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UNIVERSITY LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN The person charging this material is responsible for its renewal or return to the library on or before the due date. The minimum fee for a lost item is $125.00, $300.00 for bound journals. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. Please note: self-stick notes may result in torn pages and lift some inks. Renew via the Telephone Center at 217-333-8400, 846-262-1510 (toll-free) or circlib @ uiuc.edu. Renew online by choosing the My Account option at: http://www.library.uiuc.edu/catalog/ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://archive.org/details/annualreportofil191137 THE LIGRARY | OF TRE URIVERSITY OF HLLIMALS ~~ yo 4 vel * Sr a 2 ied vy 7 > aa ' ¥ ms) — or ’ > ‘ a -, < + al \) * . s ' e ity of Illinois. Iversl Dairy Herd at the Un PROCEEDINGS OF THE Thirty-Seventh Annual Meeting OF THE Illinois State “Dairymen’s Association HELD AT ELGIN, ILLINOIS January 16, 17, 18 and 19, OTT. THE WoRanY OF THE JUL-3-0 1995 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS News-A dvocate Print ELGIN, ILLINOIS. Gitta | SE ear nea ley f Use CHT SP Yitens Te = J . ae st Sagi ia ENE SE RN IRL? annette wlth at Wha, mnt Mee m x Dor. aah . ») qi XX. i 34 } oh ; : > ‘ ne * | 4 ‘ = > 7 ~ Ye at ; ~ " : : 3 “ . Se. ioe “Gees, Fes é 4 < -* ¢ ; . - : eek . * - : oun & 5 Ls ¢ f ‘ a % was ‘ lh Sah oe tS a a hie 4 a 9 , * wy Lat " a ~ a | 4 eS ae rae < ha ee Oe f - & =: c > ~ > . - _ a. g - 2 Y & ™ : 7 ye ¥ ’ ra ¥ al ; . ’ . . ” . es - ." ‘ 4 “e ° ey 3 ‘ ; ‘ > > . ee | Weie, ¥ P s , + s ; es a ; r t . ? g > e * , ‘ : - ¢€ - . ~ j a A - 3 , a { , - é ' Kd > eo ~ ‘ . ‘ ar : a a > - : RTS : a he ; ie \ ~ ; & = ‘ : : e ' rt : ) - _ 4, ; a ‘ ais a Seas . f : j ) * . a, ” we . . 2: | ie .? * : i ae : + . > ha ¥ . * + -:¢ Cte ; ; , * Au] so ee r, f , Poe Re: Pee x fs ae < ¢ 3 Sanne 2 Z - + a “3 : r. 7 ee * ‘ > wre i Ae 4 . ~~ 4 4 - yy venga ber et oe on anita Oe we agra lech ys Ce ee aa peta ee Del man le en ie ve use v.37. cw Letter of Transmittal. Office of Secretary, Illinois State Dairymen’s Association, Chicago, IIl., 1911. To His Excellency, Charles S. Deneen, Governor of the State of Illinois: I have the honor to submit the official report of the Illinois State Dairymen’s Association, containing the addresses, papers, ee a oe 2 ye and discussions at its thirty-seventh annual meeting, held at Elgin, Illinois, January 16, 17, 18, and 19, IQII. Respectfully, GEO. CAVEN, Secretary. 282169 ace eee siete iain as List of Officers. President— J. P. MASON, Elgin. Vice President— L. N. WIGGINS, Springfield. Directors— J. P. MASON, Elgin. CHAS. GILKERSON, Marengo. F. G. AUSTIN, Effingham. FE. SUDENDORF, Clinton. JOSEPH NEWMAN, Elgin. L. N. WIGGINS, Springfield. JOHN LYNCH, Olney. Secretary— GEO. CAVEN, Chicago. Treasurer— CHAS. FOSS, Cedarville. By-Laws of the Illinois State Dairymen’s Association. Officers. Section 1.—The officers of the Association shall consist of a President, Vice President, Secretary, Treasurer and Board of Directors, composed of seven members, of whom the President and Vice President of the Association shall be members and the President ex-officio Chairman. Duties of the President. Sec. 2.—The President shall preside at the meetings of the Association and of the Board of Directors. It shall be his duty, together with the Secretary of the Board of Directors to arrange a program and order of business for each regular annual meeting of the Association and of the Board of Directors, and upon the written request of five members of the Association it shall be his duty to call special meetings. It shall be his further duty to call on the State Auditor of Public Accounts for his warrant on the _ State Treasurer, for the annual sum appropriated by the Legis- lature for the use of this Association, present the warrant to the Treasurer for payment, and on receiving the money receipt for the same, which he shall pay over to the Treasurer of the Asso- ciation, taking his receipt therefor. | Duties of the Vice President. Sec. 3.—In the absence of the President his duties shall de- volve upon the Vice President. 6 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. Duties of the Secretary. Sec. 4.—The Secretary shall record the proceedings of the Association and of the Board of Directors. He shall keep a list of the members, collect all the moneys due the Association (other than the legislative appropriations), and shall record the amount with the name and postoffice address of the person so paying, in a book to be kept for that purpose. He shall pay over all such moneys to the Treasurer, taking his receipt therefor. It shall also be his duty to assist in making the program for the annual meeting and at the close of the said meeting compile and prepare for publication all papers, essays, discussions and other matter worthy of publication, at the earliest day possible, and shall per- form such other duties pertaining to his office as shall be neces- sary. Duties of the Treasurer. Sec. 5.—The Treasurer shall, before entering on the duties of his office, give a good and sufficient bond to the Directors of the Association, with one or more sureties, to be approved by the Board of Directors, which bond shall be conditioned for a faith- ful performance of the duties of his office. He shall account to the Association for all moneys received by him by virtue of said otfice and pay over the same as he shall be directed by the Board of Directors. No moneys shall be paid out by the Treasurer except upon an order from the Board, signed by the President and countersigned by the Secretary. The books or accounts of the Treasurer shall at all times be open to the inspection of the inembers of the Board of Directors, and he shall, at the expira- tion of his term of office, make a report to the Association of the conditions of its finances, and deliver to his successor the books of account together with all moneys and other property of the Association in his possession or custody. Duties of the Board of Directors. Sec. 6—The Board of Directors shall have the general inanagement and control of the property and affairs of the As- sociation, subject to the By-Laws. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 7 Four members of the Board shall constitute a quorum to do business. The Board of Directors may adopt such rules and regula- tions as they shall deem advisable for their government, and may appoint such committees as they shall consider desirable. They shall also make a biennial report to the Governor of the State of the expenditures of the moneys appropriated to the Association, and arrange the program and order of business for the same. Election of Officers. Sec. 7—The President, Vice President and Board of Direc- tors shall be elected annually by ballot at the first annual meet- ing of the Association. The Treasurer and Secretary shall be elected by the Board of Directors. The officers of the Association shall retain their offices until their successors are chosen and qualify. A plurality vote shall elect. Vacancies occurring shall be filled by the Board of Direc- tors until the following annual election. Membership. Sec. 8.—Any person may become a member of this Asso- ciation by paying the Treasurer such membership fee as shall from time to time be prescribed by the Board of Directors. Quorum. Sec. 9.—Seven members of the Association shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business but a less number may adjourn. Annual Assessment. Sec. 10.—One month prior to the annual meeting in each year the Board of Directors shall fix the amount, if any, which may be necessary to be paid by each member of the Association as an annual due. 8 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. Notice of such action must be sent to each member within ten days thereafter, and no member in default in payment there- of shall be entitled to the privileges of the Association. Amendment of By-Laws. | Sec. 11.—These By-Laws may be amended at any annual meeting by a vote of not less than two-thirds of the members present. Notice of the proposed amendment must be given in writing, and at a public meeting of the Association, at least one day before any election can be taken thereon. INTRODUCTION. Geo. Caven, Secretary. Every expectation of making the thirty-seventh annual con- vention of the Illinois State Dairymen’s Association, in Elgin, January 16, 17, 18 and 19, I9g11, a record meeting was more than realized. An attendance of 500 to 800 at the opening meeting Mon- day night, fully 1,000—nearly all dairy farmers—at the Tuesday afternoon session, and even a greater attendance at the sessions Wednesday and Thursday, tell the story of this convention. It was the first time in the history of the Association that dairy cattle formed a part of the exhibit. Some thirty head were shown and included all prize cattle, the Holsteins, of course, pre- dominating , as they lead among Northern Illinois herds. The Glee Club of the Elgin high school furnished music at the evening sessions. Speakers for Monday evening, the open- ing session, were Mrs. Scott Durand, of Lake Forest, and S. B. Shilling, of Chicago. The latter’s talk was general, he having been called upon because of the failure of one of the announced speakers to arrive. Mrs. Durand devoted much of her time to the tuberculin test and the production of clean milk. The formal opening of the convention came Tuesday morn- ing, when, with the audience space well filled, Rev. C. S. Thomas asked a blessing and Mayor Fehrman spoke a few words of wel- come. Charles Gilkerson, of Marengo, responded. President L. N. Wiggins then read his annual address. 9 10 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. Completing Tuesday’s Program. Committees on resolutions and memberships were appoint- ed, after which short addresses were made by Judge John Lynch of Olney, and others. S. B. Shilling, of Chicago, spoke at the opening of the Tues- day afternoon session and gave the dairymen excellent doctrine to be put into practice. Hugh G. Van Pelt, in charge of the dairy extension work in Iowa, took from the exhibit a Holstein cow, placed her on the stage and pointed out for the edification of the audience the points that distinguish the dairy animal. He then brought in turn the representatives of the different classes exhibited before the audience, described each animal and awarded the ribbons. This was an extremely interesting session. Tuesday evening, E. Davenport, dean of the College of Agriculture, University of Lllinois, lectured on the needs of the college. He pointed out how present means were inadequate to meet the demands for agricultural knowledge in the state. The citizens entertained the members of the Association, after Tuesday evening’s lecture, at the Elk’s club rooms. Hot roast beef, cheese, coffee, etc., were served, and, by the way of entertainment, several vaudeville sketches were given. Wednesday a Big Day. The Wednesday morning session was opened by A. J. Glover, of Ft. Atkinson, Wis., who discussed dairying in its rela- tion to soil fertility. Mr. Glover reduced his talk to short words and phrases, adding to its interest and making the subject clear to all. It was a plain but convincing presentation of the subject and had an audience room crowded with eager listeners. At the afternoon session, J. E. Dorman discussed silos and and ensilage. Dr. A. T. Peters, of the Illinois State Board of Live Stock Commissioners, discussed diseases of the udder, and W. W. Marple, of Muncie, Ind., gave an excellent address, re- lating mainly to the care of milk. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 11 Dean Russell, of the College of Agriculture, University of Wisconsin, spoke Wednesday morning, taking for his subject the economical side of this tuberculosis problem. ‘The dean is a recognized authority on this subject, not only in this country, but wherever attention is given to this disease among cattle. The election was held Wednesday afternoon. It had been announced in the program for Thursday, but the assurance that the day would be crowded with other matters was the reason for advancing the business session. Old officers were re-elected to the directory. Mr. Wiggins declined to run again as president, he having served in that po- sition five years, and J. P. Mason, of Elgin, was chosen presi- dent, with Mr. Wiggins vice president. These, with John Lynch, of Olney, E. Sudendorf, of Clinton, Joseph Newman, of Elgin, Charles Gilkerson, of Marengo, and A. F. Jansen compose the directory. Tuberculosis Demonstration. The tuberculosis demonstration was a complete success. It was given at the plant of the Kerber Packing Company. Special street cars took the crowd out to the plant at 9:30 a. m. and full 500 saw the killing. Five animals, two that had not re- acted to the tuberculin test and three that had reacted, were killed. The two showed no signs of the disease; but in the case of the three reacting cows there could be no doubt. The infected parts were taken back to the Coliseum, where, in the afternoon and before an audience of 1,000 or more, Dr. Scott, of Peoria, who conducted the demonstration, made a statement of condi- tions as found in the post mortem; then Dean Russell, of Wis- consin College of Agriculture, took the platform to answer ques- tions and kept the audience for two hours and a half. J. P. Mason gave an address on profitable dairying, the committee on resolutions reported, and prize winners in the contest were an- nounced. This closed the convention, adjournment being taken at 5 o'clock Thursday afternoon, with the audience space crowd- ed and the whole Coliseum thronged with people. 12 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. The Exhibits. The Coliseum was well filled with exhibits, which included some thirty dairy animals, mostly Holsteins. There was one Dutch-Belt, several Jerseys and Guernseys. Among the Hol- steins were prize animals, including winners at the last state fair and the National Dairy Show. Exhibitors of dairy animals were E. W. Wing, J. L. Mason, and Frank Hopp, of Elgin; James Dorsey, of Gilberts; T. E. Getzelman, of Hampshire, and Robert E. Haeger, of Algonquin. The exhibit of creamery and dairy machinery and supplies was good, occupying all the available space. Booths were oc- cupied by J. B. Ford Co., showing their Wyandotte Cleaner and Cleanser; De Lavel Separator Co., showing hand separators; Creamery Package Manufacturing Co., showing machines, tubs, etc.; Vermont Farm Machine Co., showing U. S. separators; Jones Refrigerating Machine Co., showing one of their refrig- erators; International Harvester Co., showing separators, an automobile truck for farm use and particularly for making cream and milk deliveries; A. H. Barber Creamery Supply Co., show- ing the B.-L.-K. milkers and other machines, including Simplex separators; Kimball, Dietrich Hardware Co., showing Sharples Separators; Elgin Butter Tub Co., with a good line of their tubs; Morton Salt Co.; Britton & Dougherty, of Elgin, agents for the Kent Manufacturing Co., of Fort Atkinson, Wis., who put in the stanchions and model stalls for the cows in the ex- hibit, and showing besides a silo filler mounted on a wagon truck; Jensen Manufacturing Co., who instead of machines had a nicely decorated booth with large pictures of the various ma- chines that compose the company’s specialties. A number of the local firms had exhibits, making in all a most attractive show. PROCEEDINGS OF THE Thirty-Seventh Annual Convention OF THE Illinois State Dairymen’s Association HELD AT Elgin, Illinois, January 16, 17, 18 and 19, 1911 Monday Evening, January 16, 1911. Mrs. Scott (Grace) Durand, Lake Forest, III. Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen :— - I did not expect to speak here tonight until a few days ago and have no written address, but I presume that really one would rather hear one speak than listen to a regularly written address at times. It is a great pleasure to me to be here with you, but I am going to give you the introduction of an address that I delivered the other day which I think is fitting at this place. If I do not make myself heard in the rear of the hall, I wish you would tell me. Ladies and gentlemen, when a woman is invited to speak at such a meeting as this, before a body of men whose business pursuits affect the very vitality of our nation, honor is given to my sex and I am truly proud of it. I appreciate more fully the privilege of speaking at such a meeting than any of you do in listening to me. 13 14 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. There is no longer found the industry in the political and social world for either the son or daughter of the nation. A man or woman who does not throw aside the selfish life, that of living for herself or himself alone, who does not live for the greater good and benefit of the people at large in all that pertains to a wholesome existence is not worthy of the patriarchs of our country. I don’t believe, in the days of the Revolution or of the Civil War, that these were years of greater service and con- sequence than those that present themselves to us today. Our young nation has pushed ahead with such strides that our peo- ple are apt to become satisfied. Our greatest need rests in the one word “honesty.” It is no longer the Republican or the Democrat, the Catholic or the Protestant, the black or the white, it is the honest man against the dishonest man, fair methods against unfair methods, frauds against justice in competition.: It is arousing the conscience of our whole people to such an extent that politics may be purged of its corruption and society of its impurities, that the least among them may be protected. It is the duty of those, who, through experience or fortunes nave learned a better way to impart that better way to those who need the knowledge, and it was with such thoughts that I strove to produce clean and pure milk. Constantly, for years, before me were the unkept dairy cows covered with filth. Out of the large number a great percentage are merely boarders; then the picture of the average cow stable with dirty milk utensils, the ignorance in feeding the dairy cow and sometimes the harsh treatment they receive at the hands of the help, the uninviting condition of the surroundings, the badly washed utensils and careless handling of the same, and lastly the importance of a proper price. Now as to the matter of the City Milk Supply. I am going co give you, after six years of dairy farming—first let me say that for the first time in those six years I do not own a dairy cow. My barns burned down and I am taking three or four months while I am rebuilding, and I can look back on these six THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 15 years and give you tonight-my impressions and what has come to me most forcibly in the production of a clean milk for the city market. In the first place I want to say, when I went into dairy farming it seemed to me that there was no work in the world where I could be of more use than that of learning the business of dairy farming. I took it up with the object of knowing what the proper price should be, and when Mr. Mason introduced me tonight as getting so much for my milk, will say that I have demonstrated for myself that I get too much for my milk; that milk can be produced with a low bacteria, perfectly safe for any delicate child to drink and delivered in the City of Chicago for at least three or perhaps four cents less than what I was paid for it. Now, I started in, not as the wife of a wealthy man to draw upon him for all I wished to use, but I was limited to $2,500.00, all that my husband would risk on me and I started in in a mod- est way, I might say a humiliating way, for the reason that with that $2,500.00, when I got my first cows paid for and my first equipment, I did not have much left, but got a few sheds up and when the Chicago papers came out most gallantly, I was a little bit ashamed when they started to come to see this wonderfully sanitary dairy farm. The milk I bottled in the most ordinary way, but the grit was there and I was bound to go on. The first sad experience that I had was when I realized that there was such a thing as someone who probably did not want me to succeed. When suddenly I received notice from some of my customers that my milk was very foul, that there were pus cells and pus found in my milk. I did not sleep that night. They - notified me that the laboratory had made an analysis of my milk and that I was killing all the babies. I think I grew ten years older that night, and I called upon Mr. Gurler and told him about it and he said he had had similar experiences and for me to do nothing, but the next morning I sent two samples taken side by side, one to Professor Hastings of the University of Wisconsin at Madison and the other sample to the bacteriologist 16 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. in Chicago, and his report stated that I had pus cells in my milk. I telegraphed Professor Hastings to watch out for pus cells, this was on Thursday morning, the next afternoon I received the report from the Chicago office—I could get one by wireless as quick as that—the pus cells were still there. ‘Two or three days later, I was thinking it was taking Professor Hastings quite a while, I received his report stating that there were no pus cells, “There is nothing but white blood corpuscles ; anyone who says that they are pus cells does not know what they are talking about.” I have since learned that you cannot tell in any event without examining the udder of the cow. I then interviewed the Chicago office and asked them what right their bacteriologist had to say that my milk had pus cells? When I first went in I looked very harmless, but I was prepared for him because I had good authority. I said, “What is your authority?” He said he himself was authority. Now I have the written evidence in that case, whether I shall ever use it in time or not, I do not know, but that was my first experience in running up against anything of that sort. I employed two managers for the first seventeen months and as I was losing money at such a rate with the managers, I made up my mind I would not have a cow. left inside of two or three months if I did not give up the managers and go into it myself, so I rolled up my sleeves, discharged the manager and went into it myself. I found again that my milk was terrible; I was having 500,000 to a million bacteria. I did not know at the time that my discharged manager had gone in there, I did not know what was the matter. I finally thought it was suspicious, so I put a sample of milk from another man’s dairy into a “Crabtree” bot- tle and I found that the word “Crabtree” made the word “bac- teria.”’ I have learned, during the production of clean milk, that the hardest thing of all is to come up against this unfair and tricky competition and I am here tonight, gentlemen, and am very glad to be here before the Illinois State Dairymen’s Asso- THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 17 ciation because I believe that it belongs to you gentlemen to go into all these questions for your product. I also found that it was impossible to have my milk recom- mended by certain physicians, my agent handling the milk for me wished me to go and see the physicians, thought it was quite the thing to do to go and jolly them up. I said I will not jolly up anybody, if I am to produce clean milk it is up to the phy- sicians to come and see me and my methods of production, con- sequently I was not.very popular with the physicians. ‘“Crab- tree” milk was rejected everywhere that it could be rejected, but going alone one day I was persuaded to go into the office of a prominent physician; he had been recommending the Gurler milk. Mr. Gurler was to sell out the first of April and I asked him if there had been any bacteria count in the Gurler milk. He said “No.” I then asked him if he had ever been to visit Mr. Gurler’s place. He said he had not—that milk was recommended. Ina little while he said: “I promised to recommend this milk until the first of April, but I will recommend the “Crabtree” milk after the first of April.” I said: “I don’t want your recommendation ; . you have never taken any tests or seen my place. What I ask you is to come out and see; not to recommend it.” I was selling 160- quarts in his neighborhood and we went down to 43 in a week. I have been up against it every time. At Winnetka we are sell- ing from 150 to 200 quarts of milk per day and that dropped suddenly. I found it was due to a prominent physician who was a personal friend of one of my competitors whose milk was not as good as mine—his bacteria was higher than mine. These things are what hurt and what we have got to look into and watch. In regard to this certified milk business. From the start I have made up my mind that I would make a study of this matter and I have from the Atlantic to the Pacific. A year ago last June I was in the East and went into every certified plant in the neighborhood of New York, Boston, Philadelphia, etc. I went to the most prominent plant, one of the leading milk pro- ducing plants, went through, in the stables, I saw the cows and the methods used. I went into the dairy—I had had experience 18 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. enough to know then whether it was well or badly done; I saw the milkers, the condition of their hands; I saw everything about it, and they were selling certified milk, getting 15¢ to 20c a quart. Upstairs where the milk was being received and as the cans came in they were put in hot water and there was a man there with an ordinary woolen suit stirring them around and once in a while the milk would be splashed. I said: “What are you doing here?” He said: “We are bringing that milk up to a tem- perature because we had two milkers peeling with scarlet fever.” I said: “‘Do you mean to say that in a certified dairy where you handle the milk from about two hundred cows that you permit men who are peeling with scarlet fever to milk these cows?” I asked if they allowed these foreigners—and they have the rough- est sort of foreigners,—to work without examining them to see if anything was wrong with them. Yet this milk was going out into this little town near New York and sold for 15¢ a quart and they had two milkers there that were peeling with scarlet fever. Now, another thing in regard to this bacteria reading. I find it most unreliable—I find it oftentimes, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, up into Pasadena, all up the coast, there is a won- derful way of reading bacteria. These readings are oftentimes made to suit the buyer. Take for example a certified dairy here in Chicago. When I started in my bacteria ran 5,000 to 10,000, sometimes 15,000, sometimes 700; generally about 4,000-to 5,- 000. ‘These tests were made by Professor Hastings of the Uni- versity of Wisconsin. There were no made samples; I put them up myself and sent them myself to Professor Hastings. I found pretty soon that it was very hard to get milk into a certain dis- trict in Chicago because Mrs. Durand’s bacteria was 5,000 and that they had had an average of 200 for twelve months pre- vious, taken every two weeks. It was not because I was smart, but I looked into it—I learned how they did it. It was not hon- est. The same thing is done by one of the largest dairies ship- ping into the City of New York, taking a bacteria test twelve months, taken every two weeks. The proprietor did not know THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 19 who I was and showed me time and again no culture. I learned how it was made; it was not honest. I went to the Pacific Coast and I went to a certified dairy out there and there was a very fine dust that blows, as you know, a black dust and there is also this mud that sticks to these cows. The man had milked two cows and the cloth (he did not change it) after that was absolutely black. And yet the manager claims the bacteria tests running for twelve months showed an average of 300. The customers were being fooled. The babies were taking that milk. My ex- perience this last spring when my milk was being tested by Professor Hastings at Madison, showed that we were running very fair milk, sometimes 15,000. A man sent out from the City Hall happened to be there. He looked around and then wanted a sample of milk. I said, “Certainly.” He walked in and took ‘a sample out of a bottle. “Don’t you want some ice?” I said. He said, “No; this is all right.” He left and went to the sta- tion. I walked right in and took a bottle of milk next to the bottle he took the sample from and sent it to Professor Hastings —2,700 bacteria, and I think the Wisconsin University is per- fectly honest in their tests. From the City Hall came the report 500,000 that this man had had. I went in to see him and I had never been into the laboratory before and when I was there I saw a jug of “Crabtree” milk that they had picked up in the street from one of my wagons. I glanced around and saw every- thing, and I said: “I have come to see you about my bacteria reading. However, it is not necessary to see you, I should think from the condition of this laboratory that my milk would have ‘been five billion instead of 500,000,” and I walked out. I believe, gentlemen, that the only solution of a pure milk for the babies is not by certified milk protected by any commis- sion, but is with a small herd that you and I can produce clean milk that can be sold in the City of Chicago for 1oc, that can be fed to any delicate child. Take a small herd of 25 to 30 cows, where the owner himself is vitally interested, is at the helm, and with two men can milk those few cows and clean milk can be produced. That is the only solution because I have gone across 20 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. this broad country of ours from one coast to the other, from East to West, from North to South, and I would not give that much for your gentleman farming. We now reach the point of this question of milk for Chi- cago. I take it for granted that these gentlemen in front of me are all producers of milk to the Chicago market. We are passing through a serious time, gentlemen; we are being made a foot ball of, in other words. Now it is a question of pasteurization or tuberculin testing cows. I believe that Dr. Evans has missed the key-note of the whole thing. I don’t think we have to con- sider either one or the other. I don’t think it is such an impos- sible task to go out among the 12,000 dairymen producing milk for the City of Chicago and ask for windows in the stables, for air for cows, sunshine, as much concrete walls as you can, warm water, have some steam. Find a way of keeping the cows clean—that is the greatest question—‘‘Find a method of keeping the cows clean!” I think Governor Hoard’s method is the best, that is of using a 2x4 making a ridge right in front of the hind feet of the cow so that when she wants to lie down she is obliged to pull her feet over the ridge, move the body up a little and thereby keep clear of the gutter. It is impossible for the farmer to keep his cows clean and you can’t expect him to take the time required to clean those cows in the condition he finds them in the morning. Again, urge the farmers to keep their cows out as much as possible on warm days and to see that the cow is prop- erly cared for, that utensils are sterilized, that the milk is im- _ mediately cooled. Now ,gentlemen, I don’t believe the question of pure milk is ever going to be solved by Dr. Evans or any Board of Health, nor by the State Board of Health, nor by the physicians, in fact not by anybody except ourselves, and I be- lieve that we have too much respect for ourselves to have any- body try to solve this thing for us except ourselves. Are we going to be lashed and whipped and called all kinds of ugly names, and say we are killing the babies by the thousands in the City of Chicago? Let us handle that pasteurization busi- ness. They don’t need pasteurization; when the milk is clean THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 21 it is needless and when the milk is dirty it does not take the dirt out of it. What is it for? It destroys all the harmless germs and leaves more room for the more dangerous ones which it does not kill. Pasteurized milk, when sweet to the taste, may be poison- ous. It is a bad thing all around, except to the man who 1s in- terested in selling pasteurizers—there is the keynote of the whole thing. I want to read to you one thing about this pasteurized milk which Dr. Evans has been urging, it is from an article in Pearson’s December issue, written by Arno Dosch, entitled, ‘““The Pasteurized Milk Fraud’: “*k * * * If you use the dirty raw milk com- monly sold in cities, you take some chance with half a dozen disease germs, but the one you are a hundred times more likely to encounter than any other is that of tuberculosis. The others appear only sporadically and locally. Tuberculosis is there all the time, every- where, but in raw milk the danger is minimized because it is hampered in its growth. Or Oe Fo Thefest) man: to ‘raise hissvone against fraudulent pasteurization was Dr. George W. Goler, Health Officer of Rochester, New York. Dr. Goler is a pioneer in the fight for pure milk. With an unusual appropriation of only $6,500, in ten years, he has purified Rochester’s milk supply, without resort- ing to pasteurization. “*Pasturized milk,’ he has KS referring to the com- mercial process, ‘while having a low bacterial count, owes it to the death of countless millions of the more harmless micro-organisms, while leaving more danger- ous organisms to multiply.” * * * * So much for pasteurized milk. There is no necessity for it and it is an insult to the dairymen when they say they have got to pasteurize our milk, 22 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. Now, I want to get down to this tuberculin test business, and I am going to speak my mind in regard to it. I went up to Madison and took a farmer’s course two years; kept in touch with Madison and other Agricultural Colleges. I have read Hoard’s Dairyman ever since I owned a cow and know Governor Hoard. I accepted it, I preached it—the tuberculin test. Only a year ago, down at Edwardsville at the State Farm- ers’ Institute, you will see that Mrs. Durand was very strenuous in what she stated about the tuberculin test, and what I thought ought to be done in Illinois; but, gentlemen, I have changed my mind, and it was through the blundering of men who wanted to harm me that has made me change my mind, and I think I am going to be of some real benefit in the world after all. I have had my cows tested every year for tuberculosis; sometimes I have had one or two re-acters, generally from cows I had just bought who had never been tested, although they said they had. For the last three years I have had one veterinary surgeon who has tested my cows with me every April. I have the greatest respect for that man in every way. I have been with him on other farms and I know that he is absolutely beyond re- proach; moreover, he has made the tuberculin test a study. He has scrap books which contain everything that has ever been written in tuberculin testing. We tested our cows in April; we had three re-acters of cows that I had bought within the year; they were disposed of. We sent our tuberculin test to the City Hall. I have never had a tuberculin test made of my herd that I have not myself read 90 per cent. of the temperatures and I believe that I have as much intelligence as the ordinary veterinary surgeon, and I believe that I am honest. | I wanted to do the right thing; always have wanted to do the right thing. I read go per cent. of the temperatures taken last April, taken on my herd; I know that the themometers were good and saw them properly recorded by the young man at my side. We took some the day before and the day after; they went to the City Hall and were accepted and I saw them put THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 23 the tests in the drawer or shelf. Now I have a farmer there near my place that I bought some milk of, and, according to my verbal contract with this farmer the same veterinary surgeon should make the test or I would not buy the milk. He could not test the herd that week, could not for two weeks, and when he got there he told me the herd had already been tested. He said the other man wanted to do it and I let him do it. I said: “The - other man is only a horse doctor and he does not know a cow from a nanny goat.” He said: “What did he do?” He said that he came in the morning and took temperature and went home, came back at noon and went home, came back at night and an hour after the last temperature he inserted the tuberculin. I took pains to have two witnesses when I asked that question; I didn’t say anything to the farmer. I made an errand to his home the next day so that I could see his sister before a witness and she said he came and went and the next morning when the farmer came with his milk, that was on the 25th of April, I told him that after the first of May I would refuse to take his milk, contract or no contract. The first of May came and he brought the milk and left it. I had a team hitched up and I took it back and put it on his side of the fence and he brought it back and I took it back again, and by noon it was butter, good Elgin butter. The third day he realized that I was a woman and there was no use coping against a woman, so he did not biing it again; he got busy. : A day or two later he wanted to know what was the matter with that tuberculin testing and wanted to know if I was going to take that test, that he had been to our State Veterinary Surg- eon and had the records of that test every two hours. I told him that Cook had his records for the North Pole, “Good-day,” and rang off. In a very short time it seems that somebody got busy and went into the City Hall and threw out every tuberculin test made by this veterinary surgeon of mine; honest tests made with hon- est fresh tuberculin ; temperatures taken all right ; everything was all right. Now, this old veterinary surgeon felt terribly humili- 24 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. ated. He did not tell me the City Hall in Chicago had thrown out my tests; he knew it.—about the first of June or in May, and yet I sent certified milk into Chicago and it sold at 15c per quart. Why did they not notify me? Then I had a fire and a sale, but before [ had this sale in the summer I received notice—by the way I had not been certified since the first of May by the Chicago Milk Commission. I held off just as long as I could; my agent went back on me and got milk that another agent was handling, that made the other agent mad and he came to me and wanted to know if I would not get the milk certified. In the middle of the summer I received notice that they had decided to have the government men at the Stock Yards test the certified herds and wanted them tested right away. My herd had been tested in April and I did not want them tested again until fall, until October or November, after they had been brought into the stables to stay. I don’t consider that October test, so at my sale I made the statement that my cows had been tuberculin tested in April—I did not know that these had been thrown out. The Board of Health had not notified me. So I sold some cows that went up into Salem, Wisconsin. A week after they got up there I received a letter from this man to whom I had sold them saying that he was having a terrible time, the State Veterinary of Wisconsin would not O. K. the test. Then I went to the City Hall and found that the tests had been sent away. Then I found out what had happened. Those tests were honest tests and I sent in the original tests which I had gotten from this veterinary surgeon to Wisconsin and I then received a letter stating that they would not accept them; then I wrote them a very sassy letter. I wish I had a copy of it here to read to you, and I got this in reply yesterday from the State Veterinary Surgeon of Wisconsin: “In looking over the temperature records reported by Doctor , which he sent to, Mr. , will say that in this case, even though the Veterinary Surg- eon of Illinois would approve of them, these tempera- tures seem to be impossible, and therefore would not accept Doctor ’s test under any consideration.” THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 25 That is a reflection upon me because I saw those tempera- tures taken myself. And this man don’t want those cows there and I don’t want them here, so what are you going to do? It was agreed that upon a certain day the government meu from Chicago would test my herd of sixty-five cows. On the appointed day I heard a car stopped and looked out and saw a REGIMENT, seven men. I went out to meet them and [ said: “Gentlemen, you have made a mistake.’”’ They said: ‘Why, is not this the day and is not this Mrs. Durand?” “Yes,” I said, but we have sixty-five cows and you should have one man to each cow; you have not enough men.” And they said: “I'wo more are coming tonight.” ‘That made nine men. I said: “You should have one man for every cow, and as we have sixty-five cows to test today you should have brought sixty-five men.” They went into the stables and took the temperatures during the day. I did not pay much attention to them until it came to one cow and we had a little controversy over one cow and I won out on that. I wasted 50 cents telephoning that night to notify the “other two” - not to come, though it would be cheaper than boarding them, but they came anyway. I said: “When are you going to inject the tuberculin, because I want to see the amount put in my cows, and I want to know all about it.”’ I want to tell you that I love my cows, and I am going to be there. I was obliged to go away and they said they would make the test at nine o’clock that night. I returned at a quarter of nine and the whole thing was done. The turbeculin had been injected, and they wanted to know if the electric light would burn all night. I said, what do you want of light all night for, and they said, ‘““We are going to take the tem- peratures every hour and a half after injecting the tuberculin.” I said: “Not on my cows,” and I asked them where they got the authority to come out here and test my cows all day and all night. They said they had authority from the government. Perhaps some of you noticed the headlines that appeared shortly after that: “MRS. SCOTT DURAND IS GOING TO THRASH THE GOVERNMENT.” But I asked them: “Where did you get your idea about testing in that manner?’ They said that 26 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. Doctor somebody of Canada had written a paper in which he said that the case might be at sometime or other it might happen, about as definite as that, that a cow will have a perfect are during the night and be perfectly normal during the day when you take the temperature. “Did you ever hear, see, or know of a case?” I asked. They did not know; there might have been a case somewhere, sometime. I told them I would put $1,000 into the bank at Lake Forest to their credit if they could show me a cow that would have a perfect arc during the night and not re-act | during the day, and they could give it to any charity they wished. I told them that I had been taught at the college the proper way to make the test and that I considered this test irregular; that they had no right to experiment on a certified herd, and that to get them up during the night I would have a shortage of milk which I could not afford to do on account of the babies that needed it. I asked them why they did not experiment on some other herd, but [ will tell you here that I did not let them have any electric light, they had to use lanterns; and I did not give them anything to eat at twelve o’clock, but they did help them- selves to my milk. They took the temperatures and the next day when I came out in the afternoon they told me that ten of my best cows were re-acters, a Holstein that had made 17,000 pounds the previous: year and a three-year-old Holstein just | freshened with calf which was giving 65 to 70 pounds a day. We have not got enough of those cows to have them go like that. Those cows were in good shape, ate their feed, were sleek, fine and healthy. After they had left I went down to the alfalfa held and I sat down and I did not cry; I howeled. I had not cried so hard since I was five years old. Then I came in and tried to eat some soup, it stuck in my throat and I could not eat. They tried to get me to eat, but I said: “You might just as well leave me alone; don’t you try and feed me; I am going away.” I had on a very thin waist and a white woolen skirt, I remember, and I started to run and ran hard until I got down to the pas- ture with the beautiful maples and under these trees were my sixty-five cows. They saw me and came up to the fence and I THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. : 27 cried some more, and then stood there and gazed on the beautiful scenery. We have a beautiful farm overlooking Lake Michigan. I finally found a ravine where | could work this off to my satis- faction and I sat there with the beautiful serene scenery about me and the ravine with the water flowing down, and I felt the whole thing slip away from me; I felt that it was all over, the game was up, that after working as hard as I had to have things clean, to have plenty of air, good ventilation and sunshine and have the thing right, to have such a blow struck at my cows, and I began to think about it all and suddenly an inspiration came to me and I got up and stood up. It was moonlight and I looked at my watch; it was 1:30 in the morning, and the thought came to me and I really was happy. I thought to myself: “Why all this fighting and fussing about this tuberculin testing; it is not the tubercle baccilli that is the trouble, I have discovered an- other germ, the most viperous, dangerous, poisonous germ there is today in the world, gentlemen, a germ that if the Illinois State Dairymen’s Association can kill, it will be of the greatest benefit to the world at large, and that is the “HOMO-GRAFTI” germ. -Now, I have coined that word and I hope it will be used, be- cause I tell you, gentlemen, it lurks everywhere, and the more I thought about it, why—the thing came as plain as could be. The homo-grafti, its alfalfa is the greenback ; the corn is the gold coin, when it is satisfied your milk is sweet, your stables clean, your ventilation is good, everything is all right. But when it is hungry, gentlemen, it sours your milk, the stables are dirty, your bacteria is 500,000—the way mine was. Now gentlemen, Dairymen of Illinois, don’t lets have any more trouble with this pure milk question for the City of Chi- cago, because it is a fine thing politically, especially if you want to be elected Commissioner of Health, to have these sensational articles on the first page of the Tribune, make out we are killing all the babies, that the milk is full of bacteria. What do I care about the article that came out in the Tribune about Washing- ton. Those things are not worth that much in my estimation; they don’t know anything about what they are talking about. 28 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. When you come down to this tuberculin testing, we cannot afford to have tuberculin testing unless we kill that homo-grafti first, and it is unquestionable in my mind whether it is advisable to have the tuberculin test or not. I took the pains today to tele- phone to Mr. Charles Hill of Rosedale, Wisconsin. He has gone over to the Island of Guernsey every year for a number of years. I said: “Mr. Hill, did they ever do anything about the tuberculin testing in the Island of Guernsey?” He said: “Not until three years ago when they took a herd to England and got the disease; now they are testing.”’ I asked: “Do you know whether they tested those cows before they went to England ot not?’ He told me that he thought they did, but was not sure. So up to three years ago, herds of 150 years of cows that were never tested with tuberculin test, and the cows were strong, vig- orous cows, splendid type that we are all trying to buy now. They went into England and they came back with tuberculosis and they have been having and have to have the test now for the past three years and are beginning to find tuberculosis. But of the thousand heads of Guernsey cows sent into America only 20 ever re-acted at our port here in America. This is something to look into, all those years that those cows did not have tuber- culosis, but whether a man believes in the tuberculin test or not, you have got to be mighty careful where the tuberculin comes from and they tell us that the government cannot furnish one- half of what is required—now what are you going to do about it? Whatever you do, don’t permit that compulsory tuberculin test bill that they are trying to have passed in Illinois. Times are not bad; we seem to be helpless with Chicago on the tuberculin test or pasteurization, but I think if we could have meetings of the Illinois State Dairymen’s Association and rally together, and if we could raise a fund, say each dairyman put in $2.00, I would be willing to contribute $100.00, that would make about $25,000.00 a year, then we could afford to hire of- ficials of our own standing where the homo-grafti can’t get in and get out, and help our brothers in the business. If a man wants and must have help, help him; where they have boarders, THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 29 - get rid of them and help him in every way to have his stables clean. When I had the committee come out to score my dairy for certification, I found that I had nothing counted on ventilation because I had too much; I was scored way off because I had too much ventilation. Two sets of men came out there. The first three sent me their report and the next three sent in an entirely different report. I sent both reports to Professor Hastings and asked him which to follow, because I could not follow them both. I have spoken very plainly but have told you the facts, and there is nothing that I have stated that I cannot absolutely prove. I missed it, gentlemen; I want to say that when I sent my cows which had been re-acters in to the stock yards, I had a spe- cial butcher and not one of those cows had tuberculosis. Badly as I felt about that, I am glad today because I believe that those cows were sacrificed for the good of every member of the Illinois Dairymen’s Association. 30 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. Mr. S. B. Shilling, Chicago. Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I am not going to miake a speech. I am out here to talk to you providing you did nvt have anyone else, notwithstanding the fact that I know it is quite common for Chicago men to come to Elgin and make speeches, I am not going to take advantage of the occasion that is offered me. I want to congratulate you upon having the opportunity to listen to the address you have just listened to, and while I do noi subscribe to everything that Mrs. Durand has said, I believe in the main she is correct in her statements. I asked the Chairman when I came in here what he wanted me to talk about, and he said tell them a story. Now, while I often indulge in that, I do not feel like taking up your time that way this evening. You down there in the au- dience can hardly appreciate how embarrassing and difficult it is to stand here before you. As I said before, I am not going io take up your time in a speech. If I do talk to you it will be on other lines than dairying. You have had enough of that this evening. | For just a few minutes I will touch upon other subjects which are of just as much importance and which are facing us today for a solution. These subjects might lead into the dairy question but I am not going to follow them far enough. ‘The first question I wish to talk about is one that leads into the dairy subject, and that is, its relation to the conservation of the soil in this country. I am standing, I believe, in the dairy center of the Universe. It is somewhat different with me from what the lady said when she looked this audience over, she said you were milk producers. As I look you over I am suspicious of almost all of you; I rather size you up as sidewalk farmers, that is seven-eighths of you. If you are producing any milk you are doing it by proxy. But I am going to tell you a story. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 31 There was a child that was receiving a visit from its Grand- mother; the day after the Grandmother came she had the child in her lap, the child said: “You are my Grandmother.” “Yes,” she said, “I am your Grandmother on your father’s side.” The child hesitated a little and then she said: “If you stay around here long you will find you are on the wrong side.” And that is what I think most of my hearers are, they are not dairymen at all and there are subjects that interests them more than the dairy question, and what brings this to my mind is the fact that I have just read a statement that has just been issued which gives the condition in New York, and before I sit down I am going to read you a little. I feel it is presumptuous for me to stand before you and undertake to instruct you. I could not do it if I should try and, while I was introduced as a farmer, and am in a way a sort of a farmer, no better nor no worse than many who are in this audience tonight. There is this feature about dairying that I understand, that when I am receiving my returns from the dairy cow, I am getting only a small proportion of what that cow is really giving me. I do not believe we appreciate the profit she is giving us, outside of her milk product, that is in restoring the fertility of our farms. What brings this to my mind at this time are these statis- tics which I propose to read to you. I know I do not have to emphasize the fact that at one time New York was equally as fertile as this country, but the system they have practiced in their farming methods, by which the land has been cropped continu- ally for many years, it is almost entirely unproductive. The value of it has gone down from a hundred dollars to forty or forty-five or even less an acre. I believe a young man who is intelligent and wants to en- gage in the farming business today can do better by going East than he can by going West for a farm. ‘These statistics I am going to read are recent and I do not know of anything that would be more interesting than to give them to you: 32 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. LOW PRICED LANDS IN EAST.—Of the 936 New York farms listed for sale by the Bureau of Sta- tistics of that state, 429 farms, representing 61,523 acres or nearly one-half the number listed, are for sale for $30 or less per acre. Of these 429 farms, 182 rep- resenting 23,231 acres are listed at prices ranging from $20 to $30 an acre; 193 representing 28,914 acres are listed at prices ranging from $10 to $20 an acre; 38 representing 6,973 acres, are listed at prices ranging from $5 to $10 an acre, and 16 representing 2,405 acres are listed at $5 an acre or less. It is a strange thing to me, and I know it is to everyone if they would stop to think. If we would just think, is it possible for us upon our farm lands to keep continually taking away year after year and putting nothing back and have that land respond. It is a simple question. It is contrary to all sense of reasoning. No one realizes it better than you do. It seems to me when [| stand before you and talk about the value of the dairy cow you understand it fully as well as I do. There is another question and that is a question which con- fronts us and which must sooner or later demand solution. While I have no desire to find fault with the government, I do believe I am justified in saying, that when the government gives $390,000,000 to the sustenance of our Army and Navy and only $13,468,000 to the support of agriculture, every man is justified in standing before an audience and finding fault with the way the Government treats the greatest industry this country pos- sesses. As I have to talk to you tomorrow, I will not take any more of your time at this time. There are subjects I would like to talk about tonight but as I said before I do not intend to talk dairying tonight. There are many issues that should be discus- sed and tomorrow I will have the opportunity of standing before you and discussing some of them, those that pertain to dairy- ing. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 33 I have only touched upon the two questions which I believe to be of the greater importance to us today, the value of a dairy cow for maintaining the fertility of the soil and the other is the unfair way the agricultural interests are treated by our Gov- ernment. Gentlemen, I appreciate the applause for the reason I believe you appreciate the justice of our case. You must ap- preciate the fact that the agricultural interests of this country “is the foundation of our wealth, it is that that makes us strong. If we had one-fourth of the money that is expended for the Army and Navy for the promotion of our agricultural interests of this country, it would make us so powerful we need not be afraid of the combined armies of the world. If I have an op- portunity tomorrow I will talk to you further along this line. 34 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. Tuesday Morning, January 17, 1911. Opening of Convention. President: I will ask you to rise while we ask the Rev. Clark S. Thomas to invoke the Divine blessing, at the opening of the Thirty-seventh Annual Convention of Illinois State Dairy- man’s Association. Dr. Thomas: Our Great Creator and Kind Father: ‘This morning we pause in the midst of our busy commercial lives to ask divine blessing to rest upon all the interests gah in this Convention. We thank Thee for our great resources and for our. pros- perity. We return to Thee our thanks for all that has come to us during the past year. Be Thou with us during this Conven- tion, be Thou with us in the future and we will give Thee praise and glory, for it is Thine, in the Master’s name. Amen. President: We are honored in having with us Mr. Fehr- man, the Mayor of Elgin, who will make a few remarks and welcome you to the City of Elgin. Mr. Fehrman: Mr. President, Members of the Association, Ladies and Gentlemen: Since my incumbency of the office of Mayor, it has been my pleasure to welcome members of almost every kind of society and representatives of most of the trades. I have tried to the best of my ability to impress upon all of these people the fact that Elgin has been and is an hospitable city, that the latch string is always upon the outside of the door and that something of good cheer awaits within the portals. I believe that all who have visited here have found this to be true, and I am sure that your stop here will prove no excep- tion to the rule, and in behalf of our city I extend to you a most cordial welcome. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 35 Of all industries Elgin is most interested in milk products. For many years Elgin has fixed, through its Board of Trade, the price of butter everywhere. At times Chicago has sought to control it, but without success, and the general belief is that the producer, not the broker, should fix the price. The beautiful river and the fertile valley that surround EL gin make it the greatest milk producer, and therefore ought to be the center of this great industry. I believe we could spare any other line of business with less loss to all our people.” We are proud to have you with us and trust that your tem- pers will be as sweet as the cream you produce and the butter you make, and that much good will result from your meeting. | Remember that Elgin has been made famous to the farthest corners of the earth, by butter, condensed milk and straight milk. May this condition continue. Again | welcome you most heartily and may success attend you one and all. President: By a mistake on the part of the printer, Mr. Sudendorf’s name appears on the program. ‘The name of Mr. Chas. Gilkerson of Marengo should have appeared, and I take pleasure in introducing Mr. Gilkerson. Mr. Gilkerson: Ladies and Gentlemen, Members: I. re- member when I was a boy I spoke a piece which began something like this: “You'd scarce expect a boy like me to get up here and speak a piece as well as those who wear a larger kind of clothes.” And that is somewhat my feeling today. I really feel a little out of place on a program with the men of world wide reputation we have with us. In responding to this very pleasing address of welcome I am reminded of a conversation two preachers once had. One preach- er wrote his sermons and read them and the other preached ex- temporaneously. ‘They were talking about the various degrees of success preachers had and the one who read his sermons asked the other why he did not have as good success as he who did not 36 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. read his sermons, whereupon the other replied: ‘“‘Well, I'll tell you exactly why; after you have written your sermon the devil comes along and looks it over and knows just exactly what you are going to say; but when I get up to preach, the devil himself doesn’t know what I am going to say.” We came here on your invitation today because we thought you meant it, and we take you at your word. We really already feel at home in your midst and gather from the elaborate preparations that have been made for our comfort and pleasure that we are indeed welcome. - All men are more or less of evolutionists. Darwin advanced the theory and we have all proceeded to accept it. Some men claim they evoluted from the monkey, and we believe them. Others evoluted from a hog, and we believe them. But we claim not to have evoluted from a cow, and its up to us to substantiate this. Watch us. We began in this world by being dairy men and we continue our occupation. No evolution in that. Some of us, though, are like the fellow who was pulling and hauling at an old cow that he was trying to get home. Being tired out in the process, he sat down by the roadside to rest and a man came along the road and accosted him, asking him what was the difficulty. He told him, whereupon the newcomer pulled out of his satchel a box of something and rubbed a little along the cow’s spine. Immediately the cow picked up her ears and with head erect and tail extended she disappeared down the road. Where- upon the man who owned the cow, said: ‘‘Have you any more of that stuff?” The man answered “Yes.” “How much is it?” asked the man. ‘Twenty-five cents,” replied the other. Hand- ing him a quarter, the dairyman said: “I will take a box, and, sir, if you will just apply a little of that to my spine I would like to catch that cow.” We are all trying to catch the fellow who gets ahead. We claim we are the greatest benefactors to mankind. We supply to the world the most healthful, most nutritious and the cheapest article of food in the world. ‘There is nothing combined in one article that is more a perfect food than whole milk. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 37 I have known cases where the consumption of new milk and work on a dairy farm combined has cured severe cases of lung trouble that today would be called tuberculosis. You know the old Jews sought a land flowing with milk and honey. We bring you authorities on all of the subjects presented in our program. Our aim is always “‘the best is none too good.” We bring you the strongest program that has ever been pre- sented at a dairymen’s convention. _ Wecome here to give as well as to get. “He stays who lives to sell. He lives who lives for others.”’ We are glad to have you young people in our audience for the old are too fixel in their ways to change and any new ideas presented to them are not readily accepted or practiced; but the young man and the boy are ready to absorb and put in practice the modern methods they see and hear. They must be influenced early in life or not at all. Some one has said, “One ship sails east and sails west with the very same winds that blow. It is not the gale, but the set of the sail which tells them which way to go.”’ We bring you demonstration and research and the result of long years of study on the subject of tuberculosis, not that we expect to settle the whole matter, but we do expect to learn some things in regard to this great subject which is occupying the minds of great men today, and is of vital interest to the dairy- man. We bring you the best authority on making clean milk; (the world has no place for a dirty dairyman) and also how to make the large quantity and make it in the cheapest manner. We claim that we should keep more cows and better ones on the same amount of land. We ought to put our ideals at least a cow to an acre and three hundred and fifty pounds of but- ter fat to the cow. We also believe that while we know that one- third of the cows of Illinois are kept at an actual loss to the owner and one-third return no profit, but simply pay their board, and the other third are the only ones who return a profit to their owner, that our attainment should be “profit in every cow.”” And our ideals should be “a can of milk to a cow.” 38 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. When we reach this ideal then let us pitch our ideal higher. The old motto is a good one: “Hitch your wagon to a star.” We are not idealists; we are the most practical men on the face of the earth. We earn our bread by the sweat of our faces instead of our brow, and “‘Whatsoever our hands find to do we do with our might.” We believe in every sense of the word in the milk of human kindness and an ideal dairyman comes the nearest to being a true Christian of any business man. He must be kind, loving, gentle, have faith, hope and charity. He must be a gentleman and a home lover. So do not be afraid when you give us the keys of your city. We realize as many others do not, that a quart of milk is worth a keg of beer-and that there is as much nourishment in a quart of milk as in a pound of beef- steak ; but don’t feed us altogether on milk while we are here, for we can get that at home. We are very glad to be here in Elgin—the home of the E]- gin board, the home of the Elgin watch, the home of D. C. Cook, and the home of our esteemed friend, Honorable J. B. Newman, where we are sure pure food will be served. We are glad to be here because we are glad to be here, and because we believe you are glad we are glad to be here. So again let me say that we thank you for your most cordial welcome and I assure you we appreciate your kind words and prize your friendship among our most precious jewels. President: I don’t see much use in reading my little paper after Charlie Gilkerson gets through. He always takes all of the thunder, but Mr. Caven seems to think we always must have” a President’s address. I have a few things that I have jotted down that I would like to try and impress upon this audience. 2 4 | | THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. r 39 President’s Address. L. N. Wiggins, Springfield. When one thinks of what the word Elgin means to the dairy world, it was highly fitting that the directors of this association accept the invitation from the people of Elgin, and vote to hold the Thirty-seventh Annual Convention in their city. _ There are so many phases of the dairy industry that it is impossible at our annual convention to discuss every subject. Your “Program Committee’ has been very fortunate in securing speakers of national prominence, men who are posted on both the practical and scientific sides of the subjects they will discuss. We have reached a very critical stage in the dairy business in Illinois. ‘The values of land in all parts of the state have in- creased so rapidly that every owner and every renter of land must make extraordinary efforts to earn satisfactory profit for the amount of money invested. It seems to me that some of the own- ers of land have been getting a little bit the best of the invest- ‘ment, on account of the fertility of the soil being increased by maintaing dairy cows on their land. The dairy farmer must con- vince himself of the importance of milking, breeding and ees only the best of dairy stock. He does not use in the cultivation of this high priced land old antiquated tools, and thousands upon thousands of dollars are invested every year in modern machinery. He cannot expect to use the old type of low grade dairy cow, as the principal in- vestment of equipment in his business, and expect to get modern results. Some of you are probably tired of hearing me discuss this point, but I feel that the successful future of the dairy indus- try in Illinois depends so much upon the quality and breeding ‘of the cow, that this topic cannot be forcibly enough brought out. We have been accustomed to expect that dairymen in other states are going to allow us to buy their profitable dairy cows and 40 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. * they retain the poor ones. The fallacy of this reasoning is self- evident, and unless our dairy farmers see the wisdom of buying pure bred and registered sires from known milk producing fam- ilies, and use these sires upon their best grade cows, saving the heifer calves, and in this way gradually bringing up the standard of the dairy cows of this state, we will soon become a back num- ber in the production of milk. Then from the point of cash val- ues the high grade cow is worth more to sell than the low grade. Ash the dairymen who have been wise enough to buy pure bred sires and grade up their herds what they think of such a scheme, and if it pays financially; their answer will always be Yes! A great many modern dairy farmers have realized the im- portance of testing their herds with the Babcock Test for butter fat, weighing the milk from each cow, and keeping a record of her production. Ask any one of these men if such a course has made them money, and see what their answer will be. Always and emphatically—YES! It is sometimes hard to convince the dairy farmer that he should own a Babcock Tester, and test his_ own cows for butter fat; therefore, we have been striving to organize associations among the dairy farmers for cow testing. The object of these associations has been to try to band enough dairy farmers together to minimize the expense by having one man employed by the year to test all herds in the associations. Of course the individual farmer can do his own testing very cheaply, if he is wide enough awake to do so, and a technical education is not required to successfully operate a Babcock Testing apparatus. But while we have been raising or buying cows there has crept into our herds the white plague, “Tuberculosis,” which an- nually exacts a tremendous toll of lives of dairy cattle. I do not know how many succumb to this disease during the year, but I know it must be enormous. I hope some day we will have sta- _ tistics that will show us what this death rate is among dairy ani- mals. You will all agree with me that the health of the dairy — cow must be normal before she will yield us a normal profit, but if she is affected with tuberculosis, sooner or later she will be- come so emaciated and in such a poor condition that she will have i i i a i i i i el al THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 41 to be sold or disposed of at a loss, and the dairyman has another account on the debit side of his books. I am perfectly satisfied that in the first stages tuberculosis will not affect the normal yield of milk from the dairy cow, but an affected cow is always a menace to the other stock upon the farm. What are we going to do about the eradication of this disease? It is time that each man decide in his own mind what he wants to do about it. The value of the dairy cow has ma- terially increased in the last few years, and the health of the individual cow must be protected for the benefit of the entire herd, which in many cases represents a very large investment. We can leave to scientists the question of whether or not bovine tuberculosis is transmittable to the human, but as sensible men we must protect the general health of our cows, as they represent our main investment. At the last session of the legislature a commission was ap- pointed to make investigation of the conditions of dairy cattle in this state in regard to tuberculosis, also to suggest means for the most efficient method of its control and eradication. Their report has not been made public, but I would suggest that any cattle admitted to this state, for breeding purposes, be accompa- nied by a certificate endorsed by the proper authorities, declaring Said cattle to be free from tuberculosis, accepting as our best known agent for the detection of this disease—the Tuberculin Test. The Tuberculin used should be obtained from government laboratories. The State Live Stock Commission should have full control of all live stock matters, and should be allowed, by the Legislature, sufficient funds to enable it to put enough competent men in the field to assist the dairy farmer in the eradication of tuberculosis, and many other diseases which might affect his herds. For several years the directors of this association have au- thorized the holding of one-day dairy meetings at numerous points throughout the state, and practical and well posted men have been sent, upon request, to any community to speak upon dairy subjects. We feel that these “one-day” meetings have 42 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. brought to the farmer’s door information regarding dairy sub- jects which has been of untold. benefit to the farmer and com- munity. This association has stood the expense of these meet- ings, and just as long as there remains any money in the treas- urer’s hands, I would advise a hearty response to calls from any community which wants to gain information, and build up the dairy business. In the locality of Elgin where so much milk is shipped to Chicago for direct consumption, the dairy farmer is especially fortunate, but I am afraid there are many who do not realize the importance of co-operation with the milk distributing firms, in the production of sanitary milk. The consumer is willing to pay a good price for clean milk, but he objects to paying a good price for dirty milk. The expense of producing clean or sanitary milk is no more than the expense of producing dirty milk. The dairy farmer who markets his products from the dairy herd in the form of cream, which is to be made into butter for human consumption, must awake to the vital importance of get- ting the cream to the butter factory in the best condition possi- ble. Ihe butter consuming public is not willing to pay a high price for butter that is not good, and consequently will buy oleo- margarine or some other substitute. The main loss eventually falls upon the dairy farmers. For the economincal production of milk, aside from the char- acter of the cow, the general health, the sanitary condition of the stable, the question of feeds is of great importance, and requires a great amount of systematic study. A large amount of money is wasted on the dairy farms every year through negligence on the part of the feeder, making a study of the proper quantities and kinds of feed which are fed to dairy cows. This item alone shows a large profit or a great loss to the dairy farmer. We have been successful for the past few years in having appointed as “Assistant Pure Food and Dairy Commissioner,” men who have had training in dairy lines, and a great amount of good work has been done to assist the dairy interests, and our ' q . ] THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 43 commissioners should be protected by a law that would enable them to enforce the proper manufacture and sale of feedstuffs. The successful operation of all branches of the dairy busi- ness depends on the hearty co-operation of one with another. This association has always stood free from politics and party lines, and has aimed to assist in the advancement of better condi- tions on the dairy farms, better dairy cows and better dairy _ products, and I sincerely hope that this meeting, in the heart of the dairy district of this state, will have the effect of promoting a better understanding and more hearty co-operation than ever before, with the aims of this association. Committees Appointed. President: There are one or two important committees I would like to appoint right now. I would like to have the following gentlemen serve on the membership committee, if they will: Charles Gilkerson, Balch Newman, EF. Sudendorf, Theo. Getzleman, A. F. Jansen, M. S. Campbell. This membership committee will please see Mr. Caven and secure receipt blanks, and let us have every man in the hall, if possible, join the association; a dollar helps carry on the ex- penses of the organization and it does not mean much to the man who has to put it out. © | On the resolution committee I would like to appoint Judge John Lynch, E. W. Wing, O. V. Fox. The resolution committee will please try and get together after this meeting is over and outline their plan. The membership committee need not wait until after this meeting is over. Professor Fraser is unable to be here this morning and I have asked Judge Lynch of Olney if he will not say a few words and tell us what they are trying to do in the southern part of the state. 44 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. Judge John Lynch. Judge John Lynch: The President has been so in the habit of inviting the speakers to speak before he calls on them, he thought he had done so with me, but he has not. I might repeat what your President has said and what Mr. Gilkerson has said, that on behalf of the association personally I am glad to be in Elgin at a meeting of this kind. I have for a few years been giving some attention to devel- oping dairy interests in southeastern Illinois where I live, and I have always had a great admiration for Kane county or Elgin, the seat of the great milk and butter producing interests of Amer- ica. We down in southern Illinois look up to northern Illinois and to Elgin for inspiration and for help. We come up here to learn the lessons that you gentlemen have worked out by long years of study and experience. We come here not so much on our part from southern Illi- nois to say anything that may be instructive, and possibly not even interesting, but we come here to learn. We come here as students to try and find out something about the great practical question of running a dairy, of producing a dairy cow and of meeting the thousand and one problems that are to be met in this great problem of running a dairy farm. I have no doubt but that there are hundreds, and I might say thousands in this neighborhood, who are devoting the greater part of their energies to the question of dairy farming and have gone along for years so imbued with their work they have not appreciated the importance of the things they are doing. We can see that back in Egypt where we have not had this interest developed. In our country they gave it the name of Egypt because when the early settlers of Illinois had failures of crops they came down to us to get corn, and they gave us in the southern part of Illinois the name of Egypt, going back to the early history of the human race, but it has been so easy to make a living down there. It re- THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 45 quired so little work that we have not advanced in these great practical questions of the sensible way of running’ agriculture and especially a dairy farm, but we have reached the point, which many places in the great State of Illinois has reached today that have followed the same tactics of wearing out that fertility of the soil that nature has given us, where we must have means of re- storing what we have taken away. A few of us, and I am glad to say the number is increasing rapidly, are beginning to get our eyes open and see that the great future of that country, blessed with sunshine and rain and a fine climate, if we are to produce a dairy cow of the proper kind and develop our interests to build- ing up dairy farms, must develop along scientific and business lines the great business of dairy farming. I have heard people say on that question that we would get too many people raising’ cows and produce too much milk, but that is a fallacy. There are none of us who will live long enough to see the over production of milk in the State of Illinois, or in this country. We know as a matter of fact that the population of the United States increased in the last decade over twenty millions and the production of milk in the United States has decreased below what it was ten years ago. We know that on all of the food lines that go into human consumption, that while the popu- lation has increased the pro rata production has decreased in the United States. We have heard recently a great deal of talk about the high cost of food stock and some politicians in Congress thought they would make capital for themselves. These hair-brained politi- cians introduced a resolution whereby they secured twenty-five thousand dollars to make an investigation, when any person who had ordinary brains and common sense knew that politics did not affect the price. It was affected by the great law of supply and demand. After that committee had spent that twenty-five thous- and dollars to find this out the whole thing was hushed up. I mention this because it seems appropriate at a dairy meeting to think about it. There is never going to be a time of cheap food production ; 46 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. the fact is that in the last ten years the agricultural interests in America have been getting a fair recompense and now they have got it they are going to hold it, not altogether on account of their selfishness, but because ninety millions of people of this country have got to be fed and this great onrush that has been going on for the last thirty years, taking the boys from the farms and put- ting them in the offices has taken away and has sapped the blood, the brains and the sinew that was necessary to maintain the greatest industry of this Republic. Then there is a further responsibility that rests upon us and that is to develop the great opportunities that lie before us and to have the manhool not to shirk the responsibility. We have read in times past of famines in the great nations and would it require a great stretch of imagination to see this country in fifty years time with its increase in population and a decrease in its production, to see the United States of America on the verge of a famine. We have been selling the fertility of the soil, so I say there is a responsibility that we should not shirk. It is the responsibility of feeding the people of this coun- try for the next fifty years and that can be done only by conserv- ing the resources of this country on the farm. Without criticism of those who have been having great head lines in the papers about the conservation of the country, the ~ thing that comes to us is getting down to the bottom of con- serving the resources, and that can only be done by the farmer. You cannot take your land in Kane county that was pro- ducing thirty or forty years ago forty or sixty bushels of corn to the acre without the care and scientific attention that it should receive until you get down to twenty-five bushels an acre, you cannot follow that policy, for if you did the end would come in the life time of many of us. You must produce enough to sus- tain the life of the community. This great problem rests with the men who have the cour- age and the energy to meet these problems. No food that the world has ever known has the sustaining quality of good pure milk. No food can be produced as economically and as well as good pure milk. and when you are doing that with a proper sys- THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 47 tem of management upon your farm you build up the fertility of the soil so in ten years your farm is a hundred per cent better than when you started. Then, and in that manner the people are going to meet this responsibility that rests upon them. I have heard it said in times past the objection to it was that it required labor and that it was a drudgery. This one lesson every one ought to know, that there is nothing worth having in this world that is not gotten at the price of labor. You cannot do anything without labor, but we do not need to make the life of a dairy farmer a drudgery; have a system to it; do not waste too much time; make every lick tell; have your organization so per- fect that you do not need to work eighteen hours out of twenty- four. I am just talking at random here because I had not prepared any set speech. I get so full of these subjects that I could talk until you were tired and weary. I will announce at this time that aside from being connected with the Dairy Association I am President of the Holstein Breeders’ Association and it would not be proper to make a Hol- stein speech at a general dairy meeting because there may be some Jersey fellows here who would be offended, or there may be Guernsey fellows, but I will take the liberty of saying this, we of the Holstein Breeders’ Association who happen to be at the head of affairs this year have had a great admiration as Hol- stein men of this territory for what you have been doing, and we decided at this meeting to have a state meeting of the Hol- stein breeders, not to interfere with the State Dairy Association, but after it is over, we could invite all men who own Holstein cows and those who believe that they or their children want to ewn Holstein cows to come to a meeting that will not interfere with this dairy meeting and hear us talk and sing the praises of the Holstein cow. ie: After this meeting is over this afternoon, I suppose it will be about 4:30, we want every Holstein breeder that can come into the town of Elgin to come in this corner and we will have a love feast that is worth having. I thank you. 48 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. President: Mr. Mason has something he wants to ask you. Mr. Mason: Do you grow alfalfa in your section? Judge Lynch: Yes, we have some good sections, but we have this difficulty, we are not blessed with the fertility of the soil. Nature in making southern Illinois made it deficient in vegetable matter. From the water it has become acid, so our soil is not fit by nature to do many things that you can do in the northern part of Illinois. I started out to say that there is nothing you cannot do with your brains and energy behind it. The thing to do with alfalfa is to find out what the defi- ciencies of the soil are, why it will not grow. When you find that out go to work and overcome it. I found the first thing to do is to put some ground lime- stone in and this puts the soil in a better physical condition. Then have the ground well drained. Alfalfa will not stand wet food. Mr. Mason: Will tile work there? Judge Lynch: Yes, on the hard pan that never bothers us at all. ‘That is assigned as the reason, but get behind it and study it, there is some other reason. It is more in the failure of the man than of the soil. I find that if you take and put ground limestone to overcome the acid, then give it all the fertility you can by fertilizing all your barn manure, get your ground in thor- ough cultivation. I would advise that you plow your ground early in the spring and until the first of July disk it every two weeks. This will accomplish two things: First, kill the weeds; the other is by that kind of cultivation it will retain the moisture; I do not care how dry it gets after July first, your alfalfa will grow and you will make a success of it. There is not a foot of ground in Illinois where you cannot make alfalfa grow under proper condi- tions. Mr. Mason: When do you sow the seed? an THE LISRARY. . OF THE BASITY AF J { ? Ss v uni Se ‘obeolyd ‘moyug Auleq jeuoleN 9y} 3e UOUUIMA OZlg VY pA nanan ae etrensncnnnoeon ts THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 49 Judge Lynch: In April, May, June, July, August and Oc- tober ; but the best results are in July and August. Mr. Mason: Do you use silos? Judge Lynch: We are getting started on them; we have a number, but nothing like we ought to have or nothing that I think we will have in the near future. Mr. Mason: In northern Illinois I think it is better to sow the alfalfa seed in June or July. Judge Lynch: Possibly, although I would rather think the first of July would be better for you here. That would give you time to cultivate the land before you sowed it; good thorough cultivation before’ you started the seed. Mr. Mason: How much do you think it advisable to sow to the acre? : Judge Lynch: I think it advisable to sow 20 pounds to the acre. The best seed will cost you from eighteen to twenty cents 2 pound and you can buy it as cheap as fourteen cents. You had better pay twenty cents, if necessary, to get a good seed; the question of a few cents on the pound, when you take into consid- eration your time in getting alfalfa started, is not worth consid- ering. Mr. Mason: How much do you cultivate it, and when? Judge Lynch: That is experimental. There are many peo- ple who disk their alfalfa once or twice a eat, not deep enough to drain the ground. On the question of seed, I might suggest that you want to be careful and get it from non-irrigated ground; seed grown on irrigated ground does not give good results. Wisconsin seed is almost always good. Mr. Mason: How many tons do you get to the acre? 50 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. Judge Lynch: From two to three tons. If the season is good we can usually get four crops, but always three crops. It ought to average four to five tons per acre each year. Member: How would Kansas seed do? Judge Lynch: If it was not from along some irrigated ditches it would be all right. é Mr. Mason: Do you top dress the alfalfa? Judge Lynch: I think it an advisable thing to do.. It helps to maintain the fertility of the soil in replacing the phosphorous and other minerals and it also acts as a protection against the winter. Mr. Mason: Do you leave the top dressing all winter? Judge Lynch: I would never cut it so there would not be some growth before winter. ) President: Is Mr. Dickerson present? If so, |] am sure he would like to give us a little help on alfalfa. Won't you tell us what you are doing on your farm? Mr. Dickerson—Growing Alfalfa. I did not come here with the intention of saying anything about alfalfa. I came to listen, but not to expound my theories. We have grown alfalfa for three years. We have grown it successfully where the gravel comes near the surface and we are growing it at the rate of from four and a half and five tons to the acre. | This year we got two tons to the acre the first cutting, the second cutting there was nearly two tons, and the last cutting we got over a half ton, and it still had time to grow and leave enough on the ground so it will hold some of the snow and pro- tect it during the winter. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 51 The greatest difficulty is in getting the first crop cured, as it is generally ready to cut at the rainy season in the early part of the summer, along the latter part of June. We have found it a great help after the alfalfa has been cut, and partially dried, to cock it and cover it with a hay cap. Two years ago we saved more than the price of the hay caps in the first cutting by having them ready to put on the alfalfa. We cut on Monday, cocked it in the afternoon and put on the hay _ caps the next morning. It rained all that week, the next Monday we had almost as good hay as the next cutting, which was cut without any rain; so much for the hay caps. In growing alfalfa, | think it is absolutely essential it should be cured either in the cut or in the windrow. If you cock it up it takes a long while to dry out. I think the best thing to do with alfalfa, unless the season is too rainy, is to rake and turn it over eften. It does not do to let it dry in the sun because you lose the leaves, the most nutritious part. It must be cured in the windrow or in the cock if you want to get the best quality. President: Are there any questions you would like to ask Mr. Dickerson? Member: Do you have any trouble in the heating of the barn ? 3 Mr. Dickerson: No, we have had no trouble. This year the first crop was put in damp; some said it would spoil. It has come out very nicely. I think you can put alfalfa hay in the barn a little wetter than clover. It is dangerous to put hay in the barn wet from dew or rain. If it is the dampness from the plant itself I think you can put it in pretty reasonably heavy. We have not attempted to raise alfalfa by growing a nurse crop with it, for the reason that I felt if we attempted to grow a nurse crop it would dry out during the summer. I think it could be done on a richer soil. We plant our alfalfa the latter part of September or the latter part of August. The first year we kept it disked up to the 52 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. time we planted the seed, then we sowed it. We had trouble with weeds. We kept running the haying machine over it and that was the only thing that saved it; the frost killed the weeds. The next season was dry; we ploughed the ground in July, we sowed the alfalfa as soon as we could work up the ground after the rain and I do not think there was a weed on the place. We happened to hit it right and it was very clean this year. Member: Do you think the weeds do more harm than a thin nurse crop? Mr. Dickerson: I would think so, because the young alfalfa plant is very tender and a few weeds do it a great deal of dam- age; and then aother reason why the soil needs to be very thor- oughly prepared if you expect to successfully grow alfalfa on account of the young plant being so tender it needs a fine bed, but when it has a firm hold there seems to be little danger of killing — it. It will stand a lot of disking. We set the disks so they cover up a lot of the plant. We cannot set it deep enough after two years so it will cut those roots out. It is surprising the way alfalfa grows after such treatment. Member: Is it harder to grow alfalfa than red clover? Mr. Dickerson: No, it is not. Member: When do you cut the alfalfa? Mr. Dickerson: We go about it this way, we cut the al- falfa as soon as the young shoot begins to appear, when the young plants are about one-fourth in blossom; soon after that the leaves begin to drop off. I have noticed that soon after it began to blossom it was not long before one-half of the leaves were on the ground. Mr. Mason: How do you think the ensilage keeps in the cement silo? 3 THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 53 Mr. Dickerson: We have never lost any ensilage in the cement silo. It keeps just as well in a cement silo as it does -in any other. We have one that was put up by a Chicago con- cern, it is a double silo. The other silos we built ourselves and made a solid wall seven inches thick. If anything the silage keeps best in the solid wall silo. We open it up about the first of February and we find very little frost in it. The double wall is on the north side and the single one is on the south side; on the north side about a ton stuck to the wall and it stayed there until some warm days, and by spreading it there was no trouble in getting the cows to eat it. Member: Do you put salt in the alfalfa? Mr. Dickerson: No, we do not. Member: Are your silos made of solid walls? Mr. Dickerson: Yes. Member: Which is the better time to start alfalfa, in the spring or fall? Mr. Dickerson: It altogether depends upon conditions. With us where the gravel comes near the surface, I think the fall is best. : President: Mr. Caven has some announcements he would like to make. Mr. Caven: I know the thing that interests the creamery butter makers the most is the butter room which is on the bal- cony. The butter room will be open immediately after dinner and the butter judging will begin at that time. Mr. Hepburn, who is in charge of the butter contest, will announce this afternoon the arrangements for holding that con- test. 54 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. Members of the membership committee may be found al- most anywhere in the room but if any one who wants a mem- bership doesn’t find a member of the committee, he can get it at the Association office near the door. We have here the published report of our last year’s Con- vention and these contain a lot of good dairy information and we want you to take them and read them. The State makes an appropriation to help us publish these reports so on that ac- count we can give them out and we want them in the hands of men who will read them and can derive some benefit from them. I want to announce, for fear some one is here who will not be here this afternoon, that there will be a lecture by Dean Davenport of Illinois College of Agriculture this evening. He is an interesting talker and I know all will appreciate his lec- ture. There will be some music besides the lecture, and after the lecture the members of the Association are to be entertained over at the Elks Club. Of course we cannot include the ladies as that is one particular part of this program where the ladies do not appear. Even if the ladies are not there it will be a very nice affair, and one that I know all of our members will enjoy. | Mr. Mason: I would like to hear from Mr. Turner about five minutes and have him tell us how they grow alfalfa in McHenry County. | Mr. Turner: I want to say that instead of telling this audience how hard it is to raise alfalfa, | want to say how easy it is. We have gotten fine results and though you have heard that the summer or fall is the best time to start alfalfa I be- lieve the spring is the best time. We follow Governor Hoard’s instructions. Mr. Mason: Do you have any trouble in starting it? Mr. Turner: We have no trouble at all when we start it in the spring. There is nothing like alfalfa, everything likes to eat it. Mr. Mason: We will adjourn until 1:30 this afternoon. We want to get started on time, we have three good speakers. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 5d Tuesday Afternoon, January 17, 1911. PRACTICAL DAIRY SUGGESTIONS. By S. B. Shilling. President: We will open this afternoon’s session with a talk from Mr. Shilling, a man who will make you smile as Mr. Mason says. He will talk to you about Practical Dairy Sug- gestions and anything else that comes in his mind. I know you are all so well acquainted with Mr. Shilling that he needs no introduction from me. _ Mr. Shilling: Mr. Chairman, Ladies and gentlemen—I cannot understand these surroundings up here. It does not look as though this platform was ever intended for a man to stand on and speak to you from, except a man who feels embarrassed when he faces an Elgin audience. I said to a man as I came into the room today that I felt uneasy and embarrassed when I undertook to talk to an audience like the farmers and citizens in the Elgin district. I said that I could not help but feel that I could not tell you anything but what you already knew, and that you were probably in advance of anything I could tell you about. He said that you did not know any more than we did and when I come to think, that when I came through the country and saw that only about one farm in five had a silo I concluded that you did not know any too much. Now I am not going to take a great deal of your time this af- ternoon. I talked to you last night but there are a few things in relation to dairying that I wish to touch on briefly, and if there 56 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. is one thing above another that I wish to talk about, it is quality, and I would have that commence at the cow and continue to the inilk and butter that you furnish to the consumer, to the cream- ery or to the milkman. I believe the dairy industry has never stood in as critical a condition as it does at the present time and I have arrived at that conclusion from the fact that we have a surplus of forty- five millions of pounds of butter on hand at this time. Inside of the last two weeks butter has dropped ten cents a pound, an unusual condition, and it is this that I mean when I refer to the critical condition of the dairy interests of this country. The main reason for this accumulation is the poor quality of the product we are offering for sale. It would be different if it were not for a substitute that is on the market that the people can turn to for consumptive purposes, and I refer to oleomar- carine. 1 do not believe that the consuming public want oleomar- garine in the place of butter, but I do believe we are up against this fact, that the consuming public is going to use oleomargar- ine rather than use poor butter. That is the condition that faces us today, and the man who is producing the poor raw material has got to quit the business. I firmly believe it. Years ago, I made this prophesy and, the facts have borne me out. I did ni0t then believe we would ever see the time in dairying when we would see butter or dairy products cheap again. I am ready to make this prediction. I do not believe we will ever see a time when there will be cheap food or feed products. The facts are that the production of these products is dropping gradually benina the consumption of them; and, while it was slight for the last ten years, the records show that there was a five per cent increase in the population. Yet, ladies and gentlemen, if I might talk politics in the face of these facts, in the face of the decrease in the production Congress appointed a committee for the purpose of inquiring into the high cost of living. After spending fifteen thousand dollars and asking for fifty thousand more to continue the in- vestigation, which was properly turned down, the majority or THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 57 the Republican members of the committee gave a woman’s rea- sun “because” and the minority or the Democratic members said it was the tariff. It makes me think of Champ Clark’s story about the tariff. It was about the horse thief who was hung to a tree out West and a card was placed on the body which reac, “This man in some respects is a mighty mean man and a damned sight meaner in others.” Now I believe firmly what I told you to start with, that we are facing a critical position in the dairy industry of this coun- try. I do not believe that the people would not be willing to pay for butter if it was fine enough, but it has been refused simply because of the quality of the great bulk of it. But I be- lieve this, that we must look to quality, and that applies to you in this great Elgin district. lf 1 was going to urge one thing upon you today above an- other I would urge better cows. Now I think that with you this should be the first consideration. I do not believe that you are paying enough attention to the cost of production. You do not know enough about what you are doing. You have not got that important part of the question down to the point you ought to have it. You do not pay enough attention to the kind of cows you have. You do not appreciate the possibilities of the true dairy ccw. I believe today that in the breeding and in the feeding of this animal we are merely scratching the surface in knowledge; we do not know what is possible. In Illinois and also Iowa the average amount of butter fat per cow is only 140 pounds. It is no wonder that men throug- out lowa as well as this state can see no profit in dairying. Con- trast this with a cow in Wisconsin that, by intelligent breeding and intelligent feeding, produced a thousand pounds of butter fat per year. Think of the difference. Both cows looked alike in a certain way. They were both cows. But think of the ay- erage cow of the state of Iowa only producing one hundred and forty pounds and this cow in Wisconsin that produces 1,000 pounds within a year. I see a good many look skeptical at that statement but I believe it is right. I believe it is correct. I be- 58 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. lieve another thing, that what is possible for that man to do in Wisconsin is possible for us to do in the states of Illinois and lowa. | While we have a hundred and forty pounds on an average to the cow in the state of lowa, I also know of herds that are producing three hundred and four hundred pounds and more. I suiply tell you this to illustrate what I mean by saying we do not understand the possibilities of the true dairy cow. Dairying is a deep subject, a subject for study, and with all f the knowledge we now possess, there is no danger of our getting too much. I would like to urge upon you the necessity of first Loci to the dairy cow. I do not believe it is my mission to stand be- fore you and advocate any particular breed, they are all good. I do not believe that to the average farmer it makes any differ- ence whether it is a black or white, whether it is a Jersey or whether it is a Guernsey. It is a cow that gives a return for her feed that we need. Nor would I advocate that you immediately jump from what you are using into thorougbred cows. | In this district I believe there is more attention paid to the breed than in almost any other, but don’t under any considera- tion use anything except a known thorougbred dairy sire. After you have your dairy herds and are able to figure out a profit, lock to the quality of your product. 1 know nothing of the milk industry, probably three-fourths of your people are furnishing a milk product for city consump- tion, but I do know the conditions of the butter producing sec- tioris today. There is a big surplus of both butter and cheese. The saine conditions confront us in the manufacture of both butter and cheese, and I know that in these it pays to produce a ‘good raw material. The next question of the greatest importance to successful dairying is the feed after you have gotten the cow, and I wish to talk a little about the silo. I want to start out with this as- sertion. I am a farmer in the state of Iowa, not a good one, not as good as you, but one that is trying to learn from experi- THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. ; 59 ence. While our lands are not as valuable as yours, I want to say this, | want to say it because I believe it, that if I did not have a silo I could not afford to keep the farm. This is a subject up to you, and I belive that it is only a question of time before you must get more off your land to the acre, and I do not believe that there is anything equal to the feeding value of corn that you put into your silo. I hardly know how to handle this part of her subject. It does not seem to me that intelligent men in any community could afford to be with- out a silo. I will go even further and say, that there is nothing that | would advise a man that owns a forty or so acre farm to inortgage his farm for except to get money to build a silo. I believe it will give him the biggest returns for his investment. I do not wish to advocate that this is the only feed, but I do believe just what I tell you that we cannot afford in this or any other community to get along without one. The two questions I came here to discuss above all others is this question of quality and this question of silo, the cheapen- ing of feed on the dairy farm. You are already a dairy section and I would be wasting my time and yours if I undertook to enlarge upon the benefits you derive from it, but I know that in parts of the country you are not as advanced as you should be. I believe there are these two important points in dairying that we must not lose sight of. I am sorry there has not been an opportunity of becoming more familiar with what the pro- ducers of market milk are up against. I imagine the difficulties must be fully as great, if not greater, than we have in the pro- duction of a finished article. Another thing, although our market in butter is in a criti- cal condition, | am just as firm in the belief as I ever was that we never will overdo the production of dairy products provided we produce the best quality. I believe today it is the only solu- tion of the oleomargarine question. The poor butter is the only thing that has let oleomargarine into the market. If we produce a fine enough product we will relegate oleomargarine to where it belongs. 60 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. SELECTING DAIRY COWS. By Hugh G. Van Pelt, Waterloo, lowa. —_ President: We are exceedingly fortunate this afternoon to have with us Prof. Hugh G. Van Pelt, of lowa, who is in charge of the dairy work of that state. Wall you have a specimen cow brought in, Mr. Gilkerson? Prof. Van Pelt will talk a few min- utes about the cow that is brought on the platform and give us an interesting discussion. I take pleasure in introducing Mr. Van Pelt. Mr. Van Pelt: Ladies and Gentlemen: It always seems that when I come to a state dairy association meeting | am com- pelled to suffer the embarrassment of following my friend, Mr. Schilling. We all know and appreciate the manner in which he can talk and I always feel quite humiliated in trying to speak after one of his excellent addresses. I was very much interested in what Mr. Schilling had to tell you about the lowa cow, namely, that she averages only 140 pounds of butter annually. I am not going to tell you that your cow does not average more, but it is true that the average cow of the United States is not doing any better than the lowa cow. In that state where we are milking 1,500,000 cows, we have thous- ands that are producing 300 pounds of butter in a year, hundreds that are yielding 400 pounds, scores of them that are producing 500 pounds, dozens of them 600 pounds and many individual cows that are producing from 600 to over 1,000 pounds. In view of this and the fact that the average is only 140 pounds, you can readily see that there are a tremendous number of cows producing less than 140 pounds of butter annually. This really is the situation and I want to say to you that I believe it occurs in your district as well as in others, unless you THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 61 are advanced in dairying to a point where you make a study of the individual cow. There are good cows and poor cows all over this country. Which are the good cows and which are the poor cows is a prob- lem that must be solved. In our state we are making strenuous efforts to determine the good cows and eliminate the poor ones. In my experience I have never seen a herd but that some cows in it were profitable and some were unprofitable, simply eat- ing up a portion of the profits that the good cows were making. In testing associations which we have organized in Iowa we find many peculiar instances. Often times in one and the same herd will be found two cows standing side by side, one of which when - her record has been kept for a year will have produced 100 pounds of butter, while the other kept under identically the same condi- tions, being fed by the same feeder, milked by the same milker, given the same foods in amounts and quality, will have produced according to the scales and Babcock test, 400 pounds of butter during the same period of time. Let us take for granted that it costs $29 a year to feed the first cow and that her butter sells for 30 cents a pound, yielding a gross income for her owner of $30. Figure the net profit and it is not difficult to ascertain that this cow has made for her owner $1 net profit, after allowing the skim-milk, calf and fertilizing ingredients of the offal to pay for the labor expended upon her. In other words, the dairyman or farmer has contented himself with milking a cow over 700 times for a net profit of $1. We, as farmers and dairymen, are prone to complain about the drudgery on the dairy farm and about the scarcity and high price of farm labor. Still the proprietor of a farm, one of the great factories of the United States, is willing to sit under a cow night and morning over 700 times a year and milk her for the meager profit of $1. Considering her stable companion, however, that has made 400 pounds of butter, which when sold at 30 cents per pound, will return $120, she may be fed $60 worth of feed and still return a net profit of $60 for her owner. It means that this cow, making 62 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 60 times as much profit as the other cow, is worth at least a whole herd, numbering 60, of the less productive type. This is the condition that faces the American farmer ind dairyman today and he, and he alone, can by intelligent methods so select and care for his cows as to make them all return him a large percentage of profit. On the other hand we realize that your farms are your farms and your cows are your cows, and you are at liberty to do as you like. You can milk one cow for a year and make a net profit of $60 or you can milk 60 cows for the same period of time in order to make the same amount of profit. In other words, you can milk one cow one year to make a profit of $60 or you can milk the same kind of an old cow 60 years in order to make the same $60 of profit. However, we know the American farmer well enough to be certain that he will not knowingly milk a whole herd of cows to make the profit which one cow should make, and those who are willing to take time to weigh and test each individual cow’s milk to determine which cow is which can readily sort out and retain only the profitable cows for their future herds. As farmers we should realize that in reality the farmer is a manufacturer. Our farms are the greatest manufacturing plants in the world and every animal that we have on them, no matter what else it may be, is a machine placed there for the purpose of manufacturing finished products out of the raw materials, the grains and grasses grown in the fields. And I say to you that the farmers of the United States will never reach their highest plane of dignity until they realize their positions in commercialism as manufacturers. It is a well known fact that greater percentages of profit can be made from raw materials by using efficient machines, those that are durable and capacious, than machines that are out of date and wasteful. When we will accept the highest type of present day machines for the manufacture of milk and butter fat and then give them the proper care and treatment which is due them, we will have solved both of the problems Mr. Schilling has THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 63 spoken to you about. We will thereby gain in both quantity and quality of production and by so doing will have demonstrated that our farms are the greatest factories on earth. You say to me if we all had good cows there would be no market for the butter. However, I am confident in our lives we will never see the time when there will not be a demand for all the good butter that can be produced. Thirty-five years ago there were being milked in the United States 11,000,000 cows. ‘Today there are 22,000,000. During this thirty-five years our population has doubled and in the next thirty-five years we can expect our population to double again. In case it does, one of two things will be necessary if the people of this country are to use dairy products to the same extent per capita as they are now. It will be necessary either to milk twice the number of cows or to double the average production. Milk- ing twice as many cows, or 44,000,000, would add greatly to the drudgery, for it will take more labor and they will consume much _more feed. All things considered the best solution is to milk the same number of cows and by the use of better methods in caring for our herds by selecting and retaining one or more profitable individuals and by the use of good sires in building up these _ herds. It will not be a difficult matter to induce your cows to yield double their present amount of butter fat. After that has been done there will still be the possibility of doubling the production again. As Mr. Schilling has said, if you could realize the wonderful possibilities on the farm today for those who will solve just this kind of problems, you would be surprised at the wonderful re- sults that can be accomplished. I believe that one-third of the 22 million cows being milked in the United States are not any more than paying for their feed, another third are being milked at an absolute loss, which means that all of the profit that is being made from dairying is derived from one-third of the cows while the remaining cows that are 64 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. now being milked are eating up a portion of the profits that this small percentage of individuals are making. Were we to allow ten minutes for milking and feeding each of the unprofitable cows that are now being milked in the United States 700 times a year, then divide this time up among the farm- ers in the United States, we would find that on the average farm some man wastes annually 27.2 ten hour days each year. This is practically a month and represents the farmer’s vacation, which he does not get. He has chosen to milk during his vacation period while the business man goes abroad. These are merely facts and all the man who milks cows needs to do to prove them is to join a testing association or begin regularly to weigh and test the milk of his cows. The only reason we are milking un- profitable cows today is because we have not realized the value of the milk scales and Babcock test, or, in other words, we have not made a study of the individual cow. In fact, there are many most excellent lessons that are to be learned about cows, their selection, their feed, care, etc., that can be learned only from the cows themselves, and, as much as | ap- preciate those lessons which I have learned out of dairy papers, books and in school, the greatest lessons | have ever learned have been taught me by the cow herself. In addition to the use of the Babcock test and scales there are many points to be considered in selecting and judging dairy cattle and, using this cow as an illustration, I will try and make plain the essential points to be observed in selecting dairy cows. If during my talk there are any questions you would wish to ask 1 will be glad to answer them for you. There are five essential points that must be present in the make up of any cow if she be highly productive, and the absence of any one of these points is proof that the cow is either not pro- ductive or that she will not remain productive over a long period of time. “These points may be enumerated as constitution, capa- city, nervous temperament or disposition to work, blood circula- tion and the ability to convert feed nutrients into milk and butter ! THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 65 fat. Considering these, one at a time, it is always well to begin at the head. Constitution is indicated, first by large nostrils. Nothing purifies the blood except oxygen and no oxygen ever reaches the lungs and comes in contact with the blood except through the air which the animal breathes. If the nostrils are small the amount of air is limited or the cow must breathe twice as rapidly as if her nostrils were larger. ‘The respiration of cows is prac- tically the same. Therefore, cows with small nostrils do not take into their lungs the same great amount of fresh air and oxygen that cows with larger nostrils do. Passing back it is desirable that the cow be deep from the top of the shoulder to the floor of the chest, well spring in the front ribs and deep in the heart girth. A cow that is shallow in the chest and heart girth and slab-sided in the front ribs is considered lacking in constitution. It should be remembered that the dairy cow is an extremely hard worked animal. A cow that will produce in one year 18,000 pounds or even 10,000 pounds of milk has accomplished more in providing food for mankind than three or four steers working the same length of time would have done. Because of the fact that she works as persistently as she does and that she is stabled six or eight months out of each year in a barn which is too often cold, dark, damp and poorly ventilated, where she is subjected to dis- ease germs of tuberculosis, cow pneumonia, garget, contagious abortion and other diseases, it is absolutely necessary that all in- dications of rugged constitution be well developed. I appreciate the fact that in this community you build your barns with a great number of windows so that the light, sunshine and fresh air can enter them. In Jowa and in other states where I have traveled it is very seldom that more than one or two very small windows are to be seen even in great, magnificent farm barns that have been built at great expense. It should be realized that whenever barns are built and boarded up tight without windows or fresh air ducts the light, sunshine and fresh air, which cost nothing and are ab- 66 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. solutely essential to maintain the cow’s health and make it possi- ble for her to do her best work, are shut out. The next point for consideration is capacity. Beginning again at the head, you will notice on this cow the extremely large mouth. Any animal with a large mouth is a good feeder. I have never seen an animal with a small mouth that was a good feeder. Just as truly as it is necessary for a cow to consume large amounts of food in order to prove herself profitable it is necessary that her mouth be well distended and large. Passing back, the body should be long from the shoulders to the hip bone. The ribs should be well sprung and deep, giving dimensions for a large capacity or storage room, namely,— length, breadth and depth. Size of barrel is an indication of the amount of food that the cow can consume at one time, but with this consideration should also be considered the degree of thoroughness with which the cow digests and assimilates her food. Any portion of the food which passes off undigested is wasted, and worse than wasted, because it taxes the cow’s digestive apparatus without producing any gain. The strength and power of a cow’s digestive apparatus is indicated to a large degree by the character of the hide and hair. You have all noticed in the show rings the judge lift up the hide and hair with his hand. It is impossible for him to look into the cow to determine the character of her digestive system, but he can turn his face away and by the touch or handling qualities of the hide and hair there is conveyed to him by his sense of touch as indicated by the hide and hair the condition of the inner and vital organs of the cow. In other words, the hide and hair is an outward continuation of the inner organs of the beast. If the hide is hard and stiff or the hair wiry and harsh then there is something wrong either temporarily or permanently with the cow’s digestive apparatus. If the cow’s hide is soft and pliable, covered with hair that is oily, soft and silky then the indication is that her digestive organs and her circulation are in good active condition and that she will not only consume large amounts of food at one time, but she will digest it readily and thoroughly and soon be ready for another feed. It is more desirable that a cow THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 67 have a large body, yet a small barrel, covered with hide and hair of the proper texture and handling qualities, than a large barrel covered with a hide and hair of inferior quality. The two points, constitution and capacity, are both essential. The third point is the question of whether the cow is a work- er or a loafer. If you have been watching this cow you have no- ticed that she has been working every minute since she has been up here on the stage. Whenever a cow chews her cud she is work- ing and the persistency with which the cow eats and chews her cud is a good indication of her nervous temperament. Another important indication is the size and character of the eye. The cow’s face should be broad between the eyes, well dished, and her eyes should be prominenet, bright, placid and alert. The animal with dull, sluggish eyes set back in the head is - as a rule a loafer, standing under the shade of a tree fighting flies in the summer time, while her sisters are grazing back and forth across the pastures gathering food for the economical and profitable production of milk and butter fat. A further indication of the proper nervous temperament is the prominent and open jointedness of the backbone. You will notice as I pass my hand along this cow’s back each of the spinal vertebrae stand out prominently with absolutely no covering of beef or fat. This is an indication that every pound of food this cow has consumed, outside of what has been necessary for her cwn maintenance, has been converted into milk and butter fat. Were this a beef animal, right and ready for market, you would find stored up and evenly distributed along her back from 2% to 4 inches of fat or beef.. Every pound of food consumed by the cow that is manufactured into beef is lost and wasted from the dairyman’s standpoint. For this reason the animal which con- verts its food into beef and stores it on its back regardless of what breed it belongs to is a loafer from the standpoint of butter production. The same is true relative to other regions of the © animal and you will notice the absolute freedom from beefiness throughout this cow’s entire contour. The fourth essential point to be considered in selecting dairy 68 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. cows is the blood circulation. To be of the productive type the cow must not only have an abundant flow of blood, but the course of circulation must be through the proper channels and in the right direction. Herein lies the great difference between beef and dairy bred animals. If you will study the workings of these two classes of machines you will find that up to the point where the food has been masticated the process of consumption and di- gestion are practically the same. After the food has been di- gested in the case of the beef animal the blood is pumped out from the heart along the digestive apparatus, the digested nutrients picked up or assimilated and carried by the blood upward and deposited over the shoulder and chine or back, the ribs, the loins, over the hips and rump and into the hind quarters. The flow of blood is thus directed carrying all nutrients, because for hundreds of years beef cattle have been bred by intelligent breeders for the specific purpose of consuming a large amount of food, digesting, assimilating and depositing it over these regions of the body be- cause years ago the packer informed the breeder of beef cattle that the ultimatum of all his efforts was the block and if he de- sired to secure from 6 to 8 cents a pound for his steers instead of from 3 to 4 cents a pound then it was necessary to breed ani- mals the offspring of which would utilize their food in develop- ing the high priced cuts, namely, the porterhouse steaks and rib roasts which the consuming public were willing to pay for. The success with which the breeder of beef cattle has met is demon- - strated at our state fairs and fat stock shows by a careful observa- tion of the cattle exhibited. On the other hand when the real dairy cow has digested her food the blood is pumped out from the heart past the digestive apparatus, picking up the digested nutrients and carrying them not up on top of their backs, but around through the udder where milk and butter fat are made. The first indication of the amount of blood passing into the udder is often at the escutcheon, a por- tion just above the rear of the udder where the hair grows 1p- - ward on each side of which the hair grows downward. It is be- lieved that the hair covering the escutcheon is nourished by the THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 69 blood in the vessels which are passing to the udder. An indica- tion which determines more accurately, I believe, the amount of blood passing through the udder is found in the mammary veins. All cows have two of these veins, one on each side of the abdo- men. Some cows have short straight veins ending in a small milk well. Other cows have veins that are large and tortuous, extending far forward, as do the veins of this cow, to a large milk well, an opening in the abdomen large enough to insert my thumb, and passing on to a second milk well and some times on to a third or fourth. These are termed double extension veins. Some cows have three veins, one extending forward from the udder along the center of the abdomen between the two outside veins. Such a vein is termed a center extension. ‘The size, length and tortu- ousness of these veins together with the number and size of milk wells when found passing forward from the udder of the cow in- dicates the amount of blood that is circulated past the digestive apparatus, picking up food nutrients, carrying them to the udder and being rid of its load, is on the way back to the heart and lungs for purification and to be pumped back again. I have never seen a good cow with small, short, straight mammary veins and J have never seen a cow with large tortuous veins and large, numerous milk wells that was a poor cow. A consideration of the blood flow will determine largely the character of a cow from the standpoint of milk and butter fat production. Feed deposited on the back of the cow cannot be made into milk and on the other hand feed that is deposited by the blood in the udder of the cow cannot be manufactured into beef, and for this reason a dairy bred animal is considered from the standpoint of beef production as a scrub and likewise a beef bred animal from the standpoint of milk and butter fat production is a scrub. ‘This is due to the fact that no animal can do two things with the same pound of food at the same time. In selecting animals whose ancestors have for hun- dreds of generations been bred for the purpose of putting their food on top of their backs and striving to induce these animals to turn the circulation of their blood around to the under line of the body instead of the top line is working against nature and 70 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. is quite as impossible as to produce high class rib roasts and por- terhouse steaks on the backs of dairy bred cows. The fifth essential is the ability the cow has to manufacture the digested food nutrients that have been brought to the udder by the blood, into milk and butter fat. Experience has demon- strated that certain types of udders have proven most efficient for this purpose. The udder should be long, broad and of good texture. To gain length the udder must be attached high behind and extended far forward. You will notice on this cow that if a plumb bob were dropped from her hip downward the line would fall just in front of her udder. If it were dropped from the pin bone it would fall just behind the udder. Thus it is that good length from hip bones to pin bones is desired, for it is an indication of the length of udder development. Furthermore, it is desired that the tail head carry straight out. Cows that droop at the rump because of the law of correlation have tilted udders, or udders with a por- tion of the fore quarters sacrificed. On the other hand, cows that carry out straight at the tail head carry straight forward in udder development, adding to the size and capacity of front udder de- velopment. As we turn this cow around you will notice that she is thin in the thighs, in fact, I measure the thigh with my thumb and finger and she goes up high behind. This conformation is neces- sary in order to have a wide udder and is the formation described by the term thighs out-curving and in-curving. An udder that is long and broad with each quarter well rounded out and a teat on each corner meets with the specifications relative to form. However, many of you, perhaps, have owned cows with such . udders that were disappointments. ‘The reason likely was be- cause the udder had no texture or quality. This cow not only has a large, well developed, shapely udder, but you will notice the © presence of much quality and freedom from coarseness and beefi- ness, as indicated by the texture, pliability and elasticity of the covering. You will notice the blood vessels, which indicate that THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. bh. branches from the large arteries are carrying the blood into the parts of the udder. These are the five points and if you are milking a cow, any one of which are absent, you are not milking a cow, but only a part of acow. For instance, supposing a cow is capable of eating a large amount of feed, but lacks constitution, she will not remain healthy and perhaps in a short time she will die. Granting her constitution without the proper nervous temperament or disposi- tion to work she will consume just enough food to take care of herself. And if she lacks capacity, she can not eat enough feed to make a profit regardless of her disposition to do so. Given constitution, capacity and disposition to work, if her blood flows in the wrong direction, she will make beef instead of milk and then it will be necessary to kill her to get the cost of the feed back. And further than this, if the blood carries the nutrients into the udder, which has not the ability of extracting and manufacturing the nutrients into butter fat, still there is a loss. All of these points fit together in dovetail fashion and must be given due con- sideration in selecting cows for profit. There are other points, such as width across the hips, breed, type and characteristics, but time does not permit reference to more than those points which are necessary for profitable milk and butter fat production. But after all, when we have taken into consideration these points, we do not know much about the cow. ‘There is no one in the audience who can look at this cow and tell within 1,000, 2,000 or 3,000 pounds how much milk she gave last year. If you could not see that she was a Holstein you could not tell within one or two per cent of how much her milk tested, were you to see a sample of it. The only way to determine the true measure of the cow is to use a scale each time the cow is milked and test her . milk one or two days out of each month. It does not take long to do this and it is the only method of determining accurately the real merits of the cow from the dairyman’s standpoint, and it is well worth while. Study the history of every great cow and you will find that at some time in her life she or some of her off- 72 ILLINOIS STATE. DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. spring were sacrificed because her real value had not at that time been determined. Remember that in the United States farmers are milking 14 million cows, no one of which makes anybody a profit and that on the average farm in this country somebody is wasting 27.2 days every year. By a combination of judgment and determining the develop- ment of the essential points for butter production and the use of the scales and test this great waste of feed and labor can be eliminated. I thank you for your kind attention. President: Mr. Van Pelt will judge the cattle in the exhibi- tion and will explain the differences in the types as they appear. We will stand adjourned until this evening at 8:00 o’clock. Mr. Van Pelt, in the midst of an audience of interested lis- teners, proceeded with the examination of the animals in the show, describing the points of each animal and answering many questions. ‘This part of the program was most interesting and instructive and occupied the remainder of the afternoon. a THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. . 