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POU Hh REPORT OF
THE LAGUNA MARINE
LABORATORY AND CON-
TRIBUTIONS FROM THE
ZOOLOGICAL LABORA-
TORY OF POMONA
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LIBRARIES
I. Summer School at Laguna Beach.
II. Notes on Coelenterates and Echinoderms from Laguna Beach.
III. An Interesting Basket Star from Laguna Beach.
IV. Some Remarks on the Central Nervous System of the Starfish
William A. Hilton
V. Additional List of Annelids from Laguna Beach. ..W. F. Hamilton
VI. On Two New Polynoids from Laguna........... W. F. Hamilton
Vi A Nebalia from Ieacuna Beach: 2: 22. 2c. cae, om ote R. La Follette
VIII. The Early Development of Ligyda With Reference to the Nerv-
OUSHOY SUC MMI: coer oe pe ries © say ses eee! align ycl Ton eeencneae ee William A. Hilton
IX. Crustacen from Laguna Beach.
M2 Caprellidze ttromn WagunasBbeachs foc fc accu a eee M. Shaw
XI. Pycnogonids Collected During the Summer of 1915, at Laguna
Beach.
XII. The Life History of Anoplodactylus Erectus, Cole...W. 4. Hilton
NIE, “Av RemarkablesPycnogomid cig. 42-0 tim ms. William A. Hilton
XIV. ‘The Nervous System of Pycnogonids.......... William A. Hilton
Ve New @alitonmianWiitesws) accis tits eo gers oe eenens Nathan Banks
XVI. Mites from the Claremont Laguna Region.
XVII. The Central Nervous System and Simple Reactions of a Rare
NVI S CONPIONM: sass ee teens ek ee ve ees ee William A. Hilton
XVIII. Three Common Spiders of Laguna........... Margaret L. Moles
XIX. Crab-Spiders of the Claremont Laguna Region. Margaret L. Moles
XOX. Jima Wehiscens at Iaguna Beach......2.-:.2..- Margaret Cate
Doxa hes@ctoped @cythoe in: California. 2: P21.) eases 3 S. 8S. Berry
ONS News Calitormia Beess 2 ceils wines. he ous T. D. A. Cockerell
XXIII. New and Little Known Bees from California. ..7. D. 4. Cockerell
DIV] WhreesNew, Chalcid Phes from: California. 2.22... 2 A. A. Girault
XXV. A Rare Fish from Laguna Beach.
1916 Pomona Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. VIII, No. 1, Mar.
Summer School at Laguna Beach
Once more the advantages of the Laguna Marine Laboratory
have been enjoyed by a considerable number of students and investi-
gators. During the summer of 1915 about thirty students regis-
tered for courses in Marine Zoology, Entomology and General
Biology. There were also a number of the students who took
special work. In addition to these in various courses, there were
about twelve students and investigators from eastern and northern
colleges and universities, who stayed a day, a week, a month and in
some cases for longer periods throughout the summer.
Laguna Marine Laboratory and Tent City
The new tent city with its rooming and housekeeping tents, and
dining hall for the first time furnished ample accommodation at a
reasonable price to all who stayed at the Summer School or visited
the Laboratory.
In the aquarium room an exhibition of local animals was open
at all times. During the season over two thousand people visited
the aquarium and museum. Evening lectures were given during
the Summer School and these were always open to the public.
38 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Near Two-Rock Point, Laguna Beach
During the season of 1915 more interesting and valuable speci-
mens were obtained than in previous years. Very few of these
have yet been worked over for publication.
The beautiful coast line, both up and down from the Laboratory,
was more extensively explored than in other years, yet there are
many places not carefully examined at low tide. Inland also more
An Arch Above Laguna Beach
Pomona College, Claremont, California 39
field trips were taken, to canyons, to caves, to hill-tops and along
streams. The Lakes up Laguna Canyon were found to be almost
as interesting as the rocks at low tide. There was not time last
summer to any more than to begin to touch the possibilities of the
region.
It is rather interesting to note that the students as a whole did
better class work than in Claremont. This may partly be due to
lack of pressure of outside activities, and partly due to the enthu-
siasm developed by the study of animals in their natural environ-
ment, but still there were some diversions which helped to pass the
time pleasantly. Saturday was used for the more or less optional
field exercises. arly mornings when the tide was low were also
used for field work. After four P. M. every day, time was usu-
ally taken for bathing or short walks and on some evenings there
were beach suppers.
During the coming summer more courses will be offered and a
number of visitors and investigators are expected.
The tent city and dining hall will again offer accommodations
at reasonable prices. [he cost of tuition will be as last year; that
» $7.50 general charge and $2.00 an hour per hour taken. By an
hour is meant the equivalent of an hour’s work in a regular college
semester. ‘There are eight private rooms for special investigators.
For further information write to the Director, William A. Hil-
ton, Pomona College, Claremont, Cal. (Laguna Beach, Cal., from
June 22 to September 20.)
1916 Pomona Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. VIII, No. 1, Mar.
Courses Offered at the Summer School
of the Laguna Beach Biological
Laboratory 1916
To reach Laguna Beach from Los Angeles take the electric or
Santa Fe to Santa Ana. From Santa Ana a morning stage leaves at
ten, an afternoon stage at four.
Work begins June 26th and regular courses last six weeks, but
the laboratory is open all summer.
No one may register for more than six hours. By an hour is
included the equivalent of an hour’s work during a regular college
semester.
1. S.B.11. Zoology (2 hours). A synopsis of marine inverte-
brates. Lectures and class exercises with early morning field
trips. Prerequisite Biology Al, or open to those who are
taking some other biological work. M. to F. at 8. Prof.
