and three
quarter-acre plats. Three plats have received an application in
early spring of a mixture of bone meal, muriate of potash and nitrate
of soda, in amounts varying on the different plats as follows : Bone
meal, 300 to 400 pounds ; muriate of potash, 160 pounds in all cases,
and nitrate of soda, 150 to 200 pounds. Four plats were top-
dressed with good manure at the rate of 3 cords per acre. Three
plats received nothing and have received nothing for four years.

13

The average increases per acre over the nothing plats, which served
as a basis of comparison, were as follows : —

For the fertilizer : First cutting, 2,115 pounds ; rowen, 334 pounds.
For the manure : First cutting, 1,650 pounds ; rowen, 605 pounds.

The fertilizers applied cost from $12 to $13 per acre, and gave
a total increase of 2,449 pounds of hay. The manure, if pur-
chased and applied, would have cost $18 per acre, and it produced
a total increase of 2,255 pounds of hay. It should be remembered
in drawing conclusions that these plats have respectively been re-
ceiving manure and fertilizer for four years. This year, as in
previous ones, the fertilizers have given the more profitable in-
crease in the crop.

We have established a grass garden which contains all the lead-
ing varieties of grasses and clovers. We have made extensive
collections of both fresh and salt marsh grasses and sedges ; and
also a large collection of the seeds of weeds commonly found in
mowings, with a view to future experiments.

During tlie early spring an experiment was begun with eight
cows, divided into two lots of four each, to test the relative value
of cotton-seed meal and soya-bean meal as food in a well-balanced
ration for milch cows. The experiment continued six weeks in
two periods of three weeks each, the yield of the last two weeks
of each period only being counted. Omitting all details, the lead-
ing results are the following : —

1. The cows on the soya-beau meal gave rather the most milk.

2. The cotton-seed meal gave more spaces of cream as read in
the Cooley can.

3. This cream, when cotton-seed meal was fed, was much more
dilute than when soya-bean meal was fed, the line of demarkation
being much less perfectly defined.

4. Chemical analyses showed the cream from the cows fed on
soya-bean meal to be the richer, the figures being : Soya-bean
cream, butter fat, 17.83 per cent; cotton-seed meal cream, butter
fat, 17.09 per cent.

5. To make one pound of butter required on the average 7.27
spaces of cotton-seed cream and 6.27 spaces soya-bean cream.

6. The cotton-seed butter was of firmer texture than the other,
but was, by the verdict of three families working independently
and without knowledge of the nature of the difference between the

14

samples, decidedly inferior to that made from the soya-bean
cream. The latter was of a higher color and much more agree-
able texture and flavor. The cotton-seed butter had a greasy
feeling in the mouth, while the other was of agreeable texture.

7. A larger percentage of the total fat in the milk was recov-
ered in the cream from the cows fed on cotton-seed meal than in
the cream from those fed on bean meal.

Below are given tables which show in detail the leading results
of the experiment : —

First

Lot C

/ Cows.

Total Amount op Food Consumed.

v

-.J

■3

Yield.

et

3

a
a

fe a

PERIOD.

CD

■3

63

p

M 0
as 0

s

a

60

a

^ a

0

2

0 •«
> 0

^

w

an

n

o

m

H

<

s

D

Lbs. Oz.

Lbs. Oz.

Lbs. Oz.

Lbs. Oz.

Lbs. Oz.

Lbs

Oz.

Lbs.

Lbs. Oz.

Spaces.

First, .

540 8

1,539 -

323 12

203 -

- -

82

Ill

949.75

1,145 13

344.75

Second,

541 12

1,506 -

323 12

- -

215 4

71

13i

960.50

1,166 3

330

Second Lot of Cows.

Lbs. Oz.

Lbs. Oz.

Lbs. Oz.

Lbs. Oz.

Lbs. Oz.

Lbs. Oz.

Lbs.

Lbs. Oz.

Spaces.

First, .

554 12

1,539 12

320 4

- -

211 12

97 12|

935

1,018 4

299.25

Second,

553 -

1,484 -

292 4

211 12

- -

134 1

943.25

1,014 8

312.5

It would appear from this experiment that the soya-bean meal
is superior to cotton-seed meal as a food either for milk or butter
production. If further work establishes this conclusion, it lies
within the power of Massachusetts farmers to raise the concen-
trated nitrogeneous food needed for their animals.

During the past season this department has sold to farmers in
this State, at prices barely sufficient to cover cost, a considerable
quantity of the seeds of the three millets, italicum, crus galli and
miUaceum and of soya beans of the early white variety. We shall
solicit reports on these crops for future publication of the farmers'
verdict.

15

Annual Statement of the Hatch Fund,

For the Year Ending June 30, 1893,
By George F. Mills, Treasurer pro tetnpore.

Cash received from the United Sta

tes, .

. $15,000 00

agricultural department,

511 79

M. A. C. farm,

3 74

expense account, .

10 66

chemical department, .

14 17

M. A. C. labor fund,

63 40

ei5,603 76

Cash paid, salaries,

$4,546 98

library, .

84 13

labor, .

. 4,969 29

freight and express,

108 38

printing.

1,189 61

incidentals, .

1,219 94

supplies,

2,364 48

chemical apparatus,

60 00

postage.

109 75

travelling expenses,

116 70

barn.

750 00

furniture.

84 50
f 15,603 76

Amherst, Mass., Sept. 23, 1893.
I, the undersigned, duly appointed Auditor, do hereby certify that I
have examined the books and accounts of the Hatch Experiment Station
of the Mass. Agricultural College for the fiscal year ending June 30,
1893 ; that I have found the books well kept and the accounts correctly
classified as above, and that the receipts for the time named are shown
to be $15,003.76 and the corresponding disbursements $15,603.76. All
of the proper vouchers are on file and have been by me examined and
found to be correct, there being no balance to be accounted for in the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1893.

CHARLES A. GLEASON, Auditor.

I hereby certify that the foregoing is a true copy from the books of
account of the Hatcli Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricult-
ural College. George F. Mills, Treasurer i^ro tern.

I hereby certify that George F. Mills is the treasurer pro tern, of the
Massachusetts Agricultural College, and that the above is his signature.
[Seal] Henry H. Goodell,

President Massachusetts Agricultural College.

SEYENTH ANNUAL REPORT

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION

Ulassacljuselts Jlcjruultural ColUgf.

January, 1895.

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION

Massachusetts Agricultural College,

AMHERST, MASS.

At the organization of the Experiment Station of the
Massachusetts Agricultural College under the provisions of
the Hatch Bill, it was decided to name it the " Hatch Exper-
iment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College," in
order to distinguish it from the State Agricultural Experiment
Station, already located on the college grounds, but having
no connection with it.

Its officers are : —

Henry H. Goodell, LL.D.,
William P. Brooks, B.Sc,
Samuel T. Maynard, B.Sc,
Charles H. P^ernald, Ph.D.,
Clarence D. Warner, B.Sc,
William M. Shepardson, B.Sc,
Malcolm A. Carpenter, B.Sc,
Henry M. Thomson, B.Sc,
Archil H. Kirkland,
Charles P. Lounsbury,

Director.
Agriculturist.
Horticulturist. ..
Entomologist. "M
Meteorologist.
Assistant Horticulturist.
Assistcmt Horticulturist.
Assistant Agriculturist.
Assistant Entomologist.
Assistant Entomologist.

The co-operation and assistance of farmers, fruit-growers,
horticulturists and all interested, directly, or indirectly, in
agriculture, are earnestly requested. Communications may
be sent to the director or to any of the officers in charge.

Experiment Department.

Four bulletins have been issued the past year, in editions
of 12,000, 12,500, 13,000, 15,000. The subjects treated
were the following : —

No. 24. — Insecticides, particularly the arsenates of lead and
soda ; the horn-fly, with description and remedies against its
attacks.

No. 25. — Formulae for the preparation of insecticides and fungi-
cides, with directions as to the time and manner of their use ;
report on one hundred and twenty-one varieties of grapes fruiting
in 1893.

No. 26. — Report on small fruits tested during the season of
1894, namely, one hundred and twenty-four varieties of straw-
berries, twelve varieties of blackberries, eighteen varieties of red
raspberries, twenty varieties of black-cap raspberries.

No. 27. — History of the college herd and record of the tests
made with tuberculin ; outbreak of bovine rabies ; poisoning from
nitrate of soda.

Twelve monthly bulletins have been issued, in editions of
four hundred, in which the record of the meteorological ob-
.servations for each day has been noted. Owing to shrinkage
in the timbers and consequent settling of the floor, it has
been found impossible up to the present date to use the
electrograph.

The above, however, indicates but a small part of the
work done at the station during the year. Great attention
has been paid to the gypsy moth and the various pests of
the cranberry, and the resources of the entomological divi-
sion have been taxed to the utmost in furnishing reply to
inquiries of how best to repel the invasions of the army,
canker and boll worms and other devastating foes. The
study of plant diseases has gone steadily on, and the mount-
ing and card cataloguing of some four thousand species of
fungi has been commenced. An interesting experiment, the
full details of which will be found in the report of the hor-
ticulturist, was conducted for the purpose of demonstrating
the ability to utilize by evaporation and bleaching the im-
mense quantities of fruit now allowed to go to waste. Six
model poultry houses have been constructed, and investiga-

tions into some of the problems of poultry raising have been
undertaken. A full index to the subject matter contained
in the twenty-seven quarterly bulletins issued by the station
and its seven annual reports has been prepared, and will
form the twenty-eighth of the series.

The following gifts to the agricultural division of the sta-
tion have been received : —

From Nitrate Syndicate of South America, two sacks nitrate of
soda.

German Potash Syndicate of New York, one ton of kainit
and ten sacks potash salts.

W. Atlee Burpee of Philadelphia, Penn., seed of New
Danish Island oat, and seed of New Danish improved
sugar beet.

E. L. Boardman of Sheffield, seed of naked black barley.

A. F. Hunter of South Natick, three settings of light
Brahma eggs.

E. F. Hodgson of Dover, one "Peep-o-day" drinking foun-
tain.

Northrup Braslan Goodwin Company of Minneapolis, Minn.,
seed of Northrup, Braslan Goodwin Company's Petigree
blue stem wheat, negro wonder oat, Minnesota king corn,
early mastodon corn, early yellow Huron corn, hog millet,
golden wonder millet.

The Entomological Division.

During the past season careful studies have been made and
experiments performed on Orthezia iiisignis, the new plant-house
pest mentioned in my report of last year.*

Bulletin No. 24 was prepared by this division, and contains
descriptions of the horn-fly in its different stages, and also its
habits and the best methods of controlling it. This bulletin also
contains the results of experiments with four different insecticides.

Much time has been devoted both by my assistants and myself
to experiments on the gypsy moth, and to studying its habits for
the purpose of discovering cheaper and more successful methods
for its destruction.

Numerous experiments have been made with insecticides on
greenhouse insects, with varying results. These will be reported
in a bulletin at some future time.

The work on the biological collection has been continued, and
the card catalogue of the literature of insects has been copied so

, * The results of these studies are published in the Appendix of this report.

6

far as to include the Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera and
Ortboptera, which are now represented by 25,000 cards. The
other orders of insects are still to be copied from the thin slips •
upon which they were first written. This catalogue is of very
great assistance in our work, and saves a vast amount of time in
looking up the literature of any insect.

Many letters have been received from different parts of the
State about the depredations of certain common insects, of which
the most important are the army-worm, the canker-worm, the boll-
worm, the Vanessa butterfly, the red-humped caterpillar, the vaga-
bond cr ambus, the raspberry-cane girdler and the wrinkled scolytus.
Information concerning these insects and what can be done to hold
them in check will be given later in a bulletin.

The studies on cranberry insects have been continued, and sev-
eral insects discovered injuring cranberries, which had not pre-
viously been known to feed upon this plant.

The common span-worm of the Cape Cod bogs has been bred,
and proves to be Emattirga faxonii Miuot. I had long suspected
that this insect fed on the cranberry, as the moths were found in
abundance on bogs infested with the span-worm.

Noctaa c-nigrum Linn, was found quite abundant on many bogs.
They remained, during the day, concealed in the sand and fallen
leaves, and fed by night on the leaves at the tips of the runners,
and on the berries, eating out the whole inside through a large
hole in one side. Many of the cranberry growers had supposed
this to be the work of span-worms.

The^ red-striped span-worm was found on several of the bogs
feeding on the leaves. This larva is about three-fourths of an
inch in length, with the dorsal surface yellowish, ornamented with
a longitudinal reddish band with short, oblique branches extending
from it, and sprinkled with fine white dots. A lateral red stripe
occurs on the first few segments of the body. These span-worms
were sent to the insectary, where the moths emerged August 11,
and proved to be Eupitliecia implicata Walk.

The green span-worm was found on several bogs, where it was
said to be very injurious. Specimens sent to the insectary died
on the way, and therefore they have not been bred. Thamnonoma
argillacearia has been taken flying on the bogs, in such numbers
and under such circumstances as to lead me to suspect that it is
tlie moth of the green span-worm. Thamnonoma sulfararia has
also been taken flying over bogs under such circumstances as to
lead to the suspicion that it may also be a cranberry insect.

Cramhus topiarius has been bred by Mr. S. H. Scudder, as a
girdle-worm ; and while I have for a long time been convinced

that this was the case with this insect, I should not be at all sur-
prised if other species of Cramhus should be found to possess the
same habits, for I have found C. girardellus and C. agitatellus
flying in considerable numbers about large and clean bogs.

A cut-worm was found to be very common on some of the bogs
in North Carver, South Carver and Plymouth, hiding in the sand
and dead leaves, near the stems of young plants, during the day,
and eating the bark of the stems near the ground, often completely
girdling them. These were bred in the insectary, and proved to
be Carneades deter sa Walk.

The larvae of Acronycta tritona Hbn. were found in abundance
on one bog, where they devoured the leaves, stripping the vines.

The army-worm (Leucania unipuncta) was very destructive on
the bogs in several towns on the Cape during the past year, cutting
off the new growth. Dichelia sulfureana was very abundant on
one bog at Pleasant Lake ; and the larvae of the June beetle were
said to have injured the roots of the plants on many bogs.
Mamestra picta Har. was found on several bogs, feeding on cran-
berry leaves with evident relish. Sphinx goi'dius, Hyperchirio io,
Lagoa a'ispata, Agrotis ypsilon and Acronycta oblinita were also
found feeding on cranberry leaves. Several other larvae were also
found feeding on the cranberry, but have not yet been determined.
A more complete account of these insects will be given in a future
bulletin.

The Agricultural Division.

Soil tests upon the co-operative plan agreed upon in convention
in Washington in 1889 have been continued. During the past
season we have carried out six such experiments, — two upon our
own grounds, one with corn and one with grass ; and one each in
Worcester, Concord, Hadley and Shelburne, with mixed grasses
and clover. The general results are exactly in line with those of
previous years. The main points indicated are shown below : —

Grass and Clover. — First, nitrate of soda, applied early in
spring at the rate of one hundred and sixty pounds per acre, has
given a large and profitable increase in the first crop, affecting
chiefly the grass in the mixed sward.

Second. — Their application produces little or no increase in the
rowen crop ; and the indication is, therefore, that to produce a
good crop of this, a second application of nitrate of soda should
be made after cutting the first crop. This we have not tried.

Third. — The potash influences chiefly the growth of the clover
in the mixed sward. On those plats where muriate of potash at
the rate of one hundred and sixty pounds per acre has been ap-
plied there has always been a large proportion of clover.

8

Fourth. — Those plats which have received potash, doubtless
because this application favors clover, produce comparatively large
crops of rowen. This result has been particularly striking.

Fifth. — The pliosphoric acid has not produced any very marked
results upon the growth either of the grass or clover.

Sixth. — For a mixed crop of grass and clover I believe that an
application in early spring, consisting of a mixture containing
about the following materials in tlie quantities named per aero,
will generally be found profitable : —

Nitrate of soda, ......

Tankage or dry fish

Plain superphosphate, ...

Ground South Carolina rock phospliate, .
Muriate of potash, .....

Corn. — The soil test with corn as the crop upon our grounds
the past season is in many respects the most striking of all we have
made with this crop, for this is the sixth season that the acre upon
which the crop was grown has been under similar treatment. The
crops, beginning with 1889, have been corn, corn, oats, grass,
grass and corn. The acre is divided into fourteen plats. Four
of these have received neither manure nor fertilizer during the six
years. These are plats numbered 3, G, 9, 12.

The fertilizer treatment of all the plats for each year, from
1889 to 1894 inclusive, and the yield of corn and stover this year,
are shown in the table below : —

150

pounds

100

"

100

"

100

"

150

"

No.

Applied Yearly since 1889 per Acre.

Stover
per Acre,

1894
(Pounds).

Nitrate of soda, one hundred and sixty pounds, .

Dissolved bone black, three hundred and twenty pounds,

Nothing,

Muriate of potash, one hundred and sixty pounds,

Lime, one hundred and sixty pounds

Nothing,

Farm-yard manure, five cords,

Nitrate of soda, one hundred and sixty pounds,.
Dissolved bone-black, three hundred and twenty pounds.

Nothing

Nitrate of soda, one hundred and sixty pounds, . )
Muriate of i^otash, one hundred and sixty pounds, \

Dissolved bone-black, three hundred and twenty pounds.
Muriate of potash, one hundred and sixty pounds,

Nothing,

Land plaster, one hundred aud sixty pounds,

Nitrate of soda, one hundred and sixty pounds, .
Dissolved bone-black, three hundred and twenty pounds.
Muriate of potash, one hundred and sixty pounds,

2,860
2,300
2,280
3,600
2,500
1,780
3,760

1,840

2,250

4,100

3,820

1,620
2,740

3,780

Shelled
Com per
Acre, 1894
(Bushels).

24

19.5

23

44.5

19.6

13.9

68.4

22.3

21.2

47.6

52.8

17.9
25.3

9

It will be noticed that wherever potash was used there was a
good crop both of stover and corn, but that in no case was there
a good crop where it was not used except on farm-j'ard manure.
It is not believed that the phosphoric acid and nitrogen supplied
respectively by the bone-black and nitrate of soda should be en-
tirely left out of fertilizer for corn ; but it is thought that they
should be less prominent than is usually the case.

The results of experiments in other parts of the State are gen-
erally similar to those obtained here. The average increase in the
corn crop in twenty-six widely scattered experiments, extending
over the years 1889 to 1892, due to the different elements of
plant food applied at the rates shown in the above table, has
been as follows : —

Increase due to nitrogen, . . .\ S^yer, 376.C pounds.
° } Gram, o.2 bushels.

Increase due to phosphoric acid, . . \ f,^"^:^!'' ^^^"^ P«""^l«-
^ ^ } Gram, 2. -4 bushels.

Increase due to potash, . . .\ ^.^^''Y*^^'' l''^^! 9 poii
^ ' } Gram, 9.0 bus

unds.
bushels.

In view of the general nature of our results, I suggest as likely
to prove satisfactory the use for an acre of corn of materials
which will furnish : nitrogen, twenty-six pounds ; phosphoric acid,
forty pounds; potash, ninety- pounds. Many combinations of
materials may be made which will supply those elements. As one
likely to prove generally useful, I suggest : —

Nitrate of soda, 50 pounds.

Dried blood, 100 "

Dry fish, 125 "

Plain superj^hosphate, ..... 200 "

Muriate of potash, 190 "

These materials should be mixed just previous to application, as
they are likely to cake if kept. Where fields are managed under
a rotation system, into which clover and grass sometimes enter,
the amounts named above will be likely to give good crops ; but,
as intensive culture usually pays best, my practice, as will be seen
by my farm report in another part of this volume, is generally to
use larger amounts in the expectation of higher yields.

The trial of manure alone versus manure and potash for corn has
been continued upon the same acre of land, the past being the
fourth successive year of similar treatment. Where manure alone
was used, we applied at the rate of six cords per acre, spread after
ploughing and harrowing in. The manure and potash, similarly
applied, have been put on at the rate of four cords of the former

10

and one hundred and twenty-five pounds of muriate of potash for
the latter. The plats, four in number, contain one-quarter of an
acre each. The results are shown below : —

Plat No. 1, manure, stover, 902 pounds; grahi on ear, 972 pounds.

Plat No. 2, manure and potash, stover, 9G5 pounds ; grain on ear,
842 pounds.

Plat No. 3, manure, stover, 952 pounds ; grain on ear, 1,100 pounds.

Plat No. 4, manure and potash, stover 1,002 jjounds ; grain on ear,
1,186 pounds.

These figures make it evident that the combination of manure
and potash is practically equal in value to the larger quantity of
manure alone. On the two plats receiving manure and potash we
have 113 pounds more stover and 44 pounds less grain on the ear.
The gain in stover at $8 per ton is worth $0.45 ; the loss in grain
at 55 cents per bushel is worth $0.30. The manure applied per
plat where used alone must be charged at $7.50 ; the manure and
potash applied to the other plats at $5.68. The advantage clearly
lies with the combined manure and potash. On two plats the dif-
ference in the cost of application in favor of the manure and
potash amounts to $3.64.

Special corn fertilizer has been further compared upon one acre,
the past having been the fourth successive season of such com-
parison with fertilizer richer in potash. There are four plats of
one-quarter of an acre each. The yields are shown below : —

Plat 1, special fertilizer, stover, 762 pounds ; grain on ear, 919 pounds.

Plat 2, fertilizer, richer in potash, stover, 789 pounds ; grain on ear,
854 pounds.

Plat 3, special fertilizer, stover, 752 pounds ; grain on eai% 935 pounds.

Plat 4, fertilizer, richer in potash, stover, 862 pounds ; grain on ear,
978 pounds.

The fertilizer denominated " special" furnishes the amounts of
nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash that would be supplied by the
application of 1 ,200 pounds of a special commercial corn fertilizer
of the average composition of all leading kinds offered in our
markets. The materials used are shown below : —

Plats

Plats

land 3

2andl

(Pounds).

(Pounds).

Nitrate of soda,

551

33

Dissolved bone-black,

213

112i

Muriate of potash,

27

75

11

It will be noticed that the crops are nearly equal. The fer-
tilizer richer in potash gives 137 pounds more stover and 22
pounds less grain on the ear than the special. The financial ad-
vantage is with the former, for the application per plat costs $63
less, while the crop on two plats is worth SO. 40 more, making a
net gain on an acre amounting to $3.32.

Wliite mustard as a crop for nitrogen, conservation has been
under trial upon one acre of corn. The seed is sown in the
standing corn early in August, and the mustard generally grows
until about the middle of November. It is then generally ploughed
in. The present is the third successive year of this trial upon the
same field. There is not as yet any considerable difference in
crops that is clearly attributable to the green manuring. The
yield of stover is this year somewhat larger upon the green ma-
nured portion of the acre ; that of corn slightly less. The figures
per acre follow : —

Not green manured, stover, 3,748 pounds ; shelled corn, 55 bushels.
Green manured, stover, 3,894 pounds ; shelled corn, 54.4 bushels.

Sulphate of 2)otash has been compared for the third season tvith
muriate of potash for potatoes. The results, as in previous years,
have been in favor of the sulphate. It has on the average given
the largest crop and tubers of the best eating quality. In this
experiment one acre of land was used. It was divided into four
plats, suitably separated by strips of land which were unfertilized.
To all the plats materials furnishing equal amounts of nitrogen
and phosphoric acid were applied. On two plats the source of the
potash applied was the muriate, on the other tlie high-grade sul-
phate ; equal amounts of actual potash to each. On two plats —
one sulphate and one muriate — all the fertilizers were put on
broadcast after ploughing ; on the other two they were all put in
the drill.

The yields were at the following rates per acre : —

Sulphate of Potash.
Broadcast: merchantable tubers, 248 bushels; small tubers, 20
bushels.
Drill : merchantable tubers, 268.4 bushels ; small tubers, 19.3 bushels.

Muriate of Potash.

Broadcast: merchantable tubers, 254 bushels; small tubers, 16.4
bushels.
Drill : merchantable tubers, 186.4 bushels; small tubers, 11.3 bushels.

12

It is believed that sometliing other than the difference in
fertilizer applied, injuriously influenced the last plat.

In 1893 there was no appreciable difference in the eating quality
of the potatoes raised respectively upon sulpliate and muriate of
potash. Samples of tubers of even size from each of the four
plats were, however, subjected to proximate analysis, with the
following results :

Sulphate of 2>otash, broadcast: water, 75.56 per cent; starch, 16.98
per cent.

Sulphate of potash, drill : water 74.40 per cent ; starch, 18.44 per cent.

Muriate of potash, broadcast: water, 81.99 per cent; starch, 12.52
per cent.

Mui'iate of potash, drill: Avatei", 78.98 per cent; starch, 14.11 per
cent.

These results, it will be seen, show an average difference of
about four per cent more starch in the potatoes raised upon the
sulphate. They also show a somewhat better quality as the result
of drill application of the fertilizers, — an average difference of
about one and one-half per cent more starch,

Japanese Millets. — The three species Fanicum crus-galU, milia-
ceum and italicum have all been under further trial for green fodder
and for seed crops. The first proves the most valuable. It has
now been tried by a large number of farmers in various parts of the
State, and almost without exception is reported upon favorably.
Many speak of it in terms of highest praise, and the demand for
seed — chiefly from those who have tried it — far exceeds the
supply. I still look upon it as rather coarse for hay, but for feed-
ing green or for the silo it has superior merits. It gives yields of
from ten to fifteen tons per acre of green fodder. The analyses
made show the nutritive value to be very nearly the same as that
of corn fodder. Yields of from three to nearly six tons of well-
dried hay per acre have been obtained.

The silage made from it is of superior quality. It is com-
paratively free from acid, and is greedily eaten by cattle. In
alternate layers with soya beans it has given very satisfactory
results. For comparison with other corn silage, I give the two
following analyses : —

13

American

Average of

Corn Silage*

(per Cent.).

Millet and

Soya Bean

Silage (per

Cent.).

Moisture,
Dry matter,

Analysis of Dry Matter.
Crude ash,
Crude protein.
Crude cellulose, .
Crude fat,
Nitrogen-free extract.

77.41
22.59

8.91
11.25
33.14

3.71
42.99

* Jenkins and Winton.

It will be noted thjit the millet and soya, bean silage is con-
siderably richer than the corn silage in protein, which is the most
valuable portion of a fodder, — the nitrogenous portion. The
seed of this millet, Panicum crus-gaUi, is difficult to save on
account of the fondness of birds for it. It yields largely, but
there is much unavoidable loss.

Of the other millets, I have to report that the Panicum milia-
ceiim will not probably prove valuable for fodder. Its seed is
large and nutritious, excellent for cage birds or poultry. The
Panicum italicum is somewhat like German millet, though in im-
portant respects it differs from that sort. In usefulness it will be
found about equal to the German, but it must not be sown too
thickly.

Soya Beans. — We have continued to experiment with a number
of varieties of this crop. We find three of value, and these we
call "Early White," "Medium Green" and "Medium Black."
The seed of all was originally brought from Japan. The first is
the most reliable for seed production in this vicinity, though neither
of the others has failed to ripen every season during the last six
years. The " Medium Green " appears to be the most valuable for
ensilage. This has given a yield of rather over eight tons per
acre when ready for the silo.

Sulphate has been compared ivith the muriate of potash for this
crop, and the results are largely in favor of the former.

Different distances between the rotvs were tried the past season,
viz., thirty, twenty-seven and twenty-four inches. The first dis-
tance has almost without exception given the most satisfactory
crops.

Pot experiments in the culture of three varieties of the soya
bean, employing for each, soil from our own grounds and soil from

14

a locality where this crop had never been grown, were carried out
in 1893. The pots were variously fertilized in two parallel series
for each kind of soil. To the soil of every pot in one series for
each kind of soil a little dust from the floor where soya beans had
been threshed was added. The object aimed at was to determine
whether the addition of this dust, which, it was known, must con-
tain in abundance the germs of the tubercle bacillus peculiar to
soya bean roots, — the bacillus which gives the plant the power
to fix atmospheric nitrogen, — would affect the development of
root tubercles and the growth and yield of the plants. The re-
sults were striking. From a very early stage the plants in the
pots to which a pinch of the dust from the threshing floor had
been added were of a markedly greener color and more vigorous.
The weight of both vine and seed from such pots was larger.
Upon examination after harvest the roots were found to have a
far greater number of tubercles. The important point here is,
that the tubercle development is coincident with greater vigor.

Out-of-door experiments of a similar nature upon a large scale
have been tried in the field this year. Upon one-half of a number
of areas similarly fertilized throughout, a small quantity of earth
from a field where soya beans had been cultivated for several years
was scattered ; the result in every instance was a marked increase
in crop.

Soya beans, as well as other leguminous crops, sometimes fail
to assimilate atmospheric nitrogen to any great extent when first
cultivated in a neighborhood. This is frequently, no doubt, because
the appropriate tubercle bacilli are not present in sufficient num-
bers. They will usually increase from year to year, and when
they become abundant, success will be more certain. It may some-
times pay to import a small quantity of earth from a locality where
the crop does well, for the purpose of securing a supply of the
needed bacilli.

A considerable number of miscellaneous crops have been under
trial upon a small scale. The more important of these are the
following : mummy pea, Canada field pea, blue-stem wheat, naked
black barley, Japanese naked barley, Japanese barley, Japanese
clover, dwarf Essex rape, spurry, flat pea and alfalfa. A few
only demanded special mention.

3fummy Pea. — This gave a yield at the rate of 11|^ bushels of
seed to the acre. I do not consider it superior to the common
Canada field pea.

Canada Field. Pea. — This gave a yield at the rate of 11 bushels
of seed per acre. Our experience indicates that it will pay to raise
the seed of this variety to sow for fodder or hay rather than to buy
at current prices.

15

Flat Pea (LatJiyrus sylvestris) . — A supply of seed obtained
from Wagner's accredited agents in this country was purchased
for a trial upon a large scale. About one-fourth of an acre of
light sandy soil was planted ; but the seed proved to have been
mixed with vetch, and but few plants grew. A second sowing
made in June germinated better, but all the plants are yet small.
This crop has been very highly praised abroad as a fodder crop of
superior merit, and has done well in a few localities in this coun-
try. It, however, starts slowly, and requires careful attention at
first. As it is perennial, this will not prove an important objection
if the plant will do what is claimed for it.

Alfalfa. — About one-fourth acre of light soil has been sown to
this crop. It was put in drills about six inches apart, in early
spring. It made a good start, and when cut, July 14, it averaged
about two feet in height. The weather was then very dry and
hot, and the crop was suffering seriously. It was cut about four
inches high, in order not to expose the roots to the sun. This
treatment apparently has saved it ; but it made little further
growth. It remains to be seen whether it will endure our winters.

Experiment in warming a Stable for Cows. — The experiment
barn belonging to the Hatch station is provided with two wings of
similar dimensions and similarly constructed in all respects. One
of these is piped for hot-water heating. Our object is to test the
question whether the artificial heating of a cow stable will pay.
We have made but one test. This began Feb. 13 and closed
March 31, 1894. This was rather late in the season for the best
results, but financial conditions precluded an earlier beginning.
The data obtained are of great interest, but the results are not de-
cisive. There has apparently been a little gain in milk, due to the
liigher and more equable temperature, but a little loss in cream
and fat. These differences are small, however, and may be acci-
dental. We have endeavored to keep the wing which is warmed
at about 55° to 60° F. The averages in degrees Fahrenheit are as
follows for this stable : —

First
Period.

Second
Period.

Third
Period.

Fourth
Period.

Average of daily maximum,
Average of daily minimum, .

Similar averages for the cold
stable are : —
Average of daily maximum.
Average of daily minimum, .

61.4
46.4

43.6
24.

63.1
51.6

45.8
21.9

67.5
55.9

57.4
42.8

66.5

54.1

49.3
37.6

16

Soya Bean Meal compared with Gluten Meal. — In connection
with the above experiment, we have tested the relative value of
soya bean and gluten meal as a part of a ration for milch cows.
The results do not indicate any considerable difference. Cream
separation by the Coolej' submerged system is more perfect in the
milk from cows receiving the bean meal. The line of demarcation
is far more distinct, and the cream is thicker and richer in fat.

Poultry Experiments. — A beginning in poultry experiments has
been made. For this work six similar houses have been substan-
tially erected. Each includes a room twelve by ten feet, with two
windows ; and another eight by ten feet, with folding doors the
full width on the south. These doors are open in all weather when
storms do not beat in, and this room serves as a scratching shed.
Connected with these houses are large yards. We have also pro-
vided a number of smaller movable houses and coops for colonizing
families of chickens about our grounds. Our start was made with
purchased eggs of the light brahma and barred Plymouth Rock
breeds brought from a distance. The hatch, whether with incu-
bator or hens, was comparatively poor. We have, however, raised
pullets enough to stock four of our houses ; and experiments in
different methods of feeding for eggs are now in progress.

The most important point indicated by our work thus far is the
superiority, even in inexperienced hands, of the brooder over the
natural mother as a means of raising chickens upon a large
scale.

The Horticultural Division.

The work of this division has the past year been prosecuted on
lines similar to those of former seasons.

Among the most important subjects taken up has been that of
testing new varieties of fruits, vegetables and flowers. A few of
the more striking results obtained we will briefly outline in this
annual report.

New varieties of the large fruits are obtained by planting young
trees and by means of scions or buds which are inserted into bear-
ing trees to hasten the time of fruiting. Large numbers of new
varieties have been added to our list, but nothing can be reported
as to their merits for many years.

The results from the tests of small Jruits have been quite satis-
factory, and many of these have been already reported in recent
bulletins.

Of the varieties of both large and small fruits that show de-
cided merit are the following : —

17

Titkova {Russian). — This variety has borne but little the past
season, but the fruit is so large and showy, so early and of such
fair quality, that if it continues to do well in the east it will be
very valuable for early market.

Wealthy. — This new western apple is attracting considerable
attention. Nothing can be more beautiful than well-grown speci-
mens. It is medium to large in size, of a brilliant red color on a
yellowish ground, and very perfect in form. The flesh is firm
in texture, yet juicy and of good quality. It ripens with, or a
little later than, the Gravenstein, is very productive, and thus far
has proved a remarkable keeper. If it continues to grow in per-
fection of form and color and is as productive as it now promises,
it will prove very valuable as a standard late fall apple for home
use and market and for early shipment to Europe.

Ben Davis. — No variety has proved so productive or so long a
keeper as this one, and, where quality is not desired, it has proved
very profitable. AVhile we would not encourage the growth of
varieties of such poor quality, yet its great vigor and productive-
ness and good keeping properties will cause its more extended
growth in New England as they have in some of the more western
States.

PeacJies.

The promise of a large peach crop was good up to the time of
the severe cold weather in April, when the amount of live buds
stood at from ten to thirty-five per cent ; but very few buds with-
stood the severe cold that followed. The only varieties that pro-
duced fruit of any importance were the Old Mixon, Crosby and
the Stump, which yielded about equally a small crop of large,
fine fruit ; none of the young trees produced fruit.

Plums.

Again the college orchard has produced a large crop of this fine
fruit. Among the trees of this orchard are some that are twenty
or more years old. By the treatment outlined in Bulletin No. 25
we have had successive crops, and the trees are free from warts.
Of the new plums tested, the Japanese varieties are attracting the
most attention and certainly promise to give us some valuable ad-
ditions, but as yet they have not fruited sufficiently to warrant
growers in planting them for profit.

18

Gooseberries.

The growing of this desirable fruit is ou the increase as the
people learn more of its value, and in the future we may expect a
greater demand for it in our markets. By the aid of fungicides,
the gooseberry mildew, which has prevented the cultivation of the
better European varieties, can be controlled. Many new varieties
both of European and American origin liave been introduced, but
few of them have been fruited enough to enable us to report as to
their value.

Straivberries.

Of the hundreds of new varieties planted in plots and field dur-
ing 1893, none have shown much advance over the standard sorts
except possibly the Marshall. This variety has the merits of
being very vigorous in growth and fairly prolific in runners. It
has very large foliage and fruit large and perfect in form, of dark
color and good quality. It is also productive, and if it proves free
from blight, will be a valuable addition to our home and market
varieties.

Insecticides and Fungicides.

In connection with the tests made of all of the new varieties of
fruits and the growth of limited areas for market, numerous
experiments have been made with insecticides and fungicides,
applying them to all of the fruits and such vegetables and flow-
ers as are liable to serious injury from either insect or fungous
pests.

The fungicides and insecticides used and the time and methods
of application are outlined in Bulletins Nos. 25 and 26, with some
of the results. A brief summary of the results obtained and not
yet reported for the past season is as follows : —

Apples. — The fruit on sprayed trees was much more free from
the larvffi of the codling moth than on the unsprayed ones ; the
canker worms caused no injury in our orchards, while neighboring
orchards that were unsprayed were seriously injured, and no
apple scab appeared except on unsprayed trees.

Pears. — The pear tree Psylla appeared early in the season, but
by spraying several times on their first appearance with the
kerosene emulsion, they were soon all destroyed. On the trees
sprayed with the Bordeaux mixture, less blight and cracking of the
fruit appeared than upon those unsprayed, although, owing to tlie
dry weather, which is unfavorable to fungous growth, this disease
was not as prevalent as is generally tiie case.

Plums and Cherries. — Serious injury to the trees and fruit of

19

the plum and cherry is reported where the trees were not sprayed ;
but in the station orchards little or no injury occurred from the
plum curculio, the black wart, the brown fruit-rot or the leaf
blight.

Grapes. — Nearly all of the more hardy varieties of grapes were
uninjured by any of tlie prevalent diseases, but a few of the most
susceptible were seriously injured on vines that were unsprayed.
By spraying, such varieties retain their foliage much longer than
when unsprayed, and consequently the wood ripens more per-
fectly ; and such varieties as the lona and Rogers hybrids gain
in vigor and hardiness, instead of growing weaker each year when
the mildews and rot are abundant. We feel certain that such
varieties, which will keep under proper conditions up to the middle
of winter, would be very profitable to the New England grower.

Raspberries and Blackberries. — The spring orange rust appeared
on several varieties of blackberries and blackcap raspberries, but
was soon checked by the use of the Bordeaux mixture. The /aZZ
orange rust, first noticed in sufficiently large quantities to do seri-
ous harm the past season by this station, is being treated, and it
is hoped that some remedy can be reported by another season
whereby no further injury from it need be feared.

Strawberries. — The leaf blight, to which many of the older
varieties are subject, so far as we have made the trial has not
been prevented by any of the fungicides, although in some cases
marked improvement was shown from the use of the Bordeaux
mixture.

Varieties of Fruits.

Of the varieties that are the most profitable for market in
Massachusetts or most desirable for home use, we would mention
the following in order of time of ripening : —

Apples. — Red Astrachan, Oldenburg, Gravenstein, Wealthy,
Twenty Ounce, Fall Pippin, Hubbardston, Rhode Island Green-
ing, Baldwin, Roxbury Russet, Ben Davis.

Pears. — Clapp's, Bartlett, Sheldon, Seckel, Bosc, Anjou, Law-
rence and Hovey.

Peaches. — Rivers, Old Mixon, Crawford's Early, Crawford's
Late, Crosby and Stump.

Plums. — Bradshaw, Washington, McLaughlin, Lombard,
Bavey's Green Gage and Victoria.

Cherries. — May Duke, Governor Wood, Early Richmond,
Montmorency, Windsor and Black Tartarian.

Quinces. — Orange and Rea's Mammoth.

Grapes. — Winchell, Worden, Concord, Delaware, Brighton;
and we would suggest for trial, on account of their late-keeping

20

qualities, the lona, Wilder, Massasoit, Salem, Merrimac, Lind-
ley and Herbert.

Currants. — Fay's Prolific, Cherry, La Versaillaise and White
grape.

Gooseberries. — Downing's, Smith's Improved and Industry.

Strmoberries. — Bubach, Haverland, Lovett, Marshall and

Greenville.

Poplar Rust.

For many years the black poplar {Populus nigra) has been
seriously injured by the leaf blight or rust, which checked its
growth and caused its leaves to fall so early as to seriously dis-
figure the beauty of the locations where planted. Following this
loss of foliage the immature wood of the lower branches has often
been destroyed by the following winter's cold, and the trees thus
very much weakened. Some results of the use of the Bordeaux
mixture were given in Bulletin No. 25, and again the past season
we have had much more marked success in its use, the trees hold-
ing their foliage several weeks longer than those unsprayed. This
tree on account of its rapid growth is very valuable for ornamental
purposes and for forest growth, and by the use of the Bordeaux
mixture it can be kept in perfectly healthful condition until the
leaves turn yellow and fall off from full maturity.

Evajiorating Fruit.

The immense apple crop of 1894 has led to much discussion as
to the best means of utilizing it. Much of this fruit has been a
total loss to the producer, from the fact that with so many fall and
early winter varieties the demand in our local markets was not
equal to the supply, and this quality of fruit would not keep long
enough to make it profitable to ship to distant markets. Of the
ordinary early fall apples thousands upon thousands of bushels
were either allowed to go to decay or were made into cider, when
if they had been taken while still fresh and firm, they could have
been made into a product by evaporation that would keep any
desirable length of time, and permit of being shipped to the most
distant markets of the world.

Investigation of the crop of several orchards the past season
shows that in the ordinary average orchard, where a large number
of kinds are grown, from one-third to one-half of the fruit has
been sold for the manufacture of cider. In orchards of younger
trees, where only a few varieties are grown, the percentage of
cider apples would be much less ; but it would run high unless the
trees had been sprayed to protect them from insect attack, or the
small and injured fruit had been removed in the process of thin-

21

ning. It is true that such fruit is more or less defective from
various causes ; but wlien pared and cut into slices, as is done by
tiie machines used to prepare it for the evaporator, it is but little
work to remove the imperfect parts as it is being spread on the
trays.

To test the value of the method of utilizing this almost waste
product by evaporation, three evaporators of small capacity and
of different makes were purchased, with the most approved paring
apparatus, and put in operation about October 20. The fruit used
was a little above the ordinary grade of cider apples, but contain-
ing very few apples good enough to put in as No. 2 market
apples.

Two men were employed, and all the evaporators were kept
running at once. The fruit was weighed before paring and after
drying also. The product of each evaporator was kept separate, and
a careful account kept of the cost of production. In the process
of manufacture the apples were pared and cored at one operation ;
they were then dropped into a slicer, where, by a single stroke,
each one was cut into slices from three-sixteenths to one-fourth
of an inch thick. These were then dropped into a tub of water to
which had been added salt at the rate of one-half pound to about
five gallons. They were allowed to stand in this liquid from ten to
twenty minutes, when they were placed on the evaporator trays and
put into the bleacher. The bleacher is a close box of the size of
the trays, with cleats on the inside, and with a little draught at the
top to carry off any surplus fumes. A small quantity of sulphur
or brimstone is kept burning in this while the fruit is exposed.
After remaining in the bleacher from fifteen to twenty minutes, it
is transferred to the evaporators. The time that the fruit was
kept in the evaporator varied with the amount of fire in the fur-
nace ; but in every case an effort was made to keep this up as high
as possible without burning the fruit. The liability of burning
the product was greatest with the " Stahl," less with the
"American" and least with the "Topping."

The results with each evaporator are as follows : —

The " Tojjping " consumed 44 bushels of apples.

producing 272| pounds of dried fruit,
yielding 6^- pounds per bushel,
costing 4.0 cents per pound.

The "■American"' consumed 30 bushels of apples.

producing 194i pounds of dried fruit,
yielding G| pounds per bushel,
costing .5." cents per pound.

22

The " StahV consumed 50 bushels of apples.

producing 323^ pounds dried fruit
yielding 6^ pounds per bushel,
costing 5 cents per pound.

The amount of fruit evaporated in a day was far below the
guarantee of the manufacturers. This may have been partly due
to lack of skill of the manipulators ; but we think the results
obtained are much nearer what would be secured by the
average operator than what are claimed by the manufacturers.
The latter assert a capacity of from eight to twelve bushels per
day of fifteen hours ; but the results of our experiments place
their capacity at only four to five bushels per day of ten hours.
The capacity of the paring and slicing apparatus was far greater
than that of the combined evaporators ; and it was found that one
man could pare, core and process the fruit after one evaporator
was filled as fast as the evaporators combined could care for it.
This leads us to the conclusion that for projit an evaporator oj
much greater capacity must be used; and that the small evaporators
can he oj little value except when the operator is engaged in other
work, where the short time necessary to fill it and care Jor the fire
would not interjere loith that work, — as, for instance, where
women or children are occupied near the evaporator.

Co-operative evaporators of large capacity are built in mauj
places, where large quantities of fruit are put in at once and
allowed longer time to cure without the danger of burning, and
where sufficient fruit can be worked up to keep pace with the
ripening of all varieties. This would seem the most promising
method of utilizing this large product which now goes to waste.

The quality of the evaporated apples depends upon three things;
namely, the quality of the fruity its state of ripeness and the variety
used. As to the first, it may readily be seen that the larger, fairer
and smoother the fruit, the better the quality of the product. In
the second case, the results of our experiments show that sound,
fresh fruit gives a larger and better product than over-ripe fruit,
the yield under these conditions ranging from four to seven pounds
per bushel. The quantity and quality of the product also de-
pend upon the variety. The varieties used in the test were as
follows, arranged in groups according to the quality of the
product : —

Producing the best are the Siuaar, S710W, Ben Davis, Ilurlburt,
Baldwin and Willow Twig.

Producing the next best quality are the Westfield Seek-no-further,
Rhode Island Greening and Red Russet.

23

Producing the poorest product, Roxbury Russet, Northern Spy,
Minister and King.

The appearance of the fruit coming from the different evapo-
rators was varied, that from the "Topping" being the best, the
"American" taking the second rank and the "Stahl" the
third.

In considering the healthf ulness of the product of these evapo-
rators, objection has been made that the sulphur used in the proc-
ess of bleaching might render the fruit injurious. To settle the
question as to the quantity of sulphur absorbed by the fruit in the
process of bleaching, samples from each evaporator were sent to
the State station for analysis, with the results as follows : —

The fruit from the "Topping" contained 1-30 of 1 per cent of sul-
phurous acid.

The fruit from the " American " contained 1-7 of 1 per cent of sul-
phurous acid.

The fruit from the " Stahl" contained 1-5 of 1 per cent of sulphurous
acid.

Even the highest amount found, we are informed by Dr. C. A.
Goessmann, is so minute and in such combinations with the fruit
as to be entirely harmless. Should any, however, object to this
small amount of sulphur, which possibly may be detected in the
flavor of the fruit, it will be found that it is largely dissolved in
the water used for soaking the fruit previous to cooking, and that
by pouring off this water nearly all of the sulphur will be removed.

The Meteorological Division.

Besides the general routine work of taking daily observations,
reducing data and recording results, work has been done for the
purpose of ascertaining the facts about certain meteorological
theories. Weather periodicity based upon recurring changes in
temperature or electrical phenomena is being investigated.
While these theories are still in their infancy, yet encouraging
results have been ascertained. The temperature, barometric
and precipitation curves, based upon data taken for over fifty
years, have been plotted at this station, and show a decided
tendency toward periodical recurrences ; not only is this true of
succeeding years, but also of the months. If these recurring
meteorological changes are found to be constant in their appear-
ance, it will be possible to forecast the weather many days in
advance. To help solve this problem has been one of the efforts
of this division.

24

Also much data have been recopied and put in a more compre-
hensible and practical manner for future reference. By special
request of the Weather Service at Washington a series of observa-
tions have been taken for ascertaining the temperature at which a
killing frost is possible, and the temperature at which a frost is
possible, as well as the relation between the temperature on the
tower and that of the shelter a few feet above the ground. These
temperatures are taken with the standard minimum thermometer,
exposed in the regulation thermometer shelter. Much study has
been made of the weather maps, two of which are received daily,
and the local and government forecasts compared with the actual
conditions of the weather at this station for the same period. In
fact, verifying daily forecasts has been quietly carried on at this
station for several years, and we believe no other station has ever
continued this work for so long a period. The local and Wash-
ington forecasts are carefully studied and marked according to a
certain standard which was decided upon at the outset. Although
the work has required a large amount of time and patient applica-
tion, yet the value of energy and time expended is small when
compared with the results obtained. The conclusion arrived at,
based upon actual observation is, that the efficiency of our weather
service, as shown in weather predictions, is certainly gratifying.
The average percentage of accuracy of the local service for the
whole period is ninety-one per cent and the Washington ninety
per cent. While the local service is slightly ahead of the depart-
ment at Washington, it is due the latter to say that the slight
difference in the averages in favor of the Boston office should not
alone be considered as indicating superior foresight of the officials
at the latter place, as they have a small area to consider in making
weather predictions for New England, while the officials at Wash-
ington make forecasts for the whole country. The predictions of
Foster in St. Louis, based upon electrical and periodical weather
changes, which predictions are made two weeks in advance, and
those of Clayton at Bk;e Hill, whose bulletins have been carefully
watched, show that these gentlemen* also have methods of fore-
casting the weather which give remarkably good results.

All official telegrams received at the observatory are recorded,
the time they are received and the time the weather signals are
hoisted, it being thought proper to make a record of this for
future reference.

While certain lines of investigation already begun have not
been fully completed, yet much careful and thorough work has
been accomplished during the year.

25

Annual Statement of the Hatch Fund, Massachusetts
Agricultural College,

For the Year ending June 30, 1894.

By George F. Mills, Treasurer jiro tern.

Cash received from United States treasurer, .
from agricultm'al department, .
from chemical department,

Cash paid for salaries,
for labor, .

for freight and express,
for i^rinting,
for incidentals, .
for supplies,
for barn, .
for postage,
for travelling expenses,

.

. $15,000 00

1

623

37
65

^5,624

02

$7,221 42

1,441

76

112

20

1,238

26

1,875

■83

3,295

12

305

00

39

59

94 84

—

815,624 02

Amherst, Mass., Oct. 5, 1894.
I, the undersigned, duly appointed auditor, do hereby certify that I
have examined the books and accounts of the Hatch Experiment
Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College for the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1894 ; that I have found the books well kept and the
accounts correctly classified as above ; and that the receipts for the time
named are shown to be f 15,624.02 and the corresponding disbursements
$15,624.02. All of the proper vouchers are on file and have been by me
examined and found to be correct, there being no balance to be ac-
counted for in the fiscal year ending June 30, 1894.

CHARLES A. GLEASON, Auditor.

PUBLIC DOCUMENT .... .... No. 33.

EIGHTH ANNUAL EEPOET

\ Hatch Experiment Station

Massachusetts Agricultural College.

January, 1896,

BOSTON :

WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS,

18 Post Office Squarp-.

1896.

PUBLIC DOCUMENT .... .... No. 33.

EIGHTH ANNUAL EEPOET

Hatch ExPEraMENT Station

Massachusetts Agricultural College.

jANUAPtY, 1896.

BOSTON :

WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS,

18 Post Office Square.

1896.

REPORT.

It is proper, in making this first report of the Hatch
Experiment Station since its consolidation with the State
Experiment Station, that its history and organization should
be briefly outlined and made a matter of permanent record.
The State station was established by act of the Legislat-
ure in 1882, with Prof. Charles A. Goessmann as director.
Though located on the college grounds and making use of
its land for purposes of experiment, it had no direct connec-
tion with it, but was governed by its own board of control.
Up to the time of consolidation twelve annual reports had
been issued and fifty-seven bulletins.

The Hatch Experiment Station was established under act
of Congress, Public No. 112, Feb. 25, 1887. The pro-
visions of this act were accepted by the General Court,
chapter 112 of the Acts and Resolves of 1887. At a meet-
ing of the trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural Col-
lege, held March 2, 1888, it was voted to establish another
department, to be styled "The Experiment Department of
the Massachusetts Agricultural College." The name was
subsequently changed to the Hatch Experiment Station of
the Massachusetts Agricultural College, and Pres. H. H.
Goodell was elected director. Five thousand dollars of its
income were annually paid over to the State Experiment
Station, in consideration of its performing the chemical
work required. Previous to consolidation there had been
issued seven annual reports, thirty general, three special and
seventy-eight meteorological bulletins.

For several years a growing feeling had manifested itself
that the two stations should be united, in the interest of
economy of administration, work and result.

In 1894 an act was passed by the General Court, chapter
143, to consolidate the Massachusetts Agricultural Experi-
ment Station with the Experiment Department of the Massa-
chusetts Agricultural College. Owing to a trifling error, the

4 HATCH EXPERIMP]NT STATION. [Jan.

consolidation could not be effected, and the act was amended,
chapter 57 of the Acts and Resolves of 1895. The full text,
as amended, is as follows : —

Section 1. The Massachusetts agricultural experiment station,
located at the Massachusetts agricultural college in Amherst, may
be transferred to and consolidated with the experiment department
of the said college now known as the Hatch experiment station, in
the manner hereinafter provided.

Sect. 2. The said Massachusetts agricultural experiment sta-
tion, at any meeting duly called for such purpose, may, by a vote
of two-thirds of the members present, authorize the transfer of
all the rights, leases, contracts and property, of every kind and
nature, of said station to the Massachusetts agricultural college ;
and the trustees of said college may, at any meeting duly called
for such purpose, accept the same for said college in behalf of the
Commonwealth, whereupon such transfer shall be made by suit-
able conveyance ; and when such transfer shall be made, the said
Massachusetts agricultural experiment station shall be deemed to
be a part of, and to belong to, the experiment department of said
college, under such name as said trustees may designate.

Sect. 3. The trustees of said college shall thereafter continue
to carry on the experimental and other work for which the Massa-
chusetts station was established, and to administer and apply all
the property and funds that may be received by them hereunder,
and by virtue hereof, for such purposes. They shall also from
time to time print and publish bulletins containing the results of
any experimental woric and investigations, and distribute the same
to such residents and newspapers of the Commonwealth as may
apply therefor.

Sect. 4. Nothing herein contained shall -operate to affect or
discontinue the annual appropriations and payments thereof made
and to be made by the Commonwealth for the proper maintenance
of experimental work, under section six of chapter two hundred
and twelve of the acts of the year eighteen hundred and eighty-
two and section one of chapter three hundred and twenty-seven of
the acts of the year eighteen hundred and eighty-five; and the
pajMuent of said appropriations shall hereafter be made to the
treasurer of the Massachusetts agricultural college. The trustees
of said college shall make or cause to be made annually to the gen-
eral court a detailed report of the expenditure of all such moneys,
and such further report of the annual work of the experiment de-
partment of the college station as the trustees of the coUege shall
deem advisable.

189G.]

PITBLTC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

5

In accordance with this action of the Legislature, at a
special meeting of the trustees, held April 16, 1895, it was
voted to accept, for the Massachusetts Agricultural College,
the transfer of all the rights, leases, contracts and property
of every kind and nature of the Massachusetts Agricultural
Experiment Station to the Massachusetts Agricultural Col-
lege. It was voted to consolidate the two stations, under the
name of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts
Agricultural College, and the following organization was
adopted : — •

Henry H. Goodell, LL.D.,
William P. Brooks, B.Sc,
George E. Stone, Ph.D., .
Charles A. Goessjiann, Ph.D
Joseph B. Lixdset, Ph D.,
Charles H. Fernald, Fh D.,
Samuel T. Matnard, B.Sc,
Leonard Metcalf, B.S., .
Henry M. Thomson, B.Sc,
Ralph E. Smith, B.Sc, .
Henri D. Haskins, B.Sc,
Robert H. Smith, B.Sc, .
Charles S. Crocker, B Sc,
Edward B. Holland, B.Sc,
Robert A. Cooley, B.Sc,
Joseph H. Putnam, B.Sc,
George A Billings, B.Sc,
Charles A. King,

LL

Director.

Agriculturist.

Botanist.

Chemist (fertilizers.)

Chemist (foods a^d feeding.)

Entomologist, y

Horticulturist.

Meteorologist.

Assistant AgHcultiinst.

Assistant Botanist.

Assistant Chemist (fertilizers).

Assistant Chemist (fertilizers).

Assistant Chemist (foods and feeding).

Assistant Chemist (foods and feeding).

Assistant Entomologists

Assista7it Horticulturist.

Assistant in Foods and Feediiig.

Observer.

HATCH EXPERIMP^NT STATION.

[Jan.

A^J^UAL STATEMEISTT

Of tiik Hatch Fund of the Massachusetts Agricultural Col-
lege FOR THE Year ending June 30, 1895.

By George F. Mills, Treafsurer pro tetn.

Cash received from United States treasurer, .
Cash received from agricultural department,

Cash paid for salaries,

Cash jjaid for labor,

Cash i^aid for ijublications, ....
Cash paid for freight and express, .
Cash paid for postage and stationery, .
Cash paid for heat, light and water.
Cash paid for chemical supplies, ,
Cash paid for seeds, plants and sundry supi)lies,
Cash paid for fertilizers, ....

Cash paid for feeding stuffs, ....

Cash paid for libraiy,

Cash paid for tools, implements and machineiy.

Cash i)aid for furniture,

Cash paid for scientific apjiaratus, .
Cash paid for travelling expenses, .
Cash paid for contingent expenses,
Cash paid for building and repairs,

.

$15,000 00

861 14

$15,861 14

. 88,382 72

. 1,592 88

. 1,476 16

. 103 53

51 41

. 101 90

. 479 60

. 500 71

. 344 08

. 373 52

. 528 23

. 867 27

. 50 92

. 534 56

. 195 37

96 42

. 181 86

115,861 14

Amherst, Mass., Sept. 20, 1895.

I, the undersigned, duly appointed auditor, do hereby certify that I have exam-
ined the books and accounts of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts
Agricultural College for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1895 ; that I have found the
books well kept, and the accounts correctly classified as above, and that the receipts
for the time named are shown to be f 15,861.14, and the corresponding disbursements
$15,861.14. AH tlie proper vouchers are on file, and have been by me examined and
found to be correct, there being no balance to be accounted for in the fiscal year end-
ing June 30, 1895.

CHARLES A. GLEASON,

Attditor.

ISOG.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No.

REPORT OF THE BOTANIST.

GEORGE E. STONE.

This department of investigation was established in 1888
and continued until 1892, when, on account of Dr. Hum-
phrey's resignation, it was temporarily discontinued. Last
July the department was re-established, and the physio-
logical laboratory is now devoted to experimental work
along the lines for which it was largely designed. Owing
to the fact that the laboratory and its equipment were
being used in other lines of investioation to the middle of
September, experimental work in botany was necessarily
delayed, and it was not until October that experiments
were under way. At the present time, therefore, only a
brief report can be oflered. It may not be out of place,
however, to state concisely some of the details relating to
the line of work which is being pursued, reserving a fuller
account of the experiments for subsequent publications.

The work of the division falls mainly under two heads,
namely, vegetable physiology and vegetable pathology.
The first occupies itself with a study of plant diseases,
their prevention and cure. The second deals particularly
'with the function of the plant, whether normal or abnor-
mal, and is concerned with the action of such external influ-
ences as heat, light, moisture, etc. It further endeavors to
ascertain how far the utilization of these external influences
is responsible for the inroads of fungi, and how far the
fungi can be controlled by these physiological factors.

Study of Injurious Fungi.

Throughout the entire year a large number of diseased
plants is sent in for diagnosis. Work in this line must
always be in progress, and the examination of these dis-

8 HATCH EXPERIMENT .STATION. [Jan.

eased forms occupies considerable time. Very frequently
some of the diseases prove to be new, or at least little
understood, and a study of them must be made for the
purpose of gaining an accurate knowledge of their charac-
teristics and habits, and thus enable us to treat them in
an intelligent manner. It is highly important that the
nature of every plant disease be fully understood before
any attempt is made to treat it. Any attempt at treat-
ment not based on knowledge is as unscientific as it is
impracticable. Among the apparently new diseases occupy-
ing our attention at present are bacterial diseases of the
strawberry and orchid, a begonia leaf disease, a stem dis-
ease of the cultivated aster and a rust on the blackberry.
Besides these, observations are being made on a number
of other more or less known fungi.

In connection with the study of injurious fungi, numerous
tests are being made with new fungicides, especially with
solutions which can be used in the greenhouse. These tests
are first made directly on the spores in the laboratory, and
then the solutions are applied to susceptible or diseased
plants in the greenhouse. By means of such tests the
efiects of the solution on the spores can be readily observed,
and tlie strength of the solution required for spraying can
be tolerably well determined.

Nematode Worms.

No class of plants is more frequently sent in during
the winter than greenhouse cucumbers affected with these
worms, which completely riddle the tender tissues of the
roots, much to the detriment of the plants. No satisfactory
remedy has as yet been found, though various experiments
are now being made in the greenhouse for the purpose of
relieving the market gardener from these "pests.

Beneficial Fungi (^Mycorhiza) .

It has been known in Europe for some years that the
roots of many plants are covered with fungous growths,
the predominance of which — in some instances, at least —
is believed to have some boarino; on the absence of root

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 9

hairs. These facts, with other phenomena apparently of a
similar nature which occur in the leguminoste, etc., have
led Frank* to surmise that these fungi play an important
role in the assimilation of food material from the soil. As
no investio-ations have been made to our knowledoe on the
occurrence of fungi on the roots of our native species of
plants. Professor Smith and myself have devoted consider-
able attention during the- past summer to work in this
direction, for the purpose of determining, first, the prev-
alence of fungi on roots of our native plants ; second,
their nature and distribution; third, their relation to the
absence of root hairs. Already a large 'number of plants
have been examined, and it is proposed to carry on the inves-
tigations during the coming summer, with these additional
points in view, — fourth, to prove by means of cultures
whether the fungi are really essential to the plant in the
assimilation of food from the soil ; fifth, if proved, to throw
some light, if possible, upon the process of assimilation ;
sixth, to ascertain whether these fungi are in any way — as
Kerner maintains they are — accountable for the difficulty
of transplanting certain plants.

Damping Fungi and their Relations to Temjoerature and

Moisture.

Experiments are being made to ascertain the exact relations
of the development of the damping fungi to temperature
and moisture conditions. A large number of plants subject
to damping off are being experimented with in a portion of ■
the greenhouse provided with self-registering instruments.
In connection with this line of work, experiments are being
made to find out at what temperature the spores of injurious
fungi common to the greenhouse commence to germinate.
These experiments are undertaken for the purpose of learn-
ing to what extent certain diseases can be controlled by
temperature and moisture conditions.

* Lehrbuch tier Botanik, page 295.

10 HATCH EXPETIIMENT STATION. [Jan.

General Botanical Work.
Grass Collection.

Among the specimens sent in by farmers and other citizens
of the State for determination are not infrequently grasses.
The station possesses already a small collection of these most
important plants, and it is hoped that in the course of time a
representative of every species peculiar to Massachusetts will
be found here, not only for our own use in aiding identifica-
tion of obscure species, but for the benefit of the student and
visitor who may '^ish to become familiar with them.

Weed CoTlectio7i.

Any one who is conversant with our ever-extending com-
mercial relations with foreign countries can realize that a
considerable number of new species of plants reaches us every
year. That most of these may prove perfectly harmless
there can be no doubt ; but, on the other hand, we do not
know but that there is in our State to-day some slum1)ering
pest, some unnaturalized immigrant, w^hich may in a few
years become as common as the daisy or shepherd's purse,
and prove as disastrous as the Russian thistle. For this
reason we wish to extend our collection of State weeds, and
keep a careful record of the nature and time of introduction
of every species. This department, therefore, requests the
co-operation of all those interested in such matters, in its
endeavor to make a complete collection and accumulate data
bearino- on the habits of our weeds.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 11

REPORT OF THE AGRICULTURIST.

AVILLIAM P. BKOOKS.

Leading Eesults and Conclusions based upon the
Experiments outlined in the Report of the Agri-
culturist.

Grass and Olover.

1. Nitrate of soda applied in early spring may safely be
depended upon to produce a profitable increase in tlie first
crop of hay, but such application will not materially increase
the yield of rowen. The amount to be used is from 150 to
200 pounds per acre.

2. Muriate of potash applied to land which is to be seeded
to mixed grasses and clovers may be depended upon to in-
crease the proportion of clover in the produce, and con-
sequently to make the hay more highly nitrogenous, and
particularly to increase the yield of rowen. The amount
needed is about 175 to 200 pounds per acre.

3 . Fertilizers for top-dressing grass lands in spring should
contain nitrate of soda and muriate or sulphate of potash ; and,
to benefit the rowen crop, they should contain also some
slower-acting forms of nitrogen, such as sulphate of ammo-
nia, dried blood, dry ground fish, bone meal or tankage.
The fish, tankage or bone meal will furnish some phosphate,
of which a moderate quantity will be useful.

Corn.

1. The application of muriate of potash has so invariably
increased the yield of both stover and grain that the conclu-
sion is irresistible that potash should be more abundant in
fertilizers for this crop than is usually the case.

1^ HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

2. There is much evidence that the fertilizer for one acre
should furnish at least 80 to 100 pounds of actual potash,

3. A corn fertilizer containing 5 per cent, of potash,
applied at the rate of 1,000 pounds per acre, furnishes 50
pounds of actual potash. With such a fertilizer it will pay
to use from 75 to 100 pounds of muriate of potash per acre.

4. Four cords of average farm-yard manure will supply
al)out 96 pounds of actual potash ; but not all of this will be
available the first year, hence it will in most cases be found
profitable to use with this manure 75 to 100 pounds of muri-
ate of potash for corn.

Bye.
This crop is most largely increased by muriate of potash
and nitrate of soda, but responds much less freely to an ap-
plication of fertilizers than corn.

White Mustard.

1. In this we have a crop responding most freely to an
application of phosphates, indicating that the percentage of
phosphoric acid in fertilizers for turnips and cabbages (mem-
bers of the same family) should be large.

2. White mustard sown j^early in standing corn in the
later part of July grows until late in the fall, thus prevent-
ing soluble nitrogen compounds from being washed out of
the soil. It does not injure the growth of the corn the year
it is sown, and the ultimate eflect is to make the soil produce
larger crops in subsequent years.

Potatoes,

1. Both being used in connection with materials furnish-
ing equal amounts of nitrogen and phosphates, sulphate of
potash gives larger yields of potatoes than muriate of potash.

2. Used in the same way, sulphate of potash produces
potatoes of better quality than muriate of potash.

3. Potato fertilizers should therefore contain potash in
the form of sulphate rather than muriate.

4. A large share of a fertilizer for potatoes should be
placed in the drill. This gives larger crops of better quality
than spreading broadcast.

1890.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 13

5. Treatment with solution of corrosive sublimate of seed
potatoes which are moderately scabby will prevent scab, pro-
vided the germs of this disease are not present in the soil
where the potatoes are planted.

Crimson Clover.

This clover has not prov(>d hardy here, and experiments
in its use should be tried upon a small scale.

Jajxinese Millets.

1. The " barn-yard " variety is worth a trial. Here it
has yielded per acre: (a) seed, 66. 7 bushels, and straw,
11,297 pounds; (b) green fodder, 18 tons; or (c) hay, 6
tons.

2. The green fodder is superior to good corn fodder in
feeding for milk. It makes excellent silage.

Soja Beans.

The medium green variety is a useful crop, whether for
feeding green or for silage. It will yield about two-thirds
as much gross weight as corn ; but is far richer in flesh
formers. Silage made hy mixing two parts of either corn
or barn-yard millet with one of the beans makes a well-bal-
anced feed for cows.

Flat Pea.

Seed was planted in the spring of 189-1, but no fodder has
as yet been produced.

Sacaline.

Seed planted in the spring of 1895 germinated well, the
plants made a good start and promise a large yield of fodder
next year.

Hay Caps.

A trial demonstrated their great usefulness in showery
weather, and indicates that the S}'mmes' cap has much tq
recommend it.

14 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Warming a iS table for Cows.
The increase in milk and butter due to warming a stable
was small, and altogether insufficient to pay the cost.

Feeding Hens for Eggs,

1 . Vegetable foods, even though furnishing equal amounts
of all nutrients and in the proportions considered suitable,
are shown to be much inferior to animal foods furnishing the
same amounts of nutrients and in the same proportions.

2. Dried meat meal, everything being considered, appears
to be superior as a feed for laying fowls to cut fresh bone.

Soil Tests.

Soil tests upon the plan agreed upon in convention in
Washington in 1889 have been continued. During the past
season we have carried out five such tests : two upon our
own grounds, one with rye and the other with grass and
clover as the crops ; and one each in Concord, Hadley and
Shelburne, with corn as the crop. The main points indi-
cated are as follows : —

Grass and Clover.

1. Nitrate of soda, applied at the rate of lOO pounds
per acre, is beneficial to the first crop of grass, the average
increase amounting to 580 pounds per acre. This result is
in line with all results in previous years, both here and
elsewhere.

2. This application does not appreciably increase the
rowen crop.

3. The potash greatly increases the proportion of clover,
and thus considerably benefits the first cut of hay, the aver-
age increase this year amounting to 5(i9 pounds of hay for
an application of IGO pounds of muriate of potash per acre.

4. The effect of the potash application is most striking
upon the rowen crop. This, where timothy, red top and
clover are sown, is always chiefly clover. This year there
was not rowen enough to weigh except where barn-yard
manure or potash had been applied.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 15

5. The phosphoric acid has not much ajffected either the
first or the second cutting.

I would again recommend^ for mowings containing mixed
grasses and clover, as folloivs 2^er acre: —

Pounds.

Nitrate of soda, 150

Tankage of dry fish, ....
Plain superphosphate, ....
Ground South Carolina rock phosphate,
Muriate of potash, ....

100
100
100
150

Mix just before use and spread evenly in early spring.

Corn.

The soil tests with corn this year were all upon land which
has been several years under similar manurial treatment.
On Mr. Frank Wheeler's farm in Concord the work was
begun in 1890, and his crops in the order of succession
have been corn, corn, potatoes, grass and clover, grass and
clover, and corn (1895).

On Mr. Wheeler's farm this year the average yield of the
five nothing plats which have received neither manure nor
fertilizer since 1889 was : stover, 3,956 pounds ; grain, 40.6
bushels per acre. With muriate of potash alone, at the rate
of 160 pounds per acre, the yield was : stover, 2,840 pounds ;
grain, 59.8 bushels. The average increase on four plats
where potash was used, which is apparently due to this fer-
tilizer, is: stover, 1,257 pounds; grain, 21.6 bushels. The
average ffain due to the use of nitrate of soda is 3.4 bushels
of grain, that due to potash (dissolved bone-black) is 2
bushels.

On Mr. West's farm in Hadley the work was begun in 1890,
and the crops have been corn, corn, oats, grass and clover,
grass and clover, and this year corn. The average yield of the
nothing plats per acre this year was : stover, 3,584 pounds ;
grain, 50.7 bushels. The increase apparently due to the
application of potash alone was : stover, 2,900 pounds ; grain,
27.4 bushels. The average increase on all plats where pot-
ash was used, apparently due to this element, was : stover,
3,200 pounds; grain, 22.8 bushels. Similar averages for

16 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

nitrate of soda are: stover, 407 pounds; grain, 9.1 bushels.
For phosphate (dissolved bone-black) there has been abso-
lutely no average increase ; the crops where this has been
applied have been in fact a very little less in every instance
except one where it has been used.

On the farm of Mr. Dole in Shelburne the soil test work
was begun in 1889 and has continued seven years. The
crops in order of succession have been corn, corn, potatoes,
oats, grass and clover, grass and clover, and corn (1895).
Shelburne is the only place in the State where soil test work
with corn as the crop has been carried on which has not
indicated potash to be most largely required. The results
have been less decisive than in most places, but have indi-
cated phosphate (dissolved bone-black) to be most useful in
former 3'ears. The past season nitrate of soda appears to
have been most useful to the corn crop ; but there is strong
reason for believing that Mr. Dole, in placing the unhusked
corn in the barn, made mistakes in marking the several
bunches of material ; and I regret to say that the figures
are such that I believe deductions therefrom would be unre-
liable.

Rye.

The acre upon our home grounds which has been seven
years under soil test experiments has this year been in win-
ter rye which was sown in October, 1894. In rye we have
a crop with a long period of growth which is notable for its
ability to extract its food from a poor soil. It was to be
expected, therefore, that the differences produced by the fer-
tilizer treatment would be less than with crops such as corn,
potatoes and oats. This has been the case ; but still the
results speak in no uncertain tone. The succession of crops
upon this acre has been corn, corn, oats, grass and clover,
grass and clover, corn and rye. For the corn, the muriate
of potash has been most useful ; for the oats and grass,
nitrate of soda ; for the clover, muriate of potash. This
season the average yield of the nothing plats has been :
straw, 1,700 pounds; grain, 12.1 bushels. The muriate
of potash alone has increased the straw 400 pounds, and
the grain 4,1 bushels. On the average, the muriate of

181)6.] PITBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 83. 17

potash has produced the following increases, viz. : straw,
800 pounds ; grain, 4.5 bushels. Neither the nitrate of
soda nor the phosphate has been as beneficial. The muriate
of potash is most beneficial when used with both nitrate and
phosphate. The plat where all three were used produced an
increase of: straw, 2,480 pounds; grain, 15.4 bushels, as
compared with the nothings. Where manure at the rate of
five cords per acre has been applied every year for seven
years similar increases are: straw, 3,200 pounds; grain,
21.1 bushels. The grain raised on the fertilizer is better
than that raised on manure, and in general the size and
plumpness of berry were favorably afiected by potash.

What WJiite Mustard teacJies.

Soon after the rye was harvested the land was ploughed
and sown to white mustard, 40 pounds of seed being put in
on July 31 without additional fertilizer. The result was a
striking object lesson. Germination of the seed was quick
and even, but, except on the plats where manure or phos-
phate (dissolved bone-black), lime and plaster have been
applied, there was almost absolutely no growth. On the
manure and " complete" fertilizer plats growth was charac-
terized as good ; on the plats receiving respectively nitrate
of soda and dissolved bone-black, dissolved bone-black and
muriate of potash, and dissolved bone-black alone, it was
fair. On all others it was poor, though the plats which had
received lime and plaster made a little better showing than
the others. It will be noticed that where for seven years
we have been applying phosphate — even with nothing
else — the growth of the mustard was fair to good, while
elsewhere there was very little growth ; the plants simply
vegetated, and then stood still. This result is especially
significant upon this land, for, as shown in my description
of the soil test with rye, dissolved bone-black has not very
materially benefited either corn, oats, grass, clover or rye.
On the same land, then, we find corn, clover and rye re-
sponding most freely to potash application ; oats and grass,
to nitrate of soda ; and mustard, — a plant of an altogether
difierent order (the turnip and cabbage family), — to phos-

18 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jun.

phate. It is believed this object lesson indicates that here,
as in England, where the fact has long been pointed out,
fertilizers for turnips especially and probably for cabbages
also should be rich in available phosphoric acid.

The fertilizers applied yearly in all the soil tests alluded
to in my reports are shown in the table below. In some
experiments there have been five instead of four nothing
plats, as shown in this table, and the numbering of the plats
has been diflerent. In other particulars the plan in all has
been identical. It has for its object not the production of
large crops, but the discovery of facts concerning the special
requirements of crops on the soils tested.

Applied Yearly per Acre.

No.

1. Nitrate of soda, IGO pounds.

2. Dissolved bone-black, ;)20 pounds.

3. Nothing.

4. Muriate of potash, 160 jiounds.

5. Lime, IGO jjounds.

6. Nothing,

7. Farm-yard manure, 5 cords.
Q ^ Niti'ate of soda, 160 pounds.

( Dissolved bone-black, 320 pounds.
9. Nothing.
^^ ^ Nitrate of soda, 160 jiounds.

t Muriate of potash, 160 pounds.
^ . < Dissolved bone-black, 320 pounds.

\ Muriate of potash, 160 pounds.

12. Nothing.

13. Land plaster, 160 pounds.
/'Nitrate of soda, 160 pounds.

14. } Dissolved bone-black, 320 jiounds.
C Muriate of potash, 160 pounds.

189n.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 19

Potato Experiments.

Objects.

1. To determine whether the muriate or the sulphate
of potash should be used as a source of potash in potato
fertilizers.

2. To determine whether fertilizers for this crop should
be applied broadcast and harrowed in or put into the drill.

Results.

1. Eight experiments, comparing the sulphate with the
muriate of potash, have given an average of 22.1 bushela
of merchantable tubers per acre more where the sulphate
was the source of potash.

2. The eating quality of the tubers raised when the
sulphate has been the source of potash has generally been
better than when the muriate was used.

3. Analyses have generally shown that the tubers raised
on the sulphate have contained less water and more starch
than those raised on the muriate. When this has not been
the case, it is believed to have been because the tubers
had not properly ripened, owing to the premature death
of the tops on account of blight.

4. There has been little difference in the appearance of
the tubers raised on the two fertilizers, but the advantage
is slightly with the muriate in this respect.

5. The number of bushels per acre in favor of the sul-
phate has ranged from 4.8 to 82.5 of merchantable tubers.
In only one out of the eight experiments has the muriate
excelled the sulphate ; the difference on total yield was
then only 28 pounds per acre.

6. The fertilizer in the drill has generally given larger
crops than broadcast application. This has been the case
in six out of the eight experiments, the range being from
12.5 bushels to 54 bushels of merchantable tubers per acre
in favor of drill application. In the two experiments where
broadcast application gave the larger crops, it is believed
that the fact was due to natural inequality in the soil.

20 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Details.

These experiments were begun in 1892, and have been
continued every year. Each year we have had four plats,
which we will call numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4. In 1892 and
1893 these plats were one-sixth of an acre each; in 1894
and 1895, one-fourth of an acre each. The fertilizers have
each year been applied broadcast to plats 1 and 2 ; in the
open furrow before dropping the seed to plats 3 and 4.
Sulphate of potash has been the source of the potash each
year on plats 1 and 3, muriate of potash on plats 2 and 4.
The quantities of potash salts employed have been such as
to supply equal numbers of pounds of actual potash to
plats which were to be compared. Fertilizers supplying
equal quantities of nitrogen and phosphoric acid to all
the plats have each year been applied.

The experiments of 1892 and 1893 were upon the same
land. This land had been in pasture for several years up
to 1889. It was ploughed and planted in 1890 and 1891,
the crops being white mustard, oats, soja beans and millets.
The division into plats in the potato experiments ran across
the rows of the two previous years, so that previous cultural
conditions had been the same on all the four potato plats.
The fertilizers applied in 1890 and 1891 comprised: nitrate
of soda, 160 pounds; dissolved bone-black, 320 pounds;
and muriate of potash, 160 pounds, per acre in each year.
The soil of these plats is a fine medium loam, underlaid
by gravel at the depth of about three feet, — an excellent
soil, in so far as drainage, warmth and other physical con-
ditions go, for the potato.

The land used in 1894 and 1895 was of the same general
character, but with the gravel a little farther from the
surface. The same field was used both seasons. This
land had, previous to 1890, been used for several years as
a pasture. From 1890 to 1893 inclusive it had been used
for a variety of hoed crops, all raised on fertilizers. The
conditions on all four plats had been alike, but from the
nature of our results it is believed that the soil in Plat 4
is inferior in fertility to that in the other plats.

1890.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

21

The kinds and amounts of fertilizers used per acre in
each of the first three years are shown below : —

Plats (1892).

Plats (1893).

Plats (1894).

FERTILIZERS.

I

a

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

S

3

4

Nitrate of soda (pounds), .
Dry ground fish (pounds),
Dissolved bone-blacli (pounds).
Sulphate of potasli (pounds), .
Muriate of potash (pounds),
Tankage (pounds), . . .
Dried blood (pounds),

160
200
250
174

160
200
250

174

160
200
250
174

160
200
250

174

240
300
375
261

240
300
375

261

240
300
375
261

240
300
375

261

240

375
211

240
60

240

375

211

240

60

240

375
211

240
60

240
375

211

240
60

In 1895 the same kinds and amounts of fertilizers were
used on each plat as in 1894.

Manner of applying Fertilizers.
In every instance all the fertilizers to be used on a plat
have been thoroughly mixed just before the seed was to be
planted. On plats 1 and 2 each year all of the mixed fertil-
izers have been evenly spread after ploughing and at once
harrowed in. On plats 3 and 4 the mixed fertilizer has been
broadly scattered the full length of the open furrow in which
the seed was to be dropped. In covering the seed the fertil-
izer was somewhat mixed with the soil and in part brought
above the seed.

Seed used and Manner of Planting.
The variety of potatoes raised has every year been the
same, — Beauty of Hebron. In 1892 the seed was from
Aroostook County, Maine; in 1893 it was of our own rais-
ing ; in 1894 all except that planted in four rows was from
Maine, that in the four rows was of our own growing; and
in 1895 all was from Aroostook County. In 1894 all the
seed was treated with a solution of corrosive sublimate, for
the prevention of scab. The treatment accom])lished the
object in view, and will be described later. Each year the
seed has consisted of medium to large tubers, and it has been
cut into pieces with two strong eyes each. It has been

22 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

planted by hand in rows three and one-half feet apart and
at a distance of twelve inches in the row. Planting has
always been early.

Oulture and Appearance while growing.

The land has been harrowed once before the seed was up,
and later the harrow or Breed's weeder has been used once
or twice more. The work thereafter has been carefully and
seasonably performed with one-horse cultivators and hand
hoes. During the early part of each of the four seasons the
crop growing where the sulphate of potash had been applied
was distinctly more vigorous and of a deeper color than that
growing on the muriate. This difference was maintained
throughout the season, but became less noticeable towards
the close of the season of growth.

A similar difference in favor of drill application was always
observed, also somewhat less marked towards the close of
the season.

The crops of 1892 and 1893 were not affected by leaf
blight to any great extent ; but those of both 1894 and 1895
were affected, and as a consequence th^ tubers were less per-
fectly matured in those years.

Yields per Acre (Bushels).

Sulphate of Potash.

^cqcj ^ Broadcast, merchantable tubers, 185.7 ; smajl tubers, 10.8.

t Drill, merchantable tubers, 192.5; small tubei's, 13.5.
-.ono S Broadcast, merchantable tubers, 290.4 ; small tubers, 26.4.

( Drill, merchantable tubers, 344.4; small tubers, 15.0,
■iQqA S Broadcast, merchantable tubers, 248.0 ; small tubers, 20.0.

) Drill, merchantable tubers, 268.4; small tubei's, 17.2.
loQfi S Broadcast, merchantable tubers, 241.5 ; small tubers, 15.3.

( Drill, mei'chantable tubers, 260.4; small tubers, 14.0.

1892.

Muriate of Potash.
Broadcast, merchantable tubers, 166.6 ; small tubers, 13.3.
Drill, merchantable tubers, 179.0; small tubers, 17.0.
18Q^ ^ Broadcast, merchantable tubers, 285.6 ; small tubers, 15.0.

i Drill, merchantable tubers, 325.6 ; small tubers, 21.0.
1«Q4. ^ Bi'oadcast, merchantable tubers, 254.4; small tubers, 14.3.
Drill, merchantable tubei's, 186.4; small tubers, 11.3.
Broadcast, merchantable tubers, 234.0; small tubers, 16.6.
merchantable tubers, 222.7 ; small tubers, 13.6.

1895.

^ Broad
i Drill,

1896.] PUBLIC BOCUMENT — No. 33. 23

An examination of the figures for corresponding years and
plats reveals the fact that the plats receiving sulphate of pot-
ash have given the largest yield in every instance except
one, viz., broadcast* application in 1894. The averages for
the two potash salts are as follows : sulphate of potash, per
acre, merchantable tubers, 253.9 bushels ; small tubers, 16.5
bushels ; muriate of potash, per acre, merchantable tubers,
231.8 bushels; small tubers, 15.25 bushels. The average
difference amounts to 22.1 bushels of merchantable tubers
and 1.25 bushels of small tubers. The difference in cost
between the two potash manures amounts to about two dol-
lars per year, the sulphate costing the more.

It should be remarked that since SGme adverse influence,
previously alluded to (not connected with the system of
manuring), has affected the crops upon Plat 4 during 1894
and 1895 (drill application of muriate of potash), the above
average difference in favor of the sulphate of potash is un-
doubtedly too large. If we leave this plat out of the calcu-
lation, the average difference in favor of the sulphate of
potash amounts per acre to merchantable tubers, 13 bushels ;
small tubers, .3 bushels.

Comparison of the yields on plats receiving the same fer-
tilizers in the different years shows that drill application has
given the larger yield in all cases except where drill applica-
tion of the muriate of potash is compared with broadcast
application for 1894 and 1895. As previously stated. Plat 4
(muriate of potash in the drill) has evidently suffered from
some inherent inequality in conditions. It therefore seems
best to disregard the results of muriate of potash for the
seasons 1894 and 1895 in estimating the relative merits of
the two systems of application. On this basis the average
difference in favor of drill application amounts per acre to
23.5 bushels of merchantable tubers.

Quality of the Crojjs.
In each year, soon after digging, samples of potatoes
grown respectively on sulphate and muriate of potash have
been sent under numl)ers with no other information to sev-
eral families, who were requested to use them and report
whether there was any difference in quality. In 1892 all

24

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan,

reported that the potatoes grown on the sulphate were
whiter, more mealy and better flavored than the others. In
1893 they all reported that they could see no great difference
between them. In 1804 and 1895 the potatoes grown upon
the sulphate were with one or two exceptions reported to be
superior to those grown on the muriate, in color, mealiness
and flavor. Those reporting otherwise stated that they could
see no great difierence. In 1894 the head of one family said :
" If you have potatoes like A^o. 1 [grown on sulphate] I
would like to get my winter's supply of you ; but I would
not take No. 2." The season of 1893 was exceptionally hot
and dry, as was also that of 1894 ; but the soil used in 1894
was deeper, and the crop suffered comparatively little from
drought.

Moisture and starch determinations in samples of potatoes
grown respectively on the sulphate and the muriate have
been made every season. The results are shown below for
the first three years. They are not given for the present
season, because but two samples were taken : one the muri-
ate potatoes, where the fertilizers were put on broadcast ;
the other the sulphate potatoes, where the fertilizers were
put in the drill.

Sulphate

OF Potash

MURIATR

IP Potash

POTATOKS.

POTATOKS.

Water

Starch

Water

Starch

(Per Cent.).

(Per Cent.).

(Per Cent.).

(Per Cent.).

1 GOO S Broadcast, .

^^^^) Drill, ....

81.09

10.66

81.33

11.99

81.56

10.98

81.83

9.45

1 Q(\o S Broadcast, .

1^^^^ Drill

75.56

16.98

81.99

12.52

74.40

18.44

78.98

14.11

1 QQ/f S Broadcast, .

^^^*^ Drill

78.01

15.98

77.53

16.03

78.18

15.75

77.68

16.28

It will be noticed that in three out of the six possible com-
parisons the percentage of water is less and that of starch is
greater in the potatoes grown on the sulphate of potash, and
that the diflerences are considerable. In those cases where
the results were favorable to the muriate, the differences as
a rule are small. The averages for the two fertilizers are :
sulphate of potash potatoes, water, 78.11 per cent. ; starch,

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 25

14.99 per cent. Muriate of potash potatoes, water, 79.86
per cent. ; starch, 13.68 per cent.

In those seasons when the muriate potatoes have compared
most favorably with the sulphate potatoes, the crop has suf-
fered from leaf blight, and has not therefore ripened as well
as in other seasons. It is believed that the experiments
indicate that, under average conditions of soil, season and
ripening, the potatoes grown on the sulphate of potash will
contain less water and more starch than those grown on the
muriate.

Examination of the above table shows also that the
potatoes grown under drill application of the fertilizers have
usually been superior in quality to those grown where the
fertilizers have been put on broadcast; containing less water
and more starch. The most marked exception is on muriate
of potash in 1892 ; but it appears not unlikely that there
was an error in the analysis, since the proportion of water
in the drill potatoes is nearly the same as in those grown
where the fertilizers were broadcast. It will be noticed that
elsewhere the variations in water and starch are about equal
in amount, bat in opposite directions. When there is more
water there is less starch, and vice versa. Leaving out the
muriate plats for 1892, the averages are : for drill applica-
tion of fertilizers, water, 78.2 per cent. ; starch, 14.9 per
cent. Broadcast application of fertilizers, water, 78.8 per
cent. ; starch, 14.4 per cent.

It is undoubtedly the better ripened condition of the
tubers raised under drill application which accounts for
their superiority.

Maine compared ivilh Home-grown Seed.

In 1894 Houlton seed in quantity supposed to be sufficient
for the entire area under experiment was obtained. It
proved insufficient, and the last four rows in each of the four
plats were planted with seed grown upon the farm the pre-
vious year. These potatoes were raised from Houlton seed.
The season of 1894 was, therefore, the first removed from
the Maine stock. The results were decidedly in favor of the
Houlton seed. The plants started quicker and more vig-

26 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

orously, and maintained their superiority throughout the
entire season. At harvest the superiority of the crop from
the Houlton seed was marked. Each kind was separately
weighed on each plat. On Plat 1, Maine seed yielded at
the rate of 399.5 pounds more than home seed; on Plat 2,
454 pounds more; on Plat 3, 605,5 pounds more; on Plat
4, 548 pounds more. Per acre the difference in favor of
Maine seed amounted to 36.5 bushels, — far more than
enough to repay the usual difference in the cost of the two
kinds of seed.

Treatment of Seed with Corrosive Sublimate.

In 1894, as the seed to be used showed a little scab, it
was all treated with corrosive sublimate solution. Two and
one-fourth ounces of corrosive sublimate were dissolved in
fifteen gallons of water. The seed was at first washed with
a hose, being spread in a shallow inclined trough. After
draining, the seed was put into the solution and allowed to
remain one and one-half hours. It was then taken out,
spread and allowed to dry in the sun, being cut and planted
about as soon as it was dry. Corrosive sublimate can be
purchased of druggists. It is a dangerous poison if taken
into the stomach, but it is not at all dangerous to handle the
seed thus prepared. The same solution can be used several
times if all the seed cannot be put in at once. Care should
be taken to use wooden vessels for the solution, as it will
corrode metals. After use the solution should be thrown
away in such a manner as to make it certain that animals
cannot get hold of it, and where it cannot contaminate wells,
springs, streams or ponds.

The treatment is eti'ective in preventing scab where the
germs of the disease are not present in the soil, — i. e., on
land where scabby potatoes have not been grown for several
years. The method was perfected by Professor Bolley of
North Dakota, and is fully described in Bulletin No. 9 of
that station.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUIVIENT — No. 33. 27

Variety Tests of Potatoes.

Sixty-five varieties of potatoes have been grown during
the past season. With few exceptions we procured three
pounds of seed of each variety. This seed came from many
different sources and was of very varied quality and excel-
lence, both as regards original characteristics and conditions
as affected by keeping and transportation. It is not believed
that with seed of the different varieties of such unlike char-
acter it is possible to make comparisons of permanent value
between the varieties. We now have a supply of seed of
each sort raised by ourselves under precisely the same con-
ditions. It will be kept and managed alike for all varieties.
With such seed to start with, and planted under appropriate
conditions, we shall obtain results of value for purposes of
comparison.

Meanwhile the following details will be of interest, as
illustrating to what an extent the crop is influenced by the
seed. The seed of all varieties was cut into pieces of two
eyes each, with a very few exceptions where this would have
made the pieces extremely small. One row of each sort was
planted. Its length was forty feet, the pieces being placed
twelve inches apart in the row. The distance between the
rows was uniform, three and one-half feet. With the excep-
tion of two or three sorts which arrived late, all kinds were
planted on the same day. The tops of all were prematurely
killed by the blight due to Macrosporiu7n, and at about the
same time. Full notes have been put on record regarding
peculiarities in growth, and the character of the crop har-
vested. The yield of each has been recorded, — it varies
from 241 to 71^- pounds merchantable potatoes. Six vari-
eties gave a total yield of more than 60 pounds, twenty-three
varieties between 50 and 60 pounds, seventeen varieties be-
tw^een 40 and 50 pounds and sixteen varieties between 30
and 40 pounds. The balance gave under 30 pounds total
yield. A yield of 60 pounds is equivalent to about 315
bushels per acre. The best variety, then, yielded at the
rate of about 368 bushels of merchantable tubers per acre,
the poorest at the rate of about 125 bushels.

The soil was a medium, well-drained loam. It received a

28

HATCH EXPEEIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

dressing of manure in December, 1894, at the rate of 7 cords
per acre. We used fertilizers, mixed and applied in the drill
at the following rates per acre : —

Pounds.

Nitrate of soda, 120

Dissolved bone-black, 187J

Sulphate of potash (high grade) , 105|

Tankage, 120

Dried blood, 30

Manure alone v. Manure and Potash for Corn.
The experiment to test the value of manure and potash as
compared with a larger quantity of manures alone for the
corn crop has been continued, the past being the fifth suc-
cessive 3^ear of similar treatment. Where manure alone was
-'Used we applied at the rate of 6 cords per acre, spread after
ploughing and harrowed in. The manure and potash simi-
larly applied have been put on at the rate of 4 cords of the
former and 160 pounds of muriate of potash for the latter.
The plats, four in number, contain one-quarter of an acre
each. The results are shown below : —

Plat No. 1, manure, stover, 1,367 pounds ; corn on the ear, 1,227 pounds.
Plat No. 2, manure and potash, stover, 1 ,223 pounds ; com on the ear,

1,065 pomids.
Plat No. 3, manure, stover, 1,025 pounds ; corn on the ear, 1,266 pounds.
Plat No. 4, manure and potash, stover, 987 pounds ; corn on the ear,

1,160 pounds.

The manure used was made by cows, that applied to Plat
4 being not as good as that applied to the other plats.

The application made furnished plant food at the following
rates per acre : —

FERTILIZERS.

Nitrogen
(Pounds).

Phosphoric
Acid (Founds).

Potash
(Pounds).

Plat 1, manure alone.
Plat 2, manure and potash.
Plat 3, manure alone.
Plat 4, manure and potash,

126.4
96.2

109.1
83.8

99.9

67.5

100.3

90.4

232.2
260.8
217.8
224.6

It will be noticed that where manure alone was applied
considerably more nitrogen and phosphoric acid have been
supplied than on the other plats, while the quantity of pot-

l-S!)(;

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

29

ash also is large. It will not be Avondcred at that after five
years of such treatment these manure plats are yielding
larger crops than those receiving smaller amounts of manure
and potash. The average ditiereuce in favor of the manure
alone this year is at the rate of 6.8 bushels of grain and 3(34
pounds of stover per acre, — not enough to cover the larger
cost of the manure, as compared with the cost of the lesser
amount of manure and the potash. The crop per acre is
worth this year |4.17 more when manure alone was applied ;
but the 6 cords of manure must be reckoned as costing $6.80
more than the 4 cords of manure and the 160 pounds of mu-
riate of potash.

Special Corn Fertilizer v. Fertilizer containing More

Potash.

Many soil tests in different parts of the State having indi-
cated that fertilizers for corn should contain a larger propor-
tion of potash, an experiment in continuous corn culture
was begun in 1891. There are four plats of one-fourth of
an acre each, on two of which the " special" furnishes the
amounts of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash that would
be supplied by the application of 1,200 pounds of a fertilizer
having the average composition of all leading kinds offered
in our markets in 1891.

The materials used are shown below : —

FERTILIZEUS.

Plats 1 and 3

(I'ounds).

Flats 2 and 4
(I'uiindb).

Nitrate of soda,
Dissolved bone-black,
Muriate of potash,

551
213

27

33

75

The yields the past year are shown ])elow : —

Plat 1, "special" fertilizer, stover, 1,092 pounds; grain on ear, 1,112

pounds.
Plat 2, fertilizer richer in potash, stover, 1,199 pounds; grain on ear,

1,055 pounds.
Plat 3, " siJecial " fertilizer, stover, 958 pounds; grain on ear, 1,220
- pounds.
Plat 4, fertilizer richer in potash, stover, 1,100 pounds; grain on ear,

1,190 pounds.

30 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Computed to the acre and the grain in bushels, the aver-
ages are: "special," stover, 4,100 pounds; grain, 58.3
bushels; fertilizer richer in potash, stover, 4,598 pounds;
grain, 5G.1 bushels. Here, as in the comparison between
"manure "and "manure and potash," there is rather more
stover and a little less grain where the greater amount of
potash is used. The " special" produces this year, per acre,
2.2 bushels more grain and 498 pounds less stover than the
combination with more potash. The increase in stover due
to the greater amount of potash is worth about $1.10 mord
than the increase in grain due to the " special ;" hence, as
the fertilizer richer in potash costs about $2.52 less per acre
than the special, there is a net advantage amounting to $3.G2
per acre in favor of the former.

It is believed that by the introduction of plants of the clover
family (^nitrogen traps), which from experiments here and
in many other places we are justified in concluding would
grow more luxuriantly where the larger amount of potash
has been used than where " special" has been applied, the
advantage of the larger potash application could be much
increased. An effort to demonstrate this fact has been made
in each of the seasons of 1893 and 1894 by sowing crimson
clover on one-half of this acre ; but, owing to the winter-
killing of this clover both years, the efiect, though favorable,
is small. Per acre the yields have been : where crimson
clover was sown, stover, 4,512 pounds ; grain, 58.6 bushels ",
without clover, stover, 4,186 pounds; grain, 55.9 bushels.
The clover has been sown in the standing corn in July, and
turned under just before planting the corn the following
spring. ,,

Hill v. Drill Culture for Corn.

On plats 1 and 2 in both the corn experiments just de-
scribed the corn was planted in drills ; on plats 3 and 4, in
hills. We have left equal numbers of plants to a plot in
both systems. All rows were three and one-half feet apart ;
hills with three plants each, three feet apart ; plants in the
drill one foot apart. In both experiments the hill system
has produced rather more grain and less stover than the
drill. The average figures per acre are as follows : manure

189n.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 83. 31

V. manure and potash, hills, stover, 4,024 pounds ; grain, 60.7
bushels; drills, stover, 5,180 pounds; grain, 57.3 bushels;
"special" v. fertilizer richer in potash, hills, stover, 4,116
•pounds; grain, 60.3 bushels; drills, stover, 4,582 pounds,*
grain, 54.2 bushels. Averaging both experiments, the drill
system produced the more valuable total crop.

IVJiite 7nustard as a crop for nitrogen conservation has T)cen
sown on one-half of the acre of corn where tnanure alone is
compared with manure and potash every year since 1892.
The mustard seed is sown in the standing corn in July, at
the rate of 24 pounds per acre. Its growth from year to
year has varied greatly, as in very dry seasons it does not
start well. The past two seasons the growth has been light.
It is ploughed in late in the fall. The beneficial effect is
apparent, and is doubtless largely due to the fact that the
mustard, which grows till very late in the season, prevents
in a measure the loss of soluble nitrogen compounds by
leaching. It acts as a nitrogen conserver. The averages
this year per acre are as follows : with white mustard as a
green manure, stover, 4,828 pounds; grain, 61.7 bushels;
without tlie mustard, stover, 4,376 pounds; grain, 56.3
bushels. Gain hy green manuring, stover, 452 pounds ;
grain, 5.4 bushels.

JxVPANESE MlIXETS.

Paniaim crus-galli.

The Japanese millet of this species, which I propose to
call " barn-yard " millet, because it is of the same species
as the common barn-yard grass, has been very thoroughly
tried the past year, for seed, for green fodder and for hay.

For Seed, — For seed purposes we raised about three-
quarters of an acre. The land, in very moderate fertility,
was manured at the rate of 6 cords per acre of good manure
in December, 1894, and aiter ploughing this spring the fol-
lowing materials per acre were spread on (mixed) and har-
rowed in : nitrate of soda, 100 pounds ; dissolved bone-black,
200 pounds ; and muriate of potash, 100 pounds. The seed
was put in with a small seed sower, in drills fifteen inches
apart. It was wheel-hoed, and kept free from weeds. ThQ

32 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [J:in.

crop was very even, averaging seven feet in height. The
yield was at the rate per acre : straw, 11,297 pounds; and
seed, 66.7 bushels.

For Green Fodder and the Silo. — Several pieces of an
acre or more each were sown for feeding green or for the
silo. The earliest, sown broadcast about the middle of May
on rich land, one peck of seed to the acre, averaged about
six feet in height and produced over 15 tons per acre. This
was cut from day. to day, beginning ])efore the millet had
blossomed. Another field of about an acre, sown the last
of June, yielded at the rate of rather over 18 tons per acre.
Another field, sown July 26, after a crop of hay was re-
moved, yielded about 12 tons per acre. The crop of the two
last fields was put into the silo. That cut from day to day
and fed green to cows was much relished. Its superionty
to well-eared flint corn fodder was very apparent. Cows
with both before them always take the millet first ; they con-
sume it without waste, while they are apt to leave a part of
the stalks of the corn as it approaches maturity. In alter-
nating this feed with corn fodder, the cows invariably in-
creased in milk when put upon the millet and fell off when
changed to corn.

It has been ensiled with soja beans, — about two parts by
weiaht of the miUet and one of the beans. This combination
makes very superior silage.

For Hay. — A more extensive trial of this millet for hay
has been carried out this year than ever before. It is coarse
and difficult to dry. I have always felt that these qualities
would render it undesirable as a crop for hay. We have,
however, cured it successfully this year, mostly in small
cocks, as clover is often cured ; and the result is encourag-
ing. The hay is coarse, but is freely eaten by horses, being
preferred to a good sample of timothy, red top and clover
mixture. The yield of the millet is very large, having on
good land amounted to 6 tons per acre of well-cured hay.
It will produce a fair second cutting if sown early in May
and cut when in blossom.

TJie soil best for this millet is one that is rather retentive
and rich. It stands up remarkably well, notwithstanding its
great height. From a peck to a half bushel of seed, accord-

18i)G.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 33

ing to the richness of the land and the season of sowing,
is enough. Less seed the richer the land and the earlier
the season should be the rule. This millet will not endure
drought well, except it be sown early in retentive soil.
From early corn-planting time to about July 1 will usually
be the limits of season for profitable sowing.

Panicum m iliace um .

This species, some other varieties of which are known as
*' panicle," " broom-corn " and "French" millets, I shall
speak of hereafter as "Japanese panicle" millet. It has
been grown upon a small scale for seed the past year. The
area was a little less than a quarter of an acre. It received
at the rate per acre : nitrate of soda, 175 pounds ; dissolved
bone-black, 320 pounds; and muriate of potash, 175 pounds,
— all mixed, sown broadcast and harrowed in. The seed
was thinly sown in drills, fifteen inches apart, and cultivated
and kept free from weeds. The yield was at the rate of:
straw, 5,856 pounds; seed, 34.1 bushels per acre. This
variety is liked for fodder by some who have tried it ; but I
regard it as inferior to the barn-yard millet for that purpose.
The seed is valuable for poultry and birds.

Panicuyi iialicwn.

The Japanese variety of this species has been grown for
seed; soil, manure and fertilizers, as well as manner of
planting and care, the same as for " barn-yard" millet. It
yields at the rate per acre : straw, 3,836 pounds ; seed, 66.4
bushels. This variety is of value for fodder, but I prefer the
" barn-yard" variety.

Variety Tests with Millets.

Twenty-seven varieties of millet have been grown upon
a small scale, for purposes of comparison. With three ex-
ceptions four rows, each thirty feet long, were planted. Of
these, owing to our inability to procure enough seed, we had
but one or two rows. Careful observations have been put
on record, but only for preliminary purposes, as the scale
of work was small. The gross yield varied from 11 to 49

34 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

pounds. Six varieties yielded above 40 pounds ; six, from
30 to 40 ; seven, from 20 to 30 f and eight, between 10 and
20 pounds. Four varieties, "White French," "broom
corn," "hog" and "California," appear to be identical.
The " pearl" millets are too late to perfect seed here. The
Japanese (lialicum) excelled either the "golden" or the
" golden wonder."

Yariety Tests with Turnips.

Preliminary tests have been made with thirty-two varieties
of turnips. There were among the number numerous kinds
which appear to differ from others only in name, and there
was a wide difference in yield and quality. Further work
must be done before reporting details.

SojA Beans.

Early White. — Grown for seed; area, .49 acre; yield,
18^ bushels per acre. This variety is too small for fodder.
It ripens as surely here as our common field corn. The
beans ground are slightly superior in feeding value, for
milk, cream or butter, to cotton-seed meal, but the yield
is rather small. The cultivation costs about the same as
that of corn for equal areas. The vines shed their leaves
before the pods are ripe, and hence they have very little
feed value. The manurial value of the straw is about $2.40
per ton.

Medium Blaek. — This variety, though later than the
above, has ripened here every year for the last seven. It
has been grown this year both for seed and for the silo.
For seed: area, .6 acre; yield, 14 bushels per acre. This
variety rusted somewhat this year. We put the product
of .45 acre into the silo, mixed with about two parts by
weight of barn-yard millet. The yield was at the rate of
12,922 pounds per acre. This crop stood about three and
one-half feet high. It is better for fodder than the early
white, but appears to be much inferior to the medium green
variety for that use.