73 GRADING CREAM AND THE NECESSITY OF PAYING FOR QUALITY. _——_—_ By H. J. Credicott, Chicago. ee George Caven, secretary of the association, read the address ef H. J. Credicott, of Chicago, who was unable to be present. The subject was “Grading Cream and the Necessity of Pepe for Quality.” It was as follows: “Most creamery operators will not question the need of doing this, but many question the possibility without the serious loss of patronage and injury to their business. “T hope to present the matter in such a way that the cream- erymen may see that it has got to a question of necessity if they would stay in the business. “For many years the butter business has been coming with a higher range of prices each year, and as a general proposition the creamery making the most butter would show the largest profits. The demand for butter was strong and the range in price between the grades very small. The strong demand caused much butter which was not strictly fancy to sell for full price, and if a creamery happened to make some badly off that the price had to be cut, it was only a matter of a cent or two. Competition Is Strong. “Under such conditions it was natural that the competition for cream should be strong and the matter of quality a secondary consideration with the consequence that the creamery patrons have not made very much progress in the production of fine cream. “The past year has brought a sudden change in this respect. The price of butter has been very high. This has made the buyer more critical and as the high prices decreased consumption, the 74 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. buyer has become still more critical until at presént we have a range of eight or nine cents between the selling price of fresh seconds and that of extra creamery butter. This is proving very expensive for the creameries making undergrade butter. “T think most of the creameries that are not considering the immediate adoption of a system of grading cream and paying according to quality are holding off in the belief this situation is only temporary and will pass away with the beginning of a new season. I believe they are wrong in this idea. Regardless of whether the average is high or low the coming year the buyers of butter are going to continue to be critical in their selections. We have reached the time when low grade actually has got to compete with oleo both in a matter of price and comparative quality. Oleo Used By Many People. There will be plenty of people who will pay the price for fine butter, but the people who have formerly used the poor butter when a concession was made in price, have found oleo to be more satisfactory and are now refusing poor butter even at the same price as oleo. I have also noted a change in the selling of oleo in the last year. When it used to be sold in the retail store as best Iowa creamery, fancy Wisconsin creamery, fine Michigan cream- ery, best Elgin and many other terms calculated to make the pur- chaser believe that it was butter, is now being sold on its merits as oleo. “The Chicago and Elgin butter dealers are about the only ones in the country who are not selling oleo as well as butter. Government figures on the oleo production show ever increasing amounts and we must face the fact of actual competition on merit. No creameryman will contend for a minute that he can afford to produce a grade of butter that will have to compete with oleo that can be manufactured to retail at from 11 to 22 cents. Must Have Three Grades. “In the grading of cream I believe we should have at least three grades and make such difference in price as is required by THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 75 the difference in market value of the butter produced from each erade. The usual argument presented grading and paying for quality is, ‘If I don’t take it at full price my competitor will.’ In answer to this I can only say that as long as the present condi- tions continue the quickest way for you to get rid of your compe- tition is to let them have the poor cream. ‘The more they get of it at top prices the sooner they will cease to trouble you. “There are other arguments I might present to you, such as the injustice of paying the man who produces poor cream the same price as the man who produces good cream, but I be- lieve this thing will be settled from a moral standpoint. It is a cold cash proposition and the creamery that persists in taking poor cream will be wiped out of existence. “The slogan must be changed from ‘How much butter can I make to how much good butter can I make?’ ”’ 76 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. Tuesday Evening, January 17,1911. Joseph Newman: Ladies and Gentlemen, we will open our exercises tonight with singing by the Boys’ Club of the High School under the direction of the music teacher, Miss Baer. At the 37th annual meeting of the Illinois State Dairymen’s Association I am glad to stand before you. Our President is a little shy and does not like to face this audience, so has asked me to take charge of the meeting, and I am always willing to do what little I can. I am a sidewalk dairyman. We have with us tonight one of the leading dairymen of this section who will introduce the gees Mr. Judson D. Mason, of Elgin. Mr. Mason: It is most appropriate to have with us a man like Professor Davenport. ‘There is no section where there are more finely bred dairy cattle or better kept farms or better dairy- men nor is there any place where there is better milk produced than in this Fox River Valley. We have with us a man who has done much in agricultural lines in Illinois and it gives me great pleasure to introduce Professor Eugene Davenport, Dean of our Agricultural College. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 77 ILLINOIS COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE. By Prof. E. Davenport, Dean. Dean Davenport: Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen. I cannot come to you tonight altogether as a dairyman but rath- er, as your Vice President has said, as the representative of the College of Agriculture of this great State. That is not saying that I know absolutely nothing about the dairy business. I have | always been a farmer, have lived longer on the farm than in the colleges. For years I was a commercial dairyman. I consid- ered myself an expert dairyman. I am so far from home I can brag about it on this occasion. I did not come here to talk about dairying but about the Agricultural College at the University of Illinois. The subject as stated on the program is the Illinois College of Agriculture—It’s Place as an Educational Institution in the State and Its Needs. What is it that the Agricultural College is doing I will tell you in just a few minutes. One thing it is teaching agriculture of various kinds to 750 students in the University, and this week and next there will be more than a thousand farmers and young men down to the University doing extra work. We are so full that we do not dare advertise this two weeks’ course because if any more came than did last year we could not take care of them. It offers eighty different courses, and it receives for two weeks in the winter all who come to study for those two weeks any phase of agriculture which they care to take up. Another thing, it conducts experiments along practically every line in the agricultural field. Now one thing we must do in teaching and that is keep well within what we know on the subject. It does not do for a teacher to draw on his imagina- 78 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. tion; what he wants is facts. If I should tell you that a cow was red, white and blue, it would not make any difference. You do not care for anyone’s opinion; it is facts you want. We must study within the known facts of the subject. Ten years ago it © was different than it is today, and ten years from now it will be different from what it is today. I would not want to tell you what butter making was twenty-five years ago, it would take too long. What was called good dairying twenty years ago would not pass muster today and dairying today will not ans- wer ten years from today. If the College of Agriculture is going to get ready it must anticipate and get information by experimentation. One of the most common things right here is this, it isn’t practical and it won’t do. They pronounce judgment at once. A good many things have come to pass that at one time were not believed possible. I knew twelve years ago we could not have rural delivery; it would cost too much, but we have it today. It is right here now all around us. If any one had told me twenty years ago we would be telephoning to Rio Janeiro I would not have believed him, and what we will be doing in ten years from now we dare not guess; but if the University is going to be ready it must do some experimental work, whether it pays or not. The University of Illinois is doing investigation work, that is why the State of Illinois has put up a great deal of money to answer questions that will be asked twenty years from now;_ not to answer present day questions but questions that will be asked five or ten years from now. The State and the Institution that can look farthest ahead is the State or the Institution that is going to come out on top. Those are the people who will have the advantage. A great deal of our work is experimental work, trying to find what you will want to know when the new times come. The University has no way of getting information quick; we have no wireless telegraphing system with the Almighty. If we are going to find out we must resort to the methods he has given THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 79 us, patience and investigation. We are looking ahead in our investigations and are not only teaching 750 students but are carrying on our investigations. We publish bulletins, we have published fifty thousand of them. ‘There came to the Univer- sity three or four wagons with bags, and those thirty-five bags contained one bulletin that the University had issued. You take fifty thousand books and they make a big pile. I have forgotten how many tons of printed matter we issued last year. Another thing the University does is to conduct a heavy correspondence all over the world. We wrote 75,000 letters last year, so you will see we are doing something in the way of conducting a correspondence. A man came to me and said: “I think it would be a good thing if you had a correspondence bureau.” I said: “We have been having one for many years.” He said: “I have thought out a good plan.”’ I said: “If you have a plan, bring it up and we will talk it over, but we have one which we are following and last year turned out 75,000 letters.” He nearly fell down; he was not thinking we were doing anything of this kind on so large a scale. He was thinking about running off such letters. That is not what you want. You will read a letter which some- body will dictate but I apprehend that if we should send a lot of work off, circular work which you are expected to read, I imagine the dairyman would not read it. We are carrying on a tremendous correspondence. That makes an information bureau. Another thing we are doing is to attend a tremendous num- ber of meetings, and so it is. Our people will address this year more than four hundred farmers’ meetings in this state. It is too many in my opinion. There have been more meetings held than are properly supported. We are called upon too much to go 150 miles and speak to twenty-five people; it is a mistake. You are drawing on us so heavy you are injuring the work of the laboratory, and just because you can get some speakers out of our University for nothing. There is something for you to think about. To have this kind of a meeting there is no reason why twelve or so towns cannot get together and get a speaker. 80 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. I have traveled in this state 150 miles and have spoken to fewer people than I had in my classes. We must think this out. What are these meetings: they are farmers’ institutes, schools in con- nection with the farm school, some are schools running for a week and some are special meetings. We are scheduled to give twelve addresses in Chicago. They want us to come to Bloom- ington and help stir up an improvement meeting. It is a good thing but we cannot understand why there are such a tremen- dous number of meetings held. Besides this we are co-operating with the railroads in run- ning educational trains over the state. We frequently speak to 1,600 people in a day, have one lecture in one car, another in the next and so on, stay about forty minutes and then move on. Some people think we are about like “Injun rubber” men, that we can stand anything. I was up until midnight last night, and traveled until 7:00 this morning. I am here now, then I go to Chicago, get a sleeper and go to business at 8:00 in the morn- ing. You do not know how these men are working; that is not exceptional. . I have made a rule that I am trying to have enforced, that no man shall be up after 12:00, and not be up in the morning until 5:00. Some of our people are breaking down, and I will tell you why it is. Under this system we must run on a different basis. I came to talk about reorganization. These are some of the things this College is doing. What are some of the phases connected with with this situation, the College of Agriculture and the Experimental Station? The difference is this, the agri- cultural college is that portion that teaches agriculture to the students and to others, the experimental station is that part of the University that conducts experiments and publishes bulle- tins. They both attend meetings. It so happens of these two, the college and the station, the experimental station is more public than the college that teaches students and attends to the business of instruction day by day; it is so much more public that of the money which Illinois is THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 81 willing to put up 29 per cent only goes to the college and 71 per cent in the experimental station. What does it mean? It means that the great bulk of the energy of the agricultural peo- ple must go to carrying on experiments, to the publishing of bulletins and to talk about new things, and very little can go to the taking care of the students who come there for instruction. You have put so much more into experimental work and less into the college that we are compelled to leave classes un- taught to meet your demands to go and do this other thing. Now the matter has gone so far that the college is being injured and I came tonight to show you just how and in what way you are killing the College of Agriculture in the University by making these demands and keeping support away from it. Fight years ago we had 284 students in the College of Agriculture. At that time that seemed something large. At that time there was no College of Agriculture in the world that had a better faculty than we had. Today we have 750 students and we have less money than we had then for teaching purposes. Now if you can tell me how we can teach 750 students on less money than it took to teach 284, you will help me. I will tell you how it is done: it is done by cheapening the character of in- struction. We have let some of our best men go to other states because we had to let them go. They could get more salary and we have hired cheaper and younger men to take their places because we could not do anything else. It has been going on for four years, this filling in by cheaper men doing the same work with the students. There was a titme when many classes went without being taught or were taught by the students. Two years ago what did the assembly of this State do to the College of Agriculture? It reduced its appropriation thirty- two thousand dollars below what it was at that time. ‘That is the first time that any assembly ever reduced its appropriation to its State- Agricultural College that I ever heard of. ‘That is one point I want you to remember. The other point is this, that that same man who did that thing is the Chairman of the Ap- 82 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. propriation Committee in the House again this year. A situa- tion of that kind will bear watching. What is the result of taking away from the College thirty- two thousand dollars? The result is we have cheapened in- struction. We have withdrawn some courses. We have six vacancies and unless we can go on the same basis as other Col- leges, this is what will happen: we will have to limit our stu- dents. There have been no new buildings in the last six years, but we have the largest and strongest experimental station in this country. You are putting more money in the experiment station than any other state except Nebraska, Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, Ohio and New York. One-half of our funds for the College came from the Federal Government; Illinois never put a doller in until eight years ago. It was started entirely by federal funds. Then you put in more money and have rested on your laurels ever since, so far as your College is concerned. We have the greatest institution in the country. Now the time has come to talk plain; the people have forgotten the Col- lege of Agriculture. They are taking the money away year by year and last year they took thirty-two thousand dollars away at one time. The same man that did it is the Chairman of the . Appropriation Committee again. I saw this thing coming two years ago and I knew perfectly well the College was in tremen- dous danger with vacancies ; except where investigations are con- cerned it is weak. We offer no course in rural sociology, although our churches are calling upon us to help with the country church problem. We have no men to send. We are doing nothing in poultry. We have no money to do it with. As long as this eondition keeps on how are we going to meet the increasing student attendance? If the State will not put up the money we -will have to keep the students away. Now seeing this condition approaching I thought it might as well go until it got pretty bad. This summer I put this up to leading farmers. The result was a committee of seven men were chosen to visit with me the neigh- THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 83 boring institutions and see how we compared. We have more money for investigation than any state in the union by consider- able. We exceed Iowa, Nebraska, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michi- gan and New York, but for the College of Agriculture we are behind. Let me tell you some of these facts. It was fun to see these farmers, every one happened to be a college man; it was fun to see each take his lesson in hunility. We have, all told, for our College of Agriculture, $93,500; Cornell has $237,000 a year for the College of Agriculture, to say nothing about the experimental station; this against our $93,000, and we have more students than they have. How can we teach with $93,000 as well as New York with less students and $237,000. In the matter of buildings, we have buildings on our campus that cost $295,000; Iowa’s buildings cost $700,000 and New York’s buildings cost $997,000. Not only have the plans been approved by the state to be finished before 1920, calling for $1,600,000 additional buildings, and when New York’s buildings which have been approved are finished, they will have buildings for agricultural purposes amounting to over $2,400,000 as against our $295,000 worth of buildings. What are we going to do. How are we going to teach with such competition. Also see our neighboring university at Madison. We have a judging room about half as large as this. We teach the breaking of colts, judge the cows, the beef cattle, the pure bred cattle, we judge sheep and swine. How are we going to do it in one room when our neighboring states have three judg- ing rooms? Wisconsin has one that cost $85,000 and ours is half of the lower floor of a wing that cost $8,o00. What are we going to do about it? They said at the last meeting of the Legislature, “That is extravagance and we will not stand for it.” You must do what other states are doing or else not blame us for the con- sequences. ‘This is what is being done, and it is my business to tell you and it is your business to decide as to what you wish. If it goes as it is much longer you will have no college of agri- culture at all. 84 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. I have kept these facts until this year. There are men if they had known it would have left us long ago. They have had opportunities enough. Man after man has been offered five to eight hundred dollars additional salaries; they have stayed be- cause they have faith in the state. We have men that would not be there if they had known the facts last year; but now we have to let it be known what the actual conditions are. Another thing, it is well known, and it has been known for sixty days; if it had been known two years ago our faculty would have been raided by other institutions. We have shinned around by keeping our affairs to ourself. If you want a College of Agriculture you must get busy and get the money. It is a shame for this state that Wisconsin is putting up more money for her agricultural college than you are for yours. ‘There is more desirable property in Cook county than there is in the whole State of Wisconsin. Michigan puts up more money than Illinois ever did. The time has come when we must get some money, and it is a question that is going into the millions. The State of Minnesota will ask for an appropriation of $1,600,000; that is something to think about. How are we go- ing to get along with less than $100,000 under these circum- stances. I will tell you just as I said this summer, if that is what the people of Illinois want, I am through talking. It is not my fault. If you kill out a college and have only an experimental station left the young men will have to go to other states; that is the first thing that will happen. These things are not known to our student bodies. We are keeping up the best outside appear- ance we can, but this is the first thing that will happen. The Illinois men will go to other states to get what should be taught here. We are preparing copy for a catalog and that will soon go to press. Some courses will be withdrawn because the state will not put up the money to teach nor put up the buildings to house them. This will go all over the country. It must corne out this spring. Your boys will have to go to other states. The next thing that will happen is this. This experiment THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 85 station is made up of men; they must be trained in the agricul- tural colleges. Experimental stations do not train men; they use them up. One of our troubles is to keep men in the experimental stations. No one but a young man can stand it; our men get tired of it. It is harder and harder to get young men to go into this work. The only place they can be trained is the college. Then you will have to import men from other states to man your own experimental station, to fill up your experimental station. That is the next thing. Now I know you do not want it that way. You see what is going wrong; we are going mad after re- search work and experiments. I am a director as well as the president of the agricultural college. It is the college that does the teaching. It is the college that prepares the materials for the experimental subjects. Your experimental stations depend upon their being manned by trained men. I read a bulletin and said it looks like an experience instead of an experiment. That will not do for Illinois. What ought to be done, I will tell you, and you will agree with me. We have experimented with this thing long enough. We have found out by experience that the college cannot stand competition with the experimental work. What you as practical dairymen want is to have your questions answered. We want more money than has ever been put into the college. One man said, “Hang the students.” We cannot hang these young fellows; we must have them. You must not forget the boys; I feel they are more worth saving than we are. Most of us were born too early, and the quicker we get out the better it will be for the boys. They will have a harder time than we have had, because these boys will have to do business with a popula- tion double what it is today. It is awful. Years before these young men are old men the population will be two hundred mil- lion people and there will be a whole lot of questions to answer. It is not fair for us to use all of the money to answer our ques- tions and neglect these young people. This is what ought to be done: we must revise our definition of a College of Agriculture; we must mean by a College of Agriculture a whole faculty and 86 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. that faculty must be large enough and strong enough to do three things instead of one. Let us have a faculty that shall do three things: teach, carry on some research and carry on some exten- sion work. Have every department organized under a three- legged process so this faculty is not dependent upon special leg- islation. We have four men teaching agronomy, three men teaching husbandry; we have the same amount of teaching in all these de- partments; it is divided equally. When it comes to the experi- mental station, there are two funds for research work and two funds for special investigation that amount to $75,000 a year. What have you on the dairy side? $15,000. Let us have a fac- ulty in agriculture as large as it ought to be. Let us have animal husbandry. Let us have dairying husbandry as large as it ought to be and so‘on down the line. Let us organize this faculty in agriculture in such a way as these subjects ought to be taught, pay for faculty, reorganize our college as a research and as an extension college should be, from one common fund. They do this in Wisconsin, and they do it in New York, but not in Lllinois. After that is organized, after that great faculty is organized, its salaries and equipment provided for, anything in special in- vestigation may be done. I want to say right here that the committee has made a re- port with a reorganization upon that plan. They are asking for about as much as New York has; it will help investigation quite independent of research work. It means a reorganization upon modern lines. It will mean a great deal of money. I want to tell you what the bill will call for; it will call for a million and a half dollars for agriculture in this state. This will enable us to have a College of Agriculture that will meet the demands. Un- less we stop the students coming in we shall have more than twelve hundred students before any new building can be put up. In five years time we will have fifteen hundred. The men are flocking into the colleges to get instruction; they are coming from the towns and from the large cities. There are more from Cook county than any other county. They are coming from all over THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 87 the state. I am telling you this in a general way. [Illinois has been unwilling to increase its agricultural fund one bit, but has reduced it. The money goes to the experimental station, but it does not help the students any. Ina little while this policy would destroy the college. I have tried to make a plain statement of the situation, and would be glad to answer any questions I could answer. 1 want to attract your attention, and your interest as a teaching institu- tion as well as one that makes experiments and publishes results. I want to say just one word about what agriculture is com- ing to mean these days. There is no subject that stands better in the estimation of our people than agriculture. ‘There used to be a time when the agricultural students were laughed at. That time is past. No one need to hesitate to come to the University of Illinois, either on an excursion or to attend this two weeks’ course or at any other time with the understanding that he will not be welcome at the university. I saw a man the other day, an old man, coming up the street with his grip. I stepped up to him and said, “You are looking for some one.” He was coming to the university. He had his nose pointed toward an agricultural building; it is not only our agricultural faculty, but the Y. M. C. A. has organized office rooms for these men and boys and helps to make it pleasant for them. Our Agricultural Club takes the case in hand during these two weeks and helps to make it pleasant. ‘The people say it is a mighty strong body of men that come here. The professor in Greek said: “I like the looks of the fellows that come at this— time.”’ I want to advertise this class; we want more people. Let me tell you what we did a few years ago when we plan- ned the agricultural building; we planned two acres of floor space and we had nineteen students. Every one said, “You are crazy.” Tt did look that way. That was twelve years ago and it was ten years ago when we went into it. We have changed this plan; two departments are moved out and we are as thick as sardines ina box. We do not dare advertise. We started with nineteen students, now we have 750. It simply means these two things 88 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. have happened: that men, both old and young men, men and women, have found out that about the biggest thing in this coun- try is its agriculture; the best place to be is on the land, that is - the first thing. It would surprise you the extent to which the people in the cities are turning their eyes toward the land. It commenced about four years ago. The second thing is this, that young men are beginning to find that agriculture is a science as well as an art. Now science must be learned at college. The art of agriculture does not develop itself. How many years and years have farmers cultivated clover without finding out those little nodules that are there; a man in Europe discovered that. A student comes to the college to learn the reason, the why, and not the how; you get that in practice. You come to learn how to become skillful in the Babcock test. You want to learn the cheapest sources of feed; how to put it on the market in the right way. Learn to get information quickly. The department in agriculture will have information at its fingers’ ends that they have in Italy, Sweden or any other country and you never know how valuable a little bit of information is. Let me tell you what I learned today. I had not seen Mr. Haliburt for a number of months, but you know that one of the most important suits at law is on now in Chicago having to do with the water rights of a private company in the Desplaines river. ‘This question turned upon a historic point and only three men know about it. Now for instance you want to know a cer- tain thing in Elgin and there are not more than six men who know it. It is the business of the College of Agriculture to find out these things. If you build up a strong faculty you will make a large insti- tution, but if you do not you will be in the same shape so many of the churches are in now. The churches are asking us to an- swer the question why is it that the country churches are going down; why? We cannot say a single word because we have no money to hire the man that could do that thing. We saw it com- ing three or four years ago, but we had no money. If you are going to do this thing in a business like way we must have a man to take care of it. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 89 You may hear that there is a large bill introduced into the Legislature this winter; you may hear that the folks at the uni- versity are going crazy. We have seven of the most intelligent farmers take this thing up; they visited our college and others for over two weeks to acquaint themselves with what was being done. Those were busy men that gave up their time to look into this matter. Member: How much do you need for new buildings? Dean Davenport: We need a hundred thousand dollars for new buildings; we need buildings where horses can be trained, where herds can be brought. We need 287 thousand dollars a year for salaries and equipment and maintenance of the faculty of the College of Agriculture. In a short time this committee will have reported and you can get all information by writing to either Mr. Frank Mann, chairman, Mr. Rudd, secretary, or by writing to me. These bulletins will be for distribution. We are anxious for every farmer to know the situation. We will have just as good a college as you make it. Write me letters and ask me any questions you want to know. Come down and see us and see what the state is doing. We are a faculty made up of people who have been invited to come there. There is not a man there who was not asked to come there. No man applies for a position except some of the younger men. Remember this, that in the College of Agriculture every man who holds a position is a man who has been asked to come there and take that position, except some young men in assistant positions. We have tried hard for a year to get a man in municipal and sanitary dairying; we tried to fill Truman’s position; we gave him $2,000, and we have had it turned down three times at $3,000. It is going to take money to get men of this kind. The average salary is $1,934. Center was elected to fill a posi- tion at $3,000; we had been paying him $2,000. We cannot keep men for $2,000; we must have a few five and six thousand © dollar men; this thing is coming. You have got to pay a man if you are going to get expert knowledge. While I am on this 90 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. point I want to say this: do not think we are trying to have our salaries raised. I am trying to run that college as cheap as I can. When we lose a man what kind of a man are we going to get in his place; as good a man, or a poorer man? ‘That is the question. We lost Center the other day. With what kind of a man shall we fill his place? Shall we fill it with a thousand dollar man? That will not make a strong college. We do not value the opinion of a thousand dollar man. Neither do you want to send your boys away for four years to take instruction cf a thousand dollar man. You want a man who knows the sub- jects and who is personally acquainted with them. I met a man today who said: “I know personally every man in the world that is a historian in my field.” I can say that I know personally or by correspondence every man who is work~ ing along my line; that makes my instruction worth more than if I could not say that. If you are going to have that kind of men you must pay them more than the teacher’s salary, because that contact with people, the knowing of people the world over costs money and it takes time. We have had a long talk; I have talked too long. I want to say that when we lose a man to another institution we shall have to fill his place with a better man. I will never try to hold a man if he wants to go. When aman comes to me and says he wants to leave, it is better for him to go. If any man gets it in his mind that he wants to go, he ought to go. One of our lead- ing men came to me a few days ago and said he was going to leave us. All I could say was, “If you feel that is what you ought to do, then you ought to go.” These are the things that will take the heart out of the largest departments. We have never offered a man more money in order to hold him. Just one more remark. The University of Harvard has sixty men with a salary of five thousand dollars or more. That is the kind of men that make a great institution. Will you have a first, second, third, fourth, fifth or sixth class university. Gen- tlemen, I thank you. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 91 Mr. Newman: I want to call your attention to the meeting tomorrow morning. Dr. Peters, who will have charge of the experimental work tomorrow morning, I know you will enjoy listening to him. He is the gentleman we got from Nebraska. He stands very high in his work and will talk and lecture to you tomorrow morning on the “Diseases of the Udder.” I hope there will be a large attendance. The meeting will now stand adjourned for tonight. 92 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. NEEDS OF COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE. Report of Agricultural Committee. This committee may be said to represent the following or ganizations : } The Illinois Live Stock Breeders’ Association, = The Illinois Grain Dealers’ Association, The Illinois Corn Growers’ Association, The Illinois State Farmers’ Institute, The Illinois Horticultural Society, The Illinois Dairymen’s Association, The Illinois State Florists’ Association, besides miscellaneous unorganized agricultural interests. How the Committee Came Into Existence. Appropriations made by the State of Illinois for the conduct- ing of experimental work in agriculture at the Experiment Sta- tion, in connection with the College of Agriculture at Urbana, have carried with them the provision that such funds should be expended under the supervision of an Advisory Committee of five members in each case, which committees are appointed re- spectively by the various state organizations interested in the lines of work in which experiments are to be made. 3 Following out this provision The Illinois Grain Dealers’ Association and the Illinois Corn Growers’ Association, jointly, appoint the Ad- visory Committee on Crops, The Illinois Live Stock Breeders’ Association, the Com- mittee on Animal Husbandry, The Illinois State Farmers’ Institute, the Committee on Soils, The Illinois Horticultural Society, the Committee on Orchards, 4 The Illinois Dairymen’s Association, the Committee on Dairying, - The Illinois State Florists’ Association, the Committee on Floriculture. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 93 Thus have come into existence six committees of five mem- bers each, having a general supervision over the experimental work in agriculture. These committees meet separately as the interests of their individual departments require, and general meetings of all are held at least once a year. It is fair to assume that each committee is composed of representative men of the state in that particular branch of agriculture covered. It is also fair to assume that these thirty men, acting jointly, represent in the broadest possible way the agricultural interests of the state. At a general called meeting of these committees held at Urbana on August 16, 1910, the condition of the Agricultural College was taken under consideration. Such short investigation as could be made at the time convinced those present that a thor- ough investigation was needed, and by unanimous vote a commit- tee was constituted to arrange for a general investigation. Mr. F. I. Mann, of Gilman, Illinois, was made chairman and all mem- bers of the Advisory Committees were named as members, as well as the various officers of the before mentioned agricultural associations. In addition to this, prominent men interested throughout the state were added to the committee. On October 17 this committee, which was called the Gen- eral Agricultural Committee, met, pursuant to written notice, at the Agricultural College at Urbana. As a result of its delibera- tions, the following conclusions were arrived at: First: That conditions were most critical and the existence of the Agricultural College as a school of the first rank was at stake. Second: Any practical solution of the problem and the drawing of conclusions which could be sustained before the peo- ple of the state, would require extended and careful investigation which could not be carried out by a large body of men. Third: ‘That a small committee must be selected which should consist of representative men who would be able and will- ing to give the necessary time to a thorough and exhaustive in- vestigation, and that such investigation would necessarily re- quire an investigation of the institutions in the neighboring states 94 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. and a knowledge of the work done and the work planned in those institutions. Thereupon the following committee was appointed to under- take on behalf of the General Committee the investigation speci- fied : F. I. Mann, Chairman, Gilman, Illinois; Auditor of the State Farmers’ Institute. : Ralph Allen, Delavan, Illinois; Director of the State Farm- ers’ Institute. H. J. Sconce, Sidell, Illinois; Corn Breeder and Grower. C. A. Ewing, Decatur, Illinois; Attorney-at-Law and farm- er in a large way. W. N. Rudd, Blue Island, Illinois; President of Mount Greenwood Cemtery Association, Chicago, and identified with the ornamental branches of horticulture. Upon the fact of the appointment of this committee becom- ing known to the Trustees of the University of Illinois, they delegated two of their members, Mr. A. P. Grout, of Winchester, Illinois, and Mr. F. L. Hatch, of Spring Grove, Illinois, together with Eugene Davenport, Dean of the Agricultural College, to accompany the committee in their tour of inspection. Upon the completion of the inspection of other institutions, and after a sub- sequent thorough investigation of the College of Agriculture of * the State of Illinois, a meeting of the General Agricultural Com- mittee was again called, which was held at Urbana on December 8 and 9. At this meeting the report of the Sub-Committee was pre- sented and unanimously approved. ‘The Sub-Committee was continued and made a permanent committee by unanimous vote, with instructions to make public the findings in the report, and to promote in every possible legitimate way the strengthening of the Agricultural College of the University of Illinois in accord- ance with the terms of the report so accepted. The Work of the Committee. The committee at its first meeting decided that a knowledge of conditions in similar institutions in other states, as had been THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 95 pointed out by the General Committee, was absolutely necessary ; and that a proper investigation of other institutions required a knowledge of the scope of our own College, of the conditions now existing and, in a general way, of the demands made by the people of the state. A preliminary investigation of conditions at Urbana was undertaken by each member individually presumably in the line of supplying his own individual requirements. October 27, the committee, together with Dean Davenport and the two members of the Board of Trustees, left Chicago for Ames, lowa, examining the Iowa College of Agriculture at that place; thence going to Lincoln, Nebraska, for an investigation of the Nebraska State College of Agriculture; thence to Minneap- olis and the Minnesota College; then to Madison, Wisconsin, and the State Agricultural College of Wisconsin. Later a second trip was taken including the Michigan Agricultural College at Lansing, Michigan; the Agricultural College of the State of New York, connected with Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; the New York State Exeriment Station at Geneva, New York; and ending with the Ohio Agricultural College at Columbus, Ohio. The entire committee, as well as the two Trustees and Dean Dav- enport made the two trips with the exception of Trustee Grout, who was unable to make the visit to Lansing, Michigan, but cov- ered all the rest of the trip. After the return from the tour of inspection the committee met at Urbana and was in session almost continuously, days and evenings, for six days. Its work at Urbana consisted in a care- ful examination of the buildings, the equipment, and the scope of instruction, and a comparison with other institutions in the light of information acquired during the trip. The committee made it a special point to closely question the leading men in other institutions as to their own work, and also the weak parts of their organization, and the information thus gained was of much value when applied to the investigation of our own condi- tions. The chief of each department of the Agricultural College at Urbana was examined at length as to the needs of his depart- ment, and as to the conditions existing. The Dean of the Col- 96 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. lege was called upon to corroborate or modify the opinions of his assistants. All facts were weighed, statements were sifted, dif- fering local conditions between Illinois and other states were con- sidered, and the committee used its best judgment to separate and discard all fads and theoretical fancies: It had in view, first, efficiency, and, hardly second, almost equally economy. In other words, its attempt was to make such recommendations as would secure for the people of Illinois in its College of Agriculture, a great, strong, economically and practically organized public ser- vice institution which should work to the betterment of the whole people of our commonwealth. The Findings of the Committee. Having been so courteously received at every institution vis- ited, and so freely and so fully advised as to the details of organ- ization and management in each case, it would have been highly improper to make specific statements or criticisms. It may suf- fice to say in general that the committee found much to commend and much to recommend for adoption in our own College. It also found some things to criticize, notably in some institutions what appeared to the committee to be extravagant expenditure for buildings and for equipment. It found that the best work was not in all cases being done where expensive buildings and expensive equipment existed. On the other hand it found in other institutions where the buildings and equipment were inade- quate, that the work of a good corps of men was not so effective as it should be. Its findings are based on the necessity for a high erade staff, reasonably good equipment which will permit of ob- taining the best results of which the staff is capable, and of a suf- ficient number of plain, well built, substantial, but not high priced buildings to house the equipment and to furnish room for properly and economically giving the instruction and research demanded. | Guernsey—lIcydale (University of 350 days 320 days 240 days 335 days Lactation period, Lactation period, Lactation period, Lactation period, Illinois.) Lbs. Milk. . 7493 .6915 .6091 .8015 bbs. hac 392 344 317 387 ~ af * ' ~ ia a” as , aa Sa r ¢ — ale ' J ‘ ¢ yaa r an q : 4 A. . “aul s ¥ : F § . *. / ’ s “i 4 4 . _ é a. . 4 as ba 2 9 4 . ' id ’ ‘ f ; ra see 4 ' a ’ . « x % . - } « Jf ¢ . ¥, ww ‘ t . hs S 3 ena arti | ay | | _. UIVERsiTy’ nm > 4 : t a ¥.. 4 ri, + = a ei ’ ° ‘ . . 1 4 = Ps 4 r . é & - THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 97 Specific Recommendations. A careful scrutiny of present lines in which instruction was given and a study of the records of attendance, made it evident that none of the present lines could properly be discontinued. The committee also became convinced that the items included in the report under “New and Enlarged Lines of Work” were es- sential. It should be understood that not all of these lines are new, but that a part of them have been worked out in a small way and that the progress of agriculture and general science, and the demand from the people of Illinois requires their enlarge- ment along lines specified. . Classes of People in the State Benefited by the Agricultural College. It was understood by the committee that it might be claimed that an enlargement and strengthening of the Agricultural Col- lege was class legislation, and was singling out the farmer for benefits denied the other citizens of the state. Secretary Wilson of the Department of Agriculture has stated that eighty-five per cent of all the materials used in manufactures, are agricultural products. All of the railroads in the State of Illinois are depend- -ent for a large proportion of their earnings upon the transporta- tion of the farmers’ purchases from the cities. Every citizen of the state is dependent upon the farms for his food supply, and every move which increases the productiveness of the farm tends to increase the abundance of his food supply and decrease the cost of the same. In times of large crops the state is prosperous; in times of short crops the reverse is the case. It should be borne in mind that while trade and commerce do not increase the ag- gregate wealth of the country, but simply transfer it from one point to another, the farmer is a producer and that every per cent by which his crop is increased is so much added to the wealth of the state, and is, therefore, of an advantage to every other citizen in the state. | However, while in certain of the new and enlarged depart- ments of the college the activities will be directed specifically to 98 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION, the betterment of the farmer, many of them apply equally to every citizen in the state. Municipal and sanitary dairying, while incidentally benefiting the producer of milk, have for their object the purifying and rendering safe the milk supply of the state, and thus affect to a many times greater degree the inhabitants of the cities. Landscape Gardening, which has for its primary ob- ject the embellishment and adornment of the home grounds, affects each citizen equally. ‘The same applies to Floriculture. The raising of poultry is becoming more and more a work car- ried on in the suburbs and outskirts of the cities. The conserva- tion and increase of the forest areas, and the timbering of lands which are now waste touches all citizens both by the increase of resources and by the influence upon the water supply. House- hold organization and activities and household sanitation and health, are subjects which apply alike to every household in the state. The work of the College, therefore, both in a broad way, as has been shown, and in many specific ways, applies to all citi- zens of the state and cannot be regarded as favoring one class at the expense of another. It is a fair assumption that in the extent of money invested in agriculture and in the bulk of its agricultural products, Illinois leads all the states of the Union. The committee has given weight to this fact and yet has not attempted to create a com- petition in expenditures for agricultural education, or to recom- mend that our state make expenditures in proportion to those made in certain lines by states of lesser importance, but it has at- tempted to find out what is realy needed and to recommend such expenditures as will enable the College of Agriculture of Illinois to meet the proper demands of the citizens of Illinois. For the Committee, W. N. Rudd. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 99 GENERAL AGRICULTURAL COMMITTEE. Report of Sub-Committee. We, your committee appointed to visit the various Agricul- tural Colleges and to make comparative investigations of condi- tions existing, beg leave to submit the following report: At our first meeting to give general consideration to the mat- ter placed in our hands, it became evident that a close survey of the work in other states must be made. We, therefore, have visited the following institutions : Iowa State College of Agriculture, Ames, lowa. Nebraska State College of Agriculture, Lincoln, Neb. Minnesota State College of Agriculture, Minneapolis, Minn. Wisconsin State College of Agriculture, Madison, Wis. Michigan Agricultural College, Lansing, Mich. New York College of Agriculture—Cornell University, Ithaca. New York State Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y. Ohio State College of Agriculture, Columbus, O. The above list of institutions was selected to be visited as being considered typical of the various ideas and methods of in- struction and research which might be of most use in considering our Illinois problem. At each institution visited an attempt was made, so far as the time at our disposal permitted, first to make a general survey of the buildings, equipment and financial resources, and of the relative emphasis given the three different branches which must necessarily be embraced in the activities of all such institutions which properly fulfill their functions, namely, Teaching, Re- search and Extension (that is the carrying to the people and the putting in practical operation the results gathered through re- search and experimentation) ; second, to ascertain further, by discussion with the leading men of the institution visited, their general policies, separating those arising through local conditions from those of wider application. In every case we were shown 100 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. ” the greatest courtesy and afforded every facility for obtaining the information desired. At all institutions visited the prominent fact was the phe- nomenal awakening of public interest in things agricultural, the rapidly increasing number of students and the new lines of work everywhere demanded. At each institution was emphasized the necessity of a better and better class of men for teaching and research, and the grow- ing difficulty of obtaining and retaining them. Our unanimous conclusion is that of the three branches of work mentioned be- fore, teaching does and must stand first. Scarcely second in im- portance, and essential to the best teaching, is research; while without well planned extension work, much of the results and practical application of research does not promptly reach the peo- ple for whom it is intended. In no case must extension work be allowed to infringe on the other branches, as such a course will not only decrease the effectiveness in those branches, but ulti- mately lower the standard of the extension work itself. The above is formulated, not with the idea that the College of Agriculture of the University of Illinois is solely a teaching institution, or that it exists for research, or that its province is the dissemination of popular knowledge; but that it is, and ever must be, a great public service organization for the betterment of agriculture in its broadest sense and of the people engaged di- rectly or indirectly in agricultural pursuits. We have given especial attention to the subject of Domestic or Household Science, and our specific recommendations, to fol- low, have in view a radical departure in broadening and extend- ing the scope of that most important department. After returning from our investigation of the institutions in other states we have made a careful investigation of conditions in Illinois. We feel warranted in stating that the people of our state may take just pride in their Agricultural College, in its personnel, and in the work which is has done under difficulties generally unknown, but we must not be blinded to the fact that we now face the greatest crisis in its history. Seven years ago the College had 339 students. During THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 101 these seven years, it is fair to say that the scope of agricultural education has doubled, the directions in which instruction and research are demanded has more than doubled, and the students enrolled number nearly two and one-third times those of seven years since; while the funds and facilities available are practically the same as those of 1903-04. In this connection. attention is called to the following table, a careful study of which is invited: Growth and Funds of College and Station, University of Illinois. Federal Funds State Appropriation Students Graduating Graduate Year College Station College Station Registered Class Students erty os es $ 5,000 $15,000 7 2 0 1. 5,000 15,000 6 0 2 ea ae 5,000 15,000 13 2 0 Sa08 32.2. 5,000 15,000 5 1 2 -) Se ae 5,000 15,000 9 0 0 Seee 5...» 7,000 15,000 14 0 0 _ 2 7,000 15,000 17 2 0 - ae 7,000 15,000 19 2 0 SE ain > ame 7,000 15,000 25 4 0 ee 28,000 15,000 90 2 0 Re Fo 28,000 15,000 159 4 0 | ae 28,000 15,000 $ 8,000 $ 54,000 232 4 0 i 28,000 15,000 8,000 54,000 284 9 0 03-04. ....... 28,000 15,000 61,000 85,000 339 10 0 See 28,000 15,000 61,000 85,000 406 18 0 es 28,500 20,000 61,000 95,000 430 24 9 a 28,500 22,000 61,000 95,000 462 43 10 es 31,000 24,000 71,000 102,500 528 38 4 ae 33,500 26,000 71,000 102,500 531 54 15 _ 2) ee 36,000 28,000 55,000 138,000 660 49 23 5 38,500 30,000 55,000 138,000 662* ae *Will be at least 750, all told, before the year closes, besides 50 in the Academy. The average annual rate of increase in the number of students for the past ten years has been over 17%. On this basis, in two years (and before all buildings recommended can be completed) there will be over 1,000 students, and in five years there will be nearly 1,700. If the people of Illinois are to be effectively served as they have been in the past, immediate provision for not only present essentials, but for reasonable requirements in the near future must be made; otherwise our college will sink into the position of a second rate school, and our students seeking education must go to other states. 102 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. Other colleges and private commercial interests are making such inroads on our present efficient corps of men that addition- al funds must be made available in order to maintain the pres- ent efficiency. Additional instructors must be provided to care. for the more than doubled number of students and for the new lines of instruction demanded. More men must be had for re- search. The demand for extension work from almost every township in the state must be met by an additional force. New buildings and new equipment must be provided. The establish- ment of agricultural instruction in the public and normal schools of the state and the training of teachers in these subjects should be pushed as rapidly as possible. Passing every demand in review, and subjecting every item to the closest scrutiny with a view to strict economy, we submit the following recommendations, being convinced that none may be omitted or reduced in amount without serious damage to the interests at stake. New and Enlarged Lines of Work and Cost of Maintenance. Now. _ Prospective. PT RIOR Sd. Bde les aw Siete 2 3 $ 6,000 $ 10,000 Municipal and Sanitary Dairying ........ 