W. A. Hilton and ;
la. S. B. 11. Zoology. Marine invertebrates (1 hour if taken
with 1, or 2 hours). Laboratory on typical local forms.
Mornings 9 to 12, except Saturday. Prof. W. A. Hilton
and :
2. S. B. 18. General Entomology (2 to 3 hours). Class labora-
tory and field work in the general study of local insects.
Prerequisite Biology Al, or Zoology B11, or may be accom-
panied by one of these. Class period M. to F. at 11. Lab.
and field work at hours to be arranged. Prof. W. A. Hilton
and :
3. S. Al. General Biology (3 hours). A beginning course deal-
ing with general principles. Open to those who have had no
biological work and who have either entered college or are
about to enter. Class periods M. to F. at 1. Lab. and field
work afternoons. Prof. W. A. Hilton and
4. S.C. 4. Ecology (2 or 3 hours). Class field and laboratory
work at hours to be arranged.
DIES
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1915 Pomona Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. VII, No. 3, Sept.
Additional List of Annelids From
Laguna Beach
W. F. HAMILTON
The following is a list of annelid worms determined from the
collections of the summer of 1915. A number of others as yet
undetermined may be added later.
Eurythe californica Johnson
Found crawling along the under sides of stones at low tide.
Halosydna pulchra Johnson
Commensal on the holothurian Stichopus californicus (Stimp-
son).
Phyllodoce medipapillata Moore
Common in kelp holdfast from deep water.
Nereis vexillosa Grube
Found partly digested in the stomach of a baracuda, also on a
holdfast.
Lumbrinereis erecta Moore
Abundant in the roots of Phyllospadix.
Aracoda semimaculata Moore
Very common under mussels on a flat near the laboratory,
Nainereis longa Moore
Common in Phyllospadix.
Nainereis robusta
Found in Phyllospadix roots, but not so commonly as the last
species.
Sabellaria cementarium Moore
A single specimen was found in a holdfast.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)
1915 Pomona Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. VII, No. 4, Dec.
On Two New Polynoids From Laguna
W. F. HAMILTON
Halosydna succiniseta, 0. sp.
Form attentuated posteriorly, like H. Jordi, which form this
closely resembles. Greatest width about somite 12, whence it
tapers gradually to the slender hind end.
Proboscis (Fig. 3) large and strong. It is 4 mm. long and
2.7 mm. wide, cylindroid and slightly flattened distally. Papilla,
9/9, irregularly conical. Jaws of clear yellowish chitin with large,
sharp fangs of dark brown chitin, the lower biting to the right.
There is a prominent tubercle, .5 mm., from the ends of each series
of papille, and an irregular fold of cuticle surrounding the probos-
cis near the middle.
The prostomium (Fig. 3), decidedly wider than long, 1s full
and rounded, either cheek being almost spherical. Eyes four, the
anterior pair are a little larger than, and twice as far apart as the
posterior. The tentacle, inserted about one-third the length of the
basal segment into the front edge of the prostomium, 1s slightly
longer than the prostomium is wide. Basal segments of the an-
tenne are produced from the lateral lobes of the prostomium, but
cut off from them by a well marked suture. They are nearly as long
as the tentacle and all three are produced into long filamentous
tips. Palpi, thick, fleshy, tapered, finely papillose and ringed near
the tip with dark brown. ‘Tips produced to a hair-like point.
First parapodium achaetous and directed forward at the side of
the prostomium. Ventral cirrus conforming to the dorsal type.
Second parapodium with both dorsal and ventral sete. Noto-
podium slender, with-few dorsal sete growing out half way be-
tween the base and the tip. Neuropodium fleshy, bilobed and long.
Ventral cirrus like that on the first foot.
Third parapodium nearly typical. Notopodium half as long as
neuropodium, three dorsal seta, neuropodium thicker and longer,
ventral cirrus smaller than on second foot.
Typical parapodium (Fig. 2). Notopodium, achaetous, slen-
der, rounded at tip and about half as long as neuropodium. Acic-
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY Zoo
ula, light brown and slightly curved backwards at tip. Notopo-
dium thick, truncate, bi-lobed, five sete on nearly every foot,
arranged directly underneath one another. Neurocirrus short,
globose, produced to a fine filamentous tip.
Dorsal sete (Fig. 1) with notch at tip, serrated on the convex
side for a distance equal to twice the width of the spine. As much
farther down the concave side is a collar partly surrounding the
seta, which then tapers slightly along the shank to the base. “These
sete are embedded all but their tips in the flesh of the foot.
Ventral sete (Fig. 4) are very large, strong and sharp, with a
few very minute serrations directly under the hook. The chitin is
very light in color and almost perfectly transparent. There is
almost no fibrous structure in the core of the spine, and this does
not extend to the tip.
Dorsum entirely covered with elytra of a dead gray color, which
have a single brown spot just above the elytrophore. The surface
is otherwise immaculate. They are non-ciliate, reniform, and born
on somites 2, 4, 5, 7, —.
The species is described from an example taken July 9, 1915.
The figures were made from an example taken the year before
which differs from the typical in having the left eyes fused into
one. This anomaly is the first one of its kind I have seen. ‘The
pigmentation is scattered in small granules over an area correspond-
ing to that occupied by the eyes on the opposite side.
FH. succiniseta belongs to the type of commensal polynoids, but
has itself never been found living with another animal.
The chief reason for calling this a new species is the collar on
the dorsal seta.