Medium Green. — This variety is a little later than the
last. It has ripened every year until this without injury.

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

35

This year it was somewhat injured by frost ; but we have
nevertheless secured a very good crop of seed. Area for
this purpose, .G acre; yield, 14 bushels per acre. We put
the product of .45 acre into the silo with millet, as just de-
scribed. The crop averaged nearly four feet in height, and
was heavily podded. The yield was 20,644 pounds per acre.
I look upon this as a very valuable fodder variety, either for
feeding green or for the silo. It is a rich nitrogenous feed,
and (of great importance) it can take much of its nitrogen
from the air. Its roots here are very thickly covered with
tubercles containing the bacilli which give it this power.
For comparison, I give figures showing the analysis of this
bean fodder and those for corn fodder : —

Per Cent.

Medium green soja bean, pods formed, but not hardened, dry matter, 30.16
Longfellow corn fodder, ears glazed, dry matter, . . . .27.81

Composition of Dry

Matter

{Per Cent.).

Protein.

Fat.

Cellulose.

Carbo-
hydrates.

Medium green soja bean,
Longfellow corn fodder.

19.35
9.79

3.87
3.26

23.51
18.27

40.30
63.11

The protein is classed as a flesh former, the other sub-
stances above named are fat and heat producers. The flesh
formers and the fat of fodder are the most valuable of these
constituents, pound for pound ; the cellulose or fibre is the
least valuable. On the farm here our average yield of corn
fodder is about 16 tons per acre, while the green soja bean
gave this year a little over 10 tons. The amounts of the
different food constituents produced are as shown below : —

Food Constituents per Aci

•e {Pour

ids) .

Flesh
Formers.

Crude Fat.

Fibre.

Fat and Heat

Producers.

Green soja bean, . . . . 1,167.2
Longfellow corn, . . . . 871.3

233.4
290.1

1,418.1
1,626.0

2,430.9
5,616.8

»

36 HATCH EXPEEIMENT STATION. [Jan.

It will be noticed that the bean produces about 300 pounds
more flesh formers than the corn, but that the latter gives
us over 3,000 i:)ounds more fat and heat producers. These
consist chiefly of starch and sugar, both of which are easily
digested and valuable foods. The diflerences in crude fat
and in fibre are much smaller, but the balance is slightly
with the corn. There can be no doubt, then, that the latter
produces the more valual)le crop of the two, and the cost of
production for equal areas does not difler very materially.
In three respects, however, the bean is superior to the corn ;
viz., (1) it can draw much of its nitrogen from the air; (2)
the bean stubble and roots probably have greater manurial
value than those of corn ; and (3) the bean, being so rich in
flesh formers, may take the place of such concentrated foods
as cotton-seed meal, linseed meal, gluten meal, etc.

Silage made from either barn-yard millet or corn and
medium green soja bean, in the proportion by weight of
about two parts of either of the two former to one of the
latter, makes a perfectly balanced ration for milch cows,
without grain or other feed of any kind. It is not believed
that it would be advisable to feed altogether upon this
material, for cows like variety, and it is possible that con-
tinuous use of a fermented feed like silage would have a
prejudicial influence upon health. A combination of such
silage and clover hay or clover rowen — about two parts of
the silage to one of the hay by weight — would, I believe,
give good returns in milk. This particular system of feed-
ing has not yet been tried here.

Miscellaneous Crops.

We have had under trial a number of miscellaneous crops,
including Ci/siisus jjwliferoiis albus, a new fodder plant sent
on for trial by J. M. Thorburn & Co. ; yellow millo maize,
from the United States Department of Agriculture ; two
varieties of dent corn, from South Dakota ; black barley ;
spring wheat, from South Dakota ; horse bean ; sacaline ;
flat pea and the mummy field pea. None require extended
notice at present.

Cf/stisus (no common name is given) vegetated slowly
and made a slow growth. It appears to be hardy, remain-

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No, 33. 37

ing green until November 5, when it was three feet high,
with small and woody stalks. It has produced no fodder as
yet.

Yellow millo maize is a sorglium, and, like all other va-
rieties of this species, grows slowly at first. Planted with
corn, it was eight to twelve inches high when corn was
thirty. It has the reputation of enduring drought well ; but
our seasons are not long enough for it, and I consider it of
no value as a fodder crop here.

One of the dent corns from South Dakota appears to be a
very valuable sort. It is a white variety. The seed of hut
two ears was planted, and upon soil of very ordinary fertility.
The stalk is short and small, the. ears large and deep ker-
nelled, the variety early. The yield was at the rate of 89.6
bushels of grain to the acre.

The spring wheat and hlack barley did poorly, rusting and
o-ivino; verv small returns.

Horse Bean. — We received one peck of seed from a
dealer in Montreal. It was planted in drills eighteen inches
apart, in deep, claye}^ rich soil, on April 29. The growth
was vigorous and healthy, but few pods formed. The hei^ii'ht
was from four and one-half to five feet. It was cut from
day to day, beginning July 17, and fed to cows, being highly
relished. The total weight was 2,035 pounds, or at the rate
of a little over 12 tons per acre. This yield of so highly
nitrogenous a fodder makes it of possible value.

Sacaline. — Seed was procured of Gregory & Son of
Marblehead, and sown in a bed in the open air April 23.
The germination was slow, but good. Early in July the
little plants were taken up and reset about three inches
apart each way. About the middle of August plants were
set in the field three feet apart each waj . Two widely dif-
ferent soils were selected, — one a heavy, rich, moist loam,
the other a dry, sandy loam. The plants in both soils lived
well, and those in the moist, rich land made considerable
growth, though not enough to be worth harvesting. A few
stems cut and offered to cattle were freely eaten. The plant
is perennial, and should next season produce considerable
fodder which may prove valuable for green feed or for the
silo.

38 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Flat Pea. — The past is our second season with this much-
lauded fodder plant. The germination last year was slow
and imperfect. This year the plants have been gathered
upon a lesser area, some being taken up to fill vacancies on
the part left. The soil is light and dry. We have in the
two seasons been at a very considerable expense, and as yet
have no fodder; but, as the plant is perennial, this may
come later. It is hardy with us upon light «oil.

Mummy field peas are larger than the common Canada
field pea, and about one-fourth to one-half more seed should
be sown. We used at the rate per acre of one bushel of
each with two bushels of oats for fodder. The mummy
variety was not thick enough. In one respect it appears
superior to the Canada; viz., it lodges less. This differ-
ence may, however, have been in part due to the fact that
the mummy variety was the thinner in the field. The yields
of the two fodder mixtures, as determined by calculation
based upon small equal areas, were : oats and Canada pea,
21,760 pounds, and oats and mummy pea, 19,040 pounds,
per acre.

Trial of Hay Caps.

Three kinds of hay caps have been subjected to careful com-
parative tests. The kinds tried were the Symmes' paper-board
cap, oiled cotton, and cotton impregnated with tannin. The
first was not fastened in place, its weight and construction
rendering this less necessary than for the other forms. It,
however, sometimes blew off" in high winds. The others
were fastened on by means of pins attached to cords at the
corners.

Three trials were made, two with clover ro wen which had
been dried one day, and one with barn-yard millet which
had been dried three days. After the caps were put on
the first trial continued seven days ; the second, two days ;
the third, with millet, seven days. During each trial there
were one or more showers. In every trial the use of the-
cap was very beneficial. The paper cap excluded the rain
most perfectly, and the hay in each trial came out in best
condition. There was not, much difference in the condition
of the hay under the other two kinds of caps. As the

18T)(;.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 39

Symmes' paper cap can be put on fully twice as rapidly as
the forms requiring; fastening, it appears to be most useful.
Its weight is an objection, and of course we are not yet able
to report upon durability.

EXPEKIMENT IN WaRMING A StABLE FOR CoWS.

This experiment was continued during the winter of 1894-
95, beginning December 18 and continuing until March 8.
It will be remembered that our stable has two similar winsfs,
one piped for hot-water heating. We aimed to maintain a
temperature of about 55° F. in the w^arm stable. The other,
of course, varied with the weather ; but, as both stables are
thoroughly constructed, even the "cold" siote was seldom
excessively cold. Six cows were used in the experiment,
three on each side. We divided the time into four periods
of equal length. At the close of the first period the cows
changed stables. Here they were kept for two periods, and
were then changed again. In this way we equalized condi-
tions for the two stables. Between periods, when a change
in the position of the cows was made, we allowed an interval
of one week, that the animals might become accustomed to
and under the influence of their new quarters before the rec-
ords were begun.

The apparent influence of the warm stable upon milk and
butter fat [)roduction is small. On the average, there is
rather more milk and butter fat in the warm stable. The
most certain effect brought out hy our experiments is the
lowering of the percentage of fat in the milk in the warm
stable. The increased product will not nearly pay the cost
of heating the stable.

With moderate artificial heat better ventilation can be
secured, without making the stable too cold for the com-
fort of its occupants, than is possible without artificial heat.
This should have an ultimate influence upon health ; but the
tuberculin test, as well as physical examination, indicated
all our animals to be in perfect health at the close of the
experiments, hence we as yet have nothing conclusive upon
this point.

40

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION

[Jan.

Poultry Experiments.

These have been upon a small scale, on account of loca-
tion and limited equipment. We have had four coops of
laying fowls, raised in 1894. There have been from fifteen
to nineteen hens in a house. The houses are exactly alike
in construction, each with nesting and laying room, ten by
twelve feet ; and scratching shed, eight by ten feet in size.
The hens were of two breeds, — light Brahma and barred
Ply mo nth Rock.

We have confined our attention to two points : —

1. The relative value for egg production of vegetable as
compared with animal substances for furnishing the greater
part of the albuminoids and fats of the food.

2. The relative value for egg production of animal food
in the form of dried "animal" or "flesh "meals, as com-
pared with cut fresh bone.

1. Vegetable v. Animal Albuminoids.

Two e.xperiments have been carried out : one extending
from Dec. 9, 1894, to Feb. 12, 1895 ; the other from June 1
to Oct. 31, 1895. The first experiment began when the
fowls were pullets, hatched in May ; the second includes a
considerable proportion of the time occupied in the annual
moult. These facts account in part for the small egg pro-
duction. During the summer experiment the fowls had the
run of small grass yards.

The material used in the first experiment to furnish the
vegetable substitute for animal food was soja-bean meal.
This is an exceptionally rich vegetable substance, in com-
position .excelling meat meal, as will be seen from the figures
below : —

Composition oj the Dry Matter^ Soja-bean Meal and Meat Ileal

{Per Cent.),

FOOD.

Flesh
Formers.

Fat.

Heat and Fat
Formers.

Soja-bean meal,

Meat meal,

34.37
35.98

16.38
8.31

45.22

189().]

PUELIC DOCUIMENT — Xo. 33.

41

Moisture: soja-bean meal, 11.61 per cent.; meat meal,
13.68 per cent.

In the &econd experiment linseed and cotton-seed meal
were used as the vegetable substitutes for animal foods.

In both experiments the fowls received a variety of foods,
but the nutritive ratio was always kept substantially the
same for the two coops under comparison. In the first ex-
periment the ratio was one flesh former to four and one-half
fat and heat formers ; in the second it was one to four and
seven-tenths. The foods used in the first experiment, in ad-
dition to the soja-bean meal and meat meal, were : cut alfalfa,
wheat, oats and middlings in one coop ; in the other, boiled
potatoes, ground clover, wheat, wheat middlings and cut bone.

In the second experiment the supplementary feeds were :
wheat, oats, bran and middlings for the vegetable coop ; and
wheat, oats, wheat meal, bran and linseed meal for the animal
food coop.

Both coops had pure water, artificial grit and ground
oyster shells always before them ; and all other conditions
were made as nearly as possible alike.

The result in both experiments has been favorable to the
animal food, as shown by the following summary : — "

Vegetable v. Animal Foods for Hens.

FOOD.

Duration

of

Experiment

(Days).

Daily Cost
per Fowl.

Number

of

Eggs.

Water-free

Food

per Egg

(Pounds).

Cost per
Egg.

Vegetable food, first coop,
Vegetable food, second coop,
Animal food, first coop, .
Animal food, second coop,

64
153

64
153

$0 0021
0027
0024
0033

1

11
400

79
622

23.830

.917

3.554

.773

$0 3410
0150
0550
0115

In the above estimate of cost no charge is made for labor
and no allowance for the droppings. The production of
eggs is, of course, very small, even in the best period ; but
it should be remembered that, at the very time when hens
always lay most freely, our fowls were taken out of this
experiment for breeding purposes, viz., from February 12
to June 1.

The results are, however, decisive against the vegetable
food and in favor of the animal in so far as effect upon egg

42

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

production is concerned. The fowls receiving animal food
were, moreover, in much better condition at the close of
these experiments than the others.

2. Dried Animal or Meat Meal compared with Cut Fresh

Bone.
There were two experiments. The general conditions
were the same as in the comparison of vegetable and ani-
mal foods. The nutritive ratio was nearly the same in coops
compared. A variety of foods was supplied; artificial grit
and oyster shells were given ad lib. The results are shown
below : —

FOOD.

Duration

of

Experiment

(Days),

Daily Cost
per Fowl.

Number

of
Eggs.

Water free

Food

per Egg

(Pounds).

Cost per
Egg,

Dried meat meai, first coop, .

64

$0 00266

185

1.185

$0 0170

Dried meat meal, second coop,

153

00280

417

1.051

0152

Cut fresti bone, first coop,

64

00248

163

1.154

0170

Cut fresh bone, second coop, .

153

00300

444

.978

0143

These results are rather indecisive, as in one experiment
the meat meal and in the other the cut fresh l)one gave the
better results, as measured by Q.gg production. The condi-
tion of the fowls receiving the meat meal has, however, been
uniformly better than in the other coops. There has been
no diarrhoea. In the second experiment, two hens in the
cut-bone coop died ; and at the close of this experiment
the fowls which had been receiving meat meal were nearer
through moulting than the others.

Of course it is possible that the bone was not used in the
best practicable manner ; but it appears to be exceedingly
difficult to secure an even distribution of this food. Some
hens almost invariably secure more than their share, and this
is equally true, Avhether the cut bone be scattered or mixed in
a mash. The result is frequent diarrhoeas. The meat meal,
on the other hand, can be evenly mixed in a mash, so that all
fowls share alike, as it cannot be picked out. Our results
indicate that it is a safer feed than the bone ; it is also a much
cheaper feed ; and, if it will give practically as many eggs, it
is to be preferred. This experiment will be repeated.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 43

KEPORT OF E:N'T0M0L0GIST.

CHARLES ir. FEKNALD.

During the past year a great deal of time has been devoted
to arranging and supervising experiments on the gypsy
moth, and also to preparing, in conjunction with the field
director, Mr. Forbush, a full report on this insect. The
Commonwealth of Massachusetts has spent and is still spend-
ing large sums of money for its destruction, and in protecting
the farmers of the State from the ravages of this notorious
pest. It seemed wise and proper to devote much time and
attention to the study of the gypsy moth and its habits, for
the purpose of discovering the best and most economical
methods for its destruction.

A large amount of time has been spent in preparing a
complete account of our CramhidcE, which appears with six
colored plates and structural details elsewhere in this report. /
This paper is designed to give all known scientific and prac-
tical knowledge that we possess about these insects, and it
is hoped that the illustrations, in connection with the
descriptions, will enable our farmers to determine any of
these insects, and when they are found in large numbers in
their grass lands, as often occurs, they may be better able to
combat them.

Bulletin No. 28 was prepared by this division, and con-
tains descriptions and illustrations of two species of canker
worms, the army worm, the red-humped apple-tree cater-
pillar, the antiopa butterfly, the currant stem-girdler, the im-
ported elm-bark louse and the greenhouse orthezia, together
with methods of holding them in check.

On the 29th of March, my attention was called to some
scale insects on several young plum trees on the grounds of

44 HATCH P:XPE1HMENT STATION. [Jan.

the horticultural department of the Massachusetts Agricult-
ural College, which proved to be the dreaded San Jos6 scale.
These trees, according to the record books, came from the
J. T. Lovett Company, Little Silver, N. J., in the spring
of 1894.

Wishing to determine whether any of these insects had
survived the winter, I had two of the trees taken up and set
out in the cold part of the insectary greenhouse, and the
remaining infested trees were burned. Scales appeared on
the growth of the previous year, so that the insects suc-
ceeded well at least during the summer of 1894. On June
10, live scales were observed on the trees transplanted to
the insectary greenhouse, and on the 14th the young were
swarming all over them, and even extended to some small
apple trees growing near in the same part of the greenhouse.
As this seemed to settle the question of their ability to sur-
vive our winters here in Amherst, or at least the winter of
1894-95, which was an average one, I had all these trees
very carefully burned, to prevent any further spreading of
the pest. As soon as it was discovered that the San Jose
scale had been received here on nursery stock from outside
of the State, I feared that other nurseries might have become
infested in a similar manner, and therefore I sent Mr. Louns-
bury, who was my assistant at that time, to different nurs-
eries to look for them. He reported that on April 19 he
found the San Jose scale on two plum trees, two pear trees
and a rose bush in Roslindale, Mass. The plum trees were
badly infested with living scales, while the pear trees and
rose bush were but slightly so. The scales occurred on all
parts of the trees, but were the least numerous on the new
growth.' The i)ear trees had been on the grounds for three
years and the plum trees two years. Mr. Lounsbury was
informed that these trees were ol^tained from a local agent
at West Roxbury, who claimed to have purchased them from
the Shady Hill nursery, Bedford, Mass. On April 23 Mr.
Lounsbury visited the Shady Hill nursery, and found the San
Jose scale alive in large numbers on several different varieties
of apple trees. Mr. Koliler, in charge of the nursery, told
him that these trees were brought from the Cambridge nurs-
eries, where they had been growing three or four years.

l.SOn.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 45

The Cambridge nursery was then visited, and pear, peach
and apple trees Avere found infested with the scale, and
many of the worst-infested trees were dead. As no stock
had been added to this nursery for three years, these trees
must have been infested at least that length of time. I have
not been able to learn from what source the stock in this
Cambridge nursery was obtained.

On July 9 I received a twig of an apple tree from Mr. W.
W. Rawson, with the request to inform him what the matter
was with it. An examination showed that it was infested
with the San Jose scale. Further correspondence revealed
the fact that the twig came from an apple tree in the orchard
of Mr. E. E. Cole, in the town of Scituate. Mr. Cole wrote
me that the orchard contained ninety trees that were set out
three years ago. It is situated in a protected spot, with
trees on three sides, and is within two miles of the ocean in
a direct line. He also wrote me that the trees were received
from Mr. Rawson, who informed me that he obtained most
of his nursery stock of that description from the Shady Hill
Nursery Company.

It is therefore probable that the Shady Hill nurseries re-
ceived infested stock from some outsicbe nursery, possibly in
New Jersey, and have unintentionally become a centre of
infection for orchards in the eastern part of this State. To
what extent this pest has become distributed through the
State it is impossible to say, but that it is able to live and
destroy fruit trees in some if not in all parts of the State
seems evident. A complete account of this insect was pre-
pared and published with illustrations in the Massachusetts
Crop Report for August.

The correspondence is steadily increasing, and many let-
ters about injurious insects are received from nearly every
part of the State. Most of these letters call for information
about such insects as are causing more or less damage, and
it is very rarely that we are called upon to give informa-
tion about insects that have merely excited the curiosity of
the sender.

The elm-leaf beetle appears to be rapidly spreading in the
State, and we have been called upon frequently during the
year for information about this beetle. A bulletin will soon

46 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

be prepared on this and several other insects, which are so
numerous as to cause much damage in various parts of the
State, and about which we receive frequent inquiries.

Our studies on the cranberry insect are progressing as
fast as other matters will permit, and it is our intention to
prepare as complete a report on these insects as possible, at
some future time.

1896. J PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 47

KEPORT OF HORTICULTURIST.

SAMUEL T. MAYNARD.

Owing to the recent separation of the horticultural and
botanical divisions, the report from this division will par-
take more of an outline of the work to be undertaken than
of results obtained.

The work has been carried on much in the same lines as
in previous years. The season, up to the time of the severe
hail storm, September 11, had been one that promised more
than the average for the growth and perfection of nearly all
of the crops under cultivation, and insects and fungous pests
were not more than usually abundant. On September 11
one of the heaviest hail storms ever known in this section
occurred, which resulted in almost the total destruction of
the crops not matured at that time.

Protection op Crops trom Insects and Fungous
Diseases.

In growing the various fruit, vegetable and other crops,
it is found necessary to protect them from insects and fun-
gous pests, and much work has been done in using and test-
ing insecticides and fungicides.

The lines of work pursued have been for the most part
confined to testing large and small fruits, especially new
varieties of promise ; the various insecticides and fungi-
cides recommended for their power to protect frgm common
insect and fungous pests ; all new varieties of vegetables and
flowers sent in for trial by the originator or introducer, and
some of the most promising obtained in the open market.
Many new and promising ornamental trees and shrubs have
been planted for comparison, and many new varieties of

48 HATCH EXPEKIMENT STATION. [Jan.

flowering and bedding plants have been added to the collec-
tion under glass. Comparisons have also been made respect-
ing the eflects of various kinds and difierent combinations of
fertilizers upon growing crops.

Equipment.

This division requires for comparison a large number of
standard varieties. These are already provided in the col-
lege orchard, vineyards, garden and greenhouses. In this
work of comparison the most careful, painstaking observa-
tion is demanded. Suitable land is also required for the
best growth of each crop, and a great variety of implements
and tools for cultivating the same. Each different process
requires its own tool, and facilities for storage must be pro-
vided, in order to market to the best advantajje.

Varieties of Fruits.

The varieties of fruits now under observation on the col-
lege grounds may be enumerated as follows : —

Apples, 150 varieties; pears, G7 ; peaches, 49; plums,
103 (including types of all the groups according to the
latest grouping) ; apricots, 13 ; nectarines, 2 ; quinces, 8,
and many seedlings; cherries, 33; grapes, 143, and more
than 500 seedlings not fruited ; currants, 20 ; gooseberries,
17 ; red raspberries, 25, and many seedlings of the Shafl"er
type; black-cap raspberries, 31; blackberries, 21; straw-
berries, 157 named varieties, and about 600 seedlings from
carefully crossed and selected varieties. Besides the above,
there are growing many of the newer fruits, like the Jap-
anese wineberry, Ma^' berry, salmon berry, Logan berry,
strawberry-raspberry. Rocky Mountain cherry, sand cherry,
June ])erry, Japanese walnut, Spanish, JTapanese and hybrid
chestnuts.

Spraying Outfit.

Machine Pumps. — The expense of applying insecticides
and fungicides by hand pumps has been so great in the past that
most of the work during the season just elapsed has been done
with the Victor machine pump, resulting in a great saving of
time, the power being applied by gearing attached to the

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 49

wheels. This pump was worked very satisfactorily with all
growths except large trees, where the time required to spray
a single tree is so great that the power acquired by the motion
of the wheels becomes exhausted before the tree is thoroughly
sprayed in every part. This has necessitated driving around
the tree several times, or working the pump by hand. Even
with this pump, however, tall trees cannot be readily reached,
and to obtain more reliable and more constant power a steam
pumjj is being constructed, which is guaranteed to carry three
streams through the ordinary three-(|uarter-inch hose at one
time, fifty feet high. This will enable the hose to be taken
into tall ornamental trees, and the work to be done more
effectually, economically and quickly than by any of the
ordinary hand or machine pumps. The pump, engine and
tank, holding one hundred to one hundred and fifty gallons,
will be compactly mounted on a low truck, with wheels hav-
ing six-inch tires and bolster springs, that it may be drawn
over soft or rough ground with the least jolting possible.
The weight of engine, pump, tank and truck is expected not
to exceed eight hundred pounds, and when the tank is filled
to be easily drawn by two horses.

Vegetables.

During the past season the following number of varieties
of vegetables has been tested : —

Asparagus, 3 varieties ; artichoke, 2 ; beans, 11 ; beets, 6
Brussells sprouts, 2 ; carrots, 6 ; cabbages, 8 ; cauliflowers
5 ; celery, 10 ; cucumbers, 6 ; sweet corn, 7 ; dandelion, 2
endive, 2 ; kohl-rabi, 2 ; lettuce, 5 ; onions, G ; parsley, 2
peppers, 4 ; egg-plant, (5 ; peas, 7 ; pumpkins, 4 ; radishes
6; squashes, 11; spinach, 3; parsnips, 6; tomatoes, 16
rhubarb, 4.

Seed Testing.

Seed testing is of tlie greatest practical importance to the
farmer, market gardener and the florist, but at the same time
it is most difficult so to conduct it as to ol)tain entirely satis-
factory results. It will be hardly possible, with the present
equipment, to make trial of the seeds of all of the varieties
of farm and garden crops put upon the market by different

50 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

growea-s, and it is planned to procure only those that are
most largely grown and the new promising kinds. In the
outline for this work it is proposed to make at least three
tests of each variety under each of several methods adopted
in the greenhouse, and three in the field at different dates,
yet under as nearly the same conditions as possilile. It is
also proposed to test the quality of the products of each
under ordinary field culture. In this way it is hoped to
arrive at some definite conclusions respecting the compara-
tive value of each variety for general cultivation, and the
dependence of the crop on the quality of the seed.

Plants in the Geeenhouses.

In these houses most of the promising new varieties of
plants grown by the coumiercial fiorist are tested as they are
introduced. The following is a partial list of the number of
varieties tested : —

Carnations, 18 varieties ; chrysanthemums, 30 ; coleus, 14 ;
begonias, 31 ; bulbs, 55 species and varieties ; geraniums, 24 ;
roses, 12 ; violets^ 3, etc.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 51

EEPORT OF METEOROLOGIST.

LEONARD METCALF.

Aside from the mere routine work incident to keeping up
the daily meteorological records and observations, the work
of the department has been confined chiefly to the compila-
tion of data accumulated at this observatory during the past
seven years. The records of this station, from the time of
its foundation in 1889 to date, have been compiled and sum-
marized, and tables have been prepared showing the maxi-
mum, minimum and mean observations. These results will
probably be published in the form of a special bulletin early
next year.

But few new instruments have been added to our equip-
ment, — one or two new clocks for the self-recording in-
struments replace the old ones in case of emergency or
mishap, and thus preserve the continuity of the records ;
and a new signal service standard Fahrenheit thermometer,
for comparing and verifying the accuracy of the temperature
indications of the wet and dry bulb thermometers, and the
maximum, minimum and self-recording thermometers.

The ozone observations have been discontinued, owing to
their uncertainty and unreliability. The amount of rainftill
will henceforth be recorded on top of the tower, as on the
ground, by means of a United vStates signal service standard
rain gauge (as well as by the self-recording gauge), in order
that the tower readings may be perfectly comparable with
those of the ground.

52 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

REPORT OF CHEMIST.

DEPARTMENT OF FOODS AND FEEDING.

Conducted by J. B. Lindsey, witli the assistance of C. S. Crocker, B.S.,
chemist; E. B. Holland, B.S., chemist; G. A. Billings, B.S., assist-
ant in feeding department.

Part I.

Laboratory Work.

(a) Fodder analyses.

(b) Water analyses.

(c) Dairy products.

Part II.

Feeding Experiments and Dairy Studies.

(a) Chicago gluten meal v. King* gluten meal.

(b) Chicago gluten meal v. Atlas meal.

(c) Composition of cream from different cows.
(cZ) Wheat meal v. vye meal for pigs.

(e) Salt hays and meadow hay (values for feeding) ,

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 53

Part I .
(«) FODDER ANALYSES.

We have received and analyzed for farmers during tlie
year 49 samples of various grains, by-products and coarse
feeds. We publish here only those having any particular
interest, or that have more recently appeared in our markets.
For analyses of all such feeds see complete table at the end
of this report.

All cattle feeds have been divided into five groups of
substances : —

1. Crude ash means the mineral ingredients contained
in the plant or seed, such as lime, potash, soda, magnesia,
iron, phosphoric acid, sulphuric acid and silicic acid. The
ash serves to build up the bony structure of the animal.

2. Crude cellulose is the coarse or woody part of the
plant ; straws and hays contain large quantities, while in
the grains and most l)y-products but little is present. It
serves to produce vital energy and fat.

3. Crude fat includes the fats, waxes, resins, etc. It
serves the same purpose as cellulose, but furnishes two and
one-half times as much vital energy.

4. Protein is a general name for all nitrogen-contain-
ing bodies found in plants. It might be called "vegetable
meat." It is a source of energy, possibly a source of fat,
and is the only source of flesh.

5. Nitrogen-free extract consists of starch, sugars and
gums. These substances produce energy and fat. Cellu-
lose and extract are termed carbohydrates.

The grains are valuable chiefly for their extract matter,
protein and fat. They contain very little cellulose. The
estimation of protein and fat is as a rule all that is necessary
to enable one to judge whether or not they are of superior,
average or inferior quality.

Many by-products contain as small amounts of crude cellu-
lose as do the grains. Others, such as brans, dried brewers'
grains, etc., have from 7 to 12 per cent.

54

HATCH EXPEKIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

An estimation of the protein and fat only is necessary to
enable one to get at their comparative values. Such feeds
are bought chiefly for their protein content.

One-fourth to one-third of coarse fodders — hays, straws,
corn fodders — consists of crude cellulose. This cellular
matter, in so far as it is digestible, is equal in value to the
digestible extract matter. Coarse fodders naturally consti-
tute the bulk of the feed for neat stock, and are valuable
chiefly for their cellular and extract matter (carbohydrates).

Analyses.

(«) Gluten Feeds. — The gluten feeds are being sold very
largely in Mq,ssachusetts markets at the present time. They
consist of the skin or hull, the germ and the gluten of the
corn kernel. The Pope gluten feeds do not contain the
oerm.

CON-STITUENTS.

Peoria.

Peoria.

Peoria.

Buffalo.

Pope
(White) .

Pope

(Yellow).

Water (per cent.),

9.00

9.00

9.00

9.00

9.00

9.00

Crude ash (per cent.) 1

.91

-t

-t

.81

1.22

.99

" cellulose (per cent.),

7.69

-t

-t

7.10

6.04

6.35

" fat (per cent.), .

11.72

13.07

11.04

11.92

7.39

7.21

" protein (per cent.), •

17.45

21.51

22.00

23.40

25.12

24.60

Extract matter (per cent.), .

53.23

-t

-t

47.77

51.23

51.85

100.00

-

-

100.00

100.00

100.00

t Not determined.

These feeds are kiln dried, and contain from 7 to 10 per
cent, of water. For the sake of comparison, they are all
calculated to a uniform basis (9 per cent.). It will be
noticed that the per cent, of protein varies from 17.5 to
25 ; i. e., a 30 per cent, variation. The per cent, of fat also
varies from 13.07 to 7.21; ^. e , a 45 per cent. difl"erence.
These feeds, with such wide variations in protein and fat
content, are sold practically at the same price per ton.

(6) Oat Feeds. — This material is being very largely
ofiered. It consists of oat hulls, poor oats and the refuse
from oat-meal factories, mixed with more or less ground

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMEXT — No. 33.

55

barley, bran, inferior corn meal, etc. It is sold under a
variety of names, such as oat feed, Quaker oat feed, corn
and oat chop, etc.

CONSTITUENTS.

Oat

Feed.

Corn and
Oat Chop

Quaker
Oat Feed.

Oat

Feed.

Oat
Feed.

Water (per cent.),

10.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

Crude ash (per cent.)

4.47

3.60

4.87

-t

3.73

" cellulose (per cent.), .

15.13

11.62

14.68

14.88

11.76

" fat (per cent.)

3.64

4.11

3.68

3.73

4.23

" protein (per cent.), .

10.70

10.69

12.33

11.32

10.18

Extract matter (per cent.), .

56.06

59.98

54.44

-t

60.10

100.00

100.00

100.00

-

100.00

t ^

fot determ

ined.

We cannot commend this article to farmers. It is made
up of different materials, and in putting it upon the mar-
ket the manufacturer simply is enabled to work off inferior
articles and refuse. It of course has considera])le feedingf
value, but the several ingredients can be bought cheaper
in other materials, such as corn meal, gluten feed, etc.

(c) Gluten Meal. — This feed stuff is jn^epared from the
hard, flinty portion (gluten) of the corn.

Since July the attention of the station has been frequently
called to the difference in the appearance of the Chicago glu-
ten meal. It formerly had a golden yellow color. A por-
tion of that now appearing on the market has a light or
grayish appearance. The manufacturers claim that this is
due to the use of white corn.

Chicago.

CONSTITUENTS.

OLD
PROCESS.

IMPBOVBD PROCESS.

Pope
Gluten

Meal.

Yellow.

White

White.

White.

Yellow.

Yellow.

Water (percent.).

9.00

9.00

9.00

9.00

9.00

• 9.00

9.00

Crude ash (per cent.), .

.90

1.19

-t

-t

-t

-t

.58

" cellulose (per cent.),

1.10

3.39

-t

-t

-t

-t

1.72

" fat (per cent.), .

6.20

6.02

7.20

6.51

6.59

6.93

7.55

" protein (per cent.), .

30.50

38.39

38.77

37.41

38.96

42.21

36.60

Extract matter (per cent.), .

52.30

42.01

-t

-t

-t

-t

44.55

100.00

100.00

-

-

-

-

100.00

f Not determined.

56

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

The analyses of the so-called improved Chicago meal
show it to contain a higher per cent, of protein than the
old-process meal contained. The manufacturers claim that
this is due to a more complete removal of the starch. Both
the white or light and yellow meal have practically the same
composition, and are consequently equally valuable for feed-
ing.

((?) Brans and Rice Meal.

CONSTITUENTS.

Rex Bran.

Cotton-seed
Meal Bran.

Cotton-seed
Hull Bran.

Rice Meal.

Water (percent.), ....
Crude ash (per cent.),

" cellulose (per cent.),

" fat (per cent.)

" protein (percent.), .
Extract matter (per cent.),

11.00
3.35

18.74
2.71
8.90

55.30

11.00
2.87

28.60
3.89

10.50

43.14

11.00
1.93

34.99
1.09
2.34

48.65

10.00
8.40
5.63
13.17
11.59
51.21

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

The above brans are all much inferior to the average wheat
bran. The rice meal is a good average sample of its kind,
and possesses a feeding value similar to corn meal. Experi-
ments are now in progress with this meal.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 57

(b) WATER ANALYSIS.

To determine the healthfulness of a water for drinkinpf,
the object is to note the quantity, kind and condition of the
organic matter, as well as the total amount of mineral con-
stituents it contains.

All water contains more or less mineral matter in solution,
derived from the soil through which it percolates. Moderate
quantities (see limit below) are beneficial", and impart to the
water a pleasant taste.

The method employed at this laboratory for testing waters
is what is known as Wancklyn's process. This chemist in-
terprets the results of his mode as follows : —

1. More than 71 parts per million of chlorine, accom-
panied by more than .08 part per million of free ammonia
and more than .10 part per million of albuminoid ammonia,
indicate that the water is polluted with sewage, decaying
animal matter, urine, etc. (The amount of chlorine in
water depends somewhat on the section of the State from
which it comes.)

2. Total solids should not exceed 571 parts per million.

3. Water showing less than 5 degrees as here expressed
is termed soft ; between 5 and 10 degrees, medium ; and
above 10 degrees, hard.

" Albuminoid " ammonia is the ammonia derived from the
breaking up of vegetable or animal matter in water, as a
result of "the action of certain chemicals in the process of
analysis. Its presence indicates, therefore, that the water
contains these matters in solution.

The presence of free or actual ammonia in water shows
that these animal or vegetalile substances are being decom-
posed by various bacterial growths. Much free ammonia is
an indication that a water is suspicious or even dangerous
for drinking.

Chlorine is one of the two components of common salt,
and salt is always found both in the urine of*human beings

58

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

and in that of domestic animals, as well as in many waste
waters. Excess of chlorine would therefore make it clear
that a water contained sewage of some kind.

It is impossible, from a chemical analysis, to say whether
or not a water is contaminated with the specific germ of any
contao-ious disease. This is the work of the bacterioloo-ist.

Character of Waters tested.

We have tested for farmers during the year 124 samples
of water. Of these, 81, or 65.3 per cent., were found safe;
18, or 14.5 per cent., rather suspicious ; and 25, or 20.2 per
cent., dangerous for drinking. Five samples contained very
noticeable quantities of lead derived from the lead pipe
through which the waters flowed. Soft waters are espe-
cially liable to take up the lead. Every one is cautioned
against the use of lead pipes, as waters containing this sub-
stance are very injurious to the health.

Samj^le Analyses of Different Waters.

QUALITY OF WATER.

Excel! eut, .
Good, .
Suspicious, .
Dangerous,

Parts per Million.

_*

.04

02

.07

01

.03

01

.10

02

.12

04

.06

08

.07

04

.11

04

.20

16

.14

20

.08

26

.48

5.00

3.00

4.00

19.00

7.00

8.00

18.00

38.00

22.00

35.00

22.00

2.00

70.0
70.0

-t

104.0

-t

-t

-t

336.0

-t

-t

-t

84.0

46.0
32.0

-t

54.0

-t

-t

-t

186.0

-t

-t

-t

22.0

Clark's
Degrees.

-t

1.43
5.43
3.25
1.11
1.26

-t
10.15

-t
5.71

-t
2.47

* None.

t Not determined.

It was not considered necessary to publish the analysis
of each water analyzed during the year.

1896.] ~ PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 59

Insteuctions for sampling and sending Water.

In dipping water from springs or drawing it from open
wells, be sure that no foreign material falls into it. Do
not take a sample from water that has stood in a pump for
any length of time. Send at least two quarts, in an ahso-
luleli/ dean vessel. Waters received in dirty vessels are not
tested, as the results would be of no value. A clean new
stone or earthen jug is to be preferred.

Answer briefly the following questions in regard to the
water : —

1. Is it well, shallow spring or hydrant water?

2. Do you suspect it to be the cause of any contagious
disease ?

3. Do you suspect lead poisoning?

4. What is the character of the o'round through which
it percolates ?

5. HoAv far is the well from house or barn?

60

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

rjan.

(c) DAIRY PRODUCTS.

Milk, Cream, etc.

We have received and tested for farmers during the year
87 samples of milk, 18 samples of cream and 4 samples of
butter; 24 samples of butter have also been analyzed for
the Dairy Bureau. It is not considered necessary to pub-
lish these analyses here. They will be found tabulated at
the end of the report.

Intormation.

Average cow's milk has approximately the following per-
centage composition : —

Per Cent.

Water, 87.0

Fat, ..... . . 3.7

Casein (curd) 3.0

Albumen, .
Milk Bugar,
Ash, .

Per Cent.

.50

. 5.10

.70

For practical purposes, we generally estimate the per-
centage of total solids (which includes everything except
water) and fat.

For convenience, the Massachusetts milk standard for
1895, as well as the average composition of cream, skim
and butter milks, follow : —

Massa-
chusetts
Standard.

Skim

MILK.

Cream.

CONSTITUENTS.

Deep
Setting.

Sepa-
rator.

Deep

Setting.

Sepa-
rator.

Butter-
milk.

Total solids (per cent.), •
Milk fat (percent.),-
Solids not fat (per cent.),

13.00*
3.70
9.30

9.50
.32

.10

26.5
18.0

25.-35.

8.33
.27

* During May and June, 12 per cent.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 61

Instructions for sending Milk.

Milk or cream should be sent by morning express, if pos-
sible. It should be marked "Immediate Delivery," and
should not be sent later than Thursday of each week. Send
one pint of milk and one-half pint of cream, preferably in
Lightning or Mason fruit jars. Be sure the vessels are per-
fectly clean. Mix the milk or cream thoroughly before tak-
ing the sample, by pouring from one vessel to another.

62

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

Part II.

(a) CHICAGO GLUTEN MEAL v. KING GLUTEN

MEAL.

Experiment with Cows.

Object of (he Experiment.

The object of the experiment was to compare the relative
merits of the two gkiten meals for milk production.

Chicago Meal. — The general character and appearance of
this meal is well known.

King Meal. — This meal is very probably a by-product
from corn, the process of manufacture being somewhat dif-
ferent from that employed in case of the Chicago meal. It
contains apparently no husks or germs ; the fat from the
germ, however, is present, making the meal very rich in
this latter substance. For the sake of comparison the com-
position of the two meals is given below : —

CONSTITUENTS.

Chicago.

King.

Water (per cent.), ....'.
Crude ash (per cent),

" cellulose (per cent), .

" fat (per cent.),

" protein (per cent.), ....
Extract matter (per cent ), ....

9.33

.13

1.57

4.17

33.64

51.17

7.34

1.38

1.30

18.48

35.57

35.93

Plan of the Experiment.

Four grade cows were employed, in diflerent stages of lac-
tation. The preliminary feeding period lasted seven days,
and the feeding period proper seven days. All other feeds

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

(53

excepting the two gluten meals remained constant during the
experiment. The data will be found in Table I. The fol-
lowing method was employed to overcome the natural milk
shrinkao-e. The cows were divided into two lots. During;
the first period cows I. and III. received the King meal, at
the same time cows IV. and VI. were receiving the Chicago
meal; during^ the second period this order was reversed.
This experiment was in operation during June, 1894. The
cows were allowed the run of the barn-yard during the day,
and so far as possible all conditions were identical during
the entire time.

Table I.

■73

.2

EL,

.2?

Average Daily Rations.

TOTAL.

DIGESTIBLE.

a

a

a A

S-^

A

•

PERIODS.

a
<

o

u

a

a

■a

>

•a

c 5

o
J3

^4

- a

:!3

a

O

c

a

a

(£

a ^^
o

1^

•a
□
3

■a

a
3

0

_o

?
3

^

kJ

<J

W

o

«

Cm

0

fe

H

^A

King,

4

10

935

4.5

4.5

-

18

3.30

9.65

1.15

14.1

1:3.8

Chicago, .

4

10

937

4.5

-

4.5

18

3.16

10.49

.56

14.2

1:3.7

Table II. — Average Yield and Cost of 3IilJc.

PERIODS.

Total Cost Total Yield
of Feeds of Milk
(Dollars). (Quarts).

Average

Daily Yield

per Cow

(Quarts).

Cost of Milk

per Quart

(Cents).

King, ....
Chicago

$6 61

6 61

318.4
314.4

11.36
11.23

2.08
2.10

Comments on the Results.

Table I. shows that the cows consumed the same amount
of digestible matter daily in each period.

Table II. shows that the daily yield of milk and the cost
per quart were practically identical in each period.

The Chicago meal was in its usual good condition. In
spite of the fact that the King meal contained nearly 20 per

64 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

cent, of fat, no rancid odor or taste was noticed after the
meal had been in the barn six months. Its mechanical con-
dition was all that could be desired. The objection to feed-
ing by-products especially rich in fat is that, if they are fed
alone in large quantities (above 3 quarts daily) or fed in
combination with other material of a similar nature, the ten-
dency is to cloy the appetite of the animal, Dr — in warm
weather especially — to produce inflammation of the milk
glands.

In a daily grain ration of 9 pounds we would not advise
feeding over 3 or 4 pounds of but one by-product having
above 7 to 8 per cent, of fat.

The principal criticism on this experiment would natu-
rally be the shortness of its feeding periods. This could not
have been well avoided. The results obtained, however, are,
it is believed, sufficient to give one an idea of the compara-
tive value of the two grains.

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

65

(h) CHICAGO GLUTEN MEAL v. ATLAS MEAL.
Experiment avith Cows.
Object of the Experiment.

The experiment was undertaken for the purpose of noting
the feeding value of the new by-})roduct Atlas meal, as com-
pared with Chicago gluten meal.

Atlas Meal. — This is a comparatively new article in
Massachusetts markets. It consists of the hull, gluten and
germ of different grains left behind in the process of alcohol
manufacture. It comes into the market ground fairly fine,
and contains about the same amount of protein as does the
Chicago meal. The amount of cellulose and fat is, however,
in excess of the latter. The composition of the two grains
follows : —

CONSTITUEXTS.

Water (per cent.),
Crude ash (per cent.), .
" cellulose (per cent.),
" fat (per cent.), .
" protein (per cent), .
Extract matter (per cent.), .

10.00
.37
10.75
13.75
33.57
31.56

Plan of the Experiment.

The experiment was in operation during January and a part
of February, 1895. The cows, four in number, were grades.
The feeds consisted of hay, corn and soja-bean ensilage,
bran, Chicago gluten meal and Atlas meal. The ensilage,
hay and bran remained constant during the entire experi-
ment. The preliminary feeding periods lasted seven days,
the two periods proper ten days each. To overcome the
natural milk shrinkage the following arrangement was in-
stituted. The cows were divided into two lots. In Period
I., cows 3 and 6 were fed Chicago meal at the same time

66

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

that cows 4 and 5 were receiving Atlas meal. In Period II.
this order was reversed. The cows were kept in the barn
during the entire experiment, and were treated precisely
alike during both periods. Two composite samples (three
days each) of milk were tested during each period. The
tables following give the average results from the four
cows : —

Table I.

Average Daily Rations.

TOTAL.

DIGESTIBLE.

a

a ^

•

^

•o-o

a

o

PERIODS.

<

>

3a

•a

° 2

01 O

a .

— 3

OQ^ .

T3

•3

a

3

S
a ^

■a

T3

o

•a

a^

§«1

3
O

o

Oh

.9^

•9 3
O o

a

3

o

Ph

>

3

a

-0.

a

.- 4> —

>>

a

o

■£0-

a
o

a

'A

hJ

<

CJ

< o

E

Ph

o

fe

Eh

^

Atlas, .

4

10

943

4

.

4

42.1

5

2.46

9.15

1.17

12.78

1:4.9

Chicago,

4

10

944

4

4

~

40.6

5

2.62

9.38

.84

12.84

1:4.4

Table II. — Average Yield and Cost of Milk and Butter Fat.

PERIODS.

Total Cost
of Feed
(Dollars).

Total Yield

of Milk

(Quarts).

Average

Daily Yield

per Cow

(Quarts).

Cost
per Quart
(Cents).

Total
Amount of
Butter Fat
(Pounds).

Total

Cost of

Butter Fat

per Pound

(Cents).

Atlas, .
Chicago,

$7 40
7 56

420.7
423.3

10.52
10. S8

1.76
1.79

40.57
40.17

18.24
18.82

Table III. — Average Composition of Milk.

Per Cent. Solids. .

Per Cent. Fat.

NUMBER OF COW.

Atlas.

Chicago.

Atlas.

Chicago.

3,

4

5

6,

14.13
13.86
13.38
14.33

14.33
13.65
13.16
13.71

4.22
4.88
4.17
4.52

4.72
4.60
4.12
4.06

Average,

13.93

13.71

4.45

4.38

Results.
The cost and quantity of milk and butter fat are so nearly
equal in each case as to be considered practically identical.
If the quality of the Atlas meal is maintained, it can be
resrarded as an excellent food for milch cows and neat stock
in general.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 67

(c) WHAT CONSTITUTES A "SPACE" OF CREAM.

J. B. LINDSET AND GEO. A. BILLINGS.

In the report of the State Experiment Station for 1894
it was shown that the butter fat in the cream gathered
from 165 different farmers varied from 11 to 22 per cent.
Such figures only serve to emphasize the unreliability of the
" space " as a basis for payment.

During the past autumn we have tested the cream raised
by the deep-setting process from each of the six cows l)elong-
ing to the station. The conditions were precisely alike in
each case, the milk being immersed for the same length of
time, and the temperature of the water maintained at 38 to
40 degrees. The cows were all fresh in milk, having calved
from one to two months previously.

HlSTOEY OF THE CoWS.

Cow I., grade Ayrshire, six years old, weighing 800
pounds, yielding about 4 per cent, fat in milk.

Cow II., native, nine years old, weighing 900 pounds,
yielding 4 per cent, fat in milk.

Cow III., grade Ayrshire- Jersey, seven years old, weigh-
ing 850 pounds, yielding 4.2 per cent, fat in milk.

Cow IV., grade Jersey, six years old, weighing 1,050
pounds, yielding 5 per cent, fiit in milk.

Cow v., grade Durham, seven years old, weighing 1,050
pounds, yielding 3 per cent, fat in milk.

Cow VI., grade Durham-Jersey, about seven years old,
weighing 1,000 pounds, yielding 5 per cent, fat in milk.

Table I. shows the daily results and the average for the
three days (two days in case of cows V. and VI.).

68

HATCH EXPEEIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

Table I.

NUMBEll OF COW.

Number of Days.

Milk
per Day
(Pounds).

Spaces Per Cent.

Cream per of Fat in

Day. Cream.

Per Cent.

of Fat in

Skim-milk.

.^ . .{

1, . . .
1, . . .
1, . . .

Average,

1, . . .
1, . . .
1, . . .

Average,

1, . . .
1, . . .
1, . . .

Average,

1, . . .

1, . . .
1, . . .

Average,

1, . . .
1, . . .

Average,

1, . . .
1, . . .

Average,

25.90

26.00
25.50

8.10
7.50
7.80

16.90
16.60
16.10

.20
.15
.17

- ■ {

25.80

21.50

22.00
22.75

7.80

5.30
5.50
5.90

16.53

16.15
15.90
17.30

.17

.55
.57
.65

m 1

22.08

25.50
26.87
26.50

2G.30

25.95
27.12
25.00

5.57

11.50
10.80
11.60

11.30

8.10

8.40
8.10

16.45

11.20
12.05
12.70

11.98

21.00
21.45

22.65

.56

.26
.30
.26

.27

.18
.20
.13

V \

26.02

28.00
30.63

8.20

7.00
7.10

21.70

15.70
16.20

.17

.17
.15

- \

29.31

31.12
31.50

7.05

10.90
8.80

15.95

20.25
19.45

.16

.15

.13

31.31

9.86

19.85

.13

Table II. — Showing the Eesults on the Basis of 25 Pounds of
Milk ])er Cow.

NUMBER OF COW.

Spaces
of Cream.

Per Cent.

of Fat
in Cream.

NUMBER OF COW.

Spaces
of Cream.

Per Cent.

of Fat
in Cream.

ni., . . .

7.66

6.30

10.74

16.63

16.45

■11.98

IV., .

v., .

VI., .

7.89
6.01

7.87

21.70
16.96
19.85

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

69

Cows I., 11. and V. produced the smallest number of spaces
of cream, containing 16 to 16^^ per cent, of fat. Cow III.
produced nearly 11 spaces of cream with 12 per cent, of fat.
Cows IV. and VI. produced nearly 8 spaces of cream each,
containing from 20 to nearly 22 per cent, of fat.

According to the present system, cream is paid for at the
same price per space, whether it contains 12, 16 or 22 per
cent, of butter fat, i. e., whether equal quantities of such
cream will produce 12, 16 or 22 pounds of butter. Under
this system a farmer with a herd of extra butter-producing
cows, yielding cream by the deep-setting process, contain-
ing 19 to 22 per cent, of fat, receives no more money than
another farmer who produces a like quantity of cream test-
ing but 15 or 16 per cent, of fat. The injustice omisi be
apparent to every thinking farmer. The investigation, as
shown in the above tables, might have been carried stilf fur-
ther by weighing the cream, calculating the amount of butter
fat produced, and seeing how much butter a given number of
spaces of each cow's cream would produce. This was done,
however, in last year's investigation, and, at the risk of repe-
tition, the summary of the results bearing on this point is
presented in Table III. Our object in the present experi-
ment has been simply to show how the per cent, of fat in
the cream of six individual cows varied under exactly similar
conditions.

Table III. — Summary of Bestdts obtained in 1894 ivith Cream
gathered from 165 Farmers, shoiving Butter Equivalent from
100 Spaces of Graded Cream, and Value of Same.

Pounds of Butter Fat prom
100 Spaces op Cream.

Number
of Patrons.

Per Cent, of
Patrons.

Equivalent to

Butter

(Pounda).

Value of But-
ter at
25 Cents
per Pound.

8-12,
12-13,
13-14,
14-15,
15-16,
16-18.

6.1
14.0
31.5
2^.9
18.2

5.5

13.42*

14.58

15.75

16.92

18.08

19.83

$3 35
3 64

3 94

4 23
4 52
4 96

* Figured on the basis of 11.5 pounds of butter fat.

70 JIATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

A full explanation of the Babcock system (by which the
farmer is paid for the number of pounds of butter fat actually
furnished by him), and how to put it into practical opera-
tion, has already been published.* This system oifers eiv
couragement for every one to improve his herd by weeding
out the unprofitable cows and putting in their places only
those that will produce good yields of rich milk.

Under the space system those farmers having extra cows
that are well taken care of simply help out their shiftless
neighbors who keep inferior animals. That the latter class
of farmers is glad to be thus aided, and is as a rule op-
posed to any change, is not to be wondered at. How long
the more thrifty, painstaking farmers will be willing to con-
tinue this, is a question for them to decide.

* " Creamery Practice," by J. B. Lindsey, published by Dairy Bureau, 20 Devon-
Bhii-e Street, Boston, Mass.

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

71

{d) WHEAT MEAL v. RYE MEAL FOR PIGS.

Object of the Experiment.
In this experiment it was intended to compare the feeding
values of wheat and rye meal, when fed in combination with
skim-milk to growing pigs.

Plan or the Experiment.

The pigs were divided into two lots, two barrows and a
sow being in each lot. The experiment was divided into
three periods, covering in all 106 days. It was intended,
in the first period, to feed 3 ounces of meal to each quart
of milk, but the supply of milk being limited, some Peoria
gluten feed was added to keep the ratio of protein to carbo-
hydrates as 1 to 3.5.

In the second period 4 quarts of milk were fed daily, to-
gether with sufficient wheat or rye meal to satisfy appetites.

In the third period 4 quarts of milk were fed daily, in
connection with equal parts of wheat or rye meal and corn
meal to satisfy the appetites of the animals. Sufficient water
was added to the milk and meal to furnish the necessary
amount of liquid. The pigs were fed three times daily.

Table I. — Feeding Plan.

PERIOD.

Number

of

Days.

Feed.

Nutritive
Ratio.

I., . .

ir., .
in., .

5S
13
35

3 ounces wheat or rye meal to each quart of milk, .

4 quarts milk daily, and wheat or rye meal to satisfy
appetites.

4 quarts milk, and equal parts wheat or rye meal and
corn meal to satisfy appetites.

1:3.6
1:4.0
1:5.3

Table II. — Average Daily Gain (Pounds).

LOT.

Period I.

Period II.

Period in.

Total

Average

Daily Gain.

I., wheat

II., rye,

1.06
1.00

1.21
1.15

1.49
1.20

1.22
1.10

72

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

Table III. — Total Feed consumed.
Lot I. (Wheat).

PERIODS.

Skim-milk
(Quarts),

Wheat
Meal

(Pounds).

Peoria

Feed

(Pounds).

Corn Meal
(Pounds).

Nutritive
Ratio.

I

II.,

in

744.0
195.0
450.0

205.1
114.0
212.5

73.5

212.5

1:3.6
1:4.0
1:5.2

Total

Equal to dry matter, .

1,38'J.O
283.7*

531.6
468.0

73.5
68.3

212.5
180.6

-

• Pounds.

Lot n. (Rye).

PERIODS.

Sklm-milk
(Quarts).

Rye Meal

(Pounds).

Peoria

Feed

(Pounds).

Com Meal

(Pounds).

Nutritive
Ratio.

I

II.,

Ill

744.0
195.0
450.0

205.10
114.00
183.75

73.5

183.75

1:3.8
1:4.4
1:5.4

Total, ....
Equal to dry matter, .

1,389.0
283.7*

502.80
432.40

73.5
68.3

183.75
156.20

-

* Pounds.

Table IV.

Lot I.

Lot II.

Average live weight at beginning of experiment (pounds), .

33.33

34.20

Average live weight at end of experiment (pounds), ♦ . . .

162.70

150.00

Average gain of each pig (pounds),

129.37

115.80

Average daily gain (pounds) . .

1.22

1.10

Dry matter required to produce 1 pound live weight (pounds), .

2.58

2.71

Skim-milk actually returned per quart (fraction of cent).

.65

.55

Cost of feed for each pound of live weight gained (cents),* . . .

4.25

4.58

Price received per pound of live weight (cents)

4.80

4.80

* On basis of following prices for feed: skim-milk, 2 cents per gallon; wheat and rye,
$24 per ton; Peoria gluten feed, $21 per ton ; and corn meal, $23 per ton.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 73

CoivoiENTS ON Results.

Both lots of pigs made very fair gains, and the results as
a whole compare favorably with other experiments, when
skim-milk was fed with other grains. The average daily
gain was nearly 1^ pounds, and the dry matter required to
make 1 pound of live weight averaged 2.65 pounds. The
skim-milk returned .6 of one cent per quart, and the live
weight cost 4.37 cents per pound, allowing skim-milk to be
worth one-half cent per quart, and the grains as noted. The
wheat meal seemed to give rather better results, especially
in the last period. During this latter period the pigs fed
on the rye-meal ration were off feed a good deal of the time,
and gained less in weight. If the experiment had been con-
tinued longer, the results would have been still more in favor
of the wheat meal.

Suggestions for Feedestg Wheat or Eye Meal.

With pigs weighing from 30 to 100 pounds, feed 3 to 6
ounces meal to each quart of milk ; with pigs weighing from
100 to 175 pounds, feed skim-milk at disposal (4 to 6 quarts
per pig), and equal parts of wheat or rye meal and corn
meal to satisfy appetites.

74 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

(e) SALT HAYS AND MEADOW OR SWALE

HAY.

A. — Digestibility.

B. — How to feed them.

Summary of Results.

(a) Black grass, high-grown salt hay, branch grass and
low meadow fox grass are all valuable fodder articles. In
the present experiment black grass contained more protein
and showed a higher average digestibility, and is therefore
superior to the other three hays. There is no wide differ-
ence, however. Timothy hay shows more total digestible
organic matter, but is noticeably inferior to three of the
salt hays in digestible protein. Black grass might be classed
as but little inferior to average timothy hay. High-grown
salt hay, branch grass and fox grass resemble each other
very closely in feeding value.

(b) Salt hays at average market prices are decidedly
cheaper to feed than English hay.

(c) Meadow or swale hay is a very inferior article. It
contained 150 to 200 pounds less digestible matter than
did the salt hays, and but 39 per cent, of digestible dry
matter.

(d) Hays containing much less than 50 per cent, of di-
gestible dry matter should be regarded as of very inferior
'quality.

A. — Digestibility.
At the request of the experiment station, farmers in the
vicinity of Newburyport sent four samples of salt hay. It
was the intention of the writer to analyze these hays and test
their comparative digestibilities. The hays were named as
follows : —

1. Black grass (fine, and of dark color; consisted almost
exclusively of Jiincus hulbosiis) .

2. High-grown salt hay.

3. Branch grass.

4. Low meadow fox grass.

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

75

The low meadow fox grass appeared to consist practically
of what is also called rush salt grass {Spartina juncea), and
both the high-grown salt hay and the branch grass were
composed of this as a basis, mixed with more or less coarse
grass, probably Sjxirtina stvicta, variety glabra. The branch
grass contained rather more of the coarse material than did
the high-grown salt hay.

A sample of meadow or swale hay was also obtained,
through the kindness of Mr. Chas. J. Peabody of Topsfield,
in which vicinity large quantities are cut yearly. This hay
grows in the fresh-water meadows, and is composed of fresh-
water grasses, sedges, brakes and wild flowers.

The digestion tests were made with sheep, because these
animals are much easier to work with, and give at the same
time similar results as do cows and steers.

How the Digestible Matter of a Feed is determined.

First ascertain the amount and composition of the feed
consumed by an animal in a given length of time, also the
amount and composition of the faeces or undigested portion
excreted in the same time on the basis of dry matter. The
difference between them will represent the amount of the
various constituents of the food digested.

The percentages of the constituents digested are called the
dio-estion coefficients.

Table I. — Composition of Hays.

[The analysis of each hay is given on the basis of 15 per cent, of water, for the sake

of comparison.]

FODDER

CONSTITUENTS.

Black
Grass.

High-
grown
Salt Hay.

Branch
Grass.

Low
Meadow

Fox
Grass.

Meadow
Hay.

Timothy

Hay forCom-

parison.

Water

15.00

15.00

15.00

15.00

15.00

15.00

Crude ash

9.91

8.92

8.75

4.96

5.27

4.30

" cellulose.

22.78

22.45

22.50

22.58

26.40

28.40

" fat, ....

2.23

2.13

1.88

2.18

1.59

2.40

" protein,

8.08

6.36

7.03

6.06

6.77

6.30

Nitrogen-free extract matter,

42.00

47.14

44.84

49.22

44.97

43.60

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

76

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

Table II. — Showing Average. Digestion Coefficients obtained with

Two Sheep.

FODDER

CONSTITUENTS.

Black
Grass.

High-

grown

Salt Hay.

Branch
Grass.

Fox
Grass.

Meadow
Hay.

Timothy
Hayfor Com-
parison.

Total dry substance,
Crude cellulose,

" fat

" protein.
Nitrogen-free extract matter,

59.5
60.5
41.5
63.0
57.0

53.0
50.0
47.0
63.0
53.0

56.0
52.0
32.0
62.5
54.0

53.0
51.0
24.0
57.0
52.0

39.0
33.0
44.0
34.0
46.0

58.0
53.0
61.0
48.0
63.0

Table III. — Shoiving Pounds of Digestible Organic Matter in
2^000 Pounds of the Several Hays, assuming Each Hay to
contain an Average Amount of Water (15 Per Cent.).

FODDER

CONSTITUENTS.

Black

Grass.

High-

grown

Salt Hay.

Branch

Grass.

Fox
Grass.

Meadow
Hay.

Timothy

Hay forCom-

parison.

Crude cellulose, .

" fat

" protein,
Extract matter,

275.6

18.5

101.8

479.8

224.4
20.0
80.0

499.6

234.0
12.0

87.8
484.2

230.2
10.4
69.0

511.8

174.24
14.03
46.02

413.72

301.00
29.28
60.40

549.36

Total

875.7

824.0

818.0

821.4

648.06

940.04

The teachings of the above tables will be found summarized
at the beginning of the article. The writer has hesitated
about making too sharp distinctions between the several
kinds of salt hay, in view of the fact that he has worked
with but one sample of each kind. It is well known that
late-cut hays are inferior in per cent, of protein and less
digestible than early-cut hays ; and the writer has no means
of knowing with certainty, either from the appearance of
the samples or otherwise, whether or not they were cut at
the same stage of growth. Very few blossoms were to be
found indicative of an early cutting. It is also recognized
that the condition and situation of the land exert an influ-
ence upon the quality of the hay. On the other hand, the
hays were selected by men practically familiar with such
material, and pronounced fair samples of their kind.

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

77

B. — How TO FEED Salt and Meadow Hays.

{a) Salt Hays.

Only general directions can be given. First, these hays.,
having a value approaching an average English hay, can be
fed in place of the latter article in so far as composition and
digestibility (^. e., quality) are concerned. In the second
place, however, the amount of salt they contain will exert
a controlling influence on the quantity that the animal can
consume. The per cent, of salt in the four samples. received
was as follows : —

Black Grass.

Higli-growu
Salt Hay.

Branch Grass.

Fox Grass.

Average
Englisli Hay.

Per cent, salt,

6.35

3.20

4.09

2.51

1.50

This per cent, would proba])ly vary from time to time,
depending on the frequency with which the salt water
came in contact with the meadows, etc. Should black and
branch grasses contain on an average as much salt as found
in the present case, it would hardly seem wise to feed over
one-third to one-half of these grasses in the entire coape
fodder ration, while in case of the high-grown salt hay and
the fox grass two-thirds to even the entire coarse fodder ra-
tion could consist of these hays. The experience of prac-
tical feeders can and has undoubtedly solved this problem.
The majority of farmers will probably prefer to feed about
one-half salt hay and one-half English hay or other coarse
material.

Coarse fodders can for practical purposes be fed ad libi-
tum; i. e., the animals can be given all they will consume.
This can be left to the judgment of the practical feeder.

Grain Rations (on basis of milch cows of 1,000 pounds
live weight) . — The following rations are combined to go
with the coarse fodders : —

78

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[J:in.

I.

n.

Cotton-seed meal,*

Wheat bran, ....

Corn meal,t

Mix and feed 6 to 9 quarts dail

Pounds.
100
100
100

y.

Linseed meal,* .
Pope or King gluten meal,*
Wheat bran.
Feed 7 to 9 quarts daily.

Pounds.
100
100
200

•
III.

IV.

Chicago gluten meal,*

Wheat bran

Gluten feed,+ ....
Feed 6 to 9 quarts daily.

Pounds.
100
100
100

Gluten meal, . . .
Corn meal, ....
Feed 6 quarts daily.

Pounds.
100
100

Cotton-seed meal.
Wheat bran.
Feed 8 quarts daily.

Pounds.
100
100

* Cotton-seed meal, iinseed meals and the various gluten meals can be substituted one for
the other. Cotton-seed meal, King and Pope gluten meal, on account of the high percentage
of fat they contain, should not be fed together in the same ration.

t Chicago maize feed, Buffalo and Peoria or other gluten feeds can be used interchangeably.

X Gluten feeds can usually be substituted for corn meal with good effect.

(b) Meadow Hays {for 3Iilch Cows of 1,000 Pounds
Live Weight).

Meadow hay, being of inferior nutritive value, must be
supplemented with feed stuffs containing large amounts of
digestible matter, — especially protein, — in order to secure
good results.

Coarse Fodder Ration 1. — Feed all the meadow hay the
animal will eat.

Grain Ratioyis for above.

n.

Corn meal, . .
Cotton-seed meal.
Feed 9 quarts daily.

Pounds.
200
100

Corn meal, . . .
Wheat bran, . .
Cotton-seed meal.
Feed 10 quarts daily.

Pounds.
100
100
100

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No.

79

III.

Wheat bran,
Gluten feed,
Feed 14 to 16 quarts daily.

rounds.
100
100

Coarse Fodder Ration 2. — About one-half English hay
and one-half meadow hay, or aljout one-half corn ensilage
(30 pounds) and all the meadow hay the animal will eat.

Grain Rations for Above.

n.

Corn meal, .
Cotton-seed meal,
Feed 7 quarts daily.

Pounds.
150
100

Wheat bran,
Gluten feed.
Feed 10 to 12 quarts dailj-.

Pounds.
100
100

Remarhs. — The writer questions the wisdom of a sys-
tem of farmino' iu which much labor is devoted to securiuo;
meadow hay for feeding to farm animals. The large amount
of grain necessary to be fed in order to secure reasonably
nutritive rations calls for a considerable outlay of money,
which renders the various rations of doubtful economy.

The tendency of modern dairy farming is to raise crops
containing more nitrogenous matter (protein), and thus re-
duce the amount of grain to be purchased.

To farmers who have been gathering and feeding large
quantities of meadow hay the writer would make the fol-
lowing suo:2:estions : —

In addition to English hay, raise annual crops, such as
peas and oats, vetch and oats and Hungarian grass. Cut
these for hay. Grow corn fodder and soja-bean fodder,
and put into a silo in the proportion of two parts corn to
one part soja be3,ns. Such a system will give large amounts
of nutritious winter feed, and will enable one to get along
with one-half of the grain feed mentioned above.

80

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jaii."J(i.

IIoiv to 2)U7-chase Grains.

In making *up grain rations cost must be considered, and
one should be familiar with the fluctuating market values of
the several feed stufls in order to make economical combina-
tions. The following figures show the approximate commer-
cial values of the difierent feeds, based on the amount of
digestible protein they contain : —

Wheat bran, .
Corn meal, .
Wheat middlings,
Brewers' grains, .
Malt sprouts,
Gluten and maize feeds, ,
Atlas meal, .
Old-process linseed meal,
New-process linseed meal.
Gluten meals,
Cotton-seed meal, .

fl8

00

19 00 1

21

00

21

00

23 00

28 00

31

00

31

00

32

50

35

00

35

00

$14 00

15 00

16 00
16 00
18 00
22 00
2-4 00
2-i 00
25 00
27 00
27 00

The above figures do not express the relative physiological
efiect of the difi"erent grains, but show their comparative
values in digestible protein after figuring the digestible
carbohydrates and fat at a definite price. They can be used
as guides in purchasing.

comi^ilation of analyses op fodder articles and
Dairy Products,

AMHERST, MASS.
1868-1896.

Prepared by C. S. Crocker.

A. Fodder Articles.

B. Fertilizing Ingredients in Fodders.

C. Dairy Products.

82

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

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Fodder corn,
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Corn and soja-bean ensilage.
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Sorghum, ....
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Cow-pea vines.
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Hungarian grass, . .

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.09
.08
.15
.21
.20
.18
.14
.09
.10
.12
.14
.09
.14
.16
.05
.09
.03

.30

.44
.34
.36

* The valuation is based on the following prices per pound of essential fertilizing in-
gredients : nitrogen, 12 cents; potassium oxide, 5 cents; phosphoric acid, 5 cents.

18D6.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 38.

95

B. Fertilizing Ingredieyits in Fodder Articles — Continued.

NAME.

■3

R

1

2

5.3

4

8.8

6

8.9

2

9.1

4

8.7

1

5.4

3

10.5

8.5

8.9

5.7

7.9

17

9.3

6.1

11.1

9.8

3

11.4

2

7.9

6

9.9

4

6.3

2

7.4

1

8.2

1

12.2

2

9.4

2

11.5

2

6.3

1

9.0

1

5.8

1

8.9

2

7.4

1

15.8

1

8.2

3

9.9

1

13.0

1

13.5

§5

= 2

IT. Hay and Dry Coarse Fodders — Con.
Kentucky blue-grass (Poa pratensia L.),

Orchard grass,

Meadow fescue,

Perennial ryegrass

Italian rye-grass,

Salt hay,

Japanese millet (white head), .

Common buckwheat

Silver-hull buckwheat, ....

Japanese buckwheat,

Fodder corn,

Cora stover

Teosinte

Summer rape

Millet hay

Mammoth red clover

Medium red clover • .

Alsike clover

Lucerne (alfalfa)

Bokhara clover

Blue melilot,

Sainfoin,

Sulla

Lotus villosus,

Soja bean

Cow pea

Small pea

¥l?it pea {Lathyr^m sylveairis), .

Serradella

Scotch tares,

Spring vetch

Vetch and oats,

Soja-bean straw,

Millet straw,

1.32
1.31

.99
1.23
1.19
1.18
1.11
2.62
1.78
1.63
1.76
1.04
1.46
2.05
1.28
2.23
2.18
2.34
2.08
1.98
1.92
2.63
2.46
2.10
2.32
1.64
2.50
3.51
2.70
2.96
2.20
1.30

.71

1.69
1.89
2.10
1.65
1.27

.72
1.22
3.21
2.38
3.32

.89
1.38
3.70
4.67
1.69
1.22
2.29
2.23
1.46
1.83
2.80
2.02
2.09
1.81
1.08

.91
1.99
2.34

.65
3.00
2.76
1.35
1.06
1.76

.43
.41

.40
.56
.56
.25
.40
.53
.86
.85
.54
.29
.55
.57
.49
.55
.45
.67
.53
.56
.54
.76
.45
.59
.67
.53
.59
.82
.78
.82
.74
.56
.26
.18

$5 29
5 44

4 87

5 06
4 69

3 80

4 28
10 02

7 51

8 08

5 65

4 17
7 75

10 16

5 25
7 12

7 97

8 52

6 98

7 14

7 95

9 09

8 36
7 44

7 32
5 38

8 58

11 58

7 91
10 92

8 78
5 03
3 02
3 58

* See note on page i

96

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

B. Fertilizing Ingredients in Fodder Articles

— Continued.

13

P-o

a^

■l<

0%

NAME.

0)

a
<

2

a
o

S3
&

o

If

a =

//. ffaj/ and Dry Coarse Fodders — Con.

White daisy

1

9.7

.28

1.25

.44

$2 36

Dry carrot tops,

1

9.8

3.13

4.88

.61

13 00

Barley straw,

2

10.0

1.13

2.41

.22

5 34

///. Roots, Bulbs, Tubers, etc.

Beets, red,

8

87.8

.23

.44

.09

1 08

Beets, sugar

4

87.0

.22

.48

.10

1 12

Beets, yellow fodder

1

90.6

.19

.46

.09

1 01

Mangolds,

3

87.6

.15

.34

.14

84

Ruta-bagas

3

89.1

.19

.49

.12

1 07

Turnips,

4

89.7

.17

.38

.12

81

Carrots,

3

89.0

.16

.46

.09

93

Parsnips,

1

80.3

.22

.62

.19

1 34

Potatoes, .......

4

80.1

.29

.51

.08

1 29

Artichokes,

1

77.5

.46

.48

.17

1 74

Japanese radish (/)te?77i«(/).

1

93.3

.08

.28

.OS

52

Japanese radish (wjyas Atg'e), .

1

92.6

.08

.34

.05

58

IV. Ch-aitis, Seeds, Fruits, etc.

Corn kernels

13

10.9

1.82

.40

.70

5 46

Corn and cob meal

29

9.0

1.41

.47

.57

4 42

Oat kernels

1

9.0

2.10

-

-

-

Soja beans,

2

18.3

5.30

1.99

1.S7

16 58

Red adzinki beans,

1

14.8

3.24

1.54

.94

10 26

White adzinki beans,

1

16.9

3.33

1.48

.97

10 44

Saddle beans

1

12.3

2.12

2.13

1.52

8 74

Japanese millet,

1

13.7

1.73

.38

.69

5 22

Common millet,

1

12.7

2.04

.36

.85

6 11

Chestnuts

1

44.9

1.18

.63

.39

3 85

Cranberries,

1

89.4

.08

.10

.03

32

Apples,

2

79.9

.13

.19

.01

66

V. Flour and Meal.

Corn meal

3

14.1

1.92

.34

.71

5 66

Hominy feed

1

8.9

1.63

.49

.98

5 38

Ground barley,

1

13.4

1.55

.34

.66

4 72

Wheat flour

2

12.1

2.02

.36

.35

5 56

* See note on page 94.

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33

97

B. Fertilizing Ingredients in Fodder Articles — Concluded.

NAME.

a
o

1

3
O

CI,

■6
■z<

o

p.

o

.a

Ph

3.08

.99

.82

5.89

2.23

1.57

7.84

1.54

1.27

5.39

1.21

1.78

5.83

1.25

1.69

6.70

1.83

2.47

2.36

1.40

2.10

2.75

.75

1.25

1.84

.81

1.26

1.95

.98

1.56

5.09

.05

.42

3.72

.06

.34

5.75

.06

.43

5.69

.08

.69

5.30

.16

.23

2.68

.85

1.05

2.97

.57

1.00

2.26

.51

.83

1.43

.84

1.71

3.37

.09

.61

2.30

.63

1.34

.87

1.86

.46

.75

1.08

.18

1.46

.79

.23

.80

.48

.13

11.21

.30

.73

.23

.13

.02

.50

.60

.06

.54

1.38

.16

.49

.52

.07

.51

.0&

.04

.59

-

.10

.07

.17

P.13

a

D O

V- Flour and Meal — Con.

Pea meal,

Boja-bean meal,

Peanut meal

Yl By-products and Refuse.
Linseed meal (old process) ,
Linseed meal (new process) ,
Cotton-seed meal, ....
Wheat bran, . . . .

Wheat middlings, ....

Rye middlings

Rye feed

Gluten meal,

Gluten feed (Buffalo),

Gluten meal (Chicago),

Gluten meal (King), . . . .

Dry distillery feed (Atlas),

Dry brewers' grain, ....

Proteina

Damaged wheat,

Louisiana rice bran, ....

Glucose refuse,

Cocoa dust,

Bjoomcorn waste (stalks).

Cotton hulls,

Peanut feed,

Peanut husks

Meat meal,

Apple pomace, .....

Corn cobs

Palmetto roots,

Buckwheat hulls,

VII. Dairy Products.

Buttermilk,

Skim-milk, ......

Whey,

1
1
1

4
5
24
10
2
1
1
5
5
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
2
8
1
1

1
22
1

10.8
8.0

8.0

7.9

8.2

9.9

10.2

12.5

9.6

8.5

8.2

9.6

7.8

11.2

8.6

10.1

13.1

10.3

6.7

7.1

10.4

10.6

10.0

13.0

8.0

80.5

12.1

11.5

11.9

91.1
90.3
93.7

$9 20
17 94
21 63

15 93

16 93
20 38

9 16

8 60

6 47

7 22

12 69

9 31
14 29
14 43

13 50

8 33
8 70

6 76
5 98
8 09

7 49
4 41

3 06

4 52
2 53

27 93
70

1 86

2 83
1 77

1 31

* See note on page 94.

98

HATCH EXPERIMEXT STATION. [Jan. '96.

s

6

o

1

N

o>

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3

o

1

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CO

CO

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WD

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CO

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CO

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1

oo

1

1

1

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r

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at

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b

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a

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a

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a

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0)

o
o

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M

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M

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a

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0

^

^

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a

a

B

S

a

.

s

^

J4

R

a

a

R

p

o

.^

o

C3

I^

o

o

o

o

o

a

a
a

a

«M

^

d

y

«*H

<u

<M

«M

<w

<u

^

a

a

a

o

o

o

a>

01

3
3

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QQ

n

o

o

a

w

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a

J3

J3
O

a

> 1

Tables of the Digestibility of American Feed Stuffs.
Experiments made in the United States.

Compiled by J. B. LTNDSEY.

L Experiments with Ruminants.

n. Experiments with Swine.

Dec. 31, 1895.

100

HATCH EXPEEIMENT STATION,

[Jan,

r/)

Pn

u^

&

H

Oi

D

tq

w

Ph

t?^

<i1

M

O

Y

1— 1
P5

<

P
P5

<5

f^

K

o

H

{H

^

H

r/)

M

H

l-J

iz;

1— 1

w

ou

:?*

1— I

H

K

r^

W

W

P4

1— 1

K

ft

W

l-H

w

H

En

O

r/)

W

1-5

M

-^

H

u

00

o>

Q?

o>

e^

to

to

to

1

1 ■=

1 Oi

1 ^

1 CO

Tt

1 ^

1

1 "♦*

"fiM

rt ^

1 CO

to

to

1 o

to

1 to

to

1 o

1

1 lO

1 ,o

lO CO

to

CO

o

CO

>n

o

o

to

to

o

>o

lO

lo

a

-"

■^

^

o

o

■>♦

o

o>

CO

CO

CO

to

to

to

to

to

1 to

1 "O

00

o

1 °^

1 '^

1 M

1

CO

1 C-l

t-

1 o

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•<**

1 ""

\ to

to

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1

to

I to

1 o

CO

00

to

C-1

^

o

00

*o

to

to

to

to

to

»-•

CO

(^

00

^

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^

^

t^

o

*-H

to

fH

to

o

<o

xa

Tjl

CO

1 t'

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o

o

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1 o>

t-

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1 Tfl

^16

1 o

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to

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CI

s

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c5

rH

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M

to

to

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Til

u-

to

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to

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1 fc^

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to

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f =o

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to

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c^

to

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ai

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to

to

o

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b-

III

to

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to

to

1 <=■

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to

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a

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,

lO

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(M

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t^.-s^

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rt

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s

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.

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a

i

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p.

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3

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g.

be

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8

1

t^

o

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2

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s

m

o

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p.

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(3

5i)

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C3

■a

a

a

o

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60

M

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>>

>>

a

a

1

3

>>

a
o

60

o

^

.a

,a

M-i

M-l

a

a

M

OS

bo

^

a

o

o

a

o

a

o

a

o

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o

o

o

03

60

c«

H

H

S

w

w

PS

rt

<

m

K

n

hJ

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No.

101

t

o

CO

IN

to

U5

a>

*a

to

!0

1

■*

o

1

t^

CO

1 o>

1 to

1 "^^

CO

1 «

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i

to

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to
to

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g

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00

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w

to

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o

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o

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1

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to

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to

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i

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i

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to

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to

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to

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n

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to

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8

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1

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HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION,

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110 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

LITERATURE.

The following publications have been consulted in com-
piling the tables of the digestibility of American feed
stufl's : —

Report of Storrs School (Connecticut) Experiment Station,
1894.

Reports of the Maine State Experiment Station for 1886, 1887,

1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1893, 1894.

Reports of the New York Experiment Station, 1884, 1888, 1889.
Reports of the Pennsylvania Experiment Station, 1887, 1888,

1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893.

Bulletins Nos. 80 c, 81, 87 d, 97 and 118 of the North Carohna
Experiment Station.

Bulletin No. 16, Utah Experiment Station.

Bulletin No. 3 of the Wisconsin Experiment Station for 1884,
and Sixth Annual Report, 1889.

Bulletin No. 8 of the Colorado Experiment Station.

Bulletins Nos. 26 and 36 of the Minnesota Experiment Station.

Bulletin No. 6 of the Oregon Experiment Station.

Bulletins Nos. 13, 15 and 19 of the Texas Experiment Station.

Bulletin No. 20 of the Maryland Experiment Station.

Eleventh and Twelfth Annual Reports (1893 and 1894) of the
Massachusetts State Experiment Station.

Report of Hatch Experiment Station, 1895.

1896. J PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. Ill

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST.

DEPARTMENT OF FERTILIZERS AND FERTILIZER
MATERIALS.

CHARLES A. GOESSMANN.

Part I. On Field Experiments.

1. Experiments to study the effect of raising leguminous crops

in rotation with grain crops on the nitrogen sources of the
soil.

2. Observations with mixed forage crops as fodder supply.

3. Experiments to study the economy of using natural phos-

phates in place of acid phosphates (superphosphates).

4. Experiments to ascertain the influence of different mixtures

of chemical fertilizers on the character and j'ield of garden
crops.

5. Experiments to study the effect of phosphatic slag and nitrate

of soda as compared with ground bones on field crops.

6. Experiments to study the effect of rotation of manures on per-

manent grass lands.

Part IL On the Work in the Chemical
Laboratory.

1. Report on inspection of commercial fertilizers.

2. Report on general work in the laboratory.

3. Compilation of analyses of manurial substances.

4. Compilation of analyses of fruits, garden crops and insecti-

cides.

112 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. fJan.

Part I.
REPORT ON FIELD EXPERIMENTS.

CHARLES A. GOESSMANN.

1. Field Experlvients carried on for the Purpose of
studying the effect of a liberal introduction
OF Clover-like Plants — Leguminous Crops —
INTO Farm Practice, as a Means of increasing
THE Resources of Available Nitrogen Plant
Food in the Soil under Cultivation. (Field A.)

The observation of the fact that the different varieties of
clover and of clover-like plants in general, as peas, beans,
vetches, lupines, etc., are in an exceptional degree qualified,
under favorable conditions, to convert, by the aid of certain
micro-organisms of the soil, the elementary nitrogen of the
air into plant food, imparts to that class of farm crops a
special interest from an economical standpoint. This cir-
cumstance is in a controlling degree due to the two follow-
ing causes : —

First. — The nitrogen-containing soil constituents of plant
food are as a rule in a high degree liable to suffer serious
changes in rerard to their character and fitness as well as in
reference to their quantity.

Second. — Availal)le nitrogen-furnishing manurial sub-
stances are the most costly articles of plant food in our
markets.

Field experiments which propose to show by their results
to what extent the cultivation of clover-like plants can be
relied on as a practical and economical means for securing
efficiently nitrogen plant food for the crops to be raised have

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 113

deservedly of late engaged the most careful attention of agri-
cultural investigators. ^

The experiments in part described within a few subsequent
pages were planned in 1883, and have been continued to the
present time upon the same tield, with such modification as
circumstances advised.

The investigations have been divided into three periods : — ■

(a) Study of the existing soil resources of plant food,
1884 to 1889.

(b) Study of the effect of excluding nitrogen plant food
from outside sources and of adding nitrogen plant food in
various available forms, 1889 to 1892.

(c) Studying the effect of the cultivation of leguminous
crops on the resources of available nitrogen plant food in
the soil under treatment, 1892 to 1896.

The systematic treatment of the field here under considera-
tion, as far as suitable modes of cultivation and of manur-
ing are concerned, was introduced during the season of
1883 to 1884.

The subdivision of the entire area into eleven plats, " one-
tenth of an acre each," of a uniform size and shape, 132
feet long and 33 feet wide, with an unoccupied and un-
manured space of 5 feet in width between adjoining plats,
has been retained unaltered since 1884. A detailed state-
ment of the temporary aim and general management of the
experiments, as well as of the results ol)tained in that con-
nection from year to year, forms a prominent part of my
contemporary printed annual reports, to which I have to
refer for further details, 1884-95. The first four years of
the stated period 1884-89 were principally devoted to an
investigation into the general character and condition of
the soil under cultivation, as far as its natural and inherent
resources of available phosphoric acid, nitrogen and potash
were concerned. The soil proved to be in jDarlicidar defi-
cient in potash. Different varieties of corn (maize) were
raised in succession to assist in the investigation.

Since 1889 the main object of observation upon the same
field has been to study the influence of an entire exclusion
of any additional nitrogen-containing manurial substance

114

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION

[Jan.

from the soil under cultivation, as well as of a definite ad-
ditional supply of nitrogen in different forms of combination
on the character and yield of the crop selected for the trial.
Several plats (4, 7, 9) which for five preceding years
(1883 to 1889) had not received any nitrogen compound for
manurial purposes were retained in that state, to study the
effect of an entire exclusion of nitrogen-containing manurial
substances on the crop under cultivation ; while the remain-
msc ones received, as before, a definite amount of nitrogen
in the same form in which they had received it in preceding
years, namely, either as sodium nitrate (1, 2), as ammonium
sulphate (5, 6, 8), as organic nitrogenous matter in form
of dried blood (3, 10) or of barn-yard manure (0). A cor-
responding amount of availaljle nitrogen was applied in all
these cases.

Annual Supply of Manurial Substances.

Plat

0,

Plat

1,

Plat

2.

Plat

3,

Plat

4,

Plat

5,

Plat 6,

Plat 7,
Plat 8,

Plat 9,
Plat 10,

800 lbs. of barn-yard manure, 32 lbs. of potash-magnesia sulphate and

18 lbs. of dissolved bone-black.
29 lbs. sodium nitrate (=4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 25 lbs. muriate of

potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved

t)one-black (=8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).
29 lbs. sodium nitrate (= 4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 48.5 lbs. potash-
magnesia sulphate (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs.

dissolved bone-black (=8 5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).
43 lbs. dried blood (=5 to 6 lbs. nitrogen), 25 lbs. muriate of potash

(= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved bone-black

(= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).
25 lbs. muriate of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide) and 50

lbs. dissolved bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).
22.5 lbs. ammonium sulphate (=4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 48.5 lbs. potash-
magnesia sulphate (= 12 to 13 llis. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs.

dissolved bone-black (=8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).
22.5 lbs. ammonium sulphate (=4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 25 lbs. muriate

of potash (= 12 to 13 11)S. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved

bone-black (== 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).
25 lbs. muriate of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide) and 50

lbs. dissolved bone-black (=8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).
22.5 lbs. ammonium sulphate (= 4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 25 lbs. muriate

of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved

bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).
25 lbs. muriate of potash (== 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide) and 50

lbs. dissolved bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).
43 lbs. dried blood (= 5 to 6 lbs. nitrogen), 48.5 lbs. potash-magnesia

sulphate (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved

bone-black (=: 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 115

Amount of Fertilizing Ingredients used Annually per Acre.

f Nitrogen, . . . .45 pounds

Plats 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, <* Phosphoric acid, ... 80 pounds.

[ Potassium oxide, . . .125 pounds.

{Nitrogen,
Phosphoric acid,
Potassium oxide,

none.
80 pounds.
125 pounds.

The mechanical preparation of the soil, the incorporation
of the maniirial substances, the seeding, cuKivating and har-
vesting, were carried on year after year in a like manner,
and as far as practicable on the same day in case of every
plat during the same year.

Kind of Crops raised.

Corn (maize) , in 1889.

Oats, - in 1890.

Rye, in 1891.

Soja bean, in 1892.

The annual yield of the various crops upon the different
plats showed that as a rule those plats (4, 7, 9) which had
not received in any form nitrogen for manurial purposes
yielded much smaller crops than those that annually received
in some form or other an addition of a corresponding amount
of available nitrogen.

The results of four years of careful observation were ex-
pressed in the following conclusion : —

The experiments carried on upon Field A during the years
1889, '90, '91 and '92 show conclusively the importance of
a liberal supply lo the soil of an available form of nitrogen
to secure a successful and remunerative cultivation of farm
crops under otherwise corresponding favorable conditions.
For even a leguminous crop, the soja bean, when for the first
time raised upon Field A, did not furnish an exception to our
observation (1892). (For details, see report for 1892.)

Subsequent to the year 1892, when for the first time in the
more recent history of the field under discussion a legumi-
nous crop, a late-maturing variety of soja bean, had been

IIG

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

raised upon it, our attention had been directed chiefly to
the question, To what extent does the cultivation of soja
bean, a clover-like plant, benefit the resources of availal)le
nitrogen plant food of the soil after the removal of the crop
at the close of the season (for ensilage) ?

It seemed of interest in our case to ascertain whether the
raising of the soja bean upon Field A had increased the
amount of available nitrogen stored up in the soil to such
an extent as to affect the yield of succeeding crops upon
those plats (4, 7, 9) which, as a rule, did not receive at any
time for eight successive years an addition of available ni-
trogen from any other manurial source but the atmospheric
air and the roots left in the soil after harvesting the crops
raised.

A grain crop (oats) was selected as the crop suital)le to
serve for that purpose. The general management of the
experiment, as far as the preparation of the soil, manuring
and seeding-down are concerned, was the same as in pre-
ceding years (see tenth annual report).

An examination of the yield of the crop in 1893, secured
upon the different plats, showed that the total crop per acre
on those plats to which no nitrogen was applied (4, 7, 9)
averaged 800 pounds less than in case of the plats which
received their regular supply of nitrogen in some form or
other.

Ratio

of Grain i

0 Straw

{1S93).

Plat 0,

. 1:3

Plat 6,

. 1:4.9

Plat 1,

. 1:4.1

Plat 7,

. 1:3.6

Plat 2,

. 1:3.1

Plat 8,

. 1:3.4

Plat 3,

. 1:3.2

Plat 9,

. 1:3.4

Plat 4,

. 1:2.7

Plat 10,

. 1:3.9

Plat 5,

. 1:7

The best results in relation of total yield to yield of grain
were obtained in case of those plats receiving organic nitro-
gen (dried blood and barn-yard manure) or nitrogen in the
form of nitrate of soda ; while in the case of sulphate of
ammonia the ratio of grain to straw was too wide to be
satisfactory.

The total yield of crops on the plats receiving no nitro-

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUxAIENT — No. 33. 117

gen addition, as compared with those receiving a nitrogen
supply, was during succeeding years as follows : —

With corn in 1889, one-fifth less.

With oats in 1890, one-fifth to one-sixth less.

W'ith rye in 1891, one-fifth to one-sixth less.

With soja bean in 1892, one-third to one-fourth less.

With oats in 1893, one seventh to one-eighth less.

From these results it appeared that the introduction of a
leguminous crop into our rotation had somewhat reduced the
diflerence in yield between the plats receiving no nitrogen
and those receiving it, yet had not entirely obliterated it.
It was decided to continue the observation by repeating the
raising of soja beans in 1894 and oats in 1895.

1894. — To secure, if possible, more decisive results re-
garding the presence and absence of available nitrogen, it
was decided to use twice the amount of phosphoric acid and
potassium oxide, as compared with preceding years.

Amount of Fertilizing Ingredients applied per Acre during 1894.

{ Nitrogen, .... 45 pounds.

160 povinds.
250 povinds.

Plats 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 6, 8, 10, <" Phosphoric acid,
\^ Potassium oxide,

( Nitrogen,
Plats 4, 7, 9, . . .-! Phosphoric acid,
[Potassium, oxide,

none.
160 pounds.
250 pounds.

An early-maturing variety of soja bean was selected for
the experiments. The fertilizer mixtures were applied as
in previous years, broadcast, in the middle of April.

After proper preparation of the soil the soja beans were
planted on May 12 in drills two and one-half feet apart, 6
pounds of seed being used per plat, or GO pounds per acre.
The plants appeared above ground May 21 ; June 5 the
field was cultivated and hoed, and also on the 16th, 25th
and July 12.

The plants began to bloom July 25. Owing to the pro-
tracted drought of July and August, the crop did not get
that fulness of growth which might have been olitained under
more favorable conditions. The crop was cut August 28.

118

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

Yield of Soja Bean when cut on Different Plats {1894).

[Pounds.]

Plat 0,

Plat 1,

Plat 2,

Plat 3,

Plat 4,

Plat 5,

Plat 6,

Plat 7,

Plat 8,

Plat 9,

Plat 10,

600
625
700
525
405
645
615
480
680
470
570

Dry matter,
Moisture, .

Per Cent.

34
66

Conclusions.

1. A comparison of the above-stated yield of the different
plats shows that those plats (4, 7, 9) which received no nitro-
gen addition from an outside sowce yielded on an average
452 pounds each, while those plats which received an addi-
tion of available nitrogen plant food, 45 pounds of nitrogen
per acre^ yielded on an average 620 pounds each, — a differ-
ence of one-third in favor of the latter.

2. An increase to twice the amount of phosphoric acid and
potassium oxide, as comjMred with earlier years {see report
for 1892), had not changed the relative yield of the crop, as
noticed in case of the late soja bean in 1892^

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 119

1895. — Oats were again selected to succeed the soja bean
of the preceding season, for the purpose of admitting a direct
comparison of the results of 1894 and 1895 with those ob-
tained under corresponding circumstances during the years
1892 and 1893, when the same crops followed each other in
the same order.

The field was ploughed April 29 ; the fertilizers were
applied April 30, in the same manner and in the same quan-
tity to each plat as in the preceding year (1894), specified
upon a previous page, namely, per acre : —

/'Nitrogen, None.

Plats 4, 7,9, . . .^ Phosijhoric acid, . . . 160 pounds.
C Potassium oxide, . . . 250 pounds.

/'Nitrogen, 45 pounds.

Plats 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, ) Phosphoric acid, . . .160 pounds.
C Potassium oxide, . . . 250 pounds.

The oats were sown in drills two feet apart, at the rate of
7 pounds per plat, or 70 pounds per acre, on May 7. The
young plants showed above ground on all plats alike May 11.

To secure clean culture the cultivator was used twice, INIay
29 and June 12. The crop did not mature at the same time
upon all plats, and was for that reason cut at diflerent dates.
It was cut when matured, on August 2 upon plats 0, 1, 2,
3, 4, 7, 9, 10, on August* 8 upon plats 5 and 8 and on
August 17 upon Plat 6. From this data it will be noticed
that in all cases where sulphate of ammonia was used as the
nitrogen supply for the raising of oats the maturing of the
crop was from one to two weeks later than on all other plats,
where either nitrate of soda or organic nitrogen compounds,
as blood, barn-yard manure or no nitrogen-containing manu-
rial matter, was applied. Similar results have been noticed
in previous years, when summer grain crops have been
raised in connection with the experiment under discussion.

120 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. TJan.

Yield of Field A, Oats (1895).

[Pounds.]

PLATS.

Oats.

straw.

Total Weight.

Plat 0,

134

254

388

Plat 1,

160

330

490

Plat 2,

150

330

480

Plat 3,

149

331

480

Plat 4,

110

233

343

Plat 5,

190

360

550

Plat 6,

155

405

560

Plat 7,

136

292

428

Plat 8,

92

458

550

Plat 9,

123

217

340

Plat 10,

1G9

381

550

Moisture, oats,
Moisture, straw,

Per Cent.
14.60

15.90

Summary of Yield of Oats (1893, 1895).

[Pounds.]

1893.

1895.

PLATS.

Weight

Weight of

Total

Weight

Weight of

Total

of Grain.

Chatr.

Weight.

of Grain.

Chaff.

Weight.

Plat 0, . . .

131

399

530

134

254

388

Plat 1,

135

555

690

160

330

490

Plat 2,

146

454

600

150

330

480

Plat 3,

166

534

700

149

331

480

Plat 4,

160

430

590

110

233

343

Plat 5,

79

551

630

190

360

550

Plat 6,

102

498

600

155

405

560

Plat 7,

119

431

550

136

292

428

Plat 8,

95

325

420

92

458

550

Plat 9,

110

370

480

123

217

340

Plat 10,

125

485

610

169

381

550

189().]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

121

Ratio of Grain to Straw (1893, 1895).

PLATS.

1893.

189.5.

Plat 0, .

1:3

1:1.9

Plat 1, .

4.1

2.06

Plat 2, .

3.1

2.2

Plat 3,.

3.2

2.2

Plat 4, .

2.7

2.1

Plat 5,.

7

1.9

Plat 6, .

4.9

2.6

Plat 7,.

3.6

2.14

Plat 8, .

3.4

4.97

Plat 9,.

3.4

1.76

Plat 10, .

3.9

2.25

Average Yield of Oats on Plats receiving no Nitrogen and on
Plats receiving Nitrogen {1893, 1895).

[Pounds.]

PLATS.

1893.

1895.

Plats 4, 7 and 9 (no nitrogen), ....
Plats 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8 and 10 (receiving nitrogen) ,

540.0
597.5

370.3
506.0

Conclusions.

The conditions of the different plats are apparently materi-
ally the same to-day as they were two years ago. The rais-
ing of soja beans lias not changed the results for the better.
It remains to be seen whether the ploughing under of a
leguminous crop, serving as green manure, will affect the
results.

122 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

2. Observations with the Cultivation of Mixed
Forage Crops. {Field B.)

The importance of a more liberal supply of nutritious for-
age crops for an economical support of dairy 'stock is quite
generally recognized by all parties interested. To assist in
the solution of that question induced the writer to devote for
a series of years special attention to the raising of fodder
crops of a high nutritive character and of a li])eral yield.
Mixed forage crops, consisting of early maturing annual
leguminous crops, clover-like plants and of either oats or
barley, suggested themselves for a trial ; for they attain a
high feeding value at a comparatively early period of the sea-
son,— towards the end of June when in bloom; they can
serve with benefit in form of green fodder, hay or ensilage,
as circumstances advise, and they yield under fair conditions
large quantities. Experiments with peas, Scotch tares and
vetches have been already described in previous reports.
The results obtained induced the writer to prefer summer
vetch {yicia sativa) to both peas and tares, in case of mixed
crops. The fields used for the observation were located in
diflerent parts of the farm ; they were as a rule in a fair
state of cultivation, as far as the mechanical condition of the
soil as well as its store of plant food was concerned. The
soil consisted in the majority of cases of a somewhat grav-
elly loam.

Yetch and Oats.
1893. — Half, an acre of a field which had served during
the preceding year for the production of root crops, carrots
and sugar beets was fertilized April 26 with 300 pounds of
fine-ground bone and 100 pounds of muriate of potash. The
fertilizer was applied broadcast and subsequently ploughed in
May 8 ; the field was sown with oats and summer vetch, using
2 bushels of oats and 25 pounds of vetch. The seeds were
sown each by itself, on account of the great difierence in size
and general character. The crop made an even and rapid
growth. The oats headed out at the time when the vetch
began to bloom. At this stage of growth the feeding as
green fodder began, July 6. It was continued until the oats

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 123

turned yellowish, July 18. The remainder of the crop was
then cut for hay. The total yield of the crop, counted as
green fodder, with 20 per cent, of dry vegetable matter,
amounted to 21,000 pounds per acre. Buckwheat was sub-
sequently raised upon the same field as fall crop.

1894. — The field in this case was 700 feet long and 75
feet wide, equal to one and one-fifth acres (corn was raised
upon it in 1893). It was ploughed Oct. 25, 1893, and ma-
nured with barn-yard manure at the rate of ten tons per acre ;
and was ploughed again April 18, 1894, and harrowed and
subsequently seeded with oats and vetch, as described in the
preceding experiment, using 4 bushels of oats and 45 pounds
of vetch per acre. The seeds were, however, sown at two
ditferent times, to extend the period of the fitness of the crop
for green fodder. The seed sown on the northern portion
April 20 came up April 28. The southern portion of the
field was seeded May 11, the plants appearing above ground
May 19. The crop made a very satisfactory growth, and on
June 23 the feeding of the green material from the northern
portion began (the vetch being in bloom and the oats head-
ing out), continuing until July 2, when the remainder was cut
for hay. July 6 the cutting from the southern portion began,
continuing until the 18th, when that remaining was cut for
hay. Following is given a statement of the yield from the
field : —

Pounds.

Green material fed (19.12 per cent of dry matter), . 6,875
Hay of vetch and oats (73 . 66 per cent, of dry matter) , 4,980

July 21 the field was ploughed and prepared for raising
upon it, as a fall crop, Hungarian grass.

During the same year ( 1894) other observations of a simi-
lar character as previously described were carried on in other
parts of the farm.

It was decided to compare the eflfect of muriate of potash
and sulphate of potash on mixed crops, consisting of oats
and vetch and of barley and vetch. The field used for this
observation consisted of a light loam. It had been used
during the preceding season for the cultivation of difierent
varieties of potatoes, and had received as manure on that
occasion, per acre, in one case, 400 pounds of high-grade

124 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

sulphate of potasli (95 per cent.), with 600 pounds of fine-
ground bone ; in the other, 400 pounds of muriate of potash
(80-82 per cent.), with 600 pounds of fine-ground bone.
The same amount and kind of manure were applied for rais-
ing vetch and oats and vetch and barley. The field occupied
by these crops was ploughed, manured, harrowed and seeded
down, as far as practicable, at the same time. The seed was
sown in all cases April 26. Four bushels of oats with 45
pounds of vetch were sown, as on previous occasions, while
3 bushels of barley were used, with 45 pounds of vetch, in
case of barley and vetch. Both crops came up May 4, and
were of a uniformly healthy condition during their subse-
quent growth. The barley began to head out June 20 ; the
vetch was at that time beginning to bloom. The crop was
cut for hay June 23.

Yield of Barley and Vetch per Acre.

In case of muriate of potash and bone, . . 5,737 pounds of hay.

In case of sulphate of potash and bone, . . 5,077 pounds of hay.

The oats headed out June 25 ; the vetch was fairly in
bloom. The crop was cut for hay July 2.

Yield of Oats and Vetch per Acre.

In case of muriate of potash and bone, . . 8,051 pounds of hay.
In ease of sulphate of potash and bone, . . 7,088 pounds of hay.

1895. — During that year the observations of the pre-
ceding 3^ear were repeated and in some directions enlarged
upon. Aside from mixed forage crops of vetch and oats
and vetch and barley, there were raised crops consisting of
oats, vetch and horse bean and of oats and lentils. The
field used for these experiments had been used during the
preceding season either for the cultivation of potatoes or
of vetch and oats. In both cases it had been manured, per
acre, with either 400 pounds of muriate of potash and 600
pounds of fine-ground bone, or with 400 pounds of sulphate
of potash and 600 pounds of fine-ground bone. The same
kind and the same quantity of manure were applied in 1895.
The field was ploughed April 2b ; the manure harrowed iij

189G.] PUBLIC DOCU:^IEXT — Xo. 33. 125

May 3 ; the seed was sown broadcast ]May 9. All parts of
the field were treated alike, and as far as practicable on the
same day. The plats occupied by the crops were in all
cases 33 feet wide, with 4 feet unoccupied space between
them, and from 191 to 241 feet long. The yield of areas
175 feet long and 33 feet wide, running along by the side
of each other, served as our basis for comparing results
(5,775 square feet).

The seed was sown ^Nlay 9 , at the rate of 4 bushels of oats
and 45 pounds of vetch per acre. The oats came up May
16, and the vetch May 21 ; the former headed out July 6,
and the vetch began blooming at that time. The crop was
cut for hay July IG.

Yield of Vetch and Oats per Acre.

In case of muriate of potash and bone, .... 7,238 pounds.
In case of sulphate of potash and bone, .... 6,635 pounds.

Vetch, Horse Bean and Oats.
The seed was sown May 9, at the rate of 40 pounds of
vetch, 120 pounds of horse, bean (medium sized) and 3
bushels of oats. The oats came up May 16, the vetch on
May 21 and the horse bean May 23. The crop appeared
healthy and vigorous at every stage of growth. It was cut
for hay July 22, when the oats were fairly headed and the
remainder in bloom.

Yield of Vetch, Horse Bean and Oats per Acre.
In case of muriate of potash and bone, .... 7,398 pounds.
In case of sulphate of potash and bone, .... 5,881 pounds.

