COMPLIMENTS OF

Indiana $lafe Jmd of ^^jrimltttte,

Alex. Heron, Sec'y.

EXCHANGES ACCEPTABLE.

INDIANAPOLIS, IljID.

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.ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY

3 1833 01757 0331

GENEALOGY
977.2
IN175
1880

Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive

in 2010 witii funding from

Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center

http://www.archive.org/details/annualreportofin1880indi

Western Bioql Pub Cg

o/d^/Ay, Q)./myZ<:u^^iy

THIRTIETH ANNUAL REPORT

INDIANA

State Board of Agriculture.

VOLUME XXII

1880.

INCLUDING THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING OF 1S81.

TO THE GOVERNOR.

INDIANAPOLIS:

CARLON & HOLLEXBECK, PRINTERS AND BINDERS.

1881.

THE STATE OF INDIANA, EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.

Received March 19, 1881; examined by the Governor and bj'him
filed in the office of the Secretary of State, to be pubUshed, as may
be directed, by the Board of Commissioners of PubUc Printing and
Binding. FRANK H. BLACKLEDGE,

Secrdary.
Filed in the office of Secretary of State, March 19, 1881.

E. R. HAWN,

Secretary of State.

Indianapolis, Inc., Februaiy, 1881.
To His Exoellenc}-,

Albert G. Porter,

Governor of Indiana :
Sir — In compliance with the act of the General Assembly ap-
proved February 1, 1852, we have the honor to submit herewith
the Annual Report of the Indiana State Board of Agriculture
for the year ending December 31, 1880, together with such mat-
ter as is deemed interesting and useful.

Very respectfully,

W. H. RAGAN, President.
ALEX. HERON, Secretary.

CONTENTS.

Pages.

List of members and officers, 1880 5

Agricultural districts, counties of 6

Record table, officers, places of fairs, dates, etc 7

State Industrial Associations — directory , 8

List of members since organization 9

Meteorology 12 to 16

Proceedings of Board of Agriculture, January, 1880 17

Proceedings of Board of Agriculture, February 23

Proceedings of Executive Committee 21, 36, 51

Proceedings of State Fair meetings 41

Proceedings of annual meeting, 1881, delegates 52

Reports of officers. President, Secretary and Gen'l Superint'nt,...57 to 73

Reports of Department Superintendents 75 to 90

Memorial tributes to Governor J. D. Williams 93

Awards of premiums at State Fair 125

Reports of committees on special merits 165

Essays —

Review of Agriculture in Indiana. Dr. Brown 217

Forestry. Prof. C. L. Ingersoll 222

Educated Industry. Dr. Lemuel Moss 239

Expert Committees on Live Stock. Robert Mitchell 247

Ponds and Pond Water, Health and Wealth. Dr. G. L. Curtiss. 251

Reports from county and district agricultural societies 260

Indiana resources, statistics 340

Proceedings of the Inter-State Agricultural Convention 344

Proceedings of the Woman's State Fair Association 359

Proceedings of the Indiana Short-horn Breeders' Association 363

Proceedings of the Indiana Swine Breeders' Association 396

Proceedings of the Indiana Wool Grower's Association 400

Proceedings of the Indiana Bee Keepers' Association 436

Proceedings of the Indiana Tile Makers' Association 447

Fish Culture, selections 455

Our Fiber Industries. C. H. Dodge 462

Laws 471

Obituary, Gov. J. D. Williams 478

Index 491

OFFICERS OF THE INDIANA STATE BOARD.

(Elected by the Board of AGRicrT^TURE.)

OFFICERS FOR 1880.

Hon. W. H. Ragan President.

Henry T. Sajiple Vice-President.

Alex. Heron Secretary.

Maj. James A. Wildman Treasurer.

Hon. Fielding Beeler General Sup't.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

Hon. W. H. Ragan, President ex-officio.
Hon. Jacob Mutz. John P. Barns.

W. B. Seward. Capt. H. C. Meredith.

%

MEMBERS OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRI-
CULTURE 1880.

(Elected by the Delegates from Agricultural Societies.)

1st District — Robert Mitchell, Princeton, Gibson county.

2d District — Hon. R. P. Haynes, Washington, Daviess county.

3d District— B. H. Hancock, Fredericksburg, Washington county.

4th District — Hon. W. B. Seward, Bloomington, INIonroe county.

5th District — J. W. Cofield, Rising Sun, Ohio count}'.

6th District — S. R. Quick, Columbus, Bartholomew county.

7th District — Hon. Jacob Mutz, Edinburg, Shelby county.

8th District — Dempsey Seybold, Bridgeton, Parke county.

9th District — Hon. W. H. Ragan, Clayton, Hendricks county.
10th District — Henrj' C. Meredith, Cainbridge City, Wayne county,
11th District — John P. Barns, Anderson, Madison county.
12th District — H. T. Sample, Lafayette, Tippecanoe countj'.
13th District— John K. Turner, Marion, Grant county.
1-lth District — L. B. Custer, Logansport, Cass county.
15th District — Hon. John Sutherland, Lnporte, Laporte county.
16th District — Hon. R. M. Lockhart, Waterloo, DeKalb county.

INDIANA AGRICULTURAL DISTRICTS.

The State Board of Agriculture consists of sixteen members,
chosen from the following districts :

Ist District — Posey, Vanderburgh, Gibson, Warrick and Spencer
counties.

2d District — Pike, Dubois, Martin, Daviess, Knox and Sullivan
counties.

3d District — Perry, Crawford, Harrison, Floyd and Washington
counties.

4th District — Orange, Lawrence, Jackson, Monroe, Greene, Brown
and Scott counties.

5th District— Clark, Jefferson, Switzerland, Jennings, Ohio and
Ripley counties.

6th District — Dearborn, Franklin, Decatur, Bartholomew and
Eush counties.

7th District — Johnson, Shelby, Morgan and Marion counties.

8th District — Owen, Clay, Vigo, Parke and Vermillion counties.

9th District — Putnam, Hendricks, Montgomery and Boone coun-
ties.

10th District — Fayette, Wayne, Union and Henry counties.

11th District — Randolph, Delaware, Madison, Hancock, Hamilton,
Tipton and Jay counties.

12th District— Clinton, Fountain, Tippecanoe, Warren, Newton,
Benton and White counties.

13th District — Blackford, Grant, Huntington, Wells, Adams, Wa-
bash and Howard counties.

14th District — Carroll, Cass, Miami, Fulton, Pulaski, Jasper and
Starke counties.

loth District — Marshall, 'La.porte, St. Joseph, Elkhart, Lake and
Porter counties.

16th District — Allen, Lagrange, Whitley, DeKalb, Noble, Steuben
and Kosciusko counties.

Chosen for two years, the term of service of one-half cxjiires each
year, to-wit: Those rejiresenting the first, second, third, fourth,
seventh, fourteenth, lifteenth and sixteenth, cxjjired at the annual
meeting of 1880, and those representing the fifth, sixth, eighth,
ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth districts expire at the jt^"
annual meeting in January, 1881.

STATE INDUSTRIAL ASSOCIATIONS.

OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1881.

Headquarters in the Agricultural Roo^nis, Corner of
Tennessee and Market Streets.

Imliana State Board r/ Agriculture.
President, Hon. R. M. Lockhart, Waterloo, DeKalb county ; Secretary,
Alex. Heron, Indianapolis, Marion county. Organized May, 185 1.

Indiana Horticidtural Society.
President, Sylvester Johnson, Irvington, Marion county; Secretary,
Hon. W. H. Ragan, Clayton, Hendricks county. Organized 1842.

State Association of Short-Horn Breeders.
President, Hon. Thomas Nelson, Bloomingdale, Parke county; Secre-
tary, T. W, W. Sunman, Spades, Ripley county. Organized May, 1872.

Imliana Dairi/men's Association.
President, Asher Kellum, Friendswood, Hendricks county; Secretary,
G, C. Stevens, Indianapolis. Organized September, 1876.

Indiana Swine Breeders' Associcdion.
President, A. S. Gilmore, Greensburg, Decatur county; Secretary, W.
M. Wiley, Augusta Station, Marion county. Organized January, 1877.

Indiana Wool Gixuver's Association.
President, Fielding Beeler, Indianapolis, Marion county; Secretary,
J. W. Robe, Greencastle, Putnam county. Organized October, 1876.

Indiana Bjidtry Breeders^ Association.
President, H. C. G. Bals, Indianapolis, Marion county; Secretary, Dr.
W. J. Elstun, Indianapolis, Marion county. Organized, January, 1875.

Indiana Bee Keepers' Association.
President, Dr. J. H. Orear, Lizton, Hendricks county; Secretary, F. L.
Daugherty, Indianapolis. Organized October, 1S79.

Indiana Tile Makers' Association.
President, J. T. Stringer, Kokomo, Howard county; Secretary, J. J.
Billingsley, Marion county. Organized November, 1876.

Indiana Woman's State Industrial Association.
President, Mrs. Dr. M. E, Haggart, Indianapolis, Marion county;
Secretary, Mrs. F. M. Adkinson, Indianapolis, Marion county.

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

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LIST OF MEMBERS.

Of the original sixteen corporate members of the Board of Agri-
culture appointed by the Legislature, but two now survive, as will
be seen by referring to the following. (* Represents deceased) :

Name.

P. 0. Address.

County.

Years of
Service
Incls've.

*Gov. Jos. A. Wright...
Dr. A. C. Stevenson....

Indianapolis

Marion

] 851-54

Gr eencastle

Putnam

Martin

1851-54

*J«remiah McBride

1851-52

*Roland Willard

Kosciusko

Switzerland...
Tippecanoe...

Morgan

Laporte

Wayne

1851-52

*Jacob R. Harris

1851-54

*Kenry L. Ellsworth. . . .
*John Ratlitf.

Lafayette

1851-52

Eminence

1851-52

*Gen. Jos. Orr

La por te

1851-56

DavidP.Holloway

*John B. Kelly

Richmond

1851-54

Warrick

Lawrence

Knox

Washington ...
Allen

1851-54

*Wm. McLain

1851-52

*Samuel Emerson

Vincennes

1851-52

*John McMahan

Salem

1851-52

*Thos. W. Sweeney

^George Brown

Fort Wavne

Shelbvviile

1851-52

Shelby

1851-52

^George Hussej'

Vigo

1851-52

^George K. Steele

*A. Seward

Rockville

Parke

1852-53

Bloomington

Lawrenceburg

Lafavette

Monroe

Dearborn

Tippecanoe...
Viofo

185'> 53

*George G. Dunn

John Levering

1852-53
1853-54

*Thos. Durham

Terre Haute

Rushville

1853 54

*Jesse Morgan

Rush

1853 54

George W. Lane

Aurora

Dearborn

Lagrange

Knox

185,3-58

L. M. Spaulding

1853 .>4

Abraham Smith

1854 55

*Samuel Herriott

Franklin

Johnson

Orange

1S54-55

David F. Huffstetter...

Orleans

1854-55

^Joseph Allen

LD. G.Nelson

Crawfordsville

Fort Wavne

Oakland.'.

Montgomery..

Allen '...

Gibson

1854-55
1854 57

*Jas. W. Cockrun..

1854-55

A. J. Hay

Charleston

Clark

1855-56

10

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

LIST OF MEMBERS— Continued.

Name.

P. 0. Address.

County.

Years of

Service

Incls've.

*J. P. Drake

Indianapolis

Gr eencastle

Marion

1855-56

*J. A. Matson

Putnam

Wayne

1855-56

Wm T. Dennis

Richmond

1855-58

*Geo. D. Wagner

*Maj. Stearns Fisher....
^Wm H Bennett

Poolsville

Warren

Wabash

L^nion

1855-60

Wabash

1855-66

Liberty

1855-60

*Jas. D. Williams

Col. S. Vawter

Pond Creek Mills..
Vernon

Knox

Jennings

Owen

1856-71
1856-57

W^m. M. Franklin

Spencert.

1856-57

Dr. Eufus Haymond ..

Dr. R. T.Brown

Dr. G. B. Graff

Brookville

Franklin

Montgomery..
Gibson

1856-57

Crawfordsville

0 wensville

1856-57
1856-59

Dr. A. C. Stevenson . . .

Greencastle

Putnam. 1.

Marion

1857-58

Calvin Fletcher, Jr... .

Indianapolis

Edinburgh

1862-63

Jas L Bradley

Johnson

Marion

1857-58

*Wm. H. Looniis

Indianapolis

Valparai so

1858-61

A Freeman

Porter

Marion

1858-61

*A. E. Vinton

Indianapolis

New Albanj^

South Bencl

1858-59

Thos H Collins

Floyd

1858-61

*Wm. Miller

St. Joseph

Lawrence

Ohio

1858-61

*Wm. Duncan

Bedford

1858-61

David G Rabb

Rising Sun

1857-60

*W. H. Bonner

Spring Hill

Decatur

Parke

Putnam

Delaware

Warrick

Steuben

Jefferson

Henry

1859-60

Wm G. Coffin

Annapolis

1859-62

A. D. Hamrick

Manhattan

1859-72

*Dr. Jno. C. Helm

Muncie

1859-68

■^Xathan Piatt

Yankee town

Angola

1860-63

Dr. G. W. McConnell..

1860-61

*D C. Branham

Madison

1861-62

*Isaac Loder

Lewisville

Attica..

1861-64

* Joseph Poole

Fountain

Perry

1861-72

Jno C Shoemaker....

Rome

1862-71

*Jno F Carr

Medora

Jackson

1862-63

■*A. J Holmes

Rochester

Fulton

1862-69

George Crawford

Hawley Peck

New Durham

LagrangeCenter . . .
Vevav

Lajwrte

Lagrange

Switzerland...

Parke

Posey

1862-63
] 862-63

*Samucl Wiley

1863-64

*W. C. Danaldson

Prof E T Cox

Montezuma

New Harmony

Bloomington

Indianapolis

Lapor tc

3863-70
1864-69

*Maj. John McCrca

J A Ciro.svenor

Monroe

Marion

1864-69
1. '•'64-67

.John Sutherland

Lai)orte

Steuben

Jefferson

1864-.,..

Dr (; W. McConnell

Angola

1864-65

*Prof. 8. 11. Thompson

Hanover

1865-6G

LIST OF MEMBERS.

11

LIST OF MEMBERS— Continued.

Name.

P. 0. Address.

County.

Years of
Service
Incls've.

*D E Reese

Lawrenceburgh . . .
Richmond

Dearborn

Wavne

1865-68

J ^X Garr

1865-66

*Benj. Xorth

Vlex Heron •

Rising Sun

Ohio

1867-72

Connersville

Wabash

Fayette

1867-70

H. Caldwell

Wabash

1867-78

Jacob Mutz

Edinburg

Shelby

1868-.. .

*Thos. V. Mitchell

New Salem

Rush

1869-78

Wni Crini

Anderson

Madison

Posey

11869-75

L. A. Burke

New Harmony

Bloomington

Terre Haute

Connersville

Rochester

1870-74

*Geo. A. Buskirk

*Thos. Dowlina;

Monroe

Vigo

Fayette

Fulton

1870-71
1871-74

A. B. Clavpool

1871-78

* Stephen Davi dson

I D. G. Nelson

1870-77

Fort Wayne

Sullivan

New Albany

Bloomington

Aurora

Clayton

Allen

Sullivan

Floyd

1870-73

*F. Easier

1872-73

P. C. Johnson

1872-77

W.B.Seward

Monroe....

Dearborn

Hendricks

Tippecanoe ...
DeKalb

1872-. ..

J. B. Gerard

1873-74

W. H. Ragan

1873-....

*H. T. Sample

Lafaj^ette

1873-80^

R. M. Lockhart

Waterloo

1874-....

*J. D. WilUams

Wheatland

Knox

Gibson

11874-....

Robert Mitchell

Princeton

1875-....

J. V. Millions

Butlerville

Bloomingdale

Montgomery

Muncie

Jennings

Parke

1875-76

Thonios Nelson

1875-78

R. P. Havnes

Daviess

1875-....

T. W. Tiittle

Delaware

Ohio

111876-76
1877-80

J. W. Cotield

Rising Sun

Wni. Crini

Anderson

Hancock Station ..
Loganspor t

Madison

Harrison

Cass

1877-78

B. H. Hancock

1878-.. .

L. B. Custer

1878-.. .

S. R. Quick

Columbus

Bartholomew.
Parke

1879-.. .

Deni psey Sevbold

H. C. Meredith

Bridgeton

Cambridge City...
Anderson

1879-80

Wayne

1879-.. .

John P. Barns

Madison

Grant

1879-.. .

John N. Turner

Marion

Spades

1879-80

T. W. W. Sunman

Ripley

1881-.. .

Joseph Gilbert

Terre Haute

Lafayette

Vieo

1881-.. .

J. K. O'Neal

Tippecanoe . . .
Howard

1881-.. .

T. M. Kirkpatrick

Kokomo

1881-.. .

X Resigned.

il Filled unexpired term of;Mr. Crimf.

12

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

METEOROLOGICAL TABLE.

Table Showing Monthly Mean of Barometer, Thermometer and
Eelative Humidity; Maximum and Minimum Temperatures;
Prevailing Direction of Wind ; Total Number of Miles Traveled
by Wind ; Number of Clear, Fair, Cloudy and Eainy Days; and
Total Rainfall, at Indianapolis, Ind., for Each Month of the Year
18S0, as recorded at the United States Signal Office.

1880.
Months.

Inches.

Deg.

ia

Per ct

Deg

S
H

s

3 .

2 03

.^ ^-

a !3

Deg.

O .

SB'S

a a

> <«
go

Miles
p. hour

O d

—'ji

Inch

January

February..

March

April

May ,

June ,

July

August

September..

October

November..
December ..

Means and ~)
Totals for V
the Vear. j

30.026
30.049
30.059
29.946
29.974
29.947
29.957
29.976
30.033
30.062
30.207
30.124

30.030

45.7
39.0
42.0
55.5
69.1
74.1
76.6
76.2
65.1
53.3
31.7
24.3

54.4

71.2
64 5
61.6
57.5
59.7
69.4
67.0
67.6
62.2
65.0
67.6
71.8

66

65

70

83

85

91

93.5

94

89

78

63

56

65.4

20
14
21
27
40
54
55
51
41
31
—5
-13

SE

S

NW

S

s

s

sw

s

N

s
w
w

51.08
56.76
54.59
62.12
46 24
40.46
33.44
34.64
41.23
45.64
43.38
47.03

55.661

106

145

115

6.32
3.16

4.03
6.43
8.22
8.18
2.26
2.67
1.86
3.54
2. 58
1.44

50.99

Note.— Days on which the entire number of fourths of clouds observed at 7 a. m., 2
p. M., and 9 i-. m., was three, or less than three-fourths, were recorded as clear days.

OTTO SCHiJTZE,

Obs. Serg't Sig. Ser. U. S. A.

METEOROLOGICAL TABLE.

13

METEOROLOGICAL TABLE.

Table Showing Daily and Monthly Means in English inches of Bar-
ometer, Corrected for Temperature and Elevation, at Indiana-
polis, Ind., for Each Day and Month of the Year 1880, as Re-
corded at the United States Signal Office :

DAILY MEAN BAROMETER.

MONTHS.

>>

s
c

03

.13
o

p<

^

3

>.

s
be

3

o
o

1^

i

i
1

n

<->

iL,

S

<

S

1-5

"^

<

02

O

^

Q

1 1 30.234

30.345

30.195

30.024

30.155

30.089

29.883

30.019

29.809

30.097

30.036

29.940

2 ■ 30.201

29.997

30.2501 29.803

30 026

30.115

29.842

29.931

29.774

29.997

30 036

3O.S09

3 j 30.145

29.825

29.668' 29.5.54

30.060

.30.122

29.933

30.040

29.854

29.910

29.977

30 109

4 I 30 194

30.144

29.509i 29.742

29.985

29 967

29892

30.128

29.861

30.079

29.680

29.567

.5 30.065

30.241

29.901 29.897

29.919

29.716

29.857

30.154

29.985

29.963

30.051

29.856

6 30.08.5

30.207

30 131 30.096

29.881

29.671

29 959

30.137

29.986

30.108

29 867

30.266

7 30.16(5

30.558

30.059 30.350

29.881

29.947

30.003

30.155

30.080

30.112

30.03i

30.247

S i 29.912

30.232

30.1431 30.288

29.786

29.918

29.945

30.073

30 112

30.0.35

29.985

30 395

9 29.863

30.286

30.023' 29.971

29.826

29.847

29.961

29.921

30.184

30.056

30.032

30.670

10 30.029

30.114

30.060' 29.909

29 911

29.958

29.933

29 882

30.249

30.094

29.699

30.644

11 > 29.958

29.747

30.212 30.293

30.150

30.006

29 969

29.988

30.1.38

30.150

30.079

30.092

12 30.442

29.706

30.275; 30.211

30.096

29.920

29.990

30.142

30.101

30.283

30 447

29 707

13 30.402

29.674

30.195: 29.897

30.086

29.858

29.971

30 053

30.097

30.191

30.435

29.713

14 30.130

30 048

30.278

29.763

30.277

29.636

29.905

29.896

30.123

29.889

30.313

29.729

15 , 30.159

30.142

30.115

29.843

30.309

29.851

29.802

29.963

30.023

29.716

29.872

29.902

16 ; 29.930

30.140

30.113

29.722

30.237

30.113

29.826

30.167

29.963

29.731

30.312

29.989

17

29.891

30.026

30.310

39.017

30.047

30.174

29.937

30.068

30.000

30 043

30.504

29 87S

18

29.975

.30.280

29.853

29.641

29 910

30.203

29.931

29.939

29.992

30..387

30.510

30.140

19

29.723

30.690

29.947

29.837

29.868

30.165

29.811

29 764

29.986

30.308

30.199

30.211

20

29 797

30.208

30.141

30.143

29.866

30 099

30.014

29.708

30.125

30.119

30.159

30.072

21

29.582

29.957

30.235! 30.041

29.776

.30.001

30.094

29.817

,30 176

30.107

30.697

30.203

22

29.585

29.758

30.089, 29 800

29.972

29.945

30 042

29.912

30.213

29.999

30.745

30.338

23

29 911

30.102

30.090

29.638

29.990

29.926

30 019

29 991

30.1.35

30.139

30.678

30.285

24

30.082

29.822

30.369

29.723

29.971

29.860

30.035

29.952

30.061

30.353

30.431

30 251

25

29.994

29.578

30.235

29.743

29.998

29.833

29.974

29.941

29.952

29.977

30.410

30.124

26

29.836

29.797

29.810

29.945

29.948

29.910

29.966

29.908

29.853

29 944

30 361

30.158

27

29.778

29.889

29.317

30 217

29.927

29.843

30.029

29.910

29.9.59

30.138

30.296

3'1.175

28

30.254

29.752

29.817

30.124

30.001

29.811

.30 067

29.962

29.887

30.105

30.031

30.219

29

30.215

30.162

30.197

29 876

29.673

29.920

30.021

29.972

30.098

29.908

30.387

30.130

30

.30.065

30 2.59

30.270

29 734

29.987

.30.015

29915

30.200

29.878

29.932

30.269

31

30 197

30.032

29.945

30.031

29.853

30.109

30.252

MONTHLY MEAN BAROMETER.

30.026 30 049

30.059

29.946

29.974

29.947

29.957

29.976 30.033

30.207 30.124

Highest barometer during year, 30.823 English inches.
Lowest barometer during year, 29.126 English inches.
Annual mean barometer, 30.030 English inches.

OTTO SCHLTTZE,
Obs. Serg't Sig. Service, U. S. A.

14

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

METEOROLOGICAL TABLE.

Table Showing Daily and Montlilj' Mean Temperature at Indian-
apolis, Ind., for Each Day and Month During the Year 1880, as
Recorded at the United States Signal Office.

DAILY MEAN THERMOMETER.

Date.

Months. -

-Degrees Fahrenheit.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

April

May.

June.

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Ist

39.5

49.7
59 7

56 2
57.0
53.5
57.5
50.2
46.0
51.0
33.2
30.2
37.5
39.7
49.5
49.0
49.2
53.0
44.2
47.5
365
37.5
40.5
42.2
46.0
51.2
37.2
38 7
46.0
31.2

45.7

23.0
26.2
25.7
21.7
30.7
35.0
29.2
40.2
34.0
43.0
50.7
51.5
33.0
30.1
35.5
47.5
55.7
33.5
24.5
33.7
37.5
48.0
41.2
54.0

56 2
56.2

57 0
50.0
26.5

35.5
45.5
56.0
62.0
46.2
45.7
43.5
37.7

38 5
34.7

39 2
29.0
35 5
32.0
.33.0
29.7
32.5
47 5
43.2
42.2
43.0
48.0
45 7
38.2
35.7
48.0
48.2
41.6
44.7
47.7
53.8

53.3
60.2
65.5
61.2
60.9
45.6
39.6
43.6
51.5
43.2
35.0
44 5
62.0
C9.0
64.2
52 5
53.2
72.5
53.2
55 7
62.7
68.6
61.0
59.5
62 2
52.0
53.2
57,7
54.0
48.6

57 7
64.5
66.6
68.2
71.2
73.7
76.5
78.5
67.7
69.0
66.5
68.7
64.5
61 0
63.5
67.2
72.7
75.2
77.0
68 2
68.5
67 6
72.7
77.2
76.2
74.5
71.5
68.0
66.5
63.7
67.5

61.5
65.7
68.7
69.0
76.6
69 2
70.7
73.7
73.2
82.2
83.7
84.0
76.7
76.7
63.0
70.0
72.2
74.2
74.5
77.2
77.5
79.5
81.2
792
76.2
76.5
76.7
73.7
66.5
73.7

72.2
73.2
76.7
79 5
75.1
75 7
78 2
80.0
77.0
80.7
84.0
86.0
86.7
84.7
81.0

75 7
73.2
76.7
69.5
64.5
675
69.5
73.2

76 0
77.7
80.2
77.2
75.2
74.2
74.7
80.0

76.7
70.2
63.5
66.7
71.7
73.5
75.0
75.2
76.5
77.0
74.2
73.0
76.3
77.7
74.5
74.7
78.2
82.2
84.5
77.0
73.2
74.7
77.2
82.5
80.7
81.7
76.5
78.5
77.5
77.5
81.0

81.7
76 0
79.0
76.0
75.0
74.0
61.6
56.0
57.7
62.2
67.0
65.5
56.0
55.0
61.5
68.0
69.2
72.2
69.5
62.5
60.7
59.0
63.6
69.2
69.1
65 5
55.9
59.4
62.5
54.0

62 5
67.2
62.6
53.1
58.7
54.7
63.9
61.2
65.9
68.7
70.0
58.1
56.2
64.5
64.1
47 9
39.1
36.7
38.6
51.5
55.1
44.5
37.1
40.6
55.1
49.2
43.7
44 2
55 5
48.5
44.7

44.7
52.7
53.7
57.0
44.0
33.9
40.2
46 7
51.2
51.4
43.4
37.0
38.6

27 0

28 1
26 2
15.0
12.0
16.4
21.7

70
10 5
16.2
26.2
20.7
23.7
25.2
33.2
20.7
27.0

31.7

36.''

2d . ...

27.2

3d

33 0

4th

44 0

5th

30.2

6th

IS.""

7th

13 6

8th

9.6

9th

10 0

10th

15.5

11th

30.4

12th

36.9

13th

40 9

14th

J5th

40.7
40.O

16th

31.2

17th

29.9

18th

29.6

19th

21 6

20th

29 4

21st

33.0

22d

31 5

23d

29.6

24th

29.4

25th

26 6

26th

29.0

27th

9.7

28th

—1.6

29th

£Oth

4.1

3lHt

82

Mou'ly Mean
Temp'ature

3O.0

42.0

55.5

69.1

74.1

76.6

76.2

65.1

53.3

24..3

Highest temperature during year 94°

Lowest temperature during year — 13°

Annual mean temperature 54.4°

OTTO SCHiJTZE

Obs. Serg't Sig. Ser. U. S. A.

METEOKOLOGICAL TABLE,

15

METEOROLOGICAL TABLE.

Table Showing Monthly Mean Barometer and Thermometer and
Total Amount of Snow or Rainfall, at Indianapolis, Ind., for
Each Month of the Year, from 1871 to 1880, Inclusive, as Ee-
corded at the United States Signal Office.

Montlily Mean Barometer — English Inches.

Years.

1871. 1872. 187:^. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880,

January...
February..

March

April

May

June

July

" UgUBt

September
October....
November.
December,

January...
February..

March

April

May

June

July

August ....
September

October

November.
December..

Januarj" ..
February .

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November.
December..

29 906
29.801
29.941
29 851
29.957
29.933
30.105
30.053
30.065
30.111

.30.130

30.056

30 008

30.044

30.013

30.030

29.960

29.896

29.988

29.895

29.976

29.905

29.964

29.982

30.032

30 013

29.997 i 30 032

30.095 30.062

30.112 ; 30 010

30.218

30.125 1

30 120
30 093
30.044
30.016

29 940
29.925
29.954
29.952

30 020
30.093
30.116
.30 165

80.232 I
30 129
20.999
29.904 i
29.922
29.948

29.935 I
29.945
30.020

29 999

30 037

29.936 1

30.107
30 070
29.982
29.978
29.963
29.H81
29.957
.30.001
29.954
29 972
29.990
30.109

30.160
30.156
30.013
29.898
29.992
29.907
29.931
29.926

29 997
29.983
30.038

30 097

30.022

30.151

29.917

.30 112

29 912

30073

29.746

''9.969

29.904

29.951

29 896

29.9.54

29.912

29.927

29.876

29 951

30.050

30.081

30.028

30.108

30.010

.30.078

30.082

30.080

Monthly Mean

Thermometer — Degrees Fah r.

26.0

25.0

3.i.6

20.5

39.1

28.1

34.7

26.9

30.0

30.4

36.0

21.6

.37.3

39.5

39.5

30.4

48.0

350

38.5

42.2

37 3

37.7

35.5

50.3

42.7

680

55.0

50 3

45.6

49.7

53.0

5t.l

58.8

58.1

66 0

64.0

64.0

66.2

62 6

66.0

62.3

61.9

66.7

76 0

74.0

77.0

77.4

70 8

72.1

71.7

69 8

71.4

75.0

78,0

75.5

78.5

75.9

78.0

76.1

79.6

80 0

76.0

76.0

75 0

75.9

70 3

75.1

73.5

75.7

70.3

63.0

67.0

640

69.6

63.4

64.6

C6 5

67.1

62.7

58.0

54.0

51.0

55.5

51.4

51.7

58.6

54.2

62.6

39.0

36.0

37 5

42.4

40.5

41.3

43.1

4.5.2

4=1.8

28 0

24.4

37 6

35.6

41.5

22.6

46.8

27.0

35.9

Total Eain

fall — Inches

1.17

4.50

3.75

1.01

5 94

1.56

2.38

147

1.41

2.85

4.17

1.88

4.49

1.21

2.10

2.17

3.93

1.31

3.48

5.79

5.23

7.44

5.23

1.23

3.36

1.87

3.26

5.91

4.12

1.29

2.27

3.11

5..51

2 25

1.59

3.22

3.89

4.03

5.13

511

2 09

8.24

3..38

2.51

3.28

3.70

5 25

12.20

7.54

6.21

2.25

2.94

560

10.95

11.28

3.53

13.12

7.48

4.19

4.54

2.40

3 69

2.69

1.32

2 90

3.66

5.86

4.13

2.42

5.71

4 89

2.81

1.76

2 09

1.34

3.85

2.04

3.35

6.94

1.54

1.07

5,27

0..36

2.67

4.42

3 22

4.78

1.34

3.52

0 80

2.46

4.82

3.04

2.26

3.61

2.87

5.82

2.39

2 10

5.90

279

4.01

0.90

245

3.95

5.10

30.026
30 049
30 059
29.946
29.974
29.947
29.957
29 97«
30.033
.30.069
30.207
30.124

45.7
39.0
42.0
55.5
69.1
74.1
76.6
76.2
65.1
53.3
31.7
24.3

6.32
3.16
4 03
6 43
8.22
8 48
2.26

2 67
186

3 54
2..58
1.44

OTTO SCHUTZE,

Obs. Serg't Sig. Service, U. S. A.

16

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

METEOROLOGICAL TABLE.

Table Showing Annual Mean Barometer, Thermometer, and Rela-
tive Humidity; Maximum and Minimum Temperatures; Pre-
vailing Direction of Wind ; Total Nvmber of Miles Traveled by
Wind ; Number of Days on which Eain or Snow Fell ; and Total
Amount of Snow or Rainfall at Indianapolis, Ind., for Each Year
of the Decade, Ending December 31, 1880, as Recorded at the
United States Signal Office.

Year.

m

a

— o

* ■£
oS
a o
<

o
.a
H

p

iS

^■^

II
= o
<

ll

a ■"

£

u

' S .

9

3

ce

3
p<

a .

H g
>^

B to

a n

II

o

li

.tl he

« 2
%^

§■2

SO
o a

a
'S

o

2
^ .

w a
o o

a M
'3.5

•50
sg

— -O C3

a a »

Inches.

Degrees

Percent

Inch.

1S71

=:-29.972 -.'i'i.O

63.0
66.1
68.1
67.2
64.6
64.4
65.4

-97
96
95
97
92
93
90
96
96
94

'^— 3
—11
—13
— 2
-18.5
-15
—11
—12
—22
—13

^;'SW
sw
sw

NW
W

w
sw

SE
S

w

156
134
166
179
162
185
148
148

*31.53

1872

1873

30.044
30.004
30.037
30 005
•29.997
30.008
29.946
30.036
30.030

50 8
52 0
55.0
50.5
53.2
54.0
55.4
53.9
54.4

52,273
53,764

50,598
55, 888
50,887
42,937
49,875
45, 511
55, 661

34.07
52.32

1874

43.60

1875

54.58

1876

56 56

1877

39 08

1878

38.62

1879

42.88

1880

50.99

8.2.

Mean Barometer for the Decade, 30.002 English inches.

Mean Thermometer for the Decade, 53.2° (Fahr.)

Highest Temperature observed during decade, 97°.

Lowest Temperature observed during Decade, — 22.

Hottest Day during the Decade, July 11,1879 — Daily Mean Temperature, 89.2.

Coldest Day during the Decade, December 29, 1880 — Daily Mean Temperature,

OTTO SCHUTZE,

Obs. Serg't Sig. Ser. U. S. A.
Note. — '' means for ten months.

Examined at the offioe of the Chief Signal Officer, April
29, 1881.

STATE BOARD MEETINGS.

Agricultural Eooms,
January 8, 1880, 10 o'clock.

Agreeable to call, at the close of the Delegate Board
Meeting the Board met, with President Mitchell in the
chair, all the members being present.

The minutes of yesterday's proceedings, also all the rec-
ords of proceedings during State Fair week, were approved
and adopted as corrected.

Mr. Sutherland moved that the time for the State Fair
of 1880 be fixed for the week commencing September 27th.

Mr. Mutz referred to the suggestion by the ladies that
the fair commence the middle of the week, and close the
middle of the week following.

Mr. Ragan said an examination of the proceedings of the
Board in past years showed that the fair had been held on
the week as suggested for many years past.

President Mitchell said the Illinois State Fair wanted to
claim our time, and have us change that they might visit
our fair.

Mr. Sample regretted very much to conflict with the
Illinois fair, as he knew of considerable stock that would
be at the Indiana fair if the time was not the same as in
Illinois.

Mr. Seybold corroborated this stat^ent.
2 — Age. Report.

18 BOARD OF AGRICULTUEE.

Mr. Sutherland stated that if our fair was one week ear-
lier we would be in the equinoxial storms.

Messrs. Custer, Meredith, Ragan and Seward expressed
themselves in favor of the date mentioned.

The motion carried, and notice for time of fair ordered
to be sent to adjoining States without delay.

On motion of Mr. Barns the financial report of the Gen-
eral Superintendent was read and referred to the finance
committee, Mr. Lockhart explaining that he had an under-
standing a year since that all financial transactions went on
the books of the Secretary and Treasurer, therefore he did
not itemize this report in particulars.

Mr. Ragan, under the head of unfinished business, re-
ported that Mr. Albert Gall had made complaint in regard
to issuing two diplomas for display of carpets, etc., at the
last State Fair.

President Mitchell explained that the mistake was in
having a special committee to pass on and award premiums
in that department.

Mr. Seward said it was an unfortunate affair, and the
mistake was in the committee on special merits recommend-
ing diplomas or making any choice.

The Secretary read the resolution authorizing the special
committee ; also the wording of the two diplomas referred
to, and showed that the two diplomas did not conflict in
fact, as one was to Mr. Gall for " the greatest variety," and
the other to A. L. Wright for " the largest and finest ex-
hibition " of carpets, rugs, etc.

Motion of Mr. Seward carried. That in order to give
expression on the subject the regular committee on general
merits had no authority to make awards to competitive
exhibitors.

Upon motion, the minutes as above were approved.

The Board adjouri^ed sine die.

ORGANIZATION OF THE NEW BOARD.

Agricultural Eooms, January 8, 1880.

Agreeable to notice on adjournment of the old Board,
the recently elected members met for organization.

On motion, Mr. Mitchell presided.

The roll being called, all the members responded as
follows : Robert Mitchell, R. P. Haynes, B. H. Hancock,
W. B. Seward, J. W. Cofield, S. R. Quick, Jacob Mutz,
Dempsey Seybold, W. H. Ragan, H. C. Meredith, J. P.
Barns, H. T. Sample, J. N. Turner, L. B. Custer, John
Sutherland and R. M. Lockhart.

On motion, the Board proceeded to the election of
officers for the ensuing year, resulting as follows :

President W. H. Eagan, of Hendricks county.

Vice President H. T. Sample, of Tippecanoe county.

Secretary Alex. Heron, of Marion county.

Treasurer J. A. Wildman, of Marion county.

General Superintendent Fielding Beeler, of Marion count}'.

Executive- Committee.
Jacob Mutz, of Shelby county.
Wm. B. Seward, of Monroe county.
John P. Barns, of Madison county.
H. C. Meredith, of Wayne county.

20 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Mr. Mutz and Seward were selected to conduct the new
President to the chair, which was done with the usual
courtesy, being a pleasant duty for all parties.

Mr. Ragan, in a few brief remarks, acknowledged the
honor conferred, and expressed his embarrassment in the
attempt to fill the position so ably filled by his predecessors.

Motion of Mr. Lockhart carried, that the salaries of the
officers be fixed the same as lust year, 1879.

Motion of Mr. Seward carried, that the next meeting of
the Board be set for the 17th day of February, at 10
o'clock A. M.

On motion all unfinished business was referred to the
Executive Committee.

Adjourned.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.

Agricultural Eooms, January 9, 1880.

Agreeable to call of the President, the Executive Com-
mittee met, with President Ragan in the chair. Present —
Messrs. Mutz, Seward, Barns and Meredith.

On motion, the report of the special committee on the
geological department, as reported to the delegate board,
was adopted, and Prof Collett instructed to put the de-
partment in order, including the Owen Cabinet and Orni-
thological Case in the agricultural rooms, using his discre-
tion and judgment consistent with economy.

James A. Wildman, Treasurer elect, presented his bond
in the sum of ^40,000, properly drawn and acknowledged by
a notary, and signed by four good and acceptable sureties,
which was duly accepted and placed on file in the office safe.

The following order was given by President Ragan to
Treasurer Wildman, dated January 9, 1880:

Carlos Dickson — Dear Sir: — On the 8th of Januarj^ James A.
Wildman, was duly elected Treasurer of the State Board of Agri-
culture for one year from this day, and has been duly qualified.
You are hereby directed and ordered to pay over to the said James
A. Wildman, as your successor, the sum of twelve thousand five hun-
dred and ninety-eight dollars and eighty-nine cents in your hands
belonging to said Board. Also the sum of two thousand nine hun-
dred and sixty-three dollars and sixty-four cents belonging to the
geological fund in said Board's hands.

$12,598.89 W. H. RAGAN,

2,963.64 Presided Indiana State Board of Agricidture.

Attest :

115,562.53 Alex. Hekon, Secretary.

22 BOARD OF AGRrCULTURE.

On the back of the order, of which the above is a copy,
is a receipt for the full amount, $15,562.53, signed by J.
A. \yildman. Treasurer, and the document placed in care
of the Secretary of the Board.

The following resolution, offered by Mr. Seward, was
adopted :

Eesolved, That the Treasurer, James A. Wildman, be and is.
hereb}" instructed to invest in government 4 per cent bonds at the
lowest premium possible, ten thousand dollars [$10,000] , and hold
the same subject to the order of this Board, said investment to be
made on, or about the 15th inst.

Ordered, That the Secretary of the Board be authorized to insert
advertisements in the premium list for the State Fair of 1880 on
condition to furnish the usual number of copies in pamphlet form
for distribution.

Adjourned.

FEBRUARY MEETING, 1880.

Tuesday, February 17, 10 o'clock a. m.

The Board met pursuant to adjournment, President
Ragan in the chair. All the members answered to their
names as follows :

Messrs. Robert Mitchell, R. P. Haynes, B. H. Hancock,
W. B. Seward, J. W. Cofield, S. R. Quick, Jacob Mutz,
Dempsey Seybold, H. C. Meredith, J. P. Barns, H. T.
Sample, J. N. Turner, L. B. Custer, John Sutherland and
R. M. Lockhart.

Minutes of the last meeting read and approved.

A communication from F. L. Dougherty, Secretary of
the Indiana Bee-Keepers' Association, was read, and upon
motion, referred to the committee on premium list.

A committee of ladies representing the Woman's State
Industrial Association, being present, a time for conference
committee meeting was fixed for to-morrow, 10 o'clock a. m.

The Board then proceeded to consider claims on file.

On motion of Mr. Sutherland, a committee consisting of
Messrs. Seward, Mutz and Mitchell, was appointed to con-
sider the expediency of providing for a practical trial of
plows and harvesters the coming season, and requested to
report to-morrow.

An expression of the Board was requested with regard
to national legislation in the interest of agriculture, with a

24 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

view of unity of action among the States to prevent the
spread of contagious diseases among live stock ; the possi-
bilities of manufacturing sugar, from beets, sorghum and
corn; the successful cultivation of tea and coffee; and to
further these ends, the practicability of making the Com-
missioner of Agriculture, a cabinet officer. A random dis-
cussion followed by Messrs. Meredith, Lockhart, Mutz and
Haynes. Upon motion the subject was laid on the table.

Upon motion recess was taken until 2 P. M.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

Two o'clock.

A communication from Dr. Ellis, was read, setting forth
the insufficiency of the building allotted for the exhibition
of last season's poultry show.

On motion of Mr. Haynes, the matter was referred to the
Executive Committee and General Superintendent.

President Ragan called the attention of the Board to an
order passed several years ago restricting an exhibitor from
again competing for premiums at State Fairs, on account
of some informalities and indiscretion, which were recorded
at the time, and stated that such exhibitor, Mr. John Mar-
vel, was present ; that he had been punished severely, was
now penitent, and requested to be again allowed the priv-
ilege of competing for State Fair premiums.

Motion of Mr. Mitchell carried, that the restrictions
which debarred John Marvel from competing for State
Fair premiums, as recorded on page 136, Record C, be
annulled and removed.

The question whether the long-continued use of that
part of the fair grounds south of the enclosure as a public
highway, will not involve a forfeiture of the same to the
public, being under discussion, on motion of Mr. Barns the
subject was referred to the Executive Committee.

PROCEEDINGS. 25

An application of the Tile Makers' Association, by Mr.
Billingsly, for adequate space to show their work, was
upon motion of Mr. Sample, referred to the General
Superintendent.

The President announced the standing committees and
department superintendents as follows :

STANDING COMMITTEES:

Finance Messrs. Mitchell, Sutherland and Turner.

Eulesand Regulations... Messrs. Mutz, Meredith and Seybold.

Fair Grounds Messrs. Quick, Custer and Barns.

Premium List Messrs. Meredith, Sutherland and Hancock.

Unfinished Business Messrs. Lockhart, Haynes and Seward.

Geology and Statistics... Messrs. Seward, Mutz and Cofield.

DEPARTMENT SUPERINTENDENTS.

Horses .' H. C. Meredith.

Cattle Robert Mitchell.

Hogs Dempsey Seybold.

Sheep S. R. Quick.

Poultry B. H. Hancock.

Agricultural J. W. Cofield.

Mechanical R. M. Lockhart.

Carriages and Furniture J. N. Turner.

Horticultural L. B. Custer.

Engines and Machinery W. B. Seward.

Educational and Art John Sutherland and J. A. Wildman.

Natural History Prof. John CoUett.

Amphitheater R. P. Haynes.

Permits Jacob Mutz.

Gates John P. Barns.

After the announcement of the standing committees.
President Ragan read a special message to the Board,
which, on motion, was ordered to be placed on file and
made part of the record :

26 BOARD OP AGRICULTURE.

ADDRESS.

I am aware that what I may say at this time by way of sugges-
tions Biay be considered as an innovation upon former customs,
yet I feel that the beginning of the work, rather than at its close,
is the proper time for us to counsel together as to the policy best
to pursue.

This is reallj' the business meeting of the year. At the January
meeting we simply close up the accounts of the past, and set forth,
under a new organization, for a sail upon the unknown sea of the
future. Here we halt to take on a pilot and the necessary instru-
ments to guide us through.

A few moments, therefore, devoted to the study of the chart will
prove of benelit to us, as, in the event of a storm, each indi^T-dual
member may then be relied upon for efficient service.

Storms are of no unfrequent occurrence upon the waters we
navigate, and the voyage we are now upon, without the aid of a
Professor Tice, may be safely reckoned as one in which the rule
will most certainly prevail.

What may we do, therefore, to avert the dangers that beset us,
and insure a safe and triumphal entry into port ?

The trust reposing in us is no sinecure. To aid, to encourage,
to build up, to educate, should be our motto. Such is the trust im-
posed in us. It is an honor not to be despised, yet the labors neces-
sary to success are indeed onerous. The master is inexorable. No
shortcomings on our part will be excusable, no failures tolerated.
Like all public servants we have been, and will continue to be, the
subjects of sharp criticism. Many mistakes have doubtless been
made, and much that should have been done has been neglected.
In the midst of embarrassments such as have beset us, we have
sometimes thought our treatment unduly severe. But these are
now amongst the things of the past. Times are greatly improved.
People are no longer constantly in dread of some great financial
calamity, that haunts their thoughts by day and their dreams by
night. It is true many have gone down to be known no more in
financial circles, but others, with a zeal and enthusiasm that knows
no failure, have arisen to take their places. Li such we have new
friends, those that would gladly see us prosper, and that recognize
in our works true merit. Let us profit by the experiences of the
past, and strive to so conduct ourselves as to continue to merit the
approval and patronage of such. This desirable result can only be
reached through a faithful performance on our part of the full
duties of our organization. Each individual member should strive

PROCEEDINGS. ' 27

to do his whole duty. We should not be content with the ordinary
routine work, such as we have enacted and re-enacted, year after
year, for over a fourth of a century. We should be progressive,
not content simply with following. We should lead in all laudable
Avork. Let us break our stereotype plates, and set up a new form.
Although on the upgrade of progress, we are yet encompassed with
many embarrassing circumstances, mainly the result of the liery
ordeal through which we have so recently passed. Perhaps the
greatest of these is the lack of co-operation upon the part of citizens
of Indianapolis. It is needless to attempt to disguise the facts, or
to try to ignore the ill-will of this class. Our interests are mutual.
While we can not succeed wdthout their assistance and co-operation^
they may get along tolerably well without us. It behooves us,
therefore, to renew our pledge of fidelity to them, and to ask in
return a guarantee of co-operation. Every business man in Indi-
anapolis should be made to feel that he had a connnon interest in
our welfare. Then let this same pledge extend out from the citi-
zens of Indianapolis to the citizens of the whole State. Let ns con-
vince them that we are the worthy servants of the agricul-
tural, mechanical and the household interests of the people of the
whole State ; that whatever they would have us do to best develop
their interests we stand ready and willing — more! we are anxious
to do. Through this course, and this only, can we rise above the
embarrassments that now beset us, and start out again on the high
road to prosperity. It rests with v;s to turn the wheels of progress.
We may look to the next General Assembly until our heads are
silvered by the frosts of many winters — we may succeed in perpet-
uating ourselves in the harness of office ; yet, like the unworthy
descendant, who anxiously awaits the death of a rich uncle, we our-
selves will merit the stigma of failure, and the rich uncle may
decide to make other disposition of his fortune. We should tfike
hold of this work with a vim and a will ; we should take hold of it
as individuals interested only in the success thereof ; we should take
hold of it in our official capacity as the Indiana State Board of Agri-
culture, determined to foster every interest represented in this
broad title. Then we may hope to succeed, and then only. Then
will the relief come. It will come in the conscious thought of our
having done our whole duty. In conclusion, let me beseech you,
each and all, start out from this meeting with a renewed determi-
nation to labor earnestly and faithfully to make the fair of 1880 the
best known to the history of the board. Each one of you has in
charge a department or subdivision of the exhibition. Devote
yourselves especially to the success of your individual departments,
but allow no opportunity to pass when you may say a word or per-

28 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

form a deed that will inure to the credit of the whole. Eeturn to
your respective homes, to the counties constituting your districts,
determined to look up, and bring out the rich resources thereof.
There is not a district, not a county, in our State — one of the best
in the Union — that does not contain valuable a,gricultural, mechan-
ical, and other industrial interests of vast importance that should
be hunted up and brought into the greatest harvest in which we
are engaged. It is our duty to mature those interests, to assist in
developing them, to bring them together annually that others may
see and learn for themselves the vastness of our national resources,
and to be profited thereby. Look after these interests. Speak a
good word wherever and whenever you can, and my word for it
our efforts will be crowned by the coveted plaudit, "Well done
good and faithful."

Mr. Seward moved that the same amount be appropri-
ated for premiums as was appropriated for the last exhi-
bition. After considerable discussion by Messrs. Barns,
Seward, Meredith, Quick, Mitchell, Mutz, Heron, Lock-
hart, Sutherland, Haynes and Ragan, the motion was
adopted by one majority.

Mr. Mutz moved to take up the Rules and Regulations,
and adopt the suggestions of the Delegate Board so far as
they would apply. Carried.

Rule 2 was amended to read " day tickets " instead of
^' Exhibition season ticket, "

Rule 3 amended to require all entries to close Tuesday
noon, the second day of the Fair.

After prolonged discussion, with regard to the sale of
privileges — the printing and disposition of tickets to ex-
hibitors, in which nearly all the members took part, the
Board adjourned, to meet at 8:30 to-morrow morning.

PROCEEDINGS. 29

SECOND DAY.

MOENING SESSION.

Wednesday, Febkuary 18, 9 o'clock.

The Board met agreeable to adjournment, President
Ragan in the chair. All the members present except Mr.
Seward.

The minutes of yesterday's proceedings were read, cor-
rected and adopted.

On motion of Mr. Sutherland, the action on Rule 2 wa&
reconsidered.

The distribution of tickets to renters of stands and oth-
ers, was discussed by Messrs. Ragan, Sample, Quick, Mitch-
ell, Meredith and Governor Williams ; and.

Upon motion of Mr. Lockhart, the w^hole subject, includ-
ing the revision of Rules 2 and 9, was referred to a com-
mittee consisting of Messrs. Lockhart, Meredith and Ra-
gan.

Mr. Sample being in the chair, the other rules consecu-
tively, and the instructions to the judges, were taken in
order, and the rules of 1879 were adopted as amended.

Recess taken till 2 o'clock P. m.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

Two o'clock.

The Board met, with all the members present.

The committee to whom was referred the claim of Enoch
Worman for premium on speed (1875), made the following
report, reaflSrming the former action of the Board in the

case :

;50 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

We, your Committee, after clue consideration of all information
within our reach, sustain the past action of the Board had at that
time, when all the facts were fresh and in possession of the Board.

Egbert Mitchell,
John P. Barks,
Jacob Mutz,

Ccmimitfee.

The Committee of Conference, with the committee from
the " Woman's Board of Industry," presented the follow-
ing report, which was accepted :

REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE COMMITTEE.

Your Committee, appointed at the January meeting, to confer
with a committee of the " Woman's Board of Industry," witli a view
of giving to the said Woman's Board the eptire control and man-
agement of the exhibition at our next State Fair, of the goods in
the textile and domestic departments as comprised and shown in
books 36 to 45 inclusive, and such -other articles as may .properly
come under their control, and approximating a certain sum of
money to be used in paying premiums and other expenses, would
respectfully report :

That we have had a joint meeting of the two committees, and
after a thorough investigation of the matter, would recommend
that the entire control and management of these departments be
given to the Board of Directors of the Woman's Board of Industry,
and that the sum of one thousand dollars be appropriated for this
purpose, to be paid out from time to time, on properly signed
vouchers, as other moneys are paid out by the Treasurer of the
Board of Agriculture, and that in no event is a greater sum than the
one named to be expended or promised to be expended by the said
" Woman's Board.

W. B. Seward,
John Sutherland,

Jacob Mutz,

Comviittee.

The following estimate of expenditures was submitted
with the foregoing report, as expenses.

PROCEEDINGS.

WOMAN'S DEPAETMENT ;

1879.

Premiums paid $449

Rent show-cases, 150 feet. 59

Awarding committees 73

Entry clerk hire 13

Superintendents and as-
sistants 32

Salary of Secretarj' 100

Estimated improvements. 100
Additional estimates for

1880 174

Total $1,000

lOOU.

For premiums

Rent show-cases

$550
100

Awarding committees

Entry clerks

73
15

Assistant porter

Repairs and decorating...
Special police and attend-
ants

32
25

25

Salaries, i^ostage and inci-
dentals

180

Total $1,000

On motion, the report was received and adopted unani-
mously.

On motion of Mr. Seward, it was ordered that the
Woman's Board of Industry should select their own dis-
bursing committee, the selectiou to be confirmed by the
State Board of Agriculture. The committee so selected and
confirmed was composed of Mesdames Haggart, Adkinson,
Noe, Finch and Stowell.

Upon motion, Board adjourned until 8:30 o'clock to-
morrow morning.

THIED DAY.

MOENING SESSION.

Thursday, February 19, 8:80 o'clock.

The Board met pursuant to adjournment, President Ra-
gan in the chair. All the members present except Mr.
Seward.

The Board proceeded to the classification of exhibits and

32 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

fixing the amouuts of the various premiums, resulting in
the following changes from the list of 1879 :

Book 2. Matches added from book 6.

Book 6. On saddle horses, added from $10 to $15, and second
premium $5 to $8.

Book 7. In herd of six, etc., add the words except heavy draft
horses, and added premium for best herd of six, etc., heavy draft
horses owned by one exliibitor, same amounts.

Book 8. Leave out premiums for best jack colt, and reduce pre-
mium for mule four years old and over $14 to $12; second premium,
$7 to $6. Same changes on mule three years old, under four, and
on mule two years old and under three. Add a premium on best
mule one year old and under two, $8 ; second, $5.

Book 10. Instead of breeding cattle, insert Short-horns, and all
below Herefords transfer to book 11. With a full class for Jerseys,
amounting to $146, and add a premium on Polled Angus bull and
cow, first and second, same as on Devons.

Book 12. Second premium on the herd classes left out. Premium
on Indiana herd changed from $25 to $75, and all relating to herd&
transferred to book 13 ; all second premiums on all fatted stock left
out.

Book 13. Addition of herds from book 12, as noted.

Book 14. $20 on sheep added and portioned.

Book 15. $20 on sheep added and portioned.

Book 16. $20 on sheep added and portioned.

Book 17. $20 on sheep added and portioned.

Book 18. $18 on sheep added and portioned.

Book 19. In the three classes of bucks having five best lambs, ad-
vanced from $10 to $15.

Book 20. Added for best sow two years old and over, $12; for
second best, $6. And the same added through books 21, 22 and 23.

Book 24. A sweepstake on large breeds, and the same amount
jDremiums as a sweepstake for small breeds. On best boar, changed
from $20 to $15. On the best sow, changed from $20 to $15, and on
the herd, from $10 to $25.

Book 28. Added for best collection of Irish potatoes, not less than
ten varieties, $5.

Book 30. All on tobacco left out, and a full list made for butter,
cheese and honey, classified to the amount of $71, and two diplomas.

PROCEEDINGS. 33

Books 32 to 35, inclusive. Horticultural Department, *.50 aeklcd
and referred to State Association to apportion.

Books 36 to 45, inclusive. Textile fabrics, referred to the ■■ Wo-
man's State Board of Industry."

Book 46. Rearranged by request of Prof. CoUett. .^'67 added,
eight diplomas left out, and the collection of pet animals transferred
to poultry book.

Book 48. Educational, referred to the Superintendent of that de-
partment and President Ragan for verification.

Upon motion, the Board adjourned until 2 o'clock p. m.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

Friday, 2 o'clock.

The Board met, all the members present except Mr,
Lockhart.

The revising of the premium list was completed and the
list of 1879 adopted as corrected, except Book 5. Speed
Class, which was in the hands of a committee for revision,
on being called for, they, Messrs. Mitchell, Meredith,
Mutz and Seward, were excused to complete their work and
report.

Mr. Mutz moved that the allotment of gate keepers for
1880, should remain the same as last year. Mr. Quick
moved an amendment to add four men to the number for
gate keepers.

Motion as amended adopted.

Motion of Mr. Turner carried, that the President allot
to members the appointment of additional gate keepers.

Allotment of gate keepers for 1880 was as follows: Barns
2, Meredith, Seward, Mutz, Custer, Sample and Mitchell,
1 each.

Considerable miscellaneous business was discussed, with-
out definite action, and some committee work not yet re-
ported.

3 — iVoR. Report.

34 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Upon motion, Messrs. Seybold, Hancock and Turner
were excused from further attendance.

On motion of Mr. Quick, adjourned until 7:30 p. m.

EVENING SESSION.

Friday, 7.30 o'clock.

The Board met, all the members present except Messrs.
Lockhart, Seybold, Hancock and Turner.

Mr. Seward reported from the committee on the proposed
trial of plows, etc. , as follows, which was accepted :

Gextlemex : Your committee appointed to report as to the pro-
priety of this Board having a competitive trial of reapers, mowers,
plows, etc., during the coming summer, would report, after due
consideration, that we do not think it is expedient to have such a

trial during this year.

' W. B. Sewari),

Jacob Mutz,
Robert Mitchell,
Covimittee.

Mr. Mitchell, Chairman of the Finance Committee, re-
ported as follows, which was accepted :

We, your committee appointed to adjust the bill presented by
Carlos Dickson, Ex-Treasurer of the Board, after due consideration
with Mr. Dickson, can not agree or allow the bill as presented-
amounting to $887, for percentage collecting guarantee assessments.

Egbert Mitchell,
John Sutherland,
J. N. Turner,

Committee.

On motion, the Board proceeded to elect a Trustee for
Purdue University by ballot, to be confirmed by the Gov-
ernor.

Messrs. Sutherland and Haynes explained that, in their
opinion, the term of only one of the present members
would expire next August,

PROCEEDINGS. 35

Mr. Sample nominated Mr. Haynes.

Mr. Quick nominated Mr. Mutz.

Before proceeding to ballot, Mr. Haynes gave a brief
history of the institution and its workings, and declined to
be a candidate against Mr. Mutz.

Mr. Mutz, with a few remarks, withdrew his name.

On the first ballot, Mr. Haynes received eight votes, and
Mr. Mutz received three votes.

President Ragan declared R. P. Haynes duly elected
such Trustee, to serve until August 25, 1880, hereby con-
firming all previous actions of such Trustee or Trustees
through any irregular action of the Board, or omission of
such appointment heretofore.

The committee appointed to revise premium list on speed
classes reported as follows, which was accepted :

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON SPEED CLASSES.

We, your committee appointed to make up a premium list on
speed for the next State Fair, do recommend that the matter be
placed in the hands of the Executive Committee, with instructions
to make the sum total $3,000. We find, on looking about the city,
that the hotels will give several hundred dollars, and think that it
can be definitely arranged within a few weeks, but that it can not
be done at this time.

Henry C. Meredith,
John Sutherland,
Robert Mitchell,

Committee.

On motion of Mr. Mutz, the report was received and
concurred in, with the proviso that the Executive Com-
mittee should exercise their discretion in executing said
instructions as to the amount offered.

Motion of Mr, Mitchell carried, that all unfinished busi-
ness be referred to the Executive Committee, with author-
ity to act.

On motion of Mr. Mitchell, the Board adjourned to
meet on the Fair Grounds, Monday, September 27.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETINGS.

MARCH SESSION.

Tuesday, March 23, 1880.

Agreeably to call of the President, the Executive Com-
mittee of the Board of Agriculture met in the office of the
Secretary. Present, Messrs. Ragan in the chair, Mutz,
Seward, Meredith and Barns.

Minutes of the last two days' Board meetings of the
February session read and referred to the next Board
meeting.

On motion of Mr. Mutz, the claim for rent against Harry
Gilbert for use of the Exposition Hall, was referred to the
General Superintendent for settlement.

On motion of Mr. Barns, the premiums offered on honey
was made to read, " for best 10 lbs. of honey in packages of
one pound or more, $5 ; second best, $2, and the same for
extracted honey."

On motion of Mr. Meredith, the large and small breeds
of hogs for sweepstakes, were classed as follows :

Large breeds — Poland Chinas, Chester Whites, Jersey
Reds, and other large breeds.

Small breeds — Berkshires, Essex, Sulfolks, and other
small breeds.

Mr. Gallup, President of the Indianapolis Board of Trade^
introduced Col. Littler, of Iowa, Secretary of the National
Butter, Cheese and Egg Association, who addressed the

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETINGS. 37

committee and gave a statement of the object of the asso-
ciation and their coming meeting at Indianapolis on the
27th and 28th of April next, and invited the co-operation of
the Board, which was responded to in a very appreciative
manner by President Ragan.

Messrs. Billingsley and Hadley, as a committee from the
State Tile-makers Association, by resolution from said asso-
ciaton, asked for extended facilities for making a display at
the coming State Fair. The request was favorably received
and referred to the General Superintendent.

Upon motion, adjourned until 9 o'clock a. m.

SECOND DAY.

Wednesday, March 24, 9 o'clock a. m.

Executive Committee met, agreeably to adjournment.

Present, Messrs. Ragan, Seward, Meredith, Barns and
Mutz.

Considerable miscellaneous business was discussed in-
formally and consultation had with the General Superin-
tendent as to repairs and improvements.

The division of stalls and pens to the different breeds of
stock was, by consent, referred to the President and Gen-
eral Superintendent.

On motion of Mr. Mutz, the premium list for speed
classes, as reported by Messrs. Meredith, Barns and Mutz,
apportioning $2,750 to that class, was accepted and adopted.

On motion, the committee adjourned.

MAY SESSION.

Tuesday, May 25, 18s0.

Agreeably to call of the President, the Executive Com-
mittee met in the Agricultural Rooms.

38 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Present, Messrs. Ragan, (presiding) ]!^utz, Barns and
Meredith. Mr. Seward absent.

Mr. Quick was present by request, being in attendance
at the Cattle Breeders' Convention.

Minutes of the last meeting read and approved.

Propositions from Cincinnati and Chicago, and W. B.
Burford, for printing lithograph posters and admission
tickets, were read and considered, when, by request, Mr.
Burford submitted a sketch for a new poster. After tho-
rough examination, on motion of Mr. Mutz, the sketch and
printing of poster were left to the discretion of the Presi-
dent, Secretary and General Superintendent to adopt and
contract for the printing of 2,000 lithograph posters.

The proposition of W. B. Burford to print 75,000 litho-
graph tickets for $65 was accepted, and H. C. Meredith
selected to see such tickets printed and secured against
fraud.

Motion carried, that 1,200 complimentary tickets be pro-
vided, and tw^elve sent to each member.

The subject of making an exhibition of grain at the Cin-
cinnati Millers' Exhibition, in June, was considered and
referred to the President and Secretary, with power to act
at their discretion.

The matter of seating the Exposition Building for con-
ventions and entertainments, after consideration, was re-
ferred to the General Superintendent.

Upon motion, the Committee adjourned.

AUGUST SESSION.

Friday, August 20, 1:30 p. m.

Agreeably to call of the President, the Executive Com-
mittee met in the Secretary's office.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETINGS. 39

Present — Messrs. Ragan in the chair, Mutz and General
Superintendent Beeler. Messrs. Seward and Barns absent.

Reading of the minutes of the previous meeting post-
poned, awaiting the absentees.

A memoranda of business pending read by the Secretary.

Motion of Mr. Ragan carried, that the drive- way across
the track between the dwelling house and amphitheater be
closed, and a drive- way opened on the west side of the
dwelling house. Also, that the area between the exposition
hall and the time track be kept clear of vehicles during the
week of the State Fair.

Motion of Mr. Mutz carried, that the General Superin-
tendent have a new roof put on the old dining hall.

Motion of Mr. Beeler carried, that the General Superin-
tendent be authorized to rent lumber to cover stalls and
pens, at his discretion.

Mr. Meredith reported his visit to the Cleveland, Ohio,
races, and failure to arrange with the owners of fast horses
for the Indiana State Fair.

Motion of Mr. Mutz carried, that the President superin-
tend the allotment of space in the main building.

Motion carried, that the General Superintendent take the
siding off the old Fine Art Hall, known as the Agricul-
tural Implement Hall, or a part of it, at his discretion.

Motion carried, that the General Superintendent build
such addition to the poultry house as in his discretion may
'be needed.

Motion carried, that the General Superintendent be and
is hereby authorized to rent the Fair grounds and buildings
to the Grand Army of the Republic, 21st, 22d and 23d of
September.

On motion, the commi.tee adjourned.

40 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

INFORMAL MEETING.

Agkicultural Eooms, Thursday. Septe.mbku 10, T.syO.

There being important business pending, an informal
meeting of those connected with the Board that could ))e
reached on short notice was called.

Present, Messrs. Ragan, Seward, Barns, Superintendent
Beeler, Treasurer Wildman and Secretary Heron.

Letters were read from Messrs. Meredith and Mitchell,
members of the Board, regarding the $1,000 purse on
speed.

Motion carried, that $500 be offered to the owners of the
four pacers known as the "Big Four" to go on Wednes-
day of the fair. Also, that the proposition of Messrs.
Loftus and Chancy, for exhibition of double horseback
standing race, one-half mile heats, two in three, each day
of the Fair, for $150, and they pay their own expenses,
be accepted.

Adjourned.

STATE BOARD MEETINGS

DURING STATE FAIR.

ExRCfTivE Building, Fair Grounds,

MOXDAY, Septe^'rer 27, 2 p. M.

Board met pursuant to adjournment, President Ragan in
the chair. All the members present except W. B. Seward,
J. N. Turner and J. Sutherland.

Minutes of the last meetings read and approved. Also,
proceedings of the Executive Committee, Avhich, on motion
of R. M. Lockhart, were adopted.

The President, Mr. Ragan, delivered the opening address,
as follows :

Geiitlemen of the Indiana St<tte Board of AgricuUarc:

We are to-day assembled in obedience to our February adjourn-
ment and for the purpose of supervising the affairs of the twenty-
eighth annual State Fair now opening.

Each individual member of the Board has an important duty to
perform in this connection. No greater duty can rest upon you, at
least until your respective departments are fully organized, than
your obligations to the exhibitors therein.

Up to the present time the care and comfort of exhibitors in a
general way has devolved upon thn Superintendent, who has per-
formed well his part. You now come to his relief. From hence-
forth he will remain subject to your orders, in so far as your depart-
ments may require his services.

Since our success depends solely and wholly upon our exhibitors,
and since the most liberal i^olicy toward the exhibitor, compatible
with the general good, is certainly the policy that must eventually
win, T trust that you will at once acquaint yourselves with and pro-

42 BOAED OF AGRICULTURE.

vide for their every want. Of course a reasonable discretion will rest
with you in regard to their real wmits. This will guard you against
unreasonable demands. '

Let us faithfully comply, or at least make the effort so to do, with
our published rules and the demands of justice in our dealing with
exliibitors, lessees and visitors. The details of this work rest with
you as individual members in charge of your respective depart-
ments.

Perhaps the most difficult of execution fairly and impartially, of
the rules of the Board is Rule 2, in which it is proposed to admit
exhibitors in large numbers of our departments free. Our rule
relating to leases is now, for the first time, definitely arranged and
easy of execution.

In relation to exhibitors, no definite rule can be made applicable
to all. Great discretionary authority must therefore be vested in the
Superintendent of permits. It is to be hoped that he may be able,
in the discharge of this important, though exceedingly delicate
trust, to guard well the interest of the Board, and at the same time
provide fairly for the wants of every exhibitor who sha-ll be entitled
to the provisions of Rule 2.

There is perhaps very little, if any, legislative business requiring
the attention of the Board at this hour, and it is important that
each member should be with his exhibitors during the arrangement
of their exhibits. I would suggest the j)ropriety of an early ad-
journment for this purpose.

In conclusion-, allow me to congratulate you upon the auspicious
promises of a good fair, and to invoke the Divine blessing upon our
work now so happily begun.

After making some further remarks, again calling the
attention of the members to Rule 2, and requesting their
co-operation, Mr. Mutz desired the Superintendents of the
various departments to send him proper vouchers by appli-
cants for tickets.

Motion of Mr. Lockhart carried, that the State Board of
Agriculture hereby extend to the "old prison soldiers" an
invitation to visit the State Fair in a body, on Thursday,
September 30, at 2 o'clock p. m.

Mr. Lockhart appointed to extend the invitation.

Notice (unofficial) having been received that the State
Board of Agriculture of Ohio would arrive in this city this

STATE BOARD MEETINGS. 43

evening, Mr. Heron suggested that the President appoint a
committee of reception, and that they be offered the free-
dom of the fair, as the guests of the Board.

Mr. Mitchell seconded the motion, and announced that
delegations from associations in Michigan and other States,
might also be expected, and moved that the same courtesy
be extended to all. Adopted.

Messrs. Mitchell, Lockhart and Meredith appointed such
committee.

Motion of Mr. Mitchell carried, that the Board adjourn
to 10 o'clock A. M. to-morrow.

SECOND DAY.

MORNING SESSION.

Exposition Grounds, Tuesday, Septejiber 28, 1880.

Board met at 10 a. m., President Ragan in the chair.
A quorum being present, the calling of the roll was dis-
pensed with. Minutes of last meeting read, corrected and
approved.

President Ragan called attention to the fact that no ac-
tion had been taken by the Board in regard to its repre-
sentation as a body at the ceremony of laying the corner-
stone of the new State-house, which occurs this day.

Mr. Meredith moved that a committee of five be ap-
pointed by the Chair to represent the Board. Amended
by consent so as to embrace ail members who can attend
without neglect of duty, H. T. Sample acting as chairman.

Recess taken until 2 o'clock p. m.

44 BOAED OF AGRICULTURE.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

Two o'clock.

A quorum being present, President Ragan in the chair,
the Board proceeded to appoint various committees, as fol-
lows :

On Horses — C. B. Jivcks^oii, Nekon Johnson, John Anderson,. John
Wilson.. Dr. C. S. Arthur, G. W. Krugan.

On Hogs — George Sulland, Stephen K. Cofield, Arthur Brooks,
JosejDh Kale, J. D. Agnew, W. A. Banks, ^Yalter Fagen.

On Cattle — James Robinson, James W. Kay, Geo. W. King, J. B.
Gerard.

On Sheep — Jacob H. Hancock, J. M. Cartnell, Hiram Barclow, W.
E. Racklidge, Samuel Hewel, Dr. Burrows.

On Agriculture — L. W. Shelton, J. L. Savior.

On HoHiculture — Allen Lloyd, D. E. Huftman.

On Textile Fabrics — Squire Wells, Chairman; Miss Jennie Patter-
son, Mrs. Laura INIeDonald.

On Books, A and B — M. Zeschke, Gustave Bohn.

On Books, E and F— Dr. R. T. Brown, Charles A. Howland.

Adjourned until to morrow morning at 9 o'clock.

THIRD DAY.

MORNING SESSION.

Wednesday, September 29, 1880.

Pursuant to adjournment, the Board met at 9 A. m..
President Ragan in the chair. A quorum being present the
appointment of committees was continued as follows:

On Books C and D— A. M. Alcott, Dr. M. G. Parker.

Educational and National History — Dr. A. W. Brayton.

Motion of Mr. Brown carried, that Department Super-
intendents be authorized to draw from the Superintendent
of permits, the number of tickets, in their discretion, to be
given to exhibitors.

STATE BOARD MEETINGS. 45

Motion of Mr. Barns carried, that supply wagons and
horses be admitted free, but each person with such vehicle
shall pay twenty-five cents. Those of exhibitors free, when
entering with exhibits.

After discussion, motion of Mr. Mutz carried, that the
children and teachers of the Public Schools, when coming
in a body, be admitted for ten cents. Also, that the scholars
and teachers of the Benevolent Institutions of the State,
and Orphans Asylums, attending in a body, be admitted
free.

Motion of Mr. Lockhart carried, that traction engines
and their display, be permitted upon the speed ring on
Thursday and Friday at 1 p. m.

Recess taken until 2 p. m.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

Two o"CLOCK.

t

An informal meeting held as called at morning meeting.
There being no quorum present the President declared a
recess until to-morrow at 9 o'clock.

FOURTH DAY.

MORNING SESSION.

Thursday, September 30, 18S0.

The Board met, pursuant to adjournment, at 9 a. m.,
President Ragan in the chair. Quorum being present.

The President suggests the appointment of two members
of the Board to separate the railroad coupons from the
tickets.

46 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Motion of Mr. Loekhart carried, to adopt the foregoing
and appointment of said committee by the chair.

Messrs. Sample and Mutz appointed such committee.

Mr. Loekhart offers the following :

Whereas, The Victor Clover Machine has issued a challenge to
all other manufacturers of Clover Hullers, for a contest of the
various machines, on the Indiana State Fair Grounds, to be held at
1 o'clock, p. M., September 30,

Besolved, That the Board will assent to such trial. The commit-
tee to decide upon the merits of such machines to be selected by
the parties interested and mutually agreed upon by them.

The Board will sanction the action of said committee,
and award the society diploma.

Motion of Mr. Sample carried, that the action of Mr.
Meredith, in offering a purse of $25 for a pacing race, yes-
terday, be approved.

Recess taken until 2 p. m.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

Two o'clock.
The Board met, with President Ragan in the chair. A
quorum being present, the following sweepstake committees
were appointed :

Cattle — Thomas Nelson, Geo. W. King, Orlando Sifle.
Hogs — Joseph Kale, Warren Mason ; Superintendent
Seybold to supply the other.

Motion of Mr. Sample carried, that all articles and stock
on exhibition shall be detained upon the grounds until Sat-
urday at 12 o'clock.

Adjourned until 9 A. m. to-morrow.

STATE BOARD MEETINGS.

FOURTH DAY.

MORNING SESSION.

Friday, October 1, 1880.

President Ragan called the Board to order at 9 A. m., a
quorum being present.

Mr. Perkins, of Mishawaka, representing windmills, pro-
tests against the placing of ribbons on competing windmills
by the awarding committees.

Motion of Mr. Sutherland carried, that the committee
be sent for.

Mr. Meredith — Having long since, by order of the ex-
ecutive committee, notified horseman that they could re-
move their stock on Friday, if they would exhibit at the
fair, desired some arrangement made by the Board to re-
lieve him from the dilemma in which he is placed by the
action of the Board yesterday.

Motion of Mr. Mutz carried, that the action of the

Board in regard to the detention of stock be reconsidered.

Mr, Meredith moved, that stock be permitted to leave the

grounds at the discretion of the Superintendents after 5

p. M. this day.

Mr. Haynes moved an amendment, that the order apply
to all machinery not competing for premiums and intend-
ing to exhibit at other fairs.
Motion as amended adopted.

Offered by general consent, that a diploma be offered for
the best herd of Jersey cattle now on exhibition.

The President suggests that the General Superintendent
and department Superintendents report the expenses incur-

48 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

red, and number of employes in their several departments
to date, at 9 a. m. to-morrow, concurred in.

Recess taken until 2 o'clock p. m.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

Board called to order by President Ragan at 2 o'clock.

On motion of Mr. Mitchell, the Board ordered a diploma
to the Mechanical, also to the Agricultural and Fine Art
displays made by the Purdue University.

Motion carried, that no band be employed to-morrow.

Motion of Mr. Mitchell carried, that the Secretary be in-
structed to issue orders for payment of premiums from and
after 4 o'clock to-day.

Motion carried, that the Chair appoint a committee to ex-
amine the system of drawing exhibited by Prof. Alcott, and
award diploma if of sufficient merit. Messrs. Sutherland
and Turner appointed as committee.

Adjourned until to-morrow 9 o'clock a. m.

FIFTH DAY.

MORNING SESSION.

Saturday, October 2, 1880.

Board met as per adjournment at 9 o'clock, President
Ragan in the chair. A quorum being present, calling the
roll was dispensed with.

The minutes of the proceedings of the Board for the week
were read and approved.

Reports of department Superintendents received as
follows :

STATE BOARD MEETINGS. 49

H</)-se DepaHmeiit — H. C. Meredith, four assistants, $54.

Cattle Dep%rtment — Robert Mitchell, two assistants, $11.

Hug Department — Dempsey Seybold, three assistants, $28.

Sheep Depattniejit — S. R. Quick, three assistants, $14.

Agricultural Departmejit — J. W. Cofield, four assistants, $26.

Carriages, etc. — J. N. Turner, five assistants, $20.

Hmiicidturcd DepaHment — L. B. Custer, assistants, $41.40,

Educational Depariment — John Sutherland, assistant and ex., $10.25.

Gates — John P. Barns, thirteen assistants, $178.

Amphitheater — R. P. Haynes, two assistants, $20; H. T. Sample,
three assistants, $22; W. H. Ragan, two assistants, $12; B. H. Han-
cock, four assistants, $28.50.

Messrs. Sutherland and Turner report as follows :

We, the committee appointed by the Board to examine Tro-
bridge's Patent Drawing, as taught by Professor J. M. Alcott, beg
leave to report that we have examined the specimens and recom-
mend that the Board award Professor Alcott a diploma.

Messrs. Sample Loftin, County Treasurer, and William
Pfaff, County Auditor of Marion county, appeared before
the Board to inquire whether the Board claimed authority
in the matter of licenses to showmen on the grounds.

The Board decided they had nothing whatever to do with
licenses.

Mr. Meredith asks instructions of the Board as to
whether the free-for-all trot shall proceed with the present
entries, there being six.

Ordered, that if in his judgment the race will be fairly
contested, the horses be allowed to start.
Thomas Wilhoit enters protest as follows :

To the Hcmorable President arul Board of Directors of the Indiana State
Fair, held at Itidianapolis, September 27 to October 2, 1880.
In the show of short-horn cattle, four years old and over, cows :

My cow, a light roan, name Bright Eyes, and exhibited in the ring

under entry card No. 4, was awarded first prize, and the ribbon tied

and the cows ordered to the stalls.

The committee, some time after, came around and said that some

4 — Agr. Report.

50 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

mistake had been made, and asked that the change be made, and
that the ribbon be taken off my cow, and the blue be placed on
instead of the red ; or, in other words, that the second premium be
awarded to me in place of the first. If, as the committee claim, any
mistake had been made, why did one of their number, with the
consent of the other two, and in the presence of the Superintend-
ent and spectators, to the number of one hundred and fifty, allow
the ribbon to have been tied ujDon my cow and allow her removed
to the stalls ?

With all due respect to the gentlemen of the committee and to
the honorable Board of Directors, I must enter my protest against
such action, and insist that the prize as awarded me in the ring,
viz., first premium, be duly entered to my credit, and placed upon
my cow No. 4.

The Board decided that as the change of the premium
was made by the committee while the book was still in the
hands of the committee their action be sustained.

Motion of Mr. Mutz carried, that the police be paid $1.50
and $2 per day, according to service, to be graded by the
Superintendent, and that the chiefs receive $4 per day each.

Mr. Seybold asks that he be excused from duty during
the remainder of the Fair. Granted.

On motion recess was taken until 1:30 p. m.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

Board met agreeably to adjournment, President Ragan in
the chair. A quorum being present.

The General Superintendent reports his inability to make
his report at the present time. Referred to the Executive
Committee.

Motion of Mr. Mutz carried, that the payment of $100 by
the Grand Army of the Republic for rent of the Fair
grounds be accepted as payment in full.

Motion carried, that all unfinished business be referred to
the Executive Committee.

Adjourned.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.

Tuesday, October 5, 1880, 2 o'clock p. m.

Agreeably to call of the President, the Executive Com-
mittee of the Board of Agriculture met in the office of
Treasurer Wildman, in the rear of the Central Bank, with
President Ragan in the chair. Messrs. Mutz, Barns,
Meredith, Superintendent Beeler, Treasurer Wildman and
Secretary Heron were present.

Treasurer Wildman reported the gate receipts as follows :

To cash received from sale of 51,908 tickets, at 25c $12,977 00

To cash received from sale of 3,295 R. R. coupons, at 25c.. 823 75

$13,800 75
To cash received from sale of 15,513 tickets, at 10c 1,351 30

Total from sale of tickets $15,152 15

Motion of Mr. Mutz carried, that the President and
General Superintendent consult legal advice in reference to
closing up the roadway on the south side of the Fair
Grounds, and act accordingly.

On motion, adjourned.

ANNUAL MEETING

18 8 1.

Agricultural Eooms,
Tuesday, January 4, 1881, 10:30 a. m.

Agreeably to call, and in accordance with the provisions of
statute law, the Delegate State Board of Agriculture met
in annual convention, President Ragan in the chair.

The roll being called, the following members of the
Board proper responded to their names:

,. — Robert Mitchell, Princeton, Gibson county.

-B. H. Hancock, Fredricksburg, Washington county.
-Hon. W. B. Seward, Bloomington, Monroe county.
-J. W. Cofield, Rising Sun, Ohio county.
-S. R. Qviick, Columbus, Bartholomew county.
-Hon. Jacob Mutz, Edinburg, Shelby county.
-Dempsey^Seybold, Bridgeton, Parke county.
-Hon. W. H. Ragan, Clayton, Hendricks county.
-Henry C. Meredith, Cambridge City, Wayne county.
-John P. Barns, Anderson, Madison county.
-H. T. Sample, Lafayette, Tippecanoe county.
-John N. Turner, Marion, Grant county.
-L. B. Custer, Logansport, Cass county.

,. — Hon. R. M. Lockhart, Waterloo, DeKalb county.

The roll of counties was then called for delegates from
county societies. The following named gentlemen re-
sponded :

1st D

ist.

2d D

ist-

3d Di

st.-

4th Di

st.-

5th D)

st.-

6th D

st.-

7th D]

st.-

8th Di

st.-

9th D

st.-

10th Di

st.-

11th D]

st.-

12th D

st.-

13th D]

st.-

14th D

st.

15th D

st.-

16th D

ist.

ANNUAL MEETING.

53

COUNTY SOCIETIES.

Counties.

Names.

Post Office.

Allen

Bartholomew..
Blackford......

Boone

Cass

Clark

Clay

Daviess

Dearborn

Decatur

Delaware

Eayette

Eulton

Gibson

Orant

Oreene

Hamilton

Harrison

Hendricks....

Howard

Huntington . .

Jackson

Jasper

Jay

Jefferson

Johnson

Knox

Lagrange

Lake

Laporte

Lawrence

Madison

Marion

Martin

Montgomery.

Newton

Noble

Orange

Parke

Pike

Porter

Pulaski

Putnam

Randolph

Ripley

Rush

;Shelby

I. D.G.Nelson

S.R. Quick

Benj. G. Shinn

A. C. Daily

L. B. Custer

Andrew J. Hay

P. F. Sharp

O. B. Steen ,

W.H.Murdock

Z. T.Riley ,

John M. Graham

Jas. N. Huston

L. W. Shelton

Jasper N. Davidson...

John RathS

Frank Stalcup

L. 0. Cliftbrd

B. H. Hancock

Henry B. Ensinger...
T. M. Kirkpatrick....

Robt. Simon ton

John Scott

W. K. Parkinson

Geo. W. Miller

Wm. P. Graham

H. S. Byers

H. A. Foulks.

John McDonald

Bartlett Woods

L. T. Hardin

Wm. Day

C. K. McCullough ...
Sylvester Johnson....
Henry T. Johnson....

F. L. Snyder

George Clerk.

Orlando Kimmil

Wm. T. Spicely

Spotsard Collins

S. Hargrove

General Suman

J. B. Agnew.

Albert O. Lockridge.

Nelson Pegg

Wm. Holland

D. B. Canady

John Blessing

Ft. Wayne.

Columbus.

Hartford City.

Lebanon.

Logansport.

Charlestown.

Brazil.

Washington.

Lawrenceburg.

Greensburg.

Muncie.

Connersville.

Rochester.

Hazelton.

Marion.

Marco.

Cicero.

Fredricksburg.

Danville.

Kokomo.

Huntington.

Brownstown.

Pleasant Grove.

Portland.

Madison.

Franklin.

Vincennes.

White Pigeon.

Crown Point.

Laporte.

Bedford.

Anderson.

Irvington.

Loogootee.

Crawfordsville.

Beaver Timber.

Ligonier.

Orleans.

Rockville.

Union.

Suman.

Winamac.

Greencastle.

Cerro Gordo.

Osgood.

Lewisville.

Shelbvville.

54

BOARD OP AGRICULTUBE.

COUNTY SOCIETIES— Continued.

Counties.

Names.

Post Office.

Steuben

Tippecanoe

A. W. Hendry

H. T. Sample

Angola.

Lafayette.

Shielville.

Tipton

John T. Hunter

Joseph Gilbert

Vigo

Terre Haute.

Wabash

J. S. B. Carothers

James C. Miller

Wabash.

Warren

West Lebanon.

Warrick

John L. Taylor.

C. B. Jackson

Boonville.

Wajaie

Centerville.

Wells

M. Greenfield

Bluffton.

DISTRICT SOCIETIES.

District.

Names.

Post Office.

Bridge ton Union

Cambridge City

Fountain, Warren and
Vermillion

Henry, Madison and
Delaware.

Northeastern Indiana.. .

Russellville Union

Southeastern Indiana...

Switzerland and Ohio...

Thorntown Union

Knightstown Union

Edinburg Union

Loogootee District

Plainfield Agr'l Society.

New Ross Agr'l Society.

Orleans Agricultural....

Terre Haute Horticul-
tural

James A. Rea

D. B. Canady

Oliver Shelly

N. R. ElUott

C. A. O.McClellan...
J. N. Fullenweider...

A. D. Hopping

J. W. Cofield

Archibald Johnson..
Joseph C. Campbell

George W. King

Henry J. Johnson...

Amos Alderson

John Lockridge

Wm. T. Spicely

Lawrence Heinl

Bridgeton.
Lewisville.

Covington.

Mechanicsburg.

Waterloo.

Brown's Valley.

Aurora.

Rising Sun.

Darlington.

Knightstown.

Edinburg.

Loogootee.

Plainfield.

Mace.

Orleans.

Terre Haute.

ANNUAL MEETING.

55

STATE mDUSTRIAL ASSOCIATIONS.

Associations.

Names.

Post Offices.

State Horticult'l Society

Purdue University

Dairymen's

Sylvester Johnson

Prof. C. L. IngersolL...

Asher Kellum

T. W. W. Sun man

A. S. Gilmour

Irvington.
Lafayette.
Friendswood.

Short Horn Breeders'...
Swine Breeders'

Spades.

Greensburg.

Indianapolis.

Indianapolis.

Indianapolis.

Kokomo.

Wool Growers'

Fielding Beeler

Poultry Breeders'

Bee Keepers'

Dr. W. J. Elstun

F. L. Dougherty

J. T. Stringer

Tile Makers'

Woman's Industrial

Mrs. M. E. Haggart

Indianapolis.

During roll call an objection was raised to allowing one
delegate (Mr. Spicely) to represent more than one organiza-
tion or society.

Mr. Hay, of Clark, made a motion to let Mr. Spicely
represent both organizations with but one vote.

With some di'scussion, the motion was so amended as to
let the delegate represent both, with the privilege of casting
one vote for each society.

The following programme was announced as the order ot
business for the meeting :

TUESDAY, JANUARY 4, 1881.

Call to order, 10:30 o'clock A. m.

Roll call of delegates by counties and district agricultural socie-
ties. Adjournment. Friendly greeting and introduction.

President's Address, 1:30 p. m.

Reports of Officers — Secretary, Treasurer, General Superintend-
ent and Department Superintendents.

Appointment of Committees from the delegates to act with the
regular Committees of the Board, two on each of the following
Finance, Rules and Regulations, Fair Grounds, Premium List, Geo-
logical Department and Unfinished Business.

Nominations to fill the place of retiring members.

Address on the Review of Agriculture in Indiana, by Dr. R. T
Brown, of Marion county, 3:.30 p. M.

56 BOAED OF AGEICULTURE.

Address on Wheat Culture in Indiana, by David Gibson, of In-
dianapolis.

EVENING SESSION — 7:30 P. M.

Resolutions of respect to the memory of the late Governor J. D-
Williams, ex-President of the Board of Agriculture.

Memorial tributes by Dr. A. C. Stevenson, Hon. A. D. Hamrick,
Dr. R. T. Brown, Hon. I. D. G. Nelson and others.

Address on " Forestry " in Indiana, by Prof. C. L. IngersoU, of
Purdue Universitj'.

WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 5.

Reports from Committees and other business matters. A. m.

Election of eight members, 1:30 p. m.

Address on " Educated Industry," by Dr. Lemuel Moss, President
of the State University at Bloomington, 3:30 p. m.

Address on " Is it important to have experts as Committees to
pass on Live Stock at our Fairs," by Robt. Mitchell, of Gibson
county.

EVENING SESSION — 7:30 P. M.

Continuation of essays and discussions.

Addresses on " Technical Training in American Schools," by
President E. E. White, of Purdue University. ♦

Address on " Ponds and Pond Water," with reference to health
and wealth, by Geo. L. Curtis, M. D., D. D.

Other appropriate essays are expected, and will be presented as
time and opportunity will permit.

General remarks and discussions will be in order, and follow each
address or essay.

THURSDAY, JANUARY 6.

Unfinished business and re-organization of new Board.
. Upon motion, recess was taken until 1:30 P. M.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

Half-Past One o'clock.

The convention met, with President Ragan in the chair.
President appoints the following members a Committee
on Credentials: Messrs. Quick, Gilbert and Willey.

ANJSUAL MEETIKG. 57

The delegates not present at the morning session were
given time to file their reports with the Secretary.

On motion of Mr. Sunman, Mr. Murdock, a director of
the Lawrenceburg Association, was entitled to recognition
as representative from that association.

H. T. Sample, Vice-President, was called to the chair.
The President then delivered his annual address, as fol-
lows:

PRESIDENT RAGAN'S ADDRESS.

Gentlemen of the State Board of Agriculture :

Let us return thanks to Him " from whom all blessings flow," for
abundant croiDs, peace, good health, general prosperity, and for the
privilege of again assembling in the capacity of a State Board of
Agriculture at the close of another year's labors. During this time
many who have labored with us in the great work of promoting in-
dustrial interests have been called hence. Notably prominent
among these we to-day mourn the loss of one who but recently gave
wise counsel and diligent service to all things that pertained to the
best interests of this Board and the causes that it labors to promote.

Governor James D. Williams, long a member and frequently
President of this Board, after a life of many years well spent in the
promotion of all that is noble in the human soul, was peacefully
taken from our midst and from his high duties and responsibilities
as chief executive of our State, in this city, on November 20, 1880.
The adoption of proper resolutions of respect in memory of his
distinguished service as a fellow-member and ex-President of this
Board, will be your appropriate duty.

Long established custom demands of me, as your presiding offi-
cer, an account of my stewardship. In a special message at the
beginning of my administration, I ventured to make some sugges-
tions as to the policy to be pursued ; now at the close I will beg
your indulgence in a brief retrospect of the past in the hope that
the experiences of the year may be of value in the future. While
it is not true that the annual fairs of this Board constitute the acme
of its labors in one sense, they nevertheless do in another. The
revenue of the Board must be largely derived from its

ANNUAL FAIRS.

This being true, it is clearly your duty to consider well any
propositions of reform or progress that will at the same time en-
hance the interests in our fairs and increase the revenue there-

58 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

from, always provided that this is not acconipUshed through a com-
promise with immoraUty and vice. The moral status of our ex-
hibitions must be scrupulously preserved. If fairs can not be main-
tiiined without resorting to questionable devices and complica-
tions— in other words, if they can not be maintained on their true
merits, the sooner they are permitted to die, to be known no more,
the better for all concerned. It is true, in the management of pub-
lic institutions like our annual fairs, in which the interests of all
are to a greater or less extent centered, no individual preference
should have entire control, as no one idea or set of ideas can be
broad enough on which to found a temple wherein can dwell with
prosperity a multitude of tastes and preferences like those perme-
ating the minds and guiding the destinies of our people. Every
industry should be fostered, every source of innocent amusement
encouraged, and every demoralizing influence whatever strictly
excluded from our fairs. I know it has been urged that the State
Board of Agriculture is in no sense the guardian of the public
morals. This may be true, and yet I incline to doubt. Having
briefly indicated ni}^ views in reference to general management of
fairs, I will now jjoint out in detail what present themselves as a
few of the

VALUABLE LESSONS OF THE SEASON.

The late State Fair was, in many respects, eminently successful.
Considering the excited condition of the public mind on political
questions, and the fact that public meetings were of frequent oc-
currence in every section of the State, coupled with decidedly un-
favorable weather during the early part of the week, I flatter my-
self wdth the idea that our receips were, indeed, quite satisfactory.
As a verification of this assertion, I respectfully refer you to the
financial statements of the Secretary and Treasurer. These satis-
factory results were doubtless due to the increasing prosperity of
our country, and to a growing confidence in the business manage-
ment of the Board.

THE EXHIBITOR

Being a prominent factor in connection with any fair, I will ven-
ture a few suggestions in regard to his treatment. His treatment
.should be liberal in all particulars. Premiums should be carefully
graded, and liberal in all the departments, but not so large as to
preclude the possibility of their payment in full. Pro rata settle-
ments with exhibitors never result satisfactorily. Prompt and full
f)ayments can alone result in permanent prosperity and good feel-
ing. With a good exhibition and a thoroughly established confi.

ANNUAL MEETING. 59

dence between the exhibitor and the management other good re-
suhs must follow. One of the most perplexing questions in this
connection is how to treat the exhibitor in regard to his admission
to the grounds. That they should be admitted free, especially
those who are not competing for valuable prizes, there can be no
doubt, and it is equally a matter of justice that those who are com-
petitors for premiums should be admitted on special and easy
terms, and in such a way that they would not be annoyed at the
gates, or be the subjects of annoyance. Contingencies occur in the
experience of all exhibitors in the course of the arrangement and
display of their articles in which it becomes a matter of necessity
for them to pass out and in at the gates frequently, and when this
privilege is denied them bitterness and ill-feeling must result.
Were it not for the unfortunate fact that all men and all women
are not strictly honest, and that a few of this class are exhibitors at
fairs, this whole matter would be of easy solution, or Avere it possi-
ble to escape grievous abuse from an indiscriminate granting of
season tickets to exhibitors, the desired object would be easily
reached. How to overcome these difficulties, and to establish a
fair and equitable rule through which the interests of the Board
may be safely and well guarded, and at the same time deal liberally
with the men and women who make our fairs, are most pertinent
questions, and worthy of your careful consideration.

THE DURATION OF FAIRS.

In the experiment of an Exposition in connection with our State
Fairs, undertaken at a most unfortunate time, the minimum length
of the term was fixed at twenty days. Experience soon demon-
strated this to be too long, when a return to one week, as of former
years, was agreed upon. This is, in my judgment, too short a
period, since, as two days are necessarily consumed in the j^repara-
tion and as many more in the breaking up, there are but two re-
maining for the exhibition, and these are so crowded as to be
neither pleasant nor profitable to visitors or exhibitors. Exhibitors
can not be held after the close of a fair over Sunday without great
injustice and annoj'ance, but preceding the fair but few of them
will object. I, therefore, following the suggestions of the Women's
State Fair Association, would recommend that Thursday, Friday
and Saturday of the preceding week be set apart as days of prepar-
ation in which all articles must be arranged, and during which the
gates shall be open to exhibitors and all having business on the
grounds ; that Monday shall be known as the opening day, and that
the fair shall close promptly at 4 o'clock p. M. of Friday, after which

60 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

all articles may be removed. I am fully persuaded that this plan
will meet the approval of a large majority of the exhibitors, and be
of interest pecuniarily and otherwise to the Board. I would fur-
ther recommend, in this connection, that promptly at 1 p. m, of
Monday each awarding committee be placed on duty. This will
stimulate promptness on the part of exhibitors, facilitate the work
of committees, their work being largely done before the crowded
days, and afford the successfvil exhibitor the benefit of his awards
as a means of advertising during the remainder and the best days of
the fair.

PRICE OP ADMISSION.

The State Board of Agriculture was created for a higher purpose
than that of accumulating dollars and cents, and yet it was clearly
intended that it should be self-sustaining. Such being the case, I
have at all times been the advocate of a low rate of admission. In
this particular, it is a matter of pride, that among State fairs, none
have been more liberal than ours, while ours has been an excep-
tion in combining the features of a fair and exposition, yet the ad-
mission fee has steadily been kept down to twenty-five cents. In
order to do this, however, it has been necessary to reduce the pre-
mium list from year to year, and to forego necessary improvements
and repairs on buildings. That we should increase the premium
list in most, if not in all the departments, I am fully persuaded.
This desirable result can only be reached through an increase in
the gate fees. This subject, affecting as it does the vital interests of
the Board, I submit as worthy of your earnest attention.

PREMIUMS.

Some years ago, competitive premiums were abolished in the
mechanical departments, the exhibitors expressing a preference for
a meritorious notice, rather than a competitive award in the absence
of practical tests. In most particulars, this plan has given satis-
faction, though I think it but a matter of justice, especially to in-
ventors and manufacturers, that a more liberal use should be made
of the diplomas and medals of the Board, not to be based upon
competitive, but strictly meritorious considerations. There is no
class of exhibitors that value a recognition of this kind more highly
than the inventor or manufacturer. I would further recommend
that a competitive award, consisting of an approj^riate medal, be
offered for the best general display of goods in each of the several
classes, taste and arrangement considered, of the mechanical de-
partments, including agricultural machinery, musical instruments,
sewing machines, stoves, hardware, furniture, carpets, etc. Cash

ANNUAL MEETING. 61

premiums should also be largely increased in most, if not in all the
departments now receiving money premiums.

DEPARTMENTS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT.

Under our present system the labors, and especially the responsi-
bilities, of our General Superintendent and his subordinates are
often too great. The member having charge of a department should
be ready at all times during the fair to consult and advise with ex-
hibitors in regard to their wants ; and when, in his judgment, sup-
plies of any kind or improvements for their use and convenience
are necessary, he should order the General Superintendent to make
the necessary purchases and execute his washes; otherwise, the
Superintendent will often be under the necessity of allowing subor-
dinates to make purchases or of neglecting the wants of exhibitors,
either of which is grossly wrong. The departments should be so
arranged that the member having charge could easily supervise and
care for every want of his exhibitors, and he should feel this to be
his imperative duty,

REFRESHMENTS.

An important adjunct, as well through the revenue derived there-
from, as from the absolute necessity of a liberal supply of whole-
some refreshments in connection with an exhibition, renders a
brief discussion of this subject in your presence a duty, if not a
pleasure. The ease and facility with which visitors are supplied
with refreshments wall have much to do in popularizing our fairs.
It is therefore not good policy to place such prices upon stands as
will compel renters to charge exorbitant prices for their accommo-
dations, or to tempt them to offer a greatly abridged meal at full
prices. Neither should refreshment stands be located indiscrimi-
nately throughout the exhibition ; they should have separate apart-
ments, not in connection with the exhibition. It is in exceedingly
bad taste, indeed an act of positive injustice, to place a refreshment
stand immediately adjoining an exhibitor.

THE FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE BOARD.

That an immense indebtedness, now due, hangs over the property
of the Board, is a source of deep regret. It is needless for me to
recite in your hearing the causes that brought about this unfortu-
nate condition of its financial affairs, since the facts have often been
presented by my worthy predecessors, yet I will venture to exoner-
ate the Board from any charges of criminal wrong in this connec-
tion. Tlie facts are, as have already been intimated, the experiment
of an Exposition, in connection with our annual fairs, was under-

62 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

taken at a most unfortunate time. It is therefore due to the finan-
cial conditions that have overshadowed our country so recently,
that the property of the Board is now in jeopardy. But during
eight long years of embarrassment through which the Board has
passed, as if under a dark cloud, the work of promoting the inter-
ests for which it was created have not been permitted to lag, nor
has there ever been, in the history of the Board, now covering a
period of thirty years, a premium awarded at any of her numerous
fairs that has not been paid in full. No pro rata settlements have
ever been made, either with exhibitors or employes, yet members
have not unfrequently been compelled to carry their per diem
orders from year to j'ear, anxiously awaiting the coming of the
" better day."

The Board has made frequent and diligent efforts, even at a sac-
rifice of its beautiful and valuable grounds in this city, to extri-
cate itself from its embarrassed condition, but thus far hopelessly.
The grounds of the Board are immensely valuable, by reason of
their beauty and eligibility for building purposes, and are now,
under a better condition of the affairs of the country, steadily ad-
vancing in value, but as they are too large for most individual pur-
chasers, and the buildings, though permanent and valuable, are not
adapted to ordinary iises, it has been exceedingly difficult to find
parties willing to bid on them, besides, it is possible, since a forced
sale is only a question of time, that those really desirous of owning
the grounds, are combining to purchase them on their own terms.
Twice already, during this embarrassing period, has this Board
been forced to appeal to the generosity of the General Assembly
for aid, each time proposing to deed its property to the State in
consideration of a liquidation of the indebtedness, the grounds to
be held by the State for fair purposes, till such time as they might
be otherwise needed. In my judgment the General Assembly, in
each case, made a sad mistake in appropriating money to pay the
interest instead of paying off the principal and taking a deed. While
the debt is not reduced, the appropriations are expended, and
the Board is still involved, even more deeply than ever. The
thought of again being forced to appeal to the General Assembly is
humiliating in the extreme, yet I now know of no way of guarding
the State's interest, as well as that of the Board, except through leg-
islative interference. There can be no possible doubt as to the
safety of the investment, while the State certainly owes a guarantee
of ])rotcction to its greatest i)roductive interest, that of Agriculture
and kindred arts.

THE CITY OF INDIANAPOLIS

Is fortunately tlie geographical and the business center of our State,

ANNUAL MEETING. 63

besides being the capital thereof. No adjoining State has a com-
mercial center, accessible from every point of the compass and
without a rival within her border, so well adapted as a permanent
location for her annual fairs and other public gatherings, as ours, a
fact that the wisdom of our predecessors fully recognized in
making the original investment at this point. That investment
has, in my judgment, been a fortunate one for the Board and the
interests it represents, while the business interests of the capital city
certainly have been largely enhanced by the annual contributions
that have been presented at her feet during the quarter of a century
in which State fairs have been held in her midst. Unfortunately,
however, there is a class of citizens of our State, and many of them
good citizens, too, who look with jealousy upon the location, while
on the other hand, there are business men in the city of Indian-
apolis who insist, though I C(juld never believe them sincere, that
the fairs are of no value to them, in a business sense. These feelings
do not naturally exist. Our interests are mutual. Whatever con-
tributes to the commercial interests of Indianapolis, adds to the
fame and prosperity of our State. Our fairs are a source of untold
wealth to Indianapolis, they are of incalculable benefit to the whole
State ! Then let us dismiss any petty jealousies, if such really exist,
making common cause of the work in hand.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY.

The fundamental law of our State declares it to " be the duty of
the General Assembly to encourage, by all suitable means, moral,
intellectual, scientific and agricultural improvement." One means
adopted for executing this wise provision of our constitution is
through the labors of the State Board of Agriculture; another, and
even higher, through the State Agricultural College, unfortunately
christened Purdue University. These institutions are not only co-
laborers in reality, but are made so legally. The Board of Agri-
culture is authorized by law to select ttvo of the Trustees for Pur-
due Universitj'. Ours is, therefore, in conjunction with Purdue
University, only a part of the educational system of our State,
having special charge of the scientific and agricultural interests,
and with high moral and intellectual responsibilities. Purdue is
yet in her infancy, not having passed the first decade of her
existence, yet I am pleased to note that her benign influence is
already being acknowledged throughout our State. The good in-
fluence of such an institution is not manifested through the tem-
pest and whirlwind, but through that still small voice that may
already be recognized throughout our State. A higher education
that will tend to lead our sons and dauehters into, rather than

64 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

out of, a liking for industrial pursuits — in other words, an educa-
tion that will not inevitably lead to the already crowded profes-
sions, and to the crowded cities and towns, will do more to wrest
our country from pending ruin than empty theories and glittering
generalities. Such an institution I believe we have in Purdue, to
demonstrate which it only needs the fostering care of those in
whose interests its labors are wrought. One of the highest duties
of this Board is to guard Avell the trust herein conferred. If there
are existing abuses let us strive to right them, rather than criticise,
while witholding the helping hand.

BUREAU OP STATISTICS AND GEOLOGY.

The law creating the Department of Geology placed it under the
control and management of the Board of Agriculture, making the
Board also custodian of the funds appropriated for the use of the
Department and responsible for their faithful disbursement.
Through the careful management of the Board, near $3,000 of this
fund were saved up. The last General Assembly abolished the Depart-
ment of Geology and created in its stead a Bureau of Statistics and
Geology, but did not see fit to place it under the control of this Board,
neither did the act provide for the transfer of the funds above re-
fered to, or for its return to the State Treasury. In this dilemma
the Board sought the opinion of the Attorney General in regard to
the disposition of this fund. He authorized the use of such portion
of it as might be necessary in fitting up, classifying and labeling
the museum and geological cabinet then in the custody of the Board,
before transferring it to the care of the Bureau of Statistics and
Geology, and that the remainder should be held for the disposition
of the General Assembly. The amount remaining will be shown
by the rejDorts of the Secretary and Treasurer. Through the use of
a small portion of this fund, Prof. Collett, the etficient chief of the
new department, has thoroughly revised and re-arranged the Mu-
seum, placing it in a shape to be of value to the student and of inter-
est to the casual visitor.

The Bureau of Statistics aud Geology now closing its second yearns
labor, is rapidly jjroving itself to be of incalculable value; the first
annual report of this department, under the efficient management
of Prof. Collett, is an encyclopedia of statistical information of great
value to the manufacturing and business interest of our State.

INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATIONS.

The work of promoting the industrial interests of the State is
now well organized, the Board of Agriculture standing at the head
of all, and being greatly assisted in its labors through each. Hap-

ANNUAL MEETING. 65

pily agriculture is a wide field, covering as it does, special branches
almost ad infinitum. Horticulture, cattle breeders, dairy, swine
breeders, wool growers, poultry breeders, bee keepers, tile makers,
and the Woman's State Fair Association, are now each fully organ-
ized, and in a measure looking after these special interests. The
Board of Agriculture is under obligations to each of these associa-
tions, more especially so to the very efficient Woman's Sta,te Fair
Association, under the management of its able and indefatigable
officers.

Through the reports of the officers and department superintend-
ents you will be furnished the details of the year's work. To each of
these I am indebted for numerous courtesies, and valuable assistance.
The cordial support that I have at all times received from my fellow-
members places me under lasting obligations to each. Your duties
have been numerous and exacting, your pay has been insufficient,
and the public criticism sometimes severe. You have performed
well your part, and I at least can thank you. To the officers of the
Board, much credit is due. Your work, never light, has at times
been almost sujjerhuman. You are justly entitled to the coveted
plaudit, " well done. " I

President Ragan resumes the chair.

Motion of Dr. R. T, Brown carried, that a committee
of three be appointed to draft resolutions of respect to the
memory of the late Governor, James D. Williams, ex-Pres-
ident and an eminent member of the Board of Agriculture.

Committee appointed to report at evening session, con-
sisted of Dr. R, T. Brown, Dr. A. C. Stevenson and Hon.
I. D. G. Nelson. I

SECRETARY'S REPORT.

Gentlemen : I have the honor to submit herewith the annual
report and financial exhibit of the buaness of the Indiana State
Board of Agriculture for the year endiiig December 31, 1880 :

FINANCIAL EXHIBIT.

Receipts.
1880. «

Jan. 9. Cash in hands of Treasurer.t $12,598 89

" " From State special approplation... $2,400 00
June 10. From State special approplation... 2,400 00
Dec. From State special appropiation... 2,400 00

$7,200 00

5 — Age. Report.

66 BOARD OF AGEICULTUEE.

Oct. 2. From State Fair admission tickets..$12,977 00
" " From State Fair railroad admission

coupons 823 75

$13,800 75

" " From State Fair amphitheater tick-
ets $1,351 30

" " From State Fair entry fee (speed

ring) 955 00

" " From State Fair sales of privileges. 2,330 75
" From State Fair rents of stalls and

pens 371 25

$5,008 30

" 30. From rents drivmg track (season). $110 00

April 24. From rents walking match 75 00

July 22. From rents Colored Association 75 00

" 30. From rents Gun Club 60 00

Aug. 20. From rents Colored Agricultural

Society 100 00

Sept. 15. From rents Grand Army Republic. 120 00

$540 00

Feb. 25. From R. P. Haynes, committee

money returned 16 00

" " From old iron piping sold 175

$17 75

" " From insurance policy, old floral

hall $493 30

Total $39,658 99

Expenditures

General cash orders $16,070 39

Premium orders 6,553 00

Balance in treasury 17,035 62

Total $39,658 99

STATEMENT SHOyiNG DISTRIBUTION OF EXPENSES.

General Expenses.

Members per diem and mleage $1,334 25

Salaries, Secretary and Geieral Superintendent 1,387 50

Printing and advertising 761 72

Postage and stationery 210 67

Incidentals, express, telegraias, etc 203 59

Furniture and tools .^.... 55 77

Insurance 398 15

Claims of past years paid 789 80

Interest account 6,033 05

Total $10,174 50

ANNUAL MEETING. 67

Cunstruction aiul Repairs.

Amphitheater rebuilt $600 00

Eooflng dining hall and repairs 207 35

Lumber 510 06

Labor on repairs (grounds) , 753 03

Hardware 121 26

Machinery and repairs 790 86

Moving buildings 70 00

Whitewashing 19 85

Total $3,072 41

Current Expenses r/ State Fair.

Gate keepers $182 00

Ticket sellers 157 00

Assistant general superintendents 40 00

Assistant department superintendents 143 95

Woman's department 447 00

Committees on awards 288 50

Police 482 00

Engineers, sweepers and care-takers 291 54

Printing tickets and badges 93 75

Straw 160 55

Fuel 30 50

Eent of show-cases, coops, etc 108 39

Gas 135 28

Music 88 00

Decorations 25 00

Specialties — speed ring 150 00

$2,823 46

Pi-emitim Awards.

Horse department $3,126 00

Cattle department 980 00

Sheep dej)artment 460 00

Hog department 616 00

Poultry department 195 00

5,377 00

Agricultural department — grain, etc 272 00

Horticultural department 408 00

Geological and Natural History 55 00

Woman's department $393 00

Children's department. 58 00

441 00

Total $6,553 00

Total general cash and premium orders .... $22,623 37

68

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

FINANCIAL EXHIBIT — STATE FAIR — INCLUSIVE.

Eeceipts.

Admission tickets $13,800 75

Amphitheater tickets.. 1,351 30

Entry fees (speed ring) 955 OO

Sales of stands and privileges 2,330 75

Rents of stalls and pens 371 25

Total

Expenses.

Members' per diem (season) $1,334 25

Salaries of Secretary and Superintendent 1,387 50

Printing and advertising 761 72

Postage and stationery 210 67

Express, telegrams and incidentals 203 59

Current expenses, fair week 2,376 46

Construction and repairs 3,072 41

Woman's department 447 00

Premium awards 6,553 00

Total

Net surplus from State Fair

$18,809 05

$16,346 60^
2,462 45

$18,809 05

The total number of entries at the fair, in comparison with other
years, are as follows :

STATEMENT OF COMPARATIVE ENTRIES.

1873.

1874.

1875.

1876.

1877.

1878.

1879.

1880..

1,229
419
169
523

1,453
494
291
361

1,347
392
260
345

918

309

94

212

1,404
560
116
471

1,419
625
159
906

1,524
462
143

1,091
139

1,382
381

Agricultural

Horticultural

130

Textile fabrics

938

Domestic and miscellaneouB..

125

Total number entries

2,340

2,599

2,344

1,633

2,551

3,109

3,359

2,956

No entries in the Mechanical Department are included in the
above, as there were no premiums offered of late years in that de-
partment.

ANNUAL MEETING. 69

STATEMENT OF COMPARATIVE RECEIPTS DURING STATE FAIR WEEK.

For 1876 $6,342 70

For 1877 11,511 00

For 1878 15,991 33

For 1879 22,915 50

For 1880 18,809 05

In Treasury December 31, 1878 7,683 00

In Treasury December 31,1879 12,598 00

In Treasury December 31,1880 17,035 00

There are outstanding claims on accounts current unsettled, to
amount of about $300, and the interest coupons on the bonds of the
Board due January 1, amounting to $2,400.

The appropriation by the Legislature of $10,000 to pay the in-
terest on the bonds of the Board has been drawn as needed — semi-
annually,— $2,400 each time.

The bonds of the Board, amounting to $60,000, are due January
1, 1881. The Fair ground property is mortgaged to secure the
bonded debt.

There has been $1,050 of guarentee bonds, assessment notes, can-
celed during the past year, leaving $14,000 outstanding, on which
90 per cent, has been paid.

Assets of the Board.

Thirty-six acres, Fair ground and buildings $100,000 00

Two and three-fourth acres, out-lots for railroad switch.. 5,000 00

Library and movable property 500 00

Cash in treasury 17,035 00

Total $122,535 00

Liabilities.

Sixty 8 per cent, five-year coupon bonds, due, $1,000 each.. $60,000 00

Interest coupons on bonds due January 1 2,400 00

Appropriation from State Treasury 35,000 00

Assessment notes from guarantee bonds, to be returned

from future profits 14,000 00

Outstanding claims 300 00

Estimated surplus 10,835 00

$122,535 00

Insurance.

During the afternoon of the 10th day of December the building
on the Fair ground known as the Old Floral Hall, of late years

70 BOARD OF AGEICULTURE.

used for stabling, caught fire and was entirely consumed, on which
was a policy of $500, which was collected. The loss will amount to
four or five hundred dollars.

The insurance on the Fair ground buildings at present is as fol-
lows :

Exposition building $29,500 00

Stables on east side of grounds 800 00

The old dining hall, formerly fine art 500 00

Dwelling house ..: 400 00

131,200 00

Divided among twenty-two companies, at the rate of IJ per cent,
on the main building and 1 -per cent, on the other buildings.

GEOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT.

The expenses in this department have been confined to placing
the cabinet and museum in a proper condition for transferring to
the curator of that department, as required by law.

Receipts.

1880.

Jan.

9.

In Treasury

r

$2,963 64

•

Bishursemxerds.

July

29.

0. B. Gilkey, making cases and re-
pairs

$104 25

Aug.

6.

G. K. Green, labeling and arranging
cabinet

63 45

Sept.

10.

G. K. Green, putting cabinet in order

50 00

Oct.

9.

G. K. Green, classifying cabinet

62 00

a

30.

0. B. Gilkey, repairs in museum

5 65

a

a

G. K. Green, arranging museum

79 29

Nov.

27.

G. K. Green, arranging cabinet

27 75

Dec.

14.

Wm. A. Green, arranging cabinet. ...

21 00

«

u

G. K. Green, arranging cabinet

37 65

<(

94

0. B. Gilkey, making cases

248 80

«

30.

G. K. Green, arranging cabinet

74 43

u

«

Wm. A. Green, assistant, arranging
cabinet

19 50

$793 77
2.169 87

Dec.

31.

Potal

Cash in Treasury

-

-]

$2,963 64

-

ANNUAL MEETING. 71

There has not been any htigation in connection with the business
of the Board during the past season, or any protests on file, excejjt
a trifling matter in the woman's department. Several threatened
suits and protests have been adjusted without the aid of the courts.

There was published 3,500 cojiies of the last annual Agricultural
Report for 1879, of which one-third have been distributed to foreign
States and countries. The demand for them has been unusual, and
l^rompts the request for a greater supply to be printed in the future.

The State Industrial Associations and their connection with the
Board of Agriculture are attracting attention abroad. This feature
of industrial education should receive encouragement in every pos-
sible manner.

A meeting of representatives of the Boards of Agriculture in the
Western States was called to meet November 30, and responded to
on the part of your Board by Mr. Sample, Vice President Dr. E.
T, Brown, by special invitation, and your Secretary. The object of
the meeting was for consultation, to adopt a more uniform system
and co-operation in the work of the Boards of Agriculture.

I have made a special report of the meeting as a representative
from your Board, which is ready, at the pleasure of the convention.

It is presumed that the Superintendent of each department of
the Fair will report thereof in detail, therefore I will only refer to
some new features which are attracting attention abroad.

Although no premiums are offered in the Mechanical Depart-
ment, but other encouragement instead, we secured the largest
exhibition of agricultural machinery that has ever been seen any-
where, as stated by parties that make a business of exhibiting at
State Fairs, and would recommend that the reports of this depart-
ment be printed in pamphlet form at the close of the Fair. Our
Fair is the pioneer in this feature, which will probably be adopted
by other States; as also, the new feature of the Woman's Depart-
ment. We have received many letters of inquiry as to the work-
ing of that department, which has proved to be such a grand suc-
cess, and a useful auxiliary of the Board.

The business of the office continues to increase. During the
past season there were issued over 1,300 general letters, 1,500 postal
cards, about 12,000 circulars and premium lists, and 18,000 posters,
large and small. Over 200 general cash orders have been issued,
and 1,070 premium orders.

The work of the Board is almost unlimited in extent, in promot-
ing the interests of agriculture, to show the vast resources of the
State and how to best protect them.

Again, we are indebted to the press of the State, the railroad and

72 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

express companies and the Street Railway Company, for their mu-
tual aid and many special favors.

With much pleasure I acknowledge the kindness and courtesy
received on every hand.

Respectfully submitted,

ALEX. HERON,

Secretary.

