oe VLE ye Ce & fob Ff; Giese Lewd My MN CaxpiNcs’ | | ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION, OAT ATS SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING, La ¥ HELD AT . see F PUBLISHED BY DIRECTION OF THE ASSOCIATION. ELGIN, PLL LEADER STEAM PRINTING AND PUBLISHING HOUSE. 1880. MARENGO, ILL.,. DECEMBER 9, 10 AND 11, 1879. Sn Na ym re sad Aina ig Biche fe pS st hae eee yee: Pease ne. aN the Interr a; in 2012 with fundin ve. org/details ann ualreportofil 18798 i PROCEEDINGS OB) THE TELINOTIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION, AT ITS SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING, HELD AT MARENGO, ILL., DECEMBER 9, 10 AND 11, 1870. -PusLisHED BY Di1rRECTION OF THE ASSOCIATION. Te ON LEADER STEAM PRINTING AND PUBLISHING HOUSE. 1880. Mie ats Pree AVape? (iticers of the Association: FOR 1880. PRESIDENT, Dr. JOSEPH TEFFT, Excin, It. SECRETARY, W. J. ANDERSON, Enain, Itt. TREASURER, ERRATA. On pages 74 and 75 where the words “ butzric ” and ) “lipzle” occur, read “ butyric” and “ lipyle.” Page 93—in Dr. Tefft’s remarks—the second word in the ninth line, read “ should,” instead of ‘“ must.” JOHN SMALLUWUOUOD, FREEPORT, LLL. Gry ie PARCONG Eran. int. W. H. STEWART, Woonstock, I11., H. W. MEAD, Hespron, I11., N. ELDRED, Girman, [nurots. The seventh and next annual meeting will be held at Marengo, Illinois, Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday, Dec. 15, 16 and 17, 1880. (iticers of the Association FOR 1880. PRESIDENT, Dr. JOSEPH TEFFT, Exain, Ic. | SECRETARY, W. J. ANDERSON, Exain, Itt. TREASURER, R. M. PATRICK, Mareneo, It. VICE-PRESIDENTS, C. C. BUELL, Rock Fauts, I1t., Hon. Wm. PATTEN, Sanpwicn, [11.., S. W. KINGSLEY, Barrineton, I1t.., E. H. Sewarp, Marenoeo, I1Lt., J. R? McLEAN, Exarn, I11., ISRAEL BOIES, Davis Junction, It., LUTHER BARTLETT, Bartruert, I11., Pror. F. H. HALL, Sucar Grove, I1t., I. H. WANZER, Onetpa, ILL, | CHAS. BOONE, WINNEBAGO, ILL., JOHN SMALLWOOD, Freeport, Ix1., Grn. L. B. PARSONS, Frora, Iu, W. H. STEWART, Woopsrock, Iut., H. W. MEAD, Hesron, I11.., N. ELDRED, Gitman, Inurors. The seventh and next annual meeting will be held at Marengo, Tilinois, Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday, Dec. 15, 16 and 17, 1880. MEMBERS OF aeEUE ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION FOR WS88o. Re My Patrieke sc iescGe vay sasvosink aera dees ia once baa en aan ene Marengo. Lllinois NP. Vall Seseiapiteiicanesew easeeiete wcaneeeki ete eee ieee eee renee a af SK. Bartholomew: :..d..0. slesckenscecncecees aeeee eee ee ae eae bs a ATVOIY SISSON... o5—:stee es coc euew sy ae peat amiecs pe 5 Uke eae NEM memes ne af Pe BP riiele vasce: cemas-cwics woes yeesenicaneeec es ater eee meeeen eens ne - Weed. UMeDonviell stein cssacscee gene ols a naledpuslee eee eee nes . a TS PB PUC Circe scs. ysiceinee's ise c epegmecaia ceca masta tect eee ae eee eee “3 id WW. 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Be Seeeaceer bcgodoceaceseee cercon ers cesecers oY a NMI ONE creates ocd sevecsecccsustacsesens savers tees secs Gt at Se MMS RT TEIN te etattars eis cia oeisoiais da sivishere Saiolsiere dGisisies-spieeciesadavarsesnacs sine ie ge CONE ING DDC eve ccc. cee ceecccen. Cites Sine auact aroma Acierats Bua. Sok Woodstock, Illinois UM CMD OER CIVAT OS ck a dauies os oe aie cao eecs candies owsls nacoc arses ae 66 MIMMTPMT DOUG etecic ceca slee se cis cle se sic siecle ocecescieeeieecien Scaaeisee aie ‘4 UG MMC P OSU YM) doe tacts tes ccdeedss css. suatecescutadeceeces ot 6 ADMIT CNG eres mach eagenic ssc oeaaalucis moece aie se saddeacbacen swese Huntley, “ Dulin, TMNG nny ofs(oldless sade ceesedecencospod eee csudec seesomcenenn Harmony, “ GTN ei isc os eineawenstcseteveeseeersonntsesens nah, --Union, i EIR MN TG ee eect clndiecmcs esc sanssleccsdet~ <—because they are in the hands of men that never do business by the halves. If they keep cows, they know every month, yea, every week, whether they pay or not. Such men don’t ask their cows to pay without feed, and the best kind at that. Their cows are always milked regularly ; they are provided with good, warm stables, protected from all cold storms, always treated kindly; they use no dogs, but soft, kind words. There is too much guess work with farmers, generally. When you ask one man how his cows are doing, he will answer promptly: “ Average twenty-five pounds per day; I get $1.25 per hundred for my milk; I get thirty- one and one-fourth cents per day per cow—cost, twenty cents per day for keep; and at that figure my hay and grain is sold for a good price at home. I have the manure for my farm; my farm is growing better every year and my bank account stronger.’ This is so with but few. Three- fourths of the dairymen in the West cannot say they do as above. Take, for instance, the report of Professor Wilson, at Elgin, in 1874, of the best dairy in 36,000 cows kept in New York State. That season the best dairy produced $92.50 worth of milk, the poorest, $13.50. Both these men carried to same factory and received same price for their milk. I presume, if we knew the product of the entire 36,000 cows, we would find not more than 9,000 of the 36,000 gave over $40 worth of milk. I judge by what I know; it is not guess work. How much is lost every year by bad management in the manufacture of butter and cheese? Why do dairymen keep and milk cows and carry milk to a factory where the proprietor or manufacturer does not understand his business ? Why is it that there is eight cents a pound difference in the price of creamery butter ? Why is it that there is from two to four cents per pound difference in the price of full-cream cheese? Is there not five cents per pound difference now in skim cheese? Why do dairymen carry their milk to a factory that never turns out any thing but second-class goods? Is it not the fault of you, dairymen? I think if dairymen first guaranteed to the factoryman good, pure milk, then bound the manufac- turer to produce “A No.1” goods or pay the difference, and then carried this rule into effect and lived up to it 52 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. strictly, I believe it would make twenty-five per cent. in favor of the dairymen. Gentlemen, it is your own fault if you don’t remedy this evil. I dislike long epistles, yet a volume can be written on this subject; but I have only touched two points—the production of milk and the man- ufacture. of the same. 1 have not sard ome vamarrer that might in truth be said on these two points, but enough at this time. On motion the chair appointed a committee of five, consisting of S. W. Kingsley, J. KR. MeKeanm@@. iiell L. Sheldon and W. W. Bingham, to nominate officers for the ensuing year. On motion, the convention then adjourned to meet at 1 20} py tal, ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 53 PE TEIRNOON SESSION. WEDNESDAY, DEc. 10. The convention was called tv order by the president at 1:45, and Question No. 8 was resumed. B. Capy: Said he would make a few suggestions. In the first place, those who were running the factories should rum them in a cleanly manner. In the next place, those who brought milk to the factory should be obliged to bring it in. good order. Have plenty of water at the iactemy and have it good, Factorymen didn’t let: the patrons know what they were getting for their milk. His idea was, to let the patrons know all about it. The business _ depended upon the patrons and the makers. There were many who didn’t understand any thing about the business, but would after a while. He had been to some trouble to collect figures in the matter, and had found a great differ- ence in many cases between dividends paid by factories in this section, for same month. Wanted to know how this could be accounted for. Ira THompson was called upon, but said he had not come to be heard, but to learn. ies WiciARws. Said’ good! butter and: good cheese could not be made from unclean milk. Mr. S. K. BartHotomew (called upon): Said he thought the ground had been pretty well covered by the previous speakers, but he would repeat, for the more our 54 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. errors were brought before us the more apt we were to correct them. The main point to consider was the stock from which we got our milk. One trouble was that we kept too many cows that did not pay, that ate up the profits of the good ones. The average cow gives about 3,000 pounds of milk per annum. It should be from 5,000 to 8,000. The worth of the animal was measured by what it produced over and above what it cost to keep it. The way to get good stock was to raise it. A few years since he thought he was losing money by raising calves because he could buy them cheaper than he could raise them, and so concluded to buy; but he soon found he was paying much more for the cheap animals—they proved to be the dearer. He selected his cows from choice stock—both dam and sire. He could raise good cows this way. When he had bought them he never got as good ones as he could raise. You ‘didn’t notice the expense: Of taismianieaem There was another defect—we were putting on the market goods that did not get sold. There was just one of two remedies that must be adopted for this: One-half of us must go out of the business, or we must produce only half of the year. Let the Eastern people manufacture the dairy soods in summer, and we would make in winter. Those were the most important of our failures. We asked the cow merchant to fill up the gaps in our cow ranks, and lost by it. Another trouble :—But few of us were educated to the business. We started out here thinking we could make and sell produce as cheaply as the Eastern people, but we found that to get high prices we had to make goods that would bring them. We were improving, though; we fed cattle better. A few years ago it was not an extraordi- nary thing to see hides stretched on farmers’ fences; but we have got past that. Dné average “farmer can) mane without a shudder, throw to his cattle an extra peck of ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 55 feed. However, one class of bad men might spoil the good effects of many good ones. He had found out that dividing the milk in his factory, putting the milk of big producers in one place and that of small ones in another, resulted good. He had found in doing this that by the other way half of his patrons were robbing the other half. The small patrons were robbing the big ones. We must bear in mind that it took good milk to make good butter, and it took good butter to find buyers. W. Patren: Had had but little experience in butter- making. Was running a small private dairy. He had married a woman who, in her own estimation, knew how to make butter better than he did. He wanted to run the butter-making, but his wife would not let him. But he had a chance once: His wife was called away to the home of his son, last fall, by one of those unfortunate accidents which frequently occur to newly-married couples, and he _ tried his hand at it. He made a good batch of butter and sent it to Chicago. He didn’t hear any thing about it until he called at the commission house on his way to the con- vention, and tound, as the merchant told him, that the butter kept well—very well. He didn’t want his wife to know any thing about it, and told the man to bill it at thirty-five cents per pound in returns and he would make up the difference. If he had thought. any of the women present would ever see his wife he would not have told of it, Mrs. Gro. SAanps: Had made butter a good while, but lately her “lord and master” had learned how, and now he knew it all. He attended the State Dairymen’s Convention at Elgin for a few hours, and he knew much more than she did. He did well, however. The last month 56 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. he had made one pound of butter from twenty-two pounds of milk. She had made good butter, but didn’t feel com- petent to give any instructions. Mr. Sands: Said his wife gave him more credit than he thought she would. She found a great deal of fault with him at home. Said he was not neat. ©. S. Canoon; Thought the first (place @olsranya reform in this matter was in the stable, with all. He never had carried milk to factory, but thought the greatest mistake made was in not requiring more cleanliness. We should be more careful. Suppose we began at the begin- ning—dressing the cow right and keeping her in a good place. | J. H. Foote: Would add to Mr. Cahoon’s remarks. He hired much help and he allowed no man to speak a loud word in his barn; nothing louder than a whisper. You must keep the cows quiet. It didn’t matter so much about the feed, T. McD. RicHarps: Said that was all well enough in theory, but he hadn’t seen the man yet who wouldn't speak out loud, if he was raised by a kicker. CanHoon: You should get good, quiet milkers from a quiet class of people. Set the pail right under the cows. Clean off, the teats; brush them clean, He had teanctimes all of his men in the matter of milking. D.C. Scorterp: Thought it was of ereat impor: ance to keep cows quiet; it was very important, also, that they be kept clean. About keeping cows quiet: He had a man manage his dairy once who had a very quick temper, ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 57 but he was always good with the cows—always kind. His next man was always yelling at the cows, and he always had trouble. He soon had a number of kicking cows. The cows fell off in their milk. These two facts keep in mind: Keep the cows quict and keep them clean. A cow should never be milked until every thing is brushed off the udder, and there should be no talking. He had had men who would sing a nice little song when they were milking. It was necessary to keep the animals quiet when you milk. It always affects the milk to make a noise. Remember when you milk, that this question came up at the conven- tion. McLean: Would like to ask if any of them ever hired a man who could sing. Said he had had cows that could kick a man into the middle of next week, and he had an Irish girl working for him at that time who would sing those old Irish ditties, and could milk the cows he dare not touch. Had a son who belonged to what they called a quar- tette, he believed, and who was getting to be quite a singer. He always sung while milking, and could get more milk fiom tneveows than his father could, every time. His advice was to hire singers for milkers. GEO. SANDS: Hada fine cow once that would come up regularly every milking time to be milked; was as gen- tleasalamb. He built a cow barn and got this cow in the first time to milk her, and found, to his sorrow, that she had what was termed back-action. He told his boys that they might experiment with her and see if they could break hemor kickine, by force; but they made a failure of it. This was one of the best cows he ever had. He was in for kind usage. | PaTTEN: Believed in what they called animal mag- 58 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. netism, and its results upon animals. He believed that some men would make a kicker out of any cow they would attempt to milk. He had two sons; one was a good milker, the other, he believed, honestly wanted to make one, but could not. BARTHOLOMEW: ‘Thought there was something in this singing while milking. The best milker he ever had he had kept for twelve years. He never milked a cow that he knew of without singing, and never sung but the one song, and that was “The Sword of Bunker Hill.’ He didn’t believe there was another song that could bring the milk that one could. Dr. Terrr: Thought the factorymen were in error in their way of running the factories. They should visit each one of their patrons and see how, and in what condi- tion, they got their milk. The Illinois Condensing Co., of Elgin, had a rule, that their patrons’ barns should be visited once each week or oftener, and examined. A little sour milk in the milk pail might spoil the whole batch that came to the factory. The manufacturer had not the interest he ought to have in this matter. It was not out of his pocket so much as it was out of ours. It should not be allowed for one man to spoil all. The Illinois Condensing Co. never let milk come into the factory until it was examined by an expert. It was impossible to make good cheese if you didn’t examine your patrons’ cow stables and appurten- ances. If you wish to manufacture a good article you should examine your patrons’ barns and find out how your milk came to you. Then again, were our factories clean and nice? Were they run on a clean principle? If all this was done we would not have so much fault found with our cheese in the future as we had now. He knew of Mr. ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 59 Borden, president of the Illinois Condesing Co., going to the stable of one of his patrons and examining the milk- strainer. As soon as he smelled it he threw it as far as he could. Of course the patron was provoked, but Mr. Bor- den told him that he would get him a new one. After that the man brought good, clean milk, for he knew Borden to be a man of his word, and he had told him that if he brought impure milk again he would get rid of him. If all our milk was so handled we could make good cheése. He would never allow a man to take a particle of cream off the milk. If he bought the milk, he bought the whole. If he found a man watering his milk he would cut him off mighty quick. ‘The committee appointed to select judges to examine the butter and award premiums reported the following : JupGES TO EXAMINE BUTTER :—N. C. Skelton, Boston; _E.C. Ellis, Boston, and Geo. Hawthorne, Elgin, Ills. Com- mittee to draw the butter and take it to the judges: D.C. Wolverton, Belvidere, and O. W. Butts, Chicago. They were instructed to retire to a close room, away from where the butter was stored, and allow the butter to be brought to them by the drawers. The nominating committee then gave the following report which on motion was accepted and the nominees declared elected. REPORT OF COM. ON NOMINATIONS: For president, Dr. Joseph Tefft, Elgin, Ill.; secretary, Wejweinderson, Mlgin, Ill.; treasurer, R. M. Patrick, Ma- renge, Ill; vice-presidents, C. C. Buell, Rock Falls; Hon. W. Patten, Sandwich; S. W. Kingsley, Barrington; E. H. 60 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. Seward, Marengo; J. R. McLean, Elgin; I. Boies, Davis Junction; ‘Luther Bartlett, Bartlett; Profi ial auear Grove; I. H. Wanzer, Oneida; Chas. Boone, Winnebago ; John Smallwood, Freeport; ,L. B. Parsons, Plana. Capt. W. H."“Stewart, Woodstock; H. W. Mead, Hebron; N. Eldred, Gilman, Illinois. S. W. Kincs.Ley, Chairman Com. Question No. 9—‘“ The effects of drainage on differ- ent soils, and the best system employed ”-—was taken up. Upon this topic, R. M. Patrick read the following paper : R. M. PATRICK’S PAPER. Mr. President, and Gentlemen of the Ihnois State Darymens Association: In giving my views upon the subject of drainage, I will state they are the result of some twelve years of practical experience upon a farm of 480 acres—which has rapidly increased in productiveness, and, more recently, owing much to more perfect drainage. The lands which most need draining in this country are low lands, made rich by alluvial deposits left upon them by the overflow of streams, or the wash from higher lands surrounding them, and the decayed rank growth of coarse vegetation. These lands, being of an alluvial character mixed with rich vegetable growth, form the richest land known, and when thoroughly drained are capable of pro- ducing the most luxuriant crops, and in this climate ina succession of years prove more productive and more valuable than much of the higher and dryer land. The natural growth of grass upon these low, undrained lands is’ coarse, sour and almost valueless for dairy purposes. Without drainage it is impossible to cultivate these lands successfully, or to raise the sweet cultivated grasses which are so necessary for producing a fine article of butter or cheese. So these lands—the richest known—when un- drained remain of little value. There is another class of lands, situated higher, which seem dry upon the surface, but the water line is so very little below the surface that the season is far advanced before the water gets well out of the tillable soil, and the crops of grain or cultivated grasses on such lands are ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. OI uncertain and unsatisfactory. Drainage of such lands immediately changes their character, making a profitable and reliable soil, which dries easily and can be worked early in the season—a necessity which yearly becomes more apparent in raising and ripening the corn crop. There is also in these soils great fertility which heretofore was locked up but which by drainage becomes liberated, through the action of the warm rains and air now penetrating the whole mass. Soils which heretofore paid little or no profit are by drainage made to pay large profits, and to pay the entire expense of drainage in one to three crops of grain or cultivated grasses. _ Drainage, to be effective, must be deep. Lands adjoin- ing ditches are always saturated with water just as high or near the surface as the water-line in the ditch. On lands quite level the water often stands in ordinary shallow ditches within a few inches of the surface, while in a two and a half or three foot ditch it would stand much below the surface, leaving the adjoining land for one and a half to two feet below the surface free from water, in a condition to be worked early, and almost certain of producing a fair crop of grain or grass. My former practice in draining was to employ men with spades or ditching machines; either plan always leav- ing an unsightly bank of earth on one side of the ditch to prevent the surface water from flowing in on that side, and making an excellent place to raise foul seeds to be distrib- Uted over the adjoining fields. Recently Il find I can dig wider, deeper and better ditches with a team and road scraper, and cheaper than by any other method. My plan is to plow the ground one furrow deep, the width of the Sdtaperm ine emtire leneth of the field to be ditched; then scrape this plowing out the entire length, commencing at one end, carrying the dirt back several rods and spreading it evenly on the land, The team continually travels ina circle, carrying out a scraper full each time round. Then again plow and scrape as before, and so on until the ditch is from two and one-half to three feet deep, about three feet wide at the bottom and five feet wide at the top, with sloping sides, and the ground Jeveled on both sides, so that it can be cultivated to the edge and that the surface water is not prevented from running in. A man and team will 62 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. make from eight to ten rods of such ditch a day; making the cost within twenty-five cents per rod. On lands where little but surface water is to be carried off a shallow ditch of this character will do, and it can be seeded to grass. If the lands adjoining the deep ditch are springy and need further draining I then use tile drains, laying them never less than two and one-half to three feet deep, and at nearly right angles with the main drain, from five to ten rods apart, as the lands are more or less wet and springy. The first field of ten acres drained with tile by me was favorably located for draining, and was done at an expense of $5 peracre. The tile was laid in the spring and the field plowed and sown to oats and seeded to timothy and clover. The crop of oats was one of the largest ever raised by me, and was so badly lodged that fully one-half of the field was cut with a mower; yet the additional value of this crop over any heretofore raised on this field more than paid the entire cost of draining it. The next crop of hay yielded over two tons per acre; and the portion of the field which was heretofure wettest, and almost worthless, yielded fully one and one-half tons of fine timothy and clover hay per acre. The second field, drained with open drain and tile, not so favorably located for draining as the first, cost $10 per acre to drain, but was more perfectly drained than the first. The drains were laid in the fall and the field plowed ready for spring. The crop first raised on this after draining was oats, and yielded over forty bushels to the acre, of good quality. Two such crops would fully pay the cost of drain- ing over the value of any crops heretofore raised on this land. Tile drains laid with two-inch and three-inch tile cost me as follows: | 16x2-inch tile, at $12.50 per m. here, cost per LOC asceced Badass awe slanistantiats sPoonosIabansadooes iret 20€ Digging tile drain 2¥% to 3 feet deep, Cc BEB UTS VET Eh co One ust reciaincieleide Oaieceeitele Raeaa ities eaiaine cine enetaee roc (COE Ot Daiboxe) ol (mlles\enoval (eletsatnyer Chr, jorste THO) — sdcoubeaaced dodunoo IA osbEAb KoscuidoS Opa ey osswOda 30C 16x3-inch tile, at $22.50 perm. here, cost per TO Clhasains ziaetas suv eo owatsiec ecaniscinns isielateltiee Sone eREE eRe 36c Digging tile drain af, tos feet deep, 66.1) £6, vieeseussieaenicassanule wens Solanaceae ene IoC (CosE O? eohnela wills eyovel toliketenmaver (Gbveynm. joie OL nacoouanddacdoudhooanen oopoAG uoedncos vost asec 46c The laying of the tile, after the drain was ready, and the filling of the drain, was done very rapidly by my own men, the filling being done with team and plow, and the expense of laying tile and filling drain would be from five to eight cents per rod. | ee ee ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 63 : Many are deterred from undertaking the drainage of their lands because of the expense; but every farmer can drain a few acres of land each year at a trifling addition to his yearly expenses, and the small capital invested immedi- ately becomes productive—lands which before were nearly valueless paying for draining with one or two crops, and paying large yearly profits thereafter. The time has arrived in this part of the West when farmers must produce more from their lands to make farm- ing profitable. Cheap lands are becoming scarce, and the tillable portions of old farms have by Jong cultivation become, in too many cases, so exhausted as to produce unprofitable crops, and the necessity is now fairly upon us for draining and opening up for successful cultivation these rich undrained lands. PaTTEN (called upon): He could give no rule in this matter, nor lay down any law to follow. He didn’t want to take up the time of the convention. We had many farmers who were using drainage, some one kind and some another. He would recommend the tiles. If a man was _rich he could afford to let his land go without drainage ; but if he was’poor he couldn’t afford to let a foot go un- drained. He would lay down no rule, either in regard to size of tile or the depth needed. You must be governed entirely by the land. He had made mistakes in draining, but he had found it profitable. Had used too small a tile. Had used from two-to six inch tile at the depth of from two and one-half to nine feet. Your grade should be even, and at the mouth of the tile well protected. You would find that the cattle got at the mouth of the drain and destroyed it. Take a two-inch plank and level it off; the cattle will let it alone if level. It didn’t answer to let the line sag, for, if you let it get out at the start, a fine sand would run through and clog them up, Make the grade two inches to each 100 feet; you may need more of a grade if you run near a hedge. The fine fibrous roots of the hedge 64 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. would fill up the tile. If you run under a hedge your would have to take up the tile every few months. SCOFIELD: Would tile laid three feet below the sur- face be protected from frost? PaTTEN: Yes, he thought so, but no water should be allowed to stand-in the tile. The better way was to lay it lower than three feet. He had found by experience that drained land was profitable—he knew it was. He had tried some very poor looking lands. He had had a pond of about two acres in area from which he had raised, after draining, seventy-five bushels of corn to the acre. His soil was the loose, porous soil, but thought that as good results could be had. in all soils.. One error was; we had too Small tiles. His tile was round and large. Some of his neighbors had used tile sixteen inches., He had tried to get tile laid solid, and that was a great point. One advantage of round tile was, you could lay it evenly and well, Never to get an experienced drainer to do your work. He had been fooled that way once. He had got a man to lay the tile for so much per rod, and found that he was more particular about the rods than the tile. They should be left level; that was the great point. Hecould give no rule about size of tile, because there was a great difference in soil. He had run some ditches in peat bog and did not succeed; below the peat was a quicksand. He believed in some places you could run ditches shallow. In his part of the country they set their tiling deep.’ After the rain in the sprinepyen would see that the first dry land was over your ditches. In covering joints of tile he would get clay soil. He had laid tile when they filled as he went along, but the first heavy rain after they were laid cleaned them out. In mak- ing his ditch he used what was called a “ goose-neck.”’ In ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 65 laying he didn’t allow his men in the ditch after leveling, it must be level bottom. In laying the tile he used a stick and dropped them into the ditch. In very wet spots he used his judgment as to how many feet apart to lay tiles. He had raised seventy-five bushels of corn per acre where it had been slough land. Most of the farms in Illinois were three-fourths good land. Sometimes yeu could put corn for first crop on drained land; on most land it would not do at first, however. JupGE LAWRENCE: Thought the question of drainage was one of the most important. He had drained land that was more rolling than that in this part of the state, where, owing to the peculiar distribution of the soil strata, the water ran out on the surface of the ground. The trouble in drainage was that the water that came into the tiles was was from the bottom of the ditch. Round tiles were the best. He knew something about the grounds of the Ilh- -nois Industrial school at ‘Champaign. There had been many ponds on those grounds; now there were none. Tiling there did not cost more than one-eighth of what it did here. He had found it unsatisfactory to use small tiles. About the number he would say, you must have enough to drain well. His son had raised eighty bushels of corn per acre from ground that was once a pond. He thought all rolling ground could be benefited by the use of the drain tile. We thought we could not get tile because they were too dear, but when we got to wanting them very much then we would make them. In laying, the first thing to be done was to set your stakes ; an inch to the rod was enough of a grade—but to be careful or it would fill up. Have it level. Make the fall a little more if any thing going down a grade ; to walk backwards as you laid the tile, and not to get into the ditch after the tiles were laid. You wanted 66 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. clay for the bottom of the ditch to cover them. But you might get it all layed out for you, though you could never do any thing until you learned by experience. An open ditch would not drain the land as well as tile. It filled up, and then you couldn’t get the water from the bottom ; still, you should use an open ditch in draining peat beds. Patrick: Thought if all farmers had plenty of money to use, they should have large tile, but as they hadn't, they must take the matter gradually. He had found no oe in keeping open his open ditches. LAWRENCE: .Had seen open ditches used and knew they cost double what tiles did, to keep them open. Rev. Wren: Thought there was much difference in open drains. He would like to hear Mr. Patrick explain what kind of an open ditch he used. Patrick: His ditch was two and one-half or three feet deep, and cost him twenty-two and one-half cents per rod to dig. He had had no trouble with its being filled up so far, but if it did fill it could easily be opened again. He thought it was surely the cheapest ditch. On motion, the convention then adjourned to 7:30 p. m. ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 67 EVENING SESSION. WEDNESDAY, DEc. Io. The assembly was called to order at 7:30 by the presi- dent. On motion, the chair appointed a committee, consisting et), Mi Frink, 1. Bartlett and J. H. Foote, to examine the dairy implements exhibited. The judges selected to examine the butter on exhibi- tion then reported the following AWARDS. ELGIN BOARD OF TRADE SWEEPSTAKES. Points. _ Premium of $50 in gold to L. C. Ward, St. Charles, 47% THURBER OR HIGGINS SALT PREMIUMS. Munn & McAdam, Belvidere, 1st, (gold medal), - 47% GC. Buell, Rock Falls, 2nd, (silver medal), - 47% oes Boies, mene° (Home toy 3d, one medal), - 47 MOULTON OR ASHTON SALT PREMIUMS. W. A. Boies, Marengo (Union factory), Ist, ($25.00), 46% Munn & McAdam, Belvidere, - 2d, ($15.00), 45% Geo. Sands, Belvidere, - - oad. (BTO.OO), 4514 The awards were made on the basis of fifty points for perfect butter, divided as follows: Flavor, 10; make, 10; texeuie, 10, ‘keeping, 10; color, 5; salt; 5—-total, 50. Further on will be found a tabular statement of the points registered on all the butter exhibited. Instead of the name of the exhibitor will be his number, opposite the scale of 68 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. points registered. As all knew what their numbers were, each exhibitor will be able to see at once wherein his butter failed. The president called upon Mr. Wheeler, a representa- tive of the Chicago Linseed Oil Co., who occupied a short time in explaining the usefulness of the linseed meal as a feed for dairies. Mrs. F. G. Hackley, of Marengo, then read the follow- ing paper on “The homes of dairymen and what they should be:” MRS. HACKLEY’S PAPER: Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: I quite agree with you. What presumption! What am I that I should have superior knowledge of dairymen’s homes, and the conceit to even attempt to shadow forth their future? I confess to being intimately acquainted with one dairyman, possessing to a high degree interest in his home and sur- roundings, and out of supreme respect for him, and for most reasonable objections on his part, I know compara- tively little of other men of like pursuit. I have viewed their homes, in holiday attire, occasionally in undress uni- form and actual service. From my own experience and a elimpse of those traveling in the ‘“‘milky way,” it is a safe conclusion to arrive at, the homes in question must neces- sarily be exceedingly busy ones. Else should they differ materially from the homes of “the butcher, the baker or the candlestick-maker”? Are the dairymen considered a peculiar people in the land? Undoubtedly they are recog- nized by their dress of overalls and coarse boots witha broadway cut, which they wear with such an air as “smells to heaven.” But what will not one endure with butter in the neighborhood of forty cents per pound ? Let the consumer felicitate himself upon his past good fortune, obtaining something for comparatively nothing, dairy goods being below the actual cost of production. “General average’”’ has a word to say, and the late ruling prices bring sunshine and plenty into the dairyman’s home. ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 69 Once more is heard the merry jingle of the “almighty dol- lar” in his pocket, with the comforting assurance that the dairy industry is second to none. Little did our Puritan ancestors look forward to the day and generation when the mother country would stretch forth her hands in want to her exiled children, who are to-day proud to send her food and raiment. How providential in her straightened circum- stances, that they can supply her every need from their abundance. Our depression for the last three years forced us to great exertions. We must make wonderful improve- ment to be able to sell our wares. Over-production of inferior articles made them a drug upon our hands. With this mortifying result before us, and, to be second to none in the merit of our goods, are the reasons that to-day we find a ready and remunerative mar- ket. In the flush of our success we must not rest upon our laurels, but press forward to higher aims in this direction, and gain greater achievements. And this industry is com- plete and separate from the ordinary house-keeping, which, when combined, serve to make one’s life a constant round of duties. It is a nice point, and no ordinary study and exertion is required to mingle with the world socially or relicioushy.. True, where the milk is carried to a factory, - there is less work for the house than where there is a home dairy. Yet the utensils (which are many) must be purified with exquisite care. Eyes, nose and hands of the house- keeper are brought into requisition. Eyes to see that every point is reached, nose to assure herself all is perfectly sweet, and hands to accomplish the whole. Possibly the tongue, with suggestions in reference to cleanliness, manner of milking and care of apartments occupied by “ Brindle” and “ Snowflake.” Milking is an accomplishment I would earnestly advise the dairyman’s wife not to cultivate. . She would not be, like Mrs. Toodle’s eccentricities, ‘‘so handy to have in the house,” but so handy to have in the stables on occasions. But friendly relations with the calves is to prolong their Exiptenec, anc a financial success. Patient, exceeding patient, tender care. The little creatures are too often con- sidered obstinate because they do not readily do that which nature has never required of them—drink some sour mix- ture that mortal 1s pleased to expect them to thrive upon. The circumlocution and gymnastic exercise necessary, and 7O ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. adjectives unnecessarily employed in teaching the infant bovine to drink, when undertaken by a man, would beggar descriptien and fill books. Would we could read the other side of the story, bound in calf. You may justly say, what has this to do with the “homes of the dairymen?” Much, we assure you. Cot- ton was king until corn waved its tasseled scepter. Now, the cow and her progeny are absolute sovereigns, usurping unlimited power. Every effort must bend towards their well-being and comfort, else they will refuse to yield munifi- cent returns, which gives prosperity and comfort to the household. What busy homes they are, too, “from early morn’ till dewy eve”! The dairyman’s home. The name is suggestive of a comfortable degree of wealth. If that wealth is acquired by the present owner, it means that the day of good, strong, brave tusseling with poverty is over ; that the foe he had wrestled with so long and stoutly, is vanquished. Yet to keep the vantage ground so valiantly gained, requires busy hands, notwithstanding he can give his family many comforts and luxuries heretofore unattain- able. ‘‘ No man has a better right to kill himself by over- work than he has to do it by over-drinking. If suicide be a crime, he who dies by putting too great a task upon his strength, is as truly a criminal as he who dies by putting a bullet through his brain. If a certain amount of rest and recreation is necessary to a man’s health and life, the omission to take it is as great an offense against God’s law in nature as would be the omission to take food, and death by willful starvation is no more an act of self-destruction than is death by willful fatigue.’ One can not but be. struck with the force and truthfulness of these remarks. Where is the remedy 2? Unquestionably the housekeeper in the dairyman’s home is too often over-taxed—“ The tire- less service of willing hands, the strength of swift feet . 7 *”? It is useless to enumerate the duties that pile themselves Alps high upon the weary shoulders, and more than useless to suggest a servant to lighten the labor. We remark here, emphatically, there are no servants in this pro- gressive, enlightened, civilized nineteenth century, that . know how te work. Then is it any wonder that the brow becomes ruffled and the voice takes on a hard, monotonous sound, directly in the face of duty, when the body is over- weary? We know full well, to be happy ourselves and to ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. AX make others happy, our countenances should be placid and our cheerfulness assured by our vocal organs. “ Fie, fie! unknit that threatening unkind brow, And dart not scornful glances from those eyes, To wound thy lord, thy king, thy governor ; It blots thy beauty as frosts bite the meads, Confounds thy fame as whirlwinds shake fair buds, And in no sense is meet or amiable. A woman moved is like a fountain troubled— Muddy, ill-seeming, thick, bereft of beauty ; And while it is so, none so dry or thirsty Will deign to sip or touch one drop of it. Thy husband is thy lord, thy life, thy keeper, Thy head, thy sovereign, one that cares for thee _ And for thy maintenance: Commits his body To painful labor, both by sea and land, To watch the night in storms, the day in cold, While thou liest warm at home, secure and safe,— And craves no other tribute at thy hands But Jove, fair looks, and true obedience.” That reads and sounds very well, Mr. Shakespeare ; but the women of our time are doing their full share of keeping the home “warm, secure and safe.’ The world and women have made great progress in three centuries, Could we have stepped into the modest, unpretending home of the “Bard of Avon,’ where happiness seemed to dwell, and looked our surprise and pleasure, how surely he would have uttered these talismanic words: “Anne Hath-a-way!”’ An unknown author, in a poetic way, has sought to give us sympathy in some verses styled “ Kitchen Consolation.” Allow me to extend this sympathy : “Oh! this baking and brewing, This boiling and stewing, And washing of dishes three times a day ; The griddle-cakes turning, The skimming for churning, The setting of tables and clearing away ? “ What is 1t but weariness, Work without cheerfulness— The same round of labor day after day ? Vd rather be painting, Or sewing or braiding, Or spending my time in a pleasanter way.” 72 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. Thus my fancy kept dreaming, O’er the hot dishes steaming, And wondering why I must a kitchen fire tend, Till an angel’s low whispering Compelled me to listening, And taught me these household discomforts to mend. “Ts your work not the oldest, The usefulest, the noblest— In ministering daily to the life God has given ? If the work is unceasing Of washing and sweeping— Remember that order’s the first law of heaven! “ Pray what gives more pleasure Than a well-seasoned dinner When tastefully served on the family board ? Thank God you can labor, Can knead, mix an’ flavor, And draw pleasant meals from a farmer’s rich hoard— “ That heartsome delight At morn, noon and night, When the family gathers for chat and good cheer ! Then should you be complaining Of work unavailing, That brings joy to the loved ones each day of the year ? ” Strategic movements. occasionally have a most happy effect in the home field. Let the lord of ‘the manor but imagine he has his own way, how sweetly he will consider himself the originator of your feats of generalship, and the household ship in its swan-like progress is a pleasing sight to behold. In all homes one or the other rule, and may no discord ever mar the beautiful harmony of that life. With- out domestic happiness nothing on earth is to be desired ; and with it, no withholding of earthly goods is to be dread- ed. But the domestic machinery does not always run smoothly: sometimes it is on the center and doesn’t run at all. There are examples of placid, lovely peopleteften before our mental vision, “Oh! world look on and wonder,” yet if we were to live the round of the seasons in their home-life, we would say the “kalf has not been told.” Actually so like their neighbors, with a good bit of the common humanity flesh is heir to, with which to spice their everyday life, we heartily condemn their faults and ways, because they are out of our possession. How ours must appear to them. ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 73 4 “Tiome is where the heart is,’ I once heard an old gentleman remark, and I thought how true, for if the heart isn’t there, what a frail structure. To make it an attractive place, a happy refuge from the world, a pleasant abiding place, adorned and cozy, the heart must be interested. Whatever our vocation, we must be thoroughly alive and interested to be successful; and, our lives are what we make them. Yes, in a measure, and as truly, our lives often make us. We hit upon many sharp corners as we battle along, and wonder why,—almost forgetting “there is a divinity that shapes our ends, rough hew them as we will.” If we could only remember, in the toil and anxieties of our every-day life, we are weaving like the workers on tapestry, among the tangled ends and innumerable colors on the whom side ef the pattern. In our after life it will be presented to us in all its perfection and beauty, the threads even and beautiful, the colors fair to see. It was a blessed mother that gave toa child these lines, to quell a turbulent, restless spirit: ‘ Be quiet, take things as they come, Each ‘hour will draw out some surprise ; With blessings let thy days go home, Though shalt have thanks from evening skies.” And may these words of wisdom descend and cover us like a beautiful benediction through our lives, and— ‘‘ Let us gather up the sunbeams, Lying all around our path, Let us keep the wheat and roses, Casting out the thorns and chaff. Let us find our sweetest comfort In the blessings of to-day, With a patient hand removing All the briers from our way.” After a short recess, in which the finance committee were allowed to press their claims, Dr. Tefft talked for a short time upon the subject of “ Milk and its Uses,” as follows : Dr. Terrt: “Ladies and gentlemen—while waiting a few moments for an essay you will please alow me to 74 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. invite your attention to some of the uses of milk, which are as follows: “tst—In its normal state it is one of the best of foods for young mammals. It is also good food for those further advanced in life. “2d—Milk may be condensed, with or without sugar, for use in the human family: if with sugar (called preserved ~ milk), it will keep good for years. ““23d—The caseine of milk may be made into cheese, for food. “ath—The caseine may be made into lactine, largely used for stamping or printing calico. “sth—The serum, or whey, of milk may be eied with cereal caseine and made into a nutritious food for man in the form of cheese. ) “ 6th—Full-cream cheese—a. thing that is but rarely found—yet good food for the human family. “7th—Milk is frequently made into koumiss, much used as a mild, nutritive stimulant in sickness. It contains about one per cent. of alcohol. “8th—The whey of milk may be evaporated and lactine, or sugar of milk, obtained, which we trust will be largely used some future day for culinary purposes. “oth—Sour milk is largely used in the United States to make jewelry called American coral, celluloid, and jet. ‘“toth—The cream, or fatty part, of milk is usually. made into butter. Butter contains— Summer. Ua Margarine tice ness anoesctun snneancenstslemacmecsip taasncainerabestamcnomt cu dlune cua aana nai way 40 PB UEC SE OTT eerie aetna a ear fo Mea re eda CL Oe ere LT SOU 60 35 puele) TOO “May butter frequently contains—margarine, 68 per cent): butter oil, 30 per cent, and butzie,| capiorm and capric acids, 2 per cent. | “A compound is supposed to exist in margarine con- sisting of three atoms of carbon united to 2 of hydrogen, ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 75 which is named lipzle. This unites with an atom of oxygen, forming oxide of lipzle—C3H2O01. Now margarine con- sists of— I of margaric NCCU N ae crea OMAN ag Juice Ga aa alt, (UUs eau ae sting laws aut rst ae ugticy C Dek) A CHIRCHSCLCLE MM UNDZ ep iuciuesanae se esate seco cue ea abou a ctucierleiiealid Pe entztioslss Uae cemmloseaberesioes cece suuaans Bree St MODI SSW INE Mecer nce cia av sich suse aseacbntcdu nate iaverssass vunseledawneceute r margarine—C37H 3605 ‘““ Butter oil consists of— TOMO NCIC RVC YONA UIPEC I sare sasued ca acer Sie scnvsekiasea sumein@scte«sseiiadeseoaucusiasesclesesasssestaces C34H3105 TRO UNOS MOM MUO ZIG cuvettes esual vay Se datade ca ssigagemcamensecuensevantederctduacessoctdsegsece conse Shiez Cr COMMA aR CoG Sanrontianen eaceuenauceeeeaiicnacklSel alesugcwllbe Maar ouiel one's t of butter oil—C37H 3306 “Now, when the oxide of lipzle is separated from the fatty acids, it unites with water and forms glycerine, or oil sugar— PROM aC MONTY ALC Mead iistern oaks cseiemeualeiees Ay ae bacwsivartatsccaacisbedc oubeldtedssananesanbiesdiesed wacwustencv' C6H402 Uli ea clen ee cee serene a Maerua Gee un un Cansudht scan caus tele CumaNU caus paue eRe seen Watemcsedesiedeieses)' isccean Bi (CaM en teach cee cue tl eccaiice sa sacmhjavesesdes eteacedwchieucavanis 1 of glycerine—C6H705 “Tf we add this glycerine to a mixture of sulphuric ‘and fumigating nitric acids S, pouring it into water and wash-. ing