Lentils and Oats.
The seed was sown May 9, at the rate of 60 pounds of
lentils and 4 bushels of oats per acre. The oats came up
May 16, and the lentils on May 21 ; the former headed out
July 6, when the latter were fairly in bloom. The crop was
cut for hay July 16. The experiment was confined to a trial
with sulphate of potash and bone as manure on account of
want of a suitable field.

Yield of lentils and oats per acre, . . . 5,881 pounds of hay.

126

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATIOX,

[Jan.

Composition of Mixed Forage Crops raised, 1803 to 1896.

Green croj} when cut contains : —

Moisture, 76 to 80 per cent.

Dry matter, 20 to 24 per cent.

Analyses of Vetch and Barley (Equal Number of Plants of Each).

[Per Cent.]

Muriate of
Potash.

Sulphate of
Potash.

Moisture at 100° C,
Dry matter, .

Analysis of Dry Matter.
Crude ash, ....

" fibre, ....

" fat, . .

" protein,
Nitrogen-free exti-act matter,

78.23
21.77

100.00

4.64
32.25

2.12
14.44
46.55

100.00

77.70
22.30

100.00

7.80
32.58

2.56
13.36
43.70

100.00

Analyses of Vetch and Oats {Equal Number of Plants of Each).

[Per Cent.]

Muriate of
Potash.

Sulphate of
Potash.

Moisture at 100° C,

Dry matter,

76.24
23.76

75.29
24.71

Analysis of Dry Matter,
Crude ash,

" fibre,

"fat

" protein, .......

Nitrogen-free extract matter, ....

100.00

9.59

29.83

3.13

18.88
38.57

100.00

8.69
31.28

2.63
15.16

42.24

1

100.00

100.00

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 127

Analysis of Vetch, Oats and Horse Becm {Mariate of Potash).

[Three plants each of vetch and of oats and one of horse bean.]

Per Cent

Moisture at 100° C, 82.13

Dry matter, 17.87

100.00
Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash, 10.36

cellulose, 30.07

■ " fat, 2.70

" protein, 18.93

Nitrogen-free extract matter, 37 . 94

100.00
Analysis of Lentils and Oats.

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100'' C, 78.50

Dry matter, 21.50

100.00
Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash, 5.40

" cellulose, ' .34.90

"fat, . . . . 2.40

" protein, 14.90

Nitrogen-free extract matter, 42.40

100.00
Conclusions.

From the above analyses it appears that vetch and oats
lead vetch and barley, on account of the larger and more
foliaceous character of the oats as compared with the barley.
Vetch, oats and horse bean lead in nitrogenous matter, and
no doubt will exceed in regard to the nutritious character
of the crop as soon as the amount of horse bean has been
doubled, as indicated above. Every one of these crops
compares well with clover hay, as far as its nutritive value
is concerned. The large yield of these crops per acre, their
high nutritive value and special adaptation for green fodder,
hay or ensilage, merit serious attention for the support of
farm and dairy stock. The early date of maturity presents
exceptionally good chances of raising a second crop for fall
supply of fodder, or for a timely preparation of the soil for
winter crops. Feeding experiments carried on for several
years at the station with these crops have fully established
their high nutritive character for dairy stock, as well as
other farm live stock ordinarily depending on the product
of the meadow and pasture.

128 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

3. Field Experimi?nts with Different Commercial
Phosphates, to study the Economy of using the
Cheaper Natural Phosphates or the More
Costly Acidulated Phosphates. {Field F.)

The field selected for this purpose is 300 feet long and 137
feet wide, running on a level from east to west. Previous
to 1887 it was used as a meadow, which was well worn out
at that time, yielding but a scanty crop of English hay.
Durins: the autumn of 1887 the sod was turned under and
left in that state over winter. It was decided to prepare the
field for special experiments with phosphoric acid by a
systematic exhaustion of its inherent resources of plant food.
For this reason no manurial matter of any description was
applied during the years 1887, 1888 and 1889.

The soil, a fair, sandy loam, was carefully prepared every
year by ploughing during the fall and in the spring, to
improve its mechanical condition to the full extent of exist-
ing circumstances. During the same period a crop was
raised every year. These crops were selected, as far as
practicable, with a view to exhaust the supply of phosphoric
acid in particular. Corn, Hungarian grass and leguminous
crops (cow-pea, vetch and serradella) followed each other in
the order stated.

1890. — The field was subdivided into five plats, running
from east to west, each 21 feet wide, with a space of 8 feet
between adjoining plats. The manurial material applied to
each of these five plats contained, in every instance, the
same form and the same quantity of potassium oxide and of
nitrogen, while the phosphoric acid was furnished in each
case in the form of a difibrent commercial phosphoric-acid-
containing article, namely, phosphatic slag, Mona guano,
Florida phosphate, South Carolina phosphate (floats) and
dissolved bone-black. The market cost of each of these
articles controlled the quantity applied, for each plat received
the same money value in its particular kind of phosphate.
The phosphatic slag, Mona guano. South Carolina phosphate
and Florida phosphate were applied at the rate of 850 pounds
per acre, dissolved bone-black at the rate of 500 pounds per
acre. Nitrate of soda was applied at the rate of 250 pounds

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

129

per acre and potash-magnesia sulphate at the rate of 390

pounds per acre.

Cost per Ton.

Phosphatic slag, $15 00

Mona guano (West Indies), 15 00

Florida rock phosphate, 15 00

South Cai'olina phospliate (floats), 15 00

Dissolved bone-black, 25 00

Analyses of Phosphates used.

[I., phosphatic slag; II., Mona guano ; III., Florida phosphate ; IV., South Carolina
phosphate ; V., dissolved bone-black.]

Pkr Cknt.

I.

11.

III.

IV.

V.

Moisture,

0.47

12.52

2.53

0.39

15.96

Ash

—

75.99

89.52

- -

61.46

Calcium oxide.

46.47

37.49

17.89

46.76

_

Magnesium oxide, .

5.05

—

—

_

_

Ferric and aluminic oxides, .

14.35

_

14.25

5.78

_

Total phosphoric acid, .

19.04

21.88

21.72

27.57

15.82

Soluble phosphoric acid, .

-

-

-

-

12.65

Reverted phosphoric acid.

-

7.55

-

4.27

2.52

Insoluble phosphoric acid.

-

14.33

—

23.30

0.65

Insoluble matter,

4.39

2.45

30.50

9.04

6.26

The following fertilizer mixtures have been applied annu-
ally, from 1890 to 1894, to all the plats, with the exception
of Plat 3, which received in 1890 ground apatite and in
1891 no phosphate whatever, on account of the failure of
securing in time apatite suitable for the trial.

Annual Supply of Manurial Substances.

Plat 1 (south, 6,494 square feet),
Plat 2 (6,565 square feet).
Plat 3 (6,636 square feet).
Plat 4 (6,707 square feet),
Plat 5 (6,778 square feet),

{

Groimd phosphatic slag.
Nitrate of soda, .
Potash-magnesia sulphate,
Ground Mona guano, .
Nitrate of soda,
Potash-magnesia sulphate,
Ground Florida phosphate,
Nitrate of soda, .
Potash-magnesia sulphate,
South Carolina phosphate.
Nitrate of soda.
Potash-magnesia sulphate,
Dissolved bone-black, .
Nitrate of soda, .
Potash-magnesia sulphate,

127

43

58
128

431

59
129

44

59
131

44i

60

78

45

61

130

HATCH EXPEKIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

The field was ploughed as a rule during the month of
October, and again at the close of the month of April. The
fertilizer was in each case applied broadcast soon after plough-
ing in the spring. The seed was sown in hills or drills, as
circumstances advised, and the crop kept clean from weeds
by the use of the hoe or the cultivator. The following crops
were raised : —

1890, potatoes (see eighth annual report).

1891, winter wheat (see ninth annual report).

1892, serradella (see tenth annual report).

1893, Dent corn, Pride of the North (see eleventh annual report) .

Summary of Yield of Crops {Pounds).

PLATS.

1890.

Potatoes.

1891.

Wheat.

189a.

Serradella.

1893.

Corn.

riat 1, phosphatic elag,

I'lat 2, Mona guano

Plat 3, Florida phosphate,

Plat 4, South Carolina floats, ....
Plat 5, dissolved hone-black

1,600
1,415
1,500
1,830
2,120

380
340
215
380
405

4,070
3,410
2,750
3,110
2,920

1,660
1,381
1,347
1,469
1,322

Having for four years (1890-94) in succession pursued the
above-stated system of manuring each plat with a different
kind of phosphate, yet of corresponding money value, it was
decided to continue the experiments for the purpose of study-
ing the after-effect of the different phosphates on the crops to
be raised. To gain this end the phosphates were hereafter
in all cases entirely excluded from the fertilizers applied ; in
addition to this change, the former amount of potash and
nitrogen was increased one-half in quantity, to favor the
highest effect of the stored-up phosphoric acid of the soil
under treatment.

The fertilizers hereafter to be used had the following com-
position : —

Plat 1 r6 494 Bouare feetl \ ^'*3 PO^ncl^ of nitrate of soda.

l-iat 1 (b.iyi square leet}, . . . . • | gj pounds of potash-magnesia sulphate.

Plat 2 (6,565 square feet) j 65J pounds of nitrate of soda.

i lai, ^ (.v,»,v,u cijua c icoi^ ^ gg pounds of potashmaguesia sulphate.

•Di . o /c cofl „ * ., < 66 pounds of nitrate of soda.

Plat 3 (6,636 square feet) ^ gg founds of potash-magnesia sulphate.

Plat 4 (6,707 square feet) | 663 pounds of nitrate of soda

X jou'i v,"i'"' =si"<"° '>="=''^ j 90 pounds of potash-magnesia sulphate.

TJi t c. rR ITS =^„„..<» fo<^*^ S 67J pounds of nitrate of soda.

flat & (b,77S square leet; ^ 9o| pounds of potash-magnesia sulphate.

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

131

The results of two seasons (1894 and 1895) are as fol-
lows : —

Barley.

Yield of Crop (1894).

Plats.

Grain and

Straw
(Pounds).

Grain
(Pounds),

Straw and

Chaff
(Pounds).

Percentage
of Grain.

Percentage
of Straw.

Plat 1,
Plat 2,
Plat 3.
Plat 4,
Plat 6,

490
405
290
460
390

169

148

144
118

221
251
212
216
272

34.49
34.07
26.89
31.30
30.26

65.51
65.93
73.11
6S.70
69.74

JRye.

Yield of Crop (1S95).

Plats.

Grain and

Straw
(Pounds).

Grain

(Pounds).

Straw and

Chaff
(Pounds).

Percentage
of Grain.

Percentage
of Straw.

Plat 1,
Plat 2,
Plat 3,
Plat 4,
Plat 5,

695
631
383
759
625

195
166
143
189
185

500
465
240
570
440

28.06
36.31
37.34
24.90
29.60

71.94
73.69
62.66
75.10
70.40

Summary of Yield of Crop (1S90 to 1896).
[Pounds.]

1890.

1891.

• 1892.

1893.

1894.

1895.

Potatoes.

Wheat.

Serradella.

Corn.

Barley.

Rye.

Platl

1,600

380

4,070

1,660

490

695

Plat 2

1,415

340

3,410

1,381

405

630

Plat 3, ....

1,500

215

2,750

1,347

290

383

Plat 4

1,830

380

3,110

1,469

460

759

Plat 5

2,120

405

2,920

1,322

390

625

Conclusions.

From the previous statement of comparative yield we find
that the plat receiving dissolved bone-black leads in yield
during the two first years, while for the third, fourth, fifth
and sixth years the plats receiving insoluble phosphates
are ahead, phosphatic slag being first. South Carolina floats
second and Mona guano third.

132

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

The following statement regarding the amount of phos-
phoric acid applied in the case of each plat, and also the
amount removed from them by the crops raised, shows ap-
proximately how much of the former is still stored up in the
soil in each plat.

PJiosphoric Acid applied to and removed from Field (Pounds) .

1S90.

Potatoes.

1891.

Wheat.

189a.

Seebadella.

1893.

Corn.

a
o

a .
5l

11

o fc-

PLATS.

-a

1
<1

•o

>
o

a

■a

'3

T3
0)

a

a
Si

i

>

o

a

03

•a

■a
■a
<

•a

>
o

a

a)

K

Platl, .

24.18

2.56

24.18

1.23

24.18

8.95

24.18

7.20

96.72

19.94

77.78

Plat 2, .

28.01

2.36

28.01

1.19

28.01

7.50

28.01

6.33

72.04

17.38

54.66

Plat 3, .

109.68

2.40

-

.69

28.01

6.05

28.01

5.95

165.70

15.09

150.61

Plat 4, .

36.12

2.93

36.12

1.31

36.12

6.84

36.12

6.68

144.48

18.12

126.36

Plats, .

12.34

3.39

12.34

1.22

12.34

6.42

12.34

6.05

49.36

17.08

32.28

Phosphoric Acid applied to and removed from Field (Pounds) —

Concluded.

1894.—

Barley.

1895.

— Rye.

a

3
O

a .

a

a

ai

a .

■6

■a

i-^

PLATS.

>

%

<] -a

< %

<%

•s "^

n, a

s. a

•a

a

■a

a

2 -o

s §

« §

73

•a

o a

O l"

<

«

<

«

Eh

Eh

H

Plat 1, ....

1.92

3.41

96.72

25.27

72.45

Plat 2, ....

6

1.64

V

3.04

72.04

22.06

49.98

Plat 3

a
1

.76

o

2.06

165.70

17.91

147.79

Plat 4

1.72

3.61

144.48

23.45

121.03

Plat 5

1.49

3.11

■ 49.36

21.68

27.68

The amount of phosphoric acid left in the soil at the close
of the season of 1895 is lowest in Plat 5, where dissolved
bone-black, the most costly phosphate used in the experi-
ment, has served as its source. The experiment will be
continued until a final answer is obtained.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 133

4. Field Experiments to ascertain the Influence of
Different Mixtures of Commercial Fertilizers
ON the Yield and General Character of Sev-
eral Prominent Garden Crops.
The area devoted to the above-stated experiment is 198
feet long and 183 feet wide ; it is subdivided into six plats
of uniform size {S9^ by 62 feet, or about one-eighth of an
acre each). The plats are separated from each other and
from the adjoining cultivated fields by a space of 5 feet of
unmanured and unseeded yet cultivated land. They are
arranged in two parallel rows, running from west to east.
Nos. 1, 2 and 3 are along the north side of the field, begin-
ning with No. 1 at its west end, while plats Nos. 4, 5 and 6
are located along its south side, beginning with Plat 4 on the
west end. The soil is several feet deep, and consists of a
light, somewhat gravelly loam, and was in a fair state of
productiveness when assigned for the experiment here under
consideration. The entire field occupied by the experiment
is nearly on a level. Potatoes and a variety of forage crops
had been raised upon it in preceding years. The manure
applied since 1885 has consisted exclusively of fine-ground
bone and muriate of potash, annually, 600 pounds of the
former and 200 pounds of the latter per acre.

The observation with raising garden crops, by the aid of
different mixtures of commercial manurial substances, here
under special consideration, began upon plats Nos. 4, 5 and
6 during the spring of 1891, and upon plats 1, 2 and 3 dur-
ing that of 1892.

The difference of the fertilizers applied consisted in the
circumstance that different forms of nitrogen and potash were
used for their preparation. All plats received essentially the
same quantity of nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid, and
every one of them received its phosphoric acid in the same
form, namely, dissolved bone-black. Some plats received
their nitrogen supply in the form of organic animal matter,
dried blood ; others in the form of sodium nitrate, Chili salt-
petre ; others in the form of ammonium sulphate. Some
plats received their potash in the form of muriate of potash
(plats 1, 2, 3), and others (plats 4, 5, 6) in the form of the

134

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

highest grade of potassium sulphate (95 per cent.). The
subsequent tabular statement shows the quantities of manu-
rial substances applied to the different plats : —

Plats.

Annual Supply of Manurlal Substances.

Pounds.

Plat 1,
Plat 2,
Plat 3,
Plat 4,
Plat 5,
Plat 6,

Sulphate of ammonia,
Muriate of potash,
Dissolved bone-b!acli,
Nitrate of soda, .
Muriate of potash,
Dissolved bone-black,
Dried blood.
Muriate of potash.
Dissolved bone-black,
Sulphate of ammonia.
Sulphate of potash, .
Dissolved bone-black.
Nitrate of soda, .
Sulphate of potash.
Dissolved bone-black.
Dried blood,
Sulphate of potash, .
Dissolved bone-black,

38
30
40
47
30
40
75
30
40
38
30
40
47
30
40
75
30
40

This proportion corresponds per acre to : —

Pounds.

Phosphoric acid (available), 50.4

Nitrogen, 60.0

Potassium oxide, 120.0

A computation of the results of a chemical analysis of
twenty prominent garden crops shows the following average
relative proportion of the three above-stated ingredients of
plant food : —

Per Cent.

Nitrogen, 2.2

Potassium oxide, 2.0

Phosphoric acid, . . . . 1.0

One thousand pounds of green garden vegetables contain,
on the above-stated basis of relative proportion of essential
constituents of plant food : —

Pounds.

Nitrogen, 4.1

Potassium oxide, . 3.9

Phosphoric acid, 1.9

The weights and particular stage of growth of the vege-
tables when harvested control, under otherwise corresponding
conditions, the actual consumption of each of these articles
of plant food. Our information regarding these points is
still too fragmentary to enable a more detailed statement

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

135

here beyond relative proportions. It must suffice for the
present to call attention to the fact that a liberal manuring
within reasonable limits pays, as a rule, better than a scanty
one, especially in the case of those crops which reach in a
short period the desired state of maturity. The various
mixtures of fertilizers used by me in the experiments under
discussion provide by actual supply for one-half of the avail-
able nitrooeii actually called for to meet the demand as above
pointed out. A liberal cultivation of peas and beans cannot
fail to benetit the nitrogen resources of the soil. The order
of arrangement of the different crops within each plat was
the same in all of them for the same year. They occupied,
however, a different position relative to each other in suc-
cessive years, to introduce, as far as practicable, a system
of rotation of crops.

Order of arrangement of crops in plats : —

Celery.

Lettuce.
Spinach.

Beets.

Cabbages.

Tomatoes.
Potatoes.

Spinach.
Cdery.2

Lettuce.
Red Cabbage.
Beets.

Potatoes.

Beets.

White Cabbage,

Tomatoes.

Potatoes.

Beans.

Tomatoes.
Spinach.

Lettuce.
Onions.

Onions.

Corn.

Beans.

Tomatoes.

136 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

The results of the stated three years were summed up as
follows in my annual report for 1894, to which I have to
refer for details. From our observations extending over
three years we arrived at the following conclusions : —

Potash in the form of suJ/phate has given the most satis-
factory results, as compared with 7nuriate, in the case of
potatoes, tomatoes, lettuce and spinach, and ivith onions
during the present season.

Nitrogen in the form of nitrate of soda has given us, with-
out regard to the potash source, the tnost satisfactory returns
in case of spinach, lettuce, potatoes and tomatoes, and onions
during the present season.

1895. — During the last season my observations have
been confined to the cultivation of

Ouious (Dauvers Yellow).
Sweet Corn (Crosby Earl}').
Beans (Bush Horticultural).
Tomatoes (Essex Hybi'id).

The different plats were ploughed April 20, and the par-
ticular fertilizer applied broadcast April 25. The soil was
subsequently carefully prepared by harrowing, etc., for seed-
ing and planting. The tomato plants were raised under
glass and transplanted into the field when of a suitable size.
May 25. The remaining crops were seeded directly in the
field, — the onions May 1, the corn and the beans May 11.

The former division of the field into six plats, each con-
taining the same crop for trial, — onions, beans, sweet corn
and tomatoes, — was continued ; each plat received the same
mixture of fertilizing ingredients, and in the same proportion,
as in the preceding years : —

Pounds.

Available phosphoric acid, 60

Available nitrogen, ...,.,,, 60
Available potassium oxide, 120

As each of the six plats measured 89^ by 62 feet, covering
thus an area of 5,549 square feet, or about 100 square feet
more than one-eighth of one acre, the following amount of
each of the above-stated essential constituents of plant food
was added to each of them : —

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

137

Phosphoric acid, .
Potassium oxide,
Nitrogen, .

Pounds.

7h
15
6i

The crops were planted across each plat, from north to
south, in rows 62 feet in length ; a corresponding number
of rows of each crop was planted in each plat, and they
were arranged in each case in the same order of succession,

beginning on the west end

Onions (Danvers Yellow) , eight rows.
Sweet corn (Crosby Early), four rows.
Beans (Bush Horticultural), uuie rows.
Tomatoes (Essex Hybrid) , two rows.

Onions.

The onions were sown in rows 14 inches apart May 1 ;
they came up May 12. The young plants looked least satis-
factory upon plats 1 and 4, and most promising upon plats
2 and 5, July 11. The crop was harvested on all plats
October 5. Plats 2 and 5 yielded more than one-half of the
entire marketable crop, while plats 1 and 5 yielded but one-
fifteenth of it.

Yield of Onions (Pounds).

PLATS.

Marketable.

Small.

Scullions.

Total.

Platl, . . . .

None.

30

100

130

Plat 2, ....

630

165

10

805

Plats, ....

875

70

80

525

Plat 4, . . .

125

180

65

370

Plat 5

455

190

16

661

Plate, ....

390

52

90

632

Sweet Corn.

The corn was planted in rows 3 feet 3 inches apart, with
20 inches in the row, averaging 131 hills in each plat. May
11. The young plants came up May 27 quite uniformly on
all plats.

138

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

July 11 the crop on Plat 1 looked lighter than on any of
the rest. The canes were reduced to three in each hill before
heading, and the tops removed after the ears were fully
developed, to hasten on maturing of the crop. There is
a marked difference in the results as far as Plat 1 is con-
cerned, — organic nitrogen gives the highest results ; in case
of different forms of potash. Plat 3 and Plat 6.

Yield of Sioeet Corn when husked {Pounds).

Ears.

Husks.

98

10

117

8

125

11

112

10

103

8

118

10

stover with
Tops.

Total Weight.

Plat 1,
Plat 2,
Plat 3,
Plat 4,
Plat 5,
Plat 6,

203
240
273
217
223
258

Moistvire in ears 34 per cent., in stover 20 per cent., when weighed.

Beans.

The beans were planted ii^ rows 3 feet 3 inches apart May
11. They came up May 29 and blossomed July 6. At
that time the crop looked best on Plat 5. The beans were
harvested on all plats August 13, stacked on poles for dry-
ins, and were threshed in October.

Yield of Beans {Pounds) .

PLATS.

Beans.

Pods and Vines.

Total Weight.

Plat 1,

81

260

341

Plat 2,

105

200

305

Plat 3

83

155

238

Plat 4,

115

210

325

Plat 5,

135

260

395

Plat 6,

95

175

270

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

139

Tomatoes ( Essex Hybrid) .

The tomato plants were started under glass and trans-
planted in the field when from seven to eight inches high.
May 25. They were of a vigorous growth, and were placed
four feet apart each way. Each plat was planted with two
rows, each row containing twenty-one plants. They began
blooming June 5, and looked healthy at that time in all
plats, yet best in Plat 5. The yield of matured tomatoes in
case of plats 4 and 5 exceeded that of plats 3 and 6 by fully
one-third in weight. The total yield of the crop, on account
of more favorable weather of the past season, as compared
with that of 1894, exceeded the latter by more than one-half

of its weight.

Yield of Tomatoes (Pounds).
[Forty-two plants in each plat.]

Date op Picking.

Plat 1.

Plat 2.

Plat 3.

Plat i.

Plat 5.

Plat 6.

Total.

August 13, .

10

11

12

18

5

19

75

August 16, .

85

79

125

87

57

134

567

August 20, .

100

109

101

136

115

116

677

August 23, .

115

134

90

150

143

86

718

August 28, .

50

122

77

102

116

110

577

September 3,

151

153

133

215

210

124

986

September 11,

70

80

40

127

164

43

524

September 20,

138

40

-

63

96

-

337

September 25,

28

93

-

33

90

-

244

Yield of Green Tomatoes left October 1 ( Pounds) .

Plat 1, 30

Plat 2, 52

Plats, 26

Plat 4, 54

Plat 5, 48

Plate, 24

Total 234

140

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Summary of Yield of Garden Crops raised under Oorre-
sponding Conditions from 1891 to 1896.

Spinach ( Variety New Zealand) . •

[Pounds.]

PLATS.

1893.

1893.

1894.

Total.

Average
per Year.

Plat 1 (two rows, 62 feet long), .
Plat 2 (two rows, 62 feet long), .
Plat 3 (two rows, 62 feet long), .
Plat 4 (two rows, (i2 feet long), .
Plat 5 (two rows, 62 feet long), .
Plat 6 (two rows, 62 feet long), .

192
233
202
230
232
134

167a

182

180i|

196

210

198i

101

216

165

161|

253

113|

460
631

547
587
695
446

153.3

210.5
182.3
195.7
231.7
148.7

Lettuce ( Variety Hanson) .
[Pounds.]

PLATS.

1892.

1893.

1894.

TotaL

Average

per Year.

Plat 1 (one row, 70 plants).

m

m

29

111

37.0

Plat 2 (one row, 70 plants).

36

42

52

130

43.3

Plat 3 (one row, 70 jjlauts).

43

46

36

125

41.7

Plat 4 (one row, 70 plants),

76

62

60

188

62.7

Plat 5 (one row, 70 plants).

60

70

68

198

66.0

Plat 6 (one row, 70 plants).

36

55

33

124

41.3

Tomatoes (Variety Essex Hybrid).
[Pounds.]

Average

PLATS.

1892.

1893.

1894.

1895.

Total.

per Year.

Plat 1 (two rows, 42 plants) ,

464

363

352

747

1,926

481.5

Plat 2 (two rows, 42 plants).

572

8741

559

821

2,826

706.5

Plat 3 (two rows, 42 plants),

466

807

458

578

2,309

577.3

Plat 4 (two rows, 42 jjlants).

515

818

604

931

2,868

717.0

Plat 5 (two rows, 42 plants).

693

978i

694

996

3,161

790.2

Plat 6 (two rows, 42 plants).

332

515

671

632

2,050

502.5

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

141

Beans (^Bush Horticultural).
[Pounds.]

PLATS.

1894.

1895.

Totiil.

Average
per Year.

Plat 1 (six rows) , .

45

54.0

99.0

49.5

Plat 2 (six rows), ....

32

70.0

102.0

50.1

Plat 3 (six rows) , .

41

55.5

96.5

48.2

Plat 4 (six rows), ....

20

67.7

87.7

43.8

Plat 5 (six rows), ....

37

90.0

127.0

63.5

Plat 6 (six rows) , .

49

63.3

112.3

56.1

Onions (^Danvers Yellow Globe) ,

[Pounds.]

PLATS.

1894.

1895.

Total.

Average
per Year.

Plat 1 (four rows) , . . .

156

65.0

221.0

110.5

Plat 2 (four rows),

249

402.5

651.5

325.7

Plat 3 (four rows),

251

262.5

513.5

256.7

Plat 4 (four rows).

256

185.0

441.0

220.5

Plats (four rows).

266

330.5

596.5

298.3

Plat 6 (four rows) , . . .

204

265.5

469.5

234.8

Conchisions,

1. Sulphate of potash in connection with nitrate of soda
(Plat 5) has given in every case but one (onions) the best
results.

2. Nitrate of soda as nitrogen source (plats 2 and 5) has
yielded in every case, without reference to the form of potash,
the best returns.

3. Sulphate of ammonia as nitrogen source, in connection
with muriate of potash as potash source (Plat 1), has given
as a rule the least satisfactory returns.

4. The influence of the difierencein the general character
of the weather, whether normal or dry, during succeeding
seasons on the yield of the crops has been greater than that
of the diflerent fertilizers used upon different plats during
the same season.

142

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

5. Field Experiments to study the Effect of Phos-
PHATic Slag and Nitrate of Soda, as compared
WITH Ground Bone, on the Yield of Oats and
Corn.

The field used for this experiment is situated along a
gently sloping ground, in the south-east corner of the farm.
The soil consists of a sandy loam, and has been for several
years under a careful system of cultivation and manuring.
The productiveness was considered of uniform character
when the experiment was planned in 1893. The area en-
gaged in the observation was divided into two plats running
along the slo'pe from north to south. One plat, situated
along the east side of the field, measured one acre (Plat 1) ;
Plat 2 was situated along the west side of the field and
measured one and nine-tenth acres.

Plat 1 was fertilized with 600 pounds of fine-ground bone
and 200 pounds of muriate of potash per acre ; Plat 2 was
fertilized with 800 pounds of fine-ground phosphatic slag
(odorless phosphate), 200 pounds of muriate of potash and
200 pounds of nitrate of soda per acre.

The amounts of manurial ingredients used per acre cor-
respond to (in pounds) : —

Pint 2

(Phosphatic

Slag).

Potassium oxide.
Phosphoric acid,
Kitrogen, .

104

166

31

Composition of Fertilizer applied {Per Cent.).

Phosphoric
Acid.

Potassinm
Oxide.

Ground bone,
Phosphatic slag,
Muriate of potash,
Nitrate of soda, .

4.09

15.70

21.86
20.84

52.20

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

143

Cost of Fertilizer {1894).

Plat 1, bone and muriate of potash (per acre), $12.40.
Plat 2, phosphatic slag, muriate of potash and nitrate of soda (per
acre), $15.70.

1894. — As the east side of the field was on a higher level
than the west side, it was decided to run the crop across the
two plats from east to west, to secure as far as practicable
corresponding conditions of the layout of the area occupied
by the crops. The northern half of the field thus divided
(plats 1 and 2) measured one acre, the southern half one
and nine-tenths acres.

Oats and corn (variety Pride of the North) were selected
for our observations. The oats were sown broadcast, at the
rate of 4 bushels per acre, upon the northern portion of the
field, and the corn was planted in rows 3 feet 3 inches apart,
with hills 20 inches from each other, upon the southern por-
tion, using 12 quarts of seed corn per acre. The area occu-
pied by oats amounted to .35 of an acre of Plat 1 and .65
of an acre of Plat 2 ; while the corn occupied .7 of an acre
of Plat 1 and 1.2 acres of Plat 2.

Summary of Yield {1894).

[Founds per Acre.]

Plat 2 (Odorless
Phosphate, etc.).

Oats, grain, .
Oats, straw, .
Com, for ensilage.

876

2,385

20,608

To test the reliability of the results obtained, it was de-
cided to repeat the experiments above described upon the
same field. The fertilizers were used in the same proportion
and in the same quantity per acre ; they were applied upon
the same portion of the field which had received each kind
before. Oats and corn were again selected as crops for the
trial. The material change in the experiment consisted in
reversing the location of the crops ; the corn was planted at

144

HATCH EXPEEIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

the north end of the field, where the oats had been raised
during the preceding season, and the oats were raised at the
south end of the field, the part previously occupied by the
corn. The oats were cut for hay when well headed out, and
the corn when fully matured, for grain and stover.

Summary of Yield {1895).

[Pounds per Acre.]

Bone and Mu-
riate of Potash.

Phosphatic Slag,

Kitrate of Soda,

Muriate of

Potash.

Oats, hay,
Corn, ears,* .
Com, stover,t

3,580
3,410
2,900

5,134
4,231
3,091

* Moisture, 28 per cent.

t Moisture, 19.1 per cent, when harvested.

Conclusions.

The difference in the yield of oats and corn for two suc-
ceeding seasons points in the same direction ; namely, phos-
phatic slag used in connection with nitrate of soda is a very
efficient substitute for ground bone. To what extent these
results, in our case, have to be ascribed to the presence of
an excess of lime in the phosphatic slag, as compared with
ground bone, is to be determined by a future actual trial.

1806.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 145

6. Experiments with a Rotation of Manures upon
Permanent Grass Lands, Meadows and Pastures.

One of the many advantages derived from the introduction
of commercial fertilizers and chemicals for manurial purposes
into general farm practice consists in the circumstance that
in many instances a change with reference to the general
character of the manure applied has served efficaciously as a
substitute for a change of crops. The improved chances in
compounding the manures to suit special requirements of
soil and crops have, to say the least, greatly modified current
views regarding the desirability or necessity of a rotation
of crops in the interest of economy. The beneficial results
noticed in other connections, due to a change in the general
character of the manurial substances used, in case of the
same land and in connection with the same crops, caused the
arrangement of the experiments described upon a few sub-
sequent pages.

Permanent grass lands are apt to suflfer in the course of
time from an accumulation of half-decayed vegetable matter,
which is liable sooner or later to interfere with a healthy
growth. To counteract this tendency it was decided to
manure meadows alternately by top-dressing with barn-yard
manure, or bone and muriate of potash, or wood ashes. The
liberal amount of carbonate of lime, from 30 to 40 per cent.,
contained in the current supply of unleached wood ashes,
was to serve as the means to hasten on the decomposition of
the accumulating vegetable matter, and thereby secure favor-
able conditions for a healthy growth of valuable forage
plants.

The meadows under consideration comprise an area of
about 9.6 acres. The entire field up to 1886 consisted of
old, worn-out grass lands, overrun with a worthless growth
on its more elevated portion and covered with weeds and
sedges in its lower swampy portion. The improvement of
the land by underdraining was commenced in 1886 and con-
tinued during the succeeding year. For details of the work,
see ninth and tenth annual reports (1891-92).

In the spring of 1893 a change was made in the mode of
manuring of the grass plats. It was decided to study the

146

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

effect of a rotation of the three kinds of manures : barn-yard
manure, bone and muriate of potash and Canada wood ashes,
which had been applied for several years previous in succes-
sion and upon the same portion of the fields. The area was
divided into three plats. Plat 1 (3.97 acres), Plat 2 (2.59
acres) and Plat 3 (3 acres). The system of manuring
adopted was as follows : —

Plat 1, wood ashes, 1 ton per acre.
Plat 2, barn-yard manure, 8 tons per acre.

Plat 3, fine-ground bone GOO pounds, and muriate of potash 200
pounds, per acre.

The barn-yard manure was applied broadcast late in
autumn, the others early in the spring.

1895. — The above arrangement of plats was continued
during that season, and fertilizers were applied in the same
proportion to the same plats.

Summary of Yield of Hay (Tons).

Rate per Acre (Tons).

First Cut.

Second

Cut,
'Rowen.'

Total.

1893.

Plat 1, wood ashes, 1 ton per acre,

Plat 2, barn-yard manure, 8 tons per acre, ....

Plat 3, 600 pounds ground bone and 200 pounds muriate of

potash per acre

1894.

Plat 1, wood ashes, 1 ton per acre,

Plat 2, barn-yard manure, 8 tons per acre, ....

Plat 3, 600 pounds ground bone and 200 pounds muriate of

potash per acre

1895.

Plat 1, 600 pounds ground bone and 200 pounds muriate of

potash per acre,

Plat 2, wood ashes, 1 ton per acre,

Plat 3, barn-yard manure, 8 tons per acre, ....

2.28
2.62

2.50

2.86

2.18
2.17
3.02

.37
.51

1.60
1.44
1.04

3.05
3.48

2.58

2.87
3.37

2.72

3.14
3.12
3.13

The season of 1894 was marked by a severe drought,
beginning with the month of July and extending into the
fall, which affected the yield of the crop (second cut) to a
serious extent. The season of 1895 was a fair one for farm
work in our section of the country.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 147

Part II.

liEPOET ON THE WOEK IN THE CHEMICAL
LABORATOEY.

CHARLES A. GOESSMANN.

1. On Official Inspection of Commeecial Fertilizers

IN 1895.

During the past year fifty-five manufacturers and dealers
in commercial fertilizers and agricultural chemicals have ap-
plied for and secured licenses for the sale of their goods in
the State ; twenty-seven of them being residents of Massa-
chusetts, and the remainder belonging to Vermont, Ehode
Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Maryland,
Pennsylvania, Illinois, Ohio and Canada.

The number of different brands collected in the g-eneral
market amounted to two hundred and ninety. The sampling
and collecting of the material for analysis were in charge of
Mr. H, D. Haskins, an eflicient assistant in the chemical lab-
oratory of the division of chemistry of the station, who for
several years past has attended to that part of the inspection
in a very satisfactory manner. Two hundred and seventy
samples of the various brands collected by him were care-
fully analyzed, and the results obtained in that direction
have been published and distributed in five special bulletins,
i. e., No. 57 old series and Nos. 30, 31, 32 and 34 of the
Hatch station series.

The results of the inspection have been on the whole quite
satisfactory, as far as the compliance of the dealers with the
provision of our State laws for the regulation of the trade
in commercial fertilizers is concerned. The variations here
and there noticed between the guaranteed composition of the
dealer and the results of our analyses could be traced with

148 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

but few exceptions to imperfect mixing of the several ingre-
dients of the fertilizer, and did not, as a rule, materially affect
the commercial value of the article. In this connection at-
tention should be called to the fact that the lowest amount
stated in the guarantee is only legally binding. As our
State law makes allowance for these circumstances, the re-
sults of our examinations have been published without further
comment. When deemed best for the interest of all parties
concerned, the results have been sent by letter to the manu-
facturers of the goods, for their guidance and consideration.
To convey a more direct idea of the actual value of this
feature in the trade of commercial fertilizers of 1895, the
following detailed statement is here inserted : —

(a) Where three essential elements of plant food were
guaranteed : —

Number with three elements equal to or above the highest

guarantee, 5

Number with two elements above the highest guarantee, . . 11

Number with one element above the highest guarantee, . . 49
Number with three elements between the lowest and highest

guarantees, 45

Number with two elements between the lowest and highest

gviarantees, ........... 54

Number with one element between the loAvest and highest

guarantees, ........... 27

Number with two elements below the lowest guarantee, . . 6

Number with one element below the lowest guarantee, ... 30

(b) Where two essential elements of plant food were
guaranteed : —

Number with two elements above the highest guarantee, . . 1
Number with one element above the highest guarantee, . . .11
Number with tsvo elements between the lowest and highest

guarantees, .17

Number with one element between the lowest and highest

guarantees, ........... 7

Number with one element below the lowest guarantee, ... 10

(c) Where one essential element of plant food was
guaranteed : —

Number above the highest guarantee, 4

Number between the lowest and highest guarantees, ... 21
Number below the lowest guarantee, 6

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 149

The consumption of commercial fertilizers is steadily in-
creasing, a circumstance apparently not less due to a more
general recognition of their good services, if judiciously
selected and applied, than to gradual improvements in regard
to their mechanical condition as well as their general chemi-
cal character. A noticeable change regarding the chemical
composition of many brands of so-called complete or formula
fertilizers of to-day, as compared with those offered for simi-
lar purposes at an earlier period in the history of the trade in
commercial fertilizers, consists in a more general and more
liberal use of potash compounds as a prominent constituent.
This change has been slow but decided, and may in a large
degree be ascribed to the daily increasing evidence, resting
on actual observations in the field and garden, that the farm
lands of Massachusetts are quite frequently especially defi-
cient in potash compounds, and consequently need in many
instances a more liberal supply of available potash from
outside sources to give satisfactory returns. Whenever the
cultivation of garden vegetables, fruits and forage crops con-
stitutes the principal products of the land, this recent change
in the mode of manuring deserves in particular a serious
trial ; for the crops raised consume exceptionally large quan-
tities of potash, as compared with grain crops. In view of
these facts, it will be conceded that a system of manuring
farm and garden, which tends to meet more satisfactory
recognized conditions of large areas of land as well as the
special wants of important growing branches of agricultural
industries, is a movement in the right direction. A judi-
cious management of the trade in commercial fertilizers
implies a due recognition of well-established experimental
results regarding the requirements of a remunerative pro-
duction of farm and garden crops.

150 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

List of Manufacturers and Dealers who have secured Certificates
for the Sale of Commercial Fertilizers in This State during the
Past Year {May i, 1895^ to May i, 1896), and the Brands
licensed by Each.

Armour & Co., Chicago, 111.: —
Bone Meal.
Bone and Blood.
All Soluble.
Bone, Blood and Potash.

H. J. Baker & Bro., New York, N. Y. : —
Standard Unexcelled Fertilizer.
Strawberry Manure.
Complete Onion Manure.
Complete Potato Manure.
Complete Tobacco Manure.
Complete Grass and Lawn Manure.
Complete Corn Manure.
A A Ammoniated Superphosphate.
Strictly Pure Ground Bone.
Vegetable and Vine Fertilizer.

C. A. Bartlett, "Worcester, Mass. : —
Complete Animal Fertilizer.
Pure Ground Bone.

Bowker Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : - —
Stockbridge Special Manures.
Bowker's Hill and Drill Phosphate.
Bowker's Farm and Garden Phosphate.
Bowker's Lawn and Garden Dressing.
Bowker's Fish and Potash.
Bowker's Potato and Vegetable Manure.
Bowker's Market-garden Manure.
Bowker's Sure Crop Bone Phosphate.
Bowker's Gloucester Fish and Potash.
Bowker's Dry Ground Fish,
Bowker's Fresh Ground Bone.
Nitrate of Soda.
Dried Blood.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Muriate of Potash.
Sulphate of Potash.
Sulphate of Ammonia.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 151

Bradley Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Bradley's X L Superphosphate.
Bradley's Potato Manure.
Bradley's B D Sea-fowl Guano.
Bradley's Complete Manures.
Bradley's Fish and Potash.
Bradley's High-grade Tobacco Manure.
Bradley's English Lawn Dressing.
Farmers' New-method Fertilizer.
Breck's Lawn and Garden Dressing.
Eclipse Phosphate.
Dry Ground Fish.
High-grade Sulphate of Potash.
Low-grade Sulphate of Potash.
Muriate of Potash.
Nitrate of Soda.
Sulphate of Ammonia.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Fine-ground Bone.

Wm. J. Brightman & Co., Tiverton, P. I. : —
High-grade Potato and Eoot Manure.
Brightman's Phosphate.
Brightman's Fish and Potash.

Bryant, Brett & Simpson, New Bedford, Mass. : —
Ground Bone.

B. L. Bragg & Co., Springfield, Mass. : —
Hampden Lawn Dressing.

Dan. T. Church, Providence, P. I. : —
Church's B Special Fertilizer.
Church's D Fish and Potash.
Church's C Standard.

Clark's Cove Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Bay State Fertilizer.
Bay State Potato Manure.
Great Planet Manure.
Fish and Potash.
King Philip Guano.
"White Oak Pure Ground Bone.

152 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Clark's Cove Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. — Concluded.
Bay State Fertilizer, G G Brand.
Potato and Tobacco Fertilizer.
Tobacco Fertilizer.
Blood, Bone and Meat.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Double Manure Salts.
Sulphate of Potash.
Muriate of Potash.
Nitrate of Soda.

Cleveland Dryer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Cleveland Superphosphate.
Potato Phosphate.
Corn and Grain Phosphate.
Fertilizer.
High-grade Complete Manure.

E. Frank Coe Company, New York, N. Y. : —
Gold Brand Excelsior Guano.
High-grade Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate.
Special Potato Fertilizer.
Fish and Potash.
High-grade Potato Fertilizer.

Crocker Fei'tilizer and Chemical Company, Buffalo, N. Y. : -
Special Potato Fertilizer.
Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate.
Ammoniated Wheat and Corn Phosphate.
New Rival Ammoniated Superphosphate.
Potato Hop and Tobacco Phosphate.
Ground Bone Meal.

Practical Ammoniated Superphosphate.
Pure Ground Bone,
Vegetable Bone Superphosphate.

Cumberland Bone Phosphate Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Supei'phosphate.
Potato Fertilizer.
Fertilizer,

Concentrated Phosphate.
Fine-ground Bone.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT~No. 83. 153

L. B. Darling Fertilizer Company, Pawtucket, R. I. : —
Animal Fertilizer.
Extra Bone Phosphate.
Potato and Root Fertilizer.
Lawn and Garden Manure.
Tobacco Grower.
Pure Fine Bone.
Pure Dissolved Bone.
High-grade Sulphate of Potash.

John C. Dow & Co., Boston, Mass. : —
Dow's Ground Bone Fertilizer.
Dow's Nitrogenous Superphosphate.
Dow's Pure Ground Bone.

Eastern Farm Supply Association, Montclair, N. J. : —
Carteret Farm Manure.
Carteret Potato Manure.
Carteret Corn and Grain Manure.
Carteret Market-garden Manure.

Forest City Wood Ash Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Unleached Hard-wood Ashes.
Odorless Mineral Guano.

Wm. E. Fyfe & Co., Clinton, Mass. : —
Canada Ashes.

Great Eastern Fertilizer Company, Rutland, Vt. : —
Great Eastern Soluble Bone and Potash.
Great Eastern Grain and Grass.
Great Eastern Oats, Buckwheat and Seeding-down.
Great Eastern Vegetable Vine and Tobacco.

Edmund Hersey, Hingham, Mass. : —
Ground Bone.

John G. Jefferds, Worcester, Mass. : —
Animal Fertilizer.
Potato Fertilizer.
Ground Bone.

A. Lee & Co., Lawrence, Mass. : —
Lawrence Fertilizer.

154 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Lowe Bros. & Co., Fitchburg, Mass. : —
Tankage.

Lowell Rendering Company, Chelmsford, Mass. : —
Lowell Bone Fertilizer.

The Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano Company, New
York, N. Y. : —
Mapes' Bone Manures.
Mapes' Superphosphates.
Mapes' Special Crop Manures.
Mapes' Peruvian Guano.
Mapes' Economical Manure.
Sulphate of Potash.
Double Manure Salts.
Nitrate of Soda.

Mason, Chapin & Co., Pro\adence, R. I. : —
Chemical Compound Corn Fertilizer.
Chemical Compound Lawn Fertilizer.
Chemical Compound Vegetable Fertilizer.
Chemical Compound Tobacco Fertilizer.
Lawn and Grass Fertilizer.

McQuade Bros., Worcester, Mass. : —
Pure Ground Bone.

Monroe, Lalor & Co., Oswego, N. Y. : —
Canada Unleaclied Hard- wood Ashes.

Robert L. Merwin & Co., New York, N. Y. : —

Albert's Highly Concentrated Horticultural Manure.

National Fertilizer Company, Bridgeport, Conn. : —
Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.
Chittenden's Complete Fertilizer.
Fish and Potash.
Ground Bone.

New England Dressed Meat and Wool Company, Boston,
Mass. : —
Sheep Fertilizer.

Niagara Fertilizer Company, Buffalo, N. Y. : —
Niagara Triumph.
Niagara Grain and Grass Grower.
Niagara Wheat and Corn Producer.
Niagara Potato, Tobacco and Hop Fertilizer.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 155

Pacific Guano Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Soluble Pacific Guano.
Special Potato Fertilizer.
Special for Potatoes and Tobacco.
High-grade General Fertilizer.
Fish and Potash.
Muriate of Potash.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Nitrate of Soda.
Sulphate of Potash.

John J. Peters & Co., Long Island City, N. Y. : —
Sheep Fertilizer.

Parmenter & Polsey Fertilizer Company, Peabody, Mass. : —
Plymouth Rock Brand.
Special Potato Fertilizer.
Star Brand Superphosphate.
Ground Bone.
Muriate of Potash.
Nitrate of Soda.

Prentiss Brooks & Co., Holyoke, Mass. : —
Complete Manures.
Phosphate.
Nitrate of Soda.
Tankage.

Dissolved Bone-black.
Muriate of Potash.
Sulphate of Potash.
Fish and Potash.
Fish.

Quinnipiac Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Phosphate.
Potato Manure.
Onion Manure.
Havana Tobacco Fertilizer.
Corn Fertilizer.
Market-garden Manure.
Potato and Tobacco Manure.
Fish and Potash, " Crossed Fishes."
Fish and Potash, " Plain Brand."
Grass Fertilizer.

156 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Quinnipiac Company, Boston, Mass. — Concluded.
Pure Bone Meal.
Dry Ground Fish.
Strawberry Manure.
Ammoniated Dissolved Bones.
Nitrate of Soda.
Sulphate of Potash.
Muriate of Potash.
Double Manure Salts.

Read Fertilizer Company, New York, N. Y. : —
Read's Standard.
High-grade Farmers' Friend.
Fish and Potash.
Vegetable and Vine.

N. Roy & Son, South Attleborough, Mass. : —
Animal Fertilizer.

The Rogers & Hubbard Company, Middletown, Conn. : —
Pure Ground Raw Knuckle Bone Meal.
Strictly Pure Fine Bone.
Fertilizer for Oats and Top-dressing.
Soluble Potato Manure.

Fairchild's Formula for Corn and General Crops.
Soluble Tobacco Manure.
Grass and Grain Fertilizer.

Russia Cement Company, Gloucester, Mass. : —

Essex Complete Manure for Potatoes and Roots.
Essex Complete Manure for Corn and Grain.
Essex Perfected Lawn Dressing.
Essex Special Vegetable Manure.
Essex High-grade Fish and Potash.

Lucien Sanderson, New Haven, Conn. : —
Formula "A."
Bone, Meat and Blood.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Sulphate of Potash.
Muriate of Potash.
Nitrate of Soda.

Edward H. Smith, Northborough, Mass. : —
Ground Bone.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 157

Springfield Provision Company, Brightwood, Mass. : —
Blood, Meat and Bone.

Standard Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Complete Manure.
Potato and Tobacco Manure.
Fertilizer.
Guano.

Fish and Potash.
Fine-ground Bone.
Muriate of Potash.
Dissolved Bone-black.

T. L. Stetson, Randolph, Mass. : —
Pure Ground Bone.

F. C. Sturtevant, Hartford, Conn. : —
Ground Tobacco Stems.

Charles Stevens, Napanae, Ontario, Can. ; —
Unleached Hard-wood Ashes.

Henry F. Tucker, Boston, Mass. : —

Tucker's Original Bay State Bone Superphosphate.
Tucker's Imperial Bone Superphosphate.
Tucker's Special Potato Fertilizer.

Thompson & Edwards Fertilizer Company, Chicago, 111.
Pure Fine-ground Bone.

Walker, Stratman & Co., Pittsburg, Pa. : —
Potato Special.
Smoky City.
Big Bonanza.
Four Fold.

M. E. Wheeler & Co., Rutland, Vt. : —
High-grade Fruit Fertilizer.
Grass and Oats Fertilizer.
Electrical Dissolved Bone.
Potato Manure.
High-grade Corn Fertilizer.

158 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Leander Wilcox, Mystic, Conn. : —

Potato, Onion and Tobacco Manure.
Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.
Fish and Potash.
Dry Ground Fish.

"Williams & Clark Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Americus Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate.
Potato Phosphate.
Grass Manure.
Pure Bone Meal.
High-grade Special.
Corn Phosphate.

Fine Wrapper Tobacco Fertilizer.
Universal Ammoniated Dissolved Bone.
Fish and Potash.
Dry Ground Fish.
Potato and Tobacco Manure.
Royal Bone Phosphate.
Onion Manure.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Nitrate of Soda.
Double Manure Salts.
Sulphate of Potash.
Muriate of Potash,

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 159

2. General Work in the Laboratory of the Division
or Chemistry.

The work in the chemical laboratory of the united stations
has been divided by a recent vote of the board of trustees
between the newly created division of " Foods and Feeding"
and the "Division of Chemistry." The separate operation
of the two divisions dates from July 1, 1895. The analyses
of feeds stuffs, dairy products and well waters made before
that date are incorporated in the annual report of Dr. J. B.
Lindsey, who by vote of the trustees has been placed in
charge of the new division of foods and feeding, which in-
cludes in its scope the examination of these substances.

Aside from the supervision of the inspection of commer-
cial fertilizers, the results of which are discussed in a few
preceding pages, my attention has been divided between
the direction of a series of experiments in the field and
vegetation house, introduced some years ago for the purpose
of studying the economy of various systems of manuring
and raising field and garden crops, and an extensive cor-
respondence with farmers and others, asking for information
regarding a variety of subjects of interest to them. The
description of the former constitutes the first part of this
report. The results of the examination of many manurial
substances sent on for that purpose in connection with the
latter, whenever of general interest, have been published
during the past year in the bulletins of the station. They
are also recorded in connection with the tabular compilation
of analyses of manurial substances which accompanies this
report.

The constantly increasing variety of waste products of
many branches of industry within our State and elsewhere
which have proved of manurial value, has received for years
a serious attention. Both producers and consumers have
been materially benefited by this work, which aims to make
known the particular fitness of each for manurial purposes,
and thereby furnishes a basis for the determination of its
commercial value. As a change in the current modes of
manufacture of the parent industry is at any time liable to

160 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

seriously affect the character and chemical composition of
the waste or by-products, it becomes necessary to repeat
from time to time analyses of many of these products.
These analyses are made without any charge for the work,
on the condition that the results are public property, if
deemed of interest for publication.

As a brief enumeration of the more prominent substances
sent on for our investigation during the year 1895 can best
convey a correct idea concerning the extent and importance
of the labor involved, the following statement is presented :
the whole number of analyses made in the stated connection
amounts for the year 1895 to one hundred and eighty-six ;
of these, from eighty to ninety consisted of ashes, including
wood ashes, coal ashes, lime-kiln ashes, cotton-hull ashes,
swill ashes, soots, etc. ; from twenty to thirty were agri-
cultural chemicals, comprising potash salts. Chili saltpetre,
sulphate of ammonium, gypsum, kainites, dissolved bone-
black, phosphatic slag, etc. ; twenty-eight were animal
refuse materials, as fish waste, tankage, blood, animal meal,
meat scraps, blood and bone, bones, wool waste, sheep
fertilizer, etc. ; and from twenty to thirty consisted of
vegetable refuse materials, as cotton-factory waste, cotton-
seed meal, tobacco stems, madder, peats, vegetable com-
post, etc.

Of a special interest is the recent introduction of the
products prepared from the kitchen refuse of our large
cities. Sanitary considerations are indirectly the cause of
the appearance of these products, which promise to become
of considerable prominence in the future.

One mode disposes of the refuse by cremation. The
product resulting is called cremation ashes, and contains a
liberal amount of phosphate of lime and more or less potash.
The nitrogen and organic matter are lost in the process of
cremation. Grinding and proper mixing of the products
cannot fail to furnish a valuable material for manurial
purposes. The tabular statement below gives the results
of analyses of swill or cremation ashes, mostly if not entirely
from Lowell, Mass.

Another mode proposes to save the nitrogen and organic
matter by a so-called reduction process. The parties in-

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

161

terested in the matter propose to reduce the garbage with
sulphuric acid, remove the fat, add to the refuse natural
phosphates to combine with the excess of sulphuric acid,
and add potash compounds if needed. This interesting
process is apparently still in the experimental stage. A
sample of the product sent here for examination gives the
results found below. Modern views regarding the require-
ments of sanitary condition in our centres of population
cannot fail to recognize the efBciency of both processes to
dispose of objectionable material. The economical advan-
tages derived from these modes of operation experience
alone can determine. The product of either mode has its
special claim for consideration. The agricultural interests
of the country cannot fail to benefit by a successful develop-
ment of either mode of operation.

Analyses of Ashes from a

Crematory

Fur

ittce,

Lowell, Mass.

1.

S.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Moisture at 100° C

0.51

0.07

0.04

0.11

2.43

19.46

12.48

Potassium oxide

1.73

8.83

7.03

1.25

1.59

1.78

3.35

Phosphoric acid

16.61

17.18

26.09

32.23

25.89

5.22

6.50

Calcium oxide,

24.79

28.18

33.74

47.60

_*

_*

_*

Ferric and aluminic oxides, .

3.56

7.63

6.25

1.06

_*

_*

-*

MagDSHium oxide

1.87

_*

_*

_*

_*

_*

_*

Insoluble matter before calcination, .

39.60

18.49

14.40

15.13

_*

_*

_*

Insoluble matter after calcination,

29.72

16.53

11.41

13.20

17.93

30.81

31.54

8.

9.

lO.

11.

12.

13.

14.

Moisture at 100° C.

0.37

7.57

14.24

8.05

1.20

1.19

0.87

Potassium oxide,

4.27

3.98

5.09

4.92

5.71

4.83

4.08

Phosphoric acid

12.97

13.92

6.86

13.22

10.82

10.21

71.47

Insoluble matter after calcination.

34.91

19.96

37.76

24.52

29.91

24.50

26.73

* Not determined.

162 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. '96.

Analysis of a Refuse Product obtained from City Garbage^ sent on
by the American Reduction Company, New York City.

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100° C, ....... 8.52

Nitrogen, 1.64

Potassium oxide, 1.20

Sodium oxide, 2.60

Calcium oxide, , . . 3.86

Magnesium oxide .55

Ferric and aluminic oxides, 7.64

Total phosphoric acid, 10 . 62

Available phosphoric acid, . . . . , , 8.08

Insoluble phosphoric acid, 2.54

Sulphuric acid, . 8.54

Organic matter, .45.43

Insoluble matter (ash), . . , „ , . ,12.15

3. Compilation of Analyses made at Amherst, Mass.,
OF Agricultural Chemicals and Kefuse Ma-
terials USED FOR Fertilizing Purposes.

Prepared by H. D. Haskins.

[As the basis of valuation changes from j'ear to year, no valuation is stated.]

1868 to 1896.

This compilation does not include the analyses made of licensed fertilizers. They
are to be found in the reports of the State Inspector of Fertilizers from 1873 to 1S96,
contained in the reports of the Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Agri-
culture for those years. C. A. G.

164

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

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180 HATCH EXPEKIMENT STATION. [Jan.

4. Compilation of Analyses of Fruits, Garden Crops
AND Insecticides.

COMPILED BT H. D. HASKINS.

1 . — Analyses of fruits.

2. — Analyses of garden crops.

3. — Relative proportions of phosphoric acid, potassium oxide
and nitrogen in fruits and garden crops.

4. — Analyses of insecticides.

A computation of the results of a chemical analysis of twenty
prominent garden crops shows the following average relative pro-
portion of the three essential ingredients of plant food : — ,

Parts.

Nitrogen, . . .2.2

Potassium oxide, 2.0

Phosphoric acid, 1.0

One thousand pounds of green garden vegetables contain, on
the above-stated basis of relative proportion of essential con-
stituents of plant food : —

Pounds.

Nitrogen 4.1

Potassium oxide, 3.9

Phosphoric acid, 1.9

The weight and particular stage of growth of the vegetables
when harvested control, under otherwise corresponding conditions,
the actual consumption of each of these articles of plant food.
Our information regai'ding these points is still too fragmentary to
enable a more detailed statement here beyond relative proportions.
It must suffice for the present to call attention to the fact that a
liberal manuring within reasonable limit pays, as a rule, better
than a scanty one. — (C. A. Goessmanx.)

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33.

181

1. Analyses of Fruits.

Fertilizing Constituents of Fruits.
[Average amounts in 1,000 parts of fresh or air-dry substance.]

O

a

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Bricacece : —

♦Cranberries, ....

996

-

1.8

.9

.1

.3

.1

.3

-

-

•Cranberries, ....

894

.8

-

1.0

-

.2

.1

.3

-

-

Rosacece : —

Apples,

831

.6

2.2

.8

.6

.1

.2

.3

.1

-

♦Apples,

799

1.3

4.1

1.9

.3

.3

.3

.1

-

-

♦Peaches, .

884

-

3.4

2.5

-

.1

.2

.5

-

-

Pears,

831

.6

3.3

1.8

.3

.3

.2

.5

.2

-

Strawberries, .

902

-

3.3

.7

.9

.5

~

.5

.1

.1

♦Strawberries, .

-

-

6.2

2.6

.2

.7

.4

1.0

-

-

♦Strawberry vines,

-

-

33.4

3.5

4.5

12.2

1.3

4.8

-

-

Cherries, .

825

-

3.9

2.0

.1

.3

.2

.6

.2

.1

Plums,

838

-

2.9

1.7

-

.3

.2

.4

.1

-

Saxi/ragacecB ; —

♦Currants, white,

-

-

5.9

3.1

.2

1.0

.3

1.1

-

-

♦Currants, red

871

-

4.1

1.9

.2

.8

.3

.9

-

-

Gooseberries, ....

903

-

3.3

1.3

.3

.4

.2

.7

-

-

Vitacece : —

Grapes,

830

1.7

8.8

5.0

.1

1.0

.4

1.4

.5

.1

Grape seed, . . . .

110

19.0

22.7

6.9

.5

5.6

1.4

7.0

.8

.1

182

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

2. Analyses of Garden Crops.

Fertilizing Constituents of Garden Crops.
[Average amounts in 1,000 parts of fresh or air-dry substance.]

£

a
o

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a

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r

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'u

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Chenopodiacece : —

Mangolds, .

880

1.8

9.1

4-8

1.5

.3

.4

.8

.3

.9

*MangoldB, .

873

1.9

12.2

3.8

1.3

.6

.4

.9

-

-

Mangold leaves,

905

3.0

14.6

4.5

2.8

1.6

1.4

1.0

.8

2.3

Sugar beets.

805

1.6

7.1

3.8

.6

.4

.6

.9

.3

.3

*Sugar beets,

869

2.2

10.4

4.8

.8

.6

.4

1.0

.1

-

Sugar-beet tops,

840

2.0

9.6

2.8

2.3

.9

1.1

1.2

.2

.3

Sugar-beet leaves, .

897

3.0

15.3

4.0

2.0

3.1

1.7

.7

.8

1.3

Sugar-beet seed.

146

-

45.3

11.1

4.2

10.2

7.3

7.5

2.0

1.9

*Red beets, .

877

2.4

11.3

4.4

.9

.5

.3

.9

-

-

Spinach, .

903

2.4

16.0

2.7

5.7

1.9

1.0

1.6

1.1

1.0

*Splnach,

922

3.4

9.6

9.6

2.1

.6

.5

.5

-

-

Compositece : —

Lettuce, common.

940

-

8.1

3.7

.8

.5

.2

.7

.3

.4

Head lettuce, .

943

2.2

10.3

3.9

.8

1.5

.6

1.0

.4

.8

♦Head lettuce.

970

1,2

-

2.3

.2

.3

.1

.3

-

-

Roman lettuce, .

925

2.0

9.8

2.5

3.5

1.2

.4

1.1

.4

.4

Artichoke, .

811

-

10.1

2.4

.7

1.0

.4

3.9

.5

.2

♦Artichoke, Jerusalem,

775

4.6

-

4.8

-

-

1.7

-

-

Convolvulacece : —

Sweot potato, ....

758

2.4

7.4

3.7

.5

•7

.3

.8

.4

.9

Cruciferm : —

White turnips, .

920

1.8

6.4

2.9

.6

.7

.2

.8

.7

.3

♦White turnips, .

895

1.8

10.1

3.9

.8

.9

.3

1.0

1.0

-

White turnip leaves,

898

3.0

11.9

2.8

1.1

3.9

.5

.9

1.1

1.2

*Ruta-bagas,

891

1.9

10.6

4.9

.7

.9

.3

1.2

-

-

Savoy cabbage, .

871

5.3

14.0

3.9

1.4

3.0

.5

2.1

1.2

1.1

White cabbage.

900

3.0

9.6

4.3

.8

1.2

.4

1.1

1.3

.5

♦White cabbage,

984

2.3

-

3.4

.3

.2

.1

.2

-

-

Cabbage leaves,

890

2.4

15.6

5.8

1.5

2.8

.6

1.4

2.4

1.3

Cauliflower,

904

4.0

8.0

3.6

.5

.5

.3

1.6

1.0

.3

Horse-radish, .

767

4.3

19.7

7.7

.4

2.0

.4

2.0

4.9

.3

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33,

183

Fertilizing Constituents of Garden Crops — Continued.

[Average amounts in 1,000 parts of fresh or air-dry substance.]

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a

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Iq
O

Cruciferce — Concluded.

Radishes

933

1.9

4.9

1.6

1.0

.7

.2

4.5

.3

.5

Kohlrabi

850

4.8

12.3

4.3

.8

.4

.8

2.7

1.1

.6

Cucurbitace<e : —

Cucumbers, ....

956

1.6

5.8

2.4

.6

.4

.2

1.2

.4

.4

Pumpkins

900

1.1

4.4

.9

.9

.3

.2

.7

.3

.4

Graminece : —

Corn, whole plant, green,

829

1.9

10.4

3.7

.5

1.4

1.1

1.0

.3

.5

♦Corn, whole plant, green.

786

4.1

-

3.8

.5

1.5

.9

1.5

-

-

Corn kernels, ....

144

16.0

12.4

3.7

.1

.3

1.9

5.7

.1

.2

*Corn kernels

100

18.2

-

4.0

.3

.3

2.1

7.0

-

-

*Corn, whole ears.

90

14.1

-

4,7

.6

.2

1.8

5.7

-

-

*Corn stover, ....

282

11.2

37.4

13.2

7.9

5.2

2.6

3.0

-

*-

Leguminosce : —

Hay of peas, cut green, .

167

22.9

62.4

23.2

2.3

15.6

6.3

6.8

5.1

2.0

*Cow-pea {Dolichos) , green, .

788

2.9

-_

3.1

.6

3.0

1.0

1.0

-

-

*Small pea {Lathyrus sylves-

iris), dry.
Peas (seed), ....

90
143

38.5
35.8

23.4

25.7
10.1

4.7
.2

17.9
1.1

5.0
1.9

9.0
8.4

.8

.4

Pea straw

160

10.4

43.1

9.9

1.8

15.9

3.5

3.5

2.7

2.3

Garden beans (seed).

150

39.0

27.4

12.1

.4

1.5

2.1

9.7

1.1

.3

Bean straw

166

-

40.2

12.8

3.2

11.1

2.5

3.9

1.7

3.1

Liliacem : —

Asparagus

933

3.2

5.0

1.2

.9

.6

.2

.9

.3

.3

Onions

860

2.7

7.4

2.5

.2

1.6

.3

1.3

.4

.2

♦Onions

892

-

4.9

1.8

.1

.4

.2

.7

-

-

Solanaceoe : —

Potatoes,

750

3.4

9.5

5.8

.3

.3

.5

1.6

.6

.3

•Potatoes,

798

2.1

9.9

2.9

.1

.1

.2

.7

-

-

Potato tops, nearly ripe, .

770

4.9

19.7

4.3

.4

6.4

3.3

1.6

1.3

1.1

Potato tops, unripe, .

825

6.3

16.5

4.4

.3

5.1

2.4

1.2

.8

.9

♦Tomatoes

940

1.7

-

3.6

-

.3

.2

.4

-

-

Tobacco leaves,

180

34.8

140.7

40.7

4.5

50.7

10.4

6.6

8.5

9.4

Tobacco stalks,

180

24.6

64.7

28.2

6.6

12.4

.5

9.2

2.2

2.4

♦Tobacco stems, ....

106

22.9

140.7

64.6

3.4

38.9

12.3

6.6

-

-

184

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Ja

Fertilizing Constituents of Garden Crops — Concluded.

[Average amounts in 1,000 parts of fresh or air-dry substance.]

6

3
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a
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5

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— TJ

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Umbelliferm : —

Carrots

850

2.2

8.2

3.0

1.7

.9

.4

1.1

.5

.4

*CarrotB,

898

1.5

9.2

5.1

.6

.7

.2

.9

-

-

Carrot tops, ....

822

5.1

23.9

2.9

4.7

7.9

.8

1.0

1.8

2.4

Carrot tops, dry,

98

31.3

125.2

48.8

40.3

20.9

6.7

6.1

-

-

Parsnips

793

5.4

10.0

.4

.2

1.1

.6

1.9

.5

.4

♦Parsnips,

803

2.2

-

6.2

.1

.9

.5

1.9

-

-

Celery,

841

2.4

17.6

7.6

-

2.3

1.0

2.2

1.0

2.8

Most of the foregoing analyses were compiled from the tables of E.
Wolff. Those marked * are from analyses made at the Massachusetts
State Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass.

3' Relative Proportions of Phosphoric Acid, Potassium
Oxide and Nitrogen in Fruits.

.

Phosphoric
Acid.

Potassium
Oxide.

Nitrogen.

Ericacece. : —

♦Cranberries, ....

1

3.0

-

♦Cranberries, ....

1

3.4

2.6

Bosacece : —
Apples,
♦Apples,
♦Peaches,

1
1

1

2.7
1.9
1.3

2.0
1.3

Pears, .

1

3.6

1.2

Strawberries,

1

1.4

♦Strawberries,

1

2.6

-

♦Strawberry vines,
Cherries,

1
1

.7
3.3

_

Plums, .

1

4.3

-

Saxifragacece : ---

♦Currants, white, ....

1

2.8

♦Currants, red, ....

1

2.1

-

Gooseberries, . . . .

1

1.9

-

Vitacece : —

Grapes,

Grape seed,

1

1

3.6
1.0

1.2
2.7

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

185

Relative Proportions of Phosphoric Acid, Potassium Oxide and
Nitrogen in Garden Crops.

Phosphoric
Acid.

Potassium
Oxide.

Nitrogen.

Chcnopodiacece : —

Mangolds, .....

1

6.0

2.3

*MangokIs, .

1

4.2

2.1

Mangold leaves, .

1

4.5

3.0

Sugar beets,

1

4.2

1.8

* Sugar beets,

1

4.8

2.2

Sugar-beet tojDS, .

1

2.3

1.7

Sugar-beet leaves,

1

5.7

4.3

Sugar-beet seed, .

1

1.5

_

* Red beets, .

1

4.1

3.3

Spinach,

1

1.7

3.1

* Spinach,

1

19.2

6.8

CompositecB : —

Lettuce,

1

5.3

—

* Lettuce,

,

1

7.6

4.0

Head lettuce.

,

1

3.9

2.2

Roman lettuce,

1

2.3

1.8

*Jerusaleiu artichoke,

•

1

2.8

2.7

Convolvulacece : —

Sweet potato, ....

1

4.6

3.0

Cruciferce : —

White turnips, ....

1

3.6

2.3

* White turnips.

1

3.9

1.8

White turnip leaves.

1

3.1

3.3

*Ruta-bagas, .

■1

4.1

1.6

Savoy cabbage, .

i 1

1.9

2.6

White cabbage, .

! 1

4.1

1.7

* White cabbage, .

1

11.0

7.6

Cauliflower. .

1

2.3

2.5

Horse-radish,

1

3.9

2.2

Radishes,

1

3.2

3.8

Kohlrabi,

1

1.6

1.8

Cucurbitacece, : —

Cucumbers,

1

2.0

1.3

Pumpkins,

1

.6

.7

Graminece : —

1

Corn, whole plant, green, .

1

3.7

1.9

*Coni, whole plant, green,

1

2.2

2.8

Corn kernels.

1

.6

2.8

*Corn kernels,

1

.6

2.6

*Com, whole ears.

1

.8

2.5

*Corn stover, .

1

4.4

3.7

186

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

Relative Proportions of Phosphoric Acid, Potassium Oxide and
Nitrogen in Garden Crops — Concluded.

Phosphoric
Acid. j

Potassium
Oxide.

Nitrogen.

LeguminoscE, : —

Hay of peas, cut green,

3.4

3.4

*Cow-pea (VoUchos), .

3.1

2.9

* Small pea {Laihi/>vis sylvestris).

8.4

4.2

Peas (seed) ,

1.2

4.3

Pea straw,

2.8

4.0

Garden beans (seed) , .

1.2

4.0

Bean straw,

3.3

-

Liliaceo' : — •

Asparagus,

1.3

3.6

Onions,

1.9

2.1

*Onions, . . . . . .

2.6

-

Solmiacecc : —

Potatoes,

3.6

2.1

*Potatoes,

4.1

3.0

Potato tops, nearly ripe,

2.7

3.1

Potato tops, unrii:)e,

3.7

5.3

*Tomatoes, .

8.7

4.5

Tobacco leaves, .

6.2

6.3

Tobacco stalks, .

3.1

2.7

Tobacco stems,

10.7

3.8

Umbelliferce : —

Carrots,

2.7

2.0

*Carrots,

5.7

1.7

Carrot tops, .

2.9

6.1

*Carrot tops, dry, .

8.0

6.1

Parsnips,

3.8

2.8

♦Parsnips,

3.3

1.2

Celery,

3.6

1.1

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

187

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INDEX.

Agriculturist, report of the,
Analyses of gluten feeds by chemist,

of fodder articles and dairy products, compilation of,

of agricultural chemicals, etc., compilation of,

of fruits,

of garden crops, .

of insecticides,

of phosphates.
Annual statement of Hatch fund.
Barley, yield of, .
Botanical work, general.
Botanist, report of the.

Cattle feeds, composition and digestibility of.
Chemical laboratory, work in the,
Chemical laboratory, report on the work in the,
Chemist, report of (foods and feeding),
Chemist, report of (fertilizers and fertilizer materials),
Chemistry, general work in the laboratory of.
Corn fertilizer, special,
Corn, fertilizers for, .

hill V. drill culture for,
soil tests with, .
sweet, yield of, .
Cows, experiments with.
Cows, history of the, used in experiments,
Cream, what constitutes a " space" of,
Crops, miscellaneous, ....
Crops, protection of, from insects, etc..

Dairy products,

Dealers in fertilizers, ....
Entomologist, report of , .
Experiments of the agriculturist, results and conclusions of,
Feed stuffs, American, tables of digestibility of.
Fertilizers and fertilizer materials,
Fertilizers, commercial, official inspection of,
for potatoes, ....
influence of different mixtures of, on garden crops
Field experiments with fertilizers,
Field experiments, report on,

Fodder analysis,

Fodder articles, fertilizing ingredients in.
Foods and feeding, department of,

PAGE
11

54

81

163

181

182

187

129

6

131

10

7

82

111

147

52

111

159

29

11

30

15

138

62-65

67

67

36

47

60

150

43

11

99, 100

111

147

21

133

111

112

63

94

52

190 INDEX,

FAGE

Forage crops, cultivation of mixed, 122

Fruits, spraying, outfit for, 48

Fruits, varieties of, 48

Fungi, study of injurious, 7

Garden crops, fertilizing constituents of, 183

Garden crops, summary of yield of, 140

Grass and clover, fertilizers for, 11

Grass and clover, soil tests with, 14

Hay caps, trial of, 38

Hay, digestibility of, 74

Hays, how to feed, 77

Hays, salt and meadow, 74

Horticulturist, report of, 47

Japanese millets, various species of, 31

Literature consulted, 110

Manufacturers of commercial fertilizers, 150

Manure experiments, 28

Manures, experiments with a rotation of, 146

Meal, Chicago gluten, v. Atlas, 65

Chicago gluten, v. King gluten, 62

wheat or rye, suggestions for feeding, 73

wheat V. rye, for pigs 71

Meteorologist, report of, 51

Milk, instructions for sending, 61

Milk, percentage composition of, 60

Millets, variety tests with 33

Nitrate of soda, field experiments with 142

Oats, yield of, 120

Onions, yield of, 137

Phosphates, different commercial, field experiments with, . . 128

Phosphatic slag, field experiments with, 142

Pigs, experiments with, in feeding, 71

Plants in greenhouses, 50

Potato experiments, 19

Poultry experiments, 40

Report on field experiments, 112

Ruminants, experiments with, 100

Rye, yield of, 131

Seed testing, 49

Soil tests, 14

Soja beans, varieties of, etc., 34

Stable for cows, experiments in warming, 39

Swine, experiments with, 109

Tomatoes, yield of 139

Turnips, variety tests with, 34

Vegetables, varieties of, tested, 49

Vetch and barley, analysis of, 126

Vetch and oats, analysis of, 126

Water analysis, 57

Water, instructions for sampling and sending, 59

Waters tested, character of, 68

o. 33.
PUBLIC DOCUMENT .... .... ^.

NINTH ANNUAL REPORT

Hatch Experiment Station

Massachusetts Agricultural College.

January, 1897.

BOSTON :

WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS,

18 Post Office Square.

1897.

Vn

PUBLIC DOCUMENT .... .... No. 33.

:ntnth annual report

Hatch Experiment Station

Massachusetts Agricultural College.

January, 1897.

BOSTON :

WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS

18 Post Office Square.

1897.

^ HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,

AMHERST, MASS.

By act of the General Court, the Hatch Experiment
Station and the State Experiment Station have been consoli-
dated, under the name of the Hatch Experiment Station of
the Massachusetts Agricultural College. Several new divi-
sions have been created and the scope of others has been
enlarged. To the horticultural has been added the duty of
testinof varieties of vegetables and seeds. The chemical has
been divided, and a new division, " Foods and Feeding," has
been established. The botanical, including plant physiology
and disease, has been restored after temporary suspension.

The officers are : —

Henet H. Goodell, LL.D.,
William P. Brooks, B.Sc,
George E. Stone, Ph.D., .
Charles A. Goessmann, Ph.D.
Joseph B. Lindsey, Ph.D.,
Charles H. Fernald, Ph.D.,
Samuel T. Matnard, B.Sc,
Leonard Metcalf, B.S., .
Henry M. Thomson, B.Sc,
Ralph E. Smith, B.Sc,
Henri D. H\skins, B.Sc,
Robert H. Smith, B.Sc, .
Edward B. Holland, B.Sc,
Robert A. Cooley', B.Sc,
Joseph H. Putnam, B.Sc,
Benjamin K. Jones, B.Sc,

LLD

Director.

Agriculttirist.

Botanist.

Chemist (fertilizers).

Chemist (foods ari4 feeding).

Entomologist. \^

Horticulturist.

Meteorologist.

Assistant Agriculturist.

Assistant Bota^iist.

Assistant Chemist (fertilizers).

Assistant Chemist (fertilizers).

Assistant Chemist (foods and feeding) .

Assistant Entomologist.

Assistant Uorticrtlturist.

Assistant in Foods and Feeding.

The co-operation and assistance of farmers, fruit growers,
horticulturists and all interested, directly or indirectly, in
agriculture, are earnestly requested. Communications may
be addressed to the "Hatch Experiment Station, Amherst,
Mass "

No.

3.

No.

4.

No.

5.

No.

6.

No.

7.

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Bulletins issued, 1887-97.

No. 1 . Protection of peach buds ; effect of girdling ; jumping

sumac beetle.
No. 2. Grape-vine leaf hoppers; ants; poisonous doses of in-
secticides, and treatment; report on standard varie-
ties of fruit.
Bovine tuberculosis.

Steam heat v. hot water for heating greenhouses ; evap-
orated sulphur as an insecticide ; plant diseases.
Buffalo carpet beetle ; larder beetle ; clothes moth.
Steam v. hot water; fungous diseases of plants.
Tests of small fruits and vegetables ; girdling ; protec-
tion of fruit trees from animals ; Japanese millets
and beans ; the gypsy moth.
No. 8. Steam v. hot water; peach yellows; danger from the

use of milk coming from tuberculous cows.
No. 9. Soil tests.
No. 10. Special fertilizers for greenhouse crops; report on small

fruits.
No. 11. Strength of rennet; hay caps; potato rot; fungicides

and insecticides for fruit.
No. 12. Bud moth; spittle insects; squash bug; pea and bean
weevil; May beetle; curculio; onion maggot; cab-
bage butterfly ; tent caterpillar ; forest tent cater-
pillar ; stalk borer ; pyramidal grape-vine caterpillar ;
grape-berry moth ; codling moth ; cabbage-leaf miner ;
gartered plume moth.
No. 13. Directions for using fungicides and insecticides.
No. 14. Fertilizers for corn.

No. 15. Over-bench v. uuder-bench heating; special fertilizers
for plants under glass ; varieties of strawberries,
blackberries, raspberries.
No. 16. Summary of results in electro-culture.
No. 17. Fungicides and insecticides; varieties of grapes and
peaches ; protection of peach buds ; copper on
sprayed fruit ; Siberian crab as a stock ; girdling
grape vines ; spraying apparatus.
No. 18. Fertilizers for potatoes, oats and corn; muriate of pot-
ash ; corn and millet as grain crops ; report on oats,
hemp, flax, English wheats, Japanese millets and
beans.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 5

No. 19. Gypsy moth ; effect of Paris greeu on foliage ; Barnard's
insect trap ; lice and spiders on rose bnshes ; kero-
sene emulsion ; effects of Paris green on tent cater-
pillars ; cranberry insects.

No. 20. Canker worms ; tent caterpillar ; fall web worm ; tus-
sock moths.

No. 21. Bordeaux mixture ; ammoniacal carbonate of ammonia;
copper sulphate ; fruits.

No. 22. Small fruits.

No. 23. Electro-culture.

No. 24. Arsenate of lead; Paris green and lime; Jamestown
weed ; horn fly.

No. 25. P^mgicides and insecticides; grape tests.

No. 26. Strawberries; blackberries; raspberries.

No. 27. Tuberculosis in college herd; tuberculin in diagnosis;
bovine rabies ; poisoning by nitrate of soda.

No. 28. Canker, army and corn worms ; red-humped apple-tree
caterpillar; antiopa butterfly; currant stem girdler;
imported elm-bark louse ; greenhouse orthezia.

No. 29. Fungicides and insecticides ; new spraying pump ; spray-
ing calendar.

No. 30. Fertilizer analyses.

No. 31. Fertilizer analyses.

No. 32. Fertilizer analyses.

No. 33. Glossary of fodder terms.

No. 34. Fertilizer analyses; analyses of mauurial substances.

No. 35. Agricultural value of bone meal.

No. 36. Imported elm-leaf beetle; maple pseudococcus ; abbot
sphinx ; San Josd scale.

No. 37. Report on fruits, insecticides and fungicides.

No. 38. Fertilizer analyses ; composition of Paris green ; action
of muriate of potash on the lime resources of the soil.

No. 39. Economic feeding of milch cows.

No. 40. Fertilizer analyses.

No. 41. On the use of tul)erculin (translated from Dr. Bang).

No. 42. Fertilizer analyses ; fei-tilizer laws.

No. 43. Effects of electricity on germination of seeds.

6 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Special BuUetins.

Index, 1888 to 1895.

Gypsy moth.

The most profitable use of commercial fertilizers (translated from

PaiU Wagner) .
The true value of green manuring (translated from Julius Kuehu).

Of the above bulletins, the edition of No. 2 is entirely ex-
hausted; Nos. 1, 3-24 inclusive, 2^^, 30-32 inclusive and 34
are nearly exhausted, a few copies of each remaining, which
can only be supplied to complete sets for libraries ; Nos. 25,
27-29 inclusive, 33, 35-43 inclusive, and the index number
are still in stock.

1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

ANN^UAL REPOKT

Of George F. Mills, Treasurer pro tern., of the Hatch Expeki-
MENT Station of Massachusetts Agricultural College,

For (he Year ending June 30, 1890.

Cash received from United States treasurer,

Cash paid for salaries, .....
for labor, .....
for publications, ....
for postage and stationery, .
for freight and express,
for heat, light and water,
for seeds, jjlants and sundry supplies,
for fertilizers, ....
for feeding stuffs, ....
for library, .....
for tools, implements and machinery,
for fui'niture and fixtures,
for scientific apparatus,
for travelling expenses,
for contingent expenses,
for building and repairs.

On hand July 1, 1895: —
Received from Dr. Goessmann,
from State treasurer,
from fertilizer fees,
from farm products,
from miscellaneous,

Cash paid for salaries, .
for labor,

for publications, .
for postage and stationery,
for freight and express,

Amounts carried forward.

'

$15,000 00

$5,218

50

3,541

94

2,816

86

284

66

185

60

110

15

572

98

96

88

291

61

686

83

326

63

70

47

96

00

92

31

155

11

453

57

—

fl5,000 00

$1,704 37

10,000 00

3,627

17

1,204

46

733

64

$17,2(59 64

$9,502 Q>G

434 02

115

37

186

64

127

77

fl0,366

46

$17,269 64

HATCH EXPEEIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

Amounts brought forward.

Cash paid for heat, light and water,
for chemical supplies, .
for seeds, plants and sundry supplies,
for fertilizers, ....

for feeding stuffs, ....
for library, .....
for tools, implements and machinery,
for furniture and fixtures,
for scientific apparatus,
for live stock, ....
for travelling expenses,
for contingent expenses,
for building and repairs,
Balance, . . . .

10,366 4G ^17,269 64

287 31
901 98
47.5 34
825 01
484 58
332 86

15 15
311 98

15 50
865 00

17 19

491 66

1,336 70

1,042 92

$17,269 64

Amherst, Mass., Aug. 31, 1896.

I, Charles A. Gleason, duly appointed auditor of the corporation, do hereby certify
that I have examined the boolvs and accounts of the Hatch Experiment Station of
the Massachusetts Agricultural College for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1896 ;
that I have found the books well kept and the accounts correctl.y classified as above,
and that the receipts for the year are shown to be $32,269.64 and the corresponding
disbursements $31,226.72 All the proper vouchers are on file, and have been by
me examined and found to be correct, there being a balance of $1,042.92 on accounts
of the fiscal vear ending June 30, 1896.

CHARLES A. GLEASON,

Auditor.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMKNT — No. 33.

REPORT OF THE AGRICULTURIST.

WILLIAM P. BKOOKS.

Leading Results and Conclusions based upon
THE Experiments outlined in the Report
of the Agriculturist.

Cabbages and Swedes.

1. Soil-test work indicates that fertilizers for these crops
should be particularly rich in available phosphoric acid and
potash.

2. The muriate of potash has been found a useful form in
which to supply the potash.

3. The material used to supply phosphoric acid in our
experiment was dissolved bone-black, but it is believed that
other available phosphoric acid fertilizers will be found
equally serviceable.

Soy Beans.

1. Soil-test work shows a very intimate connection be-
tween potash supply and the growth of this crop.

2. The form in which potash has been supplied in soil
tests is the muriate, but other experiments indicate that the
sulphate is superior to this salt for beans.

Corn.

Soil Test with Corn. — A carefully conducted soil test
with corn in Norwell, Plymouth County, upon somewhat
exhausted soil, previously for many years in grass, shows
potash to be here the controlling element for this crop, as
in so many other places.

10 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Hill V. Drill Culture of Corn. — Experiments continued
in different fields from five to six years indicate that corn
planted in drills will usually produce larger crops than when
planted in hills. This increase is most marked, as might be
expected, in case of the stover, but applies to the grain as
well.

Green Manuring in Continuous Corn Cultui'e.

1. White inustard^ sown in standing corn at the time
of the last cultivation, helps to keep down weeds, furnishes
useful pasturage for sheep or young stock, conserves soil
nitrogen, does not decrease the yield of corn the year it
is sown, and can be counted upon to improve the soil if
turned under. It also helps largely to prevent soil tvashing
in winter.

2. Crimson and sweet clovers have not proved to be suited
for green manuring crops in continuous corn culture, since
they are not sufficiently hardy.

Variety Tests.
Potatoes.

1. Of 60 varieties of potatoes cultivated, but 5 showed
themselves to be in any marked degree superior as crop pro-
ducers to the Early Rose and Beauty of Hebron.

2. These, with rates of yield per acre in bushels, are as
follows: Carman No. 1, merchantable, 355.3; small, 28.6.
Fillbasket, merchantable, 336 ; small, 24.5. New Satisfiic-
tion, merchantable, 306; small, 25.7. Early Maine, mer-
chantable, 305.1 ; small, 35.6. Button's Seedling, merchant-
able, 304.5 ; small, 19.8.

3. The Early Rose yielded: merchantable, 292.8 ; small,
21 bushels. The Beauty of Heln-on (somewhat injured by
proximity to other crops), merchantable, 275.9 ; small, 18.7
bushels.

4. The varieties tested showed no very marked differ-
ences in respect to ability to resist blight.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUxMENT — No. 33. 11

Oorn.

1. Of 21 varieties of Flint corn cultivated, 7, or 33^
per cent., gave a yield at the rate of 83 ^ bushels per acre
or over.

2. Of 46 varieties of Dent corn, 13, or 28 per cent.,
equalled or exceeded the same rate of production.

3. Among the best of the Flint varieties are the White
Flint,* Sanford,* Compton's Early, Giant Long White and
Longfellow.

4. Among the best Dent varieties as indicated by our
trial are Yellow Rose, Mastodon, Reed's Yellow Dent, New
Golden Triumph and Leaming ; but Sibley's Pride of the
North, though standing ninth in weight of ears produced,
matured among the earliest, and is undoubtedly one of the
best Dent varieties for grain production.

Clovers.

1. Crimson clover can be grown as an annual, and gives
one good crop ; but it will not usually survive our winters, ,
and does not, therefore, at present appear to be worthy of
attention as a fodder crop.

2. The mammoth clover exceeds the common red in pro-
ductive capacity, having produced more hay in two cuttings
than the common red in three. It is especially to be com-
mended for sowing with timothy.

3. Alsike clover appears not to be as long lived as the
mammoth and the common red.

Millets.

1 . For seed production the Japanese ' ' barn-yard " and
the Japanese "common " again show their superiority, pro-
ducing respectively 57 and 53.3 bushels per acre.

2. As a result of a careful comparison of 17 varieties,
the Japanese white-seeded panicle millet and the Japanese
barn-yard millet are found to lead all other varieties in pro-
ductive capacity.

* These two are apparently Jiearly or quite identical.

12 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

New Crops.

TJie flat pea ( Lathyrus sylvestris) lias not been found to
be of value as a fodder crop.

The horse bean ( Vicia faba) has not lieen found to do
well.

Sorghuin of different varieties appears inferior to Indian
corn as a fodder crop.

SaccaUne is found not to be hardy and will probably not
prove of value as a fodder crop.

Miscelkmeous.

Fungiroid has not been found effective in preventing
potato blight.

Sulphur applied in the drill did not prevent scab of
potatoes.

The Symmes^ hay cap is preferred to cloth caps.

Soil Tests.

Soil tests, upon the plan outlined in previous reports,
have been carried on upon a somewhat less extensive scale.
We have had four such experiments this year : one with
soy beans and one with turnips and cabbages upon our
own grounds ; and one in Montague and another in Norwell,
with corn. Circumstances compelled the cessation of the
work in Concord, Worcester and Shelburne, and it was not
considered important to continue it longer in Hadley, as this
town lies so near Amherst, and as the soil upon which we
were working gave results so entirely similar to those ob-
tained upon our own. The main conclusions justified by
the results of the past season are as follows : —

1. Potash is the controlling element in the case of the
corn crop in Norwell.

2. Nitrogen appears to have been the most useful ele-
ment for the corn crop in Montague ; but the results are
ol^scured in a measure by differences in natural fertility in
different parts of the field.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 13

3. A combination of potash and phosphoric acid ap-
pears to be necessary to materially increase either the
cabbage or the turnip crops in Amherst.

4. Potash proves much the most useful single element
for the soy-bean crop in Amherst.

1. Soil Tests with Corn.

In Montague the experiment was carried out upon land
belonging to Mr. H. M. Lyman, and is the first year this
land has been used in such work. The field selected is
level, and it was thought it would be suited for the pur-
pose, though it had l)een more recently manured than we
would have liked. The results show that it was not as
even in fertility as is desirable. The yields of the five
scattered nothing plats were respectively at the rates of
12, 10.5, 19, 32 and 19.9 bushels per acre. Under such
conditions, we are not justified in attempting to draw gen-
eral conclusions. The nitrate of soda appears to have
produced an average increase at the rate of : grain, 11
bushels ; stover, 158.5 pounds per acre. The average ef-
fect of the phosphate appears to have been a decrease in
both grain and stover, while the potash appears to have
increased the stover slightly but not the grain.

In jVorwell the experiment was carried out upon land
belonging to the writer, and is the first year this land has
been used in such work. The field was in grass in 1895,
and is in rather a low state of fertility. Throughout the
season potash seemed to be the controlling element. At
the time of harvesting, plat 5, receiving muriate of potash
alone at the rate of 160 pounds per acre, appeared to be
as heavy as either plats 10 or 13, receiving respectively
complete fertilizer and stable manure. Owing to a slight
accident at the time of harvesting, figures cannot l)e pub-
lished at this time.

2. Soil Test with Cabbages.
This test occupied one-half of the land which has been
designated the " north acre" in previous reports, the other
half being occupied with Swedish turnips. The acre was

14 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

divided by a line running through the middle across the
plats, the one end being devoted to cabbages, the other
to turnips.

This acre had been for five years devoted to soil-test
work, the crops in order of succession having been corn,
potatoes, soy beans, grass and clover, and grass and
clover. During this time the nothing plats have received
no manure or fertilizer of any kind. The variety of
cabbages raised was Fottler's Drumhead. The seed was
planted in the field. The average yield of the nothing
plats was at the rate of 2,470 pounds of hard and 7,190
pounds of soft cabbages per acre.

The average result of the application of phosphoric acid
was an increase at the rate per acre : hard heads, 9,557.5
pounds; soft heads, 1,912.5 pounds, — a profit from the
use of i)hosphate amounting to $23.08 per acre. The use
of the i)hosphate without potash, however, had practically
no effect upon the crop.

The average increase apparently due to the potash is
at the rate per acre: hard heads, 10,147.5 pounds; while
there is an average decrease in soft heads at the rate of
527.5 pounds per acre. The net average result of the
use of potash is profit at the rate of $21.51 per acre.
The potash, even without the phosphoric acid, produces
a considerable increase, but produces two and one-half
times as great an increase in combination with a phos-
phate.

The nitrogen is much less useful. The average is at the
rate of 2,627.5 pounds increase in hard heads and 402.5
pounds decrease in soft heads, })er acre. It })roduces the
largest increase when used with phos})hate. The net re-
sult of the use of nitrate of soda is a gain at the rate
of $6.07 per acre.

The results are not as clear in their indications as could
be wished, though they point to a close dependence of this
crop u])ou ])oth potash and phosphoric acid manuring. The
experiment will be repeated when opportunity offers.

181)7.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 15

3. Soil Test ivith Swedish Turnips.

This crop, as stated above, occupied one-half of the acre
on which the test with cabbages was carried out. The
variety was Laing's Swedish turnip, sown June 13. The
results show a close agreement with those obtained with
the cabbages. The average of the nothing plats was at the
rate of 10,250 pounds per acre.

The average result of the use of phosphoric acid (dis-
solved bone-black) was an increase at the rate of 6,308.5
pounds per acre. Similar averages for the potash (muri-
ate) and nitrogen (nitrate of soda) were, respectively, 7,255
and 2,891.7 pounds. The net average profits are at the
rates per acre ; for the phosphoric acid, $9.42 ; for the pot-
ash, $11.35 ; and for the nitrate, $2.58.

Here, as with the cal)bages, the combination of phosphoric
acid and potash seems essential to large increase in the crop.
The phosphoric acid without potash gives no increase ; with
potash alone, an increase at the rate of 11,700 pounds per
acre. The potash alone gives an increase of but 400 pounds
per acre, but with the phosphate it gives an increase of
13,633 pounds per acre.

The combination of phosphate and potash gives an in-
crease at the rate of 12,100 pounds per acre, as compared
with the nothing plats nearest to the one on which it was
used.

4. Soil Test with Soy Beans, Amherst, South Acre.

This is the eighth season of soil-test work upon this acre.
The beans, variety Medium Green, were sown May 19, in
drills 2 1 feet apart, requiring 25 pounds seed for the acre.
The nothing plats produced an average of 350 pounds beans
and Iblh; pounds straw per acre.

Potash (muriate) appears to be the most usefu,! element,
giving an average increase per acre of 646| pounds beans and
45 1| pounds straw. The average increase per acre caused
by phosphoric acid (dissolved bone-black) was 126| pounds
beans and 250 pounds straw. Similar average for nitrogen
(nitrate of soda) was 13^ pounds beans and 116| pounds

16 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

straw. Nitrogen produced a decrease, except when used
with both phosphoric acid and potash.

In ai)pearance the l^eans grown upon potash were hirger
and phimper than those grown upon either phosphoric acid
or nitrogen.

Manuring the Corn Crop.
1. Manure alone v. 31anure and Polash.

The past is the sixth year of continuous culture of corn
upon the same acre of land for the purpose of testing the
relative value of an application yearly of a small quantity of
manure with muriate of potash, as compared with a larger
application of manure alone. When manure alone was
applied, it was put on at the rate of G cords per acre, being
spread broadcast after ploughing, and harrowed in. The
manure and potash similarly applied have been put on at
the rate of 4 cords of the former and 160 pounds of muriate
of potash for the latter.

The plats, four in number, contain one-quarter of an acre
each. The results are shown below : —

Plat 1, manure, 8,115 pounds: stover, 1,600 pounds; ear corn,

1,530 pounds.
Plat 2, manure, 5,354 pounds; muriate of potash, 40 pounds:

stover, 1,300 pounds; ear corn, 1,455 pounds.
Plat 3, manure, 8,981 pounds: stover, 1,255 pounds; ear corn,

1,450 pounds.
Plat 4, manure, 5,711 pounds; muriate of potash, 40 pounds:

stover, 970 pounds; ear corn, 1,120 pounds.

In plats 3 and 4 the corn was planted in hills, while in 1
and 2 it was planted in drills. This no doubt accounts in a
measure for the considerable difference in yield. The in-
feriority of the crop from plat 4 is due to the fact that,
from force of circumstances, poorer manure was used upon
it in 1895 than upon the other plats.

Averaging the results upon 1 and 3 and upon 2 and 4, we
find the yields have been at the following rates per acre : —

With manure alone : stover, 5,710 pounds ; grain, 73^ bushels.
With manure and potash : stover, 4,540 pounds ; grain, 64f bushels-

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 17

In no one of the six years during which this ex})eriment
has ])een continued has the crop raised on the combinati.on
of manure with potash equalled that raised on a larger
quantity of manure alone ; but the differences have been
small, and in no case has the value of the excess in crop
produced by the larger quantity of manure been sufficient
to cover the excess in cost of the manure applied. The
difference in crop is this year considerably larger than in
any preceding year ; and, as this difference has been quite
steadily increasing, we are justihcd in concluding that the
manure and potash in the quantities employed cannot fully
take the place of the larger application of manure in con-
tinuous corn culture. It is true the crop where the manure
and potash are employed is still an excellent one, averaging
for the two plats at the rate of more than 63 bushels per
acre. Continuous corn culture is not, however, the rule,
nor indeed under most circumstances advisable, though
often proved to be possible, at least for many years ; and
therefore this land has now l)een seeded to grass and clover,
for the purpose of determining to what extent, if any, the
introduction of these crops will enable the farmer under the
given manuring to secure equal crops with both systems.

2. Special Corn Fertilizer v. Fertilizer containing More

Potash.

This experiment in continuous corn culture was begun in
1891, and the present is, therefore, the sixth season. The
object in view is a comparison of the results obtained with a
fertilizer proportioned like the average of the ' ' sjjecial " corn
fertilizers found u})on our markets in 1891 with those ob-
tained with a fertilizer richer in potash but furnishing less
nitrogen and phosphoric acid. The results in previous years
have indicated the financial advantage to lie with the latter
fertilizer.

Four plats of one-fourth of an acre each arc devoted to
this experiment, which are respectively numbered 1, 2, 3
and 4.

The materials applied to the several plats are shown
below : —

18

HATCH EXPEEIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

FERTILIZERS.

riats 1 and 3
(Pounds Each).

Plats 2 and i
(Pounds Each).

Nitrate of soda, ......

Dried blood, .......

Dry ground fish,

Plain superphosphate,

Muriate of potash, ......

20
30
30
226
22.5

18
30
20
120
60

Cost of materials per plat, ....

13 23

13 10

The materials supplied to plats 1 and 3 would furnish
per acre the quantities of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and
l)otash found in 1,200 pounds of fertilizer having the aver-
age composition of the " special " corn fertilizers upon the
market at the time the experiment was commenced, viz.,
1891. The average price per plat for 300 pounds of such
fertilizer (the amount needed per plat to equal the above
materials) is about $5.25.

The yields the past year are shown below : —

Plat 1, "special" fertilizer: stover, 935 pounds; ear corn, 1,110

pounds.
Plat 2, fertilizer richer in potash: stover, 995 pounds; ear corn,

1,030 pounds.
Plats, " special " fertilizer : stover, 790 pounds ; ear corn, 1,135

pounds.
Plat 4, fertilizer richer in potash: stover, 865 pounds; ear corn,

1,065 pounds.

Computed to the acre and the grain in bushels, the
averages are : " special," stover, 3,450 pounds ; grain, 56.1
l)ushels ; fertilizer richer in potash, stover, 3,720 pounds;
grain, 52.4 bushels. It will be noticed that the " special"
fertilizer gives rather more grain and less stover than the
fertilizer richer in potash. This result is in entire accord
with the results of previous years, and the indications are
strong, therefore, that our mixture " richer in potash " needs
modification to make it equal in grain-producing power to
the "special" fertilizer for coiUinuous corn culture. It is

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 19

still my belief, however, that under ordinary farm condi-
tions the ^'■fertilizer richer in potash" would be found equal
at least to the " special," for under such conditions grass
and clover would alternate witli tlie corn ; the clover, judg-
ing from facts almost universally noticed, would thrive
better where more potash had been used, and as a result
the soil w^ould be enriched in nitrogen, which would be
favorable to the development of the succeeding corn crop.
In all of our ' ' soil-test " work the nitrogen has ranked next
to the potash in benefit to this crop. With a view to test-
ing the correctness of this conclusion, the land used for this
experiment has now been seeded to grass and clover, and
after two or tliree years will again be planted witli corn.

The average crop raised on the "special" fertilizer this
year is worth $0.83 more per acre than the average for the
fertilizer richer in potash ; the fertilizer materials used cost
$0.52 more. There is no material difference, tlierefore, in
the financial outcome of the two systems under the given
conditions ; but, as above pointed out, should the farmer
purchase a manufactured ".spec?«?" corn fertilizer^ it would
have cost him about $5.25 per plat, or $21 per acre, to pro-
cure equal amounts of the essential elements of plant food.
Since the '•'fertilizer richer in potash^'' cost $3.10 per plat, or
$12.40 per acre, while the crop was practically almost as
valuable as that produced on the " special," it follows that
here is a possible saving of almost $8 per acre in initial
expenditure. It is true that the materials recommended
require mixing, while the " special " fertilizer is already
mixed. It is not true that the elements of plant food in
the "special" are in better forms, or more available. In
conclusion, however, it is but fair to state that the prices
used in calculating the cost of the '•'■ tnaterials'" are cash
prices, while the price of the " special" is determined in a
measure by the fact that credit must often be given for
such goods.

Hill V. Drill Culture for Corn.

In each of the two experiments above described one-half
of each acre has each year been planted in drills and the
other half in hills. Plats 1 and 2 in each case have been

20 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

planted in drills, and plats 3 and 4 in hills. The distance
between the rows under both systems has been 3^ feet.
Under the "drill" system, the plants have been thinned to
1 foot; under the "hill" system, the hills are 3 feet apart
and the plants are thinned to three in a hill. We thus have
equal numbers of plants under the two systems. The re-
sults the past year average as follows : for the acre receiving
manure, drill culture, at rate per acre, stover, 5,800 pounds ;
grain, 74| bushels ; hill culture, at rate per acre, stover,
4,450 pounds ; grain, 03 ])ushels ; for the acre receiving
fertilizer similar averages are, drill culture, stover, 3,630
pounds; grain, 53| bushels; hill culture, stover, 3,540
pounds ; grain, 54| bushels. Averaging both experiments,
we have, for drill culture, stover, 4,715 pounds ; grain, 64J
bushels ; for hill culture, stover, 3,995 pounds ; grain, 58. |
bushels.

Green Manuring in Continuous Corn Culture.

White mustm'd as a crop for green manuring and nitrogen
conservation was sown on one-half the acre where manure
alone has been under com})arison with manure and potash
in each of the years from 1892 to 1894 inclusive, the seed
being scattered in the standing corn late in July in each
year. The growth varied greatly from year to year, but the
practice proved beneficial. In 1895 the increase in the corn
crop apparently due to the culture of the mustard amounted
to : stover, 452 pounds ; grain, 5.4 bushels. In July, 1895,
the mustard was sown only on one-quarter of the acre, and,
because of a very dry and hot autumn, the growth was
light. The crop on this quarter this year shows an increase
as compared with the quarter not so treated of : stover, 680
pounds ; grain, 3 bushels, per acre.

The other plat, which had been sown with mustard in
preceding years, was in 1895 sown with rye on September
5, at the rate of 3 bushels [)er acre. The growth was good,
and the rye, when ploughed in on May 11, was 18 inches
tall. The apparent result of this treatment is a decrease
in crop at the rate per acre : stover, 700 pounds ; grain, 4|
bushels. It seems impossible to believe that the effect of
this treatment can be permanently injurious. The decrease

1897. J PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 21

in yield this year may be due to the fact that considerable
avaihible plant food which was locked up in the rye has not
yet by the decay of the vegetable matter of this crop be-
come again available. If this be the true explanation, then
in the next year the beneficial eifect of the green manuring
should become apparent.