TREASURER'S REPORT.

Gentlemen: — I have the honor to submit the Annual Report
of the Treasurer of the State Board of Agriculture for the year
ending December 31, 1880 :

Received from former Treasurer $12,598 89

From specific appropriation 7,200 00

" Sale of 51,908 twenty-five cent tickets.... 12,977 00

" Sale of 3,925 Railroad coupon tickets 823 75

" Sale of 13,513 amphitheater tickets 1,35130

" Entry fees, speed ring 955 00

" Sale of privileges 2,330 75

" Stalls and pens 37125

" Rent of grounds 540 00

" Interest 150 00

" Insurance policy 493 30

" Specific 17 75

Total receipts $39,808 99

Disbursements.

Paid on general cash orders $16,936 79

" Premiums 6,481 00

" Notes on hand 325 00

" Cash on hand 16,066 20

Total $39,808 99

GEOLOGICAL FUND.
1880.

Jan. 9. Received from former Treasurer $2,963 64

ANNUAL MEETING. 73

Disbursements.

Expense orders No. 1 to 13 (being
the same as itemized in Secretary's
Keport as published) $793 77

Cash on hand 2,169 87

$2,963 64

January 4, 1881.

Respectfully submitted,

J. A. WILDMAN, Treasurer.

GENERAL SUPERINTENDENT'S REPORT.

To the President and Members cf the Indiana State Board of Agricul-
ture :

I deem it unnecessary, on my part, to make any special report of
the receipts and expenditures under my supervision, as the same
appear in detail in the reports of the Secretary and Treasurer.

Allow me to say, however, that I have endeavored to secure all
the income possible and expend as little as was consistent with the
reasonable accommodation of exhibitors and the comfort and con-
venience of visitors to the fair.

On assuming my duties as Superintendent, I found a great desire
among the horsemen who patronize our track to have some im-
provements and changes made. After having several applications
and proposals from different parties, I leased the dwelling and track
to Mr. Webster Beymer for $150 for the year, he to make the pro-
posed improvements at his expense, and I to pay engineering
expense. He made the changes and improvements suggested,
coated the track with manure, plowed the same under and placed
the track in first-class condition, and so far as I have learned the
horsemen have been well pleased. A prominent one has assured
me that it is not excelled, in some respects equaled, by any half
mile track in the West.

Li June last we were visited by a severe storm which blew
down the amphitheater and did considerable other damage on the
grounds. It was evident that it should be rebuilt if we expected to
hold a successful Fair.

After consulting the President, Secretary, and a few members of
the Board, met with in the city, it was deemed unnecessary to call
a special meeting of the Board on account of inconvenience to the
members, and the expense which would necessarily be incurred.

74 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

After consultation Avith practical builders, a plan was adopted
which would allow of the use of the old material and giving nearly
as much seating capacity as the old one, the reconstructed building
being 400 feet long and 22 feet wide. Working drawings and spec-
ifications Avere prepared by Mr. 0. B. Gilkey, a practical builder.
Proposals AA'ere adA^ertised for through the city papers, and a num-
ber of bids received. The lowest bidder Avas Mr. Peter Koutier,
one of the most reliable and energetic builders of the city. His bid
was accepted and the building completed in the time specified.
The work is plain but substantial. Perhaps it will not be out of
place to say here, that the bid accepted Avas very much lower than
any other received, to-Avit, $600; and also very much lower than I,
or any one whom I had consulted, thought it could be done. There
was some work not included in the contract, amounting to proba-
bly $50. It was found absolutely necessary to re-roof the old music
hall. An addition of 24 feet in length was built to poultry hall ; a
building jjut up on the west side of the ditch, convenient to the
hog and sheep pens, and cattle stalls for stock; Superintendent's
and Committee headquarters ; a new water closet for ladies, and
one for gentlemen ; octagonal lunch stands removed and converted
into sheep pens; a considerable portion of the sheep pens and
cattle stalls re-covered with shingles, saved from the wreck of the
amphitheater. A large amount of repairing was necessarily done
to fences and stalls, both of Avhich on the north and west are in
very had condition.

The octagonal building, generally known as old floral hall, but
which has for several years past been used as a stable, Avas, unfortu-
nately accidently burned a short time ago. Fortunately, though a
rather exiDCnsive and valuable building, it had ceased to be an es-
sential one.

The members of the Board certainly have good reason to feel
gratified at the success of the fair of 1880, Avhich must pass into his-
tory as one of the most successful held since their institution, and
greater than could reasonably have been exj^ected under surround-
ing circumstances.

While no department Avas lacking in interest, that of agricultural
machinery Avas eminently superior, both in amount and quality, to
any exhibition 'heretofore made on our grounds, if ever equaled on
any grounds. In fact, it is the opinion of gentlemen who have vis-
ited the most noted fairs of this country and Europe, that our ex-
hibition was superior to any ever made before.

In the condition of uncertainty in Avhich Ave find ourselves as to our
grounds, I consider it useless to make suggestions as to improve-
ments or changes on the same.

ANNUAL MEETING. 75

I would advise no expenditures at present, except what may be
absolutely necessary for the preservation of the property.

In conclusion, I tender my thanks to the members of the Board
for their support and courtesy, and especially to the President and
Secretary, who have been my special advisers.

Fielding Beeler,

General SuperiiUendent.

REPORTS FROM DEPARTMENTS.

HORSE DEPARTMENT.

Henry C. Meredith, Superintendent.

The show in this department was very fine in all the classes, and
gives evidence of a marked improvement in the quality of our
horse stock, though the exhibition Avas not quite so large as the
year previous.

The show of stallions in all the classes was excellent, showing
that our farmers and breeders have every opportunity of using the
best sires, and that they are enterprising in using them. The evi-
dences from all parts of the State show that the thoroughbred trot-
ter and heavy draft horses are being extensively brought into the
State, and of the very best quality of their several classes. We
have now some of the best and most fashionably-bred trotters and
runners within our borders that the country affords, and large
amounts are being annually expended in bringing both Normans
and Clydesdales of superior quality, which, added to the stock of
old and careful breeders, gives us a grand start in the profitable
and useful industry of horse breeding.

The list of entries was as follows:

Book 1 — Thoroughbreds 11 entries.

Book 2 — General purposes 62 entries.

Books — Light harness 50 entries.

Book 4 — Heavy draft 38 entries.

Book 5 — Runners 21 entries.

— Trotters 23 entries.

— Pacers 7 entries.

Total sjDeed 51 entries.

76 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Book 6 — Saddle horses 10 entries.

Book 7 — Sweepstakes 55 entries.

Book 8 — Jacks and mules 29 entries.

Book 9 — Jacks and mules (sweepstakes) 15 entries.

Total number of entries 321

Eeceipts, entry fee of speed ring $955 00

Receipts, rent of horse stalls 269 00

In view of the small premiums which our Society oflers in com-
parison with other similar associations, I would advise allowing
horses — especially geldings and mares — to be shown in any class
where the owner desires. This would allow saddle, harness, gen-
eral purpose, thoroughbred and trotters to show in any or all
classes. It would increase the number of exhibitors to attend the
Fair, for they would thus stand more than one chance, and it
would not cost the Society anything additional.

I would recommend that a class be opened for trotting-bred
horses, as there is now a standard record of their pedigrees — the
main requirement to be that they be recorded to be eligible to
show in the class. It will be necessary hereafter to join the Na-
tional Trotting Association, as a late rule practically expels from
their tracks a horse that trots at a fair on a non-association track.
I am satisfied, with two years' experience, that the Horse Depart-
ment of the State Fair can not be a success hereafter unless this is
done.

My successor can avoid much of the hard labor that has devolved
upon both the marshal and myself by having printed programmes
of the show, as it will take place, and posting in each stall, making
a requirement that the exhibitors be in the ring within a certain
stipulated time. Very much time is consumed in waiting on tardy
exhibitors, who would, if required to look after their own aflfairs,
instead of depending on a marshal to look them up when wanted,
be on time and ready for the show.

I am glad to say that there was very good feeling generally among
the horsemen, and quite good order prevailed, especially on the
days when there was the largest attendance. The committeemen
in this department were all competent and expeditious, and their
decisions gave general satisfaction.

There was a general disposition among all to do everything they
could to make the show a success, and I hereby acknowledge my
obligations to the exhibitors for the interest manifested.

ANNUAL MEETING. 77

CATTLE DEPAKTMENT.

Robert Mitchell, Superintendent.

Mr. President and Members of the Stale and Delegate Board of Agricid-
culture :

Having in charge the Cattle Department, I have to report that
the show of Short Horns was excellent in quality, and nearly all
that were on exhibition were from our own State, with only one
exception — a herd from Ohio. The exhibitors were Thomas Wil-
hoit, of Henry county; E. Clare, of Montgomery county; J. Baugh
& Son, of Tippecanoe county; S. E. Quick & Son, of Bartholomew
county; Samuel Pursell, of Marion county, and David Selsor, of
Ohio.

The Jerseys were also well represented, and much interest was
taken in the exhibit by the breeders of this class of cattle. The
breeders were Churchman & Jackson, of "Beach Grove Farm;"
W. J. Hasselman, of Indianapolis; A. Garrettson & Bro., Pendle-
ton ; E. S. Dorsey, Indianapohs ; W. A. Ketcham, city ; J. W. Myers,
of Jennings county, and Mrs. A. Wallace, city. I would recom-
mend that a herd premium be hereafter offered by the Board for
this class of cattle.

A pair of Polled Angus cattle were exhibited by Baugh & Lutz,
of Farmers' Institute, Ind., which attracted much attention. This
breed of cattle is held in high esteem as beef producers by the
farmers of their native country (Scotland).

Devons and Ayreshires had but a few representatives at the Fair,
but those on exhibition were good specimens of the breeds. Total
number of entries in Cattle Department, 173.

I might here, with propriety, recommend that the premiums on
cattle be increased, in order to draw larger exhibits of this im-
portant branch of agriculture to our annual State Fairs.

SHEEP DEPAETMENT.

S. E. Quick, Superintendent.

I have the pleasure of submitting to you a partial report of the
Sheep Department. There were 247 entries, being a greater num-
ber of entries than ever before was on exhibition at any fair in this

78 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

State. They were of the following breeds : Cotswolds, Leicesters.
Lincolnshires, Shropshire-downs, Southdowns and Merinoes, but
the Cotswolds predominated. Nearly all that were shown were
superb specimens, some being the best that ever were exhibited in
the United States. In the Cotswolds there was quite a spirited con-
test, there being seven tj'-seven entries, and quite a number were
imported from England and Canada, and in the sweepstakes there
were seventy -seven entries, there being as high as twenty head in
the ring at one time contending for the same premium. But
everything jwssed off quietly and with the best of feeling between
the exliibitors and the members of the State Board.

The committees had an arduous time, as all the sheep were
good and the majority of them were deserving, and the critics
were as thick as the fallen leaves of autumn. But the committees
did their work so well tliat I heard of no dissatisfaction. The
accommodations for the sheep men' were much better than last
year, and they expressed their jDleasure with the arrangements
made by our General Superintendent in making ample room for
all the sheep that were on exhibition, and the office for the Super-
intendent was quite a pleasant surprise to the exhibitors and also
a great convenience, highly appreciated by all. The sheep were all
shown in a ring for that purpose, which was much appreciated by
the exhibitors, as well as committees, and they all expressed their
pleasure with the exhibition, with a promise to be with us again.

SWINE DEPARTMENT.

Deinipsey Seybold, Superintendeiit.

The swine shown at the exhibition of 1880 were probably not so
large in numbers as at some of the previous fairs, but for variety of
breeds and superior excellence in quality and attractivenes in ap-
pearance, have never been equaled. The number of animals on
exhibition was nearly four hundred head, consisting of one hundred
and seventy-five Poland China, one hundred Berkshires, and other
breeds amounting to one hundred, consisting of Essex, SufTolk,
Chester Whites, and Jersey Reds.

The animals exhibited were not all the product of Indiana. Our
breeders encountered sharp competition from those of Ohio, Illi-

ANNUAL MEKTING. 79

nois and Michigan, and some premiums were borne off by exhibit-
ors from other States.

There were several subjects connected with the swine exhibition
which were very freely discussed by exhibitors in a becoming tem-
per, and which were spoken of by others wholly unconnected with
the swine exhibition. These matters of complaint it was the desire
of exhibitors to have brought to the attention of our State Board, so
that thej^ could be duly considered, and such changes made as
might meet the pressing demands of not only exhibitors at our
fairs, but the entire public who are interested in this branch of
agricultural pursuits. And before remarking further, I wish to
premise that there was no disposition exhibited to indulge in un-
reasonable fault-tinding of the Slate Board.

The representatives of the swine interests are fully aware of the
financial difficulties they have to contend with. While all this is
true, the proper and kindly presentation of claims and complaints
of swine exhibitors will surely be no offense to any one, and will
•enable the Board, in the future, to make an effort to meet all the
reasonable demands of those who exhibit swine at our State Fair.
There is one point that we wish to consider, and that is the insuffi-
ciency of the amount offered as premiums in the swine department,
in proiDortion to the money value of this branch of the industry of
•our State. Not having the statistics of this branch of our industry
at hand, yet I think that the hog yields more money to the farmers
of the State than either horses or cattle, and probably more than
both. By reference to the premiums offered by the Board for the
year 1880, we find there was offered in the swine department the
sum of six hundred and forty-four dollars, and in the horse depart-
ment twenty -five hundred and seventy-eight dollars; four times as
much as in the swine department. The breeders of swine claim,
and we think justly, too, that there should not be such a wide differ-
ence made in the two departments, and the comparison would be
about the same in some of the other departments. There is another
point in connection with this subject which can not be too often or
too pressingly urged upon the attention of those connected with the
jnanagement of fairs.

I refer to the want of proper arrangements for bringing com-
peting animals in direct juxtaposition, so that swine committeemen
may have the same opportunity for close critical examination and
comparison that judges of horses, cattle, sheep, etc., have. Such
comparisons are indispensable to direct conclusions, and yet com-
mitteemen in the Swine Department have no opportunity for such
close comparison; on the contrary, they are expected to clamber
-over from eight to a dozen pens to examine animals that are some-

80 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

times two or three hundred yards apart. They have not only this
severe labor to perform, but they are expected also to carry in
their minds the precise minute differences that may exist between
a dozen of close competing animals of like general appearance.
The committee on horses and other domestic animals have no
such hardships to endure or difficulties to encounter. The com-
peting animals are directly before them. The best possible facili-
ties are offered the judges to facilitate them in coming to correct
conclusions.

The Swine Breeders Association, at their meeting last winter, re-
quested the State Board to classify the different breeds and place
each breed in a separate division, which was carried out, and I
would recommend a continuance of that plan, as I think it works
well. In order to try to obviate some of the difficulties stated
above, I called the attention of the President and the General Su-
perintendent to the matter early in the season, showing the neces-
sity of some better arrangements for the exhibition of swine, but
owing to the financial condition of the Board, I suppose there was
nothing done. We had to do the best we could under the circum-
stances by using boxes and hurdles belonging to some of the ex-
hibitors and occupying the space between two of the divisions of
pens. We succeeded in getting the competing animals close to-
gether, but it was not only dangerous but an injustice to some of
the exhibitors, especially those exhibiting sheep, and in this con-
nection I wish to return thanks to Mr. Cal. Darnell for his gentle-
manly forbearance with us for obstructing the sides of his pens so
as to exclude visitors from seeing some of his sheep for a good part
of two of the best days of the Fair. The committee appointed by
the Board reported promptly and discharged their duties faithfully
and impartially. The competition in some of the classes was
sharp and close, so much so that the committees had great difficulty
in making their awards; particularly was this the case on Berkshire
pigs under six months, and yearling Poland China sows, and on
sweepstakes on Poland China sows.

The very best of feeling prevailed during the entire week, both
among the breeders and exhibitors, and I think the week was profi-
tably spent. In this connection I wish to return my thanks to all
of the exhibitors for their gentlemanly treatment, and for the in-
terest they manifested in order to make the exhibition a success,
and especially to Mr. Joseph Winn, of Greensburg, my assistant.

EXHIBITORS IN THE SWINE DEPARTMENT.

Poland Chinas.
Shepard & Alexander of Charleston, Illinois, exhibited seventeen
head.

ANNUAL MEETING. 81

D. L. & G. W. Thomas, Eushville, Iml., exhibited fourteen head.
J. Cunn'ngham, Muncie, exhibited fifteen head.

Dick Jones, of Cokimbus, exhibited thirteen head.
M. Slaughter, of South Charleston, Ohio, exhibited fourteen
head.

W. A. Macy, of Lewisville, exhibited four head.

A. W. Ross, Muncie, exhibited nine head.

Lon Hunter, Marion, exhibited eight head.

Mugg & Seagrave, Center, exhibited twenty-four head.

A. Martin, Muncie, exhibited four head.

W. A. Robins, Greensburg, exhibited nine head.

Gilmore & Craig, Greensburg, exhibited five head.

Jersey Reds.

E. Wright, New Augusta, exhibited twenty head.

Be7-kshi7'es.

I. N. Barker, of Thorntown, exhibited eight head.
Gilmore & Craig, Greensburg, exhibited nineteen head.
James Riley, Thorntown, exhibited eighteen head.

A. C. Shortridge, , exhibited six head.

J. T. Harris, New Maysville, exhibited fourteen head.
Heck & McCally, Waldron, exhibited nineteen head.
R. T. Corwin, Mount Summit, exhibited seven head.
W. H. Sphar, city, exhibited four head.
John Heavenridge, Liberty, exhibited fourteen head.

F. M. Pitzer, Kokomo, exhibited seven head.

J. M. Leach, Dunlapsville, exhibited eleven head.
Adam Martin, Muncie, exhibited one head.
Wesley White, of Pendleton, exhibited^three head.

Essex anil Suffolk.
Frank Wilson, Jackson, Michigan, exhibited twenty-seven head.

Chester IVhites.
R. S. Russell, of Zionsville, exhibited twenty-seven head.

6 — Agr. Report.

82 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

POULTRY DEPARTMENT.

B. H. Hancock, Superintendent.

Mr. President and Gentlemen of the State aiid Delegate Board of Agri-

cidture :

In accordance with the custom of the Board, I make the annual
report of the PouUry Department at the State Fair of 1880. There
were 320 entries, and as good an exhibit of poultry as was ever
made in this State or any other. We had poultry exhibited that
took the premium at the National Poultry Show here one year
ago. The Secretary, by consent, telegraphed to Ohio and secured
the services of an expert, Mr. Samuel White, to pass upon the
poultry exhibit. I think he gave entire satisfaction. If there was
anj' one dissatisfied with his awards, I did not hear of it. I would
recommend that expeHs he employed to award premiums in
all the departments, as far as practicable ; I think it would give better
satisfaction. I would recommend, also, that empty coops be fur-
nished exhibitors; that their coops be set outside the house, and
when a certain lot or kind of poultry is called for, that the exhibitors
move their poultry in these empty coops. The judges will then
have the exhibit all before them, instead of going all through the
house to find them; it will save time and give the committee a better
opportunity to do their duty. All of which I respectfully submit.

AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.

J. W. CoFiELD, Superintendent.

The exhibition of agricultural products exceeded, both as to qual-
ity and quantity, that of any previous year for many years past —
the corn exhibited was of the very finest, including a great many
varieties, in fact, more than has ever been exhibited at any recent
State Fair.

The display of wheat was excellent in quality and variety. Of
the varieties shown, the Foltz and Mediterranean or Red Wheat,
were the leading ones.

The exhibition of garden products was large, and as good as has
ever been shown at our fairs, and shows that the crops were abun-
dant, and, as wa.s the case in our State the past season, exhibitors
were willing and anxious to compete with their neighbors for the
ascendancy in the growth of their individual products.

ANNUAL MEETING. 83

HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.

L. B. Custer, Superintenderd.

As Superintendent of the Horticultural Department at the last
State Fair, I beg leave to submit the following report :

In this department the display of apples, pears, peaches, quinces
and grapes was very creditable, but not equal to former years, when
the premium list was more attractive. The premiums now offered
are not sufficiently large to attract exhibitors from a distance.

W. A. Ragan, E. A. Eickhoff and G. Poindexter & Son, in the
professional, and Mrs. Wallace, A. B. Shellady and some others in
amateur list, made very fine displays of apples, pears, peaches, etc.
W. A. Ragan was awarded the premium for the best display of
fruits of all kinds, professional, exhibiting ninety-one plates of ap-
ples, eighteen of pears, twelve of peaches, nine of grapes, seven of
quinces and one of persimmons. Mrs. Wallace was awarded a sim-
ilar premium as an amateur exhibitor.

T. S. Hubbard, of Fredonia, New York, exhibited a plate of the
" Prentiss " grape, a new candidate for the public favor, a white
grape of excellent quality, and said to be hardy and very pro-
ductive.

E. A. Eickhoff and T. C. Barnum made very fine displays of
nursery stock. Unfortunately for Mr. Barnum, he failed to make
an entry of his stock until the books were in the hands of the
awarding committee.

As improvement in agriculture, horticulture, stock-growing,
etc., is the mission of the State Board of Agriculture, I would sug-
gest that we advance one step in the horticultural department by
adopting a standard of excellence (if you please to call it such) to
guide awarding committees in making their decisions. The need
for such a standard to guide the judges in the proper performance
of their delicate and arduous duties has often been painfully appar-
ent. I would also recommend that premiums be offered for single
plates of the most prominent varieties of apples, and that clasps be
provided to fasten labels to the plates, so that they are at all times
in a conspicuous place, and can not be misplaced by persons exam-
ining the fruit. We need to look more to giving information during
the fair, and clear, distinct and accurate labels would be a valuable
acquisition.

In the floral division, the contributions fully occupied all the
space that could be obtained for this department, and the contribu-
tors arranged the plants so as to produce a fine effect, which added

84 BOARD OF AGRICULTUEE.

much to the attractions of the exhibition. It is a fact, however,
that the owners of some of the best collections of plants declined to
bring them out, on account of the inferior accommodations pro-
vided for the floral display. The hall in which it was made was so
open that the chilling winds prevalent at that season are destructive
to delicate plants, and the liability to damage from frosts, rendered
it unwise to bring out that class of plants most useful in making a
display that will attract attention and please those who visit the
State Fair, expecting to find the various departments superior to
those of local exliibitions.

To render this department what we believe it ought to be, we
consider it essential not only to provide a building tight enough to
protect plants from inclement weather, but also to give premiums
of sufficient amount to repay the actual loss occasioned by tempo-
rary removal of the plants from their congenial quarters in the
conservatory. If the amount devoted to floral premiums can not
be increased, we believe it would be advisable to diminish the
number of premiums so that the amount of the remaining may be
increased.

Few departments of the Fair are more beautiful, instructive or
elevating in their character than that devoted to Flora, and the
character of the State and the intelligence of the Board of Agricul-
ture will be estimated in some degree by the character of this de-
partment at our annual exhibitions.

TEXTILE FABRIC DEPARTMENT— WOMAN'S BOARD OF
INDUSTRY.

Mary E. Haggart, Superintendent.

Mr. Presklent and Gentlemeji of the State Board of Agriculture:

In reporting the work, the success and the exhibit of the Woman's^
Department, I will condense as much as possible, and at the same
time give a thorough and just account of the success of our plans-
and the results of our work. Entries made Avere as follows:

Textile Fabric 5

Domestic Manufacture 110

Knitting and Crochet Work 109

Lace Work 90

ANNUAL MEETING, 85

Embroidery and Braiding 191

Sewing — Machine and Hand 46

Miscellaneous 179

Dry Goods and Millinery 7

Culinary Articles 110

Children's Department 91

Special Premiums 85

Total 1023

Which is 163 short of the number of entries made in this de-
partment last year. To the casual observer this, no doubt, would
indicate a falling off of interest, both in our workers and exhibitors!
but wdien a careful view is taken of the matter it will be seen that
the number of entries was greater than ever before, wdien a com-
parison of the rules governing the last and all former exhibitions is
made. When it is considered that a rule excluding all articles that
had heretofore drawn two premiums was strictly enforced, 163
entries less this year of the Fair than last will seem, and is, in
reality, no falling off" at all, but rather a very forcible demonstration
of the fact that a truly tine and splendid exhibition can be kept up
b,y ruling out old articles that have really become so familiar to
visitors that all decent respect for them, and their creators, is killed.
The strict enforcement of this rule is also a complete explanation
of why the full amount of our premium estimate was not paid out.
The same old quilt, counterpane, rag-carpet, shell-work, or whatever
it may have been, that had been pensioned on our department for
years, and drew as regularly as pay-day came around, was ruled out,
and as a natural consequence not so many entries were made ; but,
gentlemen, the wisdom of instituting and enforcing this rule is not
by any means as apparent now as it will be next year and in the
future years to come. Out of strict adherence to it will grow future
beautj', variety and freshness in the exhibits of this department —
such beauty, variety and freshness as have never before characterized
any of the exhibits of this department. The age demands that these
very things must characterize exhibitions of all kinds whatsoever to
insure their financial success. It should also be borne in mind that
j^remiums were offered in our department for several new kinds of
work, none of which was placed on exhibition. HoAvever, we have
every reason to expect a full and fine exhibit in these new classes this
year, and that the number of entries will exceed those of all for-
mer years.

86 BOAED OF AGKICULTURE.

FIXAXCIAL EXHIBIT

Of the Business of the Woman's State Fair Association for the
Year ISSO. .

Eeceipts.

From the State Board of Agriculture $1000 00

From rent of show-cases 16 00

Total $1016 00

Expenditures.

Premium orders $441 00

Diplomas 3 00

Awarding committees 46 00

Improvements and repairs 10 00

Supplies 14 69

Eent of show-cases 76 50

Stationery and postage 4 93

Labor in Woman's Department 9 00

Entry clerk hire 5 00

Traveling expenses of visitors to seven county fairs 9 80

Salaries 264 00

Total $883 92

Balance in treasury State Board of Agriculture 109 00

Balance in treasury Woman's State Fair Association 23 08

$1016 00

STATEMENT OF COMPARATIVE EXPENDITURES.

1879. ^^S°-

Premium awards $449 00

Eent of show-cases (150 ft.) 59 00

Awarding committees 73 00

Improvements and supplies 100 00

Entry clerks 13 00

Labor of assistant superintendents 32 00

Stationery, postage and diplomas No estimates,

Expenses of visitors to fairs

Total expenses, excepting salaries $720 00

Salaries 100 00

$441 00

200 ft.... 76 50

46 00

24 69

5 00

9 00

ates. 7 93

9 80

$619 92

264 00

T(;Ud expenses $826 00 $883 92

ANNUAL MEETING. 87

A rule was adopted and enforced in our department, requiring
all exhibitors taking show-case space to pay a reasonable rent for
all room occupied over three feet. This rule worked admirably,
and the utmost satisfaction to exhibitors having fine and deli-
cate articles was the result. Thus you will see that by the judi-
cious exercise of a little brain force we women have been enabled
to economize in the matter of show-case expenses, although fifty
feet more space of this kind was used for our last exhibit than for
any former one.

The new rule respecting the manner of making entries was also
found to be a wonderful help in simplifying and making easy this
special kind of work ; consequently not so many clerks as usual
were required. Here, also, you will see a great saving growing out
of economical methods.

It should not be forgotten that time, thought and labor have been
freely expended by the women interested in the success of this de-
partment in order to systematize and classify all articles on exhibi-
tion in regular order and as the books were numbered ; and we
should also bear in mind that by having the work divided among
efficient department superintendents, this matter of system has al-
most been made perfect. On account of such order and classifica-
tion not near so many judges were needed, and a large saving was
made in doing away with all but one man assistant. It will be seen
at a glance that each class of work having in charge a responsible
superintendent, places the whole exhibit under a supervision and
guardianship equal to just so many efficient policemen in the pre-
vention of loss and theft.

An unaccountable destruction of the show-case tables and other
carpenter work in our department silently goes on from year to
year, and when the work of repairing and replacing these missing
tables, etc., is completed over and over again, we are j^olitely re-
minded by s(/me of the General Superintendents in their reports,
" that it is to be hoped the ladies are now fixed up permanently in .
their department;" but, lo! when the tables are needed they are
not there, all the same.

Only one article out of the entire exhibit has been reported lost,
and it of minor value.

Of the one thousand dollars appropriated by you to carry on our
department, one hundred and nine still remain in your treasury —
which is the difference between the amount of our premium esti-
mate and the amount of our premiums paid out. Gentlemen, con-
cerning this 8109, I have just one question to propound — to whom
does this money rightfully belong ?

In submitting this report, I will suggest that for the good of our

05 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

department and all concerned, the Woman's Board be allowed
to issue the premium orders from their department, and that
they be empowered personally to disburse all money, except for
premiums, appropriated to conduct their department, and also that
the jurisdiction of the women over said department be most
clearly and specifically defined.

I will here take the liberty to reiterate the suggestion made by
Mrs. Adkinson in her report last year, namely, that in order to
hold an exliibition of more than two or three days, the fair, instead,
of opening at the beginning should commence in the middle of the
week. There are so many reasons, true and good, why this should
be done, that I have no time now to enumerate them.

Of course, gentlemen, in submitting this report for your consid-
eration, we wish to impress it upon your minds, that in order to
prosecute successfully the work of this department, and advance
the interests of our women exhibitors, an appropriation of money
equal in amount to that approjariated last year, should be placed in
the hands of the Woman's State Fair Association for this purpose,
, and it is earnestly desired, that in case you retain permanently the
exposition grounds and buildings, that the sum of $200 extra be ap-
propriated us for the purpose of making useful, indispensable and
permanent imiDrovements in our department.

It now remains for you, after hearing the report of one year's
trial of a plan of work which was accepted by you as an experi-
ment, to give a full expression of your approval or disapproval of
this plan, and to say whether it shall be carried out by our Board in
another year's work.

AGRICULTUEAL MACHINERY DEPARTMENT.

R. M. LoCKHART, Superintendent.

The display in the Agricultural Machinery Department was sim-
ply immense. That portion of the grounds allotted to the display
of farm machinery was entirely inadequate to allow the exhibitors
a sufficient amount of sjmce to make a full and fair display of their
goods. It is very gratifying to the Board to see the largest manu-
facturers not only of our own State, but many of the other States,
attending each of our annual State Fairs.

It was a question in the minds of many of our members when
the proposition was made to strike ofT all premiums in the me-
chanical dci)artmcnt, as to whether the manufacturers would con-
tinue to make a disjilay at our annual fairs. But it has been thor-

ANNUAL MEETING. 89

oughly demonstrated that all the manufacturers require is am-
ple accommodations to enable them to show their goods prop-
erly, and they are willing to take their chances of making a better
trade for their manufactures. Several of the largest manufacturers
have already erected buildings at their own exi^ense, in which they
show their goods, and several more have made application for si^ace
on which to erect buildings before the next fair.

I think more space should be given to that department, in order
to accommodate all who may desire to make an exhibit.

The great improvements made in machinery within the past
twenty years have almost entirely changed the manner of doing the
work on our farms, and it would seem as though no further im-
provements were possible. But each annual fair shows some new
and useful inventions.

CARRIAGE, WAGON AND FURNITURE DEPARTMENT.

J. N. Tv'R'S'EU,. Superintendent.

The largest, as well, perhaps, as the most interesting and impor-
tant department of the Fair was the Mechanical; that portion of
the department assigned for my supervision embodied the useful
and beautiful, taking in a wide range of articles ; consisting in jjart of
carriages, furniture, upholstery, carpets, pajDer-hangings, willow and
wooden ware, burial cases, etc., all of which reflected great credit on
the skill and genius of the artisan; exhibitors were rewarded for
their efforts by the admiratioli of thousands of visitors who daily
thronged the avenues, and at every turn saw something to admire
in the handiwork of the skilled workman.

Each annual exhibition brings with it indisputable evidence of
the rapid progress and advance in mechanism; useful and labor-
saving inventions are monthl}^ presented to the public, keping pace
with the demands of this fast and wonderful age of improvement
and progress, and the merits of these inventions are quickly recog-
nized and as quickly utilized.

Many of the articles on exhibtion deserved the special notice of
the Committee, and their merits presented to the public in compre-
hensive reports that will do justice to the exhibitors ; they are en-
titled to this " special mention " of articles, as no premiums are
awarded in this department..

As a Co-Superintendent with Mr. Lockhart of the Mechanical De-
partment, and as a member of the State Board, it is with pride that

90 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

we can present to the " Delegate Board " the report of another suc-
cessful Fair. Although the receipts were not quite so large as in 1879
yet the exhibit was acknowledged to be superior, at least in many
of the departments. The Presidential campaign detracted to some
extent interest that would otherwise been taken in the Fair ; this
was predicted by several of the members at our business meeting
of last February, but the result over-reached expectations, and we
can congratulate President Pagan upon a successful administration,
and can truthfully say to the " Delegate Board,"- although financially
embarrassed the State Board of Agriculture is progressive and is
entitled to a hearty support and co-operation.

The Superintendents of the following Departments re-
ported verbally :

EDUCATIONAL AND ART DEPARTMENT.— J. A. Wildjian,
Superintendent.

GEOLOGY, NATURAL HISTORY, ETC.— Prof. John Collett,
Superintendent.

POWER HALL AND ENGINES.— W. B. Seavard, Supet-iiUendent-
GATES. — John P. Barns, Superintendent.-
AMPHITHEATER.— R. P. Haynes, Superh^tendent.
PERMITS. — Jacob Mutz, Superintendent.

The Chair appointed the committees from the delegates
to act with the regular committees of the Board :

On Finance. — On the part of the Board : Messrs. Mitchell,
Sutherland and Turner. On the part of the Delegates: Messrs.
Ratliff and Davidson of Gibson.

0)1 Buks and Eegulations. — On the part of the Board : Messrs.
Mutz, Meredith and Seybold. On the part of the Delegates : Messrs.
Gilbert and Jackson.

On Fair Grcramls. — On the part of the Board : Messrs. Quick, Cus-
ter and Barns. On the part of the Delegates : Messrs. Lockridge of
Montgomery and Lockridge of Putnam.

On Premium List. — On the part of the Board : Messrs. Meredith,
Sutherland and Hancock. On the part of the Delegates : Messrs.
Willey and Kirkpatrick.

On Unfinished Business. — On the part of the Board : Messrs. Lock-
hart, Haynes and Seward. On the part of the Delegates : Messrs.
Graham and Riley.

ANNUAL MEETING. 91

On Geology and Statistics. — On the part of the Board : Messrs.
Seward, Mutz and Cofield. On the part of the Delegates : Messrs.
ElUott and Johnson of Marion.

Nominations of candidates to fill the places of the retir-
ing members of the Board, being next in order, the fol-
lowing named persons were placed in nomination :

Fifth District— T. W. W. Sunman of Kipley and D. F. Willey of
Clark.

Sixth District — S. R. Quick of Bartholomew.

Eighth District — Joseph Gilbert of Vigo and Dempsey Seybold of
Clay.

Ninth Distrid — W. H. Ragan of Hendricks.

Tenth District— E. R. Elliott of Henry and H. C. Meredith of
Wayne.

Eleventh District — Nelson Pegg of Randolph, J. P. Barns of Madi-
son and Geo. W. Miller of Jay.

Twelfth Distrid — J. K. O'Neal of Tippecanoe and Henry La
Tourett of Fountain.

Thirteenth District— J ohn N. Turner of Grant and Capt. T. M.
Kirkpatrick of Howard.

Dr. R. T. Brown, of Indianapolis, was then introduced
by the President, who proceeded, as per published pro-
gramme, to read an interesting address on the " Review of
Agriculture in Indiana," which was followed with discus-
sion by Mr. Woods, of Lake, Dr. Brown and others. *

On motion of Mr. Mutz, Secretary Heron read report as
delegate to the Inter-State Agricultural Convention, held
at Springfield, Illinois, last November.

To the Indiana State Board of Agriculture,

Gentlemen : — In response to a call for a meeting of representa-
tives of the Boards of Agriculture in the Western States, at Spring-
field, last November, your Board was represented by the Vice-
President, Mr. Sample, Dr. Brown (by special invitation), and your
Secretary.

* All of which will be found published elsewhere in this report, under the head of
essay matter.

"92 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

The object of the meeting was to adopt some uniform system of col-
lecting and reporting the crops in season, in the district embracing
the principal grain and meat producing States. There were seven
■States represented by twenty-five delegates, being the first meeting
of the kind — and will no doubt be productive of good results.

Indiana was honored by the selection of the presiding officer. Dr.
R T. Brown, who also furnished an appropriate paper for the occa-
sion, the subject being " The relation of State Boards to the National
Department of Agriculture," which was read by him and attracted
much attention and comment.

A paper referring to the agricultural interest in Indiana was read
by your Eepresentative. Several other papers on different subjects
were read, producing general discussion and ending with a series
of resolutions. [Herewith omitted, as the same are included else-
where in this volume, in the proceedings of the Inter-State Agricul-
tural Convention.]

It may be well to make the distinction between the terms " crop
reports " and " statistics," although of the same nature. Crop reports
are statements based on an estimate of percentage formed by a
-compilation of individual opinions.

It is proposed to have for Indiana at least quarterly crop reports,
in addition to the annual statistics as collected by the Assessors and
the Bureau of Statistics, the object being to get reliable informa-
tion as to the crops produced, to the farmers, in the least possible
time. With us, this can be done by and through the Bureau of
Statistics, conjointly with the Board of Agriculture, and requires
some consideration at your hands.

It is also specially desired that you give expression as to forming
a permanent organization of the Boards of Agriculture to co-operate
for mutual interests.

Respectfully submitted,

Alex. Heron, Searetary.
December 4, 1880.

Motion of Mr. Sunmau carried, that the report be re-
ceived and placed on file.

Motion of Mr. Riley carried, that the President's ad-
dress, or so much as referred to premium list, be referred to
the committee on premium list.

Motion of Mr. Lockhart carried, that a committee be
appointed to consider the suggestions of the Woman's De-
partment, and report to-morrow morning. Messrs. Lock-

ANNUAL, MEETING. 93

hart, Willey, Gilbert and Elliott, of Henry, were appointed
such committee.

Upon motion, a committee consisting of Messrs. Heron,,
Mutz and McDonald, was appointed to consider the sug-
gestions in the report from the Inter-State Agricultural
Convention.

On motion, recess was taken until 7:30 P. m.

EVENING SESSION.

Convention met. President Ragan in the chair.

The committee on resolutions, in regard to the death of
Governor James D, Williams, ex-President of the Board,
reported by the chairman. Dr. Brown, the following, which
was adopted by a rising vote :

Death has made another vacant seat in this hall. The familiar
face of Governor Williams will be seen no more in our councils.
He has gone from among us by the inevitable road that we all must
travel; but he went not till his work was done — his task accom-
plished. He went full of years and full of honors. Not the least of
these honors was his life-long and faithful labor for the promotion
of agriculture in all that related to its profit as a business and its
dignity as a profession. Not even the allurement of politics, nor
the fascination of office, could wean him from his early attachment
to this pursuit

As a feeble tribute to the memory of his worth and of his labors
with us, be it,

Resolved, That a record of the death of Hon. James D. Williams
be conspicuously made in the journal of the proceedings of this
Board.

REMARKS BY DR. A. C. STEVENSON.

The late Governor Williams, long a member of this Board, has
been removed by death from our midst. He was an honored and
worthy member of this Board — cheerful, conciliatory, and a safe
counselor, and universally beloved. In his death we have sustained
a loss, the State has sustained a loss, in so good a man. Although
we feel the loss, we should not repine at the decrees of a wise and
beneficent Providence; still there are relations of consanguinity

94 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

that render these bereavements most distressing — the loss of a pa-
rent, a child, brothers, sisters, or other near relations, where heart
is bound to heart by the mysterious cords of love. So strong are
these ties that the intellect and life itself are often not able to with-
stand their severance. A very affecting illustration is recorded of
David and his rebellious son Absalom, who had raised an army to
overthrow his father's government. David's troops, under Joab,
had gone out to meet Absalom in battle. It will be remembered
that David gave instructions to spare the rebellious son, and his
inquiry of the first messenger was, " Is the young man safe ? " Of
the second messenger the only inquiry was, "Is the young man
safe ?" The messenger answered, " Let all that rise up against thee
to do thee hurt be as this young man is." And David wept, and
thus he said, "0 my son Absalom ! my son, my son Absalom ! would
to God I had died for thee, O Absalom, my son, my son ! " Such
feelings only flow from noble and generous hearts.

The manifestation of afiectionate regard by the late Governor
Williams for the loss of his beloved wife was rather remarkable,
especially on the occasions of his visits from the capital to his home.
Memories of the past fast crowded upon him. Here was the house
in which they had so long lived and labored together. Her vacant
chair stands in its place still. At the generous board, where she
had so long and generously administered to the wants of the fam-
ily, she is seen no more. Here in her own private room, where
the evenings had been so pleasantly spent in social converse, is her
work table and the work basket with its implements — the needle
work, the thimble, scissors, the unfinished knitting neatly rolled up
and laid in its place, just as she had left it. These press drawers
contain her clean, bright garments, ironed and folded away by her
own hands ; and as an evidence of her affection, she has laid close
by her husband's new home-made garments. In the yard are the
gentle birds that she fed from her own hands. In adjoining fields
are the beautiful cows which furnished her table with rich milk
and delicious rolls of butter. On everj^ hand are seen reminders of
his affectionato and beloved wife. The tears that are spoken of as
having been often seen bedewing his aged cheeks are no evidence
of weakness, but on the contrary they are the evidences of a sym-
pathetic heart — of generous and noble impulses. Nor were those
generous impulses ever abated by the honors conferred upon him
by his own county in making him a member of the legislative body
of the State, or his congressional district in making him a member
of the highest legislative body of the nation, or his State in making
him its chief Executive. Even the garments made by her hands,

ANNUAL MEETING. 95

the beautiful jeans of wool from his own flocks, were worn to the
last, notwithstanding the many imputations he received on that
account.

But aside from these very natural and worthy sympathies of con-
sanguinity, death is to be looked upon as a proper and wise assign-
ment to man ; it is appointed once for all men to die, and in rever-
ence should this decree be accepted. Man's days are limited to a
short period — three score and ten — and if beyond, it is sorrow and
pain. This short life is doubtless a blessing to our race. Not that
God has made this an unpleasant place for man ; on the contrary
he has made it most delightful. Ample provisions for his physical
and mental wants have been provided; a land producing fruits,
vegetables and cereals, flocks and herds, for man's sustenance and
comfort; whose waters also administer to his food supply. Mental
supplies may be had from the book of nature open before him, in
hill and dale and towering mountains ; in forests green ; in shrub
and flowering plant ; in rivers, lakes and broad oceans ; and the
myriads of living animals that inhabit both land and water. These
things God has richly provided for our comfort ; still Divine Wis-
dom has found it for man's good that his existence here should be
but for a limited period. It is a restraint upon man's evil propen-
sities and evil passions. Divine Wisdom, foreseeing this propensity
of the human will to evil, has very wisely placed a restraint upon
man's wicked actions by holding before his eyes death.

In this bereavement we have a lesson it would be well to profit
by. Although we are sad, yet we rejoice in the promises that are
sure of fulfillment to the good. Sympathizing friends may be con-
soled with the thought that after a long life of over three score
years and ten, that change has been a glorious one. " Mortality has
put on immortality, and corruption incorruption; " and although
the pleasures of this life to the just are the dispensations of a kind
Benefactor, yet he reserveth still greater for the life that is to come.

Governor Williams was born in Ohio in 1808, and moved to Knox
county, Indiana, with his father in 1818 ; he was consequently only
ten years old when he landed in the wilds of Indiana. Here he
lived and received a common-school education, such as was com-
mon in those days, and assisted his father in improving a farm.
With a vigorous and observing intellect, he was soon regarded as
one of the leading men of his county in regard to the business
qualifications necessary to make him a successful leader. His abil-
ity and worth were not long concealed. He was early called to the
discharge of public trusts, and the fidelity with which the_v were
discharged continued him in public life until his death. Fine oji-
portunities enable some to become great and good, and very justly

96 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

receive the admiration of all who know them. But much more
deser\'ing are those who, with poverty, a limited education, and a
hundred other privations, become equally great and good. By
industry, frugality, and a wise management of his business as a
farmer, he accumulated a handsome fortune, and in addition to this
he served his State as long and as faithfully as any man in it.

And here we would be pleased to stop were it not for some harsh
criticisms which appeared in an obituary notice by a New York
leading journal. The journalist was probably sincere (I would be-
unwilling to accuse him of insincerity) but at the same time greatly
mistaken. I think it, therefore, the more necessary that I should
at least enter a protest to the sentiments there expressed ; others
there may be laboring under similar errors. The following may
be taken as a sample of the article :

" The late Governor Williams, of Indiana, belonged to a clas& of
public men that used to be somewhat numerous, but has steadily
diminished with the spread of intelligence — men who seek to at-
tract attention and votes by some singularity of dress. Of late years
Governor Williams was pei'haps the most conspicuous example of
this class. He was a man of mediocre intellectual ability, and it
may fairly be said that he owed his election to Congress and his
subsequent election to the Governorship of Indiana to his habit of
w^earing clothing made of " blue jeans," a coarse fabric made of
mixed woolen and cotton stuff, much worn on account of its strength
and cheapness by the poorer class of country people in the West
and South. There was nothing in his circumstances which induced
him to adhere to this serviceable and inexpensive sort of attire.
He was a wealthy farmer, owning two thousand acres of fertile land
and reputed to be worth the snug sum of $100,000. He might have
arrayed himself in the best broadcloth and cassimere, but he was
ambitious of political honors, and his " blue jeans " suit was worn to
identify him with the class of poor farmers, to which he did not in
fact belong, and to gain their support. He rose into prominence
during a period of industrial distress and business prostration. He
shrewdly calculated that in such a time his homespun clothes
would be accepted as representing simple habits and a desire for
economy in public and private expenditures. * * . *

He had no gifts as an orator or a writer, and no ideas concerning
government save that a cheese-paring economy should be practiced
in all its departments. When in Congress he chiefly interested
himself in the expenses for soap and towels. * * *

When an ambitious politician of ordinary abilities dresses in a waj^
to attract attention and comment, he advertises himself to all sensi-
ble people as a demagogue."

That the late Governor Williams wore a coarse fabric of cotton
and wool, worn by the poor class of country people, called jeans,,
merely to enable him to succeed in politics, is gratuitous and in-
jurious to his memory. He was born and raised and passed his
early manhood when the article spoken of was the almost universal

ANNUAL MEETING. 97

wear of tlie agiiciiltural class of this country, and was home manu-
factured. Fifty years ago the big wheel occupied a conspicuous
place in every farmer's jmrlor. Here the roaring of the wheels
might be heard from early morn until late at night. The little
wheel occupied a i^lace near the hearth where the older ladies
worked., whilst the younger ladies plied the big wheels. Upon the
further corner of the hearth might be seen a large kettle containing
the coloring material, blue dye, and not unfrequently the extract
of walnut bark. In a separate building stood the loom generally ;
but if the weather became very inclement before the cloth was all
woven, the loom was sometimes moved into the jja-i'lor for a few
weeks for finishing up the work. When the webs were finished, the
girls scoured them and the mother colored, as might be known for
the following six months by her blue hands. The cloth was then cut
and fitted and sewed into garments by the mother and the daughters.
Thus was your Governor clothed, doubtless. The ladies of the house-
hold made the garments, whilst the boys fed and cared for the flocks
that yielded the wool, and did the farm work generally. He was
a farmer in the days of log-rolling, house-raising and barn-building.
Men and women of worth were the product of these times, and here
Knox county, under just these circumstances, found a representa-
tive, dressed in his farmer garb of blue jeans, made, doubtless, by
iiis wife. Here, too, the congressional district found a safe rei:)re-
sentative, and the State a governor, still wearing his farmer suit of
jeans. Did he wear his farmer's suit of jeans at home before his
first promotion to office, to obtain promotion ? If so, then the farm-
ers of Knox county generally may be accused of the same thing.
He wore the garb of the class to which he belonged — was not
ashamed of it, nor of his class. But it is claimed that he should
have put off' his jeans and put on fine broadcloth, and as he did not,
the inference is that he was of " mediocre intellectual ability." I
will not be contradicted when I say that it is not the dress that
makes the intellectual man, or tlie man of worth. His worth would
have been much less esteemed, and justly so, had he, ujion his first
election to the legislature by his county, assumed airs and laid aside
his nice jeans suit, and dressed himself in fine broadcloth. His
firmness in standing by the habits in which he received his first
promotion is highly commendable and evinces true worth rather
than otherwise. His ability and fitness for office are well assured by
his repeated promotions by those who knew him best and really
needs no defense here by me. He is also charged with being cold,
selfish and saturnine. An anecdote may well illustrate his pleas-
antry and his love of fun, which shall be my only answer to this
•charge.

7 — Age. Report.

98 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Soon after the introduction of the sorghum or Chinese sugar cane-..
there was exhibited before this Board some beautiful samples of
syrups, the product of this plant ; also two samples of sugar, very
nice, one bro-ma and the other white ; also a good sample of vinegar
and a bottle of rum. " Mr. Williams, there is damage to the demo-
cratic party in this (I remarked) ; sugar and. syrups will soon be
made in every State sufficient, at least, for home consumption. The
southern sugar interest will suffer great loss — poverty will follow ;
and as the soiith is the main support of your party, the whole will
likely be crippled and you will all go down together." He sighed
audibly, but, seemingly to recover, reached his long arm across the
table and slowly raised the bottle of rum above his head that all
might see. " Here, gentlemen, upon this plank the democratic party
can safely swim when sugar is made in every State in the union."^
With a peculiar twinkle of the eye he set down the bottle.

I am free to express the opinion that the countrj- would be much
benefited were there more plainlj'-dressed public men than are to be
found in ofiice at this time. ]Men of worth are rarely distinguished
by an exquisite toilet. Persons who desire to appear for more than
they are, resort to this as an easy way to obtain it. Pride and show
and luxurious habits are too often the downfall of individuals and
nations. In this respect our late governor has left us a good exam-
ple that we will not lose by to imitate. This State Board of Agri-
culture, of which he was so faithful a member, will long cherish his
memory; and in assembling hereupon this occasion to honor his-
memory, tender, at the same time, this Board's most heart-felt sym-
pathy to the members of his family.

REMARKS OF HON. I. D. G. NELSON.

Mi: Presideixt, Mevihers ami Delegates

oj tlve State Board of Agncidture :

But little will be expected of me that can add interest to what has
already been so well expressed in the preamble and resolution, and
so appropriately commented upon by others, therefore I will not
detain the meeting with any extended remarks. I have simply come
to mingle my sorrows with yours, and say that it is most fitting and
eminently proper that this State ^Agricultural Board should place
upon its records suitable words of respect to the memory of one
whose whole life has been so well employed in developing the agri-
cultural resources of this now great and prosperous Common-
wealth, and who has been for so long a period identified with the
transac-tions, interests, growth and usefulness of this Association.

ANNUAL MEETING. 99

Governor Williams had an abiding faith in the belief that the
prosperity of any country or people depended mainly upon the
success of agricultural pursuits. Hence, he was ready at all times
to prove his faith by his works. Thus, it was to his influence more'
than to that of any other man (being Governor of the State at the
time), that material aid was furnished by the Legislature in the
darkest hours of the financial peril of this Association. I know
whereof I speak, acting as I did in concert with him, your efficient
Secretary, and other zealous friends of the cause.

I have served with him officially on this Board, in the halls of leg-
islation, and more recently, and at the time of his death, in a still
more important public trust, and always found him the same ge-
nial, honest, faithful, pains-taking co-worker in every position.

Although deprived of the advantages of an early education, ex-
cept such as the primitive log school house furnished, which was his
graduating college, as he expressed it — and other facilities for ob-
taining literary knowledge poor — still, all the avenues to general
information were not closed to him altogether. From his inquiring:
turn of mind he soon became a great newspaper reader (the great
public educator of the masses, as it unquestionably is), and quickly
became better versed in political economy and the affairs of State,,
especially its finances, over which he kept a careful watch when in
a position to do so, and for which he was more noted than most
men of his day. Accordingly, he was frequently called from the
plow to the councils of State, where he always sustained himself so
well, that after a brief experience he was considered one of the best
parlimentarians in cither branch of the Legislature. So well did
he stand, that on one occasion he received the unanimous nomination
and support of his party for United States Senator, in opposition to
Governor Morton, and at the next session of the Senate an unusual
and extraordinary compliment was paid him by his political oppo-
nents, by making him chairman of the Committee on Public Ac-
counts.

It was in the Legislature of 1852-.3 that I first became acquainted
with him. During that tedious session of nearly six months he was
one of ten or twelve out of the one hundred and fifty members of
the two Houses who met in the hall of the House of Eepresenta-
tives every Friday evening to discuss agricultural matters. The
proceedings of those meetings Avere regularly reported for the next
inorning papers by Lewis Bollman, Esq., who was also an active
participant with us, and who is still living I think ; besides whom,
I believe, there is not another.

Those discussions attracted as general attention and were pub-
lished as extensively in and out of the State, especially in agricul-

fOO BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

tural papers, with as much apparent interest as if the proceedings
liad emanated from the Legislature. Various agricultural topics
Avere discussed pretty fully, hut the importance of the grass crop
to the country and the comparative value of the different varieties
were among the chief subjects of discussion. The great value of
•clover as a renovating crop was generally conceded, but blue grass
-was Governor Williams's special favorite as a permanent stock-fat-
tening pasture, which idea he adhered to up to the time of his
•death, claiming that it w^as the farmer's gold mine and banking
capital; and no man knew better than he how to "make two blades
of grass grow where but one grew before," or how to insure more
profitable returns to the farmer than he did, as his successful career
.as an agriculturist abundantly demonstrates.

The continuance of our friendship was warm and most intimate,
closino- with the last days of his illness, and assisting to bear his re-
mains to his own county, where his townsmen and friends claimed
the rio-ht to receive it and complete the last obsequies of burial,
which were performed by them in a most becoming manner.

Although nuich in public life, he never forsook his faith in his
l-)rofession, but always returned to the farm as soon as reHeved from
anv public trust. Neither advancing years, nor the labors of chief
magistrate of the State, prevented him from giving personal atten-
tion to his large estate at his native home, and he looked forward to
tlie day with much satisfaction when he would be relieved from
the cares of State, and be again permitted to devote his declining
years to his favorite pursuits.

Governor Williams always had a warm side for the pioneers of
the country, for he Avas one himself, and Avas Avont to attend as
many of the " old settlers' meetings " in all parts of the State, as his
official and other duties would allow. On these occasions he Avas
peculiarly felicitous, being always ready Avith a fund of anecdotes,
•quaint and interesting incidents, calculated to refresh recollections
of early days, by reciting youthful sports, intermined Avitli trials
and hardships of rural life among frontier settlers, that brightened
the eye and seemingly restored the glow upon the fading cheek,
and renewing imaginary youth to many aged men and women
present on such occasions.

Governor Williams was also a politician of pronounced views
but exceedingly lenient and charitable to others, and never carried
his poUtics into the social circle, or introduced it in any objection-
able form, or took advantage of his i)Osition to advance favoritism
or gratify dislikes. No persons knew his views or his course in this
particular better or so well as those of the tAvo leading political par-
tics recently associiitcd with him in a most delicate and rosixmsiblo

ANNUAL MEETING. 101

position, where he could have exercised his authority in a most
potent manner, but which he scorned to do, because it was a confid-
ing trust of both parties — a trust that no man can be found sO'
mean as to charge him with bctrajing.

His natural warmth of heart, and yet stern determination to-
deal conscientioulj' between the State and individuals, was exemp-
lified all through the Governor's term of office. The right to exer-
cise the pardoning power upon application and petition was the
great trial of his official life, and gave him tenfold more anguish
and anxiety, as he said, than all the other responsibilities of that
Department. But notwithstanding the ingenious and sometimes,
extraordinary pressure brought to bear upon his kind nature,-
he always weighed well the duties he owed the State when consid-
ering the appeals for mercy, which were almost overwhelming at
times, and although yeilding perhaps in a few instances to false and
delusive representations, accompanied by pledges and assurances of
reform, which greatly grieved him, his record of pardons it is conce-
ded will compare favorably with that of any of his predecessors.

He was a close observer of character, a good judge of men, and
was seldom deceived. He liked to reward merit and was ever true
to his friends; but he had no use for sham pretenders, nor "dead
beats" of any kind. They were never seen loitering about him.
His life may truly be said to have been one of untiring industry
and stern activity, as well as one of economy and carefulness, which
resulted in a well filled garner, but not at the cost of other men's
toil or by any other dishonest means.

In James D. Williams's successful career we behold a prodigy. We
see a- plain, unassuming young man, a stranger without friends or
money, standing on the bank of White river, the largest tributary
of the far famed Wabash, with ax upon his shoulder in the midst of
a boundless forest. We look again and see the forest melting away
as if before fire ; a little further along the tidal current and we see
boundless fields of Avaving grain and " cattle " not " upon a thousand
hills, " but a thousand cattle are seen grazing ujion his luxurious
" Wheatland" pastures, to feed the starving millions in our own and
other lands. We also see mills erected, river boats built, and pork
houses constructed, withoiit the aid or having trouble with competing
architects, contractors or builders, as he was the artificer and boss
workman himself. We see trade and commerce springing up with
Xew Orleans the great southern naart of the Wabash valley, and we
see the same ax-man, farmer, miller and boat-builder, now the cap-
tain and trader successfully coasting along the Mississippi to his
destined port of entry and traffic. We follow him back to his for-
est home, where he becomes a politician, if he may be so considered,

102 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

but he is a stranger to political trickery or the wiles and machina-
tions of demagogues, free from deceit and dissimulation, rising
step bjf step, quietly and unostentatiously, imtil it may be said he
has reached the topmost round of the ladder of a laudable ambition —
A position that others have sighed for and vainly sought to reach
by traveling over rugged paths and devious ways; and at last, un-
sought, he reaches the jiinnacle of fame, the chief executive of his
own loved Indiana. He lingers for a time after having reached the
full number of years allotted to man, and wraps the mantle of grat-
itude, love and charity about him, and quietly lies down to take his
final rest and sleep that knows no waking, upon a bed of laurels
whose beauty and fragrance will never fade or die.

The successful career of this j)lain, industrious farmer, without the
advantages of wealth, culture or prestige of friends in early life»
teaches a most valuable lesson to the young man of the present day, a
lesson taught in no public school or college in the land. May we not
be allowed the cheering hope that in the ranks of the agricultur-
ists of this State, many will be found in the future to imitate his no-
ble and i:)raiseworthy example.

EEMARKS OF DR. R. T. BROWN.

I want to say that among the early patrons of agriculture and of
its organization in the State of Indiana we are proud to number
Governor James D. Williams. I knew him as a worker in this field
from the early days of the State Board of Agriculture, and he went
into this work under very different auspices from those that sur-
round us to-day. In the period of forty years ago even the busi-
ness, I can not say the profession, because it had no professional
character at all, but the business of agriculture was considered as
the last one in the class of business. If a boy showed a great deal
of sharpness and shrewdness and tact, thej^ made a lawyer of him;
if he was asking the reason of everything, he was made a doctor ;
if a serious boy, and inclined to be pious, they put him in the pul-
pit ; if he wa'^ an ingenious boy and skillful, they made a mechanic
of him; but if good for nothing else they made a farmer of him.
That was the condition of things, and I don't exaggerate. Agricul-
ture was of no rei)utation at all. It was made up of the i>eople who
were sui)])08ed to be good for nothing else.

Now that a man of the native common sense of Governor Wil-
liams— for whatever you may say of him he had a large share of
good common sense — that a man of his ability should take himself
to the plow and niaintain it even after tlic country liad honored

ANNUAL MEETING. 103

■him by position in the councils of the State and nation, was greatly
to his credit. He would sit in the Senate in the winter time and
return to the plow in the spring. When the effort was made in
the days of Governor Wright to organize agriculture as an organi-
zation in Indiana, he was among the early men that stepped out in
the ranks. I sym^jathize with him because I know how it was my-
self. I have been there. I know the laugh and sneer of farmers
themselves when you talked of making farming a science. We
had a great mass of ignorance before us at that time, and we were
attacking that ignorance. In every army there must be a picket
line when it is moving in an unknown direction, but ahead of that
picket line goes a corps of miners and sappers. They look out the
road and indicate the route of march, but are never known when
it comes to bestowing honors. Theirs is a position of labor and dan-
ger. Governor Williams belonged to the line of ininers and sappers
that went before the army. He stood at his post until the day of
Jiis death. He made agriculture his business and pride, and lived
to see the time when it became an intelligent occupation ; intelli-
gent, because at the time that Governor Williams took hold of this
matter of organizing it forty years ago, there was no such thing in
this country as a book upon farming. I know I was over twenty-
five years of age before I saw an agricultural newspaper or a book
upon agriculture of any kind. It was not thought worth while to
write anything about it; indeed, the first publication that got to our
people at all, upon any branch of agriculture, went through the
■early volumes of the reports of this State Board of Agriculture. I
got hold of Sir Humphrey Davy's Agricultural Chemistry forty
,years ago at Cincinnati, and thought it a great prize. Now the
country is full of agricultural books. What is known of farming is
written now and can be known bj' anybody. That change came
during the time that Governor Williams labored in this field.
Among his highest honors was the honor he acquired by maintain-
ing persistently his hold upon the early pursuits of the field and
agriculture, and he didn't abandon it for congressional honors, or
even after being elected chief executive of the State. He maintained
it and gloried in it t(j the last of his days.

This demands from us, considering the period through which he
passed, the highest tribute of our respect and regard, and I hope we
have it in our hearts, all of us.

104 BOARD OF AGEICULTITRE.

The following letter was received from Mr. Hamrick, an?
ex-President of the Board :

Haafrick's Station, Dec. 28, 1880.

Hox. Alex. Heron : Dear Sir — Your friendly invitation to meet
■with the Board of Agriculture, on Tuesday morning next, and par-
ticipate in the memorial services of our late and distinguished ex-
President, James D. Williams, caine to me a daj' or two ago. I anoj
always glad to meet with your Board, and to greet old friends with,
whom I have been associated and labored in the days that are past,
and it will afford me on this occasion very great pleasure if it shall
be in my power to comply with your friendly request; but my
health for the last few weeks has not beenfgood, and it may not be
in my power to be with you and participate in the services of the
evening, but I am glad to learn that the Hon. A. C. Stevenson and.
Dr. E. T. Brown are to be with you. The ripe exj^erience and ac-
knowledged ability of these old members will doubtless afford you
a rich treat.

I am one that has alwaj's had a very high regard for the State
Board of Agriculture, and especially its working members, and our
departed brother was eminently one of these. The general public
can hardly realize the loss when one of those men depart whose
active lives and initiring energies have been^spent in the services
of the people, and I very much fear our people, and especially the
business portion of our people, never have and/perhaps never will
realize the great advantages resulting from the Board of Agricul-
ture. In looking back over the history of Indiana for the last
twenty years, we see her Avith her great storehouse of vast re-
sources lying dormant, unknoivn, undeveloped, uncichncidedged ; her-
rich and inexhaustible mines of coal and iron and stone, and clay
and timber, their very existence denied, and our people plodding
on in the even tenor of their way, without much desire or expecta-
tion. A feeble effort had been made to develop these great re-
sources, but for want of proper control and direction had signally
failed. But still a few men of the State Board ;of Agriculture held
steady in tiie belief that these great resources in unlimited amounts
existed in our midst. These men, unwilling to relinquish the effort,
made an appeal to our Legislature to undertake this great work..
I happened to be a member of both at that time, and well do I re-
member the effort to induce that body to undertake .the work ; but
energy and perseverance finally prevailed, and a law was passed.
giving the whole work into the hands of the State Board of Agri-
culture, and a])propriating the money to commence the'work. I
shall never forget the hesitancy and responsibility "iclt 'by the Board

ANNUAL MEETING. 105

at that stage of pi-oceedings. An effort had once before been made
and failed, and knowing that to fail now would be final, it became
important that no mistakes should be made in the beginning. (And
here let me acknowledge the obligation some of us were under to
Dr. R. T. Brown, for valuable suggestions in regard to the proper
mode of proceeding at our very beginning.) But with no desire'
on the part of the Board to shirk the responsibility, they proceeded:
at once with the work. First, a Geological Department had to be-
organized, with an office and all necessary apparatus ; then a Geol-
ogist had to be appointed ; all of Avhich was soon i:)rovided for, and
the work was immediately commenced ; and you remember, doubt-
less, the effort it required to induce men of experience, skill and
capital to visit our State and examine our resources. But the right
men from abroad came, saw, tested, experimented, and were con-
vinced, and invested, and thus a successful beginning was made,,
and a business and general prosperity began that is still extending
its arms and its blessings throughout all our broad land, furnishing
employment and scattering its blessings upon thousands of our fel-
low citizens.

In comparison, let us look at Indiana as she stands to-day, with
her furnaces, her forges, her foundries, her machine shops and her-
factories, some of them not excelled in their line in the world, and
all the industries of the State actively employed, furnishing the
needed supplies for the increasing demand of the public. From my
own door, on the Vandalia, I can view more than thirty trains each
day passing, most of them loaded with coal to furnish motive power-
to our numerous factories, and the factories of neighboring States.
To all this I claim that this present and unparalleled success is
mainly due to the labor and work of the State Board of Agriculture.
But while the Board has been actively engaged developing her min-
eral resources, it has not failed to afford every necessary aid and
encouragement to the great agricultural and mechanical interest of
the people. The improvement and cultivation of the soil ; the intro-
duction of the best grains, seeds, fruits and plants; the improve-
ment and distribution of the best and most useful farm implements,
with the necessary aid and encouragement for the importation and
improvement of the best stock to be found — all these in their
multiplied forms have been furnished with all the aid and encourage-
ment in the power of the Board, so that their Annual Fairs have
equaled, if not excelled, the Fairs of any State in the west. It is not
surprising, therefore, that the Board, in the multitude of its work,
and in its great anxiety to lend a helping hand to the industry and
enterprise of the people, has gone too far and finds itself em-
barrassed with an incumbrance that may interfere with its use-

106 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

fulness in the future. In that case it is certainly desirable and
projier that the legislature should promptly furnish what aid may
be found necessary, and it seems to me that if you will select a com-
mittee of two or three competent men, they certainly could secure
what necessary aid maj' be needed.

And now, Mr. Secretary, in conclusion, allow me to say, that
knowing from ex^jterience how much the success of the Board de-
i:)ends upon an efficient and faithful Secretary, allow me to congrat-
iilate you upon your eminent success in serving your Board, and
especially during the year when so much was to be done. May we
not fondly hope that your future connection with the Board may
he as useful and as pleasant as it has been in the past. Eeturning
you my sincere thanks for the many tokens of respect you have so
often given me, I subscribe myself,

Yerj^ sincerely yours, A. D. Hamrick.

Prof. C. S. Ingersoll, of Purdue University, then read
a well prepared address on " Forestry," which was re-
ceived with thanks, and brought out considerable discus-
sion.''^

On motion, adjourned until 9 o'clock A. M.

SECOND DAY

MORNING SESSION.

Wednesday, January 5, 9 o'clock.

The Board met pursuant to adjournment. President Ra-
gan in the chair.

Present, Messrs. Mitchell, Haynes, Hancock, Cofield,
Quick, Mutz, Seybold, Ragan, Barns, Sample, Custer and
Lockhart, and about two-thirds of the delegates.

The minutes of yesterday's proceedings were read and
approved.

The President declared that motions were noAv in order.

* The address, witli remarks, will be found elsewhere in this report, under the head
of essay matter.

ANNUAL MEETING. 107

Mr. Hopping. The proceedings of the Board yesterday,
according to the News, was unwarrantable in respect to the
delegate from Dearborn county. The Board took the lib-
erty to appoint a delegate from Dearborn county who is not
•even a member of the Board of Dearborn county, and the
society has not been reported to the State Board of Indi-
ana. I therefore make the motion that that part of the
proceedings be expunged from the record of proceedings.

Mr. Sunman. I would like to say that the society is a
new organization, and did not understand about sending in
their report. At the time I asked the Board's permission
to admit Mr. Murdock, he informed me that he was a direc-
tor of that organization. I also said that if it was neces-
sary to have a telegraphic order authorizing him to act, that
he would get that order, but the Delegate Board saw proper
not to request that, and admitted him to membership. You
accepted him as a member yesterday, and I see no reason
why he should be rejected to-day.

On motion of Mr. Gilbert, the motion was laid on the
table.

Mr. Mitchell from the Finance Committee reported as
follows, which was accepted :

To the State and Delegate Bvard of Agriculture :

We, the Committee on Finance, beg leave to make the following
report : That we have examined the books and accounts of the Sec-
retary and Treasurer, and find them correct.

EoBERT Mitchell,
John K Turner,
Jasper Davidson,
John Eatliff,

Ccmimittee.

Mr. Mutz reported from the Committee on Rules and
Regulations as follows:

That the price of admission be as follows: Single admission,
50 cents; children ixnder twelve years, 25 cents; horse and rider,
.75 cents ; one-horse vehicle and driver, 75 cents ; two-horse vehicle
.and driver, $1.00. We also recommend the charge of 25 cents to

108 BOAED OF AGRICULTURE.

be made for badges for admission to the space opposite the amphi-
heater. We concur in the recommendations of the President in
regard to beginning the Fair the middle of the week and ending
on Friday of the week following.

Jacob Mutz,
Jos. Gilbert,
C. B. Jackson,
Dempsey Seybold,

Committee.

It was moved that the report of the Committee on Rules
and Regulations be concurred in, which was carried after
the following discussion :

Dr. Stevenson. The recommendation is now made to
put the admission fee at fifty cents. I presume the object
is to raise the premiums and increase the funds of thfr
Society. The question for the Board to consider is^
whether or not we would make more money by increasing
the fee. I have my doubts as to whether it makes more
or less money to increase the fee.

Mr. Muis. As a member of the committee I will state
the reasons why we made the increase in the price of ad-
mission. Indiana stands second to no other State in the
Union as far as her agricultural resources are concerned ;
she stands second to none in the way of her mechanical
arts ; she stands second to none as a stock-raising State. We-
stand second to no State for giving the people a fair worth
attending, and we have spared no pains in making the vis-
itors to the State Fair comfortable, and yet, when you look,
abroad, there is no State Fair in the United States but
what charges fifty cents admission. Take away Indiana's
agricultural resources and what is she ? Look at the ben-
efits that result from the exhibitions made in Indiana, and
compare them with the prices that people have paid
towards sustaining the State Fair of Indiana. Look at
the other States, and see what their Legislatures have done
in regard to building up the agricultural interests of their
States. I think we have abundant reason to raise the ad-

ANNUAL MEETING. 109

mission fee. We are in debt now. I think the people of
Indiana are prepared for an increase in the price of admis-
sion, when they look abroad and see the prices in all the
other States.

Mr. Seward. Mr. President, I am very glad that you,
in your annual address, recommended this change. I have
been an advocate of this increase of price for the past six
years. When you hear the reports of the various depart-
ments, it is with one accord that they ask for an increase in
the premiums in their departments. I must acknowledge,
as a member of this Board, that I am ashamed of the pitiful
premiums that we offer. We know by past experience about
how many people we can depend on who attend our fairs,
and we also know what the average expense is for conduct-
ing this fair, and every member of this Board, who has in-
vestigated this matter, knows that we can not increase our
premiums at the present rate of admission. Let us fix our
rate of admission at such a figure that we will be able to
increase our premiums and yet not lose money.

Mr. Custer. I indorse all that has been said in res-
pect to raising the price of admission. I simply wish to
show a comparison in the fruit division of the Horticulture
department. Taking the fair previous to the last one, I
wish *o show the figures for Ohio, Michigan and Indiana.
Ohio pays premiums to the amount of $371, Michigan $712,
and Indiana $173, Indiana not half as much as Ohio, and
only about one fourth as much as Michigan. Indiana does
not want to acknowledge that these other States are so
much superior to ours in fruit growing.

Mr. McDonald. I am in favor of increasing the price
of admission to the small sum of fifty cents.

Mr. Beeler. We should certainly raise the premium list.
I do not know how to do it without increasing the fees.
Having been connected with the Fair during the last year,
I have given this matter considerable thought, and I be-
lieve that a half-way ground in the matter would be a good

110 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

tiling to adopt, that is, that you would make Monday ^^
Tuesday and Saturday twenty-five cent days, and Thurs-
day and Friday fifty cent days.

Mr. H. S. Byers. I concur fully with Mr. Beeler's plan..

Mr. Johnson. I differ with those gentlemen in regard' tO'
making a difference in the price of admission on different
days. I think, if you make that the rule, that on the fifty-
cent days there would be a very meager attendance. My
judgment would be that the days should all be alike.
What you want is what the people think in the country..
Our fairs are supported by two classes of people — one who
come for the benefit of the State Fair, and because they
want to support it, and another class that comes from mere
curiosity; the two classes make up your attendance. What
the people throughout the country want, is to know whether
the Fair is managed economically or not. If they can be
convinced, by any report you can make, that the money i&
properly expended, they will not stand back for fifty cents.
My judgement is, that you can remedy this matter by mak-
ing arrangements with the railroads and hotels for reduced
rates ; I think that it can be arranged so that the fifty cents
will be saved to them. There is another item by which you
may save money, and that is not admit too many dead-heads ;
let everybody that comes to the Fair pay alike. Every1)ody
is aware that the State Board is in debt, and they know
that we are trying to get out of debt. If they are con-
vinced that their money is being properly expended, they
will not stand back for fifty cents.

Mr. Raltiff, of Grant, offered the following resolution,
which, on motion of Mr. Elliott, was made special order
for the afternoon, immediately after the election of officers :

Whereas, The groundw occupied by the State Board of Agricul-
ture arc mortgaged for the suni of sixty thousand dollars, which
mortgage is now due; and,

Whereas, The State Board is wholly unable to pay said mort-
gage and, -^

ANNUAL MEETING. Ill

Whereas, The State Fair is for the benefit of the people of the
State, and not for the benetit of any corporation or individual ;
therefore,

Resolved, By this delegate meeting that the State Board proper be
instructed to appoint a committee of three from their number, to
properly present this matter to the Legislature, and ask for such
relief as our very needy circumstances require.

Adopted.

J/r. Ratliff. I understand that this debt was incurred
when the exposition was run in connection with the State
Fair, and that you are wholly unable to pay it. I under-
stand also that the Scate has already some twenty-five or
thirty thousand dollars invested there, secured by a second
mortgage, and that there is a prior lien on the property. I
think it is nothing more than right that the Legislature be
urged to take hold of the matter and put it in some shape
so that it may be kept out of the hands of the persons
holding the first mortgage.

Mr. Seivard. This is a matter of too much importance
to be passed very hastily. I would like to have a free ex-
pression from the delegates. I undertake to say that the
State Fair is for the good and benefit of the individuals of
the State of Indiana. As we are an agricultural State, and
depend on agriculture largely for our wealth, I think it
ought to be the duty of every delegate to make it his business
to see the representative from his section and urge upon him
the necessity of some action of the Legislature to relieve
us from our embarrassment. It is impossible for the State
Board of Agriculture to extricate itself from the debt
hanging over it without some outside assistance of some
kind. It is the duty of the State to buy that ground and
hold it as a place for the people of Indiana to hold their
State Fairs. There are some people who can not get out
of their minds the idea that this State Board of Agricul-
ture is an individual affair, and that whatever may be the
measure of our success, is, in some measure, a pecuniary
benefit to us. We are working here for the good of the

112 BOAED OF AGRICULTUEE.

whole State, and I have always advocated the doctrine that
the State Board of Agriculture should be one of the bu-
reaus of the State government. We can not overestimate
the work that has been done by the State Board of Agricul-
ture. Let every delegate here who is in favor of main-
taining the State Board of Agriculture go to the represen-
tative from his section and urge upon him the necessity of
action in this matter.

Mr. Quick reported from Committee on Fair Grounds as
follows, which was accepted :

Your Committee on Fair Grounds beg leave to report that it finds
the loose property of the Board carefully housed and protected
from loss or damage. The roof on the central portion of the main
building needs rejiairs, and also the roof on the tower, at the south-
east corner should be repaired, in order to protect the building and
articles on exhibition. We would also recommend the repairing of
the horse, cattle, sheep and hog stalls, by renting lumber as done
heretofore, and re-roofing the same during the Fair,

Also, recommend the fencing of all those grounds in front belong-
ing to the Board.

Eesi:)ectfully submitted,

S. E. Quick,
John P. Bakns,
L. B. Custer,
John Lockridge,
Albert 0. Lockridge,
Committee.

Report of the Committee on Credentials, which was ac-
cepted :

Mr. President, State mid Delegate Board:

We, having examined the list of the delegates with the Secretary,
beg leave to report that we find them correct, there having been
no contested cases brought before us.

S. K. Quick,

D. F, WiLLEY,

Jos. Gilbert,

Committee,

ANNUAL, MEETING. 113

Report of the Committee on Co-operation :

Mr. Presidext: Your Committee to whom was referred the
suggestions as to forming an association, for the mutual co-opera-
tion of the Boards of Agriculture of the different States in the west,
would respectfully report.

That such an organization is advisable, and recommend that the
oflcers of this Board be authorized to represent the Indiana Board
of Agriculture in the perfection of such an organization.

Alex. Herox,
Jacob Mutz,
John McDonald,

Cmnmittee.

Chairman Lockhart, from the committee to consider the
suggestions from the Woman's Department, reported as fol-
lows :

To tJie President aiul Members of the Delegate Bjanl:

Your committee, to whom was referred the report of the Woinan's
Industrial Association, has had the same under consideration, and
beg leave to make the following recommendations for your consid-
eration:

We recognize the work of the Woman's Association as a great
auxiliary to the Avork of the State Board of Agriculture in making
our annual State Fair attractive. We believe them to be fully com-
petent to manage their department.

We would therefore recommend that the sum of twelve hundred
dollars be appropriated by the State Board, for the purpose of pay-
ing premiums and expenses of the Woman's Department, and that
they be allowed to disburse all money used in their department,
except the payment of premiums.

We further recommend that the said association be allowed full
control of the space allotted to them, including the right to sell
space for the sale of refreshments, and for the sale of goods on dis-
play in their department.

Respectfully submitted.

R. M. LOCKHART,
D. F. WiLLEY,

K E. Elliott,
Jos. Gilbert,

Committee.

8 — Agr. Report

114 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

It was moved that the report of the Committee on the
"\yoman's Industrial Association'' be referred to the Board
proper for its action.

Mr. Lochhnrt. I consider that justice to the ladies
who are aiding us in this work demands at our hands some
action. The report from the ladies was very full; last year
the State Board appropriated one thousand dollars for their
use, which they managed very advantageously. They ask
that two hundred dollars additional be appropriated for re-
pairs, etc. I think it would be very discourteous to pass that
by without any action. What the ladies object to is, that
they do this work and wait upon us for their money. We
ought to put this in shape so that they can manage their
funds in their own way.

Mr. Johnson, of Marion. I understand that the report
is simply one asking the opinion of this Delegate Board as
to the appropriation of this money ; that this Delegate Board
has no power to appropriate money or anything that be-
longs solely and entirely to the State Board proper. That
being the case, this is only a recommendation or request
that the State Board shall make this appropriation of twelve
hundred dollars for the ladies' department.

Dr. Brown. I move to amend the pending motion, by
moving that the report be referred to the State Board proper,
with the advice that its recommendations be carried out.

Motion as amended adopted.

By reqviest, the business programme was suspended.

On motion of Mr. Johnson, Prof Moss, President of the
State University at Bloomington, being present, was invited
to the stand to deliver an address on " Educated Industry '^
arranged for the afternoon.*

Mr. Elliott offered the following resolution, which was
adopted :

" Prof. Mobb's adflresB was delivered orally, but will be found eleewhere in this re.
port, under the head of essay matter.

ANNUAL MEETING. 115

Resolved, That the thanks of the Delegate and State Board of
Agricuhure be tendered Prof. Moss for his able and instructive
lecture on " Educated Industry."

Dr. Brown followed, with a few remarks on the same
subject.

The President read a communication from the Illinois

Dairymen's Association, in convention at Elgin, Illinois, as

follows:

Elgin, Illinois, January 3, 1881.

To the President of the Delegate Stcde Board of Indiana:

Dear Sir : — In the Country Gentleman of the 30th ult., I notice
that you are to have a meeting at Indianapolis to-morrow, and
although no programme of your jiroceedings is published with the
notice, I presume your meeting is for the consideration of the in-
terests of the agricultural industry.

Will you allow me to call your attention to the injury that is
being done to those interests by the counterfeiting of the products
of the soil, in the adulteration of human food.

I do not desire to elaborate this, as I presume the delegates to
your convention are already sufficiently familiar with the subject
to take intelligent action in regard to it.

What I desire to do is to call your attention to the action of the
"Illinois State Dairymen's Association" at their annual meeting,
and that of the Elgin Board of Trade, as will appear from the in-
closed resolutions.

I also inclose a copy of resolutions that will be presented to-day
to the " Board of Supervisors " of Kane county, Illinois, which will,
doubtless, be adopted.

"The Fox River Valley Medical Association," which meets to-
day, will also take action on the subject of adulteration of food and
drugs designed for human use, claiming, as some of the ablest of
them do, that the use of adulterated food and drugs is that one
great cause of the " insanity " and other nervous diseases now so
alarmingly on the increase in all our communities.

The object of the effort now being put forth is to secure the co-
operation of all industries, the producers and consumers, and all rep-
resentative bodies, in order to suppress this evil of food adulteration.

Will you have this matter brought before your convention, and
take such action as in your judgment will best secure the accom-
plishment of this object.

Very respectfully your obedient servant, G. *P. Lord,

Chairman of Legislative Com. of III. State Dairymen's Association.

116 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Copy of resolutions that will be adopted by the Board of Super-
visors of Kane County, Illinois :

Whereas, The adulteration of human food is a counterfeiting of
the jjroducts of the soil, and therefore injures the agriculturist; and.

Whereas, The adulteration of food, instead of adding to, de-
tracts from, the intrinsic and nutritive value of all such food prepa-
ration, and therefore defrauds the consumer; and.

Whereas, The introduction into the human stomach of large
quantities of innutritions and indigestible ingredients is well cal-
culated to derange the digestive organs and undermine the. whole
physical system, thus rendering those using such preparations
proper subjects for medical treatment; and.

Whereas, It is asserted by those engaged in the practice of
medicine that the drugs are frequently so adulterated that instead
of pro^dng beneficial they are liable to be injurious to the nervous
system of those to whom they are administered; and.

Whereas, The use of adulterated food and adulterated drugs is
stated by medical men who have given attention to the matter to
be one cause of the insanity and many nervous diseases now so
alarmingly on the increase in all our communities; therefore.

Resolved, By the Board of Supervisors of Kane County, Illinois,
that the manufactvire and sale of adulterated food and drugs, de-
signed for human use, is not only a fraud, but a crime that should
be suppressed by legal enactment.

Resdved, That the interest of the tax-payers — who are called upon
to support the pauperism and charitable institutions of the country —
demand that the evils resulting from the adulteration of food and
drugs, designed for human use, should be suppressed ; and, there-
fore,

Resdved, That it is the duty of ovir Legislators to enact such laws
as will eflfectually j^rotect the people against the frauds practiced, as
also against the physical evils resulting from the sale and use of
adulterated food aud drugs designed for human use.

Resdved, That a copy of these resolutions be forwarded to the
President of the United States; to the Senators from this State, and
the member of Congress from this District, also to the Governor of
this State, to the Senator and each one of the members of the Legis-
ture from this District, and to the Chairman of the Board of Super-
visors of each county in this State, with the request that they co-
oijerate with us in our efforts to sujjpress this evil.

Geneva, III., January 3, 1881.

ANNUAL MEETING. 117

Mr. Woods. I think this a very important subject and
it calls lor action from this State and Delegate Board. 1
consider it of so much importance, that I move that this
communication, with the accompanying resolutions, be re-
ferred to a committee of three that shall report to this body
this afternoon.

Which motion was carried.

Committee appointed by chair consisted of Messrs. Tur-
ner, Woods, McDonald and Hargrove.

Upon motion, recess was taken until 1:30 p. M.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

Half-past one o'clock.

The Convention met. President Ragan in the chair.

First in order, according to programme, was the elec-
tion of members of the Board to fill vacancies of the re-
tiring members.

Motion of Mr. Seward carried, that the chair appoint two
tellers to count the vote. Messrs. Seward and Davidson,
of Gibson, were so appointed.

Motion of Mr. Lockhart carried, that D. B. Canady, of
Rush, be permitted to cast vote for Cambridge City District
Society.

Motion of Mr. Seward carried, that Mr. Alderson, of
Plainfield, be permitted to cast the vote for the Plainfield
Agricultural and Horticultural Society.

Motion of Mr. Johnson, of Marion, carried, that Mr.
Heinl, of Terre Haute, be permitted to cast vote for the
Terre Haute Horticultural Society.

The following were elected members :

Fifth District— yh: T. W. W. Sunnian, of Ripley.
Sixth District — Mr. S. R. Quick, of Bartholomew.
Eighth District— Mr. Joseph Gilbert, of Vigo.
Ninth Districi—Mr. W. H. Ras;an, of Hendricks.
Tenth Distr id-Mr. H. C. Meredith, of Wayne.
Eleventh District — Mr. J. P. Barns, of Madison.
Twelfth District — Mr. J. K. O'jS'eal, of TijDpecanoe.
Thikeenth District— Capt T. M. Kirkpatrick, of Howard.

118 BOARD OF AGRICULTUEE.

Mr. Mitchell, of Gibson, delivered an address entitled " Is
it important to have experts as Committees to pass on Live
Stock at our Fairs?" which was well received, and is pub-
lished elswhere in this report.

Motion of Mr. Mutz carried, that the subject be referred
to the Board proper, to be considered at their next meeting.

The special order of the morning was then taken up, re-
ferring to sale of the fair ground property to the State,
and some lengthy and interesting discussion followed by
Messrs. Mutz, F. A. W. Davis, Murdock, Hendry, Woods,
Crim, Wildman and Ratliff.

3Ir. Mutz. I am astonished that an enlightened people,
people who have followed the profession of farming so
long, should be backward about expressing themselves in
regard to the duty of the Legislature upon this great ques-
tion, when we consider that Indiana is, strictly speaking, an
agricultural State. She is second to no State in the Union
as an agricultural State, and yet the Legislature of the great
State of Indiana stands back and doubts as to whether they
should take care of their own property. The State Fair
grounds are as much the property of the State of Indiana as
the grounds upon which you are building the State House-
Let us take hold of this matter and urge it upon the Leg"
islature. I do not believe the people of Indiana are go-
ing to give away this property.

Mr. F. A. W. Davis. I do not believe that I can enter
into any discussion in regard to your resolutions. They
seem to be to the point. I believe that the purpose for
which they are set forth can be easily accomplished. I came
this afternoon to talk in a business way about this matter,
first as trustee, for the State, of the second mortgage. It
will be my duty at this session of the Legislature to report
the condition of this Board in regard to the mortgages. I
shall set forth the facts that there are sixty thousand dollars
of these bonds due, and it is in my mind to say that it is
necessary for the State to take some immediate action to

ANNUAL MEETING. 119

protect the trust that I have and I believe they will do it.
I believe it will be the duty of the Legislature to take up
these bonds. Some time ago I could have negotiated part
of the bonds at eighty cents on the dollar, but times have
changed and such securities are held higher than at that
time. I have had, in the last few days, telegrams from
Baltimore, urging me to see what could be done, and wanting
to know if it was going to be paid. I believe the State
ought to take up these bonds and let you have the money at
four per cent. I may say that I have been the banker for
the Association for seventeen years, and I believe that you
are able to pay four per cent. If the State, at any time,
wants to recover the money it can do so out of this property.
I regard the property as very valuable and steadily increas-
ing in value. I thought I would call the attention of the
Legislature to the fact that the twenty-five thousand dollars
was in imminent danger of being swept away. I think the
Legislature ought to authorize me to permit you to issue a
new bond and get the money at six per cent., if you have to
carry it — that is, if you desire to retain the property.

3Ir. Mutz, to Mr. Davis. Have you had any conversa-
tion with the attorneys in regard to the State taking it up
and letting them have it at four per cent?

Mr, Davis. I have not consulted any of the attorneys,
but it seems to me that the State could take from their
treasury and advance to you upon these bonds and hold
them for you. There is another matter that I would like
to call the attention of the Board to. There are outstand-
ing some obligations of this Board as guarantee bonds that
could have been adjusted a long time ago at less than their
value, and should be attended to at your earliest opportu-
nity.

Mr. Murdoch. I am glad to hear this matter brought
up, but the idea of our going to the members of the Legis-
lature and asking or begging that they should discharge
this debt, or take charge of it in some way, so as to relieve

120 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

this Board from this indebtedness, seems to me to be per-
fectly ridiculous. I say it is ridiculous for the great State
of Indiana to stand with a little debt of sixty thousand
dollars hanging over an institution of this kind. It be-
comes our duty, as members or visitors to this Board, upon
our return home, to immediately bring this matter to the
attention of the citizens of the different counties, and then
let us come to the Legislature and not ask but demand that
this debt be discharged. It seems to me ridiculous that
the great agricultural interest should go begging the ser-
vants that are sent to look after our interests. I would
suggest, in connection with the resolution that has been
offered, that there not only be a committee appointed, but
that each member from each county representing the visit-
ing Board bring the matter before their fellow-citizens,,
and let the demand come up from every county to the
members elect that they shall demand that this matter be
settled at once.

Mr. Hendry. Some two years ago a question similar to-
this one was discussed^ The question is whether the State
shall make an appropriation to pay off this indebtedness or
not. I think that the State is under as much obligation to
relieve the State Board of Agriculture from losing its
property as it is to other institutions. The State Board of
Agriculture is a State institution. In the year 1855, or
thereabouts, the State University at Bloomington, under a
decision of the courts, had been deprived of a large amount
of land that had been granted to the institution and upon
application of the Board having charge of the University
at Bloomington, the State issued its bonds bearing, proba-
bly, six per cent interest and covered the entire loss to the
University. It was predicated upon this fact, that the use-
fulness of that University must not be destroyed. Now, if
it be true in this case that this institution is a State institu-
tion, I apprehend that the plain duty of the Legislature is
this, not only to provide for the payment of the interest^
ut to provide for the payment of this debt.

ANNUAL MEETING. 121

J/r. Wood. According to my uuJerstauding the State
Board of Agriculture is a State institution, and it seems to
me that it must come under the protection of the State. As
I understand it, the law governs and runs this Board of
Agriculture. Supposing that the State should let this land
be sold, what would be our position before the world ?
That the great State of Indiana can not retain thirty-nine
acres for a public common to hold her State fair. The peo-
ple of the old world demanded a piece of ground as a pub-
lic common, free forever, and that practice followed the
emigrants to this new world. Looking at the question in
the light of an educational institution, the State Agricul-
tural Society is as much an educator as the State University,
I hold.

There is another view of it, I consider that the State is
under the most solemn obligation to take care of her own.
It would be a burning disgrace to the State to have it said
that Baltimore had foreclosed on Indiana and taken her
thirty-nine acres.

The labor of the State of Indiana makes its wealth, and
the idea that we can not ask Indiana to own as a public
park or common, forever dedicated to labor, and the indus-
try of the State, is simply ridiculous.

3I)\ Crim. The bonds have matured and we have got
to do something to satisfy those bondsmen. The time has
arrived for action. The question before the board is what
is the best plan to pursue ? My opinion is that we should
go before the Legislature and convince them that this is a
State institution and that they must protect the State's
property. It is really a matter of dollars and cents with
our Legislature. Can they afford to lose the thirty thou-
sand dollars that they have already appropriated by not
paying the sixty thousand dollars? If the junior mort-
gagor does not buy it in and protect it, it is a dead loss to
the State of Indiana. It is not only to protect that interest,
but they owe a debt to the great agricultural interest of
the State. I think now is the time to act by appointing a

122 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

competent committee to go to the Legislature. It is for
the interest of the State to protect this property. It is a
plain business transaction to me.

The resolution of Mr. RatcliflP was re-read, put upon its
passage and carried unanimously.

Mr. Seward read the following resolution, which was
adopted :

Resolved, That each delegate to the annual meeting of the State
Board of Agriculture is hereby requested, personally or by letter,
to urge upon the legislators from their respective counties, the ne-
cessity of prompt action on their part in assisting the State Board
of Agriculture from the burden of debt now hanging over them ,
so that the grounds now held and used by the Board for fair pur-
poses, may not be lost by reason of the foreclosure of the mortgage
bonds now due.

The committee report, on the communication from Elgin,
Illinois, was read and accepted, as follows :

To the State ami Delegate Board of Agriculture:

We, the committee to whom the papers and resolutions of the
Illinois State Dairymen's Association, on the adulteration of food,
was referred, beg leave to recommend the adoption of the same by
this Board, with the proper alterations of the dates, etc., and that a
committee of three, consisting of the President, Secretary and
Treasurer, be appointed, to present the matter before the Legisla-
ture during the coming session, for their consideration and adop-
tion. John N. Turner,

Bartlett Woods,
Samuel Hargrove,

Committee.
Adjourned till 7:30 p. m.

EVENING SESSION.

Half-Past Seven o'clock.
The Board met at the appointed time.
President Ragan announced the serious illness of Mr.
Sutherland, a^member of the Board.

ANNUAL MEETING. 123

President E. E. White, of Purdue University, was then
introduced, and delivered an address on ^'Technical Train-
ing in American Schools."

A vote of thanks was tendered President AVhite for his
able address, and the same requested for publication.

Dr. George L. Curtiss was introduced, and delivered an
address on "Ponds and Pond Water," with reference to
health and wealth.

Upon motion, a vote of thanks was tendered Dr. Cur-
tiss for his very interesting and entertaining address, and
the same requested for publication.*

Mr. Farley, Secretary of the Tri-State Fair, of Toledo,
Ohio, was introduced and made a short address, explaining
some of the advantages of organizing a fair circuit, as
follows :

" Last summer there was a conflict in the time of holding
some of our large fairs. I said to some of the members of
our Board that it would be a good thing to have what we
might call a fair congress to arrange a circuit fair for 1881,
and they coincided with me. I went to Cleveland and
talked with members of the Northern Ohio Fair, and to
the Ohio State Fair and talked with the members there,
and they all thought it would be a good thing, and corre-
sponded with members of the Michigan State Board, and we
agreed to have a meeting of the representatives of the dif-
ferent fairs at Toledo, on the 28th of December. All ot
those organizations reported, sending delegates to the
meeting. In order that there should be no conflict in the
holding of the fairs, it was decided, if possible, that we
should commence with the Ohio State Fair for 1881, com-
mencing on the 28th of August for the begining of the cir-
cuit, the Northern Ohio on the 5th day of September, the
Tri-State Fair at Toledo on the 12th of September, and the
Michigan State Fair pn the 19th day of September. In

* Will be found elsewhere under head of Essay Matter.

J 24 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

talking over this matter we thought if the Indiana State
Fair would join in this circuit, we would like very much to
have it. We find that the Indiana State Fair would follow
directly after the close of our circuit. If a circuit of that
kind was formed, we might help each other in the matter of
advertising and the procuring of cheaper transportation,
and it would be well for the large exhibitor who goes
from one fair to another.^'

Mr. Lockhart made a few remarks on the same subject.

Upon motion, the Delegate Board adjourned sine die.

INDIANA STATE FAIR.

PREMIUM AWARDS, 1880.

HORSES.

H. C. Meredith, Superintendent.

CLASS I.—Tharmghbreds.

[Where State is not given in address, Indiana is implied ]

Stallion, 4 years old and over, James Blanchfill, Oxford, Ben-
ton county, $35

Second premium, David Kilgore, Yorktown, Delaware Co., 17
Stallion, 3 years old and under 4, Joseph Lewark, Indianapolis,

Marion county, 25

Brood mare, James Maloy, Rensselaer, Jasper county, . . 20
Second premium, M. L. Hare, Indianapolis, . . .10

Committee — J. Rodegap, Washington C. H., Ohio; J,
F. Keller, Cynthiana, Ky.; C. B. Jackson, Centerville, Ind.

CLASS LL. — Goieral Purpcse.

Stallion, 4 years old and over, Riddell & Norris, Hebron, Boone

county, Kentucky, $35

Second premium, Polly & Barnhart, Thorntown, Boone co. 17

126 BOARD OF AGEICULTURE.

Stallion, 3 years old and under 4, Cheever Hill, Thorntown,

Boone county, $28

Second premium, John Marvel, Royalton, ... 14
Stallion, 2 years old and under 3, W. S. Hadley, Clermont, Ma-
rion county, ........ 14

Second premium, D. L. Thomas, Eushville, Rush county, . 7

Stallion, 1 year old and under 2, E. F. Claypool, Indianapolis, 7

Second premium, J. F. Miller, Richmond, .... 3

Stallion, sucking colt, A. M. Huff, Oakland, Marion county, . 6

Second premium, D. L. Thomas, Rushville, Rush county, . 3
Mare, 4 years old and over (colt by her side), A. M. Huff, Oak-
land, Marion county, 20

Second premium, G. M. Spencer, Portland Mills, . . 10

Mare, 3 years old and under 4, W. T. Scott, Portland Mills, . 14

Second premium, E. F. Claypool, Indianapolis, . . 7

Mare, 2 years old and under 3, William Meikle, Pendleton, . 7

Second premium, Riddell & Norris, Hebron, Boone co., Ky., 3

Mare, 1 year old and under 2, C. T. Allen, Glenn Valley . . 7

Second premium, F. Sharpe, Indianapolis, ... 3

Sucking filly, G. M. Spencer, Portland Mills, .... 6

Second premium, A. M. Huff, Oakland, Marion county, . 3
Mare, 4 years old and over, regardless of having been bred,

Mann Bros., Southport, Marion county, . . .17

Second premium, Allen Jackson, Plaintield, ... 7

Gelding, 4 years old and over, J. I. Keeney, Danville, . . 17

Second premium, Ira C. Williams, Lewisville, Henry Co. 7
Gelding, 3 years old and under 4, Leland Tansell, Zionsville,

Boone county, 14

Second premium, C. F. Mapes, Indianapolis, ... 7
Gelding, 2 years old and under 3, Mann Bros., Southport, Marion

county, , . . .7

Matches, geldings or mares, George D. Emery, Indianapolis, . 20

Second premivim, J. P. Beck, Thorntown, . . . .10

Committee — C. B. Jackson, Centerville; John T. An-
derson, Lafayette; G. W. Kenran, Terre Haute.

CLASS III.— Light Harness.

Stallion, 4 years old and over, J. P. Fairley, Rushville, Rush

county, $30

Second premium, J. W. Wren, German & Co., Florence,
Boone county, Ky, 15

PEEMIUM AWARDS. 127

Stallion, 3 years old and under 4, John S. Fleming, Indianapo-
lis, Marion county, $25

Second premium, Riddell & Norris, Hebron, Boone county,

Kentucky, 12

Stallion, 2 years old and under 3, Mann Bros., Southport, Marion

county, 14

Second premium, Charley Schmidt, Indianapolis, . . 7
Mare, 4 years old and over (colt by her side), M. L. Hare, In-
dianapolis, ......... 14r

Second premium, D. L. Thomas, Rushville, Rush county, 7

Mare, 3 years old and under 4, E. F. ClayiDOol, Indianapolis, . 14

Second premium, A. A. Russell, Indianapolis, ... 7

Mare, 2 years old and under 3, R. T. German, Florence, . . 7

Second premium, J. C. Rowley, Columbus, ... 3-

Mare, 4 years old and over, regardless of ha^dng been bred, Ira

C. Williams, Lewisville, 17

Second premium, E. F. Claypool, Indianapolis, . . 7
Gelding, 4 years old and over, S. Armstrong, Rushville, Rush

county, 14

Second premium, E. F. Claypool, Indianapolis, . . 7
Gelding, 2 years old and under 3, D. L. Thomas, Rushville, Rush

county, 7

Committee — J. Rodegap, Washington C. H., Ohio;
Nelson Johnson, Washington, Indiana; Geo. W. Kenran,
Terre Haute, Indiana.

CLASS IV.— Heavy Draft.

Stallion, 4 years old and over, Cal. Bates, Falmouth, Fayette

county, 135

Second premium, Wm. Meikle, Pendleton, . . .17

Stallion, 3 years old and under 4, Wm. Meikle, Pendleton, . 28

Second premium, Mann Bros., Southport, Marion county, . 14

Stallion, 2 years old and under 3, Wm. Meikle, Pendleton, . 14

Second premium, Cal. Bates, Falmouth, Fayette county, . 7

Stallion, 1 year old and under 2, Cal. Bates, Falmouth, Fayette

county, 7

Second premium, Robert Bogue, Fairmont, Grant count}', 3

Stallion, sucking colt, Robert Bogue, Fairmont, Grant county, 6
Mare, 4 years old and over (colt by her side), Robert Bogue,

Fairmont, Grant county, 20

128 BOAED OF AGRICULTURE.

Mare, 8 years old and under 4, Cal. Bates, Falmouth, Fayette

county, $14

Second premium, Robert Bogue, Fairmont, Grant county, 7

Mare, 2 years old and under 3, Wm. Meikle, Pendleton, . 7

Second premium, Cal. Bates, Falmouth, Fayette county, . 3
Mare, 4 years old and over, regardless of having been bred, Cal.

Bates, Falmouth, Fayette county, 17

Second premium, Robert Bogue, Fairmont, Grant county, 7

Gelding, 4 years old and over, John Bates, Indianapolis, . 17

Second premium, Leland Tansell, Zionsville, Boone Co., . 7

Heavy draft team, Wm. Meikle, Pendleton, .... 15

Committee — John W. Wilson, Shelbyville, Ind. ; C. S.
Arthur, Portland, Ind.; Nelson Johnson, Washington, Ind.

CLASS V. — Trotting, Piicing and Running Raxes.

Tuesday, September 28, 1880.
Runners -4 years old and over.

James Maloy, Rensselaer, " Classmate," $75

Second premium, B. Kelley, ChamjDaign, Illinois, " Cham-
paign Billet," 50

Third premium, James Blanchfill, Oxford and Benton

county, " Gloster," . • 25

Stallion Trot.

M. F. McCaffey, Stilesville, Hendricks county, "Cady," . 75

Second premium. Rue & Cecil, Danville, Ky., "Hampton," . 50

Third premium, W. Beymer, Indianapolis, " W. B.," . 25
Money to be divided equally.

Committee — O. P. Chaney, C. B. Jackson, L. D.
Woodmansee.

Wednesday, September 29.
Runners -Under 4 years of age.

Joe Lewark, Indianapolis, "Recorder," .... $100
Second premium, G. L. Gilkey, Waldron, "Trumpington," 60
Third premium, David Kilgore, Yorktown, "Col. Hunt," . 40

Committee — John Eodegaj), E. Combs, C. B. Jackson.

PREMIUM AWARDS. 129

Green Pace.

Tom Levi, Noblesville," Bay Tom," $25

Second premium, J. Newbro, Evansville, " Flora," . . 15
Third premium, John Maloney, IndianapoUs, "John R." . 10

Committee — John Rodegap, E. Combs, C. B. Jackson.

Thursday, September 30, 1880.
Trotters— That have never beaten 2:40.

W. H. Wishard, Indianapohs, " Polly Wishard," . . $150

Second premium, M. F. McCaftey, Stilesville, " Snooks," 100
Third premium, Thomas Dickson, Greensburg, " Big John," 60

Trotters — Under 5 years of age.

S. Armstrong, Rushville, " Little John," $50

Second premium, Charles Evans, Rushville, " Nancy M." 80
Third premium, U. J. Fox, Anderson, " Lady Fox," . . 20

Committee — John Rodegap, R. Watt, C. B. Jackson.

Friday, October 1, 1880.

Pacers. — Entries confined to horses owned in this State.

Benjamin Davis, Indianapolis, " Hoosier Sam," .... $75
Second premium, James Newbro, Evansville, "Winder,"

S. G., . . 50

Third premium, Lum Nave, Attica, " Little Ed," . . 25

Runners— Consolation Purse.

James Blanchfill, Oxford, Benton county, "Gloster," . . . $75
Second premium, B. Kelley, Champaign, Illinois, " Cham-
paign Billet," 50

Third premium, Greenville Wilson, Waldron, " Montigue," 25

Committee — John Rodegap, A. W. Powell, New Cas-
tle, C. B. Jackson.

Free for All Trot.

^ Saturday, October 2, 1880.
John Lackey, Cambridge City, " Kitty Bates," . . . $250

Second premium, Backen & Wyatt, Greensburg, "Big

John," 150

Third premium, Wm. Boyce, Indianapolis, "Jerome," . 100

Committee — Allen Jackson ; A. W. Powell, New Castle.

9 — Agr. Report.

130 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Runners, Free for All — Half mile and repeat.

James Maloy, Rensselaer, " Classmate," $50

Second premium, A. Neff, Jamestown, " Black^Crow," . 30
Third premium, J. A. Johnson, Washington C. H., Ohio,

" Molly Brock," 20

Committee — Allen Jackson ; A. W. Powell, New Castle.

CLASS VI.— Saddle Horses.

Saddle horses, gelding or mare, any age, H. McCoy, Indian-
apolis, $15

Second premium. Rue ct Cecil, Danville, Ky., ... 8

Committee — John Rodegap, Washington C. H., Ohio ;
George W. Krenson, Terre Haute, Indiana ; Nelson John-
son, Washington, Indiana.

CLASS VII. — Sweepstakes on Horses.

Heavy draft stallion, Wm. Meikle, Pendleton, .... |35-

Heavy draft mare, Cal. Bates, Falmouth, Fayette countj^, . 20

Stallion of any age or class, except heavy draft, J. W. Wren,

German & Co., Florence, Boone county, Ky., . . 4-5

Mare, any age or class except heavy draft, J. C. Rowley, Col-
umbus, 30

Stallion, showing 3 best colts under 1 year old, A. M. HufF, Oak-
land, . . . . ' 40

Herd of six, consisting of 1 stallion and 5 mares, except heavy

draft, owned by exhibitor, M. L. Hare, Indianapolis, . 40

Herd of six, heavy draft, consisting of 1 stallion and 5 mares,
owned by one exhibitor, Cal. Bates, Falmouth, Fayette
county, 40

Committee — G. W. King, Edinburg ; Samuel Dins-
more, Bloomington ; A. W. Po^vell, New Castle.

CLASS VIII. — Jacks, Jennets and Mules.

Jack, 3 years old and (jver, James D. Smith, Fennis, Shelby CO., $20
Second premium, C. W. Neal, Brownsburg, . . .10-

PREMIUM AWARDS. 131

Jack, 2 years old and under 3, J. G. Sweeney, Greeneastle, . $15

Jack, 1 year old and under 2, C. W. Neal, Brownsburg, . . 10

Second premium, G. W. Lancaster, Indianapolis, . . 5

Jennet, 3 years old and over, J. G. Sweeney, Greeneastle, . . 10

Second premium, G. W. Lancaster, Indianapolis, . . 3
Mule, 3 years old and under 4, Leland Tansell, Zionsville,

Boone county, ........ 12

Second premium, J. G. Sweeney, Greeneastle, ... 6

Mule, 1 year old and under 2, Leland Tansell, Zionsville, . . 8

Second premium, Leland Tansell, Zionsville, ... 5

Mule colt, John J. Hessong, Indianapolis, 7

Second premium, D. D. Boyd, McCordsville, Hancock co., 3

Pair mules, 3 years old and over, Wm. H. Cox, Bridgeport, 20

Committee — John W. Wilson, Shelby ville, Indiana;
John P. Anderson, Lafayette; Will. T. Anderson, Clay
county.

CLASS IX. — Srvecpstakes on Jacks and Jennets.

Jack, any age, J. G. Sweeney, Greeneastle, .... $20
Jennet, any age, J. G. Sweeney, Greeneastle, .... 10
Jack, showing 3 best colts under 1 year, D. D. Boyd, McCords-
ville, Hancock county, 20

Committee — W. W. Yeats, Bainbridge ; Nelson John-
son, Washington ; Will T. Anderson, Brazil.

CATTLE.

RoBT. Mitchell, Superintendent.

CLASS X— Short Horns.

Bull, 4 years old and over, David Selsor, London, Madison

county, Ohio, $50

Second premium, J. Baughtfe Son, Farmer's Institute, Ind., 25
Bull, 3 years old and under 4, Green Wilson, Waldron, Shel-
by county, 40

Bull, 2 years old and under 3, Thomas Wilhoit, Middletown,

Henry county, 20

Second premium, E. Clore, Alamo, Montgomery county, 15

132 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Bull, 1 year old and under 2, Thomas Wilhoit, Middletown,

Henry county, . $15

Second premium, Sam Pursel, N ra, Marion county, . 8

Bull calf, E. Clore, Alamo, Montgomery county, ... 10

Second premium, Thomas Wilhoit, Middletown, . . 5

Cow, 4 years old and over, J. Baugh & Son, Farmer's Institute, 30

Second premium, Thomas Wilhoit, Middletown, . . 15

Cow, 3 years old and under 4, David Selsor, London, Madison

county, Ohio, 20

Cow, 2 years old and under 3, Thomas Wilhoit, Middletown, . 15

Second i^remium, J. Baugh & Son, Farmer's Institute, . 8

Heifer, 1 year old and under 2, Thomas Wilhoit, Middletown, 15

Second premium, J. Baugh & Son, Farmer's Institute, . 8

Heifer calf, J. Baugh & Son, Farmer's Institute, ... 10

Second premium, J. Baugh & Son, Farmer's Institute, . 5

Breeding cow with calf at foot^ E. Clore, Alamo, Montgomery

county, 30

Second premium, David Selsor, London, Madison county,

Ohio, 15

Committee — James W. Kay, Fredricksburg, Ind.;
Warren Mason, Wabash, Ind ; Joseph Cole, Poseyville,
Ind.

CLASS XI. — Jerseys and Other Breeds.

Jersey bull, 3 years old and over, J. W. Myser, Butlerville, Jen-
nings county, $20

Second premium, W. A. Ketcham, Indianapolis, . . 12
Jersey bull, 2 years old and under 3, W. J. Hasselman, Indian-
apolis, .... 15

Second premium, A. Garretson & Bros., Pendleton, Madi-
son county, 8

Jersey bull, 1 year old and under 2, " Beech Grove Farm," In-

gallston, Marion county, 10

Jersey cow, 3 years old and over, W. J. Hasselman, Indianapo-
lis, 15

Second premium, A. Garretson & Bros., Pendleton, . . 10
Jersey cow, 2 years old and under 3, A. Garretson & Bros., Pen-
dleton, 10

Second premium, A. Garretson & Bros., Pendleton, . . 5
Jersey heifer, 1 year old and under 2, A. Garretson & Bros., Pen-
dleton, 8

Second premium, W. A. Ketcham, Indianapolis, . . 4

PREMIUM AWAEDS. 133

Jersey heifer calf, " Beech Grove Farm," Ingallston, Marion

county, ^6

Second premium, W. A. Ketcham, Indianapohs, . , 3
Jersey breeding cow with calf at foot, " Beech Grove Farm,"

Ingallston, Marion county, .... 15

Herd of Jersey cattle, consisting of 1 bull and 5 cows, " Beech

Grove Farm," Diploma

Devon bull, W. A. Macy, Lewisville, Henry county, . . 15
Devon cow, G. W. Lancaster, Indianapolis, . . . .10

Ayrshire cow, Mrs. A. Wallace, Indianapolis, .... 10
Polled Angus bvill, J. Baugh & Lutes, Farmer's Institute, . . 15
Polled Angus cow, J. Baugh & Lutes, Farmer's Institute, . 10

Committee — James W. Kay, Fredricksburg ; Warren
Mason, Wabash ; Joseph Cole, Posey ville, Posey county.

Special Premiums Ordered by Board.

CLASS XII. — Oxen and Steers.

Steer, 3 years old and over, J. P. Forsythe, Franklin, Johnson

county, $10

Steer, 2 years old and under 3, J. Baugh &. Son, Farmers' Insti-
tute, . . . . 10

FAT CATTLE, SHEEP AND HOGS.

Fatted steer, J. P. Forsythe, Franklin, Johnson county . . 10
Fatted cow, J. Baugh & Son, Farmers' Institute, ... 10
Fatted sheep, T. B. Bennington, Laporte, Lorain county, Ohio, . 5

Committee— James W. Kay, Fredricksburg, Ind.; War-
ren Mason, Wabash, Ind.; Joseph Cole, Posey ville, Ind.

CLASS XIII. — Sweepstakes on Cattle.

Bull, any age or breed, David Selsor, London, Madison county,

Ohio, 50

Cow, any age or breed, E. Clore, Alamo, Montgomery county, . 50

HERDS.

Bull, with 3 of his calves not over 12 months old, J. Baugh &

Son, Farmers' Institute, ...... 50

Herd of 5 head, consisting of 1 bull and 4 cows or heifers 2 years

old and over, E. Clore, Alamo, Montgomery county, . 100

134 BOAED OF AGRICULTURE.

Herd under 2 years old, consisting of 1 bull and 4 heifers,
owned by exhibitor sixty days previous to exhibition,
Thomas Wilhoit, Middletown, Henry county, Ind., . $50

Herd, 1 bull and 4 cows or heifers, any age or breed, owned and
bred by exhibitor in Indiana, Thomas Wilhoit, Middle-
town, 75

Committee — R. C. Mc Williams, Marshall ; G. W.
King, Edinburg; O. Siple, Petersburg.

SHEEP.

S. R. Quick, Superintendent.

CLASS XIV. — Fine Wool Sheep, to include American, Spanish and
French Merinos.

Buck, 2 years old and over, Cook, Morse & Co., Raymonds,

Union county, Ohio, $12

Second premium, Thomas Wilhoit, Middletown, . . 6

Buck, 1 year old and under 2, Thomas Wilhoit, Middletown, . 8
Second premium, Cook, Morse & Co., Raymonds, Union

county, Ohio, 4

Buck lamb. Cook, Morse & Co., Raymonds, Union county, Ohio, 6

Second premium, Thomas Wilhoit, Middletown, . . 3
Ewe, 2 years old and over, Cook, Morse & Co., Raymonds, Union

county, Oliio, 10

Second i^remium, Cook, Morse & Co., Raymonds, Union

county, Ohio, 5

Ewe, 1 year old and under 2, Cook, Morse & Co., Raymonds,

Union county, Ohio, 6

Second premium. Cook, Morse & Co., Raymonds, Union

county, Ohio, 3

Ewe lamb. Cook, Morse & Co., Raymonds, Union county, Ohio, 4

Second premium, Thomas Wilhoit, Middletown, . . 2

Five lambs. Cook, Morse & Co., Raymonds, Union covmty, Ohio, 8

Committee — Hiram Barricklow, Aurora, Indiana; J.
M. Cartmell, Logansport, Indiana; E. H. Evans, Ragles-
ville, Indiana.

PEEMIUM AWARDS.

135

CLASS XV. — Leicester or lAncoln.

Buck, 2 years old and over, W. L. Scott, Scott Station, Shelby

county, Kentucky, |12

Ewe, 2 years old and over, Uriah Privett, Greensburg, Decatur

county, 10

Second premium, Uriah Privett, Greensburg, Decatur co. 5

Committee — Hiram Barricklow, Aurora; J. M. Cart-
niell, Logansport ; E. H. Evans, Raglesville.

CLASS XVI.— Long Wool Sheep— Cotsivolds.

Buck, 2 years old and over, T. W. Samuels & Sons, Deatsville
Kentucky,

Second premium, S. W. Dungan, Franklin, Johnson county

Indiana,

Buck, 1 year old and under 2, T. W. Samuels & Sons, Deatsville
Kentucky,

Second premium, T. W. Samuels & Sons, Deatsville, Ky.,
Buck lamb, T. W. Samuels & Sons, Deatsville, Kentucky,

Second premium, T. W. Samuels & Sons, Deatsville, Ky.,
Ewe, 2 years old and over, Cal. Darnell, Indianapolis, .

Second premium, S. W. Dungan, Franklin,
Ewe, 1 year and under 2, T. W. Samuels & Sons, Deatsville, Ky

Second premium, T. W. Samuels & Sons, Deatsville, Ky.,
Ewe lamb, T. W. Samuels & Sons, Deatsville, Ky., . . .

Second premium, Cal. Darnell, Indianapolis,
Five lambs, T. W. Samuels & Sons, Deatsville, Ky.,

Second premium, Cal. Darnell, Indianapolis,

$12

6

8
4

10
5
6
3
4
2
8
4

Committee — J. M. Cartmell, Logansport, Ind.; H.
Barricklow, Aurora; J. S. Blackledge, Rushville ; J. C.
Boroughs, East Germantovvn ; J. H. Hancock, Fredricks-
biirg.

CLASS X VIL—Southchwm.

Buck, 2 years old and over, F. A. Byars, Simpsonville, Shelby

county, Kentucky, .f!l2

Second premium, T. B. Bennington, Laporte, Lorain coun-
ty, Ohio, 6

Buck, 1 year old and under 2, F. A. Byars, Simpsonville, Ky., . 8
Second premium, T. B. Bennington, Laporte, Ohio, . . 4

136 BOABD OP AGRICULTURE.

Buck lamb, F. A. Byars, Simpsonville, Ky.,

Second premium, F. A. Byars, Simpsonville, Ky.,
Ewe, 2 years old and over, F. A. Byars, Simpsonville, Ky.,

Second premium, F. A. Byars, Simpsonville, Ky.,
Ewe, 1 year old and under 2, F. A. Byars, Simpsonville, Ky.

Second premium, T. B. Bennington, Laporte, Ohio,
Ewe lamb, F. A. Byars, Simpsonville, Ky.,

Second premium, T. B. Bennington, Laporte, Ohio, .
Five lambs, F. A. Byars, Simpsonville, Ky.,

Second premium, Uriah Privett, Greensburg, .

3
10
5
6
3
4
2

Committee — Hiram Barricklow, J. M. Cartmell, E. H.
Evans, J. H. Hancock, J, C Boroughs.

CLASS XVIII. — Oxfordshire, Shropshire and Hampshire.