upon a filter, we have glonoin, or nitro-glycerine, a substance which holds in reserve power sufficient to level mountain ranges.” : The following paper by Stephen Patrick, of Truxton, N. Y., on “ The Origin of Soils, their Formation and Dis- tribution: Explaining the soils and climates best adapted to dairying and the method of increasing their adaptation,’ was read by R. M. Patrick, of Marengo: SEVEN’ PATRICK'S” PAPER. Gentlemen of the Llhnots State Daiwrymen’s Association : In compliance with a request of a member of your associa- tion I write a brief essay upon “ The origin of soils, their formation and distributions; explaining the soils and cli- mates best adapted to dairying and the method of increas- ing their adaptation.” Ist. The origin of soils; their formation. In giving my views of the origin of soils and their formation [ will give briefly a synopsis of the combined theories of modern seologists, who substantially agree that all soils have their e 76 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. origin in the destruction of ancient rocks; which, in the early geological period, covered the earth’s surface. The sranite formed the first stratum or platform, on which all other formations are rested. At the commencement of the first geological period all rocks lay in a horizontal position. During the early and middle geological periods, the whole of the earth’s surface was subject to great and intense dis- turbance, caused by the action of intense subterranean heat and volcanic action; continents and islands were by the process of upheaval, elevated above the surface of the ocean. During the violent throes and convulsions which occurred at these periods in the elevation of continents and islands above the surface of the ocean, in many parts of the earth, their stratas of rocks were twisted, bent, tilted, or thrown out of place, and often lay with a heavy dip; or in a verti- cal position, in mountain ranges, hills and elevated plains. During these geological periods intense heat prevailed on the earth’s surface, causing dense vapors and a great amount of rainfall on mountains, hills and plains, then ele- vated above the ocean’s surface; forming rivers and streams, with rapid currents, plunging down mountain and hill-sides with great force, scooping out canyons, gorges, ravines and deep valleys on mountains and hill-sides, disintegrating rocks from their beds, grinding, decomposing and pulver- izing them to atoms while drifting their debris to oceans, seas, bays and Jakes, which were continually receding by the process of elevation of land above their surface, form- - ing large tracts of diluvial soils, on both continents. Dur- ing the long succession of ages in which these diluvial or drift-soils were forming, the great heat and immense rain- fall which prevailed during the receding of waters of oceans and seas and the formation of diluvial soils, caused an im- mense and luxuriant growth of vegetation on the earth’s _ surface. The decayed matter of this vegetation intermix- ing with the materials of these diluvial soils or drift-forma- tions, in most parts of both continents, formed soils of great fertility. The greater portion of the great basin drained by the Mississippi, Missouri and Ohio rivers and their branches, and the lake system of North America, are soils of this character ; formed mainly by the decomposition and pulverization of rocks underlying these diluvial deposits, drifted from a distance. These formations are wonderfully rich in calcareous, saline and alkaline matter, and mineral ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. U7, infiltrations ; which belong respectively to the geological periods of their formations, and are soils of great fertility and productiveness where ‘there is sufficient rainfall during the summer and fall months. - 2nd. The formation of alluvial soils. These soils are formed and deposited in river valleys by the annual over- flow of rivers, by the removal of diluvial soils already formed, and the decomposition of rocks on the mountains and hillsides of the river sources drifting their debris or sediment, intermixed with vegetable matter, and depositing them in their valleys and in deltas at the mouths of rivers where they discharge their waters into oceans, bays, seas and lakes. These soils partake in character of all the geo- logical formations from which these soils were formed, and are generally rich in organic matter and mineral infiltra- tions, and are the most fertile and self-sustaining of all soils known; as in the valley of the Nile, Ganges, Rhine and valleys of rivers in North America. All taken together cover large tracts of country. , 3rd. Soils of volcanic origin. The soils derived from volcanic action are of much less extent than either of the former ones. They have their origin wholly by the melting of the primitive rocks by intense subterranean heat and vol- canic action. These melted rocks form lava, ashes and pumice, which are raised and forced through the craters of volcanoes during their eruptions, running down their mountain sides into the valleys and plains below them, and forming soils partaking of the character of all the rocks forming these soils, Volcanoes were more numerous and eruptions more frequent in early periods than at present. The soils derived by volcanic action are generally, where there is sufficient rainfall, moderately fertile, as attested by the magnificent forests grown on these soils in Oregon, Washington Territory and British Columbia. The intrinsic value of volcanic action during past ages, in contributing means for the advancement of modern civ- ilization cannot be fully estimated. By its action mountain ranges have been elevated. Their rocks have been tilted, bent, twisted and displaced, and their precious metals and mineral treasures have been revealed and made accessible to the ingenuity of men and used for the purpose of com- merce and mechanical arts. All this in addition to the for- mation of valuable soils for agricultural purposes. | 78 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION, Having given a brief outline of the origin and forma- tion of soils, I will, as I understand, give the order of their distribution, explaining the soils and climates best adapted to dairying. A sufficient and equal rainfall through the spring, summer and fall months, and an equable climate . not subject to the extremes of heat or cold, are as essential to successful dairying as a fertile soil. The soils formed from the primitive rocks, even before the existence of organic life, being mostly volcanic and mineral-bearing as surface rocks, are, with sufficient rainfall with a mild and equable climate, well adapted for dairying; as in Oregon, Washington, British Columbia and Montana. These coun- tries and Great Britain, Belgium, Holland and Denmark, owing to their mild and equable climate, are in my opinion the best adapted of any countries known for dairying. All of these countries are situated between 45° and 50° of north latitude... The. equatorial currents of the Pacitejoeean, flowing with their warming influences northeasterly to the shores of California, Oregon, Washington ‘Teritory and British Columbia, passing through the valley of the Sacra- mento and the valley of the Columbia river, and through the great gap in the Coast Range of mountains, 150 miles in width at Vancouver's, their currents of warm, atmos- phere, passing northeasterly through Oregon, Washington and British Columbia, till they meet the polar currents; then their course veering southeasterly through Montana, give these countries a mild and equable climate and suffi- cient rainfall, similar to the climate of England, Belgium and Holland—caused by the equatorial currents passing through the gulf stream across the Atlantic northeasterly to the shores of Western Europe. | The soils next in their order ‘of formation are derived from the decomposition of carboniferous rocks, which were first elevated during the early part of the middle portion of geological periods. Elevation and subsidence continued through all ages of this formation with that portion of the earth covered by these rocks. Stratum upon stratum of coal was formed, with layers of rocks between each stratum of coal. Often the central portions of these coal basins were covered with drift, to the depth of 2,000 or 3,0@0 feet; while the outside rim of these coal basins came to the sur- face. The distribution of soils derived from these rocks, west of the Alleghanies and north of 37° of latitude and ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 79 east of the Rocky mountains, is very extensive, and now ascertained to cover not less than 200,000 square miles— being distributed among all the states and teritories drained by the Mississippi and its branches, covering half the state of Illinois and some 20,000 square miles in Moritana— taken as a whole, the most fertile of any class of soils on this continent. Most of these soils are well adapted for dairy production. ‘The soils next in the order of their for- mation are magnesia limestone of Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Minnesota, Dakota and Mon- tana. They are cotemporaneous with the Trenton, Black, and Hudson river limestones of New York. The rocks which underlie these are in the Mississippi valley the same asin New York. The soils derived from the decomposi- tion of these rocks are of great fertility and productiveness, and with sufficient rainfall during the summer and fall months and an equable climate, cannot ‘be equalled on the continent for their adaptability to dairying. The next for- mation in its order is the Devonian. The Chemung sand- stones of New York, New England, and Northern Penn- sylvania are of the series of this formation. They occupy the greater portion of the water-shed from Nova Scotia to Ohio, when their waters discharge into the great lakes and St. Lawrence, on the north, and into the Atlantic on the south; being on an average about 1,600 feet above tide- water; the same elevation as the water-shed where rivers at the head-waters of the Mississippi flow south, and the Red and Makenzie rivers flow north. The soils of this-for- mation are mainly derived from decoinposition of the sand- stones and slate rocks, and are not as fertile as the latter or “the magnesian limestone formation,” but their climate, owing to their elevation and the general equal distribution of rainfall through the summer and fall months, makes these soils the most reliable of any known on this continent for dairying. The other rock formations of the Devonian sys- tem are the Onondaga and Niagara limestones of New York, Cincinnati limestones of Ohio and Kentucky, Cedar Valley limestones of Iowa and Minnesota. All the states east of the Mississippi have large tracts of land of this for- mation which, as a general rule, have a soil but little infer- ior to the magnesian limestone formation of Iowa, Illinois and Wisconsin—and with a larger amount of carbonate of lime and organic matter than any other class of soils and 80 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. of great fertility—but better adapted for the production of grain than for dairying. The reasons for the general abun- dant supply of rainfall during the suimmer and fall months on the great water-shed of the Chemung sandstone forma- tion, may be explained by the fact that lands .elevated 15,000 to 18,000 feet above tide-water, attract the moisture of the atmosphere, and produce a greater amount of rain- fall and a more equal distribution than those regions situ- ated much lower or much higher than this elevation. The sources of supply of moisture are the Atlantic on the south, and the great lakes on the north and west; their atmospheric currents meet on this water-shed and cause, as a general rule, an abundant rainfall. The same influences operate in part in causing rainfall in Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota and Iowa. The moisture of the upper atmos- pheric currents is supplied by the great lakes, and flows southwesterly, and returns in the lower atmospheric currents attended with rainfall—flowing from the south-west to the north-east, as established by a long series of observations made by the signal department at Washington. On the subject of the best means to) imercase ime adaptation of soils for dairying, I will mention one of the most practical manners of doing it. On all dairy farms it should be a standing rule with the owner of the farm to make all the manure possible from the produce of the farm, and judiciously apply it where most needed, It is a well- established fact that the liquid manure of an animal is worth quite as much yearly, if properly applied, as the solid manure is. Every stable should be so constructed as to save the liquid as well as the solid manures of all animals. All portions of a dairy farm that are too wet to produce the best qualities of cultivated grasses should be thoroughly drained and cultivated, till fit to raise cultivated grasses in the highest degree of . perfection. Low, wet, sour lagde produce an inferior quality of grass, but illy adapted to the production of milk for butter and cheese ; but when thor- ougly reclaimed, by perfect drainage, are often the most valuable portions of farms for grazing purposes. Asa rule there is no class of investments that pays better than thorough drainage of wet lands. For dairy purposes grass for hay should be cut while green, and never allowed to fully ripen. When grass is cut before it is fully ripe the quality of the hay is much more valuable than when left to ripen, and a ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. oI second crop speedily starts; and then, also, is the proper time to apply liquid manure by filtering on grass lands. In this country a 100-acre farm that will keep thirty cows is considered a good one. On the alluvial soils of England, Belgium and Holland, farms under thorough cul- ture by a system of soiling and a judicious application of manure—solid and liquid—often keep two or three cows to te acre, and two or three crops of grass are often cut Vea) wideretoiore the butter and cheese made in these countries were far superior to American manufacture, owing chiefly to their favorable climate, their practical knowledge of farming, and the superiority of their cultivated grasses and dairy stock. Recently America has made great strides in the manufacture of dairy products, and now American cheese competes fairly side by side with the best English- made cheese in its own markets. The progress made in the Western States during the last few years in the manufacture of butter has been wonderful. Twenty years ago Illinois was not considered capable of producing even a fair quality of butter. To-day she not only produces more wheat than any other state in the Union—being for the last year 45,- 000,000 bushels, to Iowa 40,000,000, Nebraska 37,000,000, Minnesota 36,000,000 and Kansas 30,000,000—but she has - taken the front rank among the butter-producing states; and the butter now made in the creameries of northern Illinois and in your own immediate neighborhood stands higher in quality and sells for more in the great markets of this country, than the butter made in any other state in this great nation. A suggestion was made by one member that the president call upon those who had received premiums on their butter to give a description of their modes of making He wreminna jutter, AS all present seemed to favor the suggestion, the president called upon Mr. C. C. Buell, who eave the following description of his plan: C. C. Buetu’s MerHop: The milk was set in ordinary setters in a cool room—not in water. It was skimmed in twenty-four hours, and skimmed the second time twelve hours later. The cream was kept twenty-four to forty- 82 ILLINOIS STATE DAITRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. eight hours, or until a marked acidity appeared. It was churned in a revolving churn known as “ Stark’s Churn and Butter Worker.” The churn was started (cream being at a temperature of 64°)—made twenty-five to thirty-five revolutions in a minute, and butter appeared in from one hour to an hour and one-half. As the butter granules began to appear distinctly about three gallons of cold water was added to a churning of say sixty pounds. After a few revolutions the buttermilk was withdrawn clean—the churn being stopped as soon as it was practicable to do this. Then about three or four gallons of strong brine was poured into the churn and the