On the acre where ^^ sjjecial" corn fertilizer has been
under comparison with fertilizer richer in jjotash some crop
of tJie clover family has been sown in the standing corn each
year since 1893 ; but the crops themselves have been under
trial, and have not shoAvn themselves fitted for the purpose
in view. Thus, in 1893 and 1894 crimson clover was tried,
but each following spring the crop was killed and the results
were unimportant. In July, 189e5, siveet clover {Melilotus
alba) was sown upon one quarter and common red clover
upon another. The siveet clover was badly thrown out by
the frost, and hardly a plant survived ; while the red clover
starts too late in spring to have made much growth before
it must 1)6 turned in. The results are unimportant in both
cases, though the crop this year is somewhat greater where
the red clover was sown, viz., at the rate of 55.25 bushels
per acre, against 52.75 bushels where no clover was sown.

Variety Tests.
1. Potaioefi.

In the spring of 1895 we procured as far as possible seed
of all prominent and new varieties of potatoes, necessarily
from widely scattered and very different sources. This seed
was planted for the purpose of raising under like conditions
a stock of the difterent sorts, which, having been produced
under identical conditions and in every respect handled
alike, it was thought would he suited for a comparative test
of varieties. Sixty varieties, the seed of which (in every
instance save one) was raised upon our own grounds last
season, have been made the subject of such a comparative
trial this year. The variety the seed of which was from
another source is Carman No. 1. Our seed of this sort
raised last 3^ear was accidentally destroyed, and, as the
variety is a prominent one, it was thought best to pro-

22 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

cure enough for this trial from a prominent grower in this
State, Dr. Jabez Fisher of Fitchburg. Of most varieties
we planted 2 rows, each 209 feet long ; ])ut in some cases,
where the seed was insufficient, onl}^ 1 row was planted.

The seed was washed and treated with a solution (2
ounces to 15 gallons of water) of corrosive sublimate on
April 13. The tubers were then placed on the earth in
a cold frame without glass, where they were allowed to
remain until May 1, when they were cut into pieces hav-
ing two eyes each, and of as nearly equal size as possible.
At this time the tubers had sent out numerous thick green
sprouts, which were perhaps about one-eighth to one-fourth
of an inch in length. The tubers when cut were rolled in
plaster. They were planted on May 5 and 6, the pieces
being placed just 1 foot apart in the rows. In those cases
where the supply of seed was insufficient to plant a full
row, the row was filled out with seed of the Beauty of
Hebron, that there might be no vacancies.

The treatment of the seed with corrosive sublimate solu-
tion entirely prevented scab, and the system followed in
sprouting the tubers was eminently satisfactory. It should
perhaps be stated that when the sun shone hot the tubers
were covered with a sheet of thin white cotton cloth. But
for this protection it is to be feared that in a cold frame
they might get overheated on excessively hot days.

The land where the test was made was last year in mil-
let and soy beans, the rows this year running across the
divisions of last season, so that each row of this year is ex-
actly comparable with every other. The soil is a medium
loam, well adapted to the potato. Fertilizers only were
applied, and at the following rates per acre : nitrate of
soda, 240 pounds ; dried blood, 100 pounds ; tankage, 240
pounds ; plain superphosphate, 400 pounds, and high-grade
sulphate of potash, 250 pounds. These materials were
mixed and strewn in the furrows before the seed was
dropped. All needful operations were seasonably and
thoroughly carried out. The season was on the whole
favorable, so that the crop suffered from no unusual con-
ditions. Careful notes were taken throughout the season,
covering all peculiarities in growth and development, time

1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33.

23

of blossoming, etc. All varieties suffered somewhat from
early blight (^Macrosporimn solani). This was first dis-
covered on 1 variety on July 18. By the 22d it could
be detected on 26 other varieties, and by August 3 all
except 1 were atfected. As early as August 8 the vines
of 17 varieties were entirely dead. Between the 8th and
20th the vines of 26 other varieties died, while by August
29 all were dead.

An attempt to prevent this blight by repeated applica-
tions of "Fungiroid" was an entire failure. It will be
noticed that considerable differences in degree of suscep-
tibility to "blight" showed themselves. Until the varie-
ties have been further tested, however, it is not deemed
advisable to publish the details.

The crop was harvested in part on September 10-12, and
the balance September 24-25. There was no rot, and the
tubers were for the most part smooth and handsome.

The yield has been in every case corrected to 207 hills or
sets, so that the results are strictly comparable. The area
occupied by this number of hills is almost exactly one-
seventieth part of an acre ; so that, to bring out the signifi-
cance of the diflerences more clearly, I have multiplied the
results by seventy, and converted into bushels, thus showing
the rate per acre yielded by the different sorts.

The varieties are reported in alphabetical order, and for
each the tubers are divided into the customary classes, viz.,
merchantable and small.

Varieties of Potatoes, Yield per Acre (Bushels).

NAME.

Merchantable
Tubers.

Small Tubers.

Alexander's Prolific,

Alliance,

Beauty of Hebron,

Bill Nye,

Bliss's Triumph, .

Burbank's Seedling.

Burpee's Extra Early, .

Carman No. 1,

Carman No. 3,

Chance,

-

123.3
285.8
275.9
226.3
276.5
207.7
208.8
355.3
199.5
201.8

14.0
42.0

18.7
25.7
25.7
23.3
49.0
28.6
16.9
30.3

24

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

Varieties of Potatoes, Yield per Acre (BnsJieJs) — Conchuled.

Merchantable

X A JI E .

Tubers.

Small Tubers.

Clarke No. 1,

255.0

26.8

Columbus,

265.4

.33.3

Crown Jewel,

169.1

29.2

Dakota Red, .

283.5

28.0

Delaware,

235.7

22.2

Dutton's Seedling,

304.5

19.8

Early Essex, ,

162.2

35.0

Early Harvest,

234.5

44.3

Early Maine, .

305.1

35.6

Early Market,

229.9

28.6

Early May, .

232.8

22.2

Early Northern, .

266.0

42.0

Early Ohio, .

1.59.8

17.5

Early Ohio, Jr.,

232.8

25.1

Early Rose, .

292.8

21.0

Early Sunrise,

268.3

82.7

Empire State,

271.3

12.3

Fillbasket, .

336.0

24.5

Freeman's,

203.6

30.9

Hampden Beauty, .

232.8

27.4

Hampden Chief, .

187.8

4.7

Henderson's Early Puritan,

250.8

34.4

Irish Daisy, .

172.1

59.1

Late Puritan,.

277.1

28.0

Maggie Murphy, .

227.5

28.0

Merriman,

266.6

44.9

Monroe Co. Prize, .

240.3

31.5

Monroe Co. Seedling, .

248.6

21.0

New Ideal, .

204.2

8.2

New Queen, .

255.5

49.2

New Satisfaction, .

306.8

25.7

Onward,

200.7

26.3

Polaris, ....

149.3

31.5

Pride of the West, .

243.8

26.8

Quick Return,

239.8

29.8

Restaurant, .

259.0

21.6

Rochester Rose,

272.4

31.5

Rural New Yorker No. 2,

218.8

22.2

Sir AVilliam, .

282.9

19.8

Six Weeks, .

141.8

20.4

Snow Flake, .

169.8

32.1

State of Maine,

2.52.6

34.4

Summit,.

246.8

28.6

Sunlit Star, .

232.8

41.4

Thorbum,

255.5

31.5

Vanguard,

255.5

30.9

White Elephant,

295.8

23.9

AVhite Star, .

235.1

28.0

Woodbury's AMiile,

289.3

26.3

World's Fair,

145.8

26.8

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMEXT — No. 33. 25

A study of these figures reveals the fact that there are
wide differences in yiekl ; but it is noteworthy that the
3'ield of such old standard sorts as the Early Eose and
Beauty of Hebron stands fiir above the average. The yield
of the Early Rose is exceeded by but G varieties, viz., Car-
man No. 1, Fillbasket, New Satisfaction, Early Maine, But-
ton's Seedling and White Elephant, named in the order of
superiority. In addition to these, 6 other varieties, viz.,
Woodbury's White, Alliance, Dakota Red, Sir William,
Late Puritan and Bliss's Triumph slightly exceed the yield
of the Beauty of Hebron. In justice to this variety, it is
proper to state that it occupied an outside row adjoining-
land planted to millet, rape and mustard, and was undoubt-
edly somewhat injured by its proximity to these, as their
growth was exceptionally rank. It may well be doubted
whether, under precisely equal conditions, the Beauty of
Hebron would have been exceeded in yield by a larger
number of varieties than was the Early Rose.

The varieties especially noteworthy for large yield in the
order of actual production of merchantal)le tubers, then,
with rates per acre in bushels, are the following : Carman
No. 1, 355.3; Fillbasket, 336; New Satisfaction, 306.8;
Early Maine, 305.1 ; Button's Seedling, 304.5 ; White Ele-
phant, 295.8 ; Early Rose, 292.8 ; Woodbury's White, 289.3 ;
Alliance, 285.8 ; Dakota Red, 283.5 ; Sir William, 282.9 ;
Late Puritan, 277.1; Bliss's Triumph, 276.5; and Beauty
of Hebron, 275.9. These varieties will all be tested as to
eating and keeping qualities.

Seed of 21 other varieties has this season been procured
in small amounts from various sources, and the tubers pro-
duced from these will be preserved for comparison another
season. Ten of these have given a yield at the rate of more
than 300 bushels of merchantal)le tu1)ers per acre, and are
therefore very promising.

2. Corn.
Sixty-seven varieties of field corn have been under trial
upon a small scale, for the purpose of preliminary obser-
vations as to merits and adaptability to difterent uses ; 21 of
these were Flint and 46 Dent varieties. Three rows (each

26 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

75 feet long) of each variety, with one or two exceptions
where not sufficient seed could be obtained, were planted.
The trial has involved a large expenditure of time and atten-
tion. Notes have been taken from day to day, covering
such points as germination, dates of tasselling and silking,
height, relative leafiness, time of cutting, etc. The autumn
was exceptionally unfavorable to curing of the corn crop ;
and hence, though an exact record of the weights of product
(sound hard ears, soft ears and stover) has been made, it is
of less value as a basis for comparative judgment than would
ordinarily be the case. Particularly is this true in relation
to the stover of the later Dent varieties.

The field used for this trial was in corn last year. The
soil is a medium heavy loam, and quite even in quality
throughout. A fertilizer supplying , per acre, nitrate of soda,
72 pounds; dried blood, 120 pounds; dry ground fish, 80
pounds; plain superpltosphates , 480 piounds; and muriate of
potash, 240 pounds, was ajjjjlied broadcast after ploughing,
and harrowed in. The rows were uniformly spaced through-
out the field, viz., 3| feet apart. The corn was so planted
in checks that when thinned it stood, single plants, at the
following intervals in the row : for all Flint varieties, 8
inches ; for the earlier Dents, 10 inches ; and for the later
Dents, 12 inches.

Without going into much detail, I have to report further
concerning this trial : —

1. That the following pairs of varieties appear to be
nearly if not quite identical : —

Champion White Pearl and White Pearl.

Buckbee's No. 7 and Colossal.

White Cap Dent and White Cap Yellow Dent.

Sanford and White Flint.

Rideout and Longfellow.

Dibble's Early Mammoth and Houghton's Silver AVhite Flint.

2. The yield of ear corn all or nearly all of which was
sound and well cured varied : for the Flint varieties, be-
tween 79 and 130 pounds; for the Dent varieties, between
78 and 144 pounds.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 27

3. Seven out of the 21 Flints gave a yield of 120 pounds*
or over ; 13 of the 46 Dents gave a similar yield, but with
a larger proportion of imperfectly cured ears ; 33 per cent,
of the Flints and 2S per cent, of the Dents, therefore, come
into this class.

4. The yield of stover varied : for the Flint corns, be-
tween 104 and 245 pounds ; for the Dent corns, between 94
and 451 pounds. Some of the Dents giving high yields of
stover were far from perfectly cured.

5. The order of rank in yield of ears of the l)est 5 Flint
varieties was as follows : White Flint, Sanford, Compton's
Early, Giant Long White and Longfellow.

6. The best 5 Dent varieties in order of ear production
are : Yellow Eose, Mastodon, Seed's Yellow Dent, New
Golden Triumph and Leaming.

7. Sibley's Pride of the North, very thoroughly matured,
ranks ninth in production of ears, and is undoubtedly one
of the best Dent varieties for grain production.

8. The following varieties appear to be unsuited to our
locality, on account of being too late : Brazilian, Farmer's
Favorite, Queen of the Prairie, Golden Beauty, Golden
Dent, Legal Tender, Mammoth White Surprise and Dr.
Woodhull.

9 . Three other varieties are certainly too late for culture
as grain crops, but appear to promise well for the silo, viz..
New Golden Triumph, Hickory King and Mastodon.

3. Clovers.

Four varieties of clover have been given a thorough com-
parative trial, viz., mammoth (^TrifoUum medium), common
red ( T. j9rff/e»<,se), alsike {T. ht/br'tduyn) and crimson (T.
incarnatum) . The soil of Field B is a medium heavy loam,
but thoroughly drained. For some twelve j^ears it has been
manured only with ground steamed bone and potash salts.
The plats are one-tenth of an acre each in size. Every plat
is manured yearly with ground bone, at the rate of 600
pounds to the acre ; one-half of these plats receive yearly an

* A yield of 120 pounds corresponds to a product of 83| bushels shelled grain per
acre.

28 HATCH EXPEKIMENT STATION. [Jan.

application of muriate of potash at the rate of 200 pounds
per acre, and the other half receive the same quantity of
high-grade sulphate of potash. The land was occupied by
grain crops cut for fodder in 1895. Soon after the fodder
was removed the land was ploughed, and the seed was sown
on August 1. Of the mammoth and common red clovers,
3 pounds of seed per plat were sown ; of the alsike clover,
2i pounds ; and of the crimson clover, 4 pounds. The seed
of all varieties started promptly and well and all varieties
went into the winter in excellent condition.

The crimson clover early in March appeared to be in good
condition, but during the latter weeks of March it gradually
weakened and died. By the first of April there was scarcely
a plant in the field alive. This species appears unable to
endure our average spring weather. The crimson clover
plats were accordingly ploughed in April and resown, 5i
pounds of seed per plat being used, on April 24. The seed
started quickly, and, as will be seen by the table? which fol-
low, this variety gave one good crop, at the rate of nearly
3 tons to the acre on the best plat. This clover was cut on
July 17, at which time it was in mid-bloom. Notwithstand-
ing frequent showers soon after, the stubble failed to start,
and in a few weeks was almost entirely dead, at which time
the plats were reploughed. It will undoul)ted]y be found
necessary to cut this variety just as it begins to bloom, in
order to insure later cuttings.

The very few plants in this field (as well as those from
another with lighter soil) Avhich survived the early spring
weather were taken up and replanted, in order to secure
seed, in the hope that we may in time by a continuance of
this process of selection produce a strain or variety of this
species which will prove hardy with us.

For culture as an annual it seems unlikely that crimson
clover will prove of much importance, as in that case it
would not give earlier fodder than the other clovers. Could
it be cultivated as a winter annual, on the contrary, it must
take an important place as a crop both for fodder and for
green manuring, — for fodder chiefly, because it would be
ready to cut at so early a date, and for green manuring,
since it grows so rai)idl3\

1,S!»7.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 29

Mammoth Clover. — This variety was cut on June 23, at
which time it was not in full liloom. It was thou2:ht best
to harvest, as it was lodging badly. On August 10 it was
cut for the second time. It did not make sufficient growth
thereafter to warrant cutting again. Though cift, therefore,
but twice, while the common red clover was cut three times,
the mammoth clover produced slightly more hay than the
former. The two crops make a yield at the rate of rather
more than 4.J tons per acre. This hay is not objectionalily
coarse, or, rather, not much more so than that of the com-
mon red variety. This mammoth clover, as will be seen by
reference to the table below showing composition of the
crops, is not inferior in nutritive value to the common.
The mammoth is to be especially recommended for sowing
in mixtures of which timothy is a prominent part, as it
matures more nearly with this grass than does the common
red.

Common red clover calls for little special comment. Each
of the three cuttings was made when the crop was a little
past full bloom ; the dates, June 19, July 28 and October 9.
The average total yield of the plats (one-tenth of an acre
each) is at the rate of a little more than 4^ tons per acre.
The composition of this variety will be found in the table
which follows those showing yield and dry matter.

Alsike clover gave two excellent crops, cut respectively on
June 19 and August 10 : but, while the sod of both the
mammoth and common red on November 3 appeared to
be in excellent condition, the sod of this variety shows
signs of weakness. Weeds are coming in to a considerable
extent, principally sorrel. The table of composition shows
this clover to lie somewhat richer in nitrogenous nutrients
(protein) than either of the others. This diiference in its
favor is in part offset by lower percentages of fat and ex-
tract, and it is doubtful whether the hay of this variety
is worth more for food than that of either of the others.
Alsike clover is especially recommended for soils which are
rather too moist for the common red variety.

30

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

o

05

^

v» jg ^

00 v^

— ao

P CO CO

"^ uo -^ o
a lo Old

3 ■*« r-.

fcaoE-i

o

I

o

1

o

•apunoj

2' '

o

o

•inoojaj

2 ' '

CD

•spnnoj

2"

?!

•}aao aa J

eo

s

.J

CO

•epnnoj

lOO

.ra to

CO— 1

U5

•jaaojaj

2S '

Pi

•9pnno<j

CO
CO

o to

o
^}

o

n

o

a
o
O

•spanoj

r-l in Oi
O O Ol

in

•juao J3J

t-Tj* CO

in DO CO

Ph

•spanOjj

>n(M o»

t' »-l o>

coe«

to
to
to

inaoj8,I

IH COCO

eJ t4eo

00 t- 00

O

a

H

O

a

•spnnoj

tot-

ii '

0(M

eo
to

•jaaoaad

CO in

CO

•apanoj

to rl
>0(M

CO

•inao J3 J

COCO

en 00

1^ .

§•5 2

lis

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S
o

H

1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

31

Composition of Clover Hay.

Mammoth.

Common Red.

Alsike.

POTASH SALT.

« a

3

v

w •
Br

02

u

"5 a
15

Q-i •

So

15

3

fc4

Water

16.81

16.88

17.92

14.26

26.05

21.64

Dry matter

83.19
100.00

83.32
100.00

82.08
100.00

85.74
100.00

73.95

78.36

100.00

100.00

Dry matter contains : —

Crude ash,

9.97

8.96

8.79

8.22

10.67

9.77

Crude cellulose

30.35

30.40

31.46

30.24

30.32

30.23

Crude fat

2.00

2.18

2.66

3.15

2.07

2.08

Crude protein

14.65

14.86

13.34

12.61

16.48

15.82

Nitrogen-free extract matter,

43.03

43.60

43.75

45.78

40.46

42.10

Sulphate v. Muriate of Potash for Clovers. — This experi-
ment with clovers was so carried out as to allow a careful
comparison between the sulphate and the muriate as sources
of potash for this crop, as well as the com})arisons between
varieties. A study of the figures giving yields shows that
there seems to be no clearly defined difference in the effect
of the two salts upon the total product. It is true that in
the case of the alsike clover the muriate plat produced much
the larger crop ; but, since this was not the case with either
of the other varieties, we are not justified in concluding
that this difference is a direct consequence of the different
manuring.

A study of the figures showing the composition of the
crops from the several plats, however, reveals the fact that
in every instance the percentage of nitrogen-free extract is
greater in the hay raised on the sulphate of potash. It is
true that the difference is not large, though in the case of
the red clover it is sufficient to make a difference of rather
over 140 pounds of this valuable class of nutrients in the
product of one acre. It seems probable that this difference
is due to the action of the chlorine of the muriate of potash
in decreasing the formation of starch, — an effect which has
often been noticed with the potato. Since, then, starch is

32 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

one of the most valual)le constituents of foods, it follows
that the sulphate is to be preferred to the muriate of potash,
if it can be o1)taincd at the same price. This, however, has
not thus far been the case. At prevailing prices, the muri-
ate would seem likely to be the more profitably employed.

4. MiUets for Seed.
The three species of Jai)anese millet reported in previ-
ous years have been again cultivated for seed. The product
has been at the following rates per acre : barn-yard millet
{Panicum crus-galli) ^ straw, 6,554 pounds, seed, 57 bush-
els; Japanese panicle millet (Paniciun miliaceum), straw,
5,514 pounds, seed, 26 bushels; common Japanese millet
{Panicum italicum), straw, 5,017 pounds, seed, 53.3 bush-
els. The weights per bushel of the seed are respectively 35,
54 and 42 pounds. Owing to unfavorable weather, a large
amount of the seed of the barn-yard millet wasted in the
field, hence the yield appears smaller than it actually was.

5. Millets for Fodder,
(a) First Experiment. — Our three species of Japanese
millets, viz., the " barn-yard," the " panicle " and the " com-
mon," have been carefully compared with each other and
with Hungarian grass as fodder crops upon a somcAvhat ex-
tensive scale. Nearly one-half an acre of the barn-yard
variety and one-third of an acre each of the others were
sown. The soil was a rather heavy loam, which for several
years has been manured only with fertilizers. On a part of
each plat the fertilizers applied were bone meal, lime and
double sulphate of potash and magnesia ; on the balance of
each, nitrate of soda, Thomas phosphatic slag and the douI)le
sulphate were applied. To Dr. Goessmann is left the dis-
cussion of the results of the two systems of manuring, as
they were planned by him. We have here to do only with
the comparison of the varieties under trial. Suffice it to say
that the fertilizers were applied in only moderate amounts,
and that they were spread after ploughing, and harrowed in.
All varieties were sown on June 2, the seed covered with
Breed's weeder and the land then rolled.

1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

33

The following table shows the amount of seed sown, the
date of cutting and the yield of well-cured hay. For con-
venience of comparison, the yield of the " barn-yard " variety
is given for the same area as the others ; —

Varieties of Millet ( One-third Acre Each) .

VARIETY.

Quantity j, + f

Yield of Hay
(Pounds).

Hungarian grass, ....
Japanese common millet, .
Japanese panicle millet, .
Japanese barn-yard millet.

8
8

Aug. 15,
Aug. 26,
Aug. 15,
Aug. 15,

1,730
2,025
2,410
2,603

The fact must be stated that the quantity of seed of the
" barn-yard " variety proved to have been rather too great
for a season so favorable for rank growth as was the last.
The crop of this variety lodged badly, and was therefore
cut rather before it would otherwise have been. It was the
intention to cut each variety when the seed of the plants on
the earliest portion of the plat was well formed, but before it
began to harden ; and this was done except in the case of the
barn-yard variety, which, as before stated, was cut a little
before this stage was reached. The several varieties yielded,
as determined by calculation from the results given in the
above table, at the following rates per acre of well-cured
hay : Japanese barn-yard millet, 7,830 pounds ; Japanese
panicle millet, 7,230 pounds; Japanese common millet,
6,075 pounds ; and Hungarian grass, 5,190 pounds.

(b) Second Experiment. — Seventeen varieties of millet,
including the 4 above discussed, were given a trial upon a
smaller scale, upon similar soil and under similar conditions
to those just described. The plats in this experiment were
ten rods long and one rod wide, containing, therefore, one-
sixteenth of an acre each. The results are shown in the
table which follows : —

34

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

Millets, Variety Tests {Plats One-sixteenth Acre Each).

Quantity of

Height of

Plants
(Inches).

Date of

YieWofHay

Seed (Quarts).

Cutting.

(Pounds).

Canary bird seed,* .

2

30

Aug. 25,

295

Early Harvest, .

2

36

Aug. 4,

325

Mukodamaski (Japanese)

2

42

Sept. 8,

540

Golden,

2

54

Sept. 8,

610

(iolden Wonder,

2

48

Aug. 13,

480

Hokkaido (Japanese),

2

47

Aug. 25,

430

Japanese common, .

2

48

Aug. 25,

475

Hungarian,

2

39

Aug. 13,

550

Japanese white panicle, .

U

78

Aug. 31,

840

Chinese, .

U

51

Aug. 4,

460

Common broom corn.

U

40

July 28,

450

White French, .

n

K '^^

Julv 31,

310

Red French,

H

34

July 28,

300

Hog.. . . .

u

37

JulV 28,

370

California,

H

37

July 28,

370

Japanese panicle.

u

55

Aug. 16,

490

Japanese barn-yard,

1

66

Aug. 13,

620

* In this table the names under which the varieties were advertised are used in the
case of all purchased sorts. The Japanese varieties are of our own importation or
production.

The varieties especially noteworthy for large production
are the Japanese white panicle and the Japanese barn-yard,
the latter not doing its best either in this trial or the other,
on account of having been sown too thick. In estimating
the significance of these results, this fact mitst be kept in
mind. It is further important to state that the barn-yard
variety is far less harsh and woody than any of the other
large-growing varieties of millet. Its extreme succulence,
however, makes it rather difficult to cure. We have had
most success in handling it as clover is usually handled by
the best farmers, viz., by curing mostly in the cock. It is
our intention to publish analyses of these millets in a later
report or bulletin.

Miscellaneous Crops.
A considerable number of miscellaneous crops have been
under trial upon a small scale, or have been cultivated for
illustrative purposes. Under this class may be included
37 species of grasses ; 22 varieties of millet for seed ; 26
^pecies and varieties of leguminous fodder or green manui''

1.S97.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33. 35

ing crops ; 7 varieties of oats ; several varieties of sorghum
recommended for fodder, — saccaline, iris, beggar weed and
cystisus, all sent in for trial as fodder crops ; Ankee grass
and 2 varieties of sugar l)eets. Many of these require no
especial notice, while most of the others can be sufficiently
discussed in a few words.

The grasses include a consideral)lc number of species,
received through the kindness of Professor Fletcher of the
Ontario Agricultural College, which are as yet entirely un-
known to the general cultivator. Several among them are
indigenous to America, and appear to possess qualities which
fit them in an especial degree for our soil, climate and con-
ditions, and must make them of great value in our agricult-
ure. The seeds of all these grasses were sown last spring,
and it therefore follows that they have not yet had a trial
sufficiently long to warrant definite conclusions. Among
those species, however, which, so far as can be judged from
one season's growth, appear to be expressly promising, are
the following : Bromus schradeiiy Bromus ciliatus, Agro-
pyrum tenenwi and Avena Jiavescens vera. Seven indigenous
species from seed collected in Amherst and vicinity are
under trial, and two species were sent for trial by the
United States Department of Agriculture. One of these,
Eragrostis Neio Mexicana, appears promising ; the other,
Elensine Egyptiaca, gave one good cutting, but failed to
start thereafter. If an annual, as this behavior indicates,
it can hardly prove important.

The Millets. — Among the 22 varieties included in this
trial are most of those cultivated as fodder crops, besides a
few others which were of especial interest. In this trial all
varieties were allowed to ripen seed. As it was, however,
found impossible to prevent the birds from taking some
of the seed, — a serious matter, where the quantities are
small, — it is not deemed important to publish the figures
showing yields.

It has been decided, after the experience of two years in
cultivating these varieties both for fodder and for seed, that
there is no appreciable difference between the varieties sold by
various seeds7nen under the following names: White French,
Chinese y broom corn and California. This variety, as well

36 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

as the French, red French and nog millets, are all appa-
rently of the same species as the Japanese panicle millet,
viz., Panicimi miliaceum, and are all much inferior to the
Japanese in productive capacity, and inferior, I believe,
also, to Hungarian grass.

Leguminoust Fodder and Green Manuring Crops.

Most of the species and varieties, 26 in number, coming
under this class, have been named, described and commented
upon in previous reports, and require no further mention at
this time. Of a few it is necessary to speak briefly.

1. Flat Pea (^Lathyrus sylvestris). — Of all the crops
which have been urged upon the attention of the American
farming public in recent years, few have been so highly
praised as this. I am compelled to conclude, after three
years' trial, and in view also of the experience of others,
that it is not a crop which can prove valuable among us.
The i)rinci})al points against it arc the following : —

(rt) The seed germinates with extreme slowness and un-
certainty, making this a difficult and expensive crop to start.
It would hardly be possible to stock a field Avith it, except
by starting the plants in a bed and then transplanting to the
field.

(6) The })lants are not perfectly hardy under average
conditions.

(c) The [)lants in growing sprawl over the ground in
such a manner as to make this a difficult croj) to cut.

(cZ) The forage is not relished by cattle. This state-
ment is based largely upon distinguished German authority.*

In c(mclusion, I may state that this crop does not appear
to have made any important place for itself in the land of
its origin, Germany.

2. ^<- Srreet Clover" {Melilotus alba). — Two i)lats in
Field B, each of one-tenth of an acre, were sown with this
clover, as it was thought })()ssible that it might prove useful
for the silo or for green manuring. These plats are desig-
nated by numbers 10 and 11. Both received ground and
steamed bone meal at the rate of 600 pounds per acre ;

* Dr. Max Maercker and Dr. Julius Kuehn.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 38. 37

Plat 10, muriate of potash ; and Plat 11, high-grade sul-
phate of potash, in both cases at the rate of 200 pounds per
acre. The seed was sown at the rate of 3 pounds per plat.
The plants were Ijadly thrown out of the ground during the
winter, but most of them survived. The growth, however,
was poor, and both were cut June 19, yielding: Plat 11,
200 pounds ; Plat 12, 285 pounds, green weight.

It was noticed that isolated plants or clumps of plants
while growing had a much deeper shade of green, and were
in many instances three times the average height of the
other plants in the field. Examination revealed the fact that
in every instance the roots of these plants were thickly set
with the nodules characteristic of the Leguminosa?, while
such nodules were either entirely or almost entirely absent
from the roots of the feebler plants, which class included
a large majority of those in the plats. It is believed that
this difi'erence accounts for the wide variation in the difi'er-
ent plants. These nodules are due to the development
upon the roots of specific bacteria (microscopic fungi).
These l)acteria must develop, like other plants, from seed ;
and this seed, when the culture of a new crop of this class
is first begun in a given locality, is not present as a rule in
such quantity as to insure a full development of the nodules.
Such as do develop must come from spores which adhere to
the seed of the new crop. In the case of a second or later
crop the spores are more abundant, for, as is often the case
with weed seeds, the few developed the first j'ear, remain-
ing in the soil with the roots of the crop, retain their
vitality, and accordingly the crop does better when grown
a second or third time than at first, because the more abun-
dant spores cause a more abundant development of root
nodules upon which the assimilation of free atmospheric
nitrogen depends.

In this case sweet clover had never been grown upon
these plats before ; hence, as there were probably no spores
in the soil, and nodules could come only from the few
spores which happened to adhere to the seed sown, there
were in the aggregate but few and the crop did poorly.
The plats have been sown again with the same crop, in the
expectation that in the second year of its culture it will do

38

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

better. The probability that this will be the case should
never be lost sight of when new leguminous crops are under
trial.

3. The Horse Bean ( Viciafaha). — This crop, so highl}"
prized by Professor Robertson of Ontario, has been given a
rather more extensive trial than most of the crops in this
class during each of the last two years. It does not com-
mend itself to my judgment as a fodder crop, for which it is
recommended. It is subject to a blight, which often seri-
ously injures it ; it sets comparatively little seed, most of
the blossoms l)lighting ; and in 3'ield it does not equal other
leguminous crops which are more easily cultivated.

4. Field Peas. — During the past season we have tried
three new varieties of field peas from Canada, all of which
appear to be excellent sorts for field culture with oats or
barley as fodder crops. There does not appear to be a very
wide difference between the three in productive capacity.
All were remarkably free from mildew. The tal)le below
gives all information necessary for a comparative estimate
of these varieties : —

Field Peas (2 Roivs^ Each 70 Feet Long).

English Gray.

Canada Beauty.

Prussian Blue.

Total yield, pods filled but vines
still green,

Pouiiils.

165

I'ounds.

200

Pounds.

205

Dry matter, .....
Water,

IVr Cent.

14.77
85.23

Per Cent.
18.28

81.72

Per Cent.

18.06
81.94

Dry matter contains : —

Crude ash

Crude cellulose, ....
Crude fat, .....
Crude ])rotein, ....
Nitroo'eii-free extract.

100.00

9.56
30.23

3.16
20.65
36.40

100.00

7.80
28.99

2.74
16.14
44.33

100.00

100.00

100.00

-

1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

39

It is noticeable that the first variety is considerably richer
in protein than the others ; but, as the yield is so much
smaller, either of the latter ^vould seem to be preferable as
fodder crops. They not only yield more heavily, but the
fodder contains a considerably larger percentage of dry
matter, which gives them greater food vahie. It miirht be
thought that the Canada Beauty and Prussian Blue must have
been more mature than the others, but this is not believed
to have been the case. The eifort was to harvest each in the
same stage of maturity. Moreover, all were planted on the
same date. May 2, and they were harvested as follows : Eng-
lish Gray, July 11 ; Canada Beauty, July 14; and Prussian
Blue, July 2.

Oats, — Five varieties of common oats were tried upon a
small scale, chiefly with a view to determining whether a
variety could be found capable, under our peculiar climatic
and soil conditions, of resisting rust. The attempt was a
failure so far as this particular object is concerned, as all
varieties rusted, and apparently to practically the same ex-
tent. The crop, however, was a fairly good one. The area
occupied by each variety was 7 by 85 feet (one seventy-
third of an acre). The yield is shown below : —

Varieiies of Oats {One Seventy-third Acre Each).

straw
(Pounds).

Grain
(Pounds).

Weight per

Bushel
(Pounds).

Siberian,
Lincoln,
Black Beauty,
New Illinois,
White Poland,

57
62
66
59
52

30
34
35
32
27

32

31

29i

30ii

33

A yield of 31 pounds is almost exactly at the rate of 70
bushels of 32 pounds each per acre.

Wi7iter Oats. — Two varieties of winter oats have been
tried during the past year. The seed of one sort was ob-
tained from Dover, Del., of the other from Charlottesville,
Va. In both of these States winter oats are considerably
cultivated, and, as the impression there seemed to be that

40 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATIOX. [Jan.

these oats are quite hard}', it was decided to try them. We
were also invited by Peter Henderson & Co. to make such a
trial. One plat of one-tenth of an acre in rather heavy but
well-drained loam and another of about three-eighths of
an acre in medium loam Avcre selected for the experiment.
The seed was sown in drills about the last of September,
and the oats had made a good start before cold weather.
JVot a sinr/le plant survived the winter in either plat.

Sorghum Vai-ieties. — Several varieties of reputed fodder
plants belonging to the genus Sorglmm have been under trial
in a small way during each of the last few years, usually at
the suggestion of the United States Department of Agricult-
ure. It is believed by some of the officers of this depart-
ment that plants of this class, having greater capacit}^ to
resist drought than many others, will prove valuable fodder
plants ; and this opinion is seemingly justified by the results
of trials in some of the western States. In Kansas, indeed,
very favorable results have been obtained with some of them
as grain crops. Such of these crops as have been tried here
have always been put in warm, well-drained soil, but they
have in no instance equalled Indian corn as fodder crops.
Those tried this year are the following: "Jerusalem corn,"
" Red Kaffir corn," " White Kaffir corn " and " Millo maize."
" Teosinte," although not a soro-hum, can be considered with
them. All of these grow very slowly at first, which increases
the cost of culture largely, as compared with corn. None
of them have ripened seed with us. For the various reasons
above stated^ I do not regard any of these crops as liTx'ely to
prove valuable for Massachusetts farmers.

Saccaline. — Seed obtained in 1895 was started in a bed
in the open air, and in midsummer plants were set in two
plats, one in light sandy soil, the other in a heavy moist
soil. The plants in the latter grew vigorously until late
fall, those in the sandy soil but feebly. During the win-
ter about 75 per cent, of the plants in both plats were
killed. A similar proportion of })lants temi)orarily set in a
bed in medium loam died during the winter. Such plants
as survived the winter in the moist soil made a very early
start in the spring, but were entirely destroyed by later
frosts. I judge that the plant is far from being sufficiently

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo 83. 41

hardy for our climate. Moreover, it is not much relished
by stock unless cut very young. Further, it should be
remembered, by any one trying it in a locality where it
thrives, that it spreads rapidly b}^ means of underground
stems, and that it is extremely difficult to eradicate when
once it has gained possession of the ground.

Iris pabiiku'ia. — Seeds were sent for trial by J. M. Thor-
burn & Co. of New York in 1895, the statement being made
that it might prove valuable as a fodder crop. Germination
was slow, the plants grew but feebly and during last winter
all were killed.

Cystisus proliferus albiis. — Seeds were received for trial
of this plant as a fodder crop in the spring of 1895. Germi-
nation was imperfect, the plants did not make much growth
and all died during last winter.

Florida Beggar Weed (Desmodruni tortiiosum) . — Seeds
sent for trial as a possibly valual)le fodder crop were sown
May 4. The plants grew to l)e about 3 feet tall, with nu-
merous branches and leaves, which are eaten by stock. The
main stem is hard and woody. The amount of fodder pro-
duced does not equal that produced by the soya bean in the
same time. The plants did not reach the blossoming stage
and were killed to the ground by the first frost. I judge
that it will have no value here as a fodder plant.

Spurry (^Spergula arvensis). — Two varieties, "small"
and " giant," were under trial on a small scale. Neither
produced fodder enough to make it of value.

Ankee Grass (Panicum ci'us-galli) . — Seed of a variety of
this species (the same as that to which our Japanese barn-
yard millet belongs) was received from the United States
Department of Agriculture, with the request that we submit
it to trial. It was stated that it had been collected by C. R.
Orcutt, and that the seed was used as food by the Indians
of South California and Arizona. The seed was sown May
4, and the crop was given careful culture. The plants grew
about 5 feet tall, the stems were coarse, harsh and woody,
brown in color, quite leafy. Panicles open like those of the
common weed (barn-yard grass), but without awns, large.
Seeds did not ripen. As compared with the Japanese barn-
yard millet, this variety is not as tall, coarser and more

42 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

woody and much later. It is decidedly inferior to the Japan-
ese variety in every respect as a fodder crop for this locality.
It is quite prol)able, however, considering its origin, that
the Ankee grass will endure drought better than the Japan-
ese barn-yard millet.

Millets under False Names. — The reputation of some of
our Japanese millets is such that seed has for the last two
years been oflered in some quarters which is not genuine.
We have received and tested three such samples, from widely
difterent sources. In one of these cases the mistake may
have been inadvertent. The variety was sold as Japanese
l)arn-yard millet ; it proved to be the Japanese panicle
millet, — a widely different sort. It should be remembered
that we have sent out three Japanese millets, viz., the barn-
yard, panicle and common. The first we consider to be the
most valuable as a fodder croj).

Sulphate of Iron as a Fertilizer.
A recent English work on manures and fertilizers* lays
great stress upon the value oi sulphate of iron as a fertilizer,
and contains figures giving the results of many apparently
careful experiments, all tending to show that this chemical
often has a considerable influence in increasing crops. The
opinions of Mr. Griffiths upon this point, so far as I am
aware, are not shared by most authorities, and I had not
much confidence that experiments here would give results
similar to those he reports. Still, it is our place to put
such questions to the test. Accordingly a piece of land
that for some years has been manured yearly at the rate of
600 pounds ground bone and 200 pounds muriate of potash
per acre, and which has produced a variety of crops, includ-
ing grass, potatoes and clover, was selected for the purpose.
It was divided into four plats, and all received the custom-
ary application of bone and potash, applied in September,
1895. These plats contain one-thirtieth of an acre each.
The crop was the medium green soya bean, planted June
13. Sulphate of iron was applied to two of these platg^
Nos. 1 and ,4, on June 24, just as the beans were coming
up, at the rate of 80 pounds per acre.

• Grilflths, "Farm Manures."

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 43

It has been claimed by Griffiths that the use of this salt
favors chlorophyll formation, and that it therefore causes a
perceptibly deeper shade of green in the leaves in the plants
to which it is applied. No difference could be detected dur-
ing the season. The average crop (cut green for the silo)
where the sulphate of iron was applied was 462 J pounds,
the average of the other plats 445 pounds, — a difference of
17i pounds in favor of the treatment, or at the rate of 525
pounds per acre. I consider this difference too small to be
of much significance.

" Bug Death."
This is a preparation sent to us by the Danforth Chemical
Company, Leominster, Mass., as a substitute for Paris green
as a poison for potato bugs and as a preventive of blight.
It was received late in the season, the "bugs" being full
grown when we were able to use it the first time. It kills
them, but not as quickly as Paris green ; and as, in showery
weather particularly, rapidity of action is desirable, I do
not look upon it as equal in value to that poison for this
and similar purposes. The " Bug Death" had no apparent
effect in preventing blight.

Atomizer for applying the Bug Death .
The Danforth Chemical Company sent with the "Bug
Death" a large atomizer, which they recommended for its
application. This material and similar dry poisons can be
applied with this atomizer, but it is entirely unsuited to use
upon a large scale. The hand soon becomes excessively
and painfully weary from the motion required, while the
time occupied is far greater than by other means which are
within the reach of all. It required twent^^-eight minutes
to cover a row with the atomizer, while the same length
of row was covered hy the use of Leggett's gun in eight
minutes.

FUNGIROID.

"Fungiroid," sold by the manufacturers of Leggett's dry
insect powder gun as a means of preventing potato blight,
has been given a thorough trial. Both the " Fiuigiroid" in
combinafioii ivith Paris green^ furnished and recommended
by the company, and in the latter part of the season, when

44 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

the bugs had ceased to be troublesome, the pure ^^Fungiroid^^^
were employed. The season was hot, with frequent showers,
furnishing, therefore, conditions highly favorable to the de-
velopment of parasitic fungi, and extreme!}^ unfavorable to
the action of the "Fungiroid." It was, however, reapplied
at frequent intervals, and always after a heavy rain and while
the vines were moist.

The treatment was applied to one row each of the 60
varieties in our variety test. One row each of 38 of these
varieties, in an adjoining plat, upon similar soil and grown
under precisely similar conditions, was left untreated. No
difference whatever could be detected in the extent to which
blight affected the treated and untreated vines. ' ' Fungiroid "
and Paris green mixiure (prepared) was applied at the rate
of 2 pounds per acre to the vines of the treated })lat with
Leggett's gun, and in accordance with directions, on each of
the following dates: July 18, 18, 22 and 24. Pure "Fun-
giroid" was applied twice, at the rate of 1^ pounds per acre,
and in the same manner, on August 1 and 3, By the latter
date blight had ati'ected all varieties in the plat and to a
considerable extent in most cases. The yield from 38 rows
treated as described was 7,887J pounds of large and 983
pounds of small potatoes. The 38 rows which were un-
treated }n'oduced 8,407 pounds of large and OGO pounds of
small tubers. The results surely indicate no tavorable influ-
ence due to the use of " Fungiroid."

Scab, of Potatoes.
It has been thought by some experimenters that, by an
application of sulphur at the time of planting, " scab" of
potatoes, even in infected soil, could be prevented. Accord-
ingly, as we had such an infected soil where a very scabby
crop was raised last season, it was decided to test this point.
The plan of the experiment was as follows : one-half the seed
required was treated with corrosive sublimate solution in the
usual way ; then 240 hills were planted with each kind of
seed (treated and untreated), and in the furrow with one-
half of these hills sulphur at the rate of 300 pounds per acre
was scattered at time of planting. The table below shows
the results : —

1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

45

Sulphur for Prevention of Scab of Potatoes (120 Hills Each).

Lakge Tubees.

TREATMENT.

Free of Scab
(Pounds).

Slightly Scabby
(Pounds).

Badly Scabby
(Pounds).

1^

Seed treated with cor-^ °° sulphur,
rosive sublimate. ^ gu,pbur, .

I no sulphur, .
Seed untreated, ?

I sulphur,

21

2

2 tubers

3 tubers

78^
801
70i
67

48
56
84|
96

24
15
19^
20

The use of sulphur in the drill appears to have been abso-
lutely without effect. The table indicates that even when
seed is planted in infected land the treatment with corrosive
sublimate is somewhat beneficial.

Trial of Hay Caps.

Another season's use, and very frequent and extended use,
of the three styles of hay caps mentioned in my last report,
viz., the Symmes' paper board, oiled cotton and cotton
impregnated with tannin, has led to the following conclu-
sions : —

1. Caps of some sort are extremely useful, especially
with such crops as clover, millets, oats and peas, and other
slow-curing crops, especially those much injured by exces-
sive handling.

2. The Symmes' cap is most quickly applied, — an im-
portant point, — and is best liked. It appears to be wear-
ing very well.

3. Of the two styles of cloth caps in use, those impreg-
nated with tannin arc most durable. The oiled caps are
more mildewed than the others and have become much more
torn.

4. It has been found that in some cases, where clover
has been cocked quite green and covered with the three
kinds of caps and allowed to stand for some time with fre-
quent rains, it has kept better under the cloth than under
the Symmes' caps. The porosity of the former in such cases
appears to be an advantage.

46 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Poultry Experiments.
Poultry experiments were continued during the winter of
1895-06 upon a small scale. Our attention has been con-
fined to two points, viz. : —

1. Effect upon egg-production of the use of condition
powders.

2. Comparative value for egg-production of dry ground
animal meal and cut fresh bone.

1. Effect of Condition Powder upon Egg-product ion.
The experiment to test the value of condition powder in
feeding for e2:o::s was begun February 9 and continued until
April 28. We used two lots of fowls, selected with the
utmost care with respect to similar characteristics in the two
lots. Each lot contained 3 barred Plymouth Rock hens, 8
light Brahma hens, 6 light Brahma i)ullets and 2 Wyandotte-
light Brahma pullets. The hens were one and three-quar-
ters years old at the time the experiment began. Each lot,
consisting of 19 fowls, occupied a detached house having
two compartments (scratching shed and closed roosting and
nest room), respectively 8 by 12 and 10 by 12 feet in size,
the nest room with two windows. These houses adjoin each
other and lioth have precisely the same exposure. The two
lots were fed as follows : in the morning they received a
mash which was mixed hot the previous evening; at noon,
and again one hour before sundown, whole grain was scat-
tered in the straw in the scratching sheds. Artificial grit,
oyster shells and pure water were kept always before them.
The only difference in the management of the two lots was
that condition powder was mixed in the mash for one lot, in
accordance with directions furnished with the powder. This
experiment seemed important, in view of the large amount
of money, in the aggregate, which is expended in the pur-
chase of such i)owders ; and, notwithstanding the very gen-
eral impression that they are useful, in the absence of any
definite proof of the fact. / would call especial attention to the
fact, — whicJi, though generally ivell known, is often lost sight
of — that no one experiment can settle this question in the one
way or the other. The results of this experiment are pub-

1807.]

l^UBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

47

lished, then, not as settling the question, but simply as
evidence bearing upon an important point, to be accepted
only for what it may 1)e worth.

The foods used in this experiment and in the other de-
scribed later, and their composition, are shown below ; —

Composition of Air-dry Foods used in Poultry Experimeyits (^Parts

in 100).

Water.

Crude
Ash.

Crude
Cellulose.

Crude
Fat.

Crude
Protein.

Nitrogen -

tree
Extract.

Ground clover,

9.53

7.43

27.80

1.93

13.65

39.66

Wheat bran

9.56

5.27

8.85

5.37

17.69

53.26

Animal meal,

5.08

28.63

-

16.18

40.03

10.08

Cut bone

29.67

24.06

-

26.13

20.19

-

New-process linseed meal, .

9.35

4.48

6.58

6.39

38.06

35.14

Buffalo gluten meal.

7.14

.84

7.07

12.67

23.31

48.97

Chicago gluten meal, .

8.10

.83

3.34

5.57

36.51

45.65

Wheat middlings.

10.93

4.03

6.95

5.30

17.28

55.51

Whole wheat,

10.60

1.69

2.17

1.93

13.19

70.42

Whole oatB

10.06

2.77

8.71

4.87

14.53

59.06

Soyabean meal, .

9.24

5.02

3.87

16.25

34.75

30.87

The kinds and total amounts of the several foods used in
this experiment for the lot of fowls having condition powders
are as follows (in pounds) : whole wheat, 100 ; whole oats,
99.5; wheat bran, 19.8; wheat middlings, 19.8; ground
clover, 19.8 ; new-process linseed meal, 9.9 ; animal meal,
9.9 ; soya-bean meal, 9.9 ; cut bones, 3. Two pounds of
condition powder were used. All the meals, bran, mid-
dlings, ground clover and bones were given in the form of
the morning mash. The total number of pounds of food
used was 291.6. The nutritive ratio, based upon composi-
tion (as digestibility by fowls is not known), is 1 : 4.5. The
cost of all the food used was $3.43, not including the condi-
tion powxler.

The lot of fowls which received no condition powder re-
ceived foods as follows (in pounds) : whole wheat, 99.5 ;
whole oats, 100 ; wheat bran, 19.3 ; wheat middlings, 19.3 ;
ground clover, 19,3; new-process linseed meal, 9.7 ; animal

48

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

nieal, 9.7; soya-bean meal, 9.7; and cut bone, 3. Total
number of pounds, 289.5 ; total cost, $3.39 ; nutritive ratio,
1:4.5.

The results and leading details of the experiment are shown
in the table below : —

Condition Po^vders for Egg-production.

,

m

j^

W

o

P.&

ClO

o.

"

^S

H .

SH

•a

o

ExPBBiMENT, February 9 to

a

g o

o

O I.

oS

IS.

o

April 28.

.2 a

2 J)

3 a

o >.

^ a

o

Q

H

o

t5

Q

o

Days.

Pounds.

Cents.

Pounds.

Cents.

19 fowls, condition powder, .

j.

291.6

.23

163

1.611

2.1

19 fowls, no condition powder.

289.5

.23

195

1.333

1.8

In the above estimate the cost of the condition powder is
not included. This amounts to $1, which would make the
cost per egg 2.7 cents in the case of the fowls receiving it.

The fowls receiving no condition powder laid their first
egg on February 12 ; those receiving it, their first egg on
March 16, at which time the other lot had laid 24 eggs. One
hen in each lot died during the experiment. At its close the
fowls in both lots appeared to be in about equal condition of
health, but two in the condition-powder lot had begun to
moult, while there were no indications of moulting in the
other lot. There was no material difterence in the size or
appearance of the eggs from the two lots. This experiment
is now being repeated, with lots of pullets most carefully
selected with reference to it, having been begun on Jan. 1,
1897.

2. Animal Meal v. Cut Bone for Egg-production.

The general conditions of this experiment were similar to
those in the experiment to test the vahie of condition pow-
der. Ea(;li house contained 2 barred Plymouth Rock and
10 light Brahma hens, 5 light Brahma pullets and 2 white
Wyandotte-light Brahma pullets; total, 19 fowls. The
experiment began February 9 and ended April 28.

The food received by the lot having cut bone was as fol-
lows (in pounds) ; whole wheat, 99.5 ; oats, 100 ; wheat

1897. J

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

49

bran, 18.5 ; wheat middlings, 18.5 ; Chicago gUiten meal,
18.5; gromid clover, 18.5; cut bone, 10; total, 283.5
pounds; cost, $3.25 ; nutritive ratio, 1:4.8.

The other lot received essentially the same foods, except
that in place of the bone it got 9.7 pounds of animal meal ;
total food, 287 pounds ; cost, $3.26 ; nutritive ratio, 1 : 4.9.

The leading details and results are shown in the following
table : —

Gut Bone v. Animal Meal for Egg-prochiction.

tk

a

tH

%

.Sti

L.

H

o.

cx)

M

o.

T3 >,

H .

s-,^

-o

Began February 9, ended

a
a <u

o

— a

o —

•s-s

2 u

.2 o<

o
o

April 28.

= -^

k^

o

O so

a b

— 0

a "

^ o

3&

o^

5 a.

bfe

SH

Q

H

O

^

Q

O

Days.

Pounds.

Cents.

Pounds.

Cents.

Cut bone lot,

i"

283.5

.22

269

.940

1.2

Animal meal lot

287.0

.22

145*

1.796

2.2

* One soft shelled.

In the above estimate of cost the labor required to cut the
l)ones is included. The results indicate a decided advantage
in favor of the bone. During last year two experimenj;8
were tried, one of which resulted favorably to the bone, the
other to the animal meal. Last year there was some diar-
rhoea among the fowls having bone, this being given alone.
This year the bone was fed in the mash, and there has been
no such trouble. There has been this year no perceptible
difference either in the condition of the fowls in the two lots
or in the size or character of the eggs produced. The ex-
periment indicates, then, a decided advantage in favor of the
cut bone. This experiment is now being repeated.

50 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

REPORT OF THE METEOROLOGIST.

LEONARD METCALF.

During the past year the usual meteorological observations
have been continued, and the results have been compiled with
those of previous years. A special bulletin will be published
with the annual summary of observations for the year 1896,
in January, 1897, giving the mean annual and the maximum
and minimum records for this station for the past eight years,
i.e., since the equipment of our observatory.

The advisability of making a change in the time and fre-
quency of taking the observations, from tri-daily readings
at 7 A.M., 2 P.M. and 9 p.m., to bi-daily readings at 8 a.m.
and 8 p.m., to conform with the present method of the U. S.
Weather Bureau, was considered ; but, after discussing the
subject thoroughly with the department at Boston and at
Washington, it was deemed unwise to make the change, and
the observations have therefore been taken three times a day,
as heretofore.

After a careful study of the thermometer records of the
tower shelter, it was found that the local conditions of ex-
posure were such as to seriously aflect the accuracy of the
temperature readings, and the Draper thermograph, by which
the mean daily air temperature at the tower was found, was
removed to the ground shelter, where its readings are checked
and corrected three times a day by a standard mercury ther-
mometer and by the maximum and minimum thermometers
previously kept there. While record is still kept of the maxi-
mum and minimum air temperatures in the tower shelter, it
is no longer published. The wet and dry bull) thermometers
were also removed to the ground shelter, and the wet-bulb
reading or "sensible temperature" of the air is now pub-
lished, as well as the dry -bulb reading. This "sensible

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 51

temperature " is of course the temperature of the atmosphere
as we ordinarily feel it, as the sensible temperature is directly
dependent upon the relative humidity of the air, and hence
upon the cooling eflect of the evaporation of the surface
moisture.

After a careful comparison of the rainfall records of the
ground and the tower, obtained in each case by United States
Weather Bureau rain gauge, it was found that the tower
records were so affected by upward wind currents, due to
the shape of the roof, as to render them of very doubtful
value. The tower " precipitation " observations have there-
fore been discontinued.

Some additional records have been kept during the past
year and will be continued this year. Among these are the
number of days of sleighing and the amount of snow on the
ground at the beoinnino- of each week, the latter being re-
ported to the New England Weather Bureau weekly. Record
has also been kept of the accuracy of the forecasts received
daily at this station ; this record shows that, while the monthly
percentage of correct forecasts has varied from 69 per cent, to
90 per cent, during the year, the mean percentage of accu-
racy of forecasts has been 78 per cent.

A few new instruments have been added to the station's
equipment : two sets of Green maximum and minimum ther-
mometers ; six mercury thermometers, United States Signal
Service pattern, made by Green ; and a thermophone,* with
four resistance temperature coils, made by E. S. Ritchie &
Sons, the latter instruments being intended for experiments
on soil temperatures.

Through the courtesy of Professor Whitney, one of his
assistants, Mr. Thomas H. Means of the Division of Soils,
Department of Agriculture, was sent to Amhert^t in the mid-
dle of July to install a set of Professor Whitney's apparatus
for the determination of soil temperature and moisture. Soil-
temperature electrodes and moisture-resistance plates were
buried in grass land, a short distance from the ground shel-
ter, at five ditferent depths, from the surface of the ground
to a depth of two feet; and from that time, the middle of

* The thermophone was recently designed and patented by Messi's. Henry E.
Warren and George C. Whipple.

52 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

July, until the latter part of August, when the reading in-
strument broke down, daily records of the soil temperature
and moisture were taken. The reading instrument above
referred to was designed by Professor Whitne}^, and is a form
of Wheatstone's bridge, reading the electrical resistance of
the temperature cell and of the soil itself, from which data
the temperature and moisture of the soil are computed.

Early in September the thermophone was received from
Messrs. Ritchie & Sons, and its temperature-resistance coils
were buried not far from the Whitney apparatus, at depths
of three, twelve, twenty-four and thirty-six inches respec-
tively. On this have been taken tri-daily soil temperature
observations to the present time, and these records will be
continued throughout the winter, the results being plotted
each month, at its close, for purposes of comparison.

In the spring the thermometer coils will probably be taken
up and put down in another place for observations, together
with other instruments, on soil and air temperatures on an
experimental corn plot ; as plans have been formulated in co-
operation with Doctors Allen, True and Whitney of the De-
partment of Agriculture at Washington, and considerable
work has been done preliminary to undertaking at Amherst
a series of experiments bearing upon soil temperatures and
moistures in their relation to the giowth and advancement of
crops.

LS97.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. ;^,3. 53

REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST.

SAMUEL T. MAYNARD.

The number of varieties of fruits tested during the past
season has been greatly increased, and the testing of a large
number of varieties of vegetable seeds has been added to the
work.

A large addition of varieties of apples, Japanese plums,
peaches, cherries and the new species of raspberries and
blackl)erries has been made by purchase of young stock, or
by budding or grafting into stocks already established.

Spraying.

The protection of fruit and garden crops from insects and
fungous pests has formed an important part of the work of
this division, the results of which again emphasize the fact
that good fruit cannot be grown without more or less use of
insecticides and fungicides. The most approved apparatus
and the new methods of application, as well as the new in-
secticides and fungicides, are given a very careful trial as
soon after their introduction as possible.

The insecticides most used are Paris green, kerosene emul-
sion, hellebore and pj'rethum or insect powder. In the green-
houses lemon oil has proved tlie most valuable sul)stance for
keeping down scale and mealy bugs.

The fungicides most used are copper sulphate solutions,
Bordeaux mixture and ammoniacal carbonate of copper.

Dry Bordeaux Mixture.
Daring the winter and spring many inquiries as to the
value of the dry Bordeaux mixture and methods of manufact-
ure were received, and several parties began its manufacture
and put it on the market. Many samples were sent us for

54 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

trial, and the results of the tests were carefully noted. As
far as can be determined from one season's trial, the results
have not been satisfxctorj, for the following reasons : iirst,
that the material is not in sufficiently tine condition ; second,
that it is impossible to make it adhere for any considerable
time to the foliage or other parts of the plants even when
applied to a wet surface ; third, that there is a great waste of
material, much of it falling to the ground. After careful in-
vestigation, we have not noticed any marked beneficial result
following its use. For the above reasons, the dry Bordeaux
mixture does not appear to be as efficient as that in a liquid
form.

Steam Spraying Outfit.

One of the greatest obstacles to the use of insect and fungi
destroyers has been the difficulty of obtaining pumps of suffi-
cient power to enable the application of liquids to be made
thoroughly, as fast as an ordinary team would move along
among trees or garden crops ; and a careful trial of a steam
spraying outfit has been one of the features of the past sea-
son's work. As the result of repeated trial, we feel war-
ranted in the assertion that, when run with care and skill,
very satisfactory work can be done better and more cheaply
than when dorie by hand or by the gear machines. It is of
course understood that the manipulator must be thoroughly
acquainted with the construction of the engine and pump,
and be skilful in keeping all parts in perfect working order.
The cost of such spraying outfits, of which several are now
offered in the market, and ranging in price from |200 to
$400, is much against its use by the small farmer or fruit
grower; but in almost every village or town the work of
spraying for a large number of individuals by the single
owner of an outfit could be done at a less cost than if each
person were to equip himself with small and imperfectly work-
ing pumps. This would probably be found more satisfactory
than if the outfit were owned by a immber of individuals. A
steam engine suitable for this work, and fitted with a fly
wheel, so that the power could be utilized, when not needed
for spraying, for cutting wood, corn fodder or ensilage, grind-
ing grain, pumping water for stock or irrigation, would be a
source of profit in many directions.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33. 55

Seed Testing.

Complaints having been frequently received affecting the
germinating qualities of seeds and vegetables and their purity,
coupled with requests for examination and testing of the same,
an extended investigation was undertaken of seeds of stand-
ard varieties from prominent dealers in difterent sections of
the country. In all, 367 ditlerent packages of seeds were
tested, each variety involving four distinct tests. These were
obtained from seven of the leading seed dealers, as follows :
4 from Massachusetts, 1 from New York City, 1 from Phila-
delphia, Pa., and 1 from Detroit, Mich. The number of
varieties tested was : beets, 4 (28 packages) ;* calibage, 5
(35 packages) ; cauliflower, 3 (21 packages) ; celery, 5 (30
packages) ; cucumbers, 4 (28 packages) ; lettuce, 7 (27
packages) ; melons, 5 (23 packages) ; onions, 5 (30 pack-
ages) ; parsnips, 9 (18 packages) ; peas, 4 (28 packages) ;
radishes, 6 (24 packages) ; spinach, 8 (19 packages) ;
squashes, 4 (28 packages) ; tomatoes, 4 (28 packages).

These seeds were first tested for their germinating quali-
ties by two different methods under glass. These were also
noted when planted in the field, and careful observations
made and recorded from time to time as to vigor of growth.
At the end of the season the characteristics of foliao:e and
products were carefully determined, and the crop of each
strain weighed. Each kind of vegetable was planted in soil
best suited to its growth, and the seeds from each dealer
given the same treatment in every way.

Results.

We are glad to report that with one or two exceptions the
vitality (germinating qualities) of the seeds was very satis-
factory, about the same per cent, of seeds of each kind from
the different dealers germinating, and the products were gen-
erally uniform in outline and markings. The varieties sold
by the different dealers under the same name generally proved
to possess the same characteristics.

* The same varieties, from 7 different dealers.

5G HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

With the experience gained in this work the past season it
is hoped another year that, in addition to similar tests, seeds
may be collected from the stock kept on sale in country
stores, much of which is produced by growers of little skill,
and possibly in localities where mixing by cross-fertilization
cannot be avoided. This will entail a large amount of work,
a considerable addition to the area of land occupied and much
greater expense.

The complete results of the season's test will be presented
in tabulated form in a later bulletin.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

REPORT OF THE BOTANISTS.

GEORGE E. STONE, RALPH E. SMITH.

The work of this department has followed the plan out-
lined in the last annual report. Much of our attention dur-
ing the past year has l)een devoted to the study of the
gall-forming nematode worms affecting cucumbers and to-
matoes grown under glass, in the hope of finding some
eflectual method of combating them. Professor Smith has
devoted considerable attention to the study of their life his-
tory. The results of the investigations, when completed,
will be published in a bulletin.

Most of the correspondence of the department has had
reference to plant diseases, although during the summer
many inquiries have been received regarding weeds. For
the purpose of facilitating their study, we have collected
during the past summer about two hundred and fifty species
for the herbarium, including several species which have been
recently introduced in grass and other kinds of seed. The
department takes this opportunity of soliciting correspond-
ence on this subject, as it is desirous of obtaining information
in regard to the introduction and distribution of weeds and
other plants which may possibly liecome troublesome.

The Natuee of Plant Diseases.
Before passing on to a consideration of some of the plant
diseases which have occupied our attention during the past
year, it will be well to pay some attention to the nature of
})lant diseases in general. The diseases with which botanists
have to deal can be divided into two classes, namely : first,
those which are caused by parasitic fungi, bacteria and simi-
lar organisms ; and second, those brought about by purely
physiological disorders, which have their origin in some ab-

58 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

normal condition of the plant, due to improper care and sur-
roundings. While the distinction between the two classes
of disorders can in many cases be readily discerned, in other
cases it is indeed difficult to discriminate between them, as
physiological disorders of the phmt so frequently produce
just the conditions which are most favorable for the devel-
opment of parasitic fungi and bacteria. Thus the original
cause of the trouble is liable to be entirely lost sight of.
Bearing in mind this fact, it must be clear that to recom-
mend fungicides for the treatment of physiological diseases
is about as absurd as it would be for a physician to treat a
person for consumption who was suffering from malaria or
indigestion, and simply required a change in his food or the
conditions which surrounded him. The only logical method
of treatment under such circumstances is to restore the nor-
mal and proper conditions. On the other hand, parasitic
fungi which cause serious disorders in our cultivated plants
are also found on plants which w ould pass for quite normal
and healthy ones. In fact, probal)ly no plant is entirely ex-
empt from parasites ; and here we are ])rought face to face
with the question, What constitutes a plant disease? It may
be defined as a disorder caused by any failing in or diversion
of the normal physiological actions of the plant. Practically,
we include as plant diseases the effects of all of those forms
of parasitic fungi which occur on plants, although it is doubt-
ful whether many of them really cause any perceptible harm
to their hosts.

Of the two classes of diseases, the parasitic and physiologi-
cal, those of the latter are more likely to be prevalent in
greenhouse plants, inasmuch as the conditions to which the
latter are subjected are very artificial, and cannot coincide
very closely with those of their normal habitat. The physi-
ological disorders, moreover, are much less likely to be dis-
cerned, and, when found, are more difficult to contend with
than parasitic attacks, for they are more com})licated in their
nature, as well as less thoroughly understood. In all our
dealings with the plant we must bear in mind that it is
a plastic organism, capable of responding, within certain
limits, to a g-reat varietv of external factors which act as
stimuli. These external stimuli are principally to be found

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 59

in heat, light, moisture and in the soil conditions. It is
therefore the proper application of these factors which the
practical grower has to take into consideration, and his suc-
cess in plant growing will depend largely upon his skill in
dealing with them. The minute details connected with the
application of light, heat and moisture, the judicious use of
fertilizers and the bringing of the soil into proper mechani-
cal condition, are matters which are now commencing to re-
ceive some of the attention which they deserve.

Diseases entirely or partially due to Parasitic Or-
ganisms.

A^ Bacterial Disease of the Sfraivbei'ri/ (^Mici'ococcAis sp.?).

During a hot sultry period which occurred in the month of
May, 1895, some diseased strawberry plants of the varieties
known as the Sharpless and the Belmont were sent to the
botanical department from Fitchburg, Mass., for the purpose
of determining the nature of the disease and the remedies for
the same. The freshly gathered plants showed by their dark-
colored, shrivelled leaves that they had been killed outright
in the field by some unknown cause.

A careful microscopic examination of the plant proved that
there was nothing of an insect or fungous nature to which the
trouble could be attributed ; but by making more careful ob-
servations of the cell contents of the roots and leaf petioles,
numerous bacteria (micrococci) were found, which at least in-
dicated a possible cause of the disease.

At about the same time these specimens were received,
the disease made its appearance on many of the strawberry
plants in the college plats, resulting fatally to the plants in
numerous instances, besides leaving others in a dilapidated
condition. The variety which suffered the most in the college
plats was the Marshall.

In order to ascertain whether the two diseases were identi-
cal, and whether the bacteria were the specific cause of the
disorder, the organisms were isolated, and a number of pure
cultures made in the ordinary sterilized nutrient gelatine.
In this medium the bacteria developed quite readily, produc-
ing a white, flocculent mass at the bottom of the tube. Its

60 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

manner of growth in gelatine proved it to be of an angerohic *
nature. From time to time the oro-anism was transferred to
fresh gelatine ; and daring the next fall three varieties of straw-
berry plants, including the Marshall, Belmont and Sharpless,
were transplanted to the greenhouse. After the new plants,
which were not especially robust, had made some growth,
they were placed in a warm, humid atmosphere, and the
roots of a number of plants of each variety were inoculated
with the pure cultures of bacteria from the gelatine tubes. As
a result of the inoculation, the plants after a few days showed
the eftects of the disease, some, however, more than others;
but in all cases the disease was somewhat milder than in the
plants originally affected. An examination of the affected
parts of the plant showed the same bacterium, and cultures
made from the petioles and roots gave the same character-
istic micrococci. Other strawberry plants were again in-
oculated with the new isolated forms, with corresponding
results.

No further experiments in this direction were considered
necessary, inasmuch as the effects of the bacteria upon the
plants had been ascertained. I will state here, however,
that I had never seen the disease previous to this, neither
have I been able to detect it since. I consider it one of
those sporadic afflictions with which any plant is likely to
be troubled, provided just the right conditions are at hand.
In this instance the conditions of the weather and that of the
plant were especially ^ivorable for such an attack. All of
the plants under examination were young, and had not been
transplanted a great while ; and, furthermore, they had all
the appearances of plants which had not become firmly estab-
lished in the soil. The organism is, not unlikely, a com-
mon form of micrococcus which under peculiar conditions is
liable to cause some injury. Inasmuch as the primary cause
of the disease has its origin in a weakened condition of the
plant, and inasmuch as there is every reason to believe that
the organism gains its entrance through the root, any attem[)t
to apply fungicides would l)e useless. The only practical
method of dealing with a difficulty of this kind, should it
occasionally make its appearance, is to take more pains in

* Not requiring free oxygen.

l.S<)7.J PUBLK^ DOCUMENT— No. 33. 61

securing a rugged .stock and to keep a more watchful care
over the plants during their critical period of transplanting,
thus rendering them less susceptible.

A. Stem Hot of tJie Cultivated Aster.

My attention was first called to this disease during the fall
of 1895, while visiting the florist, Mr. L. ^Y . Goodell of
Pansy Park, who raises a large variety of asters for seed.
The specimens obtained from Mr. Goodell were gathered
rather late in the fall, when the disease was far advanced,
being characterized at this stage of its development by a
general blackened and shrivelled condition of the whole
plant. Closer observation of the specimen, however, lo-
cated the point of attack on the stem, close to the root,
where the epidermal tissues which surrounded the abnor-
mally hardened wood were more or less disintegrated.

A microscopic examination of the tissues of the affected
parts showed a variety of organisms, such as bacteria (mi-
crococci), nematode worms, and such mould-like fungi as
Alternaria, Macrosporium and Physarium. Some of these
organisms alone might give rise to the disease, but it is
more probable that most of them were merely accompanying
factors of the diseased conditions to which the plants were
subjected.

The bacteria and nematode worms were by far the most
abundant, the bacteria especially being widely distributed
through the tissues, on that part of the stem adjacent to the
roots. Owing to the fact that all of the material at our dis-
posal was in too advanced a stage, it was impossil)le to arrive
at any definite conclusion in regard to the cause of the dis-
ease. Since examining the specimen obtained from Mr.
Goodell we have heard of the disease as occurring in other
places. Among them may be mentioned Mr. Joseph Ammer
of Springfield, who writes us as follows : —

Dear Sir: — In reply to your favor of September 21, I am
sorry to say that I cannot send you a specimen of the aster plants,
because they are all past. The plants appeared to be in a good
and vigorous condition up to the time of setting flower beds, when
they began to wilt very rapidly, and in a little moi-e than a week a
whole bed of seventy-five or one hundred plants was nearly if not

62 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

quite gone, save perhaps eight or ten. On closer examiuatiou I
found that the stock right at the surface of the soil for about an
inch appeared soft and pulpy and could be scraped away to the
hard heart, which in most cases was black and dead. I could not
account for if in auy way, unless it was some fungous disease.

There are many others around here who are troubled the same
way ; some called it lice on the roots, others " aster blight," and
let it go at that. The varieties most affected were "Queen of the
Market," "Victoria" and the "Comet," while the new "Giant
White Comet " was entirely free from it, although separated from
the worst bed only by a four-foot path.

If you can suggest any treatment, I should be glad to try it an-
other year, for I dislike to be obliged to give up growing asters,
but will have to unless some remedy can be found for the trouble.*

The disease is one that requires further investigation, es-
pecially in the field near greenhouses where the asters are
grown, in order that the first stages can be more closely
observed. The cause of the disease is not unlikely due to-
some improper method of cultivation ; at all events, it is not
desirable to recommend any method of treatment until more
is known about it. In one instance, when the })lants were
badly affected in 1895, they were raised in a new field the
following season, wdth the same disastrous results.

In this connection we wish to state that Professor Smith
observed some aster plants in a small bed last summer quite
similarly aflected, but in this instance the death of the plants
was undoul)tedly caused l)y a small grub which devoured the

roots.

'■'■ Leaf SpoV of Decorative Plants.

We use here the term " decorative " in a special and lim-
ited sense, as it is ordinarily used by florists, meaning to
include such plants as palms, Dracaenas, Ficuses, etc., which
are used mostly or entirely for the ornamental effect of the
plant as a whole, and this on account of the leaves. Speci-
mens of such plants may be found in almost any florist's
establishment, the leaves of which are more or less " spotted ; "
that is, certain portions of the leaf are dead and withered,

* We attempted to obtain specimens of diseased plants from the Springfield grow-
ers, but unfortunatcl}' it was so late in the season when the disease was reported
from this locality that we were unable to do so, as the affected plants had been de-
stroyed.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 63

and contrast prominently with the surrounding green tissues.
Sometimes all the leaves on the plant are afiected ; again,
only a few show any spotting. Sometimes almost the entire
leaf is dead ; in other cases, only a small spot. Such plants,
if at all seriously affected, are of course almost valueless
for decorative purposes, and even in less serious cases their
beauty is greatly impaired ; consequently it is well worth
an effort to get rid of such disfigurations, and prevent their
reappearance. In order to do this, we must first know the
cause or causes of the difficulty. They are extremely vari-
ous. Any injury, or weakening of the vitality of the plant
in any way may produce the effect indicated l)y the well-
known expression "leaf spot." It may be nothing more
than a simple burn, produced by the sun's rays concentrated
in passing through the glass roof and drops of water on the
leaves, or, as frequently happens, by contact of the leaves
with the heating pipes. The attacks of insects also some-
times have quite a similar effect. But the trouble is not al-
ways so obvious. Various other agencies conspire to
produce the effect which we are considering.

It may be stated, as a general principle, that the healthy
and rapidly growing plant is the least likely to fall a prey to
disease. Exceptions to this may be found in the case of un-
usually vigorous outbreaks of the most destructive diseases,
but in the long run the rule holds good. Let the plant be-
come weak and sickly from improper and insufficient nour-
ishment, too much or too little heat, light, water, etc., poor
ventilation or drainage, or any other disturbance of its nor-
mal functions, and its liability to disease becomes largely
increased. At such a time the weakening of the plant's vital-
ity may proceed so far as to cause a gradual dying away of
the leaves and thus produce spotting, or it may, and always
does, favor the attacks of parasitic vegetable organisms, most
of which belong to the class called the fungi. Such attacks, to-
gether with those of bacteria and other vegetable organisms
of low rank, are alone properly considered as plant diseases.
The fungi are true plants, but of low order and microscopic
in size. Some of them are strictly parasites, i.e., they can
live only upon the tissues of other organisms. Others, like
the toad-stools, are strictly saprophytes, i.e., they live only

64 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

upon dead and decaying organic matter. These are entirely
harmless to plant life. Still others, while ordinarily sapro-
phytes, have parasitic tendencies, and may attack plants in a
weak and unhealthy condition. A sickly or injured plant
may be attacked by a variety of such forms, together with
true parasites, bacteria, insects and other organisms both of
the animal and vegetable kingdoms, making it impossible to
say which waa the original cause of the trouble, if, indeed,
any one of them could be strictly considered as such.

A leaf spot produced by fungi is a place on the leaf where
a fungous plant has become established and consumed the
vital substance. The spot becomes larger as the fungus
grows out into new tissue. Fungi reproduce themselves by
spores, corresponding to the seeds of higher plants. These
spores are of course extremely minute, and are produced in
infinite numbers. They are smaller than the finest dust, and
float about in the air with the greatest readiness.

In the treatment of fungous diseases only one course of
action can be successful. This is prevention. A leaf once
infested with a fungus can never be restored to its normal
condition, for not only is the fungus within its tissues and
out of reach of any treatment, but, furthermore, certain parts
of the leaf are already dead, and can never be restored. One
method of preventing such diseases is by killing the spores
before they can germinate. The now common operation of
spraying consists in applying to plants affected or liable to
be affected by disease certain substances diluted with water
to a strength sufficient to destroy the fungous spores but not
injure the leaves. This solution is applied in the form of a
fine spray, by means of a pump and nozzle. The application
of this method is now well established in the treatment of
most of our destructive plant diseases, especially those affect-
ing fruits and vegetables. The most eflTective substance thus
far discovered for spraying purposes is the so-called Bor-
deaux mixture, — a sort of blue whitewash, made by com-
bining lime with copper sulphate (blue stone, blue vitriol).
Many other substances have been tried, some with great
success ; but the Bordeaux mixture is still the most satis-
factory for general purposes, for it kills the spores, sticks
to the leaves and does not injure the plant.

18U7.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33. 65

But in the case of decorative plants, even if the Bordeaux
mixture effectually prevented disease, its use would involve
a serious disadvantage. Imagine a fine palm or Ficus cov-
ered with blue whitewash ! It would certainly be more
disfigured than by any disease. We have, however, other
fungicides which have given very satisfactory results in the
treatment of plant diseases, and which, being clear solutions,
leave no stain on the plant. Among these the so-called
ammoniacal copper carbonate solution is one of the best.
It is prepared by dissolving one ounce copper carbonate in
strong ammonia (26°), of which about one pint will be re-
quired. The copper carbonate should be jiut into a wooden
pail with sufficient water to make a thick paste, and the
ammonia then added. The resulting solution is then diluted
with about nine gallons of water.

But, aside from any method of spraying, much can be done
for the eradication of spot diseases by removing and destroy-
ing all affected leaves, etc. This must be done promptly
and thoroughly, in order to be effectual. As soon as a leaf
is seen to be spotted, it should be removed and burned.
This will certainly lessen the extent of the disease, and will
in many cases entirely eradicate it, if the plant be kept in
good growing condition. We would recommend, however,
that all plants which have been or are liable to be attacked
by such diseases should be sprayed with the above-described
solution, the frequency of the operation varying with cir-
cumstances. A plant which has been diseased should be
sprayed three or four times, at intervals of about two weeks.
If then no further indications of the disease appear, spraying
may be discontinued altogether, or the whole house may be
thoroughly wet down with the solution every month or two,
as a general precaution. (If the house contains any particu-
larly delicate or valuable plants, it may be well to try the
solution on a small scale on them before applying it gen-
erally. We have experimented with quite a variety of com-
mon greenhouse plants, and have experienced no harmful
results. The solution should be diluted to the full extent
recommended.) Spraying apparatus can be obtained of any
dealer in agricultural implements.

But, after all, the perfection of spraying methods, however

BQ HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

successful, is not the ne j)lus ultra of the science of growing
plants. We would not in the least disparage the most ex-
ceedingly valuable results of the work done by experiment
station workers and others in this direction. There can be
not the slightest doubt that millions of dollars' worth of fruit
and vegetables have been and will continue to be saved from
destruction by this means. But the fact remains that success
in growing plants, as in every other direction of human
industry, comes not from the observance of any laid down
rides and formulas, but rather is the rew^ard of long experi-
ence, close application and intelligent skill. The triumph
of the gardener's art is the plant brought to perfection in
a natural, normal and healthy manner, and not that w^hich
owes its existence to skill in doctoring.

We will now briefly describe a few leaf-spot diseases which
have come to our notice and which have received little or no
public mention. The treatment which we have recommended
will apply of course to these and any other similar diseases.

A Leaf Spot on Ficus elastica [India Rubber' Plant).
(^Lcptostromella elastica. Ell. and Ev.).

The rubber plant, which is used cjuite extensively for
ornamental purposes, on account of its large, dark-green
leaves, is not often attacked by disease. In our own houses
and also in other places in this State w^e have, however,
recently found plants afiected by a serious spotting of the
leaves. The first indication of the disease is seen in the
leaf's turning in small spots or streaks, which rapidly in-
crease in extent, changing from yellow to a brownish color
and finally to an ashy gray, when the aftected portion is
quite dead. At this stage the spots may include a large por-
tion of the leaf or only a small part of it. There is often
more than one on a leaf, but never a large number. The
dead portion is sharply distinct from the living, and banded
by a narrow^ black margin. Upon its surface little black
dots appear, which are cavities containing the spores. The
spots keep increasing in extent, until the leaf finally loses
its vitality and falls from the plant. No plant more than
ficus shows the eifect of such a disease as this, since its
handsome, dark-green leaves are its only ornamental feature.

u\'\

Figure 1.

1. Leaf of Ficus Elastica with spots caused by Leptostromella Elastica.
II- Surface of dead area enlarged, showing spore bearing cavities

III. Cross section of dead area with spore cavity at a and filaments b,
jnning among the cells of the leaf

IV. A spore X 1300.

Figure 2.

I. Leaf of Phornix Canariensis attacked by Graphiola Phomicis.
II. Spore bearing conceptacle enlarged.
II. Section of a conceptacle full of spore, and portion of the leaf.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 67

This disease was first brought to notice by Prof. F. L.
Scribner, in "Orchard and Garden," January, 1891, and
scientifically described at about the same time by Mr. J. B.
Ellis, from specimens sent by Professor Scribner. We find
no mention of it since that time, which seems to indicate
that it is not generally prevalent. Should it become so, it
cannot fail to become very troublesome, for it spreads with
considerable rapidity, and has a ruinous effect upon the
decorative value of the plant. It was introduced into our
houses, apparently, on a variegated-leaved Ficus elastica
purchased from an outside florist. From this plant it spread
to others of the ordinary green-leaved type, and has practi
cally ruined several fine specimens. Great care should there-
fore be taken, in purchasing stock outside, that it be free
from disease. (Not infrequently we hear of Ficus plants
whose leaves turn yellow and drop oft'. This marks the
normal end of the existence of " e leaf, or, if it occurs
extensively, an unhealthy condition c " the plant, and is not
to be confused with the fungous disease. An efiect almost
exactly similar, su})erficially, to that of the latter, is some-
times produced by sunburn.)

A Leaf-sjjot Disease of the Date and Similar Palms
{Phoeiiix -sp.).
{GrcqMola Phienicis, Poit.)
This disease is by no means a new or unknown one, but it
has received little attention from an economic stand-point.
It attacks various species of Phoenix in cultivation, and in-
jures and disfigures them to a considerable extent. The
aflected parts of the leaf ])ecome mottled with yellow, and
upon the surface little black eruptions appear, which are cup-
shaped conceptacles produced by the filaments in the interior
of the leaf, and in which the spo. .s of the fungus are pro-
duced. These little eru[)tions are about one-fiftieth of an
inch high and twice as wide, — plainly visible, therefore,
to the eye. They consist of a firm, dark-colored exterior
layer, enclosing a more delicate inner covering, which coiv
tains a mass of thread-like filaments on which the spores are
produced. The leaf becomes thickly dotted over on both
sides with the conceptacles and slowly shrivels away and

68 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

dies, innumerable spores being produced meantime, which
are ready to attack new leaves and plants. A fair-sized
plant of Phoenix canariensis, sent in for examination and
treatment, was found to be badly afiected with this disease,
and was treated as recommended above. All leaves which
showed any sign of the disease (which included all the
larger leaves of the plant) were cut off" at the base. The
plant was then sprayed, and has since developed new leaves
which show no sign of the disease, though it is now nearly
a year since the plant was received.

A Leaf-s^wl of the Begonia.

While it may bje (juestioned whether the value of the
l)egonia is strictly that of a decorative plant, in the sense
in Avhich we have been using this term, still, it cannot be
denied that the plant is often used for this i)urpose, and
on that ground we will consider in this category a spotting
of its leaves which has come to our notice. Ordinarily the
begonia is seldom affected by disease, insects or any other
injurious agency. Still, it is not invulnerable, and we find
occasional reports of diseased })lants. In the English jour-
nals, "The Garden" and "The Gardener's Chronicle," a
discussion runs along through several numbers in 1895, c(in-
cerning a so-called " begon-ia rust," which seriously affected
tuberous begonias. This, however, was finally settled on
good authority to be insect work. " Damping off"," a fun-
gous disease of begonia and many other kinds of seedlings,
is not uncommon. Professor Halsted of the New Jersey
Agricultural Experiment Station mentions two leaf-spot
diseases of begonia in the "American Florist," September,
1894, one caused by nematode worms, the other a fungous
disease.

During the past year or two we have met with a definite
spot disease on begonias, mostly of the tuberous variety,
which is quite i)revalent in our houses and those of a neigh-
boring florist. We are not yet entirely certain as to the
cause of the difficulty. The spot l)egins either on the margin
or interior of the leaf, and slowly increases in size until the
leaf dies and drops off". There are sometimes several spots
on each leaf. As they increase in size their surface is

^

iiv(^3l*^-(. -^-'■^>]

■m.^ v-i ^::-'l:;:.' '

,-;^-

_.^:'

^

'J^

m^.

Figure 3.— Spotted Begonia leaf.

1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

69

marked by concentric curved lines parallel to the edge of
the dead portion, as in many spot diseases of fungous origin.
Microscopic examination, however, shows nothing which
may with certainty be decided upon as the cause of the
trouble. We usually find fungous filaments and spores, but
they are of many dif-
ferent species, and
mostly moulds of a
saprophytic or only
partially parasitic
nature, and cannot
be regarded as the
primary cause of the
disease. In a few
specimens we have
found the spore-
bearing conceptacles
and spores of a fun-
gus belonging to or
near the extensive
parasitic genus Gloe-
osporium, which in-
cludes a great num-
ber of leaf spots.
We consider this as
the probable cause of
the disease, but the
spore-bearing mate-
rial was very scanty,
and we were unable to identify it with any described species.
Possibly the trouble may be due to various causes, not all of
a fungus nature, but appearances seem to indicate that there
is a definite disease which causes most of the spotting. At
all events, it will be a wise precaution, in this and all similar
cases, to remove and burn all affected leaves.

Several other leaf spots of the palm, dracgena, ficus and
other decorative plants have come to our notice. Some were
only simple sun-burns, while otliers were real fungous dis-
eases. What was at first thought to be Leptostromella
elastica (the above-described leaf spot on Ficus elastica)

11.

HI.
IV.
V.

Fig. 4. — Pilobolus crystallinus, Tode.
I. Bomewhat enlarged.

Sporangia on rose leaflet.
Discharge of sporangium.

Section of eporangiurn and filament, showing spores.
Sporangium upon filament before being discharged.
III., IV. and V. are greatly enlarged.

70 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

upon Ficus religiosus, the banyan tree, proved to be simply
a sun-burn, though its superficial resemblance to the fungous
disease was most perfect. Quite a serious and apparently
new spot disease of greenhouse orange trees has been met
with, which is of true fungous origin. It is not necessary to
describe all these forms in detail, as the treatment is practi-
cally the same in each case.

A So-called Black Spot of the Rose.
{Plilobolus crysfalluiKs, Tode.)
It is not unusual to find rose bushes in the greenhouse
thickly dotted over with little black specks, appearing not
unlike *'fly specks," which occur on all parts of the plants
alike, and of course greatly disfigures the blossoms. Micro-
scopic examination shows each speck to be a minute sac,
filled with what arc evidently fungous spores. It would
thus appear that we had here a fungous disease, and as such
it has been described under several different names. In fact,
however, this is in no sense a disease, and the little sacs of
spores have no real connection with the rose plant, being at-
tached to it simply by cohesion. The sacs of spores or
sporrmgia are produced by a fungus, Pilobolus crystallinus,
which is strictly saprophytic, and grows on decaying ma-
nure. As such manure is usually placed upon the soil under
roses, spores of the Pilobolus arc introduced in it, and find a
favorable place for development. They produce the thread-
like filaments which make up a fungous plant, and on the
ends of certain of them sporangia are developed. The fila-
ment behind each sporangium becomes filled with a watery
fluid, which gradually increases in quantity, and exerts a pres-
sure on the sporangium at the end. This pressure becomes
so great that finally the sporangium, at about the time of its
maturity, is forced from the end of the filament with suflicient
power to send it a considerable distance. AVe have seen
them on the roof of a rose house at least eight or ten feet
from the soil where they were produced. Striking a plant,
they adhere to it, and give the appearance of having devel-
oped there. We find them particularly on the rose, simply
because the practice of covering the soil with manure is con-
fined to the cultivation of that plant.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 71

While this is not a disease in any sense of the word, still,
the effect of the fungus on roses is of course disastrous to
their beauty and salability. Knowing that the disfiguring
sporangia come from the manure, where they can readily be
seen in the morning in process of development, it would seem
a comparatively simple matter to destroy them at that stage,
either by mechanical means or by spraying with a fungicide.

JL Leaf Blight or Anthracnose of the Cucumber,
(^Colletotrichnm Lagcnarium (Pass.), E. and Hals.)
During the past summer we have received specimens of
cucumber leaves from several different parts of the State,
which w'ere infested with a very destructive blight. In
Arlington and Leominster, where the raising of hot-house
cucumbers is carried on extensively, the disease vras reported
as doing great damage. The fungus which causes this trouble
grows within the tissues of the leaf, and by sapping its
vitality causes its death. Under favorable conditions it is
very quick acting and extremely destructive. The infested
leaf first shows yellowish spots upon its surface, which rapidly
increase in size and become dry and dead. Various moulds
often develop upon the dead areas, and, being more promi-
nent than the fungus which really produces the disease,
appear to be the cause of the trouble. A dark-brown, luxu-
riantly growing species of Macrosporium or Alternaria was
particularly abundant ui)on the specimens received this sum-
mer, and had evidently been taken to be the cause of the
disease, which w^as referred to as the "brown mildew,"
" brown leaf blight," etc. Such growths undoubtedly hasten
the destruction of the leaf, but they are able to develop only
upon leaf tissue which has been killed or greatly weakened
by the other more strictly parasitic fungus which is invisible
to the eye. The dead areas gradually fall away, leaving
large irregular holes in the leaf, which in a short time be-
comes entirely dead The same fungus often attacks the fruit,
causing it to rot badly, and has been proven to be the cause
of the well-known " rust," so called, of the pods and leaves
of the bean. It also attacks the watermelon, musk-melon,
citron, squash and pumpkin, affecting both leaves and fruit.
We have recommended spraying every week or two with the

72

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

Bordeaux mixture for this and one or two other somewhat
similar cucumber diseases, and have received reports from
Arlington of favorable results from such treatment. While
this is a most destructive disease if left unchecked, it ought
nevertheless to be kept under control with comparative ease
if judicious spra3'ing with any good fungicide be combined
with proper management of the crop.

An Unusual Outbreak of Two Husts.
The Asjjaragus Bust {Puceinia asparagi, D. C).
The rust of the asparagus has been known in Europe for
more than half a century, and has caused more or less dam-
age there. In this country it has been known for several

years, but not at
all extensively.
During the pres-
ent season, how-
ever, asparagus
beds in various
parts of this
State, in New
Jersey ai^tl doubt-
1 e s s in other
States, have been
seriously attacked
by this rust, and
are threatened

Fig. 5. — Section of a cluster of teleuto spores of P. asparagi, With grCat injury
greatly enlarged. should it COlltinUO

to develop extensively from year to year. This fungus
is one of the true rusts, and is quite similar to that at-
tacking the wheat. Like it, there are three distinct stages
of development, in each of which a different kind of spore
is produced. According to European accounts, the rust
first appears on the asparagus in the spring, at which time
it produces the first kind of spores, the cecidia. These de-
velop in turn during the summer, and produce the spores
of the second or red-rust stage, the uredo spores. These
again develop, and produce spores of the third or ])lack-rust
stage, the teleuto spores, which lie over winter and in the

Figure 6. — Asparagus stem with rust.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMKNT — No. 33. 73

spring attack the asparagus again, and i)roduce secidia. In
each stage the fungus consists of minute iihunents, which
grow in the tissue of the plant and draw their nourishment
therefrom. In some rusts one of the stages is most promi-
nent, in others it is another. In the wlieat rust the uredo
or red-rust stage is perhaps the most conspicuous. In the
present case the black or teleuto spores are most prominent.
They appear in October and November, when the affected
plant becomes thickly covered over with small, irregular
black lines and blotches, which are the masses of spores
pushing out through the surface. This is the stage which
has been observed this fall in Massachusetts and New Jer-
sey. Doubtless the other two stages were developed during
the season, but did not become sufficiently prominent to at-
tract attention.

Since this disease does not become prominent until late in
the fall, and the asparagus crop is gathered in May and June,
a question naturally arises as to how it can have any serious
effect. There is indeed no great danger to be apprehended
of its actually disfiguring the marketable product ; but no
plant can undergo a continuous and vigorous attack of a par-
asitic fungus without a serious loss of vitality, if it be not
killed outright. If this rust appears only intermittently and
not extensively, its ravages need not be seriously feared ;
but, should it continue to develop in the present abundance
year after year for any considerable time, it cannot fiiil to
become a most serious obstacle to the raising of asparagus.
Moreover, we have examples in similar rusts, like that of
the hollyhock upon its first appearance in Europe and later
ill this country, which have developed with unusual vigor and
destructiveness immediately after their first outbreak in a new
locality and climate. The raising of hollyhocks in Europe
was well-nigh impossible for some time after the introduction
of the rust. The progress of this asparagus rust is therefore
worthy of close attention and some apprehension. Mean-
time, attempts should be made to check it as much as possi-
ble by cleaning up the bed in the fall and burning the infested
tops, thus destroying countless numl)ers of spores. This
should be done as early as possible, before the spores shall
have become mature and scattered by the wind.

74 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

A Late Bust of the Blackberry (^Chrysotnyxa alhtda, Kiilui).

This rust, like that of the asparagus, has been long known
in Europe, but only comparatively recently observed in this
country. It was first brought to attention in America in
1886, but, while it has been not uncommon since then, it
has never assumed any economic importance. Very likely
it has been more or less confused with the spring orange
rust (Cseoma luminatum, Lk.), which it slightly resembles,
and on that account has escaped particular mention ; still, it
is hardly probal^le that it has been generally prevalent. In
the season of 1894, however, it became decidedly abundant
in our plantations, and caused considerable apprehension. It
was also reported from other parts of the State, and threat-
ened to become a serious matter. In 1895 it appeared again,
but not so abundantly as in the previous season ; and this
year its attacks have been very slight, so that there seems to
be no ground for fear of danger from this source at present.

Description. — This has been called i\\e fall rust, to dis-
tinguish it from the spring rust, which appears much earlier
in the season, and is entirely distinct. The latter is a well-
known disease to fruit growers, as it causes much damage
and has been the subject of many experiments and pul)-
lished articles. It attacks both blackberries and raspberries.
Chrysomyxa albida comes on later, appearing in August and
continuing through the fall. It does not attack the rasp-
berry. It is one of the true rusts, having the three kinds
of spores, as in the asparagus rust. In this case, however,
it is the ascidia and uredo spores which are most prominent.
These appear in small, powdery, scattered, bright orange-red
spots on the under side of the leaf, and are consequently not
as prominent as the indications of the asparagus rust.

While the same .conclusions as to the future may be drawn
in this case as in that of Puccinia asparagi, still, the results
of three years' observation on the blackberry rust indicate
that we have no great cause for alarm in that direction;
while in the other case, having no such definite knowledge,
we cannot but feel somewhat apprehensive until time shall
show what is to be the result.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 75

The Tomato Mildew (^Cladosporium fiilvmn^ Cke.).

The disease which is commonly called mildew is without
doubt one of the greatest obstacles to success in growing
tomatoes in the hot-house. While it does not always kill
the vines outright, still, its effect in weakening their vitality
and reducing their yield is a most serious one. We have
received specimens of tomato leaves affected by this disease
from several different localities, and have observed it in
greater or less abundance in almost every house of tomatoes
which W'C have examined. It also attacks tomatoes grown
out of doors, but by no means so generally as in the hot-
house.

When this disease comes on, there appear on the lower
surface of the leaves brownish, felt-like spots of irregular
shape and various sizes, which rapidly increase in extent,
until the whole leaf finally turns black and withers away.
It does not always spread so rapidly and kill the leaves at
once, but is often found only on the lower leaves, or in spots
which do not increase ra})idly in size. Nevertheless, it is
constantl}^ weakening the plant, and, let a favorable oppor-
tunity come, as come it will sooner or later, and it spreads
through the house with great rapidity and destructiveness.

The fungus consists of a dense mass of thread-like fila-
ments, which ramify through the leaf in all directions and
more or less upon its surface. The felt-like areas on the
under surface of the leaves are composed of a mass of spores
and the filaments which produce them. The spores germi-
nate readily in water, developing filaments similar to those
from which they w'ere derived. This species belongs to a
group of fungi which are mostly moulds and mould-like
forms, growing upon dead vegetable matter or plants in a
weak and unhealthy condition. This mildew^ is especially
active in attacking such plants, upon which it produces the
above-described disastrous effect. Its development is also
greatly favored by excessive moisture in the air, i. e., a
"muggy" atmosphere, which indeed is favorable to the
development of most plant diseases. The tomato requires
a considerable heat for successful growth in the hot-house.
If, while the plants are growing rapidly, the temperature

76 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

suddenly falls from any cause and they consequently receive
a check in their growth, it will l)e a most favorable time for
an attack of the ever-ready enemy, the mildew. Poor ven-
tilation and partial exclusion of sunlight by crowding the
vines too close together will produce a muggy atmosphere,
and have a similar result. To prevent crowding, it is ad-
visable to trim up the vines somewhat and train them to
trellises or- single stakes. Uniform heat, good ventilation
and free access of air and sunlight to all parts of the plant
will prove the most effective preventive of mildew. In our
climate, however, the first two conditions are liable to prove
antagonistic to each other ; for in cold, windy weather it is
impossible to ventilate the house without greatly reducing
the temperature.

Spraying with the ordinary fungicides has proved effectual
in preventing this disease. The spraying should be done
about once in two weeks, commencing when the plants are
quite small. It is also a wise precaution in all hot-house
work to thoroughly clean up and burn all dead leaves, vines
and similar materials when a crop is removed, and, if pos-
sil)le, fumigate the house with sulphur. The latter of course
cannot be done if there are any plants growing in the house.
Too often we find that such diseases as this are allowed to
develope in the house, with no effort being made to check
them. So long as the plants are not killed outright, many
growers seem to think that no damage is done. This is cer-
tainly not the case, for the presence of the fungus is a con-
stant drain upon the vitality of the plant, reducing its yield
both in c[uantity and (juality. The practice of spraying,
which can be done at an insignificant cost per plant, will, if
properly carried out, prove both elFectual and profitable.

A. CrysantJiemum Rust.

Specimens of diseased chrysanthemum leaves which have
been sent in to the station for examination prove to be
affected with one of ilie true rusts, the first, so far as we
know, to be reported upon this host. The specimens were
sent by Mr. Geo. H. Hastings of Fitchburg, Mass., who
wi'ites as follows : —

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 38. 77

The "rust" is quite common on the chrysanthemum leaves.
In the advanced stages it completely kills the leaf. It seems to
me that it is a very bad enemy to fight. I had plants enough to
bring seventy-five or a hundred dollars worth of flowers, and
I would not sell one flower, as I did not wish to have the name of
selling such flowers. The plants were grown in the garden and
"lifted" about the middle of September. The rust was on the
leaves at that time, and some of them were dead.

The rust was in the uredo or red-rust stage, and i)roved to
be a form closely resembling and probably identical with
Puccmia Tanaceti, S. (P. Helianthi, D. C), which occurs
commonly upon Tanacetum vulgare (tansy), several species
of Artemisia (ragweed) and Helianthus (sunflower), and
several other related plants. Upon these plants it sometimes
acts most destructively, as it has done in this instance upon
the chrysanthemum. It bids fair to become a serious obstacle
to the cultivation of this valuable flower.

Experience has shown that in the development by culti-
vation of any plant, as it becomes changed more and more
from its natural form and forced into an abnormal develop-
ment, its power to resist the attacks of disease becomes
diminished. For this reason reports of new diseases upon
our various cultivated plants are of frequent occurrence.
All such diseases are certainly not new in the sense of being
caused by a kind of organism which never existed before,
but only new upon some particular kind of plant, Avhich has,
by reason of its forced and abnormal development, lost the
power to resist the attacks of the parasite, which has ex-
isted all along upon some other kind of plant, and very
likely in a milder form.

The chrysanthemum in its present form is a comparatively
new plant in this country. Its great popularity has led
growlers to make extraordinary eflbrts to force its develop-
ment along certain lines, notably in size of flowers. The
production of flowers eight inches in diameter by a plant
destined by nature to produce them less than quarter that
size cannot be accomplished without bringing about serious
changes in the vital functions of the plant, and making it
more susceptible to disease. Therefore the list of chrysan-
themum diseases may be expected to gradually increase, as

78 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

it is now doing. At least two have been previously known.
Tlie leaf spot (Septoria sp. and Phyllostica sp.) w^as first
described by Professor Halsted of the New Jersey Experi-
ment Station several years ago, and occasions more or less
damage. The mildew (Erysiphe Cichoracearum D. C.)
has appeared more recently, and is rapidly increasing. This
has a history very similar to that of the rust under consider-
ation, being very common on Helianthus and Artemisia, as
well as many other plants.

We can make no definite recommendations at present as
to a treatment for this rust, it having been reported so late
in the year. The true rusts are notoriously difficult to com-
bat ; the most so, perhaps, of any class of diseases. Many
methods of treatment have Ijeen tried, but few with deci-
sively profitable results. That panacea of plant diseases, the
Bordeaux mixture, has been frequently recommended and
tried for various rusts, with widely varying results. The
same can be said of another common fungicide, the ammo-
niacal copper carbonate. Stewart, of the New York Experi-
ment Station, reports, in the case of the carnation rust
(Uromyces Caryophyllinus (Schrank) Schrt.), that a solu-
tion of potassiuju sul})hide, one ounce to one gallon of water,
was most effective. This strength might injure chrysanthe-
mum leaves. One ounce to four or five gallons of water
would be safer, but not, of course, as efiective. With the
hollyhock rust (Puccinia Malvacearum, Mont.), a very
destructive disease, Mr. H. L. Frost of ATlington informs
us that he has tried the Bordeaux mixture and also the com-
mercial fungicide called " Fostite," with results in favor
of the latter. It is possible, then, that some of these sub-
stances may be efiective in preventing this chrysanthemum
rust, but we cannot vouch for it. It would certainly be
advisable to spray the plants occasionally with the Bordeaux
mixture or with })olassium sulphide, comnnencing in the smn-
nier, v)Jien theij are young and before any disease appears. If
the plants are healthy when put into the house, one or two
sprayings thereafter should be sufficient to carry them through
the season. All plants known to be diseased should bo
removed and burned.

We would urge any grower who lias been troubled with

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 79

any disease of his chrysanthemums to carry on a series of
experiments with various fungicides, in order to get at some
idea of the best method of treatment. Without such co-
operation on the part of the grower we can do but little
toward remedying such a disease as this, which does not
occur everywhere, and consequently can only be experi-
mented upon wherever it may happen to break out. The
same is true with many other diseases, especially those
alfecting various hot-house plants. If we could plant chrys-
anthemums and 1)e sure of getting rust, mildew and leaf spot,
and similarly with other plants, if we could be sure of getting
all their diseases, then our opportunities for experiment w^ould
be unlimited ; but such, of course, is not the case. While
some diseases are very general, many others appear only
here and there, and the opportunities for experiment are
limited to those places. We will gladly aid any one as
much as possible in carrying on such experiments, and will
give them our personal attention so for as we may be able.

" Drop " of Lettuce.

This disease has been for the last few years the most diffi-
cult one with which the lettuce growers about Boston have
had to contend. Some growers always have a large number
of })lants attacked, while others have it so l)adly that they fre-
quently lose half the crop. The annual loss to the lettuce
growers about Boston from this disease alone amounts to
several thousand dollars. The effect of the disease shows
itself in a single night, and it is not very difficult to detect,
inasmuch as the whole plant simply collapses. It not only
makes its appearance on the young plant a few weeks old,
but on the mature ones as well. Lifting the diseased plant
out of the soil, it shows at once that the troul)le is localized
in the soft, rotten stem, which is not unusually covered with
fungous growths sufficiently thick to be seen with the naked
eye. Examination made with the microscope reveals the
presence of numerous fungous filaments ramifying through-
out the stem and root. The oro-anism causing- the disease is
a species of damping fungus (Botrytis), which has previously
been described in the ninth annual repoi"t of this station.

80 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Practical lettuce growers resort to various methods in order
to contend with this foe, but none of them have proved wholly
effectual. Most of them recognize the fact that the source of
contamination is largely in the soil, and that the disease is
much more troublesome in old soil than in new. This is
what might be expected, especially when the old decompos-
ing roots are left in the soil, as they often are, thus offering
the most favorable conditions for the spread of the disease.
As a means of controlling it, some growers have resorted to
changing the soil, with bcneticial results ; while others make
a practice of covering the surface with a layer of pure sand
or yellow subsoil, about one inch in depth. The burning
of sulphur in the house before a new crop is set is also
practised, and this might be expected to kill the spores with
which it comes in contact ; but it is ver}'- doubtful whether
the sulphur affects the spores in the soil to an}'- great extent.
It appears, however, that sulphur penetrates the soil some-
what, and, on account of the injury which young plants are
known to receive from sulphur, they should not be set for a
few days after it is used.