Halosydna lagune n. sp.
General aspect like H. insignis. Form, oblong-linear, tapering
gradually and about equally at both ends. Somites, 26; elytra, 12
pairs on somites 2, 4, 5, 7, —21, 25.
Proboscis (fig. 8), constricted in the middle, bulging at base, and
flaring at the end, 5 mm. long and 2.7 mm. wide. Papille, blunt,
conical, arranged 9/9. Jaws of dark brown chitin, produced into
a sharp knife edge. Fangs blunt with three prominent ridges on
outside face, lower pair biting to the right.
236 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
Prostomium, about as wide as long, slightly constricted at base,
widest slightly behind anterior pair of eyes. No fissure behind the
insertion of median tentacle. Eyes, four; anterior pair well for-
ward, further apart, and much larger than posterior pair, which
are almost under the lip of the peristomium.
Antenne, dorsal, and peristomal cirri smooth, cylindrical, of
moderate length and quite bulbous at tip. Tentacle twice as
long as antenna, and of a similar shape. All tentacles and cirri
have dark band just below bulb and another near the middle.
Peristomial parapodia small, achetous, composed principally of
the ceratophores. Ventral cirrus conforming to the dorsal type.
Second parapodium with two fascicles of ventral secte, differing
from the typical in having a longer spinous section. Dorsal ramus
very small, equipped with a half dozen minute slender sete, smooth
sharp and straight.
Typical parapodia (fig. 5), distinctly bi-ramous. Neuropodium
thickly conical, truncate, fleshy, powerful, wrinkled, carrying two
fascicles of ventral sete. Notopodium thick, short, somewhat
rounded at the end, and carrying a flaring bundle of dorsal sete.
Ventral cirrus short, pointed, and subulate.
Sete of four kinds, short dorsal sete, slender, straight and
serrate (Fig. 10) ; long dorsal setae, strong, straight, sharp, some-
what hastate, but without the least sign of serrations (Fig. 9) ;
superacicular ventral sete with about ten spinous serrations, most
prominent distally, long hooked point and strong shaft (Fig. 6) ;
sub-acicular ventral sete, of the same type, but serrations dis-
tinctly less prominent (Fig. 7).
Segmental eminences prominent thruout. Nephridial papille,
cylindrical and fluted, begin on the eighth segment and continue to
the twenty-fifth.
Elytra, large, varied in shape from reniform to ovoid. Heavily
pigmented with black and brown and have prominent white conical
tubercles distributed irregularly over the surface, the larger ones
tending to be in the center. Elytra non-ciliate.
Coloration white with brown and black pigmentation on the
elytra. Some specimens show a distinct reddish tinge. Dorsally
there is a prominent intersegmental black spot. Prostomial and
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY Dot
anal region prevailingly brown, but with some black pigment to
bexseen:
The specimen is very common under mussels and in sea-weed
between tide-marks at Laguna. The type was taken under kelp
roots, June 28, 1911, by Prof. C. F. Baker. I have many others
in the Laguna collection, among which is a tokous female taken
June 27, 1914.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College.)
238 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.
PLATE I—Halosydna succiniseta n. sp.
Figure 1. Dorsal seta.
Figure 2. Typical parapodium.
Figure 3. Anterior end.
Figure 4. Ventral seta.
PLaTe Il1—Halosydna lagunae n sp.
Figure 5. Typical parapodium.
Figure 6. Superacicular ventral seta.
Figure 7. Subacicular ventral seta.
Figure 8. Anterior end.
Figure 9. Long dorsal seta.
Figure 10. Short dorsal seta.
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND. ZOOLOGY
240 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
1914 Pomona College Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. VI, No.4, Dec.
A Nebalia from Laguna Beach
Re CAH OLER DALE
Among the many marine forms collected and studied at Laguna
Beach this summer were several Nebalia, which were taken by Mr.
Lichti from a hold fast cast up on the beach. A specimen was
sent to the National Museum at Washington, where it was classified
as Nebalia bipes O. Fab.
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1916 PoMoNA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND Zoo.ocy, Vou. VIII, No. 2, JUNE
Crustacea From Laguna Beach
The following notes are on Crustacea collected by general and
special students during the past several years. In cases where the
forms were especially valuable or rare the name of the collector 1s
indicated. Most of the specimens here recorded were collected
during the past two years, a few earlier ones are also included in
this report. Those marked U.S.M. were determined for us by the
United States National Museum at Washington. The photographs
are by Robbins, drawings by Baillard and Macdonald.
Callianassa longimana Stimp.
These “ghost shrimps” are fairly common under stones in tide
pools. The median prominence of the front subacute, cornea behind
middle of eye stalk. Cheliped of male elongate. Carpus nearly
twice as long as broad (Fig. 14).
C’. californiensis Dana, U.S.M.
Similar to the other species in general, but the exact distribution
of each not yet determined. Specimens of this species were taken at
Balboa bay by Mr. Daniels. These showed red in the center of the
body and yellow at the sides due to the internal organs showing
through. According to Rathbun there are the following differences
from the other species: ‘Median prominence of front rounded;
cornea in middle of eye-stalk; large cheliped of male very broad,
the carpus very little longer than broad, but longer than palm.”
Those we have found are smaller than the large of the other species.
Pagurus hirsutiusculus Dana, U.S.M.
This smal] hermit crab was found in the tide pools. It was col-
lected by La Follette, Macdonald, Hilton and others. Speckled
and banded legs.
P. samuelis Stimp., U.S.M.
This small hermit crab was found abundantly in the tide pools.