5,000 10,000 CREE IAT SCV hs os x wuss Fae 3,000 10,000 Farm Organization and Management .... 10,000 25,000 SECA SOCMOUAR YY “Sig se oy As Dees 6,000 8,000 Perreuitural Education «o.50 0095.5. 33 10,000 10,000 Rignemcape: Gardening: «oo. fade ss wes ese 10,000 10,000 PRIS VEAP Ee Ss Soe 7,000 10,000 ieusrals Avchitecture 2. 27. c oes s eee 7,000 — 7,000 SMI thous |. Se eats hws pee Sepa am cco ee 10,000 10,000 PCM Se SOP Rye rae aN eee 10,000 25,000 Comparative APricoiure 5S ies 5,000 cai ac A RO 8 an ARI AD A TOE aR AS 3,000 10,000 Pune IN erithen! Se Se sa 10,000 25,000 Household Organization and Activities, Household Sanitation and Health...... 6,000 6,000 Aeticuitural Praxbension 03.0757 2 15,000 15,000 Harm: Wechanits oo ic ee ee 10,000 20,000 Titel os So cane emene pate Se nodes he $128,000 $216,000 THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 103 Total amount immediately required as above........ $128,000 Less amount covered under former appropriation.... 32,000 Net annual amount immediately required for new and RENCE OL WOTK .). oes = we eles ocsiep ee loans $ 96,000 Prospective amount for new and enlarged lines as te) 2s ae EME NL yal 2 cc choiciwraiein en aes $216,00 Less amount immediately required ................ $128.000 Net amount by which the immediate annual requirements must be increased in the near future .............. $ 88,000 Buildings. Repair Fund, 5 per cent of $295,000 invested in build- 2k as > pig Bee ba pen he's Wr ehage aa $ 14,750 Addition to Agonomy Greenhouse ................ 9,000 ST LIQUSE os. 5 ee de ie ee Oo ee 8,000 Present Glass Houses rebuilt and enlarged .......... 35,000 To complete Horticultural and Field Laboratory..... g,000 Addition to Agricultural Building, 100,000 sq. ft. .... 337,500 Re PNCIS oe ne ee eee pind 40,000 uemememmeating Bar 2.5... os eee eee 12,000 eo a a ks were 6 age Reeae 40,000 es in 50's Sx s ip wiv wn ck gneieew alk ws 15,000 ION ona ane en vine oe eo ee a wk oy we 100,000 Peetemivoout Farm ol... seek os phages 2,000 I ncn gS De hoe ba van wiles Ble 5,000 Alteration Farm Mechanics Building .............. 8,000 Total amount for buildings which must be built at Meee see sth ciesh ezlobty dad RE ALOE $635,250 Considering the fact that Household science has twice out- grown its quarters, and that the present rooms are entirely in- adequate for serving more than the present enrollment of 225, and considering the growing importance of a serious study of the home as an economic and social institution, the Committee rec- ommends that at the next biennium succeeding the coming ses- 1U4 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. sion, appropriations should be made for a building sufficiently commodious to provide for the adequate study of the affairs of the home whether by women or by men, and that such a building fully equipped should cost not less than $200,000. Equipment. RS PAL ABERO cig Sa Sn ah ox ocd hd woe eo $ 8,000 Sr ACE IS rg i 2 kd a Bh ee 8,000 OAS eres 5 Ti Abs wc ele Di des LEME Oe 12,000 PITA SF cto So v's Seok BOK cess a an, eae MEE 2,000 ee ore ae fee, et pee Tee 2,000 — $ 32,000 Parmar meecninery go0 1 fade Ser de uae tata 3,500 Total new equipment immediately required........ $ 35,500 Maintenance (Annually). be TT RT OM I aka PUES Ne ee Be baad. | $10,400 MRE EEY a ASPITI CEE YO Ss 57S tla a's twas’ ool cee 20,000 RRO SAMIR MATIC ES ff so ea OR cae oo ake 20,500 VO SS Ty Ee Se aa a Ste ah FORCE ATR 21,300 PMPIDAEN: RIENCE 6 en he ot a 2,000 PPM | CITI CG eae ini niint Bho a gh vie Mw! wil hate 5,000 alice PRN sOT, 3. Pea eke ee 9,000 Gemsenal OMICS: «05.6.0 lS cans cn oh 7,000 $ 96,100 Salaries. Total present salary of the teaching faculty......... $ 95,000 Vacancies and cost ‘of Alling... -°).)s4 3... 8,600 Increase necessary to maintain a body of first class men 15,000 Additional assistance because of increased number of etidcenias ies Se. Pie at on Se 16,400 Total amount required annually for salaries to continue the teaching work in its present scope. .$135,000 ~ — THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 105 Summary. Amounts required to supply the Urgent Needs of the Agri- cultural College of the State of Illinois: Annual Appropriations. es oa sg acy youn ey a HE . . $135,000 ee v's ss Gas gee etre we e. sete 96,100 Ge) 9 a 96,000 i 327100 Meauct Federal appropriation ................ $ 40,000 Total Annual Appropriations by the State...... $287,100 Appropriations To Be Made But Once. MMIMETICHIC Sa ee eee he ee tok an $ 35,500 NS eres oy. sO. parscice os ea plbkeg be 635,250 I s, Satht cs Aenea $670,750 Total appropriations to be made for the coming bi- SE GA. lea cab. To ooo titan, Oe $1,244,950 The Committee early decided that in view of the rapidly increasing number of students anything like temporary methods were not only inadequate and futile but were bound to result in a waste of money. Accordingly, the purpose has been to look ahead as far as may be in order that the recommendations may become a part of a comprehensive plan, and in several instances recommendations are divided between what must be provided at once on account of the life of the institution and those needs that are cleary coming in the future. The above may probably be made to cover the requirements for a period of five years. We believe it should be the policy of the college to take part in public exhibitions of an educational nature, but are firmly convinced that the established policy of not entering into com- petitive exhibitions should be commended and continued. The attention of fairs and expositions especially is called to the fact that the work of the collee and station affords much 106 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. excellent material for attractive exhibits, but that such exhibi- tions should be strictly educational and not competitive; first, because such institutions are established as educational agen- cies; second, because no basis for competition exists between educational exhibits; and third, because the support is all deriv- ed from public funds. The Committee has included no estimates thereof for defraying its expenses of competitive exhibits. The following table gives in comparative form as furn- ished to us, the most important facts regarding the other in- stitutions visited: How the Illinois College of Agriculture Compares With Its Neighbors. Number Stu- Stu- Value of College Station of dents dents Value of Live Funds Funds T’chr’s 1909-10 1910 Buildings Stock TEs d: Som aes $ 93,500 $168,000 49 683 ‘691la $295,000 $14,500 TNO. Gass 125,000 70,000 68 703b 700,000c 50,000 DR Gin ces do 8 105,000 65,000 41 225d 233,000e 27,000 Uk el 157,000f 66 ' 400g 620,000h 24,606 i) a $265,000 46 381 565 507,000 26,000 BETCHA, kas ene 285,000i 28,000 104i 479 268,000 24,000 te. Se ar 237,500 137,000 100 533 676 997,000k ts ae 166,000 30 475 526 230,000 25,000 ot Nagi 100,000 70,000 45 352 242,500 25,000 a—Not including 50 in the Academy, 100 above last year at the same date. 15 from foreign countries; 68 from other states. b—Of these, 137 in Domestic Science. Also 144 two-year students. c—lIowa Ag. Bldg. $370,000; is to build new building $150,000. d—Not including 390 in the elementary school. e—Stated that immediate needs are for $525,000 additional. f—Does not include buildings or repairs. g—One-half women, largely teachers. Also 800 in Ele- mentary school of Agriculture. h—New buildings amounting to $300,000 provided for and will ask for a total appropriation of $1,600,000. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 107 i—Not comparable as this includes non-technical teaching. j—Strictly comparable with Illinois. Includes College at Ithaca and station at Geneva, but does not include three Schools of Agriculture, nor $45,000 for State Veterinary College. Ask- ing now for $300,000 for the College. k—$1,602,000 yet to come under the plan adopted, not in- cluding Veterinary College $130,000. 1—The only institution not visited but included as it is in the class with Illinois. It should be noted that the amount recommended herein to be appropriated for new buildings at the Illinois College of Agriculture is less than 40 per cent of that provided for in New York and when the buildings planned in both states are com- pleted, New York will have $2.75 invested in buildings against $1.00 in [llinois, although her agricultural interests do not even approximate those of Illinois in extent. While not technically a part of the College, the work of the State Entomologist is so closely related and of such great importance to all departments of agriculture that we wish to bespeak most careful consideration of his requirements. We recommend the appropriation of $38,000 asked by him for this work. Respectfully submitted, F. I. MANN, Gilman, IIll., Chairman. RALPH ALLEN, Delevan, II. C. A. Ewing, Decatur, Ill. ie J. SCONCE, Sidell,- Tit. W. N. RUPP, Blue Island, II. On December 5 a meeting of the General Agricultural Committee was duly called and held at Urbana, at which meet- ing there were present representatives of the various advisory committees, agricultural associations and leading representatives 108 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. of agriculture. At this meeting the following actions were te Ken: The above report was read and approved. A legislative committee was provided for, which is to be composed of the special committee as above named, to which was added one member from each advisory committee, as fol- lows: J. P. Mason, J. Mack Tanner, Joseph R. Fulkerson. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 109" Wednesday Morning, January 18, 1911. President: The meeting will come to order. Dairymen who are interested in the milk testing and butter judging can step to the second floor where the work is going on now. Dr. Peters, who is scheduled for this morning telegraphed his train was three hours late. We have waited some little time but are fortunate in having Mr. Glover with us who will talk to us this morning and Dr. Peters will speak to us this afternoon. The Illinois Dairymen’s reports are here on the platform; if any of you desire them when the meeting is over, come for- ward and get what you want. Those who have not secured their membership badges, or who have not put their names on the roll can stop at the Secretary’s office and secure their badges. _ The meeting must start promptly this afternoon as we have quite a full program. I can hardly say anything new to you about Mr. Glover; you all know him. He has worked in the Elgin district for a great many years. It is a great pleasure to have him with us this morning. I will ask Mr. Glover to come here and talk to us. Gentlemen, Mr. Glover. : 110 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. THE RELATION OF THE DAIRY COW TO FERTILITY. By By A. J. Glover, Associate Editor Hoard’s Dairyman, Ft. Atkinson, Wis. Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen :—It is like coming home for me to visit Elgin. It was my good fortune to live in this city for three years and to labor with the dairymen of the State of Illinois for nearly four years. | I have often wondered if I did not learn more from you than you did from me. It is not necessary for me to say that I came here for the purpose of determining the relative value of the cow and to get the dairymen to understand the import- ance of knowing the ability of each cow in their herds. In my investigations I found good cows, fair cows, poor cows and cows ‘hat were worse than worthless. But I did not come here io talk to you about the kind of cows to keep, but their relation to fertility of the soil. | I cannot tell you the feeling I experienced when I first went to the agricultural college and was told that plants feed much the same as animals do; that in the production of a hundred bushels of corn, a definite amount of food is required. It had never occurred to me that cropping the land year after year would in time exhaust the fertility of the land, and if continued long enough would make the soil unproductive. As I advanced in the study of agricultural problems I found that the differeiit - systems of farming required different methods of soil tre tt- ment; that grain farming took more fertility out of the soil than live stock raising; that the dairy cow was the easiest upon the fertility of the soil; that she made the rotation of crops pos- sible and that she consumed considerable forage that has no market value without her. J want to take up the elements of piant food and do not want to weary you but I want to talk in as practical a way as possible. There are ten important elements of nlant food we must THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 111 have in the soil before we can grow a crop, and if the soil lacks in any one of these elements nothing will grow. These elements are: Oxygen, carbon. hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potas- sium, iron, caicium, magnesium and sulphur. Iron for ex- ainple, is an essential element but there is enough iron in Illinois soil to last thousands of years. But without iron in the soil no plants will grow. It is the chlorophyll that makes the plait: green, and without iron, chlorophyll cannoz be made. I might go 0. mentioning other seemingly unimportant elements of plant food, but I think it better for me to confine iny *emarks to the three most important elements or those which must con- cern the farmer, namely, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassiuni. These words may seem hard to some of you who have not heard them before. My only reply is, if they seem unreasonable why don't we have them taught in our sublic schools, they are no imoie difficult to learn than scores of the terms we learr in ariinmetic and never use outside the school house. For ex- ainple, the least cnumon multiple, greatest cowuro1 divisor, etc. I wili leave it to you what words are the inost inportant for the _ farmers’ sons to know. J will consider briefly the elements, nitregen phosphorus and potassium. Nitrogen forms about four-fifths of the air or a eee : heel ¥ F 5 ’ r »4 ; > 7 ; . ® t / i * ' " a : y 4 s . i : 5 : ‘ * 1 . 4 . s é e if wy § 4 i vis ) r 1 ‘ wy ‘ 7 ’ F ay rt, ; Ree ; te V ~~ a as Le i ' ‘ ; it be ; pit ate P “ ‘ ; ~ + i ” . 4 yt é #3 reas, Fone, ? ral ‘ i : F ” 1 : a x g rs s fy At Se Rea) | Fi ' , , by iso 3 ' . ; Mie i ‘ - J * i - a i : { ‘ ¢ 4 ’ <= ° ; ‘ \ THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 161 are not getting the profits they should get for the investment of time and money spent in the business of milk production. ‘There are several reasons for these poor results so frequently obtain- ed. One is inefficient cows; another great waste is in raising crops that do not yield anything like the maximum amount of digestible nutrients per acre that is possible to obtain. This is especially true in regard to the protein contained in the crops commonly raised on the dairy farm and so essential in the ra- tion for dairy cows. In many sections of the United States corn should form the basis of the ration, and the other portion should consist of some crop that is best adapted to balance the corn.. For example, an acre of timothy hay does not contain more than one-tenth as much digestible protein as an acre of alfalfa hay. Notwithstanding this fact, timothy hay is extensively grown on many dairy farms and fed to dairy cows. Condition. Found in Dairy Sections. A few examples may help to bring out the conditions ex- isting on some farms in the dairy sections of Illinois. Not long since, the speaker visited a large dairy farm in the Elgin dis- trict, where the tenant had been on the farm for fourteen years without sewing clover or other legume seed during this time, thus showing the same defect as system No. 1. Just across the _ road was a large dairy farm on which ten acres of clover were grown. In March this man still had the clover hay in his barn and was inquiring for a market where he might dispose of it, as he said he had so much corn stover he could not feed it out before time to turn the cows to pasture. He made a gross mis- take in not feding this legume hay, which would have taken the place of much of the high-priced bran, which he had been buying in large quantities all winter in an attempt to balance the ration for his dairy herd. Since there are many dairy farms in Illinois that approach these conditions, where the farmers attempt to go into dairying by simply putting cows on the farm without changing the crops raised, and continue indefinitely without attempting to adapt the 162 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. crops raised to the best ration for a dairy herd, it has been thought wise to show a comparison of results—the relative efficiency—of different systems of cropping on dairy farms. This has been done by figuring out the amount of nutrients pro- duced annually by the different crops in the various systems. From the results thus obtained has been determined the average amount of milk that can be produced by feeding these crops to good dairy cows under ordinary farm conditions. Four different systems of cropping have been compared, using in each case, 160 acres of good land and producing all of the feed on the farm, as this is the only way to make the four sys- tems comparable. The Four Systems of Cropping. Four acres of every quarter section as called for in the deed are used for public highways, and another four acres are allowed for buildings: and yards, leaving 152 acres for actual cultivation. The crops raised and the rotation practiced under each system are as follows: System No. 1.—Corn, oats, corn, oats, timothy, pasture, pasture, pasture. . System No. 3.—Corn, corn, corn, oats, clover, alfalfa, pas- ture, pasture. System No. 4.—Corn, corn, corn, corn, corn, alfalfa, al- falfa. The comparisons to be made here in detail show what one going into the dairy business may reasonably expect to accomp- lish from each of these systems; they should be of even greater value to established dairymen by pointing out the great advan- tage of raising the proper crops and adopting a good system of rotation, especially one containing a large acreage of legumes, preferably alfalfa, and also a large acreage of corn for the silo. Figuring the Same Yields in Four Systems. The entire farm in each case has been figured as tillable, and all the land of good quality and well drained. However, the THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 163 larger the proportion of untillable land in a farm, the more im- portant it is that the tillable area be devoted to intensive systems of cropping. In order to have the systems of farming on the same basis, it is necessary to take a definite yield for each of the crops raised. These are the same for all systems and no attempt is herein made to exhibit phenomenal or impossible results as the yield has been fixed as nearly as possible at the average pro- duction per acre for the different crops on the better class of farms of Illinois. Dairymen who have farms less productive, or who for any reason get smaller yields, must scale down the final results in proportion to the crops obtained, and those who can produce greater yields should raise the results proportion- ally. Showing Yields of Crops Raised, in Bushels, Pounds and Digestible Nutrients Per Acre. Crop. Yield per Acre Digestible Nutrients. Total Amount Lbs. Prot. Tot’l Carbo. Total Fat Total per crop Oat (erain).... 50 bu. 1600 147 THh7 67 971 166 Jaro 80 1621 Wat Siraw <:.:.. 1600 lb. 1600 19 618 13 650 Corn (grain) ... 55 bu. 3080 240 2054 132 2426 308 3350 160 3818 Corn stover.... 2 T. 4000 68 1296 28 1392 - Simeuly hnay.... 144. °T. 3000 84 1302 42 1428 Clover hay..... 2%, T. 5000 340 1790 85 2215 Altalta hay..:.. 4 T. 8000 880 3168 96 4144 cl) 5 a 160 585 45 790 From the foregoing table is derived the comparative value of the four systems of cropping from the standpoint of the pro- duction of food material for dairy purposes. ‘The table below shows the relative amounts of available digestible nutrients pro- duced by each of the four systems. System No. 4 produces 2% times as much as System No. 1. The total amount of digestible nutrients produced on a 160- acre farm, and available for cows under each of the four sys- tems, after allowing eight acres for roads, yards, etc., is , there- fore, as follows: —_— oy 164 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. Total System. Protein. Carbohydrates. Fat Nutrients fe desta BAe ec Ln en eta 26,804 192,460 I1,519 230,782 a eae Ma ay is Ae Gaited 35,024 255,479 14,158 304,661 PRP Bc Ye betes REE 48,850 296,204 15,143 360,197 Risse: OS eat 80,237 491,249 20,553 592,039 This shows in a striking manner the inefficiency of System No. 1, because of the comparatively large acreage devoted to crops yielding a small amount of nutrients per acre. In strik- ing contrast to this is the great amount of nutrients produced by system No. 4, devoted to corn and alfalfa, the protein being three times, and the total nutrients 2% times that produced by system No. 1. Systems No. 2 and No. 3 are intermediate be- tween these and show how a dairyman may gradually work his way, by a mere change of cropping, from the first to the fourth system, if a sudden change is thought too raidcal. System No. 4 requires more labor, but where this can be obtained and used to advantage this system will be increasingly profitable as land becomes higher priced. The figures here shown do not tell the full story because the poorer rotation will gradually run down the land so that it will produce smaller yields, while with the better rotation, land will tend to increase in producing power, growing larger crops, thereby increasing the pounds of milk and profit per acre, year after year. Poor Feed Lowers Production: Just Basis. As the main object is to show approximately the amount of milk produced per acre, under each of the different systems, it is essential that a definite basis of production per cow be used, and for this purpose in all cases there are taken good grade cows, weighing 1100 pounds, that will produce an average of 6,000 pounds of 4 per cent milk a year when well fed on a bal- anced ration, such as can be produced by systems No. 3 and No. 4. Under system No. 1, cows of this efficiency will produce only THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. “165 approximately 5,000 pounds of milk in a year when fed on the unpalatable and unbalanced ration, inevitably raised under this system. This is not only because the cows would be in poorer physical condition, but because they would consume less of these feeds. Cows of this efficiency would produce approximately 5,500 pounds of milk in a year when fed on a ration made of feeds raised under system No. 2. It must be borne in mind that in figuring the amount of milk produced per acre under systems No. 1 and No. 2, the cows are in each case charged with only the amount of feed required to produce the less amount of milk, and that the cows are not all fed the same amount of nutrients, regardless of their production. All Feed on the Farm—Other Conditions. To put the systems on the same basis, all the feed is pro- duced on the farm, and nothing but milk, old cows, and surplus calves are sold. A good pure bred sire is kept and the herd is made self-sustaining by raising enough heifers from the best cows 70 keep up the milking stock. As cows will produce, on the ~ average, for six years, this means that one-sixth as many heifers 1aust be raised each year as there are cows in the herd. In the calculations that follow it is figured that the feed for one cow, for one year will be sufficient to raise a heifer from birth to freshening at 2% years of age. One-sixth of the cows in the herd are to be sold each year and these would bring an average price of twenty-five dollars. The surplus each, for veal, would number ninety per cent of the cows in the herd minus heifers that must be raised to supply the herd with cows. Conclusion. Wonders of increased production have been worked on inany dairy farms by getting better cows; and it is here shown that amazing results may also be obtained by following a better system of cropping. It must be remembered that all results in this article are comparative. 166 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. ‘Yhe negative amount shown in the profit column of system No. 1 means that if all labor is paid for at market price there would be an indebtedness of $2.90, besides the miscellaneous expenses incurred in running the farm. Of course a dairyman inay be able to make some sort of a bare living by this system, but it is only by having the women and children do part of the work for which they receive no remuneration whatever. There at« dairy farms in Illinois conducted in this manner that do not pay & per cent interest on the investment, and this is not all, for the farm is continually running down in producing power, so that smaller and smaller yields will be obtained year after year, making this deplorable condition grow gradually worse. Sys- tc No. 2 has $772 to meet running expenses, system No. 3 has $i,936 and system No. 4 has $3,911, the larger portion of which is profit above interest on the investment, and pay for labor, in- cluding the proprietor’s at common wages. If, as is likely to be done on more intelligently conducted farms, better methods of breeding were instituted under systems No. 3 and 4, so as to increase the efficiency of the cows, there would be a much larger difference in the total returns than here indicated. Summary of the Four Systems. System. Nest.ini Nona: No.3) = Nora Lbs. digestible protein Meaiable i. ili o: 26,804 (35,024 . 48.850 oeae ILbs. total digesttme nu- trients available .... 230,783 304,661 | 360,197 592,039 Average No. cow. kept .. 317 429 54 84 Total pounds milk pro- Oia. | PEE ek te ge eae 158,500 235,950 324,000 504,000 Total value milk produc- Obs, Csteil. Ria: PES s/s $2,425 $3,610 - ° $4,957) mappa Total value of products . 2,627 3,882 5,301 “Syaeo Left for running ex- penses and profit ....... $2.90 $772 $1,936 $3,911 THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 167 The above table shows the relative efficiency of the four sys- tems. To indicate actual tested results as found by the Experi- ment Station in a full year’s record, in each case, six dairy farms of from 151 acres to 350 acres in the Elgin district, carrying from 43 to 80 cows which were much alike in production, yield- ed the following respective amounts of milk per acre: 994 pounds, 1,137 pounds, 1,341 pounds, 1,412 pounds and 2,145 pounds. Only one of these farms compares favorably with the second best of the four systems described in this address, and it produced about two-thirds as much per acre as the corn and alfalfa system. It must be considered that on these a large amounts of commercial feeds were purchased. Member: Tell us how to raise alfalfa. Prof. Fraser: It is a long story; alfalfa is being successful- fy raised in several counties in Illinois at the present time; you can grow it if you learn how. You must study the proposition. Member: Is it good to pasture alfalfa? Prof. Fraser: It is not a good thing to pasture alfalfa and it is not a safe thing to do. Member: What do you recommend for pasturing ? Prof. Fraser: The alfalfa will run to blue grass, then pasture it. | Member: What are the difficulties in raising alfalfa? Prof. Fraser: It is getting a stand. It is tender at first after three or four years it is tough. You must first get the ground clear of weds—weeds will choke it. Sow at the right time of the year. We sow the last of July or the first of Aug- ust. We have never lost a stand yet where we sowed it that way and had the ground properly prepared. It takes the use of the land for one year to get a stand. 168 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. Member: Does ‘alfalfa grow on sod? Prof. Fraser: You must have the grass killed out. AlI- falfa needs good rich soil to get started. Member: How about protecting alfalfa during the winter? Prof. Fraser: ‘The first year only it is necessary; we have no trouble afterwards. Member: Do you recommend top dressing for protection? Prof. Fraser: If it is a young yield you are apt to get some weeds in but it should have a stand of eight or ten inches in the fall before it stops growing. That will protect it during the winter. Member: Where is the best place to get seed? Prof. Fraser: We use the non-irrigated. Member: Is seed from N ebraska better? Prof. Fraser: No; get it as near home as possible. Member: Do you get a crop the same year you sow? Prof. Fraser: No. Member: I got five-eighths of an acre started this fall on my potato ground. The 15th of August it was about a foot high, and I wonder if it will stand the winter. Prof. Fraser: You must not cut it, leave it. You must arrange to cut so that it can grow eight to ten inches at least. It is such an excellent crop all dairymen ought to learn how to grow it. It is worth as much as bran. Member: Would your milk test as high? THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 169 Prof. Fraser: Yes; there is no difference. This is an im- portant subject. Member: Do you disk alfalfa? Prof. Fraser: No, we do not, we use spring tooth har- rows. Governor Hoard doesn’t think it needs cultivation much. In Illinois and in Wisconsin the blue grass fairly runs it out. If you want to continue alfalfa six or eight years you must culti- vate it to keep out the blue grass. Member: How old must alfalfa be to cultivate it? Prof. Fraser: It must be large enough to stand cultiva- tion; not the first spring, the second spring cultivate it as much as you can without injuring it. Member: Do cows fed with alfalfa give a richer milk? Prof. Fraser: It makes more milk. Member: Do butter and milk keep as long? 3 Prot. Fraser: Yes, I think they will. If you are cleartly _ about milk it will keep just as long as it will on any other feed. Member: Will the milk have the same proportion of but- ter fat? Prof. Fraser: Just the same. Mr. Newman: Any other questions? We are through then with this subject and I want to thank the Professor. Of course every year this Association meets somewhere in the State and we will have just these same kind of papers. They are published and our stenographer takes down every paper and -you are welcome to these books so far as they go. Any one who will read them we will be very happy to hand them to. The taxpayers pay for them and they belong to you. 170 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. Dr. Russell, who comes tonight to talk to us about Tuberculosis, stands at the head of his profession in this coun- try, and that means at the head of the profession in the world. You cannot afford to lose this talk. This is a very important subject. The cattle are at the slaughter house and if you wish you can examine them before they are killed. Just ask to see them and you can examine them all you desire before they are killed. They will start to kill at 10:00 o’clock. Those that leave here will find cars in front of the Coliseum at 9:30; after that they will run as often as necessary. ; Do not forget the program for Thursday afternoon, we shall get back and discuss the question of this post mortem; we ° shall show here the report of the condition of the results. We shall have a good program for tomorrow afternoon. I want to thank you for sitting as long as you have this afternoon. The meeting will stand adjourned. —————— THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 171 Wednesday Evening, January 18, 1911. —_—_—_——__.. Vice President: We will come to order so that the ex- ercises may begin on time. ‘Tonight we are going to have a quartet of boys that will give us some music. Vice President: I would like to say that the place for hold- ing the tests tomorrow has been changed. It will not take place in the building north of us, on account of the large number wish- ing to attend we have found it better to hold it at the Kerber Packing House. This will give every one an opportunity to see how it is done. I have heard a rumor tonight that some people are afraid of this test, that there is something to be put over some one. The Illinois Dairyman’s Association is simply an educative body ; this test is done purely to show the farmers how it is done and _ what the results are. We are not up against any political situa- tion; we want you men to use your own judgment. Report has come that there was a committee to report on this test. It is not so. There is nothing to it. You will go down and see it and hear what Dr. Scott will tell you about the post mortem. We will come back here and you can ask Dr. Scott any questions you may wish to. Do not get scared; educate yourselves, that is what this is done for. Tonight we have with us one of the most learned men we have in agriculture in this whole country. The Association always tries to bring to communities men that have an excep- tional reputation, and I will venture to say, there is no man in any country on the face of the globe that is more able to discuss this with you than is the speaker of this evening. The State of Wisconsin stands with its University in the front ranks, and the gentleman who comes to us tonight is the director of that Agricultural College. I have the pleasure of introducing to you tonight Dr. Russell, Dean of the University of Wisconsin, who will speak to us. 172 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. TUBERCULOSIS IN OUR HERDS. By Dr. H. D. Russell, University of Wisconsin. Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: ‘The question, as I understand it, under discussion for tonight and one which in- terests this community and this state to an unusual degree is the question of tuberculosis in our herds. It is, therefore, incumbent upon us to approach this ques- tion in a fair and dispassionate manner. There is no necessity for any alarm or misunderstanding on the part of any one. What you want as dairymen, what you want as raisers of live stock, or as consumers of dairy products, is simply to know the facts. All I shall try to do tonight is to put before you some of the most prominent facts regarding tuberculosis. There is so much misinformation carried on in the papers at the present time that the rank and file of dairymen are apt to get a wrong understanding of the facts relative to this ques- tion of bovine tuberculosis. We shall deal with facts and if at any time a question arises in your mind that you would like to ask I shall be only too glad to be given the opportunity to answer it. In the first place, as I said before, there is a great deal of misconception relative to the effects of this disease. The paper tonight makes statements that I would be very glad to take up and discuss if I had that paper before me or if I knew what those statements were, but statements are made of this char- acter, that the tuberculin test produces tuberculosis and that it is the cause of spreading tuberculosis, which is entirely false. After the use of the tuberculin test for eighteen years in the State of Wisconsin I know what I am talking about. There is not a year but what we test every animal at the University, THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 173 not that we expect we have tuberculosis; it is simply a measure of live stock insurance. During the past eighteen years we have not had one single animal that has shown the disturbance; there are no ill effects of any sort, either temporary or permanently with reference to any animal in that herd. That illustrates only one of many instances which indicates that the application of the tuberculin will not produce tubercu- losis. It will not cause disease of any kind. It will not affect their well being even. to the extent of disturbing the flow of milk. 3 Many persons would lead you to believe that this is a scien- tific fad; that this is a question brought about by the scientists to give them a job. If you go down tomorrow to the Kerber Packing House and see the actual condition before and after these animals are salughtered, I will leave it to you to answer that question, if it is a fad or not. Tuberculosis does not arise from any condition of environ- ment; no matter how unsanitary and dirty stables may be, how they may lack proper ventilation, how much you over-feed or under-feed, you cannot produce tuberculosis by these surround- ings; but after the tubercular bacilli germ has gotten into your herd these’ conditions facilitate and hasten the spread of the disease but it cannot produce it, any more than you can grow corn and barley without planting the seed in the soil; that is the characteristic. You plant that seed in that soil and it does not grow until conditions are favorable; when conditions are favorable you get the natural growth. You plant tubercular bacilli, it is nour- ished and you have all the proper conditions for nourishment. It grows slowly as most of the contagious diseases do, but it will spread. It may take years to produce the death of that animal and that fact makes us feel the danger of that disease less than other classes of disease. This disease is the same kind that affects other kinds of domestic animals and I think right here is a good place to say a few words as to the relation this 174 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S.ASSOCIATION. bovine tuberculosis bears to tuberculosis in the human. Some- times it passes from the bovine to the human, although gener- ally it is from human to human; but we have not time tonight to deal with this important sanitary relation. The question with you is an economical question. We will lay down this fundamental proposition: Can you afford to let tuberculosis go on without attempting to stamp it out? How does it get into our herd? This disease cannot originate, it is brought into our herd by some germ, and it is introduced into our herd in ninety-five cases out of a hundred by taking in ani- mals that are affected with the seeds of this disease but not ad- vanced far enough so it is noticeable to ordinary inspection. Under these conditions you buy an animal supposing that animal is healthy; there is no man living that can detect this disease where it is based upon physical symptoms in the earlier stages. We buy and sell these animals in the earlier stages with- out being able to detect the disease. It makes no difference whether you pay two or three hundred dollars and hire a sire or whether you go and buy a springer for a period of time. It comes in a majority of cases by introducing an animal affected in the earlier stages. It has been true in our own state over and over again. Out of 263 herds I inspected I traced the original in 260 herds to the purchase of animals from outside sources. That has led us in Wisconsin to put upon our Statute Books a law which compels the testing of animals for dairy purposes so with each cow there is a clean bill of health. Could we have gotten that law in the start in Wisconsin? We certainly could not; that law is there because of a campaign of education, not compulsory education but more particularly brought about by the agricultural colleges. We prepared bulletins and distributed them widely through- out the state; these were illustrated and made as attractive and prepared as thoroughly as possible. What was the result with that kind of a paper campaign? We were getting an appropria- tion of a thousand dollars a year, and then it came to my mind if we were going to do anything toward putting out this fire THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 175 we must use measures that appealed from an economic point of view. We started in on an economic campaign and brought this matter to the attention of the farmers by doing just what you are going to do tomorrow. By holding these campaigns or meetings throughout the state and letting the farmers see the animals before they were killed and letting them see the actual condition of those animals afterward. When good fat steers which would have topped the market were killed and the internal organs were found saturated with disease they became convinced, as in no other way, of the gravi- ty of this proposition. What was the result? A change from a paper to a demonstrative campaign. 3 The first year after this we tested nine thousand, the next year twenty-two thousand, the next year thirty thousand and last year fifty-five thousand, and since the first of January, IgI1, there have been twelve hundred and sixty herds tested in the State of Wisconsin, over a hundred herds a day. We shall probably have several thousand animals tested voluntarily as the result of this educational campaign. Under these conditions the farmer has seen the gravity of this proposition and he has become convinced of the necessity of taking hold of this proposition. You are touching the sen- sitive nerve and the nerve that runs to our pocketbook and we are responding. If you can see this from its economical aspect you will take hold of this question for yourselves. How can you tell whether your herds have tuberculosis or not? ‘here is no liv- ing way except by the application of the tuberculin test. With all of the mistakes that have been charged against the tuberculin test and to the fact that it produces disease, yet, in the face of all that, I am willing to stake my reputation that there is no known way superior to the tuberculin test. It does not produce the disease. This test enables you to separate the animals, those which are in the early stages and those which are in the advanced stages of the disease. In the earlier stages, as 176 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. I said before, it cannot be recognized by any known physical methods. | Now all animals which respond to the tuberculin test are not necessarily dangerous at the moment, for the tuberculin test picks out these animals in the early stages, long before phy- sical evidences are apparent and long before the animal itself is actually giving off tuberculin. This test enables you to detect those animals which six months from now are going to become dangerous. Suppose it only told you the animals which are in the advanced stage, it would be useless for us to cope with this proposition. Due to the fact that the tuberculin test separates one class from another it becomes possible for you to further prevent the disease spreading in your herd. If you bring into your herd a pure bred sire which is af- fected in the earlier stages, it is simply a question of time be- fore that diseased animal imparts this disease to its fellows. If those animals do not occupy the same stalls it would not be as rapid as if they did. After the advanced stages the animals ad- jacent will become most affected, by drinking out of a common water trough, by licking each other in the pasture. Under such conditions it will spread from one to another until a consider- able number become affected. This is the experience of the Wisconsin farmer. Some years ago one of our short course students went down into the southern part of this state and hired to a man who had one of the finest herds in the state. This young man said to this farmer: “Have you ever tested your herd?” The farmer said: “T do not believe in testing my herd; it is one of these Tommy Rot schemes and I do not take any stock in it.” The young man said: “I do; I have seen animals tested for tuberculosis and when ‘they were killed they were found to be in a horrible state. [I am satisfied there is something in it. Will you let me test your herd?” The farmer replied: “If you want to I will give you your time and you can spend two days in making the test.” He performed the test in that herd and of the sixty in the herd twelve responded. When he brought the record sheet to his THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 177 employer and showed him that some of the healthiest of the herd were affected the farmer said: ‘Those are my very best animals; they are perfectly healthy.” The farmer further said: “Tt is useless for you to say anything more, I will not dispose of those animals.” What did this man do? The matter ran along for three or four years. Some of the animals began to grow thin and not do well; their milk flow began to fall off. This condition prog- ressed rapidly until some of these animals were nothing but skin and bone. They caughed almost incessantly and were finally put out in the back pasture, and the farmer said: “We will shoot those animals and get them out of the road.” One of those animals was opened up and in the lungs were found the visible signs. Then he finally called in the city veterinary to make an examination of the herd. This examination was made four or five years after this first examination. In the meantime his herd had grown and he had between fifty and sixty reacters. That is the story which any man can experience. This is only one of many cases where a man deliberately shuts his eyes and says there is nothing in this question of tuberculin testing. | You have only got to follow that policy and that same kind of a story will be told. The only way you can know is by the application of this tuberculin test. If you have it in your herd that is the kind of a history you will have. That comes through the purchase of an animal affected in the earlier stages. If you take that milk to a creamery, or if you are shipping that milk into Chicago or if it is going the length of this state this problem does obtain, the question is what kind of skim milk do you return. It is the milk of all the animals that contribute to that creamery. Suppose there are a few herds that have gotten that disease and you have not, is not this an opportunity for the introduction of this disease into your herds? It cer- tainly is through the cans in the process of separation and in the cream as well as the skim milk. This is the medium of a still further spread of the disease. 178 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. | I have in mind two creameries which were close together ; one had twenty-five per cent and the other thirty-one per cent of the animals they received the milk from react to the tuberculin test. Young calves reacted. Ordinarily speaking, the young stock does not have it nearly as much as the older ones; it is usu- ally those that are fed on the skim milk. I took twelve calves and placed them in a tuberculin barn and in six months time four were condemned and only fit for fertilizer; the disease had progressed in an unusually short time. Generally it takes from three to four years. This method of bringing to our farms the diseased cattle is the main way in which the disease is introduced into our herd. When it is once introduced it slowly spreads. In the early days the breeders were the ones to blame more than any one else, not because the breeders were more prone to the disease but it gave a better opportunity for its distribu- tion. We got this disease from the older countries; in Wisconsin we got it from New York or Pennsylvania. They in turn got it from Holland and the northwestern part of Europe. You can trace this thing back from time to time, due in every in- stance directly or indirectly to a previous case of the disease in the cattle. It is by no means confined to cattle. Hogs are more prone than cattle to this disease; one feeding of infected milk is suffi- cient to give them this disease. I have known of a bunch of hogs that received one feeding; those hogs were killed inside of fifteen days and we found visible signs of the disease. Hogs fed on skim milk are prone to acquire this disease. This dis- ease 1s increasing greater among swine than the dairy cattle. One thing, we cannot use this tuberculin test on hogs. We are, therefore, powerless until those hogs are slaughtered. We find this disease increasing among the hogs and it comes to a great degree from associating with tuberculos cattle. Not only may the diseased organism develop within the system of the animal, but how does it find its way out. It is important that THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. e: 179 we know those things, gentlemen. How did our generals in the Civil war handle the enemy? Did they attempt to cover every portion of the enemy? They fortified the lines, the bridges, the roads, the railroads, in order that they could use their ar- tillery to the greatest effect. We, in order to use effective measures, must concentrate our artillery. The tubercular organism is found in the internal ofgans of the body, the liver, the lungs, the spleen and even the muscular portions may become infected. ‘That organism goes on, multi- plies and develops until those lumps break down and produces pus, in appearance not dissimilar to that you find in a boil, al- though it is not quite as soft in character. This material, when it is forced into the lungs, produces irritation. It breaks out on the outside, or it works inwardly and that results in a cough and so this material is coughed up just the same as in the case of a human being. The sputum is the danger to the commu- nity. The animal, however, the bovine does not expectorate, but it is forced out in the act of coughing and it goes through the animal into the manure and the manure is rich with these germs. ‘The coat of the animal becomes covered with this ma- terial and it drops off into the milk. Then again it may come through the milk itself; where the disease progresses and develops in the body it reaches a point where the lymph glands are affected, the blood vessels and the lymph glands. The milk itself at the time it is drawn may contain the seeds of the disease. So with a child where the milk contains these germs it passes to the child. With a grown- up person there is no danger if they are healthy, but with a baby it is different. Thus it is our duty to see that our milk is free from these organisms. The problem rests with you whether that milk does or does not contain the seeds of disease which are liable to produce this disease in the child.. You have, therefore, this expulsion, in the cough, in the manure and through the milk supply. In the case of the milk if it is consumed by the animal or by your child the liability of 180 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. infection exists. You have the infection of the food box, the watering trough in the barn yard which is visited by other ani- mals and in this way the disease finds its way from one to the other. | As I have said several times, the only way you can cut out this thing is by the application of this system. The simplicity of this test is so great it can be readily applied by any one who has had any experience. The veterinary stands ready at any time to make this test, but the demand is so great that it has become necessary for us to teach students how to handle this thing and become efficient in its use. There are at the present time hundreds of non-professional students testing our herds in order to detect the presence of this disease. Your state should take hold of this thing and consider it from the standpoint of the public welfare. Here is a question you face as stock brokers. Our knowl- edge has come to us within the last ten or fifteen years. In many states this progressive legislation has been put in force. It encourages the farmers. If they find that tuberculosis does exist, the state steps in and takes care of the infected animal and gives a partial compensation. In our state three-fourths of the value, so if an animal is appraised at $50.00, the owner will receive $37.50 and thus lose $12.50. Will you stop at that $12.50 and say you will not take hold of this thing because you do not get full value? What is its value? It has no value. If the disease is found to be in the early stages its meat value is unimpaired, but in the later stages it is of no value whatever. Suppose you say you will not do that. What will happen? Your case will be the same as these other cases I have told you of. That disease is going to spread until it may possibly wreck the entire herd. I know one herd that spread it to sixteen other herds; it spread into Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois and other states and it drove three men into bankruptcy. This disease had been THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 181 brought into every herd by purchasing a few animals from this one herd until they found their whole herd was affected. Not only is it a loss from a dairy point of view, but when this condition is found out then it becomes absolutely necessary to deal with it. No one would willingly consume the products from animals that you knew were affected. We have found that an ounce of prevention was worth more than a pound of cure, not only in the human family but in the bovine family. By acquiring this knowledge for yourselves you will find yourselves voluntarily taking hold of the matter for the sake of the herd itself, because you cannot afford to carry your own insurance. You do not carry your own fire insurance. At an expense of a few dollars this mutual fire insurance carries a risk upon a large number of the farms. What about the live stock insurance? All that it requires is the application of two days time, the application of the tuberculin at a small expense com- pared with the value of the stock. Is it not worth ten or fifteen or even twenty dollars to know whether your herd has this dis- ease or not? The paying out of a small amount of money will enable you to answer that question satisfactorily. If the tuberculin test is properly applied and you find you do not have this disease, you will experience a sense of relief. If you find you do not have this disease you will run a greater risk when you buy animals and bring them into your herd with- out testing them. No one should think of doing a thing of this sort. It is almost impossible to buy without picking up this disease. In the southern part of our state three years ago there were twelve per cent that responded to that test, that has been reduced down so that now on an average not more than two or two and a half per cent are found. We find only very little of the dis- ease. They are taking hold so vigorously, whole counties are having their herds tested and finding only from one to one and a half per cent; ten animals in a thousand. When we began this campaign in Wisconsin the majority of our dairymen took the same attitude as you do. They were 182 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. opposed to this. We have gone on, however, preaching this campaign along the lines of education, showing the people on the Missouri plan and the result has been as I indicated. We tind under these conditions instead of being a detriment it has been the source of the greatest profit. ‘There are thousands of Collars coming in on account of what we have been doing. A man came in the other day with a letter from a Chicago man to buy two hundred head of cattle. He said he had looked around the country. He was offered a herd at a very low price and he went to inspect the herd. He told the man he would take his animals if he would guarantee them to be free from tuberculosis. ‘The test was applied and no response was found. He did not take those animals and you may say that the man made a mistake. ‘There was evidence in his mind that those animals had been plugged, so he decided to come to Wisconsin and make his purchase. He would not buy those animals. {f you plug an animal you cannot get a satisfactory test. [,et me tell you something that is well worth knowing. If you apply the test today you inject under the skin the tuberculin, you have got to have this expelled from the animal before you can reinject and get a satisfactory test. You will not get a positive response so every one may be easily misled under these condi- tions. The only thing you can do is to have the test made under such conditions that there has been no opportunity for plug- ging. The way we do when we purchase an animal, we put that animal in a barn separate from the others and allow a safe time to elapse before we apply the tuberculin test ; sixty days is a safe time. What is the result? Although we buy animals from the outside we have never had in the eighteen years I have been connected with the college one single case of tuberculosis. The only way is simply by this test. We prevent its entrance in this way. If there are dairymen here who are interested I think we can consume the time very profitably by asking questions and I will answer them to the best of my knowledge. What is a ques- tion in your mind is one that I may not have considered at all. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 183 President: ‘The Professor is here to answer any and all questions; do not be afraid to ask even the simplest ones. Member: If I had a stable in which tuberculosis animals had been confiened, how would you disinfect that stable? Dr. Russell: That brings up one of the most important questions. If you have gotten tuberculosis the barn itself be- comes infected. You must disinfect that barn before it is oc- cupied by another herd, and you have the same conditions that you would have with smallpox or any other contagious dis- ease, the disease is again produced. ‘The only thing you can do in this matter is the same way as in the home, disinfect that building so as to destroy the seeds of this disease. The next question is how can that be done? If your building is tight enough, it is possible to use a gaseous disinfectant, otherwise you must use a liquid disinfectant. There are a wide variety of these disinfectants; most are satisfactory, but they are ex- pensive. My mode of treatment is this: First remove all the loose rubbish, all manure and all material which can be easily removed. Any rotten woodwork must be removed. After this loose material has been removed, then apply to the surface of the soil a wash of a disinfectant made of carbolic acid or cor- rosive sublimate. 1-1000 of a grain will kill these organisms in one minute’s time. This should be applied around where the head of the animal has been most particularly. In the general interior of the barn apply a solution of milk of lime. It is made by taking lime and slacking it and adding sufficient water and straining through a strainer. By using a spray pump it can be applied thoroughly to the walls and ceilings so as to fill in the cracks even. Generally speaking, the floor and stalls will be the points where there is the greatest accumulation. Out- side of the barn the best agent is the direct sunlight, if it falls upon it, but if it is covered with manure then it does not de- stroy. The danger of the pasture infection is small. This is our mode of thorough barn treatment. Member: Do not cattle tested in the spring and then turn- ed out to pasture sometimes recover ? 