The disease appears to be more common than formerly, and
this is partially due to the practice of running high night tem-
peratures. The collapse of the plant is most likely to occur
during the night, and with a lower night temperature — for
example, one not exceeding 38° to 40''r. — the trouble would
no doubt occur less frequently. The opportunities for treat-
ing the soils with chemicals do not appear to us to be very
promising, for the reason that solutions which w^ould be likely
to cause the death of the fungus would have to be used in
very large quantities, as well as much stronger than in ordi-
nary cases, and they would be likely to cause injury to the
crop. My experiments in applying a great variety of chemi-
cals to the soil have shown that, while a comparatively weak
solution accomplishes all that can be desired in the labora-
tory, when applied to the soil the effect of even much stronger
solutions more copiously applied is radically different. So
long as the tendency is to force crops more and more, it
nuist be expected that the gardener will have numerous ab-
normal conditions to contend with.

No doubt the most successful and I believe the cheapest

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — :No. 33. 81

method in the long run would ])e to apply heat as a remedy
for fungus and other pests in the soil. I have used a great
many pots of earth heated with steam up to ISO'' to 200''F.,
with the most beneficial results, not only in the subsequent
growth of the plant, but also in destroying the troublesome
pests which infest the soil. The soil under glass could be
easily fitted up with a system of irrigating tile, which could
be used not only for purposes of irrigation, but also for forc-
ing steam through them and partially sterilizing the soil. I
have not as yet had an opportunity of treating this fungus
with heat, but I should suppose that, if the soil was heated
to 200*^ F., it would result in its death.

Physiological Disorders.

Wilt of Maple Leaves.

Last May a number of maple leaves in a dry and crispy
condition were sent to this department from various parts of
the State, under the supposition that they were affected by
some form of fungus or insect life. Examination of the
leaves, however, by Mr. Eobert A. Cooley of the insectary,
showed that no form of either of these organisms could be
found. All of the leaves that were sent in were those of the
sugar maple (Acer saccharinum), although the same con-
dition was observed in a large number of different varieties
of Japanese maple growing on the college grounds. More-
over, they showed the wilt only on one side of the tree,
namely, the w^est, that being the direction of the prevailing
wind the day upon which they were afiected ; and this pecul-
iarity — so far as could be learned — was the same all over
the State. This phenomenon is especially interesting, as it
occurs on apparently healthy trees under certain exceedingly
unusual conditions, — conditions, too, which, lasting only a
few hours, are yet capable of giving rise to abnormalties of
function. We attribute the wilting of sugar-maple leaves,
which occurred quite generally throughout Massachusetts on
May 18, to an excessive transpiration or evaporation of water
from the leaves, at a time when the water supply of the roots
was extremely limited. This was brought about by a re-
markable combination of meteorological conditions favorable

82 HATCH EXPEEIMENT STATION. [Jan.

to this result. It is well known to vegetable physiologists
that agitation of the leaves of a plant greatly accelerates the
process of transpiration, that is to say, the evaporation of
water from the leaves. It is also well known that transpira-
tion is accelerated by light, a low relative humidity and a
high temperature. Such Avere just the conditions upon ISIaj^
18. * During the months of April and May the rainfall was
far below the normal, while the long-continued drouths of
the two preceding years will be well remembered. Thus it
is evident that the supply of water available to vegetation
must have been much less than usual, and under the unusu-
ally strong, dry and warm wind of May 18, the leaves of a
tree like the maple, with its large leaf surface, might be ex-
pected to become greatly exhausted and wilt Ijadly. When
this wilting was not carried to excess the leaves recovered ;
when, however, it went too far,- it resulted in a dying and
subsequent shrivelling of the foliage.

Another factor wdiich must not be overlooked in accounting
for this disorder is the maturity of the foliage. Young-
leaves always give off the greatest amount of water, and
the maple leaves in May are giving oif their maximum
quantity.

With plenty of water in the soil these high winds would
not have caused any wilting ; or, if the same conditions
had ensued during August or September, when the foliage
was more mature, less wilting would have resulted. The
west side of the trees, being the side exposed to the prevail-
ing winds, was the most severely aflected.

Top-burn of Lettuce.
A disease occurring on greenhouse lettuce, and character-
ized as "top-burn" came under our observation the past
winter. The disease can readily be distinguished by the
withering and subsequent turning back of the tip and margin
of tlie outer leaves, the blackened area sometimes extending
inwards an inch or more from the margin. This feature
greatly disfigures the plant and consequently affects its

* Meteorological conditions were as follows : total precipitation, April, 189G, 1 32
inches; April, 189."), 0.60 inches; May 1-18, 1896, .16 inch. May 18, maximnm
velocity of wind 71 miles per hour; relative humidity, 47.31 (average for May,
62 5) ; number houi's sunshine, 13 (in possible 14^) ; maximum temperature, 84°.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 83

market value, but the real damage to the lettuce plant is
never sufficient to destroy it. Microsc()[)ic examination of
the blackened areas frequently shows bacteria in the cells,
but more often the "damping fungus" (Botrytis) is pres-
ent, and can be readily observed with the naked eye. In
this instance, however, neither of these forms of organisms
has anything t(^ do with the cause of the disease. They are
simply accompanying factors, which are always ready to
seize u])on any abnormal condition in the plant which is
especially favorable to them. The disease is a physiological
one, and has its origin in the unfavorable surroundings of the
plant, especially those connected with transpiration and
sunlight. Mr. B. T. Galloway of the United States Depart-
ment of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology has made this
disease a study, and I can do no better than to quote his
views : —

Top-burn, one of the worst troubles of the lettuce grower, does
comparatively little injur}' on this soil [Boston soil], providing
the proper attention is given to ventilation and the management
of the water and heat. Burn is the direct result of the collapse
and death of the cells composing the edges of the leaves. It is
most likely to occur just as the plant begins to head, and may be
induced by a number of causes. The trouble is most lilcely to
result on a bright day following several days of cloudy, wet
weather. During cloudy weather in winter the air in a greenhouse
is practically saturated, and in consequence there is a compara-
tively little transpiration on the part of the leaves. The cells,
therefore, become excessively turgid, and are probably weakened
by the presence of organic acids. When the sun suddenly appears,
as it often does after a cloudy spell in winter, there is an imme-
diate rapid rise in temperature, and a diminution of the amount
of moisture in the air in the greenhouse. Under these conditions
the plant rapidly gives off water, and, if the loss is greater than
the roots can supply, the tissues first wilt, then collapse and die.
The ability of the roots to supply the moisture is affected by the
temperature of the soil, the movement of water in the latter and
the presence or absence of salts in solution. In this soil the tem-
perature rises rapidly as soon as the air in the greenhouse becomes
warm, and the roots in consequence immediately begin the work
of supplying the leaves with water. The movement of the water
in the soil is also rapid, so that the plant is able to utilize it
rapidly.

84 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

While I have never seen the disease in the lettuce houses
about Boston, the growers seem to be acquainted with it ;
and it is no doubt the superior skill which they possess that
enables them to be free from it. One grower informed me
that he always saturated his house with moisture in bright,
sunshiny days which were preceded by cloudy weather, and
by this means was able to prevent it.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 85

REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

CHARLES 11. FERNALD.

In the early part of 189G the gypsy moth report mentioned
last year was pu1)lished by the State. This work consists
of a bound volume of 608 pages, with 3 colored and 63 un-
colored plates, and with 5 maps and 37 cuts in the text.
The first part, comprising 263 pages, was prepared by the
field director, and the second part, 244 pages, by myself,
while the Appendix of 100 pages contains the reports of
visiting entomologists and other papers. This work repre-
sents all that we were able to learn, up to the time of publi-
cation, of the history and habits of the notorious gypsy moth,
its ravages in foreign countries as well as in our own, the
means used for fightinsi; it in other lands and also its natural
enemies. Our experiments with methods for the destruction
of this insect are still in progress, and occupy a large amount
of time in study and work.

Quite extended studies have been carried on during the year
on the spruce gall-louse (^Chermes abietis Linn.), mainly by
my assistant, Mr. R. A. Cooley, who with great care and per-
severance has worked out the life history of this insect, which
causes peculiar cone-like galls to form on the twigs of dift'erent
varieties of spruce, rendering them unsightly and often nearly
destroying them. The results of these studies are published in
the thii-ty-fourth annual report of the college, with two plates
showing the work and different stages in the life of this insect.
Mr. Cooley was fortunate enough in his experiments to dis-
cover a good practical remedy for this insect, which consists in
spraying the trees with a strong solution of whale-oil soap
at the time these insects are in the most exposed state, which
occurs during the winter or in the early spring, and also to
cut oft" and burn the new galls in June before the insects

•86 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

leave them. About five hundred circular letters were sent
to all parts of the country last spring, and from the replies
to these it appears that this insect already has a wide distri-
bution in this country, and it is quite probaljle that in time
it may become distributed wherever spruces grow.

Considerable time has been devoted to the study of cran-
berry insects during the summer, three trips having been
made to the bogs on Cape Cod at the most favorable time for
the study of these insects. There are, however, so many
different species attacking the vines, and their mode of attack
is so different one from another, that to learn their habits
and the most effectual and economical method of destroying
them forms a problem of no easy solution. We are there-
fore not yet ready to publish a final bulletin on these insects.

The army-worm has been unusually abundant the past
year in many parts of the State, and numberless calls have
been made on this department for information concerning
the insect ; in fact, the correspondence about the army worm
during the summer was far greater than that of all other
insects combined. Fortunately, we had already published
a bulletin on this insect, and Mr. Kirkland, my assistant on
the gypsy moth work in Maiden, published an article on the
army-worm in the "Crop Report" for September, 1896. It
is not possible to foretell whether this insect will occur in
injurious numbers next summer ; but such a case would be
quite unusual, as it has very rarely if ever in the past been
abundant in the same locality two years or more in suc-
cession.

The elm-leaf beetle has not been so abundant in this State
during the past sununer as it was the year before, and this is
true, as I learn, in other States. What the real cause of this
decrease in numbers may be, I do not know. It may be due
to a rapid increase of its vegetable parasites favored by a wet
season. This, however, is all conjecture, as I have no posi-
tive evidence in the case.

The San Jose scale has occupied nuich attention ; and, at
the request of the prosidont of the Shady Hill nurseries, I
sent an assistant to make a critical exainiiialion of their stock
at l^edford, Mass., and he reported to me that he discovered
a large amount of infested stock in that nurserv, Avhich the

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 87

president promised to have burned. An examination made
late tliis fall reveals the fact that the scale has not been
entirely cleared from it. How widely this scale may be dis-
tributed in this State I am not able to say.

On the 12th of May I received a letter from L. C. Holt,
Esq., of Ashby, Mass., and also a box of caterpillars which
he stated were in immense quantities on the blueberry bushes,
entirely stripping them of their leaves, and that unless some-
thing were done at once there would be no blueberry crop,
and this would be a great misfortune, as many poor people
derived quite a revenue from the berries picked from these
bushes. The caterpillars proved to be the currant span
worm (^Diastictis rihearia Fitch) ; but the great difficulty
which now presented itself was to offer some remedy which
would not be as expensive as the value of the crop. I could
think of no better or cheaper mode of destroying these span
worms than to spray the bushes with Paris green in water,
in the proportion of one pound of the former to one hundred
and fifty gallons of the latter, and advised this course, if the
crop was of sufficient importance to warrant the expense.
This is the first time I have ever heard of this insect attack-
ing the blueberry.

On the 17th of November I received a letter enclosing
some twigs with scale insects on them from Mr. James
Draper, who wrote me that they were taken from a golden-
oak tree in one of the gardens of the city of Worcester, Mass.
The scales proved to be what is known by the name of Plan-
chonia quercicola, a European scale insect which has been in
this country for some time. The first account of it here, so
far as I know, was given in the report of the Department of
Agriculture for 1880, page 330, where it is stated that it was
found upon the imported oaks in the Department of Agri-
culture grounds at Washington. The insect has been found
in New Jersey and also in New York, as I am informed by
Professor Howard. It is regarded as a very injurious scale,
and every effort should be made to destroy it by cutting off
and burning the infested twigs, and thoroughly spraying the
trees with whale-oil soap dissolved in water.

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST.

DEPARTMENT OF FOODS AND FEEDING.

J. B. LlNDSEY.

Assistants, E. B. Holland, G. A. Billings,* B. K. Jones.

Part I

Laboratory Work.

Outline of year's work, together with chemical investigations
of a technical cliaracter.

Part II.

Feeding Experiments and Dairy Studies.

(a) Effect of narrow and wide rations upon the quantity and cost

of milk and butter, and upon the composition of milk.
(h) Rice meal v. corn meal for pigs.

(c) Oat feed v. corn meal for pigs.

(d) Digestion experiments with sheep.

Part III.

Compilation of fodder analyses.
Compilation of fertilizer constituents of fodders.
Compilation of analyses of dairy products.
Compilation of digestion cocllicients.

* Left Sept. 1, 1896.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 89

Part I.

We have continued to analyze, free of cost, all feed stuffs,
dairy products and waters sent to the station during the year.
Results have been reported as promptly as possible, together
with such comments as were considered necessary. There
have been tested 63 samples of feed stuffs, 89 samples of
whole milk, 11 samples of skim-milk, 9 samples of cream and
6 samples of butter; also 31 samples of milk and 20 samples
of butter for the Dair}' Bureau. These results are tabulated
at the end of this report.

There have also been examined 134 samples of water, of
which 10, or 7.5 per cent., were pronounced excellent; 50,
or 37.5 per cent., fair; 39, or 29.1 per cent., suspicious;
and 35, or 26.1 per cent., dangerous for drinking purposes.

In addition to the analyses above mentioned, which may
be regarded as control work, we have made a very large
number of analyses of feed stuffs, manures and milks, in con-
nection with various animal experiments.

We have also spent considerable time in attempting to
estimate some of the various substances composing the non-
nitrogenous extract matter, and have compared different
methods for the determination of starch in different feed
stuffs, with a view of selecting one that will most correctly
ascertain the true starch, when in combination with other
substances of a similar nature. The results of some of
the work are very briefly presented under the following
heads : * —

1. Remarks relative to the carbohydrates of agricultural
plants and seeds.

2. Distribution of galactan.

3. The phloroglucin method for the estimation of pentosans.

* The work reported under these headings is of a technical character.

90 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

SOME REMARKS RELATIVE TO THE CARBOHY-
DRATES OF AGRICULTURAL PLANTS AND
SEEDS.

J. B. LINDSEY.

Agricultural chemists have divided the dry matter of
plants into live groups of substances, namely, crude ash,
crude fibre, crude fat or ether extract, and non-nitroge-
nous extract matter. These terms, as is well known, do not
stand for single ingredients, but rather for groups of sub-
stances having similar characteristics. The terms crude
fibre and extract matter are spoken of collectively as carbo-
hydrates. Our knowledge of the individual substances com-
posing the fibre and extract matter has until recently been
rather vague. The investigations of Tollens, Schulze and
their pupils have, however, thrown considerable light, and
revealed the presence and characteristics of many of the sub-
stances entering into their composition. The crude fibre of
agricultural plants, as prepared by the method employed by
Henneberg and Stohmann, is now known to consist princi-
pally of dextroso-cellulose (a hexa-cellulose), combined with
more or less lignin or liffnin acids. The fibre has also been
found to contain considerable pentosan, so intimately asso-
ciated with the hexa-cellulose as to l)e considered a penta-
cellulose. Whether the penta-cellulose is actually united
with the lignin as a lig-no-cellulose is uncertain. The true
celluloses are characterized principally by their nearly com-
plete insolubility in dilute mineral acids and in F. Schulzes'
reagent, and by their solubility in copper ammonium oxide.
Wheu- cellulose is dissolved in quite concentrated sulphuric
acid, and the resulting product hj^lrolized with dilute acid,
Schulze has as a rule obtained dextrose ; hence the name
dextroso-cellulose. Schulze found that the cellulose obtained
from wheat bran, ])eas and lupine seeds yielded only dextrose ;
that obtained from rye straw, lupine pods, spruce wood and

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 91

red clover, gave dextrose and xylose ; while that prepared
from the coflee bean, cocoanut and sesame cake, yielded
dextrose and mannose. There exist, therefore, dextroso-,
mannoso- and pentoso- celluloses. That the so-called crude
fibre is not pure cellulose, but in addition to both hexa- and
penta- cellulose contains more or less lignin, is probable from
the fact that it is colored a bright red by phloroglucin and
hydrochloric acid, and because it contains a higher percent-
age of carbon than pure cellulose. When the dried and
finely ground plant or seed is treated according to the
Weender method, a considerable portion of the lignin is
split off, and reckoned as extract matter.

The term non-nitrogenous extract matter is meant to in-
clude all substances, not included within the other four
groups, that are removed by means of dilute acid and alkali.
In case of the grains, the extract matter is known to con-
sist largely of starch ; but when derived from coarse fodders,
leguminous seeds and many by-products, its composition has
been, until the investigations of To Hens and Schulze, but
little understood.

To these carbohydrates that can be removed from the
plant by the action of dilute mineral acid and alkali, and
that are as a rule soluble in F. Schulze's reagent, E. Schulze
has applied the name hemi-cellulose. Under this head he
would bring the mother substances, dextran, levulan, man-
nan, galactan, araban and xylan, which yield, on inversion,
the sugars dextrose, levulose, mannose, galactose, arabinose
and xylose. It is the mother substances of these sugars and
probably others of a similar nature not yet identified, to-
gether with ready-formed sugars, starch, and a portion of
the lignin, as above alhided to, which constitute the extract
matter. These henii-celluloses are intermixed with the true
celluloses and ligno-celluloses in the cell walls of plants and
seeds. In some cases they have been recognized as reserve
material, and are used as food in the sprouting of the seed.
The levulan and mannan do not appear to be generally dis-
tributed. The araban and xvlan (pentosans), on the other
hand, constitute fully one-third of the extract matter of all
hays and straws ; they are quite prominent in tlie hull and
bran of different grains and seeds, and are even found in the
endosperm and cotyledons of many seeds.

92 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

THE DISTRIBUTION OF GALACTAN.

J. K LINDSET and E. B. HOLLAND.

Galactan, one of the hemi-celluloses, was first extracted
from lucerne seeds by Miintz,* and was converted into galac-
tose by boiling with dilute acid. E. Schulze f and his co-
workers found galactan quite prominent in the seeds of the
blue lupine. The finely ground seeds were extracted with
ether, alcohol, one per cent, soda solution at a low tempera-
ture to remove albuminoids, washed with water, and the
residue boiled with dilute sulphuric acid. The solution was
afterwards neutralized with barium carbonate, filtered, and
evaporated to a syrup. This syrup was extracted with
hot alcohol, and the alcoholic solution on slow evaporation
yielded sugar crystals which proved to be galactose. The
mother substance, yielding galactose, was also found to con-
tain a pentose (probably arabinose). Schulze, therefore,
called the substance para-galactoaraban. An examination
of the pea, soy and field bean, showed the presence of the
same substance. The cofiee bean, date seed, palm and
cocoanut cake proved the presence ©f galactan and mannan
in liberal quantities, indicating the presence of a substance
which might be termed galactomannan. Whether these
substances are chemically united into complex molecules, or
whether they are simple mixtures, it is hardly possible to
state.

As a result of this work, Schulze assumed that the hemi'
cellulose- galactan might be very generally distributed in
agricultural plants; and, if such should be the case, it must
be of importance as a source of nutrition.

* Bull. Soc. Chiin. (2) .37, p. 409.

t Zeitsch fiir pliysiol. cliem. 75(1 It. Ilcft .'5; Zeitscli fiir pli3'siol. chem. Bd 16,
Hefts 4 and .5.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 93

Recognizing the comparatively few fodder plants and seeds
tliat had been tested for galactan, we thought it would prove
interesting to make a quantitative estimation of the amount
of the substance present in all the more important feed stuffs.
While the method employed by Schulze, namely, the invert-
ing of the galactan with dilute mineral acid and allowing the
resulting sugar to crystallize out, is of course a sure proof
of the presence of galactose, if properly identified, it does
not admit of a quantitative estimation of the sugar. We
therefore had recourse to the indirect method of estimating
the mucic acid, as a measure of the quantity of galactose
present. Scheele * was the first to recognize that by the
oxidation of milk sugar, mucic acid resulted. Pasteur f
found that it was the galactose of the milk sugar that yielded
mucic acid. Tollens and Kent,| after numerous experiments,
proposed the following method for obtaining the largest
amount of mucic acid both from milk sugar and from galac-
tose. They evaporated 100 grammes of miik sugar with
1,200 c.c. of nitric acid of 1.15 specific gravity in a water
Imth to one-third of its volume, allowed the solution to stand
twenty-four hours for the mucic acid to crystallize out, then
filtered onto a tared filter and dried and weighed it. This
method yielded 37 to 40 per cent, of mucic acid. When
pure galactose was used, a double quantity — 74-77 per
cent. — was obtained. § Rischbieth, Creydt, Hadecke and
Tollens still further perfected the method, and used it in
ascertaining the galactan in a variety of substances. This
perfected method we have used with but slight modifications
in the estimation of galactan in the substances which follow.

Method. — Three grammes of the substance were brought
into a beaker about 5.5 cm. in diameter and 7 cm. deep,
together with 60 c.c. of nitric acid of 1.15 specific gravity,
and the solution evaporated to exactly one-third of its volume
in a water bath at a temperature of 94 to 96 degrees C. After
standing twenty-four hours, 10 cc of water are added to the
precipitate, and it is allowed to stand another twenty-four

* Opuscula chemica et physica, Leipsig, 1789, p. 111.

t Comp. rend. 42, p. 347.

t Ann. Chem. 227, p. 221.

\ Landw. Versuchs-Stationeu 39, p. 401.

94 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

hours. The niucic acid has in the mean time crjstallized
out, but is mixed with considerable material only partially
oxidized by the nitric acid. The solution is therefore filtered
through filter paper, washed with 30 c.c. of water, to remove
as much of the nitric acid as possible, and the filter and con-
tents brought back into the beaker. Thirty c.c. of ammo-
nium carbonate solution * are now added, and the beaker
brought into a water bath and heated gently for fifteen min-
utes. The ammonium carb.>nate takes up the mucic acid,
forming the soluble muciate of ammonia. The solution is
now filtered into a platinum or porcelain dish, and the
residue thoroughly washed with water to remove all of the
muciate of ammonia. The filtrate is then evaporated to
dryness over a water bath, and 5 c.c. of nitric acid of 1.15
specific gravity are added, thoroughly stirred and allowed to
stand for thirty minutes. The nitric acid decomposes the
ammonium muciate, precipitating the mucic acid, which is
now filtered onto a tared filter, or into a Gooch crucible,
washed with 10 to 15 c.c. of water, with 60 c.c. of alcohol
and quite a numl)er of times with ether, dried at 100° C. for
a short time, and weighed. The mucic acid multiplied by
1.33 gives galactose, and this multiplied by .9 gives galactan.
The method gives fairly good results, but, like other
methods that are employed in estimating substances formed
by physiological processes, absolute accuracy is hardly to be
expected. For example, when extracting the mucic acid from
the impurities with ammonium carT)onate, more or less of the
partially decomposed organic matter is dissolved out, which
is again precipitated by the addition of the nitric acid. After
the mucic acid is filtered and washed with alcohol and ether,
a considerable portion of this material is dissolved out ; some,
however, still remains, and gives the otherwise white mucic
acid a grayish color. It is possible that such a condition
might be obviated by previously treating the f<nhslance to be
examined with alcohol, ether and one per cent, soda solution
in the cold, in order to remove fat, coloring matter and pro-
tein substances. Whether this could be done without loss
of any of the substance is a question for further study.

* One part ammonium carbonate, 19 parts water and 1 part strong ammonia.

1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

95

Results.

Coarse Fodder.

Galactose.

Galactan.

Per Cent.

Per Cent.

English hay,

1.01

.91

High-grown salt hay, .

.

.93

.84

Black grass,

,

.71

.64

Corn stover,

.76

.68

Oat straw, ....

.81

.73

Rye straw

.63

.57

Fodder millet,

.95

.86

Canada beauty pea fodder, .

3.09

2.78

Medium red clover fodder, .

a. 73

3.36

Alsike clover fodder, .

4.2.5

3.83

Mammoth clover fodder.

3.77

3.39

Concentrated Feeds.

Corn meal, .

"Wheat meal.

Oat meal.

Barley meal.

Wheat bran, .

Millet meal, .

Linseed meal.

Cotton-seed meal,

Rice meal, .

Rape seed, .

Brewers' grain,

Malt si:)routs.

Dwarf horticultural bean.

Green soy bean.

Black soy bean,

Bush lima bean,

Pole lima bean,

Black wax bean (dwarf).

White pot bean, .

Horse bean, .

Canada beauty pea,

Prussian blue pea,

English gray pea.

Little gem pea.

Wonder pea,

Pea meal.

Vetch seed, .

Serradella seed, .

Medium red clover seed.

Mammoth clover seed,

Crimson clover seed,

Alsike clover seed.

Sweet clover seed,

White clover seed.

Alfalfa seed,

White lupine seed.

Blue lupine seed.

.05

.23

.81

.55

.43

.67

1.31

.63

1.04

1.07

.56

.43

.68

.67

.92

.79

.66

.52

.53

1.83

.63

.75

.81

1.16

1.62

2.69

1.17

.66

2.77

3.63

3.49

8.96

6.00

10.08

6.23

13.84

16.29

.05

.21

.73

.50

.39

.60

1.15

.57

.96

.96

.50

.39

.61

.60

.83

.71

.59

.47

.48

1.65

.57

.68

.76

1.04

1.46

2.42

1.05

.59

2.49

3.27

3.14

8.06

5.40

9.07

4.71

12.46

14.66

96 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Many of the substances tested show less than one per
cent, of galactan, and we are not certain in many cases,
because of the small amount of precipitate obtained, whether
the material weighed really was mucic acid or partially
decomposed organic matter. All substances, therefore, con-
taining less than one per cent, of galactan, may be for the
present characterized as doubtful. To settle the presence or
absence of very small amounts of galactan, we shall either
be obliged to still further perfect the method, or work with
larger quantities. Tollens states that mucic acid melts at
213 degrees C. We have tested the melting point of the
precipitate in cases when there was sufficient present, and
found a melting point of about 215 degrees C.

The results as given above show the presence of very
small amounts of galactan in the non-leguminous coarse
fodders and seeds. In the leguminous plants from three to
four per cent, are present, while in case of the leguminous
seeds, several varieties of beans and peas appear to contain
very limited quantities, but the larger number of such seeds
tested show from 1^ to as high as 14 per cent. With the
exception of the lupines, the clover seeds contain the largest
amounts, the seeds of white variety containing 9 per cent.

The above results are merely a report of progress. They
show, however, that the galactans are not as widely dis-
tributed nor present in such large quantities as are the pen-
tosans, and therefore do not play such an important part as
do the latter in the process of nutrition. We propose to
continue the investigation of the distribution of these sub-
stances, and also to determine their digestibility.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 97

THE PHLOEOGLUCIN METHOD FOR THE ESTI-
MATION OF PENTOSANS.

J. B. LINDSEY and E. B. HOLLAND.

Couiicler * has suggested that, instead of phenylhydrazin,
phloroglucin be employed for the precipitation and estima-
tion of furfurol obtained by the distillation of various sub-
stances, with dilute hydrochloric acid. Kruger and Tollens f
have further studied and perfected the method, and recom-
mended it as reliable for the estimation of pentosans in vari-
ous coarse fodders, grains and vegetables.

The phloroglucin, like the phenylhydrazin method, is
based on the fact that the pentosans (araban, xylan, etc.)
differ from other carbohydrates in that they yield furfurol
instead of levulinic acid upon digestion with moderately
dilute hydrochloric or sulphuric acids. The first step neces-
sary in both processes for a quantitative estimation is the
conversion of the pentosans into furfurol and its separation
from the resulting by-products.

Phloroglucin Method described.
Three grammes of the material are brought into a ten-
ounce flask, together with 100 c.c. of 12 per cent, hydro-
chloric acid (specific gravity, 1.06), and several pieces of
recently heated pumice stone. The flask, placed upon wire
gauze, is connected with a Liebig condenser, and heat ap-
plied, rather gently at first, and so regulated as to distil over
30 c.c, in ten to fifteen minutes from the time that boilinsr
begins. The 30 c.c. driven over are replaced by a like
quantity of the dilute acid, by means of a separatory funnel ;
and the process so continued as long as the distillate gives a
pronounced reaction with aniline acetate on filter paper (a

* Chemikerztg, 1894, No. 5L f Zeitsch. far Ang. Chem., 1896, Heft II.

98

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

few drops of aniline in a little 50 per cent, acetic acid). To
the completed distillate is gradually added a quantity of
phlorogluciu * dissolved in 12 per cent, hydrochloric acid,
and the resulting mixture thoroughly stirred. The solution
first turns yellow, then green ; and very soon an amorphous
greenish precipitate appears, which grows rapidly darker,
till it finally becomes almost black. The solution is made
up to 500 c.c. with 12 per cent, hydrochloric acid, and
allowed to stand over night. In case there is very little
furfurol in the substance tested, and the resulting distillate
consequently small, it is best to add suflicient 12 per cent.
h3''drochloric acid to the distillate before adding the phloro-
glucin solution, so that, upon the addition of the latter
solution, the resulting mixture will contain approximately
500 c.c.

The amorphous black precipitate is filtered into a tared
Gooch crucible through an asbestos felt, washed with 100
c.c. of water, dried to constant weight by heating three to
four hours at 100 degrees C, cooled and weighed, the in-
crease in weight being reckoned as phloroglucid. To calcu-
late the furfurol from the phloroglucid, f use the following
table : —

TOTAL WEIGHT OF
PHLOROGLUCID OBTAINED.

Divided by,

equals

Furfurol.

TOTAL WEIGHT OF
PHLOROGLUCID OBTAINED.

Divided by,

equals

Furfurol.

.20 gramme,

.22

.24

.26

.28
.30
.32

1.820
1.839
1.856
1.871
1.884
1.895
1.904

.34 grar
.36

.38
.40
.45
.50-1-

Qme,

1.911
1.916
1.919
1.920
1.927
1.930

Furfurol -i- by grammes substance taken X 1-84 = pentosans.
Furfurol -i- by grammes substance taken X 1.65 := xylan.
Furfurol h- by grammes substance taken X 2.03 =araban.

* Dissolve twice as much dry phloroglucin as furfurol expected in about 50 c.c. of
12 per cent, hydrochloric acid. Bring the hydrochloric acid into a water bath, and
stir thoroughly till the pliloroglucin goes into solution.

+ The phloroglucid is a complex substance, of uncertain formula. It contains 63
to 64 per cent, of carbon and from 3.6 to 4.2 per cent, of hydrogen. The factors for
calculating the amount of furfurol from the phloroglucid were oTrtained after experi-
menting with known amounts of pure furfurol and phloroglucin.

1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

99

The amount of pentosans was estimated by both the
phenylhydrazin and the phloroglucin methods in the fol-
lowino; substances : —

Phenylhydra-
zin Method
(Percent.).

Phloroglucin

Method
(Percent.).

English hay, .
High-grown salt hay, .
Branch grass.
Low meadow fox grass,
Buffalo gluten feed,
Lupine seeds,

21.28
25.64
24.65
27. 9«
16.45
9.42

22.50
25.74
26.43
27.91
16.00
9.64

With two exceptions the two methods show very closely
agreeing results. We propose to still further compare these
methods in the near future. The phloroglucin method, on
account of its greater simplicity, is much to be preferred.

100 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Part II„

(a) THE EFFECT OF NARROW AND WIDE RA-
TIONS ON THE QUANTITY AND COST OF MILK
AND BUTTER, AND ON THE COMPOSITION OF
JvHLK.

J. B. LINDSEY, E. B. HOLLAND and GEO. A. BILLINGS.

Results of Two Experiments.

I. Definition : By narrow ration is meant one containing 4
to 5 times as mncli carboliydrates as protein (1:5);
by wide ration one containing 8 to 10 times as much
carbohydrates as protein (1 : 10).
II. The same amount of digestible matter in narrow rations
produced from 11.8 to 12.9 per cent, more milk than
did a like amount of digestible matter in wide rations ;
narrow rations also reduced the cost of production
from 5 to 12 per cent.

III. The average cost of a quart of milk produced with the

narrow rations was 1.81 cents, and with the wide ra-
tions 1.97 cents.

IV. The narrow rations produced over the wide rations practi-

cally the same relative increase in the amount of butter
and the same decrease in the cost of production as in
the case of the milk.
V. The narrow rations produced butter at a cost of 15.57 cents
per pound, and the wide rations at a cost of 16.52
cents per pound.
VI. In Experiment I., with the narrow rations, the best cow
produced 12.2 pounds of butter in a week, at a cost
of 14 cents per pound ; and the poorest cow produced
8.26 pounds, at a cost of 19.37 cents per pound. In
the same experiment, with the wide ration, the best
cow produced 9.52 pounds, at a cost of 16.67 cents
per pound ; and the pooi'est cow produced 7.28 pounds,
at a cost of 18.88 cents per pound.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 101

In Experiment II., on the narrow ration, tlie best cow
produced 12.81 pounds of butter per week, at a cost
for feed consumed of 11. C6 cents; and tlie poorest
cow 7.98 pounds, at a cost of 15.90 cents per pound.
With the wide ration, the best cow produced 10.92
pounds per week, costing 12.71 cents ; and the poorest
cow 6.86 pounds, costing 16.21 cents per pound.
VII. In these two experiments narrow rations produced manure
haviug 20 per cent, more fertilizing value than that
produced by wide rations. In general, it can be said
that narrow rations produce manure containing 10 to
15 per cent, more fertility than wide rations.
VIII. Neither the narrow nor wide ration produced any decided
change in the composition of the milk.
IX. For total consumption of dry and digestible matter ; total
yields of milk, milk solids and fat ; pounds of milk,
milk solids and fat produced by 100 pounds of dry
and digestible matter ; and for digestible matter re-
quired to produce 100 pounds of milk, 1 pound of milk
solids and 1 pound of butter, — see tables XII., XIII.
and XIV., in rear of this report.

A. Methods employed in carrying out the
Experiments.

Plan.

The experiments were two in number, and were conducted
during the autumn and winter of 1895-96, with six cows.
The animals were divided as evenly as possil)le into two
lots, and the experiments were so arranged that in the first
half of each experiment three of the cows were fed the
narrow rations while the other three were receiving the wide
rations ; in the second half of the experiment the order was
reversed. In this way the natural milk shrinkage as well as
the natural change in the quality of the milk was equalized.
In the first experiment the two halves each lasted twenty-six
days, and at least seven days were allowed after the animals
were placed upon the full ration before the actual test began.
In Experiment II. the halves each lasted twenty-one days.

102

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

History of Cows.

NAME.

Breed.

Age.

Last Calf
dropped.

Milk Yield at
Beginning op Ex-
periments.

I.

II.

I. Ada,

II. Una,* .

II. Guernsey,!
III. Bessie, .
IV". Beauty, .

V. Red,
VI. Spot, .

Grade Ayrshire,

Native,

Grade Guernsey,

Grade Ayrshire,

Grade Jersey, .

Grade Durham, .

Grade Durham, .

Tears.
7

10

7
7
5

7

Oct. 1,
Sept. 1,
Dec. 1,
Sept. 10,
Sept. 15,
Oct. 8,
Oct. 8,

Pounds.

26

22

27
27
33
34

Pounds.
22

30
26
20
27
27

* Used in first experiment.

t Used in second experiment.

The animals had been purchased in the neighborhood, at
an average cost of $50 each, when fresh. They were better
animals than the average, and most of them had been dry
for several months before calving,^ so that they would natu-
rally be able to do their best work during the two experi-
ments now being described. None of the animals had been
served at the beginning of the experiment, but they were
allowed to take bull later. Most of them were served be-
tween the two halves of the first experiment.

Feeds and Feeding.

In the first experiment all of the cows were fed hay and
sugar beets as coarse feeds. In the wide ration half, each
cow had one pound more of hay daily than in the narrow
ration half, in order to make up a like arnount of total
digestible daily nutrients. Chicago gluten meal and wheat
bran were fed in the narrow ration, and corn meal and wheat
bran in the wide ration. The hay was quite coarse, and con-
sisted of Timothy, with an admixture of clover, (^ow II.
left a small quantity of tiie coarser portion in one half,
which was deducted from the amount consumed in calculat-
ing the digestible daily nutrients eaten.

In the second experiment the coarse feeds consisted of
hay, and millet and soy bean ensilage; the concentrated
feeds in case of the narrow ration were bran, Chicago gluten

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMEOT — No. 33. 103

meal and old-process linseed meal ; and in case of the wide
ration, wheat l)ran and corn meal. In this experiment the
feeds were entirely consumed.

The feeds were very carefully weighed out, and given twice
daily. Water was kept before the animals constantly, by
means of the Buckley self- watering device. A cover swung
upon hinges kept the feed from getting into the water. The
animals very soon learned to lift the cover whenever they
desired to drink.

Sampling the Feeds.

A small sample of the different grain feeds was taken daily,
and preserved in glass-stoppered bottles ; a sample of the
hay was taken weekly, and likewise preserv ed ; and at the
end of each of the two halves of each experiment dry-matter
determinations were made and samples preserved for analysis.
In case of the sugar beets and ensilage, samples were taken
weekly and tested for dry matter at once, and at the close of
the experiment these several samples were mixed and pre-
served for analysis.

General Care.

The cows were milked twice daily, about five o'clock in the
morning and live in the afternoon, always by the same at-
tendant, who was a graduate of the college, and thoroughly
trustworthy. The animals were carded daily, and allowed
the run of a yard in pleasant weather. They were given
plenty of stall room, and made as comfortable as possible.
The wing of the stable in w^hich they were confined contained
no storage room, and each animal was allowed fully 1,200
cubic feet of air. The wing was heated with hot water, and
kept at a temperature of 50 to 55 degrees F. during the
winter months. Ventilation w^as secured by means of a shaft
8 by 15 inches, placed at the south end of the wing, running
to within 1 foot of the floor, and extendinof 12 feet above the
roof, terminating in a so-called Archimedean ventilator. In
the shaft was placed a hot- water coil, to increase the draught.
Air was admitted by means of windows opening into the
barn, thus avoiding direct draughts. The windows were
suflScient in number to keep the barn fully lighted.

104

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

Weighing the Animals,

The auimals were weighed before feeding in the afternoon
at the beginning and end of the experiment, and once a week
during its continuance. It is recognized that this was not
sufficient, and in experiments now being made the animals
are weighed for three successive days at the ]>eginning and
end of the experiment and the same number of times weekly
during its continuance.

Care of the MiJTc.

The milk was weighed at once after being drawn, on a
Chatillon balance sensitive to two ounces. Composite
samples were taken for five days of each week, the milk be-
ing preserved with the aid of bichromate of potash. In order
to secure an average sample, it was poured from one pail to
another three times, and then 10 c.c. removed with the aid
of a pipette, an exact amount being taken at every milking.
The glass jars containing the composite samples were kept
tightly covered, and were gently rotated each day, to prevent
any undue clotting of the cream.

Testing the Millc.

The tests Avere in all cases made in duplicate. The total
solids were made either by the sand method or by use of the
perforated disk filled with asbestos. The fat was determined
by the gravimetric method, and in case of Experiment II.
total nitrogen was estimated by the Kjeldahl method.

Experiment I.

DATES OF EXPERIMENT.

Narrow Ration.

Wide Ration.

October 24 through November 18

November 28 through December 23, . . .

Cows I., IV., VI.
CowsII., III., V.

Cows II., III., V.
Cows I., IV., VI.

Experiment II.

January 27 through February 16

February 29 through March 20, ... .

Cows I., II., VI.
Cows III., IV., V.

Cows III., IV., V.
Cows I., II., VI.

1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

105

B. Rations consumed, and Their Effect on the
Quantity and Cost of Milk and Butter.

Avercuje Daily Rations fed to Six Coivs (Pounds).

Experiment I.

CHARACTER OF RATION.

i

d

603

Si
O

"a

"Si

a

"5

a

c
u,

o
O

3
5C

Millet and
Bean En-
silage. 1

Narrow raiion, ....
Wide ration, ....

3
3

5.83

-

5.83

15.17
16.17

12
12

-

Experiment II.

Narrow ration,
Wide ration,

2.83
1.92

10.33
10.33

28.33
28.33

Average Weight of Animals and Total Digestible Nutrients in Daily
Rations {Pounds).

Experiment I.

'S

V

6

<

a

■a

««

CHARACTER OF RATION.

'3

J3

o

"a

r~

o

<3

o

3
!2i

Narrow ration, ......

941

3.07

.59

10.23

14.06

1:3.86

Wide ration,

938

1.46

.52

12.45

14.43

1:9.43

Experiment IT.

Narrow ration,
Wide ration.

2.85
1.45

9.96
11.44

13.46
13.42

1:4.04
1:8.85

The difference between the two rations in Experiment I.
consists in the fact that gluten meal high in protein was sub-
stituted for corn meal low in protein. In Experiment II.

106

HATCH EXPEEIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

gluten and linseed meals were substituted for corn meal. It
might have been better had the coarse feeds been increased
somewhat, in order to have raised the total digestible nutri-
ents to 15 pounds daily. The animals, however, maintained
very even average weights during both experiments. In
both halves of each experiment the total digestible nutrients
were practically the same.

Table I. — Yield and Cost of Milk.
Exjieriment I. 26 Days {6 Cows).

1

Average
Daily Yield.

Total Cost of
Feed con-
sumed.

Cost of Feed
to produce a
Quart of Milk
(Cents).

001-I •
T3i-( ri

CHARACTER OF RATION.

1

■a
a

a

Cost of F<
produce
Pound
Milk (C(

Narrow,

4241.5

12.65

27.2

$36.84

1.89

87.0

Wide

3695.5

11.03

23.7

35.34

2.11

95.7

Increase narrow over wide ration, .

546.0

1.62

3.5

1.50

-.22

-8.7

Percentage increase, ....

12.9

-

-

-

—11.70

-

Experinieiit II. 21 Days (6 Cows).

Narrow

3261.0

12.01

25.82

$26.27

1.74

80.6

Wide

2877.0

10.58

22.73

24.43

1.83

84.9

Increase narrow over wide ration, .

384.0

1.43

3.03

1.84

— 09

-

Percentage increase, ....

11.8

-

-

-

-5.20

-

The above table shows that the narrow rations produced
from 11.8 to 12.9 per cent, more milk than did the wide
rations, and that they reduced the cost of production from 5
to 12 per cent. At the end of Experiment II., six months
after calving, the cows were averaging between 11 and 12
quarts of milk daily.* It was not the primary object of
these two experimonts to select the most economical feeds
for milk production, but rather to note the eifect of narrow
V. wide rations on the quality of the milk. The figures, how-
ever, cannot fail to prove interesting to the milk producer.

* Cow No. 2, at the close of Experiment II., had Iteen calved but three months.

1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

107

Table II. — Yield and Cost of Butter.
Experivieni I. 26 Days (6 Cows).

o

o

>,

3

o-go

^^

.1-1

- = 0.

5S

a

Q

<0

CHARACTER OF RATION.

(U

Si^l-a

^^

^^

Pounds.

Pounds.

Pounds.

Pounds.

Cents.

Narrow

190.90

222.71

8.55

59.85

16.74

Wide

164.87*

192.01

7.11

49.77

18.41

Increase narrow over wide ration,

26.03

30.70

1.44

10.08

—1.67

Percentage increase,

13.70

13.70

-

-

—10.00

Experiment II. 21 Days (6 Cows).

Narrow,

Wide

Increase narrow over wide ration,
Percentage increase,

157.69

183.98

8.75

61.25

144.56

168.64

8.01

56.07

13.13

15.34

.74

5.18

8.30

8.30

-

-

14.40
14.64
— .24
—1.67

The figures tell the same story as they did in the yield of
milk. On the narrow rations the cows produced 13.7 per
cent, more butter in Experiment I. and 8.3 per cent, more
in Experiment II. than they did on the wide rations. In
Experiment I. the cost of feed per pound of butter produced
was 16.74 cents for the narrow ration and 18.41 cents for
the wide ration, showing that the narrow ration produced
butter for 10 per cent, less per pound than did the wide
ration. In Experiment II. the cost of feed per pound of
butter produced was 14.57 cents for the narrow and 14.64
cents for the wide ration, showing a diflerence of but 1.67
per cent, in favor of the narrow ration.

It is of course impossible to state with accuracy the exact
cost of feed required to produce a pound of butter, as so

* Cow V. (Red) during a portion of this period produced milk with but 2.85 per
cent, of fat, and then suddenly increased to 4 per cent. The above figures include
this cow's production on the basis of 4.05 per cent, fat for the entire period; other-
wise the percentage increase of the butter in the narrow ration would be more than
the percentage increase in the milk produced, which might lead to the supposition
that the narrow ration had actuall}' increased the percentage of fat in the milk, when
really this sudden increase of fat was entirely independent of the influence of the feed.

108

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

much depends upon the cost of feeds used, character of the
cows, and the stage of lactation. The figures simply show
what six of the better class of ordinary cows that had l)een
well fed were able to do, during the first six months after
calving.

Table III. — Yield and Cost of Butter from Poorest and Best

Cows.

Experiment I.

Experiment II.

CHARACTER OF COW
AND RATION.

Daily
Yield.

Weekly
Yield.

Cost of
Feed per
Pound.

Daily
Yield.

Weekly
Yield.

Cost of
Feed per
Pound.

Best cow, narrow,
Poorest cow, narrow,
Best cow, wide, .
Poorest cow, wide,

Pounds.
1.74
1.18
1.36
1.04

Pounds.

12.20
8.26
9.52

7.28

Cents.
14.00
19.37
16.67
18.88

Pounds.

1.83

1.14

1.56

.98

Pounds.
12.81

7.98
10.92

6.86

Cents.
11.66
15.90
12.71
16.21

In Experiment I. the best cow on the narrow ration pro-
duced 12.2 pounds of butter per week, at a cost for feed
consumed of 14 cents per pound ; while the poorest cow pro-
duced 8.26 pounds, at a cost of 19.37 cents per pound. In
the same experiment on the wide ration one cow produced
9.52 pounds per week, costing 1G.67 cents per pound; and
another 7.28 pounds per week, costing 18.88 cents.

In Experiment II. the best yield with the narrow ration
was 12.81 pounds of butter per week, costing for feed eaten
11.66 cents per pound ; and the poorest yield w^as 7.98
pounds, costing 15.90 cents. In the same experiment on
the wide ration the best yield was 10.92 pounds weekly,
costing 12.71 cents per pound; and the least yield 6.86
pounds weekly, costing 16.21 cents per pound. One is
enabled from the above figures to note both the influence of
the cow and the cost of the daily ration upon the cost of the
butter produced. The cow yielding 12.81 pounds weekly,
at a cost of 11.66 cents per pound for food consumed, was a
grade Guernsey, fresh at the time. Her general form and
appearance would not indicate that she was more than a very
ordinary cow. She produced al)out 14 (juarts of milk daily
when at her best, containing 5.8 per cent, of ])utter fat.
Such facts as the above ought certainly to stimulate farmers
to ascertain the amount and (juality of the milk produced by

1897. J

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

109

their cows during a period of lactation. Only by such a
course can the unprofitable cows be weeded out, and the herd
brought to a higher standard. The scales and the Babcock
tester are necessary ; mere guess will not accomplish it.

Table IV. — Approximate Estimate of the Amount and Value
of Fertilizer Constituents in Excretions of the 6 Cows.

CHARACTER OK RATIONS.

Nitrogen
(Pounds).

Phosphoric

Acid
(Pounds).

Potash
(Pounds).

Relative

Values of

Same.

Average of Experiments
I. and II., narrow,

Average of Experiments
I. and 11., wide, .

153

108

35

40

79
95

828 65
22 95

Percentage increased value of narrow over wide ration.

119 20

For the sake of comparison, by figuring the value of the
nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash contained in the feeds
consumed (less 20 per cent, for the amount retained in the
system or otherwise lost) by the market cost of these
several ingredients per pound, it will be seen that the
manure from the narrow ration has 20 per cent, more value
than that from the wide ration. The cause of the increased
value lies naturally in the increased amount of nitrogen
present. In case of the rations fed in these experiments,
the fact that the wide ration has more potash than the narrow
is because gluten meal, which served to increase the protein,
contains but minimum amounts of this ingredient. If cotton
or linseed meal had been used in place of the gluten meal,
the reverse would have been true. While the so-called
narrow rations as used in these experiments were extreme
ones, it might be said that narrow rations which contain
from 2 to 2h pounds of digestible protein in a day's feed,
aside from their causing a 10 per cent, increase in the milk
yield, furnish in addition a manure from 10 to possibly 15
per cent, more valuable than do wide rations.

While narrow rations will unquestionably produce more
milk and butter than wide rations, the relative cost of the
milk and butter produced by the two rations will depend

110 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

upon the price of the concentrated feed stufi's. The markets,
however, at the present time contain such a great variety of
these products that the feeder can select those rich in pro-
tein at prices that will enable him to feed the narrow or
so-called well-balanced rations to advantage.

In the closing remarks on this portion of the experiment,
it is well to inquire what are to be considered as economical
narrow rations. The German ration established so long ago
by the late ICmil von Wolif contained, for cows of 1,000
pounds weight, 2.5 pounds of digestible protein, .5 pounds of
digestible fat and 13 pounds of digestible carbohydrates,
with a proportion of protein to fat and carbohydrates of 1
to 5.4.

The writer is convinced that 2.5 pounds of digestible
protein daily is amply sufficient, and seriously questions
whether it is not too much. More than this amount, or
even 2.5 pounds daily in the form of concentrated feed
stuffs, if fed from eight to nine mouths each year, will soon
tend to impair the milk-producing capacity of the cow.
Some cows might be able to withstand such feeding longer
than others. It might be advisable, for economic reasons,
to feed as high as 3 pounds of digestible protein daily to
average cows for two or three years, and then turn them
into beef; but cows possessing more than ordinary merit
should be differently handled. It should ever be kept in
mind that it is far better to breed and select cows that pos-
sess extra milk and butter qualities than to attempt to attain
those ends by extra amounts of concentrated feeds.

The amount of protein, as well as the amount of total
digestible organic nutrients, that can be fed in the daily
ration in order to produce milk and butter at low prices, and
at the same time not impair the milk-producing organs l)y
overwork, is still an uncertain quantity ; and in order to
secure more accurate information, taking into consideration
American conditions, extended and carefully conducted in-
vestigations are necessary. Such experiments should be
carried out only by those who can control all the conditions,
who thoroughly understand the nature, handling and care
of animals, and who have the time to give the experiments
a close personal attention.

18i)7.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. Ill

C. The Effect of Narrow and Wide Eations on the
Quality of the Milk.

Many experiments have been published and many opinions
expressed relative to the effects of single feeds and feed com-
binations on the quality of milk. The writer has briefly
reviewed the most important of these experiments else-
where.* W. H. Jordan f has recently also presented a most
excellent review and critical examination of such experi-
ments.

Practicall}^ all of the experiments thus far made have taught
that feeds have but very little influence on the quality of milk.
By " afl'ecting the quality" is meant the increasing and de-
creasing of any or all of the solid constituents of the milk,
such as casein, albumin, milk sugar, fat and ash. It is a
commonly recognized fact that some feeds aftect the flavor of
milk, and to a slight extent its color, also possibly its acidity
and alkalinity. It is possible that feeds and feed combina-
tions rich in fat have a tendency to slightly increase the per-
centage of fat in the milk of some cows. Whether or not
feeds rich in protein have a similar tendency, is still uncer-
tain. It is probable that this increase is only of a temporary
character, the milk gradually coming back to its normal con-
dition. Animals very thin in flesh and insufiiciently fed, if
brought into good condition by proper feed, will probably
show an increase in one or all of the solid constituents.
This improvement will certainly not be very marked. It is
possible that the improvement in the milk brought about by
the more complete nourishment of a thin and insufiiciently
fed animal consists more in an improvement in the qualUij
of the fat, or nitrogenous matter, than in increasing to any
marked degree their actual percentages in the milk. The
quality of milk varies, as is well known, during the diflerent
stages of lactation, but this is entirely independent of the
influence of feed.

In conducting experiments of this character the investi-
gator should be very careful that he is able to control all the
conditions liable to in any way affect the results. The milk-

* Twelfth report of Massachusetts Experiment Station, 1894.
t Agriculture of Maine, 1895, page 139.

112 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

producing organs are largely under the control of the nervous
system, and any sudden change distur])ing the nervous tem-
perament of the animal, such as a sudden extreme change of
temperature, an angry man, change of milkers, etc., is very
likely to have an effect on the quality of her product. This
can easily be observed In' testing the milk daily and noting
tlie variations, especially in the percentage of fat. Too short
periods render such experiments valueless, as well as changing
the entire daily character of the feed in two or three parts of a
single experiment. No greater mistake can ])e made than in
employing cheap, unreliable help. The results of many of
the experiments thus fiir made along this line of investigation
are of absolutely no value, because one or several improper
influences have not been controlled by the experimenter.

In the two experiments which follow, the experimenter
has sought as far as possible to prevent any influence other
than the one desired to have any bearing on the results.
The methods have been described under A. The complete
feeding record of each cow will l)e found at the end of this
article.

1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33.

113

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114

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

ic^ }ou spiiog 01
jB^ JO notijodojj

•(•■jaao J9d)
}B^ jon spnog

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m (NOON

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1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 115

In judging the above results, it must not l)e forgotten that
the entire lot of cows was not fed at the same time on either
the wide or the harrow ration. For example, in Experiment
I. cows I., IV. and VI. were first fed the narrow ration;
while cows II., III. and V. were having at the same time the
wide ration. It would be expected that cows I., IV. and
VI. would naturally show slightly higher percentages on the
wide ration, because it was fed later; and for a like reason
cows II., III. and V. would show higher percentages on the
narrow ration. In case of Cow V., on the wide ration, it
has already been explained that the first two composite
samples of milk show low solids, and less than 3 per cent,
of fut. In the third sample both the solids and fat very
noticeably increased. It is evident that this sudden change
was not caused by feed ; first, because the animal was in
excellent flesh at the beginning of the ex})eriment ; and,
second, because the change was a permanent one. The cow
had been calved but a few weeks, and for some reason had
not come to her average quality of milk. It was there-
fore considered advisable, in the wide ration, to omit in the
average the first two analyses. With this exception, the
first experiment shows very little variation in the quality of
the milk. In the second experiment, cows I., II. and VI.
were first fed the narrow ration, and cows III., IV. and V.
first received the wide ration. All but Cow II. being some-
what advanced in the period of lactation, it is natural that at
least cows I. and VI. should show slightly higher percentages
with the wide ration, and cows III., IV. and V. with the
narrow ration. This natural tendency is noticed in cows L,
II., IV., V. and VI. One can therefore draw more reliable
conclusions when the results from the six cows are averaged,
thus eliminating as much as possible the error caused by
natural shrinkage.

116

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

Table VI. — Average Results from 6 Cows.
Experiment I.

o .

Daily Digestible Nutrients
consumed.

Composition of Milk.

■3,°

m

■t. ^^

^

la

£

a ^-'

'S

o

•a
n

D

o

O

a
.2

If

D

5£

■3

3

S3

-So
0

So
0 t.

a 01

D

EC L-
'On''

<

0^

6q

Q

H

15

H

iS

p^

QQ

Narrow ration,

941

3.07

.59

10.23

14.06

1:3.86

13.66

-

4.51

9.15

Wide ration, .

938

1.46

.52

12.45

14.43

1:9.43

13.56

-

4.47

9.09

Percentage increase nar-

_

_

_

_

_

+.73

_

+ .89

+ .66

row over wide.

Experiment II.

Narrow ration,
"Wide ration, .

899
890

2.85
1.45

.65
.54

9.96
11.44

13.46
13.42

1:4.04
1:8.85

13.83
14.12

3.29
3.24

4.83
5.02

9.00
9.10

Percentage increase nar-
row over wide.

-

-

-

—

-

-

—2.10

+1.52

-3.93

-l.U

The average weights of the animals during both periods of
each experiment are practically^ identical. In the first experi-
ment the milk appears to have suffered no change in compo-
sition. In the second experiment the wide ration seems to
have slightly increased the solids and fat and diminished the
nitrogenous matter. This is more strikingly brought out in
Table VII.

Table VII. — Showing Percentages on Basis of 14 Per Cent. Solids.

Experiment I.

Experiment

II.

^

J,

^

05

d '-^

.*

fe^

^a

fa^

0

0

'4

is

II

0 "^

0

2I

0^^

fe

m

2*'

fe

GQ

Narrow ration

4.62

9.38

3.33

4.88

9.11

Wide ration

4.61

9.39

3.21

4.97

9.02

Percentage increage narrow over wide,

±

±

+3.60

-1.84

+ .99

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 117

In Table VII. it will be noticed that the wide ration, con-
taining 1.45 pounds of digestible protein, .54 pound of
digestible fat and 11.44 pounds of digestible carbohydrates,,
seemed to have produced a slight but noticeable increase in
the percentage of fat ; and the narrow ration, containing 2.85
pounds of digestible protein, .65 pound of digestible fat and
9.96 pounds of digestible carbohydrates, a slight increase in
the total nitrogenous matter.

Recognizing the many serious difficulties in the way of
securing results that wnll show only the influence of feed or
feed constituents in the composition of milk, the writer would
of course draw no positive conclusions, but simply present
the figures as the results of two carefully conducted experi-
ments along this line of investigation.

118

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

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1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33.

119

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17.70
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■(91080)

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001 Jad paa^ jo i900

76.4
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120

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

'«

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B

c;

X

n

(^

1-4 -^ IM CO 00 iM
O CO to CO cooo
00 CO CO o O Ol

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1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

121

c;

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feq

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JO oiiB^i aAjiuin^i

CO •-< 00 rH t- CO
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122

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Table XII. — Shoiving Total Amount of Dry and Digestible
Matter consumed., and Total Milk Products produced.

ExpejHmcnl I.

CHARACTER OF
RATION.

Dry Matter

consumed

(Pounds).

Digestible

Matter
consumed
(Pounds).

Milk
produced
(Pounds).

Milk Solids
produced
(Pounds).

Milk Fat
produced
(Pounds).

Narrow, ....
Wide

3,549.0
3,675.4

2,193.4
2,251.1

4,241.5
3,695.5

579.4
501.1

191.3
165.2

Experiment II.

Narrow,
Wide, .

2,721.6
2,671.2

1,696.0
1,691.0

3,261.0
2,877.0

451.0
406.2

157.5
144.4

Table XIII. — Showing for Every 100 Founds of Dry and
Digestible Matter consumed, Amounts of Milk, Milk Solids and
Milk Fat produced.

Narrow Ration.

Experiment I. |

Experiment II.

ONE HUNDRED POUNDS.

Milk

(Pounds).

tK O

1

•a
a

3
o

a
fa

a

§

4^ Oh

og
1"

a

£

fa

Dry matter produced

Digestible matter produced, .

119.51
193.41

16.32
26.42

5.39

8.72

119.8
192.3

16.6
26.6

5.8
9.3

Dry matter produced, .
Digestible matter produced,

Wide Ration.

100.28
164.16

13.74
22.28

4.48
7.34

107.7
170.1

15.4
24.0

6.40
8.54

1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

123

Table XIV. — Pounds of Digestible Matter required to produce
100 Pounds of 3filk, a Pound of Milk Solids and a Pound
of Butter.

Nnrroiv Ration.

Experiment I.

Experiment II.

TO PRODDCB —

TO PRODUCE —

IB

r3 "

X)

w

TS *

T3

POUNDS REQUIRED OF —

a

aT3
n -

a

3

a

S3

a

3

° J.

O o

(^^

PM £

dH^

Pl^OQ

^s

SS

^^

°^

="5

^s

»«

O

O

O

o

Digestible matter, .....

51.7

3.78

9.83

52.0

3.76

9.2

H'^/e Ration.

Digestible matter,

60.9 4.49 11.68 58.8 4.16 10.04

124

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

o

a.

a

a

♦"(aonBHspiAi

'•11 AVOO) 9}9«jV1

5.10

43.66

1.58

6.21

43.45

•sinaiogjaoo

nonsaSta

1 1 Cl O CO

05 «o Ol

•(")n90
jaj) IB8H Djoo

1.43
2.06
4.46
11.36
80.69

•BiuapHfaoQ

"nojisaStCI

1 1 1 1 1

•(■inao
aaa) IBaH paae
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■BinatDgjaof)

noi^saSiQ

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a> 00 o>

•(•■»uaojad)it3aK
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3.12
5.96
42.73
47.03

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11.63

5.64
19.20

57.76

8

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8.65

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33.13

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Aeta

Fat

Extract matter,

fe^

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a

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m

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w

1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

125

Table XVI. — Dry Matter Determinations.
Experiment I.

• CU

«

>^ oc

<u

a

C-

O ts •
02—':-

a

= s

3et

CU

is °

■a a a
a '■

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go

50

ocu

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75

02

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0

October 24 to November 19,

87.6

13.00

88.3

91.0

-

87.7

November 28 to December 24, .

87.0

14.70

88.6

91.0

-

87.7

Experiment II.

January 27 to February 17,
February 29 to March 21, .

88 0
91.0

18.4
19.7

91.0
91.0

90.0
90.0

84.5
84.5

Market Cost of Feed Stuffs per Ton.

Experiment
I.

Experiment
II.

$15 00

$15 00

5 00

-

-

4 00

17 00

16 00

23 00

22 00

-

22 00

17 00

16 00

Hay

Sugar beets, . . . .
Millet and aoy-bean ensilage,
Wheat bran, . . . .
Chicago gluten meal.
Linseed meal.
Corn meal

126 HATCH P:XPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH PIGS.

(6) Rice Meal v. Corn Meal.
ExPEKiMENT I. — Nov. 12, 1895, to Feb. 11, 1S96.

Results.

Three pigs fed rice meal and skim-milk each showed an
average weight of 67 pounds at the begiiwiing of the experi-
ment and 195.2 pounds at the end of the experiment; the
three fed corn meal and skim-milk each showed an average
weight of 65 pounds at the beginning and 193.5 pounds at
the end of the experiment.

The rice meal lot consumed during the experiment 3,519
pounds of skim-milk (1,614 quarts), together w^ith 867
pounds of rice meal, and gained 385 pounds of live weight,
equal to 298 pounds of dressed weight ; the corn meal lot
consumed like quantities of milk and corn meal, and gained
385 pounds of live weight, equal to 309 pounds of dressed
weight.

The rice meal lot consumed 1,118.64 pounds of dry matter
and the corn meal lot 1,105.65 pounds of dry matter.

The rice meal lot required 2.91 pounds of dry matter to
produce 1 pound of live weight and 3.77 pounds to produce
1 pound of dressed weight; the corn meal lot required 2.91
]iounds of dry matter to produce 1 pound of live weight
and 3.59 pounds to produce 1 pound of dressed weight.

The average daily gain in live weight of each pig in both
the rice and corn meal lots was 1.41 pounds.

The three pigs fed rice meal showed an average shrinkage
of 22.64 per cent, in dressing; the corn meal fed pigs
shrank 20 per cent.

The above results indicate that a good quality of rice meal
has a feeding value equal to a similar quality of corn meal.

With grain at |18 per ton and dressed pork at 5 cents per
pound, skim-milk returned J of a cent per quart, or 23 cents

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 127

per 100 pounds ; with the same price for grain and dressed
pork at G cents per pound, skim-milk would return 31.5
cents per 100 pounds.

With grain at $18 per ton and skim-milk at 15 cents per
100 pounds, live weight would cost 2.88 cents per pound
and dressed weight 3.66 cents. If skim-milk were reckoned
at 25 cents per 100 pounds, live weight would cost 4 cents
per pound and dressed weight 5 cents per pound.

Details of the Exiierhnent.

The object of the experiment was to compare the nutritive
effect of rice meal with corn meal when fed in connection
with skim-milk. Six pigs, grade Chester White, all out of
the same litter, were selected. They were received October
15, when six weeks old, and kept for a month before begin-
ning the experiment. Before starting the experiment each
pig was placed in a separate pen, of about 100 feet area.
The pens were separated by heavy galvanized wire, thus
securing good ventilation, and allowing at the same time the
animals to see each other. While the}^ had no outdoor run,
the pens were large, the room airy and well lighted, and the
constant good health of the animals indicated no disturbing
influences. Only in very severe weather did the tempera-
ture in the building fall a little below freezing.

Feeding. — The animals were fed three times daily, the
slightly warmed milk being measured, and the grain ration
for the twenty-four hours accurately weighed. The pigs
were each given from 5 to 6 quarts of milk daily. At the
beginning of the experiment 4 ounces of grain were given
with each quart of milk ; and the amount increased from
time to time, to suit the appetites of the animals. The
feed was consumed during the entire time, without a single
refusal.

Feeds. — The skim-milk was tested occasionally, and 9.75
per cent, of solids were used in calculating the amount of
dry matter it contained. Rice meal is fed and highly
prized in Europe. It is occasionally found in our markets,
but the present low price of corn meal excludes it. In pre-
paring rice for human consumption, various mechanical proc-
esses are employed. After the hull is removed, the rice is

128

HATCH EXPERI^IENT STATION. [Jan.

brought into mortars holding from 4 to 6 bushels each and
pounded, to remove the yellow, gluey covering of the grain
and give it the creamy color so much desired. This pound-
ing really removes the chaft' and some of the flour, and leaves
the grain but little broken. The rice is then polished to
give it a pearly lustre, which is eftected by friction of the
grains of rice against tanned moose hide. That portion
rubbed ofl' is termed rice polish. The chaff and flour above
referred to, and in some cases the polish also, are mixed and
sold as rice meal for cattle feeding.

Composition.

[Figures equal percentages or pouuds per 100.]

Water, .
Ash, .
Fiber, .
Fat,

Protein, .
Extract matter,

10.50
7.67
5.03
12.10
12.95
51.75

12.00
1.42
1.84
3.34
9.68

71.72

The above feeds have the same type of composition, being
comparatively low in protein and high in carbohydrates.
They both may be termed heat-producing and fattening
feeds. The rice meal contains more fat and less extract or
starchy matter than the corn meal.

1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

129

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lao

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

Additional Data.

In order to throw light on the price returned for skim-
milk and the cost of feed required to produce a pound of
live and dressed weight, the following additional data is
presented, and the amount of feed consumed is reckoned
from October 15, when the pigs were received, to February
12, when they were slaughtered. The results below are
based on the entire lot of six pigs.

Pounds.

Total milk consumed by six pigs,
Total grain consumed by six pigs.
Live weight actually gained,
Dressed weight actually gained, .

8,921
1.920

PRICE RETURNED

When Corn Meal sells at
$18 PER Ton and Dressed
Pork at —

When Corn Meal sells at
$24 per Ton and Dressed
Pork at —

FOR SKIM-MILK.

Five Six
Cents. Cents.

Seven
Cents.

Eight
Cents.

Five
Cents.

Six
Cents.

Seven
Cents.

Eight
Cents.

Per quart (fraction of
cent).

Per 100 pounds (cents) ,

.50
23.00

.69
31.50

.87
40.00

1.06
48.50

.36
16.00

.54
25.00

.73
33.00

.91

42.00

The pigs were six weeks old when they were received,
and weighed about 33 pounds each. When slaughtered they
averaged 194.5 pounds each. The pigs made a rapid growth,
and the results are fully as favorable as could be hoped for.

Cost of Feed per Pound of Grotvth prodttced ( Cents) .

Live

Weight.

Dressed
Weight

When corn meal costs $18 per ton and milk \ cent per quart,

2.88

3.66

When corn meal costs $18 per ton and milk J cent per quart,

4.00

5.00

When corn meal costs $24 per ton and milk J cent per quart.

3.48

4.43

When corn meal costs $24 per ton and milk | cent per quart,

4.55

5.80

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 131

(c) Oat Feed v. Corn Meal for Pigs.
Experiment II. — March 29 to June 30, 1896.

Results.

Four pigs fed oat feed and skim-milk each showed an
average weight of 42.56 pounds at the beginning and 136.75
pounds at the end of the experiment ; the two fed corn meal
and milk showed an average weight of 45.25 pounds at the
beginning and 157.70 pounds at the end of the experiment.

The oat feed lot consumed during the experiment 5,389
pounds of skim-milk (2,474 quarts), together with 869
pounds of oat feed, and gained 376.75 pounds of live weight,
an average gain of 94.19 pounds each ; the corn meal lot con-
sumed 2,694.5 pounds of milk (1,236 quarts), together with
435 pounds of corn meal, and gained 225.25 pounds, or an
average gain of 112.62 pounds.

The oat feed lot consumed 1,305.96 pounds of dry matter
and required 3.47 pounds of dry matter to produce a pound
of live weight; the corn meal lot consumed 645.1 pounds of
dry matter and required 2.86 pounds of dry matter to pro-
duce a pound of live weight.

The oat feed lot showed an average daily gain of 1.03
pounds in live weight, and the corn meal lot a daily gain of
1.22 pounds in live weight.

The present experiment shows that only 83.6 per cent, as
much pork was produced with oat feed as with an equal
weight of corn meal, or 100 pounds of corn meal were equal
to 120 pounds of oat feed.

With corn meal at $18 per ton, oat feed at $16 per ton
and dressed pork at 5 cents per pound, skim-milk returned
1^ of a cent per quart, or 15.6 cents per 100 pounds in case
of the entire lot of six pigs.

With the same price for grain and skim-milk reckoned at
1 cent per quart, live weight would cost 3.34 cents and
dressed weight 4.3 cents per pound. Further details con-
cerning prices will be found in the description of the experi-
ment.

132

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

Details of Experiment II.

The object of this experiment was to compare the nutritive
effect of corn meal with oat feed. Six grade Chester AVhite
pigs, all from the same litter, were used. The pigs were
kept in the same pens and handled in the same way as de-
scribed in the previous experiment. They had been in the
pens over a month before the experiment began.

Feeding. — The pigs were each fed at the beginning 5
quarts of milk together with 3 ounces of meal to each quart
of milk, and increased in this proportion till 8 quarts of
milk were fed ; the grains were then still further increased
from time to time to satisfy the appetites of the animals.

Feeds. — The skim-milk and corn meal were of the same
average quality as reported in the previous experiment. Oat
feed is the refuse from factories engaged in the preparation
of oat meal for human consumption. It consists of the poor
oats, oat hulls and some of the bran and starch which are
removed in the process of manufacture. It is, as the corn
meal, a heat-producing rather than a flesh-forming feed.
Oat feed varies very much in composition, and consequently
in feeding value. The sample used may be considered an
average one.

Composition.
[Figures equal percentages or pounds per 100.]

Oat Feed.

Corn Meal.

Water, .
Ash, . , .
Fiber, .
Fat,

Protein, .
Extract matter.

10.00
5.00

14.75
3.72

12.19

54.34

12.00
1.42
1.84
3.34

The presence of the high })ercentage of fiber in the oat
feed is indicative of a considerable amount of hulls.

1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 38.

133

o

fel

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s
e

c;

fen

O

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panOjj B aanpojd
o} papaaa jajiBj^ ijQ

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asi'j ui mvQ Swe(j

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3M'-i m niB£) imox

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jnaroijadsg; jo

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-uadxg; jo SatuuiS

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rH r-( I U3 i-l

(spnnod)

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I I I I

CO CO CO CO

t-1 t- t- t'
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(Bpunoj)

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r Eh -^

>

134

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

Additional Data.

In order to show the price returned for skim-milk and the
cost of feed required to produce a pound of live and dressed
weight, the additional data is presented for the six pigs : —

Pounds.

Total milk consumed by six pigs,
Total oat feed consumed hy six pigs,
Total corn meal consumed by six pigs.
Live weight actually gained.
Dressed weight calculated, .

PRICE RETURNED

With Uat Feed at $16 per
Ton, Corn Meal at $18 per
Ton and Dressed Pork at —

With Oat Feed at $21 per
Ton, Corn Meal at $24 per
Ton and Dressed Pork at —

FOR SKIM-MILK.

Five
Cents.

Six
Cents.

Seven
Cents.

Eight
Cents.

Five
Cents,

Six
Cents.

Seven
Cents.

Eight
Cents.

Per quart (fraction of
cent).

Per 100 pounds (cents),

.34
15.60

.47
21.40

.60
27.00

.72
33.00

.25
11.00

.37
17.00

.50
23.00

.62
29.00

The pigs did not grow as rapidly as in the first experi-
ment, and consequently the returns are below those obtained
with the previous lot. The animals seemed inferior, and
unable to turn the feed into rapid growth. The above fig-
ures are more nearly what might be expected by the average
farmer.

Cost of Feed per Pound of Orowth ^yfodaced (Cents).

Live
Weight,

Dressed
Weight.

With grain prices at $16 and $18 and milk at J cent per quart.

3.34

4,30

With grain prices at $16 and $18 and milk at J cent per quart.

4.88

6,25

With grain prices at $21 and $24 and milk at \ cent per quart,

3.90

5.00

With grain prices at $21 and $24 and milk at ^ cent per quart.

5.46

7.00

1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

135

(d) Digestion Experiments with Sheep.

We have continued our digestion studies of the various
cattle feeds during the past year. Some of the work under-
taken is as yet incomplete, and experiments are still in prog-
ress. Below is presented the digestion coefficients obtained
with several feed stuffs. The entire data will be presented
at another time. By digestion coefficients is meant the per-
centage of the several groups of constituents composing feed
stuffs that the animal is capable of digesting. Thus, if wheat
bran contains 16 per cent, of protein, or 16 pounds in 100,
and the coefficient of the protein digestibility is 78, this
means that the animal can digest 78 per cent, of the 16
pounds, or 12.48 pounds.

Digestion Coefficients obtained.

fil

a

a

■2

^

oS

U
«

o

O

^^

KIND OF FODDER.

^tE

"-■c

«--^

a.

01

a ®

■Seh

a <u

f?

u

fc.

"S -^

a ^

g^

5^

J3

s

2

Rice meal

2

74

(?)

91

62

92

Pope gluten feed,

2

87

77

81

86

90

Pope gluten meal,

2

93

(?)

98

84

88

Millet and soy-bean ensilage, .

4

59

69

72

57

59

Corn and soy-bean ensilage.

3

69

65

82

65

75

Hay (mostly timothy).

2

55

67

57

54

55

Compilation of Analyses of Fodder Articles and
Dairy Products,

MADE AT

AMHERST, MASS
1868-1897.

Prepared by E. B. Hoeeand.

A. Fodder Articles.

B. Fertilizixg Ingredients in Fodders.
0, Dairy Products.

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

'«

6 I

"t?.

o
a-

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151

B. Fertilizing Inyredients in Fodder Articles.

[Figures equal percentages or pounds in 100.]

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75.

.68

.35

.08

2 05

Flat pea

79.

1.05

.45

.14

3 10

Cow pea

82.

.32

.18

.10

1 04

Small pea,

82.

.48

.37

.11

1 62

Soy bean,

73.

.29

.53

.15

1 36

Soy bean (early white)

67.

.94

.91

.21

3 36

70.

.84

.71

.20

2 91

Soy bean (medium black), ....

77.

.80

.57

.18

2 65

Soy bean (late)

80.

.60

.68

.14

2 25

Bokhara or sweet clover, . . , .

79.

.45

.42

.13

1 62

Serradella,

83.

.41

.42

.14

1 53

Spring vetch

85.

.36

.45

.10

1 40

81.

.56

.35

.09

1 78

Prickly comfrey,

87.

.37

.76

.12

1 76

85.

.44

.54

.09

1 67

Silver-hull buckwheat, ....

85.

.29

.39

.14

1 21

85.

.26

.53

.14

1 08

Corn ensilage,

80.

.42

.39

.13

1 52

Corn and soy-bean ensilage.

71.

.79

.44

.42

2 51

Millet ensilage,

3

74.

.26

.62

.14

1 37

Millet and soy-bean ensilage, .

5

76.

.48

.50

.12

1 76

ir. Hay and Dry Coarse Foddem.

Corn fodder,

7

20.

1.53

.77

.47

4 87

Corn Btover,

17

20.

.92

1.22

.26

3 66

* Using the figures for the retail cost of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash in fertilizers,
the amounts obtained show comparative rather than actual values, because the ingredients
in fertilizers are easier to handle and in a more available form than in fodders.

152

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

B. Ferlilizing Ingredients in Fodder Articles — Continued.

■c<

II. Hay and Dry Coarse Fodders — Con.

English hay,

Rowen,

Timothy

Red top,

Kentucky blue-grass

Orchard grass

Meadow fescue,

Perennial rye-grass,

Italian rye-grass,

Salt hay,

Millet

Vetch and oats,

Mammoth red clover,

Medium red clover,

Alsike clover,

Lucerne (alfalfa),

Sainfoin,

Barley straw,

Soy-bean straw,

Millet straw,

Teosinte,

White lupine

Yellow lupine

Spanish moss,

Sulla

White daisy,

Carrot tops,

///. Hoots, Tubers, FruitH, et<'.
Beets, red

Beets, sugar,

Beets, yellow fodder,

Mangolds,

Turnips, .

Ruta-bagas

15.
15.
15.
15.
15.
15.
15.
15.
15.
15.
15.
15.
15.
15.
15.
15.
15.
15.
15.
15.
15.
15.
15.
15.
15.
15.
15.

91.

90.

89.

1.-27
1.70
1.19
1.06
1.19
1.22
.92
1.15
1.11
1.06
1.22
1.23
2.14
2.01
2.26
1.87
2.54
.95
.69
.68
1.32
2.56
2.28
.61
2.31

.19
.15
.17
.19

1.50
1.56
1.40

.94
1.52
1.58
1.96
1.45
1.18

.65
1.61
1.27
1.16
2.11
2.10
1.32
1.95
2.03
1.04
1.73
3.35
1.46
2.51

.56
1.96
1.18
4.60

.44
.48
.46
.34
.38
.49

.29
.46
.33
.33
.39
.38
.37
.52
.52
.23
.46
.62
.52
.41
.63
.48
.73
.19
.25
.18
.16
.29
.51
.07
.42
.41

$4 81
6 05
4 55

3 78

4 73
4 85
4 50
4 68
4 32

3 40

4 95
4 78

6 76

7 30

4 48

2 92

3 52

6 66

7 87
12 57

2 09

7 88

2 17

12 19

1 10

1 10

99

83

90

1 03

* See note on page 151.

1897.J

PtTBLIC DOCUMENT — No. S3.

153

B. Fertilizing Ingredients in Fodder Articles — Continued.

NAME.

0)

□
<

a
a
an
o

"3

o

3

o

Si
c

o

S}

Ph

Op

III. Roots, Tubers, Fruits, etc. — Coa.

Carrots,

3

89.

.16

.46

.09

$0 93

Parsnips,

1

80.

.22

.62

.19

1 32

Potatoes,

4

80.

.29

.51

.08

1 29

Artichokes,

1

78.

.46

.48

.17

1 74

Apples

2

80.

.13

.19

.01

51

Apple poraace,

2

81.

.23

.13

.02

70

Cranberries

1

89.

.08

.10

.03

32

Japanese radish (j«eri7tta),

1

93.

.08

.28

.05

52

Japanese radish (ru'yas Ai'^f) , .

1

93.

.08

.34

.05

58

IV. Graina, Seeds, etc.

Corn kernels,

13

10.9

1.82

.40

.70

5 04

Oat kernels,

1

9.0

2.10

-

-

-

Soy bean

2

18.3

5.30

1.99

1.87

16 39

Ued adziuki beans

1

14.8

3.24

1.54

.94

10 16

White adzinki beans,

1

16.9

3.33

1.48

.97

10 35

Saddle beans,

1

12.3

2.12

2.13

1.52

8 59

Common millet

2

11.5

2.01

.45

.96

6 02

Japanese millet

1

13.7

1.73

.38

.69

5 15

Chestnuts,

1

45.0

1.18

.63

.39

3 79

T'. Flour and Meal.

Corn meal

3

14.1

1.92

.34

.71

5 59

Corn and cob meal,

29

9.0

1.41

.47

.57

4 37

Wheat flour,

2

12.1

2.02

.36

.35

5 52

Cr round barley,

1

13.4

1.55

.34

.66

4 65

Pea meal

1

8.9

3.08

.99

.82

9 12

Soybean meal

1

10.8

5.89

2.23

1.57

17 80

Peanut meal,

1

8.0

7.84

1.54

1.27

21 50

TV. By-products and Refuse.

Cotton-seed meal,

24

8.2

6.70

1.83

2.47

20 13

Linseed meal (old process),

4

8.0

5.39

1.21

1.78

15 75

Cleveland linseed meal

5

8.0

5.83

1.25

1.70

16 76

Gluten meal (Chicago), ....

2

9.6

6.04

.06

.43

14 74

Gluten mi-al (King),

\

7.8

5.69

.08

.69

14 36

Gluten meal (variety uncertain).

5

8.5

5.09

.05

.42

12 64

See note on page 151.

154

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

B. Fertilizing Ingredients in Fodder Articles — Concluded.

NAME.

eS o

VI. By-products and Refuae — Con.
Gluten feed (Buffalo),

Atlas gluten feed

Dried brewers' grain

Wheat bran,

Louisiana rice bran, ....
Wheat middlings, ....

Rye middlings

Buckwheat hulls, ....

Cotton hulls,

Proteina

Rye feed,

Peanut feed

Peanut huske,

Damaged wheat

Glucose refuse,

Cocoa dust

Broom corn waste (stalks),

Corn cobs,

Palmetto roots,

Meat meal

VII. Dairy Products.
Buttermilk,

Bkim-milk,

Whey,

5
1
2
10
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
8
1
1

1

22

1

8.2
11.2

8.6

9.9
10.3
10.2
12.5
11.9
10.6
10.1

9.6
10.0
13.0
13.1

6.7

7.1
10.4
12.1
11.5

8.0

91.1
90.3
93.7

3.72

4.80

3.65

2.36

1.43

2.75

1.84

.49

.75

2.97

1.95

1.46

.80

2.26

3.37

2.30

.87

.50

.54

11.21

.51
.59
.10

.06
.16
.85

1.40
.84
.75
.81
.52

1.08
.57
.98
.79
.48
.51
.09
.63

1.38
.30

34

23

1

05

2

10

1

71

1

25

1

26

.07

.18

1

.00

1

.56

.23

.13

.83

.61

1

.34

.46

.06

.16

.73

.04

.17

$9 29

11 89

10 76

8 95

5 81
8 48

6 36

1 76

3 05
8 59

7 06

4 50

2 52

6 68

8 73

7 36
4 36

1 85

2 82
27 86

* See note on page 151.

181)7.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

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Tables of the Digestibility of American Feed Stuffs.
Experiments made in the United States.

Compiled by J. B. LINDSEY.

I. Experiments with Ruminants.

n. Experiments with Swine,

Dec. 31, 1896.

158

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170 HATCH EXPEEIMENT STATION. [Jan.

LITEKATURE.

The following pu])lications have been consulted in com-
piling the tables of the digestibility of American feed
stuffs : —

Reports of Storrs (Couuecticut) Experiment Station, 1894, 1895.
Reports of the Maine State Experiment Station for 188G, 1887,

1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1893, 1894.

Reports of the New York Experiment Station, 1884, 1888, 1889.
Reports of the Pennsylvania Experiment Station, 1887, 1888,

1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893.

Bulletins Nos. 80 c, 81, 87 d, 97 and 118 of the North Carolina
Experiment Station.

Bulletin No. 16, Utah Experiment Station.

Bulletin No. 3 of the Wisconsin Experiment Station for 1884,
and Sixth Annual Report, 1889.

Bulletin No. 8 of the Colorado Experiment Station.

Bulletins Nos. 26 and 36 of the Minnesota Experiment Station,

Bulletin No. 6 of the Oregon Experiment Station.

Bulletins Nos. 13, 15 and 19 of the Texas Experiment -Station.

Bulletins Nos. 20 and 41 of the Maryland Experiment Station.

Eleventh and Twelfth Annual Reports (1893 and 1894) of the
Massachusetts State Experiment Station.

Report of Hatch Experiment Station, 1895, 1896.

Bulletin No. 43 of the Illinois Experiment Station.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 171

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST.

DEPARTMENT OF FERTILIZERS AND FERTILIZER
MATERIALS.

Charles A. Goessmann; Assistants: II. D. IIaskins, R. H. Smith

Pakt I. Field Experiments.

1. Experiments to study the effect of raising leguminous crops

in rotation with grain crops on the nitrogen sources of the
soil.

2. " Nitragin," a germ fertilizer for the cultivation of leguminous

crops.

3. Observations with leguminous crops at Amherst.

4. Mixed annual forage crops v. clovers.

5. Experiments to study the economy of using natural phosphates

in place of acid phosphates (superphosphates).

6. Experiments to ascertain the influence of different mixtures

of chemical fertilizers on the character and yield of garden
crops.

Part II. Work in the Chemical Laboratory.

1. Report on inspection of commercial fertilizers.

2. New laws for the regulation of trade in commercial fertilizei'S.

3. Report on general work in the laboratory.

4. Compilation of analyses of manurial substances, fruits, garden

crops and insecticides.

172 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATTOX. [Jan.

Part I.
REPORT ON FIELD EXPERIMENTS.

CriAKI.ES A. GOESSMANN.

1. Field Experiments carried on for the Purpose of

STUDYING THE EfFECT OF A LiBERAL INTRODUCTION

OF Clover-like Plants — Leguminous Crops —
INTO Farm Practice, as a Means of increasing
the Resources of Available Nitrogen Plant
Food in the Soil under Cultivation from the
Elementary Nitrogen of the Air. {Field A)

The observation of the fact that the different varieties of
clover and of clover-like plants in general, as peas, beans,
vetches, lupines, etc., are in an exceptional degree qualified,
under favorable conditions, to convert, by the aid of certain
micro-organisms of the soil, the elementary nitrogen of the
air into plant food, imparts to that class of farm crops a
special interest from an economical stand-point. This cir-
cumstance is in a controlling degree due to the following
two causes : —

First. — The nitrogen-containing soil constituents of plant
food are, as a rule, in a high degree liable to suffer serious
changes in regard to their character and fitness as well as in
reference to their quantity.

Second. — Available nitrogen-furnishing manurial sub-
stances are the most costly articles of plant food in our
markets.

Field experiments which propose to show, l)y their results,
to what extent the cultivation of clover-like plants can be
relied on as a practical and economical means for securing
efiiciently nitrogen plant food for the cro|),s to be raised have

18!)7.j PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 173

deservedly of late engaged the most careful attention of
agricultural investigators.

The systematic treatment of the field here under consider-
ation (Field A), as far as suitable modes of cultivation and
of manuring are concerned, was introduced during the season
of 1883 to 1884.

The subdivision of the entire area into eleven plats ' ' one-
tenth of an acre each," of a uniform size and shape, 132 feet
long and 33 feet wide, with an unoccupied and unmanured
space of 5 feet in width between adjoining plats, has been
retained unaltered since 1884.

A detailed statement of the temporary aim and general
management of the experiments, as well as of the results
obtained in that connection from year to year, forms a
prominent part of my contemporary printed annual reports,
to which I have to refer for further details, 1884-96.

Our observations upon Field A are divided into three
periods : —

(a) Study of the existing soil resources of plant food,
1884 to 1889.

(b) Study of the eflect of excluding nitrogen plant food
from outside sources and of adding nitrogen plant food in
various available forms, 1889 to 1892.

(c) Studying the eflect of the cultivation of leguminous
crops on the resources of available nitrogen plant food in
the soil under treatment, 1892 to 1897.

The first four years of the stated period 1884 to 1889
were principally devoted to an investigation into the general
character and condition of the soil under cultivation as tar
as its natural and inherent resources of available phosphoric
acid, nitrogen and potash were concerned.

The soil proved to be in particular deficient in potash.
Diflerent varieties of corn (maize) were raised in succession
to assist in the investigation.

Since 1889 the main object of observation upon the same
field has been to study the influence of an entire exclusion
of any additional nitrogen-containing manurial substance
from the soil under cultivation, as well as of a definite addi-
tional suppl}" of nitrogen in different forms of combination
on the character and yield of the crop selected for the trial.

174

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION

[Jan.

Several plats (4, 7 and 9) which for five preceding ^^ears
(1884 to 1889) had not received any nitrogen compound for
manurial purposes, were retained in that state, to study the
eflect of an entire exclusion of nitrogen-containing manurial
substances on the crop under cultivation ; while the remain-
ing ones received, as before, a definite amount of nitrogen
in the same form in which they had received it in preceding
years, namely, either as sodium nitrate (1, 2), as ammonium
sulphate (5, 6, 8), as organic nitrogenous matter in form of
dried blood (3, 10), or of barn-yard manure (0).

A corresponding amount of available nitrogen was applied
in all these cases.

1889-94.

Annual Supply of Manurial Substances per Plat (1-10 of one Acre).

Plat

0,

Plat

1, .

Plat

2. .

Plat

3, .

Plat

4, .

Plat

5, .

Plat

6, .

Plat

7, .

Plat

8, .

Plat

9, .

Plat 10, .

800 lbs. of barn-yard manure, 32 lbs. of potash-magnesia sulphate and

18 lbs. of dissolved bone-black.
29 lbs. sodium nitrate (=4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 25 lbs. muriate of

potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved

bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).
29 lbs. sodium nitrate (= 4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 48 5 lbs. potash-
magnesia sulphate (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 60 lbs.

dissolved bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).
43 lbs. dried blood (=5 to 6 lbs. nitrogen), 25 lbs. muriate of potash

(= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved bone-black

(= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).
25 lbs. muriate of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide) and 50

lbs. dissolved bone-black (:= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).
22.5 lbs. ammonium sulphate (:=4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 48.5 lbs. potash-
magnesia sulphate (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs.

dissolved bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).
22.5 lbs. ammonium sulphate (=4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 25 lbs. muriate

of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide) , and 50 lbs. dissolved

bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. availalile phosphoric acid).
25 lbs. muriate of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide) and 50

lbs. dissolved bone-black (:=8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).
22.5 lbs. ammonium sulphate (= 4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 25 lbs. muriate

of potash (= 12 to 13 ll>s. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved

bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. availal)le phosphoric acid).
25 lbs. muriate of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide) and 50

lbs. dissolved bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).
43 lbs. dried blood (= 5 to 6 lbs. nitrogen), 48.5 ll)s. pota?h-mairnesia

sulphate (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved

bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid) .

Amount of Fenilizing Ingredients used annually 2:)er Acre.

( Nitrogen, .... 45 pounds.

Plats 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, t;, «, 10, I Phosphoric acid,
(^ Potassium oxide,

{Nitrogen,
Phosphoric acid,
Potassium oxide,

80 pounds.

125 pounds

none.

80 pounds
125 pounds.

1S1I7.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 175

The mechanical preparation of the soil, the incorporation
of the manurial substances, the seeding, cultivating and
harvesting, were carried on year after year in a like manner,
and as far as practicable on the same day in case of every
plat during the same year.

Kind of Cro2)s raised.

Corn (maize), in 1889.

Oats, in 1890.

Rye, in 1891.

Soy bean, in 1892.

The annual yield of the various crops upon the different
plats showed, as a rule, that those plats (4, 7, 9) which had
not received in any form nitrogen for manurial purposes
yielded much smaller crops than those that annually received
in some form or other an addition of a corresponding amount
of available nitrogen.

The total yield of croj)s on the plats receiving wo nitror/en
supply was, during the succeeding years, as follows : —

With corn in 1889, one-fifth less.

With oats in 1890, one-fifth to one-sixth less.

With rye in 1891, one-fifth to one-sixth less.

With soy bean in 1892, one-third to one-fourth less.

The results of four years (1889 to 1892) of observations
were expressed in the following conclusions : —

The experiments carried on upon Field A. during the years
1889, 1890, 1891 and 1892 shoiv conclusively the impor-
tance of a liberal supply to the soil of an available form of
nitrogen to secure a successful and remunerative cultivation
of farm crops under otherwise corresponding favorable condi-
tions. For even a leguminous crop, the soy bean, ivhen for
the first time raised upon Field A, did not furnish an excep-
tion to our observation (1892). (^For details, see report for
1892.)

1893-97. — Subsequent to the year 1892, when for the
first time in the more recent history of the field under dis-
cussion an annual leguminous crop, a late-maturing variety'-
of soy bean, had been raised upon it, it seemed of interest to
ascertain whether the raising of the soy bean upon Field A
had increased the amount of available nitrogen stored up in

176 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [.Ian.

the soil to such an extent as to afi'ect the yield of succeed-
ing crops upon those plats (4, 7, 9) which, as a rule, had
not received at any time for eight successive years an
addition of available nitrogen from any other manurial
source but the atmospheric air and the roots left in the soil
after harvesting the crops raised.

•A grain crop (oats) was selected as the crop suitable to
serve for that purpose. The general management of the
experiment, as far as the preparation of the soil, manuring
and seeding-down are concerned, was the same as in previous
years (see tenth annual report).

An examination of the yield of the crop in 1893, secured
upon the different plats, showed that the total crop per acre
on those plats to which no nitrogen was applied (4, 7, 9)
averaged 800 pounds less than in case of the plats which
received their regular supply of nitrogen in some form or
other. The average yield of oats upon the plats (4, 7, 9)
which had received no nitrogen supply from any outside
source was from one-seventh to one-eirjhth less in iveight than
the average yield of the remaining plats, which received
annually additional nitrogen supply.

From these results it appeared that the introduction of an
annual leguminous crop into our rotation had somewhat
reduced the difference in yield between the plats receiving
no nitrogen and those receiving it, yet had not entirely
obliterated it. It was decided to continue the observation
by repeating the raising of soy beans in 1894, oats in 1895
and soy beans in 1896.

1894. — To secure, if possible, more decisive results
regarding the presence and absence of available nitrogen,
it was decided to use twice the amount of phosphoric acid
and potassium oxide, as compared with the preceding years.

AmoiDit of Fertilizing Ingredients aj)pliedper Acre during 1894.

( Nitrogen, .... 15 pounds.

Plats 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, «! Phosphoric add, , . . 160 pounds.

[ Potassium oxidf, . . . 250 pounds.

C Nitrogen, .... none.

Plats 4, 7, n, . . . ■{ Phosplioric acid, . . . 160 jjounds.

\^ Potassium o.vide, . . . 250 pounds.

181)7.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 177

An early-maturing variety of soy bean was selected for
the experiments. The fertilizer mixtures were applied as in
previous years, broadcast, in the middle of April. Owing
to the protracted drought of July and August the crop did
not get that fulness of growth which might have been ob-
tained under more favorable conditions. The crop was cut
August 28.

The difierence in the average yield of crop l)etween the
plats (4, 7, 9) which thus far had received no available nitro-
gen from outside manurial sources, as compared with that
from those which had received it in some form or other, was
more marked than in previous years. It amounted to one-
third in favor of the latter.

1895. — In 1895 oats were again selected, as stated above,
to succeed soy bean, for the reason of permitting a direct
comparison of the results of 1892 (soy bean) and 1893
(oats) with those of 1894 (soy bean) and 1895 (oats).

The ploughing, manuring, seeding down, etc., was carried
out in the same manner as during the preceding season
(1894).

The average yield of the plats with and without nitrogen
supply from outside sources showed that no material change
in their relative degree of productiveness had taken })lace.

1896. — It was decided to substitute in our experiment
a perennial leguminous plant, medium red clover, for the
annual leguminous plant, the soy bean, to ascertain whether
more satisfactory results will be secured from that change.

As a few years' observation are required to obtain a satis-
factory basis for reliable conclusions, reports are deferred.

2. EXPEEIMENTS WITH " NiTRAGIN," A GeRM FERTILIZER

FOR THE Cultivation of Clover axd Clover-like
Plants — Leguminous Crops .

The history of progress in agriculture shows that a more
general and liberal introduction of clover and clover-like
plants, as beans, peas, vetches, etc., as forage crops, into a
general system of farm management has everywhere increased
the chances of a more remunerative farming. The valuable
investigations of Laws and Gilbert have furnished strikinii'

178 HATCH EXPERBIENT STATION. [Jan.

proofs of the special claims of these crops as nitrogen gather-
ers when compared in that direction with grain crops.

The subsequent important discovery of the real cause of
the exceptional behavior of these crops by Hellriegel and
others has given not only a satisfactory explanation of pre-
vious observations in practical agriculture but has also im-
parted, for economical reasons, an increased interest in the
study of successful methods of raising clovers, etc., without
the aid of a liberal supply of nitrogen-containing manurial
substances.

Hellriegel and his co-laborers established by careful obser-
vation the fact that leguminous plants, like clovers, beans,
vetches, lupines, etc., with the assistance of certain micro-
organisms (root bacterium) found in the soil, can utilize the
elementary nitrogen of the air for the formation of nitrogen
plant food fit for the support of their growth.

These micro-organisms fasten themselves upon the roots
of the clover, etc., penetrate the epidermis and form in the
course of their growth swellings, nodules or tubercles, of
varying size and shape. Their presence and growth in the
tissue of the roots of this stated class of plants is considered
an essential condition for the conversion of the elementary
nitrogen of the air into suitable nitrogen plant food. The
recognition of the circumstance that their presence or ab-
sence in the soil controls the results in a material degree,
even under otherwise favorable conditions, has turned the
attention of progressive agriculturists towards the study of
the circumstances which secure success.

Quite prominent among the more recent results of investi-
gation in this direction are the observations that a variety of
root bacterium exists ; that some infest the roots of one kind
of leguminous plant while others thrive upon other kinds : that
is to say, some leguminous crops ma}' fail to give satisfactory
returns where others prosper on account of the presence or
absence of the right variety of root bacterium, or of suitable
condition of the soil for their vigorous development.

These results caused the introduction of various modes of
infecting the soil, wherever found necessary, with the de-
sired kind of bacterium germ, before seeding down the new
crop. A very common method consisted in scattering a

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 179

certain amount of soil, taken from a field where the crop to
be raised has been successfully grown, over the surface of
the new land before ploughing it. This method has been
successfully practised bj' us on various occasions. Another
is to abstract with water some of the soil, which from previ-
ous bliservation is known to contain the desire'^ ''oot bacte-
rium germs, and sprinkle the watery extract over tix^ ""il
before ploughing.

One of the latest developments in this direction is the
appearance in the general market of patented germ fertilizer
for leguminous crops. Considering the whole subject from
a practical stand-point of sufficient interest, I insert below a
copy of a circular received at this office. The connection of
two German investigators of excellent reputation with the
enterprise invites attention.

Three different kinds of germ fertilizers, for medium red
clover, for crimson clover and for sweet or Bokhara clover,
have been imported during the past season and are on trial
upon the grounds of the station.

NiTRAGlN.

Germ Fertilizers for Leguminous Crops.
(Prepared according to Drs. Xobbe and Hiltner.)

The principal food materials abstracted from the soil by plants,
and which therefore require to be replaced in the form of manures,
are potash, phosphoric acid, lime and nitrogen.

Respecting the last it has been known that leguminous crops,
such as clover, vetches, peas, beans, lupines, etc., do not usually
require to be manured with nitrogen (in form of nitre or auuno-
niacal compounds), and yet under favorable conditions yield rich
harvests, whilst the soil is even enriched with nitrogen.

The reason of this peculiar behavior for many years remained
unexplained, but the onward march of modern science has now
demonstrated the ability of leguminous plants to abstract nitrogen
from the air, only, however, by the aid of a specific kind of micro-
organism, a bacterium that resides in the characteristic nodules on
the roots. If these bacteria are not at the disposal of the plant
then it looses its ability to utilize the atmospheric nitrogen, and
hence it is found that not every leguminous plant is able to flourisli
luxuriantly without nitrogenous manure ; many remain small and
stunted under conditions otherwise favorable, and evidently suffer
from the lack of nitrooen.

180 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

It is therefore a matter of extreme importance to the farmer to
make certain that each field of legumes is supplied with the necessary
quantum of bacteria; only then can he expect to obtain ftdl crops
from p)oor sandy soils toithout nitrogen manures (/. e., without salt-
petre, ammonia, etc.), and only then ivill he reap the advantage of a
soil enormously enriched with nitrogen.

The wide bearing of this newly discovered principle has already
been taken into practical consideration, and fields are now inocn-
lated, that is to say, strewn with earth in Avhich legumes have
already flourished. This method, however, apart from its great
cost and the loss of time and labor entailed, also involves the
danger of disseminating injurious as well as useful bacteria.

This disadvantage is, however, now completely overcome by the
pure patent germ fertilizer Nitragin, which consists of a pure cul-
tivation of the specific bacteria of legume nodules in a suitable
medium.

The inoculation of the seed or of the soil with the germ fertilizer,
according to the directions given below, possesses the following
advantages : —

1. Every single seed is surrounded with bacteria which, after
germination, penetrate the root hairs and commence their role as
collectors of nitrogen, so that a good crop is secured in the
poorest soil without nitrogenous manures.

2. Through the storage of nitrogen by the bacteria, tlie soil
itself becomes richer in nitrogen in an assimilable state, to the
advantage of the other crops grown in rotation.

3. The disadvantages of the mode of inoculation i)reviously
adopted are avoided.

4. Manuring with nitrogen in the form of saltpetre, annnonium
salts, etc., is absolutely unnecessary.

Directions for Use.

Every bottle contains sufficient for inoculation of 2| roods.

If the contents of the bottle have already become liquid, they
are used as described below for the direct inoculation of the seed.
If solid, the contents can be easily liquefied by warming the bottle
gently for a few minutes, for instance, in the trousers' pocket, in
tepid water or in a warm room. Exposure to temperature above
the heat of the body, tvhich is amptly sufficient to melt, or to direct
sunlight must under all circunistances be strictly avoided.

The liquid contents are poured into a vessel containing one to
three pints of clean water (carefully washing out the whole con-
tents of the bottle with a little water), and then shaken or stirred

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 181

until the fertilizer is equally distributed throughout the vessel and
the bacteria are well mixed in the water.

The inoculated water thus prepared is poured over the seed and
worked with the bauds (or the shovel) until every seed has been
moistened. If the quantity of water is insufficient more must be
added, but usually for small seed a pint and a half will suffice and
for large seeds two to three quarts. The moistened seed is then
reduced to a condition suitable for sowing by mixing Avith some
dry sand or fine earth and if necessary allowing it to stand, turn-
ing it over from time to time ; too great dryness is deleterious.
The sowing and turning in is carried out in the manner usually
practised. If possible, however, avoid sowing in glaring sun-
light.

Instead of inoculating the seed, the same and, in some cases,
better results are obtained by inoculating the soil by means of
inoculated earth. For this purpose for every 2| roods one-half
a hundred weight of earth is inoculated in the above-described
manner, using a proportionately larger quantity of water ; the
inoculated earth is then dried in the ah' or mixed with dried earth,
scattered equally over the field, and worked in three or four
inches deep.

For larger surfaces than 2^ roods a corresponding number of
bottles must be used (8 bottles to 5 acres) .

As the bacteria are absolutely innocuous, there is no fear of
danger from the bottles being left about or emplo^-ed for other
purposes.

Attention is specially directed to the fart that the " germ fertilizers "
should only he used for the specie^ of Leguminosce marked on the
label of the bottle. For greater distinction the bottles bear differently
colored labels.

Manufactured by the Farbwerke vorm. Meister Lucius &
Bruniug, Hoechst on Main, German3\

Spccifiration of (he Variotis Kinds of " Nitragin " {registered) Germ

Fertilizers for Leguviinous Crops.
Common pea {PiAum sativum), red label.
Sand pea {Fisum arvense), red label.
Common vetch ( Vicia sativa) ,h\vLe label.
Hairy vetch (17cm villosa), blue label.
Common field beau or horse bean ( Vicia faha), blue label.
White lupine (Lupinus (dbus), green label.
Yellow lupine (^Lupijins hitens), green label.
Blue lupine {Ltqnnus angustifolus) , green label.
Clover, red (TrifoUum j)ratcnse), label gold on green.
White clover or Dutch clover (^Trifolium repens), label gold on green

182 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Alsike clover {Trifolmm lujhriduni), label gold on green.

Carnation clover or trifoliura {Trifolirmi incarnaluii}), label gold on

green.
Bokhara clover (^Melilotns alba) , label gold on green
Black medick (Mcdicago liqmlina), label gold on white.
Lucerne (alfalfa) {Mcdicago sativa), label gold on wliitc.
Kidney vetch {Authyllis vtclneraria) , label gold on white.
Sainfoin {Oyiobrychis sativa), gold label on violet.
Serradella {Ornithopus saiivus), label gold on pink.
Wild everlasting pea {Lathyrus sylredns}, label gold on blue.