Specimens were larger than the other species as a rule. Blue legs.
Paguristes bakeri Holmes, U.S.M.
This large hermit crab was dredged off the coast of Laguna
Beach by Prof. A. M. Bean and W. F. Hamilton. It was found
Pomona College, Claremont, California 67
living in several of the larger shells such as those of Trophon trian-
gulatus Cpr and T. belcheri ds. (Figs. 11 and 12).
Lepidopa myops Stimp.
We have but one specimen of this sand crab collected by L. Gard-
ner several years ago.
Blepharipoda occidentalis Randall
Numbers of these large sand crabs much like the last in general
appearance were taken at al] times on sandy shores.
Emerita analoga Stimp.
This is the smaller very common sand crab.
Panulirus interruptus Randal)
Young of the “lobster” were often found in tide pools.
Alpheus (Cragon) dentipes Guerin
These have been taken in sponge masses and in holdfasts. These
interesting little snapping shrimps were collected a number of times
especially during the last summer. When placed in aquarium jars
they snapped the claws in such a manner as to make one believe the
jars were cracking. The left claw open and closed is shown in Fig.
19 from Miss Macdonald’s drawing.
Cragon nigromaculatus Sm
Translucent white, with small black dots, a larger dark spot on
either side near the caudal end of the body. Found commonly in
sandy tide pools.
Betaus longidactylus Lock., U.S.M.
This is the most common lobster-like species found in the tide
pools. It is of a uniform dark red brown.
B. harfordi Kingsley, U.S.M.
Found in kelp holdfasts. Pale olive green, eggs translucent green.
Stout, Stafford, La Follette and others.
Spirontocaris palpator Osen
Antennal scale longer than the telson, maxilliped without exopod.
Rostrum with superior margin not strongly convex, but nearly
Pomona College, Claremont, California 69
straight over the eyes. Rostrum not reaching the second segment of
the antennular peduncle. Rostrum reaching as far as or beyond the
cornea. Upper and lower limbs of rostrum not both convex. Al-
most transparent, red on the thorax. Kelp holdfasts from deep
water.
S. picta Stimp., U.S.M.
Antennal peduncle reaching the end of the antennular peduncle.
Upper margin of the rostrum straight, reaching beyond the middle
of the antennal scale. Greenish with oblique reddish marks.
S. taylori Stimp.
Rostrum not reaching as far as the cornea. Collected several
years ago Baker and Metz.
Hippolysmata californica Stimp.
Irregular nearly longitudinal red stripes. These are found quite
abundantly in the tide pools.
Palemonetes hiltoni Schmitt (MSS) U.S.M.
These probably occur off Laguna beach although the specimens
described by Schmitt were collected Stout and Stafford at San
Pedro:
BRACHYURA
Randallia ornata Randall
These beautiful crabs usually came to us from deeper water, but
one was obtained from Balboa bay (Fig. 8).
Epiaitus productus Randall, U.S.M.
The common kelp crab was found at all times (Fig. 16).
E. nuttallii Randall, U.S.M.
This was the largest kelp crab which we obtained. Fig. 9 is from
a smaller specimen than that sent to Washington.
E. bituberculatus Milne Edw. forma minima Lockington, U.S.M.
Only one specimen collected at low tide by Flulton: bie; 17, re-
drawn from Miss Ballard’s color drawing, shows the position of the
lighter spots on the dorsal surface.
Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Bh edie
ON
BES
a,
70
Pomona College, Claremont, California 7A
Loxorhynchus grandis Stimp.
A number of these large deep water forms come in every year.
Fig. 18 is from Miss Ballard’s drawing of a fairly perfect specimen.
L. crispatus Stimp.
One specimen of this moss crab was dredged just off shore by
Prof. A. M. Bean and W. F. Hamilton (Fig. 3).
Cycloxanthops novemdentatus Lock, U.S.M.
Fig. 2 of a small one. Fig. | larger. These rather large crabs
with the dark tipped claws were sometimes taken inshore at low tide.
Cancer antennarius Stimp. Fig 4. U.S.M.
Found under the same conditions as the one just mentioned.
Pilumnus spinohirsutus Lock.
One poorly preserved specimen we took to be this species
(Bigs St
Heterocrypta occidentalis Dana
Our specimen is from Hermosa Beach. Others have been re-
ported from San Diego. We may yet find it at Laguna (Fig. 7).
Pachygrapsus crassipes Randall
The shore crab is found in great abundance on any rocky shore
or in the nearer tide pools (Fig. 10).
Lophopanopeus heathii Rath., U.S.M.
The young of these were often found in masses of Polyzea under
rock ledges. A young male was marked as follows: white claws with
dark tips, last legs white, other legs and body dark red. A young
female had red claws, hind legs white, body darker. Another young
male was white.
L. leucomanus Lock.
Adults of these found under stones measured 14 mm. across.
Young were found under rock ledges among alge and polyzoans.
Young were found with red claws and a red mouth region.
Dasygyius tuberculatus Lock., U.S.M.
The hydroids on the Balboa piles were swarming with these pe-
culiar spider-like crabs (Fig. 13).
72 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Pachycheles rudis Stimp., U.S.M.
This little crab is found most abundantly in the cavities of the
large white sponge.
Petrolisthes eriomerus Stimp., U.S.M.
This is a little flat crab.
P. cinctipes Randall
This has been reported from Laguna by Baker.
P. rathbune Schmitt (MSS), U.S.M.
This is the largest flat crab that we have found. One specimen.
Hilton, 1913 (Fig. 6 somewhat reduced).