churn carefully revolved so as to keep the butter disintegrated as much as possible and at the same time thoroughly to wash it. Afterwards a brine of, say two gallons of water and sixty ounces of salt, was added and the churn revolved three or four times, and the same repeated three or four times during, say half an hour or more. The butter was then put into a tub used for this purpose, allowed to stand one to three hours, then placed on the butter-worker and very lightly worked and packed for market. If there was an apparent lack of salt at the time of working, more was added, according to taste. Gro. Sanps’ Metuop: Being next called upon, he said his process was very simple, and he had taken no extra pains with the butter which received the premium. Used the iron-clad pan. Set milk in winter forty-eight hours; first heated it to about go°, then cooled it off as rapidly as possible—the colder, the better. Kept the room where he churned at about 60°, and cream at about 62°. Whemitie butter collected to lumps about the size cf hickory-nuts, he stopped churning and rinsed the butter clean, after first drawing off the buttermilk. He then saited the butter— about three-fourths of an ounce of salt to one pound of ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 83 butter. He used what was called the Marengo churn. He let the butter stand about twenty-four hours after the first salting, then added a little more salt. Used coloring that he made himself from anatine and curcuma root. His cows were of the Durham breed, and he had made through the month of November one pound of butter from each twenty-two pounds of milk. On motion it was decided that the manufacturers not Present, who had received premiums on their butter, be asked to give the secretary a statement of how they made their butter ; the same to appear in the proceedings of the association. In accordance with this resolution the follow- ime statements were received from LL. C. Ward, Munn & McAdam and W. A. Boies: ik C; Warp's MretHop: The milk was received once -a day at his St. Charles creamery, and set in deep pails in cold pools of water. The skimming was done while the milk was sweet; the cream was left to acquire a slight acidity before putting in the churn. It was churned in a square-box revolving churn with a capacity of about 350 pounds of butter at a churning. Time taken to churn, one to one and a half hours, usually. Before the butter was taken from the churn it was washed with the necessary quantity of fresh water to wash out the most of the butter- milk; it was then taken out, slightly worked and salted with three-fourths of an ounce of Higgins’ “ Eureka”’ salt to the pound, and set away for twenty-four hours,;—when it was worked again sufficient for the final packing. The working was done with a butter-worker run by steam power. Had made 150,000 pounds of butter at his cream- ery each year for the past two years. 84 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. Munn & McApam’s Meruop: Were very particular to get their acid right, as they considered it of great im- portance, and then brought the cream to a temperature of 63°. Run the churns so as to bring the butter in one hour. Care was taken to stop the churning while the butter was in a granulated state. The buttermilk was then drawn and water the same temperature put into the churn and the butter thoroughly washed, the water drawn off, and more water added. The butter was then taken from the churn and but slightly worked, when the salt was added at the rate of one pound of salt to twenty of butter, and thor- oughly worked. Then the butter was placed in a warm room and allowed to stand twenty-four hours, when it was worked as little as possible and packed. W. A. Borers’ Meruop: fis was ver Simple joer his milk in open setters; let it stand about twenty-four hours. Always allowed it to get a little acid before churn- ing. Before putting in churn raised the temperature to 64°, and churned until the butter appeared in lumps about the size of peas. He washed the butter twice—until water came from it clear. Kept it cool enough to be firm while working. The butter upon which he received Higgins’ salt premium was all from the same churning. During the evening Rev. Hutchinson, of Marengo, was called upon to speak. He responded in a few well-timed remarks, in which he expressed himself pleased with the evident advancement of the dairy interests in this country. He was glad, he said to see so many of the younger class attending the meetings of the association. It rested with them to advance the business they were engaged in. He was pleased to see them take so much interest in the dis- cussions on the various questions. The point of taking ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 85 good care of cattle, he was glad to hear discussed. He thought the more care we gave cattle the more we would ecnrouerot them.’ Kindness to them would bring its reward. He was pleased to see the ladies out. This sub- ject of home was a good one to discuss. We must not for- get as we were traveling through this world that we had a social nature as well as a physical nature that needed culti- vation. ‘ The secretary then read the following paper on “ The Hood, Value of the Milk Product of the United States,’ prepared by G. P. Lord, of Elgin: Gor LORDS PAPER. “Three and one-half pounds of milk possess the same amount of nutrition that is contained in one pound of boneless beef.” —Willard’s Dairy Flisbandry, p. 13. peEvery tat ox gives 57.7 per cent. of butcher's meat, including bones, to every 100 pounds live weight.’—Aucy- clopedia Britannica, 8th ed., vol. 9, p. 762. “About 12% per cent. of such meat is bone.’—Same work, p. 762. Con- sequently 50 per eent. of a fat steer is boneless beef. “The average annual product of milk in 1860 in thir- teen states was 446 gallons per cow.’—Willard’s Dairy Flusbandry, p. 20. Assuming this as the average annual product per cow, the 13,000,000 milch cows in the United States will preduce annually 5,798,000,000 gallons of milk, weigh- ing 50,732,500,000 pounds, containing nutrition equal to 14,495,000,000 pounds of boneless beef; which is equal to the boneless meat in 20,650,000 fat steers, of the gross weight of 1,400 pounds cach, or 700 pounds each of bone- less meat. If we desire to find the money value of that amount of nutritive food we have only to ascertain the value of such cattle in our commercial markets. Estimating it at $4.50 per hundred pounds, live weight, it amounts to $63 per head. 86 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION, 20,650,000 steers, at #63 per head, equal............ PRONE DOOR RAC Oboe scocounenscencdacoase. $1, 300,950,000 Deduct one-fifth for hide and tallow....... Lines aves alvssedenccsen secon cree wectee Re MC tT ane 260,190,000 1,040,760,000 This is the food value of the annual milk peodncne the United States, compared with the same amount of nutrition in beef. STATEMENT SHOWING THE ANNUAL LOSS OF MILK SUGAR IN MAKING BUTTER AND CHEESE IN THE UNITED STATES. Milk contains 4 1-5 per cent. of milk sugar.—Am. Cyclopedia, vol. 11, p. 543, sample 8. Milk contains 4% per cent. of milk sugar.—Willard’s Daiwy Husbandry, p. 500. Skimmed milk contains 4.66 per cent. of milk sugar. —Willard’s D. H., p. 500. Buttermilk contains 4.61 per cent. of milk sugar.— Willavd s DF...) 500. Whey contains 4.57 per cent. of milk sugar— Ward’ s Df p 370. (Averave or 1) samples)! Butter contains 0.70 per cent. of milk sugar—WiL lard’ s DD. TTS Pp 500! Cheese contains lactic acid but no milk sugar.—W2- Lads DAT. PP. 370) gah Ona 372. Estimated quantity of butter produced annually, 1,000,000,000 pounds.—D pt. of Agr. Report for 1877, p. 343. Estimate of cheese, 350,000,000 pounds. To produce this quantity of butter and cheese (esti- mating 27 pounds of milk for one pound of butter, and 934 pounds of milk for one pound of cheese,) will require 29,- 950,000,000 pounds of milk. Estimating 4% per cent. of milk sugar and we find that quantity of milk contains 1,272,875,000 pounds of milk sugar. From this deduct milk sugar found in butter—7,000,000 pounds, and it appears that 1,265,875,000 of milk sugar is run off into the buttermilk and whey and lost. We find that the New York wholesale price of milk sugar in 1879 was 40 to 50 cents a pound.—McKessens & Robbins Wholesale Druggist List. 1,265,875,000 pounds of milk sugar at 4o cemts per pound...........0....0esceseceee scree $506,350,000 ce (a4 if valued at 20 cents TEA a ROGERS Macon ond H an ABE sak SHbo Ss sor $25 3,175,000 To cents PERCU Nae cee ton tie UU a $120,587,500 5 cents CMTC AURRE CaS Sennen Ores (ol KaMMAGRa acces $63,298,750 Here we have the startling fact before us) that te annual waste of milk sugar in the United States—a valuable | constituent of milk—if valued at one-eighth of the New ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 87 York wholesale market price amounts to a sum greater than the entire annual sugar crop of Cuba. : On motion the convention adjourned to nine o’clock Thursday morning. 83. ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. MORNING SESSION, Tuurspay, DEc. 11. The assembly was called to order at 9:45, the president, Dr. Tefft, occupying the chair. Toric No. 1o-—‘ Manures—— Natural and Artificial —the best manner of application to the different soils ’”— was taken up first. Upon this question Ve W. Sheldon read the following paper: LW SHELDON S PATER Mr. President, Ladics and Gentlemen; In discussing this question I have not much to offer that is new. The question has been discussed at our gatherings until it is familiar to all. What is manure? Any substance that enriches the soil.. The waste at the farm yard of vegetable and animal substances, in a decaying condition, is manure or plant food.. He that can make two blades of grass grow where but one grew is a public benefactor. Ele can be done by a judi- cious use of fertilizers. As a rule, all manures should be applied to the surface soil, as fast as they accumulate. Where it is practicable, draw daily, and spread direct from the load. If for mead- ows or pastures, apply in fall or early winter ;- harrow in spring with a smoothing harrow. For corn land, apply upon fall plowing in fall and early winter. If the manure is coarse, do not hesitate to apply liberally and cultivate in . in the. spring. The above has proved a success with repeated trials upon sandy prairie soil. Where a three years’ rotation is practicable, clover and timothy make the best of fertilizers. _ Land will increase in fertility by repeated heavy seeding and plowing the sod under. Clover is the farmer’s friend. Sow liberally. It is a good invest- ment to sow clover with all small grain: it is worth many times its cost as a erie if not wanted for meadow or pasture, ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. — 89 Conimercial fertilizers can be used to profit inthe absence of barnyard manure. I have used bone superphosphate. upon oat and corn land. With a four-years’ trial it in- creased the yield fully forty per cent. It was applied to the surface and cultivated in. Common salt gave equally good results. In many individual cases salt has increased the wheat crop from fifty to seventy-five per cent. The profits of the farm are in what you have to sell, instead of that you buy. If we practice that which we preach, we will have to buy less and have more to sell. Let me repeat it: sow clover, and sow it liberally. PaTTEN: Was troubled with his oats lodging. It generally cost him more to have them harvested than they were worth. He would like to know how to obviate it. - SHELDON: Thought salt. could be used to good ad- vantage on all soils. It would strengthen the straw. JupGE LAwRENCE: Wanted to say a word against the use of artificial fertilizers. He had lately been traveling and visiting farms in New York. He inquired of some of the farmers how they kept up their soils, and he found that they were paying more for artificial manures — than they got out of the land. He raised about two bushels of grain to his neighbor’s one. He had a piece of soil that was naturally strong soil, It was what was called sub-soil. He ploughed that up in 1837, and, without ex- ception, it had borne a crop of grain every year from then until 1876, when he raised a crop of clover on it. He had tried to plow the clover under, but it was so rank he could not. So far as he could see, that land was just.as strong . now as it was forty years ago, and the only manure it ever had was the vegetation he had ploughed under, Healways spread manure on the surface, and he drew it from the barnyard as soon as made. Yet this rule would not always work. He remembered a few years ago he had a number O ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 9 of straw-piles, and he spread these on twenty acres of land, and planted this to corn and made 3,000 bushels of corn. ' The result was, next season it was better yet. Make all ‘the manure you can. If you have any weeds on the farm, don’t burn them, but pile them up and make manure. He wanted his land full of clover all the time ; it was good for everything. No matter if there were some clouds, cure it as best you could; put it in the barn, if there was no water in it, and it would come out all right. He spread his manure in winter as he drew it out. He never had any trouble about corn ripening in rich land. SCOFIELD: Would like to know if corn would ripen as early on manured land as on poorer. BisHOP: Yes, sir. LAWRENCE: Knew of a man in the state of New — York who took poor clay land and manured it until he finally could raise fifty bushels of wheat to the acre. When asked how he did it, he answered, “ With manure, and a little more of it.” 2 CanHoon: Told of a man who raised cattle. Some one asked him how he kept his pastures in so good’a con- dition. He said he didn’t go and buy more steers every time a fresh blade of grass appeared. Thought that was a good point. Not to skin your pastures too close. Tuos. Bishop: Thought the aim of manure was to make the land produce more. He knew but little about it, but what manuring he did was on the surface. He some- times ploughed it in. He never kept a field in grass very long. He was always breaking up and always seeding down. He knew but little about artificial manure. Had ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. gt seen some experiments with patent manures but didn’t consider them a success. He found in manuring that it didn’t cost him any more to produce forty and_ fifty bushels of corn than to produce thirty and forty. He used to fatten a great many cattle, and found that corn raised on land that would produce 120 and 125 bushels was much better than corn raised where the yield was less. The meal was always worth more. It was the same with pasture land. He kept account of every thing in his busi- ness. He knew just what his-expenses' were: He had found that in buying cows for thirty and forty dollars he had made a hundred dollars. He thought this was on — account of rich pasture. Had found in pasturing that a forty-acre field, where it was well manured, would keep much more stock than if it was poorly manured. It paid to keep your land manured well. This year he had raised some corn on surface-manured land and got 120 bushels to the acre, and thought that this corn was worth more than - any raised on poorer land. PaTTEN: Would differ a little from Bishop. le. thought that manure drawn out in piles served as a mulch and kept land from drying out. CanHoon: His agricultural paper said that good tillage was manure, and he agreed with it. LAawrRENCE: Thought if we could get our manure on before it heated we would derive the greater benefit from it. : Bishop: Raised a good deal of grain. His barn- yard had been covered very deep with manure. He drew out when the summer work was over, and it heated in the fall. He would just as lief have a load of such as that which came from the stable. | 92 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. Question No. 10 was then passed, having been pretty well discussed, and the next question, that of legislation, taken up. M. H. Tuompson: Said he would like to ask if the duties of the legislative committee, appointed at the last annual meeting, were considered at an end, or would. the committee hold over another year. | On motion, it was decided that the same committee should hold over another year. J. R. McLean: Said we needed help from the legisla- ture to enable us to publish our proceedings and statistics. In the Southern States they knew but little about the busi- ness, and we must enlighten them by our publications. When he was down south he met a man who was in the dairy business on a small scale, who asked him if we milked our cows in this country more than once each day. W. Patren: Had little faith in this mae of jewieias tion in behalf of the association. He was, as an individual member, able to take care of himself. All he wanted wasa guarantee of protection to himself and property. We wanted laws that would be a benefit to us. .We could get very little out of it. Had very little confidence in these matters. Was not in favor of monopolies. If he could set no other objection to the matter, he would bring up that— objection to monopolies. McLran: Said Patten didn’t understand what we wanted. We were paying taxes to publish and circulate proceedings of the State Horticultural Society, which was of no more importance than the State Dairymen’s Association. We wanted an appropriation to enable us to print our pro- | ceedings, and send them south, where they needed instruc- — t.on. ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 93 PATTEN: Could not be hired for fifty dollars to wade through one of those lengthy state society reports, and he had seen printed reports that had cost the state $28,000, that he wouldn’t give ten cents for. McLean: Knew that these reports were, as a rule, uninteresting, but he was in favor of getting up some that were readable. © Dr. Terrr: Said it was a well-known fact that they had better agriculturists on the other side of the water than we had here, and there they had their schools and gave them instruction in the matter. Our state had attempted such a school at the state institution. The dairymen of this state paid large taxes. All their property was taxed. Now, if we could get any privileges as dairymen we should get them. It was well known that we couldn’t keep up a board, and we must have a station of investigation. The legislators did their work and got their pay, but didn’t look to our interest. ‘If we could, in any way, advance or improve by such, the standard of our products, we would make much. ‘The but- ter product of [Illinois for the year was 42,000,000 pounds. If we, by means of help, could make butter that wouid bring us one cent per pound more than it does, we would realize a nice little amount from it. PATTEN : Said if you got any thing like a state board established by law you simply gave another chance fora certain class of men to get office. He agreed with Dr, Tefft fully, but he didn’t want a government such as they had over the water to rule over him. He wanted to see this matter kept separate from the state. It only opened ail chance for the governor to favor a few more of his friends by giving them offices. We were making good progress and got along well any way, and ought not to complain. \ “ ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 2 Lawrence: Would like to ask Mr. Patten if he was Upposed to printing state auditor’s reports. Because the masses did not read them, was it any reason that they should not be printed ? PATTEN: We got all the information needed on these subjects from the papers. He didn’t need these reports, LawRENcE: Was acquainted with many men in the south who were in the business. Thought there were some good dairymen there who were good butter-makers. His friend, John M. Pearson, could “make as sood butter as ° could be made in this section. He thought no appropria- tion would ever be gotten from the state until men were sent to the legislature who had some back-bone in this matter. Then you must send those who could get their votes. Look at the industrial institute at Champaign! The officers of that institution, at one time, were practical farm- ers; the present ones were politicians and theorists. M. H. THompson:, Said he would like to ask Patten how they were going to pay the expenses of the associa-~ tion and get the proceedings printed with forty-five dollars —the amount in the treasury. ‘PATTEN: . Would say again that he thought we got all the report of such proceedings we needed from. the papers. If it got to be a state institution it would soon be like the Champaign school; it would get into other hands very soon. THompson: Said the idea was this: The state votes to expend so much for the support of other organizations. We, as dairymen and farmers, pay a large portion of this tax and ought to reap a benefit ourselves. | ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 95 After some scattering remarks by other members of the association the subject of legislation was dropped. _ Dr. TEeFrrr suggested that the association fix a place and time for the next annual mecting. E. H. Sewarp, in behalf of the people of Marengo - and the Kishwaukee Farmers’ club, extended an invitation » to the association to meet in Marengo. On motion this invitation was accepted. a A suggestion was made that those who had received premiums on their butter be asked to donate part of their premiums to the society. ProF. FRANK HALL, of Sugar Grove, was then intro- duced and read the following paper on “ What will Educa- tion do for the Farmer ?”’: PROP MALLS: RAPER. A well-known Illinois educator remarks in substance as follows: | “The average Western farmer foils hard early and late, often depriving him of needed rest and sleep,—for what? to raise corn. For what? to feed hogs. For what? to get money with which to buy more land. For what? to raise more corn. For what? to feed more hogs. For what? to buy more land. And what does he want of more land? Why, he wishes to raise more corn,—to feed more hogs,—to buy more land,—to raise more corn,—to feed more hogs,—and in this circle he moves until God Almighty stops his hoggish work ! Whether or not this is a fair criticism of the Western farmer, it is an undeniable fact, that too many of us are slow to perceive utility in any thing except that which will at once add to our material wealth. You can measure the genius and guess the occupation 96 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. of the man, who, after viewing for a moment the great Niagara casting its two millions of tons of water per min-_ ute into the chasm below, while beholding this most wonderful, this most stupendots work of ‘nature, could exclaim “ What a fine chance to wash sheep, boys ! People are numerous who can see no value in a mag- nificent cataract, with all its sublimity and grandeur, unless it can be made to assist in the accumulation of material wealth—unless it can be made to turn the grindstone, water the garden, grind grain, saw wood, pump, or churn ! To such persons a picture of Niagara or of Yosemite, even * though executed by a. Bierstadt, would be utterly useless. Their farms, their homes, their houses, their cattle, and I had almost said their wives and their children, are valued only in so far as they will aid them in making money. I value the dollar. It is mighty, but not jalmieiniy, Under certain circumstances it is the desirable thing for a man to possess. But when a man has more dollars than he needs to satisfy his physical and intellectual wants— more money than he needs to buy food, clothes, a home and such mental privileges as he is able to appreciate, it _ were far wiser for him to spend his time in increasing his capacity for intellectuai enjoyments, rather than in the accumulation of property which he can never use. There is a man in Kane county who has a mania for collecting whips. Every scrap of leather is by him trans- formed into a whip-lash; every suitable piece of wood into a whip-stock. When I ‘last saw him mh had one thousand whip-stocks and fourteen bushels of lashes! and he was very anxious to complete another whip that day. Such a man is scarcely more foolish than he who has a mania to accumulate money beyond the amount which he has the ability to use for his own enjoyment and for the -comfort and welfare of his friends and of humanity. Intellectual development—knowledge—increases our desires, and our capacity, for cnloyoae The fools easily satisfied. Beyond the food and cl lothes which are an absolute necessity, his wants can be as easily supplied with a few dollars as with millions. The more one knows the more will it take to gratify his reasonable desires. What will education do for the farmer? It will increase his capacity for enjoyment. I speak now more especially to our wealthy farmers—men, who are worth LS ~~ ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S: ASSOCIATION. OF | from ten to fifty thousand dollars. Among my acquaint- ances are such individuals; men whose annual income would be ample to provide for every want, even if they should refuse henceforth to perform physical labor. They - have enough, as the saying is, “to carry them through;” and then there would be sufficient lett for the heirs, to ruin a family of six children after giving the lawyers half! In their homes you will find no libraries, no pictures, no ‘musical instruments, few carpets. They seldom attend lectures, or concerts, or even dairymen’s conventions. They can’t afford it. They are saving their money—for what? to buy more hogs! They have never heard of Winter or. Longfellow, or Herbert Se oe tel tscley7. 1 hey, don’t ‘know whether Shakespeare is living or dead. They are interested in European wars, because these raise the price of hogs. Almost their only enjoyments are eat- ine drinking, sleeping, and accumulating. What will education do for such? . I repeat, it will increase their capacity for enjoyments, and will check them in their avaricious, inordinate accumu- lations. This latter is desirable. The accumulation of exces- sively large fortunes is oftener a curse to the heirs, and toa community than a blessing. To borrow a figure : ite snow, when evenly distributed over the land, becomes a source of pleasure and .profit; but when piled in drifts mountain high, it impedes travel and becomes a source of great annoyance. So with wealth; when evenly distrib- uted, its benefits can scarcely be over-estimated ; but when it “ drifts” it becomes a hindrance rather than a help j in the onward march of civilization. “The Creator evidently so understands it; for he seldom fails to give to avaricious, erasping parents, spendthrift children who quickly scatter (with the help of the lawyers) what has been” so injudi- ciously piled up. Indeed, I sometimes think this is why God permits lawyers to exist. (If you have a fortune which you want leveled off, for the good of humanity, em- ploy a lawyer.) What will education do forthe farmer? It will enable him to spend more money for his own real enjoyment and for the promotion of the genuine happiness of his family and friends. It will convert hovels with bare walls and bare floors into beautiful homes with pictures and carpets 98 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. and books and periodicals and musical instruments. It will give us more of those comforts and intellectual enjoyments by which civilized man may be distinguished from the barbarian, By it will our lives become more musical, more poetical—less sensual, less groveling. Creamery butter and Cheddar cheese are good for the stomach, but the mind cannot feed upon them. What will education do for the farmer? ’Twill force him to pay ten dollars for railroad fare where he pays but one now;—to attend lectures, the theatre, expositions, agricultural fairs, farmers’ institutes, and dairymen’s associ- ations. ’Twill induce him to buy a library of 200, 400, 500, Or even 1,000 volumes, and a three-hundred-dollat case in which to put it. ’Twill coax him to take a longer rest at noon that he may have time to listen to the “ Tales of a Wayside Inn,” or a chapter from ‘“ David Copperfield.” "Twill force him to leave off work earlier at night that he may have time td read the president's message or the “Tribune’s’’ comments thereon. °*Twill teach him oftener to leave the pig-pen and seek the parlor; not because he loves Berkshire music less,—but because he loves piano music more. ‘Twill double his annual expenditure for clothing ; for the old frock and old over-alls will be consid- ered unsuitable in which to appear in the lecture room or even upon:the cars. More ribbons must be bought and. the dresses must be made\in style, that) Wir and the daughters may not be ashamed to appear ‘in the society of — cultured people. More than this,—napkins must be pur- chased and napkin-rings and China and silver ware, that the table may be appropriately furnished and adorned; for the educated farmer will often desire to entertain ministers, editors, and intelligent men of all classes, who are accus- tomed to such things. More boot- blacking will be needed, more yellow lace, more kid gloves, more red mittens, more embroidered bal-briggans, more puffs and curls and Sara- toga waves, more stove polish, more pomatum, more German cologne, more paper, more postage stamps, more’ tooth-brushes, more scrub-brushes, more brooms, more soap and water. I tell you, my farmer friends, this education is an ex- pensive thing. Beware! beware! For every dollar you expend in educating your sons and your daughters beyond what is absolutely. necessary in the performance of their ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 99 every-day duties, you may some day be forced to pay ten dollars to satisfy the wants that the dollar’s worth of edu- cation will have created ! But there is another side to this argument; not only does education increase our wants, but if a due proportion of it be of the practical kind, it,in nearly or quite the same ratio, increases our ability to earn. It makes us of more value to the world, for which the world will cheerfully pay us.. _We may thus earn more, spend more, enjoy more. We may elevate ourselves, by semmiueh, above the level of-the brute. A symmetrical education simply increases a man’s capacity for doing and enjoying. Itdoubles him, quadruples him; enables him to give more to the world and receive more from the world ; makes him occupy a larger place in the universe. If the education is truly symmetrical—if there is physical development, brain development, and heart devel- opment, it lifts him away from the brute and up towards God. But in all this I speak of that education which is best adapted to a man’s wants, ever.keeping in mind the occu- pation or profession by which he proposes to serve humanity and gain a livelihood. Tt must be borne in mind while discussing this subject — that the educational field is immense. A life-time may be devoted to a survey of the merest corner of it. Zoology, botany, chemistry, astronomy, mathematics, language,— either of these subjects, the average mind cannot master in three score years and ten. Therefore, let it be granted that an education is desirable for all, and still the question remains: In what corner of the broad field shall the farmer, the merchant, the lawyer, labor ? Shall they, hand in hand, laboriously travel over that part of the field where Greek _ roots once grew, and then, turning to the barnyard, together snuff the gases arising from the manure heap in the effort to detect the presence of escaping ammonia? Or shall the _ lawyer devote his early years to the study of those branches best adapted to the development of linguistic powers, while the farmer devotes his time, for the most part, to the ac- quirement of such knowledge as will be of practical utility to him in /zs life-work ? How much time shall the farmer devote to language? How much time shal] the lawyer devote to agricultural science? How much time can the « e 100 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. farmer devote to the study of poetry and music, and how much time can the poet-musician afford to devote to the science and practice of agriculture? These are questions that force themselves upon us. To return to the question assigned to me to answer : ‘“What will education do for the farmer?” If you mean by education such mental culture as is obtained in the average high school, I can answer, unhesi- tatingly, it will make him-a lawyer or a ‘doesenionla minister or an editor. Or, if by chance circumstances force him to become a farmer, he does it under protest. Teach a man German to prepare him to travel in France, and when he arrives at Paris he will) realize ian there is a mistake somewhere. Showa young farmer all the advantages and attractions of a mercantile or professional life, and none of those which are peculiar to agricultural and horticultural pursuits, and the chances are that he will