Wlien giving your esteemed orders for Nitragin we shall thank
you to state alwaj^s, for what kind of leguminous crops j^ou wish
to receive the germ fertilizers.

Yours respectfully,
Farbwerke vorji. Meister Lucius & BRUNma.

3. Observations with Leguminous Crops at Amherst.

The cultivation of legaminoits crops has for years received
special attention at our hands. The majority of reputed
leguminous forage crops congenial to our climate have been
raised repeatedly and on a sufficiently large scale in most
instances to form a fiiir opinion regarding their merits as
forage crops in our section of the countrj'.

The following statement contains the kinds of legumi-
nous crops experimented with at Amherst : —

Medium red clover {Trifoliutn medium).

Alsike clover {Trifolimn hybridum) .

Crimson clover ( Trifolium i7icarnatum) .

Japanese clover (Lcspedeza striata).

Bokhara clover (sweet clover) {Melilotus alba).

Serradella {Ornithopus satirns).

Sainfoin (Otiobrychis sativa).

Alfalfa {Medicago sativa.)

Scotch tares.

Lentil (Ervum lens).

Summer vetch ( Vicia sativa) .

Kidney vetch (AHthyllis viilneraria).

Horse bean {Vicia f aba).

Early-maturing soy bean (Soja hispida).

Late-maturing soy bean (Soja hispida).

Peas (Pisicm sativ^im).

Cow pea (Dolichos sinejisis).

Flat pea (Lathyrus sylvestris).

White lupine {Lupinus albus).

Yellow lupine (Lupinus luteus).

Blue lupine {Lnpinus jierennis).

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 183

For details I have to refer to previous annual reports.
The following local observations are worth mentioning
again on this occasion : —

(a) Alfalfa (^Medicago saliva) and crimson clover (Tri-
foliiim {nca7matmn) , in repeated trials, suffered seriously
from winter-killing;. This result has to be ascribed more to
late frosts early in spring, when the ground is filled with
water, than to the severity of mid-winter.

(b) Mixed crops of peas, vetch and horse bean, and
vetch and oats or barley have given, as a rule, very satisfac-
tory returns as far as quality and quantity are concerned.

(c) Soy beans, early and late varieties, have yielded, as
a rule, during average seasons large crops ; yet they have
failed to enrich the soil they were raised upon sufficiently
in available nitrogen plant food to secure under otherwise
corresponding conditions, as far as the supply of available
potash and phosphoric acid is concerned, as high a yield of
a succeeding crop of rye, oats, barley and even soy bean,
as Avhere from forty to fifty pounds per acre of an available
form of nitrogen were added. The liberal addition of nitrates
to the soil interfered with a liberal development of root
tubercles, in case of soy bean, in a well-infected soil.

Similar results are reported l)y other investigators in
regard to lupines followed by oats or potatoes ; an addition
of nitrates in connection with a potash and phosphoric acid
containing fertilizer increased the yield. The infection of
the soil by lupine bacterium did not benefit the growth of
other leguminous crops.

The belief that each variety of leguminous crop is associ-
ated with a root bacterium of its own finds support in the
cu'cumstance that the root tubercles of difi'erent varieties of
these crops quite frequently vary, not only in size and shape
but in their mode of distribution over the main roots or root-
lets. Illustrations of this feature have been furnished by the
writer in form of photographs from nature in case of soy
bean, horse bean, lupines, etc., (see State station report for
1894).

Much has been learned reg^arding the svmbiotic or com-
bined life of root bacteria and leguminous plants, yet much
further investisration in the vegetation house and the field

184 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

is evidently needed to secure to tlie full extent and with cer-
tainty the economical advantages to be derived from the
raising of crops which are capable of converting, without
expense, the elementary nitrogen of the air into available
nitrogen plant food.

Our attention, as will be seen from preceding statements,
has been of late directed to the question wJiether perennial
le(juminous a^ops, as our airrent varieties of clovers^ may
prove more satisfactorv as nitrogen gatherers for general
farm purposes than annual leguminous crops, as soy bean,
lupines, etc.

4. Mixed Annual Forage Crops v. Clovers {Field B).

The importance of a more liberal and economical supply
of nutritious forage crops for the support of farm live stock
is quite generally recognized by all parties interested.

Mixed forage crops, consisting of early-maturing annual
leguminous crops, clover-like plants and of either oats or
barley, suggested themselves for trial; for they attain in our
locality a high feeding value at a comparatively early period
of the season, — towards the end of June when in bloom ;
they can serve with benefit in form of green fodder, hay or
ensilage, as circumstances advise ; they yield under fair con-
ditions large quantities of fodder of a highly nutritious char-
acter, and permit a timely reseediiig and maturing of a
second crop ui)on the same lands.

The fields used for our earlier observations, in 1893-94,
were located in different parts of the farm. They were, as
a rule, in a fair state of cultivation, as far as the mechanical
condition of the soil as well as its store of })hint food Avas
concerned. The soil consisted in the majorit}^ of cases of a
somewhat gravelly loam (see re})orts for 1893-94).

The field used in the experiments, subsequently described
somewhat in detail, consisted of a light loam and was di-
vided into eleven plats of corresponding shape with four
feet of unoccui)ied space between them. It was used for the
cultivation of potatoes in preceding years. The plats had
received on that occasion in all eases the same amount and
form of nitrogen and })hosphoric acid, in form of ground
bones, while the potash su[)ply consisted in alternating

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 185

order of plats either of muriate of potash or of high-grade
sulphate of potash , eontaining the same amouut of potassium
oxide in every ease (400 pounds of muriate of potash, 80 to
82 per cent., or of high-grade sulphate of potash, 95 per
cent., and 600 pounds of tine-ground bones per acre).
This system of manuring the plats has been followed ever
since 1893. The same crops have been raised each season
upon adjoining plats to notice the particular effect of both
forms of potash on the crop raised (for details see previous
reports) .

Vetch and OaiS and Vetch and Bailey.

1894. — The same amount and kind of manure were ap-
plied for raising vetch and oats and vetch and barley. The
tield occupied by these crops was ploughed, manured, har-
rowed and seeded down, as far as practicable, at the same
time. The seed was sown in all cases April 26. Four
bushels of oats with 45 pounds of vetch were sown, as on
previous occasions, while 3 bushels of barley were used
with 45 pounds of vetch per acre in case of barley and vetch.
Both crops came up ^Ma}' 4 and were of a uniformly healthy
condition during their subsequent growth. The barley began
to head out June 20 ; the vetch was at that time beginning
to bloom. The crop was cut for ha}" June 23.

It needs no further statement to understand that the quality
of the seeds and of the soil ought to be considered in decid-
ing about weights of the former. Close cultivation is de-
sirable in case of this class of forage crops, for it favors a
succulent, tender structure and keeps weeds out.

Average Yield of Crops.

Yield of Barley and Vetch per Acre.

In case of muriate of potash and bone, . . 5,737 pounds of hay.

In case of sulphate of potash and bone, . . 5,077 pounds of ha)-.

The oats headed out June 25 ; the vetch was fairly in
bloom at this time. The crop was cut for hay July 2.

Yield of Oats and Vetch ^^er Acre.
In case of muriate of potash and bone, . . 8,051 pounds of hay.

In case of sulphate of potash and bone, . . 7,088 pounds of hay.

186 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

1895. — During that year the observations of the preced-
ing year were repeated and in some directions enlarged ;
oats, vetch and horse bean, and oats and lentils were added
to those of the preceding year. The same kind and quantity
of manures were applied. The field was ploughed April 25
and the manure harrowed in May 3 ; the seed was sown
broadcast May 9. All parts of the field were treated alike,
and as far as practical)le on the same day. The plats occu-
pied by the crops were in all cases 33 feet w^ide, with 4 feet
unoccupied space between them, and from 191 to 241 feet
long. The yield of areas 175 feet long and 33 feet w^ide,
running along by the side of each other, served as our basis
for comparing results (5,775 square feet) (for details see
report for 1895).

Yi(hl of Vclcli and Oats 2^cr Acre.

In case of muriate of potash and bone, .... 7,238 pounds.
In case of sulphate of potash and bone, .... 6,635 pounds

Yield of Vetch, Horse Bean and. Oats 2^<^r Acre.

In case of muriate of potash and bone, .... 7,398 pounds
In case of sulphate of jiotash and bone, .... 5,881 jjounds.

Yield of Oats and Lentils per Aei'c.

The experiment was confined to a trial wdth sulphate of
potash and bone as manure on account of want of a suitable
field. The yield was 5,881 pounds of hay.

After the crops stated had l)een harvested, during the
middle of July, in the form of hay, the field Avas ploughed
and prepared for the cultivation of a variety of clovers,
mammoth red clover, medium red clover, alsike or Swedish
clover, crimson clover and sweet or Bokhara clover, to com-
pare the crops resulting during two succeeding years with
those obtained in case of mixed croi)s of vetch and oats, etc.

The subdivision of the field into eleven plats was the same
as in the preceding year ; each plat received the ^iimc kind
and amount of fertilizer as before ; the mechanical prepara-
tion of the soil was in all cases the same. The seeding
down of the difi'crent })lats took place on the same day, Jul}'
23, 1895.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 38. 187

Plats 11 and 12 were each seeded down with 8 pounds of
sweet clover seed.

Plats 13 and 14 were each seeded down with 3 pounds of
mammoth red clover seed.

Plats 15 and 16 were each seeded down with 3 pounds of
medium red clover seed.

Plats 17 and 18 w^ere each seeded down with 2.^ pounds of
alsike or Swedish clover seed.

Plats 19 and 20 were each seeded down with 4 pounds of
crimson or scarlet clover.

Plats 11, 13, 15, 17 and 19 received their potash in form
of muriate of potash (80 to 82 per cent.) ; plats 12, 14,
16, 18 and 20 in form of hioh-grade sulphate of potash (95
per cent.).

Subsequent History of Crops on Different Plats.

Plats 11 and 12. — The frost atfected the crop somewhat
by heaving of the soil ; the growth was thin and of a light
color except in some instances where a deep color and large
growth was noticed. A subsequent examination showed in
these cases an exceptional development of tubercles on the
roots. The crop was harvested June 19.

Plat 11. — Crop weighed green 200 pounds.

Plat 12. — Crop weighed green 285 pounds.

On account of unsatisfactory condition of the plats both
were ploughed July 15 and reseeded on July 30, 1896, with
10 pounds of sweet clover seed each, to notice whether a
more liberal infection of the soil with suitable bacterium
thus secured would result iu ])etter and larger returns. Nov.
1, 1896, the crop was looking well and was one foot in
height. The dark spots of growth had spread greatly.

Plats 13 and 14. — The crops upon these plats looked
well in the fall and during the succeeding spring. The crop
was cut before it had reached full bloom, June 23, on account
of its being badly lodged ; they were harvested as hay
June 29.

188

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[J;m.

Total Yield of Hay.

1>LATS.

Yield of Hay
(Pounds).

Yield
of Huwen
(rounds).

Total Yield
of Dry -flatter

(Pounds).

13,

14,

615

650

295
305

756.65
796.32

The sod looked well on both plats Nov. 1, 189 G.

Pkits 15 and 16. — The crop looked healthy in the fall
and in the succeeding spring ; the crop was cut when in full
bloom, June 19, and harvested June 23. The rowen was
cut July 28 and harvested July 30. A third crop was cut
October 9 and harvested October 26.

Total Yield of Hay.

PLATS.

Yield of Hay
(Pounds).

Yield of

Second Crop

(Pounds).

Yield of Third

Crop

(I'ounds).

Total Yield

of Dry Matter

(Pounds).

15,

16

455
455

276

294

120
120

686.62

720.55

The sod looked to be in good condition on both plats
Nov. 1, 1890.

Plats 17 and 18. — The crop looked well from the l)egin-
ning and was in bloom June 7. The hay was cut and
harvested June 19 and 23.

Total Yield of Hay.

Yield of Hay
(Pounds).

Yield
of Koweii
(I'ounds).

Total Yield

of Dry Matter

(Pounds).

17,
18,

620

455

325

200

733.21
518.56

Nov. 1, 1896, the sod looked exhausted and Avas covered
with weeds and s(jrrel.

1S1)7.1

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 88.

1S9

Plats 19 and 20. — These i)lats looked well in early win-
ter but almost every plant died out in early spring. The
plats were reseeded during the month of April, 189G, with
f>h pounds of seed on each plat. The hay was cut when in
bloom July 17 and harvested July 23. The crop was in
poor condition when cut and never sprouted again.

Total Yield of Hay.

19,

20,

Yield of Hay
(Pounds).

0/0

595

Totol Yield of
Dry Matter
(Pounds).

422.91

406.94

Summary of Yield of Crojis in 1896 (Dry Matter).

[Pounds.]

PLATS.

Hay.

Rowen.

Tot.il Yield of
Dry Matter.

11, .

-

-

-

12, .

-

-

-

13,

511.62

245.03

756.65

W,

541.58

254.74

796.32

15,

373.46

313.16

686.62

16,

390.12

330.43

720.55

17,

458.49

274.72

733.21

18,

356.54

162.02

518.56

19,

422.91

-

422.91

20,

406.94

-

406.94

190 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

5. Field Experiments with Different Coimmercial
Phosphates, to study the Economy of using
THE Cheaper Natural Phosphates or the More
Costly Acidulated Phosphates. {Field F.)

The field selected for this purpose is 300 feet long and
137 feet wide, running on a level from east to west. Pre-
vious to 1887 it was used as a meadow, which was well
worn out at that time, yielding but a scanty crop of English
hay. During the autumn of 1887 the sod was turned under
and left in that state over winter. It was decided to prepare
the field for special experiments with phosphoric acid by sys-
tematic exhaustion of its inherent resources of plant food.
For this reason no mauurial matter of any description was
applied during the years 1887, 1888 and 1889.

The soil, a fair sandy loam, was carefully prepared every
year by ploughing during the fall and in the spring, to im-
l)rove its mechanical condition ; during the same period a
crop was raised every year. These crops were selected, as
far as practicable, Avith the view to exhaust the supply of
phosphoric acid in particular. Corn, Hungarian grass and
leguminous crops (cow pea, vetch and serradella) followed
each other in the order stated.

In 1890 the field was subdivided into five plats, running
from east to west, each 21 feet wide with a space of 8 feet
between adjoining plats. The manurial material applied to
each of these five plats contained, in every instance, the same
form and the same quantity of potassium oxide and nitrogen,
while the phosphoric acid was furnished in each case in the
form of a difierent connuercial phosphoric-acid-containing
article, namely, phosphatic slag, Mona guano, Florida phos-
phate. South Carolina phosphate, floats and dissolved bone-
black. The market cost of each of these articles in 1890
controlled the quantity applied, for each plat received the
same money value of its particular kind of phosphate. The
phosphatic slag, Mona guano, South Carolina phosphate,
floats and Florida phosphate were applied at the rate of 850
pounds per acre, dissolved bone-black at the rate of 500
pounds per acre. Nitrate of soda was applied at the rate of
250 pounds per acre and potash-magnesia sulphate at the

1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

191

rate of 390 pounds per acre. (For the analysis of phos-
phates and cost of each in 1<S90 see report for 1895.)

The following fertilizer mixtures have been applied annu-
ally, from 1890 to 1894, to all plats, with the exception of
Plat 3, which received in 1890 ground apatite and in 1891
no phosphate whatever, on account of the failure of securing
in time apatite suitable for the trial.

Annual Supply of Manurial Substances. Pounds

. ^{

Plat 1 (south, G,iOi square feet),
Plat 2 (6,565 square feet)
Plat 3 (6,636 square feet).
Plat 4 (6,707 square feet),
Plats (6,778 square feet).

Ground phosphatic slag,
Nitrate of soda,
Potash-magnesia suljDhate,
Ground Mona guano, .
Nitrate of soda,
Potash-magnesia sulphate,
Ground Florida phosphate,
Nitrate of soda, .
Potash-magnesia sulphate.
South Carolina phosphate.
Nitrate of soda.
Potash-magnesia sulphate.
Dissolved bone-blaclc, .
Nitrate of soda,
Potash-magnesia sulphate.

127

43

58
128

43i

59
129

44

59
131

44i

60

78

45

61

J^anies of Orojjs raised from 1890 to 1894.
1890, potatoes (see eighth annual report of Massachusetts
State station) ; 1891, winter wheat (see ninth annual report
of jNIassachusetts State station) ; 1892, serradella (see tenth
annual report of Massachusetts State station) ; 1893, Dent
corn, Pride of the North (see eleventh annual report of
Massachusetts State station).

Summary of Yield of Cro2)S (Pounds).

PLATS.

Platl, phosph.itic slag,
Plat 2, Mona guano,
Plat 3, Florida phoephato, .
Plat 4, South Carolina floats,
Plat 5, dissolved bone-black,

1890.

Potatoes.

1,600
1,415
1,500
1,830
2,120

I89I.

Wheat.

380
340
215
380

405

1892.

Serradella.

1893.

Corn.

4,070
3,410
2,750
3,110
2,920

1,660
1,381
1,347
1,469
1,322

Having for four years (1890-94) in succession pursued
the above-stated system of manuring each plat with a differ-

192

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan .

ent kind of phosphate, yet of corresponding money vahae,
it was decided to continue the experiments for the purpose
of studying the after-effect of the difterent phosphates on the
crops to be raised. To gain this end the phosphates were
hereafter in all cases entirely excluded from the fertilizers
applied; in addition to this change, the former amount of
potash and nitrogen was increased one-half in quantity, to
favor the highest effect of the stored-up phosphoric acid in
the soil under treatment.

The fertilizers hereafter used had the following composi-
tion : —

( 64| pounds of nitrate of poda.
Platl (6,494 square feet), . . . . • J 87 pounds of potash-magnesia sulphate.

t 65J pounds of nitrate of soda.
Plat 2 (6,565 square feet), j yg pounds of potash-magnesia sulphate.

< 66 pounds of nitrate of soda.
Plat 3 (6,036 square feet) ^89 pounds of potash-magnesia sulphate.

( 665 pounds of nitrate of soda.
Plat 4 (6,707 square feet) j gO pounds of potash-magnesia sulphate.

( 67| pounds of nitrate of soda.
Plat 5 (6,778 square feet) ^ 9o| pounds of potash-magnesia sulphate.

The results of three years (18D4 to 1896) are as follows : —

Barley.

Yield of Crop (1894).

Pl^TS.

Grain and

Straw
(Pounds).

Grain
(Pounds).

Straw and

Chaff
(Pounds)

Percentage
of Grain.

Percentage
of Straw.

Platl

Plut 2,

Plat 3

Plat 4

Plat6,

490
405
290
460
290

160
148
78
144
118

221
251
21-2
216
272

34.49
34.07
26.89
SI. 30
SU.26

65.51
65.93
73.11
68.70
69.74

Bye.

Yield of Crop (1895).

Plats.

Grain and

Straw
(Pounds).

Grain
(Pounds).

Straw and percentage
(Pounds).

Percentage
of Straw.

Platl

Plat 2

Plat 3

Plat 4

Plat 5

695
631
383
769
626

195
166
143

189
186

500
465
240
570
440

28.06
36.31
37.34
24.90
29.60

71.94
73.69
62.66
75.10
70.40

1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

193

Medium Green Soy Bean.
Yield of Crop (1896).

Whole
Plats. Crop

j (Pounds).

Beans
(Pounds).

Straw,
(Pounds).

Percentage
of Beans.

Percentage

of
Straw, etc.

Platl,

Plat 2

Plats

Plat 4,

Plats

680
773
717
752
742

254
233
262
252
247

426
540
455
500
495

37.20
30.14
36.54
33.51
31.94

62.80
69.86
63.46
66.49
68.06

Summary of Yield of Crops (1890 to 1896).
[Pounds.]

1890.

1891.

1892.

1893.

1894.

189.5.

1896.

Potatoes.

Wheat.

Serradella.

Corn.

Barley.

Rye.

Soy Bean.

Plat 1, phosphatic slag,

1,600

380

4,070

1,660

490

695

254

Plat 2, Mona guano,

1,415

340

3,410

1,381

405

630

233

Plat 3, Florida phos-
phate.

Plat 4, South Carolina
phosphate (floats).

Plat 5, dissolved bone-
black.

1,500

215

2,750

1,347

290

383

262

1,830
2,120

380
405

3,110

2,920

1,469
1,322

460
390

759
625

252
247

Conclusions.

From the previous statement of comparative yields for
average successive years we find that the plat receiving dis-
solved bone-black leads in yield during the first two years
while the third, fourth, fifth and sixth years the plats re-
ceiving phosphates insoluble in water are ahead, phosphatic
slag being first, with South Carolina floats second.

The following statement regarding the phosphoric acid
applied in the case of each plat, and also the amount re-
moved from them by the crops raised, shows approximately
how much the former is still stored up in the soil in each
plat, not considering the original inherent amount in the
soil at the beginning of the trial : —

194

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

Phosphoric Acid applied to and removed from Field (^Pounds) .

1890. I

18dl.

1893.

1893.

Potatoes. [

Wheat,

Sebradella.

Corn.

□

3
O

a .

i

31

o *>

a .

PLATS.

-a

-a
<

>
o

a

01

i

'3

<

•a
o

a

-a

<

■a

>
o

a

01

•a
•a

<

>

o

a

a a
•S 1

O "-1

Platl, .

24.18

2.56

24.18

1.23

24.18

8.95

24.18

7.20

96.72

19.94

77.78

Plat 2, .

28.01

2.36

28.01

1.19

28.01

7.50

28.01

6.33

72.04

17.38

54.66

Plat 3, .

109.68

2.40

-

.69

28.01

6.05

28.01

5.95

165.70

15.09

150.61

Plat 4, .

36.12

2.93

36.12

1.31

36.12

6.84

36.12

6.68

144.48

18.12

126.36

Plats, .

12.34

3.39

12.34

1.22

12.34

6.42

12.34

6.05

49.36

17.08

32.28

Phosphoric Acid applied to and removed from Field (Pounds) —

Concluded.

1894.

1895.

1896.

Barley.

Rye.

Soy Bean.

a

3

o

a .

o «

a

3 .
o >-

a .

PLATS.

01

<

>
o

a

•a

01

■a
<

i
>

o

a-

a

C3

73

<»
•a

rs
<

>
o

i

P3

31

Plat 1, . . .

-

1.92

-

3.41

-

5.84

96.72

31.11

65.61

Plat 2, . . .

-

1.64

-

3.04

-

5.75

72.04

27.81

44.23

Plat 3, . . .

-

.76

-

2.06

-

6.07

165.70

23.98

141.72

Plat 4, . . .

-

1.72

-

3.61

-

6.01

144.48

29.46

115.02

Plat 5, . . .

-

1.49

-

3.11

-

5.89

49.36

27.57

21.79

The experiment needs continuation to secure more decisive
results.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 195

6. Field Experiments to ascertain the Influence of
Different Mixtures of Commercial Fertilizers
ON the Yield and General Character of Sev-
eral Prominent Garden Crops.

The area devoted to the above-stated experiment is 198
feet long and 183 feet wide ; it is subdivided into six plats
of uniform size (89i by 62 feet, or about one-eighth of an
acre each) . The plats are separated from each other and
from the adjoining cultivated fields by a space of 5 feet of
unmanured and unseeded yet cultivated land.

They are arranged in two parallel rows, running from
east to west. Plats Nos. 1 , 2 and 3 are along the north side
of the field, beginning with No. 1 at its west end, while plats
Nos. 4, 5 and 6 are located along its south side, beginning
with Plat 4 on the west end. The soil is several feet deep,
and consists of a light, somewhat gravelly loam, and was in a
fair state of productiveness when assigned for the experiment
here under consideration. The entire field occupied by the
experiment is nearly on a level. Potatoes and a variety of
forage crops have been raised upon it in preceding years.
The manure applied since 1885 has consisted exclusively
of fine-ground bone and muriate of potash, annually, 600
pounds of the former and 200 pounds of the latter per acre.

The observation with raising garden crops by aid of the
different mixtures of commercial manurial substances, here
under special consideration, began upon plats Nos. 4, 5 and
(1 during the spring of 1891, and upon plats Nos. 1, 2 and 3
during that of 1892.

The difl'crence of the fertilizers applied consisted in the
circumstance that the different forms of nitrogen and pot-
ash were used for their preparation. All plats received
essentially the same quantity of nitrogen, potash and phos-
phoric acid, and every one of them received its phosphoric
acid in the same form, namely, dissolved bone-black. Some
plats received their nitrogen supply in form of organic animal
matter, dried blood ; others in form of sodium nitrate. Chili
saltpetre ; others in the form of ammonium sulphate. Some
plats received their potash in the form of muriate of potash

196

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

(plats 1, 2, 3), and others (plats 4, 5, 6) in the form of the
highest grade of potassium sulphate (95 per cent.). The
subsequent tabular statement shows the quantities of manu-
rial substances applied to the different plats : —

Plats.

Plat 1,
Plat 2,
Plat 3,
Plat 4,
Plat 5,
Flat 6,

Annual Supply of Manurial Substances.

Sulphate of ammonia,
Muriate of potash,
Dissolved bone-black.
Nitrate of soda, .
Muriate of potash,
Dissolved bone-black,
Dried blood.
Muriate of potash.
Dissolved bone-black,
Sulphate of ammonia.
Sulphate of potash, .
Dissolved bone-black,
Nitrate of soda, .
Sulphate of potash, .
Dissolved bone-black,
Dried blood.
Sulphate of potash, .
Dissolved bone-black,

38
30
40
47
30
40
75
30
40
38
30
40
47
30
40
75
30
40

This proportion corresponds per acre to : —

Pounds.

Phosphoric acid (available), 50.4

Nitrog-en, 60. U

Potassium oxide, 120.0

A computation of the results of a chemical analysis of
twenty prominent garden rro])s shows the average relative
proportion of the three above-stated ingredients of plant
food : —

Nitrogen,
Potassium oxide,
Phosphoric acid,

Per Cent.
2.2

2.0
1.0

One thousand pounds of green garden vegetables contain
on the above-stated basis of relative proportion of essential
constituents of plant food : —

Nitrogen,
Potassium oxide,
Phosjihoric acid,

4.1
3.9
1.9

1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

197

The weights and particular stage of growth of the vegeta-
bles when harvested control, under otherwise corresponding
conditions, the actual consumption of each of these articles
of plant food. Our information regarding these points is
still too fragmentary to enable a more detailed statement
here beyond relative proportions. It must suffice for the
present to call attention to the fact that a liberal manuring
within reasonable limits pays, as a rule, better than a scanty
one, especially in the case of those crops which reach in a
short period the desired state of maturity.

The various mixtures of fertilizers used in the experi-
ments under discussion provided by actual supply for one-
half of the available nitrogen actually called for to meet
the demand as above pointed oat. A liberal cultivation of
])eas and beans cannot fail to benefit the nitrogen resources
of the soil. The order of arrangement of the ditierent crops
within each plat was the same in all of them for the same
year.

They occupied, however, a different position relative to
each other in successive years, to introduce, as far as
practicable, a system of rotation of crops. (For details
see previous annual report.)

Statement of Crops raised siiice 1S91.

1891 and 1S92.

1893.

1894.

189.'>aiul 1896.

Celery.

Onions.

Onions.

Onions.

Lettuce.

Lettuce.

Sweet corn.

Sweet com.

Spinach.

Spinach.

-

-

Beets.

Beans.

Beans.

Beans.

Cabbage.

_

—

—

Tomatoes.

Tomatoes.

Tomatoes.

Tomatoes.

Potatoes.

Potatoes.

—

Season of 1896. — The field was ploughed April 20.
The fertilizers were the same as in the preceding years ;
each of the six plats received the same amount and kind of
fertilizer, which was harrowed in April 24.

198 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

The crops raised during the season of 1896 were : —

Onions (Dauvers Globe) .
Tomatoes (Dwai'f Champion).
Beans (l^warf Hortienltural).
Sweet Corn (Early Crosby).

Onions.

The seed was sown April 2^. Each plat contained fifteen
rows 14 inches apart ; the weeds were kept down by fre-
quent use of the hand cultivator ; the crop was weeded by
hand twice; the crop was rolled September 7. Those plats
(4, 5, 6) which received their potash supply in form of
high-grade sulphate of potash matured first, while those
plats (1, 2, 3) receiving muriate of potash matured some-
what later. The crop upon Plat 1 was the latest to mature,
while that upon Plat 2, receiving nitrate of soda, was the
most advanced j)lat in the field. The onions were pulled
September 7, topped October 5 and weighed October 9.

Yield of Om'ons (Pounds).

PLATS.

Large Onions.

Small Onions.

Scullions.

Total Yield.

Plat J,

490

29

100

628

Plat 2,

097

2t

30

751

Plat 3,

659

49

60

768

Plat 4,

489

2(5

55

570

Plat 5,

494

21

30

645

Plat 6,

595

54

50

699

Toma/oes.

It was deemed best in this experiment to procure an
earlier maturing variety than the one used in the preceding
year, to meet our market demands. The plants were started
at the plant house of the horticultural department. The
plants were set May 213 to 4 feet aj^art, two rows in each
plat; each plat contained 44 plants; they were cultivated
five times and hand-hoed three times.

1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

199

Field C. Yield of Tomatoes (Pounds).

DATE OF PICKING.

Plat 1.

Plat 2.

Plat 3.

Plat 4.

Plat 5.

Plat 6.

July 18, .

-

-

.40

-

-

.14

July 22, .

.40

-

.12

-

-

.12

July 25, .

1.10

.30

1.11

.30

.13

.12

July 28, .

2.12

1.00

2.80

2.60

2.10

6.40

July 30, .

3.20

2.10

2.80

1.14

4.00

3.40

August 1,

4.00

6.00

3.40

5.00

8.00

4.00

August 3,

8.40

6.80

8.80

7.00

5.80

7.00

August 5,

8.12

8.40

9.00

7.60

10.40

9.40

August 8,

10.12

15.00

15.00

13.80

17.00

18.00

August 10,

17.40

13.80

11.00

14.00

12.12

19.40

August 12,

7.40

8.80

5.00

12.00

13.40

9.40

August 15,

13.80

25.00

21.40

34.00

32.12

25.12

August 17,

17.00

44.80

21.12

45.00

49.40

36.12

August 19,

9.00

16.80

22.40

17.00

22.12

17.12

August 21,

6.12

14.80

18.40

7.80

15.40

8.40

August 24,

12.80

31.00

18.80

21.80

39.40

30.40

August 26,

13.12

33.80

17.00

20.00

35.80

26.80

August 29,

1

36.00

1

32.00

33.40

27.12

September 1,

^

50.80

«^

49.12

68.40

53.00

September 4,
September 7,

55.80

48.80

•d

> -s

61.00
44.00

63.40
54.00

77.00
63.00

September 11,

o

37.00

&

o

46.80

47.40

51.12

September 16,

^

34.00

^

55.00

35.00

42.00

September 21,

7.00

10.00

9.80

12.00

Green tomatoes,

28.00

10.80

40.00

24.00

9.00

14.00

* Records not complete.

Beans.

The beans were planted in rows 2^ feet apart, there being
seven rows in each plat. The seed was planted May 19, the
young plants appeared above ground June 1 ; they were
cultivated five times and hand-hoed three times ; the beans
on all plats alike rusted badly. The beans were pulled and
stacked in the field August 19.

200

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

Yield of Beans (^Pounds).

PLATS.

Beans.

Vines.

Total Weight.

Plati,

31

30

61

Plat 2,

53

44

97

Plat.S

52

44

96

Plat 4

58

45

103

Plat.o,

67

51

118

Plate,

48

42

90

Sweef Corn .

Each plat contained five rows, the latter being 3 feet 3
inches apart; the hills were 20 inches apart, there being
throe plants left in each hill, making 1,060 hills per plat.

The crop appeared above ground June 1 . It was subse-
quently cultivated five times and hand-hoed three times. In
order to hasten maturity the stalks were topped September 9.

The corn was harvested and weighed October 9 with the
folio wins' results : —

Sweet Corn {Early Crosby) . Yield in Pounds per Plat.

PLATS.

Ears.

stover.

Tot:il Weight.

Platl

190.0

250

445.0

Plat 2

240.0

280

520.0

Plat;'.,

195.0

335

530.0

Plat 4,

190.0

310

500.0

Plat.".

182.5

290

472.5

Plat 6

190.0

302

492.0

Conclusions drawn from Four Years of Observation.

1. Sulphate of potash in connection with nitrate of soda
(Plat 5) has given in every case but one (onions) the best
results.

2. Nitrate of soda as nitrogen source (plats 2 and 5) has
yielded in almost every case, without reference to form of
potash, the best results.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 201

3. Sulphate of ammonia as a nitrogen source, in connec-
tion with muriate of potash as source of potash (Plat 1), has
given as a rule the least satisfactory returns. This fact is
evidently due to a change of chloride of potash and sulphate
of ammonia into sulphate of potash and chloride of ammo-
nium, the latter being an unfavorable form of nitrogen plant
food.

4. The influence of the difierence in the general character
of the weather, whether normal or dry, during succeeding
seasons on the yield of the crops has been greater than that
of the different fertilizers used upon ditierent plats during
the same season.

Note. — The general management of the field work con-
nected with the previously described continuation of my
experiments was attended to by Mr. H. M. Thomson, Assist-
ant Agriculturist of the Hatch Experiment Station, to whom
I take pleasure in expressing my thanks for his cheerful
assistance.

202 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan,

Part II.

REPORT ON THE WORK IN THE CHEMICAL
LABORATORY.

Charles A. Goessmann.

1. On Official Inspection of Commercial Fertilizers
AND Agricultural Chemicals in 1896.

During the past year fifty-seven manufacturers and dealers
in commercial fertilizers and agricultural chemicals have ap-
plied for and secured licenses for the sale of their goods in
the State. Thirty-three of these parties have offices for gen-
eral distribution within our State, nine in the State of New
York, six in Connecticut, three in Vermont, three in Rhode
Island, two in Pennsylvania and one in Illinois.

The number of distinct brands licensed, including agricult-
ural chemicals, amounted to two hundred and sixty-five.

The sampling and collecting of the material for official
analyses were in charge of Mr. H. D. Haskins, a graduate of
the Massachusetts Agricultural College of the year 1890, and
an efiicient assistant in the chemical laboratory of the division
of chemistry of the Experiment Station, who for several years
in the past has attended to that part of the inspection in a
very satisfactory manner.

Three hundred and twenty-eight samples were collected
during the year, of which three hundred, representing two
hundred and fifteen distinct brands, have been analyzed, and
the results published in three bulletins, March, July and
October, Numbers 38, 40 and 42 of the Hatch Experiment
Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College.

The modes of analyses adopted in this work were in all
essential points those recommended by the Association of
OflBcial Chemists.

isDT.j PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33. 203

The results of the inspection have been on the whole quite
satisfactory, as far as the compliance of the dealers with the
provisions of our State laws for the regulation of the trade
in commercial fertilizers is concerned. The variations here
and there noticed between the guaranteed composition of the
dealer and the results of our analyses could be traced with
but few exceptions to imperfect mixing of the several ingre-
dients of the fertilizer, and did not, as a rule, materially
atfect the commercial value of the article. In this connec-
tion attention should be called to the fact that the lowest
amount stated in the guarantee is only legally binding.

To convey a more direct idea of the actual condition of
this feature in the trade of commercial fertilizers of 1896,
the following detailed statement is here inserted : —

(a) Where three essential elements of plant food were
guaranteed : —

Number with three elements equal to or above the highest guar-
antee, 3

Number with two elements above the highest guarantee, . . 18
Number with one element above the highest guarantee, . . .65
Number with three elements between the lowest and highest guar-
antees, 2G

Number with two elements between the lowest and highest guar-
antees, 60

Number with one element between the lowest and highest guar-
antees, 42

Number with two elements below the lowest guarantee, ... 8
Number with one element below the lowest guarantee, . . .59

(b) Where two essential elements of plant food were
guaranteed : —

Number Avith two elements above the highest guarantee.
Number Avith one element above the highest guarantee, . . ,16
Number wdth two elements between the lowest and highest guar-
antees, 13

Number with one clement l)etween the lowest and highest guar-
antees, 10

Number with one element below^ the lowest guarantee, . . .10

(c) Where one essential element of plant food was guar-
anteed : —

Number above the highest guarantee, 4

Number between the lowest and highest guarantees, . . .21
Number below the lowest guarantee, 11

204 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

The consumption of commercial fertilizers is steadily in-
creasing, — a circumstance apparently not less due to a more
general recognition of their good services, if judiciously se-
lected and applied, than to gradual improvements in regard
to their mechanical condition as well as their general chem-
ical character. A noticeable change, referred to already in
a previous report, regarding the chemical composition of
many brands of so-called complete or formula fertilizers of
to-day, as compared Avith those offered for similar purposes
at an earlier period in the history of the trade in commer-
cial fertilizers, consists in a more general and more liberal
use of potash compounds as a prominent constituent. This
change has l)een slow ])ut decided, and in a large degree may
be ascribed to the daily increasing evidence, resting on actual
observations in the Held and garden, that the farm lands of
Massachusetts are quite frequentl}' especially deticient in pot-
ash compounds, and consequently need in many instances a
more liberal supply of available potash from outside sources
to give satisfactory returns. Whenever the cultivation of
garden vegetables, fruits and forage crops constitutes the
principal products of the land, this recent change in the
mode of manuring deserves in particular a serious trial ;
for the crops raised consume exceptionally large quantities
of potash, as compared with grain crops. In view of these
facts, it will be conceded that a system of manuring farm
and garden which tends to meet more satisfactory recognized
conditions of large areas of land, as well as the special wants
of important growing branches of agricultural industries, is
a movement in the right direction.

The present condition of the trade in commercial fertilizers
offers exceptional advantages to provide efficient manures for,
the raising of farm and garden crops of every description
congenial to soil and climate. The various essential articles
of plant food, as potash, phosphoric acid and nitrogen com-
pounds, are freely offered for sale in forms suitable to render
the dirterent kinds of the home manurial i'(>fusc material of
the farm in a higher degree fit to meet the special wants
of the crops to be raised.

Mixed fertilizers, designed to supply the essential articles
of plant food with reference to the needs of special crops,

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 205

and containing them in every conceivable proportion, are
asking for the patronage of all parties interested in the
raising of plants.

A judicious management of the trade in commercial fertil-
izers implies a due recognition of well-established experi-
mental results regarding the requirements of a remunerative
production of farm and garden crops ; yet, as the manu-
facturer at best can only prepare the composition of his
special fertilizers on general lines, not knowing the particular
condition and character of the soil which ultimately receives
them, it becomes of the utmost importance on the part of the
farmer to make himself acquainted with his special wants of
manurial substances, and to thus qualify himself for a more
judicious selection from the various fertilizers offered for his
patronage.

For the reason that the physical conditions and chemical
resources of soils on available plant food are frequently
differing widely even on the same farm, no definite rule can
be given for manuring farm lands, beyond the advice to
return to the soil those plant constituents which the crops
raised during preceding years have abstracted in an excep-
tionally large proportion, and which at the same time will
be especially called for by the crops to be raised.

To select judiciously from among the agricultural chem-
icals and mixed fertilizers offered for sale for home use
requires, in the main, three kinds of information : —

First. ■^- A knowledge of the condition and the character
of the soil to be prepared for cultivation.

Second. — An acquaintance with the composition of the
crops, as far as the essential elements of plant food they
contain are concerned.

Third. — A fair information regarding the general char-
acter, as well as the special composition, of the manurial
substances offered for sale are concerned.

To assist as far as practicable in obtaining the above-stated
desirable information, a compilation of the composition of
our most prominent farm and garden crops, as well as the
manurial sul>stances and agricultural chemicals found in our
markets, has been published from time to time in our annual
reports, and will be found at the close of the present one.

206 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

List of Manufacturers and Dealers ivJio have secured Certificates for
the Sale of Commercial Fertilizers in Tliis State during the Past
Tear {May i, 1896, to May 1, 1897), and the Brands licensed
by Each.

The Armour Fertilizer Works, Chicago, 111. : —
Bone Meal.
Bone and Blood.
Ammoniated Bone and Potash.
All Soluble.

Bone, Blood and Potash.
Old Bog Cranberry Manure.

American Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Anti Acid Phosphate.

Alkaline Nitrate Phosphate for Hoed Crops,
Alkaline Nitrate Phosphate for Hay and Grain Crops.
Ward's Inodorous Plant Food,
Muriate of Potash.

Wm. H. Abbott, Holyoke, Mass. : —
Abbott's Fertilizer.
Abbott's Eagle Brand Fertilizer.

Bartlett & Holmes, Springfield, Mass. : —
Pure Ground Bone.
Animal Fertilizer,

H. J. Baker and Brother, New York, N. Y. : —
Standard Un X Ld Fertilizer.
Complete Strawberry Manure.
Complete Onion Manure.
Complete Potato Manure.
Complete Corn Manure.
A A Ammoniated Superphosphate.
Complete Tobacco Manure.
Grass and Lawn Dressing,
Vegetable, Vine and Potato Special.
Ground Bone.

C. A. Bartlett, Worcester, Mass. : —
Pure CJ round Bone.
Animal Fertilizer.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUiMENT — No. 33. 207

The Berkshire Mills, Bridgeport, Conn. : — -
Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.
Complete Fertilizer.

Bowker Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Stockbridge Special Manures.
Bowker's Hill and Drill Phosphate.
Bowker's Farm and Garden Phosphate.
Bowker's Lawn and Garden Dressing.
Bowker's Fish and Potash.
Bowker's Potato and Vegetable Manure.
Bowker's Market-garden Manure.
Bowker's Sui'e Crop Bone Phosphate.
Gloucester Fish and Potash.
Bowker's Dry Ground Fish.
Bowker's Fresh Ground Bone.
Nitrate of Soda.
Dried Blood.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Muriate of Potash.
Sulphate of Potash.
Sulphate of Ammonia.

Bradley Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Bradley's X L Superphosphate.
Bradley's Potato Manure.
Bradley's B D Sea Fowl Guano.
Bradley's Complete Manures.
Bradley's Fish and Potash.
Bradley's High-grade Tobacco Manure.
English Lawn Fertilizer.
Farmers' New Method Fertilizer.
Breck's Lawn and Garden Dressing.
Sulphate of Potash.
Muriate of Potash.
Nitrate of Soda.
Sulphate of Ammonia.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Fine-ground Bone.

William E. Brightman, Tiverton, R. I. : —
Brightman's Potato and Root Manure.
Brightman's Phosphate.
Brightman's Fish and Potash.

208 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

B. L. Bragg & Co., Spriugfield, Mass. : —
Hanipdeu Lawn Dressing.

Butchers' Rendering Association, Saugus, Mass. : —
Ground Bone.
Champion Garden Fertilizer.

Daniel T. Church, Providence, R. I. : —
Church's B Special P'ertilizer.
Church's C Standard Fertilizer.
Church's D Fish and Potash.

Clark's Cove Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Bay State Fertilizer. ♦

Bay State Fertilizer, G G Braud.
Great Plant Manure.
Potato and Tobacco Manure.
King Philip Guano.
Potato Manure.
Fish and Potash.
White Oak Pure Ground Bone.
Muriate of Potash.
Sulphate of Potash.
Nitrate of Soda.

The Cleveland Dryer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Cleveland Superphosphate .
Cleveland Potato Phosphate.
Cleveland Fertilizer.

E. Frank Coe Company, New York, N. Y. : —
Yj. Frank Coe's Excelsior Potato Fertilizer.
PL Frank Coe's High-grade Potato Fertilizer.
E. Frank Coe's Special Fertilizer.

E. Frank Coe's High-grade Ammoniated Bone Super-
phosphate.
E. Frank Coe's Fish Guano and Potasli.
E. Frank Coe's Bay State Annuoniated Bone Super-

pliosphate.
K. Frank Coe's Bay State High-grade Potato Fertilizer.

Crocker P^'rtilizcr and Chemical Company, Tiiiffalo, N. Y. : —
Crocker's (General Crop Phosphate.
Crocker's New England Tobacco Grower.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No 33. 209

Crocker Fertilizer and Cheinical Coinpauy, Buffalo, N. Y. —
Concluded.
Muriate of Potash.

Coolidge Brothers' Special Truck Fertilizer.
Crocker's Ammoniated Boue Superphosphate.
Crocker's Potato, Hop and Tobacco Phosphate.
Crocker's Special Potato Manure.
Crocker's Pure Ground Bone.
Crocker's Practical Ammoniated Superphosphate.
Crocker's New Rival Ammoniated Superphosphate.
Crocker's Ammoniated Wheat and Corn Phosphate.
Crocker's Ground Boue Meal.
Crocker's Vegetable Bone Superphosphate.

Cumberland Bone Phosphate Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Cumberland Superphosphate.
Cumberland Potato Fertilizer.
Cumberland Concentrated Phosphate.
Cumberland Fertilizer.

L. B. Darling Fertilizer Company, Pawtucket, R. I. : — ■
Animal Fertilizer.
Extra Boue Phosphate.
Potato and Root Fertilizer.
Lawn and Garden Fertilizer.
Tobacco Grower.
Pure Fine Bone.
Pure Dissolved Bone.
Sulphate of Potash.

John C. Dow & Co., Boston, Mass. : —
Superphosphate.
Pure Bone.
Bone Fertilizer.

Fyfe, Fay & Plummer, Clinton, Mass. : —
Canada Wood Ashes.

Great Eastern Fei'tilizer Company, Rutland, Vt. : — =
Great Eastern General Fertilizer.
Northern Corn Special.
Soluble Bone and Potash.
Vegetable, Vine and Tobacco Fertilizer.
Garden Special Fertilizer.

210 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Thomas Hersom & Co., New Bedford, Mass. : —
Bone Meal.

John G. Jefferds, Worcester, Mass. : —
Jefferds' Fine Ground Bone.
Jefferds' Potatc^Ianure.
Jefferds' Animal Fertilizer.

Thomas Kirley, South Hadley Falls, Mass. : —
Kirley's Pride of the Valley.

A. Lee & Co., Lawrence, Mass. : —
The Lawrence Fertilizer.

Lowell Fertilizer Cojnpany, Lowell, Mass. : —
Lowell Bone Fertilizer.
Lowell Animal Fertilizer.
Lowell Potato Phosphate.
Lowell Vegetable and Vine Fertilizer.
Lowell Lawn Dressing.
Dissolved Bone and Potash.
Complete Manure for Potatoes and Vegetables.

Lowe Brothers & Co., Fitchburg, Mass. : —
Tankage.

The Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano Company, New
York, N. Y. : —
The Mapes Superphosphates.
The Mapes Bone Manures.
The Mapes Special Crop Manures.
Sulphate of Potash.
Double Manure Salts.
Nitrate of Soda.
Economical Manure.
Lawn Top-dressing with Plaster.

E. McGarvey & Co., successors to Forest City Wood Asii
Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Unleached Wood Ashes.

McQuade Brothers, West Auburn, Mass. : —
Pure Ground Bone.

189 7. J PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 211

Monroe, Lalor & Co., Oswego, N. Y. : —
Unleached Wood Ashes.

National Fertilizer Company, Bridgeport, Conn. : —
Chittenden's Complete Fertilizers.
Chittenden's Ammoniated Bong.
Chittenden's Market-garden Fertilizer.
Chittenden's Fish and Potash.
Chittenden's Ground Bone.
Chittenden's Potato Phosphate.

Niagara Fertilizer Company, Buffalo, N. Y. : —
Niagara Wheat and Corn Producer.
Niagara Triumph.

Niagara Ciraiu and Grass Fertilizer.
Niagara Potato, Tobacco and Hoj) Fertilizer.

Packers' Union Fertilizer Company, New York, N. Y. : —
Animal Corn Fertilizer.
University Fertilizer.
Oats and Clover Fertilizer.
Potato Manure.
Gardeners' Complete Manure.

Pacific Guano Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Soluble Pacific Guano.
Special Potato Manure.
Nobsque Guano.

Special for Potatoes and Tobacco.
Fish and Potash.
High-grade General Fertilizer.

Parmenter & Polsey Fertilizer Company, Peabody, Mass. : —
Plymouth Rock Brand.
Special Potato Fertilizer.
Special Strawberry Manure.
Star Brand Fertilizer.
Lawn Dressing.
Ground Bone.
Nitrate of Soda.
Muriate of Potash.

E. W. Perkins & Co., Rutland, Vt. : —
Plantene.

212 HATCH EXPERIMP:NT STATION. [Jan.

Prentiss, Brooks & Co., Holyoke, Mass. : —
Complete Manures.
Phosphate.
Nitrate of Soda.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Muriate of Potash.
Sulphate of Potash.
Fish and Potash.
Dry Ground Fish.

Preston Fertilizer Company, Green Point, L. I. : —
Pioneer Fertilizer.
Ammoniated Superphosphate.
Potato Fertilizer.

Quinnipiac Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Potato Manure.
Market-garden Manure.
Ammoniated Dissolved Bones.
Fish and Potash (Crossed Fishes).
Fish and Potash (Plain Brand).
Havana 'fobacco Fertilizer.
Grass Fertilizer.
Corn Manure.

Potato and Tobacco Fertilizer.
Onion Manure.
Pure Bone Meal.
Dry Ground Fish.
Tankage.

Muriate of Potash.
Sulphate of Potash.
Nitrate of Soda.
Sulphate of Auuuoiiia.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Phosphate.

Read Fertilizer Company, New York, N. Y. : —
Read's Standard.
High-grade Farmers' Friend.
Fish and Potash.
Vegetable and Vine Fertilizer.
Practical Potato Special Fertilizer.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 213

N. Roy & Sou, South Attleborougli, Mass. : —
Complete Animal Fertilizer.

The Rogers & Hubbard Company, Middletown, Conn. : —
Pure Raw Knuckle Bone Flour.
Strictl}^ Pure Fine Bone.
Soluble Potato Manure.
Soluble Tobacco Manure.
Fei'tilizer for Oats and Top-dressing.
Fairchild's Formula for Corn and General Crops.
Grass and Grain Fertilizer.

Russia Cement Company, Gloucester, Mass. : —
XXX Fish and Potash,
High-grade Superphosphate.

Special Manure for Potatoes, Roots and Vegetables.
Special Manure for Corn, Grain and Grass.
Odorless Lawn Dressing.
Dry Ground Fish.

Lucien Sanderson, New Haven, Conn. : —
Dissolved Bone-black.
Muriate of Potash.
Sulphate of Potash.
Nitrate of Soda.
Blood, Meat and Bone.
Formula A.

M. L. Shoemaker & Co., Limited, Philadelphia, Penn. : —
Swift and Sure Phosphate.
Swift and Sure Bone Meal.

Edward H. Smith, Northborough, Mass. : —
Fine-ground Bone.

Standard Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Standard Fertilizer.
Potato and Tobacco Fertilizer.
Standard Guano.
Fine-ground Bone.
Complete Manure.

Thomas L. Stetson, Randolpli, Mass. : —
Fine-ground Bone.

F. C. Sturtevant, Hartford, Conn. : —
Ground Tobacco Stems.

214 HATCH EXPERIMEXT STATION. [Jan.

Heury F. Tucker & Co., Boston, Mass. : —
Original Bay State Bone Superphosphate.
Imperial Bone Superphosphate.
Special Potato Fertilizer.

AValker, Stratmau & Co., Pittsburg, Penu. : —
Potato Special.
Four Fold.
Smoky City.
Meadow King.

I S. Whittemore, Wayland, Mass.: —
Whittemore's Complete Manure.

The Wilcox Fertilizer Works, Mystic, Conn. : —
Potato, Onion and Tobacco Manure.
Amraoniated Bone Phosphate.
High-grade Fish and Potash.
Dry Ground Fish Guano.
Fish and Potash, 1896 Brand.
Low-grade Sulphate of Potash.

Williams & Clark Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. :— -
Superphosphate.
Potato Phosphate.
- High-grade Special.
Fine Wrapper Tobacco Fertilizer.
Royal Bone Phosphate.
Corn Phosphate.
Potato and Tobacco Manure.
Grass Manure.
Fish and Potash.

Universal Ammoniated Dissolved Bone.
Prolific Crop Producer.
Onion Manure.
Pure Bone Meal.
J^ry (J round Fish.
Tankage.

Muriate of Potash.
Sulphate of Potash.
Nitrate of Soda.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Sulpiuitc of Ammonia.

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 215

M. E. Wheeler & Co., Rutland, Vt. : —
High-grade Fruit Fertilizer. '
Grass and Oats Fertilizer.
Electrical Dissolved Bone.
Potato Manure.
High-grade Corn Fertilizer.
Superior Truck Fertilizer.

2. New Laws for the Regulation or the Trade in
Commercial Fertilizers in Massachusetts.

[Acts of 1896, Chapter 297.]
An Act to regulate the Sale of Commercial Fertilizers.
Be it enacted, etc., as follows :

Section 1 . Every lot or parcel of commercial fertilizer or fer-
tilizer material sold or offered or exposed for sale within this
Commonwealth shall be accompanied by a plainly printed state-
ment, clearly and truly certifying the number of net pounds of
fertilizer in the package, the name, brand or trade-mark under
which the fertilizer is sold, the name and address of the manu-
facturer or importer, the location of the factory, and a chemical
analysis stating the percentage of nitrogen, of potash soluble in
distilled water, and of phosphoric acid in available form soluble
in distilled water and reverted, as well as the total phosphoric
acid. In the case of those fertilizers which consist of other and
cheaper materials said label shall give a correct general statement
of the composition and ingredients of the fertilizer it accompanies.

Sect. 2. Before any commercial fertilizer is sold or offered or
exposed for sale the importer, manufacturer or party who causes
it to be sold or offered for sale within this Commonwealth shall
file with the director of the Hatch experiment station of the Mas-
sachusetts Agricultural College a certified copy of the statement
named in section one of this act, and shall also deposit with said
director at his request, a sealed glass jar or bottle, containing not
less than one pound of the fertilizer, accompanied by an affidavit
that it is a fair average sample thereof.

Sect. 3. The manufacturer, importer, agent or seller of any
brand of commercial fertilizer or fertilizer material shall pay for
each brand, on or before the first day of May annually, to the
director of the experiment station, an analysis fee of five dollai's
for each of the three following fertilizing ingredients : namely,
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, contained or claimed to exist
in said brand of fertilizer : provided., that whenever the manufact-

216 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

urer or importer shall have paid the fee herein required for any
person acting as agent or seller for such manufacturer or importer,
such agent or seller shall not be required to pay the fee named
in this section ; and on receipt of said analysis fees and state-
ment specified in section two the director of said station shall
issue certificates of compliance with this act.

Sect. 4. No person shall sell or offer or expose for sale in
this Commonwealth any pulvei'ized leather, hair or wool Avaste,
raw, steamed, roasted or in any form as a fertilizer, or as an in-
gredient of any fertilizer or manure, without an explicit printed
certificate of the fact, said certificate to be conspicuously aflSxed
to every package of such fertilizer or manure, and to accompany
or go with every parcel or lot of the same.

Sect. 5. Any person selling or offering or exposing for sale
any commercial fertilizer without the statement required by the
first section of this act, or with a label stating that said fertilizer
contains a larger percentage of any one or more of the constitu-
ents mentioned in said section than is contained therein, or re-
specting the sale of which all the provisions of the foregoing
section have not been fully complied with, shall forfeit fifty dol-
lars for the first offence and one hundred dollars for each subse-
quent offence.

Sect. 6. This act shall not affect parties manufacturing, im-
porting or purchasing fertilizers for their own use and not to sell
in this Commonwealth.

Sect. 7. The director of the experiment station shall pay the
analysis fees, as soon as received by him, into the treasury of the
station, and shall cause one analysis or more of each fertilizer or
fertilizer material to be made annually, and shall publish the re-
sults from time to time, with such additional information as the
circumstances render advisable, provided such information relates
only to the composition of the fertilizer or fertilizer material in-
spected. Said director is hereby authorized in person or by
deputy to take a sample, not exceeding two pounds in weight, for
analysis, from any lot or package of fertilizer or fertilizer material
which may be in the possession of any manufacturer, importer,
agent or dealer ; but said sample shall be drawn in the presence
of said party or parties in interest, or their representative, and
taken froin a parcel or a number of packages which shall be not
less than ten per cent, of the whole lot inspected, and shall be
thoroughly mixed and then divided into two equal samples and
placed in glass vessels, and carefully sealed and a label placed
on each, stating the name or lirand of tlie fertilizer or material
sanii)k'd, the name of the pnrty from whose stock the sample was

1807.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 217

drawn, and the time and place of drawing ; and said label shall
also be signed by the director or his deputy and by the party or
parties in interest, or their representatives present at the drawing
and sealing of said sample ; one of said duplicate samples shall
be retained by the director and the other by the party whose stock
was sampled. All parties violating this act shall be prosecuted
by the director of said station.

Sect. 8. Chapter two hundred and ninety-six of the acts of
the year eighteen hundred and eighty-eight is hereby repealed.

Sect. 9. This act shall take effect on the first day of Novem-
ber in the year eighteen hundred and ninety-six. [_Ap2')roved
April 17, 1896.']

3. General Work in the Chemical Laboratory.

Analyses of materials sent on for examination.

Notes on basic phosphatic slag (" slag meal ") as a fertilizer.

Action of chloride of potassium (muriate of potash) and cliloride
of sodium (common salt) on the lime resources of the soil.

Effect of chloride of potassium on sulphate of ammoniuui in
mixed fertilizers.

Analyses of 3faferials sent on for Examination.

The constantly increasing variety of waste products of
many branches of industry within our State and elsewliere,
which have proved of manurial value, has received for years
a serious attention. As a change in the current modes of
manufacture of the parent industry is at any time liable to
seriously aft'ect the character and chemical composition of the
waste or l)y products, it Ijecomes necessary to repeat from
time to time analyses of many of these products. These
analyses are made, as far as our resources allow, without any
charge for the work, on the condition that the results are
public property if deemed of interest for publication.

A brief enumeration of the more prominent substances sent
on for our investigation during the year 1896 may serve to
convey a correct idea concerning the extent and importance
of the labor involved. The whole number of substances an-
alyzed in this connection during the year 1896 to December
1 amounts to 175 : wood ashes, 51 ; cotton-seed-hull ashes,
7 ; swill ashes from cremation furnace, 1 ; rock phosphate, 4 ;
acid phosphate, 4 ; phosphatic slag, 2 ; ground bones, tank-

218 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

age, dried fish and blood, 18 ; cotton-seed and linseed meal,
19 ; barn-yard manure, solid and liquid, 11 ; cotton waste
from factories, 6 ; potash salts of various descriptions, 18 ;
dry Bordeaux mixtures, 10 ; Paris green, 8 ; miscellaneous
analyses, 10; and compound fertilizers, 21.

The responsibility of the genuineness of all samples sent
on for examination rests with the parties asking for analyses ;
the name of the localities they come from appears only in our
published records of the w^ork to prevent misunderstandings.
The samples of fertilizers collected by responsible parties
under the direction of the officer of this department alone
are entered on our list of official analyses.

Notes on Basic T*hof(j)ha(ic Slag (^'■^ Slag Meal") as a

Fertilizer.

This article appeared for the first time in our markets in
1886 under the name of phosphatic meal made of the Peine-
Thomas Scoria, a bj^-product of a new process introduced
into the manufacture of iron and steel from phosphorus con-
taining iron ores.

The first sample received by me at Amherst was marked
" R. Weichsel & Co., Magdeburg, Germany; phosphate
meal made of the Peine-Thomas Scoria, guaranteed by Dr.
Ulex of Ilaml^urg, Germany, to contain 21.41 per cent, of
phosphoric acid, corresponding to 46.74 per cent, of bone
phosphate; Paul Weidinger & Co., New York, acting as
agents."

The first lot sent on for field experiments consisted of 500
pounds of ground slag meal, also a mixture of 500 pounds of
slag meal with 500 pounds of kaiuite ; to the latter had been
added some dry ground peat, to prevent caking. Pure slag
meal, it is claimed, never hardens after being ground.

As the process of dephosphorizing the iron requires that
the slag should be alkaline from the beginning, an excess of
lime enters into the composition of the slag. To the })res-
ence of a certain amount of burned lime the phosphate meal
owes, evidently, some of its good effects as a phosphoric acid
source for ])lant food; incorporated in the soil, it absorbs
moisture, and, like burned lime, it breaks up into an impal-

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 210

pable powder, which cannot fail to increase the availability
of its phosphoric acid in a marked degree, as compared with
other non-acidulated ground phosphates.

Not less beneficial must be considered in many instances
the alkaline reaction of the genuine material, for it secures
favorable conditions not only for a rapid decomposition
("nitrification") of the organic matter of the soil, but also
for the disintegration of v^aluable mineral constituents of the
soil, rendering in both directions inherent plant food more
available. Much attention has been paid in Germany and
England to experiments with slag meal as a phosphoric acid
source of plant food, and many satisfactory results are re-
ported. Our own observations are, to say the least, very
encouraging, as may be seen from several annual reports
since 1887.

Mixtures of phosphatic slag with nitrate of soda and the
higher grades of potash salts have given in many instances
much satisfaction. To secure the full benefit of the action
of slag meal, it is desirable to scatter it broadcast late in the
fall or early in the spring, and to plough it under at once
from three to four inches ; nitrate of soda and potash salts
may be harrowed in later on, previous to seeding down.

The high price (from $20 to $25 per ton) of late charged
for phosphatic slag meal of a varying composition and gen-
eral character has discouraged its trial, as compared with the
ground phosphate of South Carolina and Florida. As the
high price has greatly interfered with a more general trial of
slao; meal, it is of interest to learn that arrano-ements are
announced which will result in introducing large supplies of
it at a much lower cost than ])efore. A German syndicate,
claiming to own the right of })atent regarding the sale of
Thomas slag in Europe and the United States, has estab-
lished an office in Philadelpliia, Penn., address Charles A.
Voight, P. O. box 2133, Station A. In a recent communi-
cation fi'om him it is stated the article will be oft'ered for sale
at from $8 to $9 per ton to farmers in the eastern States.
The material consists of a dark, fine powder ; it is sent out
in 200 pound i)ags, with a guarantee of 18 per cent, of phos-
plioric acid. The station has secured a quantity for trial
durino; the comino' season.

220

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

Analysis of Phosphatic Slag Meal.

[I. Analyses of above-stated sample, 1896; II. Average of four analyses of earlier

dates.]

Pek Cent.

I.

II.

Moisture,

1.45

1.45

Total phosphoric acid,

17.88

23.49

Calcium oxide (lime),.

.

43.74

48.66

Magnesium oxide,

_*

3.42

Ferric and aluminic oxides.

25.25

10.12

Insoluble matter, .

9.93

9.40

* Not determined.

Action of Chloi'ide of Potassium {Muriate of Potash) and
Chloride of /Sodium (Common Salt) on the Lime Re-
sources of tlie Soil.

In a previous bulletin, No. 38, issued March, 1896, by
the Hatch Experiment Station, I called attention to an ob-
servation in connection with some field experiments, which
showed that in several instances where, under otherwise
corresponding circumstances, for several years muriate of
potash had l)een liberally used as a potash source for a vari-
ety of crops, instead of sulphate of potash, an unhealthy
appearance and lower yield of crop became from year to
year more apparent. To correct this feature, from 350 to
400 pounds })er acre of dry slacked lime were scattered
broadcast over the surface of the soil, and ploughed under
before manuring and seeding down the crop. The addition
of lime gave excellent satisfaction, for the new crop looked
healthy and vigorous, and the yield of the crop increased
again fully to the average amount of the field. An examina-
tion of the drainage waters confirmed the view taken in the
treatment of the field ; the chlorides of calcium and mag-
nesium were noticed to form prominent constituents of the

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 3:\. 221

solid residue left after its evaporation. The amount of lime
noticed in the drainage waters where muriate of potash had
been added as a potash source was in every instance larger
than where corresponding amounts of high-grade sulphate
of potash were applied.

In publishing the results of our observations the following
conclusions were oflered for the consideration of farmers : —

(rt) The claim of both muriate and sulphate of potasJi,
being economical and efficient forms to supply potash for
growing crops, is so well established that no further endorse-
ment is called for in this connection. Each forTii has its
sj)ectal merits with reference to particular fitness in case of
different croj)s.

(b) The liberal use of muriate of potash as a fertilizer
constituent renders, in cases where the litne resour^ces of the
soil under cidtivation are limited, a periodical direct applica-
tion of lime compounds as a manurial matter advisable.

(c) Muriate of potash is a safer sotircefor manurial pur-
poses upon a deej) soil with a free subsoil than upon a shalloiv
soil with a compact clayish subsoil, on account of a possible
accuTnulation of the highly objectionable chlorides of calcium
and magnesium (lime and magnesia) near the roots of the
plants; both are Tcnoivn to prevent a healthy development of
the root system.

Repeated observations in the field and in the laboratory
tend to confirm the above-stated conclusions ; chloride of so-
dium (common salt) behaves in the same way as the chloride
of potassium, — a fact which is readily proved by adding to
any kind of a soil which is free from the chlorides of cal-
cium some ground chalk and common salt, and after a week
or so collecting and analyzing the percolating water; the
presence of carbonic acid favors greatly the reaction ; no
good agricultural soil is free from carbonic acid or bicarbon-
ates of lime and magnesium.

222

iiATcii i':xi'r:i:iMKN'r staiion

j.-iii

N()'(xt, of (J/iloritl.c, of /'(>f(is,nu,tji (Muriate of PotasJi) on
Hidi)li(it<', (f Anutioniiuit. in Mixed Fcrlilizers.

Ill ,m(ii<1\ iiru; IIk' iiilliK-iKc of (lie, follouiM^ luixliircM of ftii-
tili/.iiii:; iii;ilcii;ils, /. c, —

I'l.ATH.

I'lal 1,

I'llll'^,

s

I'l.it 3,

■!

n.a4.

S

n.it f>,

IMiit «,

s

AnriMi>l Hiipply nT Miuiiiiiiil HiiliNtancen.

Hlllplllilo of Hiniiiiiiilii,
MiirliiU) of potiiHli,
DiHHolvrd UoiK'-lilitck,
Nltrulii of Hodii, .
Miirliiti) of |i(>titH)i,
DiHHolvfd l>oiie-lilit<d(,
l>rl<'(l )>l(>o(l,
M iirliili' of polnHli,
DiHHolvcd lioii<vlilii<d<,
Hiil]ihiU<< of uiiiinorilit,
Hiil|>)mt<' of poliiHli,
DIhhoIvimI hoiii^bluck,
Nllriilc of Hodii, .
Hiil|ilniti' of potiiHli,
DIhhoIviiiI lioiKt-bliicK,
Dried lilood,
HiilplmUi of pol.uH>i,
DJHHolvdd honc-ldiick,

.•58
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on tli(> yield ;im(1 cli.-ir.iclci- of .-i \ .-iricl y ol" i;:ir(lri\ ci'ops, it, w.'i.s
ii()li<'c(l, widi l)ii( OIK' (>!• two <'X<'('|)1 ions, llini llic fcrlili/crs on
IM.mI 1, (•onsisliiiu; ol' dissoKcd l)oiic-l»l:ick, sul[)luito of .'iniiuo-
niiini :ind niiirinlc ol" pol.-isli, produced llic lowest yiidd ol" (•ro[)
on iii:i.l; wliile lli<> rerlili/.<'rs on IM:it I, eoni|)()se(l ol" eor-
res|)oiidiii;j; (jiinnlil ies of dissolved l»oiie-l»l;icU, sulphale of
.•inunoninin :ind lii^li-^r;id(^ sulpliiile of potash, yielded, :is a
rul(% ii fail' a.vera_i;'e tn'O)). (For details, ser ])reeedinij: ariimai
reports since lHi)2.)

As tlie sciison, cli;ir;icter ol' tlie soil and mode ol" ciilliNa-
tion were pract i<-all\' the s;inie in all cases, it seeni(>d Imt nat-
nr;d to eonchide that the rertilizers api)Iied to IMat 1 snlVered
nil iiiiravoraMe chaiiii'e when iiicoipoi':ite(l in the soil. An
actual trial ])rov(>d that a dry niixtiire of muriate ol" potash
and sulph:ite of ainmoninm dissolved in water cliaiii^es into
siilpliMte of polash :ind chloi-ide of annnonium (sal ammo-
niac) ; this form ol" nilroi:;en is known to act unfavorably on
fj^rowini; phiiits.

Most of our a.i2,ricnltiir:il chemicals ar(> liahh^ to suffer
chemical chan<j;eH when us(m1 in mixed liM-Jili/ers ; these
changes are frequently not less depending on a mutual reae-

1897.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33. 223

tion upon each other than on the general character and the
particular chemical composition of the soil which receives
them. The results of the chemical reactions between the
saline constituents of the fertilizers and of the soil are as apt
to benefit the crop as to injure it ; the above-described ol)-
servation furnishes an illustration of an injurious influence.
Sulphate of ammonium is evidently a safer source of nitrogen
for plant growth when used in connection with sulphate of
potash than when used with muriate of potash (chloride of
potassium) .

4. Compilation of Analyses of Agkicultural Chemi-
cals, Maxurial Substances, Fruits, Garden
Crors and Insecticides.

Prepared bj^ II. D. Haskins, Assistant Chemist,
Hatch Experiment Station.

1868 to 1897.

This compilation does not indude the anal.yses made of licensed fertilizers. They
are to be found in the reports of the State Inspector of Fertilizers from 1873 to 189G,
contained in the reports of the Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Agri-
culture for those j-ears, and in the bulletins of the department of chemistry of the
Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College since March,
1895.

As the basis of valuation changes from j^ear to year, no valuation is stated in this
compilation.

C. A. GOESSMANN.

226

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5. Compilation of Analyses of Fruits, Garden Crops
AND Insecticides.

COMPILED BY H. D. HASKESTS.

1. — Analyses of fruits.

2. — Analyses of garden crops.

3. — Relative proportions of phosphoric acid, potassium oxide
and nitrogen in fruits and garden crops.

4. — Analyses of insecticides.

A computation of the results of a chemical analysis of twenty
prominent garden crops shows the following average relative pro-
portion of the three essential ingredients of plant food : —

Parts.

Nitrogen, 2.2

Potassium oxide, . . .2.0

Phosphoric acid, 1.0

One thousand pounds of green garden vegetables contain, on
the above-stated basis of relative proportion of essential con-
stituents of plant food : —

Pounds.

Nitrogen, 4.1

Potassium oxide, .3.9

Phosphoric acid, 1.9

The weight and particular stage of growth of the vegetables
when harvested control, under otherwise corresponding conditions,
the actual consumption of each of these articles of plant food.
Our information regarding these points is still too fragmentary to
enable a more detailed statement here beyond relative proportions.
It must suffice for the present to call attention to the fact that a
liberal manuring within reasonable limit pays, as a rule, better
than a scanty one. — (C. A. Goessmann.)

1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 83.

243

1. Analyse.'^ of Fruits.

Fertilizing Constituents of Fritits.
[Average amounts in 1,000 parts of fresh or air-dry sulistance.]

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3.3

.7

.9

.5

-

.5

.1

.1

♦Strawberries, ,

-

-

5.2

2.6

.2

.7

.4

1.0

-

-

♦Strawberry vines,

-

-

33.4

3.5

4.5

12.2

1.3

4.8

-

-

Cherries, .

825

-

3.9

2.0

.1

.3

.2

.6

.2

.1

Plums,

838

-

2.9

1.7

-

.3

.2

.4

.1

-

SaxifragaceoR : —

♦Currants, white.

-

-

5.9

3.1

.2

1.0

.3

1.1

-

-

♦Currants, red

871

-

4.1

1.9

.2

.8

.3

.9

-

-

Gooseberries

903

-

3.3

1.3

.3

.4

.2

.7

-

-

V^taceo^ : —

Grapes

830

1.7

8.8

5.0

.1

1.0

.4

1.4

.5

.1

Grape seed

110

19.0

22.7

6.9

.5

5.6

1.4

7.0

.8

.1

244

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION,

[Jan.

2. Analyses of Garden Crops.

Fertilizing Constituents of Garden Croios.
[Average amounts in 1,000 parts of fresh or air-dry substance.]

C/ienopodiacece : —

Mangolds, .
♦Mangolds, .

Mangold leaves,

Sugar beets,
♦Sugar beets,

Sugar-beet tops.

Sugar-beet leaves.

Sugar-beet seed,
*Red beets, .

Spinach,
*8pinach,

ComposiiecE : —

Lettuce, common.
Head lettuce,
♦Head lettuce,
Roman lettuce, .
Artichoke, .
♦Artichoke, Jerusalem,

Coiivolvulacece : —
Sweet potato, .

Cruci/erm : —

White turnips, .
♦White turnips, .

White turnip leaves,
♦Ruta-bagas,

Savoy cabbage, .

White cabbage,
♦While cabbage,

Cabbage leaves,

Cauliflower,

Horse-radish, .

<s

d

em

"m

o

,

"S

A

^

iS

<

a M
oO

.20

osO

So

U

•7-1

PtS

<

^^

OJ

1.8

9.1

4-8

1.5

1.9

12.2

3.8

1.3

3.0

14.6

4.5

2.8

1.6

7.1

3.8

.6

2.2

10.4

4.8

.8

2.0

9.6

2.8

2.3

3.0

15.3

4.0

2.0

-

45.3

11.1

4.2

2.4

11.3

4.4

.9

2.4

16.0

2.7

5.7

3.4

9.6

9.6

2.1

_

8.1

3.7

.8

2.2

10.3

3,9

.8

1,2

-

2.3

.2

2.0

9.8

2.5

3.5

-

10.1

2.4

.7

4.8

-

4,8

-

2,4

7.4

3,7

.:,

1.8

fi.4

2.9

.6

1,8

10.1

3.9

.8

3.0

11.9

2,8

1.1

1.9

10.6

4.9

.7

5.3

14.0

3,9

1.4

3.0

9.6

4.3

.8

2.3

-

3.4

.3

2.4

15.6

5.8

1.5

4.0

8.0

3.6

.5

4.3

19.7

7.7

.4

.3

.6

1.6

.4

.6

.9

3.1

10.2

.5

1.9

.6

.5
1.5

1.2
1.0

.8

.3

.9

-

1.0

.8

.9

.3

1.0

.1

1.2

.2

.7

.8

7.5

2.0

.9

-

1.6

1.1

.5

-

.7

.3

1.0

.4

.3

-

1.1

.4

3.9

.5

1.7

-

.8

.4

.8

.7

1.0

1.0

.9

1.1

1.2

-

2.1

1.2

1.1

1.3

.2

-

1,4

2.4

1.6

1.0

2.0

4.9

1897.]

PUBTJC DOCUMEXT - No. 33.

245

Fertilizing Constituents of Garden Crops — Continued.

[Average anionnts in 1,000 parts of fresh or air-dry substance.]

a
o

a

60

o

J3

a

■a
S'S
.50

T3

0

S

.Si

0

a
a

0
0

■as

a.

<u
a
"C
0

0

Crucifera — Concluded.

Radishes

933

1,9

4.9

1.6

1.0

.7

.2

4.5

.3

.5

Kohlrabi

SfiO

4.8

12.3

4.3

.8

.4

.8

2.7

1.1

.6

Cucurhitacecz : —

Cucumbers

956

1.6

5.8

2.4

.6

.4

.2

1.2

.4

.4

Pumpkins,

900

1.1

4.4

.9

.9

.3

.2

.7

.3

.4

Oraminece. : —

Corn, whole plant, green.

829

1.9

10.4

3.7

.5

1.4

1.1

1.0

.3

.5

*Corn, whole plant, green,

786

4.1

-

3.8

.5

1.5

.9

1.5

-

-

Corn kernels, ....

144

16.0

12.4

3.7

.1

.3

1.9

5.7

.1

.2

*Corn kernels, ....

100

18.2

-

4.0

.3

.3

2.1

7.0

-

-

♦Corn, whole ears,

90

14.1

-

4.7

.6

.2

1.8

5.7

-

-

*Corn stover, ....

282

11.2

37.4

13.2

7.9

5.2

2.6

3.0

-

-

Legurninosm : —

Hay of peas, cut green, .

167

22.9

62.4

23.2

2.3

15.6

6.3

6.8

5.1

2.0

*Cow.pea (Z>o;ic/ios), green, .

788

2.9

-

3.1

.6

3.0

1.0

1.0

-

-

*Small pea {Lathyma sylves-

tris), dry.
Peas (seed)

90
143

38.5
35.8

23.4

25.7
10.1

4.7
.2

17.9
1.1

5.0
1.9

9.0
8.4

.8

.4

Pea straw

160

10.4

43.1

9.9

1.8

15.9

3.5

3.5

2.7

2.3

Garden beans (seed),

150

39.0

27.4

12.1

.4

1.5

2.1

9.7

1.1

.3

Bean straw

166

-

40.2

12.8

3.2

11.1

2.5

3.9

1.7

3.1

Liliaceoe : —

Asparagus, ....

933

3.2

5.0

1.2

.9

.6

.2

.9

.3

.3

Onions

860

2.7

7.4

2.5

.2

1.6

.3

1.3

.4

.2

*Onion8

892

-

4.9

1.8

.1

.4

.2

.7

-

-

Solanacece : —

Potatoes,

750

3.4

9.5

5.8

.3

.3

.5

1.6

.6

.3

♦Potatoes,

798

2.1

9.9

2.9

.1

.1

.2

.7

-

-

Potato tops, nearly ripe, .

770

4.9

19.7

4.3

.4

6.4

3.3

1.6

1.3

1.1

Potato tops, unripe, .

825

6.3

16.5

4.4

.3

5.1

2.4

1.2

.8

.9

♦Tomatoes,

940

1.7

-

3.6

-

.3

.2

.4

-

-

Tobacco leaves,

180

34.8

140.7

40.7

4.5

50.7

10.4

6.6

8.5

9.4

Tobacco stalks,

180

24.6

64.7

28.2

6.6

12.4

.5

9.2

2.2

2.4

♦Tobacco stems, ....

106

22.9

140.7

64.6

3.4

38.9

12.3

6.0

-

-

24G

HATCH expp:riment station.

[Jan.

Fertilizing Constituents of Garden Crops — Concluded.
[Average amounts in 1,000 parts of fresh or air-dry substance.]

9

3

m
O

a

0)

an
p

■2

Potassium
Oxide.

Sodium
Oxide.

g

a

3 .

o

•^1

012

a
o

Umbelliferm : —

Carrots,

850

2.2

8.2

3.0

1.7

.9

.4

1.1

.5

.4

*CarrotB

898

1.5

9.2

5.1

.6

.7

.2

.9

-

-

Carrot tops, ....

822

5.1

23.9

2.9

4.7

7.9

.8

1.0

1.8

2.4

Carrot tops, drj-,

98

31.3

125.2

48.8

40.3

20.9

6.7

6.1

-

-

Parsnips

793

5.4

10.0

.4

_2

1.1

.6

1.9

.5

.4

♦Parsnips

803

2.2

-

6.2

.1

.9

.5

1.9

-

-

Celery,

841

2.4

17.6

7.6

-

2.3

1.0

2.2

1.0

2.8

Most of the foregoing analyses were compiled from the tables of E.
Wolff. Those marked * are from analj^ses made at the Massachusetts
State Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass.

Relative Proportions of Phosphoric Acid, Potassium
Oxide and Nitrogen in Fruits.

Phosphoric
Acid.

Potassium
Oxide.

Nitrogen.

Ericacece : —

*Cranberries, . . . .

1

,3.0

-

*Cranberries, ....

1

o.i

2.6

Rosaccce : —
Apples,
*Apples,
*Peaches,

1

1

1

2.7
1.9
1.3

2.0
1.3

Pears, .

1

3.6

1.2

Strawberries,

1

1.4

-

* Strawberries,

1

2.6

-

* Strawberry vines,
Cherries,

1

1

.7
3.3

:

Plums, .

1

4.3

-

Saxtfragacece : -^

*"Currants, white, ....

1

2.8

* Currants, red, ....

1

2.1

-

Gooseberries, ....

1

1.9

-

Vitacece : —

Grapes, .....
Grape seed,

1
1

3.6
1.0

1.2

2.7

1807.1

PUBLK" DOCUMENT — No. 33,

247

Relative Proportions of Phosplioric Acid, Potassium Oxide and
Nitrogen in Garden Crops.

Phosphoric

Potassium

Acid.

Oxide.

Nitrogen.

Chenopodiacece : —

Mangolds,

1

6.0

2.3

*Mangolds, .

1

4.2

2.1

Mangold leaves, .

1

4.5

3.0

Sugar beets,

1

4.2

1.8

*Sugar beets,

1

4.8

2.2

Sugar-beet tops, .

1

2.3

1.7

Sugar-beet leaves.

1

5.7

4.3

Sugar-beet seed, .

1

1.5

-

*Red beets, .

1

4.1

3.3

Spinach,

1

1.7

3.1

""Spinach,

1

19.2

6.8

Compositem : —

Lettvice, . .

1

5.3

—

*Lettuce,

.

1

7.6

4.0

Head lettuce,

.

1

3.9

2.2

Roman lettuce,

.

1

2.3

1.8

"^Jerusalem artichoke,

•

1

2.8

2.7

Convolvulacece : —

Sweet potato, ....

1

4.6

3.0

Cruciferce. : —

White turnips, ....

1

3.6

2.3

* White turnips.

1

3.9

1.8

White turnip leaves,

1

3.1

3.3

*Ruta-bagas, .

1

4.1

1.6

Savoy cabbage, .

1

1.9

2.5

White cabbage, .

1

4.1

1.7

*White cabbage, .

1

11.0

7.6

Cauliflower, .

1

2.3

2.5

Horse-radish,

1

3.9

2.2

Radishes,

1

3.2

3.8

Kohlrabi,

1

1.6

1.8

Cticurbilacecv, : —

Cucumbers,

1

2.0

1.3

Pumpkins,

1

.6

.7

Graminece : —

1

Corn, whole plant, green, .

1

3.7

1.9

*Corn, whole plant, green,

1

2.2

2.8

Corn kernels,

1

.6

2.8

*Corn kernels.

1

.6

2.6

*Corn, whole ears.

1

.8

2.5

*Corn stov^er, .

•

i

4.4

3.7

248

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

Relative Proportions of Phosphoric Acid, Potassium Oxide and
Nitrogen in Garden Crops — Concluded.

I'hosphoric
Acid.

Potassium
Oxide.

Nitrogen.

Leguminosce : —

Hay of peas, cut green,
*Cow-pea {Dolichos), .
*Small pea (^Laihijrus sylvestrif^^.

Peas (seed) , .

3.4
3.1
3.4
1.2

3.4
2.9
4.2
4.3

Pea straw,

2.8

4.0

Garden beans (seed) , .

1.2

4.0

Bean straw, .....

3.3

-

Liliacece : —

Asparagus,

Onions, ......

1.3
1.9

3.6
2.1

*Omons,

2.6

-

Solanacece : —

Potatoes, .....

3.6

2.1

*Potatoes,

4.1

3.0

Potato tops, nearly ripe,
Potato tops, unripe,
*Tomatoes, . . . . .

2.7
3.7
8.7

3.1
5.3
4.5

Tobacco leaves, ....

6.2

5.3

Tobacco stalks, ....

3.1

2.7

Tobacco steins, ....

10.7

3.8

Umbelliferce : —

Carrots,

2.7

2.0

*Carrots,

5.7

1.7

Carrot tops, .
*Carrot tops, dry, .

Parsnips,
*Parsnips,

Celery, .

2.9
8.0
3.8
3.3
3.5

5.1
6.1
2.8
1.2
1.1

1897.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

240

H

^

to

•ppY ou
-oinooap-fu nt

o

1.00

1.63

.49

1.50

2.12

2.34

38.12

2.31

■sapiiQOinininiY
pac ouj3£

.90

1.38
.23
.01

•apixQ

tanisBSjOjj

.35

.26
3.60

6.55
16.34

9.15

•apixQ ranpiBO

■

15.76
18.60
17.76

68.20
3.07
1.47

4.45

■^

•auuoiqo

.27
3.00

•pPY ounqding

'

6.65
4.73
4.35

.48
.64

i

•jnqding

48.28
34.53

•Xinojaj^

.78

•aujioai^

2.12
.53

4.55
4.82

-ppV opaoY

4.74

•apixQ jaddoo

o

CO

7.93
2.61
1.05

CO
CO

•apiiO

Bnojaasay

o

o

54.91

2.38

1

•aanisioH

(>J

4.64
1.40
2.95
95.81
87.14

37.71
40.89

10.00

1

rH

. CLi

a

C3
Ph
>.

a

a

■3
tH
o

>.
"3
a
a

"o

i ^

0)

<

process
r," .

t^ . S=..- . . .

vnd ]

Dest
oyer
yer.

Br.

Bug
)estr
est re

3 S. ^ ^

Average of 4 analyses, "

Green," .
" Sulphatine," .
" Death to Rose Bugs," .
" Professor De Graff's Ca
" Oriental Fertilizer and I
" Non-poisonous Potato B
Tobacco liquor, .
Tobacco liquor, .
Tobacco liquor, .
Tobacco liquor, .
"Nicotinia,"
Hellebore, .

Hellebore, .

" Peroxide of Silicate,"

INDEX.

PAGl

Agriculturist, report of, o 9

Analyses (Tables) :

Agricultural chemicals, ' . . „ . 226

Animal excrements, 233

Cattle feeds 138

Fertilizing ingredients in fodders, . 151

Fruits 243

Garden crops, = 244

Insecticides, 249

Manurial substances 229

Ankee grass, . 41

Asparagus rust, 72

Aster, stem rot of, 61

Beans, effects of fertilizers on, 199

Horse, 12, 38

Soy, 9, 15

Begonia, leaf spot of, 68

Blackberry, late rust of, 74

Bordeaux mixture (dry), 53

Botanists, report of, 57

Bug death, . - 43

Bulletins (number and subject), 1887-97, 4

Cabbages, 9

Soil tests with, 13

Carbohydrates of plants and seeds, 90

Chemist, report of (fertilizers), • . . . . 171

Chemist, report of (foods), 88

Chrysanthemum rust, 76

Clovers, 11

Alsike, 11, 29

Common red, 29

Crimson, . . • 10,11,21,28

Mammoth, 11,29

Mixed forage crops v. clover, ......... 184

Sulphate t'. muriate of potash for, 31

Sweet, 10, 21, 36

Corn, 9

Green manuring in culture of, 10, 20

Hill V. drill culture, . .10,19

Manures . manui-e and potash as fertilizer, ••••... 16

Soil tests with, 13

Special fertilizer v. fertilizer richer in potash, ...... 17

Sweet, etfects of fertilizers on, 200

Cucumber, leaf blight of • • . . . 71

252 INDEX.

PAGE

Cystisus proliferus albus, ...41

Date, leaf spot of, 67

Digestion Experiments :

With rumiuants, 158

With sheep, 135

With swine 169

Entomologist, report of, 85

Feeding Experiments:

Cows (effect of narrow and wide rations), ....... 100

Pigs (rice meal r. corn meal), 126

Pigs (oat feed I', corn meal), 131

Sheep, 135

Swine 169

Fertilizers :

Influence of, in garden crops 195

New laws regulating trade in, 215

Official inspection of, 202

Field Experiments :

EfTect of leguminous crops, l72

Influence of fertilizers on garden crops, 195

Mixed annual forage crops v. cloversj 184

Natural phosphates v. superphosphates, » 190

Nitragin, 177

Observations with leguminous crops, 182

Florida beggar weed, 41

Fodder Crops :

Ankee grass 41

Cystisus proliferus albus, 41

Field peas, . 38

Flat pea 12, 36

Florida beggar weed, 41

Horse l)ean, . ' , 12,38

Iris pabularia, 41

Oats, . . . . » 39

Saccaline, . . . 12, 40

Sorghum, 12, 40

Spurry, 41

Forage crops, mixed, r. clovers 184

Fungiroid , 12, 43

Galactan, distribution of, 92

Grasses, 35

Green Manuring in Corn Culture :

Crimson clover 10, 20

Sweet clover, 10, 20

White mustard, • 10, 20

Hay caps, 12, 45

Horse bean, 12, 38

Horticulturist, report of, 53

India rubber plant, leaf spot on, 66

Iris pabularia, 41

Leaf spot (decorative plants), 62

Leguminous Crops :

Effector, 172

Observations with, 182

Lettuce :

Drop of, .79

Top-burn of, 82

INDEX. 253

PAGE

Manure v. manure and potash for com, ....... 16

Maple leaves, wilt of, 81

Meteorologist, report of, 50

Millets, .^ 11

For fodder, 32

For seed, 32

Under false names, 42

Variety tests '. 33, 35

Nitragin 177

Oats :

Oats and vetch, 185

Varieties of, 39

Onions, effects of fertilizers on, 198

Organization of station, 1

Pea:

Field pea, 38

Flat pea, 12, 36

Pentosans, phloroglucin method of estimation, 97

Phloroglucin method, 97

Phosphates v. superphosphates, 190

Phosphatic slag, 218

Pigs, Feeding Experiments with :

Digestibility of feed stutFs, 169

Oat feed v. corn meal, 131

Rice meal v. corn meal, . , 126

Plant disease, nature of, 57

Potash, Muriate of :

Action on lime resources of the soil 220

Sulphate v. muriate for clover 31

Potatoes :

Scab of, 44

Varieties of 10, 21

Poultry Experiments :

Composition of air-dry foods, 47

Cut-bone v. animal meal for egg-production, ...... 49

Effect of condition powders on egg-production, ,.46,48

Rations :

Effect of narrow and wide, 100

Rose, black spot of, 70

Salt, action on lime resources of soil, . . ^ 220

Seed testing, 55

Sheep, digestion experiments with, 135

Slag meal, 218

Soil tests 12

With cabbage, ..13

With corn, 13

With soy beans, 15

With Swedish turnips, 15

Sorghum 40

Soy beans, ..... 9

Soil tests with, 15

Special corn fertilizer v. fertilizer richer in potash 17

Spraying crops, 53

Steam spraying outfit, 54

Spurry, .41

Strawberry, bacterial disease of, 59

Sulphate of iron as fertilizer, ••.42

254 INDEX.

PAGE

Sulphur in drill for scab 12, 45

Swedish turnips, 9

Soil tests with, 15

Symmes' hay caps, . . .' 12, 45

Tomatoes, effects of fertilizers on, 198

Mildew of 75

Treasurer, report of 7

White mustard in green manuring for com, 10, 20

PUBLIC DOCUMENT .... .... No. 33.

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT

Hatch Experiment Station

Massachusetts Agricultural College.

January, 1898.

BOSTON :

WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS,

18 Post Office Square.

1898.

PUBLIC DOCUMENT .... .... No. 33.

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT

Hatch Experiment Station

Massachusetts Agricultural College.

January, 1898.

BOSTON :

WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS,

18 Post Office Square.

1898.

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION

OP THE

MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTUEAL COLLEGE,

AMHERST, MASS.

By act of the General Court, the Hatch Experiment Sta-
tion and the State Experiment Station have been consoli-
dated under the name of the Hatch Experiment Station
of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. Several new
divisions have been created and the scope of others has
been enlarged. To the horticultural has been added the
duty of testing varieties of vegetables and seeds. The
chemical has been divided, and a new division, " Foods and
Feeding," has been established. The botanical, including
plant physiology and disease, has been restored after tem-
porary suspension.

The officers are : —

Henky H. Goodell, LL.D.,
William P. Brooks, Ph.D.,
George E. Stone, Ph.D., .
Charles A. Goessmann, Ph.D.
Joseph B. Lindsey, Ph.D.,
Charles H. Fernald, Ph.D.,
Samuel T. Maynard, B.Sc,
j. e. ostrander, c.e.,
Henry M. Thomson, B.Sc,
Ralph E. Smith, B.Sc,
Henri D. Haskins, B.Sc, .
Charles I. Goessmann, B.Sc,
George D. Leavens, B.Sc,
Edward B. Holland, B.Sc,
Fred W. Mossman, B.Sc, .
Benjamin K. Jones, B.Sc,
Robert A. Cooley, B. Sc,
G.A.Drew, B.Sc, .
H. D. Hemenway, B.Sc, .
H. H. Roper, B.Sc, .

A. C. MONAHAN, . . .

LL.D.,

Director.

Agriculturist.

Botanist.

Chemist (fertilizers).

Chemist (foods and feeding).

Entotnologist. J/

Horticulturist.

Meteorologist.

Assistant Agriculturist,

Assistant Botanist.

Assistant Chemist (fertilizers).

Assistant Chemist (fertilizers).

Assistant Chemist (fertilizers).

Assistant Chemist (foods and feeding).

Assistant Chemist (foods and feeding).

Assistant in Foods and Feeding.

Assistant Entomologist.

Assistant Horticulturist.

Assistant Horticulturist.

Assistant in Foods and Feeding,

Observer.

4 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

The co-operation and assistance of farmers, fruit growers,
horticulturists and all interested, directly or indirectly, in
agriculture, are earnestly requested. Communications may
be addressed to the "Hatch Experiment Station, Amherst,
Mass."

The following bulletins are still in stock and can be
furnished on demand : —

No. 27. Tuberculosis in college herd; tuberculin in diagnosis;

bovine rabies ; poisoning by nitrate of soda.
No. 28. Canker, army and corn woi'ms ; red-humped apple-tree

caterpillar; antiopa butterfly; currant stem girdler;

imported elm-bark louse ; greenhouse orthezia.
No. 29. Fungicides and insecticides; new spraying pump ; spray-
ing calendar.
No. 33. Glossary of fodder terms.
No. 35. Agricultural value of bone meal.
No. 36. Imported elm-leaf beetle; maple pseudococcus ; abbot

sphinx ; San Jos6 scale.
No. 37. Report on fruits, insecticides and fungicides.
No. 38. Fertilizer analyses; composition of Paris green ; action

of muriate of potash on the lime resources of the soil.
No. 41. On the use of tuberculin (translated from Dr. Bang).
No. 42. Fertilizer analyses ; fertilizer laws.
No. 43. Effects of electricity on germination of seeds.
No. 44. Variety tests of fruits ; tests of vegetable seeds.
No. 45. Commercial fertilizers; fertiUzer analyses; fertilizer

laws.
No. 46. Habits, food and economic value of the American toad.
No. 47. Field experiments with tobacco.
No. 48. Fertilizer analyses.
No. 49. Fertilizer analyses.
Special bulletin, — The brown-tail moth.
Index, 1888-95.

Of the other bulletins, a few copies remain, which can
only be supplied to complete sets for libraries.

The work during the year has been unusually diversified
in its character and importance, a result of the numerous
problems sent in for solution. In the agricultural division,
soil tests with corn and potatoes grown in several localities
have been continued ; a comparison of diiferent fertilizers

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 5

has been made ; " Nitragin " has again been tried, with neg-
ative results ; and an interesting test has been carried on of
twenty varieties of corn, eighty-one of potatoes, sixty of
grasses, twenty-one of millets and four of clover.

In the division of chemistry (fertilizers), aside from the
six hundred analyses of licensed fertilizers and manurial
substances, valuable work has been done for the tobacco-
growers of the Connecticut valley in the analyses of tobacco
leaves grown with different fertilizers, testing of the quality
of ash and burning quality, and suggestions as to methods
of planting, fertilizers to be employed and mechanical prep-
aration of the soil.

In the botanical division, investigations have been carried
on of the brown rot of stone fruit, the chrysanthemum rust,
the leaf blights of certain native trees, as the sycamore,
butternut, chestnut and black cherry, with recommendations
of treatment for the brown rot and chrysanthemum rust.

The horticultural division has continued its work of test-
ing varieties of fruit and seeds of vegetables, and has entered
upon an investigation of the use of hydrocyanic acid as an
insecticide.

From the entomological division have issued two impor-
tant bulletins on the habits, food and economic value of the
American toad and the brown-tail moth. A monograph on
the plume-moths (some varieties of which attack plants of
economic value and those raised for ornamental purposes)
has been completed. The superiority of spraying for the
canker worm over ink bands and oil troughs has been dem-
onstrated, and investigations carried on of new insecticides
with which to assail the gypsy moth.

A series of observations for the electrical determination
of moisture in the soil, in connection with the growth
of corn, were undertaken by the meteorological division.
Owing to breaks in the circuit and other causes that made
the instrument fail to work, and the abnormally wet weather
of the summer, the results were not entirely satisfactory,
and the observation's will be repeated the coming season.

Three investigations in the division of foods and feeding
are worthy of special note : (a) On the comparative values

6 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

of corn meal and hominy and cerealine feeds for pork pro-
duction, when fed in combination with skim-milk. It was
found that the pigs did quite as well on these feeds as on an
equal amount of corn meal. (6) On salt-marsh hay. It
was found to possess less feeding value than English hay,
but, combined with grain and ensilage, produced nearly as
much milk and butter as an equal amount of English hay
thus combined, (c) On cotton-seed feed as a hay substi-
tute for milch cows. More energy was used up in its di-
gestion than in hay, and it was concluded that Massachusetts
farmers would derive no benefit from feeding this material
in place of hay.

Reports of the different divisions, giving in detail the
work of the year, accompany this brief summary.

1898.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33.

ANNUAL REPORT

Of George F. Mills, Treastcrer of the Hatch Experiment Station
OF Massachusetts Agricultural College,

For the Year endi7ig June 30, 1897.

Cash received from United States treasurer,

.

$15,000 00

Cash paid for salaries,

.$5,087 75

for labor,

. 3,312 26

for publications, ....

. 2,354 06

for postage and stationery, .

264 11

for freight and express,

245 78

for heat, light and water,

193 31

for seeds, plants and sundr}'^ supplies.

600 55

for feeding stuflfs,

185 11

for library,

1,139 85

for tools, implements and machinery,

272 21

for furniture and fixtures, .

33 43

for scientific apparatus.

226 83

for live stock, ....

125 45

for travelling expenses.

352 32

for contingent expenses,

42 73

for building and repairs.

564 25

$1,042 92

$15,000 00

Cash on hand July 1, 1896, ....

Received from State treasurer,

10,000 00

from fertilizer fees.

4,087 75

from farm products.

1,934 15

from miscellaneous sources, .

1,022 19

$18,087 01

Cash paid for salaries,

$10,784 83

for labor, .....

1,075 81

for publications, ....

175 03

for postage and stationery, .

156 18

for freight and express,

. 187 48

for heat, light and water,

. 361 64

Amount carried forward,

$12,740 97

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

Amount brmight forivard.

Cash paid for chemical supplies, .

for seeds, plants and sundry supplies,

for fertilizers, ....

for feeding stuffs, ....

for library,

for tools, implements and machinery,

for furniture and fixtures,

for scientific apparatus,

for live stock, ....

for travelling expenses,

for contingent expenses,

for building and repairs.
Cash on hand June 30, 1897,

$12,740 97

. 592 48

. 515 54

. 1,074 41

. 559 24

61 82

28 62

. 176 12

. 357 48

. 359 45

72 72

. 273 03

. 1,255 40

19 73

$18,087 01

Amherst, Mass., Aug. 30, 1897.

I, Charles A. Gleason, duly appointed auditor of the corporation, do hereby
certify that I have examined the books and accounts of the Hatch Experiment
Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College for the fiscal year ending June 30,
1897 ; that I have found the books well kept and the accounts correctly classified as
above; and that the receipts for the year are shown to be $33,087.01, and the corre-
sponding disbursements $33,067.28. All the proper vouchers are on file and have
been by me examined and found to be correct, there being a balance of $19.73 on
accounts of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1897.

CHARLES A. GLEASON,

Auditor.

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

REPORT OF THE AGRICULTURIST.

WILLIAM P. BROOKS.

Soil Tests.

Four soil tests upon the plan heretofore followed were
attempted during the past year; viz., with corn in Norwell
and Montague, with potatoes and with onions (and later
cabbages) upon our home grounds. Only the tests in Nor-
well and with potatoes upon our home grounds were suc-
cessfully carried through.

Unfavorable weather conditions destroyed the onions and
cabbages upon our south soil-test acre. The field was sown
to white mustard late in July. But four plots 'furnished
sufficient growth to cut and weigh; viz., lime plot, 1
pound ; manure plot, 425 pounds ; nitrate and dissolved
bone-black, 45 pounds ; potash and dissolved bone-black,
25 pounds ; nitrate, dissolved bone-black and potash plot,
255 pounds, — all green weights.

The field has now been used nine years in soil-test work,
and we have a high degree of one-sided exhaustion on most
of the plots. The close dependence of the mustard upon a
supply of phosphoric acid (furnished by the boncxblack) is
brought out, as was the case in 1895 ; but phosphoric acid
alone can no longer produce any growth of mustard upon
this soil. The addition of either nitrogen or potash helps
it, the former most ; but not much growth is produced un-
less all three are supplied.

The soil test with corn in Montague was ruined by wire
and cut worms. As nearly as could be determined from the
portion of the crop left, nitrogen seemed the most neces-
sary element upon this soil.

10 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

1. Soil Test with Corn. JVbrwell.
This is the second year of soil-test work in this field, the
crop last year also being corn. Last year potash was the
controlling element ; the result this year is the same. Mu-
riate of potash, at the rate of 160 pounds per acre, gives an
averao^e increase at the rate of 36.3 bushels of grain and
2,203 pounds of stover; nitrate of soda, at the same rate
per acre, gives an average increase of 8.3 bushels of grain
and 325 pounds of stover ; dissolved bone-black, at the rate
of 320 pounds per acre, gives an average increase of 15.3
bushels of grain and 455 pounds of stover. Five cords of
manure increase the crop by 26.4 bushels of grain and
3,450 pounds of stover per acre ; complete fertilizer (ni-
trate, dissolved bone-black and potash at above rates) gives
an increase of grain 52.5 bushels and stover 2,455 pounds;
lime and plaster both produce apparent small increases.

2. Soil Test ivith Potatoes. Amherst.
The field upon which this test was carried out lies upon
our own grounds. It has a medium, well-drained loam, and
has been seven years in soil-test experiments. The crops
in order of succession have been potatoes, corn, soya beans,
oats, grass and clover (two years), and cabbages and Swed-
ish turnips. This year the phosphoric acid gives the largest
average increase in crop, viz., at the rate of 26.6 bushels of
merchantable tubers per acre ; nitrogen gives an increase
of 11.3 bushels merchantable tubers and potash an increase
of 7.2 bushels. The soil, however, is very generally ex-
hausted, and no sino-le fertilizer or combination of either
two or all three gave a good crop. The apparent supe-
riority of the phosphoric acid and nitrogen is chiefly due to
the fact that the plot to which those two elements alone
were applied was for some reason (not believed to be the
eff*ect of the fertilizer alone) nearly twice as great as that
upon any other plot. Had the crop where the potash was
added to the nitrogen and phosphoric acid been better or
even as good as that where the phosphoric acid and nitrogen
alone were used, we should be justified in the conclusion

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 11

that the nitrogen and phosphoric acid are the elements
chiefly required. The crop where all three elements were
combined was, however, much inferior to that where the
nitrogen and phosphoric acid were used without potash.
We must therefore conclude that some disturbing factor, at
present unknown, influenced the results ; and we are, there-
fore, unable to draw practical conclusions which throw light
upon the proper practice to be followed in manuring the
potato crop.

Manure Alone v. Manure and Potash.

An experiment in continued corn culture for the com-
parison of an average application of manure with a small
application of manure used in connection with muriate of
potash was l)egun in 1890. A full account of the results
will be found in the annual reports of 1890-95, and in the
latter year a general summary of the results is given.

The land used in this experiment was seeded with a
mixture of timothy, red-top and clover in the standing corn
in July of last year. A good stand of grass and clover
was secured, although the latter was rather unevenly devel-
oped in diflerent parts of the field, suggesting a possible
lack of thoroughness in mixing the seeds.

No manure or potash has been used this year. The field
includes four plots of one-fourth of an acre each. The
results for 1897 are shown below : —

Plot 1 (1 J cords of manure alone, 1890-96) : hay, 1,420 pounds ;
roweu, 783 pounds.

Plot 2 (1 cord manure and 40 pounds of muriate of potash,
1890-96) : hay, 885 pounds ; roweu, 483 pounds.

Plot 3 (manure alone, as for Plot 1): hay, 1,380 pounds;
roweu, 785 pounds.

Plot 4 (manure and potash, as for Plot 2) : hay, 1,037 J pounds;
rowen, 590 pounds.

The averages are as follows : —

Plots 1 and 3 (manure alone, 1890-96) : hay, 1,403| pounds;
rowen, 784 pounds.

Plots 2 aud 4 (manure and potash, 1890-96) : hay, 961 J pounds ;
roweu, 536J pounds.