Buck, 2 years old and over, Geo. Allen, Palamo, Illinois, . . $12

Second premium, T. B. Bennington, Laporte, Lorain coun-
ty, Ohio, 6

Buck, 1 year old and uniler 2, Geo. Allen, Palamo, Illinois, . 8

Second premium. Goo. Allen, Palamo, Illinois, ... 4

Buck lamb, T. B. Bennington, Laporte, Lorain county, Ohio, 5

Second premium, T. B. Bennington, Laporte, Ohio, , . 2

Ewe, 2 years old and over, Geo. Allen, Palamo, Illinois, . 10

Second premium, Geo. Allen, Palamo, Illinois, ... 5

Ewe, 1 year old and under 2, Geo. iUlen, Palamo, Illinois, . 6

Second premium, Geo. Allen, Palamo, Illinois, ... 3

Ewe lamb, T. B.Bennington. Laporte, Ohio, .... 4

Second premium, T. B. Bennington, Laporte, Ohio, . . 2

Five lambs, T. B. Bennington, Laporte, Ohio, ... 8

Second premium, Uriah Privett, Greensburg, ... 4

Committee — Hiram Barricklow, J. M. Cartmell, E, H.
Evans, J. H. Hancock, J. C. Boroughs.

CLASS XIX. — Sweepstakes vn Fine Wool and dher Sheep. Fine Wool
to include Atnerican, Spanish and French Merimi.

Buck, Thomas Wilhoit, Middletown, $10

Buck, having live best lambs. Cook, Morse it Co., Raymonds,

Union county, Ohio, ... . . 15

Ewe, any age. Cook, Morse & Co., Raymonds, Union county, 0., 10

Committee — J. C. Boroughs, J. S. Blacklidge, J. H.
Hancock.

PREMIUM AWARDS. 137

LONG WOOL.

Buck, W. L. Scott, Scott Station, Kentucky, . . . . $10
Buck having 5 best lambs, T. W. Samuels & Sons, Deatsville,

Kentucky, 15

Ewe, any age, Cal. Darnell, Indianapolis, 10

Committee — Martin Pearson, GreenAvood, Ind.; E. H.
Evans, Raglesville; Lee McDaniels, Rushville.

MIDDLE WOOL.

Buck, George Allen, Palamo, Illinois, 10

Buck having 5 best lambs, F. A. Byars, Simpson ville, Kj-., . 15
Ewe, any age, George Allen, Palamo, Illinois, . ... 10

Committee — Lee McDauiels, Rushville, Ind.; Harrison
Nutgrass, Belmore, Ind.; Jasper Heck, Waldron, Ind.

HOGS.

Dempsey Seybold, Superintendent.

CLASS XX.— Berkshire.

Boar, 2 years old and over, A. S. Gilmour ct Co., Greensburg, .fl2

Second premium. Heck & McColley, Waldron, Shelby

county, Indiana, ........ 6

Boar, 1 year old and under 2, A. S. Gilmour & Co., Greensburg, 12

Second premium, James Riley, Thorntown, Boone county, 6
Boar, under 12 and over 6 months old, Heck & ^McColley, Wal-
dron, " . .10

Second premium, A. C. Shortridge, Gem, ... 5

Boar, under 6 months old, James Riley, Thorntown, . . 5

Second premium, I. N. Barker, Thorntown, ... 3

Sow, 2 years old and over, A. S. Gilmour it Co., Greensburg, . ] 2

Second premium. Heck ct McColley, Waldron, . . 6

Sow, 1 year old and under 2, John M. Leech, Dunlai^sville, 10

Second premium, Wesley White, Pendleton, ... 5
Sow, under 12 and over G months old, Wesley White, Pendle-
ton, 5

Second premium, A. C. Shortridge, Gem, .... 3

138 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

8ow, under 6 months old, Heck & MeColley, Waldron, . . $5

Second premium, I. N. Barker, Thorntown, ... 3

Five shoats under 6 months old, Heck & MeColley, _W'^lt^i'Oii> 10

Second premium, I. N. Barker, Thorntown, ... 5

Sow, and not less than 5 sucking pigs, Jas. Riley, Thorntown, 10

Second i^remium, J. F. Farris, New Maysville, ... 5

Committee — Walter W. Fagins, Montgomery, Indiana;
J. B. Agnew, Winainac, Indiana; G. W. Sullins, Lafayette,
Indiana.

CLASS XXL— Poland China.

Boar, 2 years old and over, A. E. Slaughter, South Charleston,

Madison county, Ohio, $12

Second premium, A. W. Ross, Muncie, Delaware county, 6

Boar, 1 year old and under, A. E. Slaughter, South Charleston, O., 12
Second premium, Shepard & Alexander, Charleston, Coles

county, Illinois, G

Boar, under 12 and over 6 months old, A. S. Gilmour & Co.,

Greensburg, ... 4 10

Second premium, W. A. Robbins & Co., Greensburg, . 5
Boar, under 6 months old, Lon Hunter, Morrow, Ohio, . . 5
Second premium, A. W. Ross, Muncie, .... 3
Sow, 2 years old and over, A. E. Slaughter & Co., South Charles-
ton, Madison county, Ohio, 12

Second premium, Lon Hunter, Morrow, Ohio, . . 6
Sow, 1 year old and under 2, Shepard & Alexander, Charleston,

Coles county, Illinois, 10

Second premium, A. W. Ross, Muncie, .... 5
Sow, under 12 and over 6 months old, S. S. Whiteside, Franklin, 5
Second premium, A. E. Slaughter, South Charleston, Ohio, 3
Sow, under 6 months old, A. E. Slavighter, South Charleston, 0., 5
Second premium.. A. W. Ross, Muncie, .... 3
Five shoats, under 6 months old, A. E. Slaughter, South Charles-
ton, Ohio, 10

Second premium, W. A. Robbins & Co., Greensbxirg, . 5
Sow, and not less than o sucking pigs, Mugg & Seagraves, Cen-
ter, Howard county, 10

Second prertiium, J. Heavenridge, Liberty, ... 5

Committee— George W. King, Edinburg, Indiana ;
S. K. Cofield, Bothe, Wayne county, Indiana; Arthur
Brook.s, Greenfork, Wayne county, Indiana.

PREMIUM AWARDS. 139

CLASS XX If. —Large White Breeds.

Boar, 1 year old and over, R. S. Russell, Zionsville, Boone co., $12
Boar, under 12 and«over 6 months old, R. S. Russell, Zionsville,

Boone county, ........ 10

Second premium, R. S. Rus.sell, Zionsville, Boone county, 5

Boar, under 6 months old, I. jST. Barkei-, Thorntown, . . 5

Second premium, R. S. Russell, Zionsville, ... 3
Sow, 2 years old and over, R. S. Russell, Zionsville . . .12

Sow, 1 year old and under 2, R. S. Russell, Zionsville, . 10

Sow, under 12 and over 6 m-Miths old, R. S. Russell, Zionsville, 5

Sow, under 6 months old, I. N. Barker, Thorntown, . . 5

Second premium, R. S. Russell, Zionsville ... 3

Five shoats, under 6 months old, R, S. Russell, Zionsville, . 10

Sow and not less than 5 sucking pigs, R. S. Russell, Zionsville, 10

Committee — Walter W, Fagins, Montgomery, Ind.;
G. W. Sullins, Lafayette, Ind.; J B. Agnew, Wiuamac, Ind.

CLASS XX III — Saffolk, Essex and other Small Breeds, regardless of

Color.

i
Boar, 1 year old and over, T. B. Bennington, Laporte, Lorain

county, Ohio, $12

Second premium, Frank Wilson, Jackson, Michigan, . 6
Boar, under 12 and over 6 months old, Frank Wilson, Jack-
son, Michigan, ........ 10

Second premium, Frank Wilson, Jackson, Michigan, . 5

Boar, under 6 months old, Frank Wilson, Jackson, Michigan, . 5

Second premium, Frank Wilson, Jackson, Michigan, . 3

Sow, 2 years old and over, Frank Wilson, Jackson, Michigan, . 12

Second premium, Frank Wilson, Jackson, Michigan, . 6

SovV, 1 year old and under 2, Frank Wilson, Jackson, Michigan, 10

Second premium, Frank Wilson, Jackson, Michigan, . 5

Sow, under 12 and over 6 months old, Frank Wilson, Jackson,

Michigan, 5

Second premium, Frank Wilson, Jackson, Michigan . 8

Sow, under 6 months old, Frank Wilson, Jackson, Michigan, . 5

Second premium, Frank Wilson, Jackson, Michigan. . 3

Five shoats, under 6 months old, Frank Wilson, Jackson, Mich., 10

Second premium, Frank Wilson, Jackson, Michigan, . 5

Sow, and not less than five sucking pigs, Frank Wilson, Jackson,

Michigan, . 10

Second i:>remium, T. B. Bennington, Laporte, Ohio, . . .5

140 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Boar, Jersey Ked, Emsley Wright »& Geo. Thayer, New Augusta,

Marion county, $10

Sow, Jersey Red, Emsley Wright tt Geo. Thayer, New Augusta,

Marion county, . . . • #• • ■ .10

Committee — Walter W. Fag'ms, Montgomery, Ind ;
G. W. Sullins, Lafayette, Iiid ; J. B. Agnew, Winamac,
lud.

CLASS XXIV. — Pdand Chinas, Chester Whites, Jersey Reds, and
dher large breeds,

SWEEPSTAKES ON HOGS.

Boar, any age, A. E. Slaughter, S. Charleston, Madison co., Ohio, $15
Sow, any age, Shepard & Alexander, Charleston, Coles co.. 111. 15
Herd of 1 boar and 5 sows, any one breed, regardless of age,
size and color, all owned by one exhibitor, A. E. Slaugh-
ter, S. Charleston, Madison county, Ohio, . . .25

Berkshire, Essex, Suffulks, and other small breeds.

Boar, any age, A. S. Gilmour & Co., Greensburg, , . ,15
Sow, any age. Heck & McColley, Waldron, .... 15
Herd, 1 boar and 5 sows of any one breed, regardless of age,
size or color, all owned by one exhibitor, A. S. Gil-
mour & Co., Greensburg, 25

Committee — Warren Mason. Wabash, Ind.; Joseph
Cale, Poseyville, Ind.; D. F. Drook, Liberty, Ind.

POULTRY DEPARTMENT.

S. R. Quick, Superintendent.

CLASS XX V.

Light Brahma fowls, G. A. Danley, Indianapolis, . . . sif'S

Second premium, G. A. Danley, Indianapolis, . . . 2

Light Brahma chicks, G. A. Danley, Indianapolis, ... 3

Second premium, G. A. Danley, Indianapolis, ... 2

Dark Brahma fowls, Sid Conger, Flat Rock, Shelby county, . 3
Second premium, Holaday & McCracken, Monrovia, Mor-
gan county, 2

PREMIUM AWARDS. 141

Dark Brahma chicks, Sid Conger, Flat Rock, ... $3

Second premium, Holaday & McCracken, Monrovia, . 2

Buff Cochin fowls, Sid Conger, Flat Rock, .... 3

Second premium. Josh HoUingsworth, Fairmont, Grant

county, 2

Buff Cochin chicks, Sid Conger, Flat Rock, .... 3

Second premium, Sid Conger, Flat Rock, ... 2

Partridge Cochin fowls, B. F. Hill, Indianapolis, ... 3

Second premium, W. B. Shyrigh, Urbana, Ohio, . . 2

Partridge Cochin chicks, W. B. Shyrigh, Urbana, Ohio, . . 3

Second premium, Robert Bogue, Fairmont, ... 2
Pea Comb Partridge Cochin chicks, Indiana Poultry Yards, In-
dianapolis, 3

Second premium, Indiana Poultry Yards, Indianapolis, . 2

White Cochin fowls, J. Heavenridge, Liberty, Union county, 3

Second premium, Carey Parrish, Shelbyville, ... 2
White Cochin chicks, Carey Parrish, Shelbyville, .

Second premium, W. B. Shyrigh, Urbana, Ohio,
Black Cochin fowls, Thomas W. Pottage, Indianapolis, .

Second premium, Thomas W. Pottage, Indianapolis, .
Black Cochin chicks, Thomas W. Pottage, Indianapolis,

Second premium, Carey Parrish, Shelbyville, ... 2

Plymouth Rock fowls, Sid Conger, Flat Rock, ... 3

Second premium, Carey Parrish, Shelbyville, ... 2

Plymouth Rock chicks, Sid Conger, Flat Rock, ... 3

Second premium, Sid Conger, Flat Rock, .... 2

White Leghorn fowls, Tilson & Robison, Rocklane, . . 3

Second premium, Thomas W. Pottage, Indianapolis, . . 2

White Leghorn chicks, Tilson & Robison, Rocklane, ... 2

Second premium, Thomas W. Pottage, Indianapolis, . 1

Brown Leghorn fowls, Thos. W. Pottage, Indianapolis, . . 3

Second premium, Thos. W. Pottage, Indianapolis, . . 2

Brown Leghorn chicks, Thos. W. Pottage, Indianapolis, . . 2

Second premium, H. C. Green, Indianapolis, ... 1

White F. black Spanish fowls, Stanton & Gregg, Greenwood, . 2

Second premium, Stanton & Gregg, Greenwood, . . 1

White F. black Spanish chicks, Stanton & Gregg, Greenwood, . 2

Second premium, Geo. W. Dunning, Marion, Grant Co., 1

White C. B. Polish fowls, I. N. Barker, Thorntowai, Boone Co. . 2

White C. B. Polish chicks, Carey Parrish, Shelbyville, . . 2

Second premium, I. N. Barker, Thorntown, ... 1
Bearded W. C. W. Polish fowls, Mrs. Joseph E. Cobb, Indian-
apolis, 2

142 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Bearded W. C. W. Polish chicks, Mrs. Joseph E. Cobb, Indian-

npohs, .......... 12

Second premium, Mrs. Joseph E. Cobb, Indianapohs, . 1

Houdan fowls, S. A. Thomas, Laporte, 3

Second premium, J. Fosdick, Laporte, .... 2

Houdan chicks, D. H. Jenkins, Indianapolis, .... 2

Second premium, D. H. Jenkins, Indianapolis, . . 1

Golden Hamburg fowls or chicks, Stanton et Gregg, Greenwood 2

Second premium, Josh Hollingsworth, Fairmont, . . 1

Silver Hamburg fowls or chicks, Stimton & Gregg, Greenwood, 2

Second premium, Sid. Conger, Flat Rock, ... 1

Black breasted K. game fowls, S. A. Thomas & Co., Laporte, . 2

Black breasted R. game chicks, S. A. Thomas & Co., Laporte, 2

Second premium, Abraham Findling, Indianapolis, . . 1

Black bred game bantam chicks, H. C. Green, Indianapolis, . 2

Second premium, Holaday & McCracken, Monrovia, Mor-
gan county, 1

Duck wing game bantam fowls or chicks, R. H. Christ, Indian-
apolis, 2

Second premium, Wm. Seiders, Indianapolis, . . 1
Golden Sebright bantam fowls or chicks, I. N. Barker, Thorn-
town, . 2

Second premium, I. N. Barker, Thorn town, ... 1
Silver Sebright bantam fowls or chicks, I. N. Barker, Thorn-
town, 2

Second premium, I. N. Barker, Thorntown, ... 1

Bronze turkeys, old birds, Frank Wilson, Jackson, Michigan, . 4

Second premium, John Marvel, Royalton, Boone county, 2
Bronze turkeys, hatch of 1880, John Marvel, Royalton, Boone

county, 2

White Holland turkeys, old birds, G. A. Danley, Indianapolis, 3

Second premium, H. C. Green, Indianapolis, ... 2

White Holland turkeys, hatch of 18S0, G. A. Danley, Indianapolis 2

Second premium, W. A. Cox, Brightwood, ... 1

Aylesbury ducks, Tilson & Robison, Rocklane, ... 2

Second i)remium, Stanton & Gregg, Greenwood, . . 1

Pokin ducks, Tilson & Robison, Rocklane, .... 2

Second premium, Tilson (fe Robison, Rocklane, . . 1

Rouen ducks, H. C. Green, Indianapolis, 2

Second ];remium, Stanton & Gregg, Greenwood, . . 1

P>rribden geese, Wm. A. Ennis, Clermont, Marion county, . 3

Second premium, Wm. A. Ennis, Clermont, Marion county 2

Toidouse gccsc, Wm. Norris, Indianapolis, .... 3

Chinese geese, Wm. A. Flnnis, Clermont, .... 3

PREMIUM AWARDS. 143

Wild geese, Wm. A. Ennis, Clermont, . . . " . . 13

Second premium, S. A, Thomas & Co., Laporte, . . 2

Heaviest live turkey, Frank Wilson, Jackson, Michigan, . 5
Heaviest cock or cockerel pure breed, Robert Bogue, Fairmont,

Grant county, .2

Heaviest hen or pullet, pure breed, Robert Bogue, Fairmont,

Grant county, 2

Fine brood chicks under 1 week old, G. A. Danley, Indianapolis, 2
Best collection of rabbits, ferrets, guinea j^igs and other small

pet animals, Indiana Poultry Yards, Indianapolis, . 5

XOX-ENUMERATED POULTRY.

Black Leghorn chicks, Thomas W. Pottage, Indiana-
polis, White Ribbon

White herons, W. H. Dye, Indianapolis, . . White Ribbon
Shepherd, 1 bitch and litter of pups, Indiana Poul-
try Yards, Indianapolis, .... White Ribbon
One dog, shepherd, Indiana Poultry Yards, Indian-
apolis, . White Ribbon

Black Hamburg chicks, Sid. Conger, Flat Rock, Shel-
by county, Blue Ribbon

Red pile game bantam fowls, Sid. Conger, Flat Rock,

Shelby county, White Ribbon

Duck-wing game, S. A. Thomas & Co., Laporte, . White Ribbon
White Georgian game, S. A. Thomas & Co., Laporte, White Ribbon
English red game, S. A. Thomas & Co., Laporte, . White Ribbon
Tartar game, S. A. Thomas & Co., Laporte, . . White Ribbon
Counterfeit game, S. A. Thomas & Co., Laporte, . White Ribbon
Pigeons, F. W. Swartz, Indianapolis, . . . White Ribbon
White bantam fowls, Harry Newby, Indianapolis, . White Ribbon
Black Hamburg, Stanton & Gregg, Greenwood, . White Ribbon
Silver-gray Dorking, Stanton & Gregg, Greenwood, . White Ribbon
White bantam, Bertie Foltz, Indianapolis, . . White Ribbon
White Georgian game fowls, Reginald Walker, In-
dianapolis, Blue Ribbon

Collection pigeons, Indiana Poultry Yards, Indian-
apolis, Blue Ribbon

White Muscovy ducks, Albert Lewis, Indianapolis, Blue Ribbon
Duck and chicken (cross), Jane Somers, Indianapolis, Blue Ribbon

Committee — Daniel White, New London, Huron county,
Ohio.

144 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.

J. W. CoFiELD, Superintendent.

(None but actual producers can compete in Classes 26, 27, 28, 29.)

CLASS XXVI. - Vegetables.

Three cauliflowers, L. Zbinden, Indianapolis, . . . . |2

Six broccoli, J. H. Thomas, Lawrence, Marion county, . . 2

Six vegetable eggs, H. Adams, Logansport, Cass county, . . 2

Six cucumbers, Chas. Groeschel, North Indianapolis, . . 2

Peck white beans, John Marvel, Royalton, Boone county, . 2

Two quarts Lima beans, John Marvel, Royalton, Boone county, 1

One-half gallon garden peas, dry, H. Adams, Logansport, . 2

One-half gallon field peas, dry, J. H. Thomas, Lawrence, . 2

One-half peck peppers for pickling, Jacob Traub, Indianapolis, 2

Peck tomatoes, Z. White, Lawrence, 3

Collection tomatoes, J. H. Thomas, Lawrence, ... 3
One-half dozen ears green sweet corn, Wm. A. Ennis, Clermont,

Marion county, 2

Half peck dry sweet corn, W. A. Ennis, Clermont, Marion co., 2

. 2
2

. 2
2

. 2
2

. 2

Three squashes, any kind, H. Adams, Logansport,
Three Yankee pumpkins, John Marvel, Royalton, .
Half dozen nutmeg melons, John Marvel, Royalton,
Three watermelons, John Marvel, Royalton, .
Three drumhead cabbage, J. H. Thomas, Lawrence,
Three flat Dutch cabbage, H. Adams, Logansport,
Three head cabbage, any kind, J. H. Thomas, Lawrence,
Dozen stalks celery, Chas. Groeschel, North Indianapolis, . 2

Collection vegetables by one exhibitor, H. Adams, Logansport, 10
Second premium, J. A. Thomas, Lawrence, ... 5

Committee — R. S. Wells, Shelbyville, IndiaDa; L. W.
Shelton, Rochester, Indiana ; J. L. Sailors, Wabash, Ind.

CLASS XXVII.—R(Mt Crops.

Half bushel turnips, Wm. A. Ennis, Clermont, Marion county, $2
Dozen parsnips, .T. H. Thomas, Lawrence, ..... 2
Dozen radishes, H. Adams, Logansi)ort, . . . .2
Dozen carrots, Charles Groeschel, North Indianapolis, . . 2
Dozen roots salsify, J. H. Thomas, Lawrence, ... 2

PREMIUM AWARDS. 145

Dozen horseradish, J. H. Thomas, Lawrence,
Half dozen beets (red) Frank WiUiamson, Nora, Marion co.,
Half dozen turnip beets, L. Zbinden, Indianapolis,
Half dozen sugar beets, J. H. Thomas, Lawrence,
Half peck red onions, J. H. Thomas, Lawrence,
Half peck yellow onions, G. A. Danley, Indianapolis, .
Half peck white onions, Frank Williamson, Nora, .
Dozen turnip radishes, Charles Groeschel, North Indianapolis,
Dozen long radishes, H. Adams, Logansjjort, ....
Display of onions in variety and quality, H. Adams, Logans
port,

Committee — R. S. Wells, Shelbyville, Ind.; J. L. Sail-
ors, Wabash, Ind.; L. W. Shelton, Rochester, Ind.

CLASS XXVIIL— Potatoes.

Peck pink peach blow, Andrew Martin, Muncie, Delaware co., $3

Peck white peach blow, Andrew Martin, Muncie, Delaware co., 3

Peck early rose, Henry A. Smith, Danville, Hendricks county, 3

Peck snow flake, Henry A. Smith, Danville, Hendricks county, 3

Peck pink eyes, Wm. A. Ennis, Clermont, Marion county, . 3

Peck Shaker russett, H. Adams, Logansport, Cass county, . 3

Peck peerless, H. Adams, Logansport, Cass county, ... 3

Half bushel any variety, H. Adams, Logansport, Cass county, 3
Half bushel sweet potatoes, J. H. Thomas, Lawrence, Marion

county, . . . . . . . 3

Peck early potatoes, any kind, Wm. A. Ennis, Clermont, . 3

Peck late potatoes, any kind, H. Adams, Logansport, . . 3
Collection Irish potatoes, not less than ten varieties, H. Adams,

Logansport, . . . . . . 5

Committee— R. S. Wells, Shelbyville, Ind.; L. W.
Shelton, Rochester, Ind.; J. L. Sailors, Wabash, Ind.

CLASS XXIX.— Grain and Seeds.

(Grain in this class must have been grown within the year ex-
hibited.)

Half bushel early field Dent corn in ear, Z. White, Lawrence,

Marion county, 5

10 — Age. Report.

146 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Half bushel j'ellow corn in ear, J. A. Heavenridge, Liberty,

Union county, 15

Second premium, J. White, Lawrence, .... 2

Half bushel white corn in ear, Otha Hayes, Elizabethtown, Ohio 5

Second premium, A. C. Swift, Bentonville, Fayette county 2
Half bushel corn any color, Charley Dawson, Broad Ripple,

Marion county, 5

Second premium, Otha Hayes, Elizabethtown, 0., . . 2

Half bushel hominj' corn, J. A. Heavenridge, Liberty, . . 2
Display and greatest variety wheat, not less than half gallon

each variety, John Marvel, Eoyalton, Boone county, . 10

Half bushel white wheat, Wm. A. Ennis, Clermont, Marion Co. 5

Second premium, A. C. Swift, Bentonville, Fayette Co., . 2

Half bushel red wheat, Henry Smith, Danville, Hendricks Co. 5

Second premium, R. F. Prichard, Edinburg, Johnson Co., 2

Half bushel spring wheat, John Marvel, Royalton, ... 5

Second premium, Wm. A. Ennis, Clermont, ... 2
Half bushel rye, Wm. A. Ennis, Clermont, . . . .2

Half bushel oats, R. F. Prichard, Edinburg, .... 2

Half bushel buckwheat, John Marvel, Royalton, ... 2
Half bushel barley, Hulbert Hayes, Elizabethtown, 0., . . 2
Half bushel flaxseed, R. F. Prichard, Edinburg, ... 2
Half bushel millet seed, Wm. A. Ennis, Clermont, . . 2
Half bushel timothy seed, John Marvel, Royalton, ... 2
Half bushel orchard grass, Wm. A. Ennis, Clermont, . . 2
Half bushel Kentucky blue grass seed, R. F. Prichard, Edin-
burg, .......... 2

Half bushel English blue grass seed, Wm. A. Ennis, Clermont, 2

Half bushel red top grass seed, Wm. A. Ennis, Clermont, . . 2

Half bushel red clover seed, R. F. Prichard, Edinburg, . . 2

Half bushel English cloverseed, Andrew Martin, Muncie, . 2

Committee — H. S. Wells, Shelbyville, Ind.; J. L. Sail-
ors, Wabash, Ind.; L. W. Shelton, Rochester, Ind.

CLASS XXX— Butter, Cheese and Honey.

Thirty pounds creamery butter, Excelsior Creamery

Company, Lidianapolis, . . . . $8 and Diploma
Second premium, E. Caldwell & Co., Harrisburg, Fayette

county, 4

Five pounds dairy butter, G. A. Danley, Indianapolis, . . 5

Second premium, Mrs. Anna Dilling, Hagerstown, Wayne
county, 3

PEEMIUM AWAEDS. 147

Thirty pounds factory cheese, E. Caldwell & Co.,

Harrisburg, Fayette county, ... $8 and Diploma
Second premium. Excelsior Creamery Co., Indianapolis, . 4

Ten pounds comb honey, in packages of 1 lb. or more, Frank

L. Dougherty, Indianapolis, 5

Ten or more 1 lb. packages extracted honey, Frank L. Dough-
erty, Indianapolis, 5

Crate of honey in comb, in most marketable shape, Frank L.

Dougherty, Indianapolis, 6

Display of honey, comb and extracted, Frank L. Dougherty,

Indianapolis, ........ 5

Display wax, Frank L. Dougherty, Indianapolis, ... 2

Machine for extracting honej^ Frank L. Dougherty, In-
dianapolis, ....... Diploma

Display bee-keeping supplies, Frank L. Dougherty, In-
dianapolis, Diploma

Committee — R. S. Wells, Shelbyville, Ind.; J. L. Sail-
ors, Wabash, Ind.; L. W. Shelton, Rochester, Ind.

CLASS XXXI. — Cured Meats, G-roceries, Flour, Crackers, etc.

Sack corn meal, 0. H. Hays, Indianapolis, . . . . |2

Sample grits, O. H. Hays, Indianapolis, 3

Sample hominy, O. H. Hays, Indianapolis, 2

NOX-ENUMERATED.

Hominy feed, O. H. Hays, Indianapolis, . . . Meritorious
Corn flour, 0. H. Hays, Indianapolis, . . . Meritorious
Thorley food for horses, cattle, etc., Thorley Food Co.,

Chicago, 111., Meritorious

Self-raising flour, Geo. V. Hecker & Co., Chicago, HI., | Unsurpassed
Three sweet pumpkins, John Marvel, Royalton, Boone

county, Meritorious

Committee — R. S. Wells, Shelbyville, Ind.; J. L. Sail-
ors, Wabash ; L. W. Shelton, Rochester ; M. G. Warren.

148 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.

L. B. Custer, Superintendent.
CLASS XXXIL—Atnateurs' List.

APPLES.

Twentj' varieties of apples, Mrs. Andrew Wallace, Indianapolis, $15
Twelve varieties of apples, A. B. Shelledy, Danville, Hendricks

countj', 10

Six varieties of apples, Mrs. AndreAV Wallace, Indianapolis, . 5

PEARS.

Ten varieties of pears, Mrs. Andrew Wallace, Indianapolis, . 10
Five varieties of autumn pears, Mrs. Andrew Wallace, Ind'polis, 5

PEACHES.

Three varieties of peaches, A. B. Shelledy, Danville, . . . 3
One varitey of peaches, Henry Eickhofll, Sr., Indianapolis, . 2

GRAPES, GROWN IN OPEN AIR.

Five varieties of grapes, Cornelius O'Haver, Danville, . . 5
Three varieties of grapes, Mrs. Andrew Wallace, Indianapolis, 3
Five clusters of grapes, any kind, Cornelius O'Haver, Danville, 2

QUINCES.

Show of quinces, not less than 12 specimens, Mrs. A. Wallace,

Indianapolis, 3

DISPLAY OF FRUITS.

Display of fruits of all kinds, Mrs. A. Wallace, Indianapolis, . 25

Committee — H. Mankedick, Indianapolis^ Indiana; John
Freeman, Knightstown, Indiana; James Gilbert, Terre
Haute, Indiana.

CLASS XXXIIL— Professional List.

APPLES.

Twenty varieties of appples, E. A. Eickhoff, Indian-
apolis, -f 15 antl Diploma.

PREMIUM AWARDS. 149

Ten varieties of apples, W. A. Ragan, Clayton, Hen-
dricks county, $10 and Diploma

Six varieties of apples, E. A. EickhofT, Indianapolis, 5 and Diploma

PEARS.

Ten varieties of pears, W. A. Ragan, Clayton, , 10 and Diploma
Fovir varieties of autumn pears, E. A. Eickhoff, In-
dianapolis, 5 and Diploma

PEACHES.

Display of peaches, not less than 5 varieties, W. A.

Ragan, Clayton, 5 and Diploma

NATIVE GRAPES.

Five varieties of grapes, W. A. Ragan, Clayton, . $5 and Diploma
Three varieties of grapes, W. A. Ragan, Clayton, . 3 and Diploma
One variety of grapes, 10 clusters, W. A. Ragan,

Clayton, 2 and Diploma

We, your committee, find on the table, plate of PreiMss grape
from T. S. Hubbard, Fredonia, N. Y , which is a beautiful white
grape of great i^romise.

QUINCES.

Collection of quinces, not less than twelve speci-
mens, G. Poindexter & Son, Blue Lick,
Clark county, $3 and Diploma

DISPLAY OF FRUITS.

Display of fruits of all kinds, W. A. Ragan, Clay-
ton, $25 and Diploma

Collection of nursery stock, arranged for exhibi-
tion adjoining Floral Hall, E. A. Eick-
hoff, Indianapolis, 15 and Diploma

T. C. Barnum's collection of nursery stock was not properly en-
tered but found meritorious by the committee.

Committee — John Freeman, Knightstown, Ind.; James
Gilbert, Terra Haute, Ind.; Henry Maukedick, Indianapolis,
Ind.

CLASS XXXIV. — Flowers atul Plants — Professional List.

General collection of plants, Reiman Bros., Indianapolis, . . 120
Second premium, Chas. Groeschel, N. Indianapolis, . 10

150 BOARD OF AGEICULTURE.

Collection of ornamental foliage plants, Reiman Bros., Indian
apolis,

Second premium, Chas. Groschel, N. Indianapolis, .
Collection licopods and ferns, Eeiman Bros., Indianapolis,
Display and variety of climbers, Reiman Bros., Indianapolis, .

Second premium, Chas. Groeschel, N. Indianapolis, .
Collection begonias, Reiman Bros., Indianapolis, .

Second premium, Chas. Groeschel, N. Indianapolis, .
Collection of new and rare plants, Reiman Bros., Indianapolis

Second premium, Chas. Groeschel, N. Indianapolis, .
Display and variety of cacti, aloes and agaves, Chas. Groeschel
N. Indianapolis,

Second premium, Reiman Bros., Indianapolis,
Collection of geraniums in bloom, Reiman Bros., Indianapolis,

Second premium, Chas. Groeschel, North Indianapolis, .
Collection of foliage geraniums, Reiman Bros., Indianapolis,

Second premium, Chas. Groeschel, N. Indianapolis, .
Collection bedding plants, Reiman Bros., Indianapolis,

Second premium, Chas. Groeschel, N. Indianapolis, .
Specimen of palm, Reiman Bros., Indianapolis,
Specimen of alacassia, Chas. Groeschel, N. Indianapolis,

Second premium, Reiman Bros., Indianapolis, .
Specimen of canna, Reiman Bros., Indianapolis,

Second premium, Chas Groeschel, N. Indianapolis,
Specimen variegated leaved plants, Reiman Bros., Indianaj)olis

Second premium, Chas. Groeshel, N. Indianapolis,
Suspended basket, Reiman Bros., Indianapolis,

Second premium, Chas. Groeschel, N. Indianapolis, .
Arranged wardian case, Reiman Bros., Indianapolis,
Collection fuchias in bloom, Reiman Bros., Indianapolis, .
Collection of loose cut flowers, Reiman Bros., Indianapolis, .

Second premium, Chas. Groeschel, N. Indianapolis, .
Basket of cut flowers, Reiman Bros., Indianapolis,

Second premium, Bertermann Bros., Indianapolis,
Arrangement and display of dahlias, Berterman Bros., Indian

apolis,

Collection baskets, boquets and floral designs, Bertermann
Bros., Indianapolis,

Second premium, Reiman Bros., Indianapolis,
Three designs for funerals, Reiman Bros., Indianapolis, .

Second premium, Bertermann Bros., Indianapolis, .
Bridal boquet, Reiman Bros., Indianapolis,

Second jn-emium, Chas. Groeschel, N. Indianapolis,

PREMIUM AWARDS. 151

Pyramid boquet, Reiman Bros., Indianapolis, . . . .12
Second premium, Chas. Groeschel, N. Indianapolis, . 1
Display and arrangement of cut roses, Chas. Groeschel, N. In-
dianapolis, 5

Committee — John Freeman, Knightstown, Ind.; Maria
Willey, P. A. Wilson.

CLASS XXX^V. — Amateurs List.

Collection of cut flowers, Mrs. Dr. Dudley Rogers, Greencastle, $10
Collection cut roses, not less than 10 varieties, Mrs. Dr. Dudley

Rogers, Greencastle, 5

Collection cut verbenas, L. Zbinden, Indianapolis, . . 3

Second premium, Frank Williamson, Nora, Marion county, 1

Basket of cut flowers, Mrs. Dr. D. Rogers, Greencastle, . . 3

Second premium, Mrs. M. T. Stewart, Indianapolis, . . 2

Round bouquet, Mrs. M. T. Stewart, Indianapolis, ... 3

Second premium, Miss Anna Redmond, Indianapolis, . 2

Flat bouquet. Miss Marj' Hanna, Fort Wayne, ... 3

Second premium, Mrs. T. A. Loyd, Indianapolis, . . 2

Committee — John G. Heinl, Terre Haute, Ind.; L. M.
Pratt, Indianapolis, Ind ; John Freeman, Knightstown,
Ind.

TEXTILE FABRICS DEPARTMENT.

Jacob Mutz, Superintendent.

CLASS XXX VL— Mill Manufactured.

Best plaid flannels, J. Leibhard, Knightstown, . , Silver Medal
Best flannel sheeting, cotton warp, J. Leibhard,

Knightstown, Henry county, . . . Silver Medal

Committee — Laura McDonough, Anderson, Ind.; Jen-
nie E. Patterson, Princeton, Ind.; R. S. Wells, Shelby-
ville, Ind.

152 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE,

WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT.

Mrs. Mary E. Haggart, Superintendent.

CLASS XXXVII. — Domestic Manufactures.

All wool coverlet, Jennie Lackey, Cambridge City, . . . $2
Cotton coverlet, Mrs. Adams, Logansport, . . . • . 2
Wool and cotton coverlet, Mrs. W. H. Vincent, Indianapolis, . 2
Woolen double coverlet, Mrs. Jacob Parrish, Indianapolis, . 2
Cotton double coverlet, Mrs. Adams, Logansport, ... 2
Wool and cotton double coverlet, Mrs. Jacob Parrish, Indiana-
polis, 2

Pair blankets, Mrs. S. Harlan, Greensburg, .... 3

Counterpane, Mrs. W. H. Vincent, Indianapolis, ... 2

Counterpane, knit, Mrs. Maria John, Indianapolis, . , 2

Counterimne, crochet, Mrs. E. C. Belt, Milford, Ohio, . . 2

Ten yards jeans, Mrs. J. Leibhard, Knightstown, ... 2

Ten yards table linen, Mrs. S. Harlan, Greensbiirg, ... 2

Ten yards linsey, Mrs. J. Leibhard, Knightstown, ... 1

Ten yards plain flannel, Mrs. J. Leibhard, Knightstown, . . 2

Ten yards plaid flannel, Mrs. Jacob Parrish, Indianapolis, . 2

Ten yards rag carpet, E. M. Homer, Knightstov/n, ... 2

Ten yards woolen carpet, Mrs. Grooms, Gallatin, Tenn., . 2

Pound flax thread, Mrs. M. Caylor, Indianapolis, ... 1

Quilted skirt, Mrs. S. Harlan, Greensburg, .... 1

Silk comforter, Mrs. S. Harlan, Greensburg, .... 2

Calico quilt, Mrs. Lizzie Boadwee, Terre Haute, ... 2

Worsted quilt, Mrs. A. B. Bosserman, Indianapolis, ... 3

Second premium, Mrs. E. J. Springer, Lawrence, Marion

county, 2

Silk quilt, Mrs. A. B. Bosserman, Indianapolis, . . 5

Second premium, Mrs. T. E. Reynolds, Noblesville, . . 3

White quilt, Mrs. Grooms, Gallatin, Tenn., . . . , 2

Second premium. Miss E. Wells, Shelbyville, ... 1

Floor mat, worsted, Mrs. Jennie Howard, Anderson, . -. 2

Floor mat, rag, Mrs. Grooms, Gallatin, Tenn., .... 1

Hearth rug, Mrs. Adams, Logansport, 2

Second premium, Mrs. Adams, Logansjiort, ... 1
Collection of domestic goods, Elizabeth Fear, Edinburg, Diploma

Committee — Mr.s. M. F. Lin.sday, Kokomo, lud.; Mrs.
M. J. Harlan, Danville, Ind.

PREMIUM AWARDS.

153

GLASS XXXVIIL— Knitting and Crochet Work.

Infant's knit or crochet shirt, Mrs. G. W. Dunning, Marion,

Grant county, $1

Infant's knit or crochet socks, Mrs. J. E. Howe, Muncie, Delaware

county, 1

Pair knit or crochet mittens, Mrs. L. Oursler, Noblesville, . 1

Pair woolen stockings or socks, Mrs. Cleary, Indianapolis, . 1

Pair cotton stockings or socks, Mrs. C. C. Burns, Greensburg, 1

Knit or crochet shawl. Miss Ida A. James, Irvington, . . 2

Knit or crochet slippers, Mrs. DeMattos, Indianapolis, . . 1

Knit or crochet hood, Miss Ida A. James, Irvington, . . 1

Knit or crochet child's cloak, Mrs. K. C Belt, Milford, O., . 2
Knit or crochet fascinator, Mrs, E. C. Belt, Milford, O., . .1

Knit or crochet sacque, Mrs. J. Leibhard, Knightstown, . 1
Knit or crochet lady's scarf, Mrs. D. J. Kuhn, Lawrence, Marion

county, 1

Knit or crochet gentleman's scarf, Mrs. E. M. Homer, Knights-
town, . 1

Crochet cotton tidy, Mrs. Chas. Johnson, Indianapolis, . . 1

Crochet worsted tidy, Mrs. E. F. Moore, Indianapolis, . . 1

Afghan, Mrs. John R. Ross, Indianapolis, .... 3

Second jDremium, Mrs. J. E. Howe, Muncie, ... 2

Afghan, infant's, Mrs. E. F. Moore, Indianapolis, ... 2

Second premium, Mrs. E. M. Homer, Knightstown, . . 1

Fancy knitting specimens, Mrs. J. E. Howe, Muncie, . . 1

Committee — Mrs. M. F. Linsday, Kokomo, Ind.; Mrs.
M. J. Harlan, Danville, Ind.

CLASS XXXIX— Lace Wm-k.

Point lace embroidery specimen, Mrs. M. Posz, Shelbyville,

Second premium, Mrs. C. C. Burns, Greensburg,

Third premium, Mrs. M. Posz, Shelbyville,
Point lace guipui-e specimen, Catharine Panyard, Indianapolis,

Second premium, Mrs. Mooney, Columbus,
Pillow lace specimen, Mrs. E. F. Moore, Indianapolis, .
Darning on net specimen, Mrs. John Tarlton, Indianapolis,

Second premium, Mrs. Emma A. Zink, Indianapolis,
Applique lace, specimen, Mrs. M. Posz, Shelbyville, .

Second i^remium, Mrs. Alice S. Moore, Greensburg,
Crochet lace display. Miss DoUie Jonas, Indianapolis,

154 BOAKD OF AGRICULTURE.

Knit lace display, Mrs. Malinda L. Murphey, Indianapolis, . $2

Tatting display, Mrs. A. B. Bosserman, Indianapolis, . . 2

Breton lace display, Mrs. E. M. Rittenhouse, Indianapolis, . 2

Macrame lace display, Mrs. J. E. Howe, Muncie, ... 2

Committee — Mrs. J. R. Wood, Covington, Ind.; Mrs.
M. E. Moody, Franklin, Ind.

CLASS XL. — Embroidery and Braiding.

Embroidery, with linen floss, specimen, Mrs. C. C. Burns,

Greensburg, $2

Second premium, Mrs. C. C. Burns, Greensburg, . . 1

Embroidery, chemise, Mrs. M. Posz, Shelbyville,

Second premium, Mrs. Lou Ball, Crawfordsville, .
Embroidery, yoke and sleeves, Mrs. C. C. Burns, Greensburg,

Second premium, Mrs. Carrie Learcy, Indianapolis,
Embroidery, night dress, Mrs. Lou Ball, Crawfordsville, .

Second premium, Mrs. M. Posz, Shelbyville, .
Embroidery, child's dress, Mrs. J. E. Howe, Muncie,

Second premium, Mrs. J. M. Vinby, Muncie, .
Embroidery, table set, Mrs. C. C. Burns, Greensburg,

Second premium, Mrs. C. C. Burns, Greensburg, .
Embroidery, bed set, Mrs. E. C. Buskirk, Indianapolis,
Embroidery, handkerchief, Mrs. C. C. Burns, Greensburg, . 1

Embroidery, silk specimen, Mrs. E. W. Bacon, IndianapoHs, . 2
Embroidery, silk stockings, Mrs. W. J. Carleton, Indianapolis, 1
Embroidery, silk slippers, Mrs. J. D. Leibhard, Knightstown, . 1
Embroidery, silk skirt, Mrs. J. D. Leibhard, Knightstown, , 2

Embroidery, silk infant's shawl, Mrs. Miles Burford, Indianaj)olis, 2

Second premium, Mrs. M. Posz, Shelbyville, ... 1

Embroidery, skirt, worsted, Mrs. C. C. Burns, Greensburg,
Embroidery, table cover, Mrs. A. M. Robertson, Indianapolis,

Second premium, Mrs. J. E. Howe, Muncie,
Embroidery, ottoman cover, Mrs. A. B. Bosserman, Indianapolis

Second premium, Miss Ida A. James, Irvington,
Embroidery, chair cover. Miss Ida A. James, Irvington,
Embroidery, chair cushion, Mrs. J. Leibhard, Knightstown,
Embroidery, sofa cushion, Miss Mollie Dietz, Indianapolis,
Second premium, Mrs. James R. Ross, Indianapolis, .
Embroidery, toilet cushion, Mrs. J. Liebhard, Knightstown,

Second prejnium. Miss Ida A. James, Irvington,
Embroidery, pin-cushion, Miss Kate Ryan, IndianapoHs, . 1

PREMIUM AWARDS. 155

Embroidery, bead specimen, Mrs. J. Liebhard, Knightstown, . $2

Second premium, Mrs. J. Liebhard, Knightstown, . . 1
Embroidery, aj^phque specimen, Mrs. A. M. Robertson, Indi-

anapohs, 2

Second premium, Mrs. M. Posz, Shelby ville, ... 1
Embroidery, gem stitch specimen, Mrs. N. Gerauld, Princeton,

Gibson county, 1

Embroider j^, outHne or etching display, Mrs. J. E. Howe, Muncie, 2
Embroidery, outline or etching specimen, A. M. Robertson,

Indianapolis, ......... 1

Embroidery, kensington, specimen, Mrs. L. E. Smith, Ind'polis, 3
Second premium, specimen, Mrs. Sadie Forker, Burlington,

Iowa, 2

Embroidery, tapestry, display, Mrs. A. M. Robertson, Indi-
anapolis, .... ... Diploma

Embroidery, tapestry, specimen, Mrs. A. M. Robertson, Ind'polis, 2
Embroidery, art in colors, displaj^ Mrs. W. J. Carleton,

Indianapolis, Diploma

Embroider}', art in colors, specimen, Mrs. A. M. Robertson,

Indianapolis, 3

Second premium, Mrs. G. W. Dunning, Marion, Grant co., 2

Chenille, sj^ecimen. Miss Jennie Lackey, Cambridge City, . 3

Second premium. Miss Mollie Holdeman, Indianapolis, . 2

Braiding, display, Mrs. C. C. Burns, Greensburg, ... 2

Braiding, .specimen, Mrs. R. C. Belt, Milford, Ohio, . . . 1

Committee — Belle Cooley, Crawfordsville, Indiana; Mrs.
J. W. Sliideler, Marion, Grant county, Indiana.

CLASS XLI. — Sewing — Machine and Hand.

Machine-work, 5 articles, Mrs. S. Harlan, Greensburg, . . $3

Machine-work, shirt, Mrs. Grooms, Gallatin, Tenn., . . 1

Machine-work, calico dress, Mrs. R. L. Carlin, Indianapolis, . 1

Hand-sewing, garment, Mrs. Grooms, Gallatin, Tenn., . . 1

Hand-sewing, shirt, Mrs. Grooms, Gallatin, Tenn., ... 1
Gent's cloth coat, made by a woman, Mrs. E. M. Homer,

Knightstown, . 5

Pair pants, made bj' a woman, Mrs. E. M. Homer, Knightstown, 2

Vest, made by a woman, Mrs. Grooms, Gallatin, Tenn., . 1

Boys suit, Mrs. E. Kirk, Shelbyville 2

Darning on old garment, Mrs. A. B. Bosserman, Indianapolis, 1
Buttonholes, display on different materials, Mrs. Catharine

McAree, Indianapolis, 1

Committee — Belle Cooley, Crawfordsville, Ind.; Mrs.
J. W. Shideler, Marion, Grant county, Ind.

156 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

CLASS XLII. — Miscellaneous.

Wax flowers, Mrs. John Newman, Indianapolis,

Wax fruit, Mrs. C. DeLille, Indianapolis,

Wax work, ornamental, Mrs. D. 0. Crist, Indianapolis,

Decalcomania, or transfer work, display, Miss Alice Belles, In

dianapolis,

Bead work, display, Mrs. W. J. Carleton, Indianapolis, .
Card receiver. Sue M. Ketcham, Indianapolis, .
Handkerchief box, Mrs. L. E. Smith, Indianapolis,
Glove box, Mrs. E. M. Homer, Knightstown, ...
Spatter work, on card board, specimen, Mrs. E. C. Buskirk, In
dianapolis, ........

Spatter work, on cloth, specimen, Mrs. E. M. Homer, Knights

town,

Sea moss ornament, Mrs. Dr. Hazzard, Edinburg, .
Wood moss ornament, Mrs. E. Rohrer, Indianapolis,
Skeleton leaves and ferns, Mrs. Allen Lloyd, Cincinnati, Ohio,
Fish scale ornaments, Mrs. Lizzie Boadwee, Terre Haute,
Toilet cushion, not embroidered, Mrs. L. E. Smith, Indian
apolis,

Second premium, Mrs. Miles Burford, Indianapolis,
S ia pillow, not embroidered, Mrs. J. E. Howe, Muncie, .

Second premium, Mrs. Georgia Huston, Indianapolis, .
Lamp mats, fancy, Mrs. M. Posz, Shelbyville,
Toilet set. Sue M. Ketcham, Indianapolis, ....
Infant's nursery basket, Mrs. J. E. Howe, Muncie,
Worsted work, not tapestry, Mrs. W. B. Smith, Indianapolis,
Picture, tapestry work, Mrs. Sue Ewing, New Home, Bates co

Missouri,

Chair stripes, Mrs. W. J. Carleton, Indianapolis,
Lambrequins, Mrs. J. E. Howe, Muncie, ....
Tidy, not crochet, Mrs. Dr. Brower, Lawrenceburg,

Second premium, Mrs. A. M. Robertson, Indianapolis,
Stuffed birds, collection, Mrs. M. M. Duncan, Westville,

Second premium, Mrs. Dr. Hazzard, Edinburg, .
Stuffed animals, collection, Mrs. M. M. Duncan, Westville,

Second premium, Mrj^. Dr. Hazzard, Edinburg, .
Painting on silk or satm, display, Mrs. L. E. Smith, Indian
apolis,

Second premium, Sue M. Ketcham, Indianapolis, .
Painting on tiles, di.s])lay, Mrs. Ben. Harrison, Indianapolis,
Painting on panels, display, Sue M. Ketcham, Indianapolis, .
Painting on wood, disi)l;iy, Sue M. Ketcham, Indianapolis,

PREMIUM AWARDS. 157

Painted fan, Sue M. Ketchani, Indianapolis, .... 1
Painted work, miscellaneous. Sue M. Ketcham, Indian-
apolis, Diploma

Decorated china display, Mrs. Ben Harrison, Indianapolis, . $5

Second premium, Sue M. Ketcham, Indianapolis, . . 3

Decorated china, specimen. Sue M. Ketcham, Indianapolis, . 2
Pottery, made and decorated by exhibitor, display, Sue M.

Ketcham, Indianapolis, 3

Fret sawing, display. Miss M. Tarbell, Indianapolis, . . 2

Inlaid work, disi^lay, Miss M. Tarbell, Indianapolis, ... 3
Design for a dwelling house, by a woman, Mrs. E. C. Buskirk,

Indianapolis, 2

Kindergarten work. Miss Chapin, Indianapolis, . . Diploma

Committee — Mrs. M. E. Crist, Crawfordsville, Ind. ;
Jennie E. Patterson, Princeton, Ind.

CLASS XLIII.—Dri/ Goods, MUlinery, Etc.

Display of fancy goods, the Misses Lueders, Indianapolis, Dij^loma
Display of hair goods and work, Mrs. C. Thompson,

Chicago, Illinois, Diploma

Display of millinery, William Woodbridge, Indianapolis, Diploma

Two bonnets, William Woodbridge, Indianapolis, . . Diploma

Committee — Juliet R. Wood, Covington, Ind.; M. E.
Moody, Franklin, Ind.

CLASS XLIV.— Culinary Article.^.

Butter, home-made, 5 pounds, exhibited by a woman, Mrs. Geo.

Jackson, Ingallston, Marion county, . . . . $3

Second premium, Mrs. G. A. Danley, Indianapolis, . . 2
Honey in comb, 5 pounds, exhibited by a woman, M. A.

McLane, Shelbyville, 3

Second premium, Mrs. Kate Dougherty, Indianapolis, . 2
Bread, loaf wheat, hop yeast, home-made, Mrs. W. M. Voorhis,

Lawrence, ......... 3

Second premium, Mrs. A. B. Bosserman, Indianapolis, . 2

Bread, salt-rising, home-made, Mrs. G. A. Danley, Indianajjolis, 3

Second premium, Mrs. A. B. Bosserman, Indianapolis, . 2

Bread, brown, home-made, Mary Gearheart, Indianapolis, . 2

Second premium, Mrs. W. M. Voorhis, Lawrence, . . 1

Bread, corn, Mrs. G. A. Danley, Indianapolis, .... 1

158 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Eusks, Mary Gearheart, Indianapolis, $2

Light rolls, Mrs. G. A. Danlej^ Indianapolis, .... 2

Cake, sample, home-made, Ida A. James, Irvington, . . 3

Second premium, Mrs. Dr. Hazzard, Edinburg, ... 2
Cake, collection, made by one exhibitor, Lottie Spicer, Shelby-

ville, 5

Second premium. Miss Mary Barnhart, Indianapolis, . 3
Catsup, collection, Mary Gearheart, Indianapolis, ... 1
Jellies, collection, Mrs. E. M. Homer, Knightstown, ... 3
Second premium, Mrs. Grooms, Gallatin, Tenn., . . 2
Preserves, collection, 1 pint each, Grace D. Levering, Indian-
apolis, 3

Second premium, Mrs. S. P. Grubb, Indianapolis, . . 2

Pickles, collection. Miss Fanny Melick, Indianapolis, . . 2
Dried fruit, collection, 1 pound each. Miss Mary Barnhart,

Indianapolis, .2

Canned fruit, collection, Mrs. Ellen Armstrong, Indianapolis, 5
Hard and soft soap, collection. Miss Fanny Melick, Indianapo-
lis, 2

Second premium, Mrs. E. J. Munsell, Indianapolis, . . 1

Maple molasses, half gallon, Jacob Parrish, Indianapolis, . 1

Tomato catsup, 1 pint, Mary Gearhart, Indianapolis, . . 2
Confectionery, display, Daggett & Co., Indianapolis, . Diploma

Committee — Mrs. Geo. Hay ward, Terre Haute, Ind.;
Mrs. Laura McDonough, Anderson, Ind.

CHILDREN'S DEPARTMENT.

(This department is open to girls and boys under sixteen years of
age at the time of the fair.)

CLASS XL V.

Loaf wheat bread, yeast, Mattie Hester, Indianapolis, . . $2

Second premium, Lillie Homer, Knightstown, . . 1

Loaf wheat bread, salt-rising, Hattie Pickerill, Indianapolis, . 2

Second premium, Lillie Homer, Knightstown, . . 1

Cakes, Grace Bugby, Indianapolis, 3

Second premium, Ida C. Norwood, Indianapolis, . . 2

Jellies, collection, Susie M. Davis, Indianapolis, .... 2

Second premium, Lillie Homer, Knightstown, . . 1

PREMIUM AWARDS. 159

Hand-sewing, chemise, Yuba Burns, Greensburg, . . . $1
Hand-sewing, garment, Yuba Burns, Greensburg, . . 1

Patching on old garment, display, Lillie Homer, Knightstown, 2

Second premium, Lizzie Dickson, Cana, Jennings county, 1
Darning on old garment, display, Lillie Homer, Knightstown, 2
Embroider}^, yoke and sleeves, Yuba Burns, Greensburg,
Embroidery, darning on net, Nelia Criqui, Indianapolis,
Embroidery, worsted specimen, Yuba Burns, Greensburg,
Embroidery, silk specimen, Lavina Morehead, Muncie,

Second premium, Yuba Burns, Greensburg,
Crochet work, display, Lavina Morehead, Muncie,

Second premium, Daisy James, Irvington,
Pair knit stockings, Yuba Burns, Greensburg,
Pair knit mittens, Goldie Ingles, Irvington,
Tidy, Stella Wiles, Indianapolis,

Second premium, Gertrude Ellms, Indianapolis,
Pin cushion, Lavina Morehead, Muncie,
Toilet set, Lavina Morehead, Muncie, ....

Second premium, Lillie Homer, Knightstown,
Picture in needle-work, Jennie Mooney, Columbus, .
Perforated card board work, display, Lavina Morehead, Muncie
Air castle, Kittie J. Rowe, Indianapolis, ....
Picked work, display. Belle Bone, Indianapolis,
Wax work, specimen, Sammy Grubbs, Indianapolis, .
Autumn leaves, wax, Nellie Robinson, Indianapolis,
Painting on wood, display, Martina Grubbs, Indianapolis, .
Fret sawing, display, Jessie Fisher, Indianapolis, .
Minerals, collection named, Fletcher M. Noe, Indianapolis,
Butterflies and other insects, Fletcher M. Noe, Indianapolis, .

Second premium, Fletcher M. Noe, Indianapolis,
Collection, stamps and curiosities, Fletcher M. Noe, Indian
apolis,

WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT.

NON-ENUMERATED LIST.

Water color painting, Daisj^ Burgess, Indianapolis. Beautiful.
Panel in oil, G. R. Stewart, Indianapolis. Meritorious.
Scrap fruit picture, Julia S. Richardson, Indianapolis. Ingenious.
The galvanic spinal corset. Miss A. Woodard, Chicago, 111. This

160 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

corset was invented by the exhibitor, and is a corset and spinal
brace combined, with galvanic bands.

Painting in oil, water colors and crayon. Miss Helen M. Bruce,
Indianapolis. A fine display.

Zephyr work and hair work, Mrs. G. A. Danley, Indianapolis.
Good work.

Crochet cap, collar and lace. Belle Bone, age 13 years, Indianapo-
lis. Very nice work.

Paper flowers. Belle Bone, Indianapolis. Beautiful.

Knit bolster and pillow shams, Maggie Nutzel, Indianapolis.
Painstaking work.

French embroidery, two collars, Mrs. M. Posz, Shelbyville. Fine
work.

Embroidery on cotton stockings. Miss Katie Hay, Indianapolis.
Very good.

Oil painting, E. E. Sellick, Indianapolis. Creditable.

Statuary, Mrs. C. B. Kirtland, Chicago, HI. A statuette and a bust
of Oliver P. Morton. Both pieces were pronounced good likenesses
of the Senator and indicated considerable artistic talent.
. Paper flowers and three -pastille paintings. Miss Katie Washing-
ton, Indianapolis. All meritorious.

Brackets in putty work, Mrs. LaPage, Indianapolis. Quite inge-
nious.

Oil painting, Mrs. T. A. Gillet, IndianapoHs. Creditable.

Adjustable curtain fixture. Miss Alice Cosand, Russiaville. A
practical invention of much merit. Diploma.

Agricultural wreath, Mrs. E. A. Lemon, Indianapolis. Ingenious

Hair flowers, Mrs. Hazzard, Edinburg. Good work.

Work box, Zula Wilson, age 12, Indianapolis. A useful article,
very neatly made.

Paper flowers, Winnie Willard, age 12. Very nice.

Hair jewelry. Miss Sue Ewing, New Home, Missouri. Fine
work.

Display paper flowers, Miss Lydia Hale, Indianapolis. Perfect
imitations of nature in form and color.

Collection of Spanish embroidery, Mrs. Grubbs, Indianapolis. A
handsome collection, old, rare and valuable.

Lung remedy and liver pills, Mrs. E. Rohrer, Indianapolis. A
display of medicine invented and manufactured by the exhibitor.

Corsets, Mrs. J. H. Gehb, Indianapolis. A fine display by a wo-
man in business.

PREMIUM AWARDS. 161

SPECIAL PRExMIUMS,

Offered by business men and firms, and awarded at the annual
State Fair, commencing September 27, ISSO, mider the usual rules
and regulations :

WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT.

Schrader & Co., queensware, birds, etc., Nos. 72 and 74, East
Washington street; painting on china, SueM. Ketcham,
Indianapolis, chamber set, worth, .... .$10

Hoosier Shoe Store, No. 2 W. Washington street; hand-made
shirt, by a j'oung lady under 20 years of age, Lue Ho-
mer, Knightstown, 1 pair French kid shoes, worth 5

Cathcart & Cleland, booksellers and stationers, No. 26 East
Washington street; collections of pressed ferns, Mrs.
Allen Lloyd, Indianapolis, jewel case, worth . . 10

Charles Mayer, toys, notions and fancy goods, No. 29 West
Washington street; calico dress, made by a girl under
20 years of age, Ella Swift, Bentonville, Fayette county, 5

Bates House Shoe Store ; knit stockings or socks, Mrs. G. W.
Dunning, Marion, Grant county, one pair custom-made
shoes, worth 5

L. W. Moses, optician, spectacles. No. 50 East Washington street;
quilt made by oldest lady since January, 1879, Mrs.
Mary Mason, Lawrence, Marion county, 1 pair gold
spectacles, valued at 10

BUTTER, BREAD, ETC.

Bowen & Stewart, booksellers and stationers, No. 18 West
Washington street ; 5 jiounds home-made butter, Mrs.
Geo. Jackson, Indianapolis, one volume of the " Cente-
nary" or History of First 100 Years of our Country,
valued at 10

Henry Craft, of Craft & Co., jewelers. No. 24 East Washington
street; 1 gallon jar mixed j^ickles, home-made, Mrs.
J. E. Howe, Muncie, silver pickle dish, . . .12

New York Store, dry goods, millinery, etc., Nos. 25 to 31 East
Washington street; collection brown bread, home-
made, Mrs. Lottie Spicer, Shelbyville, .... 5

11 — Agr. Report.

162 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

J. C. Shoemaker, Sentinel office, collection of bread, rusks and
rolls, home-made, Mrs. W. M. Voorhis, Lawrence,
work-box, worth $5

James Dryer, grocer, 100 N. Illinois street, brown bread, home-
made, Mrs. G. A. Danley, Indianapolis,

20 lbs. old Java coffee

Jacob Voegtle, stoves and tinware, 85 E. Washington street,
home-made yeast bread, made by a young lady un-
der 18 years of age, Nellie Brown, Indianapolis, a
coffee machine worth 2

CHILDREN'S DEPARTMENT.

A. L. Wright & Co., carpet house, 47 and 49 S. Meridian street;
specimen of silk embroidery on cloth, by a girl under
15 years of age, Lavina Morehead, Muncie, . . . $5

Merrill, Hubbard & Co., booksellers and stationers, 5 E. Wash-
ington street ; best one hundred figures made by a boy
or girl from 12 to 16 years of age, Julia Cobb, Indian-
apolis, six volumes Bancroft's History of the United
States, worth 13.50

J. A. McKenzie, clothing, 38 W. Washington street ; for best
business letter, written to J. A. McKenzie, written by
a boy under 16 years of age, Sammy A. Townsend,
Indianapolis, suit of clothes, worth . . . .10

" When Clothing " store, 34 to 42 N. Pennsylvania street ; to a
boy under 14 years of age, for sawing stove wood,
fastest and best, one hour contest, on Fair Grounds,
3 or more to compete, Charlie Brown, Indianapolis,
suit of clothes, worth 10

Mrs. Dietrich & Walker, millinery and fancy goods, 10 E. Wash-
ington street ; patching on pants, by girl under 14 years
of age, Nellie Brown, Indianapolis, hat, worth . . 5

Johnson Bros., stove dealers and tinware goods, 62 E. Washing-
ton street; darning on stockings, by a girl under 14
years of age, Winnie Wiles, Indianapolis, chamber set,
worth 7

H. Leiber & Co., art emjiorium, 82 E. Washington street; pas-
tille painting, by a girl under 14 years of age, Bessie
Hendricks, Indianapc)lis, i^icture, worth ... 5

PEEMIUM AWARDS. 163

Stout & Co., hats, caps and furs, 76 E. Washington street;
drawing by boy 14 under years of age, Chas. Thurber,
hat, worth $3

Wilham Roll, carpet house, 30 to 34 South Illinois street; for
best piano solo by a girl under 15 years of age, Mamie
Stowell, Indianapolis, hearth rug, worth ... 3

Davis & Cole, dry goods, Odd Fellows' Block; penmanship by a
girl under 14 years of age, Mamie Stowell, Indianapolis,
silk fan. worth 2

A LIBERAL OFFER.

A. L.Wright & Co., carpet house, Indianapolis, donated a glass caae
■covering for model of the Morton Monument to be on exhibition at
the State Fair; also offered the following premiums, in gold, in the
Ladies' Department :

Boquet of cut flowers, Miss Mattie Stewart, Indianapolis, . $5
Collection of painting on silk, china and wood, Miss Sue Ketch-
am, Indianapolis, 5

Butter, 5 pounds, Marj- L. Marvel, Royalton, Boone county, . 5

Drawing, by boy or girl in Indianapolis Public Schools, Miss

Amy Weltz, Indianapolis, 5

•Collection of jellies, by girl under 15 years of age, Susie M. Da-
vis, Indianajjolis, .5

GEOLOGY, NATURAL HISTOEY, ETC.

Prof. John Collett, Superintendent.

CLASS XL VI.

■General collection of fossils, Dr. Jas. Knapj), Louisville, Ky., . $5

Second premium, G. K. Greene, New Albany, ... 2
General collection of minerals, G. K. Greene, New Albany, Diploma

Collection of movmd builders' relics, R. S. Robinson, Ft. Wayne, 5
Collection mounted birds and animals, Mrs. M. M. Duncan,

Westville, 10

Second premium, John E. Beasly, Lebanon, ... 5

Collection, diurnal lepidoj^tera, Ralph Perry, Indianapolis, . 3

Second premium, W. J. Chambers, Kent, Jefferson Co., . 2

164 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Collection nocturnal lepidoptera, Ralph Perrj', Indianapolis, . $3

Collection of insects, Purdue University, Lafayette, . . 3

Second premium, Wm. J. Chambers, Kent, .... 2

Collection of botanical specimens, S. J. Taylor, Indian-
apolis, Diploma.

Collection of coins and medals, Louis Woerner, Indian-
apolis, Diploma

Collection of living birds, Mrs. Jennie Howard, Anderson, . 10

Committee — A. W. Brayton, Indianapolis, Ind,; G. K.
Greene, New Albany, Ind.

CLASS XL VII.

Block coal, Cobb & Branham, Indianapolis, . . . Diploma,
Caking coal, A. B. Meyer, Indianapolis, . . . Diploma,
Cannel coal, Cobb & Branham, Indianapolis, . . . Diploma.
Coke, Cobb & Branham, Indianapolis, .... Diploma.
Flag stone, I. D. & S. E. R., Indianapolis, .... Diploma.
Collection and variety of coal from any one county in Indiana,

Cobb & Branham, Indianapolis, |5

Committee — A. W. Brayton, John Hurty, Geo. Lupton.

REPORT

FIEST DIVISION OF THE

Committee on the Special Merits

OF

UNPREMIUMED AETICLES,
EXHIBITED AT THE STATE FAIR— 1880,

EMBEACING SECTIONS "A" AND "B."

STATIONARY ENGINES.

The Atlas Engine Wcrks (f Indianapolis, Ind., exliibited a Corliss
Automatic Engine, the cylinder having 12 inches bore by 36 inches
•stroke, and estimated at 50-horse power. Steam is admitted di-
rectly from the boiler to the cylinder without obstruction. The
governor is driven by ridget gear from the main shaft. Both ec-
t3entrics are operated by the governor-shaft, to work the induction
and exhaust valves, so as to cut off the steam automatically. The
■engine is of the most modern design and of excellent workman-
ship. We consider it one of the best cut-off engines used at the
present time. The same firm had also on exhibition one stationary
engine, 12 inches bore by 20 inches stroke ; one stationary engine,
8 inches bore by 14 inches stroke; and one stationary engine, 8
inches bore by 12 inches stroke, all of modern design and excellent
finish and workmanship.

Dickson & Go., Indianapolis, Ind., exhibited one 1-horse power
stationary engine, with locomotive slide and cross-head and direct
valve motion. The same is neatly finished.

16(3 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Clai/ton Potts, Imiianapolis, Lid., exhibited one 2-horse power
stationary engine of modern design and very high linish. Also an
upright boiler, 24 inches diameter and 60 inches high, it has eighteen
2i-ineh flues, with steam feed pumjis attached. The exhibitor is an
apprentice, only 18 years of age and has all the work done on it by-
foot-power.

PORTABLE, THRESHING AND TRACTION ENGINES.

J. I. Case, Treshing Machine Co., Raciiie, Wis., had on exhibition
one traction engine with wrought iron driving wheels of 5 feet di-
ameter and 8 inches face. Square gear traction with self-steering
arrangement. It has a reversible link motion, together with an
independent steam pump. It travels from four to six miles per
hour and weighs 7,000 pounds.

Atlas Engiiie Works, Imlianapdis, Ind., exhibited one traction
engine. It has a reversible link motion and differential gearing. It
runs forward and backward and turns with ease in anj^ direction,,
and can be furnished with self-steering attachment. It has sufficient
power to draw water-tank and separator upon any hill. The
driving wheels are 48 inches diameter and 12 inches face. The
engine is simple in construction, durable and easily handled. Also
one 10-horse power threshing traction engine, wheels of wrought
iron, 48 inches diameter and 6 inches face. The engine is propelled
by chain. One 10-horse power traction engine, driving wheels 48
inches diameter and 8 inches face. Also one 10-horse power portable
engine. This engine is placed on top of boiler, with center crank. It
is very simple and durable. The boiler is cased in with wrought iron
and lined inside with fire brick, which makes it a complete furnace
and adaptiible for plantation purposes. They also exhibited twO'
square portable engines of 1 2-horse power each, which were opera-
ting the shafting in power hall and running a lot of tile mills. The
construction and workmanship are the same as the 10-horse power
portable. Also a 10-horse power square engine like above, and one
10-horse power portable threshing engine with steam feed-pump at-
tached and of excellent workmanshii?.

M. & J. Rumly, Laporte, Lid., exhibited one 8-horse power
portable threshing engine, with locomotive slide and crosshead.
The main shaft is of Swedish iron. It has a spark arrester, which is
of a very suj)erior construction. The engine is plain and durable,
and in every respect fitted up in a workmanlike manner. They
also exhibited one 8-horse power portable threshing engine, with
wrought and cast iron wheels.

SPECIAL MERITS OF EXHIBITS. 167

Niclwls, Shepard X- Co., Batlle Creek, Michigan, exhibited one
10-horse power portable threshing engine, with locomotive slide,
gun metal boxes without Babbit metal, steel connection rod and
main shaft. The force pump is of superior workmanshijo and con-
struction. The boiler is at top, and throat sheet double riveted, also
the shell. The lire box is thirty-six inches long. The same firm ex-
hibited also one traction engine, which is driven by compound spur
gear. The driving wheels are forty-eight inches in diameter and
eight inches face. It is of the same manufacture as the above men-
tioned engine. The fire box is thirty-six inches long, twentj^-two
inches wide and thirty-four inches high. The size of waist is
twenty-seven inches. The boiler has double wrought iron doors-
It has thirty-five flues of two-inch diameter and sixty-six inches
long. The flue sheet is of double thickness and copper ferruled.
It has a superior hot water feed pump.

Eagle Machine Works, Indinnapolis, Ind., exhibited one 10-horse
power traction threshing engine. The driving wheels are 5 feet in
diameter hy 6 inches face, and are driven by compound bevel and
spur gearing. It has locomotive slide and cross-head. Also, one
12-horse power portable engine for pony saw-mill purposes.

Chandler S: Taylor, Plwenix, Fuundry, IndianapJis, Ind., exhibited
one 10-horse power portable engine. The bed-jDlate is of modern
design. The valve is moved direct from the main shaft. The
heater is placed in front part, under the waist of the boiler, and is
easy of access. It has also a super-heater in the back part of the
smoke-box. The engine is durable and simple in its construction.

Scioto Machine Works, Circleville, Ohio, exhibited, by A. B. Dumm,
one 10-horse power portable threshing engine, which was operating
a plantation saw-mill. The fire-box is of open grate surface, and
the boiler of superior workmanship. The length of the boiler over
all is 9 feet; diameter of shell, 2 feet 4 inches; length of fire-box,
2 feet 4 inches; width of fire-box, 2 feet; height of fire-box, 2 feet 1
inch; 26x2} inch boiler tubes, 5 feet long; square feet of heating
surface, 91 J feet; 7 by 12 inches cylinder, erected on a cast-iron
semi-cylindrical bed-plate, having four lateral attachments to the
boiler. The feed-water is lifted by the pump attached to the cylin-
der and driven from the cross-head and forced through a suitably
arranged pipe, which passes through the bed-plate to the check
valve, and thence into the boiler. The exhaust steam passes from
the cylinder into the bed-plate and out into the smoke chimney,
heating the feed-water before it is forced into the boiler, as well as
also answering the double purpose of extinguishing the sparks of
fire as they enter the smoke-box. The pillar block is on the rear

168 BOAED OF AGEICULTURE.

end of bed-plate. The driving shaft passes over the top of the
boiler, just in front of the smoke chimney. The cylinder head,
pumps and check valve joints are made metal to metal, ground
steam tight. It has steel piston and pump rods. All bearings worn
in brass or Babbit metal.

E. M. BurdsaU & Co., Penn Yan, N. Y., exhibited one 10-horse
power portable threshing engine. It has a camel-back boiler, whose
side seams are double riveted, and has a steam super-heater.

C. Krantz, Evansville, Ind., exhibited one 10-horse power, upright,
portable threshing engine, made after the Latta steam fire engine
style. The engine needs no staking down and stands perfectly
solid. The engine is attached to the boiler in a vertical way. Be-
low the grate-bar is a regulating damper to shut off or increase the
draft of the boiler at will.

RubinsGii Machine Wat'ks, Ewhmond, Ind., exhibited one 8-horse
power, portable threshing engine, with locomotive sHde and cross-
head. The engine is substantially built and of simple construction.
The boiler is of good workmanship, with large dome, affording am-
ple dry steam for the engine.

Guar, Seott d- Co., Richmond, LuL, exhibited one 10-horse power
threshing, traction engine, with locomotive slide and cross-head.
The driving-wheels are 5 feet in diameter and 6 inches face, and
made of cast and wrought iron. They are driven by bevel and
straight compound gearing, the "Judson" governor being used.
Both engine and boiler are of superior workmanship. They also
exhibited, by James V. Moulton, one 6-horse power portable farm
engine, which gave motion to a lot of farming machinery at the
Weir Plow ComjDany's hall. It is a plain and serviceable engine.

C Aultnian & Co., Canion, Ohio, exhibited one 10-horse power,
traction threshing engine, the driving-wheels being of wrought iron,
48 inches diameter and 8 inches face. It has a compound spur and
bevel gearing, with friction wheel, handled by a screw and hand-
wheel, and can be stopped at once in case of any danger. The en-
gine is driven by chain instead of ridget gearing. It is very strong,
of modern design, and the " Pickering " governor is used. It has an
upright boiler, mounted on iron axles and supported with springs.

Huher Manufacturing Co., Marion, Ohio, exhibited one 10-horse
power portable threshing engine. The wheels are of wrought and
cast iron. It is a vertical engine of a new design. It has a round
fire-box with returned flue.s on top. The feed water is heated by a
space on the end of the smoke head.

SPECIAL MERITS OF EXHIBITS. 169

Harrison Machine Wcrks, Belleville, IHincis, exhibited one 10-horse
power portable threshing engine. It has wrought and cast iron
wheels. The connecting rod is made of steel, and the cross-head
can be easily adjusted. The boiler is of circidating bottom.

Hoover & Sons, Hamilton, Ohio, exhibited one 12-horse power port-
able engine. It can be adapted for general use in farming. The
wheels are of wrought and cast iron. It has locomotive slide and
cross-head. It is of simple construction and good workmanship.
Waters' governor is used. The boiler is of circulating bottom and
has a cast-iron front.

Russell & Co., Massillon, Ohio, exhibited one 10-horse j)Ower thresh-
ing traction engine. The main feature of this engine is its very
simjile and durable arrangement of reversing the same, as there is
no link of any kind used. The driver has full control from his
seat in starting or reversing the engine. The wheels are 54 inches
in diameter and 6 inches face. It has locomotive slide and cross-
head. It is driven by differential gearing, and is of superior work-
manship and finish.

Sinker, Davis <.i- Co., Western Machine Works, Itidianapdis, Ind., ex-
hibited one 10-horse power portable engine, which was operating
all the shafting in Reaper Hall. It gave motion to fourteen self-
binding reapers in operation. The engine is of modern design
and simple in its construction. It has locomotive slide and cross-
head. The boiler is camel-back, which affords a greater number of
flues to increase the heating surface. It has a square fire-box and
open grate surface.

J. H. Tlu/mas d- Sons, Springfield, Ohio, exhibited one 8-horse
power portable farm engine, with locomotive slide and cross-head-
The slide is of steel and the connecting rod without straps or bolts.
The engine is of modern design and excellent workmanship.

Steam Engvtie Company, Watertown, N. Y., exhibited by A. C.
Hamilton Indianapolis Ind., one 10-horse power portable threshing
engine, mounted on top of boiler, with cast steel center crank ; the
driving pullies are attached on both sides of the machine, so as to
regulate the front speed of the separator. It is mounted with a var-
iable American cut-off gevernor. It has locomotive slide and cross-
head. The engine is of modern construction, strong and durable.
The boiler is of excellent workmanship, and has two flues. They
also exhibited an 8-horse power engine of the same pattern.

170 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

STEAM PU.MP.

R. E. Rouse, ImlianapJis, lad., exhibited one Niagara steam
pump, with a 5 inch steam and a Si inch water cyhnder, which was
pumping water out of a 4 inch driven well, supplying therewith 20
traction and farm engines. He also had on exhibition one of his
driven well points. The point is constructed in such a manner as
to prevent gravel or quick sand to be raised by the pumii. The
inner part of the point is of malleable iron, and Avell perforated ;
the outer circumference is lined with fine brass wire gauze, outside
of this, is a brass tube, well perforated, so as to prevent tearing the
gauze by driving it down into the ground. He also exhibited an
upright boiler and steam engine, on cast iron base, to drive the
steam pump. The engine is verj' simple and durable.

The Orvis Smoke Consuming and Fuel Saving Company, Cleveland,
Ohio, exliibited by John N. Roy, one smoke consumer. The theory
of this smoke consumer is, that by a proper combination of steam
and air being admitted to the furnace, combustion will be so aided
as to consume all of those properties which now escape in the form
of smoke. The device consists of a half-inch pipe leading from the
dome of a boiler and passing down at the right of the boiler front,
then across, just over the furnace doors. From this tranverse pipe,
three perpendicular j)ipes of the same size extend down the front
of the furnace, each connecting with a brass globe containing an
air chamber ; connected with this air chamber are three larger
pipes, extending down and oj^en below, which serve to draw the air
from the outside into this chamber, where, commingled with the
steam, they are forced through other pipes into the furnace and
over the surface of the coal ; this impouring current of air furnishes
a much larger amount of oxygen to aid in the combustion. The
steam being taken from the dome, is the dryest and hottest, and the
quantity used is regulated by a thumb screw in the down pipe
from the dome. To still further aid in combustion, an auxiliary
air draft is cast in each furnace door, by which a current of air may
be directed through a series of conically shaped tubes and pipes
into the furnace and over the fire at any desired angle, or, if pre-
ferable, be wholly cut oil'. This direct draft acts as a blower. This
improvement in furnace doors is, perhaps, the most valuable that
has been recently made. This ijrinciplo of surface draft makes a
more brilliant fire and intensified heat; it creates perfect combus-
tion, insteati of allowing any of the heating qualities of the coal to
escape in unconsumed gas or smoke.

SPECIAL MERITS OF EXHIBITS, 171

WIND ENGINES.

May Bvos., Galesbim/, III., exhibited one wind engine of simple
construction. The pumping being worked directly by the wheel-
shaft. The engine is under perfect control of a weight, which can
be very easily increased or diminished. Its prniciple features are
simplicity and durability.

The Iron Turbine Wind Engine, Manufactured by Mast, Foos & Co.,
Springfield, Ohio, exhibited a turbine wind engine, which is con-
structed entirly of iron. The wheel and vanes being made of No.
24 sheet iron, well bound and braced with wrought bar iron and so
well put together that it is impossible for the wind to tear it in
pieces or injure it in any way. The wheel being constructed on the
turbine principle causes it to give more power than any other wheel
of the same diameter, and as there is no wood about it to swell,
shrink, rattle and be torn to pieces by the wind, it is much more
durable. It weighs no more than the ordinary wood wheel.

Stover's Improved Wind Engine, Manufactured by B. S. Williams d-
Co., Kalamazoo, Mich., had on exhibition one wind engine of simple
construction and being strong and durable. The whole engine is
resting on a pedestal which is provided with chilled cast-iron balls,
so as to obviate all friction which would be sustained otherwise.
The vane is provided with a lever, which, when thrown out of gear,
causes a spring clutch to act on the crank-wheel of the pump, and
thereby stops its motion instantly.

Iron Duke Wind Mill, Manufactured by 0. S. Gilbed d' Co, Indian-
apolis, Ind., exliibited one wind engine, which is entirely con-
structed of wrought and cast iron. The wheel is so constructed as
to give the greatest amount of wind surface and consequently
more power. The pump is worked by a crank and walking
beam, which enables the operator to lengthen or shorten the stroke
of the pump. The vane is so adjusted that when closed up a rub-
ber ball with spring will bear solid on a rim of the wheel, which
will stop its movement.

Defiance Wind Engine, Manufactured by H. A. Bonmum & Co., Indi-
anapolis, Ind., exhibited one wind engine. The deflector of this
engine is perfectly automatic. It is regulated by a varying resist-
ance weight. The wheel is solid; it has not a joint or loose section,
the rudder being in an exact right angle line back from the wheel,
the wind, as it passes, strikes both sides of the rudder with even
force, and thus steers the wheel steadily against the wind. The
engine is simple and durable.

172 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Perkins^ Self-regulating Wind Engine, 3Iishawaka, Ind., exhibited
one wind engine. It has only two points of friction; one is the
main shaft on which the wheel is fastened, and the other the crank.
All the boxes are in two parts, so as to be adjusted as they wear,
and are well babbited. There is a box on each side of the pitman.
The wheel sits on one side of the turn-table, so when the wind is
too hard it will control the motion, and even stop in a gale. It has
also a rotary attachment, for running small machinery, as grind-
stones, corn-shellers, etc.

Improved U. S. Star Wind Mill, Manufactured by 0. G. Stowell & Co.,
Delaivare. Wis., exhibited one wind engine, the main feature of
which is that it is perfectly safe-governing. It has a friction brake
on the wheel, which prevents it from running when out of wind, in
order to keep the pump from freezing. The same firm exhibited
also a single acting force pump with solid cast plunger, with three
recesses, so if the leather should be worn out, will not stop the
pump from drawing water.

The Eclipse Wind Mill, Manufactu^'ed at Beloit, Wis., and Exhibited by
Fairbanks & Co., Indianapolis, Ind. The working parts of this engine
are of wrought and malleable iron, and therefore makes it strong
and durable. The firm has the only right to use the side vane for
the puri:)Ose to regulate it.

The Buckeye Wind Engine, Manufactured at Springfield, Ohio, and
Exhibited by Merrifield, Indianapolis, Ind., one wind engine made en-
tirely of iron, and its main features are simplicity and durability.
They also exhibited a double-acting force pump with porcelain-lined
cylinder, without packing or stuffing box.

Crofts Improved. Iron Wind Engine, Manufactured by E. C. Leff'et,
Springfield, Ohio, had on exhibition one wind engine which is made
on the turn-table j^lan. The wheel is balanced on the lower end of
the arm, which gets down into a sleeve. The arm and box are both
chilled and several washers, which are case-hardened, are put in the
bottom of the box to overcome friction. The turn-table is provided
with four friction wheels to take the side weight to avoid friction.
The rubber springs will take off the jar in stormy weather. A
wire is running down to the ground for any one who should be
present, even if it was a child, to stop it. The pitman is made
of hickory wood; this makes it more sightly, and once saturated
with oil will not heat as quick as metal boxes. The wheel shaft
runs in a long, babbited box sixteen inches long. When jiroj^erly
oiled it will last a long time.

SPECIAL MERITS OF EXHIBITS. 173.

Eureka Wind Mill Compj.ny, In'iianapolis, Ind., exhibited one of
their celebrated wind engines. Its construction is simple, having
only three wearing joints. It has a small turn-table and is there-
fore more easily adjusted to the wind and less apt to get* out of
order by storms. It moves steady and without noise. It can be
set to run slow or fast, and by pulling a check cord the wheel is
turned edgewise to the wind and the motion is entirely stopped. It.
will run any pump and can be arranged to stop after pumping a
certain amount of water, or can attach a return pipe to conduct the
surplus water back to the well.

SAW MILLS.

Scioto Machine Works, Circleville, Ohio, Exhibited by ji. B. Dumm, one-
circular plantation saw mill. The peculiarities of this mill are : it
has a friction feed under perfect control of the sawyer ; also, simul-
taneous and independent lever set head blocks, which are opera-
ted by the sawyer. The carriage runs on truck axles running,
across the carriage, with nine inch wheels, on which the carriage
moves forward and backward. There is also connected with the
mill, a sawdust carrier, of ingenious and complete workmanship,,
and does its work in the most satisfactory manner. One of the ad-
vantages of this mill is, lightness combined with strength. The
saw, juandril and feed shafts work in pivoted boxes, swung in iron
housings. The mill is operated by three men. It was admired by
the vast number of visitors, without exception.

Eagle Machine Works Indianapolis, Ind., exhibited one pony circu-
lar saw mill, of superior workmanship. It is built strong and neat;
has a large cast iron bearing outside of the frame to svistain the
stress of the belt. It is operated by friction feed. The carriage is
well proi^ortioned to suit the balance of the machinery. The head
blocks are the " Miner " patent. It is considered by all who use it,
a good block. The mill is operated by three men.

Sinker, Davis & Co., Western Machine Works, Indianapolis, Ind., had
on exhibition a pony saw mill, with Sinker, Davis & Co.'s patent
lever set head blocks. It is modern in design, of good workman-
ship and finish. The frame and carriage are tvell put together,
made strong and durable. It will cut, with the aid of four men to
operate it, from four to five thousand feet in ten hours.

Chandler & Taylor, Phcenix Machine Works, Indianapolis, Ind., exhib-
ited one mulay saw mill. Its frame is made entirely of cast iron.
The machinery, as crank shaft, feed shaft, etc., are neatly fitted and
worked in pivoted boxes. Under the carriage, are wrought iron

174 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

shafts, on which are fitted seven and a half inches truck wheels on
which moves the carriage forward and backward. The head blocks
are well proportioned, and the attachment, which will bring the
knees up to the saw, are of lever ratchet set. The reverse rod has
a cast iron stand, with notches in it, in which is worked a pawls,
so as to prevent the feed rig from being operated. So it can not be
started or stopped without the sawyer is present.

SAW-MILL HEAD BLOCKS.

Arnold's Improved Patent Head Block ivith Automatic Dog, Manufac-
tured by the Atlas Engine Works. Exhibited by A. B. Arnold, Patentee.
One set of saw-mill head blocks, with friction clutch and autoinatic
dog. The back of the knee is made segment-like with cogs. A
pinion, which is operated by the lever, works the dog up and down,
so as to adjust it to any size of log.

Kerrick & Co , Indianapolis, Ind , exhibited a set of improved si-
niultaneous, compound lever-set head blocks for saw mills, of which
Gustavus H. Zschech is the inventor. The main claims to advan-
tage in these head blocks are the construction of the feed movement.
It is very simple and accurate. There being no pawls, springs or
clicks to handle, all that is required to adjust is a wedge used to
disengage the set movement, in order to bring the knees back quickly
to get read}^ for another log. Thej^ are accurate to any required
thickness and very rigid. The knees are set up by a lever and screw
of one inch and nine-sixteenths in diameter, and one and a half inch
pitch. The head blocks take in fifty-one inches between saw and
knee, a very important consideration in sawing large logs. The
set rod, which brings the knees up to the saw, is of two inches
diameter, being made extra heavy in order to avoid the effect of
torsion in handling long and heavy logs. The screws work through
five inches long gun-metal sleeve boxes, chilled on steel mandril.
On the back of box is cast a round boss, two and one-half inches in
diameter, and nicely twined to fit the recess in knee, and one bolt
to hold it in place; this avoids the breaking of bolts if a heavy log
should roll quickly against the knee. The head blocks are adjust-
ible to any width of carriage, and, if desired, the sawyer can ride
on the carriage in order to save time in getting ready for another
out. The work is done very accurately, all the parts are made in-
terchangeable and well finished.

THRESHERS AND Sp:PARAT0RS.

Harrison Machine Works, Belleville, III., exhibited one thresher and
.separator of vibrating pattern. The principal points are the pick-

SPECIAL MERITS OF EXHIBITS. 175

ers or its top separation. The exti-enie width and length, diverging
in width from the cylinder back, gives italarge separating capacity •
The fan-mill is of unusual size and width, giving all the blast neces-
sary to do good cleaning ; also the patent cross frame, in front, un-
der the separator, enables the driver to turn short without locking
the wheels.

•7. C Hoover, Manufacturer of Monarch Engines and Threshers, Ham-
ilton, Ohio, exhibited one thresher of the vibrator pattern. It has a
wind deflector in front of the riddle, so as to change the wind at
will, to suit all kinds of grain. It has an endless chain in back of
the vibrating floor, so if any grain should be lodged in the straw to
bring it back on the bottom of the chain on a tight floor into the
tailing spout. It also has a beater placed in the rear end of the
cylinder to keep the wheat from flying forward and evenly divide
the straw on the vibrating floor. It has an end shake shoe, which
is moved quickly back and forward, so as to separate the wheat
from the chaff in a most complete way. The riddle is peculiarly
adapted for the operating of that kind of a shoe, which insures per-
fect cleaning.

Russell & Co , Massillon, Ohio, exhibited on thresher and separa-
tor with canvas apron, " Pitts " patent, with under and over shot
blast. It is of very fine finish and workmanship ; also one thresher
and separator. It has all the gearing inside of the main frame, ex-
cept on the conveyor and the fan. They use cast arches in front of
the frame in order to pass the front wheels under the thresher, so
as to make a short and quick turn. One good feature is a shaft
placed on top of the vibrating frame, which has a series of picking
fingers to agitate and lift the straw from the vibrating floor in its
forward movement. It has also a beater placed in rear of cylinder,
to knock and loosen the grain from the heads. The machine is of
superior workmanship and finish.

The Huhcr Manufacturing Company, Marion, Ohio, exhibited one
thresher and separator. Its cylinder is supported in an independent
frame and so arranged as to take in grain freely without dusting
the feeder or choking the cylinder ; the concave is supplemented
by a series of open grain grates, which extend from the concave to
the beater and which assists in the process of separation. The
beater is one of the features of this machine ; it runs in an opposite
direction to the cylinder and at a difterent rate of speed, so that all
straw and grain is arrested at this point and the separation begun.
The beater, by the blow which it gives the straw on the under side,
delivers the grain on the angles of the blades of beater, being al-
ways kept under the straw and thrown down to the shoe and

176 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

vibrating separator. The chatiing devise is another feature. In
construction it is a slatted frame, extending from the vibrating
shoe to near the back of the riddles and receives the chaff, straw
and littering that comes from the carriers, and by its vibrating
motion distributes the grain evenly over the riddles and works the
chaft'and straw over to the stacker. The fan-mill has an over-blast
fan, provided with patent blast regulators. The elevator carries the
headings up a gradual incline and emj^ties directly into the cylin-
der. The wagon is so arranged as to turn the front trucks around
under the separator.

Eagle Machine Works, Indianapolis, Ind., exhibited one oscillating
separator. The principal feature is its simplicity in construction.
The straw is carried forward by four oscillating slatted floors. The
straw is agitiited by two sets of rakes to shake and separate the
grain from the straw as it passes along on top of the slatted oscil-
lating floors. The machine has a very large riddle surface to give
the grain ample time to separate itself from the chaff.

The Hobinson Machine Works, Richmond, Ind., exhibited one thresher
and separator. It has a large separating surface on the vibrating
floor. The straw is agitated and brought forward by three rakes,
which are suspended above the vibrating floor. The rakes are
operated by two crank shafts of from eighteen to twenty inches
throw. The extension of the grain floor is a continuous rake-like
open floor, made out of straight wires, so as to prevent the coarse
straw and chaff from going on the riddles. It also has a vibrating
floor on the end of straw stacker, which is to carry back all grain
which might be drawn over by the fan.

The Comhimdiiin Grain Separata)', Manufactured by Upton Manufac-
turing Companii, Battle Creek, Mich., exhibited one thresher and sep-
arator. The vibrator carries the straw in bunches. By the aid of
one jjicker and o\)e\\ slot-rattling chain it is carried in an evenly
distributed screen. The machine is very simple in construction.
Something novel in this machine is a combined cylinder shield and
comb, which prevents all back lashing and wrapping of straw
round the cylinder. The stacker is easily adjusted and folded over
the top of the machine while moving. With the appliance of a
long elevator it empties the chaffing and grain without shake spout
in front of the feed board.

C Aultman & Co., Canton, Ohio, had on exhibition one thresher
and sei)arator. The peculiarity of this machine is by having a
short, open .slot-chain to carry off the straw immediately after it
goes through the cylinder. Above the chain are two feeders to agi-

SPECIAL MERITS OF EXHIBITS. 177

tate the straw so the grain will drop on to the chain. After the
straw leaves the chain it is carried along on three beaters, which
will shake up the straw and distribute it evenly on the vibrating
floor. The vibrating floor is of upward and downward movement.
It has a very large riddle surface. The shoe is extended quite a
piece on the straw stacker, with a solid floor, which opens towards
the tailing spout, which prevents grain from being carried on to
the straw stacker. The fciiling spout has this peculiarity, that a part
of the floor is perforated, so as to admit grain which is already free
from chaff and heads to fall through back of the cylinder, so that it
will not be broken or picked by the force of the cylinder teeth. It
is a smooth and easy running machine.

Guar, Scott cfc Co., Richmond, Ind., exhibited one thresher and sep-
arator. The frame of this machine is built in a very substantial
manner, and is so constructed that the front wheels will turn read-
ily beneath the sills. The whole machine widens out from the
cylinder back to the rear end. This provides for the safe and easy
passage of the straw, and admits a much wider shoe and riddles.
A peculiar featv;re of this thresher consists in placing immediately
behind the cylinder, a rotary deflector or beater, which receives the
dash of the grain from the cylinder and turns it downward on to
the separating pan, and prevents the grain from being thrown, by
the force of the cylinder, forward into the straw. This beater adds
greatly to a perfect separation of the grain from the straw. Another
feature, is the elevator, which is so constructed that the tailings are
discharged into the cylinder through a short stationary spout.
Another advantage, is its manner of attaching and transporting the
straw stacker. They use a folding stacker, raised and lowered by
rope and windlass, with wind protector and side canvas. The two
sections of the stacker are connected together by pivot hinges.
When extended for use, the stacker is held in position by the roj)es,
and when folded for moving, the rear section is folded back and
rests on the top of the thresher. With one man at the windlass,
the stacker can be raised or lowered,

Birdsell Manufacturing Companu, South Bend, Ind., exhibited one
separator and thresher called " Monitor Junior." This machine is
threshing the clover from the straw. The bolts separate the straw
from the chaff and seed. After falling through the bolts it is
caught by the vibrating table, which is directly under the bolts, and
carried back by the rising and falling of the table to the hulling
cylinder and its concave, and is hulled by said cylinder and carried
by a belt to the fanning mill, 'where the chaff is separated from the

12 — Agr. Report.

178 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

seed, and tailings from the mill are carried, by an elevator, back to
be rehulled and fanned.

Seymour, Sabin <ir Co., Stillwater, Minn., exliibited by Tyner & Had-
ley, Indianapolis, Ind., one vibrating thresher and separator, which is
called " Minnesota Chief." One main point of this thresher is that
it regulates the grate back of concave at will, so as to prevent the
cracking of grain. This grate being an open one, it affords to sepa-
rate the wheat from the straw immediately after leaving the con-
cave. The straw is agitated by a slack apron in an up and forward
motion. The wind of the fan is easily adjusted by a wind-divider,
which causes the wind to be brought to bear up or down the riddle.
A countershaft is placed in front of the feed board, carrying the
under side of the main belt from the engine, thereby giving a slow
motion to the belt to balance the machine from allowing the cylin-
der to run free and Avithout attachment of other belts. The entire
machine is operated by four belts. The concave is raised and low-
ered by an effective and simple arrangement under the feed board,
easier to access, and can be adjusted while the machine is in mo-
tion.

M. & J. Bumly, LapMie, Ind., exhibited one grain separator and
thresher, with short canvas apron of the Pitts' pattern. The
machine is made durable, and is simple in construction. It sepa-
rates the grain from the straw in a most complete manner. The
shaking of the shoe is variable, suiting any kind and condition
of grain, with the aid of a cone shake attachment. The principle
feature of this machine is, that the straw is delivered from the can-
vas grain carrier, to a long, endless, opened slotted chain; this
causes the separation of the grain from the straw in a most perfect
manner.

Chandler & Taylor, Phcenix Machine Works, Indianapolis, Ind., ex-
hibited one thresher and separator. The fan is directly placed in
front under the feed board, by which the separator is shortened to
a great extent. The wind of the fan is regulated precisely the same
on both sides, so that it will not admit more wind on one side than
on the other. By these means, the wind is equally divided on the
riddles. It can be operated from either side of the machine. The
measuring of grain is quickly changed from one side to the other.
On bottom of the straw chain, is a concave-like attachment. If any
grain should blow over the riddles, the under part of the chain will
carry it back into the elevator. There is another good feature in
this machine, hy replacing of the riddles to thresh either oats or
wheat by opening a small door on the side of separator. The rid-
dle is readily adjusted by a small crank shaft, so as to raise or lower

SPECIAL MERITS OF EXHIBITS. 179

it quickly, if there should be any tendency to choking. The straw
is carried forward by agitating rakes, which are worked by an ec
centric shaft.

C. H. Brookbank, Connersville, /nrf., exhibited an agitating thresher
and separator. The main features of it are an endless chain with
riveted rakes, agitating the straw loosely on the under side of its
forward movement, and is also capable of an instantaneous adjust-
ment of any degree of agitation required for any kind of grain.
A deflector being placed immediately in rear of the concave it
brings in an upward direction, allowing the grain and chaff to pass
through said deflector to an immediate separation. Another main
feature is the manner in driving the main belt on the separator,
which operates all the machinery in the separation. The under
side of the main driving belt passes over a large pulley, which is
placed below the pulley which drives the cylinder from six to eight
inches forward, in order to create sufficient friction to run all the
machinery required.

J. J. Case d- Co., Racine, Wis., exhibited one vibrator thresher.
One principal feature in this thresher is the placing of the concave
so that it admits the straw and grain down to the vibrating floor,
instead of throwing it forward on the floor. This prevents the
grain from being carried along with the straw. By this means a
better separating of the grain is accomplished. The grain is more
readily brought to the feed board, on account of its construction.
There is also a feeder placed back of the cylinder, which brings at
once the straw down to the vibrating floor. The vibrating floor is
so arranged that the grain floor counterbalances the straw floor.
The straw conveyer is so constructed as to carry the straw forward
and upward to the straw stacker. This will give the grain a per-
fect separation from the straw. The grain conveyer is perforated
over the shoe, carrying off all long obstructions on the straw
stacker, instead of bringing it down to the grain riddles. The shoe
is of very short and quick shake movement, which enables the chaff
to be quickly separated from the grain. Another feature of this
thresher is the attachment of the Eclipse elevator; no matter if the
grain and chaff is dry or wet, it never chokes. It also has a greater
■width of separating surface in proportion to the threshing cylinder.
The cylinder is 32 inches. The width of separating surface is 46
inches.

Nichols, Shepard & Co., Battle Creek, Mich., exhibited one thresher
and separator called the "Vibrator." The separating portion of
this machine is made in the form of a long box, decked over at the
top and open at the rear end and divided into three sections. The

180 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

upper section is stationary, and forms the straw space. Below this
are two movable sections or troughs, each about six inches deep>
fitting into each other, the upper one having a bottom formed of
transverse wooden slats, with spaces between to permit the grain to
fall into the lower section. Just above this open slat-work are
placed several sets of finger-bars with long, projecting fingers in
each. These fingers reach from one bar to the other, nearly the
entire length of the separator. To one end of each finger is at-
tached an upright arm, the upper ends of which are connected
with the stationary frame of the machinery by means of leather
straps which regulate the lift, or upward throw of the fingers. The
lower section has a tight floor to hold the grain after it is separated
from the straw and falls through the slatted floor. It also projects
under the concave and grates to receive the threshed grain which
passes through them. The rear end projects partly over the
sieves, and is perforated so that the grain falls through in a shower,
and is evenly distributed upon the sieve. The middle and lower
sections are both suspended on swing rods, and are made to vibrate
or swing backward and forward by means of the crank shaft and
connecting bars. These vibrating sections move in opposite direc-
tions, and thus counterbalance each other, so that the machine
stands perfectly still, without blocking or bracing. The machine
being in motion, the two sections are vibrated backward and for-
ward, and communicate an uplift motion to the shaker, which
works the straw gradually to the rear. The straw, as it leaves the
threshing cylinder, is deflected or turned down at once to the agi-
tating fingers by the circular deck. The first rank of fingers toss
up the straw with rapid blows, and passes on to the next, where the
same process is repeated, only w^ith more of an uplift movement,
and so on over the six successive ranks of agitating fingers, until
the straw passes from the machine. Meantime, a large share of the
grain goes through the concave and grating, and falls into the
lower section without passing into the straw at all. The grain is
thoroughly shaken out in its passage over the agitating fingers, and
sifts through the open slat-work into the lower section, which con-
veys it to the fan mill. They also had on exhibition a set of con-
caves, with corrugated teeth inserted. The "Vibrator" thresher is
easily changed from a thresher into a clover huUer.

Hageristirwn Agricultural Implement Manufivcturing Co., Hagerstownf
Marijland; Exhibited bij Ttpier <i- HmUey, Indianapolis, Ind., one
clover huUer called "Victor." The chief point in this huller is,
that it feeds the clover under the cylinder; this threshes the seed
clean oft' of the straw and hulls it partly; the rakers separate the
head.s from the straw and carries the unhuUed seeds back to the

SPECIAL MERITS OF EXHIBITS. 181

lower cylinder, which hulls all the tougher seeds without breaking
any seed. The suction fan cleans the seed as it goes to the meas-
ure. The tailings are carried up by elevator to the upper cylinder.

Whiting d- Shearer, Manufacturers of the Ashland Clover Hulling
Machines, AshlanJ, Ohio, exhibited one clover huller, called the
" Ashland Huller." Its upper hulling cylinder is open barred with
wrought iron spikes and undershot feed; it has a low feed board,
from six to fifteen inches ; the low position of the cylinder prevents
any danger of top heaviness ; the lower hulling cylinder has a steel
nailed surface, which does its work perfectly. It allows the separ-
ator to be more open, there being no danger of clogging, and pre-
vents the seed from passing out with the straw. The cylinders are
both driven by the main drive-belt, or by one gear wheel. It has
an open web, with slats two inches apart, which allows all the heads
to pass through and the pickers to carry the straw over, to stir it
up continually, and entirely prevent bunching. The sieves are six
feet long — double the entire length. The upper sieve, having off-
sets, possesses the double advantage of having a larger space for the
wind close to the cylinder, and of shaking and turning over the
chaff as it passes along the riddles. There is no need to stake or
brace the machine to hold it in position. The machine can be easy
changed from gear to belt and also by a simple change of jjinions,
the speed, or the motion reversed. It is a simple construction and
durable.

American Grinding Mill Company, Chicago, III , exhibited by A. C.
Hamilton, Indiana} olis, Ind. This feed mill is horizontally mounted
on a cast iron frame. The hopper is securely attached by a five-
eighth inch iron rod to the frame. The burrs are made of chilled
cast iron. It is warranted to grind eighty bushels an hour. It is of
new design and simple in its construction. The inner burr is fast-
ened with a wooden pin, which goes through the hub and shaft. If
at any time any hard substance, like nails or gravel, should be fed,
the wooden pin will twist ofi' and save the burr from being cut or
broke. This mill can be either operated by steam or horse power.

BRICK AXD TILE MACHINES.

Tiffany's Brick and Tile Machine, Manufactured by Frey, Scheckler t&
Hoover, Bucyrus, Ohio, exhibited one brick and tile machine, whose
main principle is that it has two shafts, one inside of the other_
The main, or outside shaft, has the mixing knives and the main pro-
peller, while the inside shaft is running in an opposite direction at
six times the speed of the main shaft. By means of a smaller pro-
peller it forces the clay through the dies for either brick or tile.

182 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

from two inches to eighteen inches diameter. By means of this op-
posite running shafts the clay is entirely mixed and laminations
prevented. The machine is simply and strongly built. The mixing
shaft running a slow speed, the machine is enabled to run with
much less power than otherwise.

Cha7idler S: Taylor, Phosnix Machine Works, Indianapolis, Ind., ex-
hibited one drain tile machine. This machine is very simple in its
construction. It is made very strong and works quickly, and is
very easily operated. It only requires from two to three horse
power to operate it successfully.

The Adrian Brick and Tile Machine Manufacturing Company, Ex-
hibited by J. S. Knapp. It is a horizontal machine, with one set of
gearing, which grinds, tempers and pushes the clay through the
dies in a horizontal way. By the way of dies, it makes any kind of
shape. It is simple, strong and cheap. The machine is very easy
operated, and the dies are quickly adjusted. There is the same cut
off table in use for brick or tiling.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Eagle Machine Works, Indianapolis, lad., exhibited one improved
Woodbury horse power, mounted on wheels, to avoid the handling
of this power up and down from the wagon in order to operate it.
It is made simple and durable.

P. K. Dederick & Co., Chicago, III. and Albany N. F., exhibited one
perpetual baling press, of novel construction.

Eiley Bond, Indianapolis, Ind., exhibited one flour and middling
purifier combined. It is a flour bolt of new design, and is so con-
structed as to bolt the flour from the first grind and purifies the
middling the same time. The middlings then, after being reground,.
are bolted again on a different cloth in the same machine. He can
bolt whole stock flour and two or three grades at the same time and
in the same process. The same machine can be used for a grain
grater or purifier. On the same principle, he can kiln dry meal or
grain by the same process. The process is an oscilating motion by
the bolt. It is very plain and simple in its construction.

K rrick & Go , Indianapolis, Ind , had on exhibition the celebrated
Knowles steam pumps and a lot of leather and rubber belting. Also

selection of Jet pumps and a case of fine engine supplies.

Nf/rdyke, Marnum & Co., Quaker City Iron Works, Indianapdis, Ind.^
exhibited various kinds of shellers, cleaners, etc. They also exhibi-
ted H. A. Barnard's warehouse wheat separator. A large selection
of mill supplies, such as French mill burrs, corn mills, polished

SPECIAL MERITS OF EXHIBITS, 183

shafting couplings, hangers, pullies of new design ; also a fine lot ot
belting and burr casings, one diamond mill stone dressing machine,
various kinds of mill stone spindle steps, S. M. Braden's wheat
heater, Ligonier, Ind. This heater consists of a series of coils, which
are encased in copper ; the coil is heated by steam and the wheat,
in passing over this heated coil, is ready for grinding. Also one fine
case full of different kinds of bolting cloth and millers supplies,
mill picks and elevator cups, elevator gudgeons and stands.

Sinker, Davis & Co., Western Machine Works, Indianapolis, Ind., ex-
hibited a lot of " Bellis " governors, also stop-valves, hangers, pul-
lies, couplings and saw harbors, also a selection of French mill
burrs, one 36-inch iron husk mill, upper runner, with French burr
of new design, also a 24-inch mill, under runner, of new design ; one
4-reel bolting chest on which you can get at any part of it and see
the workings of the bolts. Also one new design of reel head, which
is so constructed that it does not require any boxes or spouts. It
delivers all the prodvicts from the outside and takes the feed from
the elevator also from the outside. The products of the reel can be
examined separately on the outside of the chest. Either side of
the chest can be used alternately. They also have a new design of
proof staff", warranted to be perfect under any atmosphere, and a
grain elevator with distributing spout of new design. Also a Dol-
man purifier which will operate on six different grades It has six
different air passages which operate separately, so as to distribute
the air as the middlings of different grades require.

John P. Wood, Indianapolis, Indiana, exhibited a flour sack machine'
which takes the paper from the roll, pastes it while it goes to the
cutter and cuts any size desired. This is the only flour sack manu-
factory in the State. Also one printing press, which prints as many
colors as desired at one impression, and also two stapling machines
to staple the butter dishes.

J. A, Dynes, Indianapolis, Indiana, exhibited four hand printing
presses of different design. Print all kinds of cards and do any
kind of little job work.

Merrill's Improved Water Purifying Air Valve Chain Pump, Exhib-
ited by Merrill, Indianapolis, Ind. It is an improvement over all the
chain pumps, and is easily worked ; does not get out of order and
is not liable to freezing. It will purify any well or cistern water
in less than one week.

Howard's Adjuatible Legs for Step Ladders. This is a very ingen-
ious device for lengthening or lowering the ladder to accommodate
itself to the work to be done. It is perfectly safe by getting up to
the last step on top of the ladder.

184 BOAED OF AGRICULTURE. .

To the Honorable Members (f the State Board (f Agriculture if Indiana:
Your ConuTiiittee on the Special Merits of Sections "A" and " B "
wish to exj^ress their desire in recommending a practical test of
traction engines at the coming State Fair. It can be easily accom-
plished, with a small outlay of money, by erecting a strong frame,
from eighteen to twenty feet high, well stayed. On top of said
frame would be placed four sheaves, two feet in diameter, to re-
ceive a two-inch hemp cable. A sheave of like diameter would be
placed on bottom of frame. On one end of the cable will be a
platform attached of sufficient size and strength to receive weights
of iron or rock ; on the other end of the cable should be attached a
traction engine, under eighty pounds pressure by a test steam
gauge, made for that purpose. At the test of each engine, the size
of cylinder and number of square feet of heating surface, also
number of the raced and weight of engine should be recorded by
the committee in charge. This would give all men who use, or
wish to use, that class of engines, a clear idea of its traction power.
If this would be made known to all engine builders, a greater num-
ber of engines would be sent to our next fair, and would draw a
much greater number of visitors. It would be very interesting to
men who use traction or common farm engines.

We also submit to your consideration another feature of impor-
tance; that is to furnish all exhibitors of steam power, with fuel.
It will be a small outlay to the State Board, but a great annoy-
ance to users of steam power would be done away with. Most of
these men are from abroad and not acquainted with any body.
Your committee has aided and done all in their power to overcome
the existing difficulties at this last exhibition.

Hoping the above will meet your approbation, we respectfully
submit this report to your consideration.

GUSTAVUS ZSCHECH,
GUSTAV BOHN,

Committee.

SPECIAL MERITS OF EXHIBITS. 185

REPORT OF THE SECOND DIVISION

COMMITTEE ON SPECIAL MERITS,

Upon Articles Entered in Books "C" and "D."

Your special committee having charge of books " C and D " at
the State Fair of 1880, would respectfully submit the following re-
port :

The exhibit included in the above books is especially fine. A
few articles enumerated, were not found on exhibition.

In our descriptions we use the letter of the book and the number
of^the entry, that any errors may be traced up and corrected.

W. G. Paekek,
J. W. Ragax,

Committee.
C. 5.

The Wonderful Churrt, Exhibited by the Indiana Churn Company, in
various sizes, and in practical operation, producing twelve pounds
of butter in ten minutes' time, impressed your committee favorably.

C. 23.

Cornish & Cuiiis, (f Ft. Adkinson, Wis., had on exhibition rectangu-
lar and square box churns, in sizes adapted to dairy or family use ;
also, the Lena and Eureka butter workers and butter color by R. S.
White of the same place. This is a creditable exhibition of useful
implements.

C. 13.

John Boyd, No. 199 Lake street, Chicago, exhibited the Cooley
creamer. This consists in the use of a can which may be sub-
merged in water until the cream rises, after which the milk may be
drawn off. This is a useful dairy implement.

186 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE,

C. 7.

The Beich Patent Cylinder Churn, with perforated dasher and suc-
tion spring; also, egg beater on the same principle, were exhibited
by H. T. Sinks, of Indianapolis. These are desirable implements
for family use.

C. 35.

The Centennial, an Improved Lever Dash Churn, exhibited by D. R,
Nevitt, LaMong, Hamilton county, Indiana, is simple and easy of
operation, and we believe worthy of recommendation.

C. 1.
Mrs. C. O. Lines, city, exhibited a patent steamer attachment for
cooking stoves, by which she bakes bread, potatoes, meats, and, in fact,
any article without additional fuel. We regard this as a valuable
acquisition to the kitchen furniture.

C. 14.
Jacob Voegtle, city, had an elegant display of stoves, perhaps never
excelled at any previous State Fair. He makes a specialty of the
Favorite cook stoves, manufactured by W. C. Davis & Co., Cincin-
nati. This display includes a full line of base-burners and heating
stoves, the West Point being prominent. Your committee take the
liberty of recommending a diploma of merit to this display.

C. 4.
It. L. McOuat, city, displayed a full line of heating and cook stoves ;
the Argand and Early Breakfast being specialties.

C. 12.
Wiggins & Donnan, 119 East Washington sL, city, exhibited the
Crowning Glory and a full line of base burners and heating stoves.

C. 10.
Medsker <k Goudy, 64 North Illinois St., city, exhibited an assort-
ment of stoves. The Aladdin is a specialty with them.

C. 3.
/. L. Frankem, city, had a fine collection of stoves, including the
Richmond Range, Champion, Monitor, Radiant Home and Parlor
Cook stove for wood. He also has the vapor gasoline cook stove,
and some elegant mantles.

C. 2.
The Garland Heating and Cook Stoves were exhibited by John A.
Lyons, 76 West Washington street, city.

SPECIAL MERITS OF EXHIBITS. 187

C. 11.

The Westminster Base Burners, Ranges and Acorn Cook Stoves, were
exhibited by Rand & Co., city, assisted by T. J. Bradler, of Albany,
New York.

C. 8.

Priest & Clark, 35 Virginia avenue, city, exhibited in operation, the
Triumph Clothes Wringer. This wringer has special merit.

C. 4.

Foos & Co., Springfield, Ohio, have a cheap and durable clothes
wringer, which we can recommend.

C. 42.

a. F. Porch, of i^'piceland, Indiana, showed the Humbolt Clothes
Washer.

C. 6.

J. L. Cause, of Indianapolis, had in practical operation two sizes
of laundry washers. This machine is easy of operation, has a rock-
ing motion, which brings pounders into contact with the goods in
such a way as to effectually perform its work without injury to the
fabric. We believe this to be a good machine for laundry purposes.
He also exhibited a mitre and bevel cutting machine.

C. 28.

J. W. Davis, of Marion county, exhibited the celebrated Muncie
Washer. This machine is simple, cheap and easy of operation. It
is used in connection with an ordinary wash tub, and performs its
work by a compound pressure and rubbing motion.

C. 39.
A Desirable Flour and Meal Chest, an article adapted to every
household, was exhibited by John W. Riggs, of Fortville, Ind.

C. 34.

A very beautiful Pyrimidal Stand, containing beer, ale, porter and
other malt liquors in variety, all nicely bottled, labeled and ar-
ranged, the whole producing a pleasing effect in the Hall, was shown
by the manufacturers, William Bachus & Co., 299 West Washington
street, Indianapolis.

C. 40.

D. G. Brown, of Dayton, Ohio, showed an extension step-ladder,
which we regard as of special merit. It is light and strong and
may be extended at will to quite double its usual length.

188 BOAED OF AGRICULTURE.

C. 18 TO 21.
John S. WUsof}, of Indianapolis, had a variety of convenient and
useful fly and insect screens, adapted to doors and windows ; also,
a kitchen safe made of same material. We commend these articles
to neat housekeepers.

C. 30.

A safe and secure Sash and Burglar Proff Lock, sure and steadfast,
adapted to any window, was shown by the Yeagley Burglar Proof
Sash Lock Co., of Indianapolis.

C. 16.

Sanders & Becker, 103 East Washington street, Indianapolis, made
an elegant display of furniture. Their parlor, chamber and dining
room sets were especially worthy of note, as also their chairs, lounges,
etc., all of which were tastefully arranged, and we consider, worthy
of a diploma.

C. 22.

Spiegel d; Thorns, city, made a very tastefully arranged display of
fine furniture. This displaj'- was made in connection Avith the very
elegant display of carpets, wall paper and tapestry, made by Albert
Gall, but which does not come under the notice of this committee,
being in another book. Considering the effect and beauty of this
disj^lay, and the elegance of the furniture shown, and the fact that
this firm are strictly home manufacturers, we recommend a di-
ploma of merit on this exhibition.

C.15.
C Schroder & Bro., 73 East Washington st., city, made a beautiful
display of fine china and queensAvare. It is rare to meet with such
good taste as was displayed in the arrangement of this exhibition,
consisting of elegant table and chamber sets of fine imported ware,
painted and decorated after the latest and most approved designs of
art. One set of ware in this exhition was valued at

China, Glass and Queensivare, the exhibit (f Mr. J. T. Kinney, No.
54 North Pennsylvania st., Indianapolis, was specially meritorious and
elicited on every hand high commendation and praise. The goods
were all new and unique in design and decoration, and were dec-
orated expressly for this exhibition at a large cost, the decorations
being new combinations in colors and hand painted, on new shapes
which had not before appeared on the market. These goods were
designed and work executed under his own supervision, on both
French and American wares. As a work of art, we may safely say
a finer display has never been put on exhibition in any western
State, and the effect must be to elevate public taste in art work.

SPECIAL MERITS OF EXHIBITS. 189

D. 5.

Lewis & Whitehead, city, made a line display of monumental work,
in marble and granite ; also, statuar)^, vases, etc. They also had
in their charge the model of the Morton monument, prepared for
the exhibition by A. L. Wright & Co., dealers in carpets, etc. This
model attracted much attention from the visitors to the fair.

D. 2.
One of the Oldest and Most Fathful Exhibitors at Indiana State Fairs,
and which we again found with a large and handsome display, is the
manufacturing firm of E. C. Atkins & Co., city, (firm consisting of
E. C. Atkins and H. Knippenberg), who displayed a full line of saws
including the celebrated diamond tooth cross-cut, which they make
a specialty of. In view of the elegance of this display, together
with its intrinsic value, we w^ould respectfully recommend that a
diploma of merit be awarded for it.

D. 3.

Specitnens of Machine Manufactured Brick, of good quality, from
the Quaker brick machine, were exhibited by Fletcher & Thomas,
city.

D. 10.

JEwald Over, Founder and Machinist, Indianapolis, exhibited a col-
lection of farm bells, in connection with various farm implements,
force pumps, power cider mills, presses, etc.

D. 4.
A collection of Horse Shoes in variety, many of them finished ready
for the foot, were shown by G. A. Hardesty & Co., of Indianapolis.