184 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. Dr. Russell: In the human it is curable, but in the bovine and in the hog almost incurable. Tuberculosis will remain for years and years, even though it may be latent, but it will work out when conditions become unfavorable. Say that five out of twenty react, then you test them again in sixty days and you find three out of twenty react, two have ceased to respond; that is when it has been walled off in the body of the animal. The reaction is due to the fact that the tuber- culin is dissembled through the body. If this walling off pro- cess has been shut off you would not get a response. You would assume it was a cure, and then if you killed the animal you would find out your mistake. It might go on for months and possibly a year. We find that tuberculosis passes from the la- tent to the acute form after the animal has dropped her calf. Member: You referred to a proper test; what is a proper test for the application of tuberculin? Dr. Russell: The temperature of a human being at nor- mal is 98.6; it fluctuates from one to two degrees higher in the bovine. It is, therefore, impossible for us to rely upon one single temperature. You will find some people have done that and made a mistake and assumed one temperature represented the normal. The temperature of the cow may fluctuate from one hundred to a hundred and one or even a hundred and two. That necessitates the taking of a number of temperatures be- fore you inject the tuberculin; that number should not be less than four at intervals of two hours apart. Let me describe the mode: I should begin by dinner time, take it at 12:00 noon, at 2:00, 4:00 and 6:00 in the afternoon, make the injection at 8:00 in the evening for the reason that it takes from eight to ten hours after the tuberculin is introduced before there is any response. If you made that injection at noon you would have to be up all night working in the dark. If you made it at 8:00 in the evening you could go to bed and stay until 4:00 o’clock the next morning. There will be no rise for about eight hours THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 185 after it is introduced. Take those temperatures again at inter- vals of every two hours until there is a permanent decline. In the case of a non-reacting animal about one and one-half de- grees and in a reacting animal in ten hours it would begin to go higher, perhaps to 105, 106 or even 107 degrees; it would remain there for a while and then it would begin to go down. Of course this takes some experience. For instance, conditions might vary, if you should take a bunch of Jerseys, or, in fact, any cows and take them out and let them take in a large quan- tity of ice cold water, it would lower their temperature from two to three degrees. Member: What is your opinion of the ocular test for diagnosing tuberculosis? Dr. Russell: There have been two or three different kinds of tests. The gentleman speaks of the ocular system which con- sists of taking a drop and dropping in the eye. Where that test has been applied it has been found to be so sensitive that it ‘is not regarded as satisfactory, but it 1s as reliable as the sub- cutaneous test; that test is sometimes applied to hogs. Member: Is the pasteur vaccine reliable? Dr. Russell: The manufacturer of tuberculin by the U. S. Government by Mulford, Alexander, Park Davis and others who are interested in this work is all right. There have, how- ever, been instances where this tuberculin that has been made by these proprietory concerns has been found to be impotent. Several years ago a large quantity was found to be of no value. I know of no case within the last two or three years. We use that which we make ourselves, but I>have no reason to believe but what the pasteur is as good as these others. Member: What is your experience of the Bang system of testing reacting animals? Dr. Russell: The Bang system rests upon this fact, a tubercular animal will drop a calf perfectly healthy. There are 186 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. only twenty cases on record where calves have been tubercular at birth; that is the same condition in the human, the child does not have it when it is born—it acquires it. Ifa calf is free from disease and the mother is not it must be separated from its mother, and must either be fed upon the boiled milk of the mother or the milk of non-reacting animals. This test is of great value if you do not want to kill the animal. I have tried it in a number of herds and it has worked successfully. Sup- pose you find a large percentage of the animals affected, you can then apply the Bang system if you have a place to keep these calves; after you have built a healthy herd, dispose of the diseased animals. I have tried that system with perfect suc- cess. I have had several animals that were worth four or five hundred: dollars and in the course of two years we have built up a healthy herd on this diseased foundation. Member: Does the Bang system aim to cure the cow? Dr. Russell: There is no known cure for this disease. The one that was accepted in the newspapers a year or two ago was a failure. I know of no method of vaccination which is effica- cious. Member: Do you consider the test absolute? Will they always react in the advanced stages? Dr. Russell: I do not consider it absolute. I did not say so, but it is far superior to any other method. ‘There are cer- tain conditions when it will not give the correct answer. Occa- sionally when the animal is in the last stages, the injection of a small quantity will not be sufficient to give you a response. It is like the morphine eater, each time you must have a larger dose, a dose which at the outset is too great. When an animal is in that physical stage that it will not respond the possibilities of taking the disease is very great and any person with experi- ence is likely to be able to detect the disease from the physical appearance. The response is due to the reaction. When the THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 187 diseased germ has just been introduced, before it is time for the disease to have been formed, then you will not get a response. The response is due to the reaction. You take into the body of the animal the tubercular baccilli and it will take ten days to get a response. During that period you will not get a response because there is no tubercular system where you can get a sharp response. Where animals have been just exposed but are not actually diseased you will not get a positive reaction. Member: I have heard it said that in the advanced stages there might be a reaction in less than eight days. Dr. Russell: Where there is any reason to expect that there is an advanced stage of this disease you can frequently tell in two or three days. I heard a man say he got a response in four hours, but I have never come in contact with anything of. the kind. Member: How much tuberculin do you use on a six- months-old calf? Dr. Russell: Generally speaking two cubic centimeters to a thousand pounds of live weight; but the matter of dosage is not very important. Member: When tuberculin is injected into the body does it not hasten the disease? Dr. Russell: It does not produce any effect. It does not hasten or cause the disease to progress more rapidly than it would otherwise. Member: Why is it in some instances where the animal has responded that in two months later it will not react? Dr. Russell: I answered that question a while ago. You must allow a sufficient length of time to elapse between the tests, and you cannot always get a response until after sixty days has - 188 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. elapsed after the first injection before you repeat the dose. Some animals eliminate faster than others. In our herds we never fail to get a correct result when it is applied to reacting animals after three months’ time. It is of more value in the initial use. Member: How much of a rise in temperature would you regard as a tuberculin reaction? Dr. Russell: It should be at least two degrees. You are getting into a class of questions that are becoming difficult. It is necessary to know the history of the herd, and, in fact, all the possible data that you can acquire; it assists you greatly. Nine-tenths of the tests are not averages, the averages are the interpretation of the man who makes the test. It is very neces- sary that you should have full and complete data. So many take one or two temperatures before injection. If an animal ranges from 100 to 103 degrees you might get an average, yet it might have tuberculosis. It is the fault of the way in which you apply the test. Generally speaking, however, the difference should be at least two degrees. Another thing the temperature practically always goes to 104 degrees. In the case of most animals it will go considerably above that. ; Member: Suppose your first temperature after the first in- jection was high, say 105 degrees, would you condemn that animal? Dr. Russell: I should be much inclined to think that that was not a tuberculous reaction, especially if that was the only animal. I would be less positive if there were other animals. Generally we get two or three temperatures. Member: What danger do we run in putting this tubercu- lin in healthy cows? Dr. Russell: As I said at the outset I do not know of one case where it has produced any trouble in the animals. I know of one case, but it was not the fault of the tuberculin, it was THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 189 the fault of the party making the test. They died of blackleg. You might use a foul syringe and have blood poisoning set in; that infection does not come from the tuberculin unless it has been exposed to the air. Never use clouded tuberculin; always have your tuberculin clear. Member: Do you test once or twice a year? Dr. Russell: If you have no tuberculosis in your herd see that you do not get any. It is not necessary to test more than once a year, but as a precautionary measure you ought to test once a year. If you find tuberculosis do not let it go a year; make a test every four or six months. Get your herd free from tuberculosis. After you are certain it is free the application need not be made oftener than once a year. Member: How can you detect the different stages? Dr. Russell: It is absolutely impossible. The earlier stages will give you just as strong a reaction as the more advanced stages. Member: How is the ordinary farmer to know whether the test has been properly applied? Dr. Russell: For the ordinary farmer to inform himself through the bulletins from his experimental station how it ought to be done. If his veterinary doesn’t do it in the right way, jack him up. ! Member: How can the disease in the skim milk be made harmless ? Dr. Russell: By leaving your skim milk at home. Another way is to heat the skim milk so you kill the germ. Keeping it at a temperature of 140 degrees for ten minutes will kill the germs. In some states the law requires them to pasteurize the skim milk. Mr. Newman: I belive we have had a good discussion, and I think we will have to call this meeting closed for tonight. 190 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. Thursday Forenoon, January 19, 1911. TUBERCULIN DEMONSTRATION Conducted by Dr. John Scott of Peoria, IIl., Assistedsby Dr. W. W. Welch of Elgin, IIl., and Prof. H. L. Russell of Wisconsin Uni- versity, Madison, Wisconsin. The feature for Thursday was the tuberculin demonstra- tion. As an educational feature and a demonstration of the tuberculin test as a means of discovering the presence of tuber- culosis in cattle, the Association arranged to have five animals, three reacters and two non-reacters, slaughtered, the test to be conducted in an entirtly impartial manner, let the results be what they may. | Dr. John Scott of Peoria, Ill., conducted the test and was assisted by Dr. W. W. Welch of Elgin and Prof. H. D. Russell, Dean of the College of Agriculture, University of Wisconsin. The details of arranging the test and the results are best told in the sworn statement of those who had it in charge: The Illinois State Dairyman’s Association:—I would re- spectfully report that on January 11th, 1911, I received in- structions from your Vice President, Mr. Joseph Newman, of Elgin, to take what steps were necessary to procure five milch cows for your tuberculin test and demonstration, advertised for January 19th, 1911, at Elgin; three of said cows to be those reacting to the test and two to be those which did not react. I accordingly secured a dairy of twenty-four cows and arranged for testing them and to purchase five as per my instructions. On Thursday, January 12th, I started test, completing said test on January 13th, using Pasteur tuberculin. The following is the report of each cow: At 7:00 p. m. January 12th, each cow was injected with 21% c. c. of Pasteur’s tuberculin. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 191 fan. 12, 1911. Jam 15, FSir. No. 12m. 3pm. 6pm. 6am. 8a.m.10a.m. 12m. 1. Durham Cow.101.6 104.1 101 101.6 101.4 101.4 101.2 i i 2, Durham Cow.101.2 101.6 101.2 102.2 102.4 102.6 103.6 a wurham Cow.101.4' 101.4 101°6 105 105.4 105.6 105.4 4. Durham Cow.101.2 101.8 101 102 101.8" 202 102 K. 5. Durham Cow.102 102 102.4. 107.8. 1O1.6+ “OP: irs K. 6. Durham Cow.102 102.2 . 102 105.2> 105.4 105 104 7. Durham Cow.101.6 101.2 101.4 102 101.8 101.6 101.6 K. 8. Durham Cow.101-4 101.6 102 106.2.::105.4)- 105.4, 10532 9. Durham Cow.102.2 102.6 102.4 102 102.4 102 102 K. 10. Durham Cow.101.6 102 101.4 105.4 105.4 104.8 103.6 12. Durham Cow.101 - 102.2 102 102.6 102.4 102 101.6 K. 13. Durham Cow.101. 101.4 101. 102.6 101.6 101.6 101.8 K. 14. Durham Cow.101. 102 101. 105 105.4 6 6 15. Durham Cow.101.6 101.6 101.4 104 105 105 105.4 6 4 woe Pk PR ODDS 16. Durham Cow.101.4 102 101.6 106.2- 106.4 105.6 105.4 17. Durham Cow.101.4 101.4 101.4 102 101.6 102 102 K. 18. Durham Cowl01.2 101.8 102 103.6 105.2 106 106 19. Durham Cow.101.2 101.4 101.4 103.8 104.2 105.8 105.8 20. Durham Cow.101 102 101 102 102 LOL. 21. Durham Cow.102 TOES. TOL. 102 101. 101. 22. Durham Cow.101.8 102 101. 104.2 105.4 104. 103.6° Zo, ream Cow.101.6 101.6 101. 104.8 105 104. 104.6 24. Durham cow.100.6 101.4 101. 103-<8) £052.2>-105 105 25.Holstein Heifer101.4 101.4 101.2 104.6 106 105.6, 106-4 101 101.6 for) co CO ~ OO ane Dk DD O. Ss. x O. O. ».« O. ».¢ O. x O. O. 105.4 105 Xx Xx x O. x x O. O. x Xx x ».¢ O. K.—Passed. S.—Suspicious. X—Reactors. No. 11. Preliminary temperature was too high for a test. From the above I selected No. 3, No. 15 and No. 25 for the three that reacted, and No. 5 and No. 13 for the two that did not react, and had these five removed to my own barn on Satur- day, January 14th, and from there to the Kerber Packing House the following Wednesday evening and Thursday morning. On Thursday at 10 a. m. about five hundred farmers assembled there to see the animals and examine them, after which they were slaughtered, one at a time. At the time I tested them each ani- mal was plainly marked with her number on her rump with white paint, figures about five inches long, hence it was easy to follow each one by number. The test from the five as you will note from the first table was: 192 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. Jan. 12, 1911. Jan 413; 792 No. 12m. 3pm. 6pm. 6a.m. 8a.m.10a.m. 12m. 3. Durham Cow.101.4 101.4 101.6 105 105.4 105.6 105.4 X 5. Durham Cow.102 102 102.4 101.6 101.6 101.4 101.4 O. K. 13. Durham Cow.101.4 101.4 101.6. 102.6 101.6 101.6. 201LJ890O) Be 15. Durham Cow.101.6 101.6 101.4 104 105 105 105.4 X 25. HolsteinHeifer 101.4 101.4 101.2 104.6 106 105.6. 305.4: No. 25 was the first killed, Dr. John Scott of Peoria, IIL, and Professor Russell of Madison, Wis., conducted the post mortem. On account of the size of the room only about seventy- five farmers could crowd into it, hence as each animal was killed the internal organs were exhibited to those outside and later on at the Coliseum, where Dr. Scott and Dr. Russell explained to about seven hundred dairymen the disease, tuberculosis, and the tuberculin test. The post mortem showed a number of unmistak- able lesions in the form of a large tubercular abscess in the liver and slight lesions in the medeistinal glands of cow No. 25. Cow No. 3 was the next slaughtered, the liver also showing well marked lesions, in the form of a large abscess, very much broken down. | Cow No. 15 when slaughtered revealed numerous tubercular lesions in mesenteric glands. Cows Nos. 5 and 13, which did not react to the test, were then slaughtered and carefully examined, no lesions of tubercu- losis being found. From the above it will be seen that when a reliable tubercu- lin is honestly used by one who knows his business and is done in a careful manner, it is the best known method for determin- ing which animal is affected with the disease, tuberculosis. Respectfully submitted, W. W. WELCH Veterinary Surgeon. Elgin, Ill., Kane County, ss. W. W. Welch appeared before me this 28th day of Febru- ary, 1911, and affirmed the above report and statements made therein are true and correct. E. F. MANN, Notary Public in and for said County and State. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 193 DR. JOHN SCOTT. Peoria, Ill... April 25; 1911, Illinois State Dairymen’s Association : : I herewith submit to you my report relative to the tubercu- losis post mortem demonstration on cattle held at the Kerber Packing Company plant near the city of Elgin, IIll., in January, 1911, during the annual meeting of your Association, the post mortem being conducted by Prof. Russell of Madison, Wis., Dr. Welch of Elgin, Ill., and myself. Five cattle were presented for slaughter that had been sub- jected to the tuberculin test by Dr. Welch, three of which had reacted to the test and two had not. Of the three that reacted, two proved, on post mortem, to have tubercular abscesses of the liver, in one of them a considerable portion of the liver being involved. In the other animal the disease was in the incipient stage but nevertheless a typical case, the mesentery or web of the bowels containing numerous miliary tubercles. The two animals that had not reacted to the test were then slaughtered, with the object of proving to those present the re- liability of the tuberculin test, and to show that where there had been no reaction from the test, there would be no disease, and this was fully demonstrated as both animals were found to be in a perfectly healthy condition. The result of this demonstration and the findings on post mortem should, it seems to me, prove to any reasonable and fair minded person the value and reliability of the tuberculin test in detecting the presence of the disease in any animal, but more especially in those where the disease is in the incipient or early stage, and where post mortem findings have repeatedly demon- strated that it would be absolutely impossible to diagnose the disease as being present from a physical examination. JOHN SCOTT, Assistant State Veterinarian, State of Illinois. 194 ILLINOIS STATH DAIRYMEN'S ASSOCIATION, State of Illinois, County of Peoria, ss. John Scott, who signed the foregoing statement and report of demonstration, appeared before me this April 25, 1911, and made oath that the said statement and report so signed and sub- scribed by him was true and correct to the best of his knowledge, information and belief. | J. B. WOLFENBARGER, Notary Public in and for Peoria County, Illinois. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 195 PROFESSOR H. L. RUSSELL. Madison, Wis., March 8, IgII. Illinois State Dairymen’s Association: In connection with the report submitted by Dr. Welch, rela- tive to tuberculosis post mortem demonstration held at the Kerber Packing House near the city of Elgin, in January, IgI1, I would state that five animals were killed that were reported as having been secured from a herd which had been tested by Dr. Welch, three of the animals having been condemned on the basis of reacting positively to the tuberculin test, two having been slaughtered which did not react. These animals were killed on the killing floor of the Kerber Packing House, but this space was too small to accommodate the crowd,-and as each animal was killed, the internal organs, including the pluck and bowels, were removed and carefully examined by Dr. Scott, Dr. Welch and myself. Portions of this viscera were then placed in pails, the pails being numbered to correspond to the animal so numbered, and taken outside of the building where they could ‘be examined more particularly by those in attendance. Owing to the inclemency of the weather, it was deemed advisable to transfer this material to the Coliseum in the city, where further details relative to the diseased tissues and the general subject of tuberculosis and the tuberculin test could be more satisfac- torily discussed. In these cases, I affirm that the record of post mortem lesions as detailed by Dr. Scott, is correct, and that two of the animals (Nos. 3 and 25) showed marked liver lesions, while No. 15 was evidently tubercular, but not so well advanced. The other two animals (Nos. 5 and 13) which had failed to re- act to the test, but were killed for the purpose of checking the results, showed no lesions whatever. The post mortem was, to my mind, a thoroughly satisfac- ‘tory demonstration of the value of the tuberculin test to detect the presence of the disease in the animal where the disease was 196 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. not sufficiently advanced to permit of its recognition by the use of the ordinary physical means of diagnosis. It should have been a conclusive proof to any fair-minded person of the efficacy and value of the tuberculin test as a diagnosis of this disease in cattle. H. L. RUSSELL, Dean of the College of Agriculture of the University of Wis- consin. Madison, Wis., Dane County, ss. H. L. Russell, who signe dthe foregoing statement, ap- — -_peared before me on this 8th day of March, r911, and affirmed that the report as signed above was dictated by him, and the statements made by him are to the best of his knowledge and belief true and correct. IDA HERFURTH, ~ Notary Public in and for said County and State. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 197 Thursday Afternoon, January 19,1911. President: Professor Russell is here prepared to answer any and all questions you may ask him and I hope you will not hesitate to ask about anything you want information on. Member: Is every M. D. able to make this test? Professor Russell: The veterinary profession are taught how to do this; certainly they could not do it without being taught. The younger men have had much more opportunity than the older men, but any old practitioner can learn to do it. The veternary profession are competent as a rule. Member: From your experience do you consider this test has been carefully taken? Professor Russell: The record is absolutely indisputable. Neither Dr. Scott or myself.saw the animals yet the record showed those animals were affected. | Member: In what way would that first animal infect oth- ers? Professor Russell: It is dangerous when this abscess is broken down. When that stuff gets in a dry condition it can be conveyed from one to another when the particles of manure are dry so that the tuberculin gets on them. It may be taken by hogs, it may find its way into the milk supply and go to the city and infect children, the creamery or cheese factory and go back to farms through skim milk. Member: Is there danger of transmitting the disease by means of the water bowl in the barn, the individual bowl? Professor Russell: No; because the water comes up. In the common water trough there is greater danger. That is one of the most serious ways of infection. 198 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. I have in mind a case where there was a herd of twelve animals, they were divided into two parts and each six animals kept separate from the other six animals. In one side a tuber- culin animal was introduced and every animal on that side ac- quired the disease and in the other side three out of six had it. They got it from the common drinking trough by this animal drooling into the tank and the others drinking out of the same trough. They can get it even though the animal does not come into direct contact with the other animals. Member: Suppose your individual bowls are connected with the same pipe? Prof. Russell: There is an element of danger in that of course. Member: Suppose we had a herd of twelve and only one reacter. If we killed that one would that prevent the spread of the disease? Prof. Russell: Yes, by disinfecting the barn and the stall. One of the conditions in which tuberculin test does not give the proper answer is the time between the taking in of the diseased germ and the period of incubation, the disease has not developed. There is a period of a few weeks’ time that that animal will not react because there is no tubercular tissue. You let that animal stay until the tuberculosis tissue is there and then you will get a response, therefore my course of action would be this: Suppose you have twenty-five in your herd and find ten react. You take out those ten, yet there is a possibility that some few of the fifteen inhaled the germ. I would retest that herd every three or four months. If I did it now I would retest them in May, that is a sufficient time. If there are any animals which are going to respond you would get them on this test. You see, if you have gotten tuberculosis in your herds it requires the examination and the elimination of the reacters and then a retest a few months later. After you have eradicated the dis- ease a test every year or two is sufficient. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 199 My experience is that an animal that has once showed a sign of tuberculosis is a source of danger at any subsequent time. That virulence of the tubercular germ is so great that the animal once affected has a very slight chance of recovery. Occasionally you get cases where an application of the tuberculin test fails to give a positive response. That may be due to the fact that the disease is being held in abeyance. I know such cases as that where this latent tuberculosis has broken out again so when the test was later used they responded. Where there is once a reaction it becomes a ticklish matter to leave such animals in your herds. Member: If a cow is tested and reacts, if she is inoculated in from two to four weeks would she react again? Prof. Russell: No, that is not a sufficient length of time to eliminate the tuberculin that was put in in the first time. That period of time we cannot definitely fix, it varies from thirty to sixty days. I should not advise retesting a herd within sixty days; after sixty days you can retest it with safety. You cannot tell until then that the elimination is complete. When you ap- ply a retest you use a larger dosage. Member: Is there any way of telling whether a cow has been tested first? Prof. Russell: None at all. That constitutes one of the most serious difficulties that we have to contend with. . There are unscrupulous men in all communities that if they have a tuberculosis animal, they will pump tuberculin into it before they sell it. In Wisconsin we have penitentiary laws against it. Member: Does this tuberculin have any effect on the quali- ty of milk? Prof. Russell: None whatever. I have drank milk during the process of testing without knowing the difference. Occas- ionally where you bring strangers into the barn you may get a 200 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. slight variation in the flow. It does not change in quality be- cause the animals are being handled by men with whom they are not familiar. Member: Do you know of any instance where the test has been properly applied and on the postmortem examination you have not found tissue tuberculosis? Prof. Russell: I have had two experiences, lesions I could not find, where these tubercular lesions have been found in un- usual parts of the body. I had a case a few years ago in one of these public post mortems; there was not the slightest trace. I had as many people as I had today. I was up against it. I could not explain why that tubercular lesion was not found, but in cleaning that animal I got in the middle of the back and inside of one of the vertebrae was one the size of a walnut. That ex- plained the whole thing. Another instance, when we came to skin the animal around the forepart of the leg was found tuber- culosis of the bone which showed tuberculosis which ordinarily would have been overlooked. Those cases happen, although rarely. Usually you will find them. This has been tested most carefully by competent persons and an exhaustive examination has been made and in 98 to 99 per cent of the cases the evidence of tubercular lesions have been found and demonstrated. Member: If any one makes a test irregularly is it a State prison offense? Prof. Russell: In Wisconsin it is, but not in all the States I_ believe. Member: What do you do with your reacters? Prof. Russell: We give a man one of three options. The animal is appraised, these appraisers being neighboring farmers who have no financial interest in the herd. They are then turned over to the State Veterinary and are sent to the Federal Packing House at Milwaukee, LaCrosse, or the nearest point where THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 201. there is one, and are there killed under Federal inspection. If suitable their meat is sold for meat; if not, tanked and con- demned and three-fourths of the appraised valuation on the value of $50.00 per cow returned to them. Another option if those are beef animals in the best of con- dition, he can send those animals and take the full beef value. I remember of one instance of where a fat steer sold for $82.00 where it had a small lesion, that would be the option in case of a beef herd. The third is the retention of animals in quarantine under the Sanitary Board, breed up a herd on a diseased foundation; cows that are worth three or four hundred dollars. You can get a healthy calf every time if you separate that calf after birth. Feed that calf upon boiled milk of its mother’s or other animals. In that way the widest possible latitude is given the farmer to handle this himself. Member: Is Illinois in danger of getting bad cows from Wisconsin ? Prof. Russell: I presume Wisconsin farmers ship stock to Chicago even if they know they have tuberculosis, but a great proportion is done under the auspices of the State because it is helping the people to get rid of this disease. The majority of the people are honest. Here and there, of course, will be men that are dishonest. There is nothing to prevent it, but the great majority is done under the State auspices. Gentlemen, that is what any State has got to do. It is not a question of politics, it _is a question of facing a great proposition and meeting it square. If you will help to clear up this thing the State will stand behind you and share the burden. ; Member: Can our State of Illinois do anything as long -as the farmers are against it? Prof. Russell: They are against it in so long as they don’t know the facts of the case. Such demonstrations as this we 202 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. have today do more to put the farmer right than all of the urging and talking that can be done. My advice would be to carry on this campaign of education. In three years’ time if you are not co-operating you are different from what we are. We started in Wisconsin four years ago. Prior to that time we were getting only about a thousand tested a year; the next year we got 20,000, the next year 30,000 and last year 55,000, and, gentlemen, this calendar year in the State of Wisconsin we will have over 100,000 head of cattle voluntarily tested. The first twelve days in January we tested 1,260 head and there are at least ten in a herd. We are 50,000 doses behind; we cannot get it or buy it fast enough. We are getting all the United States Government can furnish us. We have bought 25,000 doses from proprietory concerns in the United. States. That is the result of an educated campaign such as this is. If you would carry on this educated campaign you would find your people would rise and respond and would want to take care of it for their own good. I do not believe there is so great a difference between Wisconsin and Illinois. Remove this from politics and get down to bedrock. Member: What per cent did you find in Wisconsin were affected ? Prof. Russell: When we began five years ago about twelve per cent of all animals. It is less than two per cent now;; it is going down. The result shows now that we have gotten prac- tically on top. We have found the worst places and put those fires out. The last Legislature passed a law that no animal can be sold in Wisconsin for breeding or dairy purposes unless a clean bill of health goes with that animal. In a year or two we will be on top of it. Some man will say: “You still have it with you.” Have we not got smallpox in spite of the fact of vaccina- tion? Some people will not be vaccinated. It is unwise to have compulsory testing at the present time. The time may come; it will, however, be the biggest mistake you can make. Why? Because the whole system would break down. With our 1,200,- THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 203 000 cows to enforce compulsory testing it would take too many veterinaries. It takes two days to make a test of 150 herds if a veterinary did nothing else, and say there are ten to a herd, you can see how many this would take, so compulsory is en- tirely out of the question. The way for this to go is for every man to learn how to test his own herd, then he becomes a con- vert and in no other way will he become one. We have twenty-three cities that prevent the sale of milk unless it comes from tuberculin cows; in Milwaukee there are some tuberculin ordinances under which they are operating. Member: Could we not go into Wisconsin from [llinois and buy animals that have not been tested? Prof. Russell. Yes, if you are a big enough fool to buy un- tested cattle. “Member: Is a man a bigger fool in Illinois than in Wis- consin? Prof. Russell: No, neither are honest. | Member: A man told me that he had 70 animals tested and none reacted, so he came to .the conclusion that it was a fraud. Prof. Russell: You cannot go in any old dairy district without finding tuberculosis. The only place you will not find it is in the back countries where there are none of the pure bred and no animals have been brought into that section. Some moun- tains in Pennsylvania and in Kentucky they have scrubs and you would not find tuberculosis. You go into any old dairy section where they have been breeding up their herds, Jerseys, Holsteins, -etc., and you will find tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is no respector of persons, whether beef or dairy. We have more in dairy than in beef; it is because of the greater opportunity of the develop- ment of the disease has been present. In the human in certain sections of the city among the people who live indoors are more 204 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. susceptible to tuberculosis. They have been exposed to more of it. The dairy animals are more likely to have it than animals in the open. Member: Have you any law in Wisconsin prohibiting the sending of infected animals from Illinois into Wisconsin? Prof. Russell: We have learned that trick. We have stopped that so far as possible with legislation. If you will tackle that proposition to make the railroads also responsible for carrying that stock without a clean bill of health and have every railroad pay the fines for disobeying that law it will help this along to a wonderful extent. It is not done as much as it was because many of the railroads have had to pay the penalty. You say, how can you clean it up? By preventing more from coming in. You must not have Illinois a dumping ground for Wiscon- sin or any other state. You must not let them come in unless they can give you a tuberculin certificate, unless they come in to be slaughtered. If you do you are going to get tuberculosis as sure as the sun will shine tomorrow. Member: How near the time of freshening can you make a test? Prof. Russell: It can be applied to within a few days of calving. The physical process of calving is such a strain she is liable to fluctuations. Again, the test should never be applied when an animal shows a feverish condition prior to the pe tion, the test should never be carried on. Member: Did our committee on investigation come up to see you for information or write you, the Legislative Commit- tee I mean? Prof. Russell: I cannot answer that question. I recall no correspondence. It is barely possible I did receive a letter last year from some one of the State Live Stock Commissioners asking some questions, but no committee has ever visited us to THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 205 secure any information as to how this work was handled in Wisconsin. Member: Salvation comes to the man who helps himself sometimes. Prof. Russell: My experience is that there is only one answer. I have not seen a bunch of men, no matter how much they were opposed to this, where they have camly set and thought this out and seen these animals before and after injec- tion, but what they have not become convinced there was some- thing in it. This method is so far superior to any other method that, personally, I am willing to trust to this method in prefer- ence to anything else. The Milwaukee Ordinance, which has been confirmed in every case all over the United States, the universal testimony in every court is that the tuberculin test was the most reasonable and sensible way that was ever devised. The Supreme Court of Wisconsin confirmed that decision last week. Member: Our committee has reported the state of [llinois prohibit making such laws. Prof. Russell: I do not see on what basis such a report was made. Member: At what stage of the disease does the cow in- fect the milk? Prof. Russell: Whenever there is visible tuberculosis of the udder, the milk under such stages contains tubercular or- ganisms. I have a case where one teaspoonful injected in the guinea pigs killed those animals in four weeks. Don’t misun- derstand, all animals that react actually deliver tuberculosis germs; they do not. Only five per cent have tubercular affected udders. There are a small amount of animals that deliver it through the milk; the manure is often the cause of affecting the milk supply. Any open case of tuberculosis might affect 206 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. the milk supply. I do not want to tire you in regard to this matter, but I am willing to continue it as long as you are inter- ested. Any other questions? Member: The tuberculin test would not cause the cow to lose her calf only through the shock; that is why you do not use the tuberculin test just before, is it not? Prof. Russell: I have never had a case where the tuber- —culin test has produced any undesirable result. I have known of some instances, but in my experience it has not been true. Member: I know a man who lost two-thirds of his calves from animals that were tested. Prof. Russell: If you test all of your animals you could not tell whether it was contagious abortion or not; sometimes it runs through the whole herd and you cannot control it. It might in your case be contagious abortion. Member: If this milk was boiled from the reacting ani- mal would it be harmful? Prof. Russell: If you boil the milk and keep it to a tem- perature of 140 degrees or higher for ten minutes it will kill all the tubercular bacilli and this renders the milk perfectly harmless. Member: In the eastern states after using the tuberculin test they have abandoned it as impracticable. Prof. Russell: Tell me where. Member: In New York, in Boston and in England. Prof. Russell: New York first passed a compulsory law about ten years ago. They started on Cape Cod; they tested their animals, and what was the result? There was no public sentiment behind the law; they spent over three-quarters of a THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 207 million dollars in two years’ time and then they finally wiped the law off the statute books. They have done nothing since. You must first have a campaign of education. Their mistakes fifteen years ago led us to adopt a middle of the road policy, so gradually we have gone forward with a campaign of education before a campaign of compulsion. If we had followed Massa- chusetts or New York we would be in the same condition they are in today. Member: We tried that fifteen years ago. Prof. Russell: The law is no good unless you have a pub- lic sentiment behind it. You can only enforce a law when yqu have public sentiment behind it. Member: Have you ever had any bad effects from an over-dose ? | Prof. Russell: Any variation within a hundred per cent I have never found to have a bad effect. Where you use a re- test we employ a double dose if that test is given within six months. President: There must be some other questions. Mr. Walker: Do you know how the matter of vaccine is against tuberculosis? Prof. Russell: At the present time there is no method that is beyond the experimental stage. My experience has been that it did not prevent the development; that it actually gave animals tuberculosis that did not have tuberculosis before. I might say, however, there may be developed a system of vac- cine which may be of some service. ‘The above vaccine is used as an experimental proposition. Mr. Newman: Just to give you a chance to rest I want to come before you as a tax payer. This is your test; it is your 208 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. money that is used in conducting it as tax payers. I would like to ask you if you approve of this practical work, or would you prefer to have papers read. _ The Illinois State Dairymen’s Association gives you this test without costing you tax payers but a trifle; possibly this work of yesterday and today will cost you five cents. Do you consider this work of sufficient importance to ask the Legisla- ture to be generous with us? I make that as a motion. The motion upon being duly seconded was carried. President: Mr. Newman, I want to thank you and the gentlemen here for the support you have given me. Some of my best friends thought it was a mistake to have had it but as it will not add one cent to the expenses of this meeting and only cost you a trifle in taxes I wanted to make the experiment. While I have tried to do what I could in this section and in this state | wanted to know if I was working in the right direction or whether you wanted simply fine talk and language or whether you really wanted this work, and I thank you for the support you have given it. Are there any more questions? Member: If you have an animal in a warm barn and take it out will that produce tuberculosis ? Prof. Russell: Gentlemen, I answered that same question last night, but for the benefit of those that were not here last night I will answer it again. The cause of tuberculosis is this tiny organism which is always present in a case of tuberculosis. You cannot introduce tuberculosis without that germ. The rate at which the disease develops may be influenced by the environ- ment, any condition which tends to lower the vitality. It re- quires in every case the association of the diseased organism be- fore a case of tuberculosis can be produced. That may come from direct contact and it may come from indirect contact, where a barn is infected with tubercular animals and they are token out and another bunch brought in, the diseased germ may THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 209 be there. The same condition of things obtain, these are living germs; they have the same law that governs man. Member: Is a person liable to get tuberculosis by catching cold? Prof. Russell: No person acquires tuberculosis by catching cold unless the tubercular organism is in the system at the time. Tuberculosis is the most frightful malady we have, one-seventh of the human race die from this and one-third between the ages of fifteen and forty-five die of this disease. Proper care must be taken of the sputum. Probably everyone takes in tubercular — organisms but the resisting powers of our body help us to throw it off. If you catch a cold that diseased condition lowers the vitality of the body so that at that particular time the tubercular organism may get into our systems, therefore you do find fol- lowing a long cold comes the development of tuberculosis which would not have developed had not the person caught that cold at that time. Member: If you have not tubercular organism in your herd, if your cattle do catch cold they would not acquire the dis- ease? You say climatic conditions will not originate the dis- ease; is it beneficial to go to some other warmer climate? Prof. Russell: It used to be considered necessary to go to New Mexico, California or some other warm climate. That is the worst thing you can do if you have got tuberculosis. Why? Because in the first place generally the person dispose of all they have got to go there, so they are not able to leave under favor- able conditions. Second, you associate with persons who have that disease, and third, it is not necessary. One can be helped in Illinois just as well as he can be in California. Moreover, if you do affect a cure in one climate you must remain in that cli- mate in order to keep that cure. The modern mode is to remain in the same climate in which you contracted the disease. There are many places right around here that you can go to to be helped, Ottawa, Illinois; Wales, Wisconsin, etc. You will find 210 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S. ASSOCIATION. persons living outdoors; they are day by day being healed of tuberculosis under these conditions. It is possible in the early stages for a cure to be effected so far as the running of the dis- ease is concerned. If the person would lead the right kind of a life the chances are he will not die of tuberculosis. I know scores of people who are apparently well men, just as healthy as I am. Member: Can we cure it in the cow?. Prof. Russell: No; the cow is so much more susceptible than the human. You take a human and a bovine strain un- - checked, thus in mice, calves or monkeys, and you will find in every case the bovine strain will produce a much worse type than the human. Member: Will the application of the tuberculin test cause any ill effects on a healthy animal? And by drinking the milk of a healthy animal where the tuberculin test has been applied will it cause any ill effects upon the person drinking that milk? Prof. Russell: Absolutely none at all. Member: What is the best time of the year to make the test? Prof. Russell: In the winter or the cool months of the year. Why? Because the conditions are better in the cool months than in the summer and because during those months those animals are in the barn most of the day. In the winter the animals are under normal conditions. When the animals are used to the grass they are nervous or excited, therefore the great bulk of our testing is done between October and May. President: I do not know how we can thank Professor Russell for this most interesting talk. I see in the faces about me that we have enjoyed this very much. We have some business that we must take up. At this point I would like the Chairman of the Resolution Committee to come up here and give us his report. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL. CONVENTION. 211 Mr. Newman: For this great work Dr. Russell has done for us today and yesterday I move that we all rise and thank the Doctor for his great work that he has given us today. President: That is unanimous; some are standing on chairs. Prof. Russell: I assure you it is just as much a pleasure for me to be here as it is for you to have me. If there is any- thing I can do south of the border line it will be done as willing- ly as the north. | 212 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE REPORT. President: We will hear from Judge Lynch now. Judge Lynch: We first wish to recognize and here give testimony to the fact that this, the Thirty-Seventh Annual Con- vention of the Illinois State Dairyman’s Association, is the greatest in the history of the Association. The meeting has been gratifying in every particular, in at- tendance, in interest manifested, in the program and discussions and in all the practical demonstration work arranged in the different lines of the industries. The success of the Convention is due to united effort on the part of citizens of Elgin, and officers of the Association, and the officers and members of the Association wish here to ex- press this gratitude. We wish to thank the Mayor, the Elgin Commercial Club and citizens for their work and interest in the affairs of the As- sociation. We wish to thank the Elks Club for their entertain- ment of members, and many courtesies extended to the officers of.the Association who freely used the club rooms for committee meetings. We thank dairymen who, with their exhibits of splendid specimens of dairy breeds, added much to the success of the meeting. These exhibitors are: E. W. Wing and J. L. Mason of Elgin, James Dorsey of Gilberts, T. E. Getzelman of Hamp- shire, Robert E. Haeger of Algonquin, and Frank Hopp of Elgin. We wish to especially thank Dr. W. W. Welch of Elgin who arranged the cattle exhibit at the Convention and partici- pated in arrangements for the tuberculosis demonstration. Also the Kerber Packing Company where the demonstration took place, and complete and satisfactory arrangements and for cour- tesies extended to all present at the demonstration. Among the speakers we wish especially to thank Dean Russell of the Wisconsin College of Agriculture for assisting us in the tuberculosis demonstration and explaining its results. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 213 We wish to thank the Elgin High School for its exhibit, the High School Glee Club for music furnished. We wish to thank all who took part on the program for able address on important dairy subjects. We feel that these subjects have been presented in a manner that must bring good to the dairy interests of our state. Our thanks are due to N. W. Hepburn, in charge of the Dairy Manufacturing, University of Illinois, and Fred Jorgen- sen of the same department for their work in charge of the butter exhibit. the butter and milk testing contests and the class in butter judging. These practical features have made this Con- vention particularly valuable to all who have taken part in them. We thank O. A. Storvick, of the Dairy Division, U. $. Depart- ment of Agriculture, and Fred Bockleman with Coyne Bros., Chicago, who assisted in scoring the butter. We wish to thank the supply men who have added ma- terially to the appearance and success of the Convention. We thank the Elgin Daily Newspapers, the ‘“News” and “Courier,” tor their splendid accounts of the proceedings of this Convention. and their liberal use of space prior to the Conven- tion so as to give it the widest publicity in their territories. United effort has made this Convention a success and we hope that all who had a part in this effort feel as gratified with the results as do the officers arid members of this Association. BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS. WHEREAS, Bovine Tuterculosis, in many of the older states, has spread to such an extent in many herds as to threaten the health and usefulness of dairy cattle and be a menace to the future dairy industry; and WHEREAS, From such existing conditions the great dairy breeding interests of the State of Illinois may be seriously injured .nd damaged by fatiure to use proper precautions ; THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED, That we recom- mend that such action be taken as will protect the breeders from 214 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. becoming the victims of such conditions and guarantee that ail animals imported for breeding purposes shall be only received in the State when accompanied by a certificate from a reliable source, showing such animal to be free from tuberculosis after applying the most approved method of giving the test known to modern science, the tuberculin test. BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, That we feel the great importance to every owner of dairy cattle in this State, of hav- ig his herd healthy and strong and especially free from tuber- culosis; and we therefore recommend that each individual owner of dairy cattle, for his own interests, and the interests of those with whom he may deal, take such necessary action to eradicate the same, if his herd is affected; and give such care to his herd as will effecually prevent its inocculation. LIVE STOCK COMMISSIONERS. BE IT RESOLVED, That this Association earnestly en- dorse the work of the Illinois State Board of Live Stock Com- missioners for their efficient, courageous and able manner of treating and handling the various diseases of live stock; and we call attention to the fact that such desirable results have been attained by reason of the character and ability of the officers in whom have been vested the power and responsibility. BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, That it is the sense of this Association that said Commission should be vested with power and have full control of all live stock matters, and should have sufficient funds to fully protect the interests of all the people, and sufficient employees to carry out all necessary laws and regulations. PURE FOOD COMMISSIONER. BE IT RESOLVED, That this Association endorse and commend the faithful performance of duty of the State Pure Food Commissioner, the Assistant Commissioner and their em- ployees. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 215 We recommend that ample and sufficient amendments be made to the law, to prevent the sale of combination dairy feeds that are not honestly labeled as to the constituents entering into the same. We further recommend that sufficient appropriation be made to the Pure Food Department to enable the employment of all necessary additional inspectors to enforce the law. And we recommend that there be no limitation as to the number of such inspectors as may be assigned to the enforce- ment of the law in relation to dairy products and laws relating td dairy interests. COW TEST ASSOCIATION. RESOLVED, That as steps have been taken toward es- tablishing one or more cow test associations in the state, we ex- press the hope that the movement will be carried forward to success, and the forming of these associations be started in Illinois. We recognize the value of these associations in the knowl- edge they bring to their members of which are profitable and which are unprofitable cows, and the small cost at which such knowledge is furnished through such associations. NATIONAL OLEOMARGARINE LAW. WHEREAS, The Oleomargarine interests are willing to agree to any kind of a Bill so long as it permits color to be used in oleomargarine, and are now working for a Bill with the idea of uniform 2c tax on colored or uncolored; BE IT RESOLVED, That we pledge our support to the present 10c tax law as the best protection we now have against the fraudulent selling of oleomargarine for butter, and will work with the National Dairy Union to secure amendments to the present law that will compel the sellers of oleomargarine as such and prevents its sale as butter. Under present conditions the butter market and the whole dairy industry are suffering 216 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. yecause, while only three per cent of oleomargarine manufac- tured pays the 1oc tax, fully ninety per cent of it reaches the consumer and is sold to him as butter. he same. JOHN LYNCH, E. W. WING, O. V. FOX, Committee on Resolutions. President: You have heard the reading of the Resolutions, what is your pleasure, the adoption of these Resolutions as— read? Are there any suggestions that you would like to make, f not, they stand approved. BUTTER SCORES—OTHER CONTEST RESULTS. The Secretary has a few announcements to make before we proceed with our program. Secretary: I just want to announce the winners in the va- rious contests. SIXTY ENTRIES OF BUTTER. Following are scores of 89 and over: CREAMERY CLASS. Name. Address. Score. paviey < Funss. tore ROCK Oe oO ee a aA oy ee Q3 1-2 Bevery Plat pen: 4c otis od Aa het had, | ee oe 93 I-3 Pred 9. Weddipe; Bis Rode 0.026 oa. ete BER ie 93 I-3 Era. Swateck) Cherry Valley i002. SE A eee 93 I-3 xt Sa vbedtis: Miles: Sowa Oo. Se . Ae Paes 93.16 Roscoe’ barber; Hotrestonr 04s Cs a ee 93.16 PW Virein? Belvidere 5.05 008.5 i os eee erate, Crete i). Le Poy RO Sey So, eee 93.16 THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 217 I NAVE OS Otal calcd ae trea eA eo ora go Aiea Iplunte 93 Seeeerammstadt,. Mascoutah . 2... 22. bee 93 SESS a | aan I OU Re gr 3S 93 eens. Welton, lowa . .. 0.0.6.5 60% tos pane es 92.16 SU MOTO oo. sa eos se eee oP dle 89.83 Secu GOVE 2b. wears de Od 92.5 See erottenisen, Milledgeville... 002). sc 0 eb 90.16 emma. ot. joseph Ls oo ce. O0 ed OSes ee oa ae 91.66 SSR) Pig al Sean enon are aPENS Spee puns Set 89.66 Sueeteomery Co.,, Farina... 20.606. Ki bse bene oy ee x. M. Simonson, Manhattan ..... PU hese ROA EY Seas Renter) Wi) 89.66 Sn seeCRGr, Wily oe... a '< .s Sloy calelele teeta 89.5 EIN SP AGAIV AS SSS. oe nis oye, Hea come 89 eemeen, Flora .........2. Se eye Meigen IN 92.66 Summers ice. Guernsey, lowa .... 2+ sje ee epee 92.5 mene asoppersteadt, Goodenow <..2. 2.1 22 ee. fee sce QI 1-3 Seeereceen. Round Lake oo. Seeks ok ee we 92.83 eee arnenter. Mt. Carroll... 6 Aen ee QI.5 EI Savanna. 2a) 820 06s. vn ea Moe wee gI Sueeeeteprecht. Mt. Carroll .. 3.0.00. see iw wlan see 90.5 PR ESCIVICICTO bse os Sauce hs dec alb sya eee Q2 I-3 peer y 650. Chicago... 5 o3.25... bo. SR ee 90.83 meee tepicy, Pecatonica... 6.0 ee oi Ss Ca es g1.16 eerieniy Dakota... 6.6 eos er ky das owe ees 91.66 gee. STTASDUT ES os on vin sR 91.83 Seeecaciiards,,. Parkersburg... 5.0... 2s oe ele BGs go Meeemtonen. Preeport. 05.000. 2 ore 92.16 PIG. AIMIDOY <4)... be os oe 89.83 Seeeeatipsciuan, Lanark... .. 0... 0.2 3 ee eee QI mo veeus, Preston, lowa:....... Tiga een ean QI areas ETAT VATE oo eSpace lee oa wea ws § Wee 92.5 ARERR co 000 | gS Ig a SOLO 89.83 Beipice,- McHenry 2.5. .).9.0.. So sie betes we ie sls Q2 ET EIAPIONCT ES <3 See int ca wie ws Sad Cicer oer 92.16 Ser OI, WEOETISON 8) iss wae vole ese «ok wee eee 90.5 eeetgnonl,. Stewardson “so. Gc oc kaa ores ere cae eey 90.66 218 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. DAIRY CLASS. Name. Address. Score. Chas. Foss, Cedarville 20.020 2010 00.2: « Ae 92.5 Ci. Pttmger, Finley: Park ..........2..i2.4. aes ee 92 uk Macky;: Marengo. -4...2.c62... ene 90 iti Mattson, Morrison ...4\<...5,... cokes ta go roc... Peaningeton, | Plainfield «.. Siiuriualllg cage 88.87 ee Dartiett, Wheaton, .... 20% . ae Ae a 88 1-3 doeasient,. Marengo... 2.5 20s.) seen o cee 86.83 BUTTER JUDGING CONTEST. First—E. T. Moore, St. Joseph, Ill. Second—Geo. Bloyer, Harper, Ill. Third—Chas. Foss, Cedarville, IIl. Fourth—H. Harneman, Watseka, III. Fifth—F. J. Weddige, Big Rock, IIl. Sixth—Robert Moren, Freeport, II1. Total number of contestants was ten. MILK TESTING CONTEST, JAN. 10. bys Wecherly, Dakota .. ..:6)052) sRawal. «te so he my Wy. Anms, Bie Rock... 2... ..s-e atid» a ee Ppowbloyer, Harper... a old Lome Mielsen, Camp: Point :............4.<0koiso'. Se Ccatcrner,, Highland . 2... 2.2.5 .giuasiiis a een Pid Moore, St. Joseph’... 5.2 cabs: .- es 9 5 oe Per ae, imme, Virgil is wee 3 foie mone « & aegis on Fe} Weddige,. Big ‘Rock... oc ebb +e. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 219 J. P. MASON, ELGIN. President: Any further resolutions? We have a telegram from Judge Lindley stating that owing to the health of his wife he was unable to come. She was not well and he had to take her to Florida. Mr. Mason pleads illness, but I think if you will call on him he would say something. You are wanted at the front, Mr. Mason. You can give Mr. Mason some of these questions about feeding dairy cows, etc. Mr. Mason: Mr. President, Fellow Farmers :—I think if I make a speech here I shall feel like the man who said his speech ought to be run through the separator, for t am quite sure that will be the same way with mine. It is appropriate that the annual meeting should be held here, the greatest dairy center. There is no place where there are finer animals than in this section; good farms, good cows, good crops and good water. There is no section where better milk is produced than around this Fox River Valley, and for all that we have good markets, and we have dairymen in this section that could show that their annual output is from $55.00 to $140.00 under some conditions, some markets, yet it looks as though there was a chance for a vast improvement. It has been thirty-three years since we had a meeting here. I found that program the other day, and on that program there are two men that are here today, one was Mr. D. E. Wood and the other myself. I believe in running a dairy for profit. There are no better dairymen than are in this section. They cannot all be good dairymen, some never know what their annual output is. We used to think that 1f we got a can of milk from three cows we were doing well. There are dairymen who get one can from two cows and some get less. I can show you a dairyman whose milk will bring more in one month than others will in a year, and that herd cost less than $75.00 per cow. It is up to you to 220 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. get cows that will pay you. You go to your best dairymen and find out what they are feeding their cows, clover hay or alfalfa. I do not care how good the cow is the good dairyman must go with her. Many times you find a man who is a good farmer but not a god dairyman. You must have the two to make a success. Another phase, you must finance this to make a success. Some of the very best farmers of every community fall down because they do not know how to finance their business. We grow al- falfa when it does well. It is one of the best things for ensilage and the animals will take all they can get. There has been some complaint about the labor of filling these silos. You take these modern improvements and it settles the question of filling the silo. It picks up all of the ears that are scattered and you can do more with the teams and the men will not be striking. We drive up and throw the bundles. That is the most economical way to handle the corn crop. In this way it is all eaten. They thrive on the clover and alfalfa hay; it makes nearly a balanced ration. I came to the conclusion thirty years ago that it was up to every man to lessen the cost of production even if it took united effort to raise the price. There are men that produce for half what it costs others to produce the same thing. There is a chance for improvement right here. The dairy farm is no more or less than a manufacturing plant. The details of dairying are your working capital, the object is the same as the manufactur- ing business, to make that working capital pay the largest amount possible as well as to add to its value in the way of soil fertility. The soil is sensitive to the touch the same as your dairy cow responds with good care and a balanced ration. We must raise larger crops to the acre. We do not raise nearly what we ought on this land. You take corn, only 35 bushels, it ought to be more than double. There is no market that will pay as high a price for the feed as the dairy cow; that is the highest market. In this dairy business the market does not fluctuate as it does in the beef. At one time I quit dairying and raised beef cattle and I THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 221 want to show you the difference. In one year there was a fluctuation of $4,500.00; in the dairy business it is gradual. For every day you feed a steer and he does not gain in weight, that is one day’s feed thrown away. I went back to dairying and the difference in fluctuation was only $250.00, and you had your working capital left. None of us have reached the highest amount that we can get from our cows. I can see that plainly. There is a dairyman about here who gets twenty cans of milk from thirty-six cows. I have never known a man to do better. He certainly does the best of any man I know. That will bring him in between $2,500 and $2,600 this month. We have other young men coming to the front, too. I want to pay them what honor I can; they stand at the top. ‘Take these Cook Brothers, they are on the very top, and there are ten or fifteen others that I have in mind that honor the business. Others are content to milk four cows to produce a can of milk. You must make more profit; it is just the same as the manufacturing busi- ness. I know three farmers, one figures that the man’s wages a can of milk cost him 5o0c, another 26c, and still another 20c. That is a difference of 30c on labor alone. On the amount I produce it would make $15.00 difference, or $450.00 a month. It is worth looking into. There is nothing that will put a dairy- man on his feet quicker than to know what he is doing, what it costs to run a dairy farm and what your expenses and profits are. Compare one year or one month with another, there is nothing that will help you more. We want to bring these crops to a higher yield. We ought to have a 100 bushels to the acre. You can do it if you try. I know one dairy where they are making 170 pounds per cow; another dairy in DuPage County where the best cow in the dairy brought in $197.00 in making butter, the butter sold for 22%c. The poorest cow brought in $97.00, I think. That is about double what the average cow produces, the poorest one. I do not know that I can tell you anything more. Those are 222 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. the lines we ought to work on. We ought to have our calves from a pure bred sire; the calf must be well raised and well fed. We want to show these young men that there is something in farming. You take a good farm; well tilled, growing a good crop and feeding it to well bred animals and I do not know where there is a business more attractive or where the possi- bilities are greater. It is like the atmosphere, it is always with us. There are just as many possibilities as ever. This dairy meeting has been a great success, and we appre- ciate what you have done for us. The success is largely due to Mr. Joseph. Newman, who is the man who has done much of the work. I thank you. President: This will close our program. If there is noth- ing else in your minds, we will adjourn the 37th Annual Illinois State Dairymen’s Association. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 223 ALFALFA—THE SEED BED AND SEEDING. By H. D. Hughes, lowa State College. Alfalfa can be grown successfully on nearly all Iowa soils, providing that proper methods are followed. The fact that a few men have not succeeded with the crop in their first attempt should not discourage any, as the percent of failures is probably not much greater than the percent of failures in securing a stand of crops with which we are thoroughly familiar, such as red clover, timothy, etc. Inquiries recently made by the lowa State College indicate that alfalfa is producing large yields of hay of the finest quality on almost every soil in the state. Alfalfa has been successfully grown on the College farm and on the Experiment Station fields for a number of years. Two fields which are still in alfalfa this season may be mentioned as indicative of what may reasonably be expected. On the College dairy farm a field of 7% acres was seeded in August, 1908. In I9go09 and again in IgI1o three cuttings were made with a total yield of 5% tons per acre each year. In Ig10 the field also gave considerable pasturage. This season the first crop was cut on June 12th with an average yield of 234 tons per acre for the whole piece. A plot on the farm crops experimental fields, seeded Aug- ust 18, 1908, gave three cuttings with 5.25 tons per acre in 1909, three cuttings with 5.15 tons per acre in 1910, and the first cut- ting this year gave 2.25 tons per acre, of field cured hay. During the past season a number of farmers have been con- ducting co-operative experiments with the Iowa experiment station in order to determine what methods should be employed in order to secure the best results. These men are located in almost every section of the state, and dealt with all sorts of soil 224 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. conditions, yet wherever the most approved methods were fol- lowed, without exception, excellent stands were secured and the yields thus far this season have been very satisfactory. While the results of these tests, together with other alfalfa investiga- tions are reported in a bulletin soon to be issued by the station, they may be briefly stated here for the benefit of those who con- template putting in alfalfa this fall. Soil. Because of the large and very rapid growth made by the alfalfa plant, it is essential that it shall have a large supply of readily available fertility. It is necessary therefore that alfalfa should be seeded on soil rather above the average for the best results. Much good corn land when properly handled, will grow alfalfa successfully, providing that it is well drained and sweet. Drainage. It is useless and unwise to attempt to grow alfalfa on land which is not thoroughly well drained, either naturally or by the use of tile or ditches. Some of the best results have been se- cured on bottom lands as these are likely to be quite fertile, but no matter how much available fertility is present, an attempt to grow alfalfa without good drainage is almost sure to result in failure. Many fertile upland soils are not suitable for alfalfa grow- ing owing to the presence, too near the surface, of a compact, tenacious subsoil so impervious to water as to prevent proper drainage. Manure. While good stands and yields of alfalfa have frequently been secured on fertile soils without the aid of manure, yet these yields are in almost every case largely increased by it. On soils which are only medium in fertility, manure is essential to suc- cess, and on soils below the average in fertility, successful stands i Holstein—Friesian—Tina Clay DeKol, 57350 (University of Illinois.) 