12 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Combining the figures showing the averages of hay and
rowen, we find that plots 1 and 3 have produced an average
of 2,187 pounds per plot, which is at the rate of 4 tons, 748
pounds, per acre. Plots 2 and 4 have produced an average
of 1,497^ pounds per plot, which is at the rate of 9 pounds
less than 3 tons per acre. The larger quantity of manure,
then, produced this year al)Out 1^ tons more per acre than
the manure and potash. This is a large difference, but a
difierence which was to be anticipated, in view of the much
larger quantity of plant food which has been applied to
these plots. It remains to be seen whether the clover on
plots 2 and 4 will be capable of so enriching the soil in
nitrogen as to remove or lessen this difference in succeed-
ing years.

"Special" Corn Fertilizer v. Fertilizer richer in

Potash.

This experiment was begun with a view of comparing the
results obtained with a fertilizer proportioned like the aver-
age of the ' ' special " coi^n fertilizers found upon our mar-
kets in 1891 with those obtained with a fertilizer richer in
potash but furnishing less nitrogen and phosphoric acid.

Corn was grown during each of the years from 1891 to
1896 inclusive. From 1891 to 1895 it was found that the
fertilizer richer in potash gave the more profitable results.
In 1896 there was no practical difference. It was decided
during the season of 1896 that it might be possible to derive
a greater benefit from the larger quantity of potash applied
to two of the four plots if grass and clover should be grown
in rotation with the corn. Accordingly the land was seeded
with a mixture of timothy, red-top and clover in the stand-
ing corn in July, 1896. The field is divided into four plots,
of one-fourth of an acre each. The materials applied to the
several plots are shown in the following table : —

1898.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

13

FERTILIZERS.

Plots 1 and 3
(Pounds each).

Plots 2 and 4
(Pounds each).

Nitrate of soda,
Dried blood, .
Dry ground fish, .
Plain superphosphate,
Muriate of potash,

20
30
30
226
22.5

18
30
20
120
60

Cost of materials per plot.

$3 23

$3 10

Fertilizers were applied evenly broadcast on April 11.
The yields the past year are shown below : —

Plot 1, "special" fertilizer: hay, 795 pounds; rowen, 130
pounds.

Plot 2, fertilizer richer in potash: hay, 810 pounds; rowen,
129 pounds.

Plot 3, "special" fertilizer: hay, 725 pounds; rowen, 97
pounds.

Plot 4, fertilizer richer in potash: hay, 617 pounds; rowen,
165 pounds.

The average yield on plots 1 and 3 is : hay, 760 pounds ;
rowen, 113|^ pounds. On plots 2 and 4 : hay, 7131 ; rowen,
147 pounds. Piitting the crops of hay and rowen together,
we have an average from 1 and 3 of 873^ pounds, and from
2 and 4 of 8601 pounds. The difference, 13 pounds, is
too small to be regarded as of much significance. The
greater rowen crop produced by plots 2 and 4 is perhaps
to be attributed to the larger amount of potash which has
been applied to these plots, which favors especially the
growth of the clovers. Inequality of moisture conditions,
however, has been the apparent cause of a very uneven
development of clover on different parts of the field, and
the influence of the potash does not show as clearly as
was anticipated.

14 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Natural Phosphates compared with Each Other and
WITH Acid Phosphate. (Field F.)

This series of experiments was begun by Dr. Goessmann
in 1890, with a view of determining whether it is not more
profitable to employ one of the cheaper natural phosphates
than to use the more costly acid phosphate. A full account
of the experiment and the results obtained up to the end of
1896 is given by Dr. Goessmann in our ninth annual report.
It is only necessary to restate the following points : —

The field was at first divided into five plots, containing
about 6,600 square feet each. These plots received equal
money's worth (on the basis of prices in 1890) of the phos-
phates used, as folloAvs : Plot 1, phosphatic slag; Plot 2,
Mona guano; Plot 3, at first, apatite; later, Florida phos-
phate ; Plot 4, South Carolina phosphate ; Plot 5, dissolved
bone-black. Plot 3, as above stated, received an applica-
tion of ground apatite in 1890. In 1891 it was found im-
possible to obtain this material, and no phosphate of any
kind was applied to this plot. In 1892 and 1893 ground
hard Florida phosphate was applied to this plot. It is not
believed, however, that it is fair to this phosphate to compare
it with the others, since it has been used only two years,
while the others have been applied for four years.

From the beginning, each of these five plots has received
the same application of nitrate of soda and potash-magnesia
sulphate. The quantities of these applied per plot during
the first four years were about 44 pounds of the former and
66 pounds of the latter.*

Since 1894 no phosphate of any kind has been applied
to these plots, but the quantity of nitrate of soda and of
potash-magnesia sulphate has been used in one-half greater
quantities.

At first Dr. Goessmann included no plot on which phos-
phate was not used for comparison with others. Later such
a plot was added, but it was left entirely unmanured until
189^. During 1896 and 1897 it has received the nitrate of

* The plots in this experiment differ from each other by a few square feet in size,
and the fertilizers have from the beginning varied in proportion as the size varied.

1898.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

15

soda and potash-magnesia sulphate at the same rate as the
other plots.

The yield of the plots receiving phosphate for each of
the years 1890-96 inclusive will be found in our ninth
annual report. This report also contains a statement show-
ing the amounts of phosphoric acid applied and removed
from each plot during each of these years. This statement
shows an excess added over and above that removed from
each of the plots at the end of the season of 1896 as follows :
where phosphatic slag had been used, the amount of phos-
phoric acid remaining was 65.6 pounds ; where Mona guano
had been used, 44.2 pounds ; where apatite and Florida phos-
phate had been used, 141.7 pounds; where South Carolina
rock phosphate had been used, 115.0 pounds ; and where acid
phosphate had been used, 21.8 pounds.

The crop during the past year was Swedish turnips. The
field had been sown with rye for winter protection in the
fall of 1896. The growth of the rye was characterized as
poor. It was ploughed on June 1, the land was harrowed
on the 2d, and on the 3d of June, Laing's Swedes were sown
in drills two feet apart. The seed germinated promptly and
evenly, but the season was much too wet for the best growth
of the crop. It was, however, kept free from weeds by fre-
quent cultivation. The crop was thinned on June 20 to
eight inches. It was harvested November 2-4. The tur-
nips were poor in quality, small, and a few of them decayed.

The yields of the several plots were as follows : —

Roots
(Pounds).

Tops
(Pounds).

Plot 0, no phosphate,

830

185

Plot 1 , phosphatic slag, ....

1,870

480

Plot 2, Mona guano,

3,655

800

Plot 3, Florida hard phosphate, .

820

400

Plot 4, South Carolina rock phosphate.

1,965

560

Plot 5, dissolved bone-black,

1,619

370

16 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

It will be noticed that the crop on the phosphatic slag,
Mona guano and South Carolina rock surpasses that where
dissolved bone-black was used, and that the Mona guano
o-ives nearly twice the product obtained by either the slag
or the South Carolina rock. It will be further noticed that
the Florida phosphate yields practically the same amount
of roots as the plot receiving no phosphate. None of the
crops secured this year can be regarded as good. The
largest yield, that on the Mona guano plot, is at the rate of
rather less than 12 tons per acre. A good crop should be
about 20 tons per acre. The results of this year, therefore,
although showing marked difterences, are not regarded as
decisive. The peculiarities of the season produced an un-
healthy condition, which interfered with the full action of
the fertilizers employed.

Comparison of Different Phosphates.

The results of the experiments inaugurated by Dr. Goess-
mann for the comparison of different phosphates with acid
phosphate having proved so interesting and valuable, it was
decided to inaugurate another series of experiments, includ-
ing a greater number of materials supplying phosphoric
acid. It was further thought best to apply these materials
upon the basis of equal quantities of phosphoric acid to each
plot, rather than on the basis of equal money's worth, as in
the experiments planned by Dr. Goessmann.

The land selected for the experiment was fairly level,
with a medium heavy loam. It had been in grass for many
years. In April, 1896, it received an application of 600
pounds of ground bone and 200 pounds of muriate of potash
per acre. The season was very dry, and the grass derived
little benefit from the fertilizers. The grass was cut about
the middle of June, and the field was ploughed on June 24
and 25, 1896, and planted to Longfellow corn. The corn
was cut when in the milk, September 26, and weighed as
put into the silo. The field had been divided into 13 plots,
of one-eighth of an acre each, separated by suitable un-
manurcd strips. The yields of corn in 1896 were as fol-
lows : —

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 17

Plot 1, 2,640 pounds; Plot 2, 2,990 pounds; Plot 3, 2,915
pounds; Plot 4, 3,555 pounds; Plot 5, 2,885 pounds; Plot 6,
2,905 pounds; Plot 7, 2,850 pounds; Plot 8, 3,020 pounds;
Plot 9, 3,160 pounds; Plot 10, 3,095 pounds; Plot 11, 3,000
pounds; Plot 12, 3,090 pounds; Plot 13, 3,440 pounds.

These weights were taken with a view to determining
whether these plots were fairly even in fertility. It will
be noticed that with three exceptions, plots 1, 4 and 13,
this appears to be the case. Plot 1 is apparently poorer
than the average, Avhile plots 4 and 13 are better.

In 1897 the soil was thoroughly prepared by the use of
the wheel harrow. Fertilizers were applied May 11. Each
plot in the field received the following materials : potash-
magnesia sulphate, 50 pounds ; nitrate of soda, 30^ pounds ;
sulphate of potash, high grade, 12^ pounds. These ma-
terials supplied the potash and nearly all the nitrogen
estimated to be required. Some of the phosphates to be
employed (the bone meals), however, contained nitrogen as
well as phosphoric acid, and, to equalize conditions on all
the plots, sufficient hoof meal was applied to those not
receiving bone to make the quantity of nitrogen applied to
each plot throughout the field the same.

The plots contained, as stated, one-eighth of an acre each,
and the materials used furnished to each plot phosphoric
acid, 12 pounds; nitrogen, 6^ pounds; potash, 19 pounds.

The fertilizers used per plot (in addition to nitrate of
soda and sulphate of potash which were used alike on each
as stated above) are shown below : —

Plot 1: hoof meal, llf pounds. Plot 2: hoof meal, llf
pounds; apatite, 32 pounds. Plot 3: hoof meal, 11^ pounds;
South Carohna rock phosphate, 47 pounds. Plot 4 : hoof meal,
llf pounds; Florida soft phosphate, 45^ pounds. Plot 5 : hoof
meal, llf pounds; slag, 67i pounds. Plot 6: hoof meal, llf
pounds ; Navassa phosphate, 49 pounds. Plot 7 : hoof meal,
llf pounds. Plot 8: hoof meal, llf pounds; dissolved bone-
black, 70 pounds. Plot 9 : hoof meal, -^^ pound ; raw bone
meal, 45 pounds. Plot 10: hoof meal, 1^^ pounds; dissolved
bone meal, 73^ pounds. Plot 11: steamed bone meal, 48^
pounds. Plot 12: hoof meal, llf pounds; acid phosphate, 90^
pounds. Plot 13 : hoof meal, 11| i)ounds.

18

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

The variety of corn raised was Sibley's Pride of the
North, which was planted on May 17, replanted as far as
necessary on June 1, and thinned to one plant per foot in
the drill early in June. The extraordinary precipitation of
the season kept the soil too wet the greater part of the time
during the month of July, and the crop was prevented from
doing its best. It Avas cut and stooked September 21, and
husked about the last of October.

The yield per })lot and the calculated rates per acre are
shown below : —

NAMES.

Corn
(Pounds).

stover
(Pounds).

Corn per

Acre
(Bushels).

stover per

Acre
(Pounds).

Plot 1, no phosphate,

585

580

58.500

4,640

Plot 2, apatite, ....

565

475

56.500

3,800

Plot 3, South Carolina rock phos-

645

535

64.500

4,280

phate
Plot 4, Florida soft phosphate,

725

620

72.500

4,960

Plot 5, phosphatic slag,

620

620

62.000

4,960

Plot 6, Navassa phosphate, .

678^

610

67.825

4,880

Plot 7, no phosphate, .

643^

542

64.325

4,336

Plot 8, dissolved bone-black,

618^

548

61.825

4,384

Plot 9, raw bone meal, .

673^

570

67.325

4,560

Plot 10, dissolved bone meal.

633^

550

63.325

4,400

Plot 11, steamed bone meal, .

503^

450

50.325

3,600

Plot 12, acid phosphate.

628^

540

62.825

4,320

Plot 13, no phosphate, .

673J

590

67.325

4,720

It will be noticed that one of the best crops in the field
was produced where no phosphate was used, and that the
yield on the plots to which phosphates Avere applied varies
without apparent relation to- the availability of the phos-
phoric acid in the materials used. Under these circum-
stances, exterjcjecj (Jiscussion of the results is not called for.

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT -No. 33. 19

The unfavorable influence of the season and possible differ-
ences in natural fertility of the soil serve to obscure the
action of the phosphates employed.

Leguminous Crops (Clover, Pea and Bean, or *'Pod"
Family) as Nitrogen Gatherers. (Field A.)

A full history of the field since 1884 is given by Dr.
Goessmann in our ninth annual report. The years 1884-88
were preparatory; the experiment proper began in 1889.
The objects in view have been : —

1. To determine the extent to which plants of the clover
family are capable of enriching the soil in nitrogen taken
by them from the air through the agency of the nodular
bacteria found upon their roots.

2. To compare nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia,
dried blood and barn-yard manure as sources of nitrogen.*

The field is divided into eleven -^-q acre plots, numbered
from 0 to 10. Three plots, 4, 7 and 9, have received no
application of nitrogen-containing manure or fertilizer since
1884. One (0) has received barn-yard manure ; two (1,2),
nitrate of soda; three (5, 6, 8), sulphate of ammonia; and
two (3, 10), dried blood every year since 1889. These
materials have been used in such amounts as to furnish
nitrogen at the rate of 45 pounds per acre each year. All
the plots have received, yearly, equal amounts of phos-
phoric acid and potash. The quantities applied have fur-
nished, per acre, phosphoric acid 80 pounds, and potash
125 pounds, from 1889 to 1894 and the past season. In
1895 and 1896 double these quantities were used. Dr.
Goessmann reports : f —

The total yield of crops on the plots receiving no nitrogen, as
compared with those receiving nitrogen, was in the several years
as follows : —

With corn in 1889, one-fifth less.

With oats in 1890, one-fifth to one-sixth less.

With rye in 1891, one-fifth to one-sixth less.

With soya beans in 1892, one-third to one-fourth less.

* Only such details are given here as are necessary to a general understanding of
the subject ; full information is found, as stated above, in our ninth annual report,
t Ninth annual report, Hatch Experiment Station, page 175.

20 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

In 1893 the crop was oats, and the yiekl of grain was
from one-seventh to one-eighth less on the pk)ts receiving
no nitrogen than the average of those receiving nitrogen.
Here the interposition of a leguminous crop (soya bean in
1892) appears to have lessened the proportional inferiority
of the plots which received no nitrogen. In 1894 the crop
was again the soya bean. The plots without nitrogen give
a yield about one-third less than the average of tlie others.
Thus far it will be seen that the soya bean has not shown
that degree of independence of soil nitrogen of which it is
supposed to be capable. To an even greater degree than
the grain crops it is benefited by nitrogen manuring. This
fact may perhaps be accounted for because of conditions un-
favora]>le to bacterial life in this soil ; but as to the nature
of such unfavorable conditions we are at present ignorant.

In 1895 the crop was oats, and results showed no im-
provement in proportional yield on the plots receiving no
nitrogen Avhich could be attributed to the preceding bean
crop. This may be in part due to the fact that the bean has
a rather limited root system, and leaves behind but little
stul>ble.

In 1896 the crop was again the soya bean, which once
more showed marked inferiority on the no-nitrogen plots.
An attempt to seed the land to clover in the standing beans
proved a ftiilure, on account of the dry season and the too
dense shade made by the crop of beans.

The crop the past season has been oats. The yield per
plot of straw and grain, the rate per acre and remarks upon
the quality of the grain arc given below. In this table the
no-nitrogen plots arc italicised.

1898.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

21

Nitrogen Experiment.

Weight per Plot
One-tenth Acre.

Yield per Acre.

Remarks on
Grain.

Straw
(Pounds).

Oats
(Pounds).

Straw Oats
(Pounds).! (Bushels).

Kernels.

Nitrate of soda, .

500

159

5,000

49.68

Light.

Nitrate of soda, .

400

147

4,000

45.93

Light.

Dried blood.

215

122

2,150

38.12

Good.

No nitrogen,

120

G9

1,200

21.56

Good.

Sulphate of ammonia, .

340

137

3,400

42.81

Poorer than
No. 3.

Sulphate of ammonia, .

275

97

2,750

30.31

Good.

No nitrogen,

120

T7\

1,200

24.21

Good.

Sulphate of ammonia, .

350

127

3,500

39.68

Good.

No nitrogen,

130

75

1,300

23.43

Good.

Dried blood,

220

126

2,200

39.37

Fair.

Barn-yard manure,

220

125

2,200

39.06

Fair.

Calculation shows that the average total weight of crop is
a little less than one-half as great on the plots not manured
with nitrogen as the average of the other plots. The crop
of grain is a little more than one-half as great. We find,
then, not the least evidence of any ability on the part of the
soya bean when grown before a grain crop (and harvested)
to make nitrogen manuring of the grain crop unnecessary.
On the contrary, the proportional yield of the no-nitrogen
plots is this year the lowest it has ever been in these experi-
ments.

The Relative Value of the Different Manures furnishing

Nitrogen.
The nitrate of soda gives the largest crop. Next in order
of yield come the barn-yard manure, dried blood and sul-
phate of ammonia ; but between these there is not much
difference. On plots 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9 the source of
potash is the muriate ; on all others it is double sulphate of

22 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

potash-magnesia. The yield of oats is in every instance
greater where the sulphate is used under otherwise similar
manuring. The superiority is most marked when sulphate
of ammonia is the source of nitrogen.

Muriate compared with Sulphate of Potash in con-
nection WITH Sulphate of Ammonia for Corn.

Results obtained with different crops in the special nitro-
gen tests on Field A during previous years having indicated
an injurious effect, due to the combination of muriate of
potash and sulphate of ammonia, * it was decided to under-
take experiments upon a larger scale, with the view of bring-
ing out more clearly the significance or importance of this
effect. Accordingly two plots of land of one-half acre each,
lying on the east side of the highway, were set apart for
this experiment. This land had previousl}'^ been used in
experiments to determine the relative value of phosphatic
slag and ground bone as sources of phosphoric acid. These
experiments were begun in 1894 and continued until 1896.
The crops had been oats, corn and millet. An account of
these experiments will be found in the annual reports cover-
ing the years named.

The following fertilizers were applied this year, broad-
cast, after ploughing, and harrowed in : —

North plot: sulphate of ammonia, 152 pounds; muriate of
potash, 120 pounds; acid phosphate, 160 pouuds.

South plot: sulphate of ammonia, 152 pounds; sulphate of
potash, 120 pounds; acid phosphate, 160 pounds.

The fertilizers were applied May 11. The crop was
planted in drills three and one-half feet apart. May 17.
The variety was Sibley's Pride of the North.

The soil throughout the season was too wet for the best
growth of the corn crop. The crop was harvested on Sep-
tember 6, and put into the silo. The yield was as follows :

* For a full discussion of this subject see Dr. Goessmann's paper in the annual
report of the Hatch Experiment Station for 1897, pages 222 and 223.

1898.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

23

north plot, 5,760 pounds; south plot, 5,255 pounds. The
difl'erence is too small to afford a basis for a positive judg-
ment as to the merits of the two forms of potash applied.

Fertilizers for Garden Crops.

In 1891 Dr. Goessmann began a series of experiments
for the comparison of sulphate of ammonia, nitrate of soda
and dried blood as sources of nitrogen for various garden
crops. Sulphate of potash was employed to furnish potash.
In 1892 the scope of the experiment was enlarged by includ-
ing three additional plots, comparing the same materials as
sources of nitrogen with muriate of potash used as a source
of potash. The results of these experiments are fully dis-
cussed in Dr. Goessmann's reports. The following table
shows the different fertilizers applied to the several plots : —

PLOTS.

Annual Supply of Manuiial Substances.

Pounds.

Plotl,

^ Sill plate of ammonia, .
^ Muriate of potash,
(^ Dissolved bone-black,

38
30
40

Plot 2,

^ Nitrate of soda, .
) Muriate of potash,
Q Dissolved bone-black,

47
30
40

Plots,

^ Dried blood,

^ Muriate of potash,

Q Dissolved bone-black,

75
30
40

Plot 4,

^Sulphate of ammonia,
} Sulphate of potash, .
(^ Dissolved bone-black,

38
30
40

Plots,

^ Nitrate of soda, .

} Sulphate of potash, .

(_ Dissolved bone-black.

47
30
40

Plot 6,

(I" Dried blood,

^ Sulphate of potash,

(_ Dissolved bone-black,

75
30
40

The area of the plots is about one-eighth of an acre each.
The fertilizers used supply at the rates per acre : phos-
phoric acid, 50.4 pounds ; nitrogen, 60 pounds ; potash, 120
pounds.

24

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

The crops raised during the past year were garden peas,
beets, squashes and celery.

Garden Peas. — The land was ploughed April 19, fertil-
izers applied and harrowed in April 21, and the seed planted
on April 22. On June 7 it was noticed that the growth of
the vines on Plot 1 was distinctly inferior to that on the
other plots, and it so continued throughout the season.
The pods produced by the vines upon this plot were short,
but well tilled, as were they also upon Plot 4. The growth
of vines upon plots 3 and 6 may be characterized as me-
dium ; upon plots 2 and 5 the growth was rank. The pods
upon these two plots were large, but not well filled. Three
pickings of peas were made. The yield of green peas, as
well as of vines, is shown in the following table : —

Green

Peas

(^Pounds) .

Muriate op Potash.

Sulphate of Potash.

Plot 1.

Plot 2.

Plot 3.

Plot 4.

Plot 5.

Plot G.

July 12

100

93

99i

105

179

195

July 19, ....

06

150

132

143

134

91

July 23, ....

11

60

49

40

30

21

177

203

280^

348

343

307

Green Vines (^Pounds),

July 23,

102i

210

240

240

205

180

The average yield of green peas produced by the ditlerent
fertilizers is shown in the following table : —

Average of muriate plots, .
Average of sulphate plots, .
Average of sulphate of ammonia plots.
Average of nitrate of soda plots.
Average of dried blood plots, .

Pounds.

220^

3322

262!|

273

2931

It will be noticed that the sulphate of potash appeared to
be distinctly superior to the muriate, that the dried blood
gives a larger crop than either of the other sources of nitro-

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 25

gen, but that there is not a great difference between the
three materials used to supply this element. The best crop
is produced where sulphate of ammonia and sulphate of
potash are used. The crop where nitrate of soda and sul-
phate of potash are used is not, however, materially in-
ferior.

Beets. — The variety raised was the Eclipse. Fertilizers
were applied as stated above, seed planted April 22, vacan-
cies filled May 20. The growth of the beets upon Plot 1
was noticed early in the season to be distinctly inferior to
that on the other plots, and before the close of the season
most of the plants upon this plot were dead. On July 27
the crop was harvested. The yield of the several plots was
as follows: Plot 1, 133 pounds; Plot 2, 711 pounds; Plot

3, 358 pounds; Plot 4, 448 pounds; Plot 5, 793^ pounds;
Plot 6, 478 pounds.

The averages of the different fertilizers are shown be-
low : —

Pounds.

Average of muriate plots, 400|

Average of sulphate plots, 573^

Average of sulphate of ammonia plots, . . . 290^

Average of nitrate of soda plots, .... 752|

Average of dried blood plots, 418

It will be noticed that the sulphate of potash appears to
be greatly superior to the muriate, and nitrate of soda is far
ahead of sulphate of ammonia as a source of nitrogen for
this crop. The best yield is produced where nitrate of soda
and sulphate of potash are used together.

Squashes and Celery. — Both of these crops were failures,
on account of the unfavorable weather. The celery plants,
it is true, lived, but many of them made no growth. The
plants were cut close to the ground on October 18, many
of them being, if anything, smaller than when set. The
cuttings were weighed, with the following results : Plot 1,
28J pounds ; Plot 2, 57 pounds ; Plot 3, 35J pounds ; Plot

4, 28 pounds; Plot 5, 92 pounds ; Plot 6, 24 pounds.

It is noticeable that here again Plot 5, where nitrate of
soda and sidphate of potash were used, is the best; but
even this did not produce a crop with any marketable value.

26 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Injurious Effect of Sulphate of Ainmonia and Muriate
of Potash used together. — Particular attention is called
to the fact that upon Plot 1, where sulphate of ammonia
and muriate of potash are used together, the growth was, in
the case of the peas and beets, decidedly inferior to that
upon the other plots. This inferiority may undoubtedly be
ascribed to the poisonous effect of the chloride of ammonia
formed where these fertilizers are used together, to which
Dr. Goessmann has called especial attention.

Experiments on Grass Land.

The system of manuring grass lands, planned by Dr. Goess-
mann and described by him in previous reports, has been
continued. According to this system, the land receives one
year a dressing of barn-yard manure at the rate of 8 tons
per acre ; the next year, wood ashes at the rate of 1 ton per
acre ; and the third year, ground bone 600 pounds, and
muriate of potash 200 pounds, per acre.

Plot 1, which this year received ashes, gave a yield at the
rate of 5,775 pounds of hay and 3,204 pounds of rowen per
acre, — a total of 4 tons 979 pounds. Plot 2, which re-
ceived manure applied in the fall of 1896, produced at the
rate of 5,784 pounds of hay and 2,627 pounds of rowen per
acre, — a total of 4 tons and 411 pounds. Plot 3, w4iich
this year received bone and potash, produced at the rate of
6,183 pounds of hay and 2,755 pounds of rowen per acre,
— a total of 4 tons 938 pounds.

This system of using these difierent manures for grass
lands in rotation has much to recommend it. It is simple,
and has certainly given remarkably good crops. I believe,
however, that the system would be improved by the use of
a little nitrate of soda, say 150 pounds per acre, with the
ashes as well as with the bone and potash.

Experiments with Nitragin, a Germ Fertilizer.

Nitragin, prepared according to the directions of Profes-
sor Nobbe, was imported at my suggestion from Germany
in the summer of 1896. The material was fully described

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 27

by Dr. Goessmann in our last annual report, and full direc-
tions for its use are quoted l)y him.

The nitragin has been tried in accordance with directions,
as stated elsewhere in this report, upon crimson clover and
alfalfa, without apparent benefit. It has also been tried
upon common red clover. On this crop, as with the others,
no difference in o-rowth attril)utable to the nitrasfin has been
noticed ; and, so far as can be judged at the present time,
the use of this germ fertilizer for our common clovers is not
to be advised. Nitragin undoubtedly contains the germs of
the appropriate nodular bacteria, — the name of Professor
Nobbe is sufficient guarantee of this. The failure of the
material to benefit the crop appears to be due to the fact
that our soils contain the nodular bacteria of the common
leguminous crops in sufficient numbers so that the addition
of a few more by the use of nitragin counts for nothing.
Experience in the open field in most parts of Germany and
England has been similar to our own, and I believe that we
may safely conclude that only when we are about to begin
the culture of a leguminous crop new to a particular local-
ity will it be found advantageous to employ nitragin. In
such cases the soil lacks the appropriate nodular bacteria ;
nitragin furnishes these, and the result is a better growth,
because the crop is enabled to make use of the free nitrogen
of the air from the first, w^hich it could not do in the absence
of the proper bacteria.

Sulphate of Iron as a Fertilizer.

Sulphate of iron has been tried during the past season
upon the same plots as in 1896, but this year with corn as a
crop. The sulphate of iron is used at the rate of 80 pounds
per acre. The crop where it was employed was a little
inferior to that on the plots where it was not used. With-
out sulphate of iron the average yield of the plots was 58^
pounds of corn and 163| pounds of stover; with sulphate
of iron, 50|^ pounds of corn and 160 pounds of stover.

28 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Variety Tests.
1. Corn.

Twenty of the more promising varieties of corn tried for
the first time last year have been given a farther trial dur-
ino- the past season. Nine of these varieties were flint
corns, as follows, named in the order of productiveness :
Sanford, Longfellow, Waushakum, Giant Long White,
Rhode Island White Cap, Early Canada, King Philip, An-
gel of Midnight, Compton's Early. The varieties of dent
corn, named in order of productiveness, were Early Butler,
Leaming Field, Champion White Pearl, Queen of the
Prairie, Iowa Gold Mine, King of the Earlies, Sibley's Pride
of the North, South Dakota White, Huron Extra Early,
Wisconsin Yellow and White Cap Yellow.

Varieties the ears of which were very moist when husked
are Queen of the Prairie and Huron Extra Early. Varie-
ties which were moist are White Cap Dent, Leaming Field,
Iowa Gold Mine and Champion White Pearl.

All of the varieties in these two classes are too late for
culture as grain crops in this locality, though they would
do for the silo.

2. Potatoes.

Eighty-one varieties of potatoes w^ere cultivated for pur-
poses of comparison. upon the general plan described in our
last report (ninth). The soil was a well-drained medium
loam. The fertilizers used per acre were as follows : —

Pounds.

Nitrate of soda, 240

Acid phosphate, 400

Sulphate of potash (high grade) , . . . . 250

Tankage, 240

Dried blood, 100

These materials were mixed and scattered broadly in the
furrows before dropping the seed. The seed was planted
April 80. May 5 the crop was somewhat injured by wash-
ing of the soil between the rows and by the excessive rain-
fall. The potatoes were dug September 26 to October 6.
The yield was at the rate of from 115.7 to 282.4 bushels
per acre. The eleven largest yields of merchantable tul)crs,

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33 29

in the order of productiveness, were given by the following
varieties: Rose No. 9, Restaurant, Woodbury's White,
Bliss's Triumph, Prolific Rose, Empire State, Early Maine,
Dakota Red, Sir William, Early Rose and Beauty of
Hebron. All of these gave a product at the rate of more
than 220 bushels of merchantable tul)ers per acre. Again,
as last year, we find the two old standard sorts. Early Rose
and Beauty of Hebron, ranking among the very best. It
appears doubtful whether any among all those tried are
truly superior to these varieties.

Twenty-three varieties have given yields of merchantable
tubers at the rate of less than 175 bushels per acre. These,
in the order of inferiority, are the following : Minister,
Bill Nye, Harbinger, Peerless, Jr., Livingston Banner,
Burpee's Extra Early, Carmen No. 3, Dandy, Early Mar-
ket, Crown Jewel, Merriman, White Star, Irish Daisy,
Chance, Six Weeks, Alliance, Sunlit Star, World's Fair,
Freeman, Ohio, Jr., Great Divide, Wise Seedling and
Early Norther.

All of the varieties grown this year are to be examined
for determination of dry matter and starch, but this work
could not be completed in season for this report. Full
details as to the varieties cultivated are therefore reserved
until these analytical results can be published.

3. Grasses.

Sixty species and varieties of grasses have been under
trial. Most of them occupied plots containing one square
rod. About one-half of these grasses were sown in the
spring of 1896. Among those so sown the following varie-
ties winter-killed : English rye grass, Italian rye grass,
crested dog's-tail and meadow fescue. Among compar-
atively little-cultivated varieties which appear promising
may be mentioned the following : tall oat grass, tall fescue,
red fescue, fowl meadow, Canada blue-grass, water-spear
grass and wood-meadow grass.

The yield of the dry matter in the hay and rowen (where
any was secured) of those varieties sown in the spring of
1896 during the past season, with date of cutting of both

30

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

the first and the second crops, is shown in the following
table. The area in each variety was one square rod.

Date of
cutting Hay.

Dry
Matter in

Hay ^
(Pounds).

Date of
cutting
Kowen.

Dry

Matter in

Kowen

(Pounds).

Timothy (Phleum pratensis) ,
Awnless Broom {Bromus inerniis) ,
Yellow Oat (Aveiia flavcscens) , .

Sweet Vernal {Anthox anthum odor-

atuni) .
Meadow Foxtail (Alojjecurus pra-

tensis) .
Red-top {Agrostis vulgaris) , .

Rhode Island Bent (Agrosiis Can-

inci) .
Fall Oat (Arrheitathettm avena-

cenni) .
Olyceria jiuitans, . . . •

Meadow soft (Holciis lanatus).

Slender Fescue {Feshica teiimiifo-

lia) .
Meadow Fescue {Festuca prateti-

sis) .
Sheep's Fescue ( Festuca ovina) ,

Tall Fescue (^Festuca elatior),

Hard Fescue (Festuca durinscula)

Orchard {Dactylis glomerata) ,

Red Fescue (Festuca rubra) ,

Fowl Meadow (Poa serotina),

Rough-stalked Meadow (Poa trv

vialis) .
Kentucky Blue (Poa ptratensis) ,

Canada Blue (Poa compressa) ,

Water Spear (Poa aqualica) ,

Canary Reed (Phalaris arundin-

aria) .
Wood Meadow (Poa nemoralis), .

Creeping Rent (Agrostis stoloni-
fera).

July 1
June 25
July 1
June 4
May 17
July 6
July 6
June 25
July 1
Jime 25
June 15
Sept. 11
June 15
June 25
June 15
June 15
June 25
July 6
July 1
Jime 15
July 10
July 1
June 25
July 1
July 6

19.36
14.71

2.98

5.70

31.12

30.81

22.85

10.25
21.43

4.36
27.85
27.20
27.42
16.41
27.47
43.00

9.87
14.73
43.68
31.97
23.18
31.07
15.27

Sept. 11,
Sept, II,
Sept. 11,
Sept. 11,
Jvme 25,
Sept. 11,
Sept. 11,
Sept. 11,
Sept. 11,
Sept. 11,

Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.

6.44
6.44
4.41
4.41

7.87

8.44

6.41

11.86

6.42

6.61
17.81

11.96

14.27

18.93

6.17

8.04

21.09

12.88

1898.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

31

4. Millets.

Twenty-one varieties of millet, occupying one square rod
each, were grown for purposes of comparison on medium
loam, manured at the rate of 600 pounds of ground bone
and 200 pounds of muriate of potash per acre. These were
of three species, Panicum crus galli, P. miliaceum and P.
italicum. The varieties grown, with particulars concerning
amount of seed sown, date of heading, height of plants, and
the weight per plot and acre of hay produced, are shown in
the table below : —

KINDS.

Ounces

Seed

Sown.

Date of
Heading.

Date

When

Cut.

Height

of
Plants
(Feet).

Weight,
Air Dry, Weight
Square per Acre
Rod (Pounds).
(Pounds).

Panicum crus galli.

Japanese barn-yard, .

Japanese barn-yard, loose
headed.

Panicum miliaceum.
Common broom corn,

Japanese broom corn, red seed,

Japanese broom corn, white

seed.
California, .

Chinese,

French,

White French,

Red French,

Hog, .

Panicum, italicum,
Canary bird seed,

Dakota,

Early Harvest,

Golden,

Golden Wonder,

Japanese Glutenoua Hokkaido

Japanese Glutenous Mukoda

mashi.
Japanese common Millet,

New Siberian, .

Aug. 2,
Aug. 2,

July 19,
Aug. 2,
Aug. 10,
July 19,
July 23,
July 23,
July 19,
July 19,
July 19,

Aug. 7,
July 23,
July 19,
Aug. 21,
Aug. 10,
Aug. 12,

Aug. 12,
July 28,

Aug. 17,
Aug. 17,

Aug. 2,
Aug. 21,
Aug. 29,
Aug. 2,
Aug. 5,
Aug. 5,
Aug. 2,
Aug. 2,
Aug. 2,

Aug. 2,
Aug. 12,
Aug. 2,
Sept. 4,
Sept. 4,
Aug. 26,
Sept. 15,
Aug. 26,
Aug. 12,

4

4 -6

51-6

4

4

4

31-4

3|-4
3 -31
5
5

ih.

2 -4
4S

3 -4

65
65
63

40

60

571
100

95

63
100

10,400
10,080

8,160
13,280
14,720

9,920
11,040
10,560
10,400
10,400
10,080

6,400
9,600
9,340
16,000
15,200
10,080
16,000
14,080
8,800

32 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

The dift'erences in yield are large, but the scale upon
which the varieties were grown is small, — too small, in
my judgment, to justify sweeping conclusions as to the
relative merits of the several sorts.

The " Dakota" closely resembles the " Early Harvest; "
the "loose-headed" variety of the "barn-yard" millet is
much less leafy and less valuable than the common form.
The so-called "Golden Wonder" cultivated appeared to
be like the "Golden." The "Japanese Glutenous," from
^^ Mukodamashi" is very late, and does not mature with
us. The variety of glutenous millet from Hokkaido ap-
pears to l)c a valuable sort. Moisture tests which are
being made will very likely change the relative position
of some varieties.

5. Japanese Millets for Seed.
A small area of each of our three leading varieties of
Japanese millets was grown for seed. The soil was fer-
tilized for each variety at the following rate per acre, the
fertilizer being sown broadcast and harrowed in : —

Manure, 4 cords.

Nitrate of soda, 125 pounds.

Dried blood, 100 "

Tankage, 200 "

Superphosphate, 250 "

Muriate of potash 200 "

The season was not very favora])le for these crops, and they
were somewhat injured on several occasions by the Avash-
ing of the soil, due to excessive rain-fall.

Barn-yard Variety {Panicuni cms galli). — The area
sown to this variety was .633 acres. The seed was sown
May 27, in drills, and was cultivated and hand-weeded. It
yielded 1,370 pounds of seed and 4,360 pounds of straw,
which is at the rate of 40 bushels of seed and 3 tons 888
pounds of straw per acre.

Japanese Broom-corn Millet {Paniciim miliaceurii) . —
The area of this variety was .248 acres. It was planted
and cultivated like the preceding variety. The yield was
535 pounds of seed and 1,620 pounds of straw, which is at

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 33

the rate of 40 bushels of seed and 3 tons 532 pounds of
straw per acre.

Japanese Millet (Panicum italicum). — The area of this
variety was .138 acres. It was planted and managed in all
respects like the preceding varieties. The yield was 305
pounds of seed and 519 pounds of straw, which is at the
rate of 41 bushels of seed and 1 ton 1,761 pounds of straw
per acre.

6. Soya Beans,

A small area of each of the three leadins; varieties of
Japanese soya beans was cultivated for seed. The yield
was at the following rates per acre : early white, 18.7
bushels; medium black, 16 bushels; medium green, 34.5
bushels. The last-named variety thus once more demon-
strates its great superiority as a crop-producer over either
of the other sorts under trial.

7. Clovers.

Tests were begun in 1895 for the purpose of comparing
four of our prominent clovers, viz., medium red, mammoth,
alsike and crimson. The result of the first year's test will
be found in our ninth annual report (pages 27 to 29). As
stated in that report, our results indicate that the crimson
will not prove valuable as a fodder crop in this locality.

Medium Red Clover. — The crop of this variety com-
pared very favoral^ly with that of the mammoth clover in
the season of 1896, but during the winter of 1896 and 97
the plants of this variety were nearly all killed. The plots
were accordingly ploughed and sown with oats and vetch.

Mammoth Clover. — This variety was somewhat injured
by the winter, but was allowed to stand. Bad weather pre-
vented its being harvested at the proper time, and it was
much damaged before it could be secured. It yielded at
the rate of about 11^ tons per acre at the first cutting. The
second growth was much mixed with weeds. It was cut
and weighed green, yielding at the rate of about 2,800
pounds per acre.

Alsike Clover. — This variety, like the preceding, was
much injured by rain. It, like the mammoth, was found to
have suffered much during the winter. The crop cut was

34 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

much mixed with weeds, yielding at the rate of 2| tons per
acre for the first cutting. The second growth was mostly
weeds, and was weighed green, amounting to about 5 tons
per acre.

Conclusion. — The mammoth clover under the conditions
of our experiment has shown greater vitality and productive
capacity than either of the other sorts. It is worthy more
extensive cultivation. »

Sidpliate V. Muriate of Potash for Glovers. — As stated
in our ninth annual report, there were two plots of each of
the varieties of clover under comparison, one fertilized with
muriate of potash, the other with sulphate of potash. The
results in 1896 showed no material difference in yields which
could certainly be ascribed to the nature of the potash salts
used. The same is true this year.

The sulphate plots, both of the mammoth and the alsike
clovers, yielded most at the first cutting ; the muriate plots,
in both cases, yielded most at the second cutting ; but, as
stated, the crops secured at the second cutting were largely
mixed with weeds. The results, therefore, must be regarded
as without especial significance.

8. Sweet Clover (^Melilotus alba).
This crop occupied two plots of two-fifteenths of an acre
each, in Field B. The same crop was grown upon these
plots in 1896, and the results are fully discussed in our
ninth annual report. The growth during that season was
for the most i)art small and unsatisfactory, owing apparently
to the fact that tlic a})propriate nodular bacteria were not
present in sufiicient num])crs to enable the crop to make use
of free atmospheric nitrogen. A few of the plants in 1896
were found to have abundant nodules upon their roots.
These showed a deep-green color and made a vigorous
growth. It was judged that, if the land should be thor-
oughly worked in various directions, the nodular bacteria
would be scattered throughout the soil, and that the second
crop upon the same land would be better than the first. The
soil was accordingly thoroughly prepared, and the seed for
the crop of this year sown at the rate of 10 pounds per acre
on July aO, 1896.

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 35

The growth was very much superior to that of the pre-
vious year, and upon examination in the early part of the
season it was found that the roots of about one-half the
plants were abundantly supplied with nodules. These plants
were making a vigorous growth, and had a deep-green color,
indicative of an abundant supply of nitrogen. They were
at this time evidently able to draw upon the atmosphere for
this element. Later the other plants in the field seemed
also to gain this ability.

On July 8 the crop averaged 6 feet in height. A portion
was cut and fed to the cows kept in the department of foods
and feeding. This portion yielded at the rate of about 12^
tons per acre. Dr. Lindsey reports that the cows ate it
readily and appeared to be fond of it. It was, however,
rather coarse for feeding when allowed to stand until the
latter part of July. If to be fed, the crop should be cut
early. In average seasons it would be at its best condition
during the first half of the month of July. It is not, how-
ever, as a fodder crop that I am inclined to recommend a
trial of sweet clover, but rather as a crop for green manur-
ing. I believe it may serve here a similar purpose to that
served by crimson clover in localities where it is hardy.

Miscellaneous Crops.

Alfalfa. — One-quarter of an acre of light soil was sown
on April 17 with alfalfa. The fertilizer applied to the
quarter acre was as follows : fine-ground bone, 100 pounds ;
nitrate of soda, 50 pounds ; phosphatic slag, 50 pounds ;
muriate of potash, 50 pounds. One-half the seed used was
treated with nitragin. All the seed germinated quickly, no
difference being noticed l)etween the treated' and the un-
treated. The small plants were, however, injured by the
heavy rains, and up to date the crop has made but a feeble
growth.

Saccaline. — Our trial of this crop has been carried out
upon two small plots, the one having a heavy, moist soil,
the other a light, drier soil. One-year-old plants were set
in the spring of 1896. The growth during that season was
feeble. In August of that year each plot was given a good

36 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

dressing of manure. In the spring of 1897 it was found
that a considerable number of the plants had been winter-
killed. On the heavy soil 36 out of 408, and on the lighter
soil 71 out of 129, were dead ; of 451 plants left in a nursery,
258 were dead. Plants which lived through the winter were
well started by April 20, but the new growth was killed by
a frost. On July 16 the growth, which ranged from 1 to 7
feet in height, the average being about 3 feet, was cut.
The plants were large and woody. The yield on the heavy
soil, 408 plants, was 295 pounds ; on the lighter soil, 129
plants, 132 pounds. The leaves only were eaten by cows,
— horses would not eat it at all. A second crop was not
cut, but on October 1 , when the plants were killed by frost,
the second growth averaged about 18 inches in height. As
a result of our trial of this crop, I am convinced that it is
without value as a fodder crop for us.

Crimson Clover. — A further trial of this crop has been
made upon a rather light soil. The seed was sown July 3
with equal parts of winter rye. Nitragin, not received in
season to apply with the seed, was mixed with water, ac-
cording to directions, and applied to the clover August 31,
the plants then standing about 2 inches high. The crop
was a complete failure, every plant being winter-killed.

Winter Vetch. — A small plot of this crop has been grown
upon a light soil. It was sown August 20, equal parts of
vetch and rye. This vetch proved perfectly hardy and grew
vigorously, reaching a greater height than the rye. This
vetch will prove valuable as a green fodder when sown with
winter rye.

Besides the above, we have cultivated a few rows each of
a large variety of fodder plants, some 39 in number. In
this variety are included a large number that have been
mentioned in previous reports, and they do not require
further notice at this time.

Among those cultivated for the first time this year are the
Idaho field or coffee pea ( Cicer arietinuni) . This appears
to be the same as the gram or chick pea, which we have had
under cultivation for two years. The growth is too small
to make it valuable for a fodder crop.

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 37

Another new fodder crop for this year was the Brazilian
stooling flour corn. The plants made a vigorous growth,
but are judged to be too coarse and woody to prove of
much vaUie for fodder.

Black cliafi^ or African millet is another crop under trial
this year for the first time. It appears to be the same as
Kaffir corn, and, as reported last year, our experience leads us
to regard this fodder crop as inferior to maize for our climate.

A Reputed Method for Destroying Stumps.

A correspondent in one of our agricultural papers during
the summer of 1895 reported that he had found it possible
to destroy stumps in the following manner : —

A hole one or two inches in diameter accordino; to the
size of the tree, and eighteen inches deep, is to be bored in
the stump. Into this put from one and one-half to two
ounces of saltpetre, fill with water and plug tightly. Six
months later, put into the same hole about one gill of kero-
sene oil, and set fire to it. The correspondent stated:
" The stump will smoulder away without blazing, even down
to every part of the roots, leaving nothing but ashes."

On Nov. 4, 1895, fifty stumps of trees cut in 1894, in-
cluding the following varieties, maple, hickory, hemlock,
white pine, yellow birch and elm, were bored according
to directions. On December 11 saltpetre and water were
put into the holes, according to directions, and the holes
plugged. During July, 1896, the plugs were removed, the
holes were filled with kerosene, and an attempt made to
l)urn the stumps. It was found that not even the oil would
burn, A portion of the stumps were left until June, 1897,
when another attempt was made to burn them, using a low-
test oil, called paraffine gas oil. The stumps are still in
the field. The method has been given a thorough trial, l)ut
must be regarded as a complete failure.

Poultry Experiments.
Experiments with poultry were carried out during the
winter of 189G and 1897, Our attention was confined to
three points : —

38 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

1. Effect upon egg-production of the use of condition
powders.

2. Comparative value for egg-production of dry-ground
animal meal and cut fresh bone.

3. Comparative value for egg-production of cut clover
and fresh cabbage.

General Conditions.

In all of these experiments pullets purchased in Plymouth
County and sent to us in December were used. A few had
laid before we received them, and production was stopped
by the move, as'is generally the case. Some of the pullets
moulted after reception here, which served to reduce the
^2,2, yield. Each of the six lots of fowls occupied a house,
with roosting and laying room ten by twelve feet, and
scratching shed eight by twelve feet in size. Each had the
liberty of a large yard, which furnished a little grass after
April 15, but in all alike. Each of the feeding trials began
January 1 and continued until May 2, — 122 days.

Soft foods were mixed for the morning mash with boiling
water the nio-ht before usino;. Sufficient of the materials
for a fortnight were mixed dry at one time. Oats were
always scattered in the straw in the shed at noon. At
night the wheat was fed in the same manner. As a rule, a
little cut bone was fed once a week, in place of the noon
ration of oats. About twice a week cabbage was hung up
in each coop except the one where cut clover was under
comparison with this vegetable. Clear water, shells and
ofrit were before the fowls all the time. Occasionally salt
was added to the morning mash. At the conclusion of the
experiment the dressed fowls were sent to G. M. Austin &
Son, Boston, who reported upon the quality of the several
lots.

1. Effect of Condition Powder upon Egg-production .

This experiment was carried out in most respects in the
same manner as last year. Light Brahnias were selected
for this test, 20 in the coop receiving condition powders
and 19 in the other. The food of the two lots was the same

1898.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

39

in kind, with the exception that the fowls in House No. 6
received daily condition powder in the morning mash, in
accordance with directions furnished with the powder.

The kinds and amounts of food used are shown in the
tal)le : —

KINDS.

Amounts (Pounds).

No Comlition
Powder.

Condition
Powder.

Wheat, .

209

220

Oats,

150

150

Bran,

27

28

Middlings,

27

28

Animal meal,

27

28

Clover, .

27

28

Cabbage,

28

29

Corn meal, .

28

29|

Bones, .

9

9

About three pounds of condition powders were used in
the experiment.

The weights of the fowls were taken at intervals, and
were as follows : —

Average Weights (Potinds).

No Condition
Powder.

Condition
Powder.

January 4,

February 4,

March 9, . . . » . .
April 26, .......

May 3 (after fasting twelve hours), .
Dressed weight,

4.868
5.260
5.360
5.310
5.160
4.605

4.650
4.950
5.343

5.470
5.180
4.657

40 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

The results and leadins; details are shown below : —

Condition Powder for Egg-x)roduction.

Experiment Jand-
AKT 1 TO May 2.

Number
of Hen
Days.

Gross
Cost of
Food.

Cost per
Hen Day.

Cost of

Food

per

Kgg.

Number
of Eggs.

Weight of
Eggs.

Weight
per Egg
(Ounces).

No condition powder,
Condition powder,

2,318
2,354

$6 61
6 68

$0 00285
00280

$0 0124
0125

532
540

lbs. oz.
65 1^

67 4

1.958
1.993

The nutritive ratio was 1 : 5.16 for the fowls not receiv-
ing condition powder; for the others, 1 : 5.14, — practically
identical. The total dry matter in food consumed for each
egg produced was: without condition powder, 0.8349
pounds; with powder, 0.8688 pounds. Besides the perfect
eo;o;s as shown in above table, the fowls receivino; no con-
dition powders laid three soft-shelled eggs ; the others, one.
There were live sitters in the iirst lot, eleven in the second.

Samples of the eggs were analyzed, and those from the
condition-powder fowls were found somewhat richer in dry
matter, protein and fiit. The eggs Avere also tested in two
families by careful house-keepers. The reports did not
agree in all particulars ; but one of the two found the eggs
from the fowls which had received condition powders su-
perior in flavor of yolk, flavor of white, in beating qualities
and in 'consistency ; the eggs from the other fowls better in
color and size of yolks. The other reported the condition-
powder eggs strong in flavor and the yolks small. This
discrepancy is probably to be accounted for from the fact
that the number tested was small. Individual as well as
class diff'erences would almost certainly be found in the
eggs.

The fowls which had received condition powder were re-
ported as dressing rather l)etter than the other lot.

One fowl in the condition-powder house died during the
test; there were no losses in the other house.

In conclusion, I have to say that the differences found in
this experiment are too small to be considered decisive. On
the side of the condition powder we have size of eggs and

1898.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

41

weight and quality of the dressed fowls ; against the powder,
we have the food cost per egg, the weight of dry matter in
food per egg, and the loss of one fowl. We are warranted
simply in the statement that the powder does not appear to
have paid for its use.

2. Cut Bone v. Animal Meal for Egg-production.
Each of the two houses contained twenty Plymouth Rock
pullets in this experiment. The bone and animal meal were
each mixed in the morning mash. The foods used are
shown l)elow : —

KINDS.

Cut-bone House
(Pounds).

Animal-meal
House (Pounds).

Wheat,

213

196

Oats,

149

149

Bran,

27

28

Middlings,

27

28

Buffalo gluten.

-

28

Animal meal,

-

28

Clover, .

28

27

Cabbages,

261

29J

Chicago gluten,

27

-

Cut bone.

28

-

The nutritive ratios in the two houses were 1 : 5.05 and
1 : 4.45 respectively.

The average weio-hts of the fowls were as follows : —

Cut-bone House
(Pounds).

Animal-meal
House (Pounds).

January 4,

4.75

4.89

February 0,

5.10

5.00

March 9,

5.86

5.28

April 27,

5.44

5.15

May 3 (after fasting twelve hours).

5.28

4.88

Dressed weight,

4.83

4.43

42

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION,

[Jan.

The dressed fowls which had received the cut bone were
reported slightly better than the other lot. The leading
details and results are shown in the following table : —

Cut Bone v. Animal Meal.

Experiment Janu-
ary 1 TO May 2.

Number

Hen

Days.

Gross
Cost of
Food.

Cost per
Hen Day.

Cost of
Food
per
Egg.

Number
of Eggs.

Weight of
Eggs.

Weight
per Egg
(Ounces).

Cut-bone house.
Animal-meal house, .

2,279
2,440

$6 61
6 24

$0 0028
0025

$0 0130
0097

508
639

lbs. 07..
64 9

80 15

2.0034
2.0270

There was, in addition to the eggs as shown by the table,
one soft-shelled egg in each house. Two hens in the cut-
bone house died during the experiment, from diarrhoea ;
those in the other house were healthy throughout the
experiment.

The dry matter per egg was, where cut bone was fed,
0.877 pounds ; on animal meal, 0.G9 pounds. The number
of sitters was 6 in the cut-bone house, 12 in the other.

A sample of eggs from each house was subjected to analy-
sis. Those produced on the cut bone contained rather more
protein l>ut less M than the other. A test for cooking
quality was indecisive ; one of the two house-keepers having
preferred one lot ; the other the opposite lot.

The advantage in this trial is, then, clearly with the ani-
mal meal as a food for egg-production. It has given more
eofss of a irreater average weight and at considerably less
cost than the bone ; and it is, moreover, a more convenient
food to use, as well as safer. The results this year are thus
the opposite of those of last year. We have now repeated
this experiment four times, with results twice favorable to
the ])onc and twice to the animal meal, but have not before
found so decisive a difference as this year. We repeat the
experiment again this winter.

3. Clover Roioen v. Cabbage for Egg -production.
Plymouth Rock pullets were used in this experiment;
but they were later-hatched fowls than those in the experi-
ments already described. There were twenty fowls in each

1898.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

43

of the two houses, at the beginning. One fowl died in each
house during the experiment, from unknown causes. The
cut clover was fed in the morning mash. Instead of the
clover, a fresh cabbage was kept before the fowls in the
other house.

The foods used are shown in the table : —

Clover House
(Pounds).

Cabbage House
(Pounds),

223

212

150

149i

28

36

28

36

28

34|

26

-

-

46f

Sh

8h

28

36

Wheat, .
Oats,
Bran,
Middlings,
Animal meal,
Clover, .
Cabbage,
Cut bone.
Oat meal.

The nutritive ratio was practically the same in lioth
houses: viz., in the clover house, 1:4.99; in the other,
1:4.838.

The averao-e weiofhts of the fowls were as follows : —

Clover House
(Pounds).

Cabbage House
(Pounds).

January 4,

February 4,

March 8,

April 27,

May 3 (after twelve hours fasting).
Dressed weights, ....

4.560
5.480
5.420
5.470
5.289
4.780

4.530
4.800
5.350
5.394
5.184
4.890

44 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

The leading results and details are shown in the table : —
Clover Rowen v. Cabbage for Egg-production.

EXPEKIMENT JaNU-

ARi 1 TO May 2.

Number
of Hen
Days.

Gross
Cost of
Food.

Cost per
Hen Day.

Cost of

Food
per Egg.

Number
of Eggs.

Weight of
Eggs.

Weight
per Egg
(Ounces).

Clover house, .
Cabbage bouse, .

2,356
2,423

$7 033
6 988

$0 0029
0028

$0 0150
0118

466
588

lbs. oz.
59 10

75 1

2.0472
1.9880

In addition to these, the fowls in each house laid one soft-
•shelled egg.

The advantage lies most decidedly with the fowls fed
cabbages, in so far as numbers, weight and cost of eggs are
concerned. The eggs from the clover house were, however,
much superior in cooking and eating quality to those from
the other. Both house-keepers reporting are most emphatic
in the expression of their preference for the eggs from the
fowls fed the clover. One reports: "The eggs from the
clover lot are in every way superior." The other says :
" They are superior in color, size of yolk and flavor ; " and
adds that ' ' they have the finest flavor of any eggs " she ever
ate.

Analysis showed the eggs from the fowls fed cabl)ages to
contain higher percentages of dry matter, protein and fat
than the others. The superior richness of these eggs ap-
parently renders them strong in flavor.

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 45

REPOKT OF THE METEOROLOGIST.

JOHN E. OSTRANDER.

The work of the meteorological department during the
past year has been in the main a continuation of that of
previous years, with such minor changes as, after due con-
sideration, have seemed advisable. The observations for
temperature are now all taken in the ground shelter on the
campus. The publication of the maximum and minimum
temperatures taken in the observatory shelter was discon-
tinued last year, owing to their unreliable character. For
the same reason, the observations themselves were discon-
tinued early in April the present year.

The usual bulletins, giving a summary of the records and
weather for each month, have been published. An annual
summary will be issued as soon as the records for the year
are completed.

No material additions have been made to the e(|uipment
of the department during the year.

Arrangements have been made to furnish the New Eng-
land Weather Bureau with the weekly snow reports, as was
done last year.

In co-operation with Professor Whitney of the Division
of Soils, United States Department of Agriculture, this
department installed one of his instruments (kindly loaned
by the Department at Washington) for the electrical deter-
mination of moisture in the soil. Observations were taken
from the latter part of June until early in November. The
records, however, are incomplete for the period, owing to
breaks in the circuit and other causes which made the in-
struments fail to work at times. The readings taken were
sent weekly to the Department at Washington. The Di-
vision of Foods and Feeding of this station made some

46 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

independent determinations of moisture for standardizing
the instrument, and the Division of Botany kept a record
of the growth of the crops where the electrodes were buried.
Owing to the unusually wet weather during the summer and
the incomplete records of the instrument, the results of the
experiment were not entirely satisfactory. The department
expects to repeat the observations next year under more
favorable conditions, and an outfit for that purpose has been
ordered.

It is hoped that arrangements may be made to put the
electrometer in the tower in working order, so that observa-
tions on atmospheric electricity may be undertaken.

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 47

KEPOET OF THE BOTAOTSTS.

GEORGE E. STONE, RALPH E. SMITH.

Our work during the past year has been in general a con-
tinuation of that of the year preceding. In this, as in other
departments of the station, the work falls under two classes :
first, examination of material sent in for determination and
answering of inquiries ; second, investigations of problems
connected with plant physiology and pathology.

For the purpose of investigation the greenhouse has been
remodelled and enlarged during the past summer, so as to
admit of carrying on experiments under more desirable con-
ditions. It is quite essential, in experimenting with plants,
that the numl)er employed should be large enough to make
it possible to draw deductions from the results with a rea-
sonable degree of certainty that errors arising from indi-
vidual variation have been counterbalanced. It is also
essential that the heat, light and moisture conditions should
be equal upon each series of plants under consideration, and
that these conditions should compare as closely as possible
with the best method of cultivation. In the construction of
the experiment house these details have been considered as
carefully as possible. The house as now arranged consists
of several sections, in which different temperature's can be
maintained, for growing tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and
other important plants sul)ject to destructive diseases. The
amount of money invested in the production of greenhouse
crops is large and continually increasing, and no small part
of our work consists in the study of the various diseases
which affect them.

For the last three years we have been investigating meth-
ods of controlling the gall-forming nematode worm, which
affects cucumbers, tomatoes, English violets, roses, cyclam-

48 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

ens and many other greenhouse plants. The results of the
investigation are nearly ready for publication, but it seems
desirable to first clear up a few remaining points upon the
habits of the worm, which are not well known.

Experiments are also being made upon the different meth-
ods of pruning tomatoes, and upon the best light conditions
for assimilation in greenhouse cucumbers.

With regard to lettuce we are studying the mechanical
conditions of the soil as affecting the crop, and the various
fungous diseases to which it is subject, more especially the
disease known as the " drop."

In addition to these experiments, it may be mentioned
that there are incidentally being carried on investigations
upon the influence of electrical currents on the growth of
plants. Bulletin 43 of this station embodied the most care-
ful and extensive series of experiments ever made upon the
subject. They were carried out by Mr. Asa S. Kinney,
while a student at the college, and did not necessarily fall
under station work. The results obtained by him were of
such a promising nature that it has seemed well worth our
time to carry the investigation further. It should be stated
that any costly method of using electricity as an accelerator
of plant development is not to be recommended. If, how-
ever, any simple and cheap means of using electric currents
can be used, which will give an acceleration in the growth
of a crop equal to 30-40 per cent., it might be worthy of
consideration by practical agriculturists.

Wc have in progress a series of experiments with various
gaseous substances, with a view to developing a treatment
of this sort for combating fungous diseases of greenhouse
plants. This method of treatment has been suggested by
the extensive application which it has reached in extermi-
nating insects. While we are as yet unable to present any
results of great practical value, it is hoped that these ex-
periments may lead to the development of an effective treat-
ment for greenhouse plant diseases by the use of a gaseous
substance. The great superiority of such method over that
of spraying, which is in many cases inapplicable, needs no
exposition. Our experiments thus fur have been carried on

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 49

with two gases, hydrocyanic and formaldehyde. Neither
of these appears to answer the purpose. The former, which
has been found to be of considerable value as an insecticide,
cannot be made effective as a funs^icide without using; a
strength which will prove fatal to the plant. This we have
determined by parallel exposures of various fungous spores
and plants to the gas, and also by the fact that spores of the
carnation rust, taken from plants which had been almost
killed by over-exposure, germinated freely. Formaldehyde
has a well-marked fungicidal effect, and is much less harm-
ful to plants ; but we cannot at present recommend it as a
general fungicide, on account of the difficulty of producing
it in sufficient strength.

The past year has been an exceedingly abnormal one for
vegetation, and as a result this division has had many in-
quiries concerning plant diseases, different from those of
ordinary years. The excessive and long-protracted rains
and the lack of sunshine gave rise to a multiplicity of plant
diseases such as we have not had for some years. This was
the case not only in regard to our various crop plants, but
our introduced ornamental species and even our wild plants
were unusually affected by fungi. An unusual number of
the so-called spot diseases made their appearance, and de-
foliated to a greater or less extent more than one species of
tree. These spot diseases were especially disastrous to the
sycamore and butternut, both of which in many instances
lost all their foliage ; while other trees, such as the chest-
nut and wild cherry, were more or less affected. The fungi
causing these diseases are not new to these trees in this
locality, but the abnormal conditions to which all vegetation
was subjected proved amply sufficient to accelerate their
growth and development.

Whenever the normal conditions surrounding the plant
are disturbed, we must expect to find irregularities in its
functions ; and any serious irregularities in the plant's func-
tions are most likely to manifest themselves by the presence
of some insect, fungous or bacterial organism. Abnormal
functions, or, in other words, physiological disorders, are
in a majority of jnstauces the basis of many plant disease!?

50 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

with which gardeners have to contend ; and, since we are
liable to observe only the effects of the fungus or bacteria
preying upon the plant, we too often think that they are the
primary causes of the disease, when, as a matter of fact,
they are purely secondary.

This leads us to the subject of spraying as a preventive
of plant diseases. From the hap-hazard manner in which
it is often resorted to, one would gain the idea that it is in-
tended as a curative rather than as a preventive remedy.
This idea is erroneous, inasmuch as spraying is intended as
a prevention rather than a cure. This misconception of the
proper use of spraying solutions gives rise to the practice
of using the Bordeaux mixture as a panacea for every plant
disease. Upon this point we wish to state that it must be
distinctly borne in mind that spraying under any condition
is only a temporary means of preventing certain diseases.
The ultimate aim of all progress connected with gardening
should be not only to improve the marketable product, but
to improve the stock and increase our knowledge pertaining
to proper cultivation, so that spraying will be unnecessary.
Many experienced gardeners recognize this, and we find
experts in almost every line of gardening who have had
eminent success in controlling diseases without resorting to
the use of fungicides. Some of the most experienced
growers of carnations claim that they can control the many
diseases which have of late years afiected this plant, l)y
simple, judicious methods in the management of the green-
house.

To expect that spraying is going to save plants that are
improperly cared for, or to act as a cure for those already
diseased, is a])surd. There are many instances where spray-
ing produces beneficial results, and at the present time it
appears to be essential, in some instances, to the production
of good crops ; but there are also many instances where it
is entirely useless. This applies especially to the diseases
having their origin in improper care or in abnormal condi-
tions surrounding the plant. The condition of the potato
crop in Massachusetts during the past summer affords an
illustration of how any amount of spraying would not save

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 51

it from disease, when the soil was soaked with water and
the plants in some instances practically submerged for days
at a time. Every plant is surrounded by a host of para-
sitic organisms, which, given the proper conditions, will
manifest their distinctive properties. The healthy, vigor-
ous plant is always less susceptible to the attacks of fungi
than the weakly, abnormally developed one, — a fact which
every practical gardener readily understands. We have
seen this illustrated so many times in our work in the
greenhouse that it may be well to give an example of it
here. Certain species of non-parasitic nematode worms,
which are always present in greenhouse soil, although appar-
ently doing no harm as long as the plants are vigorous,
will, as soon as the plant becomes weakened or abnormal
from any cause, penetrate the tissues and cause rapid decom-
position of the same. What is true in regard to nematodes
applies also to fungi and bacteria, and, indeed, these various
forms of organisms are most frequently to be found together
in the decayed tissues of the plant.

Before any attempt is made to spray diseased plants, it is
well worth while to find out something about the nature of
the disease with which the plants are affected. It is, for
example, iinwise to spray roses for the black spot or mil-
dew when the roots are half decayed by the action of para-
sitic gall-forming nematode worms ; and for the same reason
it would be unwise to treat the spot disease of the English
violet, when the roots are covered with hundreds of minute
galls, and when the supply of nutriment from the root is
greatly interfered with.

On the other hand, spraying the apple, grape, potato and
plum is at the present time justifiable and necessary ; and
there are many diseases common to greenhouse cucumbers
and tomatoes which can be largely controlled by spraying,
although it must be said here that by judicious management
of the various conditions surrounding the plants these dis-
eases can be checked.

52 HATCH EXPEEIMENT STATION. [Jan.

The Causes of the Failure of the Potato Crop of

1897.

The disastrous effect upon agricultural crops of the exces-
sive rainfall of the past season has been especially marked
upon the potato. The small yield and large amount of rot-
ting of this staple may be easily attributed to this source.
In all sections of the State, as well as beyond our borders,
the report has been general of a small potato crop and ex-
cessive rotting. This rotting has been generally regarded
as resulting from the well-known and ordinary "potato
rot" fungus, Phytophthora tnfestans. In fact, however, we
have to describe a series and variety of agents, which,
under the favorable influence of the excessive rainfall, —
an influence unfavorable to the vitality of the plant, — have
brought about the diminution and destruction of the crop.

At planting time the ground was extremely wet. The
crop, however, started well, and the plants appeared above
ground in a promising manner. Continuous rains kept the
soil saturated with moisture, and before the plants had
reached a height of more than six inches it was noticed in
many places — usually the lowest and wettest portions of
the field — that many of them were dying. Such plants did
not collapse suddenly, but gradually turned yellow and faded
away, most of them dying eventually, though here and there
one would 1)e seen which maintained a feeble, stunted growth
through the season. This was the case not only in this
vicinity, but it was also reported from various parts of the
State.

Investigation of affected plants showed that the trouble
was due to a rotting of the stem of the young plant below
ground, Avhich rotting evidently [)roceeded from the seed
potato, which was found in every case to be a putrid mass,
while the decay was gradually extending up the young stem.
Careful search for the cause of the rotting failed to reveal
any particular organism to which it could be ascribed. That
it was of bacterial origin seemed quite certain, as the de-
cayed tissue swarmed with organisms of this class, while no
fungus which could be considered the cause of the rotting

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 53

was found. In the cortex and exterior portions of decayed
stems several forms of Micrococcus and also other bacteria
were found in abundance. In the interior portions a large,
motionless bacillus occurred quite abundantly and exclu-
sively, and may have been the primary cause of the rotting.
The most prol)able explanation, however, seems to be that
the normal functions of the plant were disturbed and its
growth checked by the unusual amount of moisture in the
soil. The seed potato, with its supply of reserve food ma-
terial for the young plant thus left idle in the soil, naturally
rotted away, and this rotting communicated itself more or
less to the young stem proceeding from the "seed." The
plant, not being in a condition of vigorous growth to resist
this rotting, gradually succumbed to it, and in most cases
died. The few plants, as mentioned above, which continued
a feeble growth through the season, accomplished this by
throwing out roots above the rotted portion of the stem,
and thus prolonged a feeble existence. Such plants pro-
duced no tubers, and consequently had no value whatever.

This, then, was the first of the troubles affecting , the
potato crop in this section. We do not describe or con-
sider it as a specific "disease" of the potato, nor do we
deem it necessary to consider any treatment for it. We at
first recommended removing aftected plants, but doubt now
if such a course would have been of any considerable prac-
tical value. We are inclined to believe that the trouble
was not brought about by any specific or especially destruc-
tive organism, but was simply the result of the unusual
meteorological conditions of the season, and under such
conditions could not be prevented from occurring by any
means at our command.

By July 1, most of the plants which had fallen a prey
to the above disease were withered away and dead, while
those which had escaped had made a fairly good growth and
nearly reached maturity in point of size. About July 15
several hot, sunny days came on, following a long very
rainy spell. In many potato fields on low ground the plants
began to wilt and die down. In a large field at the college,
situated on a long slope, the plants at the top were un-

54 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

affected, but those in a limited area at the bottom of the
slope — the wettest part of the field — began to wilt (see
plate ) . Many had already died here from the effects of the
first disease. It is a well-known fact that plants often wilt
when exposed to strong sunlight after a continued cloudy
and wet jieriod, this being due to excessive evaporation
or transpiration of water from the leaves. In this case,
however, the wilting was too pronounced to be attributed
to this simple physiological phenomenon. Investigation
showed that the leaves were not " blighted" nor were they
affected in any way except the simple wilting, which was
evidently caused by some trouble at the root. Plants were
then dug in various portions of the affected area, and in all
stages of collapse, and their roots examined for the cause of
the trouble. It was found that there was no one organism
(except possibly bacteria) attacking the plant, but there
was a general rotting, resulting from the wet condition of
the soil and consequent low vitality of the plant. The
features of this rotting varied greatly in different plants,
however, and scarcely any two were affected in an exactly
similar manner, it being almost impossible to specify a
feature of the disease common to all, except the wilting of
the tops. In the very wettest part of the affected area
the tubers w^ere rotting badly. These rotten tubers were
swarming with l)acteria, but they were of various kinds,
and to no one could be ascribed the bej^innino- of the
trouble. Various species of fungi were found in some, but
these were moulds and similar forms, and included nothing
which by any proba])ility could have caused the rotting.
Since fungi were entirely alisent in many of the rotten
tubers, it is certain that they did not cause the trouble. In
many cases the decay seemed to have started where a grub
of some kind had eaten into the potato. On somewhat
dryer ground, where the plants wilted, the tubers were not
rotten. In many cases, however, the stem was found to be
decayed just where it joins the root. The young rootlets
were also rotting, so that the cortex fell away from the
central portion. These symptoms also occurred, and more
pronouncedly, in cases where the tubers were rotten. In

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 55

these decayed stems and roots no one organism could be
fomid as the cause of the rotting. Bacteria (mostly micro-
coccus) swarmed in all affected parts, and several mould
fungi also occurred. Quite noticeable on all affected plants
was the occurrence on tubers and even on the base of the
stem, of small, white, mealy dots, scattered abundantly
over the surface. These were apparently enlarged lenticels,
being composed of parenchymal cells breaking out at the
surface. It seems probable, or is at least possilile, that their
production was due to the scarcity of air in the wet soil.

We can only conclude here, as in the other case, that this
cannot be called a definite disease, but rather was the result
of abnormal and unusual conditions. During the long-con-
tinued rain the living functions of the plant were disturbed
and its growth checked. Various organisms then came in,
and, gaining a foothold, so weakened it that when the sun
came out it wilted down and in the worst cases died. Had
it been possible to thoroughly cultivate and stir the soil
at this time, it is reasonable to suppose that much of the
trouble might have been averted ; but the extreme wetness
made such a course impossible.

This trouble came on after the potatoes had reached a
marketable size. We therefore recommended digging them
in all aff*ected places, in order to save them from decay. Be-
yond this there could be no practical treatment suggested.

Early in August, or even sooner, the real potato blight
or rot, Phytophthora infestans, began to appear, and devel-
oped very extensively during the month, killing the tops of
potatoes everywhere, and causing great loss by rotting of
the tubers. This disease is too well known to need ex-
tended description. Its ravages might probably have been
controlled to some extent by thorough spraying throughout
the season, but it would have been practically impossible to
entirely prevent it in such a summer.

The "Drop" of Lettuce.
The loss represented by this disease frequently amounts
to thousands of dollars in a single season in Massachusetts.
Almost every lettuce grower has had more or less experi-

56 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

ence with it, although, as with every other disease, some
have been much more affected than others. We have
known several instances during the season where extensive
growers have lost practically their whole crop, and, as a
consequence, have become much discouraged with lettuce
growing. Inasmuch as the general characteristics of this
disease were given in the ninth annual report, it is not nec-
essary to enter upon any minute description here. Suffice
it to say that the disease makes its appearance in the stem,
close to the surface of the ground, where the tissue becomes
slimy and soft, and eventually the whole stem at this point
disintegrates and collapses. This occurs most frequently
just as the plants reach maturity.

The fungus causing this disease is well known to all o-reen-
house men. The "damping fungus" (Botrytis), which
causes the drop, often gives rise to disastrous effects on
begonia and other cuttings in the propagating pit. The
fungus, however, as it appears upon the lettuce, presents
some aspects which are different from its appearance upon
cuttings, and reaches a more advanced stage of develop-
ment. Our present knowledge in this direction possesses
more of a technical than practical interest, although an un-
derstanding of the complete life history of the fungus will,
no doubt, lend much aid to its rational treatment.

The natural conditions governing the development of the
organism appear to be similar to those of most organisms,
— that is, it requires the presence of oxygen. It is well
known that almost any object when driven into the ground
will undergo disintegration much more rapidly at the sur-
face of the soil, for here the conditions of moisture, etc.,
are most favorable for the organisms producing disintegra-
tion. And so it is with the "drop" fungus; it finds just
the conditions at the surface of the soil, under the moist,
shady leaves of the mature lettuce plants, for its destructive
work.

Our experiments upon the control of this fungus are by
no means complete, but it will not be out of place here to
offer some suggestions in regard to its general habits and
the methods of treatment which may be tried. Probably

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 57

every grower has the germs of the disease in his lettuce soil
to a greater or less extent, but the conditions giving rise to
their excessive development are not always present. Some
claim that manure is the principal source of infection ; yet,
on the other hand, while all use manure, all are not troubled
in the same degree. As a remedy for the drop, some have
resorted to the practice of sanding the surface of the soil or
putting on a layer of yellow loam. This is for the purpose
of giving a clean, uninfested surface to the soil surrounding
the plants. In regard to the effect of this treatment, it may
be stated that opinions differ considerably. Whether the
method of applying a superficial layer of sand or subsoil to
the surftice will be of any assistance in keeping the drop in
check appears somewhat doubtful, from an experiment made
of burying some infested plants to a depth of three or four
inches in a pot of yellow loam subsoil. It was found that
the fungus made its way to the top in a very few days, as
was evident from the mould-like growth of the mycelium
upon the surface of the soil and the death by drop of plants
which had been set in the pot. Neither can we expect much
from the application of chemicals, as any such treatment
would interfere with the growth of the plant, and hence
become objectionable. Some experiments are now being
made with gases, with the idea of killing the organism
by fumigation ; but this method does not promise much
success.

The application of live steam to the soil, and thus steril-
izing it, would undoubtedly destroy the germs of the dis-
ease. To do this would necessitate laying two-inch tile at
a depth of eight inches or a foot below the surface of the
soil, and at a distance of one or two feet apart, and driving
in steam under pressure and allowing the same to permeate
the soil. This method can be employed on a small scale
with good results, but the larger area of a lettuce house
would render its practical application uncertain. Another
method of treatment by steam, which would be far cheaper,
would be to sterilize the surface of the soil to a depth of
three or four inches or more. This can be done by con-
structing a pit in the lettuce house and covering the bottom

58 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

with tile or one and one-half or two inch steam piping.
The tile allows the steam to escape very readily ; and, in
order to get the best effect, they should be laid close to-
gether, say one foot, or less. In case steam pipes are
used, — and they are probably more effective than tile, —
they should be bored with holes every three or four inches,
to allow the steam to escape. AVith an arrangement of this
kind, one would be able to sterilize the soil in a few hours.
A pit twenty feet long, ten feet wide and eighteen inches
deep would hold sufficient soil to cover twelve hundred
square feet of surface three inches deep. The time required
to heat this earth up to 200° F. would be only a few hours.
Of course the pressure of steam available, the closeness of
the pipes and the number of outlets for the steam would
largely determine the time necessary to heat the earth.

Various methods of treatment for this disease are being
tried, to determine how it may be most effectually dealt
Avith. In connection with the method of steam sterilization,
which seems by far the most promising, it is especially de-
sirable to ascertain just how deep the soil must be sterilized
in order to keep down the fungus.

The Asparagus Rust.

(^Puccinia asjiaragi. D. C.)

In the last annual report of this division attention was
called to a new disease which had appeared upon the aspar-
agus, and the apprehension expressed that it might come to
be a serious matter. That apprehension has been more than
justified. The asparagus rust, unknown to the growers of
Massachusetts in 1895, slightly prevalent in 1896, has ap-
peared everywhere during the past season, and bids fair to
become a most important factor in the growing of this crop.

The disease first appeared in the fall of 1896, both in this
State and in several others, but was not generally prevalent
at that time, although in some fields it was very abundant.
Cutting and burning infested tops was generally recom-
mended and to some extent practiced ; but the majority of
asparagus growers had not as yet become acquainted Avith
this new danger menacing their crops.

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 59

This rust, like tlie well-known one of the wheat, has three
different stages or forms in its development, though in this
case they are all developed upon the asparagus plant, while
in the other, one form comes upon the barberry bush and
the other two upon the wheat and other grains and grasses.
When first noticed in 1896, the asparagus rust was in the
fall stage, the black rust or teleuto stage, the earlier stages
not having attracted attention. In 1897 many asparagus
fields were found to be affected as early as July 1, and by
August the complaint was general throughout the asparagus-
growing sections of the State. It was now the red rust, or
uredo form, which was present, being followed again in the
fall by the black form. Apparently almost every field of
asparagus in the State was affected before the end of the
season. The rust in most cases appeared first on young
beds, — which was natural to expect, since the stalks were
not being continually cut off as they appeared. In the older
beds, from which the stalks were being cut for market, little
or no rust appeared until well into July or August, after
cutting had been suspended and the tops allowed to develop.
In most cases, however, they were soon affected as badly as
any. The effect of the rusting w^as that the tops lost their
green color, and turned brown and died prematurely. Mr.
George P. Davis of Bedford says in regard to his beds :
" The twenty-sixth of July the tops were all turned brown,
and looked as though a fire had swept over the field. There
was no green to be seen. ... In handling the tops a fine
dust which looked like smoke was quite noticeable." This
dust consisted of countless numbers of the spores of the
fungus.

The first attempts at checking the rust were made in the
fall of 1896, and consisted of cuttins: and burning affected
tops. When the disease appeared so extensively in 1897,
many growers cut the tops in August, when they had
become badly rusted. It is impossible to say with much
certainty what the result of the first cutting (fall of 1896)
may have been, inasmuch as comparatively few beds were
thus treated or badly affected at that time. A good-sized
bed at the college was considerably rusted, and the tops

t

GO HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

were cut and burned late in the fall. The bed was well
cultivated and fertilized, and no rust appeared upon it in
1897 (that is, not enough to be noticeable) until well into
the fall, Avhen the black rust stage was quite as abundant as
it had been in 1896. Mr. S. T. Davis of Orleans also men-
tions having observed a small l)ed, which was cut in the fall
of 1896, upon which no rust appeared in 1897. Whether
the cutting of the tops or some other factor kept down the
rust in these beds, we are not prepared to say. The cutting
which was quite extensively practiced in the summer of 1897
seems to have been entirely without effect, as the rust ap-
peared again just as badly on the second growth.

The experience of another season is necessary to demon-
strate the actual etiect and seriousness of this disease. Its
perennial occurrence to the extent of the past season could
not fail to have a disastrous effect upon the asparagus-grow-
ing industry. It is not the sort of disease which is effect-
ually suppressed by spraying methods, though something
of that sort may be developed if it becomes necessary. * It
should be remembered, however, that the past season was
an unusually favorable one for all fungous diseases, and
consequently it may have developed much more extensively
than it ordinarily would. If it could be mostly confined to
its teleuto or black rust stage, which appears in the fall
when the plants have practically completed their growth, it
is not probable that any serious injury would result. At
all events, the effect of the great prevalence of the rust in
1897 upon the asparagus crop of 1898 will be awaited with
great interest by all interested in its cultivation.

The Fire Blight.

(^Micrococcus amylovirus.')

This disease of the pear, quince, apple and other poma-
ceous trees has been the subject of frequent inquiry during
the past season. It ordinarily causes the most damage on the
pear and quince, and is one of the most destructive of plant

* Recent experiments Indicate some amenability of the rust to spraying, although
not more than twenty-five per cent, reduction is claimed.

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 61

diseases. The trouble appears in the branches, sometimes
a whole limb of considerable size, but more often the smaller
terminal twigs, being affected. These portions of the tree
suddenly wilt and die, the leaves and young fruit turning
black and hanging to the branches, producing the character-
istic scorched appearance which gives the disease its name.
It spreads rapidly about an orchard and increases from year
to year, often involving the entire tree and causing its death
if left unrestricted.

The cause of this, trouble was long a matter of specula-
tion, but it is now known to be a species of bacteria Avhich
gains access to the tissues of the tree and by its rapid
multiplication therein causes great destruction. This dis-
ease cannot be reached by spraying, and the only remedy
consists in severely cutting back all affected branches, or
whole trees if badly afiected. All such prunings should
then be destroyed by burning. This cutting should be done
whenever the disease is observed, but is especially advisable
in the fall or late summer, when the trees should be care-
fully examined, to make sure that no diseased branches or
twigs are left to perpetuate the disease over winter. As
the disease affects the hawthorne (Crataegus), shad bush
(Amelanchier) and mountain ash (Pirus Americana), as
well as the cultivated fruits, it may spread from some of
these wild trees to the latter, unless care is taken to prevent
such contagion. It is not probable, however, that such in-
fection is ordinarily at all extensive.

The Quince Rust.
(^Oymnosporangmm clavipes C. and P.)
The numerous inquiries which we have received during
the past season concerning this not uncommon trouble, as
well as our own observations, indicate that it has been un-
usually prevalent and destructive. The disease affects prin-
cipally the fruit, but also the young wood, causing distortion
and malformation in both cases. It is very conspicuous
upon the affected quinces in midsummer, both from their
distorted shape, and from the numerous white, tubular ex-
crescences appearing upon their surface. These excres-

62 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

cences contain masses of the bright orange-yellow colored
spores of the fungus which causes the disease. The fungus
has a peculiar course of development. It not only exists in
the form seen upon the quince, but has also another form or
stage, living upon a diflerent kind of plant and quite differ-
ent in appearance. This stage of the fungus lives upon the
red and white cedar and the juniper, and is one of the forms
which produce upon those plants the abnormal growths pop-
ularly known as "cedar apples." These cedar apples are
peculiar outgrowths upon the twigs of cedars and junipers,
reaching their complete development in early spring. They
are oftentimes regarded as the proper product of the tree, or
as insect galls, — which ideas are equally incorrect. These
growths begin to form in midsummer, developing as small
excrescences upon the twigs and gradually increasing in
size until winter, when they are nearly full grown. An
"apple" consists at this stage of an abnormal mass of the
cells of the tree, wnth the filaments of the fungus growing
abundantly betW'Cen them. Remaining thus over winter,
the first warm, moist weather of spring starts it into further
growth and development. Upon the surface of the aflected
wood numerous projections appear, of a conical shape, and
composed of a yellow, gelatinous substance. These projec-
tions are composed of a mass of the fungous filaments and a
gelatinous substance which they secrete. In them are pro-
duced the spores of this, the teleuto stage. These spores
are composed of two cells and borne on long stalks. The
sudden appearance of these peculiar growths on cedar trees
just after a spring rain is often taken for the blossoming of
the tree, but is in reality the fructification of the fungus
parasitic upon it. The gelatinous appendages of the cedar
"apples" soon dry up and wither away after the rain, but
not until the teleuto spores contained in them have ger-
minated and produced secondary reproductive bodies called
sporidia. These are carried away in the air, and proceed
to infect, not cedar trees, but quinces or one or two other
related plants. Upon the surface of these they germinate
and produce filaments which grow into the substance of the
young fruit or stems, and by their presence there cause the

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 63

distortion in shape seen in affected specimens. Upon this
host the fungus forms little pustules just beneath the sur-
face, finally breaking out into the air as tubular projections.
In these are formed the yellow spores of this stage, called
cecidia. These spores are unable to infest quinces again,
but upon cedar trees begin the development of a new gen-
eration of "apples," which will in turn produce teleuto
spores the following spring.

Treatment. — It is not often that the damage caused by
this disease is of great extent. Sometimes, however, it
becomes sufficiently troublesome to make it worth while to
attempt to repress it. It is evident that the most vulnera-
ble point of the fungus causing the trouble lies in its inabil-
ity to reproduce itself continuously upon the quince. The
most direct method of treatment, therefore, is to extermi-
nate all white and red cedars and junipers from the vicinity
of the orchard, and cut off all affected parts of the fruit
trees, or entirely destroy badly affected ones. This, for
various reasons, however, may not always be possible or
desirable. As to spraying methods, it has been found quite
effective to spray with Bordeaux mixture two or three times
during the spring, especially during or just after rainy
weather, when the spores are being disseminated. It may
also be possible sometimes to remove affected twigs of
cedar and juniper trees before the spores have been pro-
duced.

This same fungus has also been unusually abundant during
the past season upon the fruit of various species of Cratffi-
gus (hawthorne), accompanied by an equal abundance of
the closely related species, Gymnosporangium globosum,
upon the leaves. We have also noticed these or related
species upon the fruit of the Japanese quince (Cydonia
Japonica) and mountain ash (Pirus Americana).

The Brown Rot of Stone Fruits.

{Monilia fructigena. Pers.)

This well-known disease found in the past summer just

the conditions suited to its best development, and the peach,

plum and cherry crops suffered in consequence. The dis-

64 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

ease needs no description to tliose who have ever tried to
raise any of the above-mentioned fruits. It appears in the
summer, some time after the fruit has set, often just as it
comes to maturity, or even earlier in the season, the time
of its appearance depending a great deal upon the weather,
a warm, rainy period being liable to bring it on at anytime.
Indeed, it does not always wait for the production of fruit
upon which to make its attacks, but often develops upon the
blossoms, causing them to abort, and spreading thence into
the young twigs upon which they arc borne, results in their
death. Upon the fruit the rotting is almost always found
to some extent at the time of ripening, and, as already
mentioned, often occurs earlier in the season when the
weather is favorable, i. e., warm and moist. At such times
the greater part of the crop is sometimes destroyed. In
cherries the chief damage is done upon the ripe fruit. In
peaches and plums, which have a longer season of ripening,
the young fruit is more frequently affected. Early peaches
are considered more susceptible to the disease than the later
varieties.

The cause of this disease is a mould-like fungus (a true
parasite, nevertheless), which spreads its vegetative fila-
ments through the affected fruit and thus causes its decay.
Wet weather brings about the rotting of the fruit by favor-
ing the growth of the fungus, not l)y its direct effect. Fruit
which is affected begins to discolor and soften, and gradu-
ally dries up and shrivels into a shrunken mass about the
stone. It often remains on the tree for months, especially
in the peach. In the early stages of infection the surface
becomes covered over with little grayish spots of a powdery,
dusty nature. These are clusters of the spores of the fun-
gus, produced in countless numbers on the ends of filaments
from the inside of the fruit which have pushed out through
the surface. These spores, which serve to reproduce the
fungus, are extremely minute in size, so that en masse they
appear as a fine dust. Being easily carried by the wind,
they are spread far and wide, and may thus infect a large
district in a few days, under favoral)lc conditions. After
becoming dry and hard the affected fruits cease producing

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 65

spores, but their period of harmfulness is not yet ended.
After lying over winter in a dormant state, the fungus in
them is again aroused to life by the warm rains of spring,
and begins the production of spores which are ready to in-
fect the crop about to be produced.

It has been thought practicable by some to exterminate or
at least greatly reduce this disease by the destruction of all
affected fruit and thus prevent the fungus from surviving
through the winter. The variety of fruits upon which it
can exist, however, and the practical hopelessness of accom-
plishing the destruction of any considerable proportion of
it, together with the uncertainty of the fungus being alto-
gether dependent upon the dormant stage found in the
dried-up fruit for its existence over winter, make the suc-
cess of this plan very doubtful. We would not, however,
discourage the practice of removing and destroying the
affected fruit, especially any remaining upon the trees over
winter : for this mav result in future decrease of the rottino;,
especially in isolated orchards or trees.

The usual methods of orchard spraying have been found
to keep this disease in check to a considerable extent, though
in favorable weather it will often sweep through an orchard,
despite all precautions. The spraying should be begun
early, and kept up through the season with considerable
frequency, especially near the time when the fruit is matur-
ing. For such spraying, Professor Maynard recommends
the use of the ammoniacal copper carbonate or a weak
solution of copper sulphate. Details in regard to the treat-
ment of this disease may be found in Bulletin 44 of this
station.

The Chrysanthemum Rust.

(Puccinia Tanaceti, S.)

In the last annual report a rust upon chrysanthemum
leaves was described, this being, as far as known, the first
published mention of such a disease. The specimens were
sent by Mr. G. H. Hastings of Fitchburg, who had experi-
enced heavy loss as the result of the rust. This was the
only occurrence of the disease encountered during 1896.

66 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

This year it has appeared in many places, both in this and
other States, occasioning considerable loss, as it is often very
destructive to infected plants. It is not yet generally
known, however, among those who cultivate the chrysanthe-
mum, though we fear that it may be by another year. Judg-
ing from the history of many similar diseases (asparagus
rust, carnation rust, hollyhock rust, etc.), it will not be
surprising if a general epidemic of this disease occurs next
year. It will be well worth while, therefore, for growers to
take precautions for guarding against it as much as possible,
especially those whose stock is already infected. Great care
should be exercised to get cuttings from vigorous plants,
unaffected by the rust ; and it will no doubt be profitable in
the end to spray them a few times during the summer with
the Bordeaux mixture or potassium sulphide, using one ounce
of the latter in two gallons of water, or stronger, if the
leaves will stand it. Should the rust appear on the young
plants, they should certainly be sprayed at once and at fre-
quent intervals thereafter, and the affected plants removed
and destroyed. It will be useless to try to save them as
they are doomed to destruction, or at best will only attain
a weak, sickly, worthless growth. When the plants are
placed in the benches for the fall, great care should be taken
that no rusty specimen goes in, else it may bring about the
ruin of the entire lot. Further than these suggestions little
more can be said about the disease until time shall have
shown what its seriousness may be and to what extent it can
be controlled.

There are several other diseases affecting the leaves of the
chrysanthemum, so that some may be in doubt whether their
plants are really infested with the rust. It causes discolor-
ation of the leaves, like other less destructive diseases, but
may be distinguished from them by its production of small
pustules, of a dark-red, powdery substance, on the under
side of the leaves, something as in the carnation rust. This
red powder consists of the spores of the fungus, which re-
produce and disseminate it.

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 67

A Disease of the Cultivated Geeanium.

During the past summer there appeared upon the leaves of
some geranium plants upon the college grounds a disease
which appears to be different from anything heretofore de-
scribed. The plants in question grew in a long border bed,
and comprised several different varieties. Along the back
edge of the bed, trees and low shrubbery hung over to a
considerable extent, so that the phmts in that portion were
quite shaded, while those in front were exposed more directly
to the sun. The disease came on in the latter part of July,
during the rainy weather then prevailing. The leaves began
to turn yellow in small spots, which gradually increased in
size, the leaf tissue dying away at those points ; thus the
leaves soon became covered with dead spots of considerable
size, and finally lost their vitality completely. The plants
in the front of the bed were most affected, those in the
shaded portion showing little or none of the disease. All
varieties, as above mentioned, were equally affected. The
plants were sprayed with the Bordeaux mixture, but with no
apparent success. The same disease was brought to our no-
tice in Northampton and also in the eastern part of the State.

The trouble appeared to be the result of the attack of some
fungus, but investigation of the affected leaves failed to re-
veal any such organism. Neither was there any evidence
of the presence of insects. Numerous bacteria, however,
were found in all affected tissue, and appeared to be the
cause of the spotting of the leaves. We do not consider this
a genuine disease of the geranium, nor do we expect to find it
occurring in the future. That the plants were in a condition
of low vitality and hindered growth by reason of the exces-
sive moisture, and hence were an easy prey to organisms
which ordinarily would be unable to affect them, seems the
most probable explanation. The futility of spraying to pre-
vent such a disease becomes apparent when its real nature is
revealed.

Some Leaf Blights of Native Teees.
During the past season several different kinds of trees
have been so generally affected with certain leaf-attacking
fungi as to become almost entirely defoliated before the end

68 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

of the summer. While of no great economic or practical
importance, these attacks have been so marked and their
effects so conspicuous that a brief description of the nature
of the trouble may be of interest. The following diseases
were generally prevalent wherever the host trees occurred,
over the considerable portion of New England which we vis-
ited during the summer.

A Leaf Blight of the Sycamore or Buttomoood.

(^Olocosijoriiim nervisequum Fckl. Sacc.)

Numerous inquiries reached us during the spring and
early summer concerning the very prevalent and destructive
blighting of the leaves of the sycamore tree (BJatanus occi-
dentalis) . It is probable that every good-sized tree of this
species in the State was attacked by the disease. The
younger trees were apparently, for some unexplained reason,
less susceptible. The trouble appeared in May, when the
trees, which had just leaved out, appeared as if they had
been nipped by a frost or scorched by fire. The leaves with-
ered and turned brown, the new twigs were killed and many
of the leaves fell to the ground. In this condition the trees
lost all beauty, and became unsightly objects. This disease
is not entirely new in this State, although it has never been
so generally prevalent before. It was first described in Ger-
many in 1848, and has been common in various parts of
Europe since then. In this country it has occurred mostly
within the last fifteen years. It first appeared in the District
of Columbia, Ohio, Kentucky and other parts of the country
south of here, but is now widespread.

The cause of this disease is a parasitic fungus, growing in
the leaves and 3'oung twigs of the tree, and causing their
death. Several other fungi are usually found in connection
with the disease, and may have something to do in causing
it. This disease is a very serious drain upon the vitality of
the tree, and often results in its death. Its occurrence early
in the season, however, favors the tree, since it has a chance
to, and in fact does, produce a new crop of foliage to carry
it through the season. This exhausts the tree, however, and
if repeated for several seasons is likely to cause its death.

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 69

As to a remedy for this disease, there is little to say.
Spraying with fungicides is not to be practically considered,
on account of the size and small economic importance of the
tree. Gatherino; and burnino; diseased branches and leaves
might lessen the trouble somewhat ; but, if the disease con-
tinues to prevail, it will probably be best in the end to dis-
pense with the sycamore as an ornamental tree, and plant
something else instead.

A Leaf Blight of the Butternut.

(^Olocosjiorium Jtcglandis (Lib.) Mont.)

No fungous disease has been more noticeable throughout
the State during the past season than this. It first became
apparent in July, when butternut trees were noticed to be
losing their foliage. Examination showed that the rapidly
falling leaflets were covered with dead and discolored spots,
and had lost their vitality. All trees were not affected in
the same degree, as some were almost completely defoliated
in August, while others were attacked later or lost their
leaves more slowly. By October 1, however, it was almost
or quite impossible to find a butternut tree which had not
lost the greater part of its leaves.

The cause of the trouble is a fungus, which lives in spots
in the leaf, killing the tissue at these points and gradually
causing the death of the whole leaflet, so that it falls to the
ground. The disease spreads rapidly from leaf to leaf and
from tree to tree, and many trees are soon defoliated. It is
a well-known fungus, but has been unusually abundant this
year.

A Leaf Spot of the Chestnut.
(^Septoria ochrolenca (B. and C.)

This is another disease, quite similar to those above de-
scribed, which has been very prevalent this year. It first
became noticeable in July, when the ground under chestnut
trees was covered with fallen leaves. Upon these leaves the
fungus manifested itself very prominently in small, round,
dead spots, about one-eighth of an inch in diameter, scat-
tered over the surface more or less abundantly. These
spots are the points where the fungus has become estab-

70 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

lished and killed the tissue. The fungus, like all those
causing these diseases, reproduces itself b}^ spores, which
are produced in minute cavities in the dead area, usually
on the under side of the leaf. Almost all the leaves on
affected trees become dotted over with the little dead spots,
and most of them fall to the ground before their time, thus
weakening the tree. The disease is not, however, an espe-
cially destructive one, except to the beauty of the tree.

A Leaf Spot of the Wild Black Cherry.
{Septoria cerasina, Pk.)

The well-known "shot-hole" fungus, which often causes
extensive damage to the plum and cherry, has been exceed-
ingly abundant this year upon the leaves of the wild black
cherry {^Prunus serotina)^ many trees being almost entirely
leafless in August. This fungus attacks the leaves of plums
and cherries of several species, producing dead spots upon
them, and eventually causing their death. In connection
with the wild cherry the disease has little economic impor-
tance, except as it may spread from that tree to cultivated
species. On this account, the destruction of the wild cherr\' ,
so desirable for the repression of the black knot and tent
caterpillar, is even more advisable.

QUINCE.

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 71

REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST.

SAMUEL T. MAYNARD.

The lines of work in this division the past season have
been largely the same as for 1896.

Kaspberry Seedlings.

The collection of raspberry seedlings, now three years
old, produced a large crop of fruit the past season, and many
most promising varieties were found among them. These
seedlings were from the hybrid or purple-cap variety Shaffer.
They produced a great variety of forms, from the black-cap
type (^Rubus occidentalis) , the hybrid type of the parent, to
some of the most beautiful forms of the red raspberry
(^Rubus strigosus) and to albino forms of both species.
Careful records of the hardiness of cane, vigor of growth,
time of ripening, productiveness and quality were made
during the season, and at this time the plantation is a very
handsome one.

Another collection of seedlings from the same source, but
one year younger, also shows many interesting forms of
growth.

Seedling Currants.

About three hundred seedling currant bushes two years
old have made a good growth and show many interesting
varieties.

Grape Seedlings.

The collection of seedling grapes, numbering some six
hundred varieties, is very interesting. The growth has been
very vigorous and healthy, and most of them are in a con-
dition to yield enough fruit next season to determine some-

72 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

thing of their value. From the appearance of the foliage
and the growth of vine we may look for a great variety of
types of fruit.

Strawberry Seedlings.

This collection, numbering about four hundred varieties,
is in a very fine condition, and some varieties have shown
decided merits.

Named Kinds of Straavberries.

Many new varieties of strawberries of decided merit have
been added to the collection. Many of the older varieties
of little merit have been discarded, and the plots at this
time never looked so well.

Strawberry Field.

The field crop is planted on the knoll south of the old
farm buildings, and is in a remarkably good condition.
This land is of a gravelly nature, but with a retentive sub-
soil of hardpan, which in an ordinarily moist season may be
depended upon to produce a large crop of fruit, but in a
very dry time suffers severely. The land slopes in such a
manner that either the trench system or the spraying sys-
tems of irrigation or sub-irrigation can be employed in case
of drought. Two reservoirs on the grounds are available
for this purpose, and the three methods may be compara-
tively tested. A considerable quantity of two and one-half
and two inch pipe on hand is available for this work. This
need not be of any great expense, while its importance is
very great, as no comparative results have ever been ob-
tained that show whether any of the methods can be profit-
ably employed, or which is the most valuable.

Variety Testing.

The value of the comparative tests of varieties of fruits,
vegetables, flowers, etc., is often discussed. That it is a
legitimate and important part of the work of the stations is
shown in the demand made for the publications recording the
results of such tests. When we consider the largfe number

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 73

of new varieties of fruits, vegetables, etc., oflered to the
public every year at high prices, with the claim of merits
for them far above those of the standard sorts, and which
the average grower cannot afford to buy and test, it is cer-
tain that the stations can save the people much loss and ex-
pense.

In the work of variety testing at this station in past years,
the reports show that the new varieties reported as being the
most valuable have been those that later were considered
most valuable and were most largely grown by the commer-
cial grower, while the varieties reported as having little or
no value have been everywhere soon discarded by the grow-
ers who tested them. This work would be of much greater
value, without doubt, if one or more snb-stations in different
parts of the State could be established, where the same var-
ieties could be tested under different conditions of soil and
exposure.

The large number of new varieties of all kinds of fruit,
vegetables, etc., being introduced every year, and generally
with extravagant claims of merit, renders this work of the
Experiment Station imperative, and the people should refuse
to purchase such varieties until they have the endorsement
of the stations of several States. A single season's trial of
a variety is of very little value. It requires several years,
at least, to prove the value of vegetables or even the more
early maturing small fruits, while tree fruits require a much
longer period.

Other Experevients.

Among the other experiments now under way may be
mentioned the destruction of greenhouse insects by the use
of hydrocyanic acid ; the testing of the value and keeping
qualities of some fifty-five varieties of celery ; sub-irrigation
in growing lettuce under glass ; the use of different kinds of
mulch for strawberries ; methods of overcoming the aspar-
agus rust ; testing varieties of dwarf Lima beans, etc.

Reports will soon be made of the results of the variety
tests of fruits, vegetables, etc. ; the use of "Laurel Green"
as an insecticide and fungicide ; of arsenate of lead as an in-
secticide ; and of other work done during the year.

74 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST.

DIVISION OF FOODS AND FEEDING.

J. B. LiNDSEY.

Assistants, E. B. Holland, F. W. Mobsman, B. K. Jones, H. H. Roper.

Part I. — Laboratory Work.

Outline of Year's Work.

Part II. — Feeding Experiments and Dairy

Studies.

Part I.

Extent of Chemical Work.

The work of the chemical laboratory connected with this
department has very materially increased during the past
year. There have been tested 150 samples of water, 197
samples of milk, 2 samples of oleomargarine, 1 sample of
butter, 123 samples of miscellaneous substances. In addi-
tion to the above, which were sent to the station for exami-
nation, there have been analyzed 260 samples of milk and
388 samples of feed stufl's, in connection with experiments
in progress by this and other divisions of the station,
making a total of 1,147 substances which have passed
through the laboratory Avithin twelve months. There have
also been carried on, for the Association of OflScial Agricult-
ural Chemists, chemical investigations, relative to the meth-

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 75

ods best adapted for the estimation of starch in agricultural
products. This has involved a great amount of chemical
work, the extent of v^hich it is impossible to express in mere
figures.

Character of Chemical Work.

Water. — The analyses of water have been made by the
same methods as heretofore, and with the same end in view,
namely, to aid farmers and others in guarding against the
danger arising from the use of waters coming from polluted
springs and wells. Illness frequently occurs in the family,
the cause of which it is often difficult to explain, until an
examination of the water reveals its pollution with sink,
privy, stable or other drainage. The waters tested show
much the same condition as in former years ; in round num-
bers, 15 per cent, could be pronounced excellent, 40 per
cent." fair, 25 per cent, suspicious and 20 per cent, danger-
ous for drinking. Fully 50 per cent., therefore, were con-
sidered of a suspicious character. Three samples were
found to contain lead, and had been known to have produced
lead poisoning. We can only repeat the advice given in
former years, in cautioning all who are obliged to depend
upon wells and springs for their water supply to take every
precaution to prevent any drainage from entering, and to
keep the grounds about the well or spring free from all
objectionable matter. Lead pipes should never be used to
draw water through, especially if the water is free from min-
eral matter (soft).

Milh. — The most of the milk received at the station has
been sent by farmers who ship their milk to Boston con-
tractors. They had probably been notified by the contract-
ors that their milk was below the Massachusetts standard,*
and they wished to ascertain its exact quality, and what, if
anything, could be done for its improvement. The larger
part of this milk was found to contain 12 to 12.5 per cent,
of solids and from 3.25 to 3.50 per cent, of fat, and was in
all probability the unadulterated product of the cow. The
contractor, however, because of the large amount of milk

* The Massachusetts standard calls for 13 per cent, solids and 3.70 per cent, fat,
excepting during April, May, June, July and August, when but 12 per cent, solids
and 3 per cent, fat are required.