D. 6.
A. B. Meyers & Co., Indianapolis, make a display of coal and coke.

D. 7.
Sedgwick Bros., Richrnond Ind., exhibited wire net fencing and gates
of various sizes and styles of same material.

190 BOAED OF AGEICULTUEE.

REPORT OF THE THIRD DIVISION

COMMITTEE ON SPECIAL MERITS,

Of Articles Entered in Books '^ E" and " F."

Section I. — Plows and Cultivators.

In this section, your committee found a very creditable degree of
improvement, both in the style and finish of the implements. This
is especially true in the departments of sulky breaking plows and
cultivators, showing an advance in the direction of deeper and
more thorough cultivators.

George W. Brmvn, Galesburg, Illinois, exhibited a sulky running
gear for attaching a common walking plow at pleasure. This is a
very convenient arrangement, and allows the plowman to adjust his
plow to the strength of his team. The same party exhibited a two-
horse cultivator, with handles adjustable to any elevation. The
shovels are so attached to the bar that the bolts do not appear on the
face of the shovels.

Moline How Company, 3Ioline, HI., had on exhibition a sulky plow,
steel mould-board and arch, with a very convenient device for reg-
ulating the depth of cutting and setting the land slide ; also, a com-
bined cultivator, with seat and handles, adapted to either riding
or walking, and a cultivator constructed for walking only. The
same company showed a collection of breaking plows of various
sizes, adapted to breaking sod or stubble, and constructed with
wooden or steel beams, to suit the fancy of purchasers. The work
on all these implements was executed in good style, highly finished
and substantial.

P. P. Mast & Co., Springfield, Ohio, showed a two-horse cultivator,
adapted to either riding or walking. When riding, the shovels may
be contrglled by the feet. The fenders on this cultivator were re-

SPECIAL MEEITS OF EXHIBITS. 191

volving disks, with deep indentations around the edge. Also, the
same party exhibited a sulky running-gear to which a common
walking plow may be adjusted and made to operate as a sulky.
These implements were made of good material, fine workmanship
and with a high finish.

Smith Bend Chilled Plwv Company, South Bend, Indiana, exhibited
a sulky plow of chilled iron highly polished. This plow has a pecu-
liar device, by which the plow is lifted out of the ground by the
force of the team, by merely throwing a ratchet in gear. Also a
fine display of eight breaking plows, with polished shares and mould-
boards of chilled iron, and malleable iron standards. They were of
various sizes, from 10 to 16 inches cut ; and the larger sod plows
have revolving cutters or jointers.

/. R. Green, Indiunapolis, for Bucher, Gibbs & Co., manufacturers,
Canton, Ohio, showed the Imperial Breaking Plows, consisting of a
group of thirteen plows, varying in size from a 10-inch cut to 18
inches; chilled iron or steel mould-boards, highly polished, and
shares of steel and cast iron, so fitted as to be used interchangably at
will. A special device for elevating or lowering the draft by an
adjustment of the clevis was noted as a point of merit. The materi-
als used were of the first quality, and the workmanship showed a
high degree of skill.

The Weir Plmv Company, Monmouth Illinois, from the branch house
in Indianapolis, exhibited a group of plows, among which we deem
worthy of special notice, a sulky plow with an ingenious device
for lifting the plow out of the ground with horse power, by an in-
terference with a spoke of the wheel when in motion. By a sliding
adjustment the plow can be set to or from the land, so as to accom-
modate it to two or three horses. Also an iron-beam walking cul-
tivator, with an arrangement for hitching the team so as to divide
the direct draft equally between the beam and tongue. Likewise
three classes of breaking plows; sod, stubble and general purpose
plows. Each of these showed specimens of steel and chilled iron,
and each had samples of wood and iron beams — in draft requiring
from one to three horses. Also a combined sulky and walking cul-
tivator and a double shovel, all of good workmanship and fine finish.

L. Yinger, IndianapMs, exhibits the Slusser sulky plow, which
is a strong, well-made riding plow of the generally approved pattern.
With a team of three horses it will do good work. Mr. Y. also
showed an attachment for using an ordinary walking plow as a
sulky.

192 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

C. E. Merrifield, IndianapMs, had on exhibtion six two-horse
cultivators, among which the Brown walking cultivator has the
special merit of an adjustment to force the shovels into the ground
by the draft without special exertion of the plowman. Also the
draft is equally divided between beam and the tongue. In the
same group is a sulky cultivator with a jointed tongue, by which
means, it is claimed, a greater motion is given to the shovels. The
same party exhibited the Cassaday sulky plow, which is peculiar
in having no land side, the lateral pressure being sustained by in-
clining the off wheel outward at an angle of 30 degrees. It claims
a saving of 20 per cent in the draft.

James M. Buchannan showed a heavy iron-framed road plow, that
with a sufficient team will do good service.

Tyner & HaMey, Indianapolis, exhibited a complete line of plows,
among which we note as worthy of special attention, the Misha-
waka plow — chilled iron and steel, both iron and wooden beams,
the Aughe steel plow, Troy Champion, steel, one, two and three-
horse plows. All these were complete in material and finish. The
same party also exhibited the Dayton sulky plow and the Moline
and Hughs' sulky, both riding plows of merit. In the same group
we find the Mishawaka walking cultivator and the Malta combined
riding and walking cultivator. To this last, was attached a pair of
light cultivator harrows, (entered by J. A. Wood, Greensburg, Ind),
which we regard of special merit in the cultivation of corn in its
early stages ; also, the Long and Alstatter cultivator, with an ad-
justment to regulate the width of tread between the wheels. Each
horse operates his own plow independently. In the same group
we observed an iron framed sulky, with the plow operating on the
off side of the wheels, while these ran entirely on the unbroken
land, two horses walking on the land and one in the furrow. The ar-
rangement is a great relief to the team, and if side draft can be ob-
viated, will be worthy the attention of farmers. A notice of a very
complete stock of road making tools, such as road plows, scrapers,
surface graders, etc., will close our observations of the very large
collection of implements in the plow line showed by Tyner &
Hadley.

Danid Unthank, Indianapolis, exhibited a two-horse walking cul-
tivator, of very fine workmanship and high finish. In several
points, this implement departs from the general imttern of cultiva-
tors, which departures are claimed to be improvements, but our
space forbids our describing them in detail.

SPECIAL MERITS OF EXHIBITS. 19S

A. Cbnde & Co., East Gennanirnvn, Ind., exhibited a group of
plows, five in number, two and three-horse sizes. PoHshed steel
mould-board and share, and malleable iron standard. Strong and
Avell made.

Farst & BrmUey, Chicago, III., showed a collection of twenty plows,
embracing the various sizes of 10 to 16 inches of land cut. Sixteen
of them are made of steel, hardened and highly polished, and four
are of burnished chilled iron. In the group were two sulky plows
of difierent sizes, with the usual adjustments for regulating depth
width of cut, etc. The hand plows represented sod and stubble
breakers and general purpose plows ; also, two sulky cultivators of
good iDattern and fine workmanship and finish.

Section II — Seed Drills and Corn Planters.

Johnson, Gere ct Truman, Oswego, N. Y., by J. A. Moffit, Ageiit, ex-
hibited an eight-hoed combined seed drill and fertilizer. It has a
force feed and can be adjusted to sow various kinds of grain or flax
seed in quantities varying from one to ten pecks per acre. The at-
tachment for distributing commercial fertilizers is very complete,
and will do its work uniformly and well. The same party exhibited
a nine-hoed drill without the attachment.

The Farmer's Friend Manufacturing Company, Dayton, 0., exhibited
three wheat drills of an approved pattern and good workmanship.
The same company showed a double-row corn-planter, dropping by
liand-lever or check-row attachment, consisting of a wire stretched
across the field and check balls at the proper distance apart for the
rows.

George W. Broion, Galesburg, III., showed two corn-planters, the Ex-
celsior and the Imperial. The first of these has a spring attachment
to keep the runners in the ground. Both plant two rows, and are
hand-lever dropper, but have arrangements for attaching the wire-
check row-drop.

P. P. Mast, Springfield, Ohio, exhibited a wheat drill with fertil-
izer and grass seed sowing attachments. The hoes are set on rub-
ber springs and the adjustment is complete for regulating the
amount of grain, grass seed or fertilizer to be distributed. The
hoes have movable points, so that they can be sharpened when
necessary or replaced when injured ; also, a five hoed one-horse
drill for corn ground. These were all made of good material and
excellent workmanship.

13 — Age. Report.

194 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Jf-'ffirsun Ca»/k/r, Imlianapdis, showed two grain drills with hoes
set on rubber springs. One of them had an attachment for distrib-
uting hone meal or other fertilizer in the drill with the proper reg-
ulator for determining the amount distributed.

Meehanicsburg Machine Co., 3Iec}mnicsburg, Ohio, exhibited an
iron framed grain drill with screw feed and spiral springs to keep
tlie hoes at a uniform depth in the ground. A strong and very-
durable drill.

The Wait Manufacturing Co., Graml Haven, Mich., displayed a two-
horse corn planter, dropping double rows by hand lever. The drop
plates are rotated by an endless chain so as to make the drop ab-
solutely at the same time in each row.

C. E. Merrifidd, Imlianapdis, exhibited the Union wheat drill,
manufactured by S. B. Hart & Co., Peoria, Illinois. The Union
drill departs from the usual type of wheat drills in several points .
The driver's seat is placed behind the drill box so as to secure to
him a better point of observation. The wheels are larger in diam-
eter and wider on the tread than common drills. A register is
attached showing the number of acres sowed at any time. The
drill is of excellent workmanship and good finish.

J. M. Nichol &: Co., Lulianapolis, had on exhibition four one-horse
drills for seeding in corn ground ; two three-hoed drills ; one five-
hoed drill and one with six hoes. The drills are operated without
cog gearing and have indicators determining the amount of grain
sowed per acre. The hoes are hinged as in the two-horse drills,
and are hung on wooden pins.

D. E. McSh&ry, Dayton, Ohio, showed a grain drill with eight hoes.
The weight of the driver and grain box is thrown back of the axle
so as to relieve the pressure of the tongue on the horses' necks ; also
a drill with a fertilizing attachment so arranged that it can be
thrown out of gear at any time and the drill used without it. Both
drills are well made.

E. Over, hulianapdis, exhibited one-horse grain drills, three and
five-hoed, for seeding in corn ground. They are well proportioned,
and like everything else from this shop, are well made.

Wayne Agrieidtural Company, Richmond, Ind., showed the Cham-
pion grain drill. The hoes are adjusted by means of steel springs.
The feed adjustment makes a very regular distribution of the seed.
The .same company exhibited a broadcast sower with a very inge-
nious and efficient arrangement for scattering the grain more evenly
tlian it can' possibly be done by hand sowing.

SPECIAL MERITS OF EXHIBITS. 195

R. Davis, Sharpsville, Imliana, showed a check-row marker for
corn. It is on wheels, and marks five rows at once. A convenient
implement.

Rmle Brothers, Liberty, Ind., exhibited a wheat drill whose chief
merit is its simplicity. It is a force feed and easily regulated to sow
any desirable amount of grain. It is neat, light and simple.

Deere <fc Mansur, Muline., III., exhibited three corn-planters, to-wit:

1. A plain, double-row, hand-drop planter, dropping a given
number of grains very accurately.

2. A drill planter, with an adjustment for regulating the space
between the grains in the row.

3. A wire check-row planter, dropping by the usual wire and
balls.

The implements are well made and cover the entire demand in
corn-planting.

Tyner & HadXey, Indianapolis, in a large collection of farm imple-
ments, showed a broadcast sower for either seed or commercial fer-
tilizer; a very convenient implement. Also two grain drills, one
with fertilizing attachment and the other without. Also the Victor
one-horse drills, three and five-hoed, and a single-row corn drill.
Also the Avery check-row corn-planter, using the wire and balls.
The check-row arrangement may be detached and the planter used
as a hand-dropper. Also the Union corn-planter, with or without
check-row attachment, with either rotary or sliding drop-plates, the
shdes working on rollers, the rotary changes feed without changing
plates. Also, Hay worth's check-row dropper, using either cord or
wire, with an ingenious device for changing the line at the end of
the row without detaching it.

Vandiver Corn Planter Co., Quincy, III, exhibited the Barlow
rotary drop corn planter. It drojis by a hand lever and is a double
row planter. It drops a given number of grains with great regu-
larity. Also the Barlow corn drill with an adjustment regulating
the space between grains in the row.

Beedle & Kelly, Troy, Ohio, exhibited three corn planters ; one a
hand dropper ojDerated by a lever, planting two rows. The others
are drills but so constructed that they may be used as hill planters
if desired. They are simple, strong and well made.

Section III. — Harrows and Pulverizers.

Moline Plmv Co., Molitie, III., had on exhibition a sectional harrow,
each section being hinged to its fellow by a flexible joint, and de-
tachable when desired. When connected, the harrow accommo-

196 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

dates itself to the inequalities of the ground, and by detaching a
single section, a light one-horse harrow is furnished.

The Weir Plow Co., ^lonmmdh, III., exhibited a gang harrow, con-
sisting of three square harrows so connected that either one or
both of the outside harrows could be turned back on the middle
one, and thus give less width and greater weight.

Eeed &: Co., KcUaviazoo, Mich., exhibited a spring-tooth harrow.
The teeth of this implement consist of bows of spring steel, the
flattened points of which operate as a number of small cultivators
and will effectually pulverize the surface of the ground. Various
sizes from a one to a four-horse harrow.

E. Bement & Sons, Lansing, Michigan, showed a spring-tooth harrow
of novel construction. The teeth are of spring steel, slightly curved
at the point and reinforced by a pair of spiral springs attached to
each tooth.

E. Over, Indianapolis, exhibited a jointed triangular harrow with
thirty steel teeth, so arranged as to make an implement well adapted
to thorough pulverization of the soil.

R. P. Kimherlin & Co., Indianapolis, had on exhibition an iron,
framed sectional liarrow with teeth so attached that they can be set
at any desirable angle that the harrow will clear itself in heavy
stubble or other rough ground. It is a strong and durable imple-
ment.

Phelps & Bigdoiv, Kalamazoo, Mich., exhibited the Vibrator gang har-
row, hinged so as to accommodate itself to uneven surfaces. The
teeth are steel and are inclined backward so as not to choke or clog
in rough ground.

M. S. Heacock, Dublin, LuL, showed a platform harrow and pul-
verizer combined. It is an implement adapted to a very wide
range of application in the cultivation of a clay soil, disposed to be
cloddy. It is siniple, easily managed, and not liable to get out of
order.

.Jefferson Caylor, Indianapolis, exhibited a double disk pulverizer,
with six revolving disks in each set, and these placed at an angle
with the direction in which the team is moving. As an implement
to effectually stir newly plowed ground and thoroughly pulverize it,
this pulverizer has high merit.

SPECIAL MERITS OF EXHIBITS. 197

Section IV. — Harvesters and Rakes.

Jefferson Caylor, Imlianapjlis, exhibited a self clumping horse rake,
with a continuous wrought iron axle. The teeth of spring steel,
liave a spiral coil at the base,

C. E. Merrijield had on exhibition two horse rakes — the one a hand
dumping rake with very long teeth and consequently great capa-
city of winrow; the other a self-dumping rake of the same general
pattern ; also a hay-loader, consisting of a revolving rake and eleva-
tor attached to a wagon, by which arrangement it is intended to
gather the hay and carry it up to the loader on the wagon, dispen-
sing entirely with hand work. If the design can be carried out,
this will prove an important labor-saving device; also, the Buckeye
harvester, a wire self binder. Miller's patent. It is chiefly remark-
able for the simplicity of its construction. Made at Akron, Ohio.

Walter A. Wood, Chimgo, III, by John Osterman, Agent, exhibited
a self-binding harvester, using twine in the operation. It ties the
double bow knot, common to twine binders, by a very simple and
yet efficient device. It showed a complete control of the reel to
accommodate it to different conditions of the grain. The same
party exhibited a wire-binding harvester and a sweep-rake reaper.
All good implements of their kind.

Sandwich Manufacturing Company, Sandwich, III., by W. M. Jones,
Agent, exhibited two self-binders, the one binding with twine and
the other with wire. They carry the grain from the platform to
the binder by the vibrating elevator, by which means it reaches the
binder without being tangled. Good implements and easily mana-
ged. The reaper in each of these machines makes a cut of six feet,
and they claim to do this without materially increasing the draft.

D. M. Osboum, Auburn, N. Y., Wm. J. }Vheeler, Agent, exhibited a
group of harvesting implements, consisting of two self-binders; one
binding with twine, the other wire, both doing their work with
neatness and dispatch. Also a combined reaper and mower, with
rake attached, and a combined machine with dropper. The same
party exhibited an independent self-raking reaper and an independ-
ent mower. All the implements were made of well selected mate-
rial and of good Avorkmanship. The machines were all furnished
with a removable steel ledger plate in the guard, rendering repairs
at this point easy.

J. B. Hayivood, Indianapolis, showed a twine-binding harvester of
the old reliable McCormick pattern. It is a strong, well made ma-
•chine, somewhat heavy, but will do good work.

98 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Wai/ne Agricultural Works, Bichmond, Indiana, exhibited a self-
raking reaper (Roj'ce pattern), five feet cut and very light draft.
The machine is well made.

J. F. SeihUng, Akron, Ohio, showed the Empire combined har-
vester. It has a table rake, and has reduced its gearing to extreme
simplicity. It has a special arrangement for securing fallen grain,
that looks as though it would do good service ; also, the Combined
Empire, with sweep rake and drop attachment. The same party
exhibited an independent reaper and mower of the Empire j)attern-

Dickson & Co., Indianapdis, showed the Champion twine binding
harvester. It has a spiral spring for regulating the tension of the
canvas platform, in wet or dry grain, and a convenient adjustment
to secure any desirable hight of stubble. The cutter-bar is sup-
supported by a truss brace under it. The same party also showed
two self-raking reapers and a mower, all of good workmanship.

Tyner & Hadley, Indianapolis, exhibited a self-dumping, spring-
toothed horse rake of good workmanship.

Ir^iana Exchange, IndianapJis, E. S. Pope, agent, exhibited the
St. Paul twine binding harvester, a well built, smooth running ma-
chine, binding with twine, tying the usual double bow knot. Also
self-dumping hay rake of good workmanship.

Section V. — Gates akd Fences.

Beeves <t Co., Columbus, Ind., exhibited two automatic gates, both
operated by the wheel of the vehicle passing. The one opens both
ways and always from the driver, the other opens but in one direc-
tion and is moved, both in opening and closing by the force of
gravity.

T. B. Cook, Indiraiajyolis, exhibited an automatic gate oj^erated by
the carriage or wagon wheel. It opens and closes by a pair of
spiral springs. It requires but little force to move it.

/. E. Garrett, SaAt county, Itnva, showed a farm gate hung by a
pivot in the middle of the upper rail. It opens by lifting instead of
turning, and is operated by a cord and hand pull. It is proof
against deep snow.

E. Over, Indianapolis, cxliibitcd an automatic gate ojierated by
the passing wheel, but acted on by separate rods for opening and
closing, the rods always acting by traction and never by pushing.
The arrangement is a good one.

SPECIAL MERITS OF EXHIBITS. 199

John D. Sluinnon, Plqua, Ohio, showed the Eureka drive gate. It
is opened by a lever. The gate is hung in the middle, and is sus-
pended on arms so as to move with but little force.

Kelso & Hickey, exhibited a gate that is opended and closed by a
heavy weight in a boxed post, which acts like a clock weight, and
requires to be wound up at intervals. It is operated by a wire and
hand pull.

Owen <Sc Small, Carmel, Iml., had on exhibition a gate made of iron
frame-work, filled in with wire netting. It is made to operate
automatically. The same exhibitors showed a specimen of the
Sedgwick wire fence. The net work is made by machinery, and
when put on substantial posts, makes a handsome, strong, durable
and cheap fence.

Section VI. — Miscellaneous Entkies.

Gem-ge W. Bixnvn, Galesbury, III., exhibited the Leidy stalk cutter.
A revolving cutter, operating six knives, cutting the stalks by i^res-
sure on the ground into sections of ten inches in length.

P. P. Mast, Springfield, Ohio, showed apple mills of tAVO sizes. Sin-
gle horizontal feed-roller above and two crushing rollers below.
Operated by crank and fly-wheel.

Weir Phnv Company, Monmouth, III., exhibited a tripplctrce for
equalizing the draft when working three horses abreast. A good
thing.

J. E. Porter, Ottoira, III., exhibited a horse hay fork and carrier for
mowing hay, adjusted to a wooden track, and the same constructed
for an iron track. An imi^ortant labor saver.

C. E. Merrifield, IndianapJis, showed a horse hay fork and the
Hoosier hay carrier, operating on a wooden track, with friction rol-
lers, and a good device for protecting the rope in discharging the
load. Made by J. C. Wingate, Crawfordsville, Ind.

Tyner & Hadley, Indianap lis, exhibited a large collection of farm
and barn tools, among Avhich we note Baldwin's power fodder cut-
ters, with safety fly-wheels; also Silver <fc Deming's cutters, for
hand power. These machines eftect a great saving where corn
fodder is fed to stock. The same party showed five sizes of the
Big Giant corn and cob crusher, to be oi)erated by horse power by
■means of a sweep; likewise two sizes of the Victory corn and cob
mill, to be run by belt, and a French burr corn mill on a horizon-
tal shaft; also the Cliallenge feed mill (metal), with corn sheller
attached, which can be used sei)arately if desired. There is a meal

200 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

bolt connected with this mill which may be used at will. Two hand
corn shellers of different sizes, and two combined hand and power
shellers were noted in this collection, as also was the Victor cane
mill and Cook's evaporator, in good order for making syrup. A
root and vegetable cutter, for preparing that kind of food for stock,
and three sizes of the American cider mill and press, were also
exhibited. In the same collection we found the Avery stalk cutter,
with knives set spirally, and adapted to cutting one or two rows, as
desired, and also a full assortment of gardener's tools, made by
Allen & Co., and a potato digger well adapted to accomplishing that
hard work by horse power.

Ti/ner S: Hadley also exhibited the Goshen wooden pump with a
porcelain-lined piston chamber, and lastly we inspected one and
two-horse inclined plane powers, with governors, that completely
controlled the speed.

P. Smith, Bro. & Co., exhibited a portable power corn-sheller, with
a capacity of 1,500 bushels of corn per day with proper attendance.

Jeffei'son Giibe, Auburn, Ind., exhibited a hand-power fanning mill
with screens for separating all impurities from gain. A convenient
thing to have in a barn.

Wm. H. Dungan, IndianapMs, showed a bag-holder, which saves
one hand at the threshing. Every farmer should owp one. .

Abijah Cassell, Indianapolis, exhibited a hay and straw stacker,
operating by horse power, and designed to carry the hay or straw
• to the top of a stack 25 feet high.

J. I. Knapp, Adrian, Mich., exhibited a tile and brick machine,
making round tile, and doing good work. It claims a capacity of
15,000 brick per day, with a ten-horse power.

Chandler & Taylor, Indianapolis, exhibited the old and reliable
drain tile machine which pioneered the drainage interest in this
■State, and by its various improvements, has been able to maintain
its standing in the public confidence to this time.

E. Over, exhibited a power cider press, operating by a double-
geared screw. A machine of great power and easily operated. Also
a road scraper made of plate-steel, very strong and light ; likewise
a cane mill with three horizontal rollers, propelled by belt, and an
iron grave-enclosure, of artistic design.

Champaign Gmnly Manuf( (during Co., Urbana, Ohio, exhibited a
<litching and tile-laying machine. A mole forms a ditch by up-
ward and lateral pressure, in which the tile is laid as the engine
proceeds, and the ditch closes itself. It claims a capacity of 100

SPECIAL MERITS OF EXHIBITS. 201

rods per day, at a depth of two feet. In heavy clay it will not op-
erate well at a greater depth, and this is scarcely beyond the reach of
frost in this climate.

/. D. Milick exhibited Sprout's hay elevator and carrier, made at
Muncy, Pa. The track decends at the outer end so that the load
moves forward at once on reaching the track, thus rendering the
draft steady and uniform. Also a combined hay fork and knife.
The cutting edge is on the rigid part of the bar and cuts by a shear
motion.

Wm. Burfurd, Irulianap:Ms, showed fine specimens of book binding
and lithographing, and a sfjlendid collection of blank books and
stationery.

Charles Soehner, Indianapolis, exhibited a variety of pianos, organs,
etc., end a fine stock of goods pertaining to the musical art.

D. H. Baldwin, Indianapolis, showed pianos and organs of fine
tone and high finish, and other musical instruments, in full assort-
ment.

The Hmce Seidng Machine Co., by E. D. Olin, Indianapolis, exhib-
ited the old reliable Howe sewing machine, with its latest improve-
ments.

W. H. Idings, Indianapjlis, showed the Eldridge sewing machine,
a light running general purpose machine.

E. E. Brmvn, Indianapolis, exhibited the Domestic sewing ma-
•chine. The shuttle, needle and feed motions are produced by an
■eccentric and lever. No cogs nor cams in the machine; very light-
running and entirely without noise; exceedingly simple in con-
.struction.

Davis Sewing Machine Company, Chicago, 111., exhibited a sewing
machine in which the feed has the peculiarity that the presser foot
rises entirely clear of the goods before the feed motion moves for-
ward, rendering the stitch uniform. It does fine work.

Wlieeler &; Wilson Sewing Machine Company, Indianapolis, showed
the machine which bears' their name, and which has a well estab-
lished reputation. It substitutes a revolving hook for the shuttle.
A late improvement is a hollow needle-bar, thus diminishing the
weight.

R. E. Stephens, Indianap Ms, exhibited the White sewing machine.
This is a shuttle machine, producing its motions by an eccentric.
It is simjile, light-running and noiseless.

Indiana Farmer Comp'tny, Indianapolis, displayed a fine collection
of premium corn, and distributed copies of the only weekly agri-
cultural paper in the State.

202 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

C. F. Rockwell, represented the Journal of Commerce, a weekly pa-
per, devoted to commercial interests. Published in Indianapolis.

Fan)iers' Review, a weekly agricultural and miscellaneous paper,
published in Cliicago, 111., and represented by Dorman N. Davidson,
Indianapolis. It claims a circulation of 25,000 copies, weekly.

P. H. Kelly, Indianairjlis, showed a fine display of cologne, in.
various sized bottles.

Scoville & Co. IndianapMs, disi)layed a large collection of inks ;,
black, green, purple and scarlet, claimed to be non-corrosive.

H. Streicher, Chicago, III., showed a stock of fine jewelry.

J. E. Hirst, Cincinnati, exhibited an automatic gas generator, using
gasoline and atmospheric air.

H. Pyburn displayed a large assortment of candies manufactured
at his factory in Indianapolis. We tested their quality and found
them excellent.

W. A. Sehenk, FuJhm, N. Y., exhibited a cider mill with three hor-
izontal rollers, and screw press, both operated by hand.

S. P. Harringt(m, Indianapdis, showed a corn-stalk cutter ojDer-
ated on a new principle. It has steel rake teeth which lift the
stiilks from the ground, and a series of revolving wheels, armed with-
knives, running at a rapid rate, cut them. It is a good implement^
but too high-priced for small farmers.

GEXEBAL REMARKS.

The fair of 1S80 had the best display of the implements and
tools of the farm, whether considered in regard to the number ex-
hibited, the workmanship and finish of the several exhibits, or
their adai)tjition to use, that has ever been made in the State. The-
superiority of our farming consists not so much in our modes of
cultivation, nor in the thoroughness of our work, as in the excel-
lence of the implements and machines furnished us to work with.
In this we acknowledge our indebtedness to the inventive genius
of the American peoi)le, and the faithfulness and skill of our me-
chanics. The unparalleled jn-ogress of the last half century in this
direction is astonishing, and yet each year excels its predecessor in
the rapidity of this marcli.

At the late fair it was easy to sec to what special points of im-
])rovcnicnt the attention of the pul)lic was chiefly directed. Among
farm imi)lcmcnts, the self-binding harvesters were the chief attrac-
tion. The recent introduction of twine blading, and the complete

SPECIAL MERITS OF EXHIBITS. 20S

success in making a perfect knot that neither comes untied nor
sUpe, kept a crowd around those machines from morning till night.
Many persons object to the use of wire in binding, whether with
good cause or not, and the introduction of twine, which removes
this objection, and is no more expensive, creates a decided sensation
among those most interested; and well it may, for binding har-
vesters are, p'^r excellence, the improvement of the present time.

Next to the binders, the Sulky plows and cultivators were, perhaps
the largest center of attraction. We are not willing to believe that
it is altogether the prospect of riding on a cushioned seat while at
work, that furnished this attraction. The ability to do more, and
better work in a given time is no doubt the chief motive that calls
attraction to these improved plows. There is a great diflference be-
tween finishing a row of corn at once, and the old process of " three
times in a row." It is not so much the saving of labor that
we seek, as the making of labor more productive. If the labor of
passing once through a row produces the same results that passing
three times formerly did, we very naturally incline to it.

Considerable attention was drawn to the combination of an appa-
ratus for distributing commercial fertilizers, with wheat drills ; and
in many parts of the State they will, no doubt, soon come into
general use.

Harrows and pulverizers received a fair share of attention, but
by no means as much as they deserve. Our farmers are just waking
up to the high importance of a finely pulverized soil.

Respectfully submitted,
E. T. Brown,

C. A. HOWLAXD,

Cmnmiitce^

204 BOARD OF AGRICLTLTURE.

KEPOET OF FOURTH DIVISION

COMMITTEE ON SPECIAL MERITS

Articles Contained in Books "G" and "ZT."

The undersigned committee, appointed to examine carriages,
iurniture, upholstery, carpets, etc., entered in Books "G" and "H,"
respectfully report that they have carefully examined the various
articles on exhibition, and have noted the points of merit in each,
iis fully as the hasty examination which they were compelled to
make would allow. Owing to the impossibility of finding the
owners of many articles on exhibition, your committee failed to
get much desired information.

The display of carriages, buggies and farm wagons was remarka-
bly good.

Shaw, Backus & Co., of IndianapnUs, exhibited a very large collec-
tion of carriages, buggies and wagons of various kinds, the most
notable of which was their solid-top delivery wagon, with platform
springs and circle track, a paragon of perfection for beauty of finish
and elegance of design ; it certainly has no equal. The circle-track
farm wagons exhibited by this firm are the most convenient, and
apparently the most perfect wagons ever made or exhibited here.

A. J. Johr, Indiana.p:jUs, exhibited an improved phaeton and
some very fine buggy tops of their own manufacture, a specialty
with them.

Eenu-k, Cutiis & Co., Greencastle, Ind., exhibited their new patent
slide and jump-seat — a most perfect carriage and buggy combined.

Bobbins & Gerrard, Indianapolis, showed a fine collection of car-
riages and buggies. Their leading exhibit consists of a three-quarter
top box buggy, hung on four half springs shackled to two side-bars
and crossing each other, supporting the body at tAvo points, enabling
the body to be hung very low.

SPECIAL MERITS OF EXHIBITS. 205

I. Bremerman, Indianapolis, exhibited two carriages and two
buggies ; a jump-seated carriage, remarkable for its simplicity.

A. A. Heifer & Son, IrulianapoUs, exhibited some very fine carriages;
also a Timkin's gear side-bar buggy, a decided improvement over
the old style; also a very fine two-seated Kellogg.

Charles H. Black, Itidianapolis, exliibited a large assortment of
buggies of superior workmanship.

C. Fcckler & Brother, of Dubuque, lo^va, exhibited a good assort-
ment of their new joint-brace carriage tops.

/. P. Wood, Imlianapolis, exhibited a splendid collection of wooden
dishes, brackets, etc. Also a great variety of paper sacks made by
special machinery, said to be the only manufactory of paper sacks
in the State.

The Udell Woodemvare Company exhibited a large assortment of
their celebrated step-ladders of various sizes and patterns, and a
general assortment of wooden wares.

G. G. Seaman, Indianapolis, exhibited a superior hand-cart, which
attracted a great deal of attention.

J. H. Harford exhibited an adjustable single-tree, the most con-
venient and useful thing of the kind in use.

R. Frauer & Co., Indianapolis, exhibited harness and side-saddle.

/. Wesley Bennett, Indianapolis, exhibited some very fine specimens
of portrait painting in ink and water colors, from old faded pictures.

Harry SJiartle, Indianapolis, exhibited a very neat collection of
photographs, porcelain finish, which were much admired.

F. M. Priest, Indianapolis, exhibited Adams' illustrated chart of
Biblical and secular history, which attracted a great deal of atten-
tion, and appeared to be a work of considerable merit.

C. C. Raesner, Indianapolis, exhibited some specimens of pen
drawing, of rare merit, showing great artistic skill.

Stephanna Schicsster, city, exhibited a large assortment of notions.

H. B. Sherman, Indianapolis, exhibited a magnificent oil painting
of his farm and stock, which was much admired ; also, an unique
collection of Esquimaux fur costume.

J. C. Wampler, Indianapolis, exhibited an oil painting by Miss Liz-
zie Webster, which was much admired.

B. E. & Florence Harrison, city, exhibited three pencil portraits.

206 BOARD OP AGRICITLTURE.

Manj Wanl exhibited an oil painting, ruins of Carthage, Avhich
\va6 really a beautiful picture, the coloring being remarkably fine.

S. W. Ott, hvHanapdis, exhibited his improved extension or fold-
ingbed lounge.

Geo. Krause, city, exhibited a folding bed lounge; also, a bed and
lounge of novel construction ; the bed being drawn out from under
the lounge on the back without interfering with the use of the lounge.

P. F. Bryce, Indianapolis, made a novel display of the manufacture
of brushes, which attracted considerable attention.

The Shafer Desk Co. exhibited some of their fine desks which
"\vere much admired.

Gluirles Mayer & Co., Indiana'polis, exhibited a fine collection of
toys and notions.

David Kregelo, Indianapolis, exhibited an assortment of very fine
burial cases and undertakers' goods in general.

The Folding Bed Company of Indianapolis, exhibited a variety of
their justly celebrated folding beds. They are very simple in con-
struction, being so arranged as to be completely balanced without
the use of weights or springs. When folded, it makes a complete
representation of a bureau, side-board, book-case or other art'icles of
furniture. The book-case style is not only a perfect bed, but also a
perfect book-case and secretary, the combination forming a highly
useful and elegant article of furniture. These beds are so simple
that they can be opened or folded by a child four years old. It
folds with all the bedding and pillows necessary for the coldest
weather, without disarranging or wrinkling spreads. It protects
your spreads, pillows and bedding from dirt, coal dust, etc. It oc-
cupies only the space of a common bureau or wash stand, and can
be as easily removed from one room to another.

*S^. L. Warner, Indianapolis, exhibited magnificient collection of
burial caskets of most elegant styles and finish, among which the
following were the most notable : an imitation rosewood and burl-
walnut metalic casket, with glass pannels and mounted gold and
silver trimming, lined with silk and satin ; and black cloth draped
casket, elegantly mounted with silver trimmings ; one burl-walnut
and rosewood oval-top casket, richly mounted gold and silver trim-
mings; one imitation rosewood casket, with sliding glass, silver
mountings and trimmings. The great variety of burial cases, as
well as the goods disjilaycd, were all of the finest quality.

The When Clothing Storp, of Indianapolis, is to well known to the
peojjle of Indiana, who visit the State Fair, to need any commend-

SPECIAL MERITB OP EXHIBlTg. 20?

ation from your committee, they being the only house who have
made a display of clothing and gent's furnishing goods at the State
Fair for three years, each succeeding year making its display upon
■&, grander scale than the preceding season. This fall they eclipse
in magnitude and elegance anything ever seen in this class of ex-
hibits in the West, not excepting our large cities even. Before
they could display their goods to advantage they erected, at their
own expense, a suitable stand, costing several hundred dollars.
This stand was formed in the shape of a magnificent palace car,
beautifully papered and ornamented, from which to exhibit a line
of samples that would form a good stock for a small dealer, the en-
-entire display of clothing, representing everything conceivable that
a child from two and a half years old might wear, to a suit or an over-
■<!oat that would be appropriate for the man with frosted locks, was
^surroimded by a line of glass show-cases filled with samples of the
largest variety of gent's furnishings ever seen before, we believe,
at any State Fair. There seemed to be nothing that man could
•^suggest or desire in the line of wearing apparel or furnishing goods
that could not be found in this beautiful i:)alacecar. The charming
'elegance of their display was evidenced by the dense crowd of admir-
ers who continually surrounded their stand. In fact, all tke space
in that part of the hall was so thronged wdth admiring spectators
that your committee found it impossible to gain access during the
•day to make their examination. The grandeur of this display,
constituting as it did one of the most attractive and interesting
features of the upper hall, was only equaled by the superior style
and quality of the goods displayed.

The Dwinnell Brothers exhibited a very large and fine assortment
of the justly celebrated genuine Hartford boot. Their display con-
■sisted not only of an extensive assortment of boots and shoes of
■every variety and style in the finished state, but in addition to this
they exliibited a large quantity of the raw^ materials, so that people
could see for themselves the fine quality of the stock used in thei\
■construction ; and last, but not least, was the exhibit of boots in all
stages of construction, showing the superior workmanship of their
goods. They have earned for their work, and justly, too, a world-
wide reputation. Having had many years of experience in this
line of goods, we most unhesitatingly affirm that we have never
«een on exhibition at any State Fair in the country anything to
•equal the samples shown, both for solidity, durability and quality
•of materials used.

The magnificent and unequaled display of fine furniture by Messrs. San-
■der & Becker, of Indianapolis, was one of the most interesting and

208 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

attractive features of the upper hall. The large assortment of fine
furniture exhibited by this firm was all of the most costly material
and exquisite workmanship. For beauty of design and excellence
of finish their work is not surpassed by any of the eastern manu-
facturers, while the materials used are all of the verj^ best quality^
none other being used by them. Among the articles exhibited was
a beautiful bed-room set of exquisite workmanship, finished in
Japanese style. The peculiar feature of this set consists in the
ornamentation being carved out of the solid wood of which it is
constructed, instead of being glued on in the usual way. They ex-
hibited a magnificent parlor set, trimmed in fine silk. This set was
of most unique j)attern, consisting partially of Japanese, Queen
Annie and Turkish styles combined in one exquisite design of rare
beauty. The new style of trimming introduced by Mr. Sander,,
which adds so much to the charming beauty of their parlor sets, is
evidence of the good taste and skill displayed by this firm.

Their library set, in Japanese style, was a marvel of beauty, neat-
ness, convenience and durability. The sectional book-case belong-
ing to this set has only to be seen to be appreciated. The lounge
and arm chair belonging to this set were trimmed in Morocco, ren-
dering them neat and durable. The dining-room set, in Queen
Annie style, was also trimmed in leather. The extension table was
remarkable for its size and strength, a feature that will be appre-
ciated by those who have used the old-fashioned rickety tables here-
tofore made.

Spiegel, Thorns d' Go., made a magnificent display of their beauti-
ful furniture. The elegant parlor set, in Japanese style, exhibited
by this firm, consisted of two divans, covered in brocade silk, with
fine silk-plush trimmings, and chairs to match; two fine marble-
top tables, (German marble,) trimmed with ebony; a magnificent
mantle mirror, French plate glass, with ebony trimming, and elab-
orate ebony easel; a chamber set, in Grecian style, which was
greatly admired and coveted by the hundreds of ladies who viewed
it. The bed-stead was superbly grand, oil finish ; a magnificent
bureau with French plate glass and Tennessee marble top ; a fine
spring mattress, the envj^ of the weary sight-seers; three elegant
chairs, with rocker to match, all covered with the richest and most
costly tapestry goods, coml^ined to render the display one of un-
cqualcd beauty and loveliness, wliich added greatly to the attractions
of the exhibition. The quality of the furniture made by this firm
lias been so long and favorably known that it needs no comment
from us. Their work is first-class in every particular.

SPECIAL MERITS OF EXHIBITS. 209

The viagnijicent display of carpets and house furnishing goods, at the
head of the stairway at the east end, was from the well known
house of Albert GaU, of IndianapoHs. This was one of the grandest
and attractive features of the upper hall. Such a display of ingrain,
tapestry, body Brussels and velvets of the latest styles and most
handsome patterns, produced by the looms of the world, is seldom
seen. A variety of the most beautiful styles of lambrequins were
exhibited with charming effect. A most beautiful pattern of the
style of Louis XIV, shows in medallion, a court scene upon
French crape ; the wings are raw silk, hanging in rich folds, the
colors black and old gold, with fringe and tassles elegantly matched.
Another pattern is called the Queen Elizabeth, the materials were
of raw silk. The peculiarity of this pattern is its elegantly draped
center, cut in exact geometrical proportions, with extended wings.
disi^laying beneath its folds a pair of handsome real lace curtains,
Another style is named the pole lambrequin, made of the new olive
shade of silk of the French damask pattern. And still another, the
mantel lambrequin, was simple in its character, is composed of
Turkoman cloth trimmed in gold and black. The beauty and charm
of the entire display consists not in mere groupings of the rich ma-
terials used in house furnishings and decorations, but Mr. Gall has,
with these materials, wrought out a fac simile interior of a modern
home complete. The good taste and admirable skill displayed in
the arrangement of the whole affair, is what lent such a latent
charm to the really beautiful picture, for it was a magnificent home
picture, that was universally admired as evidenced by the constant
throng of si^ell-bound visitors. Yet, beautiful as it was, it is only
equaled by the quality and style of the goods, for Mr. Gall allows no
one to surpass him in that respect.

The Moore Combination Desk Company, of Indianapolis, exhibited a
great variety of their justly celebrated office desks. Their count-
ing-house king, as they call it, is the most perfect and convenient
desk for mercantile houses ever invented, combining as it does,
the advantages of two complete desks in one— sitting and stand-
ing—which can be used at the same time without any inconven-
ience whatever, as the occupant of one desk does not interfere with
that of the other in the least. It has a capacious table, occupying
the entire width of the desk, and is supported and operated by
metal slides ; upon these slides the table can be moved into or out
of the recess easily and instantly without removing from it a single
document. It contains over 125 ditterent compartments, arranged
to secure the greatest convenience and practicability. The office

14 — Age. Report.

210 BOARD OF AGRICULTUKE.

queen, a single sitting cabinet desk, is a marvel of neatness and
convenience, occupying but little floor and Avail space, yet contain-
ing a great number of conveniently accessible compartments. The
writing" table is its most valuable feature, being sufficiently large for
all practical purposes It can be readily moved in or out without
having to remove the papers upon it. This desk is universally ad-
mired, and is equally appropriate for the use of ladies or gentle-
men. Their improved flat top desks combines in a neat, substan-
tial form, the elements of economy, compactness, convenience and
durability ; in fact, it possesses all the modern conveniences of a.
more expensive article. All their desks are built of thoroughly
seasoned lumber (walnut and oak), put together in the most per-
fect manner by skilled workmen, and are warranted first class in
every particular. These desks comprise two or more sections, each
of which contains a sufficient number of filing cavities for the re-
ception of documents of every variety used in business, which are
planned and arranged to secure the most thorough utilization of
every part These sections are connected by self-adjusting hinges,
and are secured by a single lock of the Yale manufacture. To say
that the ladies desk, exhibited by this company, was beautiful, does
not do justice to the subject, it was supremely grand; in fact, it is
the most exquisitely beautiful, neat and convenient article of the
kind ever produced in this country. The beautiful vines, flowers-
and ornamentation being composed of numberless pieces of inlaid
woods of the most rare and costly kinds produced in the world,
combine to make this desk the most charmingly lovely and con-
venient article of the kind for ladies use in existence. As a lady
remarked while standing spell-bound before it, a marvel of beauty.
The very acme of jjerfection.

In submitting the foregoing report, your committee would re-
mark that they exj^erienced a great deal of annoyance, and spent
much time in the vain endeavor to find the owners of many of the
articles exhibited, and if your committee have failed to notice or
describe as fully as they might the merits of articles on exhibi-
tion, the owners will have themselves to blame for it, for not being
present to give the necessary information.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

George Lupton,

^ Wm. Smither,

Cumrnitiee,

EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT. 211

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE

EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT

The educational exhibit displayed by the Purdue University comprised
mathematical work, trigonometry, surveying, leveling and astron-
omy ; industrial art and design, including crayon drawing, shading
from models and machine drawing; perspective; clay modeling;
German examination papers and translations; academic work —
charts in history and physical geography, including map drawing ;
iron work from the mechanical department; jDroducts from the
experimental grounds of the agricultural department, and the
schedule collection of Coleoptera from the department of natural
history, which has 7,000 specimens and over 2,000 designated
species. This being the exhibit of an industrial and agricultural
college, it was peculiar in its character, and reflects great credit
upon the institution, which has for its objects the combining of the
theoretical and the practical in such a manner as to teach the un-
derlying sciences of art and agriculture with especial reference to
their useful application. The exhibit was particularly worthy of
notice in the work shown by the mechanical department, which in-
cludes work in three courses, viz : forging, machine work and vise
work or filing. The completed models shown each illustrates a
principle or a combination of principles, proceeding from the most
simple to the more difficult. The models in forging show welding
and tempering, drawing, bending and upsetting, until at the end of
the course the student has made and tempered many diflisrent
kinds of tools, including those to be used in his future lathe and
machine work. The machine work includes plain turning and
squaring of a few planed models, which proved to be very accurate,
and screw cutting and taper fitting of the most delicate workman-
ship. The vise work was finely executed, and shows that system
and instructions will, in a short time, make of the student a work-
man who can equal the skilled machinist. The work on these

212 BOARD OF AGRICULTUfiE.

models consisted of plane surface filing, squaring and, finally,
iitting. Among the models attracting particular attention from
mechanics visiting the Exposition, was a fitting made by mortising
one piece of iron into another, so perfectly filed that although the
inner piece could be easily slid in or out, the joint could scarcely
be seen. Another was a screw cut by a file, and others were some
excellent pieces of chipping. Of completed work, was shown a
shaft coupling, made by a student, that would have done credit to
any shop in the country. The specimen products from the experi-
mental grounds of the University were very valuable, in showing
the comparative growth of these v'arious productsunder the same
conditions. There were presented twenty-nine varieties of wheat,
in grain and in sheaf; fifty-six varieties of potatoes, and thirteen of
beans, besides several varieties of grass seeds, cane seed, etc. ; five
varieties of fertilizers used in experiments on wheat the past year,
and a section of soil thirty-seven inches in depth, showing the
nature of the soil of the experimental ground. This, in our opin-
ion, was the most satisfactory and valuable feature among all the
educational exliibits this year, and while we would commend each
department of the Purdue exhibits as being especially satisfactory
and showing a high degree of j^roficiency of students' work, we
would recommend diplomas for the display in agriculture and in
mechanics.

The display of drawings -mo.de by the Indianapolis Public Schools was
worthy of notice. The system was that of Walter Smith, as presented
in the American text books of art education, and aims primarily at
teaching two things. First, hoio to see and how to dratv ; second, how to
arrange the proper subjects for the application of practice in drawing.
It gives a knowledge of all the geometrical forms and how to
construct them, with the application of those forms in ornament
and in the representation of common objects, at the same time that
it developes manual skill in drawing. It also gives carefully graded
instruction in various branches of the study which require the ap-
plication, first, of knowledge of form, and second, of skill in drawing.
Thus, besides a knowledge of geometry, as a basis of all forms, it
provides for object drawing, by presenting the principles to be ob-
served, in expressing both the facts and the appearances of natural
and manufactured objects in their outline, in light and shade and
in color. It jjrovides instruction in practical design, by developing
the taste and the creative powers of i:)upils in industrial design, in
connection with the study in geometry of natural forms, and of
historical ornament. It gives instruction in mechanical drawing,
teaching the elementary principles of machine drawing, architec-
tural drawing and drafting for civil engineering. It includes a

EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT. 213

harmonious grading of all these branches of the subject, with refer-
ence to the development of good taste, artistic skill and expression,
and an appreciation of the beautiful, both in nature and in art.

Exhibit of drawing by J. M. Olcott, Forbingers system, representing
the work done by two hundred different pupils connected with the
public schools of the State, where Forbinger's drawing is used
The advantages of this system are : 1. Solid surface, which obvi-
ates the elasticitj' or spring so objectionable in ordinary drawing
books. The size and compactness is a matter of great convenience.
2. Their practical character. The useful has not been sacrificed to
the ornamental. 3. Careful gradation of exercises. No complete
design is attempted before the parts thereof have been drawn sepa-
rately. 4. The charm of novelty is maintained. The different
sheets of the tablet are fastened together in a manner that makes it
impossible for the pupil to see the lesson in advance. 5. Abun-
dance of material. The tablets contain a greater number of pages
and exercises than any of the ordinary drawing books. The ma-
terial is of sujjerior quality. 6. A Comprehensive Teachers' Man-
ual accompanies each number of the tablet, which enables any per-
son capable of giving instruction in other branches, to teach this
successfully, even Avithout special preliminary training for this pur-
pose.

Diplomas ivere awarded to C/ias. C. Koerner, President of the Bryant
t& Stratton Indianapolis Business College on business writing, orna-
mental penmanship, off-hand flourishing, pen drawings, pen por-
trait, card writing, stipple work and display of penmanship.

To Professor C. N'. Hamilton, teacher at the Bryant & Stratton In-
dianapolis Business College, upon penmanship, pen portrait, pen
lettering and pen drawing.

A diploma loas aioarded to Charles J. Dunmeyer, student of the Indi-
anapolis Bryant & Stratton Business College, upon a set of books
which he exhibited, and which showed many points of excellence

and labor-saving methods.

A. W. Brayton,

J. Carleton,

Committee.

214 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

A CLOSING INCIDENT.

The unparalleled success of the Indiana State Fair of 1880, cre-
ated an enthusiasm with the exhibitors in the agricultural ma-
chinery department that found expression in a manner long to be
remembered by the participants.

We copy the following from the Indianapolis Journal, of October
2,1880:

" Hon. Alexander Heron, Secretary of the State Board of Agri-
culture, was the recipient of a handsome and elegant gold-headed
ebony cane, last evening, the following gentlemen, exhibitors at the
fair, being the donors. The presentation was made at the parlors
of the Grand Hotel, -and was in consideration of Mr. Heron's ser-
vices during the fair. The recipient was present by a ruse, and
ushered into the presence of over one hundred persons assembled.
The presentation speech was made by William Gause, with J. F.
Seiberling & Co., Akron, Ohio.

" Charles Brookbank, Fayette county ; C. E. Merrifield, implement
dealer, IndianajDolis ; Jefferson Caylor, implement dealer, Indiana-
polis; Fassler, Whitely & Kelly, manufacturers Champion reaper,
Springfield, Ohio ; Henry L. Conde, implement dealer, Indianapolis ;
E. Over, manufacturer grain-drills, Indianapolis; Tyner & Hadley,
implement dealers, Indianai^olis ; Mr. Byfield, implement dealer,
Indianapolis; Seiberling & Co., manufacturers Empire reaper,
Akron, Ohio ; Aultman, Miller & Co., manufacturers Buckeye reapers
and mowers, Akron, Ohio; Farmers' Friend Manufacturing Com-
pany, manufacturers Farmers' Friend grain drill, Dayton, Ohio;
Rude Bros., manufacturers Indiana grain drill. Liberty, Indiana;
Beedle & Kelly, Champion corn planter, Troy, Ohio ; Long, Alstatter
& Co., manufacturers sulky plows, etc., Hamilton, Ohio; B. D. Buford
& Co., manufacturers sulky plows, etc.. Rock Island, Illinois; C.
Fockler & Co,, manufacturers buggy tops, Dubuque, Iowa; Deere
and Mansur Co., manufacturers Deere corn planter, Moline, Illinois;
Deere & Co., sulky plows, etc., Moline, Illinois; S. S. Merrifield,
implement dealer, Connersville, Indiana; Oliver Chilled Plow
Company, chilled plow manufacturers. South Bend, Indiana; S. B-

A CLOSING INCIDENT. 215

Hart & Co., Union grain drill manufacturers, Peoria, Illinois; James
Selby & Co., manufacturers of Union corn planter, Peoria, Illinois ;
Hoosier Drill Manufacturing Comjiany, Richmond, Indiana; Mo-
line Plow Company, sulky plows, etc., Dayton, Ohio ; J. Lane Reed
& Co., sulky plows, etc., city; Edward Pope, implement dealer, city;
D. M. McSheery & Co., grain drills, Dayton, Ohio; P. P. Mast & Co.,
grain drills, Springfield, Ohio; South Bend Plow Company, sulky
plows, etc.. South Bend, Indiana; Weir Plow Company, sulky plows,
etc., Monmouth, Illinois; Bucher, Gibbs& Co., Imperial steel plows.
Canton, Ohio; George W. Brown & Co., corn planters, etc.. Gales-
burg, Illinois; J. C. Wingate, manufacturer of Hoosier hay-carriers,
Crawfordsville, Indiana ; Walter A. Wood & Co., reapers, etc.. New
York; D. M. Osborn & Co., reapers, etc.. New York; Wayne Agri-
cultural Company, grain drills, Richmond, Indiana; Brown Manu-
facturing Company, cultivators, etc., Zanesville, Ohio; Wait Manu-
facturing Company, Challenge corn planters. Grand Haven, Michi-
gan; Studebaker Bros. Manufacturing Company, wagons. South
Bend, Indiana; Mast, Foos & Co., wind engines, Springfield, Ohio;
Hurst, Dunn & Co., steam corn planters, Peoria, Illinois; J. C.
Hoover, Monarch separator, Hamilton, Ohio; Chambers, Berring
& Quinlan, Barnes's check-rower, Decatur, Illinois; Haworth & Sons,
check-rowers, Decatur, Illinois, and others.

PRESENTATION ADDRESS, BY WILL GAUSE.

Gentlevien : When an attorney is called upon to defend a crim-
inal at the bar it is generally expected that he should make an elab-
orate speech, but when the man arraigned already stands guilty be-
fore the bar of jDublic opinion, it is useless, sometimes, for the attor-
ney to have much to say.

Alexander Heron, you have been arraigned before this assembly
to-night on a charge you need not be ashamed of. We have known
you in the capacity you now hold, as Secretary of the State Board
of Agricvilture, for a long time, and it has been a pleasure to us to
meet you annually at your post of duty, where we have always re-
ceived a hearty welcome from you, besides all the friendly assistance
necessary to aid us in the prosecution of our work; and here let
me add, that quite a number of us have been attending different
State and district fairs for a good many years, and it is the unani-
mous verdict that no other association offers such facilities to ex-
hibitors in our line -to exhibit, advertise and make sale of our goods
as the Indiana State Fair.

Mr. Heron, having in view all this past kindness and considera-
tion, it would not be expected of us to find a verdict of acquittal in
3'our case, as the charge is that you have always been our friend.

216 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Now, as we have found you guilty, it may be well for iis to here
inform you that, as a punishment, we have decided to cane you.
Some men have been caned to their great discomfort and pain.
Allow me to say, it is not our intention to inflict that kind of pun-
ishment upon you to-night, but, on the other hand, we desire that
the memories and associations of this evening may linger pleas-
antly with you and with us until time shall be no more.

These gentlemen here assembled represent almost, if not quite,
all the great manufactories of agricultural implements and ma-
chinery in the United States, together with the dealers in that line,
of this city; and now, on their behalf, allow me to present you with
this cane, as a token of our high regard and friendly feelings toward
you. I beg you to acce^jt it and hold it in memory of us.

RESPONSE BY JMR. HERON.

Gentlemen: I thank you for this kind appreciation of service in
the sphere of life in which my lot has been cast. Such exhibition
of good will does much to smooth the rough jjathway of life and
goes a long way to compensate for weary hours spent in labor that
is, at times, overwhelming and discouraging. Language fails me to
express my feelings on this occasion ; the surj^rise has unnerved me.
Although having so recently passed safely through an ordeal that
tries the nerve of one in my position, that is a successful State Fair,
for which wc in a great measure hold you responsible, you will
therefore excuse extended remarks. I will ever keejD and cherish
this splendid present in remembrance of the kind friends here as-
sembled.

ESSAYS

REVIEW OF AGRICULTURE IN INDIANA *

BY DR. R. T. BROWN.

Sixty years ago Indiana Avas almost an unbroken forest. Before
the war of 1812, the Indian title had been extinguished to a narrow
strip of land, embracing the Whitewater valley along the eastern
border of the State and the Ohio river counties lying south of a line
drawn from the northeast corner of Ripley county, to the Wabash
river, a few miles north of Terre Haute. This cession of 1810 in-
cluded the hilly section of the State, drained by the direct tribu-
taries of the Ohio river and the lower course of White river and
the Wabash, leaving the great central and northern plain a hunting
ground for the red man.

In 1818, the Delaware, Miami and Potawatamie Indianas, relin-
quished their claim to all the lands in Lidiana, excepting the
Miami reservation on the Mississinnewa and a small Potawatamie
reservation on Eel river of the north. This opened up for settle-
inent the great interior region of the State, and brought into the mar-
ket the largest body of fertile, level, timbered land that has been
offered at any one time in all the history of western settlements.
This region was familiarly known in those days as " the New Pur-
chase," and was justly celebrated for the exuberant fertility' of its
soil and its numerovis eligible ague seats. Fortunately for Indiana,
land speculators had not yet found their way to these western
wilds, and when the land sales opened in October, 1820, the pur-
chasers were small farmers, seeking homes for young families.
But few purchases exceeded 160 acres, and many were limited to
half that amount; but the purchasers were all actual settlers. Few

* Delivered before the annual agricultural convention.

218 BOA ED OF AGRICULTURE.

persons now living have anj' just conception of the density if ihe for-
est which originally covered the central plain of Indiana, or of the
labor required to remove it and fit the land for cultivation. Huge
trees interlaced their boughs above and shut out the sunshine from
the earth beneath, while dense jungles of spice wood, papaw and
other undergrowth made a second roof, while nettles, waist-high,
woven together with clinging peavines, covered the earth below,
and almost bid defiance to penetration. But the backwoods
pioneer had strong arms and a stout heart, and the forest surren-
dered its dominion of centuries to his indomitable energy.

The first care of the immigrant was to furnish bread for his fam-
ily, and this he was generally able to do the first year of his log
cabin life. At first, his farming was rough and his implement rude.
His fields were full of stumps, and, often, the yet undercayed roots
of the late forest almost bid defiance to the plow. But the hogs
lived and fatted on the mast, and the cows found abundant food in
the wild range while summer lasted, and in winter the spice brouse
supplemented the fodder shocks. These first settlers, however,
soon began to have a surplus of bread and meat, that found a ready
sale to the new-comers who generally brought money enough with
them to carry them through the first year.

This primitive stage cf farmimg continued till about 1830, when
agriculture in Indiana entered on a new era. The farms were im-
proved, both in extent and condition of the fields, and a large sur-
plus of corn was produced, but there was no market for it. Those
who lived near the Ohio, the Wabash or White river, sent their
grain by flatboats to New Orleans, but the condition of the roads
limited this market to those who lived within a few miles of these
streams. Others put their corn into pork, which furnished its own
transportation to market. Cincinnati profited by this circumstance,
and became the Porkopolis of the west. From 1830 to 1840, pork
was the almost exclusive source of revenue to the Indiana farmer.
This led attention to improving the breed of hogs and bringing
them to an early maturity, and from this jieriod we may date our
improved stock in that line ; but this hog farming rapidly reduced
the fertility of our virgin soil, and by its hard labor broke down
many a stalwart jjioneer. Moreover, it had a pernicious influence
on the domestic commerce of the country. The crop came into
market but once a year, and the farmer lived the whole year on the
credit of his pigs that were not yet weaned. This fostering of a
vicuMs credit system has borne its bitter fruits in more than one
" financial crisis " since.

The opening of the Wabash and Erie canal in 1841, introduced
a. new stage of agriculture. It opened a line of transportation by

REVIEW OF AGRICULTURE IN INDIANA. 219

which grain could reach the eastern markets from central In-
diana, and i^ork could go to Europe without passing through a
semi-tropical climate on the Mississipi^i route. This new line of
transportation gave an impulse to wheat farming, which directly
spread beyond the regions accessible to the canal. Considerable
quantities of wheat were taken by wagons from the centi-al coun-
ties of the State and sold at Cincinnati, Lawrenceburg or Madison,
at a price ranging from thirty-five to fifty cents per bushel; yet it
furnished a little ready cash at a season of the year when that arti-
cle was very scarce. This broke the iiwnotony of hog farming, and
was the initiative step in our progress towards a diversified agri-
culture.

With the introduction of wheat as a market crop, came the
reaper, the separator and the wheat drill in succession, and thus, in
a few years, the manual labor necessary for the production of a
wheat crop was reduced fully one-half. Between 1830 and 1850,
greater improvements were made in plows than had been made in
the preceding 500 hundred years. These improvements, made
thorough cultivation a comparatively easy task. With these in-
creased facilities of production, the great need of the country was
easy access to a reliable market. But this did not long remain an
obstacle. The year 1850 may be set down as the epoch of rail-
roads. From that period, the facilities of transportation rapidly in-
creased, till Indiana, from being one of the most inaccessible of the
States, became noted for its commercial facilities. The compara-
tively level surface of the greater part of the State, invited to rail-
road construction, and the fertility of the soil and its adaptation to
the profitable production of a wide range of crops, insured the suc-
cess of the enterprise.

After the railroad experiment had proved a success, there was
but one obstacle in the way of Indiana reaching the foremost rank
as an agricultural State. The level surface, which made railroad
construction so easj^ too often left the fields saturated with water
for weeks in the spring, and even sometimes in the summer, thus
delaying cultivation and rendering the crops uncertain. Indeed,
much of the best soil in the State was unfit for cultivation on ac-
count of imperfect drainage. Open ditches had been made in
some places, but these, having but little fall, soon became choked
with weeds and grass, which rendered them useless. A few cov-
ered drains had been made with wood as early as 1850, but these
proved but a temporary remedy for the evil, yet their efficiency,
while they lasted, suggested the possibility of a permanent remedy.
That remedy came with the erection cf tile factories in 1855. Since
that time, tile drainage has been extensively employed in reclaim-

220 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

ing much of the best soil of the State, and we need only to per-
severe in this good work to double the productiveness of large dis-
tricts of the best land we have.

The introduction of railroads has greatly diversified our farming
and increased the number of our marketable crops. From being
limited to hogs and horses as the only means of converting our
surplus labor into money, as was the case fifty years ago, we may
now select almost any crop we choose, and we will find a ready
market for it, and generally at satisfactory prices. In 1848, when
Hon. Henry L. Ellsworth suggested the possibility of exp-Ming c^n
aid meal to Europe, the project was laughed at as visionary and
wholly impracticable ; but to-day we place not only corn and meal ,
but fresh meats and perishable fruits in foreign markets with profit.
The dairy and the poultry-yards now furnish a greater cash value
than did the pork market when it was our sole reliance for money.
Potatoes, which were once a garden crop, are bow quite largely cul-'
tivated and profitably marketed. But a few years have passed since
fruit was raised only for domestic consumption, and now both
small fruits and orchard fruits are an important factor in the cash
income of our people.

But railroads, opening avenues to market, are only one of the
elements of our unparalled advance in agricultural prosperity,
though an indispensable one. The inventive genius and mechani-
cal skill which have given us the almost perfect implements and
machinery of the farm, is an important factor in our progress.
Even this would have availed nothing, but for the intelligence and
energy of our agricultural population. To our system of public shoals,
then, we are primarily indebted for the rapid progress which
Indiana has made in the imi^rovement of her agriculture. Intelli-
gent labor is quick to see the advantage of every proposed im-
provement, and ready to adopt those which conform to the dictates
of an enlightened common sense.

Though we owe much to our railroad system which has opened
up to us an easy access to foreign markets, yet it is a grave question
whether carrying the crude products of our farms to a distant mar-
ket and receiving in return the manufactured articles which we
annually consume, is indeed the best thing that can be done. The
power and labor expended in transportation adds nothing to the
intrinsic value of the articles transported, though it often doubles
their commercial value. Now this cost of transjiortation falls on
somebody, and must be paid ; and whether it be the manufacturer
who eats our food at the other end of the line or we who wear his
faV)rics at this end, who are the losers, still it is sound policy to save it
when practiable. No country excels Indiana in manufacturing fa-

REVIEW OF AGRICULTURE IN INDIANA. 221

cilities, and all that we consume can be manufactured as cheaply at
home as any where else. Then why not make them here ? What
the best interest of our agriculture now demands is a manufacturing
population sufficient to consume our agricultural products. Let
them transport, in a concentrated form, the svirplus of their labor
and skill, and pay the money thus obtained to us or our agricultxiral
products.

222 BOARD OP AGRICULTURE.

FORESTRY.*

BY PROF. C. L. INGERSOLL, OF PURDUE UNIVERSITY.

My apology for presenting some facts and thoughts upon this
subject, if any be needed, is found in the following quotation from
the report of the Bureau of Statistics : " Timber is too abundant ;
not more than one-half the tillable soil has been reduced to culture,
according to assessor's returns." The thought occurred to me that
there might be a little mistake in regard to the statement as set
forth, and this has led me to look over the ground somewhat in the
light of the best material at hand, in the form of reports, statistics
and addresses, in order to see if all shared in the same degree this
secure feeling in regard to the number and value of our forests.
In looking farther, however, I find that the following note is ap-
pended to Table XXXI., on page 219. After some computations in
regard to the number of years required to saw the standing oaks
in the State, this authority says : " But however distant these
figures (108 years) may seem to put the timber famine, the rapidity
with which a much less pojDulation has consumed and destroyed the
65 per cent of the timber once existing in the State, warns us not
to wantonly waste what we have left."

Not being well acquainted personally with the timber resources
of our noble State, I have taken a few extracts from various
sources to show the feeling in a few localities in regard to supply.
Mr. M. B. Kerr says that in the hill country along the Ohio river,
the lands, if the timber had never been cleared, would yield a much
greater income than as now tilled. " Many of the farmers of Dear-
born county," says he farther on, "are now sufiering great incon-
venience from want of timber. The few isolated patches of timber
now remaining on the farms have been culled of the best trees un-
til they are of but little value except for fuel, and are so thin that
they afford but very little resistance to storms, and are rapidly dis-
appearing from being blown down and dying of wind shake." Of
the " Chestnut oak," as it is called, (Quercus castanea), a report in
the Geological Survey, 1874, p. 105, says: "This species of oak

'•'An addreBS delivered before the State and Delegate Boards of Agriculture at their
auuual meeting January 4, 1881.

FORESTRY. 223

grows only on the rich brown loam of the highest hills, (Brown
county), does not survive in the valleys, and with the present
wasteful consumption, will soon cease to exist." In 1869 report, p.
195, of Franklin county, is said : "This county was originally cov-
ered with a magnificent forest, comprising most of the hardwood
timber trees of this latitude. A little more than one-half of the
lands have been cleared, and are now under cultivation, and in the
remaining one-half, a large amount of the best timber has been
sawed into lumber or made into staves, so that good timber in the
county is comparatively scarce, and is becoming more so every
day." In 1S75 report, p. 131, Huntington county is mentioned as
follows: "This county Avas originally covered with a fine forest,
but clearing the land for farming purposes and the conversion of
trees into lumber, have greatly reduced its area and stripped it of
many of its finest representatives." On page 177, the forests of Jen-
nings county are spoken of as follows : " These forests have, as a
general thing, been stripped of their best timber. The white oak,
(Quercus Alba), has been extensively cut for staves, the upper
parts of the trees being left to decay on the ground." From Dr.
Owen, we have the following, in regard to Posey county: "Within
the last fifty years the springs have very much dried up and the
surface water runs off much more rapidly, so that we suffer from
drouth in various ways more than formerly. The wind, too, has-
a greater sweep, and hurricanes have been more' frequent, with
consequent injury to grain as well to the timber left. Few experi-
ments in forest planting," says he, " have been tried." RejDort 1875,
p. 201, Ripley county : "The cutting of white oak for staves deprived
these forests of their best timber, yet some groves of wood which
have been preserved, bear testimony to the large and abundant
growth of the primitive forests." P. 295 says : " The forests of this
(Vanderburgh) county * * * afford one of the greatest sources
of income. The sales, direct and indirect, credited to the forests,
amount annually to over 14,000,000."

Mr. L. J. Eeyman, of Washington county, says: " Our most val-
uable timber is the poplar, of which about eighty per cent has
been used. Next in value is black walnut, of which about eighty-
five per cent has been disj^osed of. Of the oaks, about seventy per
cent has been used; and next the hickory of which half remains.
Of the white and grey ash, eighty per cent has been used, as has
been nearly all the wild cherry. Of the sugar maple four-fifths has
been cut off for lumber and cord wood. In addition to these testi-
monies we have the personal experiences and observations of many
of the good observers in these and other counties, who all speak of
the grand old forests that luere, but now almost wholly or at least in

224 BOAKD OF AGRICULTURE.

great part have ceased to exist. The still hunt that is being made,
and the quiet bargains concocted, in black walnut timber only
hasten the day when Indiana shall cease to furnish to the factories
of the world her quota of this valuable joroduct."

DEiNlANDS ON OUR FOREST.

According to the best information we have, in regard to the
amount of forest yet untouched, only 85 per cent, is left; and im-
doubtedly much of the finest timber for special purposes has been
culled out of this, and already disposed of. The first great demand
made on our forests is for fuel ; and although we have no adequate
statistics to show how much is consumed in this way, yet we know
that the great majority of our population of over 2,000,000 burn
wood in greater or less quantity. It is true that Indiana, from her
great natural advantage of lying partly in the Carboniferous strata,
has vast coal lields which furnish fuel for cities quite largely and for
our numerous manufactories. If families average five, and over the
State during the winter season they average two fires, we should
have 800,000 stoves consuming fuel constantly for six or seven
months in the year. If each fire burns but four cords during that
time, we should have over 3,000,000 cords of wood consumed in this
way alone. I believe, however, that this estimate is entirely too low
if the facts could.be ascertained. The next great demand on our
forests is found in the call for fence material. During the early
years of the State, much of the forest was used for the building of
the fences, and the improvident, not to say wasteful use of the tim-
ber for this purpose, in many cases has been proverbial, especially
in the construction of the old " worm " rail fence.

The bills of expense paid as a direct tax by the present genera-
tion are vastly greater than we imagine. This State has an area ( f
21,637,760 acres, exclusive of ponds, lakes, etc., which would make
270,472 lots of 80 acres each. To fence three-fourths of these would
require 152,140 miles of fence. The roads, where these would bor-
der on the same, would require an additional fence on one side,
which would add to the above the sum of 56,202 miles. Then we
have 4,819, miles of railroads, which, fenced on both sides, will re-
quire «f),638 miles of fence, making in all a grand totiU of 213,161
miles of fence to be supported and kept up. Undoubtedly this
estimate is too low, as many farmers' fields are fenced smaller than
80 acres, and we have the fences of small lots contiguous to and in
our towns, which will help to swell the aggregate. Taking this
number as the true amount, and assuming that the fences, in good
part, have to be renewed every twenty years, we have 10,658 miles
of fence to be built every year. We know that with some varities

FORESTRY. 225

of timber we may have fences or posts last more than twenty years^.
but talking the State as a whole, and the many varieties used in
fence or as posts, we feel safe in saying that in the aggregate nearly
10,000 miles of fence have to be built annually to maintain the
present system of fences. When we add to this the amount re-
quired to fence the lands which each year are being added to the
list of tillable lands and woodland pastures, we can see what a draft
we have in this direction on the remaining forests in this State.

There is still another call which is no insignificant one, and which
will be felt more and more as time rolls on ; I refer to the use of
wood for railroad ties. We have mentioned the fact of the exist-
ence of 4,819 miles of railroad in our State, and we would respect-
fully suggest that the end is not yet. There are other lines being
built, while others still have their corps of engineers running sur-
veys of lines for future construction. These make an incessant
demand of timber for ties. In the Report on the Forests of the
United States, 1877, by F. B. Hough, p. 116, several railroad compa-
nies have made reports in regard to the value of timber of
different varieties for ties, and the length of time such will last, also
prices paid, etc., etc. One of the most full reports was made by
the Erie Railroad, which owns, has leased, or operates, in all, about
950 miles of road. From this report we find that the average life
of a tie in the main track, in all its divisions, was eight years for
those of the first class ; six years for those of the second class ; and
four years for those of the third class. The timber is classified as
follows :

First Class. Second growth of chestnut, white oak, burr oak,
rock oak, yellow oak, black locust, and mulberry.

Second Class. Butternut, cherry, red cedar, white cedar, yellow
cedar, cypress, black elm, rock maple, black oak, pitch pine, and
black walnut.

Third Class. Black birch, chestnut, northern cypress, red elm,
white hemlock, soft maple, red oak, tamarack, and yellow pine.

I have been thus specific in giving this list, as this comprises a
majority of the varieties found in this State and used for such pur-
poses.

If, now, these classes of timber are used in equal proportion, the
average life of the ties would be the mean of eight, six and four,
Avhich is six years. We know, however, that the railroad compa-
nies purchase more of the better classes of timber, so that for our
purpose we may assume that seven years is the average life of a tie
in our climate. The same tables show us that in nearly all instances
the number of ties used per mile is about 3,000. This gives us ap-
proximately the data for computing the demand of our railroads'on

15 — Agr. Report.

226 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

our forests. In a very short time the number of miles will have
reached 5,000, and reach into nearly every county of our State —
(only seven without railroad at present.) This calls for 15,000,000
ties with which to make and keep up a road-bed. The average life
of the tie being seven years, one-seventh of this number will have
to be replaced annually, or at that rate. This gives us the small
number of two and one-seventh millions ties as an annual draft on
our forests, with a liability of increase.

Beside this, we have various manufactories calling for special
varieties of timber, as black walnut for furniture, oak for staves
and all kinds of cooperage, timber for wagons and carriages, etc.,
These industries, according to our Bureau of Statistics, use up
about four and one-half million dollars' worth of raw material,
excluding building material, and this is a direct draft on our forests,
while the same authority gives twelve million dollars as the lumber
business of the State, based on reports from our saw mills.

With our population increasing at the average rate of 2^ per
cent per annum, these demands will increase; and with a diminu-
tion of our vast pine forests, there will be greater demand for the
lumber of other trees. According to good authority, the luinbering
in pine in Michigan will be over in twenty-five years. By this time it
will have nearly ceased from the upper MississijDpi and Wisconsin
rivers. When this occurs, and the smaller fields in New England,
New York and Pennsylvania shall have been used up, Avhat pine
we have will necessarily come from the Sovith, unless those States
develop so as to deplete thei-r rich treasures as rapidly as at the
North, which is more than probable.

Some persons, however, in looking on the brighter side of the
question, will see that in the near future more coal will be mined
and used for fuel Barbed wire will play an important part in all
fencing operations, or laws may be enacted, as in some parts of the
east, compelling farmers to fence the stock and not the crops; that
some substitute will be found, as time progresses, for railroad ties,
and more of our furniture will be made of iron. This all may be,
but we can only see in this hopeful side of the picture a short delay
of the inevitable.

" But," says one, " that is looking at things quite far in the future,
to talk of a timl)cr famine in twenty-live to fifty years hence." We
nuist not look at this matter as individuals, )nit as a State — as a na-
tion. The life of the individual is short, but the life of the State, of
the nation, with its vast array of interests that do not stop with the
j)resent or the near future, but reach on into the cycles of the cen-
turies, are of vastly greater importance, and in their importance
swallow up tlic individual

FORESTRY. 227

There are other reasons which present themseh'es and admonish
us to be careful how we destroy our forests. The variations of cli-
mate incident to the opening up of a country to the sweep of the
winds, and the direct sunlight by which rapid evaj)oration is as-
sisted, clearly point to a limit beyond which we may not pass, and
toward which we ought to approach with caution. If we heed not
the voice of prophets who tell us of the danger ; if we listen not to
the lessons on the pages of history, long will be the time in which our
posterity may lament in " sackcloth and ashes." Mr. M. C. Read, in
an essay on ■" Forest Culture " in Ohio, says : " If the corniield is
'destroyed it caai be restored in a single season, but when the forest
is destroyed a hundred years are required for its full restoration,
and a proper per centage of forests is essential to the best returns
from the arable and pasture lands. The lowest amount required
to secure the best agricultural results from the rest, is estimated by
Marsh at 25 per cent."

If this be true, and we have only 10 per cent, of our forest to
spare, is it not high time that something were done to prepare our-
selves for the changed condition of things ? Go with me, if you
please, to some of the countries of Europe and Asia, and read there
tlie silent admonitions stamped by the absence of woodlands for
centuries. In 1873 Herr Gustave Wex, in Europe, published a
paper relating to the dimunition of water in wells and streams, and
the depth of water in rivers, which he ascribed to the clearing off of
forests. He presented long series of annual observations made by
river-gauges, tending to show that the volume of water had sensibly
decreased in the period covered by these records. The rivers ob-
served were the Ehine, Elbe, Oder, Vistula and the Danube. He
also ascribed to the forests the power of condensing mists and
clouds, and in certain conditions of forming rains, partly by their
cooling effect and the circulation of air, which differences of tem-
perature occasion. This paper excited much comment, and in con-
sequence, its author asked for a commission from the Imperial
Academy of Science, at Vienna, to investigate its facts and state-
ments. After several sessions, and a thorough examination, they
reported as follows : That the decrease in the depth of rivers in
mean and low stages is due to a diminution in the amount of w^ater
moved annually, and that this was caused by a failure in the yield
of springs and swamps. That the causes for this are —

1. A less amount of watery precipitation per annum from the
clearing of forests.

2. An increase in the amount of evaporation from these causes.

3. Changes of the earth's surface, which, instead of retaining the
water that falls and allowing it to penetrate the soil, cause it to flow

228 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

off rapidly, thus causing high water for short periods, often foUowed
by droughts of long duration.

This subject being brought before the Royal Academy of Sciences
at St. Petersburg, a commission prepared an elaborate paper, in
which, as an example of warning, Palestine, Persia, Greece and
Spain were each in turn cited as now suffering extremely in con-
sequence of the devastation of forests. Southern Russia also is
mentioned, in some parts of which existed large forests 150 to 200
years ago. These have been changed to naked hills and plains, and
the population been forced to leave the hills and settle in the val-
leys. It is said also that the forest around the sources of the Volga
and Dneiper have become so cleared that high water reaches points
never before attained while these were standing. Report on For-
estry, 1877, pp. 294-7.

In addition to the proof given above, there are several authorities
which seem to show more or less conclusively that the country de-
nuded of forests is more subject to wind-storms, cyclones, electrical
phenomena, hail-storms, etc., and even in the reports on several
counties of this State made by persons in the geological surveys,
this observation is often noted. In this country we lack the data
extending over a series of years from which to draw conclusions as
can be done from the work and observations in older European
countries. We hope to accumulate it rapidly now, as our war de-
partment Avith its signal service, if it is of little practical value to
agriculture in every day work, is laying up a fund of information
in regard to rainfall, evaporation, hight and flow of our rivers, and
teinperature, that will enable us to tell in a short time, something in
regard to these great problems which so affect our future Aveal.

Perhaps the most complete memoir on forests is that of the re-
nowned French scientist, Mons. Beequerel, a man who for more
than forty years was an active member of the Academy of Sciences,,
in France, and who died in 1878, at a ripe old age.

In the Atlas Meterorologique de 1' Observation Imperial, 1867,.
appears the following conclusions, in which he differs in part from
the authority previously quoted :

1. Great clearings diminish the quantity of living waters that
flow in a country.

2. It can not be said that this diminution is caused by less annual
rainfall, or to a greater evaporation of rain water, or to these causes
comVjined, or to a new distribution of rain water. In other points
he agrees, difiering only in the one just given. According to Dr.
Warder, of Ohio, and others who have made this matter of For-

FORESTRY. 229

estry a study, the amount of rainfall is not decreased but is not
retained; as the. cleared fields faMlitate the passage of the water
into the streams and Avater-courses, from whence they reach our
great rivers much sooner than they would if the lands were in
their primitive state and covered with forests.

Leaving this part of the subject, then, for your further consider-
ation in private, should you choose to pursue the line of investiga-
tion further, this brings me to the two great questions for us as
agriculturists to decide.

L Has the time arrived for us in Indiana to commence forestry —
planting and preservation of trees for timber ? and,

2. If so, how shall we best proceed in the premises to husband
the resources at our command and make investments for the future ?

To the first question we would answer that we firmly believe the
time has arrived when the farmers of the State should begin the
raising of forests and the more careful j^reservation of those Avhich
remain.

The unbelieving may question the practicability of such a pro-
ceeding, but we believe most thoroughly in being forearmed.
Forests are not reared in a day. It takes time, and if we would be
wise in time we should begin that which will be of so much value
in the future. In European countries we have a department of the
government devoted to forestry, and although people are in the
main left to care for their own, yet the government interferes when
men wantonly destroy their forests.

The governments have, in some instances, been obliged to go to
to great expense to prevent incursions of the shifting sands on the
coasts, or to cover the naked hills with that which so affects and
equalizes the cliinate.

PRESERVATION OF FORESTS.

The first question for us to consider is the preservation of the
forests. This may be best accomplished by keeping stock out of
our timber lands. It is a mistaken idea that we can utilize our
woodland pastures and produce good crops of forest trees at the
same time. We must study nature. In doing this we find a growth
of bushes, some of which never reach any great size. These, with
the larger trees, casting their leaves annually, are of service in pro-
ducing a natural neucli which helps to hold the rain-fall. To these
are added from time to time the broken twigs, partly decayed —
nature's way of pruning.

If, on the contrary, we clear out all under brush and small trees,
and allow a firm turf to occupy the ground, we have Twt the re-
quisite conditions for good growth, and best results.

230 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Fires must not be allowed, to run over tracts of timber, as this
often does immense damage, even if the fences are not destroyed
and the large timber seemingly unaffected. We must protect them
as carefully as our meadows and crops.

PRACTICAL FORESTRY.

The definition given for this by C. Y. Michie, Forester, Cullen,
Scotland, is one very applicable, and I like it. "It is," he says,
" the growing of the greatest quantity of the most valuable wood or
timber in the shortest period of time." This latter clause is very
important, for says he, " if one forester can grow a crop of trees as
valuable in fifty years as another can grow in sixty years, then ten
years would be thereby gained, which would represent one-sixth
of the producing cost."

By practical forestry, we understand the planting of trees in
solid phalanx over certain defined areas. We have the planting of
belts for shelter, called " sheltering forestry." Planting of hedges
and ornamental groups — " ornamental forestry ; " the planting of a
primitive shrubbery and propagation — " experimental forestry."
These latter have been practiced to some extent in portions of our
State. But the former is the part which Ave are now advocating,,
and hope to see begun.

The question arises, what shall we plant ? There are so many
genera kinds of trees and varieties of each that the matter is very
much simplified when we know that the number of species adapted!
to any one soil and locality is comparatively few. Prof. Brewer, of
Yale College, in Walker's Statistical Atlas, says that in the United
States we have only 300 indignious species that in full growth reach
thirt}' feet in hight, and in the region including our own State we
have but sixty to sixty-five species that reach fifty feet in hight.
Different species are found on different geological strata, so that in
connection with the question " what to plant ? " we may profitably
consult our geology and original forest growth. Other species may-
do Avell, but we must prove them before trying them extensively..
Our original forests have furnished excellent timber of white, burr,,
red and yellow oak, two or three species of ash, black walnut, chest-
nut, etc., etc., each of which, if planted well and cared for Avould, in
a comparatively short time, furnish timber for many purposes..
Then, we have several species of conifera), as pines, spruces and
larches, each of which has been tried in other countries, and some-
what in this, and have done well. These could be tried on soils not.
too fertile, and will succeed. Larches especially will grow almost
anywhere. One man in Nantucket iilanted 10,000 in 1877. Tho
locust has been tried and does well; but best of all, perhaps, is tho

FORESTRY. 231

Catalpa siieciosa, or hard}' catalpa as it is known and distinguished
from bignouioides, which is much less hardy, and of which it is a
variety. In lower grounds elms, and even willows, might be
planted with profit.

HOW TO PLANT.

If you are to start your wood from the seeds, a little preparation
is necessary. The soil should be very much like that of the woods
(leaf mold) and the ground well shaded by means of lath or other
screens. This is especially the case with all the coniferse, and about
the same conditions are needed if we take seeds of maples, ashs, etc.,
those varieties which have somewhat small and winged seeds. If
we take any of the nut-bearing trees, we must, of course, place
them where they will freeze, as under two inches of soil on top of
the ground. Acorns can be planted as corn is planted, care being
taken not to plant them too deep — two inches is plenty — or they
can be preserved by packing in sand or leaf mold over winter,
sprouted and then planted out. According to English foresters, it
is better to plant them where they are to grow and then no check
is given to their growth. Seeds of elms and maples ripen in June,
and may be planted and make good growth the same season. As a
rule, these should be planted in nursery rows or beds and trans-
planted after a season's growth. In transplanting, from 2,800 to
3,000 plants should be used per acre ; and, as a rule, men usually err
by making the plantation too than ; 4x4 gives 2,722 plants per acre ;
3x3 gives 4,840 plants per acre. Professor McAfee, of the Iowa Ag-
ricultural College (lately deceased), prefers 3Ax3.V as best for many
varieties, especially the cottonwood, so largely planted in the west.
All trees should be thoroughly cultivated for the first three to five
years, and some slow growing varieties perhaps longer.

Dr. Warder, of Ohio, in an address on " Grouping in Forestry
Plantations," has given a series of points that are to the point; and
as they are from such eminent authority, I produce them here.
They were given to Iowa men, but will apply equally well in
Indiana.

" 1. Never attempt to set out a grove until the ground is well
prepared.

'• 2. Plant your trees or cuttings thickly and all at the same time.

"3. Plant only hardy trees; * * * cheap trees, if you choose
to so call them.

"4. After these hardy i)ioneers are fairly started, and when they
have begun to make a shelter belt to the windward, you may stop
this cheap tree business, and plant something better.

" 5. After your shelter belts of cheap trees have become shelters,
but not before, you may indulge in the luxurv and comfort that
will come from the more expensive evergreens."

232 BOARD OF AGEICULTURE.

Without burdening your patience further in details, let me say
in general, that he recommends the grouping or schooling of the
different kinds, although in some cases he would have mixed plan-
tations.

TREES FROM NURSERIES FOR SALE.

In Europe, some men take a contract to furnish and set the trees
at a given price per acre, and tend for two or three years — £5 10s.
per acre in Scotland. H. and Ag. Eeport, 1878, p. 211.

HOW TO TRAIN.

How should we manage our young plantation? This has been
one of the great problems, and is unsettled, as yet, for all varieties
and locations. The trimming, pruning and thinning must be
managed with care. Some need more thinning than others. We
can, however, severely injure a plantation by neglecting it and then
thinning too much at one time. Better commence early and work
gradually, carefully noting the results. Too much air and sunlight
admitted at one time are detrimental. An example of this kind is
given in the Highland and Agricultural Society's Report for 1876,
in a prize essay on "Thinning Plantations as Applicable in Practi-
cal Forestry." The plantation was principally of Scotch pine, with
a mixture of some larch and spruce and a few hard woods. In
this case, after thinning, the trees lost their natural dark green
color, and assumed a faint light green. The leaves became shorter
and presented a clustered appearance. Some foresters said it
needed more thinning. Some thought it blighted by some atmos-
pherical influence, and others said it had attained maturity and
ought to be cut down. "After weighing all the arguments, and
duly examining the whole case," says the writer, " I came to the
conclusion that the thinning, and thinning alone, had done the mis-
chief."

Another plantation is mentioned which was thinned at thirty-
five years' growth, and had not been thinned during the preceding
fifteen years. After thinning it became sickly and death-like, and
but for the important place it occujiicd in the landscape would
have been cut down ; after the fourth or fifth year it began to as-
sume its natural color, and is now (1S76) in a fair state of health.
The larch seems to be an exception to the rule, and where it has
been extensively grown, as in Scotland and some parts of England,
stands thinning with impunity; so with many of our soft-wooded
trees.

Thinning for i>rofit should not be practiced ; but, on the contrary,
one ought to make all he can from the thinnings. Cull out the
weaker and i)Oorcr s]iecimens, and now and then a stronger one

FORESTRY.

233

where it encroaches too much upon its neighbor. You may think
that Nature will attend to this matter better than you. Better an-
licipate Nature a little, and thus help the matter along. Every year
gained is money in the pocket of the joroducer.

EAPIDITY OF GROWTH.

Under this head, I can do little more than to give you some ex-
periences of those who have been in the work for some time. Let
me say, however, that timber can be grown to a fair size much
more quickly than men generally suppose, and especially if the
best of surroundings are given. Prof. Budd says that the ash, when
twelve years old, will, with proper culture the first four years, make
a grove of 1,200 per acre, averaging eight inches in diameter, and
that by cutting the stump close to the ground and plowing a light
furrow on each side, a second growth of more value may be obtained
in eight or ten years thereafter.

He would plant as thick as corn, and at the end of six years take
out each alternate row, north and south, and at the end of ten years
each alternate tree in the remaining row.

The following table shows the growth of several specimens ex-
hibited at the Centennial, from Iowa:

Species,

Acer dasycarpum, (silver leaf maple)...
Negundo aceroides (ash leaved maple)
Larix Europete (larch)

Ulmus Americana (white elm)

Salix alba (white willow)

Castanea vesca (chestnut)

Juniperus Virginiana (red cedar)

Juglans nigra

Pinus resinosa(red pine)

Pyrus Americana

Populus alba (white poplar)

Shepardea argentea (buftalo berry)

Populus alba

Populus dilatata (Lombardy poplar)....

Pinus r esinosa . . .

Pyrus malus (apple)

Pyrus communis (pear)

^

*^

03

^_^

O U

DO
U

§^

t'

C G

^

C OS

<P\

a:»

bSj

> C

<

<<-

9

0.97

9

1.00

9

0.46

19

0.62

19

0.48

9

1.20

12

0.74

24

0.34

9

0.59

13

0.54

17

0.34

G

1.48

12

0.38

22

1.28

10

1.67

19

0.56

33

0.54

9

0.60

8.75

9.00

4.13

5.67

4.38

10.87

8.88

9.^5

5.37

7.00

5.87

8.88

4.62

28.50

19.75

10.63

17.88

5.50

234 BOAED OF AGRICULTURE.

This will give you some comparative idea of the rapidity of
growth. You are, perhaps, ready to inquire about the catalpa. A
correspondent of the Chicago Tribune, only a few weeks ago, gave
some interesting notes on this tree which he defines as an " easily-
propagated, readily transplanted, rapidly -growing tree, of splendid
and characteristic appearance, and of great value for Avood."

I pass nearly every day a tree of this kind, transplanted, two years-
from seed, three years ago. It was once broken off by cows, but is
now (June, 18S0,) fourteen feet high. This specimen stands by the
sidewalk in the street. In cultivated ground a growth of eight feet
in a season is not uncommon. A lawn-tree on the grounds of
Arthur Bryant, Sr., Princeton, 111., from seed forty years ago, is
nearly three feet in diameter of trunk. I found by counting the
rings of a common catalpa, grown in blue grass sod as a lawn, that
it had increased in diameter of trunk fourteen inches during the
last twelve years. The tree was nineteen years old. Among the
rapid-growing trees the catalpa is remarkably peculiar for the great-
durability of its wood. It is light and rather soft, but resists decay
almost equal to any timber known. Fence-posts show little signs
of decay after forty years' use. A si:)ecimen of wood l:>efore me was
taken from a log of which there is good evidence of its having lain
on the ground during 100 years. Only the outer portions of the
log were crumbled away by decay, leaving eighteen inches of sound
wood. On the other hand — the only evidence of this kind known
to me — some stakes used for grapes, about three and a half inches-
in diameter, of the common or tender variety, grown in the nursery
of the Industrial Universitj', rotted oft' in two years. These Avere
cut in April, and soon afterward thrust into the ground for the
grajies.

The wood is easily worked, susceptible of a fine polish, and of a
chestnut-like grain and color. It is said to last longer than white
oak for railroad-ties and holds the spike without difficulty."

This being the case, what better can we do than to plant a good
part at least of the catali)a, with some of the slower growing trees?'
Do not despair of planting pines. The pinus strobus, or white
pines, at twelve years' growth, as reported by D. C. Schofield, of
Elgin, Illinois, are thirty-five feet high and six to twelve inches in
diameter, and this is not an isolated case. Many others are re-
ported (A equally rapid growth.

Granting all this to be true, then wlicrc are the "profits in tree
culture" to i)ay a man for investing his capital in such a slow pay-
ing enteri)rise.

Let us say to you that is better than money at six per cent inter-
est, if properly attended to. I will refer you to the opinion of one

FORESTRY. 235

of Ladiana's honored nacu, who has served the people long and
faithfully. Dr. Furnas, at the recent meeting of the Illinois Horti-
cultural Society, is reported to have said that he could borrow
money at eight per cent, buy land and jilant trees, and in the end
make 400 per cent on the investment. (Chicago Tribune, Decem-
ber 29, 0. L. B.)

Without stopping to inquire into the pros and cons of this state-
ment, I will give you the prospective profit of some men who have
experience in the matter and report the same. M. L. Dunlap, of
Champaign, Illinois, gives the folloAving account with an acre o£
larch, jmrtly prospective, of course.

To trench plowing $5 00

To harrowing and rolling 2 00

To 3,000 plants 30 00'

To freight, $1; spade and setting, $3 4 00

To cultivating 4 00

To hoeing the young trees 5 00

To cultivation five years 15 00

Total drs $65 OO

The cost of land, interest for six years, taxes on the above account
for five years, amount to $125, making a total of $190. No labor
being required for six years more, we simply add interest and
taxes. This gives an amount of $320. Allowing for a loss of 500
out of the 3,000 plants, would leave 2,500, from which 1,000 can be
thinned, making 1,500 posts worth $320, after paying for cutting.
Thus we see that in twelve years the partial crop will have paid for
the land, taxes, labor and interest, while we have a crop of 1,500
trees left standing, together with the land. In twelve years more
he estimates the timber large enough for railroad ties, when he
thinks the land and timber will be worth $800, counting ties worth
fifty cents each. (Ohio Agricultural Eeport, 1871, p. 55.)

Dr. Warder, in a casual remark before the State Horticultural
Society, believes that one could leave no better legacy to his
children than to plant black walnut. After a few years the nuts
will sell for a remunerative price, and the timber be left for final
sale. A gentleman from Illinois corroborates it.

There being little question in regard to the profit, how can Ave
awaken the people on this important question ? What are our du-
ties in regard to the matter as societies and organizations ? In
Europe, on the continent, the matter is reached by the assuming fo

236 BOARD OF AGRICULTUEE.

the direction of forestry bj^ the Government. Each country feels
the importance of this subject. LaAvs are enacted regulating the
cutting and growth of timber by individuals.

In Scotland, prizes are offered by the society for essays that shall
embody experience in several lines of forestry work. These cover
a large number of subjects, as [here the Professor read several
subjects of prize essays, and prizes offered for reports on plantations
from the 1877 Eeport of the Highland and Agricultural Society.]
This matter of societies offering prizes is not a new thing in this
country. As far back as 1803 the Massachusetts Society for the
Promotion of Agriculture foresaw a scarcity of timber, and in a list
of questions submitted to the best farmers of each county, had this
one: " Is the growth of wood for timber and iuel equivalent to the
consumption in your vicinity ? If not, what measures are taken to
provide against future scarcity?" Shortly after we find them offer-
ing prizes for planting timber and in future reports expressing
the hope that the time wovild soon come when no man would cut a
tree from his land without planting two in its stead. The bleak
hills now covered testify to the wisdom of this work.

OUR POOR LAND.

In New York the Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, Arts
and Manufactures, addressed a circular to farmers in 1791. In it
were the following, among other questions : " In parts of the country
where wood grows scarce, would it be proper and profitable to raise
in nurseries and to transplant, hickory, chestnut, beech, ash, and
other trees for fencing and fuel ? Or would it be advisable to make
hedges of white thorn, prim holly, yew, or other shrubs ? And cul-
tivate peat and turf for making fires?" (Report on Forestry, p.
434).

If these men and these societies, in that early day, began to look
this matter squarely in the face, before the crack of the huntsman's
rifle had scarcely died away from the central part of their State,
and while the red men were still in force in the western part, ought
not we, as an organization, to begin to stir ourselves when we know
the low per cent of timber supply and the rapid increase in con-
sumption ? It seems to me that our duty is plain in regard to the
matter Our Department of Agriculture Report, just at hand, is
agitating the suljject; let us do the same. Let the various societies
that are interested in agriculture and horticulture do some-
thing. Already our schools of agriculture are making a start, and
their professors doing a Avork that only the next generation will
duly appreciate. The Bussey Institute, at Boston, connected with
Harvard University, and with Prof. Sargent, at the head of a De-

FORESTRY. 237

partment of Forestry, and with an arboretum at hand — the first in
the country — is doing a grand work. Our western colleges, in Kan-
sas,'Iowa and Illinois, have already done much to encourage tree
planting, and in the almost exclusively prairie States their efforts are
appreciated and much is being done. The legislatures by passing
laws, have done much to encourage the work. Might not our legis-
lative assembly lend a helping hand, if something has not already
been done ? We have already done some planting at Purdue Univer-
sity. We hope to do more. We shall try to arouse an enthusiasm
among our students for this, and thus aid the work. We shall also,
from time to time, make careful observations and measurements of
different species of trees, so as to give relative growth, etc.

I have before me representative men from a large proportion of
the counties of our State. Can not we each do a little by planting
a few trees or influencing others to do the same ? May we not have
OUT Arbor day, as do some of our sister States ?

In conclusion, let me urge you to plant trees. Plant! though
you may never expect to pluck the fruits, gather the nuts, or gar-
ner the timber. Plant ! for the influence on our climate. Plant \
for shelter from the bleak winds. Plant! for shade for yourself,
your children and your animals. Plant! for the aesthetic influence
on your family and your neighborhood — for ornament. Plant ! of
every kind, that some may thrive. In fine, plant ! that future gen-
erations may rise up and call you blessed. We all plant in faith
in the unseen ways of a Divine Providence, if we expect to reap
before the close of a single season. Let us, then, increase our faith,
and sow and plant, expecting to reap after many years.

In the words of the wise man, I would say : " In the morning
sow thy seed, and in the evening withhold not thy hand ; for thou
knowest not whetlier shall prosper either this or that, or whether
they both shall be alike good."

Time alone, which is the revealer of the secrets of the future in
all things, shall show the result of our labors for good.

The essay was well received. Messrs. Lockhart and Johnson
strongly endorsing the suggestions advanced by the author, and so
expressed themselves in the discussion that followed the reading
of the paper. Dr. Stevenson, however, remarked that he had always
preached against the ^^reservation of timber to the exclusion of
tillible and pasture land, and he was not ashamed to maintain that
position now. Many years ago, when he settled in this State, the
country was covered with big trees, and where trees groAV corn

238 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

won't grow, and cattle can't be grazed to anj^ perfection. It was his
■opinion that the best thing to do was to kill every tree. One or'two
crops of wheat or two years pasture for stock will pay for all the
timber you keep standing there for forty years. The wealth of
Illinois depends upon her cleared lands, and not upon the timber.
Illinois got rich while Indiana got poor. It was because the former
had prairies and had to cultivate her land without even fences
about them. Indiana is making some gain, but it is because we are
getting rid of our timber.

It will not do to say that it will not rain where there is no timber.
We have as much rain now, with less timber, as we had many
}-ears ago. With our corn fields like young forests, they probably
have the same influence on the weather. You can make more by
planting the land in corn and wheat than yon can in timber. The
corn and wheat will hedge the fields and put an iron fence around
them if necessar3^

The theories advanced by Dr. Stevenson gave rise to some ani-
mated discussion and good-natured cross-firing by the older mem-
bers present, in referring to early prejudices and life among the
timber, which was enjoyed by all present.

JEDUCATED INDUSTRY. 239

EDUCATED INDUSTRY.*

BY DR. LEMUEL MOSS, PRESIDENT OF THE IKDIAXA UNIVERSITY,
BLOOMIKGTOX.

I have a few thoughts in my mind to which I should be very glad
to give expression. I can not claim any right, except a very re-
mote one, by virtue of any occupation of mine, to address you on
the subject of agriculture. What I do not know about farming
would make a very much larger book than what I do know, al-
though I remember that, a good many years ago, I did have some-
thing to do with farming. In one of the southern counties of this
State, in my boyhood, it was my duty, if not my enjoyment, to be en-
gaged in certain practices at least connected with your very honora-
ble work. I was reminded, on coming into the room, in looking at
some of the specimens that you have, of a plow that I used to follow
a great many years ago. I followed at a distance, my business lac-
ing to see that three grains of corn were put in their proper places.
It was an old-fashioned plow, such as some of you have seen. I
have no doubt that some of you could supplement my experience
in this respect.

I have been announced to speak to you on " Educated Industry."
The subject of education is a very large one, and one that has occu-
pied a good deal of my own thoughts. What do we mean by edu-
cation as connected with industry ? If I can have you carry with
you to-day the thought that is in my own mind in regard to the
matter of education, I ask you to sum it up in three words. Edu-
cation consists in Truth, Beauty and Goodness. I am not now
speaking of the process of education, but of education as gathered
up and summarized in the^e three words that I have uttered.

Truth! One of the gi-eatest characteristics of culture which can
come to anybody is a love of truth. W^hatever there may be of
truth is worthy of being known. One great part of this which we
call culture is to stimulate, strengthen and cultivate the mind of
man to know it. The capacities and powers of man are such that
he may hope to compass the universe. There is nothing this side

*Anad'lress delivered before the Annual Convention of delegates from the
Agricultural Societies of the State, Januarys, 1881.

240 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

of God that he may not know, and God himself, by means of this,
he may know; so that Ave desire, in all departments of instruction
in all our schools, to give, if possible, this burning desire for
knowledge, this yearning after truth; truth of fact, truth of science,
truth of law, truth of religion, truth of everything. When the
time comes for the youth, which you have sent to me to watch
over, to steji out into the wide world, with its trials and competi-
tions, I say to mj' self : If that young man or woman is going out
from here with the thought that he or she has done the work, has
completed his duties and finished his education, all the time here
has been wasted. If he or she is going out with a burning, longing
after knowledge and truth, then whatever else has been done, how-
ever little the store of fact accumulated, if they have been imbued
with this thirst after knowledge, everything has been done, for the
universe is before them.

I am thinking of that in connection with the matter of instruc-
tion. I want the plow-boy reared with that thought. His oppor-
tunities may have been very meager, but somehow, standing bj' the
plow or by the workman's bench, if he have in him this thought,
this desire for truth and knowledge, the universe is his.

BEAUTY.

You have noticed again and again, in the humblest home, in some
of our manufacturing towns, perhaps, a little one-story cottage, with
only one or two rooms. You have noticed a vine clambering up
by the door. You have seen indications that there Avas a woman's
thought and heart and love there, for the beautiful indicated that
that home was a delightful place. There is one factor which our
political economists leave out of their discussions, and that is, that
you must put into the workingman's heart the thoughts of hope,
and the thoughts of love, and the thoughts of delight and enjoy-
ment, in that Avhich he has, and that Avhich he can bring about him.
It seems to me that we should teach, in some way, that the love of the
beautiful is a duty before God ; we ought to love the things that
are beautiful, and that are so common and so easily gathered about
us, so as to make life a charm. There is an instinctive love of the
beautiful in man, that may be cultivated, that will make him at-
tractive. I say that is a part of education and culture, that is a
part of the unconscious influence that must go out from the
teacher in the home or in the school. It seems to me that this
unconscious influence that rays out from the teacher is vastly
more efTectivc than the highest possible direct influence that may
be attempted on the teacher's part.

EDUCATED INDUSTRY. 241

I want to speak of " goodness " as a part of this thought of educa-
tion as apphed to industry. What is goodness ? It is subjection of
the will. So that in our training there is not only a training of the-
brow to think, not only a training of the hand, but there is a train-
ing of the heart. The intellect, the sensibilities and the will are tO'
be cultured, so that man may stand disciplined and master of him-
self, so that he may be possessed with a conception, not only of
knowledge and of the attractive, but a conception of goodness, of
duty, of obligation, of right. Let us take these three thoughts, that
education means a love of truth, a love of the beautiful and a love
of goodness, and see how they may be applied to industry. I do
not think that we can classify work and working men for our pur-
pose. I thank God that we have no right to speak in this country
as they do in Europe of the working classes. There is no working
class and no governing class here. I think it is coming to be under-
stood, more and more, that any man who eats the bread of idleness
is a pauper, and that industry means industry of the hands or head
— ^it means work. I do not hesitate to say that every calling in life
is dignified by the motive with which it is chosen. It takes on dig-
nity and character from the motive which animates and controls
the man in his pursuit.

When I speak of industry, I speak of it in a general sense. I say
we w^ant our industry educated. We want it to be the thought and
purpose and aim of our great commonwealth that our industry
shall be educated in the sense in which I have spoken of it, that is,
filled with a love for knowledge, a love for the beautiful, and a love
for the good. Why should we make it our steadfast purpose, in all
our thoughts, in all our professions, to see that our industries of all
grades and ranks, shall be cultivated, educated and disciplined ?

The first reason is for the industry itself. We are being made aware
that we live more and more in a competition for the markets of the
world, and for the control of the industries of the world. I do not
know what your thoughts may be in regard to the question of free
trade, but undoubtedly, sooner or later, the entire markets of the
w^orld will be open to all the industries of the world for the purpose
of a free rivalry and competition the world over. How is the com-
petition to be decided? Who is to bear away the palm in this
rivalry among the industries, for the markets (^ the world ? "Well,"
you say, "that the industry that is found most sober, most faithful
and most efficient will, undoubtedly, in the long run, take the palm."
It can not be otherwise. I saw, not long ago, in the London Times,
a correspondence with a large contractor. Some one had asked him
the question, why it was that he sent to America for his locks. He
was buying thousands of dollars worth of locks a year. He said in

16 — Age. Report.

242 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

answer : " I will tell you why ; because I can make my designs and
drawings and write out my specifications, and I can send them
across the Atlantic to the American manufacturer, and I can find
them filled to the letter. I can not get an English manufacturer
who can understand my directions." I suppose this gives us a
clew as to the direction of things. I ask why American watches
are .driving out Swiss watches in Switzerland itself ? I am led to
think that it is by this rivalry of trained and skilled labor that the
balance is being decided in our favor. I understand that in this
free competiton among the industries for the markets of the
world, that it is the educated hand and brain that are to bear con-
spicuously and prominently the palm.

I saw, not long since, a correspondence carried on between the
representatives of the British government in China, on the one
side, wanting to know why it was that Americans seem to be driving
the English out of the Chinese markets in the manufacture of cot-
ton goods. The answer was, that there was more honesty in the
American goods than in the British ; there was not quite so much
fraud in the manufacture, and it was found, even by the heathen
■Chinee, that an honest piece of calico would wear longer than a
dishonest piece.

We know that in the division of labor that is going on around
!ws there is a tendency to make a man a part of his machine. We
know there is undoubtedly a depressing influence and a tendency
to eliminate the manhood out of him and make him a part of the
machine. We must guard against it. The man that stands at the
loom, week in and week out, must, in some way, be saved from the
absorption of himself into the machine which he is attending.
Why? It is for the sake of a better management of the loom
itself. There must be no decay of the thinking power. We must
•eave the man, boy or girl from thus being swallowed up by this
terrible machinery tliat is manufacturing our goods and crushing
out our livei at the same time. That can only be accomplished by
the sweet influence of culture and education.

The second reason why I wish to urge this thought is, that none
of us stand by ourselves. We have to cooperate with each other,
and my getting on in the world depends almost as much on my
neighbor as myself. We talk about the commonwealth of Indiana.
Just notice the composition of that term. It is a common wealth.
It is a common wealth which we are all called upon to contribute,
and the interest is one. One of the most important lessons we have
to learn in life is how to work with others. You have noticed
iigain and again, how much difference it makes in your estimate of
ii man whether he is able to get along with others. A man was

EDUCATED INDUSTRY. 243

■once preaching to liis j^eople and he brought in the thought of the
impracticable character of a g£)od many people, and he pictured it
out in a very striking, vivid way, and then he made the application.
He said, "My brethren, I liave no doubt that there are a good
many of you that the best thing that you could do for the prosperity
of this church would be to die and get out of the way." That was
-characteristic of that man's preaching, and he has been pastor of
that church for forty years.

I am reminded of aiwther story that comes to me from boyhood.
A farmer got to bragging to a neighbor farmer about his wife ; said
lie, '• She is the best woman I ever knew, and the wonderful thing
about her is, that she is so good-natured that she,never gets out of
liumor."

" Well," said the neighbor-, " I can tell you how to fix her ; you
just take her a load of crooked wood and see what she will saj'."

" Well," said he, " all right."

So when the wood was needed he found some very crooked,
scraggy limbs and took tkem up. He deposited the load and the
fooys cut it up, and he waited for the result. No explosion occurred
that day or the next, or the next, and he began to be filled with as-
tonishment. The wood-pile began to give out, and by and by it
came to the .last stick, and his wife said:

" We have got to Qaave some more wood, and if you have got any
more of those crooked limbs I wish you would bring them, they fit
around the pots and kettles so nicely."

That is wliat we want. If men are crooked they should have the
right kind of a twist in them, the kind of twist that will fit
aromrd things. Thei'efore, I urge upon you to give serious thought
to the matter of education. I ask you to see to it that the youth of
your community have the best possible opportunities, and that they
be faithfully occupied for the sake of others, in order that they may
learn how to live with their neighbors and friends. Let me repeat
the thought that I have given you, that we are dependent upon
«ach other for our prosperity and success, and the prosperity of
others is dependent upon us. I can not live in a town if there is
di-unkenness, vice, crime and ignorance, which is the parent of them
all. You can not bring into this commonwealth to-day a man of
•culture and refinement, without its enhancing the value of exery
acre of this commonwealth ; you can not bring here a fountain of
vice, corruption or evil influence, without its detracting from the
value of every acre of your ground. It is thought and culture that
make the corner lots attractive, and that make the country attrac-
tive. We maist see that there is that love of truth, beauty and
goodness among us that will maike a man oomiianionable.

244 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

There is a third reason. When I speak of educated industry I
urge it upon you, not only for the sake of industry and the com-
munity, but for the sake of individuals, Avhose interest is, after all,
deejDest in this whole matter. You know that the ancients thought,
in regard to all relationships of life, that the individual was nothing,
that the state was everything, that the individual was to live or die
for the welfare of the state. Even the best of ancient writers said.
If a child promises on birth to be diseased or deformed or to be a
burden on society, expose him on the hillside and let him die.
That used to be the thought, and it is very curious to notice that
a large number of the great men, the men who have turned the
currents of the A^orld's thought and action, have been, in their
early life, infants that Plato would have exposed on the hillsides.
Take such a man as Sir Isaac Newton, whose infancy was such that
it was not thought that he could live, or such a man as John Locke.
But we have reversed that ; our thought is just the opposite of it.
It is to this opposite thought that I ask your attention. The state is
for the individual, not the individual for the state. The great insti-
tutions of modern society are for the benefit of the individual and
for his protection. Take the great interests that the state protects ;
take the home, the school, the church, and the organization of
society that we call the commonwealth, and what are they? They
are simply so many instruments for the advancement and perfection
of individual man. You have only to find that, in some way, by its
influence or action, the home prevents the intellectual and moral
growth of the individual members of it, and you interfere by the
strong arm of the law. You have only to find that the school is
dwarfing, hindering or corrupting the mind and the heart of youth,
instead of promoting and advancing it, and you close the school.
If you find that the action of the church is such as to injure man,
you have such control by the lever of public sentiment and the
strong arm of the law as to close the church. If you find that the
state, by its organic law, or by its administration, is defeating the
one great object for which it exists, that is, the advancement
towards intellectual and moral i^erfectness, you reform the state^
and you see at once the truth of the great principle that I am
thus endeavoring to present. The idea running all through mod-
ern society is that these great institutions of man, established un-
der the providence of God, are but so many agencies for the ad-
vancement of the individual. With this thought, how does the
grandeur of man stand before us? I am in sympathy with the
great Scottish teacher who wrote over the door of his room at
Edinburgh, "On earth there is nothing great but man, in man

EDUCATED INDUSTRY. 245

there is nothing great but mind." With this thought the greatness
and grandeur of the individual man is before us. Of what is he
not capable/?

Speaking of Newton; parents and friends watched over his flick-
ering breath, knowing not what moment it might go out. You
think of him again, years after, as he goes from world to world
pinning planet to planet, and sun to sun, pinning system to system
by his sublime law of unity of the universe, and seeing it in his
thought as it revolves in order about the throne of God. What is
the difference between Newton, the puny infant, and Newton in his
manhood ? Why, it is development and education. It is the train-
ing of his powers of thinking, and his powers of willing. The poet
was right when he said :

"Nature and nature's laws were hid in night,
"God said, Let Newton be, and all was light."

There is in the roughest specimen the possibility of such grandeur
of attainment. Have you ever noticed the opening of any of the
chestnut burs in your commimity ? Did you ever see some poor,
uncouth, neglected son of some widow that lived up some back road,
whom you have noticed barefooted, but somehow or other there
was something about him that attracted your attention ? By and
by he comes out, his opportunities are few, his facilities are re-
stricted, but some how the thing is in him, it is there. The germ is
started, and bye and bye it begins to extend, and this poor boy rises
and becomes consjDicuous, and he makes his mark. This illustrates
my thought that there is in a man that which is worth saving, and
develoiDing, and which is worth perfecting by this process which we
call educational culture.

I am talking Co you about education and the education of our
industries; that our laboring men in our shops may have, in some
way, introduced into their minds this thought, that they maj' have
all the blessings of that Avhich we call culture. They may have it,
and they should have it, for the benefit of their industry, for the bene-
fit of their community, and for the benefit of themselves.

Gentlemen, I thank you for the opportunity you have given me
to address you to-day.

On motion, the thanks of the State and Delegate Board of Agri-
culture were extended to Professor Moss for his able address.

Dr. R. T. Briywn. — More than two thousand years ago a Jewish
"writer said : How can we get wisdom and hold the plow ? He
called into question the possibility of it, and that thought has lived

246 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

along down the centuries until to-da}\ "Why is it tliat labor on the
farm, holding the plow and driving the oxen, is not asjionorable'
and respectable labor as any other department of industry? It
never has been, and we complain continually that our boys, if we
educate them, leave the farm and go to the professions and other
pursuits, and we lose them. You ask why it's so ?

There is more downright drudgery, more absolutely repulsive
labor in the life of one phj'^sician than in the life of a dozen farm-
ers ; but j^et, it is honorable and respectable, and our young men
are crowding into medical colleges. What is the reason? The
labor of the physician is educated labor, and consequently it is dig-
nified, and by that we mean that he knows the reason for every-
thing he does. Place agricultural labor on that same plane and it
will be as respectable and just as honorable, and men will crowd
into it just as they do into the jirofessions now. There is more sci-
ence involved in raising one crop of corn than there is in the prac-
tice of medicine for years. There is more science involved in man-
aging a farni than there is in geology or meterology. What you
want to-day is for the farmer to understand the reason he does,
eve rv thing.

EXPERT COMMITfEES AT FAIRS. 247

EXPERT COMMITTEES AT FAIRS.*

BY HOX. ROBERT MITCHELL, OP GIBSON COUXTY, IXD.

" Is it important to have experts as committeemen to pass on
live stock at our fairs ? " This question will be more easily decided
if we will first come to a clear understanding of its terms. Let us
inquire, therefore, what is intended by the term expert ? Strictly
speaking, the word is an adjective, and denotes a quality. It
means experience ; that is, knowledge obtained by practice. Hence,
it is the force of skillful adroitness — readiness. But, then, the word
has passed from its general to a technical use, and as such, it ex-
presses a professional knowledge. The doctor is an expert in med-
icine, the attorney an expert in law, the blacksmith in iron, the'
carpenter or brick-mason in building. The word is evidently emj-
ployed in its technical sense in our question, so that what we have
to solve is this : Is it important that our committeemen on live
stock should be live stock breeders ? that is, shall they have exper-
ience with live stock? are they able to judge of the horse, the bull or
the cow, the hog, the sheep, from appearance, from form, from size,
from movement ?

There are many subjects of which men of ordinarily good judg-
ment and common sense can express a reliable oijinion upon with-
out being experts. Such, for instance, as tlie weather, various
political questions, the quality of a piece of cloth, timber, or the
character of a given piece of soil. Then, there are questions on
which men of ordinary capacities are incapable of giving us reliable
opinions upon, not from any want of intelligence, but solely from the
want of information in a particular line — as we say, from a want of
experience.

Xow, the question is, where does the line fall which divides the
province of the expert from the j^rovince of the amateur or the
man of ordinarily good intelligence ? Some have insisted it was
the scientific line, and that all subjects that had been reduced
to a science were matters for the adjudication of the expert
and beyond the reach of the amateur, but this can not be so.

Delivered at the Annual Agricultural Conven

248 BOAED OF AGRICULTURE.

for there is no subject which has been made the theme of hu-
man thought to any extent -which does not take on the form
of a science. So that the assertion of the scientific Une as the
boundary, is simply regulating all questions that arise to the expert.
The truth is that it is a question not of science, but of precision of
exactitude. Some sciences are exact; such as mathematics, for
instance. Some are inexact; such as bread-making, which is a
department of chemistry, but into which so many unknown ele-
ments enter that no certain results can be arrived at. Having de-
termined these preliminaries, w^e are prepared to answer the ques-
tion : Is the breeding of live stock a science ? Most certainly a
large amount of information relating thereto has been collected
and systematically arranged. This gives it the rank of a science >
but is it not an exact science ? Most surely too many factors, and
many of them unknown enter into it, for any man to predict a cer-
tain conclusion. There it falls outside the province of the expert,
but the line of separation is not a broad one, yet is clearly within
the domain of the amateur and the man of ordinary good judg-
ment. But it will always be best to select men of experience, men
of information, as committeemen. One of the most difficult ques-
tions to deal with by the managers of agricultural fairs is the selec-
tion of competent and suitable persons to act on committees to
make awards upon the various breeds of animals usually to be found
on exhibition at our agricultural fairs. Beyond a question, mana-
gers of agricultural societies are more severely criticised, and often
imjustly, too, for decisions made by committees than any, perhaps
all other causes combined, in the management of fairs.