1st Lactation period, 365 days 2nd Lactation period, 365 days 3rd Lactation period, 365 days 4th Lactation -period, 365 days 5th Lactation period, 365 days ICI OUs Wiel Cn (elLe.) 6rKenls; 16 SevlieL C0 01a, (a eee) e's = Lbs. Milk libs: Pat: Cite ene 382 360 377 442 433 tv URIVERSITY OF LIDS - P< yn ‘ ct ; ‘TRE LIBRAHY | OF THE THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 2265 are practically never secured without its liberal use. The use of maunre is by far the most important factor in securing suc- cessful results with alfalfa on Iowa soils. Preparation of the Seed Bed. To insure the best possible stand of alfalfa, the land chosen for the crop should be plowed in the spring following the appli- cation of the manure, and worked down into good condition at once. The field should then be harrowed or disked at least every two weeks in order to insure germinating and killing as many of the weed seeds present as possible, and also to conserve the moisture. It is not necessary, however, to give up an entire season to securing a stand, though this is the surest method. Manure may be applied and the land plowed immediately following the cutting of winter wheat, or first year crop of red clover or oats cut early for hay. When this treatment has been given as soon folowing the removal of the crop as possible, it has almost never failed to give good results, even though the summer be rather dry. The necessity of thoroughness in this preparation, how- ever, cannot be over emphasized. Unless the land is prepared early in the summer and then a:good mulch maintained, there will be great danger of an insufficient supply of moisture to in- sure germination. Then again alfalfa will not fight weeds, and unless the soil is stirred often, in this way bringing the weed seeds to the surface and germinating them before the alfalfa crop is put in, difficulty and possible failure is the result. Fur- ther, while the surface soil should be very well fined and loose the substance should be rather compact. Late and insufficient preparation means a loose seed bed with more drying out, and then in the winter great danger from heaving, with the loss of the whole crop as a result. The Use of Lime. If the soil is at all acid, to grow alfalfa it will be necessary to apply from 1,000 to 2,500 pounds of lime per acre. The 226 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. poorer and more worn soils are most likely to be acid, in which case the use of lime is essential. Even on the more fertile soils its use has usually resulted in a more vigorous and healthy growth. Lime in the form of fine ground raw limestone is much to be preferred, owing to its cheapness as well as to its effect upon the soil. The soil may readily be tested for acidity by taking thoroughly moistened soil from a few inches below the surface and pressing it, as into a ball, about a piece of blue litmus paper. If after ten or fifteen minutes the paper is found to have changed to a distinctly pink color, one may be reason- ably sure that the soil needs lime. Otherwise lime is probably not needed. Litmus paper can be secured at almost any drug store. Inoculation. The results of numerous and wider tests indicate that most of our soils probably contain the alfalfa bacteria which are essential for continued success with this crop. While these bac- teria are probably not present in so large quantities as could be desired, their rapid multiplication is apparently much aided by a liberal use of manure. On soils which do not naturally contain these bacteria it is absolutely essential that they be introduced. ‘This inoculation may best be secured as follows: Just before seeding, scatter uniformly on the piece, from 150 to 300 pounds per acre of soil secured from a field where alfalfa has grown vigorously and where the plants produced in abund- ance tubercules on their roots. Where this is not to be had, soil from a sweet clover patch may be used. This soil should not be exposed to the sun any more than necessary, and may well be applied toward evening and har- rowed in thoroughly at once as the direct rays of the sun soon kill the bacteria. As there is no way of determining whether these bacteria are present in a given soil without attempting to grow alfalfa, the only safe way is to inoculate; since if they are not present ‘ THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 227 failure is almost certain. A small area may be seeded and inoc- ulated the first year, from which soil may be secured for larger areas in following seasons. Seeding. Seeding of alfalfa should best be done from the roth to 2oth of August, though success may be had from seeding a few days later than this, provided that other conditions are favorable. The other seeding is, however, to be preferred, providing there is a sufficient amount of moisture in the soil to germinate the seed. The seed should by all means be’put in with a drill when this is at all possible, and should be placed from 34 to 1% inches below the surface. In order to get the most uniform stand it is often advisable to go over the field twice, putting in one-half of the seed each time and crossing the field the second time over. If it is impossible to secure a drill the seed may be applied broadcast and harrowed in well, or even disked in. This may well be done toward evening when any moisture in the surface soil will help to secure germination. Seed. Only seed that is of the best quality should be used. Most seed companies handle several grades, varying much in quality, purity and germination. Samples and prices may well be se- cured from several seed companies, and then the best selected. The College stands ready at all times to test free of cost any samples of seed for impurities and germination. In order that farmers may know from personal experience something of the possibilities of this crop, several of the larger seed companies have offered, at the suggestion of the College, to supply at reduced prices enough seed for one acre (20 lbs.) This seed will be furnished in these small amounts at a little below the rate usually asked for it when ordered in larger quan- tities. Any person ordering more than twenty pounds will pay the regular market price for the balance. Farmers taking 228 ILLINOIS STATE DAL{RYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. advantage of this special offer should indicate this to the com- pany from which ordered, to insure that the desired quality of seed will be sent. This seed has been examined by the College and is known to be the very best. Co-Operative Test. The College is now planning to undertake a few more co- operative tests this fall in certain sections of the state, in order more fully to represent all soil and climatic conditions. An outline of this experiment and full information regarding it will be sent upon request to those interested. While all cannot be accommodated under this arrangement, the outline will no doubt be helpful in indicating ways of determining the treatment nec- essary for the best results, on any particular soil. r—S} THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 229 THE PLASTERED OR GURLER SILO. By H. E. McNatt, University of Missouri. One of the most successful types of silos is that generally known as the “plastered”’ or Gurler silo. It is built much like a frame house, except that it is round in form, with a lining of boards running lengthwise around it, somewhat like the hoops of a barrel which give it strength to resist the immense press- ure of the silage. Its cement plastered wall protects the wood framework from decay. Some of the strong points in favor of this style of silo are: 1. Can be built entirely from ordinary lumber. 2. Requires no highly skilled labor for its construction. 3. Preserves the silage as well as any type of silo in use. 4. Is strong and durable when properly made. Size of Silos. Generally speaking, it is not advisable to build any silo more than sixteen feet in diameter. It is better to have two small silos than one too large for the herd. The best propor- tions are: Height about twice the inside diameter. Laying Out Foundation. A short stake is driven firmly into the ground at the point selected for the center of the silo. To the top of this is secured, with a single nail a horizontal piece of light, stiff lumber, bear- ing upon one end an arm sharpened so as to scratch a circle on the ground when moved around the center post. This circle marks the outside limit of the silo foundation and care should be taken to get the measurements correct. 220 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. Digging the Pit. With the circle as a guide a pit is dug to a depth of from two to three feet. The wall of dirt is cut plumb and the floor leveled. Form for Foundation. The foundation is reinforced concrete. ‘The frames which hold the form boards in place, which are made of one-by-four plank, should be placed thirty inches apart around the pit to hold the inside and outside form boards in place. These boards are half-inch lumber of four-inch width, so as to be readily bent to conform to the wall of the pit. The distance between the inside form boards and the pit wall should be one foot. The concrete foundation should extend about one foot above ground on the outside. The upper corners of the concrete wall are beveled after the concrete has become sufficiently stiff to permit this being done. The two-by-four sill with a large spike for an anchor is imbedded in the top of the wall. The concrete should be made from clean, sharp sand and enough Portland cement to insure a strong mixture. The proportions will run about as follows: I part cement, 2% parts sand, and 5 parts of broken stone. Enough water is added during the mixing, which must be thoroughly done, to make a mixture that is thin enough to settle to the form with light tamping, but not so thin as to carry the cement out through the cracks of the form by the water leak- ing out. The foundation is reinforced with a piece of three foot woven wire fencing placed in the center of the form before fill- ing with the concrete mixture. After the wall has set sufficiently to stand alone, the forms may be removed and the floor laid to a depth of four inches. It is advisable, but not absolutely necessary, to pack about four — inches of wet cinders in the bottom of the pit before laying the floor. Before the wall and floor have hardened, a finishing coat of sand and cement mixed three-to-one should be put on with a plasterer’s trowel. to Cs _ THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. The sill at the top of the foundation is made of two-by- four lumber cut into two foot lengths. Each piece is put in place while the concrete is soft and anchored by three heavy spike nails with turned points, or thin bolts with nuts and wash- ers on their ends. This anchoring is necessary, and ties the woodwork of the silo firmly to the concrete. Erecting the Studding. The studs are made of two lengths of two-by-four lumber spiked together at the middle and are erected two feet apart. If the diameter and height of the silo are more than about six- teén feet by thirty-two feet, it is advisable to either use two-by- six lumber or set the studding only eighteen inches apart. Two pieces of two-by-four lumber spiked together to make a four-by- four is used as a center pole to tie the studding to while they are being set up. Each separate stud is toe-nailed to the center of a section of the sill. Only the lower half of the studding is put up first, the second piece being spiked on after the lower half of the silo is nearly complete and needs no bracing. The studding is plumbed with a carpenter’s level and a in position tempo- rarily with small scraps of old lumber. Putting On the Sheeting. When the lower half of the studding has been tied in posi- tion, the sheeting, which is one-half inch lumber made by rip- ping one-by-four or one-by-six lumber, is nailed horizontally on the inside of the studding, taking care to break joints. The sheeting should be nailed on from the foundation to within about a yard of the top of the studding, and then the lath put on. The Lath. Although somewhat expensive, the sheet steel, or expanded steel lathing found on the market, is the best for the purpose. But ordinarily the same material as the sheeting ripped into inch and one-half widths and beveled on the edges is used. 232 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. These are nailed on top of the sheeting, so as to break joints, covering cracks whenever possible, and leaving a suitable space for clinching the mortar. The Upper Half. When the sheeting and lath have been put on to within about a yard of the top of the first length of studding, a tem- porary platform or trestle may be laid to enable the workmen to erect the second half in the same manner as the first was put up. It is well to leave the center pole resting on the con- crete floor and extend it by adding another piece. >» The second half of the studding should be spiked to the — first with a lap of about two feet. After blumbing and tying in place, the sheeting and lath are put on, and finally after re- moving the temporary platform, the middle is completed by putting on the sheeting and lath. Care must be taken that no wide cracks are left. ee ee Plastering. The wall of the silo is plastered to a depth of about one inch, i. e., about one-half inch over the lath, with a rich, well- mixed mortar or concrete, made from three parts of sharp, clean, coarse sand, or finely crushed stone, and one part of good Portland cement. This mortar should be about as thick as that ordinarly used in plastering a house. The Doors. Four doors are sufficient for a thirty-foot silo, and five are enough for a thirty-six foot silo. Ordinarily the bottom of the first door will come about two and a half feet above the sill. The doors are two and one-half feet high and four feet are allowed between doors. When the studding is being spliced for the erection of the upper half of the silo, care must be taken that the studding between which the doors are to come are not lapped but are put end to end and tied together with a six-foot piece of two-by-four spiked to each at the junction. This allows a door jamb which _ -THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 233 is simply another two-by-four set back from the inside edge of the stud an inch and a half and either well spiked or bolted in place. The upper and lower jambs of the door are made from short lengths of two-by-four spiked across at the proper places. The doors themselves are made from flooring boards nailed and screwed together at right angles, with a sheet or two of tar paper between. In fitting the doors before filling the silo, a layer of tar paper or heavy building paper should be put between the jambs and the doors. The doors are held in place by heavy bolts, fitted with large nuts and washers, passing through them and through pieces of two-by-sixes laid across the opening on the outside of the silo. Two cross-pieces are needed; one near. the bottom, the other near the top of the door. When this point in the construction of the silo is reached, although not completed, it may be filled if it is necessary to do SO. Siding. - Although somewhat expensive, galvanized sheet metal makes a good siding. Probably the most practical plan, how- ever, is to put on some hoops and nail ordinary boxing lumber to them. The hoops are made of three thicknesses of the sheet- ing lumber put around the outside of the silo every four feet, being careful not to cross doors. One thickness is put on at a time. The joints must break to insure strength. The boxing lumber is put on vertically and nailed to the hoops. The cracks are covered with ordinary weather strip. The Roof. A plate similar to the lower sill is put around the top of the silo on top of the studding. The roof is usually made in the same manner as the roof of a house except the rafters are put up in conical form, and no joists are put in. The roof boards are put on in short lengths, and shingles or some other 234 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. good roofing material put on top. A properly made door must be left in the roof through which to fill the silo. Ventilating the Walls. When the silo is covered on the outside in any way other than with hoops and vertical boxing, it is necessary to bore a large auger hole between each stud on the outside at the bottom and on the inside at the top so as to allow the air to circulate through the wall and keep down decay of the woodwork. All holes should be covered with fine mesh woven to keep rats and mice out. When hoops and vertical boxing are used, a few large sawed holes about four-by-six inches in size, at the bottom and top will serve, since the air can readily pass between the boxing and the studding. Bracing. It is necessary to anchor the silo firmly with three or four strong guy wires or cables of short length. These are very valuable in case of windstorms. They are attached to sleepers — buried several feet in the ground about four or five feet out from the base of the silo, and run to a point on the studding about half way to the top of the silo, where they are nae secured. OO THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 235 THE REINFORCED CONCRETE SILO By F. H. Demaree, Acting Agronomist, Missouri College of Agriculture. Silage is coming into more general use every year and the concrete silo as a means of preserving green feed has become very popular. The popularity of this silo is well founded since it is durable, efficient, fire and vermin proof, and the cost is not excessive. Size of Silo. The size of the silo which is practical to build will depend upon the number of animals to be fed and the length of the feeding period. It is necessary to feed two inches or more of silage daily from the top after feeding has begun in order that it may not spoil. This being true, careful attention to size is essential in order to save feed after it has once been secured. The diameter of the silo should depend upon the number of ani- mals to be fed while the height will depend upon the length of the feeding season. The latter will of course vary with the locality. i The following table will aid in determining the size to build both in diameter and height: 236 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. TABLE NO. I.—Showing Size and Capacity of Silo for Herds of Various Sizes. Feed for 180 days No. of Cows Diameter Height Capacity—Tons 7-10 10 feet 25 feet 36 10-12 10 feet 28 feet 42 12-15 11 feet 29 feet 60 . 15-20 12 feet 32 feet . 73 20-25 13 feet 33 feet 83 25-30 14 feet 34 feet 115 30-35 15 feet 84 feet 131 35-40 16 feet 35 feet 158 40-45 20 feet 35 feet 258 Making the Forms. After having decided upon the size of silo needed the next thing is to secure forms for the construction of the walls. If the forms of correct size can be hired in the neighborhood or from a distance it will be advisable to secure them rather than to go to the trouble of making them. If not, the cost of making is not excessive. ‘They are fairly simple and can always be hired out or sold for enough to repay the cost of construction. The forms can be most easily made in six sections each. To mark out patterns observe the following: Clean off a large space on a barn floor, then select a long piece of straight strip- ping at least 20 feet in length. Nail to the floor at any conven- ient place and from the center of the nail measure out on the strip the exact distance of the radius of. the silo to be built. Drive a nail through the stripping here so that the point will scratch. If the wall is to be six inches thick measure from the center of this nail six inches farther and drive another nail so THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 237 that it will scratch. Strike a long arc with the two nails. Now take a fine wire, tie a pencil or piece of chalk to one end and measure it the exact length of the inside radius of the silo. Se- lect any point on the inside curve, mark it with chalk, then strike a point on this same curve as far as the string will reach from the point selected. This will mark off a part of the circle equal to 1-6 of the circumference of the silo. The enclosed segment of the circle so described may be divided exactly in half by laying a straight board from the two points designated, meas- uring exactly half the distance and projecting the line from the center of the circle through the middle point of the board de- scribed. From these two points measure back toward the cen- ter four inches inside the first circle and eight inches beyond the outer circle. Now take a plank ten feet by eight inches and one inch thick, saw exactly in the middle. Nail lightly to the floor and with the scratching nails, scratch out the curves. This will make one pattern each for the inner and outer forms. Since the patterns are only half large enough for a full section, two of them must be nailed together in order to make the full length. The strips to be used in holding the two parts of the section to- gether should be at least four feet long and cut on the same circle as the form. The forms should be at least three feet high so that it will take six pieces from the pattern to build each section of the form. This will mean thirty-six of the inner and thirty-six of the outer patterns. When cleated together three will be used to make each section. In order to make the skeleton of the form a strip of heavy wood at least one inch thick and two inches wide and three feet long should be mortised into the three pat- terns every fifteen inches apart. The outer stick on each end of each form should be of 2x4 material. Cover each section with a heavy strip of sheet iron or with matched lumber running up and down. Any other bracing may be put between the patterns that is found necessary. ‘The patterns are all sawed in the radial line leading to the center so that they will fit in a circle. Lo es (7) ILLINOIS STATE DALKYMHIN’S ASSOCIATION. Building the Foundation. Locate the silo at a place convenient to the barn. This will generally be within three or four feet of one end, or some door close to the mangers. Level off the ground, and with a string and nail mark out the circumference of the silo with a radius at least one foot longer than the inner radius of the silo. Excavate within the circle at least four feet, keeping the dirt around the outer edge perpendicular. The foundation wall should be at least one foot thick to properly support a concrete silo, so as soon as the excavation is finished mark off another circle the exact size of the inner diameter of the silo, using the same center as above. Drive heavy stakes so that their outer edge will be - exactly on the line of this circle completely around it and about two feet apart. The tops of these stakes should extend as high as the level of the highest part of the ground around it. Brace each stake from the middle so that it can not give. Bend on half inch planks around the outside of these stakes making an improvised inner form leaving the earth for the outer. The foundation should then be made of concrete, using crushed stone or very coarse gravel as the base of the mixture. The mixture recommended for the walls may also be used here. Care should be taken not to fill the concrete more than a foot in depth around at one time and this should be thoroughly tamped and worked with the spade until water stands on top, then al- lowed to set before an additional layer is added. The founda- tion should also be reinforced by steel rods which may be bought for the purpose or by twisting together three or four strands of number 12 cable wires and laying them a foot apart as the foun- dation goes up. A spirit level should be used in order to get the foundation form at the same height and level all the way around. When the walls of the silo are complete the bottom should be laid. Put down a well-tamped layer of cinders or gravel about six inches deep and upon this put six inches of con- crete. Plaster the surface about one-half inch deep with the same mixture used in smoothing down the walls. ¢ THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 239 Erecting the Walls. As soon as the foundation is finished the forms should be set in place and the construction of the walls begun. The thick- ness of the wall should be at least six inches and the forms de- scribed have been made for this thickness. In setting up forms no specific directions can be given for the erection of staging. If the builder is uncertain as to how best to keep the forms sus- pended he should employ a carpenter for a day until the staging is erected. It is safer to use scaffolding both on the inside and outside to support the form. When in place the sections are bolted together. This holds them rigid. The first section of the wall will of course be built with the forms resting on the foundation, the inner one being barely on the inner edge of the foundation so that the inside wall of the silo will be perpen- dicular from the bottom up. As soon as the forms are in place and leveled, fill with concrete. Tamp the concrete well and work with a flat spade, especially next to the sheet iron on both forms, until the water rises on top. As soon as level full the concrete must be left to set at least twenty-four hours. The forms may then be unbolted and raised. In building up the wall continual care must be exercised to keep it perpendicular. In order to ac- complish this, do not raise the form to its full height but allow it to lap back on the solid concrete at least six inches at the bottom. Block and tackle of some description is used in raising the sec- tions and in hoisting cement. Each time the form is raised grease the sheet iron surfaces with axle grease or soap before filling to prevent the concrete from sticking to the forms. The walls should also be reinforced at least every foot by means of steel rods which are laid horizontally inside the form or by twisted wire as previously described. This is a good place for old barb wire. When the forms are removed each time the inner and outer . surfaces should be smoothed down with a board. This will be sufficient for the outside, but when the silo is completed the inner surface should be washed with a thin coat made by mixing one 240 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. part cement and one part fine sand: This may be applied with a whitewash brush. Keep the sun out and wet the inside once or twice a day for a week. This makes a smooth and lasting inner surface. Mixing the Concrete. The mixture which is practical to use in building a concrete silo is one part cement, two parts sand, to four parts crushed rock or very coarse gravel. In mixing it is best to have a fairly accurate measure such as a wheelbarrow which will hold so many shovels or by counting the shovels of sand, gravel and cement used. The best way to thoroughly mix material is to have prepared a well jointed mixing-board, then dump conven- ient quantities of sand on the board. Put on the right amount of cement and thoroughly mix with hoe or shovel. Put enough water on to make this sloppy, then dump on the gravel or crush- ed stone and turn at least twice with the shovel. The mixture is then ready to use. TABLE NO. II.—Material Necessary for Concrete. Ht. Silo Inside Diam. Thickness Cement— Sand— Gravel or Stone Feet Feet Wall—Inches Bags Cubic Yards —Cubic Yards 20 8 6 34 23% 5% 20 12 6 55 4% 8% 20 15 6 73 ; 5% 11 25 10 6 54 4 8% 25 15 6 86 6% 13 2D 20 6 122 9% 18% 30 10 7 73 5% 114% 30 15 7 115 8% 17% 30 20 7 154 11% 23% 40 15 8 159 12 24% 40 20 8 220 16% 33% 40 25 8 283 21% 44 -‘THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 241 Doors and Openings. Openings must be left on the side of the silo next the barn. They should be placed no more than four feet apart, a convenient size being 2x2% feet inside measurements, the longer way up and down. ‘The form is constructed so as to leave a shoulder on the inner edge of the opening which is two inches deep with a one inch jam. Reinforce each doorway with twisted wire completely around the opening to prevent splitting. The doors to fit into these depressions should be made dou- ble of one inch matched lumber and stripped along the edges with tarred paper or felt in order to make air-tight joints. Generally the doors are set in place allowing the pressure of the silage to hold them. They may be bolted in place, however, by running a long bolt through the center of the door and a cross piece outside the opening holding to the outer edges of the silo. When in place the inner surface of the doors is flush with the inner surface of the walls. A ladder leading up into the silo is necessary. To attach one to a concrete silo it is a good plan to set bolts a few feet apart on each side of the door openings as the wall is being built. Turn the bolts before the concrete sets completely so they may be removed and the ladder attached to them. A Simple Roof. Silos should have a roof to protect the silage after feeding _has begun. It is not necessary for the preservation of the feed before. Throw up rafters to the middle making a conical roof, and shingle. Leave a trap door in the roof for the pipe when filling. 242 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. FILLING THE SILO By Prof. Kennedy, of lowa Experiment Station. ea ee A timely bulletin on a subject in which all buttermakers are interested as advisers of their patrons is on filling the silo. It comes from the Iowa station and was prepared by Prof. W. J. Kennedy. He treats the subject under different headings as follows: The problem of filling the silo for the first time is going to confront more farmers this year than ever before. Thousands of men are asking these questions: When should the corn be cut? What length should the corn be cut? Should the silo be filled rapidly or slowly? How should the corn be distributed and packed? Should water be added during the filling? How should the cracks or other air spaces be filled? What is the best way to prevent waste on the top of the silo? What does it cost per ton to fill the silo? How soon after filling is the silage fit to use? In attempting to answer some of these questions the author, in addition to drawing upon his own personal experience of many years with silos, has consulted all of the leading experi- ment station workers, who have had silo experience, and in ad- dition many of the leading beef producers and dairymen. The answers brought out’ many points of interest. Chief among them was a marked tendency on the part of the beef producers to advocate a more mature corn at filling time than in the case of the dairymen. Time to Cut Corn. While there is some slight difference of opinion on this matter, practically every answer indicated that the corn should THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 243 be dented, in the dough stage or when about one-fourth the husks and lower leaves were turning brown in color. This would indicate that the best results are obtained when the corn is mature enough to cut for shocking purposes. The nearer the corn is to maturity the more food nutrients it contains. Thus the more valuable from a silage standpoint, providing there is enough moisture to insure proper fermentation. Immature corn makes a dark colored silage which may cause animals to scour badly. In the discussion of the lengths in which the corn should be cut when put into the silo, much difference of opinion was manifested. Some advocate 1% inches, others 1 inch, others 34 inch, many % inch, while some advocated less than % inch. The longer the cut used the more economical from the stand- point of power and the more rapid the filling of the silo. The shorter cut such as the % inch length insures less waste in feed- ing the silage and makes it possible to put a greater quantity of corn in the silo. Taking everything into consideration, either the % inch or the 34 inch cut should be used. This will make a very palatable form of silage for the animal, and also make it easier to pack the silage so as to eliminate the air, thus prevent- ing waste. RAPID OR SLOW FILLING. This is a point on which there is much difference of opin- ion. Where slow filling is practiced it is always.possible to pack the silage thoroughly by tramping and allowing it to settle. In this way the full capacity of the silo may be utilized. The objections to this system are that where a large quantity of silage is to be put up on a farm or on several farms with the one filling outfit, it takes so much time that some of the corn must be put in too green at the beginning and some more of it too dry at the finish. It is also more expensive than where rapid filling is” practiced. Where rapid filling is practiced, say from 80 to I00 tons per day, the cost of filling is reduced to the minimum. A large quan- 244 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. tity of corn can be put in the silo in a short time, thus insuring a more uniform quality of silage. The chief objection to this method is, unless provision is made for refilling in about a week or ten days time, that after the corn is thoroughly settled in the silo it will only be about two-thirds full. This may be partially overcome on a farm where two or more silos are built side by side by filling one for a day, then the other, allowing some time for the corn to settle until the two or more silos are filled. In some instances where about three days are required for the filling, the work is commenced on Friday and Saturday, allow- ing the corn to settle over Sunday, and the work is finished on Monday. Where fast filling is practiced the only way to utilize the full capacity of the silo is to fill to the top, let it settle for a week or ten days, remove the waste on the top of the silo, then refill, This requires a resetting of the machinery when used by ‘more than one farmer, but it will pay. ; Distributing and Packing Corn. There are several different ways for distributing and pack- ing the corn in the silo. The principal points to be observed are that the light and heavy portions of the corn should be uniform- ly distributed. That is, the stalks and ears should not be in the center or at one side and the lighter portions such as the leaves at the other side. The corn should be uniformly packed or tramped in all parts of the silo. This is necessary to insure a good quality of silage. The majority of the silo owners prefer having the surface of the silage saucer shaped, about two feet higher at the sides than in the center, for the reason that the center where the corn drops and the men usually stand gets solid and hard and does not settle afterwards as much as the sides. (This is especially true of those silos filled without some form of a distributing device.) If the sides are constantly kept about two feet higher than the center and well trod or tramped when the silo is full, the silage is wedged tightly against the sides and the heat of fermentation retained, thus killing the germs of mold. One reason why silage molds more at the sides than in the THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 245 center is that it is not packed closely enough against the sides to prevent the air from reaching the heated silage, thus furnish- ing mold-making conditions. There are several patented distributing devices on the market. The majority of these are very helpful in filling the silo. A very simple and cheap device may be made by sewing together a number of sacks (with the ends cut out) making a tube. This is attached to the end of the blow pipe and manipu- lated by a man inside of the silo. In this way the corn can be evenly distributed over the entire surface of the silo. The pack- ing of the corn is an important point. ‘True, in time, it will settle of its own accord, but more corn can be put in a silo and much better silage made when the packing is given careful at- tention. Tramping on the part of the men is helpful. The best way, however, is to use two good, reliable men with cement tampers. The best silage the writer has ever seen was in a silo which had been packed by cement tampers. ‘There was not a particle of waste after a few inches on the top had been re- moved. Adding Water During Filling. Ordinarily corn cut at the proper time does not need any water added to make good silage. There are times, however, when it is necessary to add water to the corn in filling the silo. The corn in the silo at the time of filling should feel moist; if not moist, water should be added. Under any of the following conditions water should be added to the corn when filling the silo: First, when the corn is too ripe, and the leaves and part of the stalks are dried out to such an extent that they will not pack well. Second, when the corn is severely frozen before it has reached the proper degree of maturity, liberating the moist- ure and leaving the leaves and stems dry. Third, when refilling the silo late in the fall with shocked corn it is always necessary to add water. There are two ways to add the water. First, put a hose in the silo and thoroughly saturate the dry portions, especially 246 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. around the walls. Second, where the blower cutter is used. run an inch stream of water into the blower when it is at work. ‘This will add a sufficient amount of water to insure good results. Filling Cracks and Air Spaces. The silo should be air tight. Any crack or space which lets in the air will cause more or less moldy silage. These troubles in wooden silos may be avoided at filling time by having a pail of soft clay at hand; as the silo is filled up anything that looks as though it was not air-tight should be filled with a handful of clay. Any cracks or openings in masonry silos should be prop- erly fixed with cement before filling. Great care should be taken to have the door fit well and air-tight. In a good silo, properly filled, there should be no waste except at the top. Preventing waste on Top. There is always some waste on the top of the silo, unless feeding operations are commenced as soon as the silo is filled. The amount of waste material varies under different conditions of management from two inches, where great care is exercised, to’ ten or twelve inches, where practically no precautions are taken to protect the same. Various methods for lessening the - amount of waste have been tried out. One of the first precau- tions is to thoroughly pack and level the top of the silo. Some use oat chaff or cut straw. Others thoroughly soak the top with water, then seed with oats. The oats germinate and form a thick covering which serves to keep out the air, thus lessening the waste. One of the easiest and most satisfactory methods to pursue is to pick the ears of the last three or four loads of corn, then run the stalks through the cutter into the silo. Thoroughly tramp the same. Then put on from twenty to thirty barrels of water. This has the effect of hermetically sealing the silo and only a very thin layer of waste will be on top. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 247 Cost Per Ton of Filling. The cost of filling the silo (cutting the corn in the field, hauling it, putting it through the silage cutter, tramping, level- ing and covering the silo) varies from 4oc to $1.00 pei ton. It depends on many factors. First, the distance the corn must be hauled from field to silo. Second, the kind of weather, as it will cost about fifty per cent more to fil a silo during wet and broken weather than during dry, clear weather. Third, the kind of machinery used. ‘The cutter must be a strong, well-built machine with a wide feed mouth, because at times it is put to very severe tests. The motor power must be ample; a fiftecn- horse power engine is much more satisfactory than a ten where rapid filling is practiced. Fourth, a well organized crew of men will fill a silo much cheaper than where organization is lacking. ‘The machinery should be kept going at full blast all of the time. The following statement, furnished by a very successful dairy farmer, gives a fair idea of the cost of filling the silo: “We hire an extra man or two and make long days with the regular help during the filling season. We have our own outfit, silo cutter and engine (16-horse gasoline), also corn binder. We use our regular low-wheel, flat rack wagons and have two pitchers in the field and let one of them take the herdsman’s wagon for the first few loads in the morning and the last few at night. Muemeneatiis ATC VTivers. 653-4. lets wes os w oh e e Shae $16.00 ee menace? dil and teana io. wee Py bas. eek oR ee 10.00 uerer atid enpine with one manesjii-. ss. os oe dake 15.00 Serer Te AO PtCh os. a Po ow bee 5.00 Reneetets Ae SHO! 20.0) ok Gah oh a 5.60 Meetry Gallons of pasoline... .!.4 ss. . kia tele \ 3.60 Herald eet per Haye os oi Te ee $54.60 “This crew will put in from 85 to go tons per day, thus it costs around 60 to 65 cents per ton to fill the silo.” 248 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. The above statement is a fair one. It has cost from 60 to 75 cents per ton to fill the silos at the lowa experiment station during the past eight years. The higher cost was due to haul- ing a long distance or to rainy weather when the loading was more difficult and the sand and dirt on the corn made it very difficult to keep the knives on the cutter in good working con- dition. When to Open Silo. The corn may be used for feeding purposes as soon as the - silo is filled. For the first few days it will be simply cut corn, as it is not silage until it has gone through the heating process. In a week or ten days’ time the real silage will be reached. When managed in this way there is no waste on the top of the silo. If allowed to stand for several weeks there will be some waste in the form of decayed corn. This should be removed and hauled to the field in a manure spreader, as it is not always a safe feed for any class of live stock. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 249 MAKING GOOD EARTH ROADS. By H. C. Ramsower, Ohio State University. . When the subject of good roads is mentioned now-a-days, one immediately gets the impression that the modern macadam, costing from $2,000 to $8,000 per mile, is the only road that can come within the meaning of the term. ‘This is not the case. If such were true, the vast majority of people would not have opportunity to enjoy the boon of a “good road,” on account of the lack of public funds. According to the State Highway Commissioner, there are in the State of Ohio 88,861 miles of public highways. Of this amount, 14,188 miles are gravel roads, 9,687 miles macadam, and 231 miles brick-paved. This leaves 64,755 miles of roads, or 72 per cent of the total mileage, to be classed as unimproved or dirt roads. The writer is an enthusiactic believer in the mod- ern macadam road, but this bulletin is intended to show that good roads can be made of gravel or dirt alone, and it is to the improvement of this 72 per cent of our state highways that we need to give more time and attention. Water is the best friend and the worst enemy of the country road; a friend, in that the roadbed can never become compacted without it; an enemy, in that those detestable mud holes and ruts are the direct result of its action. With the former effect we need not be concerned, but to the latter we must give serious attention. It has been well said that the ideal road is one with a good roof and a dry cellar. These two features, a roof to shed the water falling upon the road and to prevent it from standing upon the surface or sinking into the roadbed, and a drain to prevent hillside or seepage water from working up underneath 250 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. the road, are essential; it makes little difference of what mate- rial the roadbed is made, a good driveway will be assured. A good roof must be secured by proper grading. This grading should be done in the spring, for then the earth is soft and easily moved; the summer’s travel will pack it firmly, mak- ing it resistant to the effects of water and frost. The familiar wheel-grader, pulled by either horses or a traction engine, and so directed that the dirt from the sides of the road is gradually worked up into the center, is the most effective tool for the pur- pose. We have all, no doubt, seen grading done where sticks, stones, sod and trash of all kinds were shoved up into the middle of the road and left there in the vain hope that it would all wear down into a smooth and solid surface. All such trash should be hauled to a place where it will at least do no harm, for if al- lowed to stand in the road, most of it will find its way back into the ditches and obstruct the flow of water. A roadbed cannot be made out of sod. There must be a gentle slope from the middle to each side of the road, not so steep as to cause inconvenience to one driving out to one side with a load, but just steep enough to carry the water down into the side ditch. A rise of one inch to a foot is sufficient. On steep grades, a greater slope will be necessary, else the water will run down the road instead of into the ditch. There is a very simple tool, concerning which much has been said during recent years, which may be used in obtaining a good roof and the necessary grade. This is the King Road Drag. Mr. King, the inventor of the drag, lives in Missouri where mile after mile of good roads are made of earth. If a surface made of earth is kept sufficiently smooth and given a little grade, water falling on the surface will immediately run off. ‘This desired surface and grade may be secured by the use of the road drag. Once the proper grade is secured, the drag is drawn over the road at more or less frequent intervals depending upon the condition of weather and traffic. The aim is to maintain.a surface that will drain off all water as fast as it “hare THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 25 | lee One is likely to be discouraged in the first use of the drag because excellent results are not secured at once. Work should be begun early in the spring, and usually one round with the drag is sufficient, but sometimes, if ruts are very deep, several rounds are necessary to fill them. ‘The earth should be worked toward the center of the road, but this process need not be repeated very often after the work is well started; from that time on, it is only necessary to scrape off the bumps and fill horse and wagon tracks. Through the summer, it is usually best to use the drag a few hours after a rain; the stirring when wet tends to bake the surface and the soil particles run together forming an effective covering. The drag may be used from the start in forming the crown of the roadbed, but the blade grader is usually more effective in first work. A little practice will soon enable one to become quite skillful in the use of the drag. The driver must move about on it in order to fill holes, scrape off little knolls, or gradually work the dirt toward the center of the road. It is claimed that one dragging every two or three weeks in summer will keep the sur- face in good condition. Where the drag will cover the road in ~ one round, it takes but little time to do the work. Those who live on dirt roads can well afford to try this piece of apparatus. The following description of the use of the drag is quoted from Mr. King, the originator: ‘As a general rule, haul the drag at an angle of 45 degrees to the center of the road. The action of the drag is controlled by four things: 1. The Length of the Chain, which is regulated by slipping it backward or forward through the hole in the ditch end of the drag. The length of the chain regulates the hold taken upon the earth. To make the chain longer is equivalent to putting weight on the drag. If your drag is too heavy, shorten the chain. 2. The Position of the Snatch Hook which attaches the double-tree. To move much earth or to cut small weeds, hitch the hook close to the ditch end of the drag and stand as nearly on the front slab as possible. Drive very slowly when so hitched. 252 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. This one hitch seems to be the hardest to learn. The others sug- gest themselves. 3. Position of the Driver on the Drag. To move earth. In a soft spot, stand on rear slab; on a hard spot, stand on front slab and drive slowly. If the drag clogs with weeds, sod, or mud, step to a point as far as possible from the ditch end of the drag.. To drop earth in a low place, step quickly from ditch end to other extreme. To fill a low place or mud hole nicely is the severest test of skill. 4. Presence or Absence of Sharpness or Dullness of the Steel. The steel may project half an inch below the wood at the ditch end of the drag but should come up flush with the wood at the other end of the drag. It is not enough to give the roadbed the proper crown to take the water from the middle of it. The water must be taken off and kept off. ‘The side ditches at all times must be open and free from trash. They must have proper fall and must be di- rected at short distances from the grade of the road or the vol- ume of water will at times become so large as to wash deep ditches. It is not necessary that the side ditches be deep and dangerous in order to serve their purpose, but when water stands along the side of the road, something is wrong. Sometimes tile is needed on one or both sides of the road to secure the proper drainage, but in most places this is not nec- ‘essary. Grass should not be allowed to grow between the road proper and the side ditches. This catches sand and trash and soon the water does not reach the side ditches. On steep grades water breaks are usually constructed across the road to prevent the water from flowing down the middle. These are somewhat of a nuisance and if the road is well crown- ed will not be necessary. If they must be built, they should be V- shaped so that they will not cause such inconvenience when heavy loads are hauled over them. The matter of grade in roads is one of Soiuideatl import- ance. The more highly a road is improved, the smaller should be the maximum grade; and as roads approach an ideal, all THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 253 grades are practically eliminated. It would be useless to so im- prove a road that a team could pull with ease a load of 6,000 pounds if in the course of the haul they must ascend a grade up which they could pull not more than 4,000 pounds. The-force which a horse is able to exert depends upon its weight and conformation,.temperament, kind of footing, the way it is shod, the manner in which it is hitched, and upon the driver. In ordinary farm work, a horse is working at about full capacity if it exerts a pull equal to one-tenth its own weight. That is, a horse weighing 1500 pounds will develop a pull of 150 pounds and keep it up at a walking gait all day. By a pull of 150 pounds we mean a force similar to the weight registered on a spring balance and not the load which the horse will draw. A team pulling a thirteen-inch breaking plow in clover sod will exert a force of about 300 pounds. For a short distance a horse can exert a pull equal to one-half or even three-quarters its own weight. The force necessary to pull a ton over different roads and the effect of grade on the load which the horse can draw are shown in the table below. It is assumed that if a horse can pull 1000 pounds on a level, he can pull the following loads up the indicated grade: goo lbs. up a grade of 1 foot in 100 feet, ora I per cent grade 800 lbs. up a grade of 2 feet in 100 feet, ora 2 per cent grade 400 lbs. up a grade of 5 feet in 100 feet, ora 5 per cent grade 250 lbs. up a grade of 10 feet in 100 feet, or a 10 per cent grade Once a fair roadway is secured a little care and attention will suffice to keep it in good repair. Most damage is done to earth roads in the winter and spring. ‘There are laws which regulate the traffic over country roads, but these are seldom en- forced. Section 4904 of the Revised Statutes of Ohio states “that it shall be unlawful for any person or persons, firm or cor- poration, in any county having free or toll macadamized, gravel- ed or stone roads, to transport over such roads in any vehicle having a tire of less than three inches in width, a burden includ- ing weight of vehicle of more than thirty-four hundred pounds.” 254 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. The various counties in the State have laws applying to their particular conditions, which the county commissioners have power to enforce. 3 There are too many narrow-tired wagons used on farms and country roads. ‘The following tables compiled from ex- haustive experiments on roads and farms prove the beneficial effects of broad tires, both in regard to the draft wagon and rutting of the surface. The narrow tires were one and one-half inches wide and the broad tires six inches wide. The load in each case was 2000 pounds, including weight of wagon. 1. Dirt Road— (a) Surface dry, free from ruts and dust. Narrow tires required 137.3 pounds to pull the load. Broad tires required 104.8 pounds to pull the load. Difference in favor of broad tires, 32.5 pounds or 31 per cent. (b) Clay Roads— Surface soft to depth of three or four inches. Narrow tire cut rut five or six inches deep. ‘Broad tire cut rut three and one-half inches deep. Narrow tire required 340.1 pounds to draw load. - Broad tire required 490.8 pounds to draw load. Difference in favor of narrow tire, 150.7 pounds, or 44.3 per cent. 2. Meadows— (a) Timothy sod, moist but firm. Narrow tire cut rut three and one-half inches deep. Broad tire cut rut one-quarter to one inch deep, doing no perceptible damage. Narrow tire required 420.8 pounds to draw load. Broad tire required 305 pounds to draw load. Difference in favor of broad tire, 115.8 pounds. or 38 per cent, THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 255 (b) Grass and stubble three inches high, ground soft and spongy. Narrow tire cut rut five to six inches deep. Broad tire cut rut one and one-half to two inches deep, doing no damage. Narrow tire required 569.1 pounds to draw the load. Broad tire required 323.6 pounds to draw the load. Difference in favor of broad tire, 245.5 pounds, or 84 per cent. It will be seen that in only one test out of four did the nar- row tire have the advantage in draft, and that was where the surface of the road was soft, but the sub-surface was fairly hard. The narrow tire cut through to this hard surface while the broad tire remained on top. In all of the tests on meadows and plowed land, the difference was always in favor of the broad tire because on them the load was much more easily drawn and did much less damage to the field. One trial, four horses pulled the ton load on narrow tires, with an average draft of 876 pounds. ‘Two horses pulled the same load over the same road with an average draft of 379.9 pounds, showing that the same load was less difficult for two horses on broad tires than for four horses on narrow tires. When it is considered that most of the hauling done by farmers is on their farms and not on the roads, this saving in draft is quite an item in the course of a year. When the protection to the field and roadbed is considered, it seems strange that there are so many narrow-tired wagons tn use. ' 256 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH COWS AND CALVES. By John Michels, North Carolina Experiment Station. In most sections outside of the cotton belt the cost of protein feeds is high in comparison with those of a carbonaceous nature. In the South with its abundance of cottonseed meal, protein is relatively cheap. Because of these facts, the work of the stations outside of the cotton belt has been directed mainly toward secur- ing data as to how wide a ration can be successfully fed to dairy cows. Obviously, from what has been stated above, an import- ant problem with the North Carolina farmer is to determine how narrow a ration can be successfully fed. The experiment report- ed in this bulletin, therefore, was undertaken with a view of de- termining the relative economy of a narrow ration and of a me- dium wide ration. Plan of Experiment. The experiment was divided into three periods of twenty- eight days each. In periods I and III a narrow ration was fed consisting of 5 parts cottonseed meal, 4 parts wheat bran, 3 parts corn meal and 50 pounds corn silage. This ration had a nutri- tive ratio of approximately 1 :4. During period II the ration was the same as in periods [ and III, except 2.5 pounds cotton- seed meal were replaced by 2.5 pounds of corn meal, giving this ration a nutritive ratio of approximately 1 :5.7. Each period was preceded by ten days preliminary feeding. Eight cows from three to six weeks in lactation were used for the experiment. Cows Nos. 6 and 7 received 9 pounds of grain; Nos. 1 and 4, 10 pounds; No. 2, 11 pounds; and Nos. 3, 5 and 8, 12 pounds. The grain was always fed before the rough- age. The milk from each cow was weighed daily, and composite samples of it were tested weekly by the Babcock test. The cows. 1 Jn a wide ration there is less protein in proportion to car- bonaceous matter than in a narrow ration. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 257 themselves were weighed once a week throughout the experi- ment. Results. The result obtained from the individual cows during the different periods are presented in the following table: TABLE 1.—Showing Milk, Butterfat Test and Butterfat Yield and Live Weight. Av’ age No, PERIOD MILK = rey fms —— IDSs. | SEE TALION . 0% oe. c cee ee 560.8 | 5.1 | 28.6 | 756 1 | Peretti TACION... . ci ee te 522.0 | 4.5 | 23.4 | 762 | MeN IEEOW. TALION. 65. fo cg ee ts tres 491.0 | 4.8 | 23.5 | (ae. | Seer row -TAcion .. 2.2% wo. ee ale 622.9 | 5.6 | 34.8 | 837 2 | meewremiuim ration... ¢ ...6 3g 2 0g. .5 645.8 | 5.5 | 35.5 | 837 | Muperrarraw Tation..... . 2 fc sccs ws sss 561.4 | 5.7 | ou | 835 | I. Narrow ration. Pe RT 857.8 | 4.4 | 37.7 | 702 3 | IL Medium ration..............-, 758.9 | 43 | 3824 | 691 | Sieewmcemtrow Tavion... 2... ee le we 752.6 | 4.5 | 33.8 | 674 | MemearrOw LFAulon se... ee ee see oie 555.5 | 5.4 | 29:9 | 788 4 | Peemredium ration. ..)....... 65... 467.1 | 4.6 | 21.3 | 781 | BP emiaerow Tation 2)... 06... elo s 433.1 | 5.4 | 23.3 | 782 | ME EOW, TAUON : 2 iia fos sie 8 es os 761.9 | 4.0 | 30.4 | 932 5 | Bee Medill TAtiON. ...!.. 0.8 eee. 696.2 | 4.0 | 27.8 | 900 | Dat rOW TALON... .cscsecee shes 675.7 | 4.1 | 27.7 | 897 | MEE OW TATION +). o 6c cnc ece as ees 455.7 | 5.8 | 26.4 | 856 6 | Peereeivim Tation. 2.2.2... ase 407.0 | 5.9 | 24.0 | 852 | iS Marrow Tation. .:...... 622.5. 354.0 | 5.9 | 20.8 | 865 | MMEECEOW BALIOU:. ., 25). )oisn0 4 0.0 3che oe 432.1 | 4.6 | 19.8 | 748 7 | Pret TALION.. 6. 2s. ie ce es oe 405.1 | 4.5 | 18.2 | 744 | ee eaerOW CAO. 2c... ,ysct< 2 5-0 2s a 380.8 | 4.9 | 18.6 | 748 | RET OW TALON i.e sated elev a ans « 701.6 | 4.3 | 30.1 | 1004 8 | Me CAIN: TATION 5 one (aloes pide: 6. etctese 570.2 | 4.1 | 23.4 | 1013 DLAETOM,TAUOR ; 2. iui ibs Geico Ss 630.7 | 4.1 | 25.8 | 1021 208 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. The results presented in Table I show that with one ex- ception all cows produced more butterfat during the first period than during the second, while in the third period some cows pro- duced a little more, and some.a little less butterfat than was pro- duced in the second period. The weight of the cows was prac- tically the same throughout the experiment except of cows Nos. 3 and 8. Cow No. 3 gradually lost in weight, while cow No. 8 gained during the progress of the trial. Attention is also called to the test of the milk, which was practically lower with most cows during the middle period than either during the preceding or following period. The results of the experiment are brought out more forcibly in the following table: TABLE 1!1.—Showing Total Yield of Milk and Butterfat and Total Live Weight. Butter-fat Total PERIOD Milk - “ae Butter-fa Live Pounds Cent | lbs. | Weight Lc DET, PHEON 25 x. Kis how pis a edo se | 4978.3 PEP IME TOW: FE ERIE s Oc ack bs olde we x bela whe | 4279.3 Average of Periods I and Il]... .:.. | 4628.8 Comparing the average results secured in periods I and III with those of period II it is found that the narrow ration produc- ed 7.5 per cent more butterfat, increased the butterfat test 0.24 per cent and the total live weight 30 pounds. The milk yield was practically the same. Second Trial. The results of this trial are rather contrary to matters gen- erally regarded as fairly mixed, namely, that the feed does not influence the richness of milk and that a fairly wide ration is | 4.90 ] 287.7 | 6628 ‘I. Medium ration....................[" 4668.3 |” 4.67 | 206.0 | 6580 | 4.92 | 205.6 | 6593 | 4.91 | 221.5 | 6610 : . : THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 259 more efficient than a narrow one. In view of this it was thought desirable to duplicate the work to see if the results obtained could be substantiated or reasonably duplicated. In the second trial the kind, amount, and proportion of feed as well as the general method of recording results, were the same as in the first trial. ‘To add strength to the results, how- ever, it was thought best to reverse the feeding periods. In the first trial the narrow ration was fed during the first and third periods and the medium ration during the second period. In the second trial the medium ration was fed during the first and third periods and the narrow during the second. The number of cows in the first trial was eight, while only five were used in the second trial. The results obtained from the individual cows during the different periods of the second trial are presented in the follow- ing table: TABLE III.—Showing Milk, Butterfat Test, Butterfat Yield and - Live Weight. NO. | PERIOD Milk— ae Butter-fat Weight cow | Pounds Cent | —Lbs. | ofCows | Pemiedigm: Fation. . 1... 6. ie ee os 519.1 | 5.60 | 29.20 | 852 1 Berar FAtsGD . ce ee os 500.8 | 6.00 | 30.05 | 865 lil. Medium ration................ 468.8 | 6.15 | 27.83 | 876 it: a PARI os hipe Mera ee 632.1 | 5.55 | 35.08 | 903 2 = OReerOw TATION... sce 2s 591.3 | 6.06 | 35.83 | 890 | Pee OMEN FALION 2.6.6 5. ose so ee 499.0 | 6.23 | 31.10 | 899 | Meremeiiigthh- FALION se et wk ws 752.8 | 3.7 | 27.85 | 934 3 eetuaerow (Patron. . .5 26.2. ek ee oe 754.7 | 3.86 | 29.13 | 961 EO i 1 8 9) © er a 617.1 | 4.15 | 25.61 | 993 08 i ch (6) | a ee 733.6 | 4.75 34.85 | 769 4 PeoarItOW TATIONS... o< 5ba sides ees 648.0 | 5.62 | 36.42 | 765. May redium Tatiot. 2.0). .6 5 eb es 551.0 | 5.73 | 31.59 | 760 Sr emeewin ration .< 2.66.65... 20 Le. 636.7 | 4.48 | 28.49 | 794 5 Pa taerOwW Patio: (455.55 jules seo 581.7 | 4.88 | 28.39 | 809 wan, mOmIUIN TAtION ..:..< 27s 6 eh 536.1 | 4.77 | 25.45 | 820 260 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. The table shows that with one exception all cows produced more butterfat during period I] when the narrow ration was fed, than in either the preceding or following periods during which the medium ration was fed. The exception is cow No. 5, which yielded slightly less butterfat in period II than in period I, but considerably more than in period III. The rise in the per cent of butterfat is very marked in chang- ing from the medium to the narrow ration, but far less so in changing from the narrow to the medium ration, indicating that the narrow ration tends to raise the per cent of butterfat in milk. The yield of milk gradually dropped from the beginning to the close of the test except in the case of cow No. 3, which gave slightly more milk in Period II than Period I. Three cows gained in weight during the trial, while two lost slightly in weight, the loss or gain being uniform from the beginning to the close of the test. The results of the experiment are brought out more forcibly in the following table: TABLE 1V.