Xanthias taylori Stimp., U.S.M. |
This is one of the most common of the crabs found among red
sea weeds which it resembles in color and in the little knobs on the
anterior parts of the appendages and body.
Herbistia parvifrons Randall, U.S.M.
Moderate sized, narrow headed flat forms. Lateral margin of
rostrum not involuted. Second joint of antenna slender subcylindri-
cal. Legs of moderate length.
Pelia clausa Rath., OSIM
Found hiding among sponges, polyzoans hydroids and sea weeds.
Fragments cling to the animals. A young specimen had blue claws.
Scyra actifrons Dana, U.S.M.
Much as above.
Pugettia richii Dana, U.S.M.
Found much as P. clausa.
P. richu Dana, U:S.M.
Found much as the others just mentioned.
Pelia tumida Lock, U.S.M.
This was the largest decorator which we found.
During the Summer of 1913 a minute elongate crustacean was
found by Hilton in Coward’s cove near shore.
Pomona College, Claremont, California 73
The U. S. M. determined this to be an immature specimen of
Cyathura, of probably a new species. In November of 1915 a
larger elongate specimen was secured not far from Balboa. This
was also determined to be an immature specimen of the genus
Cyathura.
Munidia quadrispina Benedict
A specimen of what was taken to be this species was taken from
the stomach of a baracuda caught just off the coast of Laguna
Beach (Fig. 15). ee
: : ILTON.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)
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1916 PomMoNa JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY, Vor VLE Nor 2s UNE
Caprellidaee From Laguna Beach
M. SHAW
Caprella tuberculata n. sp.
The perwon is covered with blunt tubercles, placed in the fol-
lowing positions: Two on the second body segment, one near the
center, the other in line with it and posterior. Five on the third
segment, one small pair anteriorly situated, another larger pair
near the center, one single large one posteriorly situated. Four on
the fourth segment: a small pair anteriorly situated, a single large
one in center, and a single large one posteriorly situated. Six on
the fifth segment: one small pair anteriorly situated, three forming
a triangle near the center, and one large one posteriorly situated.
Two fairly large ones on the sixth segment. Also the same on the
seventh segment. The peraon has small spines on each side. There
are seven tubercles on the ventral side: two on fifth segment, two
on the fourth and three on the third.
There are two sharp spines on the first segment: one posteriorly
situated, the other on the left, a third of the way down the segment.
The first segment is triangular in shape, shorter than the second.
The second and third the same length, the second being broader
than the third. The fourth slightly longer than the second and
third. The fifth, sixth and seventh each growing smaller, respec-
tively, and truncate at the tip. The branchia ovate in shape. An-
tenne stout, superior pair 3 mm. in length. First joint stout and
Pomona College, Claremont, California 87
thick, not as long as second. Third shorter than the first. Flagel-
lum nearly as long as peduncle, having from 10 to 12 joints. In-
ferior pair of antenne extending a little past middle of the flagellum
of superior.
The first gnathopod attached far forward and small, finger
slender, three-fourths as long as hand. One spine near the base of
hand, the finger is finely toothed along the inner margin.
The second gnathopod is attached to the middle of the body
segment. ‘The basal joint is short and thick. The finger is three-
fourths the length of palm and has fine teeth along inner margin.
The palm is slightly concave, having one large, sharp tooth at the
base, also a small tooth at distal extremity.
Third, fourth, and fifth pereopods similar in structure, armed
with stout hairs; palm slightly concave.
Length of specimen, 10-12 mm.
Color, translucent.
Specimens taken at Laguna Beach by Dr. W. A. Hilton, August,
1915, from polyzoa at Abalone Point. Type in Pomona College
collection.
Dr. Hilton found another lot of specimens of this genus living
among the hydroids at Balboa Bay. It may be a new species, as it
differs from any descriptions we have found, but it may simply be a
variety of Caprella geometrica Say, at least we will not describe it
further at this time.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)
1915 Pomona Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. VII, No. 3, Sept.
Pyenogonids Collected During the
Summer of 1915, at Laguna
Beach
WILLIAM A. HILTON
While collecting embryological material from the littoral regions
of Laguna Beach, some additional points in connection with the
life history, habits and distribution of pycnogonids were brought
to light.
In all over seven hundred specimens of various species were
found, but a much larger number might have been obtained in cer-
tain cases because the localities where they live were so clearly
determined.
Certain species were obtained with greater difficulty during the
past summer, and some species seemed more abundant. All species
found last summer, with the exception of Phoxichilidium femoratum
Cole and Nymphon sp., were found again this year, while three or
more species found this summer were not found last. In most cases
the pycnogonids were found not far from hydroids, sea anemones or
a certain coarse kind of polyzoan. The place which furnished the
animals most abundantly was at Balboa Bay among the tubularian
hydroids which occur in great masses. In this locality, first brought
to my attention by Mr. F. W. Daniels, a hundred pycnogonids
were found in one little clump of hydroids, while here and there in
other masses they were nearly as abundant. ‘The species found
was one not seen last year. It was Anoplodactylus erectus Cole.
Another species not clearly recognized last year was among Phy/-
lospadix in certain localities. Two species found very often in this
eel grass were Ammothella spinosissima Hall and Anoplodactylus
californicus Hall. Now and then other forms were collected from
these localities, but these two species were found over and over
again in certain masses of this plant, especially if hydroids and
Polyzoa were near at hand. Under a stone in one situation a large
202 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
number of hydroids were found and among and near them quite a
number of 4. californicus were obtained.