soon abandon the country and seek the city, The farmer may love music; but if while he is still a farmer, he devotes an undue amount of time to the science of (musien ane utterly neglects the science of agriculture, the probabilities are that his farm will soon cease to be sufficiently remuner- ative to enable him to gratify his love of song. A young man enters the high school. Immediately, he commences a:course of training exactly calculated to fit him for professional or mercantile ‘life. Those branches of study which lawyers ane doctors and editors and ministers have ever found advantageous to them in their spheres of labor, are made most prominent in the school. But not one branch of study is found which is especially adapted to the wants of the agriculturist ! Does the pupil study chemistry? He is taught that part of the science which the druggist or physician especially needs. Or he is lead to view in a most super- ficial manner, the science as a whole, from the standpoint of some great investigator. Of its application to agriculture he learns little or nothing. He learns the names of the ele- mentary substances and théir atomic weights, but of the compounds of which ordinary soils are composed he knows nothing. He can represent upon the black-board many of the most complicated chemical reactions, but of the effect of mixing wood-ashes and animal manures he is ignorant. The chemistry of food (especially of the food of the ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. - Yo! herbivorous animals) is the subject of brief mention, or, per- haps is entirely neglected. Does the pupil study botany? He will learn. to define a few score of technical terms; he will become somewhat familiar with the binomial system of nomenclature ; he will perhaps, analyze a few flowers and learn to speak their botanical names. A\ll this is useful information, and very proper in its place; but why omit that part of botany which would be of most value to the agriculturist? The student is brought face to face with pretty wild flowers. He learns to recognize fifty or sixty of them, and—he has “completed botany,’ and triumphantly passes his “ first examination ”’ in the study. (Indeed, this is much more than. is done in many schools.) He has finished the study, but he cannot tell “a red oak frorn a white oak,” ‘‘a hard maple from a soft maple,” “a hickory from a bitternut,” ‘‘a black walnut from a butter- nut;’ “a bass-wood from an ash,’ unless he learned it at home on the farm. The pupil has completed the study, but his attention has never been directed to the different species of weeds in the garden, or to the different kinds of grasses iMetdre Mecca ierforace. Hie cannot tell a red clover leaf from a white clover leaf if they are alike in respect to size, nor does he know whether red clover is a biennial or a per- ennial. As with chemistry or botany, so with other studies. ‘Professional men” have, for the most part, arranged our text-books and our courses of study, and it is by no means surprising that we find therein just those branches and methods which are best calculated to fit the student for professional life. What will modern high school adincaiice do for the farmer? I repeat, it will make a ‘professional man” of him; and the figures are not wanting to prove this asser- tion. Of the twelve and one-half millions of people. in the United States engaged in gainful and reputable occupations, not far from 3 per cent. are engaged in professional ser- vices, Perhaps it is safe to say that the lawyers, the phy- sicians, the teachers, the clergymen, the journalists, the artists, and the land surveyors, constitute something less 102 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. than 3 per cent. of those whose vocations are remunerative and reputable, - Nearly 50 per cent. are engaged in agriculture, while the combined industries give employment to upwards of 80 per cent. of all those who, by their own labor, either mental or physical, add to the wealth and prosperity of this great republic. Now, if jit be true). as/is claimed by, many, that the course of study in our high schools is equally well adapted to the needs of-all classes, it would be expected that not over 3 per cent. of the graduates would attempt to gaina livelihood by professional services. Either this must be true or else there is a demand for a greater proportion of pro- fessional mén, which no one believes. What are thefacts ? More than 60 per cent. of the male graduates become professional men. The vocations, present and prospective, of the male graduates of several high schools which are believed to represent fairly the high schools of Illinois, are as follows: Ministers, 14 per cent.; teachers, 24 per cent; . lawyers, 14 per cent.; mechanics, 10 per cents physicians, Il Ger Cent. merchants and mercantile clerks, 4 per cent. undecided, 10 per cent; farmers, 3 per cent. One high school in Northern Illinois, than which few rank higher, numbers among its graduates during the past twelve years, 128 persons, of whom thirty-two are males; of these, three are mechanics, and one.1s a farmer) Anmdpyet they tell us that the course of study in our high schools is equally well adapted to the needs of ‘the farmer) tie mechanic, or the lawyer. Another school, which, in point of popularity, has no Superior, boasts of 29 male sraduates ; of this number three are farmers, and one is a mechanic. Of the male graduates of either ef these schools, not 14 per cent. become handicraftsmen ! Send a young man into one of these schools in oiler to make an intelligent farmer of him, and before the course is half completed ‘he will tell you he wishes to study law. The tendency of our high school system is away from the farm, away from the workshop, and towards the pulpit ‘and the bar. Our present system of public education is a long and costly stairway, near the bottem of which may be found the ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 103 plow, the anvil, the saw and the loom; a little higher the yard-stick and the ledger ; at the top, the editor’s chair, the bar, the pulpit,and the rostrum. This stairway is broad and cheap at the base, but its upper portion is narrow and ex- pensive. It should be made throughout as broad as at the bottom, and should reach to the farthest height to which the © would-be farmer, mechanic, and lawyer can, hand in hand, advantageously climb. Let us, as farmers, demand that if Greek and Latin and German and French and algebra and geometry and trigonometry are tobe taught in the public schools, and at the public expense, that the ‘“ Elements of Agriculture” shall also be taught; this latter term to in- clude the chemistry of soils and manures, farm botany, farm entomology, the science of breeding, the philosophy and chemistry of cream raising and of butter and cheese making, the chemistry of food, the history and peculiarities of the various breeds of cattle, hogs, horses, and sheep. More than this: let us demand that for every three dollars expended in the teaching of those studies, the tendency of which is towards the professions, fifty dollars shall be ex- pended in teaching those subjects, the tendency of which is towards the farm. | This is but fair when we remember that but 3 per cent. of the twelve and one-half millions of earnest workers are professional men, while 50 per cent. are farmers. However much we may delight in poetry and music, in painting, sculpture, history and philosophy, in culture, ‘this fact remains : people will not, as a rule, devote years to hard intellectual toil, except they believe that in some way, and at some time, the knowledge thus acquired will become the “dasis for action.” And, too, to some considerable extent, at least, it must be made the basis of such action as will have a money value. Be it otherwise, and the man will have increased his desires without a corresponding increase in the means of gratifying them. Let the education of a young man be chiefly of that practical kind which he can use in his chosen life-work, and you give him the ability to earn more dollars with which he can gratify his love for that higher education, which, although it may have little or no money value, is zzvaluable. Reverse this process: let him become enamored with poetry and philosophy and music, to the neglect of the practical 104 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. education which he might use in his chosen occupation, and you have increased his expenditures and diminished his receipts. You have made him of all beings the most mis- erable. Hungry and thirsty, you tantalize him by showing him luscious fruit and sparkling wine just beyond his reach. Ignorance to him would, indeed, be bliss. What will education do for the farmer? If it be that kind of education, that its results, in part, at least, may appear in his well-filled corn-cribs, in his heaped up potato bins, in better shelter for his cattle, in a more judicious selection of animals for breeding purposes, in the more perfect adaptation of food to the necessities of the animal, in better butter and more of it,—such an education he may be induced to acquire; and, having thus built a substantial educational edifice—an edifice of which the foundation stone and the frame are the “common English branches;”’ the siding, the roof-boards and the shingles—those branches that are especially adapted to the necessities of a farmer, he will then desire to put on a cornice of poetry, with musical modillions; an astronomical cupola, with philosophic mina- rets; historic balconies and fanciful arcades. Let him do it. Induce him to do it. He is.as much entitled to an educa- tional palace as the lawyer. These palaces may be equally attractive, equally spacious, but not alike. The foundation stones and frames may be similar, but Ladiz roof-boards and Greek shingles will hardly keep out the rain over the head of the farmer. To the lawyer and minister great skill in the use of language is a necessity ; to the farmer it is, at most, only a convenience. ‘To the farmer, a knowledge of the chemistry of soils and foods and manures is a necessity; to the lawyer it is secondary in importance. Poetry and history are suit- able ornaments for the farmer’s educational palace—tor the minister's they are substantial covering. In conclusion, permit me to say to any who may be connected with our educational system, either as teachers or school directors, if you really desire to see the industrial classes of this country brought to a higher intellectual plane, fivs¢, give to them these branches of study, a knowledge of which will have, to them, a money value; knowledge that they can make the “basis for attion;” knowledge that will enable them to succeed financially in their chosen vocation, that they may not be burdens upon society, but that they may ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION, 105 possess the dollars necessary to provide for the physical and intellectual wants of themselves, and of those that may be dependent upon them. Last in order, but by no means least in importance, let us give them that knowledge which will enable them to en- gage, during the leisure moments of life, in such intellectual and artistic pursuits as will be gratifying to them, a benefit to humanity, and will entitle them to a high position in the social scale. On motion, it was decided to hold the next annual meeting one week later in the month. The committee appointed to examine the dairy imple- ments then handed in the following report, which was read by the secretary. THE COMMITTEE’S REPORT. Clark’s Improved Revolution Pan, we consider a very sood pan for deep setting, and worthy of recommendation. It is manufactured by Conger Brothers, Manchester, Iowa. Hawkeye Submerged Milk Pan, exhibited by J. G. Cherry, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, we would recommend as worthy of trial and use; the best we have seen for the sub- merged process of raising cream, and would particularly recommend it for those raising cream for factories. Cherry’s Transportation Can is an improvement on the large carrying can, and worthy of adoption. J. F. Lester's Square Churn is so wide and favorably known that it needs no recommendation from us. J. M. Frink, L. BARTLETT, \ Committee. J. H. Foote, On motion of J. R. McLean, a vote of thanks was ten- . dered to the people of Marengo for their hospitality to the visiting dairymen. On motion, the association then adjourned to Wednes- dayy, Wee. 15; 1880. 106 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. | SECRETARY’S REPORT. The following is the report of M. H. Thompson, retir- ing secretary, for the year ending December 10, 1879: To balancejon hand from Yast yieatee icc .ccco-coeesesrentdsceenscceeunsliserass esate eeeeeeres Ue eeacioaeeon $§ 3°04 S© “Cash for TEPOUb oes iekeads seeds acieled oe dae tee debeas aucun dosdecedec acca aac gut cae eR RACER CMe Reeme aeaianEae 25 unemastorcash: of Ra My Patrickt Mreasuner.:.cs.c, ssosecstoaee eee ee eee eeeeeee eee 75 50 $78 79 CONTRA. June 11, by cash paid for printing reports) 22:2...) -sececareneaenusets-o-ere-weseceuasberses se eeetenene $60 00 is «© sundry items, PF ee sain ea CLC secsleceecsceecrouenncenes cane neee tana HAO Cash on hand to balance... es ove ben de olecclansls culsiaie'l guia ne Neate Ree C aga a aBnetETy IGG) $78 79 ' Marengo, Ill., Dec. 11, 1879. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON LEGISLATION. The following report of the committee on legislation was handed to the secretary since the meeting of the asso- ciation : Dy. Joseph Tefft, President of the Mhnows State Dairy- men’s Assoctation—Sir: The committee of your association, charged with the duty of presenting to the legislature the interests of the dairy industry, for the purpose of obtaining such aid from the state as its necessities demand, would respectfully report that in the month of March last they went to Springfield and presented to a committee of both branches of the legislature the following statement : First, The importance of the dairy industry. The following statement will show the magnitude and value of this branch of industry in the state of Illinois : From the census returns of 1870 (the last actual data) it appears that the number of milch cows then in the state was 640,321. Estimating the increase at 25 per cent. dur- ing the last eight years (and this increase in number is not equal to the increase in the dairy product during that time), and we now have 840,421 cows in this state. We adopt 800,000 as the basis of our estimate. Without taking into account the men and horses required for distributing milk to families in our cities, and the men engaged in the manufacture of butter and cheese, we find that it requires the labor and care of at least one man for every twenty cows, a span of horses for every ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 107 thirty cows, and about four acres of land for the support of one cow; so that 800,000 cows require the care and labor of 40,000 men, the work of 60,000 horses, and the product of 3,200,000 acres of land. VALUE OF COWS, HORSES AND LANDS. SEO IOOME OW SHRUG O CAGE LE eis ninestes dnalvdvecacussenelieis oe clacastcevaceecasesesersecosescscesss $24,000,000 60,000 horses, at $80 each.......... ODODBDBODDOO DOD S000 Coose bBo eno ncoSsd rob asO KARO A HuCE SO EOE EH 4,800,000 PRC OOOGOAGKES) Ol ATIC UAL PZOscacudocecsacedcscaactensececcisessosevssivosseeesisascese svecsdescessercss 96,000,000 NG tale vA We taeive rede ceMosistsesiiserctnreecusiecsescisacctecedsabsutsssaceweacceaddouacesteresrescoe'ss $124,800,000 FEEDING Te It is understood by the dairymen of Illinois that the quantity and quality of the feed (other things being equal) is the measure of the quantity and quality of the milk of the cow, and so they have adopted a liberal system of feed- ing. Eight quarts of oat and corn meal mixed, fed daily for 240 days in the year, and, in addition, one-quarter ton of bran and two tons of hay to each cow (or feed equiv- alent to it), would not be above the average feed for cows in the dairy district. FEED REQUIRED. If so fed, the 800,000 cows would require 24,000,000 bushels each of corn and oats, 200,000 tons of bran, and 1,600,000 tons of hay. And the horses, fed eight quarts of oats and corn daily (or its equivalent), with two tons of hay each per annum, would require, for the 60,000 horses, 2,700,000 bushels each of corn and oats, and 120,000 tons of hay. Thus making a total of 26,700,000 bushels each of corn and oats, 200,000 tons of bran, and 1,720,000 tons of hay, or feed equivalent to it, for the annual anes of the COWS and horses. VALUE OF THE FEED. 2OW7GOROGO USM SHON COMM) al BO) COMES variensaeeiecclessiseciducteslentions aeciitaneiseriteeisatiere oneestisee) AHOKOLO OOO Zor So OOOMMUSMESTOMOAtS) AL 2O/ COMES cin). 