76 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

oflfered, can afford to be particular, and desires only that up
to, or above the legal standard. In such cases there is
nothing for the farmer to do but to add some grade Jersey
or Guernsey cows to his herd. It certainly would be a long
step forward, if milk were sold not simply as milk, but with
a guarantee of composition. Milk containing 11.5 per cent,
solids and 3 per cent, of fat should surely bring less per
quart than milk containing 12, 13 or 14 per cent, solids, and
3.25, 4 or 5 per cent. fot.

Cattle Feeds. — At its session of 1897, the State Legis-
lature passed a law authorizing the inspection of feed stuffs.
The work is being carried out by this department, and it is
hoped that it will result in keeping out poor and adulterated
material, and in keeping the regular articles of as constant a
composition as possible. Considerable adulterated cotton-
seed meal was found on the market during the early spring
months. This material consisted of a mixture of hulls and
meal, the former ground very fine in order to conceal its
identity. The adulterated product contained from 22 to 30
per cent, of protein, while a prime meal should show from
40 to 45 per cent. Farmers were warned through the agri-
cultural and daily papers of the presence of the adulterated
article, and cautioned against its purchase. The result of
this has been to produce a feeling of uncertainty and to re-
strict the use of the genuine article. To overcome this, the
American Cotton Oil Company have placed a guarantee of
composition upon every bag put out by them. It is hoped
other manufacturers will follow this example. Farmers
should hy all 'means give the preference to the guaranteed
article.

Other new feed stuffs are those put out by the H. O. Com-
pany, under the name of dairy, horse and poultry feeds.
The feeding values of these feeds are being investigated.
Varieties of oat feeds, being mixtures of oat hulls with more
or less corn meal, are found in the market without name or
guarantee. Farmers are cautioned against their purchase,
for the reason that the price asked is, as a rule, considerably
in excess of their feeding value.

Methods for the Determination of Starch. — The work
undertaken for the Association of Official Chemists, already

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 77

alluded to, has been reported to them. While more work
will be done along this line, it has been quite clearly demon-
strated that the so-called Maercker and Reinke methods for
the estimation of starch in agricultural products are faulty,
and will give altogether too high results. The only method
from which reasonably accurate results may be expected is
the diastase or malt method,* and this method has been
adopted by the official chemists in place of all others.

Part II.

Experiments with Pigs.
Two experiments have been completed with pigs, and a
third is now near completion. These experiments were
designed to study the value of corn meal as compared with
hominy and cerealine feeds for pork production, when fed in
combination with skim-milk. Both these feeds are quite
similar in composition. They consist of the hull, germ and
more or less bran and starch removed from white corn, dur-
ing the preparation of cracked hominy and cerealine flakes
for human consumption. Cerealine is much more bulky
than the hominy feed. These experiments will be published
in detail later. It can be said, however, that pigs have made
nearly, and in some cases fully, as good growth on these
feeds as on an equal amount of corn meal.

Salt Marsh Hay.

A thorough investigation has been completed concerning
the general character and feeding value of salt marsh hay.
The results are being published in bulletin form. The prac-
tical conclusions, briefly stated, are as follows : —

The several varieties of salt hay have, ton for ton, from 10
to 17 per cent, less feeding value than average English hay.
When 10 to 12 pounds of salt hay were fed daily, together
with 7 or 8 pounds of grain and a bushel of ensilage, the
ration produced within 2 to 5 per cent, as much milk and

* Sachsse's method can be used for estimating starch in commercial starch and in
potatoes.

78 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

butter as an equal amount of English hay similarly com-
bined.

Because of the less market value of salt as compared with
English hay, rations containing the salt hay, as given above,
produced milk and butter from 10 to 20 per cent, less than
did rations containing English hay. No objectionable flavor
was noticed when the salt hay was fed directly after milking.

It is undoubtedly wise for farmers living near the salt
marshes to feed salt hay and sell English hay. For the re-
sults in detail, and a fuller discussion, see the bulletin.

Digestion Experiments.

During the past year we have studied the amount of actual
nutriment in salt hays, to which reference has already been
made, in a number of new by-products and in green crops
for soiling. Many of our results, together with practical
conclusions therefrom, will soon be ready for publication.

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 79

COTTON-SEED FEED AS A HAY SUBSTITUTE
FOR MILCH COWS.

J. B. LIKDSEY, E. B. HOLLAND AND B. K. JONES.

The Experiment concisely described.
What Cotton-seed Feed is. — The seeds of the cotton plant
are irregular, egg-shaped in form, and almost hidden by a
tuft of white fibre which covers their surface. The meat of
the seed is covered with a thick, tough hull of a black color.
Machines have been invented to remove this hull, and the
meat is subjected to warm pressure for the purpose of re-
moving as much as possible of the oil. The pressed meat or
cake is ground, and results in the decorticated, bright yellow
cotton-seed meal of commerce. The black hull, covered with
the white fibre, was formerly almost entirely used as fuel,
and the ashes were sold for fertilizing purposes. Of late
many southern farmers, at the recommendation of experi-
ment stations in the south, have been mixing these hulls with
the cotton-seed meal and feeding them to beef and dairy cat-
tle, with very good success. Within the last few years this
material, under the name of cotton-seed feed ^ has been ofiered
in our Massachusetts markets. The manufacturers claim
that the feed consists of 1,600 pounds of hull and 400
pounds of meal, thoroughly mixed by machinery. The price
charged has been $13 per ton in car lots, delivered in Mas-
sachusetts, which would be equivalent to at least $15 in sin-
gle tons. The feed, shipped in bags, is quite bulky, and,
because of the white fibre covering the hull, looks somewhat
like wool waste. Its color is light yellow, due to the ad-
mixture of the cotton-seed meal.

The Experiments briefly stated.
The experiment station has conducted four experiments
with this feed, two with milch cows and two with sheep.

80 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

The feed for the first experiment was furnished by the man-
ufacturers. In the second experiment we procured the sep-
arate ingredients, and mixed the feed ourselves. Each of
the two milk experiments was made with six cows. In the
first experiment the feed consisted of a constant grain and
ensilage ration, together with a good quality of first-cut hay
and cotton-seed feed ; in the second experiment there was a
constant grain and mangel ration, in addition to the hay
and cotton-seed feed. The cotton-seed feed was looked upon
as being similar in character to hay, and, in attempting to
get at its value, from 12 to 15 pounds were substituted
daily for a like quantity of hay. The first experiment lasted
twenty-one days and the second twenty-eight days. In case
of digestion experiments, in which six single tests were made,
some of the sheep received nothing but the cotton-seed feed,
and others received half hay and half of the feed. While
the cotton-seed feed has not an attractive appearance, the
animals in all cases ate their daily rations with no apparent
objections.

The Results.

I. The total average gain of the six cows in live weight
during the cotton-seed period was 95 pounds, and during the
hay period 166 pounds.

II. The production of milk, milk solids and butter fat
was so nearly alike in the average of both experiments as to
be within the limits of experimental error.

III. The cost of producing milk and butter with the hay
and with the cotton-seed ration varied but very little.

IV. A ton of cotton-seed feed contained about 964
pounds of digestible matter, and a ton of the hay about
1,007 pounds of digestible material.

V. A full description of the experiments, together with
all data bearing on the results, will be found further on.

Is Cotton-seed Feed economical for Massachusetts

Farmers ?

There would unquestionably be no advantage for the aver-
age farmer to feed this material in place of hay, unless he
could sell his hay for a sufficient advance over the cost of

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 81

the feed to warrant the change. Milkmen in the vicinity
of large cities, and others who are obliged to purchase their
coarse feed, might find it to their advantage to use some of
this material, especially if it could be bought for less than a
good quality of hay. It is possible that animals would tire
of this feed sooner than of hay. The cows used by the sta-
tion consumed it continuously for over a month with no
seeming objections. The cotton-seed feed must be looked
upon from a feeding stand-point in the light of a hay substi-
tute, and not as a grain feed, and only 8 to 10 pounds should
be fed each animal daily, in place of a like amount of hay or
other coarse fodder. Southern rather than northern farmers
can utilize cotton-seed feed to the best advantao-e.

The Experiments in Detail.

In 1889 Stone * records the fact that increasing quantities
of cotton-seed hulls and various mixtures of hulls and cotton-
seed meal were being fed by the farmers of the south for
beef and milk production. Since 1889 a great variety of
digestion and beef-producing experiments have been made
by the North Carolina station, f which have been productive
of a large amount of information relative to the physiological
and economic value of cotton-seed feed. The Texas experi-
ment station J has made experiments with milch cows to
study the economic value of this feed in a variety of fodder
rations.

In 1894 Armsby§ published the results of two experi-
ments with cotton-seed feed. In the first experiment the
cows, five in number, were fed as follows : Ration I. con-
sisted daily of 7.95 pounds of wheat bran and 11.69 pounds
of cotton-seed feed ; while Ration II. contained 3 pounds of
cotton-seed meal, 7 pounds of corn meal, 6 pounds of corn
fodder and 3.27 pounds of hay. Practically, the corn meal
and cotton-seed meal of the second ration were matched
against the bran, and cotton-seed meal contained in the
cotton-seed feed of the first ration, leaving the corn fodder

* Tennessee Experiment Station, Vol. II., No. 3, 1889.

t Bulletins 80c, 81, S7d, 93, 97, 106, 109, 118.

+ Bulletin 33, 1894.

§ Report Pennsylvania Experiment Station, page 44, 1894.

82 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

and hay to be compared with about the same quantity of
cotton hulls. The results, as would naturally be expected,
were in favor of Ration H. This latter ration contained
also 4 pounds more of digestible matter. In the second
trial, six cows were each given daily 6 pounds of Buffalo
gluten feed and 2 pounds of wheat bran. Ration I, con-
tained in addition 10.6 pounds of cotton-seed feed, and
Ration II. 4 pounds of corn meal and 9.7 pounds of clover
hay. It is not possible to regard this as a fair comparison,
for any one can see at a glance that 4 pounds of corn meal
and 9.7 pounds of clover hay (13.7 pounds) must give
better results than 10.6 pounds of cotton-seed feed. At
least a fairer comparison would have been to have matched
the cotton-seed feed against a like quantity of clover hay.
Simply because cotton-seed feed consists of a mixture of
cotton-seed hulls with cotton-seed meal, it is not at all
necessary when making a comparison to put the like amount
of cotton-seed meal or other grain into the opposite ration.
By so doing, one simply compares cotton-seed hulls with
some other fodder or fodder combination. The hulls them-
selves have an inferior nutritive value ; experiments have
demonstrated that their nutritive eflect is increased by the
addition of the cotton-seed meal. In order, therefore, to
get at the feeding value of this material, it must be regarded
as a single feed stuft*, and ought to be compared with other
coarse fodders of similar composition. It has been the aim
of the experimenter, in the two experiments that follow, to
make such a comparison.

A. Composition of Cotton-seed Feed.

The first lot of feed, supplied through the kindness of
Mr. H. C. Haskell of the Southern Cotton Oil Company of
Savannah, Ga., was said to have been mixed in the propor-
tion of 1,600 pounds of hulls to 400 pounds of meal. The
lot for the second experiment we prepared ourselves, in the
same proportion. The two lots varied very little in moist-
ure, but, for the sake of more exact comparison, the results
are presented in dry matter.

1898.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33.

83

No. 1
(Per Cent.).

Ko. 2
(Percent.).

Theoretical
Protein Con-
tent of No. 2

(Percent.).

Composition of Two Sam-
ples OF Hay fed in the

Two EXPEKIMENTS (PER

Cent.).

I.

II.

Ash,

Protein,

Fibre, .

Extract matter, .

Fat, .

3.82
13.02

39.67

39.59

3.90

3.51
11.98
40.69
40.13

3.69

13.85

5.94
11.07
32.00
47.92

3.07

5.78

8.41

33.98

49.15

2.68

Both Xos. 1 and 2 run rather below the theoretical per-
centage of protein. This is not surprising, from the fact
that it is extremely difficult to get a strictly average sample
of this feed. It is impossible to grind the hulls fine, and in
spite of all one can do, more or less of the meal will fall
through the hulls and not be included in the sample. It
will be noted that the cotton-seed feed and the hay resemble
each other in chemical composition, excepting that the cot-
ton-seed feed contains somewhat more fibre and less extract
matter.

B. Digestibility of Cottox-seed Feed.

Recognizing the valuable information secured by digestion
tests, six single trials with sheep were made of the two sam-
ples of feed. The sheep were grade Southdown mature weth-
ers. In four cases the cotton-seed feed was fed alone, and in
the remaining two the daily ration consisted of one-half hay
and one-half cotton-seed feed. In both cases the results
agree quite closely, except in case of the fat, which showed
a digestibility of 98 per cent, when the cotton-seed feed was
fed in connection with hay. This high result it was thought
best to exclude from the average. The cotton-seed feed ap-
peared to agree better with the sheep when fed in connection
with hay than when fed by itself. In the latter case, at the
close of the period the sheep began to show signs of diges-

84

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

tion disturbances, which would certainly have become quite
pronounced had the feeding been continued much longer.
The digestibility of the two different samples of cotton-seed
feed was practically the same. The North Carolina station
has made a very extended study of the digestibility of hulls
and meal fed in different proportions. The Pennsylvania
station has also made three single determinations. These
results, in addition to our own, are tabulated below : —

Digestion Coefficients.

,

.

^

ema

a
o

si

u a

a

CD
O

a
O

as w

^

"> Z> <i

,»1-

a u

1-1

■go

o

P.

•2 o °
io-2

1^ a^

iitS

?^

h<?

(h

o

t'^

1-1

x>--'

H^.

Ph

!zi

«

^1

f=<

m

c^

Massachusetts station,

4-1

6

56

41

56

59

92

North Carolina station, . . . .

6-1

2

46

46

40

50

82

North Carolina station

4-1

2

54

54

45

58

85

North Carolina station \

3-1
IH

! »

54

64

47

54

85

Pennsylvania station

5-1

3

43

36

31

54

84

Hay of mixed grasses with ten per cent.

_

.

58

68

60

59

48

protein for comparison.

The experiments made })y the North Carolina station
(4-1) and by the Pennsylvania station were carried out
with steers. The only difference between the results ob-
tained by the Massachusetts station and those recorded by
the North Carolina station (4-1) consists in the higher per-
centage of protein and the lower percentage of fibre digested
by the steers in the North Carolina experiments. The co-
efficients for fat digestibility also show some variation, but,
the fiit percentage being comparatively small, the difference
is not of so much account. The coefficients obtained by
Armsby are lower than would be expected. The coefficients
of digestibility for an extra quality of hay are not very
noticeably higher — excepting the protein — than those for
the cotton-seed feed.

According to the average coefficients of digestibility, a
ton of the hay and a ton of the cotton-seed feed fed in the

1898.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33.

85

milk experiments would contain the following amounts of

digestible organic nutrients

One ton hay,

One ton cotton-seed feed,

1,007.3
964.4

One would therefore suppose that a ton of cotton-seed feed
would have nearly the same feeding value as a like quantity
of hay. There might be one exception to the above state-
ment, in that it is possible that rather more energy would
be required to digest the cotton-seed feed than the hay.

C. Milk Experiments with Cotton-seed Feed.
Experiment I.
This experiment was conducted during April and May,
1896. The animals, six in number, were evenly divided
into two lots. In order to counteract the natural milk
shrinkage, three of the animals in the first half of the exper-
iment were fed the cotton-seed feed ration, while the other
three were having the hay ration. In the second half this
order was reversed. Each half of the experiment lasted
twenty-one days, and from seven to ten days were allowed
between the halves.

History of the Cows.

NAME.

Breed.

Age
(Years).

Last Calf
dropped.

Number of

Days with

Calf.

Milk: Yield at

Beginning of

Experiment

(Pounds).

Ada, .

f4rade Ayrshire,

7

Oct. 1

106

19

Red Spot, .

Grade Durham, .

G

Sept. -

90

21

Bessie,

Grade Ayrshire,

7

Sept. 10

69

25

Beauty,

Grade Jersey, .

5

Sept. 15

96

20

Red, .

Grade Durham, •

7

Oct. 8

141

20

Spot, .

Grade Durham, .

7

Oct. 8

141

20

Five of the above cows had been in two previous experi-
ments since October, 1895.

86

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

Dates of the Experiment.

Cotton-seed Ration.

Hay Ration.

April 8 through April 28,
May 11 through May 31,

Cows 3, 4, 5
Cows 1, 2, 6

Cows 1, 2, 6
Cows 3, 4, 5

Rations consumed Daily (^Pounds).

_. 1
3

Name.

Hay.

Cotton-
seed Feed.

Wlieat
15 ran.

Peoria
Gluten
Feed.

Linseed
Meal.

Millet and
Soy Bean
Ensilage.

13
o

a;

C

_o

o
O

' Ada,

Red Spot,

Bessie,

Beauty, .

Red, .
l^ Spot,

10
13
15
15
15
13

2
3

3
3
3
3

3

2
2
2
2

2

1

2
2

2

2
2

15

20
20
20
20
20

X

' Ada,
Red Spot,

Bessie,

<
'Beauty, .

Red, .

1^ Spot,

10
13

15
15

14.2
13

-

2
3
3
o
3
3

3

2
2

2

2
2

1
2
2
2
2
2

15

20
20
20
20
20

Average cotton-

seed feed.
Average hay, .

13.47

13.5

2.83
2.83

2.17
2.17

1.83
1.83

19.17
19.17

Although but three of the six cows received the same
ration at the same time, each animal received during the ex-
periment the two dirt'ercnt rations for exactly the same length
of time. It will be observed that the only difference be-
tween the rations consists in the substitution of the cotton-

1898. J

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

8t

seed feed for the hay, and vice versa. The entire rations
were eaten clean, excepting a small amount of hay refused
by Eed, which was preserved, analyzed and deducted from
the total fed. The feeds were weighed out daily and given
in two portions. Water was before the animals constantly.
The cows were carded daily, and allowed the run of a yard
in pleasant weather.

Digestible Nutrients in Daily Rations (Pounds) ,

Q

O

Mame.

Total Dry
Matter.

Digestible.

Nutritive

Protein.

Carbohj--
drates.

Fat.

Total.

Ratio.

CD

m
O

O
U

'Ada,

Red Spot,

Bessie, .

Beauty, .

Red,
I, Spot,

17.36

21.88
23.42
23.42
23.42

21.88

1.77
2.23
2.31
2.31
2.31
2.23

8.30
10.10
10.82
10.82
10.82
10.10

.67
.82
.86
.86
.86
.82

10.74
13.15
• 13.99
13.99
13.99
13.15

1:5.63
1:5.45
1:5.61
1:5.61
1:5.61
1:5.45

'Ada,

Red Spot,

Bessie, .

Beauty, .

Red,
. Spot,

17.. 30
21.81
23.90
23.90
23.19
21.81

1.92
2.42
2.57
2.57
2.53
2.42

8.74
10.70
11.05
11.05
10.72
10.70

.50
.59
.64
.64
.63
.59

11.16
13.71
14.26
14.26
13.88
13.71

1:5.20
1:5.03
1:4.92
1:4.92
1:4.86
1:5.03

Average cotton-

seed feed.
Average hay,

21.89
21.99

2.19
2.41

10.16
10.49

.82
.60

13.17
13.50

1:5.56
1:4.99

The coefficients of digestibility for the cotton-seed feed
and for the hay used in calculating the above digestible
nutrients were those obtained in our experiments with
sheep. Average coefficients were used for the grain feeds.
The above results show but little variation in the digestible
amounts of the several groups contained in the two rations.

88

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

Weight of Animals at Beginning and End of Experiment (^Pounds).

a
■a

o

a.

CD

Tl
<U

.si
1

a

•6
C3

o

■2
» .

W a

1=

Cotton-seed period, . J

Beginning, .
End,

771

891
888

795
792

937

928

1010
1025

967
977

V

Hay period, . . .J

Beginning, .
End, .

775
775

892
902

861
855

1000
1012

1070
1082

965
977

V

Two weights were taken of each animal at the beginning
and two at the end of the experiment. No marked varia-
tions were noted due to the influence of either ration.

Yield of Milk and Butter.

Q
O

S

Cows.

2-^

— 3
OS o

2-^ .
^ o

.-■wo,

2 j<j

1=2

^ -a
« M a

•O 3

S otu

pa a
_ 3

0^^

PQ a

ll

2S .

fAda

395.48

18.83

8.76

54.60

19.53

22.78

1.08

<o

1 Red Spot,

439.12

20.91

9.72

62.58

22.89

26.70

1.27

"o Bessie,

542.11

25.71

11.96

73.50

26.67

31.11

1.48

a

Beauty, .

444.00

21.14

9.83

66.99

24.99

29.15

1.39

o

Red

416.62

19.82

9.22

58.38

21.00

24.50

1.17

U

.Spot,.

337.25

16.06

7.47

60.82

18.27

21.31

1.01

'Ada

402.71

19.18

8.92

54.60

18.60

21.70

1.03

Red Spot,

458.75

21.84

10.16

64.05

21.29

24.84

1.11

Bessie,

526.86

25.09

11.67

70.35

23.81

27.78

1.32

a

■!

n

Beauty, .

399.89

19.04

8.86

58.17

20.35

23.74

1.13

Red

275.50

13.12

6.43

38.22

12.84

14.98

.71

.Spot,.

419.50

19.98

9.29

61.53

22.11

25.80

1.23

Total cotton-Beed feed, .

2,574.58

122.47

56.96

366.87

133.33

155.55

7.40

Total hay,

2,483.21

118.25

55.33

316.92

119.00

138.84

6.60

Percentage incrgase cot-
ton-seed feed over hay.

3.6+

-

-

5.44-f-

10.76+

-

-

The cotton-seed feed ration gave a slightly larger amount
of milk than the hay ration. A 5.4 percentage increase in
the amount of total solids is also noted, while fully ten per

1898.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

89

cent, more butter fat was produced by the cotton-seed ration.
This latter result could hardly have been expected. Should
cotton-seed feed exert a favorable influence in increasing
the relative amount of butter fat in the milk, other experi-
ments would show similar results, which we shall presently
show has not been the case. A part of the decrease in the
amount of milk, solids and tat produced by the hay ration
can be accounted for in the sudden shrinkage of Cow V.
(Red) in the second (hay) period. This cow was a grade
Durham, and at the beginning of her second period was
about 105 days from calving time. She began then to dry
ofl^ rapidly, showing a shrinkage of 34 per cent, in yield of
milk from that produced in the previous period, while other
animals shrank only from 5, to in one case 20 per cent.
Had Red shrank only 20 per cent., the total decrease in
milk yield in the hay period would have been but a trifle
over 1 per cent. The results of this experiment make rather
more of a favorable showing for the cotton-seed feed than
one would naturally expect, judging from its composition
and digestibility. Before, therefore, drawing positive con-
clusions, the reader is referred to the results of a second
experiment, described further on.

Dry and Digestible Matter required to produce Milk and Butter

{Per Cent.).

Dry Matter required
TO Produce —

Cotton-
seed
Period.

Hay

Period.

Digestible Matter re-
quired to produce —

Cotton.

seed
Period.

Hay
Period.

100 pounds milk, .
1 pound milk solids,
1 pound milk fat, .
1 pound butter,

107.10

7.52

20.69

17.75

111.56

7.98

23.27

19.99

100 pounds milk,
1 pound milk solids, .
1 pound milk fat,
1 pound butter, .

64.40
4.52
12.44
10.68

68.49
4.90
14.28
12.27

Market Cost of Feed Stuffs

Wheat bran, .....
Peoria gluten feed,
Linseed meal, ....
Millet and soya bean ensilage.

Hay,

Cotton-seed feed, ....

$15 00

per ton

15 00

20 00

3 50

15 00

15 00

90

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

With the above figures as a basis, we obtain the following
figures for the cost of feed required to produce milk and
butter : —

COWS.

Daily Feed
(Cents).

100 Pounds

Milk

(Cents).

Quart of

Milk
(Cents).

Pound

Butter Fat

(Cents).

Pound
Butter
(Cents).

'6
o

o

fAda,
Red Spot,
Bessie, .
Beauty, .
Red,
Spot,

14.87
19.00

20.50
20.50
20.50
19.00

79.00

90.90

79.70

97.00

103.40

118.20

1.69
1.95

1.71
2.08
2.22
2.54

15.99

17.43
16.14
17.23
20.50
21.84

13.77

15.00
13.85
14.03
17.52
18.81

-i

P,

'Ada,

Red Spot,

Bessie, .
<
Beauty, .

Red,

,Spot,

14.87
19.00
20.50
20.50
19.90
19.00

77.50
87.00
81.70
107.60
151.70
95.00

1.67
1.87
1.76
2.31
3.09
2.05

16.71
18.81
18.14
21.13
32.62
18.09

14.43
16.10
15.53
18.14
28.03
15.45

Average cottou-seed

feed period.
Average hay period,

19.06
18.90

94.70
100.10

2.03
2.12

18.19
20.92

15.49
17.94

The two rations costing the same, the cost of producing
milk and butter was rather favorable to the cotton-seed feed
ration.

Experiment II. (1896).

In view of the results obtained in the first experiment, it
was thought advisable to conduct a second under practically
the same conditions. The six cows were all approximately
fresh in niili<. The experiment was carried out in exactly
the same way as the preceding one.

1898.J

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

91

History of Coivs.

NAME.

Breed.

Age
(Years).

Last Calf Dropped.

Mary,

Grade Jersey,

9

July 1.

Jennie,

Grade Guernsey,

6

September.

Nora,

Grade Jersey, .

10

August 23.

Beauty,

Grade Jersey, .

6

September 15.

Red

Grade Durham, .

8

August 20.

Spot,.

Grade Durham, .

8

August 17.

The cows were farrow at the beginning of the experiment,
and all were served during the progress of the trial.

Dates of the Experiment.

Cotton-seed Period,

Hay Period.

October 6 through November 3, .
November 17 through December 15,

Cows 1, 2, 5.
Cows 3, 4, 6.

Cows 3, 4, 6.
Cows 1,2,5.

Rations eaten Per Day (Pounds).

NAME.

Hay.

Cotton-
seed Feed.

Mangolds.

Wheat
Bran.

Chicago
Gluten
Meal.

V

Mary,

2

15

15

5

3

'O

•r:

Jennie, .

3

12

15

5

3

ai

Ti

Nora,

_

15

15

5

3

1

Beauty, .

5

15

15

5

3

-u

Red,

3

15

15

5

3

O

l^Spot,

3

14.46

15

5

3

92

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

Rations eaten Per Day (Pounds) — Concluded.

NAME.

Hay.

Cotton-
setd Feed.

Mangolds.

Wheat
Bran.

Chicago
Gluten
Meal.

i

fMary,

Jennie, .

Nora,
<
Beauty, .

Red,

^Spot,

17
15

15
20
18
18

15
15
15
15
15
15

5
5
5
5
5
5

3
3
3
3
3
3

Average cotton-seed

feed period.
Average hay period.

2.68
17.17

14.41

15
15

5
5

3
3

It was not considered advisable to feed more than from 12
to 15 pounds of the cotton-seed feed daily, and the addi-
tional quantity of coarse fodder was secured by adding from
2 to 5 pounds of hay, to suit the appetites of the various
animals. We have, then, 12 to 15 pounds of cotton-seed
feed, compared with a like amount of hay. The cotton-seed
feed was mixed daily in the proportion of 4 pounds of hulls
to 1 pound of meal. The hay was a mixture of grasses, with
Timothy predominating. Some clover was scattered through

the mixture.

Digestible Matter in Rations (Per Cent.),

"

NAME.

Total Dry
Matter.

DiGKSTIBLE.

Nutritive

Protein.

Carbohy-
drates.

Fat.

Total.

Katio.

n3
O

•c

Oi
O

O

Mary, .
Jennie, .
Nora, .
Beauty, .
Red, .
^Spot, . . .

23.20
21.44
21.44

25.83
24.07
23.61

2.45
2.37
2.37

2.57
2.49
2.47

10.58
9.78
9.76
11.82
10.99
10.77

.83

.76
.81

.87
.85
.83

13.86
12.91
12.94
15.26
14.33
14.07

1:5.08
1:4.85
1:4.85
1:5.36
1:5.60
1:5.08

1898.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

93

Digestible Matter m Rations {Per Cent.) — Concluded.

NAME.

Total Dry
Matter.

Digestible.

Nutritive

Protein.

Carbohy-
drates.

Fat.

Total.

Ratio.

•73
O

'Mary, .

Jennie, .

Nora, .

Beauty, .

Red, .
l^Spot, .

23.17
21.42
21.42

25.78
•24.08
24.08

2.41
2.33
2.33
2.53
2.45
2.45

10.67
9.85
9.85
11.91
11.08
11.08

.56

.54
.54
.60
.58
.58

13.64
12.72
12.72
15.04
14.11
14.11

1:4.95
1:4.77
1:4.77
1:4.30
1:5.00
1:5.00

Average cotton -seed

feed period,
Average hay period, .

23.26
23.32

2.45
2.42

10.62
10.74

.82
.67

13.64
13.72

1:5.14

1:5.00

1

The amounts and proportions of digestible matter in each
of the two rations are identical. In calculating the above
rations, average digestion coefficients were taken for the
grains, the coefficients obtained at this station for the cotton-
seed feed, and in case of the hay, the coefficients obtained
by us for hay of similar appearance and composition. It
must be remembered that the above digestible material in
the two rations is only estimated. It is therefore quite pos-
sible that, had actual digestion experiments been made with
the cows, these figures may have been somewhat modified.

Weight of Animals at Beginning and End of Experiment (Pounds).

>.

"3

ts

3

•a

a

►^

^

«

«

OQ

o

( Beginning, .

768

818

745

943

1,006

1,007

^

Cotton-seed period,

(End, .

767

840

767

954

1,042

1,002

85

( Beginning, .

829

897

757

946

1,096

954

_

Hay period, .

(End, .

825

888

780

973

1,115

1,024

126

The cows were weighed at the same time for three con-
secutive days at the beginning and end of the experiment.

94

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

Four of the six cows were rather thin in flesh at the begin-
ning of the test, and made gains on both rations. The hay
period showed a herd increase of 41 pounds over the cotton-
seed period.

Milk and Butler Yields (^Pounds) .

Q
O

s

Cows.

a
o

'a

a
Q

Sod

i

2
o

1^

3

an

1

o
•a

V

<u

a
2

6

Mary, .
Jennie,
Nora, .
Beauty,
Red, .
.Spot, .

596.88
609.97
519.12

587.68
549.94

428.77

21.32
21.78
18.54
20.99
19.64
15.31

9.92
10.13
8.62
9.76
9.13
7.12

83.38
88.81
69.81
84.75
67.63
62.23

28.29
30.50
23.62
30.97
21.28
22.42

33.00
35.59
27.56
36.13
24.82
26.16

1.18
1.27

.98
1.29

.88
.93

_o

v
P.
>.

HI

fMary, .
1 Jennie,

Nora, .

Beauty,
1 Red, .
LSpot, .

575.64
527.12
613.34
685.67
557.00
491.17

20.55

18.82
21.89
24.47
19.89
17.56

9.57
8.75
10.17
11.38
9.25
8.17

79.83
80.49
80.77
97.85
69.62
70.83

27.34
30.46
24.78
33.60
22.72
23.23

31.90
35.54
28.91
39.20
26.51
27.10

1.14
1.27
1.03
1.40
.95
.97

Average cotton-seed feed

ration.
Average hay ration, .

548.73
574.99

19.59
20.53

9.10
9.55

76.10
79.90

26.18
27.02

30.54
31.53

1.09
1.13

Percentage increase hay over 4.6+
cotton-Beed period.

-

-

4.8+

3.1+

-

-

In this experiment, the results are tlie reverse of those ob-
tained in the first test, the hay period yielding several per
cent, more milk, milk solids and fat. Our observations of
the animals from day to day during the trial indicated that
the cotton-seed feed ration was falling slightly behind the
hay ration. The animals, being in the early part of the
lactation period, would naturally be more sensitive to the
effect of food than in the latter portion of the period of
lactation.

1898.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

95

Dry and Digestible Matter required to produce Milk and Butter

{Per Gent.).

Dry Matter required
to produce —

Cotton-
seed
Period.

Hay
Period.

Digestible Matter re-
quired to produce —

Cotton-
seed
Period.

Hay

Period.

100 pounds milk, .
1 pound oailk solids, .
1 pound milk fat, .
1 pound butter, .

118.70

8.56

24.88

21.38

113.60

8.18

24.17

20.70

100 pounds milk,
1 pound milk solids, .
1 pound milk fat,
1 pound butter, .

70.90

6.11

14.86

12.77

66.90
4.81
14.22
12.18

Market Cost of Feed Stuffs.

Wheat bran,

Chicago gluten meal,

Mangolds,

Hay, ....

Cotton-seed feed,

$14 00 per ton.

18 00

3 00

15 00

15 00

Cost of Feed to produce 3filk and Butter. Average for Six
Coivs {Cents).

Daily
Feed.

100

Pounds

Milk.

Quart

Milk.

Pound

Butter

Fat.

Pound
Butter.

Cotton-seed period,
Hay period, .

21.32
21.32

110.6
104.9

2.38
2.26

23.40
22.69

20.10
19.33

Increased percentaf;e cost of cotton-
seed over hay period.

5.2+

3.2+

The cotton-seed rations slightly increased the cost of the
milk and butter.

D. Average Results from Two Experiments.

It is thought desirable to bring together the results of
both experiments, believing that they will give a fair repre-
sentation of the relative values of like quantities of cotton-
seed feed and a good quality of hay.

1. Total Live Weight gained by the Six Coios in Both Experi-
ments {Pou7ids) .

Cotton-seed feed periods, 95

Hay periods, 166

96

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

2. Average Dry and Digestible Matter Consumed Daily {Pounds) ,

Total

Dry

Matter.

Digestible.

Nutritive
Ratio.

Protein.

Fat.

Carbohy-
drates.

Total.

Cotton-seed period,
Hay period, .

22.57
22.65

2.32
2.41

.82
.59

10.39
10.61

13.40
13.61

1: 5.35
1: 5.00

These figures show very slight variations.

3. Total Milk and Butter Yields (Pounds) ,

Milk.

Milk Solids.

Milk Fat.

Butter.

Cotton-seed period,
Hay period, .

Percentage increase hay over cotton-seed,

5867
5933
1.1-f

823.5
826.3
.34+

290.4
281.1
3.2—

338.8
328.0
3.2-

These variations can be reajarded as within the limits of

experimental error

4. Average Feed Cost of Milk and Butter (Cents).

Daily
Cost of
Feed.

100

Pounds

Milk.

Quart
Milk.

Pound

Butter

Fat.

Pound
Butter.

Cottonseed period

Hay period

Percentage increased cost of hay over
cotton-seed.

20.19
20.14

±

102.6
102.5

±

2.20
2.19

±

20.79
21.80
4.63+

17.79
18.63
4.5+

The 4.6 percentage increased cost of butter in the hay
period is due to the rather unexpected results in the first
experiment.

5. Dry and Digestible Matter required to produce Milk and Butter.
I, Dry Matter (Pounds).

100

Pounds

Milk.

Pound

Milk

Solids.

Pound
Butter Fat.

Pound
Butter.

Cotton-seed period.
Hay period.

112.9
112.6

22.79
23.72

19.56
20.37

1898.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

97

//. Digestible Matter (^Pounds).

100

Pounds

Milk.

Pound

Milk

Solids.

Pound
Butter Fat.

Pound
Butler.

Cotton-aeed period,
Hay period,

67.65
67.69

4.81
4.85

13.65
14.25

11.72
12.22

General Conclusions.

Cotton-seed feed, from its appearance, is certainly not an
attractive looking article for consumption. The cotton-seed
hulls, comprising the bulk of the feed, consists of the dark
seed coats, together with an entangling mass of fibre. They
are difficult to masticate, and quite indigestil)le. The cot-
ton-seed meal with which the hulls are mixed imparts its
flavor to the material, and actually increases the digestibility
of the hulls. In our experiments we have had no trouble in
inducing animals to eat 12 to 15 pounds daily within three
or four days. The two experiments have shown cotton-seed
feed to give as large milk and butter yields, at as low a cost,
as a good quality of hay. The writer is of the opinion,
however, that this feed requires more energy for its diges-
tion than hay, and, when fed for any length of time, would
have a tendency to induce digestive disturbances. A mix-
ture of hulls and meal could probably be turned to better
account for fattening steers than as a continuous feed for
dairy cows. Massachusetts farmers could derive no benefit
from feeding this material in place of hay. For those who
are obliged to purchase all of their coarse feeds, it might be
desirable to use one-half of this material in place of hay,
provided it could be purchased for somewhat less money.
Cotton-seed feed should be consumed where it is produced.
For the farmers of the south it is undoubtedly a cheap source
of coarse feed, and, when fed in moderate quantities, will
unquestionably return good results.

98

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

Analytical Data.

Dry Matter Determinations (^Per Cent.).
Experime?it I.

Hay.

Millet and
Soy Bean
Ensilage.

Cotton
seed-
Feed.

Wheat
Bran.

Linseed
Meal.

Peoria
Gluten
Feed.

April 8 through April 28, .
May 11 through May 31, .

90.33
89.84

18.79
20.58

89.00
88.10

87.89
87.86

90.58
90.48

93.04
93.23

Experiment II.

Hay.

Cotton-
Mangolds, seed
Feed.

Wheat
Bran.

Chicago
Gluten
Meal.

Hay * and cotton-seed periods, .

87.60

8.00

87.8 87.2

90.6

* The dry matter determinations varied so little in the two halves of this experi-
ment that the average in each case was taken.

Composition of Feeds {Per Cent.).
Experiment I.

Hay.

Millet and
Soy Bean
Ensilage.

Cotton-
seed
Feed.

Wheat
Bran.

Linseed
Meal.

Peoria
Gluten
Feed.

Ash

Fibre,

Fat

Protein

Extract matter, .

5.94
32.00

3.07
11.07
47.92

12.77

34.02

2.59

9.40

41.22

3.82
39.67

3.90
13.02
39.59

6.42
11.37

5.73
18.68
57.80

4.94

7.26

7.05

41.99

38.76

1.07

7.13

7.59

23.83

60.38

Experiment II.

Hay.

Mangolds.

Cotton-
* seed
Feed.

Wheat
Bran.

Chicago
Gluten
MeaL

1.52

8.21

7.38

40.38

47.51

Ash,

Fibre, .
Fat, .
Protein, .
Extract matter.

5.78

33.98

2.68

8.41

49.15

15.49
10.67
.73
14.35
58.76

8.51
40.69

3.69
11.98
40.13

7.11
12.08

5.69
18.12
57.00

1898.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

99

Coefficients of Digestibility.
Ex2)crimcnt I.

•a

a

_:

• •«

o

o

n

Ofe

§,1

2

O

o a>

bo

>>

'3

S o

a

W

W

a

^

ij

O

a

Fibre

66

69

59

22

57

78

-

-

Fat,

53

72

89

71

89

79

-

-

Protein,

62

57

39

78

89

83

-

-

Extract Matter

64

59

58

68

78

90

-

-

Experiment II.

Fibre, .
Fat,

Protein, .
Extract Matter,

58

-

55

22

-

-

-

50

93

68

-

-

93

54

-

42

79

-

-

89

56

-

59

69

-

93

Composition of Milk {Per Cent.).
Experiment I.

Ada.

Red Spot.

Bessie.

Solids.

Fat.

Solids. 1 Fat.

Solids, 1 Fat.

Cotton-seed period, .

I 13.84
( 13.82

4.93
5.00

14.01
14.48

4.84
5.59

13.63

4.93

Average,

13.83

4.96

14.24

5.21

13.63

4.93

Hay period.

e 13.57

4.62

13.95

4.64

13.26
13.47

4.53
4.52

Average, . . . 13.57

4.62

13.95

4.64

13.36

4.52

100

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION

[Jan.

Experiment I. — Concluded.

Beauty.

Red.

Spot.

Solids.

Fat.

Solids.

Fat.

Solids.

Fat.

Cotton-seed period, .

I 15.08
\ -

5.62

14.03

5.05

14.88
15.28

6.33

6.48

Average,

15.08

5.62

14.03

5.05

15.08

5.40

Hay period,

I 14.54
( 14.61

5.13
5.05

13.91
13.87

4.72
4.60

14.77

5.27

Average,

14.57

5.09

13.89

4.66

14.77

6.27

Exjieriment II.

Mary.

Jennie.

Nora.

Solids.

Fat.

Solids.

Fat.

Solids.

Fat.

Cotton-seed period, .

r 13.96

1 13.81

14.20

L 13.91

4.64

4.80
4.93
4.74

14.36
14.58
14.58
14.73

4.73
5.33
4.92
5.00

13.39
13.44
13.52
13.45

4.48
4.58
4.63
4.50

Average,

13.97

4.74

14.56

6.00

13.45

4.55

Hay period,

f 13.76

1 13.86

14.01

i 13.85

4.73
4.75
4.85
4.68

14.79
15.39
15.65
15.37

5.45
5.88
6.00
6.78

13.00
12.93
13.46
13.28

3.81
4.10
4.17
4.07

Average,

13.87

4.75

15.27

6.78

13.17

4.04

1898.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33,

101

Experiment II. — Concluded.

Beauty.

Red.

Spot.

Solids.

Fat.

Solids.

Fat.

Solids.

Fat.

Cotton-seed period, .

f 14.82

13.95

j 14.66

L 14.46

5.35
4.85
5.48
5.40

12.48
11.88
12.60
12.23

3.89
3.93
4.02
3.63

14.57
14.77
14.92
13.90

5.08
5.05
5.15
5.63

Average,

14.42

5.27

12.30

3.87

14.54

5.23

Hay period,

14.12

14.49

L 14.19

4.93
4.97
4.80

12.26
12.41
12.74
12.53

4.00
4.05
4.20
4.08

14.01
14.14
14.59
14.94

4.34
4.75
4.94
4.91

Average,

14.27

4.90

12.49

4.08

14.42

4.73

Average Results of Six Cows.

EXPEKIMENT I.

EXPERIMBKT II.

Solids.

Fat.

Solids.

Fat.

Cotton-seed period,

Hay period,

14.31
14.02

5.18
4.80

13.87
13.91

4.78
4.71

Each distinct analysis represents a composite sample from
8 different milkings. In Experiment I., samples were taken
for four days of the last two weeks only. In Experiment
II., each analysis represents the comparison of the milk for
each of the four weeks.

102 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

CHARLES H. FERNALD.

Two l)ulletins have been issued from this department dur-
insj the year, — one on the habits, food and economic value
of the American toad {Bufo lentiginosus atnericanus) , and
one on the brown-tail moth {Eiqwoctis chrysorrhoea) . I
have been able in the intervals of other duties to prepare a
monograph of the plume-moths {Pterophorid(E) of North
America, which is published with illustrations in the thirty-
fifth annual report of the college. A large amount of time
has also been devoted to the work on the gypsy moth in the
eastern part of the State.

San Jose Scale.

The San Jose scale (Aspidtofiis perniciosus) has appeared
in many places in Massachusetts, having been received on
nursery stock from nurseries both in this and in other States.
In the early part of the season my assistants visited, as far
as possible, all the nurseries in the State, and carefully ex-
amined them for this scale. Most of them appeared to be
entirely free from this insect, but a few were more or less
infested. The owners of these infested nurseries have taken
the most active measures to destroy this pest, under the
supervision of one of my assistants. Manj^ of the nursery-
men do not raise a sufficient amount of stock to supply all
of their orders, and often purchase from outside sources.
This stock is often received and sent out without examina-
tion, and in this way it is possible for the San Jose scale to
be distributed by those whose nurseries are not infested. A
bulletin on the San Jos6 scale will be published as soon as
other duties will permit, in which will be given a more com-
plete account of the condition of the nurseries visited, to-
gether with the measures taken to eradicate the pest.

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 103

The scale insects have been and are still being introduced
into this country from other parts of the world, and in this
way we are liable at any time to find new or unknown species
on our fruit or ornamental trees and shrubs and in our green-
houses. It therefore seems wise to learn as much as possible
about these insects, in order that we may know what to do
with those already here, and any that may hereafter be
brought into this country. To this end, more than six hun-
dred circular letters were sent out to all entomologists whose
names and addresses could be obtained, asking for specimens
of two genera of the scale insects, and already a large amount
of material has been received. Prof. E. S. Lull has under-
taken to work up and prepare a monograph of the genus
Pulvinaria, and Mr. R. A. Cooley a monograph of the genus
Chionaspis. Very commendable progress has already been
made by these two gentlemen.

Army Worm.
During the summer of 1896 the army worm (Leucania
wiipuncla) was very abundant in Amherst and in many other
parts of the State, often in destructive numbers, and in the
correspondence with this department information concerning
this insect was asked for more than of all others combined.
During the summer of 1897, however, the army worm seems
to have been present in so few numbers as to have done no
harm, and it was not referred to in a single letter received
by me. It is a well-known fact that this insect has never in
the past appeared in dcstiuctive numbers two years in suc-
cession in the same place, and the past season seems to have
been no exception. The caterpillars were reported in many
cases to have been more or less infested with the eggs of a
parasitic fly. These eggs no doubt hatched and the young
maggots made their way into the caterpillars and destroyed
them, thus reducing the army worm to insignificant numbers,
so that the few remaining have been entirely overlooked.

Plant Lice.
While the army worm has been very scarce during the past
season, the aphids or plant lice have been very abundant on
trees and shrubs, and many letters have been received, asking

104 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jau.

how to destroy them. The best method, so far as known, is
to spray the trees with kerosene emulsion j but in spraying
it is very difficult to reach every insect, and, as they multiply
very rapidly, they soon become as abundant as ever, and it
becomes necessary to spray the trees or shrubs repeatedly
after short intervals.

Tobacco Cutworm.
Early in the season cutworms were said to be destroying
the young tobacco plants in the tobacco fields of the Con-
necticut valley, and specimens that were brought in and bred
to maturity developed into moths which proved to be Car-
neades messoria. The caterpillars of this species partake of
a rather varied diet, consisting not only of tobacco, but also
of cabbage, corn, potatoes, spinach, onions, lettuce and
fruit trees. The usual method taken by our tobacco growers,
so far as I can learn, is to reset tobacco plants where they
have been cut off by the worms, and at the same time dig
out and destroy the worm that has done the mischief.

Canker Worms.

Four years ago canker worms began to increase so rapidly
in this town that public attention was called to them, and a
general account of the species occurring in Massachusetts
was given with illustrations in Bulletin No. 20, published in
January, 1893. In that bulletin the usual remedies were
given. These consisted of tacking bands of heavy paper
around the trunks of the trees and painting these bands with
prepared printers' ink, repainting with the ink as often as it
became dry or hardened enough to permit the females to
cross the l)and. The method of protecting the trees with oil
troug-hs of zinc or tin around the trunks was also mentioned.
It was finally stated that pro])abh' the most effectual method
was to spray the trees with Paris green in water as soon as
the eggs hatched in the spring. A further account of canker
worms was given in Bulletin No. 28, published in April, 1895.

A careful study of the different methods used to destroy
these insects, which are so prevalent in many parts of this
Commonwealth, has been made on thirteen apple trees on my
own premises in Amherst. Three years ago these trees were

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 105

carefully banded with heavy paper and painted with Morrill's
tree ink early in the spring, when the first females began to
ascend the trees, and the painting was repeated as often as
necessary. It was found that the ink would often harden on
the trees even during the night following the application, and
remain hard on the shady side long enough in the morning
for some of the females to ascend the tree on that side, so
that this method did not prove to be a perfect protection.
The cost of the materials and of their application averaged
about fifty cents to each tree.

The oil troughs are also quite expensive, and often leak so
that the rain displaces the oil and then evaporates, allowing
the females to ascend the trees ; or spiders spin their webs
across beneath the overhanging protection, forming a bridge
on which the moths may easily pass, so that this device does
not form a perfect protection.

Two years ago these trees were sprayed with Paris green
in water, in the proportion of one pound to one hundred and
fifty gallons, at a cost of five cents a tree, allowing fifteen
cents an hour for labor. There was a strong wind blowing,
and more time was required to do the work than would
otherwise have been the case. Last year the same trees
were sprayed with Paris green, in the same proportion as
before. At this time it was nearly calm, and the cost of
spraying was three cents a tree. The contrast between these
trees and those on adjacent lots were very marked, for the
spra}'ed trees retained their foliage and yielded a full crop,
while the unsprayed trees were stripped of leaves, and bore
no fruit. These trees were sprayed but once, and this
method appears to have been more eftectual and far cheaper
than the others. In case of rain it might be necessary to
repeat the spraying, but even then it would be the cheaper
method.

106 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST.

DEPARTMENT OF FERTILIZERS AND FERTILIZER
MATERIALS.

CHARLES A. GOESSMANN.

Assistants: henri d. haskins, Charles i. goessmann, george d.

LEAVENS.

I. Report on Official Inspection of Commercial Fertilizers.
II. Report on General Work in the Chemical Laboratory.
III. Observations with Special Fertilizers on Tobacco raised in
Massachusetts.

I. REPORT ON OFFICIAL INSPECTION OF COM-
MERCIAL FERTILIZERS AND AGRICULT-
URAL CHEMICALS IN 1897.

CHARLES A. GOESSMANN.

Sixty-six manufacturers and dealers in commercial fertil-
izers and agricultural chemicals have secured, during the
past year, licenses for the sale of their goods in the State.
Thirty-six of these parties have offices for the general dis-
tribution of their goods in Massachusetts ; the remainder
reside in other States, — ten in New York, six in Connecti-
cut, three in Rhode Island, three in Vermont, two in Penn-
sylvania, one in Maryland, one in Illinois, one in Ohio and
three in Canada.

The number of distinct brands licensed, including agricult-
ural chemicals, amounted to two hundred and ninety.

The collecting and sampling of the material for official
analyses were in charge of Mr. R. H. Smith, a graduate of

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 107

the Massachusetts Agricultural College in the class of 1892,
who since his graduation has been an efficient assistant in
the chemical laboratory of the experiment station for the
examination of commercial fertilizers.

Four hundred and fifteen samples of fertilizer have thus
far been collected during the present year ; of these, three
hundred and one samples, representing two hundred and
twenty-three distinct brands, were analyzed by the close of
the month of November, and the results published in July
and November bulletins, Nos. 48 and 49, of the Hatch Ex-
periment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College.
The remaining samples, in common with others coming
under our observation before the expiration of the licenses,
will be analyzed in due time, and the results published in
conformity with our laws for the regulation of the trade in
commercial fertilizers.

The results of the inspection during the past season are,
on the whole, quite satisfactory, and if anything are an im-
provement on the results of the preceding year. The ben-
eficial results of improved machinery and of improved skill
in the management of the manufacture of fertilizers show
themselves in a marked degree when compared with the gen-
eral character of commercial fertilizers in earlier periods of
the business.

To render the actual conditions of the trade in commercial
fertilizers during the past season more prominent, a sum-
mary of our results is here inserted. In reading the subse-
quent statement, it has to be remembered that only the
lowest stated guarantee is legally binding in all sales : —

(a) Where three essential elements of plant food were guar-
anteed : —
Number Avith three elements equal to or above the highest guaran-
tee, 3

Number with two elements above the highest guarantee, . . 2
Number with one element above the highest guarantee, . . .60
Number with three elements between the lowest and highest guar-
antee, 69

Number with two elements between the lowest and highest guaran-
tees, 63

Number with one element between the lowest and highest guaran-
tees, 16

108 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Number with two elements below the lowest guarantee, ... 6
Number with one element below the lowest guarantee, , . .29

(b) Where two essential elements of plant feed were guaran-

teed : —
Number with two elements above the highest guarantee, . . 3
Number with one element above the highest guarantee, . . .10
Number with two elements between the lowest and highest guaran-
tees, 13

Number with one element between the lowest and highest guaran-
tees, 12

Number with one element below the lowest guarantee, ... 6
Number with two elements below the lowest guarantee, ... 3

(c) Where one essential element of plant food was guaran-

teed : —

Number above the highest guarantee, 10

Number between the lowest and highest guarantees, . . .23
Number below the lowest guarantee, 1

The modes of analyses adopted in this work were in all
essential points those recommended by the Association of
Official Chemists.

Attention has been called, in previous reports, to the fact
that the introduction of a more liberal amount of potash into
the make-up of a large class of so-called complete manures
has become from year to year more general. This change
has been slow but decided, and in a large degree may be
ascribed to the daily increasing evidence, resulting from
actual observations in field and garden, that the farm lands
of Massachusetts are frequently especially deficient in potash
compounds, and consequently need in many instances a more
liberal supply of available potash from outside sources to
give satisfactory returns. Whenever garden vegetables, fruits
and forage crops constitute the principal products of the
land, this recent change in the mode of manuring deserves a
particularly careful trial ; for the crops raised consume ex-
ceptionally large quantities of potash, as compared with grain
crops. In view of these facts, it will be conceded that a
system of manuring farm and garden which tends to meet
the more satisfactory recognized conditions of large areas
of land, as well as the special wants of important growing
branches of agricultural industries, is a movement in the
right direction.

In repeating these statements, it is not assumed that it will

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 109

remain economical to continue the practice after a repeated
application of a liberal amount of potash, without some
special reason.

To restore to the soil those essential manurial constitu-
ents which the crops carry off is a safe rule to follow in the
effort to secure the maintenance of the fertility of the soil ;
yet to obtain this result in the most economical way will
always remain the ultimate aim of farming as a business
enterprise.

A judicious management of the trade in commercial fertil-
izers implies a due recognition of results well established by
experiment, regarding the requirements of a remunerative
production of tarm and garden crops ; yet, as the manufact-
urer at best can only prepare the composition of his special
fertilizers on general lines, not knowing the particular con-
dition and character of the soil which ultimately receives
them, it becomes of the utmost importance on the part of the
farmer to make himself acquainted with his special wants of
manurial substances, and to thus qualify himself for a more
judicious selection from the various fertilizers offered for
purchase.

The present condition of the trade in commercial fertil-
izers offers exceptional advantages to provide efficient
manures for the raising of farm and garden crops of every
description congenial to soil and climate. The various es-
sential articles of plant food, as potash, phosphoric acid and
nitrogen compounds, are freely offered for sale in forms
suitable to render, by their addition, the different kinds of
manurial refuse matter of the farm in a higher degree fit
to meet the special wants of the crops to be raised.

As the physical conditions and chemical resources of soils
on available plant food frequently differ widely even on the
same farm, no definite rule can be given for manuring farm
lands, beyond the advice to return to the soil in available form
those plant constituents which the crops raised during the pre-
ceding years have absti'acted in exceptionally large proportion,
and which will be especially called for by the crops to be
raised.

An intellio;ent selection of fertilizers from amono; the va-
rious brands offered for sale requires, in the main, two kinds

110 HATCH EXPEEIMENT STATION. [Jan.

of knowledge ; namely, that the brand of fertilizer in ques-
tion actually contains the guaranteed quantities and qualities
of essential articles of plant food at a reasonable cost, and
that it contains them in such form and proportions as will
best meet under existing circumstances the special wants of
soil and crop.

In some cases it may be only phosphoric acid or nitrogen
or potash ; in others, two of them ; and in others again, all
three. A remunerative use of commercial fertilizers can
only be secured by attending carefully to these considera-
tions.

To assist farmers in selecting their fertilizers with refer-
ence to the wants of the crops they wish to cultivate, the
writer has for years published in his annual reports a com-
pilation of the analyses of farm and garden crops, to serve
as a guide to all interested in a rational mode of manuring
plants. Copies of these compilations of analyses may be
secured by asking for them at the office of the Hatch Experi-
ment Station at Amherst, Mass.

An economical use of manurial substances from any source
is only possible after the local condition of the soil under
consideration, as well as the special wants of the crops to be
raised, have been duly considered. It becomes the business
of every progressive farmer to acquire such information as is
called for to select intelligently, from the various manurial
resources at his disposal, those materials which will meet
best his wants for a complete fertilizer.

In making choice from among the so-called complete fertil-
izers^ two points seem to be in particular worth remembering .
First, select them loitJi reference to the amount, the quality and
the kind of essential constituents they are guaranteed to con-
tain, and not merely with reference to cost per ton ; mere trade
names are no guarantee of fitness. High-priced articles, ivhen
offered by reputable manufacturers, have pi'oved in many in-
stances cheaper than low-priced goods. Second, buy your
sup2)lies of reputable dealers, and insist tw all cases on a state-
ment of guaranteed composition.

The majority of manufacturers and dealers in commercial
fertilizers in Massachusetts have been for years on record,
regarding the character of their goods, in the published re-

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. Ill

ports of the State inspector, which are open to the public ;
to these records this office invariably refers all parties asking
for information in that direction.

Valuation of Commercial Fertilizers.

The market value of the higher grades of agricultural
chemicals and compound fertilizers depends in the major-
ity of cases on the amount and the particular form of three
essential articles of plant food which they contain, i.e., nitro-
gen, potash and phosphoric acid. Supply and demand con-
trol the temporary market prices not less in the fertilizer
trade than in other lines of commercial business.

The approximate market value of a fertilizer, simple or
compound, is obtained by multiplying the pounds contained
in a ton of two thousand pounds by the trade value per
pound of each of the three above-stated essential constitu-
ents of plant food present. The same course is adopted
with reference to the different forms of each, wherever dif-
ferent prices are recognized in the trade. Adding the dif-
ferent values per ton obtained, we find the total value per
ton at the principal place of distribution.

As farmers are quite frequently not in the position to
secure the desired information regarding the market cost
of fertilizers they wish to secure, the official inspectors of
commercial fertilizers have aided them for years in ascer-
taining the current market prices of the following leading
or standard raw materials : —

Sulphate of ammonia.
Nitrate of soda.
Muriate of potash.
Sulphate of potash.
Cotton-seed meal.
Dry ground fish.
Azotin.

Ammoniate.

Castor pomace.

Linseed meal.

Dried blood.

Dried groimd meat.

Bone and tankage.

Plain superphosphates, etc.

Which serve largely in the manufacture of good fertilizers
for our market ; and have published the results of their in-
quiries in form of tables, stating the average trade values
per pound, for the six months preceding, of the different
kinds and forms of fertilizing materials at the leading places
of distribution.

112 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

The market value of fertilizing ingredients, like other
merchandise, is liable to changes during the season. The
values stated below are based on the condition of the fer-
tilizer market in centres of distribution in New Eng^land
during the six months preceding March, 1897: —

'&'

Trade Values of Fertilizing Ingredients in Raw Materials and
Chemicals, 1897 (Cents per Pound).

Nitrogen in ammonia salts, 13.5

Nitrogen in nitrates, 14.0

Organic nitrogen in dry and fine-ground fish, meat, blood and in

high-grade mixed fertilizers, 14.0

Organic nitrogen in cotton-seed meal, linseed meal and in castor

pomace, 12.0

Organic nitrogen in fine-ground bone and tankage, . . . 13.5

Organic nitrogen in medium-ground bone and tankage, . . 11.0

Organic nitrogen in coarse bone and tankage, . . . . 8.0

Phosphoric acid soluble in water, 5.5

Phosphoric acid soluble in ammonium citrate, . . . . 5.0

Phosphoric acid in fine bone and tankage, 5.0

Phosphoric acid in medium bone and tankage, . . . . 4.0

Phosphoric acid in coarse bone and tankage, . . . . 2.5
Phosphoric acid in fine-grovmd fish, cotton-seed meal, linseed

meal, castor pomace and wood ashes, 5.0

Phosphoric acid insoluble (in am. cit.) in mixed fertilizers, . 2.0

Potash as sulphate, free from chlorides, 5.0

Potash as muriate, 4.5

From these figures it is apparent that the best forms of
nitrogen and phosphoric acid have suffered a material reduc-
tion in cost, as compared with preceding years.

The market value of low-priced materials used for manu-
rial purposes, as salt, wood ashes, various kinds of lime,
barn-yard manure, factory refuse and waste materials of
various description, quite frequently does not stand in a
close relation to the current market value of the amount of
essential articles of plant food they contain. Their cost
varies in different localities. Local facilities for cheap trans-
portation, and more or less advantageous mechanical condi-
tions for speedy action, exert, as a rule, a decided influence
on their selling price.

The mechanical condition of any fertilizing material, simple
or compound, deserves the most serious consideration of
farmers when articles of a similar chemical character are

1898.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

113

offered for their choice. The degree of pulverization con-
trols, almost without exception, under similar conditions,
the rate of solubility, and the more or less rapid diffusion
of the different articles of plant food throughout the soil.

The state of moisture exerts a no less important influence
on the pecuniary value in case of one and the same kind of
substance. Two samples of fish fertilizers, although equally
pure, may differ from fifty to one hundred per cent, in com-
mercial value, on account of mere difference in moisture.

Crude stock for the manufacture of fertilizers, and refuse
materials of various descriptions, have to be valued with
reference to the market price of their principal constituents,
taking; into consideration at the same time their general fit-
ness for speedy action.

Consumers of commercial manurial substances will do well
to buy, whenever practicable, on a guarantee of composition
of their essential constituents, and to see to it that the bill
of sale recognizes the point of the bargain. Any mistake
or misunderstanding in the transaction may be readily ad-
justed, in that case, between the contending parties. The
responsibility of the dealer ends with furnishing an article
corresponding in its composition with the lowest stated
quantity of each specified essential constituent.

It is of the first importance, when buying fertilizers for
home consumption, to consider their cost with reference to
what they promise to furnish.

List of Manufacturers and Dealers ivJio have secured Certificates for
the sale of Commercial Fertilizers in the State during the Past
Year (May 1, 1897, to May 1, 1S98) and the Brands li-
censed by Each.

The Armour Fertilizer Works, Chicago,
111.: —
Bone Meal.
Bone and Blood.
Aramoniated Bone and Potash.
All Soluble.

Bone, Blood and Potash.
Grain Grower.

American Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Mass. : —
Alkali Nitrate Phosphate for Hoed
Crops.

American Fertilizer Co. — Coti.

Alkali Nitrate Phosphate for Grass

and Grain.
General American Fertilizer.
Potato Fertilizer.

Wm. H. Abbott, Holyoke, Mass. : —
Eagle Brand for Grass and Grain.
Complete Tobacco Fertilizer.
Animal Fertilizer.

American Cotton Oil Co., New York,
N.Y.: —

Cotton-seed Meal.

114

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

Bartlett& Holmes, Springfield, Mass. : —
Pure Ground Bone.
Animal Fertilizer.
Tankage.

H. J. Baker & Bro., New York, N. Y. : —
Pure Ground Bone.
Standard Un X Ld Fertilizer.
Strawberry Manure.
Potato Manure.
Tobacco Manure.
Grass and Grain Manure.

A. A. Ammoniated Superphosiihate.
Harvest Home Fertilizer.

C. A. Bartlett, Worcester, Mass. : —
Fine-ground Bone.
Animal Fertilizer.

Berkshire Mills Co., Bridgeport, Conn . :—
Complete Fertilizers.
Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.

Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. : —
Stockbridge Special Manures.
Hill and Drill Phosphate.
Farm and Garden Phosphate.
Lawn and Garden Dressing.
Fish and Potash.
Potato and Vegetable Manure.
Potato Phosphate.
Market Garden Manure.
Sure Crop Phosphate.
Gloucester Fish and Potash.
High-grade Fertilizer.
Essex Fertilizer.
Bone and Wood Ash Fertilizer.
Nitrate of Soda.
Dried Blood.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Muriate of Potash.
Sulphate of Potash.

William E.Brightman, Tiverton, R.I. : —
Potato and Root Manure.
Phosphate.
Fish and Potash.

Bradley Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. : —
X. L. Superphosphate.
Potato Manure.

B. D. Sea Fowl Guano.
Complete Manures.
Fish and Potash.
High-grade Tobacco Manure.
English Lawn Fertilizer.
Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.
Breck's Lawn and Garden Dressing.
Sulphate of Potash.

Bradley Fertilizer Co. — Con.
Muriate of Potash.
Nitrate of Soda.
Sulphate of Ammonia.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Fine-ground Bone.

Daniel T. Church, Providence, R.I. (E.
Wilcox, general agent) : —
Church's B Special.
Cliurch's C Standard.
Church's D Fish ami Potash.

The Cleveland Linseed Oil Co., Cleve-
land, O. : —
Screened Linseed Meal.

Clark's Cove Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Mass. : —
Bay State Fertilizer.
Bay State Fertilizer G. G. Brand.
Great Planet Manure.
Potato and Tobacco Fertilizer.
King Philip Guano.
Potato Manure.
Fish and Potash.
White Oak Pure Bone Meal.

Cleveland Dryer Co., Boston, Mass.: —
Superphosphate.
Potato Phosphate.
Cleveland Fertilizer.

E. Frank Coe Co., New York, N. Y. : —

High-grade Potato Fertilizer.

Bay State Ammoniated Bone Super
phosphate.

Bay State Potato Manure.

High-grade Ammoniated Bone Su-
perphosphate.

Gold Brand Excelsior Guano.

Fish Guano and Potash.

Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y. : —

Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate.

Potato, Hop and Tobacco Phosphate.

Ammoniated Wheat and Corn Phos-
phate.

New Rival Ammoniated Sujjcrphos-
phate.

Practical Ammoniated Superphos-
phate.

Vegetable Bone Superphosphate.

General Crop Phosphate.

Universal Grain Grower.

Special Potato Manure.

New England Tobacco and Potato
Grower.

1898.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

115

Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co. —
Con.
Coolidge Bros. Special Truck Fer-
tilizer.
A. A. Complete Manure.
Ground Bone Meal.
Pure Ground Bone.
Muriate of Potash.
Nitrate of Soda.

Cumberland Bone Phosphate Co., Bos-
ton, Mass. : —
Superphosphate.
Potato Fertilizer.
Concentrated Phosphate.
Guano.

City Florist, Brockton, Mass. : —
Boo Boo Plant Food.

L. B. Darling Fertilizer Co., Pawtucket,
R. I.: —
Animal Fertilizer.
Potato and Root Crop Manure.
Lawn Dressing.
Tobacco Grower.
Blood, Bone and Potash.
Special Formula.
Fine-ground Bone.
Muriate of Potash.
Nitrate of Soda.

John C. Dow & Co., Boston, Mass. : —
Ground Bone Fertilizer.
Nitrogenous Superphosphate.
Pure Ground Bone.

W. E. Fife & Co., Clinton, Mass. : —
Wood Ashes.

Great Eastern Fertilizer Co., Rutland,
Vt.: —
Northern Corn Special.
General Fertilizer.
Vegetable Vine and Tobacco Fertil-
izer.
Garden Special.
Soluble Bone and Potash.

Thomas Hersom & Co., New Bedford,
Mass.: —
Bone Meal.
Meat and Bone.

Alonzo P. Henderson, Hanover,
Mass. : —
Acme Brand Fertilizer.

Edmund Hersey, Hingham, Mass. : —
Ground Bone.

John G. Jefferds, Worcester, Mass. : —
Animal Fertilizer.
Potato Manure.
Fine-ground Bone.

Thomas Joint, St. Helen, Ontario,
Can.: —
Unleached Hard-wood Ashes.

Thomas Kirley, South Hadley Falls,
Mass. : —
Pride of the Valley.

A. Lee & Co., Lawrence, Mass. : —
Lawrence Fertilizer.

Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. : —
Bone P'ertilizer for Corn and Grain.
Complete Manure for Vegetables.
Animal Fertilizer.
Potato Phosphate.
Bone and Potash.
Lawn Dressing.
Tobacco Manure.
Empire Fertilizer.

Lowe Bros. & Co., Fitcliburg, Mass. : —
Tankage.

F. L. Lalor, Duiiville, Ontario, Can. : —
Canada Unleached Hard-wood
Ashes.

The Mapes Formula and Peruvian Gu-
ano Co., New York, N. Y. : —
Bone Manures.
Superphosphates.
Special Crop Manures.
Sulphate of Potash.
Double Manure Salts.
Nitrate of Soda.

E. McGarvey & Co., London, Ontario,
Can. : —
Unleached Hard-wood Ashes.

McQuade Bros., West Auburn Mass. : —
Fine-ground Bone.

Geo. L. Monroe, Oswego, N. Y. : —

Canada Unleached Hard-wood
Ashes.

National Fertilizer Co., Bridgeport,
Conn. : —
Complete Fertilizers.
Ammoniated Bone.

116

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

National Fertilizer Co. — Con.
Market-garden Manure.
Potato Phosphate.
Fish and Potash.
Ground Bone.

Niagara Fertilizer Works, BuflFalo,
N. Y. : —
Wheat and Corn Producer.
Grain and Grass Grower.
Potato, Tobacco and Hop Fertilizer.
Niagara Triumph.

New England Dressed Meat and Wool
Co., Boston, Mass. : —
Sheep Fertilizer.

Packers Union Fertilizer Co., New York,
N. Y.: —
Universal Fertilizer.
Wheat, Oats and Clover Fertilizer.
Animal Corn Fertilizer.
Potato Manure.
Gardener's Complete Manure.

Pacific Guano Co., Boston, Mass : —
Soluble Pacific Guano.
Special Potato Manure.
Special for Potatoes and Tobacco.
Nobsque Guano.
High-grade General Fertilizer.

Parmenter & Polsey Fertilizer Co., Pea-
body, Mass. : —
Plymouth Rock Brand.
Star Brand Fertilizer.
Butman Brand Fertilizer.
Special Potato.
Strawljerrj'.
Ground Bone.
Muriate of Potash.
Sulphate of Potash.
Nitrate of Soda.

A. W. Perkins & Co., Rutland, Vt. : —
Plantene.

Prentiss, Brooks & Co., Holyoke,
Mass. : —
Complete Manures.
Phosphate.
Nitrate of Soda.
Muriate of Potash.
Sulphate of Potash.

Preston Fertilizer Co., Brooklyn,
N. Y.: —
Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate.

Quinnipiac Co., Boston, Mass. : —
Phosphate.
Potato Manure.
Market-garden Manure.
Fish and Potash.
Havana Tobacco Grower.
Grass Fertilizer.
Corn Manure.
Potato Phosphate.
Onion Manure.
Pure Ground Bone.
Dry Ground Fish.
Muriate of Potash.
Sulphate of Potash.
Nitrate of Soda.
Sulphate of Ammonia.
Dissolved Bone-black.

Read Fertilizer Co., New York, N. Y.
(H. D. Foster, general agent) : —
Standard Fertilizer.
High-grade Farmers' Friend.
Practical Potato Special.
Farmer's Friend,
Vegetable and Vine.

N. Roy & Son, South Attleborough,
Mass.: —
Complete Animal Fertilizer.

The Rogers & Hubbard Co., Middletown,
Conn. : —
Soluble Potato Manure.
Soluble Tobacco Manure.
Fairchild's Formula for Corn and

General Crops.
Fruit Fertilizer.
Grass and Grain Fertilizer.
Oats and Top-dressing Fertilizer.
Pure Raw Knuckle Bone Flour.
Strictly Pure Fine Bone.
Fertilizer for all Soils and all Crops.

Russia Cement Co., Gloucester, Mass. : —
XXX Fish and Potash.
High-grade Superphosphate.
Corn, Grain and Grass Manure.
Potato, Root and Vegetable Manure.
Special Tobacco Fertilizer.
Odorless Lawn Dressing.

Lucien Sanderson, New Haven, Conn. : —
Formula A.
Blood, Bone and Meat.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Nitrate of Soda.
Sulphate of Potash.
Muriate of Potash.

1898.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

117

Edward H. Smith, Northborough,
Mass. : —
Ground Bone.

J. Stroup & Son Co., Boston, Mass. : —
Hard-wood Ashes.

Thomas L. Stetson, Randolph, Mass. : —
Ground Bone.

Standard Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. : —
Standard Fertilizer.
Potato and Tobacco Fertilizer.
Standard Guano.
Complete Manure.
Fine-ground Bone.

C. F. Sturtevant, Hartford, Conn : —
Tobacco and Sulphur Fertilizer.

Henry F. Tuclvcr, Boston, Mass. : —
Original Bay State Bone Superphos-
phate.
Imperial Bone Superphosphate.
Special Potato Fertilizer.

I. P. Thomas & Son Co., Philadel-
phia, Pa. : —
Martin's Bone Mixture.
So. Carolina Phosphate with Potash.
So. Carolina Phosphate.
Pure Ground Animal Bone.
Steamed Bone-
Improved Superphosphate.
Potato and Tomato Manure.
Normal Bone Phosphate.
Farmer's Choice Bone Phosphate.
Tobacco P'ertilizer.

Walker, Stratman & Co., Pittsburg,
Pa.: —
Potato Special.
Big Bonanza.
Smoky City.
Four Fold.

Andrew H. Ward, Boston, Mass. : —
Ward's Chemical Fertilizer.

I. S. Whittemore, Wayland, Mass. : —
Complete Manure.

D. Whithed, Lowell, Mass. : —
Champion Fertilizer.
Bone Meal.

The Wilcox Fertilizer Works, Mystic
Conn. : —
Potato, Onion and Tobacco Manure.
Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.
High-grade Fish and Potash.
Dry Ground Fish Guano.

Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co., Boston,
Mass. : —
Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate.
Potato Phosphate
High-grade Special.
Fine Wrapper Tobacco Grower.
Royal Bone Phosphate.
Corn Phosphate.
Potato and Tobacco Manure.
Grass Manure.
Fish and Potash.
Universal Ammoniated Dissolved

Bone.
Prolific Crop Producer.
Onion Manure.
Bone Meal.
Dry Ground Fish.
Sulphate of Potash.
Muriate of Potash.
Nitrate of Soda.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Sulphate of Ammonia.

M. E. Wheeler & Co., Rutland, Vt. : —
High-grade Corn Fertilizer.
High-grade Potato Manure.
Superior Truck Fertilizer.
Havana Tobacco Grower.
High-grade Fruit Fertilizer.
High-grade Grass and Oats Fertil-
izer.
Electrical Dissolved Bone.

118 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

II. REPORT ON GENERAL WORK IN THE CHEM-
ICAL LABORATORY.

CHARLES A. GOESSMANN.

1. Analyses of Materials sent on for Examination.

2. Notes on Barn-yard Mannre.

3. Notes on "Wood Ashes.

4. Notes on Cotton-seed Meal.

5. Notes on Guano from West Coast of Africa.

6. Notes on Ashes from Crematory Furnace for City

Garbage.

7. Notes on Wool Washings.

1. Analyses of Materials sent on for Examination.

The work earned on in this connection is growing from
year to 3'ear in importance. A large proportion of com-
mercial manurial substances consists of by or waste products
of various industries. The composition and general charac-
ter of these materials depend on the current mode of manu-
facture. The rapid advancement in many branches of indus-
tries is at any time liable to attect more or less seriousl}^ the
commercial as well as the manurial value of their waste prod-
ucts. A frequent examination of that class of materials
cannot fail to benefit the vital interests of our farming com-
munity. For this reason arrangements were made, as in
previous years, to attend to the examination of substances
of interest to farmers to the full extent of the resources
placed at the disposal of the officer in charge of this work.
These investigations are carried on free of charge to farmers
of the State. The results are considered public property,
and are published from time to time in the bulletins of the
station.

The number of substances tested in this connection amount
to two hundred and thirty-eight. As the detailed results of

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 119

their analyses have already been published in three bulletins,
Nos. 45, 48 and 49, March, July and November, 1897, a brief
statement of the names of the difterent articles analyzed will,
on this occasion, suffice to convey some idea of the extent
and the character of the work accomplished. Only a few of
these materials of more special importance are reserved for a
subsequent short discussion.

The substances tested from Dec. 1, 1897, to Dec. 1, 1898,
are as follows : wood ashes, 89 ; cotton-seed meal, 23 ; cot-
ton-seed hull ashes, 3 ; cotton factory waste, 5 ; tankage,
bone and fish, 17 ; muck, peat and soils, 16 ; chemicals, 14 ;
acid phosphates and dissolved bone-blacks, 5 ; natural phos-
phates, 6 ; tobacco refuse, 2 ; complete fertilizers, 31 ; mis-
cellaneous, 9 ; Damara land guano, garbage cremation ashes
and wool washings, each 1.

Aside from this work are the complete analyses of 36
samples of tobacco leaves, together with numerous tests
for the quality of ash and rate of combustion. See Bul-
letin No. 47, on tobacco experiments, published in April,
1897.

The responsibility of the genuineness of all articles sent
on for examination rests with the parties asking for the
analysis. Our publications of the results refer merely to
the locality they come from, to avoid misunderstandings.
Samples of fertilizers collected from original packages by
authorized agents of the station in the general markets fur-
nish the material for official analyses, and are considered
genuine articles.

2. Notes on Barn-yard Manure.

The importance of l)arn-yard manure as a home source of
plant food cannot be over-estimated in a mixed farm man-
agement. In a well-regulated rational system of stock feed-
ing it is one of the cheapest if not the cheapest source of
valuable manurial constituents. An exceptional liability to
vary in composition is the strongest objection which can be
raised against its exclusive use as a manure supply for the
farm and garden, yet this objection has lost much of its force
since the causes of variation are better understood, and may
thus be avoided to a considerable extent. We have learned

120

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan .

how to improve its efficiency as a complete manure under
varying conditions of soil as well as of varying wants of
crops, by adding those manurial constituents which are called
for in different relative proportions, and which the barn-
yard manure on hand does not contain.

Analyses of Eighty Samples of Barn-yard Manure made at Am-
herst^ Mass.

Pounds per Hundred.

Pounds per

ANALYSIS.

Ton

Highest.

Lowest.

Average.

(2,000 Pounds).

Moisture,

75.00

60.00

67.24

1S44.80

Nitrogen,

1.3G

.21

.52

10.40

Potassium oxide,

1.40

.1.3

.56

11.20

Phosphoric acid.

.75

.10

.39

7.80

The average barn-yard manure contains, as will be noticed
from the above statement, a larger percentage of nitrogen as
compared with potash and i)hosphoric acid than is generally
considered economical in a complete fertilizer for general
farm purposes.

The jiractice of adding to the inanurial refuse materials of
the farm, as stable 7nanure, v eg etahle compost, etc., such single
cominercial manurial substances as ivill enrich them in the
direction desirable for any particular crop, does not yet receive
that degree of general attention which it deserves. An addi-
tion of potash in the form of muriate or sulphate ofj^otash,
or of phosphoric acid in the for 7n of fine-ground /South Caro-
lina or Florida soft phosphate, etc., ivill in many instances
not only improve their general fitness as complete man^ire, but
quite frequently permit a material reduction in tJie amount of
barn-yard Tnanure ordinarily considered necessary to secure
satisfactory results. An addition of from thirty to forty
pounds of muriate of potash and one hundred pounds of
line-ground soft Florida phosphate per ton of l)arn-yard
manure, at any time l)efore applying the latter to the soil
deserves recommendation .

1898.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

121

3. Notes on Wood Ashes.

Forty per cent, of all articles sent on for examination
consist of wood ashes. They are sold in the majority of
cases under the trade name ' ' Unleached Canada hard-wood
ashes." Ninety-ei^rht samples tested at the station during
the past year gave the following results : —

No

. of Samples.

Moisture from 1 to 3 per cent.,

10

4 to 6

8

6 to 10

. 13

10 to 15

19

15 to 20

11

20 to 30

10

Moisture above 35 per cent..

1

Potassium oxide above 8 per cent..

3

" " from 7 to 8 per cent..

8

" 6 to 7

21

" 5 to 6

28

" 4 to 5

10

" 3 to 4

3

" " below 3 per cent., .

none

Phosphoric acid above 2 "

4

'• " from 1 to 2 per cent.,

45

" " below 1 per cent., .

24

Average per cent, of calcium oxide (1

ime).

34.29

r

6

to

10,

10

Per cent, mineral matter insoluble in
diluted hydrochloric acid, from —

1

10
15
20

to
to
to

15,
20,
30,

30

15

3

1

I

above

30,

1

The variations noticeable in the composition of wood
ashes are not surprising when we consider the crude mode
of collecting and handling them for commercial purposes.
The particular eflects of both varying quantities of foreign
insolul)le matter, as soil, coal ashes, etc., and of moisture,
on the composition of a given sample of genuine wood
ashes, as far as its percentage of potash and of phosphoric
acid is concerned, depend largely on the particular kind of
wood which has served for the production of the ash. The
color of the wood ashes in case of dark varieties depends
usually on admixture of more or less charcoal, while an ex-
ceptionally light color is not unfrequently due to the kind
of wood which furnishes it. Some kinds of wood, as elm

122 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

wood, produce a white ash of excellent quality, judging
from samples sent on for examination.

As the dealer is only obliged to guarantee the amount of
potash and of phosphoric acid present in a given quantity
of wood ashes, no serious objection can be raised on the part
of the buyer on account of moisture, etc., as long as the
article contains the specified amount of both potash and
phosphoric acid.

Wood ashes ought to be bought and sold by weight, and
not by measure, for both moisture and foreign matters are
apt to afiect seriously the weight of a given measure.

Some dealers in wood ashes have adopted of late the prac-
tice of stating merely the sum of both, instead of specifying
the amount of each of them present. As phosphoric acid
and potassium oxide contained in v/ood ashes are considered
in our section of the country, pound for pound of an equal
commercial value, from 4.5 to 5 cents, no particular objec-
tion can l^e raised against a joint statement of both as far as
the mere money value of the samples is concerned ; yet, as
this mode of stating the guaranteed composition is apt to
lead to misconception and abuse, it ought to be discouraged
and discontinued.

The large percentage of lime, from 30 to 40 per cent.,
found in genuine wood ashes, imparts a special agricultural
value to them as a fertilizer, aside from the amount of
potash and phosphoric acid they contain. Wherever an
application of lime is desired, wood ashes deserve favorable
consideration, on account of the superior mechanical con-
dition of the lime they furnish.

4. Notes on Cotton-seed Meal as a Fertilizer.

Recent low prices of some concentrated feed stuffs have
favored ox})eriments to lest their fitness for supplying
directly nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash for plant food.
Whenever the market value of the amount of nitrogen,
phosi)horic acid and potash they contain compares fairly
well with the market cost of these three ingredients, the
trials deserve, for various reasons, encouragement.

The richness of cotten-seed meal, linseed meal, etc., as
well as their marked disposition to rot in the presence of

1898.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

123

moisture and of a fair average temperature, caused their
selection. Both are quite frequently looked upon with favor
as suitable materials to furnish plant food for various farm
crops. Cotton-seed meal in particular is to-day used exten-
sively by tobacco growers in the Connecticut River valley
as the main source of nitrogen for that crop.

The increasing importance of cotton-seed meal as a fertil-
izer has been followed by the writer with a frequent ex-
amination of the articles sold in our markets to protect the
interests of our farmers. Importers of cotton-seed meal,
claiming that they sold their articles as a feed stuff and not
as a fertilizer, declined as a rule until quite recently to take
out a fertilizer license which would oblige them to sell with
a stated guarantee of at least the nitrogen.

The results of sixty-five analyses carried on under my
direction are as follows : —

Per Cent.

Maximum.

Minimum.

Average.

Moisture, ......

Nitrogen,

Phosphoric acid, ....
Potassium oxide, ....

10.80
7.95
3.36
2.38

3.90

2.08

.73

.48

7.00
6.60
1.79
1.76

Allowing 12 cents for every pound of nitrogen, 5 cents
per pound for each of phosphoric acid and potassium oxide,
these three ingredients represent per ton a market value of —

$19.39 in case of our average sample of cotton-seed meal.

24. S2 in case of our highest sample of cotton-seed meal.

6.20 in case of our lowest sample of cotton-seed meal.

The above-stated difterence in the composition of cotton-
seed meal is mainly due to the presence of more or less
grround skins and husks of the cotton seed. Cotton-seed
meal designed for fodder ought to he free from skins and
husks, to deserve a reconnnendation for that purpose ; cot-
ton-seed meal to be used for fertilizer may contain more or

124

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION

[Jan.

less of this substance, provided the entire material is finely
ground and the price in accordance with the composition.

We advise farmers to buy cotton-seed meal, like all other
fertilizing materials, on the basis of a guarantee of (at least)
nitrogen as the basis of the bargain. For their information
it seems but proper to state in this connection that the
American Cotton Oil Company of New York has quite re-
cently secured a license for the sale of their cotton-seed meal
as a fertilizer in our State, and intend to sell on the basis of
the amount of nitrogen their article contains.

5. Notes on Damara Land Guano.

The material which served for our examination was sent
on to this office by Messrs. H. J. Baker & Bro. of New York
City. It consisted of a bag containing two hundred pounds
of guano, and was accompanied by analyses of two chemists
of London, Eng. As every new source of a genuine guano
claiming to resemble the Peruvian guano of earlier periods
in the trade of commercial fertilizers must be of special im-
portance to all interested in the temporary resources of our
supplies of plant food, our results are briefly stated below : —

Analysis of Damara Land Oucmo

{Per

Cen

'■)•

Moisture at 100" C, 17.70

Organic matter, ....

25.63

Total ash,

5G.67

Total nitrogpii,

6.79

Nitrogen in form of amnion iates,

1.80

Nitrogen in form of nitrates, .

.05

Nitrogen in form of organic matter,

3.94

Carbonic acid,

trace

Total phosphoric acid,

14.78

Soluble pliosphoric acid, .

4.90

Reverted phosphoric acid,

5.79

Insoluble phosphoric acid,

4.09

Total potassium oxide,

3.53

Potassium oxide soluble in water, .

3.46

Sodium oxide,

7.03

Calcium oxide, .....

14.21

Magnesium oxide, ....

2.05

Iron and aluminum oxides.

trace

Sulphuric acid,

5.94

Chlorine, ,,...,

5.77

Insoluble matter, ....

9.26

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 125

The results of our analyses of the sample (two hundred
pound bag) kindly sent on for trial by Messrs. H. J. Baker
& Bro., New York City, are fairly within the stated com-
position of English chemists. The guano, it is stated, has
been brought from some islands off the west coast of Africa ;
it is a valuable material, as may be seen from our detailed
statement.

6. Notes on Ceematory Ashes from City Garbage.

In my annual report for 1895 (pages 160 and 161), special
attention was called to two important recent modes of sav-
ing city garbage, kitchen refuse in particular, for manurial
purposes. Sanitary considerations are the first cause of
the introduction of these new modes of disposing of objec-
tionable refuse matter, w^hich promise to become from day
to day more important as supplies of valuable fertilizer
materials.

Our attention has been in particular called to the products
of the crematory furnace ashes from Lowell, jNIass. The
article is evidently improving, in consequence of the adop-
tion of a proper system of sifting and grinding the ashes,
as wdll be seen from the accompanying analysis, represent-
ing;, accordino; to statement, one hundred tons. The sellino;
price, from $10 to $11 per ton, invites serious trials, as a
fertilizer furnishing potash, phosphoric acid and lime.

Analysis of Ashes from the Cremation of City Garbage {Per Cent.).

Moisture at 100^ C, 53

Potassium oxide, 6.01

Sodium oxide, 15.65

Total phosphoric acid, 10.21

Available phosphoric acid, . . . . .2.31

Insoluble phosphoric acid, 7.87

Sulphuric acid (So,), 4.57

Chlorine, -1.75

Carbonic acid (CO^), . . . . . .10.85

Calcium oxide, 20.22

Magnesium oxide, 1 . 16

Iron and alumina, 9 . 32

Insoluble matter, .24.26

Nitrogen (inactive lyan comjiounds) , . . . .17

126 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

7. Notes on Wool Washings as a Source of Fertilizer.

It is a well-known fact that the skins of sheep and raw
wool are coated with potash compounds of a soap-like
nature. In many localities in Europe it is a common prac-
tice to turn to account for manuring grass lands the water
used in washing sheep before shearing, as well as the wash
water obtained from raw wool in factories. This is used
in form of an overflow. Wherever meadows adjoin the place
of washing wool, arrangements may be readil}'^ provided
for turning the wool washings directly to account. Samples
of raw wool tested here for potash some years ago gave the
following results : —

Potassium oxide soluble in water (per cent.), . . 3.92
Potassium oxide soluble in diluted hydrochloric acid

(percent.), 4.20

Of interest in this connection are the results of examina-
tion of a material sent on from a factory in this State. The
article was labelled "concentrated potash liquor," and de-
scribed as obtained from the washings of wool with water
after the grease had been extracted by naphtha. It con-
sisted of a highly colored, thick, syrup-like mass, containing
a liberal admixture of tine fibrous vegetable matter. An
analysis made with reference to its approximate value as a
fertilizer gave the following results : —

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100° C, 41.13

Dry matter, 58.87

The dry matter left behind contained : —

Per Cent.

Potassium oxide, 10.15

Phosphoric acid, 10

Nitrogen, 1.09

The commercial value of these ingredients per ton of the
original substance at the present rates amounts approximately
to $12.40. In charring the original material directly, 100
parts left behind 36.49 parts; the charred mass tested for
potassium oxide showed 34.91 per cent, present, or 698.2
pounds of potassium oxide per ton of charred residue, which

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 127

equals 1,012 pounds of carbonate of potash per ton of charred
residue practically free from chlorine.

The scarcity of a good quality of carbonate of potash for
manurial purposes in case of tobacco and similar industrial
crops ought to encourage attempts to turn the concentrated
potash liquor to account.

The charred mass might serve directly as material for the
manufacture of a high-grade potash fertilizer.

128 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

III. NOTES OF FIELD EXPERIMENTS WITH
TOBACCO IN MASSACHUSETTS, 1893-96.

CHARLES A. GOESSMANN.

The experiments briefly described in the following pages
were carried on with the co-operation of the Valley Tobacco
Experiment Association of Massachusetts.

The officers of this organization consisted of President
L. A. Crafts of Whately, Vice-President C. L. Fowler of
Westfield, Secretary and Treasurer G. D. Fisk of Agawam ;
Board of Directors, W. A. Porter of Agawam and C. L.
Warner of Hatfield.

Hatfield, Westfield and Agawam were chosen for the loca-
tion of the experiments. The selection of the particular
field in each place was left to a special committee of the
association. In all cases a deep, sandy loam was selected
for the trial.

The same kind and the same amount of fertilizing in-
gredients were used in all cases, and the observations con-
tinued for three successive years. For details see Bulletin
No. 47, April, 1897.

The variety of tobacco selected for the trial was Havana
seed. For the purpose of securing uniformity of fertilizer
during the years of the experiment, it was decided to pur-
chase at once, as far as advisable, enough of each kind to
supply the needed materials for three years.

Statement of Fertilizers used upon Defferent Plots.
The fertilizer mixture used during the entire time of
observation contained in all cases, per acre : —

Pounds.

Potassium oxide (available) 300

Nitrogen (available), 100

Phosphoric acid (available), 60

One-fourth of the nitrogen was in all cases used in the
form of nitrates of soda or potash, to secure a uniform con-

1898.]

PUBLIC DOCUxMENT — No. 33.

129

dition of availability of nitrogen during the early stages of
growth.

Each experiment plot measured 3,634 square feet, or
approximately one-twelfth of one acre.

Chemical Composition of the Different Fertilizing Ingredients used in
compounding the Special Fertilizers for Different Plots in the
Tobacco Experiment. Ingredients containing Chlorine were
carefully excluded from the Mixtures of Fertilizers in All Cases.

NAME OF MATERIAL.

n

0)
SB
O

ft
o

Xi

6

■io

o

0^

o

•p

'5

SO

3

■a
o

OQ

1°

"3
o

SO
□

tJB

Nitrate of soda

15.59

-

-

35.00

-

-

Nitrate of potash

12.79

-

45.05

-

-

-

Cotton-seed meal

6.50

3.17

2.25

-

_*

_*

Linseed meal, ......

5.91

1.95

1.08

-

-*

-*

Castor pomace,

5.60

2.26

3.40

-

-*

_*

Dissolved bone-blaclj

-

13.38

-

-

-*

-

Odorless phosphate, or phosphatic slag.

-

18.42

-

-

48.27

-

High-grade sulphate of potash,

-

-

50.20

-

-

-

Potash-magnesia sulphate,

-

-

24.32

-

-

12.58

Cotton-seed hull ashes

-

7.93

23.96

-

9.30

10.47

Carbonate of potaBh-magnesia,

-

-

18.48

-

-

19.52

Barn-yard manure

.52

.39

.56

-*

_*

-*

* Not determined.

Chemical Composition of the Different Sp)ecial Formidas used in

the Tobacco Exp)eriment.

Plot 1.

X WIE OF FERTILIZING MATERIAL

Pounds
per Acre.

Pounds op Fertilizing Elements

PER ACRE.

USED.

Phosphoric Potassium
Acid. Oxide.

Nitrogen.

Nitrate of potash, ....
Cotton-seed meal, ....
Dissolved bone-black, . .
Potash-magnesia sulphate, .

195

1,154

175

765

37
23

88
26

186

25

75

Total,

-

60

300

100

130

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

Plot 2.

NAME OF FERTILIZING MATERIAL

Pounds
per Acre.

Pounds of Fertilizikg Elements
PEE Acre.

USED.

Phosphoric
Acid.

Potassium
Oxide.

Nitrogen.

Nitrate qf potash, ....
Castor pomace, ....
Dissolved bone-black, .
Potash-magnesia sulphate, .

195

1,340

221

685

31

29

88.0

45.0
166.5

25
75

Total,

-

60

299.5

100

Plot 3.

Nitrate of soda.
Cotton-seed meal, .
Cotton-seed hull ashes.
Total,

160.3
1,154.0
1,142.0

37.00
90.56

127.56

26
274

300

25
75

100

Plot 4.

Nitrate of soda.
Castor pomace.
Cotton-seed hull ashes,
Total,

160.3
1,340.0
1,060.0

31.0
84.1

115.1

45.50
253.97

299.47

25
75

100

[Plot 5. — No manure at any time during the experiment.]
Plot 6.

Nitrate of soda, ....

160.3

-

-

25

Cotton-seed meal, ....

1,154.0

37

26

75

Dissolved bone-black, .

175.0

23

-

-

High-grade sulphate of potash, .

545.8

-

274

-

Total,

-

60

300

100

1898.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

131

Plot 7.

NAME OF FERTILIZING MATERIAL

Pounds
per Acre.

Pounds of Fektilizing Elemknts
PER Acre.

USED.

Phosphoric
Acid.

Potassium
Oxide.

Nitrogen.

Nitrate of soda, ....
Castor pomace, ....
Dissolved bone-black, .
High-grade sulphate of potash, .

160.3

1,340.0

221.0

506.0

31
29

45.50

254.50

25

75

Total, .....

-

60

300.00

100

Plot 8.

Nitrate of soda, ....

160.3

-

25

Linseed meal, ....

1,271.0

24.78

14

75

Dissolved bone-black, .

263.0

35.22

-

-

High-grade sulphate of potash, .

569.7

-

286

-

Total

-

60.00

300

100

Plot 9.

Nitrate of potash, ....
Cotton-seed meal, ....
Cotton-seed hull ashes, .

195
1,154

776

37

62

88

26

186

25
75

Total,

99

300

100

Plot 10.

Nitrate of potash, ....

195.0

-

88.00

25

Castor pomace

1,340.0

31

45.50

75

Phosphatic slag meal, .

157.0

29

-

-

Carbonate of potash-magnesia.

900.9

-

166.50

-

Total

-

60

300.00

100

Plots 11 and 12. *

Barn-yard manure,

20,000

78

112

104

* Average analysis of eeventy-flve samples tested at the station laboratory at Amherst, if ass.

132

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

Summary or Three Years of Observation at Hatfield,
Agaavam and Westfield.

I. Number of Plants harvested and Yield of Tobacco per One
TJiousand Plants.

Hatfield (Old Tobacco Land).

YEAR.

Average Number of
Plants.

Difference in Yield
PER Plot on the
Basis of 1,000 Plants
(Pounds).

Per Plot.*

Per Acre.

Highest.

Lowest.

1893,

561

6,734

266

217

1894,

618

7,419

223

191

1895,

626

7,512

222

191

* One-twelfth of one acre.

Westfield {New Tobacco La?id).

1894,

670

8,040

192

155

1895,

593

7,122

245

217

1896,

689

8,269

216

191

Agawam {New

Tobacco Land).

1893, .

696

8,352

225

158

1894,

704

8,432

220

164

1895, .

695

8,340

222

148

Average Y'ield of Tobacco on the Basis
of 1,000 Plants Harvested (Pounds).

' YE.\K.

Hatfield.

Westfield.

Agawam.

1893

235.2

-

191.3

1894,

206.4

171.6

186.7

1895,

210.5

228.0

176.2

1896,

-

199.4

-

1898.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

133

II. Average Yield of Tobacco, loitli Beference to Wnippe7', per
One Thousand Plants.

Hatfield.

YEAR.

Average Yield
of Tobacco.

Average Yield
of Wrappers.

Average Per-
centage of
Wrappers.

Variations in

Percentage of

Wrappers in Plots.

1893, ....

1894, ....

1895, . . . .

Pounds.

235.2

206.6
210.1

Pounds.

97.2
105.0
109.3

41.2

50.7
52.1

21.0-71.0
38.8-61.4
36.8-63.1

Westfield.

1894

171.3

90.3

52.3

41.6-62.10

1895, ....

228.7

49.6

21.2

6.4-34.40

1896, ....

199.3

138.2

69.6

59.0-78.80

Agawam.

1893, ....

190.8

_*

_*

_*

1894

191.7

52.2

26.7

8.8-44.4

1895, ....

178.8

_*

_*

_*

* Not determined.

Conclusions drawn from the Third Year of Obser-
vation.

1. Good mechanical preparation of the soil and early
application, and thus good diffusion of the fertilizers, not less
than early planting and a suitable number of plants to a
given area, exert a decided influence on the quantity and the
quality of the crop, under otherwise corresponding con-
ditions. Planting as early as the local climate admits
secures the benefit of the winter moisture.

Too close planting interferes with a liberal or rapid devel-
opment of the leaves, and too large open spaces between the

134 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

individual plants tends to favor a coarser structure. Rows
three feet and four inches apart with plants twenty inches
from each other in the row (Westiield), and rows two feet
and eight inches apart with plants two feet from each other
in the row (Hatfield) gave better returns than rows three
feet apart with plants eighteen inches from each other in the
row (Agawam).

2. A timely, shallow use of the cultivator or hoe for the
removal of weeds fiivors a uniform progress of growth. A
careless use of cultivator or hoe invariably checks more or
less the growth of the plants, and modifies more or less their
structure and general character.

3. The different fertilizer mixtures used in our experi-
ments have affected in a less marked degree the weight of the
crop raised by their aid than the quality. New lands reduced
by previous cropping to a state approaching general exhaus-
tion of available plant food, if otherwise well fitted for raising
tobacco, have given excellent results when supplied with a
suitable mixture of fertilizing ingredients in quantities sim-
ilar to those applied during our experiments (Westfield).
Such lands are at times preferable to old tobacco lands over-
charged with remnants of all kinds of saline ingredients,
usually associated with the common run of commercial fer-
tilizers.

4. Cotton-seed meal, linseed meal and castor pomace have
proved equally good sources of nitrogen for the successful
raising of tobacco when used in connection with nitrate of
soda or potash, sufficient to furnish one-fourth of the nitrogen
called for by the crop.

5. Nitrate of soda as a part of the nitrogen supply in
the fertilizer (25 per cent.), when used in presence of acid
phosphate, dissolved bone-black, etc., has been accompanied
with better results regarding quality of crop than nitrate of
potash under otherwise similar conditions.

6. Cotton-seed hull ashes and high-grade sulphate of
potash have proved in our observation most valuable sources
of potash for tobacco, the former in the majority of cases
loading. Nitrate of potash has i)r()duced excellent results
when used in connection with an alkaline phosphate, as phos-
phatic slag meal or with carbonate of potash-magnesia. Our

1898.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 135

results with potash-magnesia sulphate as the main potash
sources of a tobacco fertilizer are not encouraging.

7. The diflerence noticed in the color of ash, etc., incase
of the crop being raised upon diiferent plots, is in several
instances so slight that an attempt to classify the various fer-
tilizers used with reference to their superior fitness on the
basis of color and compactness of ash cannot be otherwise
than arbitrary. With this qualification in mind, the following
classification is ofiered for the consideration of parties en-
gao;ed in the cultivation of tobacco in our section of the
country : —

First Class.

Plot 4. — Nitrate of soda, cottou-seed hull ashes and castor
pomace.

Plot 3. — Nitrate of soda, cotton-seed hull ashes and cotton-
seed meal.

Plot 9. — Nitrate of potash, cotton-seed hull ashes and cotton-
seed meal.

Plot 10. — Nitrate of potash, carbonate of potasli-magnesia and
phosphatic slag.

Second Class.

Plot 6. — Nitrate of soda, higli-grade sulphate of potash, cotton-
seed meal and dissolved boue-black.

Plot 8. — Nitrate of soda, high-grade sulphate of potash, linseed
meal and dissolved bone-black.

Plot 7 . — Nitrate of soda, high-grade sulphate of potash, castor
pomace and dissolved bone-black.

Third Class.

Plot 1. — Nitrate of potash, potash-magnesia sulphate, cotton-
seed meal and dissolved bone-black.

Plot 2. — Nitrate of potash, potash-magnesia sulphate, castor
pomace and dissolved bone-black.

The observations with barn-yard manure have not been
considered in the above classification ; they are very en-
couraging, but not sufficient in number to permit detailed
discussion in this connection; besides, the amount of barn-
yard manure used in our experiment, ten tons per acre, con-
tained nearly two hundred pounds of potassium oxide and

136 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. '98.

from thirty to forty pounds of available phosphoric acid less
than our formula of commercial fertilizing ingredients called
for.

An early application of barn-yard manure, properly sup-
plemented with a suitable potash compound and available
phosphoric acid, has produced excellent results in other
localities.

INDEX.

PAGB

Agriculturist, report of, 9

Alfalfa, 35

Ashes, wood, notes on 121

Crematory, from city garbage, 125

Asparagus rust, 58

Barn-yard manure, notes on, 119

Black chaff or African millet, 37

Botanists, report of 47

Brazilian stooling flour corn, 37

Brown rot of stone fruits, 63

Butternut, leaf Wight of 69

Chemist (fertilizers) , report of, 106

Cliemist (foods and feeding), report of, 74

Cherry, wild black, leaf spot of, 70

Chestnut, leaf spot of, . . . '. 69

Chrysanthemum rust, 65

Clovers, 33

Alsike 33

Crimson 36

Mammoth, 33

Medium red, 33

Sweet, 33

Corn, variety tests of, ... 28

Cotton-seed feed as hay substitute, 79

Composition of, 82

Digestibility of, 83

Feeding experiments with 85

Cotton-seed meal as fertilizer, 122

Daniara land guano, 124

" Drop " of lettuce 55

Entomologist, report of, 102

Fertilizees :

Ashes, wood, notes on, 121

Ashes, crematory, from city garbage 125

Comparison of different phosphates, 16

Cotton-seed meal as fertilizer, . . . . , . . . . 122

Damara land guano, 124

For beets, 25

For celery, 25

For garden crops, 23

For peas 24

For squashes, 25

Injurious effect of sulphate of ammonia and muriate of potash used

together, 26

Manure v. manure and potash, 11

138 INDEX.

Fertilizers — Conchtded. page

Muriate compared with sulphate of potash in connection with sulphate of

ammonia for corn 22

Natural phosphates compared with each other and with acid phosphate, . 11

Special corn fertilizer v. fertilizer richer in potash, 12

Sulphate of iron as a fertilizer 27

Trade values of fertilizer ingredients, 112

"Wool washings as fertilizer, 126

Fire blight, 60

Formaldehyde gas as fungicide, 49

Geranium, disease of, 67

Grasses, variety tests of, 29

Grass land, manuring of, 26

Horticulturist, report of, 71

Hydrocyanic gas as fungicide 49

Idaho field or coffee pea, 36

Meteorologist, report of, 45

Millets, 31

Panicum crus-galli, 32

Panicum italicum, 33

Panicum miliaceum, 32

Nitrogen :

Leguminous crops as nitrogen gatherers, 19

Nitragin, 26

Relative value of different manures furnishing nitrogen 21

Potato crop (1897), causes of failure, 52

Potatoes, variety tests of, . . . 28

Poultry experiments, 37

Condition powder for producing eggs 38

Cut bone v. animal meal for producing eggs, 41

Clover rowen v. cabbage for producing eggs, 42

Quince rust, 61

Saccaline 35

Soil tests, 9

With corn, 10

With potatoes, 10

Soya beans, 33

Spraying as preventive of diseases, 50

Stumps, reputed method of destroying 37

Sycamore, leaf blight of, 68

Tobacco, field experiments with, 128

Treasurer's report 7

Winter vetch 36