Three localities were mentioned last year in the littoral regions:
(1) under stones, (2) among coarse polyzoan colonies and (3) out
on mussel points among red sea weeds of various sorts. Three
other general regions may now be added: (4) among hydroids
especially large kinds, (5) among the stems and roots of Phyl-
lospadix, (6) at the bases of sea anemones or near them. In
every case except the last, hydroids or polyzoans may be near and
aid in determining the occurrence, but in some few cases as under
certain large stones, among seaweed and at times in Phyllospadix
roots, the polyzoans or hydroids are not evident. The food and
shelter of pcynogonids seem in large degree to depend upon these
two groups of animals, but pycnogonids probably feed on any soft
animal that comes near. Hall mentions one feeding on a nudibranch
and I saw a Palene devouring a soft annelid worm, its claws and
proboscis were stained with its dark juices.
In no case were pycnogonids found in unsheltered situations, they
were not found among corallines, nor among certain other sea-
weeds where the water was swift. Some forms were well inshore,
among these was Ammothella bi-unguiculata var. californica Hall,
which was found one day especially abundant under stones well
inshore. d. spinosissima was always found well inshore, a few
under stones but chiefly among Phyllospadix roots. dnoplodactylus
californicus was found well inshore. Pycnogonum stearnsi Ives
was also found well inshore. The occurrence of the other species
was for the most part farther out than these last mentioned forms.
A few points in connection with the reactions and general habits
of these animals might be recorded. I have seen the swimming
movements mentioned by Cole especially in Palene, T. intermedium
to a less degree, as also in H1. viridintestinalis. ‘The other forms
are too heavy to swim or tread water. All the species with long
legs move much the same way in walking, alternate legs are moved
at the same time as a rule, although now and then adjoining legs
may be moved. In those with longer legs, these long appendages
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 203
are used as feelers, and one or several of them may be extended
or elevated. Ina dish of water the animals cannot walk very well,
but partly walk and partly swim in some cases. The head end is
not always the part which begins or determines the direction of the
slow phalangid-like movements. When several specimens are left
in a dish it is not long before all are in a ball, holding to each other
by means of their sharp claws.
If two specimens are near they are soon drawn together. This
clinging instinct is a very important one for the animals and is well
developed. ‘Those with long legs if kept separated fold at the
third joint so that they look like little stools; they may fold either
with the legs on the dorsal or ventral side. Some individuals seem
to prefer one side, others fold the legs on either side equally readily.
In some, especially those with eggs, the legs are folded in this
way over the eggs. In some the legs may be folded closer to the
body and the whole animal is like a little ball. In such a form
the legs may be made to extend themselves if the animal is lifted
and dropped a little distance. This will work every time with
some but with a few, such as 4. spinosissima, the legs become more
tightly drawn to the body and the animal may even remain as
though dead during several changes of its position. Many, if not
most of the Pycnogonids can right themselves if turned over, but
most of them rest as well on the back as on the ventral side.
Righting movements are either by action of all legs at once from
a stool position, or movements of only a few legs. P. stearnsi
is somewhat an exception to many of the activities of the others
mentioned. Its legs do not fold up much, they walk very little, do
not swim and are in every way less active than the other species.
They do cling to each other and if there are a number in a dish
together they soon form a single ball. They cling to each other
or to other objects, but from the shape of their legs and bodies they
cannot hold very fast to anything.
The following is a list of the specimens obtained during the sum-
mer of 1915. At another time some further observations relating
to the life history of at least one species may be given.
204. JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
Palene californiensis Hall
Found almost entirely among the zooids of a certain coarse
polyzoan. Seventeen specimens collected.
Lecythorhynchus marginatus Cole
No new information was obtained about this species. Found
as last year among mussels, now and then in red seaweeds. They
can walk quite rapidly through seaweeds. One hundred specimens
were collected.
Ammothella bi-unguiculata var. californica Hall
Found among mussels to a limited degree, chiefly under stones
at low tide. Fifteen specimens were collected.
Ammothella spinosissima Hall
Last year this species was found under stones only, but this sum-
mer most of them were found in the roots of Phyllospadix. This
species is an inshore form. It is rather slow in its movements and
depends upon its form and color to escape observation. ‘The masses
of sand caught in the long spines and hairs often help to conceal
it. When much disturbed it may fold up and appear to be dead.
Seven specimens were found.
Ammothella spinifera Cole
No specimens of this species were found last year. Two were
found this summer among mussels out on the points.
Ammothella tuberculata Cole
Found as last year, among mussels and coarse polyzoans.
Twenty-seven specimens.
Tanystylum intermedium Cole
A large number of these, one hundred and thirty-one in all, were
found chiefly among polyzoan colonies; also under stones and
among mussels to a limited degree.
Tanystylum orbiculare Wilson
Many of these, eighty-one in all, were found among mussels and
older polyzoan stems.
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 205
Clotenia occidentalis Cole
Only one specimen found among mussels.
Halosoma viridintestinalis Cole
A number of these, ten in all, were found as last year among
polyzoan masses.
Anoplodactylus californicus Hall
More of these were found than last year, chiefly among the roots
of Phyleospadix. Those that were found abundantly under stones
were near large hydroids. Thirteen specimens in all were collected.
Anoplodactylus erectus Cole
None of these were found last year, while between two and
three hundred were found this season. All but one were taken
from tubularian hydroids at Balboa. The one specimen from
nearer Laguna was from an uncertain location and was a young
specimen. The first lot obtained from Mr. Daniels contained a
hundred specimens—immature and young adults, but no specimens
with eggs. At a later time large numbers with eggs were obtained
chiefly from the older stems of the hydroid masses. On the
polyps and in them various stages of development were found.