The manner usually adopted in the selection of committees is for
the directors of societies to make the selection during a meeting of
the board of directors, each one of the directors designating a member
of the committee, and continuing to select in turn until committees
are filled. As all are aware, this is the system now in vogue, and
has been for years. And in my opinion this system has failed to
•give satisfaction. To illustrate : We will name short-horn cattle
as the animals under consideration. Director No. 1 will name Mr.
Smith, Director No. 2 will name Mr. Lewis, Director No. 8 Mr.Brown,
etc. Director No. 1 is a fine horseman and good judge of horses,
with but little experience in cattle, having no special taste for them,
hence is not a critical judge ; yet he presumes to ajjpoint a suitable
person to fill this delicate and responsible position, and not being a
critical judge himself, how can he know whether his friend Mr.
Smith is a critical judge ? He does not know, hence the frequent
mistakes that are made. The i)rinciple I wish to establish is this :
Tliat, in order to secure good committees, where awards will meet

EXPERT COMMITTEES AT FAIRS. 249

the approbation of the pulihc and intehgent stock men, the person
or peri^ons whose duty it may be to make the selections sliould be
expert judges themselves.

Director No. 2 is a fine judge of sheep. Director No. 3 is a bar-
rister, with merely a casual knowledge of cattle, and yet these gen-
tlemen designate who shall act as judges. Can we wonder, theref ore»
■at unsatisfactory decisions frequently rendered by judges selected
in this manner? Would it not be better for the superintendents
■of departments or classes to select the committeemen to be used in
his department or class, and in order to do this work properly such
superintendent should be an excellent judge ; yes, a critical judge
of the breed and kind of animals included in his department.
This system will place the responsibility on one person; hence his
selections will be carefully made, and, as a rule, no person will be
appointed to act as a judge who is not personally known to the
superintendent as an expert judge. I will here say that in no case
should persons be appointed to make awards, especially at State
Fairs, who may have friends or neighbors among the exhibitors —
not that they would desire to favor their friends or^do other exhib-
itors injustice, but that with their personal knowledge of their
friends' animals, with all their best points impressed on their judg-
ment— perhaps in some instances in an exaggerated manner — which
y/ould unfit them from doing that justice to other stock on exhibi-
tion which they would do were it not for their personal knowledge
of their neighbors' stock; therefore the necessity of selecting
judges as remote as possible from the exhibitors whose stock they
are called to pass judgment upon. I would suggest in the future
that our judges of all the various breeds of animals be critical
judges — perhaps what may be termed experts.

Under this system, fewer judges would be necessary, one com-
mittee being all that wbuld be needed to make awards throughout
the whole class, except sweepstakes, and even in this class, pro-
vided no animals were eligible to compete except animals which
received a first premium in their class. This arrangement would
limit the sweepstakes to animals who were first premium animals
in their respective classes, and would result in consistent decisions ;
whereas, under the old system, it sometimes occurs that a second,
or even a third premium animal in its class is honored Avith the
first premium in sweepstakes. And this fact deprives premium
animals of much of that credit they otherwise would receive. It is
evident that the selection of ex^^erts for judges, and them to be
selected by superintendents of departments, perhaps with the in-
dorsement of the President or Secretary of the Board, will give
more satisfaction than the old system.

250 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

The i)roposed system will place the responsibility of selecting:
committeemen on one or two persons, as the case may be, which
will result in the more careful selection of competent persons in
the future to make awards. These are the convictions forced upon
me, after an experience of twenty -five years in the management of
agricultural fairs. Whether they are practical and can be put into-
successful operation is the question.

The following discussion ensued :

Mr. Byers. I have a plan to propose in regard to county fairs, but
I had not thought of the State Fairs. My plan was this, tliat when
one county gave a fair, to send to an adjoining county Board, and
have them furnish a man to judge horses and one for cattle. I
should think that an interchange of that kind could be made be-
tween States.

Mr. Lockhart. I am aware that Mr. ]\Iitchell has devoted a good
deal of time in preparing this paper, and I think it is one of the; most
imi:)ortant questions that could come before this convention., I
think the best Avay to do would be to empower the superintendent
of each department to procure the judges in advance, and I think
they should select experts.

Mr. Johnson, of Martin. It is somewhat humiliating for an Indi-
anian to have to resort to men from other Stiites to get judgesv
^Vhat we want is to get honest men that are far enough removed
so as not to be interested parties. I think Indiana has such men,
and I think this Board is competent to make that kind of a
selection.

Mr. Nelson, of Parke. I have had some experience in running
fairs, but I think that, while -the State Board may have erred in
their selection, the system that they have adopted is, perhaps, as.
good as any. Mr. ^Mitchell's suggestion is one that would meet all
the requirements, if you had a good department superintendent.
If you had a superintendent that had the nerve to stand right up
to his decisions, you would have very little trouble about it.

PONDS AND POND WATER.. 25i

PONDS AND POND WATER,^
WITH REFERENCE TO HEALTH AND WEALTH.

BY GEO. L. CURTISS, M. D., D. D., OF INDIANAPOLIS.

It is a common occurrence to hear people blaming and condemn-
ing the ponds of Indiana as the great source of all their sicknesses,
pain and bodily ill. Few ever stop to inquire as to the relation of
the ponds and pond water to the health and wealth of the State, but
by a wholesale denunciation condemn them as the cause of all
woes. It is the object of this paper to inquire somewhat as to the
facts regarding the character of ponds.

The peculiar situation and configuration of the State of Indiana
could not otherwise than give her, in many localities, numberless
low spots of ground, which, becoming filled with water, and having
no outlet, soon develop into full made ponds. It requires but a
few months to elapse for a pond to become full formed with some
of the lower forms of vegetable growths and animalcule in abund-
ance, and only two or three years to have large growths of flags,
reeds, rushes and willows. The common teaching has long been
that all ponds are great cess-pools, breeding sickness, pain, agues
and fevers to culminate in an enormously enlarged liver, a sallow
complexion or death.

Nearly three years ago, the author of this jDaper commenced a
careful study of pond and marsh water, together with the mud and
other deposit at the bottom and on the side of the ponds, and also
the vegetable and animal growths found therein. In prosecuting the
study there was used a microscope, with such simple home-made
apparatus as could be made out of wood, glass tubing and bottles.
He had no theory to uphold when entering upon the work, but
sought to make original investigations. The search was for facts,,
and when these facts shall be fully obtained and verified, (for this
course of investigation will run through ten years if life is spared.)
Whatever theories, laws or lessons are in them will be readily seen.
Tlie microscope employed so far has been Beck's Economic, with eye

-■Note. — Delivered at the Annual Agricultural Convention.

252 BOAED OF .AGRICULTURE.

pieces, A and B, and two object glasses of one-half and one-fourth
inch, by which a clear tlat field of 500 diameters was obtained.

Ponds are collections of water in a basin of earth destitute of an
outlet, standing wdaolly or in part exposed to the direct rays of the
sun. A marsh differs from a pond in that it may have an outlet,
but the current is sluggish, and heavy grasses, rushes, and generally
pond lilies grow profusely within, and water willows line the
banks. For ordinary study there is no difference between pond
water and marsh w^ater, but in the minute study of the two there
Avill be found some marked differences between some of their
animalcule, and some of the lower forms of vegetable growths-
This difference, however, has not been quite sufficiently noted to
require separate treatment. The two ponds of water will be spoken
of under the name of pond water.

Pond water reveals, at different times, a variety of colors. The
water is sometimes tinged with a deep green, then a light green,
again it is almost or quite blood-red, then a dirty redish, and
occasionally it becomes a bright yellow. This is caused by the
presence, in great numbers, of infusorial animalcule, and rank
microscopical vegetable growths, worthy of the algte. The animal-
cules are, of course, microscopical, and yet some of them may develop
so as to become, under favorable circumstances, visible to the un-
aided eye, as the water-ffea, some species of the eel, water-worm, etc.
It is often observed that an immense aggregation of infusorial
animalcule may become visible to the eye as a mass of gelatinous
substance. The author took a bottle of water, in the summer of
18S0, from a pond made by an excavation of clay for brick, south
of Indianapolis, and after it had stood for an hour, the sides of the
bottle, just at the water line, Avere covered with a substance like
brick-dust. The microscope revealed this substance to be a school
of millions of rotifers.

r. VEGETABLE GROWTHS OF POXD WATER.

Here may be placed all the multiplied forms of vegetable growths.
In the hot summer months, and late in the fall, ponds of stag-
nant water may be found covered with a green scum, and the
wate]' is considered filthy and disgusting. To the unaided eye,
that scum is structureless and worthless. But put a portion under
the glass of 150 diameters, and it presents a structure highly and
delicately organized. After viewing it with this power for a time, in-
crease the power to 400 diameters, and the complexity of the struc-
ture is brought out in a beautiful form, never before conceived of.
The coloring matter of this substance is mostly a deep rich green,
with frequent broken spaces, clear as crystal, through which the

PONDS AND POND WATER. 253

light is freely transmitted, showing the beautiful and intricate
structure. This is a vegetable, and has received the general name
of algfe, and is very delicately organized. Algse found in fresh
Avater ponds is to fresh water Avhat seaweed is to salt water. The
colorings are as varied ; the structure as delicate ; the forms as
multifarious as seaweed. The kinds of algre of the ponds are many,
but the author would only refer to those he has found and exam-
ined.

One of the most common forms of alga3 is the oscillatoria, found in
most ponds and marshes, and called by the boys " frog spittle." It
is composed of long " tubular filaments," with sub-divisions or
joints, each joint being a cell. In the water its movements are wav-
ing and graceful.

The conjugateae is composed of interlocked and intergrown fila-
ments, with two winding around each other, and then separating
to wind around others, and these again around others, forming a
kind of lock-stitch. In other species there is a net work, the sides
joining at their extremities in five and six and occasionally more
joints, leaving an open sj^ace or meshes of a pentagonal or hexagonal
shape. This form seems to be somewhat rare, as the author has
only met with it but seldom.

The conferva3 is composed of slender filaments, but is not found
erect like the oscellatoria, but always in a prone position. It is
dark green, small cells, many-jointed, and sometimes presents the
appearance of an internal spiral cell running its whole length. The
author has been able to draw out one of these filaments, not more
than the one-hundredth of an inch in diameter, to fifteen inches in
length. This form of algae may be found in cold and freezing
weather when ice is forming, and is as green and healthy as ever,
with millions of animalcule hiding and living in its ample folds.

There are other and even smaller forms of algse that are as yet
unnamed found in many ponds, covered more or less in a gela-
tinous substance. Some are notched or toothed like a saw, others
are furnished with short hooked, spines, and occasionally some ter-
minate in many branches.

Diatonus form another exceedingly numerous class of vegetable
bodies in all ponds, marshes, ditches and cisterns. They are uni-
cellular, which, by deposit or in the growth, become silex or a flinty
matter, and where iron is found in the w^ater there is a trace of iron
in their valves. The envelope of each frustrate or cell becomes
"covered with most elaborate and beautiful marking, and consists
of two valves or plates, closely applied to each other, like the valves
of a mussel, along a suture or line of contact." In shape the valves
of the diatonus are exceedingly various. They are square, round,

"254 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

triangular, heart-shaped, boat-shaped, zigzag, pahn-shaped, half
moon, hke the letter S, etc. In color they also present a great va-
riety, ranging through green, red, orange, yellow and gray, being
dotted with spots of other colors, which, combined with the delicate
markings under the niiscroscope, present an ever interesting object
of study.

Diatonus are foiuid in all surface water, running as well as still.
The difterent kinds have been named, until now there are a hun-
dred or more, and still new ones are being discovered by micro-
scopists.

The author has taken ditch water, known to be full of these dia-
tonus, and boiled with an equal part of chemically pure hydro-
chloric acid for fifteen minutes, then decanted the liquid and again
added an equal part of the same acid and boiled for half an hour,
iind then evaporated a drop of this liquid on a dish, and when
placed under the microscope found the diatonus in a perfect state
of preservation, cleaned of all gelatinous substance, and showing
the markings in the silex as distinct and beautiful — even more so —
as the finest engraving by machinery shows on the new bank bill.

A bottle of the same liquid now, after three years, is full of speci-
mens as beautiful and perfect as the day they were boiled in acid.

This characteristic of indestructability accounts for the immense
deposits of fossil and diatonus. It is found that the " mud banks
of Victoria Land, 400 miles long and 120 broad, is comjDOsed of sili-
cious valves of diatonus." " Under Richmond and Petersburgh, Va.,
is a deposit twenty feet thick." The jDolishing stone of Blin contains
so small diatonus that, in " a single cubic inch, forty trillions are
found." In speaking of the mud deposit of pond water the dia-
tonus will again appear.

Among the protophytes is found the '' Colesterium lunula,"
slightly crescent shaj^ed, green in color, marked with numerous
dots, having at either end hairs, and showing a feeble circulation
between the inner more solid substance and the outer covering. It
grows by segmentation. These are not more than one-tenth as
numerous as the diatonus, and yet they form a very frequent object
in pond water.

Besides these are found monads, as " twilight monad," an object
infinitessimal, like a single point, and so colored as to be seen in a
mass as red or rust-like patches ; the " grape monad," so called be-
cause there are a number of cells united by slender attachments to
a common foot-stalk; the "green-eyed monad," egg-shaped, and fur-
nished with a single cellisem, and the "revolving globe" or "voloox,"
which appears like a revolving globe filled with spots looking like
so many eyes, and by the aid of one and often many cellia, roll

PONDS AND POND WATER. 255

around -with strange rapidity through the water. This has been
often mistaken for an animalcule.

So much only describes a small part of the vegetable matters
found in pond water, the natural home of a thousand and one curi-
osities as yet undescribed.

The relations of these to health will be apparent. The greeu
scum growing on standing water, and the algse growing so rank in
the water, is notliing more than vegetable matter of the most deli-
cate and beautiful organism. It is constantly eliminating from the
water the deleterious matters, and thrives on that which would other-
wise produce great and deadly sickness. The presence of the green
•scum or algae may be taken as a sign of healthy water. The dia-
tonus assimilate certain elements they find in the water, and b}'
some as yet midiscovered chemical process, use them to the forma-
tion of a solid shell, surrounded by a thick gelatinous or vegetable
growth. So all vegetable forms found growing in pond water or
around the margin of ponds, are constantly eliminating deleterious
gases and utiliying tliem for a healthy and rapid growth. Remove
from water all vegetable spores aaid the growths therefrom, and it
will soon become deadly indeed.

In nine cases out of ten, wlaere the pond water is covered with a
green scum of algse, tli© water beneath will be found clear as crys-
tal. The author was riding in the countrj^, with a gentleman of
some attainmient, when ^onvei'sation turned upon the unhealthiness
of .staii"iding water. They were then passing a pond where the water
was covered with a green scum. Said the author, " That water be-
neath the scum is clear as crystal" The gentleman assured him it
could not be so. To test the matter, the author took from his buggy
a quinine bottle (he goes around with such implements to secure
aaiy chance specimen) and plunged it into the pond and brought up
green scum and water. l"^Tie water, held in the sunlight, sparkled
like crystal. Had there been no scum growing or no spores of
algae to produce the green scum, the water would have presented a
muddy or milky appearance.

It may be repeated, that vegetable growths, while in the water
and growing, are. not unhealthy, and can not be productive of ma-
larial fever or any other disease by any influence they can have
upon the air.

The drinking of water charged with any kind of vegetable mat-
ter is undoubtedly injurious.

II. THE LIVING ANIMALS OF POND WATER.

Of the fish — for sometimes these are found in pond water — it is
not needful to speak. They are large enough to be seen. Some-

256 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

times water dogs, frogs and canimals of that character become very
numerous. The frogs speak for themselves, and require no atten-
tion.

Among the largest and first of the animalcule is the water flea,
bearing no resemblance to the house flea, sometimes becoming so
large as to be seen with the unaided eye. It has a hard shell back
and soft legs, arms and feelers. Its movements are rapid. Because
of its size it never becomes in any way dangerous to man.

Among the numerous infusorial animalcule are the bell-shaped
animalcule belonging to the j)olyastric or many stomach animals.
These have a bell-shaped body, with a single or double row of cillia
around the open part, which may be esteemed the mouth, which
are endowed with the power of rapid motion, for the purpose of
producing currents of water, by which smaller animalcules may be
drawn into the stomachs for food. At the other extremity is at-
tached a long cord, generally spiral, yet sometimes straight, which
is attached to a stick, by which it is held in place. These micro-
scopic animals are numerous. The author has found them in pond
water so that one drop was the home of more than five hundred of
them.

The trumpet-shaped animalcule is very numerous in pond water
of some localities, also the tree shaped, and the many shaped of the
same family.

The family of rotifers or whale animalcule is one of the most
numerous. The author has found them of various colors, and so
numerous as to give color to the water, and when deposited on the
sides of the glass or bowl to seem a ridge of sand, brick dust, or line
of paint.

The eels and jointed worms and saracena are also common to all
pond water. The eels are about the same as may be so readily
found in the " mother " of good cider vinegar, or may be seen in
putrid paste.

The euglena almost always has a blood " red eye-speck," and may
be readily distinguished by its elongated form, having at one end a
cillium, occasionally two or more, by which it moves somewhat
sluggishly through the water and among the alggp, upon which it
seems to feed. This same animalcule the author has found in pur-
ulent pus.

The amteba or i^roteus, a jelly-like unshapely form of substance,
the lowest of animal life, capable of surrounding its food and ab-
sorbing it, is exceedingly numerous in pond water. The number
and kinds of animalcules inhabiting pond water has never yet been
determined. New forms are being discovered by microscoi)ists every
year, and old ones arc being lost to sight, so that the changes of the

PONDS AND POND WATER. 257

inhabitants of the ponds are as great as the changes being wrought
among the denizens of the forest. In pond water changes occur by
the month. In January, no matter how cold, some forms of ani-
malcule are to be found. Freezing does not kill them. In February
there is a slight increase in numbers and forms. In March there i&
a perceptable increase in algee, while in April the season of activity
sets in. In May the microscopist finds delicate life forms not before
observed. Each weed and spear of grass is formed the home of
busy animalcules, and in June there are rewards for patience and
careful search with the glass that are marvels of wonder. The
deptlas of the ocean can not reveal any more wonderful sights than
are now found in any of the ponds. From July to September is
the season for the largest animal growth and their most active mul-
tiplication. This is true of both animal life and vegetable forms.
It is also a period when death is running riot among them and they
cease to exist by the myriads, and their carcases fall to the bottom
and mingle with the mud or sediment, there to be entombed. From
October to December some forms develop, or rather mature, deposit
their eggs in places of safety, to be hatched out a few months hence.
This is really the period of greatest death, and most rapid accumu-
lation of skeletons in the mud deposit.

The question now arises as to the healthiness or unhealthiness of
pond Avater, so far as the anamalcule or living animal matter is con-
cerned. Wliatever of decay there is of animal matter, the gases
thereby formed are taken up by the vegetable algae, diatonus, des-
suids, etc., and utilized by them for growth, and but a small portion
of these gases can ever reach the people who live on the shore. It
is not from the gases or vapors that diseases may or can come, since
these are amght in their passage before they reach human lungs.

III. THE MUD DEPO.SIT OP PONDS; WHAT IS IT?

After a carefid microscopical examination of many specimens of
mud and sediment, the author finds it to be composed of four prin-
cipal things:

L There is some earth that washes into the pond from tlie sides
or banks by the fall of rain.

2. There are remains of vegetable inatter, as jx)rtions of alga3, the
valves of diatonus and woody fiber from larger growths.

3. There are remains and skeletons of dead animalcule that have
not been disintegrated since the extinction of life. Indeed, some
of these remains are indestructiiblC; and remain for centuries, to-
become the fossils of future ages.

17 — Agr. Report.

258 BOAED OF AGRICULTURE.

4. There are large quantities of gelatinous substance, the origin
iind designs of which is not certainlj' discovered.

Mud banks that have been for years accumulating, are rich in
these deposits, and become a remarkably interesting object of study.
This deposit, when removed and spread on the land, becomes a ma-
nure of inestimable value. Or when a pond is drained and the
sides and bottom are cultivated, it is found to be the richest of land
iind yields abundant crops.

Ponds, in the constant accumulation of animal, vegetable and si-
hcious deposit, are a source of wealth and not an unmixed evil.

IV. THE EESUtT OF DRYIXG UP OF PONDS.

Pond water, under the influence of the sun's rays, will evaporate.
The animalcule then becomes dried, shriveled and lifeless, but not
necessarily dead. This dried mud and these lifeless animalcules,
together with the thousands of eggs they have deposited in the
mud, become dust, and are blown about by the wind, and for days
and weeks in summer and fall are the sport of every breeze. These
;are some of the thousands of motes floating in the atmosphere, and
.«een so vividly in a rsiy of sunshine falling into a room through a
•crack or half-open door. People inhale these. They fall on the
food and are -eaten. They fall into the water and people drink
them. As soon as they come in contact with the liquids of the
body anywhere, they are revivified, and become as active as ever.
They enter the blood, many being indigestable, through the process
of absorption by the lacteals, and find their way more or less to
^verj' portion of the system. May not their presence account for
many of the phenomena of disease ?

Take an i^llustration. The author assisted, in 1S79, in an operation
to evacuate a cist in a lumbar abscess on a gentleman at Shelbyville,
Indiana. The operation was with a needle and aspirator. The
])us was thick, bloody and having somewhat of a faint putrid odor.
.S]:)ecimens were put in two diflerent bottles perfectly clean.

The operation was performed between eight and nine o'clock at
night. By eleven o'clock the same night a carefvil microscopic ex-
amination of the pus had been made. In it was found three differ-
ent forms of animalcule. L Vibrous; 2. A very small, quick-
moving animahaile about 1-30,000 of an inch in diameter; and 3.
IS'umerous specimens of what aiipcarcd like the euglena, so fre-
quently discovered in pond water, moving in exactly the same
nianner as when in their native element.

What was the origin of these living spots is as yet unanswered.

That the dried mud oi* deposit of i)Ond water contains animal-
cules which may be resuscitatfcd <or reviviiied, is su&cei">tible of easy

PONDS AND POND WATER. 259

demonstration. The author has taken dried mud from places ^'here
ponds have been, but where the water has been dried up for months,
j^laced it in a bottle or dish, and poured over it pure water, and in
twenty-four hours had resuscitated as fine a crop of animalcules as
the most ardent microscopist could desire to examine. These again
have been allowed to dry up, and after weeks been resuscitated
:again. Prof. Brocklesby, in his "Amateur Microscopist," makes the
statement that Prof. Owen revivified animalcules after lying dor-
mant for years. Maulett revived the same specimens twelve times,
:and Spallauzani for fifteen times, but beyond this he could not go.

. Thus, after a somewhat careful survey of the subject of ponds and
pond wat^r, the author reaches these conclusions :

1. That ponds, as long as they are filled with pond water, are not
necessarily unhealthy, and do not breed disease. In all cases of
great malarial sickness or typhoid fevers and many cases of diar-
rhoea in tlie neighborhood of ponils, the cause of disease is found in
drinking the pond water, or the draining and drying up of the
l^onds have set afloat in the atmosphere immense quantities of ani-
malcules and microscopic fungi, which being inhaled, produces the
disease.

2. In case a pond is drawn oft' or dried up in midsummer or the
fall of the year, the cause of disease is the death and decay of the
animal and vegetable matter, which can no longer live when de-
prived of its native element.

3. That the mud or deposit of pond water is a source of untold
wealth to the farmer of the future. These ponds are now accum-
ulating year by year, vast reservoirs of rich earth, which will ulti-
mately be drained and cultivated as the richest and most produc-
tive lands. Even now, the most productive lands are those bearing
■evidence of having lain long under water. Indeed, an old and
VN'orn out field could be most easily and surely rejuvenated and
•enriched by being flooded, and remain a pond for a few seasons.
It might be sterile when the process was connnenced, but after
«uch a treatment it would be rich and j^roductive.

Finally, ponds and jDond water are not the immitigated nuisance
the world is generally taught to believe they are. They are not ob-
jectionable to he;dth, aaid are resources of wealth.

REPORTS

OF

COUNTY AND DISTRICT

AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES,

EMBRACING THE

CONDITION OF AGRICULTURE

ALLEN COUNTY.

The condition of agriculture in this county is reasonably good.

Wheat is getting t<^) be our leading cereal protluction; a large
iicreage was harvested the past j-ear. The yield w<is largely over
an average, and the grain of a superior quality. We have had an
extraordinary gixxl year for farmers, and if they grumble at the
prices they have been receiving the past fall and winter, they will
never be Siitistied. They liave been getting from |12 to $14 per ton
for hay, corn 4o and 50 cents ite.v bushel. Wheat has averaged
about '^1, and other pr(Khict,s in ])roportion. The interest in the
growing of itni)roved and tlioroughbred live stwk is rapidly a<.l-
vancing. We liave in the county several herds of tJiorongh bred
short-horns antl Jerseys, and almost every farmer ha.s some im-
proved and graded stock. We liave lately imported five Clydesdales,
which will be quite an advantsige to our farmers.

W. W. K<x;KHTr.L, Sci-iHanj.

COUNTY AND DISTRICT EEPOETS. 261

BAETHOLOMEW COUNTY.

The Bartholomew County Agricultural Society held their twenty-
lourth annual exhibition, on their grounds at Columbus, August
31 to September 4. The weather was rather unfavorable, but
there was a marked increase in the interest of the fair over last
year. Although the receipts were not enough to leave a balance in
the treasury, there was sufficient to pay all the premiums and
other expenses of the Society. This encourages the association to
do still better next year.

Our ground is composed of a beautiful tract of twenty-seven
acres, of well watered and shaded land, situated immediately ad-
joining the city and is held in fee-simple.

The land in this county is well cultivated and produces abun-
dantly. The different branches of the east fork of White river
flowing from the north to the south, having good fall and graveley
beds, drain a large amount of bottom lands that are in a high state
of cultivation. The uplands are generally well managed. Quite
an amount of draining has been done and the good work still goes on.

The crops the past season were not very satisfactory to the far-
mers; the wheat crop was an average, or above an average, but the
corn crop was below an average on account of the drouth, the pota-
toes almost an entire failure. The acreage of wheat was large ; the
acreage of corn not so large as usual, but was harvested in good
order; the hay crop was the best ever harvested in the county.
The drouth through July, August and Sei^tember was the severest
that ever was known in this county. Johx Doup, Secretary.

BLACKFOED COUNTY.

The Fair ground, containing twenty-four acres, is beautifully lo-
cated just north of and adjoining the town of Hartford City, the
county seat of Blackford county, Indiana, with one of the best half-
mile tracks in the State and all the modern improvements, having
ample accommodations and shelter for stock, iilenty of stock water
and good drinking water.

Mechanical Hall and Fruit Hall being filled and well managed
were an especial feature of the Fair. But the crowning wonder
was Floral Hall, under the direct supervision of Mr. T. P. Van
Winkle and his lady assistants. With its wealth of flowers, orna-
mental needle-work, canaries and jirctty girls was enough to almost

262 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

convince the writer that single blessedness was not what it " is
cracked up to be."

The large and elegant display "of fine horses was sufficient to con-
■\ance the most skeptical that the days of " boss trading " in " old
plugs," would soon be numbered among the " lost arts."

The showing in cattle was large and satisfactory, and the invest-
ments made by our farmers in thoroughbreds and graded stock
prove conclusively that the most desirable grades of fine stock are
rapidly superseding the inferior grades of " scrub stock " so much
in use in the past.

The large and splendid exhibition of Poland China and Berk-
shire hogs and their crosses, together with a fair showing of Jersey
reds, are sufficient to establish the fact that the days of the "razor-
backs " are numbered, and must soon hunt a more congenial clime..

The showing in sheep was unusually large and attractive, and the-
business of wool growing is apparently in a great degree destined
to supersede all other business with our farmers.

The exhibition in the poultry department, under the supervision
of ex-Senator Bonham, was simply " immense," and if the appear-
ance of the many splendid varieties exhibited has anything to do
with controlling that department in the future, the expression of
Mr. Bonham that the "old barn-yard dung-hill fowl must go " is.
correct.

The condition of the agricultural pursuits in the county has'.
grown apace with the growth of our association, and the outlook is,,
indeed, extremely favorable. Our farmers generally use the best
of improved machinery, and by and through their active co-opera-
tion our last Fair was so much a success that we again propose to
try the experiment for four days, commencing September 20, ISSl,.
when our "latch string will always be found on the outside," and an
especial invitation is hereby tendered you and your wdfe, kind
reader, to "come and see us." Eesi^ectfull}^,

John Noonan, Secretary.

BOONE COUNTY.

The sixteenth annual fair of the Boone County Stock Agricul-
tural Society was held at the grounds of the association near Leba-
non, commencing September 6 and ending September 10, 1880.
The weather throughout was good, and the attendance very large.
And nothwithstanding the fact that there were two other very suc-
cessful fairs in adjoining counties at tlie same time, the exhibition

COUNTY AND DISTRICT REPORTS. 2G3

was, in all departments, very good; indeed, fine in a great many.
The various classes of horses were numerously represented by the
finest specimens. The cattle department was represented by some
of the most noted short-horn herds. The entries in the sheep and
swine dejDartments were quite numerous, and rej^resented the most
fashionable breeds. The display in fine art hall, floral hall, and in
the agricultural, mechanical and miscellaneous classes, were the
largest and best we ever had.

During the past year the Society erected a very convenient and
commodious fine art hall, regraded and widened the time tracks
and enclosed it with a good substantial fence, and it is now said by
tvirfmen to be one of the best half-mile tracks in the State.

The live stock interest has taken a remarkable impetus in the
last year or two, and quite a large number of the best short-horns-
from Kentucky have been brought here.

There has also been some very highly bred horses brought here
resulting in benefit to owners and patrons. The same may, to a
great extent, be said of the introduction of the best herds of swine
and sheep. And the interest taken by our poultry fanciers, in pro-
curing the best breeds, is producing a spirit of rivalrj- among oui"
poultry raisers.

The average of our crops this year was good; corn not an average
in quantity, but the quality was good ; hay crop good and saved in
the best condition; oats less than an average crop; clover seed
good ; barley very good ; the fruit crop fair.

During the last year more good gravel roads were made, and
more efficient ditching done in this county than in any ten years-
before. The timber here consists principallj^ of oak, poplar, ash^
beech, hickory, sugar and walnut, which is rapidly being cut into-
lumber and staves, and shipped to market. The proceeds of which,.
together with the proceeds derived from the sale of surplus stock
and farm products, have made money quite plenty and all kinds of
business good, the effect of which is rapidly enhancing the value of
our lands.

The county is being dotted over with good brick school houses
and churches, and good brick and frame farm houses are fast re-
placing the log cabins of the first settlers.

A. C. Daily, Sccrdanj.

CASS COUNTY,

The eighth annual Fair of the Cass County Agricultural Associa-
tion was held at their Fair grounds, at Logansport, September 21

264 BOARD OF AGEICULTUEE.

to 25, 1880, and taking all things into consideration, was one of the
most successful fairs yet held. The weather during the whole time
was fine, the entries in the different departments being fully up to
the average, and the attendance good.

The number of entries was 1760, and being distributed among
the different classes made the exhibition in all the departments
very attractive. The amount of premiums awarded and paid was
#2,485.

In relation to the condition of agriculture in Cass county I would
say, that we have no reason to complain, but have reason to be
thankful, although some of the products of the soil were not as good
as could be desired, but everything considered, we have many rea-
sons to rejoice ; and for the amount of acres under cultivation the
products for 1880 are equal to any county in the State.

The crops in the county for the year 1880 were as follows :

Wheat. The number of acres harvested was in excess of last
year about twenty per cent., but the yield per acre was not as large
as 1879; but taking the excess of acres harvested, made the yield
equal, if not greater, than 1879, making in the aggregate as large a
number of bushels as was ever produced in the county ; the quality
being good.

Corn. About two-thirds of an average crop, but the quality was
good, much better than last year. The wet weather in the early
part of the season, and the drouth in the latter, being reasons for
short crop.

Oats. Not over one-fourth of a croj:), and the quality very poor ;
all caused by the wet weather.

Hay. Both clover and timothy an average crop, and the quality
good.

Putatoes. Crop short; hardly an average, but the quality good.

Fruit. The fruit crop was large above the average ; quality good.

Cabbage. Like 1879, almost an entire failure, the worms damag-
ing and in some instances destroying the crop entirely.

Other vegetables of all kinds were good and yield fully up to the
average. D. W. Tomlinson, Secretary.

DAVIESS COUNTY.

The past year has been a prosperous one fur our farmers, good
crops and fair prices maketh glad the heart of the faniier. And
these we have had. Although, perhaps, the crops were not so good
as in some former years, yet they were about the average. Our

COUNTY AND DISTRICT REPORTS. 265

farmers are keejiing abreast of the times, and abandoning the "old
fogy " ideas of the past, and adopting new ideas and improved ma-
<'hiner3^ The sale of agricultural machinery during the past year
was the greatest ever known in the history of our county. The sale
of reapers and mowers alone amounted to nearly forty thousand
•dollars. Our tile manufacturers are unable to fill their orders, so great
'has been the demand for tile within the past year. Lands that were
formerly thought "too wet for anything," now, by the proper
•drainage, produce the most bountiful crops. Verily, " the waste
places are made glad." This county ranks third in the State as a
wheat producing county. There has been considerable improve-
ment in the stock within the past few years.

The second annual Fair of the Daviess County Agricultural Asso-
■ciation was held at their grounds, near Washington, September 28 ta
October 4, inclusive. Our fair was not all we could have wished it,
neither in display nor attendance, yet considering the intense
political excitement at that time it was all we could reasonably ex-
pect. There was a very good display in most all the departments.
The racing was especially fine. Our society is in good shape, free
from debt and propose to have a "big" fair next year. We have in
■course of construction another railroad, running through our
county, which, when completed, will be of immense benefit to our
farming community, giving us direct communication with the
South, as well as competition in freight charges.

Peace, plenty and pros2;)erity. A. F. Cable, Secretary.

DECATUR COUNTY.

The twenty -ninth annual Fair of this Society was held on their
grounds adjoining Greensburg, on the 24th, 25th, 26th and 27th of
August, 18S0, and was a decided success in every particular. The
grounds are located east of the city of Greensburg, about one-half
mile from court house park, containing twenty acres. One-half of
which is finely shaded. The improvements are such as usually be-
long to such grounds, and are all in good condition. The grounds
are abundantly sui^plied with excellent water. They are owned by
the association and are worth about $6,000.

The exhibition was one of the best ever held in the county.

The departments of live stock, as heretofore, furnished the lead-
ing attraction during the fair. Some of the finest show cattle
in the State were on exhibition, and the competition verj- decided.

266 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

and to insure fair and intelligent decisions among the " herds " is a
matter that requires great care on the part of the management.

Hon. M. E. Ingalls, president of the C, I., St. L. & C. R. R. Co.,
otiered a premium of $50 for the best short-horn bull, and the com-
petition in that particular ring was exceedingly sharp and earnest.

In sheep, hogs and poultry the exhibit was very fine and large,,
so much so that to determine the matter of i)recedence required
the utmost care and judgment. The number and quality of the-
swine exhibited at our fair this year seems to betoken that not
much improvement can be made.

The class for jacks and mules was well represented, and the exhi-
bition of mules was especially fine.

In the horse department this fair is like most other agricultural
fairs. The horses attract very general notice, and without a good
display a fair would be considered a failure. In addition to the-
many fine specimens in the general purpose, light harness, heavy
draft, roadsters and matched rings, the great attraction and amuse-
ment centered in the daily competition for the premium in the
speed rings. 'Tis true many persons consider these exhibitions as-
being immoral — a subject we will not discuss. Whether the test
of sj^eed has a moral or evil influence, so long as everybody desires-
to see the races some tests of speed will be provided for at county
fairs.

Our receipts were sufficient to meet all expenses, paying the p'6-
miums in full, and leaving a balance on hand.

The officers for the ensuing year are : William W. Hamilton,.
President; ^^'illiam Kennedy, Vice President; Frank M. Weadon,.
Secretary; Thomas M. Hamilton, Treasurer.

THE CONDITION OF AGRICULTURE

in this county is good, and becoming better every j^ear. Farmers;
are more particular in prejiaring their soil for crops; it is tilled
deeper, and, with the wonderful improvements in all agricultural
implements, they are better able to. pulverize the ground and keep
down the weeds. A thorough system of tile drainage has been
practiced by our farmers for years past, and but few, if any, coun-
ties in the vState can boast of so great a number of rods. It has
proved a paying investment to our farmers.

The crops of corn, Avheat, oats, etc., considering the season, were
good, the yield of wheat being very much better than the most san-
guine anticipated.

Experience as well as observation has demonstrated the fact that
proper rotation of crops is highly profitable, giving abundant yield
and tending to improve the general condition of the soil. As to.

COUNTY AND DISTRICT EEPORTS. 267

the question, What branch of farming is the most profitable? I
think pnbhc sentiment among our farmers will say mixed hus-
bandry, as it imijarts general and useful knowledge, defies general'
disaster in the fluctuations of trade, and, to the moderate farmer^,
puts him in a position to select at will a judicious rotation of crops..

Frank M. Weadox, Secretary.

DELAWAEE COUXTY.

The Delaware County Joint Stock Agricultural and Mechanicar
Society held its twenty-eighth annuiil Fair the third week in Sep-
tember, commencing Tuesday, the 14th.

The exhibition of horses was first-class, and can only say, that for
the number of entries the display was never better.

The entries for jacks and mules were not so large as in some
former years, but enough to make a good show.

In the several classes of cattle a reasonable good show was made.

The display of sheep was very fine, and a larger number than
usual in the pens. Many very fine specimens were exhibited.

The number of hogs was, as usual, about forty or fifty pens; some
very fine specimens, Poland Chinas, Berkshires, Suffolks, Jersey
Red, and several other classes.

Our poultry show was excellent in quality, but not as large as
former years and reflects great credit on those who for pleasure or
profit take an interest in the raising of fine breeds.

The mechanical department was never so well represented as this
year, there being two engines employed to run the machinery,,
which was admired by thousands of visitors.

The floral hall was filled with the finest specimens of ladies work.
The ladies of Muncie and vicinity deserve credit for their exertion
to make a good show each year in the floral hall.

The show of fruit was not equal to last year's exhibit, but was
very fine ; not easily surpassed by many societies.

Buggies, carriages, spring wagons, two-horse wagons, sleighs, of
the finest qualities, were on exhibition.

The speed ring was well represented by fast horses each day; hav-
ing good stables or stalls, the best half mile track in the State, as.
we think.

The condition of agriculture in this county is good. We believe-
that it will rank among the best in the State.

Corn — Did not yield well in consequence of a severe drouth iu
July and August. The crop is sound, but the ears are small.

268 BOARD OF AGRICULTUEE.

^^l€at — Large acreage sown ; quality verj- good ; average, about
twenty bushels per acre.

Oats — Heavy straw, but light in the head ; rust hurt them from
filling.

Hay — Acreage below an average ; crop good and well cared for.

Eye and Barley — None raised.

Potatoes — Bather light crop.

Fmit — Never better.

We paid our premiums in full.

The Fair ground is situated one-half mile north of the city of
Muncie and it contains forty-one acres; fence, sheds, stalls or
booths, shade trees, four wells of water — every thing calculated to
make visitors and exhibitors comfortable during the fair.

Muncie, the county seat of Delaware county, is situated in the
bend of White river, has gas works in full operation, two large
flouring mills, two machine shops, three carriage shops, one flax
mill that works all of the flax straw within reach, besides what straw
is shipped here from other counties. The tow is manufactured up
in what is called bagging. There are twenty dry good stores, about
twenty-five groceries, and some five or six thousand of a population
in the city of Muncie. J. M. Graham, Fi-esident.

ELKHART COUNTY.

The Elkhart County Agricultural Society held the twentj'-second
annual Fair from the 23th of September to the 1st of October
1880. More than the usual effort was made to interest the people
and counteract, if possible, the 'overshadowing adverse interest
caused by the impending State and Presidential elections. We
were successful so far as inducing to be present, more and better
articles than were ever shown before by our society, but while the
attendance was good, it was not equal in numbers to that of the
previous Fair. And now, that we have survived the Presidential
election, we hope to have clear sailing next year, when the public
mind will be more interested in the society and its affairs. The
"weather, too, the two first days was cold, dry and windy, that all
who were comfortable within doors had no desire to seek amuse-
ment in the wind and dust. The exhibit entries were 950. Unus-
ual interest was manifested in the fine draft horses, notably, the
Norman and Clydesdale breeds, also in the numerous well-bred
roadsters and all work horses.

The admirers of cattle had a fine treat in viewing the excellent
herds raised by Rippey and Kcnnison.

COUNTY AND DISTRICT REPORTS. 269

The wagon and carriage exhibition of our own manufacturers
was the very best feature of the show. The superior quality of the
work is rarely excelled anywhere.

The agricultural implement and machinery department was-
■' brim full " and being driven by ample steam power, gave exliibi-
tors very favorable advantages to show the actual working of reapers
and binders, and was of much interest to our enterprising farmers.

The exhibits in farm products were excellent — never better at
our fair — but still not equal in quality to the great importance that
our farm, vegetable and cereal products have in the prosperity of
our country.

In the hall the ladies done their part even better than the men
did outside ; the arrangement for exhibits was not good, yet the su-
perior handiwork of the ladies was conspicuous and a pleasant part
of the show. Perhaps tlie best feature in the hall was the extensive
and beautiful show of flowers, despite the fact of no proper accom-
modations to show them. The nunierous and rare plants attracted
admirers of the beautiful.

The amusements on the trotting track were fully up to the ex-
pectiitions of those who like to see that kind of sport, and gave
entire satisfaction.

It was the aim of the managers to make this Fair so successful
that enough of the revenue would remain, after paying premiums
and expenses of Fair, to pay for the purchase of the Fair ground.
It proved that the lines of exhibits were so full in nearly every de-
partment that most all the premiums offered were awarded and
paid to exhibitors.

The receipts of the fair were $2,329 -58

Fourteen hundred and thirty-seven dollars premiums
were awarded, and of this there ha*; been paid fully 1,410 0()

Leaving to pay expenses and balance to apply on pur-
chase of ground of 919 5S

That amount not being sufficient to meet the last install-
ment of the purcha.se price of the Fair ground, a loan
was made in the sum of 800 OO

And a deed for the Fair ground was mtule to Albert Osborn, in
trust for the Elkhart County AgricuUural Six'iety; and so S(K)n as
there may be an unquestionable IxkIv corporate; that will luive
power to tiike and hold real estate, Mr. Osborn will convey the Fair
grounds to such perfected organization, subject to said sSSOO debt-

The friends of the society are now encouraged, and, witli good
weather for next year's Fair, the indebtedness will be quite or
nearly Hquidated.

270 BOARD OF AGEICULTUEE.

One matter has given the managers trouble — that is, the price of
admission. It is essential that it be high enough, so that receipts
will furnish sufficient funds to cover premiums and expenses of
Fair and leave a margin to apply on debt. Thirty years ago the
■society fixed the price of membership at one dollar, and that to ad-
mit the heads of the family and certain of the younger children by
its terms; but this ticket is, in many cases, expected to admit to the
Fair all persons of the family and all the guests and visitors thereof
at time of Fair, and, by some pretence or other, it is made to cover
many more persons than intended, and so the revenues of the so-
ciety are lessened. This ticket ought to be abandoned, and a single
daily admission ticket substituted therefor; but the society does
not feel strong enough to make the change and adhere to it, so we
drift along in old ruts, whereby we are badly cheated in spite of
precautions, and we see no way but to keep on with this ticket, at
iiny rate until the society is out of debt.

Those societies who have always practiced the rule of single ad-
mission tickets are fortunate, indeed. TO us the family or season
ticket, with all precautions and guards we have been able to throw
around it, resuhs in large crowds at our Fairs, and little money to

show for it.

John W. Irwin, Secretary.

FAYETTE COUNTY.

The '•Eastern Indiana Agricultural, Mechanical and Trotting
Park Association" held its third annual Fair on their beautiful
grounds adjoining the city of Connersville, Fayette county, Indiana,
commencing Tuesday, September 7, 1880, continuing four days,
with satisfactory results, being the twenty-eighth Fair in the county.
Never before in the history of Fayette county's fairs was there so
numerous and liberal premiums offered in the " textile fabric class,"
nor so much interest manifested by the ladies, the result of which
shows conclusively that that class has been neglected, and detrimen-
tal to the financial interest of our fairs. The exhibition, in the sev-
eral classes, though not large, was creditable, particularly so in the
agricultural and mechanical departments. Farm machiliery being
-exhibited in motion added greatly to its interests, and should be
encouraged. The exhibition of horses, cattle, sheep, hogs and
I)Oultry showed improvement, but not so marked in the horse de-
partment, being evident that the introduction of a little more good
"blood would be advantageous. The* agricultural and manufactur-
ing interests in the county were never more prosperous and satis-
factory. A. B. Claypool, Secretary.

COUNTY AND DISTRICT REPORTS. 271

FRANKLIN COUNTY.

Our Fair was held September 21 to 24, inclusive. We can neither
boast of a very large attendance nor of the financial success of our
exhibition; yet we had, in many respects, a successful fair. In ex-
cellence of quality the exhibit of horses and cattle has never been
equaled in the history of the association. Our liberal premiums
attracted to our track many of the best "timers" in the surround-
ing country. Our hog show was small, but very good.

There are three causes to which we must attribute our small at-
tendance: First. The political camjiaign, with its excitement;
Secondly. The Cincinnati Exposition, to which our people covild go
at half fare rates and at a less expenditure of money than to our
exhibition at home ; and last, but not least, the " wheel of fortune,"
or "pool wheel." We have felt the sting of this vijx)- so sensibly
that we have determined to prohibit all gambling of every descrip-
tion on or about the grou^ids, satisfied that the deteriorating influ-
ences upon our attendance far outweigh the pecuniary l>enefits
derived from it.

COXDITIOX OF AGRICULTURE.

Our farmers have been treating agriculture in the light of a sci-
ence in the last few years. They have learned that the successful
husbandman must be an aggressive, energeticbusiness man, e\en more
so than the man of mercantile pursuit. By judicious selection of

. seed — corn and barley, as well as wheat — and rotation of crops, the
yield has been increased at least forty per cent. The nature of the

.soil, its adaptability to particular crops, and the elements necessary
to its improvement are pojuilar themes of conversation and study.
Bone dust has been used as a fertilizer on growing wheat with
marked success. The wet lands in the eastern part of the county
are improved by tile draining, and tile are used to some extent in
the hilly lands of the western part to prevent " washing." The
latest improved machinery is used. About thirty self-binding
reapers were sold this season. Most of the gi-ain is threshed early.
The live stock of the county, by careful attention and some
expenditure of money for thoroughbred stock, has improved in
quality at least one hundred per cent, in the last six years. Our
farmers have learned to look upon the proper care of stock, in both
food and shelter, from an economical as well as humane standpoint.
The fruit crop on the uplands was excellent. Ten thousand
bushels of peaches were harvested in the southeastern part of the

• county. The apples were not so abundant, but of good quality.

272 BOAED OF AGRICULTURE.

Our highways are receiving clue attention. Four gravel roads
are in course of construction, and our streams are well bridged,
thus atibrding our farmers the proper facilities for marketing their
products,

A tax of two per cent, has been voted by several townships for
the construction of the proposed Evansville, Seymour and Belle-
fontaine Railroad, which, if built, will cross our county from east to
west, and open the way for shipping the limestone now lying in
vast quantities in the neighborhood of the proposed route.

M. A. Mess, Sea-etcmi.

FULTON COUNTY.

It is not with any great amount of pride I report the standing of
the Agricultural and Mechanical Society for the year 1880. The
Society held its annual fair September 15, 16, 17 and 18, at Roches-
ter, west of the corporation Umits, on their grounds, purchased in
1871 for that purpose. By rea.son of the bad financial management-
of 1879, and the fact of the campaign of 1880 being at its greatest
heat, the people of this county seemed to have lost sight of the
interests of the society, and the resuh is that the receipts barely
paid expenses, so the indebtedness of the society increased instead
of being reduced. The report made in 1879 of the richness of the
county and fertiHty of the soil was very fully stated and, in some
respects, slightly exaggerated. The wheat crop of 1880 was not
quite so good as in 1879, but full as many bushels, there being more
acres sown; corn, perhaps two-thirds oi a crop; oats, crojj very
, light; potatot^s, scarce; fruit of all kinds very plenty, except peaches.
The farmers of this county aro, bectniiing (juite prosperous, and the
S(K'iety hope to be able to make a more favorable report for 1881.

VV>i. H. C. Chixn, Sea-etarii.

GIBSON COUNTY.

The scwioty lield its aiunial meeting on the 5th day of November,.
188^1, to hear the reports of the officers U)v the yejir then endingr
and aKso t<» elect offi(;ers for the ensuing year.

The i)resi(lent delivered an able iKkhess, which wa^. duly received
and ordered U> l>e placed on the records of the society.

The treasurer's report slioWvS: ToUiI receipts, f3,^5<i3.<>5; total ex-
penditures, !?2,!,fc")7.2o; balance on hand, .t(>fKi.40. Of the amount

COUNTY AND DISTRICT REPORTS. 273

expended $843.50 was for additional grounds and permanent im-
provements. The amount paid in premiums Avas $1,438.3^5.

This society is now in a good healthy condition again. During
the great financial troubles which affected this country several
years ago, the society became involved to the amount of $1,800,
But this heavy load has been lifted ofl', and now the society is clear
of debt and owns over twenty-five acres of ground adjoining the
town, wdth the necessary buildings upon it for the accommodation
of exhibitors and guests. Among the permanent improvements-
made by the society this year may be mentioned a line of shafting
for the purpose of furnishing j^ower for the display of all farm,
machinery which could be attached thereto. The display of self-
binders was especially satisfactory.

The society also erected a good building suitable for the show
of sheep and hogs — something that was greatly needed, and which
gave entire satisfaction to those persons making exhibits in those
classes.

This society has ample accommodations in the way of good stalls.
for horses and cattle, which is furnished free to exhibitors.

It has heretofore been the custom of this society to charge an
entry fee on all articles entered for a premium. This year no entry-
fee was charged, except in the speed ring.

The society has always managed to conduct its fairs so as to fur-
nish accommodations to all persons usually attending fairs with
stock, and have offered liberal premiums in the speed ring. Yet
our grounds are so situated that it is not possible to furnish moi'e
than a one-third mile tx'ack without incurring great expense. And
though often discussed before them, the directors have not as yet
thought it advisable to expend a large sum of money for this pur-
pose alone, and the consequence is that no very extra time has ever
been made on our track. And the speed ring, although a feature
of our fair, is not the main feature.

But to compensate the public for the loss of this feature of fairs,.
we have always afforded thena an orderly, quiet, peaceable place of
resort where they can meet friends and enjoy each others society,,
and when detained at home they can send their wives and little
ones, assured that they will be unmolested and safe from annoyance-
One of the rules of this society, which is strictl}' adhered to,,
reads as follows :

" Gambling and the sale or giving away of intoxicating liquors, is
strictly prohibited within the Board's jurisdiction; also, no shoAvs
of any kind will be allowed."

18 — Agr. Report.

274 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Thus preventing the presence of the noisy and rough element
of society usually congregating when such evils abound.

It is the aim of this society to keep step with the improvements
of the country, and to foster and encourage everything which tends
±0 the advancement of the agricultural pursuits in this county.

The exhibition of fine arts and of ladies' work did great credit to
tlie county, and was one of the features of attraction to the immense
crowds of visitors.

The Fair was a complete triumph in everything calculated to
further the interests of the whole community.

Already much good has been done in that direction. Yet to
properly appreciate the improvements made, it is necessary to re-
view the past quarter of a century which has elapsed since the or-
ganization of this society.

The most marked results of this progress is observed in the agri-
cultural pursuits. The principal crops raised in this county are
wheat and corn. The manner in which the wheat crop is put in
shows much improvement over former years, and the yield is
greatly improved-
Large crojis of corn are also raised in this county, especially on
the lands adjacent to our rivers. The soil being well adapted to
that crop, and the yield is very heavy when not injured bj* an
overflow.

Our county contains thousands of acres of this rich bottom land,
which, being subject to overflows, is rendered almost valueless. But
when the proj^r attention is given to the improvement of the
■channels of our rivers by straightening and deepening them, it will
open out some of the best farm lands in the State. And thus add
materially to the wealth and resources of this county.

The soil throughout this county is very productive, and land is
held at reasonable prices. We have an unlimited quantity of coal
of excellent quality, in the eastern portion of this county, which,
since the completion of a railroad to that locality, is being devel-
oped, and large quantities shij^ped to other places.

Of the limestone mentioned in a former report from this county,
I would only say that it is yet undeveloped, except to improve some
of the principal streets in the town of Princeton. Yet I feel safe in
saying that it is of easy access and in quantities sufficient to improve
the principal roads in this county, so as to render them passable at
all seasons of the year.

But a change in our jircsent road laws will be necessary before
much can bo done in that direction.

Of the farm stock in this county I can only say, that the imj^rove-
ment is not what it sliould be. Although our cattle have been

COUNTY AND DISTRICT REPORTS. 275

much improved by several herds of Durham, Jersey and Devon-
shire cattle, being brought into the county.

The horses in this county may be classed as good general pur-
pose horses, although the show at our fairs of light harness and sad-
dle horses, has improved very much in a few years.

There are several good flocks of sheep in the county; Cotswolds,
Leicesters and Southdowns; yet the prevalent habit of everyone
owning worthless dogs, has prevented many from turning their at-
tention to this i:)rofitable industry.

Of swine the Poland-China and Berkshire breeds predominate,
and almost all farmers in this county can show something good in
the Avay of stock from one or the other of these breeds, or their
crosses, according to the fancy of the owner.

The display of poultry at our last fair was very fine, and showed
that much attention was given in that direction by our farmers.

Some attention is given to horticulture in this county, and the
crop of fruits was unusually fine the past season. Yet there is not
a sufficient quantity of winter apples raised here to supply the de-
mand. Whether it is for want of the proper attention, or some
other reason, is yet an undecided question.

The former reports from this county have left but little to say of
the resources of this county, and, in conclusion, I would say that
our county has plenty of room yet for improvement, which it is our
aim to grasp in the near future.

Joseph C. Hartin, Secretari/.

GRANT COUNTY.

The twenty-seventh annual Fair of the Grant County Agricul-
tural and Stock Association was held on their grounds near Marion,
on the 14th, loth, 16th and 17th days of September, 1880.

Owing to the excitement usually attending a Presidential cam-
paign our people anticipated a small attendance; but the weather
was fine, and they seemed to consider the Fair a kind of rest
from political squabble. Our association excludes gambling and
kindred practices within the inclosure. Nothing is tolerated
which need offend the moral and good citizen.

Our grounds, which belong to the association in fee simple, com-
prise thirty-five acres, and is situated one-half mile east of Marion,
•on the Marion and Eastern Gravel Road. Good spring water can
be had for man and beast on three sides of our grounds and within
the inclosure. Numerous shade trees of almost all kinds and sizes
are interspersed over the entire inclosure.

276 BOAED OF AGRICULTURE.

The speetl ring, T\hich is half niilp in length, is on an^elevated
plane, thirty to forty feet above the ravines and'spring branches.

We have ample room and provisions for stock of all kinds. About
two hundred and fifty stalls for horses and cattle. Sheep and hog
pens arranged with reference to water, and other conveniences.
Floral hall, vegetable hall and an amphitheater capable of seating
from 2,000 to 2,500 people.

The show of horses and cattle was good, but not large. The sheep
show was the best we have ever witnessed, being second to our
State Fair only in numbers. Our poultry show we put equal, if not
superior, to any of the kind we have witnessed. We have excel-
lent sheep and poultry raii^ers in our county. Floral hall, and the
department usually managed by the ladies, was a credit to the good
women of our county, who have always done their part well in
making our fairs both attractive and useful. It is as necessary to
have the assistance of our ladies in holding a fair as it is to manage
household affairs.

We had several self-binding machines in operation by steam
power. The show in agricultural implements was very satisfactory.

We have been able to pay all premiums, liquidate all indebted-
ness incurred for improvements on the grounds, and have J800 left
and anticipate a prosperous future for our association.

D. S. HOGIN, Secretary.

GREE^^E COUNTY.

The eleventh annual Fair was held October 4 to 8. inclusive. The
weather being fair, we should have had a good attendance, but the
political campaign drew away many of our best friends. We have
made some very substantial improvements, and feel encouraged for
the coming year. Our expenses were more this year than usual,
but improvements were much needed. We paid seventy-five cents
on our premiums awarded, which satisfied all exhibitors.

CONDITION OF AGRICULTURE.

The past year has been, taking all crops as a whole, satisfactory to
our farmers. Wheat is fast becoming our leading crop.' The bot-
tom lands, formerly exclusively used for the production of corn, are
fast rivaling the uplands in raising wheat. The increased acreage
in wheat, in 18S0, leaves the product in bushels about equal to the
crop of 1879, late sown land being light, and, in many instances, a
failure. Corn is little over half a crop, especially on uplands of a
flat, stiff clay nature, and very little corn will be leaving this county

COUNTY AND DISTRICT REPORTS. 277

for market outside of home demand, prices here being higher than
the market will,;iustify to pay for shipment. Oats were almost a
complete failure. Hay good and of excellent quality, equal to last
year. Potatoes not sufficient for home use, and all garden products
are light. Cabbage a complete failure, owing to the cabbage worm.
The increased value of all i^roductions make up for the failure in
yield of some of the crops, and farmers are in better condition than
A year ago.

Draining bj' laying tile is making steady progress ; some of our
worst ground now under drainage produced the finest corn crop
ihis year, the river bottoms not excepted. We have one kiln in
this county hiaking a good quality of tile, and the day is close at
hand that much of our worthless land will be reclaimed and add
largely to the wealth of our production.

Owing to the high price of corn, many hogs went into market
poorly fatted, and the stock on hand is less than usual. Few cattle
are fed on corn, but more attention is jjaid to the raising of this
class of stock, being less subject to disease than hogs, and of late
being more profitable.

Orchard products were fair, of good quality and sold at suitable
prices. P. Sohultze, Secretary.

HAMILTON COUXTY,

Tiie Hamilton County Agricu'.tural Society had a very poor ex-
hibition this year, on account of a ei/do>ie, which passed over their
leased ground, entirely demolishing and destroying all the halls,
stalls and pens on the ground, also destroying the amphitheater and
all the fences around the enclosure ; and the society was comjielled,
•on account of the near approach of their Fair, to use the old ground
formerly occupied by them, and on .which they will in the future
hold their annual exhibition, and a better and more favorable re-
port can be expected from this society. I will further add that a
large amount of draining is now in progress in this county, adding
largely to its productiveness and the health of its population.

L. 0. Clifford, Secretari/.

HARRISON COUNTY.

The twenty-tirst Fair of the Harrison County Agricultural Soci-
ety was held on their grounds at Corydon, commencing September
11 and continuing five days. Notwithstanding the i^olitical excite-

278 BOARD OF AGRICtTLTtTREV

nient which prevailed, there was an average amount of interest
manifested in all of the departments. The nmnber of horses was
limited, but was of a better grade than at previous fairs. It is a
self-e^'ident fact that holding our fair has enhanced the agricultural
wealth of our county by stimulating our farmers to a better mode
of cultivating the soil for profit and investing their means in a
better grade of stock. The show of jacks and mules was very lim-
ited, showing there Avas a loss of interest taken in them bj' those
interested in that department. The showing of fruit in floral
hall was sufficient proof that this branch of agriculture has not
been neglected, and the number of young orchards dotted all over
the county, just beginning to bear, will, in a few years, make Har-
rison county one of the leading fruit-growing counties in Southern
Indiana. The attendance was larger this year than it has ever been.
Many visitors from other counties of the State, also from Ken-
tucky, were in attendance, our Kentucky friends taking most
of the premiums for fine sheep. The distribution of premiums,
was very satisfactory both to exhibitor and visitor. After paying^
something over nineteen hundred dollars in premiums and im-
provements, there still remains in the treasury seven hundred and
seventeen dollars, showing a financial success. The show of hog&
and sheep was one of the main features of the Fair, being of an ex-
cellent quality. Our crops, taken as a whole, have been very satis-
factory to the producer. As our Fair increases in years it also
increases in the number in attendance, and Ave feel that it is only a
matter of time when the Harrison County Agricultural Society
shall be second to none in the State.

Our friend, Mr. Kingsberry, of the Indiana Farmer Company,
delivered a very interesting address, taking for his subject, "Agri-
culture," which added much to the occasion.

Charles Martik, Seorfan/^

HOWARD COUNTY.

The fourth annual Fair of the Agricultural Association, under its
present management, Avas held at Kokomo, Indiana, September 13
to 18 inclusive. The Fair Avas a success generally, only a ticnv of
the departments being inferior to what the most hopeful antici-
pated. The shoAV in live stock Avas particularly lacking in the num-
ber of entries that should have been made; especially was this true
of cattle. Just think of paying more money as premiums on hogs
and sheep than on cattle! But this was no fault of the association.

COUNTY AND DISTRICT REPORTS. 279

as not half the premium!? offered on cattle were competed for. It

is with some local pride, however, that the .directors look into the

future. Already there are some live or six herds of cattle being fed

in this county for the next fair. The fruit produced in this county

and exhibited at the Fair was of superior quality. The managers

have been holding the Fair a full week heretofore, but have come

to realize that this is not best, hence will hereafter shorten the time

from six to four days. »

A. N. Grant, Secrdary.

HUNTINGTON COUNTY.

The twelfth annual Fair of the Huntington County Agricultural
Society was held on their beautiful grounds adjoining the city of
Huntington, on September 15, 16, 17 and 18, 1880. A grand suc-
cess. The weather w^as very fine.

The first day we devoted wholly to making entries, and assigning
stock and articles to their places. On the second day the exhibition
of stock began, which was in all things the most complete of any
exhibition ever witnessed in this county, and we doubt very much
if ever witnessed in any of our sister counties.

The horse show was " just simply immense." Norman, Clydes-
dale, Hambletonian, coach, running, trotting, pacing, saddle, farm
and every other kind of horse known to the country was there,
and they were all good ones.

The show of short-horns was extra good. Huntington county is
noted for her short-horns, but a foreign herd "took the cake" over
some of ours this time, but can't do it again. There were plenty
of Jerseys there, too, and they made a very good " little " show.

The show of hogs was short in comparison with other years hero
on account of the hog cholera still prevailing to some extent.

The sheep show was better than ever before. Several herd of
sheep imported from Canada were on exhibition.

The poultry. show was good, and our new poultry house was run-
ning over with large and choice fowls of every description.

The farming implement show was only in keeping with the bal-
ance of the Fair (" immense" ), and indicated that the farmers of
Huntington county don't do all their Avorkin the old-fashioned way.

The two large halls were jam full of nice things, and the ladies
did themselvets great credit in their side of the exhibition, and the
consequence was that the halls were full of si:)ectators from early
morning until late in the evening.

280 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

There was not a large quantity of fruit on exhibition, but what
was there did not lack in quality.

Grain and seeds were well represented, and made a good display-.

We started out this year with $3.25 in the treasury (having paid
the balance of our old deljt of oA-er $1,400 last year), and we. will
have about $600 left after paying everything. We have worked
hard for the last three years because we were in debt, and if we
have made any mistakes it is onlj' human.

CONDITION OF ACiRICULTl'KE.

The agricultural interests in this county were never in better
shape.

Farmers are in easy circumstances generally, having raised good
crops for years, and they are now improving their farms in every
way and paying as they go.

The corn and Avheat croji Avas an average this year, both bringing
good prices.

More hogs Avere fed in this county this year than for the last thi-ee
years, on account of the disappearance, to some extent, of the
cholera.

A great many cattle are fed and shipped from this county every
year.

We have completed about one hundred miles of turni^ike in this
coimty, one-half of Avhich are free and the other toll roads, and the
amount of hauling that has been done this season indicates that
they are highly appreciated. We also haA'e a standard gauge rail-
road under contract to run from Chicago to Baltimore.

Lime City, as we are called, is on a solid basis, resting on lime-
stone of the very best quality, and the limestone is not all under the
city, because the several lime companies above the city have burned
and shipped 550,000 bushels this year of the best lime in the coun-
try, which is Avorth on board the cars here $80,000, which Avill be
-obserA-ed is C|uite a source of revenue to this county. This Avould
require se\'enty-two trains of tAventy-five cars each to move it.
The value of lands, lots and improA'ements in this

county as assessed for taxation is $5,209,525 00

Value of personal property as returned by assessor 1,678,918 00

Total taxable value $6,888,443 00

Total number of polls assessed, 3,707.

Total amount of dog tax collected for the year $1,486 00

From October, 1879, to October, 1880, the county paid

fur sheep killed by dogs $587 75

Wir.r-rs A. Jonks, Scoretary.

COUNTY AND DISTRICT REPORTS. 281

JACKSOX COUNTY.

The fifth annual Fair of the Jackson County Agiicultural Society
was held on the Society's grounds at Brownstown, Augtist 23, 24,
•25, 26 and 27, 1880. Saturday, August 2S, being set apart for general
frale day of stock.

Notwithstanding the weather was exceedingly warm, the atten-
dance was large, especially on the 25th. This day, as on the pre-
vious year, was devoted to the old settlers of the county. By invi-
tation all persons who had resided in the county thirty years and
attained the age of sixty years, were admitted free. The result was
a large attendance and a pleasant time, and the permanent organiza-
tion of old settlers continued.

The society gave the floral and horticultural departments in
charge of a committee of ladies to arrange and superintend, which
proved a success and rendered general satisfaction, and demon-
strates the fact that women are mens help even in agricultural
societies.

The various departments for exhibition were well filled. The
show of long wool sheep far surpassed any previotis fair, as did also
draft and general purpose horses. The show of cattle and hogs was
not as large as on the previous years, but a better equality was
on exhibition, which proves that otu' farmers are keeping up with
Ihe times.

The floral and horticultural hall was well filled with the product
of Jackson counties rich soil and the handywork of its women.

The society's grounds are situated one mile from the Ohio and
Mississippi railroad, on a beautiful site, with a never failing stream
of water running closely, plenty of shade and a good half-mile
track, and have plenty of stalls for all kinds of stock and ample
provision is made every year for feed and boarding on the ground
at fare rates.

The receipts the present year paid all premiums and expenses,
and we had a surplus of over two hundred dollars. Taken alto-
gether, we had a most excellent fair and we feel that our organiza-
tion is doing much good and making advancements every year and
confidently expect the next fair to be the best we have ever had.

Joel H. Matlock, Secretitrii.

JASPEK COUNTY.

On the 2]st to the 24th days of September, 1880, inclusive, was
held the ninth annual Fair of Jasper county. This is the second
held under the auspices of the Jasper County Agricultural Society.

282 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Horses for draft and general purposes ; cattle for beef- producing;
hogs, poultry and machinery, were largely shown and make a large
display. There was a noticeable lack of grains, vegetables, fruits and
needle-work. The races were poor and a severe disappointment
to those who came for sport. The educational department showed
marked improvement over the exhibition of last year.

Although the weather was line the attendance, except the third
day, was slim. Of course the amount received as gate money wa&
small.

It was found necessary, in order to avoid debt, to scale the pre-
miums awarded, and this was done at the rate of 30 per cent.

About $500 was expended on the grounds during the year in
constructing and repairing buildings, sheds, pens, fences, etc. Much
of this improvement is considered permanent.

CONDITIOX OF AGRICULTURE.

The wheat crop of Jasper county for the year 1880 was not'as:
good when harves.ted and threshed as some had predicted. The
yield was not large and the grain was only fair in quality.

Corn matured well, but was short of a large crop ; indeed scarcely
up to a fair average. It finds a ready market at 32 to 35 cents a
bushel.

Oats were light and inferior in quality.

Buckwheat may be reckoned a fair crop.

Not much rye and no barley raised.

Flax made an avei-age return.

Irish potatoes are reported scarce. At storing time they were
quoted from 45 to 75 cents per bushel.

Sweet potatoes, though not extensively planted, made a good
crop, excellent in quality.

Garden products — cabbages and the like — were inferior and a.
light crop.

Fruit was abundant, particularly apples. At harvest time hand
picked winter fruit, choice, brought 35 to 40 cents per bushel de-
livered. By far greater than ever before, was the manufacture of
cider and vinegar.

More attention has been paid in late years to the improvement
of the breed of hogs, perhaps, than to any other class of domestic
animals. The Poland China, Berksliire ;ind Jersey lieds are favor-
ites in the order named. The direction taken by cattle breeders is-
to increase the beef capacity of their herds, hence short-horns have
been favorites almost to the exclusion of all others for the purpose of
crossing witli native stock. A creamery has recently been started
at Rensselaer, wliich may, after a time, modify this tendency..

COUNTY AND DISTRICT REPORTS. Zbo

Quite an interest has developed within two or three years in poul-
try breeding, Several varieties, each having special points of ex-
cellence, may now be found scattered among farmers and fanciers.
The direction taken by horse breeders generally has been to in-
crease the size and capacity for draft. Very good crosses are found
among the farmers, which shows their ancestry Lo have been Clydes-
dales or Normans, and not far removed. A few, possibly half a
dozen, running horses are owned in this county, but they are not
kept for breeding purposes.

Within two or three years tile factories have been established in
Jasi^er county. These find a fair market for all the drain tile they
have yet been able to make. The use of this system of draining is-
telling to the advantage of those who have adopted it, in larger, bet-
ter and surer crops.

William K. Parkison, Esq., president of the Jasper County Agri-
cultural Society, has been indomitable in his efforts to direct towards
an improved system of farming and stock-growing. To him and
to his coadjutors of the board of directors is due much praise for
the disinterested zeal they have manifested, giving time and labor
without money reward to n^akc our county Fair interesting and
beneficial to visitors.

Horace E. James, Secretarii^

JAY COUNTY.

The Jay County Agricultural, Horticultural and Industrial Joint
Stock Company held its ninth annual Fair on their grounds near
Portland, on October 5, 6, 7 and 8, 1880. The number of entries,
exceeded all other years. The sale of gate tickets was not so large
as the preceding year; «nd we assign the cause to it being the cam-
paign year. On the third day of the Fair, the Hon. James G. Blaine
spoke at our place, and if experience is worth anj'thing, I wf)uld
advise secretaries of all county societies to postpone their Fairs
rather than to try and beat Blaine drawing crowds. It can't be done I
say, I've tried it. But we managed to pay the premiums in full and all
expenses of the Fair, and have in the treasury $696.07 (for rainy
days.)

COXEiITIOX OF AGRICULTUKE.

The condition of the farmers and their farms is improving rap-
idly. The farms are better tilled, and, consequently, their grannerics
are better filled. The improvement in cattle is getting to be quite
a feature with our farmers. Mr. R. T. Hammons, Mr. Wm. Hilton

284 BOAED OF AGRICULTUEE.

and Messrs. Crowell ct Detamoro, are breeding and importing tine
cattle, aiming to displace the old scrub and non-paying stock by
putting in their place hne blooded and paying cattle.

Wheat, corn, oats, rye and other cereals were an average crop.
Potatoes light yield: apples moderate crop.

Geo. W. Miller, Secretary.

JEFFEESON COUXTY.

A glance at the accompanying statement will give an idea of the
■condition of our society as well, if not better, than any words of
mine. We endeavored to out-general a circus cmwpany and failed.

The condition of our farmers have kept pace Avith that of the
general average. Good crops of all the cereals but a poor prospect
for the grain croj) for 1881. We feel as regards this report, like the
men that went to sea in a bowl — Had our Fair been stronger this
rej^ort had been longer. Gam. S. Taylor, Secretary.

JOHNSON COUNTY.

In answer to your circular in regard to agriculture in this county
I would report the wheat crof) of 1880 above an- average; the corn
<?rop much less than an average.

Our people raise horses, cattle, hogs and sheep. Some mules are
also raised. The farms in this county are better cultivated than at
any former period in our history. Farms that ten and fifteen years
ago were considered third rate are now more jjroductive than the
best farms of that time. The j^rincipal agent in bringing about
this improvement in the soil is underdrainage.

The Fair was a success, but we can not say that it was an
improvement, on the exhibition of the preceding year. The num-
ber of entries was about the same as last year; also, the attendance
and receipts. We jmid all our joremiums in full, and thus the man-
iigers presume that everybody was pleased.

Richard M. Johnson, Secretary.

KNOX COUNTY.

The annual Fair of the Knox County Agricultural and Mechani-
cal Society was held October 18 to 23, ISHO. Though late in the sea-

COUNTY AND DISTRICT REPORTS. 285

son, the several departments were well represented by entries of
merit.

The show of live stock was very fine, and the display of agrieul-
tnral implements was probably the finest ever held in southern In-
diana, while the other departments were each ably represented by
articles of merit as usual.

The weather was severe ; very unfavorable the whole week. Pre-
venting the attendance of many visitors, and seriously interferring
with our receipts.

The total number of paying visitors was 12,057.

Total receipts $4,093 25

Expenditures 4,31S 50

Our finances would have been at least even, except we expended
for improvements $311.24, besides our regular dividend to stock-
holders of two and one-half per cent, in the way of admission tick-
ets. We paid all premiums and other bills in full.

E. E. Steen, Secretanj.

LAGRAXGE COUNTY.

The Lagrange County Agricrdtural Society held its twenty-eighth
annual Fair at Lagrange, Indiana, September 22, 23 and 24, 1880.
The list of entries was not as large as usual, nor was the atten-
dance as good for several reasons. Just at that time unfavorable
circumstances for a good and successful fair, the camj^aign being
carried on in its greatest excitement in this locality, drew largely
from the attendance at the fair. The premiums paid amounted to
almost $700, and expenses of fair and the improvements made by
the society on its grounds left nothing to pay on the debt of the so-
ciety. The officers of the society have re-funded the debt to a 7
per cent, loan and leaves the indebtedness of said society at about
$300 on the grounds. With two or three years of good support at
our coming fairs I think the society will be able to pay off its entire
indebtedness.

Respectfully submitted, J. ^l. Preston, SecMary.

LAKE COUNTY.

The Lake County Agricultural Society held its twenty-second
annual exliibition on their Fair grounds October 5, 6, 7 and S, 1880.
The weather was all that could be desired, but the attendance was

286 BOAJRD OF A&illCULTtJEE.

not quite as large as that of last j'ear, owing to the difficulty of the
family tickets, which was abolished, and a twenty-five cent ticket
issued in its stead. This caused a great deal of dissatisfaction among
the farmers and also the greater part of our townspeople, but nev-
ertheless the Fair turned out in the end better than we expected,
having taken in sufficient to pay all premiums and expenses, and
leaving us a balance on hand.

There was a very good show of horses, much superior to last year.
The cattle show was not quite so good, and there was a decided im-
provement in sheep this year. That of the hog department was ex-
cellent. The showing of grain and farm products was very small.

The floral hall, or ladies' department, was a very poor affair this
year, owing to the dissatisfaction of the ladies at the society for not
building a new hall, as pai'tially promised at our annual meeting,
but the society felt that they were unable to stand the expense this
year, consequently the ladies would take no interest in the matter, so
this year the ladies department was a complete failure.

It is the intention of the society, at their meeting in January,
1881, to talk over the matter of building a new hall, to cost in the
neighborhood of $1,000, jDroviding the citizens will help swell our
funds now on hand by subscription.

George I. Maillet, Secretary.

LAWRENCE COUNTY.

The twelfth annual Fair of the Lawrence County Agricultural
Society was held on the grounds of the society, near Bedford, Sep-
tember 14, 15, IG, 17 and 18, 1880.

This was, in some respects, the most successful Fair for several
years. The weather was good, the Fair was good, the attendance
large and the receipts sufficient to pay all premiums and expenses
in full

The past year has been a prosperous one for the farmers of this
■county. The wheat {crop was better than an average; corn crop
fully up to the average, and other crops good.

This county is steadily gaining in population and wealth; is
about an average of the State for agricultural purposes, and rather
■3iho\e the average for .stock raising purposes.

William Erwin, Secrelary.

COUNTY AND DISTRICT REPORTS. 281

MADISON COUNTY.

The Madison County Joint Agricultural Society held its thirteenth
annual Fair on their beautiful grounds near the city of Anderson,
commencing September 7, ISSCl, and continuing four days. The
weather on the first and second days was very unfavorable and dis-
agreeable, being very cool, which doubtless detracted from the at-
tendance those daj^s, but during the latter days the weather was
more pleasant and attendance good. The number of entries Avas
the largest ever made, except 1879. The exhibition in all de-
partments good, especially so in the show of all kinds of stock
Among the exhibitors in the horse department were J. W. Lewark,
Robert Bogue, W. B. Legg, John Starr, Henry Brounenberg, O. E.
Rich, William Meikle, Wash. Black, Ira Williams and others. In
the cattle department, Thomas Wilhoit, D. C. East, A. Garretson &
Bro., and others. In the swine department, A. W. Martin, Wesley
Wliite, D. Canaday, and others. Sheep department, Thomas Wil-
hoit, H. C. Meredith, 11. I. Voris & Son, I. K Hodson, B. Arm-
strong, John Franklin, and others. The exhibition of poultry was
the best we ever had, and judged by I. N. Barker, of Thorntown,
Indiana. Much praise is due the farmers and breeders of improved
stock for the attention they are giving to the improvement of their
stock.. The display in tbe floral and art halls was very good. The
ladies deserve much praise for the interest they take in making our
fairs a success. The society paid all premiums in full, are entirely out
of debt, and have money in the treasury. The society made valu-
able improvements last year, built a new fence, seven feet high, en-
tirely around the grounds, also a new fence around the time track,
and enclosed six acres more ground, making in all thirty acres en-
closed by new fence, which now make our grounds the most com-
plete County Fair gi-ounds in die State-

CROPS.

The Avheat crop above tlie average last year. The acreage of
wheat now sown is equal to or more than last year. Corn light. Oats
very good. Rye and barley not grown much in this county. The
live stock interest is on the increase, notwithstanding the loss of
f<wine from cholera. Wool growing receives considerable attention,
aaid is a source of profit to those who give the business proper
attention.

In addition to stable and barn-yard manure, the farmer regards
the clover the chief recujierator of his weak and exhausted land.

Drainage has received c-onsiderable attention: the farmers of this

288 BOARD OF. AGRICULTURE.

county have used a great deal of drain tile within the last few yearS;.
Avith-very satisfactory results.

■ Most of our fencing is done Avith split rails, though some is made
with posts and boards, posts and barbed wire, and hedge, consider-
able hedge being planted last summer and fall.

We have very good roads, the gravel roads being " pay pikes,"
made from " pit " or river gravel.

The dairy interest is very poorly represented in this county.
We have none other than for milk. No butter or cheese made as a
business. C. K. McCullough, Secretary.

MARION COUNTY,

The Marion County Agricultural and Horticultural Society, for
the year 1880, would report as follows :

The society held meetings during the year, at which reports
of special committees on the agricultural and horticultural interests
of the county were made subjects for special consideration. At
each meeting subjects suited to the season have been discussed
and papers read. The meetings at all times have not been largely
attended, but full of interest, with an increased attendance as the
object of these monthly meetings became more fully known.

In the month of June, day, the society held an exhibition of

fruits, vegetables and flowers in the rooms of the State Board of
Agriculture, which was a creditable display, not large but select.
Small premiums were awarded to choice varieties.

At each of the subsequent meetings from June to October, we
had an exhibition of products, fruits, vegetables, flowers and farm
products, which Avas a tine display, in vicAV of the fact that no
aAvards Avere made until the October meeting, at Avhich time pre-
miums Avere aAvarded to exhibitors for the best exhibit of fruits,
vegetables, floAvers and farm products. The society had at this
time a very tine exhibition. Many of the products displayed were
not excelled in quality at State Fairs.

The society has arranged to commence with the June meeting
of 1881, and hold in that month an exhibition, at which small
aAvards Avill be made on products exhibited, and also award pre-
miums at each monthly meeting during the summer and fall
thereafter, clcjsing Avith the October meeting. It is the purpose of
the society in these monthly meetings, to be held in difterent por-
tions of the county, to enlist the hearty co-operation of our leading
agriculturists, believing that in this Avay Ave can accomplish more

COUNTY AND DISTRICT REPORTS. 28^

ill developing a general interest in agricultural pursuits than wc
can by holding a single exhibition in the year, which is more es-
pecially true in our county, on account of the State Fair being,
held in this county.

A further reason for holding monthly exhibitions, as before indi-
cated, is that the city aftbrds a good market for small fruits, vege-
tables, etc., and our farmers are becoming more and more interested
each year in these productions. The holding of monthly meetings
and exhibits of products will, as we believe, tend to increase the in-
terest in the line of products in which our farmers and fruit grow-
ers are more largely interested.

CONDITION OF AGRICULTUKE.

The agricultural products of this county are varied, the county
being centrally located, having situated within it the capital of the
State, numbering over seventy-tive thousand inhabitants, and a
great railroad center, convenient for a million and a quarter of
people to visit, transact business and return the same day (if de-
sired), which tills our city with a large visiting population, requir-
ing extensive hotel accommodations, and consequently a large daily
supply of market products. Hence we have, surrounding the city,
a considerable number of market gardeners, situated upon small
tracts of land, usually prosperous, many of whom become wealthy
in a few years by giving close attention to their business. They are
demonstrating also that success does not so much depend upon the
number of acres as the methods of cultivation; yet market garden-
ing has not come up to that full measure of success desired. Many
of them are situated upon lands that are wet and cold, which might
be made certainly productive by under-drainage. Very many gar-
deners and farmers, also, seem to think that getting rid of surface
water by surface drains is the sum of all that should be done in
draining, while underneath the surface is stagnant water, which
renders the soil cold and unproductive. The warm-drained soil
requires much less labor in cultivation, gives a larger jmsturage, or
feeding ground, for the roots of plants, and appropriates readily
the applied manures and fertilizers. We note also the fact that our
gardeners (many of them) seem to have little knowledge of the loss
of value to manures sustained by heating and the escape of am-
monia and acids. It is a common practice among gardeners to
haul from the city, or elsewhere, large quantities of stable manures,
and throw into a heap or piles sufficiently large to heat, where they
smoke like a boiling cauldron through the winter months, losing a
large per cent, of their value. But the gardener adds in quantity

19 — Agr. Report.

290 BOAED OF AGRICULTURE.

where he lacks in vahie, but it is expensive. Tlie same custom pre-
vails among our larger farmers to the extent that manures are left
to rot about the barn, or against it, the latter not being uncommon.
But little has been done in this county in the way of mixing ma-
nures with soil in heaps to preserve its value. Our farmers and
gardeners can also procure from our fertilizing establishments lo-
cated near the city, fertilizers adapted to the wants of their soil. So
far only a few have tried them ; those that have speak highly of the
result. Our soil is adapted to the growth of clover, which has a
wonderful effect in the recuperation of the soil; in addition, the
manures and fertilizers to be had from the city renders it an easy
matter, with sufficient drainage, to bring our soils to the highest
productive state. We very much need to educate ourselves up to
the point of making the most of our surrounding advantages in
this county.

SMALL FRUITS.

There is a constantly increasing demand in our markets for small
fruits fresh for the table, and but few of our farmers and gardeners
have given attention to this important interest. The damage from
insects has discouraged many from extending or engaging largely
in the growing of small fruits.

OTHER FRUIT.

Apples, pears, etc., have shared a siinilar fate, with only a few
■exceptions. Orchards have been neglected, not to a greater extent,
perhaps, than in other portions of the State, but our convenience to
market, and the profits to be realized from good market fruit,
should serve to direct iiublic attention to this important branch of
agricultural products.

DAIRY INTEREST.

There are a number of large dairies in this county, many of them
located near the city, and the number is increasing each year, suj)-
plying the city with milk. Many of our dairymen are bringing up
their stock and the management of their dairies to a perfection
very commendable. There are some, however, that are uncleanly
jind inhuman. In addition to those furnishing daily supplies of
milk, there are butter dairies producing the best brands of butter.
It is no longer necessary to ship large quantities of butter from
the creameries in Ohio and Michigan to supply the demand for an
excellent quality in the city. "We have every facility for meeting
the demand, and it will be done in the future.

COUNTY AND DISTRICT REPORTS. 291

GEXEKAL FARM INTERESTS.

Tlie general intelligence, thrift and enterprise of our farmers are
•equal to any in the State. We believe them to be as ready to use all
available means to advance the interests of agriculture as any peo-
ple, and that they have made as much or more advancement than
many others. Yet much remains to be done to bring us up to that
full measure of success so much desired.

The production of corn, wheat, oats, grasses and live stock of all
kinds are above an average, but we need to do much better Avith
our market facilities.

Every foot of available land in the county should be brought into
tlie highest state of cultivation to supply the daily wants of so large
a. jiopulation, and add to the general prosperity of our people.

OUR society's work.
The Marion County Agricultural and Horticultural Society, hav-
ing in view the advancement of the varied interests named, (and
others not mentioned,) have arranged to hold monthly meetings at
different points in the county, at which the various subjects relat-
ing to progressive agriculture may be considered in well matured
papers and discussions. We have also further determined to award
premiums for products exhibited at the meetings held during the
summer months, believing, that in this way, we shall interest more
fully the general farming interests. We have, in part, demon-
strated the utility of the plan the past season, with very gratifying
success. J. J. W. BiLLiNGSLY, Secretary.

MONTGOMERY COUNTY.

The Montgomery County Union Agricultural Society held its
first annual exhibition on the society's grounds September 6 to 11
inclusive. The weather was all that could be desired and the at-
tendance large, making the Fair a complete success in every respect.

The Fair grounds, owned in fee simple by the Society, containing
■C2| acres, heavily shaded by original forest trees, are universally
conceded the finest grounds in the State, being abundantly supplied
with water from ice-cold springs which is forced to all parts of the
grounds through pipes, thereby making an attractive as well as a
valuable feature.

The society has exi)ended about $15,000 in improvements and it
is certainly surpassed by none in the State. Our track is one-half

292 BOARD OF AGRICDLTUEE,

mile in length, sixty feet wide and built at a cost of $2,000, being so
situated that races can be witnessed from any point without the
view being obstructed. Our buildings are all built with a view to
permanency, being built on brick foundations and are composed as
follows: Floral hall, covering 6,000 square feet; amphitheatre with
capacity of 1,500 seats. Three buildings for hogs and sheep, each
21 by 140 feet, all under cover; three hundred stalls for horses and
cattle, a greater part of which are box stalls; dining room, jioultry
house and a large power hall for the display of machinery.

The grounds are situated within one-fourth mile of the court
house, all within the corporate limits of the city, with railroads on
either side.

As before stated, we held our first Fair last fall and the patrons,
press and public generally were profuse in their praises. The man-
agement have been congratulated repeatedly upon the success of
the enterprise. Our great success is, undoubtedly, due, in a meas-
ure, to the fact that no "games of chance " were allowed. Xeither
was there alloAved the sale of any intoxicating liquors, and, as a nat-
ural consequence, nothing but the best of order was observed.

Montgomery county ranks among the first in the State. What
used to be her wet lands (of which she at one time had considera-
ble) has now become the most productive, owing to the good sys-
tem of both open and under drainage, which has been carried on
extensively within the last few years.

The county has seventy-one miles of toll gravel road ; thirty-seven
miles of free gravel road, built according to the free gravel road
law of 1877, with fifty miles more of free gravel road under petition
on file in the Auditor's office.

Hog cholera has been prevalent this year, but not to such an ex-
tent as to discourage the industry. F. L. Snyder, Secretary.

MORGAN COUNTY.

The Morgan County Agricultural Association held its twenty-
ninth annual Fair, at Martinsville, from the 4th to the 8th day of
October. The list of entries was largely in excess of any previous
year, and the exhibition in every department, excejit the cattle de-
partment, was unusually good, and the weather fine. But alas!
politics did it. Two r/nind rail ka upon the last days of the Fair,,
and the preparation of the people to attend them for the few days
previous, cut short the gate receipts, and we were compelled to pro

COUJ^TY AND DISTRICT EEPORTS. 293

rata our premiums in all, except the speed ring, ^vllich was paid in
full.

All eriips are a fair average in this county this year. No entire
failures and no extra good crops of any kind.

H. A. Smock, Secretary.

NEWTON COUNTY.

The NeAvton County Agricultiu-al Association held their third
annual Fair on their Fair grounds at Morocco, on September 7, 8,
9 and 10. Weather being fine and attendance good every day.

The exhibition of horses was first class, and we can only say that
for the number of entries, the show of good horses was never
better.

The entries of jacks and mules were few, those .shown being of
good quality; might compete at any Fair in their class.

The show of cattle was small, but good in quality.

The show of sheep and hogs was good. Hogs being the chief pro-
duct of this county.

The show of jioultry was rather poor, as there is but little inter-
est taken in this line in the county.

In all other departments the show was very good, the floral
hall being well filled. The 'merchants helping the show with a
good stock of dry goods, boots and shoes.

Our receipts this year were very good. We paid our premiums
in full, but left us a little in debt. The per centage was so small
that it was thought best to pay in full, although we run the Fair on
the pro rata sj^stem.

CONDITION OF AGRICULTURE.

Wheat has been a good crop in this county for the last two years.
Nearly all the farmers are trying it this year.

Corn is the great staple crojj of this county. This year it was far
below the average, but good in quality.

Farmers in this county give more attention to the raising of hogs
than any other product. Some few farmers are giving more atten-
tion to horse raising than in former years, which is much wanted
in this section of the country. Some few farmers are trying sheep
raising, which is quite a new feature in this county.

J AS. EoBiNSOX, Secretary.

294 BOARD OF AGRICULTrRB.

NOBLE COUNTY.

The twenty-fifth annual Fair of tlie Noble County Agricultural
Society was held on the grounds of the society at Ligonier, Ind..,
October 6, 7, Sand 9, 1880. Considering the great political excite- '
ment that prevailed at the time, our show of stock and attendance
of the people was much better than we expected. The receipts at
the gates and other sources more than paid the liberal i^remiums
offered by the society on the variovis classes. All premiums
awarded, as well as all other claims, are paid, leaving a balance of
$100 in the treasury. Encouraged by the result of the last two
fairs, the directors intend to build a large and well-arranged floral
hall, which is much needed, and will add to the future prosperity
of the society.

The number of entries in the several classes of horses, cattle,,
sheep and hogs was equal to that of former years; also, the exhibi-
tion of textile fabrics, ladies' fancy articles, fine arts, fruits and pro-
visions, in the old floral hall, was splendid. The show in agricul-
tural products was large and line. A full line of buggies and car-
riages on exhibition attracted much attention. Everything was-
fully represented except agricultural implements, which were
almost entirely neglected.

The state of agriculture in this section is in excellent condition,,
and farmers, as a rule, are prosperous. Wheat is the principal
product in this part of the State, and farmers have supi:)lied them-
selves with all the best improved machinerj'' to raise and take care
of that important crop. We have had successively three very large
crops of wheat. The corn crop of 1880 Avas rather light, on account
of dry weather in July and August.

The prospect for the growing wheat crop is not very flattering,
owing to dry weather at time of seeding and after, continuing dry
until cold weather set in early in November. The winter has thus
far been favorable to wheat, the ground being covered with a light
snow, and, being frozen steady without any thaw, the wheat may
come out all right in the spriug.

Much attention has been paid by our enterprising farmers to
improving their stock of horses and cattle, and we can now show as
fine lots of the best breeds of horses and herds of short-horn cattle
as can be found in the State. Tlie prospects of the Noble county
farmers and their agricultural society is cheering. Our next Fair
will be held October 12, 13, 14 and 15, 1881.

E. B. CtEiusej}, Serrdarif^

COUNTY AND DISTRICT REPORTS. 295

PARKE COUNTY.

The farmers and business men of Parke county seeing tlie need
of a county fair and exliibition, called a meeting in early spring of
this year and organized a Stock Agricultural Society with a capital
stock of |4,000, which was readily subscribed to the amount of $3,750>
The society appointed a board of directors, who at once proceeded
to work. They leased the beautiful grove of Alexander Puctt, one-
fourth mile west of Rockville, containing about 50 acres of ground?
and had it enclosed with a nice substantial fence seven feet high ;
also erected about 160 stalls, hog and sheep pens, and one large hall.
An abundant supply of water was furnished by two large wells;
shade trees are abundant in a natural state upon the grounds. A
beautiful half-mile track was laid out within the enclosure for the
double purpose of showing speed horses, carriage horses and
roadsters. The track is egg shape, fifty feet wide, and has only
about eleven inches of variation, in the entire distance, of being
level. The beauty and finish of the work on the track has elicited
the warmest commendation from all horsemen who have visited itv
The society has expended about $2,500 on the grounds the past year
and will expend the coming season about $1,500, which will make
our grounds one among the finest in the State. Our first exhibition
wjxs held on the 11th, 12th and 13th of August— "the first of the
season." A liberal premium list w^as offered whii-h was spiritedly con-
tested for by the exhibitors. The weather was fine and the display
in all departments was excellent.

Among the great attractions were the fine horses from Swain &.
Palmer's stock stables, of Bellmore, and Crooke & Adams' stables,
of Xew Discovery; also the line herd of Holstciii cattle of T. H,
Anderson, and the tine herd of Jerseys belonging to S. L. McCune
of this vicinity.

Tlie hog, sheep and poultry departments were well represented
and attracted large crowds. In the speed ring there were about forty
entries, and some of the best horses in the State were present, which
made it lively for the sporting community.

In the needle work department and domestic manufactures the
display was grand, and the ladies of Parke county deserve great
credit.

Notwithstanding the large exiienditure of money in the way of
improvements, our society paid dollar for dollai', and had §400 of a.
balance in the treasury.

Our people in the main are order-loving, law-abiding people, and
oiir Board, to make double sure, strenuously guarded all the ap-

296 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

preaches to rowdyism and disturbance, by excluding, as far as pos-
sible, all intoxicating liquors, lotteries, swindles and humbugs.
True, our society might gain a few dollars by selling xirivlleges to
such tricksters, permitting them to impose upon the credulity and
filch from the pockets of those who are not schooled in the vile
ways of this wicked woi'ld. But they chose rather to protect this
class than to profit at their expense.

Rockville, the county seat of Parke, is a beautiful town, well laid
out and nicely set with shade trees. We have in our town some
very enterprising business men; but what we most need are more
manufactories. We have six gravel roads, and the Logansport
branch of the Vandalia railroad. A fine court house, nearly com-
pleted, costing about $100,000, and a fine hotel that will be ready to
accommodate the public in a few months.

David H. ^^'EBB, Seer-etan/.

PEERY COUNTY.

The Perry County Agricultural and Mechanical Association held
its ninth annual Fair on its grounds, near Eome, commencing on
the first Monday in October, and continuing five days. The entries
in the floral hall were not up to former seasons, but in quality ex-
celled other seasons. The stock department was in excess of former
years in number and quality; but all departments were well repre-
sented. On account of the excessive rain in the spring, crops are
short; wheat not more than half crop. The coming crop of wheat
promises well — acreage large. The corn crop short — all low
grounds drowned out; not more corn than for home consumption.
Oats almost an entire failure. Barley very good. Apple crop very
poor; none scarcely for home use. Peaches in the bottom lands,
none; on hills good. The potato cro]) is smaller in this county
than for many years. Farmers that planted at the usual time of
planting lost all by the wet weather, and those that planted later
did not get more than half stand, then the early winter caught half
in the ground, which cuts the crop \Qry short. Farmers are rais-
ing more hogs than of former years, and turning their attention to
raising small grain. There is a decided improvement in the way
of planting small grain in this county, in the way of preparing the
groimd and in machinery, such as drills and harrows and reaj^ers
and steam tln-eshers. Sheep are coming into favor among hill
farmers. The rotation of crops in this county, by good farmers, are
clfivcr sown in wheat or oats, two or three clover, two years in

COUNTY AND DISTRICT REPORTS. 297

wheat, two years in corn, one year in potatoes; but a majority of
farmers have no regular rotation.

The old-fashioned way of hauling out inanure from the barn
A-ard and scattering in field in tlie fall and spring before breaking,
is still in vogue, there being no phospliatcs or plasters used.

The majority of fences are still of the old-fashioned worm rail on
the hills, and in the bottoms posts and slats, and some hedge.

There are no dairies in this county; farmers sell their surjilas
butter at the nearest town.

The roads are still worked in the old-fashioned way — jilowed and
scraped in the spring or fall. It is almost impossible for farmers to
market their produce in winter. We have no railroads and have to
depend on the river for transportation, and the ice generally hin-
ders shipping.

Our Fair is now recognized as one of the best county fairs in
the State, always paying premiums in full, cash.

J. L. Whitkhkad. Secretant.

POSEY COUNTY.

The twenty-second annual Fair of the Posey County Agricultu-
ral Society was held Sei>tember 14, 15, 16 and 17, 1<SS0, and was as
usual a success in every particular. The society owns twenty-four
acres of ground one-half mile from the town of New Harmony, and
have every convenience for exhibitors and visitors. During the
last year many imiirovements have been added to the grounds by
new buildings and line shafting for machinery.

The society is entirely out of debt, own the grounds in fee sim-
ple, have $1,000 at interest and a surplus in the hands of the treas-
urer of $200, and also have $12o invested in stock in a hotel in town.

The principal crop raised in the county is wheat, and the crop,
although not as heavy as the crop of 1879, was over an average for
the State. The crop has mostly been sold, but there are many
thousands of bushels yet in the hands of the farjners. The average
price paid in the county was ninety-five cents per bushel. When
last seen, the present wheat was looking well, but being generally
late sown, did not show as promising as last year at this time. It is
now, January 12, under heavy snow, and has been ever since the
middle of November, with the exception of a short time when the
snow melted off in December. There is a greater area sown than
last year, and it came up well. The corn crop is short, owing to a
protracted drought in June, and a large proportion of it is yet in

298 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

the fields, the cold and snow making it impossible to gather it.
There is no great demand for it, and the price bj^ the wagon load is
thirty-five to forty cents per bushel. Hogs were mosth^ sold on
foot during the summer and fall, and driven to Evansville to mar-
ket. They were generally sold by lots or so much per head.
There has been quite a number slaughtered in the county, the
price paid being four and one-fourth cents gross or five cents net
per pound. This county is rapidly improving. The timber being,
cleared off and made into lumber for fencing, building, etc. The
old worn fences are fast giving way to neat plank fences and Osage
orange hedges. Large tracts of land are being cleared and brought
into cultivation, particularly the rich bottoms along the Wabash
river, that were a few years since considered too low and wet for
cultivation, are now being drained under the State law for the
drainage of wet and overflowed lands by ditching, and also by the
use of tile for under draining, there being business for five tile
manufactories in the county.

There is now nearly completed a railroad from Evansville tO'
Peoria, in Illinois, passing through the richest farming portion of
the county and crossing the Wabash a short distance below Gray-
ville, Illinois. It runs within six miles of our fair grounds. There
is also another road projected from New Harmony to connect with
the Owensville branch of the Evansville and Terre Haute Railroad,
but if this should not be built, we are about as well off as any county
in the State for transportation, having the Ohio river on the south
and the Wabash on the west and north, the St. Louis and South-
Eastern Railroad running from the south-east corner of the county
to the north-west part and crossing the Wabash river, the Evans-
ville and Peoria Railroad passing through the northern townships,
and also a regular packet running daily from New Harmony to
Grayville, Illinois, making close connection with the Vincennes and
Cairo railroad. With all these facilities for shipjoing our produce,
and with the best farming lands of any county in the State, it would
be strange indeed if our farmers were not prosperous.

In addition to wheat and corn, which are the staples, all kinds of
grains and grapes do well, and clover is becoming an important
crop, not only for the hay and its wonderful fertilizing qualities, but
for the seed which is becoming quite a source of income to our far-
mers. Fruits of all kinds do well when properly cared for, but
farmers generally i:>ay but little attention to it. All kinds of stock
are healthy. Hogs arc all in which there lias been much improve-
ment for several years. Sheep do well in any ])art of the county,
but (jwing t<; the ravages of the dogs very few are kept.

COUNTY AND DISTRICT REPORTS, 299'

THE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The regular annual meeting of the Posey County Agriculturril
Society was held at New Harmony on Wednesday, December ],
1S80, and was called to order by Robert Clark, President.

The minutes of the regular meeting of the society in June were
read and adopted. The minutes of the meetings of the Board of
Directors were also read and concurred in.

The secretary submitted the following report of the receipts and
expenditures through that office for the six months ending Decem-
ber 1, 1880, as follows :

Beceijyfs.

For admission tickets to twenty-second Fair $1,916 50

For percentage on entries.., 412 95

For horse stalls 79 50*

For advertisements in premium list 30 00-

For rent of booths and grounds 1,017 15

Total receipts $3,456 10

Orders Drawn on Treasure)'.

Premium orders $1,995 00

Expenses and repairs 1,127 3;3

Rebuilding Agricultural Hall ' 250 GO

Investment in new hotel 125 00

Line shafting 75 75

Total orders drawn |3,573 10

Amount orders drawn over receipts 117 OO

Frank D. Bolton, Secretary.

The treasurer's report was read as follows :

June 1, 1880, amount on hand $312 47

December 1, received from secretary to date 3,456 10

Received balance on note, J. L. Harris 36 OO

Total receipts $3,804 57

Orders paid, as per vouchers tiled 3,573 10

Balance on hand this date. $231 17

A. H. Fretageot, Treasurer.

The trustees submitted the following for the year ending Decem-
ber 1, 1880:

Loaned to T. J. Truscott $1,000 at 8 per cent, interest from date ;
March 4, 1880, rented Fair grounds for pasture to January 1, 1881;,

SOO BOARD OF AGEICULTURE.

for $75; collected note of J. L. Harris, ^216; invested in new Viets
liotel, $2oO. JoHX Walz,

J. A. COOPEE,

T. J. Teuscott,

Trustees.
All of which reiwrts were referred to the auditing committee.

The president appointed D. M. Schnee, L. Pelham and Dr. Wm.
P. Ford, auditing committee. On motion the meeting adjourned
Tto the loth day of Decemher, 1S80.

Wednesday, December 15, 1880.

Pursuant to adjournment, the society met, and a quorum being
present the meeting was called to order by Wm. Richards, vice
l^resident. The roll of ofhcers called and all present except the
jiresident and general superintendent. The meeting proceeded to
the election of officers, when the following members were elected
to serve for the ensuing year: John B.Elliott, president; Wm.
Pichards, vice president; F. D. Bolton, secretary; A. H. Fretageot-
treasurer; Edward Highman, marshal; Henry Pote, general super-
intendent; Henry Hayden, Isaac Cowgill and Virgil Johnson,
trustees.

On motion of D. M. Schnee, the vote by which the report of the
Trustees was referred to the auditing committee at the jirevious
meeting was reconsidered.

When on motion of H. P. Owen the report was received and con-
curred in.

T. J. Truscott submitted an amendment to the constitution, chang-
ing the time of regular meetings from the first Wednesday in June
^nd December, to the first Saturday in April and November.
Which lies over under the rule until the June meeting.

Frank D. Bolton offered an amendment to the by laws of the
society, by adding to section 3, of article 12, that the trustees shall
make no investment, appropriation or loan of the funds of the
•society, unless instructed to do so by a majority vote of the mem-
bers present at a meeting of the society.

On motion the meeting adjourned.

The following will show the financial condition of the society :

Amount loaned at 8 per cent, interest it!l,000 00

Amount interest due December 22d 80 00

Amount invested in hotel 125 00

Amount cash on hand 231 47

$1,436 47
Frank D. Bolton, Secretary.

COUNTY AND DISTRICT REPORTS. 301

POKTER COUNTY.

The tenth annual Fair of the Porter County Agricultural Society
was held on the Fair grounds adjoining the city of Valparaiso on
September 29, 30, and October 1, 1880. The weather was favorable.
The show was good and the attendance about as usual; the receipts
sufficient to pay expenses and premiums in full.

The show in all the departments of stock was not only equal in
numbers to former years, but was superior as to character.

The display of fruit was equal to any former year, and much
better than last year.

The poultry show was good and competition lively.

The display of machinery, farm implements, wagons and buggies,
was very good.-

The speed ring was much better than former years.

Hog cholera has made its appearance in many parts of the coun-
ty, some farmers losing a greater portion of their fattening hogs.

P^ARM PRODUCTS.

Wheat, corn, oats and potatoes, an average crop, with a fine fruit
crop. There was an abundant yield of all kinds of grass.

The six cheese factories all did a good business this season, all'
being run to their full capacity. Our agricultural interests are on
the increase, and as a consequence our farmers, merchants, me-
chanics and traders are all in good spirits, and all rejoicing at the
general prosperity. Reasox Bell, Secretary.

PULASKI COUNTY.

The seventh annual Fair of the Pulaski Agricultural and Me-
chanical Association was held at Winamac, September 21 to 24,
inclusive. While the list of entries was not as large as last j-ear
the interest manifested by the farming community was much
greater than ever before. There was a larger number of horses
on exhibition this year than at any jDrevious fair, and the stock
hewed a decided improvement.

The association consists of about fifty members and is free from
debt. The officers are live business men, and we hope to be able to
report for next year the best fair our county ever had.

Our wheat crop of 1880 was excellent, though not so good as that

502 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

■of 1S79. The number of acres sown this year is much greater than
usual, and the prospect for a good crop next year are very flattering
indeed. The farming interests of our county are decidedly on the
increase. Our manufacturing facilities are good, but have not, as
yet, been utilized to any great extent.

The improvement in our county seat this year, in the way of
buildings, litis been extensive, and we are' proud to note that we
have as fine a business block as can be found any where in the State.
Taking all in all, we think our county will compare favorably with
any of our adjoining counties. » A. D. Perey, Secretary.

PUTNAM COUNTY.

Putnam County Agricultural Society held their twenty -fourth
exhibition September G, 7, 8, 9 and 10, 1880.

The grounds are large and finely situated. The improvements
are as follows: A high board fence enclosing the grounds; me-
chanic's hall, produce hall, floral hall and all other buildings neces-
sary, with a sufficient number of stalls to accommodate horses and
cattle, and pens for sheep and swine ; a splendid half-mile track for
speed horses.

Taking in consideration the short time the grounds have been
occupied, the accommodations are first class.

The Fair, this year, taking the disadvantages under Avhich it has
labored into consideration, was a success. The campaign interfered
with its success in a measure, there being a joint discussion on
the principal day, which took away the crowd; also, several small
fairs through the county tended to decrease the attendance.

The pro rata paid was better than was anticipated, and the
outlook for next year is very promising.

The show of stock this year was greater than it has been for
several years, and all the halls were well filled with a good va-
riety of articles of a fine quality.

The display, taken altogether, was a fine one, and would be a
credit to any county in the State.

The coming year, our Fair will have no opposition from the
township fairs, they having combined with us, and we expect to
make the Fair one that Avill not only please those who attend, but
one whicli will i)ay stock men to attend.

We cx])ect to jiay all premiums in full, and place our Fair in the
front ranks of the county fairs of Indiana.

J. H. Crow, Secretary.

COUNTY AND DISTRICT REPORTS. 303

EANDOLPH COUNTY.

Our tenth annual Fair was held on the 15th, 16th, 17th and 18th
days of September, 1S80, inclusive. The weather was fair, show
good and attendance little lighter than former years. Our receipts
were not sufficient to pay i3remiums in full ; we paid for all im-
provements, labor, etc., and seventy cents on premiums.

The show in all the departments was equal, if not greater, than
former years. Fruit, poultry, mechanical implements, floral hall
find all minor departments showed off to good advantage and was a
credit to our good and prosperous county.

As a general thing our farmers all prospered during the year,
and harvested bountiful crops.

The condition of our organization is good, and bids fair for suc-
•cess during the ensuing year. W. IMoore, Steretarii.

KIPLEY COUNTY.

Tlie Ripley County Agricultural Association held their seventh
annual Fair on their ground>s at Osgood, August 17, 18, 19 and 20,
1880. The weather was favorable for the first time since our or-
ganization, and our Fair a complete success in every respect. We
were honored during the Fair with the i:)resence of several distin-
guished visitors, among the number our lamented Governor Wil-
liams, and Adjutant General George W. Russ. The Governor de-
Sivered an address on agriculture, closing with some excellent ad-
vice to the young, which was well received.

The department of live stock furnished one of the leading attrac-
tions during the Fair. Some of the tinest show cattle, sheep and
hogs in the land were on exhibition, and the competition sharp.

The poultry department was well represented, showing an in;-
provemeait over former years.

The display in the floral and mechanical halls was better than
oxar before.

The society made some radical changes in the ajipearancce of
their grounds, during the j'ear, by the erection of a large mechani-
cal and agricultural hall. Many stables, stalls and pens were builr
I' (I r the accommodation of stock. Our magnificent half-mile track
was put in fine condition, and a seating capacity for over three
thousand persons erected.

The society own their grounds and improvements, are out of
-debt and have money in their treasury.

William R. Glasgow. Secrddrv.

304 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

KUSH COUNTY.

In this, my line of dutj' in making our annual report of the
condition of the Rush County Agricultural Society at its last exhi-
bition, I append a statement of number of entries, receipts, etc.,
the character of the stock exhibited, and in fact every department
was up to the spirit of the age.

The receipts are a poor index of the number in attendance, as.
three hundred stockholders, with their families, save niales over
tAventy-one years of age, enter the gates free of charge. A political
year, with its numerous fandangos, always to some extent curtail
the fullest attendance to county organizations, whilst to State fairs
the contrary is the effect, as all appointments are made subservient
to those State exhibitions. All well conducted fairs are the most
healthful stimulus the farmer and artizan have to further them on
in their work of progress, which has proved a marvel in the last
decade, and it is well it is so, for famishing would be the result of
the exertions of every other laudable calling did not mother earth
reward the toil of the husbandman. And I feel I make no digres-
sion nor do no one injustice when I would urge the farmers
throughout this land to claim equal laws, equal protection to their
several industries, under the genius of our government. Monopo-
lies and aristocracies should not be encouraged or fostered, for
when so the toiling millions foot the bills. L. Link, Secretary.

SHELBY COUNTY.

The Shelby County Joint Stock Agricultural Association held
their seventh annual Fair, near Shelbyville, during the first week
in SejDtember, 1880. The display in the floral hall, most all of which
was contributed by the ladies, was fully equal if not better than any
of our former years. The ladies, not being voters, were not carried
away by the excitement of a political campaign. The display of
horses, cattle, hogs and sheep was very good. The number of
entries in the different classes were less than an average, yet the
quality of those exhibited were equal to any ever placed on exhibi-
tion. The weather was very favorable, and the attendance large
during the entire week. Our receipts were sufficient to pay all ex-
penses, and j)remiums in full, and leave a balance of over seventeen
hundred dollars. We have, each year since our organization was
formed, made an eflbrt to hold our fair over until Saturday evening.

COUNTY AND DISTRICT EEPORTS. 305

and as a result our gate receipts on Saturday have never been un-
der seven hundred, and as high as fourteen hundred dollars. All
of our fairs have closed leaving us, after paying all exj^enses in full,
a surplus from four to twenty-two hundred dollars. Had it been
our custom to close our fairs on Friday, as most all agricultural
associations do, there were several years that our expenses would
have exceeded our receipts, and we would have been compelled to
borrow money to pay premiums in full. From past experience we
can earnestly recommend agricultural associations to hold their fairs
over until Saturday evening. There are many items of expense,
not increased by so doing. When farmers and mechanics appoint
meetings or take a hoUiday, it is always on Saturday.

The condition of agriculture in our county is prosperous and
progressive. Our farmers are taking advantage of the best means
of cultivating the soil. Our wheat crop was very good. The quality
being above the average. The acreage now sown is equal to last
year, and went into the winter in good condition. Corn — the yield
was not large, but quality good. Oats was a failure. Hay an average
■crop. Fruit was fair and of average quality. Vegetables of all
kinds were good and fully up to the average.

A. J. GoRGAS, Secretary.

STEUBEN COUNTY.

The Steuben County Agricultural Association held its fifth an-
nual Fair on their grounds one mile north of Angola, on the 28th,
29th and 30th of September and October 1, 1880. The fair was a
success, though it was cold and disagreeable on the first and second
•days, and rained in the forenoon of the last day. On the third day
we had an immense crowd, the weather as fine as could be. The
exhibition of cattle and horses good; better than last year. In
sheep good ; about the same as last year. In hogs not good, but
about the same as last year. The display of fruits was exceedingly
good ; double that of any previous year. The display of field crops
good; also, that of machinery, farm implements, wagons, buggies
and sleighs.

The display in floral hall surpassed that of last year, both in artis-
tic arrangement and in number of entries.

The speed ring about the same as last year ; not a success.

The condition of agriculture in our county is good. Most of our
farmers take some agricultural journal, and our State and county

20 — Agr. Report.

306 BOARD OF AGRICULTUEE.

papers have a farm department. By so doing, our farmers are be-
coming posted in all that pertains to their business.

Our wheat was large and of good quality. Corn a fair jdeld and
good quality. Hay, oats and potatoes good. Our farmers hardly
ever fail to have a fair crop. Our farms are mostly sandy and
gravel soil, and rain and drought do not effect it so much as in
other parts of the State, and we have a great many small lakes that
protect from frosts, B. F. Dawson, Secretary.

TIPPECANOE COUNTY.

The annual Fair of the Tippecanoe County Agricultural Associa-
tion for 1880, was held at Lafayette on the 30th and 3 1st days of Au-
gust, and the 1st, 2d, 3d and 4th days of September, and notwith-
standing the extreme heat and heavy rains of the first three days,
proved a complete success financially, and in the exhibits in the
various departments.

While the horses, cattle, sheep and swine exhibited w^ere not so
numerous as at the Fair of 1879, they were first-class in every par-
ticular, and made a better display than ever before; and in the
poultry, agricultural, horticultural, mechanical and other depart-
ments, the display has never been equaled.

The condition of agriculture is not so favorable, on the whole, as
in 1879.

The wheat crop was of large yield and excellent quality.

Cwn. Not over half a crop, and jDOor in quality.

Oats. Generally a failure. ■"

Hay. While there was only a moderate yield, the quality is ex-
cellent.

Potatoes. In yield, almost nothing ; in quality, fair.

Cahhage. Of no account whatever.

Fruit. Generally abundant and of good quality.

Secretary.

TIPTON COUNTY.

The third annual Fair of the Tipton County Fair Company was
held on its grounds, conveniently located one-half mile southwest
of the town of Tipton, 21st to 24th of September, inclusive. The
grounds are located on the banks of Cicero creek, with excellent
water facilities.

COUNTY AND DISTRICT REPORTS. 307

The Fair was successful iu all its departments. The live stock
show and speed ring were especially interesting features of the
Fair. The display in floral and fine art halls was creditable, but
fell short of last year's exhibition.

A great interest in poultry has recently grown up in our county,
and the show in that department was a large increase over last year.
Almost every variety of domestic fowl, from the mammoth turkey,
the Plymouth Rock and the proud black-breasted game cock down
to a number of varieties of bantams. In addition to the domestics
were wild geese, bald and golden eagles, horned owls, etc.

The business men of our town contributed no little to the success
of our fair by the display they made of their goods and wares.

The crops of this county for the year 1880 were good in the
main. Corn is the sttiple crop, which was about one-third short.
Wheat was more than an average. Oats and grass were good.
Potatoes short. Fruit light. Hog crop was large in the number
shipi)ed, but light in Aveight. The cholera prevailed in some parts
of our county, but not to an alarming extent. A greater interest
has been taken of late years by our farmers in breeding and rais-
ing fine cattle and sheep. Several good herds of short horns are
now to be seen in our county.

The gravel road mentioned in last report has been completed
from the county seat to the county line north, a distance of eight
and one-half miles, and two more granted, with fair prospects of
several more. We have, indeed, reached the era of improvements,
ditches, better roads, macadamized streets in our county seat, and
brick and morttir may be seen going up throughout our towns and
county, and the sound of the saw and hammer heard in every
direction. William Barlow, Secretary.

VIGO COUNTY.

The society hixs prospered during the year. Our Fair wiis well
attended, and the display good. Barnum's show came to the city
on our principal day, and was jmcked full, both afternoon and even-
ing— thereby reducing our anticipated receipts one thousand dol-
lars— which comjDelled us to pay part of our premiums " pro rata,"
which, however, has been our established custom for several years.
We ofler liberal premiums, payable "pro rata," and pay as high a
per cent as we can. This, we believe, is better than low premiums
paid in full.

We, this year, allowed exhibitors to make as many entries as they

308 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

^Yished with tlie same article or animal, which seemed to work
well.

The Terre Haute Horticultural Society again had control of the
fruits,, flowers, bread, butter, cakes, etc., and that department was
a success.

As heretofore, we had good trials of speed every afternoon at 2
o'clock. We gave $1,000 in premiums for speed, but required five
entries for each race, at ten per cent entry fee, which secured to us
one-half of the purse before the race began.

The people all seemed interested in the races, and for that part
of the day nothing else is attended to. The crowd comes to see the
races.

We never allow gambling on the grounds. This year we allowed
one stand for selling beer, and required it to be open with no back
rooms or curtains, so that every one could see what was going on
No other liquors were sold, and there was not an arrest made on
the grounds during the Fair. Our justice of the peace had his ofRce
on the grounds during the week, but not a single case.

Our crops this year have been good, all but late potatoes, which
were a failure, except where they were grown inider straw. Corn
was good, except in the Wabash bottoms, which was drowned out
as late as July 1. Three plantings were made, but all were de-
stroyed. Wheat was a good crop, but not equal to the crop of 1879.

Our city has grown rapidly during the past few years, and now
stands third in size in the State. Joseph GilberTj Secretari/.

WABASH COUNTY.

The twenty-eighth annual exhibition of the Wabash County Ag-
ricultural Society was held on the Fair grounds, in the city of
Wabash, September 7, 8, 9 and 10, 1880, and was a grand success in
every respect. The ground purchased by the board of directors in
1879, and added to the already fine grounds of the society, makes it
one of the very prettiest grounds for agricultural purposes in the
west. Our board built a new track the past season, which adds
much to GUI' exhibition in the way of sjjced ; a new aini)hitheater
and a great many other improvements, very much needed.

The show of stock in 1880 was some better than any season
past; in fact, our farmers are raising the very best of stock.

The weather was good all during our Fair, nothing to mar the
})lca.'jure of visitors.

COUNTY AND DISTRICT REPORTS. 309

The last harvest of wheat was very good ; the best ever in the
county, but all the crop was very light.

Our farmers take quite an interest in the Itreeding of fine poul-
try. Improvements are made each year in this department.

Geo. W. Pauling, Secretary.

WARREN COUNTY.