—Showing Total Yields of Milk, Butterfat, and Live Weight. Butter-fat Total PERIOD Milk— —Per | Butter-fat | Live Pounds Cent —Lhs. Weight —l]bs. Oleh POLIO 2°. ose Gt eis cue | 3274.3 4.82 | 155.47 | 4252 DE aT row: ORION: cco ees Get eRe be | 3076.5 5.28 | 159.82 | 4290 THe emit TAROR ds OS ke od he ose ae | 2672.0 | 5.40 | 141.58 | 4351 | Aversze of Periods T- and Til. 2.5%! ; | Za Ne a def 5.11 | io" 4301 Comparing the Average results secured in periods I and III with those of period II it will be found that the narrow ration produced 7.6 per cent more butterfat, increased the butterfat 0.17 per cent and the amount of milk 93.4 pounds, the live weight re- maining practically the same. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 261 Comparison of Results of the Two Trials. In regard to the yield of butterfat the results of the two trials are almost identical. In the first trial there was an increase of 7.5 per cent in butterfat yield in favor of the narrow ration; during the second period the increase was 7.6 per cent. The narrow ration also showed a higher per cent of butterfat in both trials, being 0.24 per cent higher in the first trial and 0.17 per cent in the second. The yield of milk was 0.8 per cent greater with the medium ration during the first trial, but during the sec- ond trial the narrow ration produced the more milk, being 3.4 per cent greater than that from the medium ration. ‘The live weight of the cows was practically the same for both narrow and medium ration during both trials. Relative Economy of Narrow and Medium Ration. So far as concerns the experimental results in this bulletin, a comparison of the “narrow” and “medium” rations is equiva- lent to a comparison of corn meal and cottonseed meal. It was learned that cottonseed meal (narrow ration) produced more butterfat than the corn meal (medium ration), when fed in the Guantity and combination as reported in these trials. To get the full difference in the value of these two feeds, however, it is nec- essary to consider, in addition to their respective values as but- terfat producers, also their market and fertilizing values. It was stated at the outset that the ration fed during Period I} was the same as that fed during Periods I and III, except that 2.5 pounds of cottonseed meal were replaced by an equal weight of corn meal. The cost of the former feed was 1.3 cents per pound, while that of the latter was 1.5 cents, making a saving of 0.2 cent per pound in favor of the cottonseed meal. Comparing the two feeds solely on the basis of their fertil- izing value it is found that cottonseed meal is worth 1.4 cents per pound and corn meal 0.38 cent per pound, a difference of 1.02 cents per pound in favor of the cottonseed meal. Adding to this the difference in the original cost of the two feeds, we find that each pound of cottonseed meal replaced by an equal weight of 262 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. corn meal, effected a saving of 1.22 cents when both the original cost and the fertilizing ingredients are considered. But to this must be added the increase in the butterfat production, which was found to be 7.5 per cent when 2.5 pounds of cottonseed meal were substituted for an equal weight of corn meal. Valuing but- terfat at 30 cents per pound, the extra yield of butterfat increased the returns from cottonseed meal 0.9 cent for each pound fed in place of corn meal. Adding this to the 1.22 cents found above, we find that for each pound of corn meal replaced by an equal weight of cottonseed meal, a saving of 2.12 cents was effected for each pound so replaced. With a herd of ten cows fed one year under the conditions of the experiments detailed here, this would mean a total saving of $193.55. Health of Cows. So far as this experiment is concerned there was nothing whatever to indicate that a narrow ration (I :4) has any detri- mental influence on the health of cows. In this connection it inay be stated that no positive conclusions regarding this matter could be drawn from a short feeding experiment. The writer’s data in reference to this point, however, are not limited to those obtained in the experiments detailed here; they cover four years’ work with from fifteen to fifty cows, which were fed on an average not less than six months a year on rations containing a nutritive ratio of about 1 :4.) In all cases where such a narrow ration was fed, corn silage formed the main part of the rough- age and we feel positive that no injury can be done a cow by feeding a narrow ration when corn silage forms the main part of the roughage, even when the narrow ration is obtained by feeding concentrates in which cottonseed meal forms the main part, provided, of course, that the meal is in first-class condition. PS Co Stas Boley 197. ahd Toe THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 265 Relative Feeding Value of Cottonseed Meal and Linseed Meal for Milk Production. The experiment was divided into three periods of twenty- four days each, the first seven days of each period being counted as preliminary. In Periods I and III a ration was fed consisting of 10 parts wheat bran, Io parts cottonseed meal, 5 parts corn meal, and 5 parts linseed meal. The grain ration during the second period differed from this in that 10 parts of linseed meal were fed only 5 parts of cottonseed meal. Of these grain mix- tures, cows Nos. 1, 4 and 5 received 13 pounds daily, while Nos. 2 and 3 received 11 pounds daily. Each cow received uniformly 45 pounds of silage throughout the test. All of the cows were in the early stages of lactation. The milk from each cow was weighed daily and composite samples of it were tested weekly by the Babcock test. The cows were regularly weighed once a week. Results. The results obtained from the individual cows during the different periods are presented in the following table: TABLE V.—Showing Milk, Butterfat Test, Butterfat Yield and Live Weight. No. Milk— Butter-fat Butter-fat Total Live of. Period Pounds Per Pounds Weight— Cow Cent Pounds DeEeenseed MCAl -.. 6 ence ee 649.9 4.4 28.59 984 See osmieeen” Medal ~. oo). es eee 8 582.6 4.2 24.47 924 i oumonseed meal 2... s. . nc oe 538.6 4.1 22.62 912 Pp ootumseed meal -. i... 6. ow eee OUD 4.1 ¥5519 992 See teed MCA! . ack at ee ees 342.3 4.1 14.03 995 me eanseed meal ...../..500.%.. 326.04 4.2 13.70 970 See oeronseed meal-....-5 2200000... 396.8 5.0 19.84 748 eS Ge = i ne 368.2 4.9 18.04 — 712 emcee. IMNCAal... . . .-, e ewe oe 315.2 4.8 15.13 715 Peeewtmneeed Meal ... 63.5 ors cee eee 470.2 4.4 . 20.68 865 meameeed. Meal Sis... ee kes 470.4 4.5 21.16 849 Me ocionseed meal ....)....2...08. 476.9 4.5 21.46 855 BeemLOMSECE, MCAl oi os), ws a acone oso 577.6 4.1 23.68 766 era WMEAl- ow ace ete ecs 68 ce 530.6 4.2 22.28 135 mae eoitomseed Meal. 6.32.06 5 ceed 540.2 4.3 Zo.22 739 204 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. The table shows the yield of milk and butterfat gradually decreased throughout the test except with cows Nos. 4 and 5, which show a slight decrease during Period III. The per cent of butter fat was practically the same throughout the test. T here was also a decrease in live weight as the test progressed, except in case of cows Nos. 3, 4 and be: which showed a slight increase during Period III. The results of the experiment are brought out more forcibly in the following table: TABLE VI.—Total Yield of Milk and Butterfat and Total Live Weight. Milk— Butter-fat Butter-fat Total Live Period Pounds —Per — Pounds Weight— Cent Pounds i * Cottonseca,) meal —. osu. bo% 2,465.0 4.40 108.46 4,355 oe tse Oe Wee ho. vce oes 2,294.1 4.38 100.48 4,215 mY. Cottonseed meal ioc 8 2,197.3 4.40 96.68 4,191 avetagce T and Ti eosin. es * Book. t 4.40 102.72 4,273 The table shows that the cottonseed meal gave slightly greater returns than the linseed meal. The difference, however, is so slight that it would seem unwise not to feed a small quantity of the linseed meal in place of cottonseed meal where there is the slightest need of the tonic effect which linseed meal is capable of producing. The cost of a ton of linseed meal averages about 15. to 20 per cent higher than cottonseed meal. Linseed Meal As a Tonic Food. The great tonic value of linseed meal is evidenced by the fact that most of the so-called patent foods and condition. pow- ders are largely made up of linseed meal. It is a laxative feed and for this reason large quantities of it should never be fed as a daily ration. It is especially suited to young stock, being rich in growing material, such as protein and ash. Indeed there is no class of farm animals to which some linseed meal cannot be fed to advantage, especially when the animals are deprived for THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. — 265 long periods of green or succulent feeds. Linseed meal takes the place of the high price patent tonic stock feeds and costs on an average only about one-tenth as much. Every well regu- lated stock farm should always be provided with linseed meal. Miscellaneous Feeding Trials. Observations have been made as to the effect of feeding cows a ration containing one-third cottonseed meal during the month preceding calving. No ill effects of such feeding were noticeable. It should be borne in mind, however, that the cows > received a liberal amount of corn silage during the time these observations were made. Our feeding trials have well estab- lished the fact that cottonseed meal can be fed with much — ereater safety in conjunction with silage than with dry rough- age. In another investigation involving over twenty animals observations were made on the effects of feeding a grain ration, consisting of one-third cottonseed meal, to heifers ranging from six to eighteen months of age. The daily grain allowance ranged from one and one-half pounds for the six months’ old heifers to two and three-quarter pounds for the eighteen months’ old heifers. The amount of meal fed in these trials did not aappear to interfere in the least with the vigor and development of the animals. One-half of the roughage fed consisted of corn silage. Investigations have also been made on the effects of feed- ing calves on old pasteurized milk and on skim-milk soured with pure cultures of lactic acid bacteria. In the main, the old pas- teurized skim-milk did not appear to have any appreciable effect on calves, though the same had a tendency to produce scours when badly curdled. Feeding skim-milk sourced with lactic acid bacteria did not induce scours; on the contrary, such milk had an appreciable constipating effect. This constipating effect was so marked as to prove quite efficacious in checking calf scours. More data is needed to positively prove to what extent skim-milk soured with pure cultures of lactic can be used as a cure for calf scours. . 260 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. Illinois Dairy and Food Law.* - AN ACT to prevent fraud in the sale of dairy products, their 1m- itation or substitutes, to prohibit and prevent the manufacture and sale of unhealthful, adulterated or muisbranded food, liquors or dairy products, to provide for the appointment of a State Food Commissioner and his assistants, to define thewr powers and duties and to repeal all Acts relating to the pro- duction, manufacture and sale of dairy and food products and liquors in conflict herewith. Section 1. Be it enacted by the People of the State of Illinois represented in the General Assembly: Provision for Appointment of a State Food Commissioner and the Establishment of a State Food Depariment..—That the Governor shall appoint a commissioner who shall be known as the State Food Commissioner, who shall be a citizen of the State of Illinois, and who shall hold his office for a term of four years and until his successor is appointed and qualified, and who shall receive a salary of thirty-six hundred dollars per annum, and his necessary expenses incurred by him in the discharge of his official duties, and who shall be charged with the enforcement of all laws that now exist or that hereafter may be enacted in this State regarding the production, manufacture, sale and labeling of food as herein defined, and to prosecute or cause to be prose- cuted any person, firm or corporation, or agent thereof, engaged in the manufacture or sale of any article manufactured or sold in violation of the provisions of any such law or laws. The Governor shall also appoint from time to time, as required, a Food Standard Commission, for the purpose of determining and adopting standards of quality, purity or strength, for food products, for the State of Illinois, to consist of three members, (*Enacted 1907 and amended 1909 and 1911.) THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 267 one of whom shall be the State Food Commissioner or his rep- resentative, who shall serve without extra pay; one of whom shall be a representative of the Illinois food manufacturing in- dustries, and one of whom shall be an expert food chemist of known reputation; all to be citizens of the State of Illinois, who shall receive fifteen dollars ($15.00) per day for a period not ex- | ceeding thirty (30) days in one year, and necessary expenses incurred during the time employed in the discharge of their duties: Provided, that said Food Standard Commission, in de- termining and adopting a standard of quality, purity, or strength, of milk or cream, shall fix such standard as may be determined solely by the examination and test of milk or cream and the can or receptacle in which it is placed. The said commissioner is hereby authorized to appoint, with the advice and consent of the Governor, one assistant commis- sioner, who shall be a practical dairyman, whose salary shall be three thousand dollars ($3,000.00), per annum and expenses incurred in official duties. One chief chemist who shall be known as State Analyst, whose salary shall be twenty-five hund- red dollars ($2,500.00) per annum and expenses incurred in the discharge of official duties. One attorney whose salary shall be eighteen hundred dollars ($1,800.00) per annum and expenses incurred in the discharge of official duties. One chief clerk, whose salary shall be eighteen hundred dollars ($1,800.00) per annum and expenses incurred in the discharge of official duties. One assistant clerk, whose salary shall be twelve hundred dol- lars ($1,200.00) per annum and expenses incurred in the dis- charge of official duties. Three stenographers at one thousand dollars ($1,000.00) per annum. Twelve inspectors whose salaries shall be as follows: For the first two years of service twelve hundred dollars each, annually; for the third year of service, fourteen hundred dolars each, annually; and for each succeeding year of service an additional increase of one hundred dollars per year each, until the maximum of eighteen hundred dollars a year each is attained, and expenses incurred in the discharge of their official duties. Said commissioners shall also have authori- 268 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. ty to appoint one bacteriologist at eighteen hundred dollars ($1,- 800.00) per annum and expenses incurred in the discharge of his official duties ; and seven analytical chemists, whose salaries shall be as follows: For the first two years of service, twelve hund- red dollars each, annually; for the third year of service, fourteen hundred dollars each, annually; for the fourth year of service, fifteen hundred dollars each, annually, and for each succeeding year of service an additional increase of one hundred dollars per year each, until the maximum of eighteen hundred dollars per year is attained, and expenses incurred in the discharge of their official duties, and one laboratory janitor at seven hundred and twenty dollars ($720.00) per annum. The said commissioner shall make annual reports to the Governor not later than the 15th of January, of his work and proceedings, and shall report in detail the number of inspectors he has appointed and employed, with their expenses and dis- bursements and the amount of salary paid the same, and he may, from time to time, issue bulletins of information, when in his judgment the interests of the State would be promoted thereby. The said commissioner shall maintain an office and labora- tory, where the business of said department may be conducted. This section shall not effect (affect) the term of office of the present commissioner, and he shall be regarded as having been appointed under the provisions of this Act. The Food Commissioner shall make analyses and examina- tions for the state Charitable Institutions, of foods, drugs, and such other supplies as the laboratory of the State Food Commis- sion is equipped and prepared to examine and analyze. Section 2. Power of Commissioner and Inspectors Making Inspection—The State Food Commissioner, and such inspectors and agents as shall. be duly authorized for the purpose, when and as often as they may deem it necessary for the purpose of determining whether any manufactured food complies with the law, shall examine the raw materials used in the manufacture of food products and determine whether any filthy, decomposed or putrid substance is used in their preparation. They may also THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 26% examine all premises, carriages or cars where food is manufac- tured, transported, stored or served to patrons, for the purpose only of ascertaining their sanitary condition and examining and taking samples of the raw materials and finished products found therein; but nothing in this Act shall be construed as permitting close trade rights or secret processes, or methods of manufac- manufacture, or requiring or compelling proprietors or manufac- turers, or packers of proprietary or other food products, to dis- close trade rights or secret processes, or meahods of manufac- ture. Said commissioner, inspectors and agents shall also have power and authority to open any package, can or vessel con- taining or supposed to contain any article manufactured, sold or exposed for sale, or held in possession with intent to sell, in violation of the provisions of this Act, or laws that now exist, or that may hereafter be enacted in this State, and may inspect the contents thereof, and may take samples therefrom for analy- sis. The employes of railroads, express companies or other common carriers shall render to them all the assistance in their power, when so requested, in tracing, finding or disclosing the presence of any article prohibited by law, and in securing sam- ples thereof as hereinafter provided for. Section 3. Refusal to Assist Inspector a Misdemeanor— Whoever, by himself, his agent, employe, or servant, hinders, ob- structs, or in any way interferes with any inspector, analyst, or officer appointed hereunder, in the performance of his duty, or in the exercise of his powers as defined in this Act, or whoever being an employe of a railroad, express company, or other com- mon carrier refuses or fails upon request to assist the State Food Commissioner, the Assistant Commissioner, the State Analyst, or any Inspector appointed hereunder in tracing, finding or disclosing the presence of any article of food prohibited by law and in securing samples thereof as provided for in section 2 of this Act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be punished as hereinafter provided for. Section 4. The person taking such a sample as provided 270 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. for in section 2 of this Act, shall in the case of bulk or broken package goods, divide the same into two equal parts, as nearly as may be, and in the case of sealed or unbroken packages, he shall select two of said packages, which two said packages shall constitute the sample taken, and properly to identify the same, he shall, in the presence of the person from whom the same is taken, mark or seal each half or part of such sample with a paper seal or otherwise, and shall write his name thereon and number each part of said sample with the same number, and also write thereon the name of the said dealer in whose place of busi- ness the sample is found, and the person from whom said sam- ple is taken shall also write his own name thereon, and at the same time the person taking said sample shall give notice to such person from whom said sample is taken that said sample was obtained for the purpose of examination by the State Food Commissioner. One part of said sample shall be taken by the person so procuring the same to the State Analyst or other com- petent person appointed for the purpose of making examinations or analysis of samples so taken, and the person taking such sample shall tender to the person from whom it is taken the value of that part thereof so retained by the person taking said sample; the other part of said sample shall be delivered to the person from whom said sample is taken. If the person from whom said sample is taken has recourse upon the manufacturer or guarantor, either by operation of law or under contract for any failure on the part of said sample to comply with the pro- visions of this Act, then said person from whom said sample is taken shall retain for the period of six months that part of said sample so delivered to him in order that said manufacturer or guarantor may have the same examined or analyzed if he so desires. Provided, that the person procuring said sample may se- curely pack and box that part thereof retained by him and send the same to the State Analyst or other competent person ap- pointed hereunder, and the testimony of the person procuring THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 27) said sample that he did procure the sample and that he sealed and numbered the same as herein provided, and that he wrote his name thereon, and that he packed and boxed said part thereof and sent the same to the State Analyst or other competent per- son appointed hereunder, and the testimony of the person anal- yzing said sample that he received the same in apparent good order, that said. sample was sealed, and that the number thereof and the name of the sender, as herein provided for, was on said sample, and that the seal at the time the same was received was unbroken, shall be prima facte-evidence that the sample so re- ceived is the sample that was sent, and that the contents thereof are the same and in the same condition as at the time the person so procuring said sample parted with the possession thereof, and the testimony of said two witnesses as above shall be sufficient to make prima facie proof. Section 5. Manufacturing Adulterated or Muisbranded Food Misdemeanor—lIt shall be unlawful for any person to manufacture for sale within the State of Illinois any article of food or drink which is adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of this Act, and any person who shall violate any of the provisions of this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and, on conviction thereof, shall be punished according to the provisions of this Act: Provided, that no other article of food shall be deemed mis- branded or adulterated within the provisions of this Act when intended for export to any foreign country or purchaser, and prepared or packed according to the specifications or directions of the foreign country to which said article is intended to be shipped; but said article shall be in fact sold or offered for sale for domestic use or consumption, then this proviso shall not except said article from the operation of any of the other pro- visions of this Act. Section 6. Possession Misbranded or Adulterated Arti- cles Prohibited.—The having in possession of any article of food or drink which is misbranded or adulterated, with intent to sell 272 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. the same, is hereby prohibited; and whoever shall have in his possession, with the intent to sell, or offer for sale, any article which is adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of this Act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction there- of, shall be punished as hereinafter provided. Proof that any person, firm or corporation has or had possession of any article which is adulterated or misbranded shall be prima facie evidence that the possession thereof is in violation of this section. Section 7. Term Food Defined.—The term “food,” as used herein, shall include all articles used for food, drink, confection- ery or condiment by man or other animals, whether simple, mixed or compounded, and any substitute used as a constituent in the manufacture thereof. Section 8. Defines Adulteration.—That for the purpose of this Act, an article shall be deemed to be adulterated— In case of confectionery: First—lf it contains terra alba, barytes, talc, chrome yellow, paraffin, mineral fillers or poisonous substances, or poisonous color or flavor. Second—lf it contains any ingredient deleterious or detri- mental to health, or any vinous, malt or spirituous liquor or com- pound, or narcotic drug. In case of food: First—lf any substance has been mixed or packed with it so as to reduce or lower or injuriously affect its quality, strength or purity. | Second—If any substance has been substituted wholly or in part for the article. Third—lf any valuable constituent of the article has been wholly or in part abstracted: Provided, that in the manufacture of skim or separated cheese the whole or part of the butter fats in the milk may be abstracted. Fourth—lIf it be mixed, colored, powdered, coated, polished or stained in any manner whereby damage or inferiority is con- cealed, or it is made to appear better or of greater value than it really is. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 273 Fifth—Ilf it contains any added poisonous or other de- leterious ingredient which may render such article injurious to health: Provided, that when in the preparation of food products for shipment they are preserved by an external application, ap- plied in such a manner that the preservative is necessarily re- moved mechanically, or by maceration in water, or otherwise, and directions for the removal of said preservatives shall be printed on the covering of the package, the provisions of this Act shall be construed as applying only when such products are ready for consumption; and formaldehyde, hydrofluoric acid, boric acid, salicylic acid and all compounds and derivatives there- of are hereby declared unwholesome and injurious. Sivth—lIf it consists in whole or in part of a filthy, decom- posed or putrid, infected, tainted or rotten animal or vegetable substance or article, or any portion of an animal unfit for food, whether manufactured or not, or if it is the product of a dis- eased animal, or one that has died otherwise than by slaughter. Section 9. Misbranded Defined.—The term ‘‘misbranded” as used herein, shall apply to all articles of food or drink, or ar- ticles which enter into the composition of food or drink, the packages or label (s) of which shall bear any statement, design, or device regarding such article, or the ingredients or substance contained therein which shall be false or misleading in any par- ticular; and to any such products which are falsely branded as to manufacturer, packer, or dealer who sells the same or as to the state, territory, or country in which it is manufactured or pro- duced. That for the purpose of this Act an article shall be deemed to be misbranded— In case of food: 3 First—lf it be an imitation of or offered for sale under the distinctive name of another article. Second—lf it be labeled or branded so as to deceive or mis- lead the purchaser, or purports to be a foreign product when not so, or if the contents of a package as originally put up shall have been removed in whole or in part and other contents shall have been placed in such package, or if it shall fail to bear a 274 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. statement on the label of the quality or proportion of any mor- phine, opium, cocaine, heroin, alpha or beta eucaine, chloroform, canabis indica, chloral hydrate, or acetanilid, or and derivative or preparation of any such substances contained therein. Third—lf in any package form and the contents are stated in terms of weight or measure, they are not correctly and plainly stated on the outside of the package. Fourth—Ilf it be a manufactured article of food or food solid in package form, and is not distinctly labeled, marked or branded with the true name of the article, and with either the name of the manufacturer and place of manufacture, or the name and address of the packer or dealer who sells the same. Fifth—If the package containing it or its label shall bear any statement, design or device regarding the ingredients of the substance contained therein, which statement, design or device shall be false or misleading in any particular: Provided, that an article of food which does not contain any added poisonous or deleterious ingredients shall not be deemed to be adulterated or misbranded in following cases: First—In case of mixtures or compounds which may be now or from time to time hereafter known as articles of food under their own distinctive names, and not an imitation of or offered for sale under the distinctive name of another article, if the name be accompanied on the same label or brand with a state- ment of the place where the article has been manufactured or pro- duced. Second—In case of articles labeled, branded or tagged so as to plainly indicate that they are compounds, imitations or blends, and the word “compound,” “imitation” or “blend,” as the case may be, is plainly stated on the package in which it is offered for sale: Provided, that the term “blend,” as used herein, shall be construed to mean a mixture of like substances, not excluding harmless coloring or flavoring ingredients used for the purpose of coloring and flavoring only; and as applied to alcoholic bever- ages, only those distilled spirits shall be regarded as “like sub- TH:RTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 275 stances” which are distilled from the fermented mash of grain and are of the same alcoholic strength: And, provided, further, that nothing in this Act shall be construed as requiring or com- pelling proprietors or manufacturers of proprietary foods, which contain no unwholesome added ingredients to disclose their trade formulas, except in so far as the provisions of this Act may re- quire to secure freedom from adulteration or misbranding. Third—In the case of mixtures of corn syrup (glucose) or corn sugar (dextrose) or corn sugar syrup, with cane or beet sugar (sucrose) or cane or beet sugar syrup, in food, if the maximum percentage of corn syrup (glucose), or corn sugar (dextrose) or corn sugar syrup, in such article of food be plainly stated on the label. Section 10. Condemnation and Confiscation of Misbranded or Adulterated Foods—Any article of food or drink or liquor that is adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of this Act, or that is made, labeled or branded contrary to the provision of this Act, or that does not conform to the definition or analyt- ical requirements provided in this Act, and is being sold or offered for sale or exposed for sale within the State of Lllinois, shall be liable to be proceeded against in any court of record or before any judge thereof, or before any justice of the peace within whose jurisdiction the same may be found, and seized for condemnation and confiscation; and authority and jurisdiction are hereby vested in the several courts of record, the judges thereof in vacation, and the several justices of the peace, to issue the warrant and to hear and determine the proceedings herein provided for. Such proceedings shall be by complaint, verified by affidavit, and in the name of the People of the State of IIli- nois against the article or articles proceeded against, particularly describing the same, the place where they are located, the name of the person, firm or corporation in whose possession they are found, and wherein they violate the provisions of this Act. Thereupon said court, judge or justice of 'the peace shall issue a warrant directed to the sheriff, bailiff or any constable of the 276 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. county, commanding such officer to seize and take into his pos- session the article or articles described in the complaint, and bring the sgme before the court, judge or justice of the peace who issued the warrant, and to summon the person, firm or corpora- tion named in the warrant, and any other person who may be found in possession of the said articles to appear at the time and place therein specified, which service shall be made in the same nianner as service of process in civil cases in such court or before such justice of the peace. The hearing upon such complaint shall be at the time and place specified in the warrant, which time shall be not less than five (5) days nor more than fifteen (15) days from the date of issuing the warrant: Provided, that if the execution and service of the warrant as aforesaid is had less than three (3) days before the return day of the warrant, then the claimant shall be entitled to a reasonable continuance. Upon the hearing the complaint made may be amended, and any person, firm or corporation that appears and claims the said ar- ticle or articles shall be required to file its claim in writing. Ex- cept as herein provided, the proceedings shall conform as near as may be to the proceedings upon search warrants, except that either party may demand a trial by jury upon any issue of fact joined in any such case. And if such article is condemned as being adulterated or misbranded, or of a poisonous or deleter- _ious character within the meaning of this Act, or as made, label- ed or branded contrary to the provisions of this Act, or as not conforming to the definition or analytical requirements provided in this Act, the same shall be confiscated and disposed of by de- struction or sale, as the court, judge or justice of the peace may direct, and the proceeds thereof, if sold, less than legal costs and charges, shall be paid into the treasury of the State of Illinois, but such article shall in no instance be sold contrary to the pro- visions of this Act: Provided, however, that upon the payment of the costs of such proceedings and the execution and delivery of a good and sufficient bond to the State Food Commission for the use of the People of the State of Illinois, to the effect that THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 277 such articles shall not be sold or otherwise disposed of contrary to the provisions of this Act, the court may, by order, direct that such articles be delivered to the owner thereof. Section 11. Vinegar To Be Branded.—All vinegar made by fermentation and oxidation without the intervention of dis- tillation, shall be branded with the name of the fruit or sub- stance from which the same is made. All vinegar made wholly or in part from distilled liquor shall be branded “distilled vine- gar,’ and shall not be colored in imitation of cider vinegar. All vinegar shall be made wholly from the fruit or grain from which it purports to be or is represented to be made, shall contain no foreign substance, and shall contain not less than four per cent, by weight, of absolute acetic acid. Any vinegar made or manu- factured contrary to the provisions of this section shall be deem- ed to be adulterated within the meaning of this Act. Any vine- gar which is not branded as herein provided shall be deemed to be misbranded within the meaning of this Act. Section 12. Extracts To Be Labeled.—Extracts made of more than one principle shall be labeled in a conspicuous manner with the name of each principle, or else with the name of the inferior or adulterant; and in all cases when an extract is la- beled with two or more names, such names must be in a con- spicuous place on said label, and in no instance shall such mix- ture be called imitation, artificial or compound, and the name of one of the articles used shall not be given greater prominence than another: Provided, that all extracts which cannot be made frorn the fruit. berry, bean or other part of the plant, and n-ust necessarily be made’ artificially, as raspberry, strawberry, etc., shall be labeled “imitation” in letters similar in size and imme- diately preceding the name of the article: Provided, however, that prepared cocoanut, containing nothing other than cocoanut, sugar and glycerine, shall be labeled as prepared cocoanut, and when so made need not be labeled “‘compourd” or “mixture.” Any such extract not labeled as nereti provided for shall (be) deemed to be misbranded within the meaning of this ct. 278 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. Section 13. Baking Powder—ilow Labeled.—-No person by himself, his servant or his agent, or as the servant of any other preson, shall, first, make or manufacture baking powder or any other mixture or compound intended for use as baking pcewder; second, or sell, exchange, deliver or offer for sale or exchange such baking powder or any mixture or co-npound in- tended for use as bakiag powder, unless the same shall contain not less than ten per cent available carbon dioxide and unless the eommon names of all the ingredients be printed on the label. Section 14. Adulterated, Spirituous, Malt of Winous Lig- uors Prolibited——No persan shail within this State, by him- self, his servant or agent, or as a servant or agent of any other person or corporation, brew, distili, have or ofter for sale, or sel. any spirituous or fermented or malt liquor, containing any drug, substance or ingredient not heaithiul or not normaily existing in said spirituous, fermented or malted liquor, or which may be deleterious or detrimental to health when such liquers are used as a beverage, and the following drugs, substances or ingredients shall be deemed to be uot healthful and shail be deemed to be deleterious or detrimental to health when con- tained in such liquors, to-wit: Coculous indicus, copperas, Opiuin, Cayenne pepper, picric acid, Iadian hemp, strychnine, ar- senic, tobacco, darnel seed, extract of logwood, salts of zinc, copper or lead, alum, methyl alcohol and iis derivatives and any extracts or compounds of any of the above drug’s, substances or ingredients and any person violating any of the provisicns of this section shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. Section 15. Mutilating Label Prohibited.—Whoeve: sl:ali deface, change, erase or remove any mark, label or brand pro- vided for by this Act with intent to mislead, deceive or to vio- late any of the provisions of this Act, shall be held liable to the penalties of this Act. Section 16. Sale of Uuclean or Unwholesome Milk fer Consumption and Unsanitary Containers Prohibited—No per- son, firm or corporation shall offer for sale, or sell to any person, THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 279 firm or corporation, creamery or cheese factory, any unclean, unhealthful, unwholesome or adulterated milk or cream, or any milx or cream which has not been well cooled or to which water or any foreign substance has been added, or milk or cream which has been handled or transported in unclean or unsanitary ves- sels or containers: Provided, that nothing in this section shall be construed to prevent the sale of skim milk to factories en- gaged in the manufacture of skim milk products, nor the sale of skim milk under the provisions of section 19 of this Act. Section 17. Persons Receiving Milk To Wash Cans.—Any person, firm or corporation who receives from any other person, fir or corporation, any milk or cream in cans, bottles or ves- sels which have been transported over any railroad or boat line, where such can, bottles or vessels are to be returned, shall cause the said cans, bottles or vessels to be emptied before the said milk or cream contained therein shall become sour, and shall cause said cans, bottles or vessels to be immediately washed and thoroughly cleansed and aired. Section 18. Not To Manufacture Food from Impure ov Uuclean Milk or Cream.—No person, firm or corporation shat manufacture from unclean, impure, unhealthful or unwhole- some milk, or from cream from the same, any article of food. Section 19. Sale of Skim Milk—Cans—How Labeled.— No person, firm or corporation shzil sel!, or expose for sale, or have in his possession wit! inter. to sell, in any store or place of business, or on any wagon or other vehicle, used in transport- ing milk from which cream has. been removed, any such milk or milk commodity called “skim milk” without first attaching -o the can, vessel or other package containing said milk, a-tag with the words “skim milk” printed on both sides of said tag in large letters, each letter being at least three-fourths of an inch high and one-half inch wide. Said tag shall be attached to the ton or vide of said can, vessel or package where it can he easily seen. 280 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. Section 20. Instruments for Measuring Milk and Cream Standards.—The State standard milk measure or pipettes shall have for milk a capacity of seventeen and six-tenths cubic cen- temeters, and the State standard test tube or bottles for milk shall have a capacity of two cubic centimeters at a temperature of sixty degrees Fahrenheit between “zero”? and ten on the graduated scale marked on the necks thereof. For cream nine or eighteen grams shall be used, and the standard test tubes or bottles for cream shall have a capacity of three or six cubic cen- timeters, respectively, at a temperature of sixty degrees Fahren- heit between “zero” and thirty on the graduated scale marked on the necks thereof, and it is hereby made a misdemeanor to use any other measure, pipette, test tubes or bottle to determine the per cent of butter fat where milk or cream is purchased by, or furnished to creameries or cheese factories, and where the value of said milk is determined by the per cent of butter fat con- tained in the same. Any manufacturer, merchant, dealer, or agent in this State who shall offer for sale or sell a cream or milk pipette or measure, test tube or bottle which is not correctly marked or graduated as herein provided, shall be guilty of a mis- demeanor and upon conviction thereof shall be punished as pro- vided in this Act. Section 20a. No person shall operate a milk or cream test- ing apparatus to determine the percentage of butter fat in milk or cream for the purpose of purchasing the same either for him- self or for another without first securing a license from the dairy and food commissioners of this State, authorizing such person to so operate such tester. Any person desiring to secure such license shall make application therefor on a blank to be prepared and provided by the dairy and food commissioner, and such applicant, before being issued such license, shall pass a sat- isfactory examination in person and prove by actual demon- stration that he is competent and qualified to properts use such tester and make an accurate test with the same. Such license shall be issued for a period of two (2) years THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 281 from and after the date of its issuance and a fee of one dollar ($1.00) shall be paid for such license by the licensee upon the issuance thereof. The dairy and food commissioner for just cause shall have authority to revoke any license issued under the provisions of this Act. The fees collected under the provisions of this section shall be paid into the State treasury monthly by the dairy and food commissioner. Section 21. Underreading Babcock Test Prohibited.—lt shall be unlawful for the owner, manager, agent, or any em- ploye of a creamery or cheese factory to manipulate or under- read the Babcock test, or any other contrivance used for determ- ining the quality or value of milk or cream or to falsify the record thereof, or to pay for such milk or cream on the basis of any measurement except the true measurement as thereby de- termined. Section 22. Sale of Preservatives Prolibited.—No person, firm or corporation shall manufacture for sale, advertise, offer or expose for sale, or sell, any mixture or compound intended for use as a preservative or other adulterant of milk, cream, butter or cheese, nor shall he manufacture for sale, advertise, offer or expose for sale, or sell any unwholesome or injurious preservative or any mixture or compound thereof intended as a preservative of any food: Provided, however, that this sec- tion shall not apply to pure salt added to butter and cheese. Section 23. Vehicles To Be Marked. Any person, firm or corporation, who shall in any of the cities, incorporated towns or villages of this State which contains a population of 5,000 or over, engage in or carry on a retail business in the sale or exchange of, or any retail traffic in milk or cream, shall have each and every carriage or vehicle from which the same is vend- ed, conspicuously marked with the name of such vender on both sides of such carriage or vehicle. Section 24. Illegal Lard—No person shall, within this State, manufacture for sale, have in his possession with intent 282 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. to sell, offer or expose for sale, or sell, as lard, any substance not the legitimate and exclusive product of the fat of the hog. Section 25. Lard Substitute—No person shall manufac- ture for sale within this State, or have in his possession with in- tent to sell, offer or expose for sale, or sell, as lard, or as a sub- stitute for lard, or as an imitation of lard, any mixture or com- pound which is designed to take the place of lard and which is made from animal or vegetable oils or fats other than the fat of the hog, or any mixture or combination with any animal or vegetable oils or fats, unless the tierce, barrel, tub, pail or pack- age containing the same shall be distinctly and legibly branded or labeled with the name of the person, firm or corporation making the same, together with the location of the manufactory and the words “lard substitute’ or “adulterated lard” or “com- pound,” “imitation” or “blend,” as the case may be, or unless the same shall be sold under its own distinctive name, as provid- ed for in section 9 of this Act.., Section 26. Persons Selling Imitation or Substitute for Lard to Inform Purchaser.—It shall be unlawful to sell or offer for sale any “lard substitute” or “adulterated lard” or “com- pound,” “imitation” or “blend,” as herein defined, without in- forming the purchaser thereof, or the person or persons to whom the same is offered for sale, that the substitute sold or offered for sale is “lard substitute” or ‘“‘adulterated lard’ or “compound,” “imitation” or “blend,” as the case may be. Section 27. Sale of Process Butter Not Branded Prolb- ited—No person, firm or corporation, agent or employe, shall manufacture for sale, sell or offer or expose for sale, in this State, any butter that is produced by taking original packing stock butter, or other butter, or both, and melting same so that the butter fat can be drawn off or extracted, then mixing the said butter fat with skimmed milk, or milk, or cream, or other milk product, and rechurning or reworking the said mixture, or that produced by any process that is commonly known as boiled, process or renovated butter, unless the same is branded or mark- ed, as provided in section 28 of this Act. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 283 Section 28. Process Butter—How. Branded.—No person, firm or corporation, agent or employe, shall sell, offer or expose for sale, or deliver to a purchaser, any boiled, process or freno- vated butter, as defined in section 27 of this Act, unless the words “Renovated Butter’ shall be plainly branded with gothic or bold face letters at least three-fourths of an inch in length on the top and sides of each tub, of box, or pail, or other kind of case or package, or on the wrapper of prints or rolls or bulk packages in which it is put up. If such butter is exposed for sale uncovered, or not,n a case or package, a placard containing the label so printed shall be attached to the mass of butter in such a manner as to be easily seen and read by the purchaser. The branding or marking of all packages shall be in the English language, and in a conspicuous place so as to be easily seen and read by the purchaser. Section 29. Illegal Foods to be Seiged—Whenever the commissioner or his agents shall have ground for suspicion that any article of food, found in possession of any person, firm or corporation, is adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of this Act, he may seize such article of food and make an inventory thereof, and shall leave a copy of such inventory with the party holding such suspected goods, and tag the same “suspected ;” and he shall notify in writing the person, firm or corporation in whose possession it may be found, not to offer the same for sale . or sell or otherwise dispose of the same until further notice in writing from the commissioner. Whereupon the commissioner shall forthwith cause a sample of said article of food to be ex- amined or analyzed, and 1f the same shall be found to be adulter- ated or misbranded within the meaning of this Act, the com- missioner shall proceed with a hearing and subsequent proceed- ings as provided in this Act. If, however, such examination or analysis shall show that such article of food complies with the provisions of this Act, the person, firm or corporation in whose possession such article of food is found shall forthwith be noti- fied in writing that said seizure is released, and authority given 284 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. to dispose of such article of food. Such seizure may be had without a warrant and said commissioner, and all inspectors and agents appointed pursuant to law, are hereby given full power and authority of “‘policemen.’’ Any court having jurisdiction, upon receiving proof of probable cause for believing in the con- cealment of any food or dairy product or substitutes therefor, or imitation thereof, kept for sale or for a purpose, or had in pos- session or under control, contrary to the provisions of this Act, or other laws which now exist or may be hereafter enacted, shall issue a search warrant and cause a search to be made in any place therefor, and to that end may cause any building, en- closure, wagon or car to be entered, and any apartment, chest, box, locker, tub, jar, crate, basket or package to be broken open and the contents thereof examined. Section 30. Search Warrants to be Issued for Illegal Food. —All warrants issued pursuant to section 29 hereof shall be di- rected to the sheriff, bailiff or some constable of the county where such food or dairy products may be supposed to be concealed, commanding such officer to search the house or place where such food or dairy product, or substitute thereof, or imitation thereof for which he is required to search, is believed to be con- cealed, which place and the property to be searched for, shall be designated in the warrant, and to bring such food or dairy pro- duct or substitute therefor or imitation thereof, when found, and the person in whose possession the same is found, before the magistrate who issued the warrant, or before some other court or magistrate having jurisdiction of the case to be pro- ceeded against as hereinbefore provided for in section 10 of this ACT. - Section 31. State’s Attorney to Assist.—It shall be the duty of the State’s Attorney in any couny of this State when called upon by the commissioner, or any of his assistants, to ren- der any legal assistance in his power to execute the law and to prosecute cases arising under the provisions of this Act: Provid- ed, that no person shall be prosecuted under the provisions of THIRTY-SEVENTH -ANNUAL CONVENTION. 285 this Act for selling or offering for sale any article of food or drugs as defined herein, when the same is found to be adulterated or misbranded within 'the meaning of this Act, in the original unbroken package in which it was received by said person when ° he can establish a guaranty signed by the wholesaler, jobber, manufacturer or other party residing in this State, to the effect that the same is not adulterated or misbranded in the original un- broken package in which said article was received by said dealer ; within the meaning of this Act, designating it. Said guaranty to afford protection, shall contain the name and address of the party or parties making the sale of such article to such dealer, and in such case said party or parties shall be amendable to the prosecutions, flnes and other penalties as provided for in this Act: Provided, that no such guaranty shall operate as a de- fense to prosecutions for the violation of this Act. First, if the dealer shall continue to sell after notice by the State Food Com- missioner that such article is adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of this Act; second, if the dealer shall fail to pre- serve for the manufacturer or guarantor and deliver to him up- on demand the sample left with him by the commissioner or his agent. Section 32. State Board of Health to Furnish Samples.— The State Board of Health may submit to the commissioner or any of his assistants samples of food or drink for examination or analysis, and shall receive special reports showing the results of such examination or analysis. Section 33. State Analyst Shall Not Furnish Certificate of Purity.—It shall be unlawful for the State Analyst or any assist- ant State Analyst to furnish to any individual, firm or corpora- tion any certificate as to the purity or excellence of any article manufactured or sold by them to be used as food or in the prep- eration of food. 3 Section 34. Using Shift or Device-——The use of any shift or device to evade the provisions of this Act shall be deemed a violation of such provision and punishable as herein provided. 286 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. Section 35. Master's Liability, etc-—Whoever shall, by himself or another, either as principal, clerk or servant, directly or indirectly, violate any of the provisions of this Act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and punished as herein provided. Section 36. Penalties, License Fees and Proceeds Paid to State Treasurer.—All fines, penalties, and all proceeds collected from goods confiscated and sold under the provisions of this Act and other laws relating to dairy and food products, and all h- cense fees collected hereunder, shall be paid into the State treas- ury. Section 37. Label—Size of Type—rThe principal label on any package of food, as defined by this Act, shall be printed plainly and legibly in English with or without the foreign label in the language of the country where the product is produced or manufactured and the size of type, if not otherwise described in this Act, shall not be smaller than EIGHT-POINT (BRE- VIER) CAPS: Provided, that in case the size of the package will not permit the use of eight-point cap type, the size of the type may be reduced proportionately. Section 38. Food Commissioner to Make Rules and Regu- lations.—The State Food Commissioner shall make rules and regulations for carrying out the provisions of this Act, and shall have power to make rules and regulations for the analyzing and reporting the results thereof, of articles submitted for analysis by the State Board of Health, and regulating the analyzing and reporting thereon of samples taken under any law or laws of the United States by any person hereunder, or furnished by any ufficer or employe charged with the enforcement of the laws of the United States relative to the manufacture, sale or transporta- tion of adulterated, misbranded, poisonous or deleterious foods, dairy products or articles manufactured from dairy products or liquors. Section 39. Standard of Purity and Strength.—In the en- forcement of this Act, and in the construction thereof, the fol- lowing named articles of food stuffs, when offered for sale or THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 287 exposed for sale, or sold, shall conform to the analytical require- ments set opposite each, respectively: Milk shall contain not less than three (3) per cent of milk fat and not less than eight and one-half (8.5) per cent of solids, not fat. Cream shall contain not less than eighteen per cent of milk fat. Maple Sugar shall contain not less than sixty-five one hund- redths (0.65) per cent of maple ash in the water-free substance. Honey is laevo-rotory, contains not more than twenty-five (25) per cent of water, not more than twenty-five hundredths (0.25) per cent of ash and not more than eight (8) per cent of sucrose. Cloves shall contain not more than five (5) per cent of clove stems, not less than ten (10) per cent of volatile ether extract, not less than twelve (12) per cent of quercitannic acid, not more than eight (8) per cent of total ash, not more than five-tenths (0.5) per cent of ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid, and not more than ten (10) per cent of crude fiber. Black Pepper shall contain not less than six (6) per cent of nonvolatile ether extract, not less than twenty-five (25) per cent of pepper starch, not more than seven (7) per cent of total ash, not more than two (2) per cent of ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid, and not more than fifteen (15) per cent of crude fiber. Lemon Extract shall contain not less than five (5) per cent of oil of lemon by volume. Orange Extract shall contain not less than five (5) per cent of oil of orange by volume. 7 Vanilla Extract shall contain in one hundred (100) cubic centimeters the soluble matters from not less than ten (10) grams of vanilla bean. : Olive Oil has a refractive index (25 degrees C.) not less than one and forty-six hundred and sixty ten thousands (1.4660) and not exceeding one and forty-six hundred and eighty ten- thousandths (1.4680), and an iodin number not less than sev- enty-nine (79) and not exceeding ninety (90). 288 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. All Vinegars shall contain four (4), grams of acetic acid in one hundred (100) cubic centimeters (20 degrees C.). Cider Vinegar shall contain not less than one and one-sixth (1.6) grams of apple solids, and not less than twenty-five hund- redths (0.25) grams of apple ash in one hundred (100) cubic centimeters (20 degrees C.). Wine Vinegar shall contain not less than one a gram of grape solids and not less than thirteen-hundredths (0.13) gram of grape ash in one hundred cubic centimeters (20 degrees C.). Malt Vinegar shall contain in one hundred (100) cubic cen- timeters (20 degrees C.) not less than two (2) grams of solids and not less than two-tenths (0.2) gram of ash. In the enforcement of this Act and the construction thereof all articles of food not defined in this Act, when offered for sale or exposed for sale, or sold, shall conform to the definition and analytical requirements of the standard adopted and promulgated from time to time by the State Food Standard Commission: Pro- vided, such standards for any article of food or drink, or for any substance used or intended to be used in food or drink shall be deemed prima facet evidence of the proper standard of quality, purity and strength of any such article or substance, but shall only be deemed such prima facie evidence in the trial of cases brought in the proper courts to enforce the provisions of this Act: Provided, that nothing in this section shall be construed to prevent the sale of any wholesome food product which varies from such standards, if such article of food be labeled so as to clearly indicate such variation. Section 39a. Whoever offers for sale, exposes for sale, or sells any article of food which does not conform to the definition or analytical requirements provided for in section 39 of this Act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be punished as herein provided. Section 40. Preliminary Hearing by the Commissioner.— When it appears from the examination or analysis that the pro- visions of this Act have been violated, the Food Commissioner PREEUDOR. Se naa et eaaiaeea a pie is pa Jersey—Dick (University of Illinois.) iLibs.. Milk; Iubs.. Fat. RENEE 2S Vin one NAL A he ceae, y S A t at” f SROID 20D bHE LISRARY r THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 289 shall cause notice of such fact together with a copy of the find- ings, to be given to the party or parties from whom the sample was obtained; and to the party, if any, whose name appears upon the label as manufacturer, packer, wholesaler, retailer, or other dealer, by registered mail. ‘The receipt of the postoffice depart- ment for such registered notice shall be received as prima facet evidence that such notice has been given. The party, or parties, so notified, shall be given an opportunity to be heard under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed as aforesaid. Notices shall specify the date, hour and place of the hearing. ‘The hear- ing shall be private, and the parties interested therein may ap- pear in person or by attorney. If, after such hearing, the Com- missioner shall believe this Act has been violated, he shall cause the party or parties whom he believes to be guilty, to be prose- cuted forthwith, under the provisions of this Act. No action or prosecution shall be instituted against any person for a violation of the provisions of this Act, unless the same shall have been commenced within six months from the taking of said samples. Section 41. Penalty——Any person convicted of violating any of the provisions of the foregoing Act shall, for the first offense, be punished by a fine in any sum not less than fifteen (15) dollars, and not more than one hundred (100) dollars, or by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding thirty days, or by such other fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court, and for the second and each subsequent offense by a fine of not less than twenty-five (25) dollars and not more than two hundred (200) dollars, or by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding one year, or both, in the discretion of the court; or the fine above may be used for and recovered before any jus- tice of the peace or any other court of competent jurisdiction in the county where the offense shall have been committed, at the instance of the State Food Commissioner or any other person in the name of the People of the State of Illinois as plaintiff and shall be recovered in an action of debt. Section 42. Judgment—Issuing Capias.—When the rendi- tion of the judgment imposes a fine as provided in any of the “ 290 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. — sections of this Act, it shall be the duty of the justice of the peace or other court rendering such judgment also to render a judg- ment for costs and such justice of the peace or other court shall forthwith issue a capias or warrant of commitment against the body of the defendant, commanding that unless the said fine and costs be forthwith paid the defendant shall be committed to the jail of the county and the constable or other officer, to whose hands said capias or warrant shall come, shall in default of such payment, arrest the defendant and commit him to the jail of the county, there to remain as provided in section 171 of “An Act to revise the law in relation to criminal jurisprudence,” in force July 1, 1885, unless such fine and costs shall sooner be paid. Section 43. Repeal.