At a later time the life history of this species will be considered
more in detail.
Pycnogonum stearnsi Ives
Last year only two specimens of this species were obtained. This
year twenty-four were collected and many more might have been
taken. No males with eggs were found, but in September a num-
ber of very young were obtained. Most of the specimens were
found at the bases of medium-sized sea anemones; a few were
found well inshore in seaweeds near sea anemones. They seem
to be fairly abundant in some places. Often one large one was
seen first and then under it one or two smaller specimens were
found. When a number were placed in a dish they formed them-
selves into a compact ball. They are slow in their movements, and
as they are inshore species it may be that they live better in the
206 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
laboratory than other species. The legs are capable of very little
movement and they rest for long periods in a stationary position.
In addition to the above there were numerous embryonic and
larval stages of various species and a number of immature and un-
determined forms. Among the undetermined forms was a most
interesting and peculiar adult specimen which may prove to be a
new species, or at least quite a different type of pycnogonid. It
will be described at a later time.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)
ry
“
1916 Pomona Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. Vit, Now, Mar.
~The Life History of Anoplodactylus
Erectus Cole
WILLIAM A. HILTON
As an introduction to the statement of the life history of this
species it may be worth while to briefly review something of the
literature on the subject and follow this with all that is known of
our Californian or Laguna Beach forms.
The fact that the males carry the eggs after laying was first
determined by Cavanna in 1877. The eggs are large or smaller
according to the yolk present. In Phoxichilidium and Tanystylum
studied by Morgan, the eggs are .05 mm., in Palene, 25 mma n
certain species of Nymphon they have been described as large as
§ to .7 mm. in diamater, Dohrn, ’81. The egg masses are one or
more for each leg. In Palene there are only two eggs in each group,
but according to Dohrn there may be a hundred or more in each
bunch. In some cases both legs hold a single mass. Segmentation
is complete and equal in the smaller eggs, unequal in the larger.
The best account of the later development is given by Meisenheimer
for Ammothead in 1902. A typical gastrula is formed by an in-
erowth of cells from the uniform almost solid previous stage. This
gastrula however has no cavity, but later it forms into midgut and
dorsal and lateral parts, the sources of the heart, muscles and con-
nective tissues. Later there is a longitudinal germ band about the
yolk and in this, paired thickenings appear which represent the
cerebral and subesophageal ganglia, lateral thickenings mark the
point of origin of the appendages. The chelifori are the first to
appear. In Palene (Morgan) the fourth leg is next, then the fifth
and sixth. The third and seventh come just before hatching.
Palene and some other forms such as some species of Nymphon
have in the larva all of the appendages of the adult, but most free
larve are provided with three pairs of appendages. Such are called
protonymphon stages. In various species these appendages differ
somewhat, but in practically all, the body is similar at first: he
body during early larval stages is roughly circular in outline, the
26 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
first appendages are short, strong and chelate, the other two ap-
pendages are more slender and may be moderate in length or very
long. All appendages or only one or two may be provided with
long spines near the base. Two types of protonymphon stages may
be recognized, the most common such as found in species of the
genera, Nymphon, Admmothea, Tanystylum, Zetes (Eurycyde), by
Dohrn, Hoek, Morgan, Meisenheimer, Meinert and others.
The genus Pycnogonum is in a way an intermediate type for the
first appendage bears a long hair-like process, as shown by Hoek,
°81, and Meinert, ’98.
The genera Phovichilidium and Anoplodactylus have long ten-
dril-like extensions from the two body appendages. ‘These larve
were first noticed by Gegenbauer in 1854, among hydroids, later
by Allman ’°59, in a similar situation. Both of these investigators
supposed that the eggs of Phoxichilidium were laid in the hydroids.
Hodge in 1862 showed that it was the larva which made its way
into the cavity of the hydroid polyp. Semper 1874, gives a very
good outline of the life history of P. mutilatum. Adlerz in 1888
gives more detail in the larval stages of P. femoratum. A large
number of others have described parasitic habits of pycnogonids
besides those already mentioned. MHallez in 1905 speaks of the
mutual modifications of larve and hydroid, various degrees of para-
sitism were found in different species. In one case the larve were
from .1 mm. to .8 mm. in length in different stages, the last stage
being somewhat elongate in form. Mertens in ’06 found a larva
in Tethys which he described as a new species of Nymphon. Loman
08 was one of the latest to consider this kind of parasitism among
pycnogonids. Some earlier writers who also considered this sub-
ject were Kroyer ’42, Lendenfeld ’83, and Strethill °63.
Among the Laguna Beach pycnogonids the eggs were held by the
males in from two to sixteen bunches. Palene has about two eggs
in two clusters. Halosoma had from six to eight small bunches.
T’. intermedium had usually about four. T. orbiculare from two to
four clusters. LL. marginatus, usually four. 4. spinosissima about
11 bunches. 4. californicus sixteen small bunches of many eggs.
A. erectus sixteen. The eggs differ greatly in size in the different
species. ‘The eggs of Halosoma are the smallest yet recorded,
Pomona College, Claremont, California 21
02mm. JZ. erectus are .03 mm. in diameter, 4. californicus O35:
A. spinosissima .0425, A. bi-unguiculata var. calif. 0575.) ainier
medium .06, A. tuberculata .0675, L. marginatus .065, Palene
californiensis .175. All measurements were from preserved eggs.