The Warren County Agricultural Joint Stock Company held
their seventh annual Fair at West Labanon, September 6 to 10,
inclusive, and since its organization has endeavored to sustain
and promote the agricultural and manufacturing interests of the
county. The grounds, containing thirty acres, are under good fence,
beautifully shaded, well watered, provided with good stalls and
buildings common to such grounds.

Political excitement, and the great number of grand rallies, to-
gether with two neighboring fairs held on the same week, did much
toward lessening the attendance. The entries of stock, although not
so large as in some former years, j^et in quality showed a marked
imi^rovement, especially is this so in cattle, sheep, hogs and poultry.
A fine herd of Jerseys were shown by Mr. H. D. Thomas, but the
short-horns far exceeded in numbers and quality. In hogs, we
noticed a very decided improvment — less bone and more flesh,
early maturity and readiness to fatten at any age, seeming to be the
objects in view, and sought for by breeders. The breeds known as
Berkshire and Poland China were more largely represented than
others. Hog cholera has done little damage here for eighteen
months, and we are in hopes that in the future we may not be
bothered with it.

Trotting, and other descriptions of fast horses, are receiving much
attention by our people, but the Percheron, Clydesdale, Coberg and
other heavy draft horses are received with more than ordinary favor.

The display of vegetable and root-crops was much greater than
at any former fair, and the available room was well occupied as
was the department for grass and seeds.

Fine fruit was quite a leading feature of the fair this year, and it
was very noticeable that a most commendable rivalry exists among
our fruit growers to produce the very best.

In the floral department there is a constant increase in interest,
and an advancement in culture of choice plants and beautiful
flowers is no longer a rarity in this county, and the idea that the
beautiful is useful, is sought to be realized by those devoted to the
culture of flowers more than any other interest in our community.

310 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

In the mechanical department, inckiding impIementvS and farm
machinery, textile fabrics, leather, cloth, "wood and iron, the displays
were far in advance of any former years.

Fine art and ladies' work were mostly monopolized by tlie ladies.
The show was really grand and proves a steady advancement in
design and workmanship.

Notwithstanding this was the "off" year for fairs, ours was a suc-
cess tinancially, and after paying all premiums in full, leaves about
five hundred dollars in the treasury.

JAjNiE.^ C. ]Mili.er, Secretcmj.

WAREICK COUNTY.

The Warrick County Agricultural and Horticultural Society held
its twenty-third annual exhibition October 13 to 16, inclusive.

The grounds, consisting of twenty acres, are situated one mile
west of Boonville, on the Evansville and Southeastern Eailroad. Said
grounds are enclosed with a good substantial fence, beautifully
shaded, well watered, and provided with a large ampitheater, calla-
ble of seating several thousand persons. There are also three nice
halls, and plenty of good stalls and pens for all kinds of stock. The
exhibition this year excelled those of former years, especially in
the quality and number of stock.

The horse department was well filled, consisting of fine stallions,
brood mares, draught horses, saddle horses, harness horses and
especially speed horses

The cattle show far excelled anything we have ever had, con-
sisting principally of short horns.

The show of sheep and hogs was excellent.

Peter Taylor, of this county, is making a specialty of importing
and breeding fine wool sheep, short horn cattle, Berkshire and Po-
land China hogs, and deserves great credit for the interest he has
taken to improve the stock of our county, and for his untiring en-
ergy in building up this department at our fairs.

The xjoultry department made a very creditable show.

The floral hall, ahyays the centei' of attraction at our fairs, was
not so well filled tliis year, owing to the rain and bad weather.

The display of agricultural implements was excellent.

CONDITION OF AGRICULTURE

The soil and timber of this county are good. Crops consist of
corn, wheat, oats, tobacco, clover, grass, fruits, and vegetables of all
kinds.

COUNTY AND DISTRICT REPORTS. 311

This county is almost entirely underlaid with splendid coal, and
with the present railroad facilities is very profitable to the miners.

The crops of this county were very good last year, and the pros-
pects this year are excellent.

The exports in wheat, hay, hogs, cattle and tobacco have been,
and are now, very good, and are a source of great wealth in this
county.

The financial condition of this society is good, having |915 now
on hands and no outstanding debts. W^r. E. Wilson, Secretary.

This year will long be remembered by our people, as a prosper-
ous and fruitful season ; one noted for the uniform good health of
the people, as well as the absence of destructive storms and floods.
The wheat crop was good, berry plump and quality first rate.
Harvest early and secured in prime condition, and nearly all farm-
ers profited by past experience, either stacked or put their grain
under shelter at once.

C<ym. Two-thirds crop, sound and good.
Hay. Fair crop.

Fruit. Abundant, except peaches, which was only one-third
crop.

The " crop " of pork was large but not as fat as formerly. Many
farmers feed large droves of cattle for spring market. The sale of
beef cattle is rapidly increasing. Sheep husbandry is also paying
well, and there are many more kept in this county than ever before.
Great quantities of coal are mined in this county, and the busi-
ness is rapidly increasing.

This year also marks the era of the completion of a railroad
through the county, thus giving much better market facilities for
many portions of our county.

One of our greatest needs at present is a " tile " factory, all that
is used is either shipped on cars or hauled a long distance in
•wagons, thus adding largely to the expense of draining our lands,
notwithstanding which tile draining is fairly introduced, and per-
haps no point in southern Indiana offers a better inducement for
such a business than Boonville, the county seat of this county.

The demand for farm hands has been well supplied at seventy-
five cents to one dollar per day, without board, and ten to fifteen
dollars per month, with board. Harvest' wages have averaged
about $125 to $1.50 per day, with board. Our schools are good and
prosperous, averaging nearly six months per year, and generally our
farmers are doing well, which is shown by the miles of plank fence
erected and many fine barns and farm houses built during the last
year. W. T. Stone, Secretary.

312 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

WAYNE COUNTY.

This county held its thirteenth annual Fair on their grov;uds
near Centerville, on the 22d, 23d and 24th of September, 1880. The
time was unfavorable on account of a large mass meeting of one of
the political parties, being held at Richjnond on the principal day
of our exhibition, and also other circumstances and meetings. The
attendance was small and the receipts fell short of the expenses.
We paid but fifty cents on the dollar of premivims. The director's
feel disposed to try again, and are determined to hold a Fair next
September. Wm. F. King, Secretary.

WELLS COUNTY.

The fourteenth annual Fair of the Wells County Agricultural
Society was held near Blufiton, on the grounds usually occupied by
the society, September 21, 22, 23 and 24, 1880.

It being campaign year it was hard to work up the agricultural in-
terest in our county, and it seemed that fate was against us during
the Fair week. On Thursday of our Fair, there were three promi-
nent political sjieakers spoke in and near the town, and one of those
being the" noted "B. F. Butler, every body seemed filled with a
curiosity to see him, rushed to the grove where he spoke, instead of
going to the Fair. Nothwithstanding, we had a big day, and our re-
ceipts that day were over $800, whicli crowned our efforts with suc-
cess. The number of entries in the various departments were up
to former years, and some departments far excelled former years.

The horse department was very good, having some of the finest
draft stallions and colts that were ever exhibited in the county.

The cattle show was fine. We had a new attraction in cattle in
this county this year, being a fine lot of Alderneys, exhibited by
Robert Simonton and J. J. Amos, of Huntington county. We also
had a fine lot of short-horns on exhibition.

Our swine department was good, but not as many entries as
usual.

The sheej:) department was ahead of anything wc ever had.

The farm and orchard products excelled in quality, if not in
quantity, our former exhibitions.

As to floral hall, it wsis filled to overflowing, and had not enough
room to display near all the articles brought there for exhibition.
The ladies of our town and county are entitled to a share of the

COUNTY AND DISTRICT REPORTS. 313'

credit for the success of our Fair. We also thank some foreign
ladies for contributing to the exhil>its in floral hall. If our men
would all take as much interest in their departments as the ladies
do, our county fairs would all be grand successes everywhere.

CROPS.

Our wheat crop last harvest was good in quality, but not up to
last year in quantity.

Our corn crop was very poor, not over half crop, wet spring and
dry summer cause of failure. Oats poor quality. Potatoes not half
crop and small. Hay good in quality, but not as much cut as
usual ; all put up without rain.

The farmers are still continuing their good work of ditching and
under draining, and the time is not far distant when Wells county-
will be one of the best farming districts in the State.

Jas. R. Bp:xnett, Secretary..

WHITLEY COUNTY,

<^ur county fair for 1880 was, owing to the high political excite-
ment at the time, the first week in October, a partial failure, as-
compared with our success in 1879. Our association is in good
shape. We are out of debt, have made good and substantial im-
provements this year, and have a balance in the treasury of about
1300. Our people, in a general way, take interest in our fairs..
Wishing the agricultural interests success throughout the whole
State. Isaiah B. McDoxald, Secretary.

BRIDGETON UNION.

The society held their nineteenth annual Fair in the town of
Bridgeton, Parke county, Indiana, commencing August 23 and
closing the 28th. The weather was fine during the entire week and
the fair was a success in all respects. The show in all of the de-
partments was good, especially was this the case in the woman's
department. The fine art hall is large and commodious, but would
not hold the goods placed on exhibition without piling on top of
each other, and the committee had great difficulty in finding all the
articles. The financial condition of the society is in good shape.

314 BOAED OF AGEICULTURE.

Paid all expenses and premiums in full, and have a small balance to
commence the next year with. The condition of agriculture, within
the district, is improving very fast. There is an Agricultural So-
ciety in each county composing the district. Parke county organ-
izing and holding a fair in the year 1880, was the first for some
time. There has been quite an improvement in domestic animals of
$ill kinds since the organization of the society, and especially is this
the case within the last two or three years in sheep. The notable
improvement in some portions of the district is in wheat, drills
being used both for fallow and in corn. The farmers are turning
their attention to the cultivation of clover, following with wheat.

RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES.

Jan. 3, 1880, balance on hand $ 195 84

Gate Fees 1,452 26

Privileges sold 389 20

Peed sold 104 89

Entry Fees 69 00

Wood and Lumber 3 55

Total receipts $2,214 74

General expense orders $ 704 38

Paid on premiums 1,298 50

Total expenses $2,002 88

Leaving a balance of $217 62

D. Seybold, Secretary.

CAMBRIDGE CITY AGRICULTURAL AND TROTTING
PARK ASSOCIATION.

We did not hold any Fair in 1880, and it has not been definitely
settled whether we will hold one in 1881. Below I venture to give
my ideas of how Fair grounds should be owned and controlled
■viz:

The State Board of Agriculture should request the members of
the Legislature to enact a law allowing all cities and towns to own
their respective grounds to be used for all public purposes; such
•as a park, for stock sales, etc., and I think that it would prove ben-
■eficial to all pursuits. Gp:o. W. Shults, Jr., Secretary.

COUMTY AND DISTRICT EEPORTS. 315

DUNKIEK UNION FAIR ASSOCIATION.

This association was founded on the ruins of the Dunkirk I'nion
Agricultural and Mechanical Association, which became involved,
and ceased to exist in October, 1879. The new association was or-
ganized on the stock principle, and began its existence with four
hundred dollars ($400) in the treasury. Our first exhibition was
rather slender, as we naturally expected, owing to the bad " odor "
the old association left. Consequently, the receipts were not suffi-
cient to liquidate premiums and expenses, accordingly recourse was
had to the reserve fund, which enabled us to honorably discharge
all our obligations.

The condition of agriculture is improving. A mania for ditch-
ing prevails largely throughout this neighborhood, two tile mills
here failing to furnish tile sufficient to meet the demand. A pleas-
ant rivalry seems to have sprung up among farmers as to which
will drain their lands the most thoroughly. Already the fruits of
this enterprise have begun to appear in the shape of increased
crops and more satisfactory tillage.

The outlook for our next Fair is very promising, the indications
now being that with propitious weather we will be enabled to pay
dividends on stock, after paying premiums and expenses.

John T. Suttox, Secretary.

EDINBUEG UNION.

In connection with the statistical information of the condition of
the Edinburg Union Agricultural Society, I submit the following
report of the state of agricultural affairs in this district during the
year now closing :

We have again been favored with a bountiful crop of wheat ; a
crop which in ordinary course of events would have been consid-
ered very large — but which, in comparison with the extremely
heavy yield of 1879, showed some falling off— yet the increased
acreage made the total product nearly as large as the preceding
year, and the quality was all that could be desired. The Fultz con-
tinues to be the leading variety, and is improving in milling quali-
ties, yet it does not nearly fulfill the requirements of new process
milling, and tlie demand is urgent for some variety of hard winter
wheat tliat will suit millers and come somewhere near the Fultz
and other soft varieties. I would urge the necessity of research
and experiment in this direction. There is no reason why all our

316 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

wheat f^huuld not be shipped in a manufactnred state, thereby sav-
ing the cost of transportation on the olTal, which could be fed to
stock to good advantage, as is now done with the entire corn pro-
duct of this section, and the individual or society which will intro-
duce such a Avheat will be deserving of the lasting gratitude of the
farming community.

There is a growing tendency each year to put more land in wheat
and less in corn, or other crops that require much working. The
perfection to which the self binding reaper has been brought al-
ready enables the farmer, with the assistance of his family or ordin-
ary hired hands, to do the entire harvesting of the crop, without
employing a large number of extra hands at extravagant wages;
and materially lessens the cost of production. The crop once
stacked, it can be threshed at leisure, and as the past three years
have been unfavorable for the corn crop, we may look for yearly
increased production of wheat until the price falls below a paying
basis.

The corn crop of 1880 is of most excellent quality, but the sum-
mer drought cut short the yield. Fifty bushels per acre is a large
crop for this season, and the average is not over thirty-five bushels,
which is about tw^o-thirds of our usual amount.

Three starch factories and three hominy mills, within a radius of
twenty miles, consume the entire corn product of this district, at
prices which leave the farmer little room for complaint.

Other crops than these make but little figure in our statistics.
Oats were a failure. Rye is not grown here to any extent. Barley
was short, but realized a i)aying figure. Potatoes were about a half
croj). Hay crop short ; clover seed but little saved. Prices have
ruled so low that farmer's claim it will not pay to work wdth it.
Our fruit crop was fair, but not large.

In cattle this section maintains its reputation, our beeves bring-
ing always outside quotations at home, or eastern markets. A large
number of hogs are also raised, and, as packing is now carried on at
all seasons, they can be marketed, without loss, at anj'' season.

Altogeth(3r we have realized a fair share of prosperity, and have
good reason to ccjugratulatc ourselves on our jDrogress.

C. M. A. Hess, Secretary.

FOUNTAIN, WARIIEN AND VP^RMILLION.

The Fountain, Warren and Vermillion District Agricultural So-
ciety held their twenty-first annual Fair on their grounds at Gov-

COUNTY AND DIbTRICT REPORTS. 317

ington, September 21 to 24, inclusive We had a nincli larger at-
tendance than at any previous Fair. It rained one evening at the
commencement of the Fair, which laid the dust and made the air
pleasant.

The show of stock was not as good as formerly, but the display
in agricultural and horticultural halls, and textile fabrics were bet-
ter than we ever had, and will cause us to erect new buildings. We
have purchased seven and one-half more acres of ground, and last
year erected a new sheep and hog building which cost over .1700.
We have run our Fair on strictly temperance principles for three
years, and we owe our success to that fact. The grounds contain
thirty acres, half mile track, commodious amphitheater, beautiful
shade trees, and the best of i»ure water. Messrs. Benj. Bilsland and
Col. James McMannomy, having served as directors for twenty-one
years, have resigned for younger men. To their management we
owe, in a great measure, the success of the Fair, as in the whole
twenty-one years we have not failed to pa^' all premiums as adver-
tised in cash, and have a sui-jilus of one thousand dollars in the
treasury.

The wheat crop in oui- district was not as good as 1879, but a
greater amount was raised, more acreage being planted.

The corn crop was not good, as the Wabash river, which is the
boundary line of the three counties, was out of its banks five or six
times during the spring and summer, causing a partial failure to
the corn crop.

The oats and potato crops were failures on account of the dry
weather. Not enough jiotatoes were raised to supply the home de-
mand.

Fruit crop good. Aj)ples aV)Ove the average, large quantities be-
ing made into cider and vinegaj'.

Horses, cattle and hogs are the j^rincipal stock dealt in. There
Avas but little hog cholera last year compared to previous years.

The soil of our counties is varied — river bottom, hilly, upland
and rich prairie, and are the best watered counties in the State.

Plenty of gravel and a few gravel roads.

■ Large quantities of good stone coal are mined seven miles south
of Covington for Chicago market.

Fourteen tile manufactories in the three counties.

Sheep industry a faikn-e, as the dogs kill more than are raised.
, Rail fences are still in use in the country, and barbed wire on tln^
prairies. Homer Sewei.l, Scerctarji.

118 BOARD OF AGEICULTURE.

HENRY, MADISON AND DELAWARE.

The list of entries at our last annual Fair, which was held in
August, was not quite so large as in some former years, but verj''
good. The premiums paid were about nine hundred dollars. The
society paid four hundred dollars on its debt, leaving an indebtedness
of onlj^ one hundred and fifty dollars, which amount would have
been paid this year had we not met with a loss by fire that resulted
in burning considerable fencing and stalls.

The condition of agriculture in our district is gradually im-
proving, and tlie science of farming is becoming better understood.
A great many of our farmers take some leading agricultural papers
or journals, and thereby keep themselves posted in all the improve-
ments of farming. The wheat crop of 1880 was large in yield and
fine in quality. The corn crop was much damaged by wet weather
in the early i)art of the season and the drought in the latter part.
Potatoes were almost a failure. Garden products were quite so.
The apple crop was fair, as also small fruits.

The farmers in this district seem to be giving more attention to
the raising of cattle, hogs, horses and especially sheep. Altogether
the past season has been very favorable to the farmers, and the so-
ciety seems to be in a healthy and flourishing condition. All
branches of trade have been good. Merchants have had a good trade,
and mechanics all they could do. J. D. Farrell, Seei-etary.

KNIGHTSTOWN UNION.

The twenty-eighth annual exhibition of this Society was held on
the 31st of August and 1st, 2d and 3d of September, 1880. This being
the " rainy week " of the season, we shared alike with all those ex-
hibitions which came at that time, in the falling off of receipts and
display in some t»f the departments, yet our success was very good,
but not what the officers were expecting from the indications pre-
vious to the opening week.

We do not look upon the large amount of money received and
handled as the best tost of progress and benefits of these exhibitions,
but it is the interest manifested by the exhibitors, and the pre-
ceptible signs of progress made in sui)erior stock, products of the
.soil, improved macliinery and advancement in all branches of indus-
try, that make them especially useful to the young men who are
entering ujjOu their allotted or chosen callings.

COUNTY AND DISTRICT REPORTS. 319

One suggestion, seemingly not out of jilace in this report, to our
annual Delegate State Board: We meet for the jiurpose of con-
sidering the best interests of the State Fair, and choosing its officers.
The delegates are sent by the various societies, and are their direct
representatives and are, or should be, interested in their local or-
ganizations. Now, instead of occupying so vutch of the time of the
session in discussing culture of crops, treatment and grades of stock,
etc., etc., which is so fully, interesting and ably set forth through
the journals specially devoted to these and kindred branches, and
which all can read at our leisure and profit, let the time be divided
with questions concerning the best mode of management of the
State Fair and the various county and district societies. Let the
delegates report any neAV features they may have tried and its
success or failure, so that all may be benefitted by their experience.
These matters would certainly attract the interest of the entire
board and be of direct benefit to those whom they represent.

GoKDOx Ballard, Secretary.

LOOGOOTEE DISTRICT.

The annual Fair of the Loogootee Agricultural and Mechanical
Association was held September 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18, 1880. The
weather during the whole week was very favorable and jileasant,
but in consequence of the great political excitement at the time, it
was impossible to get the attention of the peoiile until the latter
part of the week, political meetings being held in a short distance-
of the grounds during every day of our Fair. However, taking all
this into consideration (which is the most we ever had to contend
with), we feel like congratulating ourselves on our success this
year. We spared no expense in making our grounds attractive,
and we were told by visitors "Your grounds are the handsomest
and in the best order of any in the State."

Our entries fell short in every department except those usually
filled up by the ladies.

The floral hall was filled with the finest and richest articles ever
exhibited in it, which proves that our ladies have not abated in
their interest in our exhibition.

Our receipts this year did not enable us to pay quite in full. We
cut the premiums 20 per cent, for the first time in four years, but
we do not expect this will ever occur again. We think our financial
condition is as good as could be expected — having labored under
indebtedness and other disadvantages for several years — and we

520 BOARD OF AGRICULTUEE.

•now own ground which we vahie at foOO, and our indebtedness is
only about eighty or ninety dollars.

The crops in this community this year were good. We have
raised plenty of everything that is usually produced by our soil.

We think our society and also the industrious part of our com-
munity are in a prosperous condition. C. S. Wood, Secretary.

NEW KOSS.

Our exhibition was held on August 16 to 20, inclusive, and was a
decided success, the receipts being in excess of all demands
against our organization — a deferred hope realized, after four years
■of hard struggling against adversity, and many other obstacles
that loom up in the face of agricultural societies.

The number of entries in the live stock department was five hun-
dred and eighty-seven, and the amount of premiums paid on the
same, was one thousand six hundred and fifty-eight dollars.

In class 6, sweepstakes for horses, there were forty entries on
stallions alone, some of which would have done credit to a State or-
ganization.

The cattle department Avas represented with stock owned and
bred by J. W. McCowai, D. Evans, Elijah Clore, J. Baugh & Son, J. P.
Hyner & Son, and other breeders of thoroughbred stock.

Our Fair grounds are in good condition, and peculiarly adapted
for the purposes for which they are now used, there being a gradual
elevation from the speed ring eastward, thereby affording all a
si^lendid view of the speed ring during the races, without the neces-
sity of being half smothered in an over filled amphitheater, as are
most of fair grounds. While the buildings on our grounds are not
fine, they are substantial and durable, they being well framed
weatherboarded and roofed with pine shingles.

In conclusion, there is one question to which I would call the at-
tention of your honorable body. Why do so many agricultural
societies offer more money in premiums than they can pay in full,
when all agree that there is no one evil that contributes so much to
the distruction of agricultural societies as a failure to pay all con-
tracts in full ?

By a careful examination of my book for the jiast three years I
find the following to be true: That 13i per cent, of jn-emiums
offered are not entered for, and as a rule all agricultural societies
deduct 10 per cent, of premiums when paid, and one-half of one per

COUNTY AND DISTEICT REPORTS. 321

per cent, of premiums unclaimed, making a total of 24 per cent, to be
■deducted from the amount of cash premiums offered.

The above I think would be a safe calculation for all executive
-committees who prepare premium lists. To illustrate, say a com-
mittee has prepared a premivim list offering three thousand dollars
in cash premiums. The first thing to be considered is how much
money will it require to pay the premiums. If my calculation be
•correct, it would require twenty-two hundred and eighty dollars to
pay the premiums offered, exclusive of all other expenses. The
fact I want to impress on committees who prepare premium lists is
this, that they should never offer more in premiums than in their
judgment the society would be able to pay with the receipts of the
exhibition for which the list was made. And to arrive at a proper
solution of this question I think committees who prepare premium
lists should take the average receipts of former years and compare
it with the list, and should the premiums offered be greater than
the average annual receipts, it would, in my judgment, be wise to
reduce the list of premiums.

I hope the board will take up the above question so feebly pre-
sented and fully develop it and thoroughly impress it upon the
minds of the delegates in such manner that it will check this
growing evil of societies offering more money in premiums than
they can possibly pay. I hope you inay have a good representation
in the board at this session, and through your wise deliberations a
bright era may dawn upon the great agricultural interests of our
country. T. A. Adkins, Secretary.

NOETHEASTERN INDIANA.

Late in the winter of 1880, a storm blew down the fence on the
east side of our grounds, including a large number of cattle stalls.
The judges' stand was destroyed at the same time. These have all
been rebuilt at considerable expense, but in a more substantial
manner, and at a cost of over one thousand dollars. Some
underdraining was also done, and another well added to the num-
ber we already have. The weather during the entire week of the
Fair was pleasant, but attendance was not quite so good as last
year, owing, probably, to the fact that several political meetings
were in progress in this and adjoining counties at the same time.

Tickets sold on Thursday showed a little over 8,000, as against
10,000 in 1879, on same day of the week.

21 — Agr. Eeport.

322 BOAED or AGRICULTURE.

Entries were very numerous, being in all classes 2,165, an in-
crease of 131 over the number of entries in 1879.

Articles on exhibitioif were unusually good, especially in floral
hall, and in stock and machinery. The exhibit in canned fruits,
jellies, etc., in the ladies' department, was unusually large, and the
articles of excellent quality — the best we have ever had in this line.

The total receipts for the year are |5,821 33

Total expenditures 5,758 Oi

These expenditures include,

New stables and fence $660 00

New sheep stalls 310 00

New judges' stand.. .o 110 00

One well, about 100 00

CROPS.

Wheat was two-thirds to three-fourths as good as usual, and qual-
ity not equal to other years. Corn, owing to wet season, about
three-fourths of a crop. Oats, about same as corn. Potatoes, poor.
Apples about two-thirds as good as usual. Peaches, fair. Small
fruits, generally abundant, and of good quality.

James A. Barns, Secretary,

PLAINFIELD AGEICULTURAL AND HOETICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The past season has been one of average prosperity in agriculture-
in this vicinity.

Corn half crop ; wheat good ; hay average in quantity and qual-
ity; oats poor; grass fair.

Vegetables — Potatoes a total failure; sweet potatoes good; cab-
bage one-fourth crop; turnips poor; garden products good.

Live Stock. — Horses, cattle, hogs and sheep have done well.
Poultry fair.

Eiitomology.— Insects were more numerous than common, and
their depredations more extensive.

Ornithology. — Birds of all kinds fewer in number than usual.

W. H. White, Secretary.

RUSSELLVILLE UNION.

The society held its twenty-fourth Fair near Russellville, Putnam
coimty, August 23 to 28. Our former fairs for the last year or two-

COUNTY AND DISTEICT REPORTS. 323-

have had to contend with a great deal of rain. It was the reverse-
at our last exhibition, the weather being very warm and dusty,
which made it rather disagreeable. Notwithstanding, our fair
was a grand success in every particular. Our premiums were liberal
and paid in full. The total number of entries at our last exhibition,
was thirteen hundred and twenty.

The show of horses was excellent; being hard to beat at any
county or district fair. The cattle show was the finest ever held on
our grounds. J. Gains & Son, of Illinois, had their fine herd on ex-
hibition; also, E. Clore, of Fountain county, who carried off several
premiums at our last State Fair. He had two herds on exhibition.
We could mention others who had excellent stock there. Our hog
show was tine. The different breeds exhibited were Chester White,
Poland China and Jersey Red. The show in the sheep department
was not so good as that of some of our former exhibitions. The
disi^lay in the floral hall was fine. All available space was occu-
pied, and filled to its utmost capacity. The exhibition in the other
departments was creditable, but might have been better. Taking
the exhibition as a whole, it was a success. The display in the ag-
ricultural department was the best ever seen on our grounds.
Self-binders, reapers, mowers, drills and plows; in fact, everything
the farmer wants to till the soil was on exhibition.

CROPS.

The crops of 1880 were not as good as the former year.

Wheat — Good as to quantity and quality.

Corn — Crop was short owing to wet weather in the spring, and
want of rain when it began to shoot; about two-thirds of a crop
was raised.

Oats — A failure.

Apples and Peaches — Good.

The crop now seeded is large, and was put in with great care.

Potatoes. — The crop was hardly an average, and the quality only
fair. In many instances the tubers failed to mature.

There is growing an interest in our community at present in the
dairy interest. There are agents established here to gather the
cream from the farmers twice a week and send it to Indianapolis,
to the creamery, which in return they receive more per inch for
the cream than they could realize out of the butter, to say nothing
about the trouble of making it. This is an industry that should
receive the attention of the farmers, as they want to make the farm
pay the best return for their labor. In conclusion, I may say that
agriculture is in a fairly prosperous condition, and the farmers are,
as a class, better off than any other portion of the community.

G. S. DuRHA^r, Secretary.

324 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

SOUTH-EASTERN INDIANA.

The South-eastern Agricultural Society is one of the fixed facts of
Southern Indiana. It has come to stay. Our fair for 1880 was at-
tended by copious showers, but the ardor of the members was not
in the least dampened. Notwithstanding the inclement weather,
^nd the fact that umbrellas and rubber boots were in demand, our
fair for 1880 was a complete success. We have been holding fairs,
^s now organized, since 1867, and our last fair was, by odds, the best
of the lot. We have held our fairs with empty treasuries, rainy
weather and divided board of directors, but now we all have the good
of the society at heart, and have, during the last few years, won the
sympathy of the whole community and our success in the future is
-assured. The annual fair was the first week in September, 1880.
Our experience, during the year, proved that good weather is
•essential to complete success in a fair. The first two days was very
rainy, but to count the persons present during the remainder of
the time would be to count the inhabitants of this and adjoining
counties. Our receipts were sufficient to pay all premiums and
leave a surplus in the treasury. All our departments were well
filled, especially that to which the Granges contributed. The num-
ber of entries was double that of our last exhibition. Our speed
track is entirely too small. The question of enlarging it has been
for some time agitated, but in vain. It is due to the interest of our
patrons that a larger track be constructed.

A special Grange premium was offered by some of our county
officers, and the show was simply immense.

The exhibition in the agricultural department was worthy of
notice. The corn, potatoes, wheat, etc., would have done credit to
any fair in the State. The stock show was good. The horses on
exhibition were fair. The cattle, as a class, were extra fine. The
display of wheat extra good ; there being more than sixty entries
in this class.

The crops, the past year, taken as a whole, were above an average.
The crop of wheat was probably the poorest, not being more than
a two-third yield. Grass was good, but hay, as a staple article, is not
grown to a very great extent in our county. The other fall and
spring crops were about an average. The timber of our county is
fast being used up. Walnut and oak are being shipped from our
county in great quantities, and the time is near when timber for
fencing or building purposes will be a thing of the past. We feel
assured, hom the interest manifested heretofore, that we can make
our fair in the future a decided success.

Will A. Greer, Secretary.

COUNTY AND DISTRICT REPORTS. 325

SWITZEELAND AND OHIO COUNTIES.

Success has almost invariably attended the fairs of this society,
and in this respect our twenty-ninth annual exhibition held Sep-
tember 14 to 17, 1880, was no exception to the general rule, unless,
perhaps, it was even better than its predecessors. Some had pre-
dicted that because of the numerous public meetings being held in
all parts of the country, and the unusual political excitement per-
vading, that the attendance at the Fair would be small, and the peo-
ple more noisy and ungovernable. The contrary proved true, the
crowd was, perhaps, never larger, nor the order better. In the se-
lection of officers, and in the entire management of the affairs of
the society, politics are wholly ignored, which, Ave think, evinces the
judgment and wisdom of our people. Our entries were 1,080. The
show was good, particularly so in live stock, the agricultural, hor-
ticultural, mechanical and ladies' departments. We paid $1,700 in
premiums, expended $400 in substantial improvements, have paid
all claims against the society, and have in the treasury $891.60.

Our premium list has been revised, and the following officers,
elected for the ensuing year : President, Harvey Jack ; vice-presi-
dent, J. W. Stewart; secretary, Wm. H. Madison; treasurer, John
Shaw ; marshal, Alex. Washer ; three trustees and twenty directors.

Our next Fair, will be held September 13, 14, 15 and 16, 1881.

With grateful acknowledgments to the patrons and visitors of our
fairs in the past, we shall ask and seek their continued favors, and
hope for success in 1881.

AGRICULTURE.

In all the pursuits of life we observe a commingling of successes
and failures, yet we have thought that there was no other occupa-
tion or avocation followed by man, more uncertain in its results,
than that of agriculture. We sum up the results of the past year
as follows : The spring opened very auspiciously ; soon after the
corn planting season we had a great amount of rainfall, which, upon
our fiat clay lands, drowned out, or prevented the tillage of the
crop. After the middle of July we had very little rain, and corn
on the hill lands was scorched and dried up. We think the yield
one-third less than last year. The hay crop was unusually good,
and commands a good price. There is not near as much raised as
formerly ; prices had been low and farmers had plowed up much
of their meadoAV lands.

The wheat crop w^as very irregular, owing to time of sowing, the
ravages of the fly, and other circumstances. Some very good
Avheat and some very poor ; the average perhaps not more than six

326 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

or seven bushels per acre, and quality not the best. The yield of
straw was large. Eye was almost a failure. The oat crop amounts
to but little. The acreage of potatoes planted Avas very large ; the
average yield perhaps not more than forty to fifty bushels. Prices
very good.

Fruit of all kinds was quite abundant. Peaches, the best for sev-
eral years. Tobacco culture is rapidly on the increase in this dis-
trict, and promises to become an important factor in our farm busi-
ness. Our people are comparatively ignorant of the proper man-
agement and handling of this crop, but time and experience can
remedy this. Bee culture is also a considerable business. The
early season was good ; the fall season unfavorable; owing to
drought the yield of honey was light. The hog crop we think was
rather less than last year, yet the production was large, and prices
quite satisfactory. In fact, farm stock and farm products of all
kinds bear good prices, and we think that we can see an upward
tendency in the values of real estate. Clover as a fertilizer, is be-
coming more extensively used every year, and its benefits are
always apparent. We predict its very general use in the near
future, being much cheaper than commercial fertilizers. The dry
weather last autumn delayed or prevented the seeding of wheat,
and the prospect now is not flattering. The winter up to January,
1881, has been severe, making a brisk demand for forage and fuel.
The health of our people has been good and no great casuality has
befallen them this year. In general they seem to be hopeful, cheer-
ful and reasonably prosperous. Wm. H. Madison, Secretary.

THOKNTOWN UNION.

The eleventh annual Fair of the Thorn town Union Agricultural
Society was held on their grounds, one-half mile east of Thorntown,
September 20 to 24, inclusive. The weather was jileasant and the
society carried out its i^rogram with commendable promptness. A
combination of circumstances, however, jirevented us from having
the success we anticipated. A large political rally within a few
miles of us on Thursday attracted a great many persons who would
otherwise have attended the fair; and this count}' having held one
fair, and the adjoining counties having each had one, and in some
instances two, together with the fact that farmers were far behind
•with their work on account of the long drouth, all combined to
make our attendance small. Our exhibition, however, was fully up
to the average. The number and character of the entries were

COUNTY AND DISTRICT REPORTS. 327

Sully up to our expectations. The catttle and horse departments
need more than a passing notice. We never had a better showing
of good horses on our grounds. The speed ring was full of interest,
the races all filling, and the trotting and pacing records mark low
in the twenties. Our cattle show was immense. Over sixty entries
being made. Such herds as Baugh's, Earhart's and Clore's, competing
for our liberal premiums. The floral and agricultural halls were
attractive features of our fair, both being well filled. Taken as a
whole, our exhibition was first-class, and deserved a much better
patronage from the public. Our grounds are held by lease. The
society is entirely out of debt, and in a satisfactory financial condi-
tion, and we hope officers and people will work together in the
future as they have in the past to make this association a benefit to
the counties represented. A, M. Cory, Secretary.

TERRE HAUTE HORTICULTURAL.

The society has had a successful year ; the meetings have been
held monthly, and always well attended.

On the 27th of May last we celebrated the fifteenth anniversary
of our organization. We have done a good work, and there is
plenty to do in the future.

At the annual meeting the following officers were elected for the
ensuing year : President, Jos. Gilbert; Vice President, R. B. Pegg
Secretary, Mrs. L. C. Wonner ; Treasurer, Mrs. T. Hulman, Sr.
Executive Committee, H. D. Scott, J. F. Soule, Mrs. Jos. Gilbert
Mrs. A. Pence, Mrs. Wm. Scholz.

328

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

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INDIANA RESOURCES, 1880.

Tha State contains an area of 22,oG4,S70 acres, and is located in
the great central basin of North America, nearly equidistant from
the Mississippi river on the west, the Allegheny mountains on the
■cast, the Gulf of Mexico on the south, and the Avater-shed between
the great lakes and the Hudson bay on the north. The greater
portion of its surface is rather level or undulating, only the south-
■ern portion, bordering on the Ohio river, perhaps one-third in ex-
tent, being decidedly hilly, and in places almost mountainous. The
principal rivers that traverse the State are the Wabash and White
rivers, but to these might be added a large number of less impor-
tance and smaller drainage, as the Whitewater, the Maumee,the St.
Joseph, the Kankakee, the Tijipecanoe, the Mississinewa, the Elk-
hart, the Calumet, and scores of others which flow through different
portions of the State, watering its magnificent soil and diversifying
its varied scenery.

Indiana stands at the head of the States in railroads and tele-
graphs, having, in 1880, 4,963 miles of railroad in successful opera-
tion, aggregating one mile to every four hundred and twenty of
her entire population, being a much larger proportion than in any
other section of the civilized world. In addition to this, there are
about 1,000 miles of railroad surveyed and in process of construc-
tion. The geographical position of the State is such that all through
lines of railroad from the eastern cities to the west, southwest and
northwest, must almost of necessity cross her borders, as, in fact, they
do. A glance at the map will show that the great lakes on the north,
and the semi-mountainous country bordering along the Ohio river on
the south, will forever compel railway lines seeking a western out-
let from New York, Philadelphia and Boston, to cross the State of
Indiana. The consequence is, that with what through lines that
cross the State, north and south lines that intersect them, and local

INDIANA RESOURCES. o4l

lines that tap and connect both, Indiana has the most complete
railroad system of any State in the Union. Her position relative to
the southwestern States is equally fortunate, since the vast com-
merce that is destined to grow up between them and the middle
and eastern States, must, inevitably seek this route.

There are imi>roved and under cultivation 10,104,279 acres of
land. The State contains 7,189,334 or 39.6 per cent, of Avood land'
having 8 per cent, more than Ohio on the east, and 20 per cenL
more than Illinois on the west. Of prairie land there are 3,760,812
acres, or one-sixth the entire State, lying principally in the north
and northwest, (included in this estimate, are the oak-openings of
the northern counties). Of other unimproved land, water courses^
etc., there are 1,510,445 acres.

The average value of farm land is $20.44 per acre. The State sup-
ports an average of sixty souls to each section of land (of 640 acres),
with an estimated population of 2,115,420 inhabitants, which, by
comparison with foreign countries, is only about one-seventh (1-7)
her capacity, being capable of supporting an additional number of
14,884,480.

The total number of school-houses in this State is 9,647 ; pupils in
attendance, 511,283; the value of school property is $11,817,730, with
an annual expenditure of 12,939,872 for their maintenance.

The State ranks, comparatively, second to no other State in the
Union in her system of schools and educational exhibit.

For statistics of products, see tables embodied in this report which
give number of bushels of each of the grains grown, and number of
live stock.

The amount of rain fall for 1880 was 44.52 inches. The average
for ten years, (from 1871 to 1880) is 44.71 inches, showing an abun-
dance of rain necessary for the production of all the cereal crops,
and almost entirely preventing the possibility of drouth, the occur-
rence of which is looked for with dread by so many countries.

The location of the State, as noted above, traversed as it is by nu-
merous small rivers and creeks flowing into the Wabash on the
west, the Ohio on the south, and the great lakes on the north, afford
a great amount of natural drainage.

Indiana is' strictly an agricultural State. Nature has given her
the soil and climate for producing the cereals in as great abun-
dance, and at as little cost as in any other country of like size on the
face of the globe; consequently a very large proportion of the popu-

342 BOAED OF AGEICULTUEE.

lation of the State, as of all the Western States, is engaged in agri-
culture; but there are also numerous large cities and thrifty towns
in the State, some of which have already reached positions of great
commercial and manufacturing imiDortance.

She has developed wonderfully in the nuiuber and amount of her
manufactures, and is now producing nearly every class of labor-
sa\'ing machinery, furniture, and implements, creating wealth and
at the same time advancing the civilization of her people. It is
shown by statistics that Indiana has in use more improved agricul-
tural macliinery, in proportion to the population, than any other
State.

In mineral resources Indiana stands in the very front rank of
States. Of coal and iron, the two great sources of wealth and main-
springs of civilization, she has practicallj- inexhaustible deposits. A
vast bed of block or iron smelting coal underlies all the western and
southwestern portions of the State, including the counties of Foun-
tain, Parke, Vermillion, Owen, Clay, Sullivan, Knox, Daviess, Martin,
Dubois, Pike, Gibson, Warrick, Spencer, Vanderburgh and Posey.
This deposit is of incalculable value to the State. The coal is un-
equaled for smelting iron, and the day can not be far distant when
it will induce the building of blast furnaces all along and through
the coal basin. Several are now in successful operation, and the busi-
ness of coal mining at different points isassiuning mammoth propor-
tions. In Perry county, on the Ohio river, is a magnificent deposit
of cannel coal, which is already extensively mined. Iron ore is also
found in large quantities throughout much of the coal region, and
the day will undoubtedly come when these two prime elements of
manufactures will attract enormous capital and population within
her borders. Building stone of all kinds, fire and porcelain clay,
ochre and other minerals, are found in abundance, while the supply
of all kinds of timber is equal to the demand.

The report of the Chief of the Bureau of Statistics and Geology
for 1880, gives the facts and figures to confirm the statements in the
foregoing.

The State, with its wonderful resources and rapidly increasing
population, lying as it docs midway between the ^Eastern and
Western States, condjines the advantages of both sections, and draws
wealth and substance from each.

INDIANA RESOURCES.

343

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INTER-STATE AGRICULTURAL CONVENTION.

The Inter-State Agricultural Convention met as per call of the
Secretaries of the Boards of Agriculture of the States of Illinois^
Kansas, Iowa, Wisconsin, Indiana and Ohio, at the rooms of the
Illinois department of agriculture, Springfield, November 30, 1880.

The meeting was called to order bj' Secretary S. D. Fisher, of
Illinois, who stated the objects of the meeting to be for the purpose-
of adopting a uniform sj'stem of collecting and publishing agricul-
tural statistics, as Avell as to discuss the best methods of advancing-
the general interests of agriculture through State Boards of Agri-
culture.

On motion of L, B. Wing, of Ohio, Dr. K. T. Brown was made
chairman by acclamation.

On motion of A. Heron, of Indiana, J. K. Hudson, of Kansas, was
made secretary.

On motion of W. I. Chamberlain, of Ohio, Charles F. Mills, of
Illinois, Avas made assistnnt secretary, and S. D. Fisher, treasurer.

The folloAving gentlemen were reported as being in attendance
at the convention :

L. B. Wing, President Ohio State Board of Agriculture.

D. L. Pope, Treasurer " " "

W. I. Chamberlain, Sec'y

Leo. Weltz, member " " "

R. Baker, member

0. P. Chaney, member " "

C. Smith, member " " "

S. J. Wooley, member " "

Clinton Babbitt, member Wisconsin State Board of Agriculture.

Joseph Shortledge, President Penn. State Agricultural College.

H. C. St. Clair, Vice-Pres. Kansas State Board of Agriculture.

J. K. Hudson, Secretary

INTER-STATB AGRICULTURAL, CONVENTION. 345

Henry T. Sample, Vice-Prcs. Indiana State Board of Agriculture.

Alex. Heron, Secretary " " "

Dr. R. T. Brown, member " " "

E. F. Brockway, Vice-Pres. Iowa State Agricultural Society.

James R. Scott, President Illinois State Board of Agriculture..

D. B. Gillham, Ex-President " "

W. M. Smith, member " " "

David E. Beaty, member " " "

S. D. Fisher, Secretary " « "

Charles F. Mills, Ass't Sec'y " "

Motion of Mr Chamberlain, carried, that a committee of three be-
appointed to prepare an order of business.

Motion of Mr. Wing, carried, that the committee on order of
business consist of Messrs. Chamberlain, Heron and Fisher.

The secretary read communications from the following gentle-
men, expressing regret at not being able to attend the meeting and
giving assurance of deep interest in the objects of the convention.

Dr. J. A. Warder, President of the American Forestry Associa-
tion; George E. Bryant, Secretary Wisconsin State Board of Agri-
culture ; J. P. Roberts, Professor of Agriculture, Cornell Univer-
sity; Chas. W. Murtfeldt, St. Louis; J. R. Shatter, Secretary Iowa
Agricultural Society; H. H. Young, Secretary Board of Immigra-
tion of Minnesota ; Prof. George E. Morrow, Dean, Illinois Agricul-
tural University; B. F. Johnson, Champaign.

Motion of Mr. Wing, carried, that the correspondence be pub-
lished with the proceedings.

Chairman committee on Order of Business reported the follow-
ing exercises for the evening session :

1. Outline of the work of the Convention, by W. I. Chamberlain^
of Ohio.

2. Open letter to the Convention, by Charles W. Murtfeldt, of
Missouri.

On motion of Mr. Hudson, the report of the committee was con-
curred in, and the reading of the papers made the special order.

[The session continued two days and the following .named addi-
tional papers read and discussed, but the limited space here forbid^
a full report. — Sec'y.]

346 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Speed ring and the management of State Fairs, bj^ John E. Shaf-
fer, Secretary Iowa Agricultural Society.

The growth of the crop report idea in Illinois, by S. D. Fisher,
Secretary Illinois State Board of Agriculture.

The relation of the State Boards of Agriculture to the National
Department of Agriculture, by Dr. E. T. Brown, of Indiana State
Board of Agriculture.

Crop reports, their scope and value, by W. I. Chamberlain, Secre-
tary Ohio State Board of Agriculture.

Work of the Indiana State Board of Agriculture, by Alex. Heron,
■Secretary.

Protection for the cattle interest, by L. B. Wing, President Ohio
Board of Agriculture.

Our interest in the foreign grain demand, by H. H. Young, Sec-
retary Minnesota State Board of Immigration.

PEELIMINAEY PAPEE.

BY W. I. CHAMBERLAIN.

3Ir. President and Gentleman

(f the Inter-State Agricultural Convention:

I am asked to state briefly the objects of this convention. As I
understand, we are not here for an intellectual entertainment, but
for work; not here for a feast of reason and a flow of soul, but to
mature plans of united effort for the benefit of the agricultural in-
terests of the various States we represent. In union there is
strength, and we have need of union on various points. Our State
Boards of Agriculture grew up in different conditions, and to sup-
jDly different wants, and are, therefore, diverse in many respects.
Our States have grown older and more like one another. Can our
Boards be made more harmonious in action, and do a larger and
more beneficent work by such unions ? Conventions are common
now of those engaged in like callings. Lawyers, doctors, divines,
bankers, railway men, teachers, county auditors, prosecuting attor-
neys, merchants, farmers, breeders, etc., all have their conventions.
But so far as I am informed, this is the first Inter-State Convention
<jf Boards of Agriculture. I hope it may not Ije the last.

Now tlie work done by the diflercnt State Boards and the

INTER-STATE AGRICULTURAL CONVENTION. 347

Biethods pursued arc diverf:P. But it would take more self-conceit,
I am sure, than any of us possess, to suppose that any one Board has
the best ends and methods in all respects. Hence, we are, ail of us,
■sure to be the gainers by a friendly comparison of views. I have
spoken of the different work and methods in different States. For
example, in Michigan, the Board of Agriculture has charge of the
Agricultural College, and the management (with the assistance of
an able faculty) of a series of farmers' institutes throughout the
State, whose object is to diffuse a better scientific knowledge of ag-
riculture and horticulture, and better methods of work. The
Michigan agricultural report is largely made up of the doings of
these institutes and the publication of scientitic researches, experi-
ments and analysis made at the college. The agricultural statistics
are, I believe, published by a special statistician. The State Fair is
run by an independent agricultural society, and a large and flour-
ishing horticultural society exists, and publishes a large horticul-
tural report. Thus, four organizations, do the work properly ha-
longing to a department of agriculture. Do they do it better or
•cheaper, or is work duplicated and expense increased? .These
questions we may hope to have answered here, under the subject
assigned to Judge Bryant. So, again, in Minnesota, there is a
Board or Bureau of Immigration, and another of Agriculture and
another of Statistics. What should be the relation of these? Is it
best to have them united as in Kansas? Secretary Hudson of that
State, we hope will help us answer that.

In Iowa, the Agricultural Society runs the State Fair and pub-
lishes the annual agricultural report with no aid from the State,
•except printing the annual volume, not even secret;iry's salary and
office rent, while in Kansas and in Illinois and Tennessee the States
give office rent free in the State-house, and give about .|10,000 each
in ap])ropriations for the advancement of agriculture. Which is
the wiser course ? We hope for light on this point and aid for those
'States where the Legislatures are less liberal.

Ought a State Board to be simply a body of showmen, required
to give their time for nothing, and if they make anything devote the
.surplus to the advancement of agriculture in other directions, and
if they lose anything put their hands in their pockets or their names
to bank paper and foot the bills as has been done more than once
in Iowa and Ohio ?

Again puzzling questions of i)olicy and even morals come up in
the management of our annual exhibitions. Does the speed ring
lielong to them ? Is the breeding of improved roadsters a legiti-
mate branch of agriculture and the speed ring a proper means of
encouraging it ? Or is the race always and only evil ? Shall beer be

348 BOARD OF AGEICULTURE.

allowed on the ground, or side shows and amusement ? Then, too,
there are questions of detail where uniformity would be an advan-
tage. Shall we charge the exhibitors gate fees, or half fees, or none T
Shall we charge an entry fee on articles or stock exhibited ? Shall
we offer any premiums at all on agricultural machinery? If not,,
how shall we foster and 2:>romote the industries and manufactures-
that advance agriculture ? Shall the red card and ribbon, or the
blue denote first premium ? On these and other points we hope for
light from the papers by Brothers Heron, of Indiana, and Shaffer, of
Iowa, and from the discussions they shall elicit.

Again: An exhaustive sj^stem of agriculture by grain raising is^
almost always the first in any new coimtr}'. How long can it be
kept up? Ought Boards of Agriculture to exercise any influence'
upon the question ? When shall stock feeding come in more fullj^
to helj) to restore the wasting fertility ? What is the relation of
stock feeding to grain growing ? This question is worthy of our
■consideration and will be discussed by Mr. Wales, of Ohio.

Again : Can State Boards secure promptness and accuracy in re-
porting the growing and recently harvested crops, and if so, how ?'
Is this an important matter now, and are the times and the farmers-
and the press and the legislators ripe for it, or not? In this and
other matters, what should be our relations as State Boards to the De-
partment of Agriculture at Washington ? On these and other points-
we hope for much aid from the ripe experience of Secretary Fisher,
now at the head of a successful Crop Report Bureau in this State,
and of Dr. R. T. Brown, an ex-member of the Indiana Board, and for-
mer head chemist of the Department of Agriculture at Washington.

These are some of the questions that will come uj) for our earnest,
thoughtful consideration and our wise adjustment.

THE RELATION OF STATE BOARDS OF AGRICULTURE

TO THE NATIONAL DEPARTMENT

OF AGRICULTURE.

JJV L>R. K. T. IJROWX, OF INJJIANA.

The United Slates Ikis, no doul)t, sup(>rior manufacturing facil-
ities and rich fields of mineral weidth, while our extended coast;
line, our great rivc^rs and our long chain of lakes mark our advan-
tages for both domestic and foreign commerce; and yet these sev-
eral sources of individual and national wealth are, and always will
remain .subsidiary to our agricultural interests. The productioik

INTER-STATE AGRICULTURAL CONVENTION. 349

•of food and clothing will always be the leading business of the peo-
ple of these States. We will wisely diversify our labor no doubt,
•but still, the center around which all our j^roductive industries
must revolve is agriculture, in its broadest and most comprehen-
;sive sense — the creation of the raw material from which the food and
clothing of the world is made. If this is true, then it follows that a
government of the j^eople and for the people should find its first
duty in a careful jirotection and promotion of agriculture.

But neither the State nor national governments have devoted
more than a casual and indirect attention to this great interest.
Take for example, my own State of Indiana : Our farm products
in excess of our consumption, which annually becomes fixed capi-
tal, amount to at least f50,000,000. This goes on the tax duplicate
every year, and if it pays but one per cent, on that sum it jjuts into
the treasury half a million of dollars. Out of that sum our Legisla-
ture aj^propriates to the State Board for the encouragement of agri-
culture the sum of $1,000. Among the least appropriations made
by Congress is that for the sui:)port of the department of agricul-
ture. And while that department is placed at the head of the
largest and most productive interest in the United States, and one
which ultimately pays the largest jiortion of the revenue, yet it at-
tracts the least attention of anything at Washington.

The very important jiosition of Commissioner of Agriculture is
too often filled without regard to qualification for its very complex
duties, or any other considerations, than his political or personal
relatives to the appointing power. There is no appointment in the
patronage of the President that should be made with more care and
circumspection than that of Commissioner of Agriculture. He has
under his supervision, a statistician, a chemist, an entomologist, a
botanist and microscoijist. In order that he may intelligently di-
rect each of these divisions of his department, the commissioner
should have a fair knowledge of the science involved in them sev-
erally, and this demands a man of broad and general scientific at-
tainments. To all this he must add a practical knowledge of the
art of farming, and a broad and comi:)rehensive common sense.
Such men are not plenty, yet they can be found, but not without
diligent search. The several State authorities come in contact with
the agricultural interests at two jjoints, viz : The agricultural col-
leges and the State Boards of Agriculture. The misfortune that
paralyzes the active usefulness of both these institutions is, that
while they maintain only an indirect relation to the State, they
have no relation to each other, nor to the department at Washing-
ton. The result is, that neither realizes the usefulness it is capable
of. If the_State Board Avould hold semi-annual sessions, jointly with

350 BOARD OF AGRICULTUSE,

the faculty of the agricultural college, and determine the several
points to be settled by experiment, the manner in Aviiich these ex-
periments are to be conducted, and by whom and under whose
supervision, much good might follow. At the end of the year, the
results of these experiments should be reported to the State Board,
and through it, to the department at Washington. The commis-
sioner, with the assistance of his several heads of divisions, should
carefully examine and compare the results of these experiment*
where they bear on the same points, and observe the influence of
local conditions, such as climate, soil, etc. These investigations,,
with the notes and comments of the department, should be printed
in quarterly reports, to be distributed, not through Congressmen
to politicians who never read them, but through the State and
county boards to practical, intelligent farmers, who can profit by
the information conveyed.

We have the material out of which to construct a comjDlete and
very efficient organ' zati on of the agricultural interests of this coun-
try, but this material lies around loose, entirely unorganized.

We have at Washington what was intended to be the head of a
great agricultural organization embracing all the States and terri-
tories, but it remains merely ahead, with no limbs or body through
Avhich to act. In nearly all the States we have boards of agricul-
ture, organized by State legislation and acting within their own
jurisdiction entirely independent of each other. I think the pres-
ent convention is the first attempt to obtain concert of action, in
any degree, among State Boards. The initiative of this action
should have been taken by the department at Washington, years
ago— not, indeed, in the spirit of dictation, but by Avay of invitation
for mutual council and advice, to the end that such relations might
be established as would bring all the State Boards into direct com-
munication with the department and through it, with one another
and with the various experimental stations and agricultural schools
of Europe. In this manner we can make an organization that will
be a mighty i)Ower for j)romoting ah the industrial interests of the
country, for whatever promotes agriculture, advances every other
industrial interest. In our county and district societies we asso-
ciate and combine the ultimate elements of force— the individual
farmers; and these societies are brought into intimate relations
with each (jtlier in the State Boards; now establish similar relations
Ijctween tliese boards and the national dci)artment and we have a
complete system through which information can be collected and
intelligence distributed at once throughout the nation. There are
but two problems to the solution of which the concentrated talent
of the wliole country should be directed.' These are :

INTER-STATE AGRICULTURAL CONVENTION, 351

1. How can we obtain the greatest possible amount of value
from the soil, with the least possible amount of manual labor ? and

2. How can we best maintain, and if possible, improve the fer-
tility of the soil v>'hile it is yielding us remunerative crops?

To the first of these questions the attention of American farmers
has been chiefly directed, and the achievements of the last half
century in this line have been very encouraging. We can certainly
produce a given value of almost any crop now with less than half
the personal labor required to produce the same result fifty years
ago. This end has been reached, not so much by the discovery of
new methods of cultivation as by the invention and introduction of
new implements and tools of culture. But this result is not by any
means uniform over the whole of this country. This defect meas-
ures the influence of a want of unity and concert of action between
the methods of work in the several States, which is attainable most
directly through the central department of agriculture. The pro-
ductiveness of a given amount of labor is a matter of more imjDor-
tance than is generally recognized. Every improvement, either in the
qualitj' of crop, mode of cultivation or implement of culture, should
be carefully examined by competent experts, and whatever merit
may be found, let it be reported by the State Board to the national
department, to be communicated by it to all the State Boards in the
quarterly reports, and through these to the county and district
societies ; that every advance in the productiveness of labor may be
known in every part of the countrj^, and everj-body who cares to
avail himself of it may do so.

If the improved modes of culture and farm machinery in use in
these Northwestern States were introduced everywhere, the farm
products of the country would be increased in value by millions of
dollars, with no increase of manual labor.

The second problem, to-wit : How to grow and sell remunera-
tive crops from the farm, and yet maintain its ability to produce
unimpaired, has not received the attention in this country that its
merits entitle it to. At this point, we come into contact with
another element of agricultural progress which we have barely
named. While the county and State boards attend more particu-
larly to the art of farming, the agricultural colleges should have in
charge the scientific investigation of such questions as will natur-
ally arise in the practical operations of the farm. In the front rank
of these questions, stands the problem of maintaining the fertility
of the soil. Chemical analysis will reveal the loss to the soil in each
crop sold from the farm, both in amount and kind of material ; and
the schools should be able to direct the farmer as to how he can
best supply this loss. To make a safe and satisfactory solution of

352 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

this problem, the indications of the laboratory should be confirmed
by carefully conducted field experiments, and the methods and re-
sults should, from time to time, be transmitted to the department,
find through it, the knowledge thus obtained, should be difTused
through the State and county boards. Early attention should be
called to the importance of sustaining our soils in their iDroductive-
ness. It is a great national question. Let our statesmen heed the
A^oice that comes up from the ashes of dead empires. No nation
has long survived its ability to feed its population from its own soil.
Egypt and China are the only surviving rejiresentatives of the great
nations of old, and they survive because they have always been able
to feed themselves.

I have thus rudely sketched my ideal of an agricultural organi-
zation, embracing the whole nation, and diffusing its beneficence,
directly or indirectly to all the industries of the country. Let me
recajHtulate : The several parts of which this organism must be
constructed alreadj^ exist, but in an entirely disorganized state.
We have the efficient working organs in our State and county
boards, our thinking apparatus in our agricultural colleges, and the
directing head in the department at Washington, but being entirely
detached, neither can perform its normal functions. The time has
arrived when these should be brought into proper relations, and
the whole peoj^lc reap the benefits of this harmonious unity.

WORK OF THE INDIANA STATE BOARD OF AGRI-
CULTURE.

BY ALEX. HERON, SECKETAP.Y.

The paper which I propose to read was prepared for this meeting
before the subject was assigned to me, as on the last published pro-
gramme, therefore you Avill not be surprised should I not " stick to
the text." My purpose in the i)a|»er Avas as an introduction, to show
what we are doing in Indiana, and compare notes in order to coun-
sel together for mutual interests.

As a representative from Indiana in an Inter-State Agricultural
Convention, we will endeavor to give a brief report of the work of our
Board of Agriculture, which has been in existence for twenty-nine
years. During this period the work of the Board has increased in
jjroportion to the progress of the agricultural interests and thus
aided in many ways to facilitate the rajjid imijrovements in every
branch of farming.

The agricultural and manufacturing interests are so interwoven

INTER-STATE AGRICULTUKAL ^CONVENTION. 353

as to be inseparable. The success of the farmer insures prosperity
to manufactures, and without the aid of improved machinery and
the demand for the products from the manufactures, the agricul-
turalists would make slow progress. Our board realizes this fact as
of paramount imi3ortance. Their object and aim is : " To promote
and improve the condition of agriculture, horticulture, mechanics,
manufacturing and household arts." According to the wording
of their constitution, what an immense field for operation, so broad
that no one association could cover the ground.

The annual fairs show progress and prove results, and thus aid
individuals to compare notes in every sphere of industry with
grand results, but in order to more thoroughly develop and dis-
tribute this information, we have State Industrial Associations or-
ganized for each special branch of agriculture, each working in
harmony with and under the auspices of the board. And to com-
plete the grand combination of industrial pursuits, the Woman's
State Fair Association is now organized, and in the second year of its
existence, with every encouragement trom successful working as an
auxiliary of the board, in connection with the State Fair, as shown
in our annual reports.

The organization of those specially interested in the different
branches of agricultural industry has been productive of good re-
sults. They take up questions and persist in the investigation more
thoroughly than could be expected from a promiscuous body, or
general meeting of farmers.

With the rooms of the board for headquarters, and mutual aid
from these associations, the board is greatly assisted in promoting
the agricultural interests. These organizations (except the State
Horticultural Association) have all been organized within a period
of nine years, and with one exception in the office of Secretary of
the Board of Agriculture.

The National Association of Short-horn Breeders, and Swine
Breeders, were also first organized in the rooms of the board.

The second annual meeting of the National Agricultural Congress
was held in the same room.

The National Poultry Association have met with us. And the
National Butter and Egg Convention was organized there, and has
been with us twice.

The Indiana Board of Agriculture is the first on the list of State
Fairs, to remove all limits of competition. The first of the States
West, to own State Fair grounds, and with the largest and best
buildings thereon for exhibition purposes, and run their State Fair
at half the price of admission charged by other States.

23 — Age. Report.

354 BOA"RD OF AGRICULTURE.

The first to pay jurors on awards for their service. The lirst to
introduce the feature of no premium on implements or machinery
without a test, with a recognition of merit by committees of ex-
perts instead, and the exhibition free of cost to that class of exhib-
itors. The immense success attending this " new departure," after
five years experience is demonstrated by the extent of the recent
exhibition in that line, -which was limited, only by the space within
the enclosure, with forty-one steam engines driving machinerj\

The agents of several of the leading agricultural implement man-
ufactories gave it as their opinion that there has never been such a
show of implements and machinery in extent and perfection, any-
where, and which gave such general satisfaction.

Much as has been done by the board it may be considered as yet
in its infancy, with almost unlimited bounds for usefulness. It is
now as a main stream, with the almost complete system of State as-
sociations as branches or auxiliaries, through which is gathered and
concentrated the practical knowledge of experience, and embodied
in the annual reports of the board which are sought after far and
near.

The practical benefits of these special associations is strikingly
illustrated by the results from the State Tile Makers' Association.
Fostered and encouraged by the Board of Agriculture, this organ-
ization has grown to such proportions as to require a monthly pub-
lication ( The Drainage Journal) to embrace their proceedings and
meet their desire for information. The result is about 460 tile man-
ufactories are in successful operation within the State, the benefits .
of which it would be difficult to estimate. The early settlements
were greatly retarded in consequence of the malaria from the rich
low lands, and heavy undergrowth which is now subdued. " The
dark forests have disappeared, the wet lands have been drained,
and malarial diseases no longer prevail."

Under the auspices of the board the Geological department of the
State was established and controlled, revealing millions of wealth
in the Indiana block coal, and developing fifty square miles of the
best building stone as demonstrated in the investigations made
necessary for our new State house.

During the twenty-nine years of existence the board has- ex-
pended in premiums over $200,000 in the interest of progress and
improvement. Of the ninety-two counties in the State, eighty-one
have agricultural societies and twenty-one district societies. All
arc in good working order.

The usefulness of the board has been very much retarded in
years past by the want of authority to collect statistics with prompt-
ness. This difficulty is now overcome in a great measure by the

INTER-STATE AGRICULTURAL CONVENTION. 355

creation of a Bureau of Statistics now in the second year of its ex-
istence, and a decided success under the superintendence of Prof.
John Collett as chief. The object of the bureau is to make annual
reports of the agricultural and manufacturing products, and give
the vital, social and commercial statistics of the State. Ten thou-
sand copies of the first report, in a condensed form, for foreign dis-
tribution have recently been issued and distributed.

The subject of crop reports has been perhaps the greatest draw-
back with which the officers of the board have had to contend.
Every effort was made to inaugurate a system of quarterly reports
in 1877, which for reasons of economy was not adopted. A paper
read before the delegate board at that- time set forth the impor-
tance of quarterly reports which we will here quote from, and as-
sert that the object of such reports will. not be complete without
such rejiorts from each State being sent to one grand center under
the auspices of the general government, there condensed and so
reported back through the State Board to the county agricultural
societies, and thence to townships and districts.

"Statistics are necessary for the promotion of general intelli-
gence." Thej^ serve to show the increase or decrease in the amount
of products as compared with former years, and to regulate prices
from a commercial standpoint. The present limited and slow facil-
ities for collecting statistical information, answers the purpose
first named, but one of no political use for the latter, when the sta-
tistics are not procured until the crops are disposed of.

The monthly reports of the national department of agricultuie
have been the means of creating a spirit of inquiry into the best mode
of securing early and prompt reports of the crops. These monthly
reports are educators to a more uniform system for all the States, and
in criticising some of the most voluminous, we conclude these are
a waste of labor and expense, in some of the detailed matter, which
is almost worthless when not condensed, and often classed as dead
matter by reason of delay, especially in reference to the condition
of growing crops. During the growing season it is of little interest
to read of the condition of crojDS two weeks past, when seasonable
weather has made wonderful changes.

There is a growing demand for prompt and reliable information
as to the crops in season, and to be practicable, it must be uni-
form in (dl the States. In the estimates of the principal crops for a
single State, the result would frequently lead astray in svich a vast
extent of territory on which is grown our principal crops. A fail-
ure in any one locality of any crop, will scarcely efi'ect the prices
when extra good crops in distant States (as is frequently the case)
with cheap transportation, keep the prices regulated.

356 BOARD OF AGETCULTUEE.

It is often the case in seeking information for croi"* rejiorts, that
we are met with the discouraging remark that all eflbrts in that di-
rection, benefit tlie speculator more than the producer. We admit
the point well taken and true to a certain extent, but it is, never-
theless, a protection to the agriculturist in disposing of his produce,
as the dealers have facilities for their own sjiecial benefit, and in-
formation at all commercial centers. It is the freshness of such in-
formation that makes it valuable, and it is useless if not furnished
promptly.

We will venture the assertion that any efforts to secure reports
of crops for the farming community alone will result in- failure, as
so small a proportion of that class can be reached promptly. All
such reports are more readily transmitted to the commercial com-
munity, therefore quarterly reports are as often as can be of practical
use to the farmer. The winter (January) report, devoted to the
live stock interest, the spring (A|)ril) report to acreage of spring
■crops and condition of growing wheat, the summer (July) to the
estimates of grain crops, and condition of the corn and fruit crops,
and the fall or October report to the estimate of all the farm
products.

The enterprise of the leading dailies in the great commercial
centers in giving such extensive and prompt telegraph reports of
the crops in the growing season do away with the necessity of
monthly reports from less prompt sources.

During the fifth session of the National Agricultural Congress at
Philadelphia, a committee of three, consisting of Hon. J. R. Dodge,
Hon. T. P. James and Hon. Alfred Gray ,were appointed with power
to appoint sub-committees in the several States and territories, whose
business it should be to secure uniform legislation in the several
States and territories on the subject of the collection of statistics,
and such legislation by the United States as shall give full and re-
liable information in regard to all branches of agriculture. We
looked forward to the report of that committee with high hopes of
securing what was needed. If there was anything done by that
committee it should be looked up for the use of this convention.

The convention assembled on the morning of the third day to
conclude the business of the session, which resulted in the adoption
of the following report from the committee on resolutions:

Resolved, That this convention, comjioscd of delegates from the
Boards of Agriculture of the princiT)al stock and grain raising
States of the west, do unanimously adopt the following resolutions:

]. That we believe the time has fully arrived when each of the
States represented by us should imdertakc the work of issuing

INTER-STATE AGRICULTURAL CONVENTION. 357

prompt and accunitc monthly crop and stock reports during the
growing season.

2. That in our ojjinion uniform and concerted action among
these States in this matter will secure results most valuable to the
agricultural and business interests of the country.

3. That we pledge ourselves to use our best endeavors with our
own boards and legislatures to secure the necessary legislation to
make this work thoroughly efficient, and that we believe it to be
the duty and for the interests of legislatures to furnish liberal an-
nual appropriations for the prosecution of a Avork already heartily
endorsed by press and peojile.

4. That in order to determine the fair market value of the an-
nual grain and live stock products of the United States, it is nec-
essary to obtain the earliest and most complete inforniation attain-
able as to the extent of the foreign supply of grain and live stock,
and the surjilus for the markets of the world, and the proper officers
of the government are therefore earnestly requested to obtain
through the consular and other foreign service of the United
States, the most complete possible data concerning the extent of
the annual production of grain grown in foreign countries, and the
condition of the growing crops as the season advances.

5. That the inforination so obtained be given to the associated
liress, and be forwarded through the National Department of
Agriculture, to the several State Boards of Agriculture, at the
earliest practicable date after receipt.

6. That the several State Boards of Agriculture, collecting live
stock and crop statistics, are requested to reciprocate and forward
such reports to the national department of agriculture, as promptly
as possible.

7. That this convention recognizes the importance of the press
as the great medium for the dissemination of information concern-
ing the condition and extent of the various crops, and that this con-
vention, therefore, urge upon all engaged in collecting agricultural
statistics, the importance of furnishing the press, at the earliest date,
after receipt, the condensed results of the agricultural statistics col-
lected.

8. That an executive committee, to be appointed, are hereby au-
thorized to prepare a uniform system of blanks, adapted to carry
out the proposed work of this Inter-State Agricultural Convention,
in the collection of crop and live stock statistics.

9. That all the grain and moat producing States of the west and
south be cordially invited to vmite with us in our next meeting, to
be held next year at the call of our executive committee.

On motion of Mr. Heron, the resolutions were taken up, sej^ar-
ately considered and adopted.

358 BOARD OF AGRICULTUEE.

The coniniittee on permanent organization made the following
report, which was, on motion of Mr. St. Clair, adopted :

Chairman luter-State Agricultural Convention:

The committee on permanent organization would recommend
the appointment of an executive committee of nine, to whom is
delegated authority to call another meeting of the Inter-State Agri-
cultural Convention, at such time and place as they may deem ad-
visable. Respectfully submitted,

S. D. Fisher,
Alex. Heron,
Cli>;tox Babbitt,

Comtnittee.

Motion of Mr. Brockaway, carried, that the executive committee
consist of the Secretaries of Boards of Agriculture of the States of
Ohio, Illinois, Kansas, Iowa, Indiana, Nebraska, Tennessee, Minne-
sota and Wisconsin.

Motion of Mr. Chamberlain, carried, that the assistant secretary
have 2,000 copies of the proceedings and papers, read at the meet-
ing, published in pamphlet form, and that the Treasurer call upon
the several State Boards of Agriculture represented for their pro
rata share of the expense of printing, and that the several States
represented have the same number of copies of the proceedings.

The following resolution, introduced by Mr. Wing, of Ohio, was
adopted :

Resolved, That the thanks of this convention be extended to the
President, Dr. R. T.Brown, for the courteous and impartial manner
in which he has discharged his duties as presiding officer, and to
Secretary Fisher and his able assistant for the valuable aid rendered
this convention.

On motion of Mr. Babbitt, the convention adjourned, subject to

the call of the executive committee.

R. T. Brown, Prcmlent.

J. K. Hudson, Secretary.

THE WOMAN'S STATE FAIR ASSOCIATION OF
INDIANA.

SYNOPSIS OF PROCEEDINGS FOR 1880.

Directly after the action of the State Board of Agricuhure, Feb.
IS, 1880, placing the "Woman's Department" under the manage-
ment of the Woman's State Fair Association, and appropriating
$1,000 for the expenses thereof, the association appointed a com-
mittee to revise the premium list for the woman's dejoartment and
to increase the amount of premiums to f550. Their committee
'■carefully revised the list, adapting it as nearly as possible to
the wants of the different classes of exhibitors, and appropriated
$83 of the amount allowed for premiums in a childrens' depart-
ment open to girls and boys under sixteen years of age. The report
of the committee was accepted by the association, March 30, and
several rules recommended for the government of the exhibit,
•adopted. At this meeting it was decided to make an effort to secure
a list of special premiums for the work of women and children, and
several members volunteered to solicit such premiums. Twenty-
six premiums, amounting to $170.50, were obtained.

During the summer the Secretary, Miss Mary D. Naylor, mailed
686 premium lists, sent out 33 letters and 125 postal cards in the
interest of the association.

Beginning on August 17, the executive board met once every
week until the opening of the fair. Delegates Avere sent to visit
county fairs and to solicit exhibits of woman's work, as follows:
Mrs. M. M. Finch, Knightstown, Henry county; Mrs. M. E. Haggart,
Danville, Hendricks county ; Mrs. A. M. Noe, Marion, Grant county ;
Mrs. Warren, Terre Haute, Vigo county; Mrs. Annie Bryan,
Franklin, Johnson county ; Miss M. D. Naylor, Kokomo, Howard
county; Miss Ida A. James, Edinburg, Johnson county.

The management of the woman's department during the fair was
exceedingly satisfactory to exhibitors and visitors. Mrs. Haggart, as
general superintendent, directed the rejDairs, improvements and pur-
chases, allotted space, decided controversies, etc., and by her untiring

360 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

energy and wise supervision systematized the work and harmon-
ized the workers. The different classes of articles were divided as-
nearly equal as convenient into six portions, and assigned to the'
care of the following ladies : Mrs. Noe, Finch, Stowell, Townsend
and Campbell and Miss James, who were termed department su-
perintendents. Each lady arranged the articles under h«r charge,
kept them in order during the fair, and carefully gathered them
together in readiness for their owners at the close of the exhibition.
By this system the exhibit was more accurately classified and more
artistically arranged than ever before, and the constant watchful-
ness of the department superintendents made them equal to as-
many blue-coated, brass-buttoned gentlemen of the mace, in pre-
venting theft. Only one article was lost from over one thousand on
exhibition. The awarding committee, carefully selected some
weeks before from different sections of the State, were efficient and
painstaking, and their decisions, with few exceptions, gave satisfac-
tion. Further details of the management of the department will
be found in the general superintendent's report. It was found that
the special premiums added considerably to the attractions of the
department and increased the number of exhibitors.

After the fair the disbursing committee held several meetings
to audit claims for expenses and labor in the woman's department.
(See the general superintendent's report for a full exhibit of
finances.)

January 4, 1881, 10 a. m..

The association held the first session of its first regular annual"
meeting, under the constitution adopted March, 1880. The princi-
pal business of this meeting was the consideration of what recom-
mendations should be made in the president's report to the State
Board of Agriculture. In the afternoon of the same day, Mrs. Mary
E. Haggart, as president of the association, general superintendent-
of the woman's department, and chainnan of the disbursing com-
mittee, submitted her annual report to the State Board of Agricul-
ture. The report and its recommendations were referred to a com-
mittee, who reported Wednesday morning. [For these two re-
ports, see regular proceedings of the State Board of Agriculture,, ia
the first part of this volume.]

Wednesday Morning, January 5.

The association met in the rooms of the State Geologist. The
secretary being absent, Mrs. Adkinson was appointed to record the
minutes of the meeting. By consent, the reading of the annual re-
ports was deferred until the comi:)letion of other business. After
the transaction of some miscellaneous business, jnotion was made

woman's state faie association. 361

and adopted, that the constitution and by-laws be read by sections,
with view to making some amendments. Article 3 was amended
by inserting the words in brackets, making it read as follows:

AiDi^licants for membership shall be recommended by a member
of the association, at any meeting, and by consent of the majority
of the members present, [and upon signing the constitution,] shall
be received.

Section 3 of the by-laws, was amended so as to require the secre-
tary to be a resident of Indianapolis. No other changes were
deemed necessary.

The association then proceeded to the annual election of officers,
with the following result:

President, Mrs. Mary E. Haggart; vice-president, Mrs. A. M.
Brown; secretary, Mrs. F, M. Adkinson; disbursing committee,
Mrs. M. E. Haggart, Mrs. A. M. Noe, Mrs. M. M. Finch, Mrs. F. A.
ToAvnsend, Miss Ida A. James.

Mrs. Haggart read the report submitted to the State Board of
Agriculture the day before, and Mrs. Adkinson read the itemized'
financial exhibit filed with the Secretary of the State Board. These-
reports were favorably received and adopted. Adjourned.

February 8, 2 p. m.

The Executive Board met to consult with the State Board of Ag-
riculture, concerning the recommendations made by Mrs. Haggart,
in her report of the woman's department. At the morning session,
of the State Board, the matter was referred to a committee, consist-
ing of Messrs. Haynes, Sunman and Custer. This committee re-
ported in the afternoon, recommending the adoption of part of the
measures, and referring the others to the State Board. After a
lengthy discussion, in which, by courtesy of the State Board, the
woman's executive board participated, the State Board of Agricul-
ture adopted the following recommendations:

That $1,000 be appropriated for payment of premiums and cur-
rent expenses in the woman's department.

That 1200 additional be appropriated for permanent improve-
nrents, decorations, etc.

That all work done by women not entered to compete for pre-
miums in other departments be included in the woman's depart-
ment.

That the association shall have complete control of the woman's
department.

It was finally held in the discussion on this point, that the words
complete control should mean complete control, and include the
right to sell or rent space.

362 BOAED OF AGRICULTUEE.

That the association be allowed to disburse all moneys except for
payment of premiums.

That the association shall select the awarding committees for the
woman's department.

The request that the moneys earned by the association be allowed
to remain in their treasury, was amended to read " remain in the
general treasury of the State Board."

On Thursday afternoon, February 10, Mrs. Adkinson, as repre-
sentative of the executive board, submitted to the State Board of
Agriculture, through Mr. Mutz, who moved its adoption, the follow-
ing resolution :

Whereas, The "Women's State Fair Association in 1880, earned^
the sum of $16 by the rentiug of show cases in the woman's depart-
ment, therefore be it

Resolved, That the Woman's Association is entitled to that amount
in addition to the regular appropriation, to use for the prosecution
of general State work.

Adopted without a dissenting voice.

The action of the State Board of Agriculture at their February
session clearly defines the authority, jurisdiction and means of the
Woman's State Fair Association for 1881. The members and offi-
cers of the Woman's Association duly appreciate the confidence re-
posed in their judgment and integrity by the State Board, and take
pleasure in acknowledging the courtesy and co-operation of that
body, in the work of promoting women's industrial interests.

Florence M. Adkinson, Secretary.

Indianapolis, Ind., March 1, 1881.

SHORT-HORN BREEDERS, 1880.

Tuesday, May 25, 11 a. m.

The association met at the rooms of the State Board of Agricul-
ture, and in the absence of the president, Robt. Mitchell, Hon.
Thos. Nelson was appointed temporary chairman.

On motion of W. W. Thrasher, the chair appointed J. W. Marlatt,
W. W. Thrasher and T. W. W. Sunman committee to employ a
reporter for this meeting, said committee to report at 1:30 o'clock,
to which hour the association adjourned.

afternoon session.

The committee appointed at the morning session reported hav-
ing secured the services of a reporter for twelve dollars until to-
morrow noon, or fifteen dollars if the session extended over that
time. Adopted.

RESOLUTIONS ON THE DEATH OF JUDGE CRAVENS.

W. W. Thrasher offered the following :

Whereas, In the Providence of God, who rules the destinies of
men and nations; our beloved citizen and ex-president, Judge Cra-
vens, has been removed from us by death ; therefore.

Resolved, That we feel that we have lost a valuable member of
our association, a good citizen, and that we cherish his memory with
grateful recollections, and deeply sympathize with his family and
friends in their loss ; and that our secretary be authorized to mail
to his family a copy of this resolution.

J. W. Robe seconded its adoption.

REMARKS.

W. W. Thrasher. I feel like I could hardly let these resolutions
pass without some few remarks. I have known Judge Cravens a
number of years, and can vouch for every thing that is said in
the resolutions and for some things that are not said in them.
He was what we call a self-made man; a man among us common

364 BOAED OF AGRICULTURE.

men — farmers. He made his mark for good, and was honored
by the citizens of his county in being elected judge of the court,,
a position he tilled with satisfaction to all concerned. He was-
what we call one of our common men, and yet he rose above that
and became more than an ordinary citizen. Such merit, I think,,
should be always eulogized. He was a good, hospitable friend to
all about him, and I regarded him as an excellent man. In his-
death we have lost a valuable citizen.

TJwmas WiUudt. I have been intimately acquainted with Judge-
Cravens a number of years. I found him one among our best
men; an enterprising man. He was, as has been stated, elected
judge and he made a first-class official. He was starting out as a
young man in the short-horn business, and was making the right
kind of a start.

S. F. Lockridge. I knew our former associate many years and
know him to have been all that is said of him in the resolutions,
I think it is proper that such a resolution he passed by this associ-
ation.

Thomas Nelson. I had considerable acquaintance with Judge-
Cravens, while a member of the State Board of Agriculture, and
can endorse all that has been said in these resolutions. I met him-
last at the Butter, Egg and Cheese Convention in this city two or
three weeks ago. He was complaining of ill-health then, but I didn't
think he was so near his end.

The resolution was adopted.

J. W. Robe, of Greencastle, read the f (.allowing essay

THE MILKING QUALITIES OF SHORTHORNS,

HOW DEVELOPED, HOW MAINTAINED, AND AT WHAT AGE TO BE BREI>
IN ORDER TO DEVELOP THE BEST MILKING QUALITIES.

This is a subject full of vital importance to every short-horn
breeder, and I may say to the whole country ; and one upon which
at least half their utility depends.

I do not intend to attempt to say all that may be said in their
favor as milkers upon this occasion, but to speak of some of their
ancient dairy qualities, and show how well they have been and
many of tliem are yet adapted to the dairy and as family cows, and
why they should be the exclusive cattle of this country.

I am aware that an impression does prevail with some that short-
horns will do for beef, but they are poor milkers.

It is a fact that many of our short-horn breeders have given'
their attention to the form and symmetry of the body and to fancy
pedigree, to the neglect of the milking qualities,, to a great extent^

SHORT-HORN BREEDERS. 365

till some are badly impaired as milkers, and from this the impres-
sion has gotten abroad.

The short-horns gained their first notoriety in England for their
■wonderful milk and butter ])roducing qualities, where they long
have stood high as the chief dairy stock; because they combine the
milk and beef qualities in the same animal.

But this quality of the short-horns has been lost sight of by
many of our American breeders in their zeal to produce a fine
symmetrical form, till, I must confess, they have deteriorated to
some extent in this particular in our hands; still the milking qual-
ities are inherent in the race, as every handler of them very well
knows, for it frequently crops out in every family in si)ite of all
their efforts to repress it.

The beef production should not be neglected, but the same is
true of the milking qualities, and had the same attention been given
to the milking qualities as to the beef productions, for the last
quarter of a century, the short-horns would have been quite as
renowned for their milking qualities as for their present beef pro-
ductions.

In the wide beef-producing districts of our country there has
been a great temptation, no doubt, to disregard the milking quali-
ties, as milk was of little consequence beyond that of raising a fine
calf. And hence many have given no thought or care to the pro-
duction of milk, and sufficed it to pass unnoticed, and consequently
deteriorated in this respect.

The value of cattle, as of everything else, depends on their adapta-
tions to the purposes intended. The breed that fills most com-
pletely all these requirements will be the most sought after, and
consequently wall comand the highest price.

Cattle are bred chiefly for beef and milk.. As a beef-producing
breed there is no animal that equals the world-renowned short-horn.

I ask, then, can they possess first-class beef qualities and first-class
milking qualities at the same time ? I answer most assuredly these
two qualities can be combined in this matchless breed. The cow
of this breed has every requsite to manufacture food into milk on a
much larger scale than any other breed, because she has large di-
gestive organs and is capable of using them to this purpose if so
encouraged. And then, when no longer wanted to raise calves of
the highest value and give milk, she is quickly fattened and turned
to a good account with the butcher.

The aim has been of many short-horn breeders, if we may judge
by their actions, to produce a fine beef animal alone, which practice
should be discontinued, for liy jiropcr care the fine beef animal and

366 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

the excellent dairy cow may as easily be combined in this breed as
the one quality alone.

Is the short-horn cow just what she might be as a dairy cow ? I
certainly think not. It is true that many of them have been so
managed as to damage greatly their milking qualities, because more
money could be made out of them by high feeding to be sold for
fancy and show purposes than for milkers.

That the milking qualities of the cow may be damaged by im-
proper management and neglect, there can be no doubt.

Let us turn now and exaniine something of their ancient char-
acter, as milkers by Mr. Youatt, who is the oldest and best author-
ity that can be had. He says : " From the earliest period of which
we have any account of our breeds of cattle, the counties of Durham
and York have been celebrated for their short-horns, but, princi-
pally, in the first instance, on account of their reputation as extra-
ordinary milkers. To recite their recorded feats at the pail, would
be to invite incredulity, but it may be asserted on the best evi-
dence, that taken as a breed, they have never in this particular been
equaled." Again, he says : " In every instance they have shown
themselves superior milkers, and stand to the pail till within six or
eight weeks of calving, and, in several instances, they have never
been dry since they first called, and it is by no means uncommon
for them to yield thirty to thirty-six quarts per day, and make
twenty pounds of butter per week."

The point I wish to make here is, that as they were originally a
matchless milk breed, anything that has been lost by breeding
alone, for beef and beauty, may soon be restored by carefully breed-
ing for both milk and beef.

As to the general excellence of the short-horns, for the produc-
tion of beef and milk, in those times, the following is cited from the
same very high authority: "The number of cows kept for the
purpose of supplying the metropolis (London), and its environs,
with milk, is about 12,000." They are, with very few exceptions, of
the short-horn breed. * * * The universal preference given
to this breed ]:.y such a body of men, differing materially on many
branches of the treatment of cattle, is perfectly satisfactory as to
their value, and that on three distinct points. (1) As to the quan-
tity of milk she returns. This, however, is not all, though it may
be the jirincipal thing which enters into the calculation of the
metrop(jIitan dairymen. * * * The proprietor of the large
dairy is also a dealer in cream, to a considerable extent, among
these peoi^lc; is also a great manufacturer of butter, for he must
have milk enough to answer every demand, and that demand is
exceedingly fluctuating; then it is necessary that the quality of the

SHORT-HORN BREEDERS, 367

milk be good, in order that he'inay turn the overi^his to a profita-
ble account in the form of cream and butter.

The employment of the short-horn cow in all the dairies is con-
vincing proof that her milk is not so poor as some have described
it to be. It is the practice in most of the dairies to fatten a cow as
soon as her milk becomes less than four quarts a day. They are
rarely suffered to breed while in the a dairyman's possessions. The
fact of their being so often changed, is proof that while the cow
gives a remunerating quantity of milk for a certain time, she is
rapidly and cheaply fattened for the butcher as soon as her milk is
dry. Were much time or monc}^ emploj^ed in preparing her for
market, this system should not answer, and would not be so uni-
versally adopted. Fattening and milking qualities can, therefore
combine in the same animal, and they do so here.

This is very high testimony as to the excellence of the short-horn
race, both as to milk and beef, and shows that milk was one of their
chief qualities in England, and, if inherent in the race, it may
be readily develoi^ed in it again by properly breeding and feeding
with an eye to milk and butter.

In Mr. Bell's "History of Short-horns," we find the remarkable
record of the cow Barfoeth (the dam of Hulback's grandsire), giv-
ing thirty-six quarts of milk a day, and making twenty-four
pounds of butter per Avcek.

Mr. Allen, in the second volume of the "American Herd Book,"
speaking of the early importations of short-horns, says : " There was
one ruling quality among them; they were almost without excep-
tion, capital milkers."

These facts abundantly show that they come originally from the
very best dairy cattle, and if they do not now stand iit the head of
the dairy class in every particular, they have the latent qualities in
them that will enable them very soon, if given a chance, to stand at
the head in milk production, as well as in beef.

Much later in their history, Mr. Allen, in his " History of Ameri-
can Cattle," says : " They (the short-horns) are the greatest milkers
in quantity of any breed whatever, except the Dutch, as innumera-
ble facts have shown. We have numerous well authenticated in-
stances of their giving six, seven, eight and even nine gallons per
day, and making fourteen to eighteen, and some as high as twenty
and a half pounds of butter per week. Our own observation, in
more than thirty years' experience, with hundreds of them, first
and last, is, to ourselves, abundant evidence of these facts."

In his " History of Short-Horn Cattle," he also says : " Our his-
tory has fully shown that from the earliest period, the short-horn
cows, as a rule, were large milkers, and when cultivated with a view

368 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

to dairy purposes, no animal of any breed excelled, and few, if any,
equaled them. AVhen milk has been the main object in their keep-
ing, no cows have made larger yields, according to the consumption
of food, than the short-horns. Even in our own time, we have fre-
quent records of cows giving from twenty-four to thirty-six, and
even forty quarts per day, and the yield of butter has been corres-
pondingly large."

Numerous notes may be found attached to the pedigrees of
cows, in the several volumes of the " American Herd Book," attest-
ing these facts.

These statements are sufficient to jirove that, if there is any want
of milking qualities in the present short-horns, it is due entirely to
the present breeding, for it is most certain that the ancient short-
horns Avere good milkers, and combine both milk and beef in the
same animal.

I find these facts standing out very full and prominent in these
■Authors, and that the short horns were celebrated for their aptness
to give great quantities of rich milk. Every one at all acquainted
with the breed will call to mind more or less cases, similar in
every respect, and which bears abundant testimony to the excel-
lency of the dairy qualities inherent in their organization.

Professor Arnold, in his late work on "Dairying," bears testi-
mony to the high inherent milking qualities of many of our pres-
ent short-horns. He says : " It is doubtful whether there has ever
been any better milk stock than the original short-horns, and they
still have a most persistent tendency to transmit that quality to
their descendants, and where a deep milking tendency has not been
counteracted, or where it has been the least restrained, as in the
Princess family, it has remained nearly in its original state and is
transmitted with most remarkabla certainty."

The same author speaks Avell of the quality of the milk. " The
globules are of good size, cream rising readily. The percentage of
cream liberal and of good quality. The milk is about equally
well adapted to butter and cheese and marketing in cities."

With this evidence before us, the conclusion is inevitable that at-
tention only is requisite on the part of the breeder to restore and
perpetuate this quality in any desirable extent in all our present
short-horns. It must be done by carefully selecting bulls out of
cows known to possess great merit as milkers, by judicious feeding
to develop the milk secretions, and stimulate the inherent milk
qualities that have been by some breeders entirely disregarded.
She may be made the very first-class dairy cow of this country.
That this qu.ality of abundant milking in the short-horns exists no
breeder of them for a moment doubts; and if the breeder's atten-

6H0ET-H0RN BREEDERS. 369

tion be turned solely to the dairy qualities, he can succeed beyond
"" a reasonable doubt " in obtaining, with very few exceptions, extra
heavy milkers. So if a breeder turns his attention, regardless of
milk, to the grazing qualities of his short horns, he can g radually
breed out the tendency of large milking, beyond a sufficiency to
to raise a calf, and it is to be r«gretted_ that the tendency of too
many of our breeders has been to this end.

The dairy interest is attracting wider attention to-day in America
than ever before, and justly so, too, for it is the source of a large
export trade, besides supplying a great market at home ; and we
should develop our short-horn cows to the growing demand for
dairy stock and deep-milking breed, combining first-class beef and
milk.

Generally speaking, the cow on the farm has never received her
<due proportion of credit for what she really can do in the success
of the farm, nor has her blood and qualifications been so carefully
■studied as they should have been.

She produces a calf annually, which at two years old may be
jaaade to weigh 1,600 pounds. She produces 6,000 to 8,000 pounds
■of milk, out of which may be made 300 pounds of butter annually.
A breed of cows that would combine these qualities is deserving of
great credit in the success of the farm. Indiana is the natural
home of the famous blue-grass, and will be the natural home of
short-horn dairy cows not long in the future.

The small, ill-formed breeds, which some claim to be superior
butter cows (not milch cows), do not produce a calf which for beef
at four months old will command $8, nor at two years old weigh
over 600 or 700 pounds, and of very inferior quality for beef at that.
The calves, in fact, ai-e almost worthless, except the females to raise
for cows, for the same purpose. Those who want the ill-formed
cow for a small quantity of rich milk and "deacon" the calves at
birth, the Jersey is just the cow. But the cow that is to supply our
cities and our co-operative butter and cheese factories with milk,
must come from the short-horns and their grades.

Here the amount of milk must not be the only imi^ortant con-
sideration. This, depending on one source of income, or playing
uj)on one string, has long since been exploded as an unsafe policy.
The farm stock must be so selected and combined that it will pro-
duce the most milk and beef, and they must be combined in one
.animal. Separate animals for separate purposes can not be toler-
ated on the farm.

The coming cow must be of as pure beef stock as possible, as well
.as of the best milk-producing breed. Here let me say distinctly,

24 — Agr. Report.

370 BOAED OF AGRICULTURE.

the Jersej^ is a good butter cow for her inches, but she has not
inches enough to hold her own in a long contest with those of
greater weight and carcass ; nor has she been subjected to the same
rude tests on pinched food as most other breeds have.

In the January (1880) number of the National Live Stock Journal
is a very forcible demonstration of this fact. Mr. I. Boies, of Illinois,,
has a herd of about one hundred cows of high grade short-horns that
yielded 314J pounds of butter last year. Mr. 0. Bronson, of New
York, has a herd of twenty natives that averaged 247 pounds and
Mr. 0. C. Blodgett, of New York, also has a herd of twenty-five
Jerseys. Their average yield was 234J pounds of butter per cow.
Mind, now, the natives and the Jerseys both have greatly the ad-
vantage of the short-horn grades in numbers. The short-horn
grades averaged eighty pounds of butter per cow more than the
Jerseys and sixty-seven and a half more than the natives.

That the two qualities of beef and milk may be combined in the
same animal of the short-horn breed scarcely needs further consid-
eration. The character of the short-horns for beef I take to be suffi-
ciently established. That the other may be had is sufficiently proven
by the ancient short-horns, who possessed it in an eminent degree,
and that it is possessed by many at the present time is true.

High grades in great numbers may be found that possess these
two qualities in an eminent degree. This being true, it is certainly
bad ijolicy to breed a stock that possesses but one of these qualities.

Now we come to the second part of our subject, and I think it
may most naturally be treated by transposing it, thus :

At what age should heifers be bred in order to develop the best
milking qualities, and then how develop and maintained ?

At what age heifers should be bred in order to develop the best
cow will depend very materially on how she has been cared for
from calfliood up.

The calf is the making of the cow, and if the young animal is
neglected and stunted, the development of the future animal is se-
riously impaired. As a rule, females should not be coupled till
verging on to maturity, but if the young heifers have been fed on
good muscle-forming food, such as will give a rangy frame and a
fine muscular development, with growth unstinted, I would think
they might be coupled at from fifteen to eighteen months old, ow-
ing to their growth.

They should be kept growing thriftily, without fattening, for if
made fat, this will give a tendency to fatten in their development
into cows, instead of giving more milk. Heifers should be bred as
early as their growth will permit, in order to bring into action the
milking faculties, as they are more easily stimulated when young

SHORT-HORN BREEDERS. 371

than if neglected, and allowed to run till twenty-four or thirty
months before breeding; they will make more docile cows and
prove better milkers, and there will be quicker profits, also, in hav-
ing her come to be a cow as young as possible.

These heifers are quiet flexible in the hands of the breeders, and
may be developed into good young cows of great value, if properly
cared for. The effort of the breeder should be to produce a vigor-
ous growth, that the heifer may be well developed into a milker at
two to two and a half years old. If mine fail to be bringing a calf at
three years old, the butcher gets them sure.

DEVELOPMENT.

I am thoroughly satisfied from my experience with the short-
horns, that I can take one that is an ordinary milker, and, by feed-
ing her a milk ration, and giving her the best care to increase her
milk, can make out of her a fine milker.

The dairymen in my county (Putnam) say the cows they buy
through the county, with their feeding and handling, increase the
flow of milk from one-third to one-half. Now, add this to what
our short-horns give on an average, as we treat them, and you see
we have a heavy milker.

In the part of the county where I live, short-horns and their
grades are all that are used for milk cows, and they are giving ex-
cellent satisfaction and would not be exchanged for any other known
breed. I know one tenant farmer who is the owner of a pedigreed
short-horn cow that furnishes milk and butter for his family and
some to sell.

Milk contains all the elements of the living animal body in solu-
tion, and the cow is the machine that manufactures food into this
fluid. She is a chemical laboratory to work up food into milk, and
she must, therefore, have a complex variety out of which to elabor-
ate this production, and as you intelligently and liberally mete out
food to her, so will she pour out her milk for your benefit. It must
be entirely reciprocal ; you can not draw upon her bank without
first making a deposit, and then she will pay you back with liberal
interest. You must carry her slop at night, and in the morning
get your pay in milk by drawing it. You never could, and I doubt
if you ever will, get something for nothing, and just as you feed in-
telligently just as sure will you be liberally rewarded. While this
is true of all cows, it is almost doubly true of short-horn cows.

There are but few cows so constituted that their milk may not be
largely improved, both in quantity and quality, by careful attention
to the wants of the cow ; and it is my opinion that you may seek

372 BOAED OF AGRICULTURE.

quality of milk in food rather than in breed. [This is a point I
should like to hear discussed by the convention.]

As far back as the history of the cow reaches the belief seems to
be, both of the learned and unlearned, that the quality of milk may
be improved and the flow of milk increased by special feeding to
that end. Virgil, in his " Georgics," makes special mention of arti-
cles of food peculiarly adapted to cause a " floiv of rich milk," while
selections and breeding afterward perpetuate the variations that we
now have in milk cows. Food must first develop the improvement
in milk, then breeding and feeding must continue it.

No one would expect to produce a large flow of milk from straw
feed, nor to make a fine quality of yellow butter by feeding cotton
seed, no matter what might be the strain of blood in his cow. Milk
is dependent for its flavor, quality and quantity upon the food con-
sumed by the cow, but the food must be adapted to the wants of the
animal to secure the best quality in either beef or milk. The effect
of special feeding upon the quantity and quality of milk has been
so often proven to a demonstration in large and small experiments
that it is unnecessary to say more upon this point.

I can not close without giving a few figures in comparing the
different breeds with the short-horns for beef, though I am sorry I
can't lay my hands on later figures, but these illustrate the point as
well :

We have 10,000,000 or 12,000,000 cows in the United States, and
somewhere near 35,000,000 head of cattle, all told, according to the
best guess I can set. The statistics for the fiscal year ending June
30, 1878, shows that we exported 80,040 head of cattle (it certainly
is much more this year). About 40,000 head went to Cuba at $17
per head, and 24,834 head to England at about $97 per head.
Here are the wild-grass fed Texans to Cuba, and the short-horns
and their grades to England, the latter selling for 5 7-10 times the
price of the former. This is a most remarkable contrast to occur
in our different grades of stock in the same year. The weight of
the short-horn grades was about twice that of the Texans, but the
value nearly six times as much.

Now, suppose our cattle were all Texans, or of some small or ill-
formed breed like unto them, what an immense difference there
would be in the amount of money they would bring the grazier,
besides only large and well-formed breeds can be exported to Eng-
land and find a market; or suppose all the cattle of the United
States were of the short-horn breed how much more money the
40,000 would bring to the United States at $97 per head instead of
$17 per head.

Really, gentlemen, I feel like we could spare all other breeds a

SHORT-HORN BREEDERS. 373

few pints of milk and a pound of butter and then be a long ways
ahead with their broad level backs, fine quarters and excellent
grazing quality. These are worth a few pints of milk, at least.

DISCUSSION.

W. W, Thrasher. I indorse the paper heartily, and, with a few
exceptions, have but little criticism to offer. That the short-horn
breed of cattle are milkers, as stated, thei'e needs no proof, and that
they have lost some of that quality is admitted by all. There is
some reason for this. The short-horn breed of cattle, when I can
first remember, were notorious milkers, almost universally so. It
is not so now, but as the paper states, "in spite of anything we can
do, it will break out in families, and there will be good milkers, let
us do what we will with them." I attribute this falling off in milk-
ing qualities, to one or two reasons. I think our present plan of
fattening show animals at our fairs, has a tendency to depreciate
their milking qualities. I have no doubt of that from my own ex-
perience. The fashion now is to feed the animal the year round.
They carry it further. They want to keep these show animals
breeding, but as soon as they drop the calf, they take it away and
let some other cow suckle the calf, and push the cow on for show
purposes. That is one reason why our short-horns are not as good
milkers to-day as they were years ago. Another thing. Most men
that show animals don't pretend to breed them until they are about
two and a half years old. That is a mistake. Whenever a calf
wants to take a bull, just let her take it. That is nature. Some-
times they will take the bull at a year old, sometimes a little less,
owing to the manner in which they were kept. If they are full
flesh, and in a growing condition, they will take the bull from nine
to twelve months old. Such a course may decrease the size of the
animal, but not much. Their niilking qualities are better devel-
oped in that way than to keep them until they are two years old,
before they are bred to the bull. I have a heifer at home, three
years old, that has had three calves. It has curtailed her size a lit-
tle, but she is a beauty, and a good milker. I have had men look
at that young cow when she was poor and thin, with her first and
second calf; they made fun of her. I didn't like that. She was
such a milker that I couldn't keep her uji, but as she develops age
I can keep her in good condition. Now she is a model cow aside
from her milking qualities. In the short-horns are combined the
finest qualities for beef and milk purposes. Some claim that the
butter is not of so fine a texture as from breeds from Durham stock.
I know this, that cheese from the short-horn has taken the pre-
mium over all other breeds of cattle, and that their butter is a fine

374 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

quality and texture. I don't know that we ought to resort to any-
thing else, when we combine all that cattle are grown for in the
short-horn breed.

J. P. Forsyth. I object strongly to breeding calves — "whenever
they come into the notion." I don't know that I ever raised a short
horn calf that was not just as regular at eight or ten months as it
ever was, and I think it would have ruined them to have bred them
then; for to have done so would have had a tendency to injure the
constitution and shorten life. My notion of breeding a female is to
let her run until she is past a year old and then try to breed her
•iilong in June or July. I don't want a heifer to hjjve a calf until
the grass is up.

As regards the milk, — that is the only thing in my short-horn
family that bores me, the quantity — the quality is good. My habit
is to put my cows in a lot, turn the calves in to suck what they
w^ant and then milk what is left. Some of my cows are giving two
gallons of milk over and above what the calves suck. I breed for
merit all the time, and buy none of your gilt edged bulls, and
never expect to. I would like to ask how these heifers that
give such quantities of milk are kept up ? I feed bran and corn,
corn cut in the shuck; also clover and millet hay. I am not able
to keep them up ; they go down in spite of all that I can do.

W. W. Thrasher. There is no doubt but that milk can be in-
creased in a cow, not only in quantity but in qnality, by good
feeding. A cow fed on blue grass Avill furnish better butter and
more milk It neutralizes the wild taste of grass in the butter. I
am satisfied from my own experience and from the experience of
dairymen that there is nothing better for milk cows than what we
call shipstuff. You may take oats, cut up and put in a good por-
tion of mill feed, which being mixed wet answers for filling up and
for the developing of milk. There is nothing better than clover
hay for cattle during the winter. You may have a straw stack
standing in a good pasture ; I don't care how good the pasture is;
every once in a while you will see the cattle go to that straw stack
and eat from it. Nature teaches them they need something of that
kind. Dairymen say that bran is better than shipstufF for devel-
oping the milking qualities of an animal ; I don't believe it. Shorts
is perhaps a little too rich, but I would Vather have that than bran.
Shipstuff is the article we want to develop the milking qualities of
a cow. I am sure we neglect too much this matter of summer
feeding. We think the grass is good and that our stock don't need
anything else. They do need something else, as the testimony in
the case of the straw stack proves. If you give them a good mess
of this mixed ship feed once a day, or once every two or three days

SHORT-HORN BREEDERS. 375

it satisfies them, increases the milk in quantity and improves its
-quality.

AlheH MarlaM. My own experience is that calves, when properly
kept, will be in heat from six months on, and for one I breed them
at about ten or eleven months old for fear some scrubs may get in
from the outside and cover them. I notice iny heifers that are
bred young, as a general thing make very fine milkers. I had one
cow last winter that gave seven gallons of milk per day and a num-
ber of others that milked nearly as heavy. As for keeping them
up I find it hard to do, but the better you feed them the better they
-do. I think the extra milk and butter you get fully compensates
for good feeding.

Governor Williams. I have raised some shorn-horn cattle, and my
jiurpose has been to raise tine calves for beef, and not particularly
to sell as breeders and my aim has been to raise them with as little
grain as possible. Gave them grass in summer time and also in
winter. We can better afford to feed our cattle ujion grass than
upon grain. An acre of blue grass is worth more than all the hay
you get from an acre of timothy cut and cured. If that is true,
where is the necessity of sowing timothy and then hiring men to
•feed it out in the winter. I consider blue grass better than corn,
shorts or shipstufi". It is much less expensive and I have always
found that young cattle thrive better with that kind Of feed. I have
no trouble with my milk cows or calves when I have grass for them.
I haven't generally favored the breeding of heifers when young.
Last year I did let the bull to a few heifers at thirteen months old,
but I did it because I couldn't buy such cattle as I wanted to raise
for beef. My purpose has been to let heifers run until two years
old and then breed them. I have never seen any bad results from
breeding young. As to what effect it would have upon the milking
qualities I am not able to state.

S. F. Lockridge. I think we have come pretty generally to the
•conclusion that short-horn cattle, as a race, are the best general
purpose cattle in the world, combining to the greatest extent beef,
milk and butter producing qualities. We have. other cattle that are
•extra in some of these particulars. The Jersey cattle are the best
Tautter cattle on the face of the earth. The Ayreshire give the largest
amount of milk, but not rich milk. The Herfords are the finest
beef cattle, but not heavy milkers. The short-horn cattle combine
all of these qualities. They will thrive any place upon the face of
the earth. The cattle of Scotland do well there, but bring them
here and they do no good. The short-horn cattle have been sent to
Australia, and over the continent, to Texas and to Canada and they

376 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

do well. The general farmer wants a general purpose beast, and
when he gets a good short-horn he gets that kind of an animaL
That has been my experience.

Jcones Marlatt. I am not inclined to believe that the milking^
qualities of the short-horn have degenerated as much as Mr. Robe
seems to think or fear in his paper. I have been acquainted with
short-horn cattle for a number of j^ears. My father bought a cow
and three heifers forty j^ears ago. They were fine milkers ; in fact,
they were milkers to such an extent that some of them were a
source of annoj'ance, because ihex would kick and it was hard to
milk them. My experience has been, and ig to-day, that a majority
of short-horns have been fine milkers. I raise calves principally
for beef. I am satisfied their milking qualities are under-rated by
the people. I have one cow that has brought me three calves. I
bred her three years ago. She has run out nearly all the time,
has never been an extra milker, but raised good calves and
has been fat enough to butcher every day since I owned her
I am in favor of breeding heifers tolerably young. I like to
breed heifers at two years old, or a little after that. I had one this
year that was high bred, but she went until she was over three
years old before she had a calf. I bred her a time or two, but she
didn't stand.

Thomas Nelson. I have found short-horns good milkers with one
exception. I have only a small herd — I think eight families. They
are all good milkers except one family, which is worth nothing for
milking purposes.

As to breeding them — I don't like to breed them too young.
My calves are well cared for, and will take the bull from six months-
on, if they had a chance. One heifer dropped a calf at thirteen
months, but she didn't make a good cow.

Daniel Cox. It has been my experience that when you let heifers
run too long they are not near as apt to get with calf as when
younger. From twelve to eighteen months is the best time tot
breed,

Thomas Nelson. My brother had some nice heifers that were bredi.
for two seasons to an old bull, but failed to get with calf. Didn't,
sell them to the butcher, but the summer they were four years old,
he bred them to a young bull, and they are all having nice calves
this year.

Daniel Cor.. I would rather breed my coavs so they would bring.-
calves in May or .June when the grass is up.

/. W. Robe. I prefer a cow should come in at her natural time,
rather than not to breed her until she would calf upon grass. As to

SHORT-PIORN BREEDERS. 377

feeding bran instead of shipstufi". Oiir dairyman have to buy all their
roughness, we don't. We can make the coarse feed out of some-
thing else beside the bran. We can t^ike the shipstuf!' and add the
roughness, and get all the tilling up the dairymen get out of the
bran, with less roughness.

W. W. Tliraslier. The best plan to pursue with heifers that go
such a length of time without getting Avith calf, is to take a young,
bull and turn hina in with them, and if there is any calf about them
it will come sure. My manner of mixing feed is to take a bundle
of oats, cut fine and wet before putting the mill feed in. Every
part of the feed will stick to the straw, and it is all taken up clean. L
would put a little handful of salt in every feed. A great many per-
sons feed dry bran and shipstuflt", but I don't think that is economy-
It has been a question with me that I couldn't understand, why
bran sells as high as shipstuff. They say it is because dairymen,
haven't anything else to fill up with but bran.

James W. Marlatt. I feed a considerable amount of grain after
hard weather sets in. In feeding cows for milk and butter I have-
found good clover hay better than any other hay. I use timothy
sometimes, but I don't prize it highly. Barley straw is a good thing
and they will eat oat straw. I often buy shipstuff and sometimes-
mix it one-third bran and cut oats and then give hay. I have had
good success under that treatment. I feed a considerable amount
of cut oats when I want milk. If I don't want much milk I feed
corn and hay and maybe a little sheaf oats. I believe if we wet this
feed we get a larger return for our trouble. I think the short-horns^
are the best breed for our western country. I have seen and studied
almost every family of cattle in the United States and I am satisfied!
the short-horns are the cattle for us. I want to knoAV if any one-
present knows anything about an English cattle called the " Scotts ""
of England, and why they never come to the United States. They
sell higher for beef than any other cattle in the English market.

S. F. Lockridge. I think you have reference to the West Highland
cattle, long-horned cattle. They are good in some cuts and bring
the highest price in some respects.

/. P. Forsi/fh. In regard to feeding bran dry. I have been feeding
my sheep twice a day, bringing them up to the barn lot every night.
I have some troughs in there in which I pour bran every night and
morning. This morning, before I started from home, I told the
boys they might shear the sheep, and there is not a sheep in all that
lot that is soiled with dung or grass. This I attribute to nothing
but feeding on dry bran.

378 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Governor Williams. Is there any grass in that barn lot?
Mr. Forsyth. No, sir; but plenty in the pasture.

W. W. Thrasher read the following essay :

THE QUALITIES AND CHARACTERISTICS THAT SHOULD
GOVERN THE PRICE OF SHORT-HORNS.

Gentlemen — That very many have been misled in this matter to
their financial ruin, I suppose, will not be doubted. We have only to
look back a few years to see abundant proof of this. There is some
cause for this. Cattle are only valuable for their milking and beef
qualities. This is the chief reason, or should be, why the short-
horn is more valuable than any other breed of cattle, being a more
general purpose animal than any other known to me. Bvit in the
last ten years this quality has been overlooked, and men run wild
on certain families and gilt-edged pedigrees. They seem to lose
sight of individual merit. Fabulous prices were paid for gilt-
edged pedigree; those that handled them failed and the masses of
the people suffered. A good short-horn should be recognized for
its individual merit, instead of fancy pedigree without merit.

First, then, in buying an animal we should not lose sight of its
individual merits. The animal should stand on its own merit,
without a long pedigree to back up a poor and ill-formed creature.
When men get back to first principles and buy only those that pos-
sess merit in themselves, the mass farmers will be misled less thaia
if fancy pedigrees are relied upon. Indeed, I here state, and think
I can prove it, that if there were no pedigrees at all, the masses
would be less imposed upon than they are now.

DISCUSSION.

Thomas Wilhoit. I differ with Mr. Thrasher in some respects. I
want a good pedigree backed up to prove that I have the animal
and then I want the animal with that pedigree. I know there
-are extremes upon both sides. They will talk about pedigree with-
out regard to the animal. I don't want the pedigree without the
animal with it.

J. W. Robe. I would like to have a pedigree with mine. I was at
■a sale last fall where there were some fine cows sold. To look at
them, you would think they were poor scrubs. One of those
<;ow8 sold for a high i)rice, yet she looked like a very inferior
animal. I asked the purchaser why he bought her, and he for her
l-)odigree ; that she had a very fine one. This was an instance of
pedigree backing up the animal.

SHORT-HORN BREEDERS. 379

Claude Matthews. I want an animal of sufficient excellence that
he shall declare his thoroughbreeding in his appearance. I want
them to be animals of unusual merit before I take them into my
herd. Animals of superior breeding and excellence will always
command the best price.

Mr. Marhtt. My experience is, that the better animal your bull
is from and better pedigree, the more money there is in breeding
stock. If I was buying a bull for myself, I would rather give two
or three hundred dollars for one that I knew his pedigree for two
or three generations back, rather than to buy one just on his ap-
pearance.

S. R Quick. I want a good pedigree. You may take a half breed
■of good individual merit probably, and as fine in appearance as
your thoroughbred, still I wouldn't like to risk the breeding quali-
ties, from the fact they will run back to the woods sometimes. I
have seen it tested with marked results. I want a thoroughbred
all the time, and I want one of good individual merit at the same
time.

Governor Williams. I differ somewhat with the gentlemen that
have preceded me. I think sometimes we have first rate men that
don't come from royal families. I am inclined to judge from the
fippearance of an animal more that from pedigree. The butcher
who buys your stock does not take pedigree into consideration.
When I have a good fat steer, with meat all in the right place, good
neck, straight back, etc., I can sell him for as much money as Mr.
Thrasher can his, whether mine has a pedigree or not. We have
been placing too much importance upon pedigree. My policy has
been to get along with the least labor possible. If I undertook to
hire men to cut straw and oats, mix and feed, I couldn't sell my
cattle at the end of the year for enough to pay them, therefore, I
contend that the best plan in Indiana is to sow all the blue grass
you can get into the ground. Plow but little, and let your cattle
help themselves. It is a good plan not only to wet your feed, as
have been suggested, but to do it with boiling water. Boil your
oats or corn, or whatever you throw into your feed. I have
bought many bulls, but never asked whether they were thorough-
breds or not. I neither buy nor sell pedigrees.

Mr. Cix/per. If we all disregarded pedigrees in the matter of rais-
ing stock, it would be but a short time until we would have no
«hort-horns. The country would soon be stocked with narrow
backed scrubs. I believe people would be worse imposed upon if
there was no such thing as pedigree.

Mr. Madait. I want the jiedigree to be a good one, but first I

380 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

want the animal to be good. It is necessary that we feed some rich
food to our cattle a part of the year. I feed a little grain the latter-
half of the winter, almost every day. I hardly ever feed much after
turning out upon grass, although I am satisfied it is some advantage
to do so. One of the best milkers I ever saw had all the blue grass,
timothy and clover she could eat. If the governor has raised fine
stock without regard to pedigree and from cattle not highly bred
he has succeeded better than any body else. I have studied this--
question much, and I have never found nor do I think any other-
man has, a fine set of steers but what could be traced back to a fine
pedigree of cattle.

Gov. Williams. In case we should happen to neglect the pedigree
of a bull and should raise a fine animal, it seems to me that ought
to answer all i)urposes. We sometimes find among these pedigree
animals some that are ill formed, with a horn you don't want —
something wrong with the very best of them. If you see an animal;
with the best pedigree in the world that is not well formed, and an-
other that is perfect in form but without any known pedigree, you
would choose the latter in preference to the former, with his de-
fects. Like begets like. I don't pretend to say you mustn't feed
grain; I always feed grain but don't go to the trouble of cutting it up
as nice as Mr. Thrasher does. Let your stock eat straw and gefc
along the best they can. I know they nose a great deal. In winter
when the grass is too short for the cows I let them have hay. I
don't raise my cattle entirely upon grass, but wish I could.

W. W. Thrasher. Half of the farmers in this State haven't got sense
enough to make a living upon a farm. They will break up all
grass land and run it to corn. They don't know anything but
raising corn and hogs. Suppose they let that plowing alone and
put in grass which they can use in winter in the place of feeding-
grain. If stock have any pasture it is generally a little lot where
the farmer has turned in his work horses and without grass suffi-
cient to keep a goose. That is the practice of at least half the far-
mers in this Stjite. The masses of our people that know nothing
about pedigree are damaged in consequence of pedigrees. Until
we educate them up to the point of understanding pedigree they had
better be without any knowledge of it. I don't care if we never had
a pedigree, if the animal fills the bill, he is what we want A pedi-
gree animal generally is better than those without any pedigree.
I don't want an animal witliout he has got a good pedigree, but I
want a good individual animal along witli that pedigree. When I
used to show cattle, i)erhaps as sucessfully as anybody, I didn't have
any of these gilt-edged cattle. I never owned any, was never able.

SHORT-HOEN BREEDERS. 381

to buy them and it was a good thing for me, for if I had I might not
have had any home at this time. There are hundreds of men that
haven't got a home to-day, unless they smuggled it, by reason of
buying gilt-edged pedigree and no animal with it. The masses had
better rely upon their on own judgment as to the merit of an animal,
because, knowing nothing about pedigrees, they are dependent upon
men who are sharpers in the business and get picked up. Cattle
men are perhaps as honorable a set as any other profession, still
some of them are liable to misrepresent to men who are not posted.
The subject of pasturing can not be talked about too much. The
people of this country certainly plow as much again as they ought
to. They work up their places to feed hogs, and hogs are an uncer-
tain business. It appears to me that farmers ought to practice
mixed husbandry. It is certainly much easier for men and more
profitable to have more pasture than they have now got. The older
blue grass is, the better, and in Kentucky they buy it according to
its age. I would rather buy every bit of grain for feeding
than to have scant pasture. You can not buy grass, but you can grain
and wheat, and frequently cheaper than you can raise it. Some
farmers have pasture in woods that they can not use for any other
purpose. That is not very good, but is better than nothing. You
may travel from this county east and you will find scarcely a farm
that has got a bkie grass field upon it. There is once and a while
a clover field. In Putnam and Hendricks counties they have some
blue grass, but south and north and east you will find they have no
blue grass.

J. W. Robe. Mr. Thrasher says that old pasture is the best. I
expect it Avill be information to the convention to be informed why
old fields are the best.

Mr. Thrasher. Tliat is a thing that has never been explained to
me, but in Kentucky that theory prevails, and blue grass is valua-
ble in proportion to its age. Our blue grass pastures need under-
draining as much as our plowed fields do. Drain your wet fields
and cattle will pick grass in the low places before they will upon
the high land.