0sess seco stevetersiioastameseesmersebeetaccwosiecceesevssecnl 543405000 200,000 tons of bran, at CeO ocr nnc ted oc SRB OSS HER cRA A HncaBCURCH Rac oourcumebacd AAGANaB SE OES CH-Sat Hy linadnsXCloL(elale: I,720,000 tons of hay, at $5... delewanalvemencuictiseateee | Os OOO; OOO, Grinding 48,000,000 bushels of oats and corn for: cows, ‘at me cents... aeidsaiaetacatdeaseneuN el .O2OLOCO Value of feed used annually ................ Sede Ra vetoes weir Aaj eamtnn P2GROTOLOOO: VALUE OF LABOR. 40,000 men, at $200 per annum ....... Paetlaysaniesyecleseanesn A GsOOOsOOO COST ‘OF DAIRYING. Value of feed used ue Mediasate dole wedonatalacsten ited eaatlane abeee ae deste ranean area mena 25s O7O%OOO Value of labor of men . AH eeelebai ose BOSUEE pdb Ron panic Hts OLS OIOTO) Depreciation and loss on stock, 5 per cent. “on n $28, 300,¢ KOTO Roe He ade seo OROHAGHABS eB NO6 1. lz c’rs10).{0) sto) Total value of feed and labor and loss on StOCkK..........s00seeeeeeeseeces see cae enn aeeh35,IIO,000 AM) AVeTALE. WETKCOW 4s) Ole .rssnesssensselsns 0 bio ERO ODN HOY ekeeH OREO CA RCBE $43.88 To this amount ee ‘He added a sum equal to the 108 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. value of the work of 60,000 horses, the annual outlay for necessary repairs, and the amount of insurance and taxes on the property used in dairying, as also the value of the summer pasturage for the stock. Having no exact data for these items, they do not enter into our estimate of the cost of dairying. Second, Attention was called to the food value of the annual milk product of the United States. Assuming that there are now in the United States 13,000,000 milch cows, and estimating their average annual yield of milk at 446 gallons each, this being the average yield of milk in thirteen states in 1860 (Willard’s “ Dairy Husbandry,” p. 20), and we find the annual milk product in the United states amounts to 5,798,000,000 gallons, weighing 50,732,500,000 pounds. Willard in his ‘Practical Dairy Husbandry,” p. 13, states that ‘“‘three and one-half pounds of milk” has a nutritive value “equal to one pound of boneless beef.” That being true, makes the food or nutritive value of the annual milk product of the United States equal to 14,495,- 000,000 pounds of beef, free of bone. We also find that every 100 pounds of a fat ox gives 57.7 per cent. of butchers’ meat.—ALucyclopedia Britannica, Sth ad., vol. 9, p. 702. About 12% per cent. of such meat is bone.—Same work, p. 705. We find therefore that 50 per cent. of the gross weight of a fat steer is boneless meat. It will therefore require 20,650,000 fat steers, weighing 1,400 pounds gross, to pro- duce 14,455,000,000 pounds of boneless beef, and that this only equals the food or nutritive value of the annual milk product of this country. The present market value of such fat steers would not be less than $4.50 per 100 pounds live weight. The market value of that number of fat steers would amount to $1,300,950,000. To ascertain the value of the meat, we deduct one-fifth for hides and tallow, $260,190,000; which leaves $1,040,760,000 as the market value of the beef that would be required to furnish an amount of nutrition that is only equal to that of the annual milk product of this country. Third, Your committee further called attention to the loss of milk sugar—one of the most valuable consti- tuents of milk—in the process of making butter and ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 109 cheese. In order to do this we must ascertain the per- centage of milk sugar contained in milk. Milk contains 4.20 per cent. of milk sugar—Wew Amer- wcan Cyclopedia, vol. 11, p. 543, sample 8. Milk contains 4.50 per cent. of milk sugar.—W/llara’s Practical Dairy Flusbandry, p. 500. Skimmed milk contains 4.66 per cent. of milk sugar. —Same work and page. Buttermilk contains 4.66 per cent. of milk sugar— Same work and page. Whey contains 4.61 per cent. of milk sugar.—Same work, p. 319 (average of 15 samples), _ Butter contains 0.70 per cent. of milk sugar.—Same work, p. 500. Cheese contains lactic acid, or but little milk sugar. The wholesale market price for milk sugar in the spring of 1879 was forty to fifty cents per pound, as appears from the price-list of McKesson & Robbins, wholesale druggists in New York city. 1,265,875,000 pounds of milk sugar, at 4o Cents, AMOUNES tO ......00.cc sce eee vee eee eee veefh500, 350,000 do do at 2olCents, AMOUNTS CO) Li veccseccc cesses ceeessecees) 25391755000 do do at Io cents, AMMOMIMtSHLO) ateceecheraseecteseeee ses e205 07500 Here we have the startling fact that the annual loss on milk sugar in this country, if valued at one-fourth the low- est New York market quotations, amounts to more than double the value of the entire sugar crop of the Island of Cuba. Fourth, Your committee further stated that while our creamery butter, when first made, is of superior quality and flavor, and, therefore, commanded the highest market price, we have already learned from experience that it is very soon off flavor, and unless marketed and used within a limited time it deteriorates in value. For this reason it must necessarily be confined to home markets, as it is not safe to ship it abroad with the expectation that it will retain its flavor so as to compare favorably with the best shipping grades of butter that may be found in the London markets. Wiwlard s D.-F., pp. 3740, 341, 342. From all these analyses it appears that all, or nearly all, of the milk sugar is “ run off” in the buttermilk and whey, and lost. In manufacturing butter and cheese §9 per cent. of the milk product is used, and 41 per cent. is consumed in fam- ilies—as stated in “ Willard’s Dairy Husbandry,” page 20. LTO), ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. Chemical tests show 4 pounds of butter in 100 pounds of good milk; but as there is some loss in churning, we estimate that it will require an average of at least 27 pounds of milk to preduce one pound of butter. From the department of agriculture report for 1877, p. 343, it appears that we make 1,000,000,000 pounds of butter annually, requiring for its product 27,000,000,000 pounds of milk. {t requires an average of 934 pounds of milk to produce one pound of cheese. Willara’s D. H1., pp. 524, 525, 520, 527. The department of agriculture, in their report for 1877, p- 343, place the annual product of cheese at 300,000,000 pounds, requiring for its production 2,950,000,000 pounds of milk. The milk used in manufacturing butter and cheese contains 1,272,875,000 pounds of milk sugar. From this deduct for amount in the butter, 7,000,000, which leaves 1,265,875 ,000, run off annually in the buttermilk and whey. Fifth, Your committee further stated that, while it is true that the dairy farmers feed their milch cows corn meal, oat meal and bran in liberal quantities; and while it is admitted that this is the best food for producing a superior quality of milk, the truth is that the cheese we produce does not rank as good in quality or bring as high prices as cheese produced in other countries, even while the analysis shows them to be as rich in butter, and that, therefore, there is no legitimate reason for that difference in quality. In view of these facts, your committee feel justified in asking the legislature to appropriate a sum sufficient to enable the Illinois State Dairymen’s Association to establish an experimental station for the purpose of ascertaining, by actual tests, Ist, Howto improve the keeping quality of our cream- ery butter, so that it may be transported, with its flavor unimpaired, to the best markets of the world. 2d, Howwecan improve the quality of our cheese, so that it will sell at as high prices in the English markets as cheese produced in other countries. 3d, To ascertain the best method of saving the sugar of milk which is now run off into the buttermilk and whey. In conducting such a station it seemed desirable to ascertain, as far as practicable, the best and most reliable ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. Ii! breeds of milch cows—or those best adapted to the Ameri- can system of dairying. While the legislature of this state makes liberal appro- priations to the agricultural and horticultural societies, and regularly appropriates about $12,000 per annum for county fairs, we regret to state that though they could not contro- vert the arguments, and were surprised to learn the facts, and could not but recognize the needs of the dairy industry, they did not feel justified in making the appropriation. The whole thing was so new to them as almost to take them by surprise. The experiences of the dairy farmer during the year now drawing to a close have been such as to show the ab- solute necessity of making more strenuousefforts in this direction, if they are to continue in this business. At the request of the committee, C. H. Larkin and J. R. McLean accompanied them to Springfield, and, there- fore, join in this report. . G Ey orp, M. H. THomeson, | JosEpH TEFFT, / Committee. C. H. Larkin, | Joun R. McLzan, J i Nn tft NON a ns a tr a es, JUDGES’ REPORT. The following tables show the number of points cred- ited to each exhibitor of butter, for the different premiums, offered at the sixth annual meeting of the Illinois State Dairymen’s Association, held at Marengo in December, 1879. Instead of the exhibitor’s name, his number is given. This will enable each one to see in just what par- ticular his butter failed, or was perfect: BOARD OF TRADE SWEEPSTAKES PREMIUM. [Owing to some oversight the report on the other numbers entered for this premium was not handed to the secretary. | Ti2 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. Entry No.|| Flavor.| Make. |Texture.|Keeping| Color. Salt. |* Total. 133 8 824 9% 71% 4 5 422/ Be iu wal 824 gi 917 837 4 4% 4334 ee 932 922 99% 917 5 48%, Dee ee 827 932 947 9 4% 46, Bete ste 9 917, 824 4% 44 4 Mee gl 9 8i7 8 ay, 48 TG ae. 824 9% gy 914 4% 4624 Dinu 9 827 gi ay, 424 44 118 84 824 814 77 424 AV, 145 9 92% 927 934 4%, 47%, Tp aiead ahve hele 9 924 92% 10 4 4 46% HIGGIN SALT COMPANY’S PREMIUM. Entry No: || Flavor.| Make. |Texture.|/Keeping.| Color. Salt. | Total. OO aa es 84 824 1% 424 4% 41% DER eee 8 814, 7% 82% 427, 4 41lz, TD ene 9 9 824 8% 5 3% 4324 DE a eG 824 84 8 84 5 4%, 427% ARTE UNG V4 ) VA Biz 424 4iZ 44 20 Syn Sane 824 9%, 92% 8%, 4\z 42%, 45 BO Las 1% A 8 8% 4%, 2% 40 5 Dagan 1% 81%, 8 7% 42% 42% 41 £32 ACES 91% 7% 1% 82% 4\Z 424 44 Vo ae 82% 8 82% 824 42%, 427, 431% ZO ea 8% 84 82% 8%, 42%, 41, 4227 1 RO ES 9 92% WA WA 42%, 5 47 CA 7% 8% 8 8 4 4\Z 4014 10 ee 82% 924 M4 84 424 42%, 451% 63n Ree 82% 9%, 9 | 8% 42%, 44 45 20 ae 92% 8 8 8 4 4 41 OU es 72%, 8 724, | 1% 4 4iZ B94 Cr RES 9 9 $24 8 3% 324 42. HONS nei 9 8% 81%, 8% 4V7, 5 492%, Oe are 824 824 734 7% 4V7, 5 49 Baal A 824 9 8 Vz, 5 4914, Gr tear ee 87, 9 9 A 4Vy, 5 44 LA a Be 8 7%, 824 84 4%, 5 424 Om WY gt gt, 9 432 5 4624 i eee oe 8 82% 8 8 5 4 417% LOS ee 824 8 8 raya 4 424 402% TOD as 104 gl4 gu is, 4 42% 402% LOD eee 91, WA 824 A 5 4%, 431%, BAe ee 8 7% 734 724 4 44, 39% OO ee ise 84 1%, 7% 1% 417, 4% 4014, LE eee 9 WA 92% 82%, 5 5 4624 Te eee nT, 914 92% 91%, 82% 5 5 47 RE Ua 92% 92% yA 91%, 5 42% 4724 BTacacs avn aie 7%, 84, 7, 8 4%, 4 41 SON ONIN 114, 83% 8 7% 5 42% 4114 1S ea 6 7 14 1%, 44 4% 364% 79... 824 8% 82% ay 427, 2% 422%, 130 eG A 8% 8i% 7% 5 4%, 42 TO Es 82% 92% gl, 9 424 5 1614 se RR Ms 9% 924 9 9 4M, 42%, 461%, Sitntancne) 3 8% 8 8 4%, 4, 41 1S7e es 8 824 84 8 4 5 42 [ooo es 1% 94 9 8 424 42% 45 *Scale of points—flavor, 10; make, 10; texture, 10; keeping, 10; color, 5; salt, 5—5se. ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 113 ASHTON SALT COMPANY’S PREMIUM. Flavor.| Make. |Texture.|Keeping.| Color. Salt. Total. 6% 64 7% 62% 4 324 35 62% 6 62% 4 2% 417, 3014 62% gl4 8 1% 427, Vy 3927 7 6%, 6% Bis 4 33 i) wes 80 rie: e3 8 y AY, 6 5 5 ; i re 29% 6Y 5M, 5 324 4 8; 9? gl 9 7 iu 427, 5 431 1%, 8 7% 77 41%, 424 392% 8% 72%, GA 49% 42%, 402% 74, Ti 7% 7 424 437 3817 8 8% 9 8 5 424 Be BVA TV, 624 7 4 4 3617, 8 giZ 824 VA 424 424 4227 9 8 917, 824 427 427 4417 824 8 84 8 417, 43% 42 8, 84 8Ys 1% 4, 4% 41% 9 9 927, 82% 5 434 46 VA 8 8 8 4 42 42 7 1, 7 424 417, 384 9 924 gt, 9 427 4 459% 9 9 9 84 41% 424 4417, 924 84 94 822 aly 43 45 9% 8% 8% 9 4, 4 44s 92% yt, 9 824 427, 434 46 7%, 822 8 1% Al, 4 40Y% giz, 9 9 gi, 4 42% 4432 — 114 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. STANDARD QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF MILK. PRON CORA NRF RS Ne FSF N EOF NOR NET RON EAN Quantity.— Borden’s standard — of eight and five- eighths pounds per gallon — is now taken and accepted as the standard for milk, not only in our own country, but in all Europe. Qua.ity.— The executive committee of the State Dairymen’s Association, after many experiments carefully made, have decided that hereafter the following shall be considered by them as the standard quality of milk in Illinois: Water, 87.5; solids, 12.5—1in a scale of 100 parts. ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 115 Tue Oxtpest—EstTABLiSHED Dairy House In THE WeEsT! _ Pe BARCLAY, Manufacturer of the Celebrated Hoin Heater Vats and Steam Vats, BOILERS, ENGINES, MILK-CANS, And all kinds of DAIRY FURNISHING GOODS. Complete Quttits for Creameries & Cheese Factories CONSTANTLY ON HAND. ALL Goops WARRANTED. SEND FOR PRICE~-LIST. Bev. PANUTON, Wholesale Manufacturer of CheeseBoxes, Butter-Lubs and Huiurkins. FACTORY AT SOUTH ELGIN,’’’- ILLINOIS. 116 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. ——TH E— ELGIN: LEADER STEAM JOB PRIMING HOUSE, ELGIN,, ILLINOIS, ONAN AREAS ANNE FSA NAN TN ANSI IN ANN OND The daily and weekly editions of THE LEADER give full accounts of all meetings of the ELGIN BOARD OF TRADE, And are especially interested in all that pertains to the DAIRY INDUSTRY. Ve TAN ANON ARAN A Ne ON ANION AN RON ANSON NONI N All manner of printing for Factorymen, Dairymen and Dealers, satisfactorily executed. j ' 1; Ft 3 WoW. SHEeRrwitn, — Cheese Boxes, butter Packages PACTORY SUPPLIES. ae t 4 ELGIN, ILLINOIS. : | play ites | ¥ Everything that pertains to the Manufacture vl | m | ) # Cheese & Butter, furnished at lowest figures. , l : { f paene, ¢ —-THE ATTENTION O1 — IATKYM CN & STOCK FEEDERS —IS DIRECTED TO THI. 2 Ney F.acess Linseed Mea | he Greatest Files: Former, Milk and L utter Producer wm use. Sd ANALYSIS: By RSE 6 a De ae ee Nir IEE obs Ma ria ere ee on 6.37 BL ie BOR gs Se donate ah Sor akin Saibes w pas Sao Dae zecce Gi hove aie gue oles GUECOCURE DE: Ey eam a ag 1.50 ;LBUMI ou CONG “UNDS; (Flesh-Foraing Substakices, ):n...ssseseeeesn ieee eat 38.67 MUCILA’ EF, SUGA» acd DIGESTIBLE. IBRE...4:....4.: fas Sotiris Hel ve Sec neem 39-19 TUSK Yo abe TBR ie cee eh ee crg ele ce etaabamcebatie Wada esas suendtiatie seein (eres | aaa eae 8.40 BEN EER Ay, MATTE Boe? aSW sso wrenrceceeen seete ste cones ac ccageee tind: enc agth reese tee 5.87 106.00 _ Bonssiugault, eb.» + Agricultural Cheiiist, estimates the rutriment of roo pounds inseed Meal as equs 309 vounds of oats, or to 318 pounds of corn, or to 767 pounds ~~ wheat k =n. ——_—_ --——_ iM SHED MEAT, “aslong! enrecognize .s5 p> :eminentl, v: able, but o-vins to he large percentage of necessa_ lv left in th aln .nufacture. ip ‘the ol way. tt could de used ealy sparingly. t by the New Proc is « ‘fficulty he kb en ov. -com and a the same time: much geramc it of MIuci | Sug r, Albumer:. : tc., reiaains Veal ma. = fro: oil wl h has be : subjected to xtreme »ressure, will sh: w but Ynout 27 pe cent) of alby. not matter, w.ichisa'oss of : rer25 prrcent. This is dst to 7P ? ke mealai is fo ndini coil ia the: fourm: of foots or sed) 1ent, of which our oil contains / TO FAIL. MEF > it is» pecially valuatle, as the mani) al vulue of a ton of Linseed 2al after passin; through the :attle, is -stimated by the \. aiding Agricaltuyal Society of gland as .eing...orth $. 50 A resul’ that would justii, he sale of corn and feeding iseed Meal in its place his mew can be j-din any puantity witi out making the iuilk and hutter taste. | We ¢€ aarantee?: pi rfectl pure Linse; d Meal: Mant acture! nlx in Chicago, by th: Chicago Linseed ‘il Co., office No 1 \Vabash Avenue. | oR SALE 'N MAR? NGO BY R.M. & F. W.PATRIC? & GO, IN £LGIN BY D.H.BUTLER ®& ;0N. IN DUNDEE) 7M.'i. BARR'WS & CO.