—All Acts and parts of Acts inconsist- ent with this Act are hereby repealed: Provided, that nothing in this Act contained shall be construed as repealing the Act en- titled, “An Act to regulate the manufacture and sale of substi- tutes for butter,” approved June 14, 1897, in force July 1, 1897, or any part thereof. Approved May 14, 1907, in force July I, 1907. Amendment to section 39, approved June 14, 1909, in force July 1, 1909. Section 20a and 39a and amendments to sections I, 3, 4, 9, 10, II, 12, 20, 21 and 40, approved June 6, 1911, in force July t;FOTT. : THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 291 Sanitary Food Law. An Act to prevent the preperation, manufacture, packing, stor- ing, or distributing of food intended for sale, or sale of food, under insanitary, unhealthful or unclean conditions or sur- roundings, to create a sanitary inspection, to declare that such conditions shall constitute a nuisance, and to provide for the enforcement thereof. Section 1. Be it enacted by the People of the State of [lh- nois, represented in the General Assembly: ‘That every building, room, basement, inclosure or premises, occupied, used or main- tained as a bakery, confectionery, cannery, packing house, slaughter house, creamery, cheese factory, restaurant, hotel, gro- cery, meat market, or as a factory, shop, warehouse, any public place or manufacturing establishment used for the preparation, manufacture, packing, storage, sale or distribution of any food as defined by statute, which is intended for sale, shall be prop- erly and adequately lighted, drained, plumbed and ventilated, and shall be conducted with strict regard to the influence of such conditions upon the health of the operatives, employes, clerks, or other persons therein employed, and the purity and wholesome- ness of the food therein produced, prepared, manufactured, packed, stored, sold or distributed. Section 2. The floors, sidewalls, ceilings, furniture, recep- tacles, implements and machinery of every such establishment or place where such food intended for sale is produced, prepared, manufactured, packed, stored, sold or distributed, and all cars, trucks and vehicles used in the transportation of such food pro- ducts, shall at no time be kept or permitted to remain in an un- clean, unhealthful or insanitary condition; and for the purpose of this Act, unclean, unhealthful and insanitary conditions shall be deemed to exist if food in the process of production, prepara- tion, manufacture, packing, storing, sale, distribution or trans- 292 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMENS ASSOCIATION. portation is not securely protected from flies, dust, dirt, and, as far as may be necessary, by all reasonable means, from all other foreign or injurious contamination; or if the refuse, dirt or waste products subject to decomposition and fermentation inci- dent to the manufacture, preparation, packing, storing, selling, distributing or transportation of such food are not removed daily, or if all trucks, trays, boxes, buckets or other receptacles, or the shutes, platforms, racks, tables, shelves, and knives, saws, cleav- ers or other utensils, or the machinery used in moving, handling, cutting, chopping, mixing, canning or other processes are not thoroughly cleaned daily; or if the clothing of operatives, em- ployes, clerks or other persons therein employed, is unclean. Section 3. The sidewalls and ceilings of every bakery, con- fectionery, creamery, cheese factory, and hotel or restaurant kitchen shall be so constructed that they can easily be kept clean; and every building, room, basement or inclosure occupied or used for the preparation, manufacture, packing, storage, sale or distribution of food shall have an impermeable floor made of cement or tile laid in cement, brick, wood or other suitable ma- terial which can be flushed and washed clean with water. Section 4. All such factories, buildings, and other places containing food, shall be so provided with proper doors and screens adequate to prevent contamination of the product from flies. Section 5. Every such building, room, basement, inclosure, or premises occupied, used or maintained for the production, preparation, manufacture, canning, packing, storage, sale or dis- tribution of such food, shall have adequate and convenient toilet rooms, lavotory or lavatories. ‘The toilet rooms shall be separate and apart from the room or rooms where the process of produc- tion, preparation, manufacture, packing, storing, canning, selling and distributing is conducted. The floors of such toilet rooms shall be of cement, tile, wood, brick or other non-absorbent ma- terial, and shall be washed and scoured daily. Such toilet or toilets shall be furnished with separate ventilating flues and pipes THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 293 discharging into soil pipes or shall be on the outside of and well removed from the building. Lavatories and wash rooms shall be adjacent to toilet rooms, or when the toilet is outside of the building, the wash room shall be near the exit to the toilet and shall be supplied with soap, running water and towels and shall be maintained in a sanitary condition. Section 6. If any such building, room, basement, inclosure or premises occupied, used or maintained for the purposes afore- said, or if the floors, side-walls, ceilings, furniture, receptacles, implements, appliances or machinery of any such establishment, shall be constructed, kept, maintained, or permitted to remain in a condition contrary to any of the requirements or provisions of the preceding five (5) sections of this Act, the same is hereby declared a nuisance, and any toilet, toilet room, lavoratory or wash room as aforesaid, which shall be constructed, kept, main- tained or permitted to remain in a condition contrary to the re- quirements or provisions of section five (5) of this Act, is here- by declared a nuisance; and any car, truck, or vehicle used in the moving or transportation of any food product as aforesaid, which shall be kept or permitted to remain in an unclean, un- healthful or insanitary condition is hereby declared a nuisance. Whoever unlawfully maintains, or allows or permits to exist a nuisance as herein defined shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction thereof, shall be punished as herein provided. Section 7. Every person, firm or corporation operating or maintaining an establishment or place where food is produced, prepared, manufactured, packed, stored, sold or distributed shall provide the necessary cuspidors for the use of the operatives, em- ployes, clerks, and other persons, and each cuspidor shall be thor- oughly emptied and washed out daily with water or a disinfect- ant solution, and five ounces thereof shall be left in each cuspi- dor while it is in use. Whoever fails to observe the provisions of this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and punished as hereinafter provided. 294 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMENS ASSOCIATION. Section 8. No operative, employe, or other person shall ex- pectorate on the food or on the utensils or on the floors or side- walls of any building, room, basement or cellar where the pro- duction, preparation, manufacture, packing, storing or sale of any such food is conducted. Operatives, employes, clerks, and all other persons who handle the material from which such food is prepared or the finished product, before beginning work, or after visiting toilet or toilets, shall wash their hands thoroughly in clean water. Whoever fails to observe or violates the pro- visions of this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and pun- ished by a fine of not more than twenty-five dollars. Section 9. It shall be unlawful for any person to sleep, or to allow or permit any person to sleep in any work room of a bake shop, kitchen, dining room, confectionery, creamery, cheese factory, or any place where food is prepared for sale, served or sold, unless all foods therein handled are at all times in hermeti- cally sealed packages. Section 10. It shall be unlawful for any employer to require, suffer or permit any person who its affected with any con- tagious or venereal disease to work, or for any person so affected to work, in a building, room, basement, inclosure, premises or vehicle occupied or used for the production, preparation, manu- facture, packing, storage, sale, distribution, or transportation of food. | Section 11. It shall be the duty of the State Food Commis- sioner and those appointed by him to enforce this Act, and for that purpose the State Food Commissioner and his appointees shall have full power at all times to enter every such building, room, basement, inclosure or premises occupied or used or sus- pected of being occupied or used for the production, preparation or manufacture for sale, or the storage, sale, distribution or transportation of such food, to inspect the premises and all uten- sils, fixtures, furniture and machinery used as aforesaid; and if upon inspection any such food producing or distributing estab- lishment, conveyance, or any employer, employe, clerk, driver or other person is found to be violating any of the provisions of this THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 295 Act, or if the production, preparation, manufacture, packing, storage, sale, distribution or transportation of such food is being conducted in a manner detrimental to the health of the employes and operatives, or to the character or quality of the food therein being produced, manufactured, packed, stored, sold, distributed or conveyed, the officer or inspector making the inspection or examination shall report such conditions and violations to the State Food Commissioner. The State Food Commissioner or the Assistant Commissioner shall thereupon issue a written order to the person, firm or corporation responsible for the violation or condition aforesaid to abate such condition or violation or to make such changes or improvements as may be necessary to abate them, within such reasonable time as may be required in _ which to abate them. Notice of such order may be served by delivering or by sending a copy thereof by registered mail, and the receipt thereof through the postoffice shall be prima facie evi- dence that notice of said order has been received. Such person, firm or corporation shall have the right to appear in person or by attorney before the State Food Commissioner, or the person appointed by him for such purpose, within the time limited in the order, and shall be given an opportunity to be heard and to show why such order or instructions should not be obeyed. Such hear- ing shall be under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by the State Food Commissioner. . If after such hearing it shall appear that the provisions or requirements of this Act have not been violated, said order shall be rescinded. If it shall appear that the requirements or provisions of this Act are being violated, and that the person, firm or corporation notified as aforesaid is responsible therefor, said previous order shall be confirmed or amended, as the facts shall warrant, and shall thereupon be final, but such additional time as is necessary may be granted within which to comply with said final order. If such person, firm or corporation is not present or represented when such final order is made, notice thereof shall be given as above provided. On failure of the party or parties to comply with the first order 296 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. of the State Food Commissioner within the time prescribed, when no hearing is demanded, or upon failure to comply with the final order, within the time specified, the State Food Com- missioner shall certify the facts to the State’s Attorney of the county in which such violation occurred, and such State’s Attor- ney shall proceed against the party or parties for the fines and penalties provided by this Act, and also for the abatement of the nuisance: Provided, that the proceedings herein prescribed for the abatement of nuisances as defined in this Act shall not in any manner relieve the violator from presecutior in the first in- stance for every such violation, nor from the penalties for such violation prescribed by section 13 of this Act. ~ Section 12. All fines collected under the provisions of this Act shall be paid into the county treasury of the county in which the prosecution is brought, and it shall be the duty of the State’s Attorneys in the respective counties to prosecute all persons vio- lating or refusing to obey the provisions of this Act. Section 13. Whoever violates any of the provisions of this Act, or who refuses to comply with any lawful order or require- ment of the State Food Commissioner, duly made in writing as provided in section 11 of this Act, shall be guilty of a misde- meanor and on conviction shall be punished for the first offense by a fine of not less than ten dollars ($10.00) nor more than two hundred dollars ($200.00), and for the second and subsequent offenses by a fine of not less than fifty dollars ($50.00) nor more than two hundred dollars ($200.00), or by imprisonment in the county jail for not more than ninety days, or both, in the discre- tion of the court; and each day after the expiration of the time limit for abating insanitary conditions and completing improve- ments to abate such conditions, as ordered by the State Food Commissioner, as aforesaid, shall constitute a distinct and sepa- rate offense. ~ Section 14. All Acts and parts of Acts in conflict with the provisions of this Act are hereby repealed. Approved June 5, 1911. In force July I, 1911. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 297 Oleomargarine Law. An Act to regulate the manufacture and sale of substitutes for butter. Section 1. Be it enacted by the People of the State of Illi- nois, represented in the General Assembly: ‘That for the purpose of this Act, every article, substitute or compound or any other than (that) which is produced from pure milk or cream there- from, made in the semblance of butter and designed to be used as a substitute for butter made from pure milk or its cream, is hereby declared to be imitation butter: Provided, that the use of salt and harmless coloring matter for coloring the product of pure milk or cream shall not be construed to render such product an imitation. Section 2. No person shall coat; powder or color with an- nato or any coloring matter whatever, any substances designed as a substitute for butter, whereby such substitute or product so colered or compounded shall be made to resemble butter, the pro- duct of the dairy. No person shall combine any animal fat or vegetable oil or other substance with butter, or combine therewith, or with ani- tal fat or vegetable oil, or combination of the two, or with either one, any other substance or substances, for the purpose or with the effect of imparting thereto a yellow color or any shade of yellow so that such substitute shall resemble yellow or any shade of genuine yellow butter, nor introduce any such coloring matter or such substance or substances into any Of the articles of which the same is composed: Provided, nothing in this Act shall be construed to prohibit the use of salt, rennet and harm- less coloring matter for coloring the products of pure milk or cream from the same. No person shall, by himself, his agents, or employes produce or manufacture any substance in imitation, or semblance of natu- 298 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. ral butter, nor sell nor keep for sale, nor offer for sale any imita- tion butter, made or manufactured, compounded or produced in violation of this section, whether such imitation butter shall be made or produced in this State or elsewhere. This section shall not be construed to prohibit the manufac- ture and sale, under the regulations hereinafter provided, of sub- stances designed to be used, as a substitute for butter and not manufactured or colored as herein provided. Section 3. Every person who lawfully manufactures any substances designed to be used as a substitute for butter, shall mark for branding, stamping or stenciling upon the top or side of each box, tub, firkin or other package in which such article shall be kept, and in which it shall be removed from the place where it is produced, in a clear and durable manner in the English language, the word “oleomargarine,” or the word “butterine,” or the words “substitute for butter,” or the words “imitation butter,” in printed letters in plain roman type, each of which shall not be less than three-quarters of an inch in length. Section 4. It shall be unlawful to sell or offer for sale any imitation butter without informing the purchaser thereof, or the person or persons to whom the same is offered for sale, that the substance sold or offered for sale is imitation butter. Section 5. No person, by himself or others, shall ship, consign or forward by any common carrier, whether public or private, any substance designed to be used as a substitute for butter unless it shall be marked or branded on each tub, box, firkin, jar or other package containing the same, as provided in this Act, and unless it be consigned by the carriers and receipted for by its true name: Provided, that this Act shall not apply to any goods in transit between foreign states across the State of. Illinois. Section 6. No person shall have in his possession or under his control any substance designed to be used as a substitute for butter, unless the tub, firkin, jar, box or other package contain- ing the same be clearly and durably marked as provided in this Act: Provided, that this section shall not be deemed to apply THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 299 to any persons who have the same in their possession for the actual consumption of themselves (or) their families. Every person who shall have possession or control of any imitation butter for the purpose of selling the same which is not marked as required by the provisions of this Act, shall be presumed to have known during the time of such possession or control the true character and name, as fixed by this Act, of such product. Section 7. Whoever shall have possession or control of any imitation butter or any substance designed to be used as a substi- tute for butter, contrary to the provisions of this Act, for the purpose of selling the same, or offering the same for sale shall be held to have possession of such property with intent to use it in violation of this Act. Section 8. No action shall be maintained on account of any sale or contract made in violation of, or with intent to violate, this Act, by or through any person who was knowingly a party to such wrongful sale or contract. Section 9. Whoever shall deface, erase or remove any mark provided by this Act, with intent to mislead, deceive, or to violate any of the provisions of this Act, shall be guilty of a mis- demeanor. Section 10. Whoever shall violate any of the provisions of this Act shall be punished by a fine of not less than $50 nor more than $200, or by imprisonment in the county jail not to exceed 60 days for each offense, or by both fine and imprison- ment, in the discretion of the court, or the fine alone may be sued for and recovered before any justice of the peace in the county where the offense shall be committed, at the instance of any per- son in the name of the People of the State of Illinois as plain- tiff. Section 11. It is hereby made the duty of the State’s Attor- ney of each county in this State to prosecute all violations of this Act upon complaint of any person, and there shall be taxed as his fees in the case the sum of ten dollars ($10), which shall be taxed as costs in the case. Approved June 14, 1897, in force July 1, 197. 300 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. Stock Food Law. (As Amended in I9gII.) Aw Act to regulate the sale and analysis of concentrated feed- ing stuffs. Section 1. Be it enacted by the People of the State of IIl- nois, represented in the General Assembly: Every lot or parcel of concentrated commercial feed stuffs, as defined in section 2 of this Act, used for feeding farm live stock, sold or offered or exposed for sale within this State, shall have affixed thereto, in a conspicuous place on the outside thereof, a plainly printed statement in the English language clearly and truly certifying: (a) The net weight of the contents of the package, lot or parcel ; (b) The name, brand or trade mark; (c) The name and principal address of the manufacturer or the person responsible for placing the commodity on the market ; (d) The minimum per centum of crude protein; the maxi- mum per centum of crude fat; and the maximum per centum of crude fibre; (to be determined by the methods adopted by the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists of the United States. ) (e) ‘The specific name of each ingredient used in its manu- facture. A copy of said statement shall-be filed with the State Food Commissioner on or before January roth of each year. If the feed stuff is sold in bulk, or if it is put up in pack- ages belonging to the purchaser, the agent or dealer shall, upon the request of the purchaser, furnish him with the certified state- ment described in this section. Section 2. The term “concentrated commercial feed stuff,” as used in this Act, shall include cotton seed meals, linseed meals, THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 301 pea meals, bean meals, peanut meals, cocoanut meals, gluten meals, gluten feeds, maize feeds, starch feeds, sugar feeds, sucrene feeds, and all oil meals of all kinds, dried distillers’ grains, dried brewers’ grains, dried beef refuse, rice meals, oat meals, oat feeds, corn and oat feeds, corn, oat and barley feeds, chop feeds, corn. bran, ground beef or fish, scraps, meat and bone meals, mixed feeds, except as otherwise provided in section 3 of this Act—clover and alfalfa meals, any mixture of any of the before mentioned substances with each other or with any other substance, condimental stock and poultry foods, medicinal stock and poultry foods consisting of or containing any of the -substances included as concentrated commercial feed stuff as defined by this section, patented, proprietary or trade-marked stock and poultry foods, and all other materials of a similar na- ture intended for stock or poultry, not included in section 3 of this Act. Section 3. The term “concentrated commercial feed stuffs,” as used in this Act shall not include hays and straws, the whole seeds nor the unmixed meals made directly from the entire grains of wheat, rye, barley, oats, Indian corn, buckwheat and broom corn. Neither shall it include wheat bran or wheat mid- dlings not mixed with other substances, but sold separately as distinct articles of commerce, nor wheat bran and wheat mid- dlings mixed together, not mixed with any other substance, and known in the trade as “mixed feed,” nor pure grains ground to- gether unmixed with other substances. Section 4. Any manufacturer, importer, agent or other per- son selling, offering or exposing for sale any concentrated feed stuffs included in section 2 of this Act, without the printed state- ment required by section 1 of this Act, or with a label stating that the said feed stuffs contains substantially a larger percent- age of either crude protein or crude fat than is actually present therein, shall be fined fifty dollars ($50.00) for the first offense and one hundred dollars ($100.00) for each subsequent offense. Section 5. The State Food Commissioner is hereby author- - 302 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. ized, in person or by deputy, to enter any premises where feed stuffs are stored and to take a sample not exceeding two pounds in weight, from any lot or package of any commercial feed stuff used for feeding any kind of farm live stock or poultry, as de- fined in section 2 or of excepted materials named in section 3 of this Act, which may be in possession of any manufacturer, im- porter, agent or dealer. Any sample so taken shall be put in a suitable vessel and a label signed by the State Food Commis- sioner or his deputy, placed on or within the vessel, stating the name or brand of the feed stuff or material sampled, the guar- ‘anty, the name of the manufacturer, importer or dealer, the name of the person, firm or corporation from whose stock the sample was taken, and the date and place of taking: Provided, however, that whenever a request to that effect is made the sample shall be taken in duplicate and carefully sealed in the presence of the person or persons of interest, or their representa- tive, in which case one of the said duplicate samples shall be signed and retained by the person or persons whose stock was sampled. Any person who shall obstruct the State Food Com- missioner or his deputy while in the discharge of his duty under this Act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon con- viction thereof shall be fined not less than twenty-five dollars ($25.00) nor more than one hundred dollars ($100.00) for each offense. The aforesaid State Food Commissioner shall cause at least one analysis of each food stuff collected as herein provided to be made annually. Said analysis shall include the determinations of crude protein, of crude fat, and crude fiber, and of such other ingredients as it is deemed advisable at any time to determine. Said State Food Commissioner shall cause the results of the analysis of the sample to be furnished the Agri- culturel Experiment Station from time to time to be published in annual bulletins or special circulars, together with such addi- tional information concerning the character, composition and use thereof as circumstances may require. Section 6. Any person who shall adulterate any whole or | ground grain with milling or manufacturing offals, or with any THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 303 foreign substance whatever, or adulterate any bran or middlings or mixtures of wheat bran or wheat middlings known in the trade as “mixed feed,” or any other standard by-product made from the several grains or seeds with any foreign substance whatever, for the purpose of sale, unless the true composition, mixture or adulteration thereof is plainly marked or indicated upon the package containing the same or in which it is offered for sale and any person who knowingly sells or offers for sale any whole or ground grain, bran or middlings, or mixture of wheat bran and wheat middlings known in the trade as “mixed feed,” or other standard by-product, which has been so adulter- ated, unless the true composition, mixture or adulteration is plainly marked or indicated upon the package (containing) the same or in which it is offered for sale, shall on conviction, be ined not less than twenty-five dollars ($25.00) nor more than one hundred dollars ($100.00) for each offense and such fines shall be paid into the treasury of the State. Section 7. It shall be the duty of the State Food Commis- sioner to presecute the person or persons violating any provis- ions of this Act, and for this purpose the State Food Commis- sioner may, if necessary, employ experts, and may further desig- nate some person connected with his office, or some other suit- able person, to make complaints in his behalf; and in making complaints for violation of this Act the person so designated shall not be required to enter any recognizance or to give security for the payment of costs: Provided, however, that there shall be no prosecution in relation to the quality of any unadulterated commercial feed stuff if the same shall be found to be substan- tially equivalent to the statement of analysis made by the manu- facturers or importers. Section 8. Each manufacturer, importer, agent or seller of any concentrated commercial feeding stuffs shall pay annually, during the month of December, to the Treasurer of the State of Illinois a license fee of twenty-five dollars ($25.00) for each and every brand sold or offered for sale. Whenever a manu- 304 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. facturer, importer, agent or seller of concentrated commercial feeding stuffs desires at any time to sell such material and has noi paid his license fee therefor in the preceding month of De- ceinber, as required by this section, he shall pay the license fee prescribed herein before making any such sale. Said treasurer shall in each case at once certify to the State Food Commissioner the payment of such license fee. Each manufacturer, importer or person who has complied with the provisions of this article shall be entitled to receive a certificate from the State Food Com- missioner setting forth said facts. The license fees received by the State Treasurer pursuant to the provisions of this section shall constitute a special fund from which to defray the ex- penses incurred in making the inspections and the analysis re- quired by this Act, and enforcing the provisions thereof, and he shall report annually the amount received and the expense in- curred for salaries, laboratory expenses, chemical supplies, trav- elii:g expenses, printing and other necessary matters. Whenever the manufacturer, importer or shipper Of concentrated commer- cial feeding stuffs shall have filed the statement required by sec- tion 1 of this Act and paid the license fee as prescribed in this section, no agent or seller of such manufacturer, importer or ship»er shall be required to file such statement or pay such fee. Section g. This Act shall not affect persons manufacturing, importing or purchasing feed stuffs for their own use and not to sel! in this State. Section 10. The term “importer,” for all the purposes of this Act, shall be taken to include all who procure or sell con- ceiitrated commercial feed stuffs. Section 11. When the rendition of a judgment imposes a fine as provided in any of the sections of this Act, it shall be the duty of the justice of the peace or other court rendering such judgment also to render a judgment for costs, and such justice ct the peace or other court shall forthwith issue a capias or war- rant of commitment against the body of the defendant command- ing that unless the said fine and costs be forthwith paid, the de- THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 305 fendant shall be committed to the jail of the county, and the constable or other officer to whose hands said capias or warrant shall come, shall in default of such payment arrest the defend- art and commit him to the jail of the county, there to remain as provided by section 171 of “An Act to revise the law in relation to criminal jurisprudence,” in force July 1, 1895, unless such fine and costs shall sooner be paid. Section 12. All Acts and parts of Acts inconsistent with this Act, be and they are hereby repealed. Approved May 18, 1905, in force July 1, 1905. Amend- ments to sections I and 2 approved June 2, 1911, in force July ke engrt. 306 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. Four Systems of Dairy Farming. By Wilber J. Fraser, Chief in Dairy Husbandry and Royden E. Brand, Assist- ant in Dairy Husbandry, University of Illinois. The amount of milk and butter fat produced per acre. is, generally speaking, the final test of profitable dairying where all feed is raised on the farm. ‘The final resultant depends not only on efficient cows but also on raising crops that contain a maxi- mum amount of digestible nutrients, and especially protein, which is so essential for dairy cows. ‘This circular explains and compares four different systems of cropping for dairy farms. The first will make 991 pounds; the second, 1,475 pounds; the third, 2,025 pounds; and the fourth, 3,150 pounds of milk per acre. The poorest system of cropping returns $15.20 per acre in milk, and the best system returns $48.30 per acre. The first system will give an annual return of $2,632 from a 160-acre farm, and the last, $8,263, or more than three times the first. But this is not all. The fertility of the farm is diminished by the first system, as there is an annual loss of 1,900 pounds of nitrogen. ‘The second system shows 110 pounds, the third, 2,280 pounds, and the fourth, 5,830 pounds increase of nitrogen in the soil. These differences are due entirely to the kind of crops raised and their adaptability to the feeding of dairy cows, for the cows are figured as of the same natural efficiency and the coil equally productive, in each of the four systems. It is cer- tainly worth while to consider crop plans that make such differ- ences in the returns and in the maintenance of the soil. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 307 Several Reasons for Poor Results. The investigations of the Department of Dairy Husbandry during the past dozen years show plainly that the dairy farmers are not getting the profits they should and could get for the investment of their time and money. ‘There are several reasons for the poor results so frequently obtained. One is inefficient cows, and the Department has.done much investigating to show the difference in efficiency of individual cows, and has published the striking results. Another reason.is the great waste in rais- ing crops that do not yield anything like the maximum amount of digestible nutrients per acre. This is especially true in regard to the protein contained in the crops commonly raised on the dairy farm and so essential in the ration for dairy cows. For example, an acre of timothy hay does not contain more than one- tenth as much digestible protein as an acre of alfalfa hay. Not- withstanding this fact, timothy hay is still extensively grown on many dairy farms and fed to dairy cows. Conditions Found in Dairy Sections. A few examples may help to bring out the conditions exist- ing in the dairy sections of Illinois. Not long since the writer visited a large dairy farm in the Elgin district, where the tenant had been on the farm for 14 years without sowing clover or other legume seed during this time, thus showing the same defect as in System-No. 1. Just across the road was a large dairy farm on which ten acres of clover were grown. In March this man still had the clover hay in his barn and was inquiring for a market where he might dispose of it, as he said he had so much corn stover he could not feed it out before time to turn the cows to pasture. He made a gross mistake in not feeding this legume hay, which would have taken the place of much of the high- priced bran which he had been buying in large quantities all winter in an attempt to balance the ration for his dairy herd. 308 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. Why This Circular Is Written. Since there are many dairy farms in Illinois that approach these conditions, where the farmers attempt to go into dairying by simply putting cows on the farm without changing the crops raised and continue indenitely without attempting to adapt the crops raised to the best ration for a dairy herd, it has been thought wise to show a comparison of results—the relative efficiency— of different systems of cropping on dairy farms. This has been done by comparing the amounts of nutrients produced annually by the different crops in the various systems. From the results thus obtained has been determined the average amount of milk that can be produced by feeding the crops to good dairy cows under ordinary farm conditions. Four differ- ent systems of cropping have been compared, using, in each case, 160 acres of good land and producing all of the feed on the farm, as this is the only way to make the four.systems com- parable. To indicate actual tested results as found by the Experi- ment Station in a fuil years record, six dairy farms in the Elgin district of from 151 to 350 acres, carrying from 43 to 80 cows which were much alike in production, yielded the following re- spective amounts of milk per acre: 994 pounds, 1,137 pounds, 1,341 pounds, 1,382 pounds, 1,412 pounds and 2,145 pounds. Only one of these farms compares favorably with the third best of the four systems described in this circular, and it produced only about two-thirds as much milk per acre as the corn and alfalfa system. It must also be considered that on these farms large amounts of commercial feeds were purchased. The Four Systems of Cropping. Four acres of every quarter section as called for in the deed are used for public highways, and another four acres is allowed for buildings and yards, leaving 152 acres for actual cultivation. If this were in eight equal fields, each would con- tain 19 acres, hence the unusual numbers of acres in this divis- “THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 309 ion of the farm. ‘There would of course be some change in the position of the crops each year., The crops raised and the rota- tion practiced under each system are as follows: System No. 1.—Corn, oats, corn, oats, timothy, pasture, pasture, pasture. System No. 2.—Corn, corn, corn, oats, clover, clover, clo- ver and timothy, pasture, pasture. System No. 3.—Corn, corn, corn, oats, clover, alfalfa, pas- ture, pasture. System No. 4.—Corn, corn, corn, corn, corn, alfalfa, alfal- fa, alfalfa. ‘The comparisons to be made here in detail show what one going into the dairy business may reasonably expect to accomplish from each of these systems, and they should be of even greater value to established dairymen by pointing out the great advantage of raising the proper crops and adopting a good system of rotation, especially one containing a large acre- age of legumes, preferably alfalfa, and also a large acreage of corn for the silo. Figuring the Same Yields in Four Systems. The entire farm in each case has been figured as tillable, and all the land of good quality and well-drained. However, the larger the proportion of untillable land in a farm, the more important it is that the tillable area be devoted to intensive sys- tems of cropping. In order to have the systems of farming on the same basis, the crop yields are the same for all systems. No attempt is herein made to exhibit phenomenal or impossible re- sults, as the yields have been fixed as nearly as possible at the average production per acre on the better class of farms in Illin- ois, as follows: 310 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. TABLE 1.—Yields of Crops Raised, Bushels, Pounds and Digestible Nutrients Per Acre.*. Yield per acre Digestible nutrients Crop SSeS Amount | Pounds | Prot. Total | Carbo. Total Fat Total Total per “2.29 crop Oats (grain).. 50bu. 1600 147 757 IBL 1055 Oat straw....1600 lb. 1600 19 618 29 666 166 1375 180 1721 Corn (grain). 55bu. 3080 240 2054 297 2591 Corn Stover. 2 T. 4000 68 1296 63 1427 308 3350 360 4018 Timothy hay..1% T. 3000 84 1302 95 1481 Clover hay....2% T. 5000 340 1790 191 23821 Alfalfa hay....4 T. 8000 880 3168 216 4264 PARLUTO 1B) os ins ean esis ene 160 585 101 846 From the compositions as given above is derived the com- parative production of food value of the four systems of crop- ping for dairy purposes, as tabulated in Table 2. TABLE 2.—Relative Amounts of Avaliable Digestible Nutrients Produced Annually on a 160-Acre Farm by Each of the Four Systems. Total System Protein Carbohydrate Fat X 2.25 Nutrients Peet he sera tn eens 26,804 192,460 25,918 245,182 | cn ER 35,024 255,479 31,856 322,359 LM: age tO 48,850 296,204 34,072 379,126 NOS Sey odie watus 80,237 491,249 46,244 617,730 * Dairymen who have farms less productive, or who for any reason get smaller yields, must scale down the final results in proportion to the crops obtained, and those who can produce greater yields should raise the results proportionately. é z The amount of digestible nutrients produced per acre by pasture grass was determined by averaging all of the abailable data upon this subject. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 311 This shows in a striking manner the inefficiency of System No. 1, because of the comparatively large acreage devoted to crops yielding a small amount of nutrients per acre. . In striking contrast to this is the great amount of nutrients produced by System No. 4, devoted to corn and alfalfa, the protein being three times, and the total nutrients 2% times that produced by System No. 1. Systems No. 2 and No. 3 are intermediate be- tween these and show how a dairyman may by a mere change of cropping gradually work his way from the first to the fourth system if a sudden change is thought too radical. System No. 4 requires more labor, but where this can be obtained and used to advantage this system will be increasingly profitable as land becomes higher priced. The figures here shown do not tell the full story; for the poorer rotation will gradually run down the land so that it will produce smaller yields, while with the better rotations the land will tend to increase in producing power, growing larger crops than are here estimated and thereby increasing the pounds of milk and profit per acre year after year. Poor Feed Lowers Production; Just Basis. As the main object is to show approximately the amount of milk which can be produced per acre under each of the dif- ferent systems, it is essential that a definite basis of production per cow be used, and for this purpose in all cases there are taken good grade cows, weighing 1100 pounds, that will produce an average of 6000 pounds of 4-percent milk a year when well fed on a balanced ration such as can be produced by Systems No. 3 and No. 4. Under System No. 1 cows of this efficiency would ‘produce only approximately 5000 pounds of milk in a year when fed on the unpalatable and unbalanced ration inevitably furnished by this system. This is not only because the cows _ would be in poorer physical condition, but because they would consume less of these feeds. Cows of this efficiency would produce approximately 5500 pounds of milk in a year when fed on a ration made of feeds raised under System No. 2. It must 312 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. be borne in mind that in figuring the amount of milk produced per acre under Systems No. 1 and No. 2, the cows are in each case charged with only the amount of feed required to produce the respective amounts of milk, and that the cows are not all fed the same amount of nutrients regardless of their produc- tion. In each system the cows are allowed to go dry 60 days, which covers the time until the milk is good. To make allow- ance for the nutrients required to grow the foetus, the ration as figured for the last four months of milk production is continued during the dry time. All Feed Produced on the Farm; Other Conditions. To put the systems on the same basis, all the feed is pro- duced on the farm, and nothing but milk, old cows, and surplus calves are sold. Good pure bred sires are kept and the herds are made self-sustaining: by raising enough heifers from the best cows to keep up the milking stock. As cows will produce, on the average, for six years, this means that one-sixth as many heifers must be raised each year as there are cows in the herd. In the calculations that follow it is figured that the feed for one cow for one-year will be sufficient to raise a heifer from birth to freshening at 2% years of age. One-sixth of the cows in the herd are to be sold each year and these would bring an average price of twenty-five dollars. The surplus calves to be sold at three dollars each, for veal, would number ninety per cent of the cows in the herd minus heifers that must be raised to supply the herd with cows. No allowance is made for transporting the product. At the present time milk or cream is frequently gathered by haulers, but where the product is transported by the producer, the dis- tance varies greatly, and it is the best for each one hauling his product to make this allowance to suit the individual case. The farm is figured as rectangular, with the buildings cen- trally located. If the farm is ill shaped, so that the work cannot THIRTY-SHVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 313 be done so conveniently, more horses than here figured will be required. Horses Required for Each System. Four 1300-pound horses will be required in System No. 1; five in System No. 2; five in System No. 3; and six in System No. 4; and a certain amount of land will be needed in each case to support the horses. In the first three systems an al- lowance of one-fourth of an acre of pasture is made for each horse. The horses.are all fed grain 10% months and roughing I2 months in the year—15 pounds of grain and 13 pounds of hay per house per day. How Many Cows Can Be Kept; Their Rations. To determine the number of cows that can be kept on the farm under each of the separate systems, the first step is to know the amount and kind of rations needed and the length of time each should be fed. Under ordinary conditions cows give a greater yield of milk per year when freshening in the fall, and the management of the herds under all these systems of cropping is based upon cows freshening at this season of the year. The winter rations are therefore figured for the first portion of the lactation period. If some cows freshen in the spring, a portion of the grain here allowed for the winter ration of such cows will not be needed at that time and can be fed during the summer, as those freshening in the spring will be giving less milk during the winter. SYSTEM NO. 1, 32 COWS, 991 POUNDS OF MILK PER ACRE. System No. I is an eight-year rotation of corn, oats, corn, oats, timothy, pasture, pasture, pasture, with 38 acres each of corn and oats, 19 acres of timothy and 57 acres of pasture. Feeding each of the four horses 6 2-3 pounds of oats and 8 1-3 pounds of corn for 1014 months, and 13 pounds of hay 314 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. per day for 12 months, it is found that they require 5.24 acres oats, 3.4 acres corn, 6.24 acres timothy and one acre pasture— 15.88 acres in all. When this and the 8 acres in roads and yards are taken from the farm, 136.12 acres are left available for dairy stock—34.6 acres corn, 32.76 acres oats, 12.76 acres tim- othy and 56 acres pasture. On a ration composed of the feeds available on this farm, the cows will produce approximately 5000 pounds of milk each year. ‘To do this, the cows would have to produce, on the av- erage, 20 pounds of milk per day during the winter six months and 11 pounds of milk per day during the summer six months. During the 182 days from May 10, when the cows are turned to pasture, to November 10, when given a full winter ration in the barn, they should receive digestible nutrients as follows: Required Nutrients for an 1100-Pound Cow Producing 11 Pounds of Milk Per Day. Protein Carbohydrate Fat Pounds nutrients .......... 1 day 1.29 10.08 29 Pounds “nutrients *.. 6... 6c... 182 days 235. 1835. 53. The pasture must be supplemented with green oats and corn from about July 1 to November 10, making 130 days feed- ing. Allowing 50 pounds of green oats per day for 30 days, requires 1500 pounds of oats, or .1 of an acre of oats per cow, and allowing 60 pounds of green corn or its equivalent per cow per day for 100 days, requires 6000 pounds of green corn, or .25 of an acre per cow. With this supplementary feed 56 acres of pasture will support approximately 38 head of cows and al- low each animal 1.47 acres. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 315 TABLE 3.—Area of Different Crops and Digestible Nutrients Required To Support a Cow the Summer Six Months. Digestible nutrients Acres required CROP Pounds Protein Carbo- Fat For one For 38 hydrate cow cows De a cee 235 860 “66 1.47 56. 8 1500 15 106 7 a 3.8 8 Ey a arr 6000 54 678 42 .20 9.5 ES eS a 182 15 122 8 .06 2.28 Ee aera Sane a19 1766 123 1.88 71.58 Nutrients required for one cow producing 11 lbs. milk daily for RE ee OR eo. Seal dace eee ne Zon) /sabeon 53 per aa tS ite g It will be noted that the protein allowed in the feed ex- ceeds that required, but where the cows are kept on mixed pas- ture during the summer the protein is in excess unless the cows are giving a large flow of milk. In this system 1.47 acres of pasture are allowed per cow, and the 56 acres available will support 38 cows. Since it re- quires .1 of an acre of oats and .31 of an acre of corn per cow to supplement the pasture, to support 38 head of cows will re- quire 3.8 acres.of oats and 11.78 acres of corn, making a total of 71.58 acres of land to support the herd during the summer six months. There are 32.76 acres of oats available for dairy stock, 3.8 acres of which are used for soiling and 28.96 acres for winter feeding. There are 34.6 acres of corn available for dairy stock, 11.78 acres of which are used for soiling and 22.82 acres for winter feeding. *Green oats are figured as yielding 15,000 pounds per acre. The digestible nutrients are figured as including all grain and one-half straw consumed, the analysis of the dry grain and straw being the basis. z Green corn and corn silage are figured as yielding 12 tons per acre, and the digestible nutrients are figured from the average composition of Silage given in Henry’s Feeds and Feeding. 316 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. TABLE 4.—Acres and Pounds of Each Crop Available for Dairy Stock - During the Winter Six Months. Crop Acres ~ Pounds Stover 91,280 ae ea eae, ale tae 22.82 Cae 70 one Ra R ee eo cites ta cas Ge ee ha G nake ehab bie etn ett 28.96 Grain 46,336 A TE 558550 and CA Se WES CES Ld wr ON wheal Pe 12.76" Bay 38,280 During the winter six months, when the cows are on dry feed, they should produce, on the average, 20 pounds of milk per day. Most dairymen who practice this rotation feed all cows in milk practically the same ration, so that for 183 days on winter feed but one ration, which is given below, has been fig- ured to cover the average production of 20 pounds of milk per day for that period. Ration No. 1. Pounds Digestible nutrients FEED Fed Eaten | - Protein Carbo- Fat |Nutritive hydrate Ratio Gorn {stever 20% 5 fect 14 8 .14 2.59 06 THMOothy Nay: <5 00 a= 5.5 15 2.38 07 OPI. MORI 5 5n8 oss 9.5 tO 6.34 41 Od oR Setaegee 6.5 .60 Bet 27 OUR ra. eee a ae 1.64 14.38 .81 1:98 Nutrients required for 1100- lb. cow producing 20 Ibs. ’ TRIER. MAUS ara ote wy eine eis 1.70 12.02 43. sc) ee es SSS 55 a ee ee ee THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 317 TABLE 5.—Pounds and Acreage of Crops for 183 Days Winter Feeding. Pounds | Pounns Aeres | Acres or Acres | Surplus or CROP ed |'percow!| percow | 58cows | Available | shortage eee eUVer 1s... fee. 14 2562 .64 24.32 22.82 1.50 i 5.5 1006 oo 12.54 2320 22 OS 9.5 1739 57 21.66 22.82 1.16 EE 6.5 1190 Ry 5 28.50 28.96 .46 Total acres required for’ the name ix months........26... Ue ee Suton, whe ne As before stated, it takes 1.88 acres to keep a cow during the summer six months and 1.72 acres during the winter six months—a total of 3.60 acres per cow per year. Thus 135.42 acres will support a herd of 38 cows. TABLE 6.—Acres of Each Crop Used for Different Purposes. Corn Oats Timothy Pasture I lS So Se ab ae Cae wan 3-40 5.24 6.24 1.00 MEMES. 8) Soci eS caate oa! eee 12.54 56.00 Cows. } SES DR ae ee es ates SAE 9.5 eee: EF SS etal tt oe greene (23 .94) 28.5 EES Aa Pe a re a7 22 37.54 18.78 57.00 Mo cece yc se 26 abe soe 38 38 19 ay OT OMRWOP ooo. wos Fs ahs doe dee wn .88 .46 Bey 0 SAL ae ee 1.16 This sized herd would require one bull, and an average of 5:3 heifers must be raised each year to replenish the herd. There could then be supported 31.7 milk cows after deducting the feed consumed by the bull and heifers. This number, pro- ducing an average of 5000 pounds of milk per year, would make a total of 158,500 pounds, or an average of 991 pounds of milk per acre. 318 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. SYSTEM NO. 2, 43 Cows, 1475 POUNDS MILK PER ACRE. The rotation and crops raised in this system are corn, corn, corn, oats, clover, clover and timothy, pasture, pasture, with 57 acres of corn, Ig acres each of oats, clover, clover and timothy, and 38 acres of pasture. The feed per horse is exactly the same as in System No. 1, except that only 1.17 acres of clover and tim- othy are needed; the five horses consume the crops from 17.90 acres, and there remains available for dairy stock 52.75 acres corn, 12.45 acres oats, 19 acres clover, 13.15 acres clover and timothy, and 36.75 acres pasture. Cows that would produce 6000 pounds of milk on a ration » composed of corn silage and legume hay with grain, would not produce over 5500 pounds on the feed available on this farm. During the summer six months, or 182 days, from May Io to November 10, the cows would have to produce, on the average, 12 pounds of milk per day for 122 days, allowing 60 days to be dry. During this time they should receive digestible nutrients as follows: Required Nutrients for an 1100-Pound Cow Producing 12 Pounds of Milk Per Day. Carbohy- Protein drate Fat Pounds: mwiiirients: 0.256 6.4.<35. 1 day aa 10.29 .30 Pounds. TULMeENte % 9.5 1738 .56 28.76 30.3 1.54 Ground oats .....- 1 183 i Mh 5.61 5.3 > ae Total. acres’ re- quired for winter Gre THOUS ct, 1.23 62.73 As shown in the tables, it requires 1.37 acres to support a cow during the summer six months and 1.23 acres during the winter six months, or 2.6 acres to support a cow a year, and 134.1 acres will support a herd of 51 cows. A herd of this size would require one bull, and an average of 7.1 heifers must be raised each year to replenish the herd. There could then be supported by this system 42.9 milca cows producing an average of 5500 pounds of milk per year, or a totai cf 235,959 pounds for the farm averaging 1475 pounds of miik per acre. SYSTEM NO. 3, 54 COWS, 2025 POUNDS MILK PER ACRE. The rotation of crops raised in this system are corn, corn, corn, oats, clover, pasture, pasture, with alfalfa in the rotation once in eight years, giving 57 acres to corn, 19 acres each to oats, clover and alfalfa, and 38 acres to pasture, with an addi- tional 19 acres, corn ground, sown to rye for pasture. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 321 Feeding each of the five horses needed under this system 13 pounds of corn per day for 10% months and 15 pounds of clover hay per day for 12 months, it is found that they require 6.65 acres of corn, 5.4 acres of clover and 1.25 acres of pasture— 13.3 acres in all. When this and the 8 acres in roads and yards are taken from the farm, 138.7 acres are left available for dairy stock—50.35 acres corn, I9 acres oats, 13.6 acres clover, 19 acres alfalfa and 36.75 acres pasture. Cows fed on rations grown in this system should produce their maximum yield, or 6000 pounds of milk per year. During the summer six months, or 182 days, from May 10 to November 10, the cows would have to produce, on the av- erage, 13 pounds of milk per day for 122 days, allowing 60 days to be dry. During this time they should receive digestible nutrients as follows: Required Nutrients for an 1100-Pound Cow Producing 13 Pounds of Milk Per Day. Carbohy- Protein drate Fat Pounds nutrients ....... is cae pd day. 1.38 10.51 32 Pemere SIMPICNTS Se es 182 days 251. 1913. 58. The pasture must be supplemented with green oats and corn silage from about July 1 to November 10; 70 pounds of green oats per cow per day for 30 days, 40 pounds of silage per cow per day for 125 days, three pounds of corn meal per cow per day for 182 days and six pounds of clover hay per day for 182 days. With this supplementary feed 36.75 acres of pas- ture will support approximately 65 head of cows and allow each animal .57 of an acre of pasture. 522 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. TABLE 9.—Area of Different Crops and Digestible Nutrients Required To Support a Cow the Summer Six Months. Digestible nutrients Acres required CROP Pounds 2 Protein Carbo- Fat For one For 65 hydrates | cow cows PWIIP Gs awk eee ee 91 ooo M26 57 37.05 Gree Date 346.60 ks 2100 22 149 10 .14 9.10 Cam silage~ ce: 2 4. 5000 45 565 35 wok 13.65 Carn meal...) SF-...< 7: 548 43 370 24 .18 int Clover lay.) 2s. 50s 1092 74 393 19 22 | rae ans ys Wee oe eee 275 1810 114 1.32 85.80 Nutrients required for one COW 162 GAGs oak bee te wise 251 1913 58 » whe! = 2, ee The protein and fat allowed in the feed exceed that requir- ed and the carbohydrate is deficient, but the total nutrients ex- ceed the requirements. During the winter six months the cows should produce an average of 24 pounds of milk per day. The one ration given below must be fed for the winter five months, or 153 days, the cows being on green rye for an average of 30 days, when they get in addition 2 pounds of corn meal and 6 pounds of alfalfa hay per day. Ration No. 3. Digestible nutrients Nou FEED Pounds Protein Carbo- Fat ® hydrate Rea Se ec Sart’. t ae ae 3, Bc cased 40 Jo0 Ao) .28 FA GTU POCOVOT. o2 oy 00 dK ae wh where 1 02 32 01 Worn. teed 2%. os Pees eee oo 2 .16 1 Be .09 GRRE ae ek Baha oat 26! he te Cee 1% .14 Pe ys | . 06 bcs DR eG ee as ae i: ee. ae 5.54 re Total nutrients: ../ iy, 0092... 2.22 1742 .61 _1:6.2 Nutrients required for 1100-lb. cow producing 24 lbs, milk daily....... 1.88 12.88 .49 ge *No allowance made for corn Stover as it is produced on the same area that grew the corn meal. THIRTY-SEVENTH. ANNUAL CONVENTION. 323 The carbohydrate is a little law, but the protein and fat are both high, making the total digestible nutrients in this ration in excess of the requirement.. TABLE 10.—Pounds and Acreage of Crops for the Winter Six Months. Pounds | Days Pounds Acres | Acres 65 Act « Surplus FEED Fed Fed per cow per cow| cows Available | or shortage worn Silage ...... 40 153 6120+5 .27 t7.55 17.58 % waste Corn meal ...... 2 183 366 o42 fae. 7.45 <= ,35 MOMS e Screws. ice, sibs 229 .14 9.1 229 .8 WePPatiat eee ee (14 153 2142 a es ( 6 30 180 .29 18.85 £9, .15 Total acres re- quired for win- femeeia months’ .... °° 2.5 1. 82 i ir OS aS enn fee ls Since it requires 1.32 acres to support a cow the summer six months and .82 acres the winter six months, it requires 2.14 acres to support a cow a year, and 138.7 acres will support a lierd of 65 cows. A herd of this size would require two bulls, and an average Seg meiters must be raised each year to replenish the herd. Tliere could then be supported by this system 54 milch cows pro- ducing an average of 6000 pounds of milk per year, or a total of 324,000 pounds for the farm averaging 2025 pounds of milk per acre. SYSTEM NO. 4, 84 COWS, 3150 POUNDS OF MILK PER ACRE. The only crops raised in this system are corn and alfalia with rye as 2 <. ch crop for pasture, there being 95 acres of corn and 57 acres of alfalfa. The yards into which the cows. are turned are included in the four acres allowed for buildings and yards. Six 1£300-pound horses will be required to do the work under this system. If each horse is fed a daily ration composed of 324 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. 13 pounds of corn and 15 pounds of alfalfa hay, with the ex- ception of a six weeks’ rest period during the winter, when no erain is fed*, they will consume 7.98 acres of corn and 4.05 acres of alfalfa, or 12.03 acres in all. To this 12.03 acres add 8 acres required for roads, yards, etc., making 20.03 acres to be taken from the farm for these purposes. This leaves a total of 139.97 acres—87.02 acres of corn and 52.95 acres of alfalfa—available for dairy stock. During the summer six months, or 182 days, the -cows should produce an average of 13 pounds of milk per day, and would require the following ration: Ration No. 4. | Digestible nutrients FEED Pounns Nutritive Protein | Carbo- Fa ratio | hydrate he a ra es ean oe mg ee 40 a6 4.52 .28 Miva: BAG to eet wc a ths bee oe 13.5 1.49 5.34 Re LOLA MULPICMtS: Sack a erat 1.65 9.86 ~45 13339 Nutrients required for 1100-lb. cow Producing 13 pounds milk daily... 1.38 10.51 on eee TABLE 11.—Feed and Acreage for One Cow for the Summer Six Months. Acres per Pounds fed per cow cow Come pisses SS tee oe eee 7280+5% waste — 7644 32 Ate hee sda Sts as. cate Re a taaeeee Ss 2457 mi! .63 This shows that it takes .63 of an acre to supply the feed for one cow during the summer six months. *It has been demonstrated at the University of Illinois that this is a practical ration to feed horses. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 325 During the winter six months the cows should produce, on. the average, 24 pounds of milk per day, and would require the following ration: Ration No. 5. : Digestible nutrients FEED Pounds Nutritive Protein Carbo- Fat ratio hydrate — SS | LS eee 40 .36 4.52 .28 erm Meal... .....- a ts Dagens 5.5 .43 3.67 24 NS eS 11 A 8 4.36 13 Wetal nutrients ....... fet 2.00 12°55 .65 7.8 Nutrients required for 1100-lb cow producing 24 lbs. milk daily...... 1.88 12.88 ek eS Fifty-seven acres of the corn ground is sown to rye as soon as the corn is cut, and the cows are on rye pasture two weeks in the fall and forty days in the spring. The ground will be too wet a portion of the time during the rainy weather to turn the cows to pasture, and only 33 days of rye pasture are counted during the year. While on rye the cows are given only one-third of a ration of silage and hay with no grain. Ration No. 4 would therefore be fed only five months, and a ration composed of 15 pounds of silage and 4 pounds of alfalfa hay is fed the remaining 33 days while on rye pasture. TABLE 12.—Feed and Acreage for One Cow for the Winter Six Months. _ Acres per ; Pounds fed per cow COW ES a eee -.... 6495+5% waste — 6820 .28 Ne aca aes -a'e Be oe Sao 825 21 eS a ee eae ee 1770 22 bay & This shows that it takes .77° of an acre to support a cow during the winter six months, with the catch crop of rye used for pasture. 326 ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. As it requires .55 of an acre of corn for the winter six months and .32 of an acre for the summer six months, it fol- lows that .87 of an acre of corn would supply the corn ration for a cow for one year. Since it takes .22 of an acre of alfalfa for the winter six months and .31 of an acre for the summer six months, .53 of an acre of alfalfa would be sufficient to supply the alfalfa part of the ration for a cow for one year. The 87.02 acres of corn available for dairy stock would support 99.9 cows, and the 52.95 acres of alfalfa which are available for dairy stock would support 100.3 cows. It necessarily follows that by this system 100 cows could be kept on the 139.97 acres available for this purpose, which means 1.4 acres per cow per year. A herd of this size would require two bulls and the raising, on the av- erage, of 14 heifers a year to replenish the herd. This system would then support 84 milch cows producing an average of 6000 pounds of milk per year, or a total of 504,000 pounds for the farm averaging 3150 pounds per acre. CONCLUSIONS. Comparing actual results obtained on practical dairy farms in the intensive dairy region of northern Illinois with each of these systems, we find the following results: TABLE 13.—Percent of Land in Different Crops and Returns Per Acre. CROP System | Farm |}>System | Farm || System | Farm |} System | Farm No. | | No. | No. 2 | No. 2 || No. 3 | No. 3 || No. 4 | No. 4 Cat CaS. x tecgeetean as Bink 37.5 23.5 37.5 35° 2 620eeueum rE og an aces 25 21.5 “42.5 .10 12.5 14 ae POOE NG i oan pk kooks fs et Racy Ye ee IOV eR <2 Sco awa ee JM ere hes ee de Clover:..and timothy 2.0. s).a0) a... Edd Tb eet eee Paste sii. ees os + Oe 31,0 “ered 225 ZA Biel toe « anlar BEATE ps2 5 ee sta ener eens toons s'cewe. tesue’ (L200) 13 Lbs. milk per acre..... 991 994 1475 13841 2025 2145 3150 4185 Amount feed purchased $400 $500 $1100 THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION. 327 Farm No. 1 produces 994 pounds of milk per acre, or 3 pounds more than System No. 1, but at an outlay of $400 for feed. Farm No. 2 falls short of System No. 2 by 134 pounds of milk per acre and an annual expenditure of $500 for feed. Farm No. 3 spends $1,100 annually on concentrated feeds, which System No. 3 supplies from the 12.5 per cent of its area devoted to alfalfa. The excess in pounds of milk in farms No. 3 and No. 4 over Systems No. 3 and No. 4 may be accounted for by the fact that but few calves are raised on farm No. 3 and none at all on farm No. 4. These farms compare so closely to the systems in percentage of acres devoted to the various crops and tlie returns received per acre, that they may well be taken as examples of the system in actual practice. Many think that alfalfa cannot be grown successfully in illinois, but it is being grown to advantage in nearly every coun- tv in the state and meeting with but few failures where intelli- gently sown on well-drained land, if the soil has been properly prepared. We have had from 10 to 45 acres of alfalfa growing on the dairy farm at the University for the past eight years and but one piece has winter killed during this time. Wonders of increased production have been worked on many dairy farms by getting better cows; and it is here shown that amazing results may also be obtained by following a better system of cropping. It must be remembered that all results in this bulletin are comparative. The value of the different commodities which the farmer receives from the farm without being charged to it, such as house rent, fruit, garden truck, chickens, eggs, milk, etc., are figured as balancing the general running expenses of the farm outside of the interest, labor, etc. The most important portions of the following table are the pounds of milk produced per acre, money value of this milk, and amount left for profit in each system, all of which are printed in bold-face type to show the relative efficiency of the four sys- tems. ILLINOIS STATE DAIRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION. Summary of the Four Systems. 328 System. OO Ng CG a Re ee ed ate ete 38 Aeres TYE “in” COPD