/. P. F<yrsi/th. I have noticed in yards where grass has been for a
number of years, it would come up so thick that it wouldn't head
out. Old pasture is preferable because it comes up thicker and
affords more grass. In a new pasture grass grows very high but
not thick.

J. W. Robe. 1 think the older pasture has a greater number and
variety of grasses in it, and cattle are like human beings in this
matter of variety. In a new field you don't find more than two or

382 BOAED OF AGRICULTURE.

three varieties of grass. Cattle fed upon woods grass are not fit for
New York market, but if fed upon blue grass they are ready for
tlie eastern market without being corn fed.

Thos. WUhoit. Blue grass enriches the ground. The old pasture'
upon mj' place is nothing but blue grass. I sow clover, timothy
and blue grass together ; clover and timothy in time give way ta
blue grass but the latter gives way to nothing.

Mr. Cooper. That is my experience. T sowed clover, timothy
and blue grass together, and the longer it lays the more blue grass-
it gets. It gets thicker all the time and keeps matting ofT at the
head until it becomes sort of bunchy.

Mr. Marlatt. But few farmers have grass enough — especially in
the winter season. I generally aim to keep half the land I have in
grass.

J. P. Forsyth. My notion about blue grass is to pasture it off
close in the spring, then take your stock off' and let it grow up for
winter use. Pasture it close until after the heading season ; then
use your clover and other pasture and save the blue grass for win-
ter. I think a twenty acre lot pastured off close down until the
first of June will produce more grass than sixty acres that is not
pastured through the spring. ■

Thos. Nelson. Clover, I find, will do for young cattle to graze
upon, but for beef I never want it. I have noticed in pastures
grazed for twenty years a sprinkle here and there of white clover.

W. W. Thrasher White clover will lay upon fat more than any
grass that ever grew. You may talk as much as you please about
blue grass, but white cover can not be excelled by any. White
clover will grow with blue grass some seasons. In the same pas-
ture it will grow largely one season, and the next season it may en-
tirely disappear. If you want winter pasture, graze it down to a
goose pasture, and then withdraw the stock and let it grow. After
all that has been said about blue grass, there is a while in August
and September that it fails a little and don't furnish a full feed. An
extreme drougiit injures it perhaps more than any other grass. I
don't know of anything better to supply its place than a field of
clover and timothy. White clover will not grow upon wet land.

Adjourned to 8:30 o'clock A. M.

SHORT-HORN BREEDERS. 38S

SECOND DAY.

May 26, 1880.

The association met pursuant to adjournment, Thos. Nelson,
president pro tem, presiding. The minutes of yesterday's session
were read and approved, after which, Thomas Wilhoit, of Middle-
town, read the following essay :

AT WHAT AGE SHOULD WE COMMENCE USING YOUNG

BULLS ?

Mr. President and Gentlemen: — The animal should be at
least two years old, and his breeding faculties well matured, before
he is bred. He should be allowed to serve the cow but one time.
If she does not stand then, she will not at subsequent times. If
properly managed, a bull may be used without injury at one year
old. Give him access to but few cows, let him serve them one
time, but the times of service should not be too close together. At
an older age, he will mature better and more vigorous calves.

DISCUSSION.

S. B. Quick. A majoritj- of men use bulls at a great deal younger
age than the paper recommends. I heard of a breeder who bred a
young animal when he had to make a pit to put the cow in so that
bull could cover her. I think a bull at the age of three or four
years gets larger and more vigorous calves. If breeders, instead of
selling their old bulls to the butcher, ;would exchange with one
another, such an arrangement would mutually profit them, and
would be far better than for each farmer to sell his bull and buy
others at high prices.

Albert Marlatt. A few years ago I purchased a calf at Meredith's
sale, two months old. It had been kept up well and I treated it well.
I bought several cows afterwards and bred them to Meredith's bull.
I took them up there and left them for some time. I paid for their
keeping and was to pay fifty dollars for every calf I got. I had six
cows, and fovind toward fall that they were not with calf. I con-'
eluded to breed them to the bull calf I had bought of Meredith
and accordingly stood him to five cows and all of them got with
calf. I don't think he served either of them more than one time.

I bred my bull when he was about eleven months old, and have
been breeding him ever since. I think Mr. Wilhoit is right in the
main, not to breed young bulls before they are two years old.

James Marlatt. I have had good success in breeding young bulls^
commencing at about a year old, but I never aim to breed them to

384 BOARD OF AOEICULTDEE.

TOanj' cows. Mj- bulls never served half as many cow^s as some of
my neighbors. I have known young bulls overbred from a year
lip that at four year old didn't get one-fifth of the cows they served
•with calf. I don't see why a short-horn bull should fail at live or
six years of age, if properly managed. I bought a bull a few years
ago a little past four years old. I kept him until he was nine years
of age and I am satisfied he got fifty calves the last year I had him,
and they were as good as any set of calves he ever got. I also know
of a bull that did as good service at thirteen years of age as at three
:and four. We may breed our bulls young, but don't overbreed
them. I don't believe there is any bull that need lose his usefulness
tinder twelve or fifteen years. There are very few of our good cows
that run down much under twelve years. I would as soon risk a
cow for breeding at twelve years old as at six. I have had them
"breed from sixteen to twenty,

Charles Miller. A bull has the same propensity to breed young
that a heifer has. It would not hurt a young bull to serve a cow
■occasionally, but don't use him too much. Calves will not be as
strong and vigorous where the bull is bred too young. There is
great danger of using young bulls too much.

Thwnas W. W. Sunman. Why is it tliat bulls when four or five
years old, are turned off to the butcher on account of not breeding ?
Almost every breeder of short-horns does it

Thmnas WilhoU. I think it is in the way they are managed. A
young bull is easier spoiled thon an older one. I can take a young
bull and spoil him in three months, by letting him serve too fre-
quently.

Jaines Marlatt. I bought a bull some years ago for service. He
was recommended as a sure breeder, and was in fine condition.

took him home, fed him well, and he got no exercise except what
he got in being led to and from water. I bred him to my own and
my neighbors' cows, but without satisfactory results. I weighed
him at the end of several weeks, and found he had gained one hun-
dred and forty pounds. During the first three months he didn't
get more than a quarter of the cows with calf that he attended. I
then turned him out with the stock cattle and let him run the
fields. The next spring and summer I bred him, and he was just
as sure as the average bull. He had failed before from the fact that
he didn't get exercise enough. He Avas kept up too much and pos-
.sibly fed too high.

J. W. liohe. I have a bull that I have been breeding three years.
He served his first cow at eleven months. He was of good growth,
^nd I think that year covered twenty-six cows. He has got as fine

SHORT-HORN BREEDERS. 385

calves as ever I saw. He has grown up to be a fine animal, and I
always keep him up ; he don't know what grass is. All the exercise
he gets is being led to water once a day, and yet he has never failed.
Last year my cows didn't get with calf the first heat. The bull I
had before this one didn't do good service the first covering. It
seems to me that we might profitably get up an exchange of bulls
among breeders. I believe we can get equally as good calves by
old bulls as by younger ones. I had a kind of a theory about this,
thing of bulls getting male or female calves, but this spring it wa.s-
knocked in the head, and I believe this matter of sex is managed
by a higher power and that man has nothing to do with it.

Albert Mnrlatt. I noticed regarding my bull that of the first ten
calves that came eight were heifers, and since that nearly two-thirds
of the calves have been heifer calves. I can not account for it in
any way.

Thomas W. W. Sunman. Some of my neighbors tried a Jersey bull
that was said to be sure. He was bred as high as five times to
some, and of the one hundred cows I expect there were twenty that
aborted their calves. It was in the spring of the year that the abor-
tion happened from some cause.

W. W. Thrasher. I don't think there is any good argument why a
bull should not be used at an earlier age than two years. A bull
from one to two years old will get more and as good calves as at any
other age, and he is more sure then than at any other time of his
life. In Kentucky the best breeders will hardly buy a bull calf at
all. They generally buy a bull that has been tried and something
is known of his breeding qualities. It is the reverse in this coun-
try. There is no reason (unless you have too many) for selling a
bull until he is ten or twelve years old, if he has been properly kept.
It has been thought by some that the keeping of the animal has
nothing to do with its breeding qualities. I think differently.
Take these pennyroyal bulls — they never fail ; they go to a cow as
often as she will let them ; they breed as long as they live. They
are generally not cared for much, but just let run. I am satisfied
that a bull, to be of good service, should not be overfed. I desire
thorough breeding qualities, not only in the bull but in the cow.
You can not tell anything about a bull's breeding qualities until his
stock matures. For that reason, breeders in Kentucky prefer old
to young bulls. Last year I had a bull so fat at three years of age
that, when turned in with cows, he would stand around half a day
before making any advances, and then the result was uncertain. I
don't see how it is that men can have breeding bulls and have them

25 — Age. Report.

386 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

fat. A cow that is fat will breed a little better than a fat bull, but
still it injures them and their milking qualities.

In the absence of Eobert Mitchell, the subject assigned him for
an essay, " Is it important to have exjierts as committeemen to pass
on short-horns at our Fair?" was discussed.

DISCUSSION.

W. W. Thrasher. My experience in every department of society
is that a man who knows nothing about a subject had better let it
alone. Some years ago, at our State Fair, three or four cows were
brought into the ring, and among them I had two. The judges put
the ribbon upon a cow that the owner told them he didn't want —
that he was not entitled to it and for them to take it off. They
didn't take it off", and afterward I saw one of the committee and
asked him if he knew much about fat cattle. He said he didn't
know whether he did or not, and I said that is what I thought. I
further told him that if a man was a judge of an article he knew it,
and if he was not a judge he is no gentleman if he serves upon a
committee. We mean by experts men that understand the busi-
ness they are expected to pass upon. I am satisfied that our State
Board of Agriculture would do well to send off for men of high
reputation, such as would decide upon the merits of an animal, and
know what they were doing. At Fort Wayne they have an excel-
lent show every year ; they correspond with men at a distance that
can not have any possible interest in any way — men they know to
be honorable and competent. Their expenses are paid, and gen-
erally such men will attend. Here, our people gather up whoever
happen to be in sight at the time — perhaps they are qualified and
perhaps they are not — oftener disqualified than otherwise. Some
people are influenced by the premium they see upon a certain ani-
mal, supposing it to be the best animal upon the ground. Such are
sought after by persons incajiable of judging for themselves, and
they are likely to be misled. We should have experts in all de-
partments— cattle, hogs, sheep, etc. — and they should be obtained at
almost any cost,

Daniel Cox. I think we ought to have experts in every depart-
inent. Wool men to pass upon the best grades of wool ; the same
in regard to beef.

T. W. W. Sunman. I don't believe in selecting butchers as com-
mitteemen to pass on short-horns. A gentleman wrote me that the
greatest injustice htul been done him by a committee composed
exclusively of butchers, in their decision regarding some stock on
exhibition. On one occasion he showed for the best four-year old
bull, and a8 the breed was not specified they let in a little narrow-

SHORT-HORN BREEDERS. 387

back Jersey, which beat his short-horn. He also showed for sweep-
stakes and was beaten again.

Wm. Crbn. As members of the State Board of Agriculture, it was
•delegated us to select committeemen to pass upon the merits of
stock, award premiums, etc. The members aimed to select the best
men they knew for judges, but as a great many of the men ap-
pointed failed to appear, we had to select men who happened to be
on the ground at the time. In this way inexperienced men fre-
quently serve as committeemen. This is hard to obviate, unless
the short-horn breeders of the State select their own committeemen
and the State Board appoint whoever they agree uj)on. It is an
imposition upon exhibitors to have incompetent men pass upon
their stock. In the matter of sheep, hogs and cattle, if the men
representing these interests would agree upon committemen, the
State Board would confirm their recommendations, and in this way
the men that go to the Fair with the best stock will have justice
•done them.

/ P. Forsyth. I would be little afraid to adopt the plan just sug-
gested, and believe the system that has been followed for the last
two years can not be improved upon. The plan outlined by Mr.
Thrasher is tolerable fair, but it wouldn't do to carry it too far. You
send to Kentucky and get your experts, and they won't give any
thing a premium unless it runs in the Bates family; the same re-
garding admirers of the Jersey family. The Board should select
men familiar with the department they are serving in, and when
their time is out discharge and pay them off. Don't aim to run one
man through on everything. I have served upon committees with
Messrs. Mutz and Quick, and I know that in making our selections
after an examination we very often voted for the same animal with-
out a bit of trouble.

A gentleman from Illinois brought some hogs here to the Fair,
find after selling out he came to me and said he had been solicited
to act ui^on a short-horn committee for sweepstakes, admitting that
he couldn't tell a point belonging to such stock, further than they
look nice. He asked my advice about serving and I told him to
ascertain Avho were the other judges, and that if they were com-
petent he might serve; if not, for him to stand aside — that where
there were two competent judges he could stand by and keep still,
and the other two would decide without finding out that he was a
fool. He thanked me, said the other two were excellent judges and
accordingly accepted his appointment. Exhibitors dread the show
at Lafayette, because thej' are in the habit there of putting only
generals and colonels on committees and it is not worth while to
■exhibit there unless you are related to Gen. Grant or one of the

388 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

judges. They pay for the services of judges, but have no one but
relatives to till the places.

Thomas Wilhoif. No man is a good judge of an animal unless he
has handled or bred them. We need men that are judges of an
article to select judges to pass upon the same. Machinists should
select judges on machinery, cattle men committees on cattle, sheej)
men committees on sheep, etc.

W. W. Thrasher. The breeder of short-horns feels himself much
safer should the owner of a herd uj^on the ground act as a judge
upon his exhibit, rather than for an incompetent man to do so. If
there is any honor in such a man he is not going to put the ribbon
where it does not belong, He knows men are watching him, and
knows every step he takes ; hence I would rather submit my case
to a man that is showing in the ring, and ninety-nine times out of a
hundred I would get better satisfaction than to take a man un-
acquainted with the business. Exhibitors can not pick out a com-
mittee that will be satisfactory to all. I have had them come to me
and agree that I should serve upon a committee. I said no. You
will not be satisfied and it will be doing the society an injury. I
said there were cattle there that I had sold and I might put the
ribbon upon them or I might not, but if I did I would injure your
society in passing upon my own animals. It won't do for this so-
ciety to select committeemen, because there would be more or less
jealously among exhibitors and I prefer letting the selection rest
with the State Board where it belongs.

J. P. Forsyth. A man may not be dishonest, but whenever he tells
me he can put aside self interest I don't think he understands
himself.

Chas. Miller. It seems to me that since the State Board has been
appointed by the society to select these committees, and are re-
sponsible for the work done, the selection should be left with them.
I agree that the committeemen should be experts in their business.
To sum up the whole thing, it seems to me, it would be best for the
short-horn men and State Board to co-operate together, and, if the
Board don't understand about short-horns and competent judges,
give them all the information you can, and then let the Board
make the selection.

Thomas Nelson. I v.as a member of the State Board a few years
ago, and this question of the selection of committeemen that were
experts, was always a troublesome one. On three different occa-
sions, while I was a member, it fell to my lot to select committee-
men on cattle, and I always selected men that were not exhibitors,
and that had always been raised with cattle. If tliis Board should

SHORT-HORX BREEDERS. 389

select this committee, and should take them from Kentucky, it
would be as Mr. Forsyth said, you couldn't bring an animal here
that had a drop of " 17 " blood in him, and get a premium. Last
year it was the unanimous opinion of the committee with which I
•served, that the bull we gave the premium to -was rightly entitled
to it. I wouldn't have bred to that bull, knowing his pedigree,
nearly so soon as to some others that were there, and did'nt get the
ribbons. I knew the premium bull had " 17 " blood in him. I wasn't
supposed to know anything about his pedigree. It happened that
I did. The way I have been educated and grown up to view ani-
mals, the premium bull had the preference over all. He was in the
prime of age for showing.

J .P. Forsyth. When cows were showing last fall, there was a
gentleman exhibiting with two or three other lots of tine cattle,
and he had the impudence to call me aside while I was acting, and
said, " do you know^ that lot of cows there has 17 blood in them." I
said, no, sir ; that that has nothing to do in this case. I am here to
pass upon the merits of the animal.

In the absence of Col. C. B. Jackson, the subject assigned him, for
an essay "at what age should we sell our steers to be the most
profitable to the breeder," was discussed.

DISCUSSION.

Albert Marlatt. Previous to 1874, for ten years, I handled about a
car load of steers a year. One lot I kept until part were three years
old and past, and a couple four years old and past. One of the
steers I paid $103 for at two years old, kept him eighteen months,
and sold him for $170. There was one steer in that lot I bought at
two years past for $76, and sold him among a lot that averaged me
■$165 and some few cents. They w^ere three years old past, except
two that were four years old. The two four year olds, the last two
years, gained respectively one hundred and fifty and three hundred
pounds, and the two year old gained six hundred during the last
year. I bought a lot of yearling steers ; engaged them in the win-
ter, and received them in June. I took them at six cents a pound,
and they cost me $65 apiece. I kept them out that summer, win-
tered them, and late the next fall sold them at about 170 a head.
While I w^as buying these, I passed a man with a nice calf, and
asked him what he would take for it at six months old. He said
so much a pound, and I took it at $42.50. I kept him eighteen
months, and sold him for |63. More recently I fattened a car load
of steers, paying for some of them $50 a head at yearlings, and for
others a little more. I have paid as high as $80 and $90 for two
year olds to feed I generally sell about the middle of June, after

390 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

they were three years old. They brought me from $125 to |140
apiece.

W. W. Thmsher. I am satisfied from experience, and from what I
learn from others, that to sell steers young is the most profitable.
You can get a steer calf up to seven hundred pounds without miss-
ing what he eats, but the next ten hundred pounds you put upon
him costs you some money. It is just so with hogs. You can get
a pig up to a hundred pounds and hardly know it, but from that on
he goes into the crib pretty deep. The growth ot cattle up to ten
or twelve hundred pounds is so rapid and cheap that no man can
afford to keep them profitably after that time. The man who pays-
SCO per head for steers, I don't care how long he keeps them, he
will never make as much money on them as the man did of whom
he bought. A young animal, one and a half years, makes better beef
than when six or seven years old. We must have our cattle ready
for sale when ever we get a good offer for them, if they are only a
year old. If we have cattle that we can mature, and we should
have them, the demand is such that we can not afford to keep them.'
several years.

J. P. Forsj/th. I used to keep my stock until they matured, but in
this fast day and age the fashion haschanged, and I sell my hogs twice-
a year. I try to keep them until thej^ get six months old. We can
make the first thousand pounds of a steer with one-half the feed
we can the next five hundred, and with less trouble. To keep a
steer until he is three years old, I never was able to get any profit
out of him. Hogs are profitable if sold at five or six months okV
but not so if kept eighteen months — besides they are more liable-
to disease if kept long.

Thomas Wilhoit. Take a yearling steer, at fifteen months it ought
to weigh a thousand pounds. You sell him at that figure, then
you have to pay a big price for yearlings, and good yearling steers
are not easily picked up over this country. I can take a yearling-
steer and put four or five hundred a year upon him, and then I
am going to add something to the price per pound at the same
time. It will pay me to feed that steer until he is three years old^
and then he will prove a profitable investment.

Daniel Cox. I want to see my steers in the fall after they are twO'
years old. It is evident to an observing man that there is an ad-
vance in price at that age. I will sell mine at two and a half years
old and let others feed them for the English market. The purchaser
may get more money but he has the work to do. I want to sell my
hogs when they Aveigh from one hundred and fifty to two hundred
pounds. s

SHORT-HORN BREEDERS. 391

James Maiiatt. I am in favor of keeping steers until they are
three years old, or not to exceed tliree and a half. We must have
steers, and a man can raise them cheaper than he can buy first-class
ones. We can aftbrd to feed our steers untill they are a little over
three years old, and by that time, if they are well treated, they
ought to be ready to ship to England.

The following resolution, offered by T. W. W. Sunman, was
adopted :

" That in the judgment of this Association, the best time to sell
steers to be j)rofitable to the breeder is at two and a half years old."

James Marlaft. For some years I have sold my steers at two and a
half years of age, but if I had been able to treat and give them my
personal attention I would have made money by keeping them six
or eight months longer.

Tlmnas Nelson. I will take Mr. Cox's steers at two and a half
years and keep them one more year. I take it that your farm will
keep better by feeding matured cattle rather than young cattle upon
it. I would rather Mr. Cox would raise the bone and I would take
the bone and put flesh upon it.

Thomas WUhoit. I will buy the steers he proposes to sell in the
fall. That is the cheapest time they can be bought.

Thomas Nelson. I prefer to buy steers in September to any other
month in the year. Then I have the fall to use my own grass for
feeding them.

Daniel Cox. I would prefer to sell the last of October. I will sell
my steers at two and a half years and let others feed them another
year.

The association discussed the subject : " Does color have anything
to do with short-horns as beef animals ? If so, why ?"

W. W. Thrasher. This color question is of great importance to
cattle breeders, and perhaps it is less understood among cattle men
than any one merit of the short-horn race. That color has some-
thing to do with the beef qualities of an animal is not questioned
among experts. There is no other cattle that, as a breed, make as
good beef as do the short-horns and their immediate descendants.
There is some reason for this. We sometimes hear a man speak of
the handling quidities of an animal. Very few men understand
what that means. What we mean by handling qualities is this :
When you put your hand upon an animal he should feel as soft as a
pillow to be a first-class animal; otherwise he is not first-class for
beef purposes. An animal that is soft and mellow to the touch will
be juicy sweet and tender, the very article we desire to have; while

392 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Ihe animal that is hard to the touch is not tit for white or black
men to eat. It is only fit to^put strychnine upon and feed to sheep-
killing dogs. In the soft handling animal the lean and fat will be
evenly distributed, while in the hard handling it is not so much so-
Soft handlers are universally good feeders and milkers. In red
animals this soft handling quality does not predominate by any
means. There are few red animals that are number one handlers.
I have seen such among red animals, but not so frequently as among
white or roans. There are more white animals that are good
handlers than of any other color. The roan comes next and the
red is the last possessing the tine qualities that make up a good beef
animal, such as is sought for by the European market. You may
blind an expert and put him among a lot of steers and he will pick
out the good ones every time, simply by the handling process.
These good handlers are always yellow skinned. Any black about
the nose or horns is objectionable.

S. F. Lockrklge. I have often tried to understand the prejudice
that exists in this country against light-colored animals. It does
not exist in England, the original home of the short-horns, nor to
any great extent in the colonies ; but here in the United States we
find that prejudice, more especially in the western States. I find
great difficulty in selling roan bull calves. I don't care how fine
the quality of a white animal is, if there be a red one of inferior
quality, the latter will- be chosen first. I have asked buyers why
that is so, but they can not tell. Last fall I sold to an eastern man,
who slaughters a thousand a week for shipment to Europe, and I
asked him, as a practical butcher, if he could see any difference in
regard to color, whether a red animal was any better than a roan
or white one. He said he paid no attention to that subject, but if
there was any difierence, it was in favor of the roan, as being the
best handlers. If you examine the early herd book, you will find
that all the celebrated animals were either roan or white. The
father of short-horns was a red and white animal, and from the de-
scription, white predominated. Where you find a dark red ani-
mal, you are almost sure to find an animal with wiry hair, and, in
that case, you find a hard handling animal. I have heard it stated
that white animals won't stand cold climate. I heard that question
answered by a gentleman, at a convention, by inquiring, "then,
why was it the almighty put all the white animals in the far
north ? " They stand the winter just as well as any other. The skin
of a thoroughbred white animal is thick and yellow. The skin of
a white scrub is thin and blue; black nose.

AU)ert Marlatt. I have fed red, white and roan steers and recol-

SHORT-HORN BREEDERS. 393

lect that one of the best steers I had was a white short-horn with
yellow skin. I have got a red bull in my herd of which there are
few such in this country. He is a mahogany red, and about as soft
as any of the white or roan ones. I have a number of red heifers;
also some roan bull calves and they are good handlers. ,My expe-
rience is that fine feeding has a good deal to do with the qualities
observed in different colored stock. I never feed oil cake— have
never seen any. I feed nothing but cut oats, corn, bran, shorts and
such as that. I feed nothing to make the hair extra soft, still my
cattle feel very nice to the touch.

Thomas Nelson. I find no diil'erence at all in color, provided the
animal has the shape and right kind of hair. I admit that the
lighter colors have preference over the dark ones. A dark red an-
imal very rarely has this fine, mossy hair that distinguishes a good
handler. Take a calf that has a smooth, slick hair which lays tight
to its bcdy and you will very rarely have a fine fed animal out of
that calf. I am speaking of the ungroomed animal. It is the hair and
form of an animal that is the surest index at last of good qualities.
These black horned short-horns are from Kentucky. I have one
that dropped me a black nosed calf. The calf is a good feeder, with
fine form, mossy hair and dark roan in color. I don't think fine
feed has any effect upon the quality of an animal further than it
puts him in good condition.

Mr. Lockridge offered the following, Avhich was adopted :
Resolved, That the following resolution, passed by the late con-
yention of the American Association of Breeders of Short-horns, at
Lexington, Kentucky, embodies the views of this convention.

Resolved, That color in short-horns is simply a matter of taste,
fancy and fashion, not affecting the quality of the meat, production
of milk, or anything relating to the intrinsic value of the beast, and
that public taste in prefering red as a color to the exclusion of other
colors, is injurious to the short-horn interest."

REPORTS AND ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

The report of the Secretary was submitted as follows :

Expended for postage, printing and book |3 20

For which I ask an allowance. T. W. W. Sunman.

Adopted.

394 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

The report of the Treasurer, W. W. Thrasher, was as follows :

Cash on hand May 25, 1880 .*54 50

Received from members at this meeting 3 00

Total? 157 50

Paid to reporter $12 00

Paid to T. W. W. Sunman, Secretary 3 20

Total expenditures 15 20'

Cash on hand May 26, 1880 |42 30

Report received and adopted.

An election of officers was had, with the following result: Presi-
dent, Thomas Nelson, Bloomingdale ; Vice President, John W. Robe^
Greencastle ; Secretary, T. W. W. Sunman, Spades ; Treasurer, W..
W. Thrasher, Groves. Directors— J. P. Forsyth, Franklin ; Thomas-
Wilhoit, Middleton ; James Marlatt, Milton.

PROGRAMME FOR 1881.

The following programme for the next meeting of the association
was presented and approved :

Essay — How were the short-horns developed to their present.
quality ? W. W. Thrasher, Groves.

Essay — How can we tell an animal will makegood, tender beef?"
H. C. Meredith, Cambridge.

Essay — What has color to do with the quality of beef, if anything ?
S. F. Lockridge, Greencastle.

Essay — Has there been any improvement on the short-horn,
within the past twenty-five years? J. W. Robe, Greencastle.

Essay — What varieties of food produce the most milk in the short-
horn breed ? James Marlatt, Milton.

Essay — What are the best grasses for the production of beef in
Indiana? Robert Mitchel, Princeton.

RESOLUTIONS.

A resolution oflcred by W. W. Thrasher, changing the name of
this association to "(Jattlc Breeders' Association," was, after discus-
sion, laid upon the table for one year.

A resolution i)rcvailed instructing the Secretary to procure re-
duced rates for members of this ass(K'iation on railroads centering
at this point.

The f(jllowing, ofl'ered by T. W. W. Sunman, was adopted :

SHORT-HORN BREEDERS. 395

Whereas, In the course of events, we learn with regret of the
death of our former associate, Jacob Walker ; therefore,

Resolved, That in his death this association has lost a valuable
member and society a good citizen. That we deeply symjiathize
with the family of the deceased in their loss, and that the Secretary
be requested to furnish them a copy of this resolution.

A resolution prevailed tendering the thanks of the association to
Alex. Heron, Esq., Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, for
courtesies extended during the present meeting ; after which the
association adjourned sine die.

SWINE BREEDERS.

FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING.

January 5, 1881, 2 p. m.

The Indiana Swine Breeders' Association met at the Supreme
Court rooms, IndianapoUs (the rooms of the State Board of Agricul-
ture being occupied), with Vice President T. W. W. Sunman in the
chair. The minutes of the preceding meeting was read and ap-
proved.

The following address from President A. S. Gilmore was read by
the Secretary :

president's address.

Gentlemen of the Indiana Swine Breeders' Association :

It becomes my duty — having been made so by custom of my pre-
decessor in office — to address you upon the interests of this asso-
ciation. Experience, as well as observation, has demonstrated the
fact that the formation and object of this association has been
crowned with the best of results, and by our annual consultations
in this department of husbandry, has not only been profitable to us
as an organization, but its good efTects have reached out, taking in
not only our own State, but those adjoining, as the matters and
things here discussed have found their way into a majority of our
State papers.

It is a self-evident proposition that no department of hvisbandry
is so profitable as that of swine raising, as capital can be turned
much more re-adily and quickly than where it is invested in cattle,
as the cost of the latter is at least three times that of the former.

The leading features of swine raising have been very much the
same as during the past two years; prices have not materially
changed, though there has been an upward tendency, and the aver-
age of the past year will be a fair basis for that of 1881.

The number of hogs jiacked will not vary much from the num-
ber packed during the previous year. From data taken from the

SWINE BREEDERS. 397

Cincinnati Price Current of December 16, I find from various places
mentioned therein that a total of 3,340,000 have been packed,
against 3,080,000 a year ago. And these places represent 83 per
cent, of all last winter's packing in the West.

Hence, the conclusion, that we have not suffered from swine
fever so largely as in previous years, and while individuals may
feel that hog cholera is a great evil, and some may sutler a serious
loss, is it' not really a blessing in disguise? for if we had not "havoc
and slaughter " among the "innocents," the prices of pork would
certainly not pay for the time, labor and feed consumed.

But, seriously, do we not raise too many hogs?

Our exports have not been so large as in 1879. The falling off
has not been such as to effect the prices, and the fact that so large
a standing army as is employed in Europe — virtually doing no use-
ful work — they must be kept at the expense of other classes, and
we can safely rely upon a large consumption of our surplus front
that source.

As to the matter of food for hogs, red clover for summer grazing^
is superior to anything else, and observation has shown that one
acre of clover is worth more than three acres of wheat, and as much
as two acres of corn and oats.

Artichokes for winter feeding, are a good substitute for red
clover in summer, and hogs seem to do exceedingly well when thus
fed in winter, as much so as when fed corn, especially stock hogs.

As to the diseases, prevention of the same, breeding, etc., I shall
leave these matters to be discussed under the general programme.

Address by Wm. A. Macy, followed by discussion.

Mr. S. M. Sheppard, of Indianapolis, favored the association with
a talk on "the value of pedigrees for swine." He said: "The
practice of keeping a record is of a very remote origin. It was first
applied to the horse, but as the advantages of a record became more
fully realized it was used for other domestic animals until at present
the record system has been extended to the ' feathered tribe.' Man's
memory is treacherous; hence it is impossible for a man to re-
member the characteristics of the different animals that have been
used as breeders, and unless a record of the animals, and their an-
cestors, ai-e kept for reference, there will very likely be serious mis-
takes made in breeding that will take years to correct. Breeders
and farmers should devote more time to keeping a record of their
animals and different business transactions, and less time to physical
labor."

After some discussion the association adjourned to 9 A. m., Jan. 6_

398 BOARD OF AGEICULTUEE.

Agricultural Rooms, Jan. 6, 9 a. m.

Association called to order, with President A. S. Gilmore in the
chair.

On a motion of Mr. Jones a committee, consisting of Mr. Dragoo,
Mr. Pegg and Mr. Macy, was appointed to confer with a similar
committee of the Wool Growers' Association, also of the Dairyman's
for the purpose of arranging time of meeting for the different
associations, so as not to conflict with each other.

The Treasurer, James Mustard, not being present his report was
deferred to next meeting.

On motion the association proceeded to the election of officers for
the ensuing year. The present code of officers were retained as
follows : President, A. S. Gilmore, Greensburg ; Vice President, T.
W. W. Sunman, Spades ; Treasurer, James Mustard, Broad Ripple ;
Secretary, W. M. Wiley, New Augusta; Executive Committee, Nel-
son Pegg, Samuel Dragoo and T. M. Reveal.

The following resolutions was offered by Mr. Macy :

Whereas, The Swine Breeders of the State of Indiana acknowl-
edge their high appreciation and valuable services during the last
State Fair, of Demsey Seybold,

Resolved, That we, the Breeders, return our thanks for his ser-
vices and kindness rendered during said Fair.

On motion the resolution was unanimously adopted.

On motion the treasurer was ordered to pay the expense of pub-
lishing prograrpime and advertising the meeting.

The following was offered by Mr. Macy :

Resolved, That those who are appointed for public duty by the
executive committee at any regular meeting shall be entitled to
membership in the association for the coming year. Carried.

The committee appointed to arrange the time for meeting of the
association so as not to conflict with the meetings of other associa-
tions, report that the annual meetings of the association shall be
held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in January of each
year. The report was adopted.

The subject of " The most profitable mode of handling swine for
market," was presented and discussed by several members present,
as follows :

Mr. Jones said the best mode is in keeping your hogs ready for
market at any time, and then sell them when there is a suitable
market.

Mr Reve/d agreed with what had been said; the first hundred
pounds cost less to produce than the second, and the second cost
less than the third. The last pound of flesh put on the hog in-
var iablv cost the most.

SWINE BREEDERS. 399

3Ir. Maey. There is quite a difference in raising swine for mar-
ket and for breeding. If hogs are raised for pork exclusively, they
should be pushed as rapidly as i:)ossible.

Mr. Dmgoo. If pigs have the run of a good grass lot there will be
no danger of over-feeding. The most profitable age to put hogs
into market is at the earliest age they can be made marketable.

Mr. Craig. I have been feeding hogs for several years, and give
my spring pigs plenty of grass and a variety of food through the
summer, and fat them on corn in the fall.

3Ir. Edwards. I think the most profit is in putting hogs on the
market the first year of their life. I think it pays to give hogs swill
once a day, and never give more feed than they will eat up clean.
We can make cheaper pork by feeding while on grass rather than
in cold Aveather.

3Ir. Pegg. I turn my hogs intended for market on clover when
in bloom, and let them run about two months and then fatten on
corn.

On motion the association adjourned.

W. M. \\'iLEY, Secretary.

STATE \YOOL GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

PROCEEDINGS OF MAY MEETING, 1880.

Eoo:ms of State Board of Agriculture,
Indianapolis, Wednesday, May 26, 1880.

The association met in semi-annual session, and was called to or-
der by the president, Hon. Fielding Beeler, of Marion county. The
secretary being absent, I. J. Farquahar, of Trenton, was appointed
secretary pro tern.

The president submitted the following address:

president's address.
Gentlemen of tlie Indiana Wod Gro^oers' Associatum:

It affords me much pleasure to meet you on this occasion. I feel
assured that our coming together will be not only pleasant to us
who are gathered here and profitable to ourselves and other wool
growers, but to the people of the State, for we may properly liken
the State to a family or community having a common interest and
working together for the general good, and whether we will it or
not, individual prosperity or adversity affects the interests of all.

We will be profited not by new and fine spun theories that may
be advanced, or lengthy dissertations clothed in the garb of round-
ing periods or well rounded sentences, but by plain statements of
practical men, of their every-day experience with their flocks, and
benefited not only by their reports of their well deserved and
earned success, but also from their failures. The skillful navigator
keeps his eye not alone on the vessel that has preceded him and
safely entered the harbor, but carefully scans all objects before and
around him and carefully shuns the creaking mast and shattered
hulk, for there he knows are the treacherous sands and rugged rock.

Wc will be profited, though we learn nothing that is new to us,
in leaving, though but for a day, the cares of farm and flock, and

STATE WOOL GROWER's ASSOCIATION. 401

mingle in social converse. Without intending to disiDarage other
callings or professions, I will say that the shepherd's calling is not
only a useful but an honorable one. From the days of the patriarchs,
through the dark and dreary ages of barbarism and semi-civiliza.
tion to the brighter era of Christian civilization and enlightenment
it has been so regarded.

The often maligned and belittled sheej), the emblem of purity
and innocence, has been the source of supply of both food and rai-
ment, and must continue so until science shall discover some hid-
den source of caloric to give warmth, or chemistry some combina-
tion to supply the health and strength-giving properties of mutton
chops and roast lamb.

It has been said that he who causes two blades of grass to grow
where only one grew before, is a benefactor of his country. If this
be true, then he or they who succeed in producing two pounds of
wool, or mutton, where but one was produced before; and with
■even a less, or at least no greater, amount of feed than was previ-
ouslj'' required to produce the one pound, should be awarded the
highest of honors. That this is being done to-day, I believe that every
observing sheep raiser, who is old enough to remember the style
and quality of the sheep generally found in our State twenty years
ago, and will compare them and their products with the sheep to
be found on the farms of our careful and enterprising breeders of
to-day, will bear witness.

I regret that my time, for the last few days, has been too much
occupied to allow me to enter into any statistical examination or
elaboration of this subject ; but let a brief extract from a summary
of the censuses of 1860 and 1870 suffice, and I hope it may be the
means of calling the attention of others more capable than mj'self
to fully elucidate this important subject.

According to the census of 1860, there was in the United States
22,471,275 sheep, producing 60,643,387 pounds of wool, being an
average of 2 68-100 pounds per head.

The census for 1870, shows 28,477,954 sheep, 100,102,378 pounds of
wool. Average per head, 3 52-100 pounds.

For the same years Indiana is credited in 1860 with 991,175
sheep, and 2,552,318 pounds of wool. Average per sheep, 2 57-100
pounds. In 1870, with 1,612,680 sheep, and 5,029,023 pounds of
wool. Average per sheep, 3 12-100 i^ounds.'

With such yields as here reported it is no wonder that the pro-
ducers of such sheep should conclude that sheep-raising does not
pay and abandon the business in disgust, or that the intelligent
seeker for information on the subject should be deterred from em-

26 — Agr. Report.

402 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

barking in the business. I believe there has never been any sta-
tistics taken or published of the weight of sheep, at least none in
our country; but I have no doubt but that in the past, at least, they '
would have shown results equally insignificant as that of the produc-
tion of wool. But how stands the niatter to-day. Though the im-
provement in the last decade has been small, indeed, to what it
should be, nor what we believe and hope it will be in the next,
and I believe all of you, will be very much surprised if the census
to be taken in the next few days does not show an average of at
least live pounds. This is small, indeed, to what it should be, but
would show at least a gratifying progress.

Mr. T. W. W. Sunman, of Eipley county, read a paper on " The
establishment of a wool house for the disposition of the surplus
wool."

The following topics were laid before the association, and dis-
cussed by Messrs. Darnell, Robe, McDaniels, Robertson, Dungan
and Thrasher :

1. What is the most successful method of managing our flocks ?

2. What cross is best adapted to make the most wool and the
most mutton combined, and how to make it ?

Mr. W. W. Thrasher, of Fayette county, read a paper on the ques-
tion, "Are the ravages of dogs a sufficient reason for not raising
sheep ? " Said paper was as follows :

SHALL WE ABANDON RAISING SHEEP ON THE ACCOUNT OF THE DEP-
REDATION OF THE DOGS?

3Ir. Presideiii, aiid Gentlemen oj tJiis Wool Growers^ Association:

To me has been committed the above subject. I say, iw, to the
question. If sheep breeding is profitable, as I think it is, keep on,
do not stop because of the worthless curs on most of farms now in
our State. You will find sheep, this mighty host, will demand pro-
tection, and will have it from sheeping killing dogs. Get the best
pay you can for those killed, and go right on in the business. Give
dogs strychnine, give them shot-gun, give them everything we can
to exterminate them as much as possible. The man that keeps twO'
or three worthless dogs, is of but little account himself; you will
find them almost starved, ready for killing sheep. The owner's
children starved, and neglected in the training for useful citizens-
Farmers sometimes make a failure in a wheat crop, or corn crop,,
or in hog crop. Do they quit the business on that account ? Not
quite, but still go ahead, and try again. We must expect to meet
with losses all round, but if we wish to succeed in business, stay
with it, and prevent losses as much as we can. But if they come.

STATE WOOL GROWER'S ASSOCIATION. 403

meet them firmly, and try again. As we desire criticism on these
papers, we close, and desire to hear from others. Thank you, gen-
tlemen, for your patient attention.

The essay was discussed at some length by Messrs. J. P. Forsyth,
S. W. Dungan, Clark and His Excellency, Gov. James D. Williams.
Mr. J. W. Eobe offered for adoption the following resolution :
Besolved, That it is the sense of this convention that the Legisla-
ture pass a law to consolidate the township dog fund into a county
fund, and it be held for that jDurpose only.

Gov. Williams.
J. W. Robe.
W.W. Thrasher.

On motion, the resolution was referred to a special committee of
three, appointed by the chair, with instructions to submit their re-
port thereon at an early hour to-morrow. The committee consis-
ted of Messrs. J. W. Robe, W. W. Thrasher and James D. Williams.

Mr. Dungan proposed for discussion the following query : " Had
we better sell our wool at the present depressed prices, or hold it? "
The discussion was opened by Mr. Dungan, who was followed by
Messrs. Howland, Thrasher, McDaniels, Quick and Darnell.

Mr. John L. Thompson, of Arcana, read an essay entitled: " Ex-
perience and observation with all breeds of sheep."

After the reading of Mr. Thompson's essay, the following discus-
sion took place :

S. W. Dungan. While the essay is an excellent one, it appears to
me that there is a contradiction — at least an apparent contradic-
tion. I take exceptions to what the gentleman says in his essay
upon the point of coupling large males with small females, or a
small female and a large male. [Mr. Thompson here remarked that
the word used in the essay was " good-sized."] It does occur to me
that the course he recommends is not right. I think we should al-
ways couple small males with large females. You may take it with
other animals — horses, hogs and cattle, and you will find it so all
the way through. I do not believe there is hardly a breeder here
that will not agree with me.

Mr. Thonipsun. All nature is against Mr. Dungan's proposition.
Look around you and what do you find in nature as to the relative
size of males and females? The male is almost invariably the
larger. It is even so in the human family. There may be excep-
tions, but that is the rule. The gentleman's view of this matter is
the old view, that is now exploded and ignored among the best
breeders of the country.

31): Dungan 1 refer the gentleman to Stewart on Sheep Hus-

404 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

bandry, as my authority on the point in question ; and also to the
Live Stock Journal, in which the same idea is advocated. Stewart's
work is one of the best authorities on the subject of sheep hus-
bandry extant.

Mr. Farquhar. I have been crossing sheep now for the last
twenty years, and I invariably breed from the small female. One
year I did the opposite and lost lambs from some of the very
largest ewes in the flock. My theory used to be to breed from the
smaller male and the larger female, but my experience is as I have
stated.

Mr. Robe. We breed our small-sized mares to these very large
Norman horses. This is one instance in which we go contrary to
the gentleman's theory, if I understood him right. I understood
him to say he would prefer to couple the Merino ewe and the Cots-
wold buck ; am I correct in that ?

The President. I so understand.

Mr. Thompson. That is correct. Take a Cotswold ram that will
shear, say fifteen or sixteen pounds, and couple him with a com-
mon Merino ewe that shears eight pounds. Now, sixteen and eight
make twenty-four. Divide that by two and you will have twelve
pounds, with proper care, from the first cross. I have done that
right along for years, and so can any other man wath proper care.
If my Merino ewe weighs eighty pounds and my Cotswold ram two
hundred and twenty pounds, that makes three hundred pounds for
the two sheep. Divide that equally, and you have a sheep weigh-
ing one hundred and fifty pounds — a good big sheep, and one that
will bring the very highest price for mutton. That is my experi-
ence.

Mr. Dungan. Why would not the results be better if Mr. Thomp-
son would take a Cotswold ewe that would furnish ten or twelve
pounds of wool, and a Merino ram — one of our finest and purest-
bred Merino rams — that would produce from fifteen to twenty-five
pounds ? That would produce more wool than he gets, according
to his own figuring.

Mr. Thompson. I am talking about what is best for the farmer in
general. Your Cotswold ram may cost you $100. I take a ram
that costs only $25. The common farmer can not engage in raising
that kind of sheep. There is a little more money invested in it
than most of us have to spare.

3Ir. Hmvland. I wish to ask Mr. Thompson what he would con-
sider the best cross, or the best buck, rather, to run with a cross
between a long-wool ewe and Shropshire?

Mr. Thompson. My experience in making that kind of crosses
has been that the Shropshire in the beginning is a coarse enough

STATE AVOOL GROWER'S ASSOCIATION. 405

fiber. If you cross it with a Cotswold ewe your fibers are a little
coarser. To cross that with the Shropshire it is a question whether
you will not get a coarser kind of wool than our manufacturers
want. I think we would have to mix in one-eighth to one-fourth
of the Merino. A little of the Merino tells wonderfully in the com-
pactness and, hence, in the shearing qualities of the wool.

Mr. Beeler. I ask Mr. Thompson if his fleece is uniform in qualitj''
in cross breeds ?

Mr. Thompson. As I breed up I am getting my fleece more uni-
form and even in quality, and keeping it. That is a matter that
will depend a great deal upon the purity of your ram and the uni-
formity of your ewes. I think out of the fifty ewes I spoke of I can
select forty that are so much alike that you can not tell one from
another. They had been bred for a long time in one channel. But
if you buy your ewes hap-hazard, here and yonder, all over the
country, your products will not be uniform. I think a farmer had
better go to work and get his ewes uniform, and then he will kngw
what to. look for. •

3Ir. Hoivland. Would you cross the Southdown and Merino ? I
do not recollect what was stated on that point.

Mr. Thompson. I did not say anything on that subject in the essay ;
because I do not know anything about it.

Mr. McDonald. I have made the cross of the Merino and South-
down. It helps the Merino by bettering the shape of the animal
over the rump. It thickens the wool, and sometimes to such an
extent that you can hardly pass the shears into it. It looks a little
more like a Southdown than it does like a Merino. The richest
blood is in the Merino. The Merino will show one-sixteenth or one-
eighth better than any other breed. I have almost entirely discarded
Southdowns. I would like to ask Mr. Thompson whether he would
use thoroughbred rams all the time, or whether he would also use a
grade. [Mr. Thompson, from personal reasons, preferred that some
other member should answer the question.]

Mr. Howlaiul. Things have trtinspired yesterday and to-day that
are to me at least gratifying. I am always after the true facts in
every case. Occasionally, I have attended these meetings, but, then.
Instead of an earnest search after the facts, there were champions
of Southdowns, champions of the Cotswold, champions of the
Shropshire ; not a man of them willing to admit that his favorite
had any faults at all. I knew very well that they had. I found that
I could not learn anything here. Each man appeared to be
prejudiced in favor of his own flock that he was raising. But this
time I am finding out what I want to know. If any particular breed
has a fault or a failure in any particular direction, I want to know

406 BOARD OF AGRICULTUBE.

that. I have beUevecl all along that this long-wooled sheep is a
good thing for us, if we keep a few of them together. I believe I
have about come to this conclusion, however, that I should prefer
the long-wool mixed with either a Shropshire or Southdown, as a
mutton and wool sheep. I do not much like the Merino, but I
may have to come to that. What we want in this country is a
sheep that we can raise without having forty nurses for one little
sheep. We want to raise sheep for the butcher. What we want to
get at is, not what Mr. Dungan or Mr. Darnell can sell to their
neighbors for breeding purposes, but what is best for the people to
have to make wool and to make mutton for the world out of. We
want a sheep that will produce meat to sell to the butcher ; meat
that any man can sell. Mr. Dungan alluded to some of the author-
ities. I tell you there is no authority in this case but the sheep
itself. Forty years ago men had a great many hobbies, and rode
them hard ; they had a ,great many theories on all subjects ; but
now things have changed; circumstances are different to-day; we
have more light on the subject. My opinion is, that this wool
growing, sheep raising interest, like the cattle interest, is one that
we can not engage in too extensively. And, in view of that fact,
it is immaterial whether I or you spend a week or a month here
every year, investigating this subject, and trying to find out what is
best for us and our neighbors. You could not get anything like
the amount of valuable information out of the Short-Horn Cattle
Breeders' Convention here on yesterday, that you are able to get
here, for the reason that that convention was cdl short-horn and
nothing else.

Mr. Dungan. I am very much surprised to hear Mr. Howland
talk about any such thing as forty nurses being necessary for each
sheep of a certain kind, and to have him express the idea that that
kind of sheep are so immensely tender that they can not get along.
I have been handling Cotswold sheep for many years. I have found
it necessary to put a large flock of them together. I have from
thirty to fifty in a flock. As I said on yesterday, if a man has one
hundred and sixty acres of land at his command, he can put them
into different fields if he thinks proper to do so ; but I do not take
such extra pains with my sheep. I do not get up in the dead silent
hours of the night to see whether one of my ewes is lambing. My
lambs get up and go as soon as they come. I do not go to any more
trouble with Cotswold sheep to-day, than I took fifteen years ago,
when I raised graded Southdowns and other graded stock. I do
not house my sheep. If you will take good care of them, I can
guarantee that you need have no fear of their becoming diseased
so readily. I have lost some sheep, as a matter of course — always

STATE WOOL GROWER'S ASSOCIATION. 407

expect that, with any breed. Now, I wish you to nnderstand tliat I
am not in favor, exckisively, of one breed, and nothing else'; I want
to encourage evcrj^ man in breeding every kind of sheep. I am
glad to know that Mr. Thompson is experimenting in the waj' that
he is with different breeds. It is necessary for me to do as I am
doing, as well as he, in order that we may be able to suj^pl}- the peo-
ple with pure breeding animals. And in view of this fact, I con-
fess that I do not like for men to get up here and talk as though
out of a large flock of a given kind of sheep you could not get more
than eight or ten that would not be diseased. That is not my ex-
perience. I have a farm situated tolerablj' high, and well adapted
to thei^urposes of sheep husbandry; and that may be the cause of
my long-wooled sheep being unusually healthy. I do not believe
any kind of sheep will do well on low, wet, undrained land.

This other topic I Avould like to hear discussed a little further ;
that is, in regard to the results of the coupling of very large males
and small females.

Mr. Thompson. I see that Mr. Dungan is still inclined to stretch
my language a little. As I stated before, the words I employed
were not " ver}- large " males, but males of " good size." That is the
term I used.

Mr. Hoidand. I wish to say this, that if Mr. Dungan, as I under-
stood him to state, will not get up in the night and go out to attend
to his sheep, he is not doing his duty, and I hope none of the mem-
bers of the association will follow his example in that respect.

The President announced that the committee on classification for
premiums on diflerent grades of sheep was not yet ready to report,
and suggested that as there appeared to be no other business, the
time might be spent profitably in a general discussion ui3on sheep
husbandry.

Mr. Pierson. There has been a great deal said in regard to the ef-
fects and consequences of keeping the Cotswolds in large flocks.
That, however, will not affect me at all, and that, therefore, will not
be my theme on this occasion. I am keeping a few pure Cotswold
sheep. I am glad to see the interest and spirit that has been man-
ifested here in regard to the qualities of the different kinds of
sheep, the diflerent grades and the crosses that have been made. I
liope that a larger number of our wool-growers may find it to their
interest to pursue a similar course, and that they may be very suc-
cessful under that arrangement. I shall, for myself, continue to
work right straight along down to the purest Cotswold possible,
never expecting my flock to attain to so large a size as to be un-
healthy on my farm. I am keeping fifty head. I have not been
troubled any with the scours; I have been rather fortunate about

408 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

that ; my sheep are exceedingly healthy. I was talking with a gen-
tleman the other day, here on the street, who is a very extensive
farmer, and I said to him, speaking about how my sheep were get-
ting along, " I have this season thirty-two lambs, and seven out of
the thirty-two are ewe lambs." Said he : " Well, sir; that is enough.
That is one evidence of the thrift and hardiness of the sheep that
my father always looked at — that the lambs should be two-thirds
more males than females." He said, '* that was always an indica-
tion that the stock were in an excellent condition — an excellent
state of health— any kind of stock."

Now, I want to talk a little about the matter of breeding to large
bucks. My buck weighs probably from 190 to 200 pounds. He is
from Weston's imported English buck ; and a very fine specimen
he is. I think I have now a stronger and as lively a lot of lambs as I
ever have had. They grow right along. My ewes are all in good
condition. I did not put them onto young clover, but kept the rack
full of clean, fresh hay for them all the time, where thej^ could
reach right up and get it whenever they please. I have not had a
single case of the scours iii sheep. My sheep have been clean al-
most all the way through. I have had no clipping to do, except a
little I did on some of the ewes, for the convenience of their lambs.
I have three lambs that came on the 16th, 21st and 22d of this
month. They are from Kentucky yearling ewes ; and to my great
surprise, those lambs, within fifteen minutes of the time they came
into the world were hunting for the teat, and ready to make their
living. They are growing and doing excellently well, I must say,
even though I do not apj^rove of such late breeding. My lambs
commenced coming on the 22d of March, and came on down along
till the 22d of May. I have thirty-two, and have lost but one ; and
that was a lamb that bled to death. There was, however, one ewe
tliat had two lambs and one of them still born. So, I may say that
with Cotswold sheep I have had good luck as a general thing. My
sheep are not exceedingly large ; some of my ewes weighs 200
pounds, and one of the last wethers I sold weighed 220 pounds. I
hope to hear from other members, and hope they will give us as
full a descrijition of their flocks as possible. I omitted to state any-
thing as to my wool product. Out of the forty-five that I sheared
the average weight of wool was 10^ pounds. Twenty-six of them
made 12^ pounds apiece.

Mr. Thompson. I have read some in regard to the question of
whether it is possible to control sex in the breeding of animals. I
have seen several theories advanced, and have tried to test some of
tliem ; and the result was, as is the case when you come to test a
good many other things that you find in books, that they all went

STATE WOOL GROWER's ASSOCIATION, 409

to naught. In one of the older countries, according to Stewart, the
theory was to take young, vigorous ewes and breed them to young,
vigorous rams, and that under those circumstances nature would
tend more strongly towards reproduction and multiplication than
under less favorable circumstances, so that the breeder might look
for a larger proportion of ewe lambs, and that, on the other hand,
where older ewes were bred there would be a larger proportion of
male lambs than of females. This Avas the theory ; but in my own
experience I have been unable to find any evidence to carry it out.
Sometimes things have occurred that led me to think there was-
something in it, but the very next time the result would be exactly
opposite. Some five years ago, when I began to breed Shropshires,.
my ewes were young and in good condition, and the rams were also
in good condition. I wanted to give them the best chance possible,
and bred them on the serving system, letting one in at a time.
The rams that got the first twelve or fifteen lambs, with one or pos-
sibly two exceptions, were young, and the lambs w^ere mostly males.
In fact, I may say, it has been my observation, generally, that if the
ram was vigorous a majority of the first lambs were bucks; but,
after the rams had run with the flock for a week or two, I wovild
get more ewe lambs than males. That would be while the ram was
in a less vigorous condition than at first. Then, again, towards the
end of the season, I would get more buck lambs. That has been
my experience.

Mr. Howland. What age buck do you prefer ?

Mr. Thompson. That depends on how he is used. I like an old
buck, if he has not been run to death. If I wanted a Merino I
would get a two-year-old, and for a Shropshire a A'earling. In or-
der to get the full benefit of him I would use him sparingly the first
season; and then I would expect him to serve me well until he was
six or eight j'ears old. If some other man had used him, however,
I would not know anything about what to exj^ect from him.

Mr. Howlaml. How many ewes do you think jDroper to put to one
buck.

Mr. Thxympson. I thing a good Shropshire ram, a year old, or past,
if he is not used too strong in the outset will serve thirty or forty
ewes. If there are, say five or six ewes, turned in with him he
will serve them all, one right after the other, before he stops; and
that is very apt to break him down in the beginning. I think a
strong, vigorous ram ought to serve forty ewes the fall after he is a
year old, and the next year do a good deal better. I have rams that
"we are using that are six years old, and I have the best lambs I ever
had, from those same rams.

Mr. Quick. 1 agree with Mr. Thompson, that how many ewes a

410 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

buck will serve depends on how he is used. I have known a buck
to serve sixty ewes a season and be successful in getting them nearly-
all with lamb, and lambs that were good and strong and turned out
well. Of course he was well taken care of. If you turn the buck
loose among the ewes I think twenty-five ewes is enough. Then,
too, it is likely that your lambs will come scattering — more so than
the}- would if the ewes were served in order as you let them to him.
It is a little troublesome, to be sure, to take care of a buck as I
think he should be taken care of, but I think it pays, especially in
the raising of good sheep.

On motion, it was resolved that the president appoint a commit-
tee of three members, whose duty it shall be to examine and report
upon samples of wool and award the premiums therefor.

Adjourned.

SECOND DAY.

Thursday, May 27, 1880.

The association met pursuant to adjournment, the president in
the chair.

Mr. Dungan moved that a committee of three be appointed by
the chair, to arrange a programme for the January meeting of 1881,
and that it be made the duty of said committee to select topics to
be considered and assign the same to such members of the associa-
tion as they may select.

The motion prevailed, and the chair appointed as such committee
Messrs. Dungan, Howland and Eobe.

Mr. Farquhar moved that the secretary be instructed to secure
reduced fare on all the railroads of the State, so far practicable, for
members of the association, going to and returning from its meet-
ings. Carried.

Mr. Darnell moved to reconsider the resolution adojited on yes-
terday, whereby the president was directed to appoint a special
■committee on samples of wool and award of premiums, out of the
membership of the association. The motion to reconsider pre-
vailed, and the chair announced that the question would be on
adopting the resolution.

Mr. Darnell Uioved to amend the resolution so as to read two
woolen manufacturers and one member of the association. The
amendment prevailed, and the resolution thus amended was adopted.

The names of Messrs. William Merritt and Isaac N. Thalman, of
Indianapolis, were mentioned and agreed to by common consent,

STATE WOOL grower's ASSOCIATIOM. 411

and Mr. H. Haverstick was added to committee from the member-
ship of the association.

On motion of Mr. Pearson, Mr. Darnell was appointed a commit-
tee to notify Messrs. Merritt and Thalman of their selection, and
request their presence.

The special committee on progranmie for January meeting of
18S1, submitted the following list of tojoics, with the names of mem-
bers to whom the same were assigned :

1. Diseases of sheep and their remedies. Dr. J. N. Navin, In-
dianapolis. ■

2. Should sheep be fed grain during winter, and if so what is best
adapted to the jiroduction of both wool and mutton ? I. J. For-
quhar, Trenton.

3. Influence of sheep husbandry on life and character. Lee
McDaniels, Rushville, Indiana.

4. At what age is it the most profitable to sell our sheep ? C. A.
Howland, Indianapolis.

5. When and how to shear sheep. John L. Thompson, Arcana.

6. How shall we breed and manage a flock of common or grade
sheep for the greatest profits ? Jacob Farquhar, Trenton.

The report was concurred in. ,

Mr. Pearson called the attention of the association to the fact that
at the meeting of 1878 a committee was appointed to draft a bill
in relation to the protection of sheep from dogs, and present the
same to the Legislature. Said committee had not reported their
action as yet.

On motion, the said committee was requested to hand in their
report.

Mr. Thompson. Mr. President : I was a member of that commit-
tee. We found that the preparation of the bill, presenting it to the
Legislature and taking the necessary steps to secure its passage, in-
volved a great deal of labor, and far more time than had been an-
ticipated. There were legal questions involved, and question of
justice and respect to the rights of other people besides wool-grow-
ers. Some of the members of the committee stated that they had
other duties to perform which rendered it impossible for them to
give their attention to the matter, and it was finally thrown upon
the shoulders of myself, Mr. Heron and the secretary of the asso-
ciation, Mr. Sunman. I wrote out and submitted to the other act-
ive members of the committee a bill which they at first approved-
I have the original draft of the bill here, and with the permission
of the association will read it, and make some explanations.

[Here the gentleman read the document.]

I conferred with a number of members of the Legislature in

412 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

regard to this bill, and they pledged to it their hearty support ; but
before it went before the legislature a certain gentleman, without
the consent or the knowledge of either myself or Mr. Sunman, took
it upon himself to alter one section of that bill, and the consequence
of that change was, that when it went before the Legislature it was
in such a form that I could not have voted for it myself, and we got
no law. There were things inserted in the bill that made it uncon-
stitutional, as I discovered from the extracts that were published in
the newspapers, and thus the thing was killed. The bill is lengthy,
but I defy any man who looks over the whole ground and compre-
hends the situation to draft a bill that will get us rid of the dog in
fewer words. You can not deprive a citizen of his property with-
out due process of law. The matter must be carefully guarded
right here. The neighbor's dog is not to be counted out. It would
be unfair to protect the wool growers' sheep and give no protection
to the neighbor's dog. The bill, as it went before the Legislature,
declared the dog a nuisance, and that it might be killed with im-
punity whenever it was found out of the company of its owner.
You never could get the Legislature to pass such an act as that. I
would never vote for it. I have had dogs, and dogs that I thought
as much of, to say the leasty as I did of any sheep I ever had. The
object of the association in securing legislation on this subject is to
protect the sheep by getting us rid of worthless dogs, and I main-
tain that this bill would do that thing in less than five years, and
that there would be a revenue sufficient to pay for all the losses from
dogs and leave a surplus for the school fund.

This bill was agreed to by the committee, and it was resolved to
lay it before the Legislature, and I did not know of any change in it,
but supposed it was before that body in the form in which it was
originally, until I discovered that it had been put into the objec-
tionable shape which finally defeated it. Now you understand the
situation. The bill received not only defeat, but ridicule, and I my-
self was made the object of criticism and censure from different
sources, on the supposition that I had gotten up a bill so utterly
worthless and absurd — a bill so obnoxious that nobody could sup-
port it.

Now, I understand it to be the interest of wool growers to have
as heavy a tax placed upon the dog as possible. On the other hand
I do not want to do my neighbor injustice by killing his dog with-
out due process of law, neither can I do so with impunity, for
whatever might be the action of a justice of the peace, there is no
question at all, that were a case of the kind to be appealed to the
higher courts, I would be found to be a wrong doer and have to pay
the penalty. I believe that any man is legally warranted in killing

STATE WOOL GROWER'S ASSOCIATION. 413

a dog when he finds him in the act of worrying his sheep ; but if
the dog escapes, and the man afterwards kills him, he is punishable
for it. We want this matter worked out justly to all parties. There
are not as many sheep in Indiana as there ought to be by 500,000
head, nor as many by 500,000 as there would be in five years if this
bill was made a law. On the other hand, if this bill does not suit
the members of the association I hope they will say so. I would
also suggest that another committee be appointed to lay this
subject before the next Legislature, and endeavor to secure such
protection as we need at their hands. Farther than this, I do not
know of anything further to report.

On motion of Mr. Darnell the bill read by JNIr. Thompson was
accepted as the report of the committee, and the committee dis-
charged.

Mr. Darnell introduced Messrs. Merritt and Thalman, manufac-
turers of woolen goods, being the persons chosen to examine and
report upon samples of wool. Mr. Merritt said :

ilf?'. President: I wish to say a few words in reference to samples
of wool, as I understand we have been called in for the purpose of
making a comparison by sample. I judge that you have here small
samples from each fleece, and not the whole fleece. Now, no buyer
willingly purchases a lot of wool upon the faith of such small
samples. We frequently receive samples by mail, and unless we
bid considerably below what we regard as a safe figure we do not
buy on such samples. In consequence of this, our judgment upon
the respective merits of your wool may not be very valuable; we
would have to have the whole fleece before us in order to give an
intelligent and useful award. However, we will do the best we can
with these samples, trying to give you some hints that may be of
value, even though we have not as fair an opportunity of judging
as we should want if we were examining wool with a view to buy-
ing it. I will name another matter that has been brought to my
mind by observation on various flocks of sheep that I have seen the
wool from. I think that hereafter (and Mr. Thalman agrees with
me in this), in offering any premium, or in discussing the merits
of different flocks of sheep, reference should be had to the number
of pounds of scoured wool shorn from the sheep, and not the gross
quantity of wool as it comes from the sheep. There is great diver-
sity, as you all know, in the amount of shrinkage on the wool from
different lots of sheep, and this the manufacturer is compelled to
take into consideration in buying. It is the scoured wool that he
supposes he will get from the lot that determines the price he is
willing to pay. The very large, heavy-weight fleeces, that all are
now striving for, and which, within certain bounds, is the most

414 ', BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

profitable kind of wool, should not be pushed tO the extent of mak-
ing them heavy by breeding for oil instead of wool ; for it is the
wool that has the value in it, while the oil is worthless. The advan-
tage gained by the excess of oil is only temporary, being the same
that the manufacturer gets by using "shoddy "in place of good
wool. The less oil the better.

Mr. Thcmpsun. Mr. Merritt remarked that oil was not a thing
that we should breed for. Now, in breeding Merinos, we have tO'
breed for oil, for without we have oil we will not get that fineness
of fibre and strength of fibre that are of so great importance. Of
course, we do not want to carry it that extreme point where we get
gum in the fieece, but to breed so as to get a nice oil is not going
too far.

Mr. Thalman. Of course, the natural oil that rises in the fleece,
gives the wool strength and lustre, but gum in the wool is,- of
course, all wrong. Your committee wish, Mr. President, before we
go out for the purpose of examining your specimens of wool, to
know precisely what you want us to do. Of course, we can not de-
termine what kind of wool is most profitable for the wool growers
to raise. We can decide for you what wool is most desirable at the
present time, and what will bring the most money to the pound,
•but we can not decide the number of pounds ; that is out of our
line. The largest amount of wool produced now is this long heavj'
Cotswold. Some of that has run into a hairy coarse wool. That
is going to come down in price ; in five years from this time it will
be lower by from five to ten cents per pound. I am satisfied that
it is to the interest of all wool growers to cross with the Merinos
where they have this coarse quality of wool, and that cross, I think,
will produce the kind of wool that will, in the future, bring the
best price.

The Presideivt. I would ask Mr. Thalman if he would not regard
the decline in price of this long wool, which has become a little too
coarse, as possibly owing to the fact that it has come to be more
abundant than it used to be ?

Mr. Thfdman. In all our sales to eastern parties we have found
them rejecting that coarse wool as fit only for the coarsest fabrics,.
They uniformly select the fine fibre. There is no question that the
value of the coarse wool has depreciated. If you can keep it long
and have it fine of course that is so much the better.
B ( The President. The longer the better, so that you keep the quality
of fibre right?

3Tr. Thalman. Exactly.

Mr. Merriit. I wish to state that my remarks were intended to
api>ly only to that extreme where the breeding is for gum or oil.

STATE WOOL GROWER'S ASSOCIATION. • ' 415

instead of wool. Of course the more tcool there is in tl>e fleece the
better. There is another reason for the preference given to me-
dium wool as against the long wool, besides the abundance of the
long wool at the present time. Medium wool will always bear a
better relative price than very long and coarse wool, for the reason
that the former is a grade of wool that is not raised in any other
country in the world ; that no foreign wool can compete with, and
a very desirable wool for the manufacturer. It is like our people,
made up of all sorts of elements blended together — the result being
the production, in the one case of an admirable race of people, and
in the other an excellent quality of wool. [Laughter and applause.]

The committee then retired to examine samples of wool.

Mr. Thrasher, from a special committee, reported the following
resolution :

Resolved, That it is the sense of this association that the Legisla-
ture pass a law to consolidate the township dog fund into a county
fund, and that it be held for that purpose only.

Signed by Committee.

Mr. Thrasher. There was something more than that apjjended to
this yesterday — something about authorizing constables to kill all
dogs found within their townships that had not been given in. I
can never get any bill through the Legislature with that on it.
There are a great many persons who do not know anything about
the dog tax at the present time. I did not know much about it
myself till lately, when I examined the law. The law, as it now stands,
taxes each male dog one dollar and each female two dollars. That
amounts to a considerable sum of money in each township. Hereto-
fore, and as the law now stands, the township that has no sheep killed
at all in a given year does not use any portion of their dog fund that
year. What becomes of the money ? Why, on the 1st of January
here comes around the Superintendent of Public Instruction and
scoops it in — steals that money from the township that paid it in,
and puts it into the general school fvmd. I said "steal; " that is the
proper name for the proceeding, and I emphasize it. The money
is diverted from the purpose for which it was raised. It was raised
for the purpose of paying for the loss of sheep killed by dogs, and
it is diverted to the school fund. We want to forestall that diver-
sion by having the money put into a county fund, and paid out to
cover all the losses on sheep killed by dogs anywhere in the county.
You can pass that; but you get up a bill with three or four other
things tacked on to it, and they will kill it sure. But take that prop-
osition by itself, and appoint a committee, not of five nor of three,
but a committee of one — a wide-awake, working, energetic man,
and I believe that thing can be put through in such a shape as to be

416 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

of practical use to the sheep-raisers of this State. If we can get
that, it is all we want.

Mr. McDaniel. I feel, in behalf of county school superintendents
that the word "steal" is a little too strong, and we had better modify
it a little. I agree with Mr. Thrasher that that is the right name
for it; I will say that much, here " in the family."

Mr. Honiaud. The question of how to protect the sheep, and
how to get rid of the dogs will, I fear, always be a vexed ques-
tion; still it is a matter that could be easily regulated, if the
men who compose our Legislature had sand enough in their char-
acter to put the proper measures through. The trouble is, that
the average man in the country thinks more of the dog than
he does of the sheep, and the Legislature knows it. Most of
our representatives keep two or three dogs apiece, and they
are of the degenerate race of "yaller dogs," too, for the most
part. [Laughter.] There is a law in England that brings them
"to time," but in this great and free country of ours such things do
not take with most people. About one man in a dozen keeps sheep,
and the man who does not keep sheep cares not a red cent for the
man who does. A law whereby every man should be required to
take out a license in order to keep a dog, and a law that would fine
him if he kept a dog without such license would be of some value,
if it could be enforced, but that you can not get through our Legis-
lature, because so many men own dogs. There is not one man in
three of those who own dogs that pays the dollar or the two dollars
that the law assesses them with, but if a man knew he would be
fined for keeping an unhcensed dog or bitch, and that if he did not
pay the fine he would have to go to jail, then he would come up to
the mark and pay for his license.

3Ir. Thrasher. How are you going to collect the money when the
man is not worth the amount of the fine.

Mr. Hou'land. He would have to go to jail or get rid of his dogs,
and that is what we are after.

3Ir. Thrasher. Yes, you put him in jail and let him stay there
until his time runs out, and as soon as he gets out again he will
burn your barn or throw down your fences and ruin your crops.

Mr. Hatnmond. He should not know who informed on him
There is a way of getting at it without making yourself known. In
this city they have a law requiring every dog to be licensed. When
an officer of the law sees a dog running about without a check
showing the number of his license, he hunts up the owner, and if
the dog is not licensed he is killed— the dog, I mean, not the owner.
[Laughter.] Now, understand me, that I am not urging this upon
you, and do not ask you to adopt it unless it is the thing you want;

STATE WOOL GROWER's ASSOCIATION. 417

neither am I opi)Osing the other measures that have been advocated
here. It seems to me, however, that the best thing we could have,
and the thing we would be most likely to secure at the hands of the
Legislature, would be a law requiring people who keep dogs, all
over the State, to take out a license for each dog or bitch, and pay
a fixed sum for such license, the same as is the case in cities. That
would raise a fund that Avould paj^ for all the sheep killed, and there
would not be near as many dogs, either. Mr. Thrasher's resolution,
I think, is the next best thing ; though there is one feature in it
that would subject the bill to ridicule in the Legislature ; and that
is, that it proposes to hold the dog fund forever, even after all
losses are paid, to the detriment of the educational interests of the
State. It would be characterized as "taking the children's bread
and giving it to the dogs." [Laughter.] They are apt to ridicule
such things in the Legislature. I think, therefore, that there should
be some qualification annexed to the proposition before it is just
what we want. How big a fund will you want ? How long will
you hold it ? What are you going to do with the surplus ?

Mr. Darnell. Our township trustees never pay more than one-
half the value of a sheep that has been killed.

Mr. Houiand. Then we should have them required by law to pay
the full value, and to give the party an opportunity to prove what
the value was.

The President. There is a claim made generally now, that the
trustees jmy for a good manj^ sheep that the dogs do not kill at all,
and that they sometimes pay two or three prices. That is one of
the things you hear. Madam Rumor tells that.

Mr. Houiand. Yes, that is one of the things you hear.

The President. This very question of a dog law is one of the sand-
bars that we now and then run afoul of, and.it it is one of the most
troublesome things we have to meet. We all, perhaps, have our
opinion as to what Avould be the best thing, but the question is
What can we get ? With some little experience in the Legislature,
I am fully aware of the great opposition that anything of this sort
meets there. There are men in every Legislature who go so far in
their opposition as to advocate the repeal of the dog law we have
now on the statute books. I have heard men say they were opposed
to it, because it prevented men from keeping large packs of dogs to
hunt foxes with. Men say the foxes catch and kill their lambs, par-
ticularly in the comparatively wild country lying in the southern
part of the State, and that thej' could not raise sheep. I recollect
one man, who came from a southern county, who made a i^o'nt of
getting in some proposition to modify the dog law every chance he

27 — Age. Report.

418 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

got, and who said that that was one of the things he had pledged
himself before his people to do. There are a great many men who
think the dog tax ought to be removed; and, upon the whole, my
opinion is that we have got as good a dog law now as we are likely
to get soon. Of course it is not what we would like to have, but if
we can get even a small cracker, let us not refuse to take it because
w-e can not get a loaf of bread. I happened to strike in the Indiana
Farmer, this morning, a paragraph that gives just what you meet
everywhere. Members of the Legislature, you know, think they
must so act as to be popular with their constituents.

[Here the gentleman read the paragraph referred to.]

I read this to show you the feelings of some particular men on
this subject. Probably, the man who wrote this is a candidate for
the Legislature in his county, and he may go there. He does not
sign his name to the article, but only his initials. He may, for any-
thing we know to the contrary, intend to go before the people with
this identical hobby. I think we had well say as little as possible
about dog laws.

Mr. Thrasher. I want to answer the gentleman who spoke
a while ago, and who stated that his law was a better thing than the
one I have introduced, the substance of, in this resolution.

Mr. Hou'land. The gentleman misunderstood me. I did not say
it was better ; I was merely expressing my own views as an indi-
vidual as to what was the best thing to be done.

Mr. Thrasher. There should undoubtedly be some distinction
made as to the value of sheep killed by dogs. Some sheep are
worth eight or ten dollars a head, and some are not worth more
than two. They should be paid for, not at a fixed rate per head, of
all sorts, all around, but according to their real money value. Now
we can pay all that the sheep are worth if you get this fund consol-
idated into a county fund, and at the same time avoid offending
these out-counties that raise dogs and raise no sheep. They will
not know anything about it, nor care anything about it. Such a
law as that you can get through, probably. Now, these men who
keep dogs are voters, but I hold that a man who keeps three or four
dogs is of very little account to the neighborhood, and had better be
out of it; he is of no use to society. Now, if we can get this fund
consolidated, and have the money properly distributed where the
depredations upon sheep are committed, men can get a fair price
for their sheep when they are killed. I believe that such a law as
that can be gotten through the Legislature, but with the attachments
that were on it yesterday, authorizing the killing of dogs, there will
be something else killed before you get near the dog, and that will
be the bill itself. There would be something else killed besides the

STATE WOOL GROWER'S ASSOCIATION. 419

dog, too, if the law was passed in that shape. It would be your cow
or your horse, or something else, that would suffer by way of retali-
ation for your killing the dog. These men who keep the dogs are
not, in general, resjionsible. We must not trample too much on
their rights. We must compromise the thing as best we can, and
if we can not get all we want we should be glad to get something,
even a little better than what we have now.

3Ir. Thompson. My friends here are advocating some elegant ideas,
but I can hardly approve of them, with all their elegance. Putting
a man in Jail is one thing, and getting rid of the dog is another. I
would like to see how my friend would look going with his officer
to arrest a citizen and put him in jail for not paying his dog tax.
What we want is to get rid of the dog, and jailing tl^e owner
is not getting rid of the dog. To consolidate the fvmds in the
manner proposed by the resolution of Mr. Thrasher will make
the business cumbersome. Nobody can know so well how the
thing is working in the different townships as the people who
are right in each township — right on the ground. On the
other hand, if everybodj' is reqviired bj^ law to get his dog
licensed it is every citizen's right to know whether it is licensed or
not. I have the assurance from the mouths of a dozen different
members of the last Legislature that the bill I drew up would have
passed, but for the unauthorized changes that were made in it. It
would lessen the school tax. Hence, I say if there should prove to
be a sufficient revenue from the dog tax alone to make all other
school taxes unnecessary; so mote it be. We want this thing made
effectual, and in order to make it effectual we want to reach the dog
himself; we do not care about reaching the man or his family.
Whenever you get rid of a dog you must do it through legal pro-
cess. You are justifiable in killing a man's dog while in the act,
but let him escape to his home, and then kill him, and you will soon
find out that the owner of the dog has rights which the raiser of
sheep is bound to respect. I have seen men paid for their sheep at
least four times their value, and others at less than one-fourth of
what they were worth. In this bill I have provided that sheejj so
killed shall be aj^praised at their fair value by disinterested parties.
My friends are opposing this measure, some of them from the verj"
fact that they have not read it. I respectfully ask for the judgment
of the association upon the merits of the bill, as I originally drew
it up. All I ask of you is either to approve it or to reject it.

Mr. Damdl. You say in that bill, do you not, that $200 shall be
left in the township treasury ?

3Ir. Thompson. That is the fact ; yes, sir.

420 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Mr. Darnell. How would that work where there are $400 or $500
worth of sheep killed m a township ?

Mr. Thompson. It does not say, as you will see by reference to the
language of the bill, that there shall always be $200 in the treasury.

Mr. Houiand. But after all how are you going to get rid of the
dogs ■?

Mr. Thompson. One of the best laoints in the whole thing is right
there — how to get rid of the dog ? I will show you how that is to
be done. [Mr. Thompson here read one of the sections in the pro-
jDosed law.]

The chair announced that the question before the meeting was
upon the adoption of the resolution rejjorted by the special com-
mittee. Thereupon the resolution was adopted.

The committee on award of premiums on samples of wool exhib-
ited, reported that they had made awards as follows :

On long wool — First premium, S. W. Dungan ; second premium,
C. F. Darnell.

On medium and line wool — First premium, John L. Thompson ;
second premium, John L. Thompson.

The thanks of the association were tendered the committee.

Mr. I. J. Farquhar, in behalf of the Executive Committee, pre-
sented the following report on the "classification of the different
breeds of sheep at our State and County Fairs."

Class A — Fine wool sheej): to include American, French and
Spanish Merinos.

Class B — Long wool sheejo : to include Cotswold, Lincolnshire
and Leicester.

Class C — Medium wool sheep: Southdown, Oxforddown and

Shropshire.

Class D — Crossbred sheep: to include the cross of two or more
of the above thoroughbred sheep.

Rides — All exhibitors of sheep, except of lambs, are required
to furnish the committee a certificate of the time and manner
of shearing. All sheep must have been sheared close and smooth,,
not earlier than the 1st of April, They shall also furnish the
committee a certificate stating the age of lambs. All rams of two
years old and over, shall be judged as breeders by their get, of
which there shall be at least two of each sex. Evidence will be re-
quired that ewes exhibited as breeders are not barren, and no
award shall be made where there is unsoundness in breeding quali-
ties. No premiums will be paid any exhibitor that refuses to com-
ply with the above rules.

The report was concurred in.

There appearing no further business, the association then ad-
journed till the January session, 1881

STATE WOOL GROWER'S ASSOCIATION. 421

JANUAEY MEETING, 1881.

The Indiana Wool Grower's Association met January 5, 1881, in
semi-annual session, at the rooms of the State Board of Agricul-
ture, at 1:30 p. M.

Owing to the temporary absence of the president and secretary,
the vice president, D. H. Thompson, was called to the chair. J. W.
Kobe was made secretary pro tern.

As there was a confiiction of meetings, there being three or four
•appointed at the same time and place, a committee Avas ajipointed
to arrange the matter with the interested parties for future meet-
ings, so that each association might have its day.
* |The joint committee api^ointed to consider the time of holding
the meetings of the different industrial associations reported :

Wool Growers, Thursday, January 7, 1882 ; Swine Breeders, Tues-
day and Wednesday, and the Dairymen, Friday, of the same week.

The following new members were then duly elected : Thomas
Nelson, Bloomingdale ; Greenberry Dobinspeck, Nora; J. Q. Prigg,
Middletown ; Wm. Smock, Acton ; Dr. A. C. Stevenson, Greencastle ;
J. M. Woodruff, Minerva; Geo. W. Robinson, Guilford ; E. J. How-
land, Indianapolis ; L. H. Mofiitt, Mattsville, Hamilton county ; L.
S. Fitch, W. L. Schooley.

B. F. Mayer, Mount Morency, being called upon, then gave a re-
port of his flock for 1880.

Sheep on hand, 26 — Cotswold.

Dr.

Twenty-six sheep at $10 per head $260 00

Cost of keeping, $2.00 per head :.... 52 00

Total debit |312 00

Cr.

By 245 pounds of wool, at 35 cents $ 85 75

Sixteen sheep sold 247 00

Premiums at fairs 61 00

Sheep on hand, 26 260 00

Total credit :»653 75

Deducting debit from credit, leaves $341.75 as total profit.

Average profit, per head, $13.14; average per cent, profit, 1.09.
" Should sheep be fed grain during the winter ? If so, what is

best adapted to the production of both wool and mutton?" was

then discussed, the essavist being sick.

422 • BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Mr. Dungan. I invariably feed plenty of grain, mostly corn.
During winter, I feed from one-half to two ears per sheep per day.
If I feed oats, or ground stuff, I always mix it with shelled corn.

3Ir. Hmvland. I would not feed much corn unless sheep could get
plenty of grass. Think it too binding where they are roughed on
timothy hay. Think corn too expensive to be very profitable, as I
do not wish to plow all summer to get through the winter ; in the
main, I would not feed much corn to sheep. Have had some bad
effects from feeding corn.

Mr. McDanids. I never had any bad effects from feeding corn,
and plenty of it at th^t, and think it very profitable. I turn my
ewes in my cornfields as soon as I finish plowing my corn, to clean
out the fence corners and eat what weeds and grass I can not plow
up. They eat some of the lower blades of the corn, but it never
hurts my sheep or my corn. I think the corn they eat pays me
two dollars per bushel in the field. I put my lambs on my mead-
ows for fear they will not get enough to eat in the cornfield. I keep
North Carolina tar in my sheej) troughs for the sheep to lick Avith
their salt, and would nearly as soon be without salt as tar. I never
feed my sheep sulphur, but clip all ticks on the old sheep when I
shear, and take a tin can and make it into a jDcpper box and dust it
on all my lambs freely for ticks.

Dr. A. C. Stevenson. I have ke^Dt from one thousand to one thou-
sand eight hundred sheep, and have handled sheep for a number of
years, but now only have a flock of about sixty. Have wintered
sheep without any grain by giving a run of plenty of blue grass. I
now usually sow a field of rye for winter pasture, in my corn, the
last of August or first of September. I often put some of those
sheep in this early that do not appear to be doing well, and there is
no need of further attention, as it seems to answer all requirements.
Sheep should be kejDt at even flesh and not allowed to starve awhile
and then be full fed. This will have a tendency to bad health, and
to make a tender place in the fiber of the wool, and buyers will dis-
cover it and condemn it as poor wool. I never have practiced turn-
ing sheep in the cornfield, but favor it, for the reason that it saves
labor in gathering and feeding, is not wasteful, leaves the droppings
on the field already nicely scattered. No particular kind of feed
made more avooI than any other, unless it tended to make the sheep
more healthy. Keei) sheep healthy and in good even flesh and the
])eHt growth of wool and mutton is attained.

A Member. Doctor, how late do you pasture your rye in th&
spring?

Dr. A. C. Stevenson. I have mowed it three times and then cut a
very fair yield where the ground was rich. You may pasture late

STATE WOOL GROWER'S ASSOCIATION. 423

if you desire, and then it will grow as tall as you can cut it with the
machine. I have pastured as late as the first of May, but I usually
turn off of it on good supporting blue grass. The rye will then
make as profitable a crop as corn, for it is made at much less cost.
The manure of the sheep is the best of animal droppings to enrich
old fields. It seems to sink into the ground better and don't evap-
orate as the cow drojipings seem to do, and seems to be a better
plant feeder, and the rye, if lodged, is equal to a clover crop for
enriching the soil, and, with the sheep droppings, would enrich our
fields instead of impoverishing them, which is a matter of great im-
portance.

Mr. Magee. I feed shelled oats, bran and corn in preparing my
sheep for the fair.

Mr. Beeler. I think the rye an excellent winter sheep pasture, and
the winter grazing will pay the labor and cost of seeding if you plow
it up in the spring.

After some further discussion, it was decided by resolution, unan-
imously passed, that corn was the best winter grain feed for sheep«

Mr. Lee McDaniels of Rushville, Indiana, then read the follow-
ing essay on —

" INFLUENCES OF SHEEP HUSBANDEY ON LIFE AND
CHARACTER."

Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Convention :

It has been assigned my duty to write an essay on the influence
of sheej:) husbandry on life and character. The Bible and history
tell us that sheep husbandry has been an occupation ever since the
peopling of this earth. Abel was a keeper of sheep, and his occu-
pation and sacrifice alike was accepted of the Lord ; while Cain's
occupation in tilling the soil marred his temperament so that he
rose and slew his brother. This is a striking circumstance that took
place six thousand years ago between two brothers, and holds good
to-day. So from Abel down the shepherd's office has been honored
by patriarchs, prophets, priests and kings. Abraham, Isaac and Ja-
cob, and almost all the prophets, priests and kings Avere shepherds ;
and God honored the occupation. And I am glad to-day that I
am a shepherd. The glad news was told the shepherds by night of
the advent and mission of the blessed Savior, and will continue
to be told till the end of time by humble men. Our occupation
will always be honored, and now stands forth in importance in the
United States. It is not only honorable, but its occupation has a
good pecuniary influence upon life and character. Most of men
feel well when making money easy and fast ; you can always count

424 BOAED OF AGRICULTURE.

on him being in good humor. There is nothing about sheep hus-
bandry to cause a man to get out of fix once in a year. There is no
rooting up of nice blue-grass pastures, nor for one to break back in
driving, hke hogs always do, and cause a swearing influence to come
upon man, if there is any in him, or lo eat two crops of corn and
then die with the cholera, for when you have him fat, you must
sell, high or low. Not so with sheep. I know there is money in
hogs when the tide runs smooth ; but it is hard on men, hard on
ground and hard on teams. Cattle come next to sheep, but when
they are large and heavy they almost ruin the ground you intend
to plow, and if there are twenty in a herd in the spring of the year,
when they begin to shed each fellow will get his neck under a fence
corner where a long rail sticks out, and rub until some fellow acci-
dentally rubs his corner down, then in goes twenty head of cattle
into your corn or wheat. This little accident will have a bad
influence upon the character of most men. Now this never oc-
curs with sheep. Then you have to wait three years for your
money with cattle, and only one with sheep. When you sell your
cattle your farm is without stock, and it is hard on an old man
to gather up a bunch of cattle, and sometimes your grass will
go to loss because you can't get them, or perhajDS the price won't
suit. Not so with sheejj. They cost less money; may be more
easilj^ collected than cattle. Sheei^ begin to multiply very much
earlier, and continue more regularly and rapidly ; will double
themselves each year. No other stock in the world will do it; for
a yearling is as good as an old sheep. They are great scavengers ;
they will come nearer living on nothing than any other stock in the
land. Although I do not advise this kind of sheep husbandry, yet
drouths do come some years, when you would have to sell your cat-
tle. Sheep will do with less water and less pasture than any animal
living. Then this is the right year to hold your sheep, as all the
cattle will be rushed into market too soon, and sheep will be very
high; i^lease notice these facts. SheejD will rid the farmer of every
noxious weed, and at the same time profit themselves by their con-
sumption as food and medicine, and return to the soil the best ma-
nure in the world, and evenly spread on ; far ahead of cattle in that
respect as it is not left in hard dry lumps to kill the grass and re-
main for years.

And, further, if a man should be pressed for a little money, he
could sell a few of his flock and do his own selecting, which is the
most important part of handling shee^i. Moreover, it is an un-
known fact tliat sheep are the only stock that you can feed whole
grain to with the best of results. In short, the quick-
large profits to be gained by handling sheej) has saved many a man

STATE WOOL GROAVER'S ASSOCIATION. 425

from bankruptcy and ruin. And this of itself has a happy influ-
ence upon a man's life and character, morally and financially, and
we ought now, while in session, resolve to see our county represent-
atives and have them elect a United States Senator who will favor
us as wool growers of the United States with a good protective
tariff; help us to supply this 50,000,000 or 60,000,000 that we import
each year. Let us work. Let us ask our present Legislature to
make one small change in our present dog law. Some of the town-
ships in each county are behind as much as three years. Some are
ahead and paying money into the school fund. Now, we ask that
this fund be equalized and thrown into general county fund, which
would pay for all the sheep killed, at a fair price, and leave a bal-
ance there to go into the school fund. The county superintendents
and school men are willing for the sheep men to have pay for their
sheep, as was the intent of law. We ask the change on the ground
that dogs do not know a township line, and may go or come five
miles to do their work. I have investigated this matter and know
whereof I am speaking. This would leave the present tax on dogs
just where it is, and give us plenty of money to pay for our sheep
at just the price we buy and sell at for cash. This is the law, and
when our township trustee understands this there will be no trouble
in getting pay for our sheep according to what they are worth.

Lee McDaniels' essay was fully concurred in, and some informal
talk was then passed.

An essay by Jacob Farquhar, on " How shall we Breed or Manage
a Flock of Common or Grade Sheep for the Greatest Profit?" was
read by the secretary, Mr. Sunman.

Adjourned to meet at Agricultural Rooms at 9 a. m.

SECOND DAY'S SESSION.

Thursday, January 6, 9 a. m.

First thing in order was the president's address. He said:
Wool Growers of Indiana:

We have no reason to be discouraged, and I am very much in
hopes our semi-annual gatherings will cause a greater number of
sheep to be raised in Indiana. There are many reasons why there
should be more raised. Our climate and soil are favorablj' situated
for sheep husbandry. The United States should grow all the wool
she manufactures, and Indiana should helj) to do her share. Raising
sheep is a good occupation, both as to health and profit and exerts
a good influence upon the shepherd's character. There is no hope
of getting shut of all the dogs of the country. Sheep and dogs do

426 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

not do well together. Either clogs must be scarce and sheep plenty?
or sheep scarce and dogs plenty. Where there are lots of sheep,
school houses and churches are plenty and well attended in the
country, and jirosperity is plain to be seen, land bearing a good
price and farmers well up with the times; but where dogs are
plenty, the reverse is true, idleness and indolence almost taking pos-
session of of the farm; land cheap, and everybody wanting to sell
and can't. Let us all try to raise more sheep and influence our
neighbors to raise, and thus do what we can to sjiread civilization
and good cheer.

Dr. J. N. Navin then addressed the association on

DISEASES OF SHEEP AND DIFFERENT BREEDS.

The sheep is naturally the healthiest, though the tenderest, of all
domestic animals, scarcely ever getting sick, except from some
great provocation, malarial influence having more to do with it
than all other causes combined. The sheep is an inhabitant of ev-
ery climate from the torrid to the frigid zone. It seems to adapt
its shajje and the texture of its wool to the climates of every coun-
try of which it is a native. In hot climates its wool is scarcely
finer than hair, and in temperate or colder climates it is finer, until
the silky wool of the Saxony sheep is reached. It also can and
does subsist on whatever fare its native country produces. In fact,
sheep in some countries live chiefly upon salt fish, and in all coun-
tries its flesh is admitted to be the healthiest of all animal food. In
Europe the sheej) is subject to about

Twenty-five Diseases,

None of which are incident without cause or provocation, except,
perhaps, thrush in the mouth, or blain. With these two exceptions,
all others are the result of treatment, or of malarial influence.
Foot disease, the rot and dropsy are the result of malaria and pas-
turing upon wet and marshy lands. Diarrhoea and dysentery are
the effect of feeding, or of some aflection of ' the liver by malaria.
Water on the brain, epilei^sy, apoplexy, hydatid on the brain and
lockjaw are caused the same as in other domestic brutes. Bots in
the sinuses of the head are the larvae of the fly, so called, but
smaller than those which horsemen dread so much. Bronchitis,
lung fever, colic and inflammation of the brain are also manufac-
tured diseases, or the effect of treatment or usage.

The Rot
Ls, pcchaps, the most formidable disease of the sheep. It has its
origin in the liver, and subsequently affects the entire glandular

STATE WOOL groaver's associatiox. . 427

system, the lungs, the kidneys and the entire ceUular system ; the
abdomen iDecomes filled with serum (water) of a greenish color.
This is called dropsy by some veterinary surgeons and sheep rais-
ers. But this is erroneous. Its symptoms and cause are of more
importance to know than is the remedy. These are dullness, bluish
color of the skin, diarrhoea and thirst, which are the main symp-
toms of the disease. Thirst, however, is the most noticeable, from
the fact that sheep never drink in parts of Europe until taken with
the rot. Neither do they eat salt there. The great and immediate
cause of rot is attributable to wet or marshy lands, except in wet
seasons, when all lands may rot more or less. And strange to say,
no sheep ever contracts the disease on either dry or wet lands,
while rain continues to fall and keeps fresh upon the ground. It is
therefore a prevailing opinion, if not certain, that the little insects
found in the biliary duct and gall bladder, called flakes, are taken
up by the sheep oft" the grass after the ground dries up, and are
passed into the liver through the absorbants or lacteals of the
bowels, which take up the nutriment out of the food, as trichina in
pork is, by the human subject. After sheep are seen to drink, or
the blueness of the skin is observed, they are pronounced as having
the rot, and if not in order for the butcher they are immediately re-
moved to luxuriant pastures and fattened, and will fatten (if not
more readily) equally as readily as healthy sheep for at least two
months.

Dropsy — Bed Water,

is a disease much resembling the. rot in many respects; the water
in this disease is found in the chest and in the abdomen, and of a
reddish serous color, differing from the green color in rot. The
symptoms of the disease are enlargement of the abdomen, a- puffy
swelling beneath or between the jaws, hurried breathing ; either
costiveness or diarrhoea may be present. If observed in time it may
be successfully treated until the sheep is found uneasy, largely
swollen, and breathing hard ; at this stage of the disease nothing can
be done.

Foot-rot is a very troublesome disease to the shepherd in wet or
in muddy places, or wet pastures.

Cause.
Between the hoofs of the sheep a small aperture may be seen,
called the bifiex canal, whose office it is to secrete an oily fluid for
the purpose of lubricating the hide between the hoofs, it being
called into action by every step the sheep takes in providing its
food, therefore, when perpetually wet, or constantly dirty, the parts
swell, and this secretion, already spoken of, is stopped or retarded ;

428 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

therefore, not only is the hide deprived of the oily secretion, but
the secretion itself becomes an irritant of the glands which secreted
it, therefore inflammation of the parts is the consequent result.
Hence foot-rot, which, unless retarded and remedied very soon,
destroys not only the hoofs, but the glands, and perhaps the cor-
onarj^ border which secretes the hoofs.

The Host Ptvfitable Breed, or Breeds of Sheep.

Much has been written and published in the agricultural papers
by the difterent breeders of sheep, evidently for the purpose of sell-
ing portions of their stock for high prices; each writer, of course,
true to his individual interest, therefore not stopping at any asser-
tion likely to be credited by the unwary. Each succeeding year for
the last ten or twelve j-ears has brought us such immense weights of
fleece over the last year's weight, that at such a ratio our stock of
sheep would appear to be turning into wool, leaving very little to
be placed to the mutton side of the account. A few years ago no
sheep-master would venture to assert that a ewe of his sheared over
twelve pounds, or a ram more than fifteen pounds. This, then, was
considered a superior weight of fleece, and indeed it was, and
still is.

Subsequently, however, men have advertised fifteen for ewes and
twenty for rams and wethers. To beat the above weights, innocent
men, just for an experiment, you know, weighed their fleeces and
became agreeably surprised to find that their flocks outstripped all
prior weights, and inform the public that they obtained twenty-
five and some thirty pound fleeces, and thought themselves mon-
archs of all they survey, if not the American continent, and of
course the universe, until Kansas is heard from with thirty-five
pound fleeces. Now, if one man upon the face of the earth is dupe
enough to credit such an assertion, he should be tenderly taken
care of. Thirty-five jDOunds of wool, five hundred and sixty ounces,
in one year's growth, is one ounce and a half per day, less twenty-
five ounces divided upon the three hundred and sixty-five days in
the year. Will any sane man acknowledge himself such a dupe as
to credit such a fabrication, especially when we find the weight of
carcass of those sheep averaging one hundred and ten to one hundred
and twenty pounds after shearing. Next season it is expected that
the above will be beaten, and if such increase of wool reduces the
carcass, we shall see men publishing heavy carcasses. To be just
toward my Kansas friend, I shall strike a debtor and creditor sheet,
allowing him thirty-five on the creditor's side, and charging a debit
against him of yolk ton pounds and dirt ten pounds, leaving of clear
wool fifteen pounds. Wool, not yolk (grease), is what the people
delight to read about — it is all that will draw money.

STATE AVOOL GROWER'S ASSOCIATION. 429

Gentlemen, the controversy is scarcely waged between the pro-
prietors of long-wooled breeds, or niiddle-wooled breeds, or long
against middle, but between both, and the short-wools or Merino.
Not being a breeder or owner of sheep, I therefore have no enemy
to punish or friend to serve. I take the attitude of the Irishman
on board a ship in a storm, who prayed first to God and then to the
devil. When remonstrated with he said : " Sure I don't know
whose hands I may fall into, and I don't want enemies." It seems
to me that no farmer who is capable of doing business should be
prejudiced in favor of any breed. I should take 1,000 shoeiD which
yield seven pounds each, 7,000 pounds of tine wool ; this is liberal
for fine wooled sheep, at 60 cents per pound, $4,200; against 1,000
sheep yielding twelve pounds each, 12,000 pounds, at 50 cents jDcr
pound, $6,000; this leaves a balance of $1,200. This is not all, for
the difTerence in weight of carcass is equally as important as an
item for food as is the wool as a fabric. When doctors differ, how-
ever, it should be no wonder that farmer's notions should be wide
asunder. My preference, if a wool grower, would be found for
either the Downs, the Leicesters, the Cotswolds or the Lincolns. I
would have both mutton and wool, and consequently more money.

DISCUSSION.

A Member. Doctor, what would you use to destroy ticks and foot-
rot ?

I would use tobacco juice, one quart to one ounce of carbolic acid,
for ticks ; rub spirits of turpentine on the bifiex canal for foot-rot.

The president then read a communication from the National
Wool Grower's Association in relation to the Eaton bill. Messrs-.
Clark, Stevenson and McClelland, committee, report.

The Eaton Bill.

The committee appointed to consider the communication re-
ceived from the National Wool Grower's Association reported the
following :

Resolved, By the Indiana Wool Grower's Association, that they
approve of the Eaton bill providing for the appointment of a com-
mission consisting of nine members of practical exjjerience, to take
into consideration the readjustment of the tarifi", and make to Con-
gress such suggestions, after a thorough examination, as they may
think best for the interests of the country. Further,

Resolved, That the president and secretary of the Indiana Wool
Grower's Association be and they are hereby instructed to request
the Indiana members in Congress to use their influence and votes
in favor of the immediate passage of the bill.

430 BOARD OF AGEICUL,TUiiE.

RESOLUTIONS OF RESPECT FOR GOVERNOR WILLIAMS.

Committee appointed to draft a resolution on the death of our
late governor was C. F. Darnell, C. A. Howland and T. W. W. Sun-
man.

Resolved, That in the death of our worthy brother and co-worker,
Hon. James D. Williams, late governor of Indiana, the State has
lost a good citizen and our association a much esteemed member.

S. W. Dungan, Thos. Nelson and W. L. Schooley were appointed
a committee to consider the amount of premium the association
would pay on wool exhibited at the May meeting, 1881.

Report — $1 on first and 50 cents on second premium awarded on
the diflferent classes of wool. Adopted.

Adjourned till afternoon.

Called to order at 2 p. m.

secretary's report.

Secretary T. W. W. Sunman, of Spades P. O., submitted a report
of his stewardship, as follows :

To the Honorable President and Gentlemen of the Indiana Wool Grow-
ers^ Association :

The secretary asks to report. There are now on the roll some
sixty names as members, all of whom are live men and workers in
the cause. I think much good has been done by your society since
its origin, and look for rnuch more good to be done by it in the
future, for at no time since the settlement of this country was such
an interest taken in the raising of sheep and the growing of wool
as at present ; and we need apprehend no danger of the market
being glutted in our generation, for it will take many millions of
sheep to supply the wool needed in this country to take the place
of the imported article — for all countries owe their wealth not to
what they import, but what they raise at home. Then as more
sheep are raised more inutton will be used, which will tend to keep
the supply below the demand ; and then last, but not least, we have
with us always "the faithful house dog," whose wants will be sup-
plied whether we have to import wool or not.

I would recommend that this association instruct the secretary
to write to all agricultural societies in our State, asking them to
classify sheep as you may in your judgment recommend, and ask
them to make their premium lists in accordance, so as to be more
acceptable to sheep breeders than they now are.

John L. Thompson then read an interesting paper on

HOW AND WHEN TO SHEAR SHEEP.

It is plain that we can get no time that will suit all persons and
circumstances. From last season's experience, I think we must

STATE AVOOL GROWER'S ASSOCIATIOX. 431

shear earlier than we have been doing in the past, as there was a
great deal of trouble on account of maggots and a number of sheep
lost, which can only be avoided by earlj' shearing. And in order to
do this, we must discard the practice of washing the wool on the
sheep's back, as this can not be safely done much before the first of
June, in this climate, and by the time the sheep are dry and the oil
has sufficiently raised, it is the middle of June before the shearing
can be done. I would therefore recommend shearing without
washing, and as earlj^ as the season will admit of with safety to the
sheep, say from the 1st to the 25th of May for the general farmer ;
but breeders who make a specialty of sheep, and have stables or
shelters for them, will find it to their advantage to shear still ear-
lier, especially ewes that are suckling lambs, as the lambs do much
better after the ewes are shorn. Ewes that have lambs loose con-
siderable pi their wool if not shorn till the first of June. The ewe
will give much more milk after being shorn, as the extra heat tends
to dry up the flow of milk. By shearing early we get a greater
growth of wool, as April, May and June are the best growing
months, and this gives the sheep a good protection from the hot
weather of July and August. Of course we must avoid extremes in
this matter, and if we shear early we should house our sheep during
cold nights, cold winds and rain storms. Humanity demands this
if we shear late. In fact, early shorn sheep can stand the same de-
gree of cold better than late shorn ones. As Randall very truly
says : " The change to them is not so great or sudden as when cold
storms follow shearing after they have been sweltering in their
fleeces in hot weather."

Hotv to Shear.

" Shearing should be done on a clean floor." We shear on the
barn floor with the sheep penned in a small stable (floored on a level
with the shearing floor) ; this saves unnecessary lifting. The stable
should be kept well covered with saw-dust or straw ; saw-dust we
like best. We use a bench about knee-high — a little higher for
small sheep and somewhat lower for large ones.

The shearer sets the sheep on its rump, on the bench, and stand-
ing with his left foot upon the bench, lays the sheep's neck across
his left knee, with its right side against his body, commencing at
the brisket and open the fleece down the right side of the belly to
the right flank or stifle ; shear the belly in course, turning the wool
to the left. Begin at the brisket and shear up the under side of the
neck to middle of the under jaw, shearing left side of the face and
neck to the left ear. Turn the sheep slightly around with its feet
to you; shear from left ear down neck and side, taking in fore-leg
and shoulders to left flank; next shear top-knot (if it has any) and

432 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

head to right ear, down the neck and side, shearing well around to
middle of the back and down to the point where other courses
stopped ; incline the sheep to you, begin at the back of the left
hind-leg, shearing in courses with the leg to the thigh joint. Lay
the sheep down on the right side, shear left hip to the tail ; shear
lengthwise of the tail and well under on the right hip ; while in this
position shear the twist and inside of right hind-leg. Eaise uj) the
the sheep (keeping a little wool under the left hip that it may rest
comfortably), turning the shorn side to you, with its head again
across your left leg ; shear from right ear and jaw down the neck to
right shoulder, grasp the right fore-leg gently in the left hand
shear fore-leg and shoulder ; shear the right side down to the flank,
inclining the sheep gently to j'ou as you shear down. The sheep is
then laid on its left side, and the wool shorn from the right hip and
leg, finishing at the hoofs of same.

The more quietly and gently you handle the sheep from the time
it is penned till shorn, the better for both it and you as regards
"life and character."

[This essay was regarded so complete that it admitted of no dis-
cussion.]

Mr. C. A. Howland read an address on

" WHETHER IT IS MORE PROFITABLE TO SHEEP RAIS-
ERS TO SELL THEIR BUCK LAMBS TO BUTCHERS OR
CHANGE THEM TO WETHERS AND KEEP THEM TILL
THEY ARE FULLY MATURED."

The question assigned me for discussion by this honorable asso-
ciation, " Whether it is more profitable to sheep raisers to sell their
buck lambs to butchers or change them to wethers and keep them
till they are fully matured, or at what age should we sell our sheep,"
does not admit of any very extended argument. Much depends
on the facilities possessed by the wool grower for sustaining sheei>
and suitable shelter for the ewes and lambs during winter and
spring; for if we do not possess these requisites for successful
sheep raising then we had better sell them at once, for without the
above-mentioned essentials we can not profitably raise sheep to sell
at any age ; for in order to sell your lambs to butchers at remunera-
tive prices they must be dropped in the latter jmrt of winter or
early spring. Lambs dropped after the Avcather becomes warm,
grow less vigorous, and the demand for lambs lessens as the season
advances. Lambs dropped in February or March may be sold to
the butchers or weaned in May or June, giving the mother sheep
ample time to recuperate and bring you an early lamb the ensuing
year. Perhaps I am talking too much about early lambs. Pardon

STATE WOOL GEOWEE's ASSOCIATION. 433

me ; but if you would have your lambs pass through their first
winter with as little care as older sheep they must come early.
Again, the ewe that is worried by her nursling during the hot
months loses flesh, and when winter comes you have a sorry flock,
consisting of poor ewes and stunted lambs that will require more
feed and attention to take them through the winter than would
have been necessary to bestow on the same number of ewes with
early lambs the previous winter and spring. We would recommend
that the best lambs be carefully selected to keep, though the butch-
ers offer a high price for them ; the ewes for breeding, and bucks
changed to wethers to be sold, when fully matured, for mutton.
Ewes that are not good breeders and wethers may be profitably
sold for mutton any time between three and six years of age.
Sheep, unlike any other kind of stock, can be slaughtered at an age
that is most convenient to the owner to fatten them. For instance,
if the season is not favorable for the production of grass, they may
be carried over to a more favorable season without loss, the wool
more than paying all expense of keeping them ; and at no time
would we recommend feeding grain to sheep to make mutton, un-
less in conjunction with good grazing. We believe that all stock
raisers should keep good stock as long as it can be kept profitably,
and dispose of inferior stock at the first opportunity. And as
wethers usually grow larger they yield a heavier fleece, make better
mutton and are more comely than ewes, hence make a more at-
tractive flock, which tends to ornament and make profitable sheep
raising. We owe it to our families and neighbors to make our
business both profitable and interesting. We learn from history
that sheep were the first animals domesticated by man. Men and
women of all ages have written and sang of their innocence and
beauty, and to my mind there is nothing that would have a ten-
dency to inspire one to write or sing of that which is beautiful in
nature more than a well kept blvae grass pasture, interspersed with
large, well-bred sheep.

This paper was discussed at some length, the most important
being as follows, which seemed to take pretty much the same chan-
nel as yesterday's discussion :

3Ir. Hmvlaiul. I think, to raise sheep profitably, they must be
grazed, and not stuffed with grain — both sheep and cattle. The
general farmer must raise his wool on grass, and not corn. I do
not wish to plow all summer to get my stock through the winter.

Mr. McDanids finds it very profitable to feed all the corn his sheep
want, and, in fact, do just what his sheep tell him to do, except to

28 — Age. Repoet.

434 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

go out in the cold snow to have a lamb, when they might choose a
more comfortable place under the shed.

Here opinions were expressed on both sides, some having bad
etfects from feeding corn. This was generally believed to be where
corn was injudiciously fed.

Dr. Stevenson said it made but little difference what they were
fed, so they are well kept, and then gave an instance of some cattle
wintered on hay alone that looked as well as those grained. The
man who grazes altogether does not wear out his land, like the man
who plows, and this is a matter that ought to be considered care-
fully.

C. F. Darnell, Uriah Privett and John L. Thompson, committee
on grading sheep at fairs, offered the following resolution, which
was adopted b}^ the association, as the four classes sheep men de-
sired fair managers to make in classifying sheep for premiums :

Resolved, That it is the sense of this association that there should
be four classes of sheep for county and grange fairs, to include (1)
long wool, (2) fine wool, (3) middle wool (which includes all the
families of the Downs), and (4) includes grades and crosses.

COiMWITTEE ox PROGRAMME FOR NEXT MAY MEETING.

The committee on i^rogramme for the May meeting submitted
the following :

Semi-annual address of the president.

Appointment of all committees for the session.

" What is the best mode of wintering a flock of fifty or more
sheep?" by D. H. Thompson.

" Manner and time of breeding ewes, and give the best mode of
caring for lambs from time of birth to weaning," by Uriah Pri-
vett.

'• What is the best cross to put on our common sheep ?" by Lee
McDaniel.

"What is the best mode of caring for the different breeds of
sheep, including shelter, etc.?" by S. W. Dungan.

" The shepherd dog and his Character," by William Hodson.

" Characteristics of the Oxforshire Downs sheep," by T. S. Cooper.

J. W. Robe, ]

C. F. Darnell, V Committee.

M. M. PlERSON. ]

The rules which should govern the competition in sheep at the
State Fair were discussed, the general sentiment being favorable to
the adoption of stricter rules, as to age, class, time of shearing, etc.

The association then went into the election of officers, with the
following result: President, Fielding Beeler, Indianapolis; vice-

STATE WOOL GROWER'S ASSOCIATION. 435

president, D. H. Thompson, Waldron; secretary, J. W. Robe,
Greencastle; treasurer, S. W. Dungan, Franklin.

Notice was given of an amendment to the constitvition, pro-
viding for electing a corresponding secretary.

Adjourned, to meet next May, in conjunction with the short-
horn breeders. F. Beeler, President.

J. W. Robe, Secretary.

P. S. Mr. McDaniel moved, a vote of thanks from the associa-
tion be tendered to Messrs. Robe and Sunman, for taking the
minutes of the meeting. Passed, unanimously.

BEE KEEPERS.

SECOND ANNUAL STATE CONVENTION.

The bee keepers of the State met in annual session, at 10 o'clock
A. ^i., in the rooms of the State Board of Agriculture, and after
friendly greetings, adjourned to 2 o'clock p. m.

The convention was called to order by President J. C. Belman, of
Indianapolis. A call of the roll by Secretary Daugherty showed
fifty members present.

Pursuant to programme, the secretary reported that of the sixty-
two members on the rolls of the association, sixteen had sent to
him reports showing total number of "colonies" represented by
them to be 719, with no surplus honey or wax. In connection with
the report he also submitted the following :

THE BEE KEEPING INTEREST.

To the Honorable State Board of Agriculture :

Gentlemen — At the late convention of the Indiana State Bee
Keepers' Association the following resolution was passed:

" Resolved, That the secretary of this association be instructed to
confer with the State Board of Agriculture in respect to the further
encouragement of the science of agriculture in the State of In-
diana."

In pursuance of this resolution, I would respectfully call your at-
tention to the bee keeping interest in this State. Your honorable
Board, by the offer of premiums and other means, have encouraged
almost every other department of industry in the domain of agricul-
ture, manufacture and science, enabling those in search of knowledge
to come to safe and inexpensive results. Stock raising, horticulture,
dairying, wool growing, poultry raising and tile making are each sep-
arate and important interests receiving your special care, and by vir-
tue of this precedent the bee keepers feel that they, too, are entitled

BEE KEEPEES. 437

to some consideration at your hands. Too long has the idea prevailed
that bee keeping is a minor pursuit, in which so few can profitably
engage, that to neglect it as a prominent feature of our National
industries should not be regarded as detrimental to the general
welfare. We hope a few facts will place this subject in a new light.
Indiana has growing upon her soil almost as large a variety of
honey-producing plants as any State in the Union. We have honey-
producing trees in vast numbers, such as basswood, poplar, maple,
willow, and the various fruit trees. We have among the covin tless
multitude of flowering shrubs and plants, white alsike and red
clover, buckwheat, goldenrod, the many astors and mints, and of
small fruits, currants, goosberries, raspberries, blackberries, etc. In
fact, from the first blossoms of early spring to the coming frost, the
flora of Indiana are sufficiently prolific in the secretion of honey to
afford our little pets abundant forage on which to work.

The bee keeping interest has become one of vast national import-
ance, and is growing larger each year. To-day America stands
first in the world for hone}^ production, as well as for scientific
management and improved implements for the apiary. We have,
within the last two years exported more than five hundred tons of
American honey to the Old World. We are also producing home-
bred American queens, that at least are equal, if not superior, to
those we import from Italy. It is estimated that we have in our
State thirt}^ thousand colonies of bees, producing an average yield
of fifteen pounds to the colony, or a total of four hundred and
fifty thousand pounds of honey, which, at an average of twelve
and a half cents per pound, would produce a revenue of fifty-
four thousand, two hundred and thirty-five dollars, and I be-
lieve the estimate none too high. There is no reason why
Indiana should not be in the front rank with i:)roducts from
the apiary. We Ijave no reliable statistics from which to glean
information on this subject, but through the efforts of L. G.
Newman, president of the National Bee Keepers' Association, ar-
rangements have been made to have complete statistics gathered by
the government, while taking the census. Arrangements are also
being made by the executive committee of the Indiana State Asso-
ciation to gather all possible information on the subject in this
State. As regards the offering of premiums, etc., I would respect-
fully suggest the following as a competitive list : Best package of
■comb honey, one jDOund or more ; best package of extracted honey,
one pound or more ; best crate of honey in the comb, in the most
marketable shape ; best display of honey, both comb and extracted ;
best machine for extracting honey ; best display of wax, and the
best display of bee keepers' supplies.

438 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE,

In conclusion, I would ask that you also inquire into the feasi-
bility of the establishment of an apiarj', in connection with our
agricultural college. Other States have gone far ahead of our own
in this respect. Michigan has, in connection with her agricul-
tural college, an apiary, managed by a competent, practical agricul-
turist, whose observations are recorded and published, and whose
methods of treatment of the little insects are always open to the
inspection of learners. The State of Tennessee has followed the
worthy example of Michigan. This department, in connection with
the agricultural colleges, should be, and will be, if successfully man-
aged, not only self-sustaining, financially, but a repository of demon-
strated facts and scientific knowledge, to which the public should have
full access, and bee-keeping will thereby be raised to the rank of a
surely remunerative pursuit, instead of a haphazard speculation.
Now, should your honorable board so far interest itself in this
enterprise, as to ask, bj^ formal resolution, the board of trustees of
the State University to establish an Apiarian professorship, in con-
nection with the agricultural department of the University, we think
it will have done no more than the bee-keepers of Indiana have
a right to expect of them, as the guardians of all industrial inter-
ests. Such a department would not only be a source of scientific
knowledge, but a financial success, and shortly become to the
University a source of revenue. Let it start with an apiary of
moderate size, say twenty-five or fifty colonies, and it will even pay
a large interest on the investment, from the first year. There are
many questions yet to be solved, by experiments, which could be
so well done only in an apiary of this kind.

Thanking you, gentlemen, for your kindness, I have the honor

to be, respectfully yours,

Frank L. Daugherty,

Secretary of the Indiana State Bee-Keepers' Association.
Following the report of the secretary, J. C. Belman delivered the

president's address.

Gentlemen of the Bee Keepers' Convention :

You are again assembled at the capital in State convention to de-
liberate upon the interest pertaining to apiculture — bees and their
product. Since your last meeting but little has transpired among
apiarians throughout the State except what is j^atent to all — a gen-
eral regret that the harvest of the busy bee has been, in commercial
parlance, "short." Every one present is fully advised as to the
causes which produced this failure, and that against such a result
there was no possible remedy. Very many colonies failed to secure

BEE KEEPERS. 439

sufficient quantum for their winter stores, and artificial feeding was
necessar}'. The product for the market was exceedingly limited,
and instead of the choice wild clover or apple blossom honey, there
was sold the fall flower or wild exotic honey, not as palatable or
marketable as the former. Close up to the last working days of the
industrious bee, came a cold wave in October from the polar re-
gions, which found very many of our bee keepers asleep, and the
sequel was, the weakening and loss of scores of colonies. In view
of this unusual state of apicultural aftairs, there can not be expected
at this session any encouraging reports as to the financial results of
the year 1880. Such a condition of discouraging surroundings in
apiarism may not occur again in a lifetime, while the probabilities
are that the approaching season will be grandly successful and pro-
ductive. Therefore I give you good cheer and urge you to delve
down deep into the fields of apiculture, and, as j'ou develop the
mysterious instinct of the bee and its many but certain workings,
let it be your highest pleasure to impart all information you may
possess to your fellows, until the bee keepers of Indiana shall re-
ceive the plaudits of sister States — " Well done, good and faithful
servants." This may be our triumph, provided we invoke the order-
ing and guidance of an all-wise Providence.

While there is a possibility of too much care in the housing and
wintering of the bee from what it would receive in the trunk of a
tree or a hole in the ground, there is undoubtedly much to be ap-
prehended in the carelessness and indifference and incompetency,
on account of which many colonies are lost, and the amateur, and,
indeed, those more experienced, attribute the fault of their mishap
and failure on the bees, on the hive, and even the ways of Divine
Providence, when to themselves and none other they should charge
the mismanagement and unwise, indolent and injudicious handling.
Your president has received many letters during the year from
those discouraged and weak in the faith that bee keeping was an
unprofitable business, and asking in the strictest confidence whether
the time employed in their management would not be bettered
financially in other less stinging pursuits. I suspect, gentlemen of
the convention, that we are all too prone to environ bee keei^ing
with much mystery as to the " pure stock," peculiarly constructed
hives and frames and moth-traps, and bug-bears that suggest
money-making by those who, for the love of pelf, will not let the
bee severely alone in its simplicity and industry. Nature and
instinct are the allies God has given that wonderfully industrious
insect, and when man crosses their pathway with his clap-trap the
result must be fatal. I will be understood as referring only to the
extremists in this matter. Less of artificial processes, less of hand-

440 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

ling, less of fancy and extravagantly-built hives, with parlors and
hecatombs and ante-chambers, and less of prying into hives to satisfj''.
the curiosity to see the queen and the dear, lovely little egg and the.
brood, etc., would, in my judgment, retvirn many fold advantages to
the apiarian. During the present severe winter there are those who
micover their hives and with a stick at long range stir up the bees
to find out, as they inform you, whether their bees would be ready
to do big work in the coming May. Others have drawn up a mova-
ble frame, crowded with bees, to find out if the dear creatures had
enough honey to feed upon, and then turn it over and over to see
that darling queen — and the thermometer down to zero. Is it any
wonder that those bees who survive being poked to death are not
all frozen and lying on the floor of the hive an inanimate insect ?
Would it be sacrilege to suggest that Father Adam might have
done better than to have transmitted to posterity such mountebanks
of humanity ?

Li leaving this pen portrait of a very unworthy apiculturist, will
you pardon your president in a brief description of a simply con-
structed hive made many years ago by Townley, of Cincinnati, and
in doing so I would not be understood as depreciating the Lang-
stroth, Quinby and other excellent hives. The Townley hive was
made of two-inch plank, well seasoned. There were moveable
frames, over which were the section boxes, two ventilators to close
or open as the temperature on the inside required. In the rear a
large glass with an outside door, which, when opened, the bees
could be distinctly seen at their work, without being jarred or dis-
turbed. The joints were all close and air-tight, so that in the sum-
mer, on the inside, there was not too great a heat, and in the winter
the temperature was never below freezing, although the hives were
left on the summer stands the year round. My own experience has
satisfied me that after determining that they ha.ve a sufficiency of
food for the winter and that the moth are not among the combs, to
let the bee alone. The opening should be closed up, so that but one
bee can pass in or out. The surplus boxes should be removed and
the chafl" cushions overlaid with carpet introduced. Keep your
ventilators partially open and wrap around each hive a plentiful
quantity of straw and old carpets around the whole, and I am au-
thorized to say that in no instance have I known the colonies not to
do well. Toward spring, as the warmer weather approaches, I feed
plentifully at the opening with syrup made from a sugar, perfumed
slightly with anise, giving the bees, day and night, all they can carry
into the hive on the lower frames. Then when the surplus boxes
are introduced the bees bring in and fill them with the orchard and

BEE KEEPERS. 441

clover-blossom honey. The fall flower honey I leave them to
gather for themselves as a winter supply.

As to the character and comeliness of your packages, permit me
to urge your closest attention, that they may be neatly and care-
fully prepared, and so presentable for the customer, as to command
the highest commendation and the best mai-ket price. Various
methods have been given in the bee journals, and yet, much de-
pends upon the apiarian, as to how far these may be a success. To
my thought, there is no table condiment so delightful to the eye,
and palatable to the taste, as honey, in uniform and roundly-formed,
capped packages. I would recommend that your secretary be em-
powered to obtain the names and the postoffice address of every
bee keeper in the state of Indiana, requesting from them the num-
ber of their colonies, amount of honey j^roduced, kind of hive used,
and such other information as would be useful to the State associa-
tion ; and, to this end, that the secretary draw his warrant on the
treasurer, countersigned by the 2)i'esident, for such sums as will
jDrocure printed circulars, postage, papers, etc., necessary to carry
out this purpose.

At our first annual meeting, the association adopted a constitu-
tion and rules for its government. Experience and more matured
thought has demonstrated that many of the provisions are crude
and not up to the requirements of this bodj-. I suggest that a
committee be appointed, and authorized, to take the matter under
careful consideration, and report the same to this convention, for
its action.

I am also persuaded, gentlemen, to call your attention to the pro-
priety of having an apiculture department, at every annual State Fair,
in which may be exhibited apiarian supplies, hives, honey products
and packages, strained and in comb, etc., that a greater interest
may be awakened among the farmers of the State. The wives and
daughters of our farmers ought to be apiarians. The work would
be congenial to them, and the profits arising from their handiwork
would be far greater than any other employment they can engage,
on or about the farm. I can not but believe that w'e owe it to the
farming interests of our state, that circulars and information in
reference to the bee and its management should be scattered very
liberally over the State, that the farmer element, the yeomanry of
every land, may be convinced and i)ersuaded of the great work
awaiting development at their hands. If the suggestion meets
with your approval, let a committee be appointed to make the
necessary arrangements with the State Agricultural Board, through
ite able secretary, Mr. Heron, for such space and accommodations
as will meet the wants of the association, and also that the neces-

442 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

sary steps be inaugurated to diffuse bee keeping intelligence in
every county and precinct of our great commonwealth.

As to the present status of the association financially, I refer yoa
to the annual report of Hon. Isaac N. Cotton, treasurer, and also
the report of your secretary, Mr. Frank Daugherty. The society is
not in debt, and have a small balance to their credit in the treasury.
There is, in the opinion of some of the membership, a necessity for
a change in the price of initiation, or rather an increase from fifty
cents to $1 per annum. It is urged that a need will arise . for addi-
tional funds to pay expenses of new projects that may be ordered
by you, and which are deemed necessary for the augmentation and
furtherance of the interests of the society. I trust such action will
be taken in this regard as will facilitate this end.

I am also impressed that profitable advantages would be obtained
by organizations of county societies in every portion of the State,
from which auxiliaries the State organization would receive valua-
ble statistics and other matter beneticial to the apicultural interests
of Indiana. May I be permitted to urge upon you the propriety
of taking such steps as will bring about these results?

In closing this hastily prepared address, I must refer with pleas-
ure to the very valuable services rendered the apiary interests by
your secretary. His time has been largely contributed to the ad-
vancement and development of the busy bee in Indiana, and I cor-
dially recommend his re-election to the trust he has so commenda-
bly and ably filled during the past year.

With many thanks for the honor I have enjoyed at your hands,
I earnestly invoke your continuity and faithfulness in a profession
which should be, as I believe it is, the pride of our lives.

After the reading of the address the convention went into the
election of officers, resulting as follows: President, Dr. J. H. Orear,
Liztown, Hendricks county ; secretary, Frank L. Daugherty, Ma-
rion county; treasurer, Isaac N. Cotton, Traders' Point, Marion
county.

The following essay, prepared by Rev. M. Mahin, Huntington,
Indiana, was read by the secretary :

MOVING BEES BY RAILROAD.

It is often necessary to move bees by railroad, and it is well to
know the best way to do it. Having had a somewhat extensive and
varied experience in the matter, I can, perhaps, give information
that may save some one from serious loss.

I have often had occasion to move bees in box hives, and I have
never met with the slightest loss in doing so. I have followed the
plan recommended in King's "Bee Keepers' Text-Book." Turning

BEE KEEPERS. 443

the hive bottom upwards, I have tacked coftee sacking or carpet
over the mouth of it, holding the sacking or carpet in place by,
pieces of lath. The hive can then be placed in an express car, bot-
tom upwards, and carried with perfect safety. I have not tried
shipping box hives in freight trains. If the bees are to be confined
more than a few hours, wire cloth must be used instead of carpet
or sacking, as the bees would cut through the latter and escape.
There is no danger that they will smother, unless the weather
should be very warm, and the hive very full of bees. It would not
be safe to move a hive having new combs full of honey, in hot
weather, or in any weather.

But we are not so much concerned with moving bees in box
hives, as in those having movable frames. In shipping bees several
things need to be attended to :

1. They must be carefully shut in, so that not a bee can escape.
A very few loose bees can quickly demoralize a whole crew of rail-
road hands and a few draymen thrown in.

2. The frames must be secured so that they will not be jostled
out of their places. This can best be done by driving a three penny
fine nail through each end of the top bar of every frame, and into
the hive. But some one may ask " What will you do with the bees
while that is being done ?" That is easily managed when you only
know how. Have made a lot of wooden strips the length of the
top bars of the frames, and large enough to fit down between them.
With these strips pressed down between the frames, the bees are
effectually prevented from coming out at the top of the hive. I use
a very simple and convenient device for closing the entrance of
the hive. I take a piece of inch board as long as may be necessary,
(for the Langstroth hive it w^ould have to be just as long as the
width of the hive inside of the portico,) and Ih inches wide. Near
each end of this I saw in, about an inch, and cut out the wood be-
tween the saw cuts, and then take a strip of the same length one
inch wide, and one-half inch thick, cut out a piece the same length
as the notch in the other, and half way through it. This I nail to the
notched edge of the larger piece. When nailed together I have a
block having an opening under one side, when laid down on its
face, half an inch high, and six or eight inches long. Over the
opening in the top, which is one inch wide, and six or eight inches
long, I tack wire cloth. When this is placed against the entrance
to the hive, the hive is eflectually closed, and yet there is abundant
ventilation. The device is easily and cheaply made, and there is no
other way so convenient for shutting bees in the hive for any pur-
pose. There should be a hole through each end of this block
through which a nail may be passed, and driven slightly into the

444 BOARD OP AGRICULTURE.

alighting lioard to keep it in place. When you have put the strips
between the top bars of the frame, and have tacked the shutting in
block to the front of the hive, you can proceed to fasten the ends of
the frames at your leisure. The heads of the nails should be left
out, so that they may be easily pulled out with a claw-tool.

When the ends of the frames have been tacked fast, the strips
may be removed, or so many of them as may be necessary to give
free ventilation. Now have a honey board with as many as three
inch holes in it, covered with wire cloth, and nail it over the frames,
remove the block that shuts the bees in, and let them fly until
evening. Then when all are in, nail your block on the entrance
of the hive, and it is ready to ship.

3. The third thing necessary is plenty of ventilation, and as that
has been provided for, in describing the manner of shutting the
bees in, nothing more need be said about it.

4. Care should be taken that the combs shall not be heavy with
honey. If they contain much honey, it should be extracted, even if
it has to be fed back.

5. The hives should be so placed that the combs shall be length-
wise of the car. This is especially important, if they are to be
shipped as freight, for in switching cars, they get some awful jolts,
that would knock combs at right angles with direction of the track,
clear out of the frames. Shipped by express, it does not matter
how the hives stand.

6. If many hives are to be shipped together, and the weather is
warm, they shovdd, by all means, be placed in a stock car, that the
animal heat may not injure them. In 1878, I shipped over forty
hives, frona New Castle to Logansport, a distance of eighty miles,
in a stock car, and all went through in j)erfect order. In 1880, I
shipped forty-seven hives, from Logansport to Huntington, on a
warm April day, in a box car, left only partly open, and they were
badly damaged, as, in about a dozen hives, the combs were more or
less broken, and in some the bees were nearly all dead. In some
hives in which the combs were not broken, and there were but few
dead bees, the brood was all killed, and after some days dragged
out. They were damaged more than they' otherwise would have
been, because there had been an unusual flow of honey, for April, and
the honey had not been extracted. I have shipped bees at all sea-
sons of the year, from March until late in the summer, and never
had any misfortune befall them, except in the one case above nar-
rated.

The i)aper was discussed by several members. " Wintering Bees,"
the next question, was then taken up.

BEE KEEPERS. 445

Mr. Benhcmi packed in straw; did not think they could be too
well protected.

Mr. Fells used large boxes around the hives, well tilled with dry
leaves, and had succeeded beyond his expectations.

The Secretary, in wintering, removed all combs that the bees did
not cover ; thought five or six combs a plenty where care was taken
to give those containing sufficient stores. Placed sticks across the
top of the frames to keep the cloth from settling down, to allow the
bees to cross from one frame to another. Used chaff division
boards on the sides with pieces of carpet, blankets or quilts, and
chaff cushion on top. Thought almost as much depended on the
fall management of bees for safe wintering, as packing. Was satis-
fied that young bees were almost a necessity ; they were better able
to withstand the cold and confinement than old, half worn out bees.

Mr. Davis said his bees had been flying out, lea\ang the hives a few
at a time, all winter, until some of the hives had become entirelj'
depopulated, with very few dead bees around the entrance.

Mr. Fells thought old bees the cause, with which the President
and Mr. Brown agreed.

The Secretary did not think that this trouble could be entirely
attributed to old bees ; he believed that there was disease, something
which we were not able to discuss.

Mr. Raab. thought old bees the principal cause, but believed, with
the secretary, that there was still a disease at work also.

The discussion was further indulged in until quite late, when, on
motion of Mr. Belman, the meeting adjourned until 9 o'clock the
next day.

The meeting of the second day was called to order at 9 o'clock,
with President Orear in the chair. After the usual preliminaries,
allowing of bills,* etc., the convention proceeded to the discussion of
various subjects, Albino bees being the first.

Mr. Brmvn believed them to be a distinct race, while the voice of
the convention decided them to be a cross from the Italians.

Introducing virgin queens came next. A majority of the mem-
bers seemed to think the best plan was to let them run in at the
entrance, taking their chances, believing the loss would be no
greater than in introducing queen cells.

Hiving swarms was discussed at some length.

The secretary was then called on to describe his mode of making
candy for bees, some samples of which seemed to please the bee-
men as well as bees, from the manner in which it disappeared.

The manner of making was described as follows : Put sugar suf-
ficient to make what candy you need in a tin-pan with just enough-
water to dissolve the sugar nicelj', more will do no harm, but it

446 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

must necessarily be evaporated again by boiling. Care must be
taken that it does not burn, as burnt sugar is fatal to bees. Allow
the syrup to boil until it begins to wax ; test by dropping a little at
a time into cold water. As soon as sufficiently cooked, remove from
the fire ; stir until the mass begins to turn white — to granulate,
then pour into a plate to cool. If preferred, the candy can be made
directly in a broad frame, to hang in the hive, by laying an empty
frame flat on the table, or a flat surface, holding the frame well
down to keep the warm candy from running under it as it is being
poured in. We prefer to have ours in chunks or proper pieces, as
we can then give only Avhat is needed.

Various other interesting subjects were then discussed at some
length, when the question of vice president was called up. After
some discussion it was decided to nominate a vice president for
each county, instead of for each congressional district, as heretofore.
The list not being completed, the executive committee was in-
structed to fill vacancies and notify the appointees.

Mr. I. N. Cutton, being a member of the Legislature, said he
would be pleased to recommend any legislation for the assistance
of the association or the bee-keeping interest of the State, if any
thing could be done, and, at his suggestion, a committee of three,
consisting of Messrs. Daugherty, Schofield and Shaw, was appointed
to look up the matter, with power to act, in connection with Mr.
Cotton.

G. J. Brown, Anderson, Indiana, read " Bees and Bee-keeping."

The secretary was instructed to have constitution and by-laws
printed, sending one copy to each member of the society. The as-
sociation, by resolution, returned a vote of thanks to Secretary
Heron, of the State Board, the Board of Agriculture and the dailj'-
papers for favors received.

There were on exhibition many samples of implements in mod-
ern bee culture, among which were two extractors and knives from
C. F. Muth, Cincinnati, Ohio, and G. P. McDougall, this city ; honey
knife and smokers, from Bingham & Hetherington, Otsego, Michi-
gan ; Quinby's New Smoker and book, from L. C. Root & Brother,
Mohawk, New York; A B C of Bee Culture, and Cook's Manual of
the Apiary, from the Farmer. The secretary also had two hives,
showing the different styles of taking comb honey, the diflferent
styles of sections, queen cages, candy, etc., all of which were much
admired by the members.

The convention adjourned to meet at the call of the executive
committee. Fkank L. Daugherty, Sea-etary.

TILE MAKERS.

The Indiana Tile Makers' Association held their tenth semi-
annual meeting, in the rooms of the State Board of Agriculture,
December 1 and 2, 1880, President J. T. Stringer, of Kokomo, pre-
siding, and J. J. Billingsley, of Indianapolis, secretary. About one
hundred and twenty-five members were present, with a number of
visitors from adjoining States.

This is the pioneer association of the kind in this country, which
has been imitated in other States, and -it is questionable whether an
association of any kind has been organized here that has resulted in
more practical benefit to the State at large, as regards health and
wealth. The association does not confine its object to the manufac-
ture of tile, but through its influence, by essays and practical dem-
onstration, prove the importance of drainage, the best modes, and,
in fact, reduces the business to a science, and in order to secure the
influence of the Board of Agriculture, and the confidence of the
farming community, it was made part of their code in the early
days of the organization, that no combination should exist in con-
nection with the State Tile Makers' Association to regulate or con-
trol the price of tile. This feature has, no doubt, done much
towards its success and influence, which has made the publication
of a special monthly, " The Drainage Journal," necessary to meet
the demand for such information. The tile makers, with an eye to
business, subscribe for the Journal, fifty to five hundred copies each,
and gratuitously distribute them among the farming community,
thus becoming public benefactors. There are now four hundred
and eighty-seven tile manufactories in Indiana, far ahead of any
other State, with corresponding benefits. The proceedings of the
last convention are published in full in the "Drainage' Journal,"
from which we copy the following address on

448 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

BENEFITS OF FARM DRAINAGE.

BY PKESIDEXT O. A. BURGESS, LL D., OF BUTLER UNIVERSITY.

Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Association :

Any man who teaches his fellow-men how to produce one more
bushel of corn to the acre, one more apple to the tree, or how to pre-
vent a single disease to which man or beast is incident, is a benefactor
to his race. If this should seem at first blush a narrow basis on which
to rest so proud a title as benefactor; yve have but to estimate the sum
total of the increase in production it would cause on the one hand?
and of happiness on the other, to feel ourselves fully justified in the
assertion. Benefaction to the race indeed rest primarily on small
beginnings. The discovery of the circulation of the blood ; the use
of the small-pox ^irus, modified for vaccination ; the discovery of
the steam-power, the telegraph, the invention of spinning and
sewing machines, are among the benefactions to the human race,,
but not more so than will be the well directed efforts of the farmer
or associations of farmers who can accomplish what I have just
indicated.

As I understand the objects of this association, you have in view
no less grand results. You intend, by a judicious use of tile and
drainage, both to increase the productive force of the soil and add
to the sum of human hai^piness by decreasing liability to disease in
both man and beast. This will lead me to discuss in your presence
some of

The Benefits of Drainage.

Nothing is probably better understood among farmers than, as a-
rule, that tvet soil is a cold soil. If a wet soil is a cold soil, and cold
simply because it is wet, it is very easy logic to say — dry the soil and
it will become warm. This, too, is always true in the case given. To'
drain a soil well, or rather to put it in condition of constant self-
drainage, is, of course, the remedj' for the wet and cold condition.
It seems strange that so simple a process, though known and prac-
ticed centuries ago to a very limited extent, is but very recently
claiming general attention, and being reduced to something like a
practical and scientific basis.

Swamps, indeed, and stagnant pools and ponds of water have, of
necessity, been carried away through drains, or more properly
open ditches. But it has been reserved for a comparatively late
day to successfully apply a system of tile drainage to almost all
classes and conditions of soil.

TILE MAKERS. 449

The wet condition of the soil is, however, only a part of the prob-
lem. A wet soil is also a difficult soil to manage on account of the
baked condition to which it is always liable under a hot sun. This
renders it less friable, requires a vastly greater expenditure of labor
and time to bring it into good farming condition, and produces less
of grains or grasses after all the labor has been exjDended.

To dry soil by under-drainage is also, therefore, to remedy at one
stroke all these difficulties, for a warm dry soil will seldom or ever
bake, and is more productive than the cold and wet.

As this is a question of practical science, let us briefly examine a
few simple laws on which the facts I have stated rest, and by which
the results mentioned are brought about.

, First. It is a well known fact in science that water is a powerful
radiator of heat. This being true, all soils having, for a portion of
the season, large quantities of surface water, must, of necessity, be
deprived of a large proportion of the heat of the sun's rays, they
being radiated by the water instead of being absorbed by the soil,
as should be the case, and as must be before the soil will be warm
enough to touch and quicken the germ-life of the seed sown or
planted. Heat is one of the main conditions of life; and while it
is possible to destroy life by overheating, it is equally certain that
no very high type of life can either be produced, or after produc-
tion continued, without a regular and constant surply of warmth or
heat.

Second. But pools and surface water are not alone the enemies of
production. It is also a well known fact in science that evaporation
produces cold. Take the simple process of making ice cream, a
luxury as easily produced in the suns of July as in the frosts of De-
cember. This is done by the use of the well known law of sudden
and rapid evaporation carried on by the column of ice and salt out-
side of the column of cream, and by which the heat is withdrawn
from the cream to so great an extent as to produce ice. I remem-
ber, when a boy, of seeing a newspaper statement to the effect that
if a wet sheet be wrapped around a jug or tin vessel filled with
water, and the vessel placed in the hot sun — the hotter the better,
the paper stated — the water in the vessel would be kept cooler than
any tree shade or hay-stack could keep it. Without asking after the
philosophy I tried the experiment and found it true. The philoso-
phy is now simple enough. The heat of the sun upon the wet sheet
produced rapid evaporation, thus withdrawing the warmth from
the water within, for as fast as heat is withdrawn from any body
contiguous to another, the heat will pass from the other in order to
keep vip the equilibrium. .

29 — Agr. Report.

450 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

It is not difficult, therefore, to see how certainly a wet soil must
be a cold one, since under the summer sun there must take place a
constant and rapid evaporation of the surface water of the soil and
a corresponding cooling of the surface must take place. When
evaporation has progressed until the absorbent power of the earth
is greater than the svm's rays, or so to speak, until the pores of the
surface are closed, then commences the baking process so well
known to farmers and so difficult to manage. Underdrainage is
the simple and certain remedy for these evils, since by removing
and keeping removed the surface water the soil becomes both dry
and warm, which renders it also more friable, and in every sense
easier to cultivate.

Third. Wet lands waste the manure, by not allowing ready ab-
sorption, the valuable parts of the manure frequently pass off in
vapor, and are carried by the winds to enrich your neighbor's soil,
who, b}'^ underdrainage, reaps the benefit of your labor as well as
his own.

Fourth. There is also another method by which underdrainage
changes the temperature and condition of the soil. The soil, as
just shown, having been rendered more friable and porous, by
carrying off the svirface water, it is also in condition to allow the
rainfall to pass easily and quickly through from the surface to
the drain below. In this passage of the rain through soil and sub-
soil, the heat or warmth in rain is carried downward and absorbed
by the soil or sub-soil. As this absorbent force is always more
effective in the ratio of the porousness of the soil, it follows that
all the warmth of a summer's rain, instead of being wasted by ra-
diation and evaporation, ma^^, by a judicious system of tile drain-
age, be stored away in the soil below, and reappear in the increased
quantities and improved qualities of the grains, grasses and fruits
to reward and bless the husbandman for his toil.

Fifth. Well-drained lands will stand a drought better than wet
lands. This will be apparent, when it is remembered that, during
a large part of the season, moisture is supplied to the roots of grow-
ing crops by capillary attraction. In a hard, baked soil, this pro-
cess is arrested, and thus the supply of moisture necessary for
growth is cut off. Only a well-pulverized, porous soil, can give free
play to the law of capillary attraction.

SiTih. Proper underdraining, by keeping a warm, dry surface,
will prevent, to a great extent, if not entirely, that thing so fatal to
some crops, called frost-upheaval.

Seventh. Experiments have shown that the temperature of fields
lying side by side has been changed at a dei)th of 7 inches from 8°
to 15° F. in favor of the one drained; and in the time of maturing

TILE MAKERS. 451

both grain and fruits, of from ten to twelve days. In this way have
wet, cold, baked soils been transformed into dry, warm, porous
soils, their productive power greatly increased, and at a much less
expenditure of time and money.

Let us now observe some of the practical and valuable points
gained : (a) security from early frosts; (b) the saving of labor and
money in the management of the soil ; (c) in increase in the prod-
ucts of the soil ; (d) by saving all parts of the manure, a richer soil;
(e) by early maturity of crops, better crops; (f) less liability of suf-
fering by drought ; (g) and less liability, especially in the case of win-
ter wheat, of destruction of crop by the upheavals by spring frosts.

Thus far I have discussed the question before us specially with
reference to grains and fruits. What I have said, however, will
apply with equal force to grasses. Wet, cold land, whether used for
pastures or meadows, will produce coarse grasses, mixed with weeds
and often mosses. . The grasses produced on such lands are not
only coarse in texture, but correspondingly lacking in nutriment.
That the flesh-fiber, or muscle that we call food, and eat under the
names of beef, mutton, pork, etc., depends very largely on the food
given to animals while fattening, is a well known and long estab-
lished fact; but this has been related, unfortunately, to the little
time set apart to " stall and fat the ox." A little observation will
show, however, that in order to have a fine quality of beef and mut-
ton for food, the ox and the sheep must be furnished with a fine
fibered, nourishing feed, long before the special time for " stalling to
feed " comes. Indeed, there should no such time come, and it need
not, for the production of the sweetest and most nutritious animal
food, if grasses of the finest fiber and fullest of nutriment be always
grown in pasture and meadow.

In addition to the better quality of grasses produced by under-
drainage, the health of the animal is also largely improved. Sheep
are specially liable to diseases of both head and hoof.

It is now a well-known fact that domestic animals are subject to
many of the same diseases which affect man. I do not see why
this should not be so. Animal nature, in some respects, is substan-
tially the same, whether it belong to man or beast. Other things,
therefore, being equal, I see no reason why diseases should not be
similar. Whatever improvement can be made in the conditions of
the soil to guard against the diseases in beast, v.'ill also guard against
some of the same diseases in man.

But more of the health question hereafter. I wish here simply to
emphasize the fact that dry, warm, healthful lands are not only
necessary to the production of grasses of a fine fiber, full of nutri-
ment, but equally necessary to the production of fine, large, healthy

452 BOARD OF AGEICULTURE.

cattle and sheep; and that, as an economic measure, it will find its
justification and reward in the increased value of these animals*
whether for the market or our own table use.

A few other practical suggestions now arise, upon which I shall
offer a mere suggestion as your own obseryation and experience
■will serve you far better than anything I can say.

The first relates to the kinds of land that should be drained. In
a generally level country, my own observation is that one can drain
to advantage any soil. The clay soil, of course, ofiers the most
serious objections, and yet I apprehend the trouble with clay soil,
lies not so much with the failure of the drain as with the attempt to
handle the soil too soon after a rain. Clay, for reasons very obvious,
needs a longer time to drain than soil of a less compact character.
If the plow be put in too soon after a rain, a kind of a paste is
formed, which will be certain to become baked as soon as the sun
shines hotly upon it. A little waiting, however, and it will be found
that the water will make its way to the drain, and the clay become
comparatively warm and friable.

The depth and distance apart at which the lines of tile should be
laid, as well as the size of the tile, are all questions of importance,
but questions not to be settled in any verj^ dogmatic manner.
General observation and experiment, so far, seem to assert that
quite a depth — say four feet — is desirable, and the lines of tile
tolerablj'- close to each other. These are questions, however, it
seems to me, that must be settled by the general condition and sur-
roundings of the land to be drained. One thing I may state that is
quite apparent: it is that the final outlet of drainage will largely
modify all these questions. If that outlet be a large and quick dis-
charge, and if the several lines of tile leading to it are of quick and
regular descent, then will each line of tile draw a greater distance,
and therefore fewer lines will be needed. If the land in general be
quite level, and all outlets sluggish, each particular line of tile will
carry off less water, and will drain a correspondingly less area. All
in all, actual experiments are the best teachers on points like these,
and experiments that are not costly, and when successful, yield rich
fruits, can be carried on with patience and energy.

Aside from the advantages arising from, and the interests fos-
tered by, your [association, thus far stated, I must not fail to note
the great economic values, in part, or in whole, created by you. I
refer to the stimulus added to the incentive genius of our coun-
try, and the facilities afforded thereby to make your work swift,
easy and effective.

It is said "the Yankee not only makes the thing, but makes the
machine that makes it." Even so; for no sooner did the attention

TILE MAKERS. 453

of farmers become fairly addressed to the subject of tile and drain-
age, than scores of inventors were at work to produce the machines
by which the work could be carried on. You have thus become
the foster-fathers of a new industry, and have thereby made a posi-
tive addition to the resources of the country.

The following, taken from that admirable collection of State sta-
tistics, by Trof. CoUett, will serve to show something of the value to
the State of this new industry : " In Indiana, alone, there are three
hundred establishments for the manufacture of tile. These employ
a capital of over $500,000. They use $100,000 worth of raw ma-
terial, producing over $600,000 worth of manufactured material,
and pay about $200,000 for wages."

I may add that this shows but the beginning of an industry that
is yet destined to take first rank among the productive forces of
our great State, without any immediate danger of a lack of room. In-
diana contains about 22,000,000 of acres. Only about one half of
these are at present in a state of cultivation. Of the millions under
cultivation, it is safe to say that not one half have yet reached any-
thing near their maximum productive force. The proper use of
manure above, and drains below, would soon double the already
enormously large productions of the State. Add to these, the mil-
lions and millions of acres not yet touched by the plow, and we
may indeed say, Indiana is an empire in herself, and capable of
furnishing bread for the world. How much of this shall be realized ;
how many of the now unturned acres shall yield to the ax and the
plow ; how many death-breeding swamps and stagnant pools shall
yet yield sweet incense for the altar of the farmer's devotions; how
much of " the wilderness shall yet be fragrant, and blossom as the
rose," will dejaend largely on you, gentlemen, and your and kindred
associations.

I can not close without a Avord further upon a subject already
hinted at,

The Question of Health for Man.

You are not simply draining lands to add to the quantity and
quality of your crops, or to place your lands in a condition to be
tilled by the least jDOssible expenditure of time and means. These
would be, indeed, commendable objects, and might well engage
your earnest and constant attention. But you do more than this ;
every farm well drained has gained a partial, if not entire, immunity
from certain diseases ; and every farmer who builds him a home,
where he may eat and drink and repose " under his own vine and
tree," on well drained land, takes thereby an extended lease of life,
and adds security to the happiness and health of wife and children.

Eminent physicians in different parts of our country estimate

454 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

that from one-fourth to one-third of all human diseases arise from
a lack of proper drainage. Here, in the west, we know full well
how certainly ague and fever, chills, billious and typhoid types
of fever, and malarial types of disease in general, follow in the
wake of miasmatic vapors,' exhaling from pools and swamps and
excess of surface water.

If, therefore, gentlemen, while you are enriching your lands and
adding to the general prosperity and wealth of our great State, you
shall also take away the sources of disease and oftentimes death, you
will have reduced farming to a science that will deserve to rank
among the learned professions, will have added to the sum of human
happiness, and will deserve, as you will receive, the benedictions of
all who share your generous labors or enjoy the fruits of your noble
toil. I bid yovi God-speed in a work that strives for the attainment
of such grand ends.

FISH CULTURE

The encouragement c;iven to fish culture by the General Assem-
bly of the State of Indiana, at their recent session, by the enactment
of a law creating the office of Fish Commissioner, and appropriating
funds for that purpose, has awakened an interest in that branch of
industry, and information on the subject is sought for, as never
before. Hence we present herewith some articles from the highest
authority on the subject, gained by practical experience in fish cul-
ture, to aid those who are disposed to embark in this profitable and
pleasant business.

It is a conceded fact that Indiana, with the numerous ponds in
the northern part of the State and sink-holes in the southern part,
and well watered by rivers and streams, has equal, if not superior,
facilities for fish culture to any other State.

FISH CULTUEE.*

BY SETH GREEN. ROCHESTER, NEW YORK.

Fish can be raised with less trouble and cost than other articles
of food. The lakes and rivers are full of animal and vegetable or-
ganizations upon which fish can live, now wasted, but which should
be utilized by stocking these waters with suitable varieties. There
is not only an abundance of food, but it is also true that fish need
less food to produce a given amount of flesh than is required by
birds or quadrupeds. The amount which makes a pound of poultry
or beef will make many pounds of fish ; this is owing to the fact
that they are cold-blooded and usually inactive animals. When we
see them in water they are in motion because they see us ; at times
they go long distances in search of breeding places, but tliej' are, as

* From the Journal of the American Agricultural Aasociation.

456 BOARD OF AGEICULTURE.

a rule, quite torpid in their habits. Animal action consumes the
system. For this reason, those who wish to fatten cattle or poultry
keep them confined. Animal heat is also a great consumer of food,
and a large share of all that is eaten by warm-blooded animals is
needed to maintain this vital heat. As fish are cold-blooded, they
need but little food for this purpose, and most they take goes to
make bulk and weight. The fact that this class of animals will live
a long time Avithout eating is familiar to all. There is but little
waste to their system in any way. We frequently see birds and
fishes kept in the same rooms ; while the first are restless and need
constant care and feeding, and frequent cleansing of their cages, the
latter are almost motionless unless disturbed, and as the water in
which they are kept is usually clear and fresh, it has in it but little
food. It may be true that a pound of fish does not contain as much
nourishment as a pound of beef; but the difference is by no means
as great as the difference in cost of production. For some pur-
poses of health it is much more valuable than a like weight of other
food. Less care and labor are needed to raise fish than to raise
other animals, or even to raise vegetables. We must give close at-
tention to our flocks and herds throughout the year, and we must
toil through a long season in our fields to make vegetables grow.
Lakes and rivers are said to be like fields jorepared for food. Fish
onl}^ need our help in one way. At breeding times their eggs are
mostly destroyed by numerous enemies, and but few are hatched.

By artificial means, at a trifling cost, nearly all the eggs can be
saved and vast numbers of young can be produced.

While on this analogy it may be suggested that rotation of crops
may be as advantageously introduced in pisciculture as in agricul-
ture. In a portion of France, where the land is low and can be
overflowed at pleasure by a system of dyking, crops of grain and
eels are alternated, the latter being the most profitable ; but this is
onlj- the germ of the true principle. When one sort of root or
grain or vegetable is repeated on the same land it is found that the
soil is exhausted of its food, while its enemies are augmented in
number.

Incidentally, the same thing occurs with fish when they are kept
in one locality. They use up their food and increase the list of
their foes. As soon as this hajopens they sufler and should be sup-
i:)lanted by a different species, living on different food and having a
totally different class of enemies. Wherever this has been done the
effect has been surprising, the new species increasing enormously
for the first few years, then meeting the fate of their predecessors.
It is a curious fact that the stomachs of fish are so often found to be
entirely empty of food, and the migratory varieties seem hardly to

FISH CULTURE. 457

feed at all while, preparing to spawn. This would imply either that
they digest very rapidly or can go a long time without nutriment,
and probablj^ both of these deductions are true. Heat and motion
are the main consumers of food, for animal bodies are physically
machines which must be supi)lied Avith fuel if motion is to be gen-
erated, and will wear out with friction unless the waste is restored.
A man or a horse can only perform his quota of work if his body
is thoroughly nourished, and on the other hand, neither needs nor
can digest his full amount of food unless he works. The terrestrial
animals are warm-blooded and active, many of them in their natural
state getting their food by the chase, whereas fish are cold-blooded
and although occasionally making long journeys, are ordinarily
quiet.

The following points upon fish culture seem to be established
First. — Fish culture, extending to every desirable varietj' of fish, is
entirely practicable. Second. — It may, under proper management,
be made profitable to the producer, as much so or more than the
cultivation of land or of land animals, and on similar conditions.
Third. — It may furnish to all classes an abundance of cheap and the
most nutritious and healthful food. Fourth. — It is absolutely nec-
essary, in order to the preservation of the fish in the country from
total destruction. Fifth. — Every section of our country, and all its
creeks, rivers, lakes and sea coasts are avaibable for this care being
taken, that- the right kinds of fish be selected for the waters into
which they are placed, observing latitude, climate, temperature and
quality of water. Sixth — It may be carried on by stocking waters
with young fish brought from hatching establishments, or by ob-
taining eggs for hatching, and both eggs and young fish may be
transported safely to almost any distance. Seventh. — The money
capital required for these operations is small ; skill, care, patience,
perseverance and common sense, the same as in other business, be-
ing the chief requisites. Eighth. — Individual enterprise is alone
sufficient for success, though State action is desirable ; indeed, leg-
islation is essential, if not to foster, at least to protect those engaged
in the business of fish culture.

THE PROPAGATION OF VARIOUS KINDS OF FISH, AND
THE WATERS IN WHICH THEY WILL THRIVE.

[SETH GREEX IX XEW' YORK TRIBUNE.]

Many people seem to entertain the idea that our game fish are
not food fish, and that the work of the Fish Commissioners has been

458 BOARD OF AGRK ULTURE.

confined almost exclusively to the propagation and increase of
game fish. The fact of the matter is that our better class of fresh
water food fish is composed principally of game fish.

It costs no more to cultivate a good variety of fish than it does an
inferior one, and I am sure the people would rather live on beef
than liver, especially when one costs no more than the other.

Some waters are not calculated to produce the best varieties of
fish, and it is therefore impossible to stock such waters with any-
thing but the more common kinds. For instance, some persons
write me that they have a small lake in their vicinity, perhaps a
mile or two long, and proportionately wide, principally muddy
bottom, and containing flags and pond lilies, and they wish to stock
it with black bass.

My reply is that black bass will not do well in such water,
for the reason that it does not answer the requirements of their
nature. They require clear, bright water, with a rocky bottom, and
crawfish for food ; also a larger territory for their increase, as in
water suitable for them they multiply rapidly. They thrive best in
large, clear lakes and swift rocky rivers.

For such waters as described above I would recommend yellow
perch and bull heads, and if it contained both of these varieties, and
it was desired to put in another kind, I Avould advise Oswego bass,
a fish closely resembling the black bass in aj^pearance, but differing
greatly in habits and other particulars.

I am frequently called upon to furnish salmon trout for small
lakes, rivers and creeks. I have tried the experiment many times
of putting them in such waters, but they have invariably failed to
thrive. The only waters they do well in are clear water lakes having
a depth of not less than one hundred feet. They are stf ictly a deep
lake fish. In shallow lakes the water gets too warm for them, and
unless they can have access to the deep cold water beyond the
l^enetrating heat of the sun, they will surely die.

CARP CULTUEE.

The introduction of the German carp in this country is a matter
of special interest and importance to all inland communities that
heretofore have exi^ericnced a dearth of fish food, for the carj) will
thrive in either artificial or natural ponds, having muddy bot-
toms, with almost no care at all.

The special merit of the carp lies in the fact of its sluggishness,
and the ease with which it is kept in very limited inclosures, it be-

FISH CULTURE. 459

ing a vegetable feeder, and its general inofiensiveness. Trout and
black bass require a supply of animal food for their sustenance and
growth, but carp, while not disdaining flies, worms and the like,
thrive on the succulent roots, leaves of aquatic plants and their
seeds. They also readily feed upon corn, grain, bread, root crops,
raw or boiled, and, indeed, any vegetable refuse whatever. They
thrive best in ponds with muddy bottoms, and whenever the water
becomes cold or frozen over at the surface, the fish bury themselves
in the mud, congregating in lots of from fifty to one hundred, and
constitviting what is called in Germany "kettles." It is important
that they should not be disturbed under such circumstances. Of
course, while hibernating in this way, they are not feeding, although
it is said they do not lose appreciably in weight. In the more
southern regions, where the waters do not freeze, they will doubt-
less feed throughout the year, and make a more rapid growth.

As regards the best plants for a carp pond, the United States
Fish Commissioner mentions the ordinary pond weeds — splatter
dock or pond lily— and, indeed, any of the kinds that grow in the
water, with leaves floating upon the surface, duckweed among the
number. Those producing seed, like wild rice, are especially de-
sirable. In large ponds, it may not be necessary to give special
food, but in restricted inclosures, they may be fed with the refuse
of the kitchen, garden, leaves of cabbage, lettuce, hominy and other
substances. When grain is fed to fish, it is better boiled. A good
plan is to have the ponds arranged so that the water can be drawn off
at will, leaving all the fish collected in a small basin near the outlet.
This is for the convenience of assorting the fish and selecting such
as may be required elsewhere.

Carp spawn in May and June, and, under some circumstances,
throughout the entire summer. They are very prolific, and the
eggs of the female adhere tenaciously to whatever they touch ; for
this reason, it is important that a new pond be provided with float-
ing weeds for such attachment. The eggs hatch out in a few days,
and the young grow very rapidly. A Nevada exchange, in illustra-
tion of the prolificness of carp, cites the experience of Mr. Moshier,
of Stockton, who, from seventeen young carp, gained in one year
5,000 carp, from five to seven inches long. His jDond was seventy
feet in diameter and six feet long. The bottom and sides of the
pond were cemented, to render water-tight. The water was sup-
plied from a well seventy feet deep ; it was pumped into the pond
by means of a windmill. The cost of this pond was $100. Farmers
who feel interested in growing carp, can, of course, raise all that
would be required for family use in a much smaller pond than the
one described. — The Neiv York Weekly World.

460 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

FISH CULTURE.

It may surprise and pique our readers to inform them that an
acre of water well stocked with fish will produce as much food as
an acre of land. The process of stocking our waters with fish is
being carried on by various bodies in various ways. Notable among
these is the work done by the United States vessel, Fish Hawk-
This has a capacity for hatching 20,000,000 young shad at one time,
and, as the hatching process occupies about five days, the capacity
is about 120,000,000 a month. The intention was to commence on
the Georgia coast in February and finish with the Susquehanna in
June, giving four months to the business, which would have pro-
duced at least 400,000,000 young shad, enough to stock the continent.
This plan was frustrated by the unusual lateness of the season
which put ofi' operations till the middle of April.

The process is curious but simple. When the immense seine is
drawn ashore, a skillful man called a "spawner" wades along, ankle
deep in fish, selecting roe shad that are ripe. These are taken to
the spawn pans, and the sides gently but firmly stroked with the
thumb and fore-finger, much after the fashion of milking. The act
is called "stripping." The roe, if ripe, yields the spawn freely and
the result is several spoonfuls of eggs, each about the size of a pin
head. A buck shad is then produced and milked in the same man-
ner. The milt is made to flow into the pan until about a spoonful
is yielded. Then a little water is added and the pan shaken gently
until the milt has touched all the eggs. In a few moments the mass
of eggs swell to twice their size, each egg becoming a tight round
globule. In this business nature is beaten at her own game, for in
nature, it is said, not more than one-third of the eggs are vitalized,
whereas by this process scarcely any fail of being impregnated. A
ripe shad yields from 20,000 to 40,000 eggs, although the number is
said to have gone up to 70,000. The pans with the si^awn are taken
aboard the ship and their contents gently poured into cones filled
with water. In these cones the proper temperature is maintained
and a gentle, aerated current kept up by force-pumps. In these
cones the eggs are })roof against untoward accident. Whereas in
their native hatching grounds the eggs are subject to change of
current, washings, and sudden chill in the water, in the artificial
receptacle they are free from all adverse circumstances, especiallj''
from the shoals of small fish that haunt the vicinity of the develop-
ing eggs. The result is that ninety per cent, of the eggs are
hatched out, whereas in the natural manner, only one-third of the
eggs are impregnated and only one-fourth of these hatched out.

FISH CULTURE. 461

The course of the fish can be traced without the aid of the mi-
croscope. The globe grows perceptibly from the first, and in four
or five days is an unmistakable fish. Then the creatures break the
globes in which they are contained, but the yolk-bag, twice the
length of their body, hangs to them some time longer. Until this
is absorbed they are in a critical situation, in the natural state being
at the mercy of the swarms of minnows that haunt their tracks.
Li the cories they are protected from these marauders, hence the
large percentage of those which survive. When taken from the
cones they are packed in cans and sent to the fish commissions of
the several States. A sharp eye can easily determine when to
empty the cones and fill them with a fresh supply of vitalized eggs.

With the present- facilities for hatching, the only limit to the pro-
duction is the quantity of eggs taken. However, it is apparent that
enough will be produced to stock all the rivers of the country.

The effect of the hatching is already percei)tible in the largely
increased catch along the Atlantic coast. On the North Carolina
coast the catch was increased tenfold the first year after the use of
artificial hatching. The movement in fish culture will not rest
with the shad, the attention of the Fish Hawk will be turned toward
the fine Spanish mackerel and the prolific rock. By steering to
different points, the Fish Hawk may find employment in her pecu-
liar business for every day in the year. — Prairie Fanner.

OUR FIBER INDUSTRIES.

BY CHARLES R. DODGE.

How to frame tariff laws to enable successful competition with
the old world, has been the study of political economists and pro-
tectionists for long years, and now' the spectacle is presented to our
view of a people trying to compete with themselves, or to state it
more plainly, the older sections of the country are finding them-
selves unable to compete with other sections where farming is con-
ducted by steam machinery, and upon the grandest scale. The
center of wheat production is rapidly moving westward, as each
year opens new farms in the far west, where capital, with gang
plows, headers and steam threshers, grows more grain upon one
farm than is produced in a whole county in the east, and at prices,
too, discouraging to the eastern agriculturist or western small
farmer. The center of wheat production, in twenty-eight years,
has traversed 430 miles of territory, from eastern Ohio to central
Illinois, and is still moving westward. The eastern farmer can not
afford to grow wheat. Sheep and cattle, even, can be more profita-
bly produced in the west, and a "diversified agriculture " generally
means growing what everybody else is growing, at bottom prices.
It should mean something else. Without discussing the merits of
either free trade or protection, everybody knows that a dollar paid
to an American farmer is better for American agriculture than to
send the same dollar out of the country. If our farmers can not
all grow wheat for foreign export, perhaps something else can be
grown that now must be imported. Already farmers in the eastern
States ar^ turning their attention to sugar-beet culture, capital hav-
ing supplied a market for this product; but beet-sugar and
sorghum sugar are no less elements of national wealth because
furnishing a home supply than are vegetable fibers. But fiber cul-
tivation is no new thing. It is an old industry — old as the country
itself — which has only languished in late years through neglect, the
causes of which can be readily explained.

OUR FIBER INDUSTRIES. 463

Early Flax Culture.

As early as 1629, flax was grown in Salem, Massachusetts, by one
Samuel Cornhill, and in February, 1640, flax was ordered by the
General Court of Connecticut, to be sown by each family, to pre-
serve seed. Later, flax culture was extended into other colonies, and
flaxseed was early exported to Great Britain. In 1751, it is recorded
that sixty wagondoads of flax were received at Baltimore, from the
surrounding country, for shipment. According to Mr. A. J. Law-
son, the first flax-dressing machine used in this country was con-
strvicted in 1753, by Hugh Orr, Bridgewater, Massachusetts.

Next to Cotton and Wool.

The flax industry of the United States stands third on the list of
fiber products, although the production is far below what it should
be. In 1850 nearly 7,700,000 pounds of raw flax were produced in the
whole country; in 1860 there was a falling oft" of nearly 3,000,000
pounds; while in 1869, according to the census of 1870, the pro-
duct arose to over 27,000,000. Of this quantity, Ohio, New York
and Illinois produced over 87.5 per cent, Ohio alone growing, in
round numbers, 17,000,000 of pounds, New York ranking next in
amount of production. The present area in flax can only be
roughly estimated at 400,000 acres. There has been a considerable
falling off in the Eastern States, but this has been more than made
up by the increased acreage in the west. The five States of Ohio,
Indiana, Wisconsin, Iowa and Kansas, had about 250,000 acres in
flax, in 1877. The 17,000,000 pounds produced in Ohio, in 1S69, fell
off 10,000,000 in one decade, the figures of 1879 giving but little
over 7,000,000 pounds, as the product of that year. While there
has been a falling off in lint, the seed figures throughout the west
show an enormous increase, especially in Kansas and Iowa. In
1869 Kansas produced 1,553 bushels of flaxseed, and Iowa, 88,621.
In 1877-78 their production amounted to about 291,000 and 530,000
bushels respectively. The present census will show large figures
in seed production, though it is doubtful if there has been any
great increase in the amount of lint produced. The croj^ of 1870
was grown in twenty-eight States, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ken-
tucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Oregon and California, in addition to
the States previously named, furnishing the great bulk of the supply.

The Foreign Supply

Is derived mainly from six or seven countries, some twelve or fif-
teen countries only being represented in the imports of the last ten
years. Since 1877, Russia has furnished hy far the largest amount,

464 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

England coming next on the list, though doubtless a part of this is-
re-exportation. In 1879 Russia furnished 1,156 tons, valued at
1338,457. The remainder of our foreign supply was received as fol-
lows: From England, 613 tons; Scotland, 364 tons; Ireland, 29&
tons ; Netherlands, 35 tons ; Belgium, 10 tons, and from our neigh-
bors over the border, 458 tons of Canadian and Northwest Territory
flax.

According to estimates of leading New York and Boston manu-
facturers the imports of 1879, for scutched flax, line and tow,,
amounted to almost seven millions of pounds, costing from $300 to
$550 per ton. The total valuation of this import is $969,451.

As has been stated, Russian flax largely supplies this demand.
Dutch flax — at one time considered the most perfect flax in the
market — is used only in small quantities, and Belgium furnishes a
still smaller amount. Of Irish flax, 59,500 pounds were received
at the port of Boston in 1879, together Avith 87,000 pounds from the
Netherlands.

After reviewing the sources of our supply, domestic and foreign,.
the question of quality arises as an important factor in determining
from whence the bulk of raw fiber must be received by our manu-
facturers. Naturally aiming to produce as high a standard of goods
as can be made abroad, they will buy the best fiber in the different
grades that can be obtained for the monej^ As regards our ability
to produce flax in any quantity, there is no question ; it must be up
to a higher standard of quality than at present, however, if we wish
to compete with that grown in the best flax producing countries of
the old world. Flax culture in Russia has grown to be such an
enormous industry, that a million acres of land, it is estimated, are
required for the production of flax fiber alone, 80,000 tons of which
on an average, have been exported for a series of years. The qual-
ity, doubtless, is not as high as in some other countries, but the flax
is carefully graded by a government standard, by government offi-
cers, and its quality carefully designated ; the fiber is put up in
even lengths, and the manufacturer always knows just what he is
buying. Here there is no one standard, each dealer or producer
fixing it to suit his own ideas. The system of culture in this
coimtry is against high grade fiber. More strength is needed by
improved methods of treatment, and more attention to evenness in
length is absolutely essential. The majority of our farmers "haven't
time " to grow good fiber — and it takes time and labor — preferring
to follow a haphazard system of agriculture which can only give in-
diflbront results.

OUR FIBER INDUSTRIES. 465

Foreign Methods.

The Irish and Dutch growers sow thick for fine fiber ; the crop is
carefully watched and studied that everything shall be done in just
the right time, and this watchfulness and care commences with the
very preparation of the soil and the selection of fertilizers. Rota-
tion of crops is closely studied; the seed is most carefully selected,
and after the plants have begun to show themselves they are kept
free from weeds. The greatest care is exercised in harvesting the
crop and in the steeping and rotting of the straw — the system of
water-rotting always being pursued instead of the dew-rotting, as
practiced in this country. Even at this stage the crop requires the
closest attention; it must be taken from the steep pools at the
proper time ; it must be guarded from injury in drying and stack-
ing, and finally care must be exercised in the separation of the lint
from the woody portion or " shive." The wasteful system usually
practiced with us would ruin the industry in any flax country in a
few years.

In this country flax is grown largely for seed, which, of course,
is sold to the oil factories. The straw is either burned or otherwise
wasted, or is sold in limited quantities to such bagging factories as
can find a market for their goods. The entire crop is, therefore,
taken right out of the soil, so to speak, and nothing returned. The
mineral elements extracted from the soil are contained in the seed
and woody portions of the plant, while the fiber or lint takes
its constituents from the air. Abroad, these important elements of
fertility are returned to the soil in various waj's. One of the most
profitable ways in which the fertility is kept up, is the feeding of
the oil cake to cattle, making at the same time beef, and fertilizing
material of the highest value. The contents of the " steep pools "
serves to irrigate the fields, and even the " shive " or waste portions
after scutching are composted and returned to the land. Under
such a practice, flax can not be called an exhaustive crop, as is
claimed for it by some producers.

It is true, we have not so moist a climate as that in which the
Irish and Dutch flax is produced, but we can, nevertheless, with
proper care and the adoption of foreign methods, grow fine flax in
many portions of the country. Oregon and Washington territories
are especially adapted to the growth of superior flax, and even in
New England, northern New York and the lake region, good re-
sults may be attained.

Waste of the Fiber.

In glancing at the figures of area given above, it may be suggested
that four hundred thousand acres in flax nuist mean a pretty heavy

30 — Agr. Report.

466 BOARD OF AGEICULTUKE.

fiber iiroduction, in spite of all these drawbacks and deficiencies.
"Wliat becomes of it all ? The Western farmers themselves state
tliat the great bulk of the crop, the product of thousands of acres, is
wasted after the seed is removed. It is true that the plants as
grown for seed make poor fiber, and it is even claimed that good
fiber and good seed from the same plant is an impossibility. A
double crop, if such it maj' be called, has been obtained, however,
by pulling or harvesting when the fiber is in the best condition,
allowing the seed to ripen afterwards upon the straw. If Western
fiax-straw, after the removal of the seed, is unfit for fine fiber, it is
useful for the manufacture of tow for paper making, and, for coarse
bagging, and the question may suggest itself : Why then is it wasted ?
To this, the Western manufacturer makes answer that it was not
wasted until Congress, eight or nine years ago, took off, or greatly
lessened the duty on jute butts, in consequence of which the flax
bagging establishments — which, with hemp, furnished the greater-
part of the bagging in use ten years ago — were obliged to suspend
operations. Thej' ask for a higher rate of duty on jute butts, and
promise to furnish from western flax, now grown for seed only»
all the bagging that can be used for cotton, wool and grain. They
claim to be able to furnish it at the prices jute bagging now com-
mands, and that, too, from a material now almost wholly wasted.

On the contrary, the jute manufacturer claims that it is true
national economy to admit raw material free of duty in order to
encourage manufacture at home, instead of importing from abroad.
Then the Western farmer and flax-miller reply that if it is good to
give employment to American labor in the manufacture of bag-
ging, it is still better to give employment to American farm labor
in producing the raw material. So evenly balanced are the forces
in this conflict, that flax is still able to compete for a portion of the
bagging used in baling the cotton crop. Through larger capital,
with better organization and division of labor, the jute manufacture
is successful and the flax-bagging industry depressed. The con-
flict is between the seaboard and the interior, between the large
manufacturer on the one hand, and the small flax-miller and farmer
on the other. Logically the flax men have the better position if
they can make good the promise of a full and cheap sui;)ply ; the
jute men, however, have the advantage of having produced the
supply.

Whether flax is, or not used for bagging, the

Grotving of Fine t lax

Is open to our farmers, and a good quality of fiber will find a mar-
ket. Better methods of growth and "handling" however must be

OUR FIBER INDUSTRIES. 467

introduced before we can expect to compete with foreign produc-
ers. Tliis may not be accomplished in one year, or in two or three,
for skill and experience only come with practice, but the American
farmer has intelligence on his side, and falling back upon his native
energy, and inventive genius, is bound to have an advantage in
competition with foreign low priced labor.

American dressed flax is used more or less in all kinds of manu-
factures, although the general verdict seems to be that goods from
foreign fiber are in every way superior, and command the highest
prices. Foreign flax of equal grade with American costs one-third
more, and even Canadian flax brings a higher price from its better
color, and " better handling " which renders it finer and softer to
manipulate. A manufacturer of crash in Eastern Massachusetts,
makes a difference of one-half cent per pound in favor of American
flax, because it is better and stronger than the grades of Russian,
generally used in his establishment. This would seem to show
that the best American is only worth half a cent more than an in-
ferior grade of Russian. The flax crop of 1879 was poor and the
yield small, consequently there was more demand for the foreign
product. Notwithstanding, the imports of 1879 show a falling off
in value to the amount of several hundred thousand dollars, the
imports of 1878 reaching considerably over a million dollars in
value. This is accounted for through foreign dej^ression, which
caused our linen markets to be flooded with manufactures from
abroad which were sold at the best price that could be obtained.

Ou7' Native Hemp Supply

Is principally derived from Kentucky and Missouri, these States
having produced it for a long period. As early as 1842, Kentucky
produced over 15,000 tons of hemi?. In 1850 the production was
nearly 18,000 tons, and in the next ten years this amount was very
nearly doubled, while in 1870 the product had fallen to 7,777 tons.
Missouri in 1850 produced 16,000 tons; in 1860, 17,000 tons, and in
1870 but 2,800 tons, and in the same year, four other States : Ten-
nessee, Pennsylvania, California and Illinois produced about two
thovisand tons more. Since 1870 the production of Kentucky has
slightly increased, though at no time has it been over 8,000 tons.
The present increase doubtless is much greater while in Illinois
and some of the Western States producing only small quantities
there will be a decided change in the figures of ten years ago.

The Foreign Hemp

Is principally derived from Russia, Italy furnishing a small quan-
tity of a fine grade of fiber. An eastern manufacturer, of long

468 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

experience, in speaking of quality, states that American hemp is of
greater flexibility than the Russian, consequently, cordage made
from the latter stretches less, and has been generallj^ preferred for
stays and shroudings for a long time. On the contrary, Russian
hemp can not be dressed so fine as the American and this, with
the greater cheapness and equal strength of the latter, has almost
driven Russian hemp from the market, very little of it having been
used for some years past. The crop of 1879 was not sufficient for
the demand and manufacturers have been compelled to again im-
port largely of the Rvissian. Regarding the extent of the crop of
1880, I can give no figures but from the amount of seed planted
last spring in Kentucky, and the area placed under cultivation, it
must be considerably in excess of recent years. At one time it
seemed as though the Kentucky farmers were going wild over
hemp, as seed was purchased and ground rented at highest rates,
with a prospect of large returns. The increase in area was due
largely to the high prices of Kentucky hemp in the early part of
the year, and perhaps to the published statements regarding the
enormous demand that might be made upon hemp producers for
material for twine to use in the grain-binding machines.

It is not likely that Kentucky, in the immediate future, will reach
the production of past years. Hemp manufacture has declined in
the State, and now hemp cultivation is extending to other portions
of the country, particularly westward. The introduction of Manilla
hemp, too, has had much to do with this falling off in production?
jute has also supplanted it, to a certain extent, in bagging manufac-
ture, and to a slight degree for the manufacture of cordage for in-
land purposes.

Mr. John R. Proctor, of Frankfort, Ky., who has a thorough ac-
quaintance with the hemp industry of his State, is of the opinion
that there is a

Great Future far this Industry,

As there will be an increasing demand for hemp from year to year.
It will, however, be a demand for a finer grade of hemp, for spin-
ning into yarns, fine twine, and even crash and toweling, instead of
bagging, as in former years. During the last year there has been a
considerable demand for hemp twine for use in grain-binders, men-
tioned i^reviously, iron and wire having advanced so materially as
to make twine cheaper. Then, too, there are objections to the use
of wire, which, with the cheapness of the fiber, may subsequently
lead to the universal use of twine, creating a large demand for
hemp or flax to supply this industry alone.

Whatever may be the future of hemp culture in this country,
the same remarks that were made concerning flax will apply

OUR FIBER INDUSTRIES. 469

equally well here. The farmer who wishes to succeed must go into
fiber production coolly, with his eyes wide ojDen, making use of
everything that will save him time and money and aid him in pro-
ducing the best results. The man who rushes pell-mell into the
business, trusting only to luck and high prices, growing the crop
because it is i^opular to do so, to use a homely expression, will only
burn his fingers for his pains. There is altogether

Too Much Carelessness

In American agriculture, but there is a good time coming when
the " science of the thing " will be better understood, when a farmer
to be thoroughly successful will be obliged to go to the bottom of
things, and use his brains as well as his muscle. When such an era
has dawned we can grow flax and hemp for profit, and through
practice gain experience and skill which will enable us to compete
successfully with the old world.

Other Fibers.

The reader may ask " What about ramie and jute and other fibers
of which so much has been written from time to time ? " Well,
ramie, can be successfully cultivated, and, too, as far north as the
State of New Jersey — and, furthermore, a machine has been made
in Newark that will strip the fib,er from the stock successfully and
economically. That is the present status of the ramie question in
brief. To find a market for the prepared fiber, however, is another
matter.

There is no market now, and no manufacturer seems disposed to
change his system of machinery with the present small supply, in
the hope of creating a demand for a larger quantity. Mr. LeFranc,
of Philadelphia, tells me that the woolen system seems best adapted
to the manufacture of ramie, and as woolen manufacturers have all
they can do in working up an established textile we can not expect
much for the present. Perhaps the farmers themselves may be
able to start the ball in motion by producing the fiber in such
quantity as will induce manufacturers to open a market for it.
Something has already been done in this direction. The State of
New Jersey, with a view to the encouragement of fiber industries
last season passed a bounty bill, by which the farmers of the State
receive a premium for every ton of stalks and pound of fiber pro-
duced. The bill not only includes ramie, but flax, hemp and one
or two other jjlants.

The question of India jute cultivation I am not prepared to dis-
cuss. That the plants will grow and flourish in the Southern States

470 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

has been demonstrated, but nothing has been done recently, looking
towards its production as a source of revenue to farmer or planter,
in the near future. There is a plant, however, known throughout
the Western States, which can be grown with success, if farmers
would turn their attention to it. I refer to the

Ahidilon Avicennee,

Which has been recently cultivated experimentally in New Jersey,
under the name American Jute (which certainly is a misnomer).*
The plant grows wild from the seaboard to the Mississippi, if not
farther to the westward. It thrives on corn land, producing a long
fine fiber suitable for many purposes for which hemp, and flax even,
are employed. Mr. Angell's ramie machine, previously mentioned,
is adapted for strippmg this, as well as other vegetable fibers of
similar growth.

There are a number of plants belonging to the Hibiscus growth
which might be utilized for fiber with profit, and which would have
been utilized in such a country as France, years ago. The swamp-
rose mallow is the most prominent example, experiment having
already proved its value and utility.

Farmers will do well to look into this question of fiber pro-
duction. You can not all grow the same product, and make money
out of it, whether it be wheat, sugar beets or wool, but you can
study your own interests by adopting a system of diversified agri-
culture which will always insure something when prices of main
products are " way down."

''■'■ In a recent letter from Prof. S. Waterhouse, of Washington University, St. Louis,
the name "Bute" is proposed as a popular appellative for this fiber producing plant
The name is short and distinctive, and would not confound the plant with the India
jute as the case at present, notwithstanding the prefix "American." — Indiana Farmer.

NEW LAWS.

FISH LAW.

AN ACT to authorize the appointment of a Commissioner of Fisheries
for the State of Indiana, defining his duties and making an appro-
priation to defray the expenses thereof.

[Approved March 26, 1881.]

Section 'L Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of In-
diana, That the Governor, immediately after the taking effect of
this act, shall appoint a suitable person (who shall be a citizen of
the State of Indiana) to discharge the duties hereinafter prescribed,
who shall be known as the " Commissioner of Fisheries," and who
shall hold his office for two years, subject to removal by the Gover-
nor for incompetency or other cause, that would render him an
improper person to longer hold the office.

Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of said Commissioner to examine the
various lakes, streams and water courses in this State, and ascertain
whether they can be rendered more productive in the supply of
fish; also what measures are desirable and expedient to effect this
object either in propagating and protecting the fish, that at present
frequent the same ; or, in the selection and propagation of either
species of fish therein, (or both); said Commissioner shall also in-
quire into and test the best modes of the artificial propagation of
fish in the various waters of the State, and shall procure and super-
intend the procuring of the fish, fish eggs or spawn, as shall be nec-
essary, for said waters, and the propagation of the same therein.

Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of the Governor to fill any vacancy
in said office that may occur by reason of deatb, removal, or other-
wise.

Sec. 4. That there be, and is hereby, approi^riated out of any
moneys in the State treasury, not otherwise appropriated, the sum
of two thousand dollars, to be expended under the direction of said
Commissioner for the purposes aforesaid, and in paying all neces-

472 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

sary expenses incurred by him in the discharge of his duties as such
Commissioner, which sum shall be paid to him by the Treasurer of
State, on the warrant of the Auditor of State, and which warrant
therefor shall be issued on the certificate of said Commissioner that
the same, or any part thereof, is necessary to carry out the objects^
and purposes of this act.

Sec. 5. Said Commissioner shall, before any warrant is issued to
him for any money from the State treasury, execute to the State of
Indiana his bond in the sum of tico thmisand dollars, with one good
and sufficient freehold surety, resident in this State, conditioned for
the faithful performance of the duties of said office, and proper ex-
penditure of all moneys that may come into his hands as such Com-
missioner, which bond shall be subject to approval of the Auditor
of State and filed in his office.

Sec. 6. Such Commissioner shall report the result of his investi-
gations, experiments and labors to the next General Assembly suc-
ceeding his appointment, which report shall also embrace all neces-
sary suggestions and recommendations he may deem proper to
increase the efficiency and value of fish culture to the citizens of
this State.

Sec. 7. That said Commissioner shall have and receive for his
services the sum of three hundred dollars, to be paid out of any money
in the State treasury not otherwise appropriated, in quarterly in-
stalments, on the warrant of the Treasurer of State, in the same
manner and upon the same vouchers as other officers of the State
are paid, and the same shall be all the compensation that he shall
be entitled to receive from the State.

DOG LAW.

AN ACT to Protect Sheep Husbandry, to Regulate Matters Connected
Therewith, to Provide for Registering, Taxing and Killing Dogs.

[Approved April 13, 1881.]

Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of In-
diana, That any person who shall own or harbor an animal of the
dog kind, shall, on or before the 1st day of April, 1882, and each
year thereafter, on or before the 1st day of April, shall report the
number of dogs owned or harbored by such person, which exceed
the age of six months, to the Township Trustee of their respective
townships, who shall register and number the same to the proper
owner, with a brief description of each dog by sex, color and breed;

NEW LAWS. 473

and also furnish the owner with a nietaUic tag, Avith number and
year to correspond with the register, which said owner shall attach
to the neck by a collar; for which the owner shall pay the sum of
one dollar for a male and the sum of two dollars for a female dog>-
owned, kept or harbored by him or them, and for each dog more
than one, the sum of two dollars each; which shall be known as a
dog fund.

Sec. 2. It shall be deemed unlawful for any dog to run at large-
without collar and tag, as provided in this act; and it shall be
deemed lawful for any person to kill the same. Provided, also, That
no tag shall be used or worn by any dog other than the identical
ones issued by the trustee, and any attempt to evade this provision
shall be held to be a misdemeanor, and be punishable by a fine of
not more than twenty-five dollars. Provided, also, That in case of
the loss of any tag the Trustee shall issue a duplicate thereof for the
sum of ten cents, upon application therefor and satisfactory proof
furnished that said tag has been lost.

Sec. 3. The Constables of the several townships and towns of the
several counties of the State of Indiana, shall proceed to kill all
dogs, on and after the 1st day of April, 1882, which shall be found
at any time thereafter without collar and tag as herein provided ;
and the Trustee, on information given byanyx?itizen of any dog not
so registered and tagged, shall issue a written notice to any Con-
stable in his township to kill said dog; and it shall be unlawful for
the Trustee to divulge or make known the name of any citizen
giving such information, and he shall be liable to a fine for each
such offense in any sum not exceeding twenty-five dollars. Any
person who shall maliciously injure or kill, or any person who shall
steal, take and carry away any dog which has been duly registered
and is wearing a metallic tag, according to the provisions of this act,
shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction be
fined in any sum not exceeding two hundred dollars, to which may
be added imprisonment in the county jail for any term not exceed-
ing thirty days. Provided, That in all cases where such dogs are in-
jured or killed while off the premises of their owners, and engaged in
committing damage to the property of any other person than that
of the owner of such dogs, the above provisions and penalties shall
not apply.

Sec. 4. Any Constable who shall fail to use diligence to kill any
dog after such notice, shall be fined in any sum not exceeding
twenty-five dollars for each oflense. Such Constable shall be jiaid
fifty cents each for all dogs killed under this act, to be paid out of
the dog fund.

474 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Sec. 5. All money derived from the registration of dogs and fines
under this act, shall constitute a fund known as a dog fund, for the
payment of damages sustained by the owners of sheep maimed or
killed by dogs within such township. And each Township Trustee
is directed and required to collect the fines annually from the sev-
eral Justices of the Peace of his township, and to hold the same for
such puposes, except so much as may be necessary to carry out the
provisions of this act, as follows : Twenty-five cents to the Trustee
for each registry, fifty cents to the Constable for each dog killed.
Provided, That the owner of sheep killed or maimed by dogs shall
report such loss to the Trustee within ten days from the time
thereof. The Trustee shall register such losses in the order that
they are reported, which order shall be observed in the payment of
losses when adjusted. Provided, That no person shall receive pay
for sheep killed or maimed by a dog owned or harbored by him-
self. And provided further. That the fund provided for in section
four of an act of the General Assembly of this State, upon this same
subject, approved March 2, 1865, on hands with the several Town-
ship Trustees in this State, shall, when this act shall become opera-
tive, be added to the fund created or to be created under the pro-
visions of this act ; and the claimants under the provisions of said
act of 1865 shall be entitled to payment where the same has not
already been made out of such consolidated fund, in the order of
their priority, and when it shall so happen on the first Monday of
October, of each j'eSr, in any township, that said fund shall accumu-
late to an amount exceeding fifty dollars, over and above orders
drawn against the same, the surplus above the said fifty dollars
shall be paid and transferred to the school revenue of the township,
and expended as a part thereof for tuition.

Sec. 6. All laws providing for the taxation of dogs, and all laws
or parts of laws in conflict with the provisions of this act are
hereby repealed. Provided, That no tax levied in accordance with
the provisions ot any law existing prior to the taking eftect of this
act shall be rendered invalid.

LAW ON FERTILIZERS.

[In force from and after June 1, 1881.]

Sec. 1. Before any one shall sell or offer for sale any commercial
fertilizer, he shall furnish the State Chemist with a package of each
kind he intends to deal in or offer for sale, with an affidavit that the
sample is a true and fair sample of that he intends to offer for sale.

NEW LAWS. 475

Sec. 2. The Chemist shall make analysis of such samples, and
certify to the contents, constituents, elements and per cent, of each
in same, name of manufacturer, and the dealer shall place on each
package offered for sale labels giving such analysis.

Sec. 3. All packages ofiered for sale are required to be labelled
by these labels, furnished by the State Chemist only, in packages of
not less than five hundred, at a nominal price.

Sec? 4. Any one offering for sale packages of any commercial
fertilizer not having this label thereon, shall be fined fifty dollars for
the first offense, and one hundred dollars for each subsequent of-
fense.

Sec. 5. The professor of chemistry at Purdue University is con-
stituted a State Chemist ; and commercial fertilizers are deemed to
be every substance manufactured and sold for fertilizing purposes,
except such as land plaster.

[Fortunately this act has no repealing clause, and the act passed
in 1879 stands to cure a very weak place in the new act, viz; The
new act provides no penalty for affixing labels not truly giving the
constituent parts of fertilizers, but the old act provides a severe
penalty for this, and so the two acts make a pretty strong law — one,
we think, that will afford farmers ample protection against fraudu-
lent fertilizers.]

ROAD LAW.

ABSTRACT of the New Law Establishing the Election of Township
Superintendents of Highways — Abolition of Supervisors and Road
Districts.

The new road law enacted by the Legislature provides for the
election, in every township in the State, on the first Monday in
April, 1882, and every two years thereafter, of a Superintendent of
Roads, who shall have charge of the roads within his township, of
all of which he shall have charge both for construction and repair.
He shall also execute all orders of the Board of County Commis-
sioners concerning the change, location and vacation of any high-
way in his township, and shall have charge of all funds for road or
bridge purposes. A road poll tax of two dollars is to be assessed
upon every able-bodied man between the ages of twenty-one and
fifty years, and the County Commissioners shall also levy a tax, not
exceeding twenty-five cents on the $100, on all property in the
township subject to State taxation, except that property in incorpo-
rated towns shall be exempt from such tax. The Township Super-

476 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

intendent shall put all the roads in his territory in as good order as
possible during the hionths of April, May and June of each year
and make such ditching, draining and embankments, and build
such bridges and culverts as shall seem to him prudent and best to
construct a road not less than eighteen feet in width, and when ma-
terial is at hand may cover nine feet of the same with gravel or any
other substance which will make a hard surface, expending all the
available means in his hands by the 15th of November of each year.
He shall also cause all roads to be mowed at least twice a year, in
August and November.

The work is divided into " extraordinary," which must be done
during the months of April, May and June, and " ordinary," which
must be done between April 1 and November 15, and when the cit-
izens of any township contribute work or money 'to make any
ditch, drain, embankment, or to gravel any such road, the Superin-
tendent shall contribute an equal amount, if he has the means at
hand for this purpose. The Superintendent shall appoint at least
one roadmaster in each township, and as many others as he may
deem necessary; such roadmaster to employ laborers, mechanics
and teams, at specified wages usual in the township for such work;
such employes to work ten hours a day, the roadmaster being held
responsible for the manner and quality of such work. He shall
have the power to discharge any hand emj)loyed, and shall give his
order on the Township Superintendent, which shall_^be a sufficient .
voucher. The roadmaster is to receive one dollar and fifty cents
per daj', of ten hours, and the Superintendent two dollars per day.
The Superintendent may let out all work over twenty-five dollars
by contract, with power to reject any or all bids.

Any person who shall injure any dam, drain, embankment, ditch,,
or other construction made for the protection of any highway, or
injure or deface any guide-post or inscription, or hinder passengers
by obstructing any highway or bridge, or who shall fail to keep to
the right hand when meeting another vehicle, shall be subject to a
fine of five dollars, and it is made the duty of the Township Super-
intendent to prosecute the same when information is conveyed to
him.

The Superintendent is authorized to enter upon any land adjoin-
ing the highway and take any necessary material for the construc-
tion of said highway, for which any person aggrieved has action
against the townsliip, the methods for the determination of which
are fully set out.

It is made the duty of the owner of any land through which any
highway runs to remove all obstructions as soon as knowledge of
the same comes to him, for which he will be entitled to reasonable
compensation.

NEW LAWS. 477

The office of Supervisor of Roads is abolished, and all his duties
are made incumbent upon the Township Superintendent. Persons
are to be permitted to work out their poll-tax under direction of
the Superintendent. The law contains no emergency clause.

— \_Indiana Fa-mier.

DRAINAGE LAW.

ABSTRACT of the New Law on Drainage.

This act establishes a new system of procedure for drainage of
wet lands; provides that petitions for ditching be presented to Cir-
cuit Courts ; that the Court appoint two commissioners, who, with
the County Surveyor, shall serve for three years as a drainage com-
mission in each county, and have control of all ditching operations
under the surveillance of the Circuit Court.

OBITUARY.

As a frontispiece for this book, the familiar face of Governor
James D. WiUiams, one of the early ex-Presidents of the Board of
Agriculture, will be recognized. The pioneer, farmer, statesman
and philanthropist, departed this life at 12:30, noon, Saturday, No-
vember 20, 1880, at the age of seventy-two years, ten months and
four days.

As beautifully expressed by J. B. Maynard, of the Indianapolis
Sentinel:

He died full of years and full of honors. He died universally re-
spected. He died in office, the highest within the gift of his fellow-
citizens. He died

•' Like one who wraps the drapery on his couch
About him and lies down to pleasant dreams."

Governor Williams lived right, and when the summons came, it
found him ready, for he wrought

"With human hands the creed of creeds,
In loveliness of perfect deeds."

We are inclined to the belief that Governor Williams was not
taken by surprise. He was not long confined to his room, but, as
disease became more firmly seated, there were premonitions, dis-
jjatches to the soul, that the silver cord would soon be cut, and the
golden bowl broken. He had ample time to review the past, to
contemplate the future, to remember all the friends he had seen
around him fall like leaves in wintry weather — wife and children—
and to contemplate the bliss of reunion. He did not die at night,
nor yet at the dawning, but at high noon — just as the sun had
crossed meridian, his soul took its everlasting flight to enter the
abodes of rest. He did not die at a time when the earth is robed

OBITUATIY. 479

in emerald beauty, when flowers are blooming, when birds are
singing, and the brooks go laughing to the sea, nor yet when the
fields are ready for the harvest; but he died when the earth lay
wrapt in a winding-sheet of snow, symbolizing death and suggest-
ing that the year 1880 was isoon to yield up his scepter. It may
be a fancy, but winter seems to be the most appropriate time for
death to reap his harvest. Then the trees are bare ; the music of
bird and bee is hushed, and the winds go wailing with trailing
clouds; the earth is at rest ; the seasons have fulfilled their mission,
and the old, who have fought the battles of life through three score
and ten years or more, may take their silent chambers in the halls
of death with less regret than when the earth is robed in vernal
beauty, and the sunshine and the balmy air invite the old as well as
the young to go forth and enjoy the benedictions of heaven. But
death claims all seasons for his own, and in the exercise of his
mournful prerogative, has summoned Governor Williams away
from his high office and important duties, to a higher and brighter
existence.

His death will be mourned by the people of Indiana, and the State
and society have sustained a loss not easily repaired, for it is the
good fortune of but few men to possess characters in which are
combined in so large a degree integrity and efl[iciency, prudence
and courage, kindness and firmness — virtues which will long be re-
membered by the people of the State whom he has served in various
official capacities for more t-han forty years, retaining to the last a
reputation not only unsullied but growing brighter with advancing
years.

To the student of biography the life of Governor James D. Wil-
liams can not fail of being largely profitable. His public and pri-
vate life has been marked by an inflexible fealty to truth, to honest
convictions, unswervingly maintained. With such a foundation,
the superstructure of character must always be imposing, life a suc-
cess and death a triumph. It would require a volume to analyze
the character of the dead Governor and bring out its commanding
traits. But now, while the great heart of Indiana is bowed with
sorrow and every word referring to the sad event is a sigh of grief,
we can only say as a fitting conclusion of this tribute of respect,
that

"Doubtless, unto him is given,
A life that bears immortal fruit,
In such great offices as suit
The full-grown energies of Heaven."

480 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

Immediately on the announcement of the death of Gov. Williams,
a meeting of the State officers and citizens was called to arrange for
giving expression to the high esteem in which the deceased was
held, and the loss so keenly felt by his fellow citizens. A committee
on memorial resolutions was appointed to report at an adjourned
meeting in the legislative hall, which was largely attended. The
committee on resolutions, through their chairman, Judge Walter
Q. Gresham, of the United States Court, reported the following

Memorial :

The committee appointed to draft resolutions expressing the sense
of this meeting, respectfully present the following memorial :

We meet as citizens of a great State to make known our sorrow
for the death of Hon. James D. Williams, whose life, and service of
the State as its Chief Magistrate, were simultaneously ended on last
Saturday. We also come to record our estimate of his character
and worth as a man and as a servant of the people.

Governor Williams was born in Pickaway county, Ohio, January
16, 1808. At the age of ten years he came to Indiana with his
father's family and settled in Knox county, where he resided from
that time until his death. He grew to man's estate upon his fath-
er's farm and bore his full share of the toil incident to the farming
life of that period. In the midst of his labors he began early in life
to take a deep interest in public affairs, and as early as the year
1839 he commenced his offic'al life as a justice of the peace. He
resigned this position to take his seat in the lower branch of the
State Legislature, to which he was elected in 1843. From that time
until he was elected to Congress, in 1874, he served almost contin-
uously either as a Senator or member of the lower house of the
Legislature. He remained in Congress until he Avas elected Gover-
nor, in 1876, and his official career was terminated by his death, in
this city, at thirty minutes past twelve o'clock in the afternoon, on
Saturday, November 20, 1880. In addition to his services as mag-
istrate, legislator and Governor, he was President of the State Board
of Agriculture four years, and an active member of the Board six-
teen years. His entire official life covered a period of forty-one
years.

How he lived in the midst of his family may be more fittingly set
forth by those who will soon testify to his eminent private virtues
in the presence of those friends and neighbors amongst whom he
passed the greater part of his life. It is not imi:>roper to say, how-
ever, that after the death of his wife, in the month of June last.

OBITUAEY. 481

Governor Williams was a changed man ; and when disease admon-
ished him that the end was near, and the final summons came, he
obej'ed the call and turned his face toward tfcc grave as one who
was going to meet his best friend.

-There is jirofit in the study of the life and career of such a man.

Governor Williams was trained in the severe school of early west-
ern pioneer life, and he belonged to a class of men who are rapidlj'
disappearing from our midst. The arduous conditions in which
they were born and reared can never be reproduced. Their char-
acters were marked by a sturdy manhood, a frankness of manner,
an unfeigned hospitality, a gentleness of disposition, a steadfast de-
votion to principle, a warmth and permanence of friendship, and a
sympathetic tenderness which was the fruit of the peculiar rela-
tions of backwoods life. If the modern facilities for intellectual
training were lacking, there Avas an equality of condition and op-
portunity and a community of hardship) Avhich gave ample scope
for the play and discipline of the affections, and for the development
of those sterling and unselfish qualities which are the best part of the
highest type of man. The private life and official career of Gov-
ernor Williams were distinctly marked by the virtues which grew
out of the surroundings of his early life. His stature, form and
l>hysiognomy, in which many of the striking qualities of his mind
revealed themselves, attested the arduous labors of a youth and
early manhood passed amid the dangers and privations of a frontier
home. He never lost his fondness for the soil, nor for the men who
till it. And in the midst of his most pressing official engagements
it was his wont to seek a respite from public care in the active
management of his farm at Wheatland.

Governor Williams' fidelity to his official duty was never ques-
tioned, but he never forgot that he belonged to the great body of
citizens who pay the taxes and whose highest duty and pride it is
to contribute to the work of developing and building u]) the mate-
rial prosi:>erty and j^romoting the intellectual advancement of the
people. While a young man he evinced a taste for public affairs
and an aptitude for dealing with them which are exceptional even
among men whose special training naturally evokes these qualities.
Discovering this, his neighbors called him to public station, and his
services in the State Legislature and in Congress for so many years
were always marked by the highest sense of his reponsiblity to his
constituency, and an undeviating fidelity to the public interests.
He never permitted the formalities of official station to restrict the
freedom of his intercourse with the jieople, and while he was Gov-

31 — Age. Report.

482 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

ernor the humblest citizen of the State could approach him at all
times without embarrassment.

It is worthy of notf and emphasis that Governor Williams was a
man of singular purity of character. His private and domestic
virtues are attested by all who enjoyed the intimacy of his personal
friendship, and his official integrity was never blurred by even an
imputation of dishonesty. His conception of official station was
that it was a public trust, to be administered with the same care,
prudence and frugality which a wise man would bestow upon his
private affairs. It is to his honor that at a time when the tenden-
cies in ofiicial station were in the direction of a lavish and careless
expenditure of the public moneys, he used his influence in Congress
to check those tendencies, and to expose existing abuses. As Gov-
ernor, he evinced the same watchful care of the public interests,
and though a warm partisan no alleged party necessity, no con-
siderations of personal friendship, could swerve him from what he
believed to be the path of duty.

It has been said of him that he was too liberal in the use of the
pardoning power. The records of his office disclose the fact that
the last act of his official life was the granting of a respite to a man
condemned to die. That he was too merciful in dealing with hi&
erring fellow-mortals will not be remembered against hina by the
Merciful Judge in whose presence he now stands.

Measured by the best standards. Governor Williams was a worthy
citizen, a faithful public servant, a good man. His virtues were
many and conspicuous.
" And e'en his failings leaned to virtue's side."

W. Q. Greshaim,
Solomon Claypool,
Thomas F. Davidson,
Augustus N. Martin,.
Wm. p. Fishback.

Hon. William H. English
arose and seconded the adoption of the memorial, at the same time
making the following remarks in relation to the deceased :

It was my good fortune to know and be on friendly relations
with Governor Williams for a great many years. I may say I knew
him intimately for over the third of a century. I met him for the
first time in this city ; it was in the winter of 1843 — thirty-seven
years ago. Indianapolis was then a comparatively small place,
not larger, probably, than Franklin or Anderson is now.

There was not a completed railroad in the State, and it took three
or four days' horseback riding to reach here from such counties as.

OBITUAEY. 483

Knox and Scott, the respective residences of Governor Williams
and myself. It was the occasion of the meeting of the Legislature,
an event then apparently considered of far more importance by
the people than it seems to be now. I came as a candidate for clerk
of the House of Kepresentatives. Governor Williams came as a rep-
resentative of the people of Knox county. I was elected with his aid,
and the friendly relations then established were cordially maintained
to the end of his life. It is not as a matter of form or conventional
duty that I join in these ceremonies. I join with all my heart in
paying all the respect I can to the memory of my old friend, and
in bearing this public testimony that I knew him to be a just and
true man in all the relations of life. He continued to represent
the people of Knox county in one or the other branches of the
Legislature for fifteen years, showing conclusively the high esteem
in which he was held by those who knew him best. He subse-
quently represented the people of his district in Congress, and from
that position was called to be the chief executive officer of this
State.

When I say he represented the people, I mean it in the broadest
and best sense, for he was literally of the people, and always espe-
cially devoted to their interests — himself a hard-working tiller of
the soil — a true type of that class of sturdy pioneers, whose stout
hearts and strong arms have made Indiana the great and prosperous
State it is to-day. The masses of the people did honor to them-
selves in honoring him, for he was their true representative. He
was not a man learned in the lore of books — not in one sense a
man of culture — but he was a man of most excellent judgment,
and his mind was well stored with useful and practical informa-
tion ; and what is more than all, and better than all, he was, what
is said to be God's noblest work, an honest man.

Now, that his long and useful life is ended, and his record forever
closed, it can be truthfully said of him that in an age when public
servants were not always faithful, he served the people, in various
public trusts for a quarter of a century, without his integrity as an
officer ever being called in question in a single instance. A man
who began the world under the most adverse circumstances, and
by his own efforts won his way to position and power, maintaining
it through a long series of years, and rising higher and higher,
until he died the chief officer of his State, must have had many
good qualities; and his pure and stainless private life, and his spot-
less public record, demand that his memory should be cherished
by all his countrymen.

484 BOARD OF AGRICULTUEE.

* Ef-Gcremor Hendricks

then arose and offered the following remarks:

Mr. Chaie]man. — I can not say much upon this occasion. Gov-
ernor Williams is so well known to the people of Indiana, that
much need not be said so far as they are concerned. I believe that
no man living has served the people of the State in so many impor-
tant resjiects fOr so long a period, commencing, as I perceive, hy
the memorial, in 1839, almost continuously. He was a public ser-
vant until the day of his death, more than forty years — not all the
time in public service, but for' the greater portion of that period,
and what gives emphasis to this circumstance, is the fact that for
the most of the time he was selected by his immediate neighjbors,
among whom he was raised, and with whom he had all the re-
lations of life. Such a man, so indorsed, is worthy of the respect
which we pay him to-day. It is a great loss when such a man dies,
and I feel that the public service sutlers in his death. I wish sim-
ply, in rising, to express my profound regard for his character, and
for the excellence of his public service.

31qj(»' J. W. Gm'don.

Mr. Chairman. — There are many here who know more of Gover-
nor Williams than I do. I made his acquaintance when I sustained
a very humble relation to the General Assembly in 1851-2, I was
then in the House of Representatives, a reporter for one of the city
papers. He was a member, I do not know, whether of the Senate
or House, but connected Avith the public service. At that time he
was a member of an agricultural association, gotten up by Gover-
nor Wright, for the purpose of commimicating the observations of
the thoughts of the farmers who were connected with the administra-
tion of the government. He took an active and earnest jDart in all
the meetings of that agricultural association, and was an intelligent
member, communicating much valuable information in regard to
stock raising and all of the branches of farming, which he acquired
by experience and a long course of observation. His intercourse was
uniformly kindly to all members of the association, and especially
to its officers and attaches, of which I was one. I shall never forget
his generous kindness to me in that relation. When afterward I
met him in the General Assembly, and renewed my acquaintance
with him, and found him the same kindly disposed man— generous
■even to his adversaries, and claiming but very little for himself —
but the commonest courtesy from them, and satisfied with this
common courtesy. I never, as has been often said to-day, heard
his bonesty or integrity questioned. His political system may have

OBITUARY. 485

I
been wrong in many important respects, but he was a sincere be-
liver in the creed which he had adopted for hfe and for his pohtical
action, and that is all we can expect or ask at the hands or life of
any man. A sincere man, devoted to his own con\T.ctions, honestly
endeavoring to crown them with success in political life, is always
entitled to the respect of every other sincere man, however widely
their creeds may differ. When a generation of men shall come —
as it will come in the State of Indiana — that will believe that econ-
omy will be subserved by lavish expenditure of money in building
a temple to preserve the memory of the great who have served the
people. Governor Williams' name, and memory, and face and mon-
ument will be entitled to a conspicuous place in that temple.

General Ben. Harrison,

Governor Williams' ojiponent in his race for Governor, then arose
and said :

Governor Williams' name and my own were associated in one of
the sharpest political contests, perhaps, that has been witnessed in
the State, and yet to-day, sir, as I looked upon his quiet face it was
a pleasant reflection to me that, so far as I know, this contest had
developed no personal unkindness to me. If the deceased Gover-
nor ever at any time uttered an unkind . word of me, it never
reached my ears. I am sure that in the entire campaign no one
heard from my lips any word of personal bitterness or unkindness.
I thought to-day that there Avas a lesson in this for all of us — that
there comes a time in the lives of all men, particularly with those
who live nearest, when any act or word of bitterness or spoken
slander becomes a bitter memory. I am glad to be able here to-
day to mingle, with those who stood nearer to him than I did, my
own expressions of sincere regret at the death of Governor Wil-
liams. The Constitution of Indiana provides that the Governor
shall hold his office for four years. That, sir, is written of the offi-
cer— not of the man. God appoints the tenures of human life, and
their length is controlled by his unfathomable will. It seems to us
inopportune, this dying before the official term was closed ; that he
should have been deprived of the opportunity of speaking the
farewell word of counsel to the Legislature of Indiana and handing
over to his successor the insignia of his office. But we don't judge
these things rightly, I suppose. I never quite liked in the cemetry
or even in the hall below this type of the broken shaft. We shall
know sometime, I expect, that every life has been complete. If
there were nothing to be said of Governor Williams' relation to the
public affairs of Indiana at all, his life would be an honorable and

486 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

successful one. I have always felt that the successful pioneer, one
of those who pressed toward the edge of civilization in the early
days and made a successful fight with the wilderness, and cleared
the pillared forest and made of it a meadow, and of the marsh a dry
field, and who built up around him and for himself and for the
family that God gave him, a competence, elevated them, that that
life was an honorable life and worthy of mention in any assembly.
This work Governor Williams has done conspicuously. There was
to me a very touching sight. It is what has been alluded to in the
memorial which you have heard. For fifty years he had lived with
that wife who had preceded him a few months to that door that
opens not outward. We are often apt to think of this relation as
that of one in which the wife leans upon the husband. I think we
do not rightly describe it when we think of it so. It is but a single
aspect of that most tender relation in life. Undoubtedly the stal-
wart man who lies dead in our midst to-day knew what it was to
lean on the wife, and it is tender and touching beyond expression
to-day to feel that when that support was withdrawn the tall man
bowed himself, and awaited not regretfully the coming of death.
With the sincerest heart I unite to-day with those who knew him
better, in this testimonial of respect to his memory.

Hmi. W. W. Woollen,
Secretary of the meeting, related the following incident in the
life of the deceased :

I don't rise, sir, to pass an eulogy upon our dead Governor, but
simply to relate an incident that happened under my observation,
and which will illustrate his love of children, and their influence
over him. This characteristic of our departed friend has not been
touched in the memorial offered by the committee, nor by any of
the gentlemen who have preceded me.

It was my fortune in last April to accompany Governor Williams
in his trip to the Gulf. At every point of importance upon the
road he was received by delegations of people, both as officers and
as private citizens. When he reached the city of Mobile he was
met by the recorder, who is the chief executive officer of Mobile,
by the president of the Cotton Exchange and by the president of
the Board of Trade, who escorted him to his quarters at the Battle
House. After dining he held quite a levee in the parlors of the
hotel, where many of the leading people of the city called upon
him. While he was engaged entertaining his callers, a young girl,
some twelve or fourteen years old, called at the office of the hotel,
with a large bouquet in her hands, and asked for him. The clerk, _
thinking she was a flower girl, anxious to disi')0se of her flowers.

OBITUARY. 487

essayed to have her leave the hotel without seeing the Governor,
but this she would not do. She came into the parlor where he was
seated, surrounded by a number of gentlemen and ladies, and ap-
proaching him said : " This is Governor Williams, I believe." "Yes,
my daughter," he replied. She then presented him with her bou-
quet, which he received with the grace of a courtier. She then
asked him if he did not remember receiving a bouquet when he
was at Laporte during the canvass of 1876, from a little girl who
was sick. He replied that he remembered it well. She then said :
^l am the little girl who sent it to you, and the kind words you sent
me in return caused my mamma to be very anxious to see you."
" Where is your mamma ? " asked the Governor. " At home," re-
plied the girl, giving the street and number. " Your mamma shall
see me," said the Governor, and he arose, excused himself to the
ladies and gentlemen present and 'left the room. On reaching the
street he called a hack, and with the little girl went to the home of
the mother. I think this incident goes far to illustrate one trait in
his character which has not hitherto been spoken of.

Ex- Governor Baker.

I desire to say a word in this tribute of respect to our deceased
friend. I, too, have known him a little over twentj'-five years, and
always found him to be a kind-hearted, honest man. I presided
over the Senate at the time he was a member, and our relations
were always most cordial. He treated me with justice and kind-
ness. He was not a learned man but not an uneducated man. I
mean by that, he was a man who knew how to think. He had
learned the art of thinking, but had he been an educated man he
would have been a good lawyer. He had a discriminating mind.
He was one of the best parliamentarians I ever knew ; hardly ever
made a mistake. He was a man of a strong, generovis, emotional na-
ture. I have seen him on several occasions when he could not con-
trol his emotions. I was with him a few weeks ago at the house of
a friend when some songs of the little folks touched him so that he
filled up and could not speak.

Rev. Dr. W. A. Bmilett,

Pastor of the Second Presbyterian Church, offered the following
beautiful testimonial to his memory:

" I came in here without any invitation, simply as a citizen of the
State of Indiana, to bring the tribute of my sympathy to this occa-
sion. When a man that has been so trusted by the peo])le as this
record recites, dies, there is one remark to be made upon his

488 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

services — that his hfe is an evidence of certain liidden power. His
position, his sustained position, moving in an increasing climax to
the close, is an indication of that. There is power somewhere. In
the Chief Magistrate who has gone, it was not in a college education,
it was not in any early advantages in the refinements of culture, in
the associatiqn and intimate acquaintance with large libraries. And
hence men of other lands and of other days might be baffled to ac-
count for it, but as American citizens we know just whence he
came and how he was begotten into the confidences of the people.
He is a native and a natural product of American institutions. It
is the grandeur of this Nation of which we are a part, and of this
State, which is so honorably related with its sister States in bearing
the a3gis of the Government. It is an honor, I say, that we can take
the humblest citizen and make him fit for the highest trust. Think
of the pathos of the beginning oi the life of this plain man working
for twenty cents a day to pay for his father's coffin. Cincinnatus.
was found at the plow when his promotion came. Our Governor ;.
we may say, has never left the plow. It is a credit to the institu-
tions of the country that you can take the plain workingmen, that
you can take the early suftering pioneers, men who can only make
headway by virtues that are rugged and severe and stern, virtue
that labors with unremitting toil, the ingenuity that comes from
making much out of little, building your house with a hammer and
a saw rather than with the refined implements of a later day. I say
it is the grandeur of a Nation that can take up such a man and
place him in offices of confidence and of trust, and it is the seal of
approbation, when at his death his neighbors, his friends, those
who have differed with him in many matters can bear uniform tes-
timony that in an age that not has been marked with great integrity^
he was integral, whole, untainted, sound, honest. This is much.
Why, think, of his life, begun when Napoleon Boneparte thp First
reigned, before the battle of Waterloo. He was born before the-
beginning of Queen Victoria's reign. Let you and I glance over
the map of the world and pick up Kingdom after Kingdom, and
mark the revolution and the changes since. Mighty inventions,,
wonderful changes in the view of every question, religious and
political. But Napoleons may come and go, and the ages cycle on,
but there never will a day come that is so refined, when the sterling^
qualities of integrity and h(jncst effort and purity of life will not be
emblazoned on the highest escutcheon of anv State."

OBITUARY. 489

Senatur] McDonald,
the Chairman, then said :

Fellow-Citizens : — In submitting for your adoption the memo-
rial that has been presented by the committee after what has been
said by the various j)ersons who have seconded its adoption, and
responded to its sentiments, there is nothing left for me except to
simply add that Governor Williams possessed a character as open
as the day. There was no mystery about it. It was one of great
simplicity, resting upon the strong foundation of common sense,
governed and controlled by the highest principles of right and jus-
tice, making one of nature's great chancellors, and these qualities
will keep his memory long in the minds of the people of Indiana.
The address and resolutions will be regarded as adopted unani-
mously, without any dissenting voice.
•

Hon. Albert G. PuHer,

Governor-elect, offered the following :

Resolved, That a copy of the proceedings of the meeting be com-
municated to the family of the deceased, and that the proceedings
of the meeting be communicated through the Governor to the
Legislature.

Adopted.

The Chairman then said :

It is proper to state to the meeting that the arrangements
adopted at the meeting last Saturday evening have been fully car-
ried out, and at 5 o'clock this evening the remains of the deceased
will be carried to his Xorth Meridian street residence, and to-mor-
row at 8 o'clock, or near that time, the remains will be taken to the
Union depot for the purpose of being transmitted to his home in
Knox county, and this will be the last of the citizens' meeting in
connection with these obsequies ; and from this time forward all
citizens who may desire to take a part in further respect to his
memory while his remains are still retained in the capital, that
they can do so by attending at those places.

On motion of Hon. W. H. English the meeting adjourned.

Methodist Ministers.

The following preamble and resolution were passed by the
Methodist preachers' meeting of Indianapolis, regarding the death
of Governor Williams :

Whereas, In the order of Providence, Hon. James D. Williams,
Governor of Indiana, after a long and eventful life, has been called
to pay the debt of nature ; therefore,

490 BOAED OF AGRICULTURE.

Beoolved, By the preachers' meeting of the JNIethodist Episcopal
church of Indianai^ohs, tliat they do hereby express their regard
for the high character and sterhng integrity of Gtovernor Wilhams
during the period of his pubhc hfe, and extend their sympathy to
the members of his family. W. R. Halstead,

Geoege L. Cuktiss,
S. M. Vernon,
Committee on Resolutions.

Governw Gray's Proclamatimi.

Indianapolis, Nov. 22, 1880.
Stcde of Indiana, by His Excellency, Isaac P. Gray, Governor :

A proclamation announcirig the death of Governor James D.
Williams, and the removal of his body to his late home, in Knox
county, for burial. To the people of Indiana it is announced with
sincere regret that James D. Williams departed this life at his home
in this city, Saturday, November 20, having faithfully and honestly
discharged the laborious duties conferred upon him until within a
few hours of his death. Committees of citizens at the capital are
charged with the duties of arranging for appropriate service in the
city during to-day, and for the removal of the body to Knox county
to-morrow. So far as urgent public business permitted, the offices
of State have been closed to-day. It seems proper that during to-
morrow and the day following, while the remains of our distin-
guished fellow-citizen and late public servant are in progress to
Knox county, and while lying in state at the county seat, and while
in progress to his late homestead, and while his neighbors of more
than three-score years are paying their last tributes of respect to his
memory, and committing his body to its quiet resting place beside
that of his beloved wife, but lately deceased, we of the entire State,
whom he has served, continue the expressions of our respect. To
this end I recommend that, so far as public business will permit,
the offices of the State be closed until Friday next, recalling in the
meantime the recent proclamation appointing Thursday as a day
of thanksgiving and praise, and by operation of law as a holiday to
be appropriately observed by ceasing from secular labors and look-
ing to the Governor of all men, into whose presence our late chief
magistrate has so soon been called.

Witness the seal of the State and my signature, at Indianapolis,
[seal.] this 22d day of November, 1880.
By the Governor : Isaac P. Gray.

J. G. Siianklin, Secretary of State.

INDEX

A

Page.

Agricultural Districts, Counties Composing 6

Address, President's 26

Address, President's 41

Agriculture, Committee on 44

Annual Meeting, 1881 52

Annual Fairs 57

Admission, price of 60

Assets of Board 69

Agricultural Department, Report of Superintendent 82

Agricultural Machinery, Superintendent's Report 88

Amphitheater, Superintendent's Report 90

Address, Dr. R. T. Brown's 91

Admission, prices of 107

Admission, discussion of by committee 108

Adulteration of Food, Resolutions of Kane county, Illinois 116

Allen County, Report of Secretary of Society 260

Agricultural Societies of Indiana Exhibit, 1880 328

Agricultural Inter-State Convention 345

Address of President Swine Breeders' Association 396

President Beeler to Wool Growers 400

Mr. Merritt to Wool Growers 413

President to Wool Growers Association 425

C. A. Rowland on Profits, etc 432

President Bee-keepers' Association 438

B

Bee Keepers' Convention 23

Butter, Cheese and Egg Association 37

Books, Committee on A, B, C, D, E and F 44

Brown, Dr. R. T., Remarks of (Gov. Williams) 102

Butter, Cheese and Honey, Premiums Awarded 146

Brick and Tile Machine, Special Merit, Report on 181

Brown, Dr. R. T., Essay 217

492 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

PAGE.

Bartholomew County, Report of Secretary Agricultural Society 261

Blackford County, Report of Secretary Agricultural Society 261

Boone County, Report of Secretary Agricultural Society 262

Bridgeton Union, Report of Secretary 313

Beeler, Fielding, Address of. 400

Breeds of Sheep, Most Profitable 428

Bee Keepers, Annual Convention of 436

Bee Keepers, Report of Secretary 436

Bee Keepers, Address of President ..'. 438

Bees, Moving by Railroad 442

Bees, Wintering, Discussion 444

c

Committee, Executive 19

Committee, Standing 25

Committee, Executive, March meeting 36

Cattle, Committee on 44

Clover Hullers, Contest 46

Cattle, Sw^eepstakes, Committee on 46

Cattle, Jersey, Diploma for 47

County Societies 1881, Delegates from 53

Credentials, Committee on 5^

Comparative Entries, Statement of 68

Cattle Department, Report of. 77

Carriage, Wagon and Furniture, Superintendent's Report 89

Committees, Delegates, Appointment 9°

Cattle, Premiums Awarded ...•• 13*

Premiums Awarded Short-Horns 13^

Premiums Awarded Jerseys and other breeds 132

Premiums Awarded Oxen and Steers 133

Premiums Awarded as Sweepstakes 133

Cured Meats, Groceries, Flour, Crackers, etc.. Premiums Awarded.. 147

Children's Department, Premiums Awarded 158

Cane Presentation 214

Curtiss, Dr. G. L., Essay, " Ponds and Pond Water" 251

Cass County, Report of Secretary Agricultural Society 263

Cambridge City Agricultural and Trotting Association, Report of

Secretary 3^4^

Convention, Inter-State Agricultural 344

Chamberlain, W. I., Preliminary Paper 34^

Cravens, Judge, Death of. 3^3

INDEX. 493

D

PAGE.

Diplomas, Special on Displays i8

Drive-way, Opening of. 39

Dining Hall, Mew Roof 39

Delegates from Michigan and other States 43

Diplomas to Mechanical and Fine Arts 48

Diplomas for System on Drawing 48, 49

District Societies 1S81 54

Departments, Management 61

Dairymen's Association of Illinois, Communication from 115

Daviess County, Report of Secretary Agricultural Society 264

Decatur County, Report of Secretary Agricultural Society 265

Delaware County, Report of Secretary Agricultural Society 267

Dunkirk Union, Report of Secretary 315

Dog Law, Resolution Regarding 415

Daniels, Essay on Sheep Husbandry 423

Dog Laws 472

Drainage Law 477

E

Executive Committee 19

Enclosing South Part Fair Grounds 24

Exposition Building, Seating of 38

Engines, Traction, Display of. 45

Executive Committee 5'

Exhibitor, The, at Fairs 58

Expenses, Distribution of. 66

Educational and Art Department, Report of Superintendent 90

Election to Fill Vacancies 117

Engines, Special Merit Report on Stationary 166

Special Merit Report on Portable, Threshing and Traction.. 166

Special Merit Report on Wind 171

Essays — By Dr. R. T. Brown, "Agriculture in Indiana," Review of.. 217

Prof. C. L. Ingersoll, "Forestry" 222

Dr. Lemuel Moss, " Educated Industry" 239

Robert Mitchell, "Expert Committees at Fairs" -.. 247

Dr. G. L. Curtiss, "Ponds and Pond Water" 251

J. W. Robe, " Milking Quality of Short-Horns" 364

W. W. Thrasher, "Prices of Short-Horns" 378

Thomas Wilhoit, "Age of Using Bulls " 383

John L. Thompson, "To Wool Growers" 403

L. M. McDaniels, on Sheep 423

Elkhart County, Report of Secretary Agricultural Society 268

Edinburg Union, Report of Secretary 315

Exhibit of Agricultural Societies of Indiana, 1S80 328

494 BOARD OF AGEICULTURE.

F

PAGE.

Field Trial Agricultural Implements 23

Fine Art Hall 39

Fair Ground and Buildings, Rent to G. A. R 39

Fair, Duration of 59

Financial Condition 61

Financial Exhibit, 1880 , 65

Financial Exhibit State Fair C8

Finance, Committee on, Delegate 90

Fair Ground, Committee on, Delegate 90

"Forestry," Address on, by Prof. IngersoU 106

Finance Committee's Report on Books of Secretary and Treasurer ... 107

Fair Ground, Committee's Report 112

Food, Adulteration of, Resolutions on 116

Fair Ground Property, Sale of Discussed ilS

Fair Ground Property, Resolution Concerning Debt of 122

Food Adulteration, Resolution in Regard to , 122

Farley, Secretary of Tri-State Fair, Address of. 123

Flowers and Plants, Premiums Awarded — Professional List 149

Flowers and Plants, Premiums Awarded — Amateur List 151

Fayette County, Report of Secretary Agricultural Society 270

Franklin County, Report of Secretary Agricultural Society 271

Fulton County, Report of Secretary Agricultural Society 272

Fountain, Warren and Vermillion, Report of Secretary Agricultural

Society ■. 316

Fish Culture, in Relation to 455

Fiber Industries, Es-ay on, by C. R. Dodge 463

Fish Laws 471

Fertilizers Law 474

G

Geological Department 21

Gate-keepers, Allotment of. ^$

Gate Receipts 51

Geological Department 7°

Geological Department Receipts 70

Geological Department Disbursements 70

Geology, Natural History, etc.. Superintendent's Report... 90

Gates, Superintendent's Report 90

Geology and Statistics, Committee, Delegate, etc 91

Grain and Seeds, Premiums Awarded 145

Geology, Natural History, etc., Premiums Awarded 163

Gates and Fences, Special Merits, Report on 198

Gause, Will, Presentation Address 215

Gibson County, Report of Secretary Agricultural Society 272

INDEX. 495

PAGE.

Grant County, Report of Secretary Agricultural Society 275

Greene County, Report of Secretary Agricultural Society 276

H

Haynes, R. P., Trustee Purdue 35

Horses, Fast, from Cleveland 39-

Horses, Committee on 44

Hogs, Committee on 44

Horticulture, Committee on 44

History, Educational and National 44

Hogs, Sweepstakes, Committee on 46

Horse Department, Report from Superintendent 75

Horticultural Department, Report from Superintendent 83

Heron, Alex., Report as Delegate at Springfield, 111 91

Hamrick, A. D., Letter from (Gov. Williams) 104

Horses, Premiums on, Awarded 125

Premiums on Thoroughbreds 125

Premiums on General Purposes 125

Premiums on Light Harness 126

Premiums on Heavy Draft 127

Premiums on Trotting, Running and Pacing Races 128

Premiums on Saddle 130

Premiums on Class VII., Sweepstakes 130

Hogs, Premiums on Berkshire 137

Premiums on Poland China 138

Premiums on Large White Breeds 139

Premiums on Suffolks, Essex, etc 139

Premiums on Sweepstakes 140

Horticultural Department, Premiums Awarded 148

Horticultural Department, Premiums Awarded Amateur List 148

Horticultural Department, Premiums Awarded Professional List 149

Harrows and Pulverisers, Special Merits, Report on , 195

Harvesters and Rakes, Special Merits, Report on 197

Hamilton County, Report of Secretary Agricultural Society 277

Harrison County, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 277

. Howard County, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 278

Huntington County, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 279

Henry, Madison and Delaware, Report of Secretary 318

Howland, C. A., Address of 432

I

Industrial Associations, Officers of, 1881 7

Investment in Government Bonds 22

Industrial Associations, State 55

Indianapolis, City of. 62

496 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

PACE.

Industrial Organizations 64

Insurance 69

Inter-State Agricultural Convention at Springfield, Delegate's Report 91

Ingersoll, Prof. C. S., Address on Forestry 106, 222

Indiana Resources, 1880 340

Inter-State Agricultural Convention 344

J

Jacks, Jennets and Mules, Premiums on 130

Jacks, Jennets, Sweepstakes 131

Jackson County, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 281

Jasper County, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 281

Jay County, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 283

Jefferson County, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 284

Johnson County, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 284

K

Knox County, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 284

Knightstown Union, Report Secretary 318

L

Lumber, Rent of, to Cover Stalls 39

Loftus & Chancy, Standing Race 40

Licenses for Showmen 49

Liabilities of Board 69

Lagrange County, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 285

Lake County, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 285

Lawrence County, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 286

Loogootee District, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 319

M

Members, List of 9

Meteorology, Reports of 12—16

Meeting, State Board, January, 1880 17

Meeting, Executive Committee 21

Meeting, State Board, February, 1880 23

Marvel, John, Restriction Removed 24

Millers', Exhibition of, Cincinnati 38

Machinery to Leave Grounds, etc 47

Moss, Dr. L., Resolution of Thanks for Lecture 114

Miscellaneous Entries, Special Merits, Report on 199

Moss, Dr, L., Essay, "Educated Industry" 239

Mitchell, Robert, Essay, " Expert Committees at Fai^s" 247

INDEX. 497

PAGE.

Madison County, Report of Secretary Agricultural Society 287

Marion County, Report of Secretary Agricultural Society 288

Montgomery County, Report of Secretary Agricultural Society 291

Morgan County, Report of Secretary Agricultural Society 292

Merritt, Address of, to Wool Growers 413

N

Nelson, I. D. G., Remarks of (Gov. Williams) 98

Newton County, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 293

Noble County, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 294

New Ross, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 320

Northeastern Indiana, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 321

Navin, Dr. J. N., on Diseases of Sheep 426

o

Organization New Board. 19

Officers for 1880 19

Officers for i88l 52

Order of Business, Programme for 55

Officers, Election of Swine Breeders' Association 398

Officers, Election of Wool Grower's Association 435

Obituary of Gov. J. D. Williams 478

P

Poultry Exhibition ; 24

Premiums, Amount Appropriated 28

Premiums, Additions 32

Purdue University, Trustee of. 31;

Premiums, Speed Classes 37

Posters, Printing 38

Pacers, "Big 4," 40

President Ragan, Address of 41

Pacing Race, Purse for 46

Purdue University, Diplomas to 48

Police Allowance 50

President Ragan's Address 57

Premiums 61

Purdue University 63

Poultry Department, Report of Superintendent 82

Power Hall and Engines, Superintendent's Report 90

Permits, Superintendent's Report on 90

Premium List, Committee, Delegate, etc 90

32 — Agr. Report.

498 BOARD OP AGRICULTURE.

PAGE.

Ponds and Pond Water, Address on, by Dr. Curtiss 123

Premium Awards for 1880 125

Poultry, Premiums Awarded 140

Potatoes, Premiums Awarded 145

Pumps, Steam, Special Merit, Report on 170

Plows and Cultivators, Special Merit, Report on 191

Parke County, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 295

Perry County, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 296

Posey County, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 297

Porter Cpunty, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 301

Pulaski County, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 301

Putnam County, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 322

Plainfield, Report Secretary Agricultural and Horticultural Society.. 322

R

Rules and Regulations 28

Report, Conference Committee 30

Woman's Department 31

Committee on Plows , 34

Committee on Finance 34

Committee on Speed Classes 35

Railroad Coupons, Committee on 45

Report, Horse Department Allowance 49

Cattle Department Allowance 49

Hog Department Allowance 49

Sheep Department Allowance 49

Agricultural Department Allowance 49

Carriage Department Allowance 49

Horticultural Department Allowance 49

Educational Department Allowance 49

Gates Department Allowance 49

Amphitheater Allowance , 49

Roadway, Closing Up 51

Representation, Basis for Voting 55

Refreshments • 61

Resolutions of Respect to J. D. Williams 65

Report of Secretary for 1880 65 to 72

Treasurer for 1880 72

Receipts, Comparative, During Fair Week 69

Report, General Superintendent 73

Horse Department 75

Cattle Department 77

Sheep Department 77

Swine Department 7^

Poultry Department 82

INDEX. 499

PAGE.

Report, Agricultural Department 82

Horticultural Department 83

Textile Fabrics, Superintendent of. 84

Agricultural Machinery, Superintendent of 88

Carriages, Wagons and Furniture, Superintendent of 89

Educational and Art Department 90

Geology, Natural History, etc.. Superintendent's 90

Power Hall and Engines, Superintendent's 90

Gates, Superintendent's 90

Amphitheater, Superintendent's 90

Permits, Superintendent's 90

Rules and Regulations, Committee, Delegate 90

Retiring Members, by Districts, Nominations, etc 91

Report, Heron, as Delegate to Inter-State Convention 91

Resolutions of Respect for Gov. J. D. Williams 93

Report, Committee on Finance 107

Committee on Fair Ground 112

Committee on Credentials 112

Committee on Co-operation 113

Committee on Woman's Department 113

Root Crops, Premiums Awarded 144

Report, Committee on Special Merit, "A" and "B" 165

Committee on Stationary Engines 165

Committee on Special Merit, ««C" and "D" 185

Committee on Special Merit, "E" and "F" 190

Committee on Special Merit, Plows and Cultivators 190

Committee on Special Merit, " G" and " H " 204

Committee on Educational Exhibits 211

County and District Agricultural Societies 260

Randolph County, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 303

Ripley County, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 303,

Rush County, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 304

Russellville Union, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 322

Resources, Indiana, 1880 340

Robe, J. W. Essay 364

Rot in Sheep, by Dr. J, N. Navin 426

Red Water in Sheep, by Dr. J. N. Narvin 427

Road Law 476

S

State Fair, Time Fixed 17

Special Diplomas on Displays 18

Salaries, Officers, for 1880 20

Settlement with Treasurer, 21

500 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

FAOE.

Superintendent's Department 25

Speed Purse of ;?l,ooo 40

Soldiers Old Prison, Invitation to 42

State Board of Ohio, Reception of. 43

State House, Corner-stone 43

Sheep, Committee on 44

Schools, Public, Admission of. 45

Stock Detained on Grounds 46

Stock Detained on Grounds, Reconsideration 47

Superintendent, General and Department, Report, etc 47

Statistics and Geology, Bureau of. 64

Sheep Department, Report of Superintendent 77

Swine Department, Report of Superintendent 78

Stevenson, A. C, Remarks of (Gov. Williams) 93

Sheep, Premiums Aw^arded 134

Premiums Awarded Fine Wool 134

Premiums Awarded I^eicester or Lincoln 135

Premiums Awarded Long Wool, Cotswolds 135

Premiums Awarded Southdowns 135

Premiums Awarded Oxfordshire, Shropshire and Hampshire.. 136

Premiums Awarded as Sweepstakes, Long Wool 137

Premiums Awarded as Sweepstakes, Middle Wool 137

Special Merit, Report of Committee *'A" and "B" 165

Saw Mills, Special Merit, Report on 173

Seed Drills and Cultivators, Special Merits, Report on 193

Special Merit, Report on "G" and " H " 204

Shelby County, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 304

Steuben County, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 305

Southeastern Indiana, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 324

Switzerland and Ohio Counties, Report Secretary Agricul'l Society... 325

Statistics, Comparative, Products, etc 343

State Fair Association, Woman's 359

Short-horn Breeders, 1880 363

Short-horns, Milking Qualities of 364

Swine Breeders, Meeting of 396

Swine Breeders, Address of President 396

Sheep, Classification of, for Premiums 420

Diseases of, by Dr. J, N. Navin 426

How to Shear, by J. L.Thompson 430

T

Treasurers Settlement with 21

Tile Makers' Association , 37

Tickets, Complimentary, etc 3^

INDEX. 501

PAOE

Textile Fabrics, Committee on 44

Tickets, Superintendent to Drav/, etc 44

Trot, free for all, and Protest 49

"Technical Training," Address by President White 123

Textile Fabrics Department, Premiums Awarded 151

Textile Fabrics Department, Mill Manufactured 151

Threshers and Separators, Special Merits, Report on 174

Tippecarfoe County, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 306

Tipton County, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 306

Thorntown Union, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 326

Terre Haute Horticultural Society, Report Secretary 327

Thrasher, W, W., Essay on Price of Short-horns 378

Thrasher, W. W., Essay on Ravages of Dogs 402

Tilemaker's Annual Report of 447

Tilemakers, Address of President Burgess 448

V

Vigo County, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 307

W

Woman's Association 23

Worman, Enoch, Claim 29

Wagons, Supply, Admitted Free 45

Exhibitors, Admitted Free 45

Windmills, Protest, etc., of Mr. Perkins 47

Wilhoit, Thomas, Protest 49

Woman's Board of Industry, Report of 84

White E. E., President of Purdue University, Address of 123

President, Vote of Thanks 123

Woman's Department, Premiums Awarded 152

Domestic Manufactures 152

Knitting and Crochet 153

Lace Work 153

Embroidery and Braiding 154

Sewing, Machine and Hand 155

Miscellaneous 156

Dry Goods, Millinery, etc 157

Culinary Articles 157

Non-enumerated List 159

Special Bread, Butter, etc l6l

Wabash County, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 308

Warren County, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 309

Warrick County, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 310

Wayne County, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 312

502 BOARD OF' AGRICULTURE.

PAGE.

Wells County, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 312

Whitley County, Report Secretary Agricultural Society 313

Woman's State Fair Association, Synopsis 359

Wilhoit Thomas, Essay and Discussion 383

Wool Grower's Association, Meeting of 400

Wool Grower's Association, Address of President 400

Wool Grower's Association, Election of Officers 435

Williams, Gov. J. D., Obituary of. 478