Palene was found to have immature stages much as has been given
by Morgan for this genus and Meinert for Pseudopalene. ‘The
larve of Ammothella, Tanystylum, Clotenia, Lecythorhynchus so
far as determined were not provided with the long hair-like append-
ages. The other genera not mentioned at this time were not ob-
tained in sufficient numbers to draw any conclusions. dAnoplodac-
tylus of the two species found were provided with the long append-
ages in early stages.
On the piles at Balboa bay, great masses of hydroids of several
species may be found, the species which is most abundant seems to
be Tubularia crocea Ag. Living among these hydroids are spider
crabs, amphipods and other crustaceans, molluscs, and other hy-
droids. Among a mass of old tangled stems in a single location a
large number of adult males of 4. erectus was found bearing egg
masses in all stages from the egg up to the first larval stage. Figs.
1 and 2 are drawings from such stages. “This was in the first week
of September, 1915. Earlier in the same year Mr. F. W. Daniels
brought me some hydroids that were literally swarming with pycno-
gonids. These were from the same locality. In these hydroids
were found the stages shown in Figs. 3 and 4. These larve were
very abundant in the digestive cavities of nearly every polyp. In
some cases three or four might be found in one place. Swarming
over the surface of the hydroids were the more mature stages, some
small, others larger but at this particular place none of them mature.
Many were such as shown in Fig. 5 with the fourth pair of legs
represented by lobes at the caudal end of the body. Judging from
the observations made, eggs are produced in summer and early fall;
the long-armed first stage larve come from the males at various
times and as they reach the hydroids the long appendages are lost,
probably by a moult and then by two distinct stages such as shown
in Figs. 3 and 4, they grow in size, three pairs of legs grow out
and they leave the interior of the polyps and live for a time in the
immature state clinging to the gonosome or tentacles of the hy-
28 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
droids. In the last of November of the same year not a single
larva, immature form or adult, was found although a very thor-
ough search was made of the surface and interior of the polyps and
dead stems.
Figs. 1, 2 and 3 are drawn to the same scale, X350. In Fig. 6,
a number of stages from the egg to the latest larval stage is
shown, all drawn at the same scale. Stage b probably moults upon
entering the polyp; as judged from the cast skins, there is probably
a moult between c and a, and d and e. As shown in Fig. 3, there
are little knobs left just ahead of the limb buds. These knobs are
the vestiges of the whip-like appendages of the earlier stage.
According to Semper these two appendages degenerate com-
pletely, Adlerz believes that some vestiges of these remain and in
their place the second and third limbs of the adult are formed.
Meinert believes that the second and third appendages of the larva
entirely disappear and the palps and ovigers are new structures. I
am sure from the examination of many embryos of 4. erectus that
the larval second and third appendages disappear beyond recogni-
tion and that the ovigers develop after the animal is almost an
adult, but I am not sure that the little knob which may be seen in
parasitic and later stages does not represent the ovigers. If this
last be true, it would be very difficult to prove that it was an entirely
new structure, because it grows out from the place where the third
larval organ disappears. The chelifori of the larval stages are
continued directly to the adult condition. Very little of the internal
structure is shown from the surface of the earliest stages. The
nervous system is not shown as a distinct area in earliest larval
stages although it is well shown and well developed in the similar
stages of other larve. It may be that the probable lack of activity
may not necessitate the sharp demarkation of the brain and ganglia.
Later parasitic larval stages show well-marked ganglia for the
larger appendages and smaller ones for the caudal and cephalic
ends. At the caudal end there seems to be a gradual development
of the ganglia with the development of the caudal end of the animal
and in some free living forms there seem to be at least two pairs
of ganglia beyond the thoracic or leg ganglia. At the cephalic end
it is more difficult to make accurate observations. In parasitic
Pomona College, Claremont, California 29
stages there seem to be from one to two distinct ganglia which
may be those of the ovigers and palps. In addition to these there
were found from one to two isolated pairs of what were taken to
be ganglia in the proboscis.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Adlerz, G. 1888
Bidrag till pantopodernas Morf. Bihang till k. Sv. Veten. Akad.
Hand. Bd. xiii Afd. iv., No. 11.
Allman 1859
Symnoblastic Hydroids. Rep. Brit. Ass.
Cavanna, G. 1877
Studie ricerche sui Picnogonidi. Pub. r. inst. di super. prat. e. di.
perfez. in Frienze. Sez. di scienze fis. e. natur. p. 3-18.
Dohrn, A. ; 1870
Untersuchungen uber Bau und Entwicklung der Arthropoden.
2. Pycnogoniden. Jen. Zeitsch. f. Nat. Bd. v.
Die Pantopoden des Golfes von Neapel. Fauna u Flora Golfes
Neapel. Monog. 11.
1881
Gegenbauer, C. 1854
Zur Lehre vom Generationswechsel.
Hallez, P. 1905
Observations sur le parasitisme des larves de Phoxichiliditum chez
Bouganvilla. Arch. zool. exp. et gen. +me serie t. 111.
icek, BP. C: 1881
Nouvelles etudes sur les pycnogonides. Arch. zool. exp. et. gen.
(ay 5D.
Hodge, G. 1862
Observations on a species of Pycnogon (P. coccineum) with an at-
tempt to explain the order of its development. Ann. mag. nat. hist.
(3')) vole ix.
Kroyer, H. 1842
Notes sur les metamorphoses des pycnogonides. Ann. sc. nat. De
ser. t. XVII.
Lendenfeld, R. von 1883
Die Larvenentwicklung von Phoxichilidium plumularie. Let.
Wiss. Zool. Bd. xxxviil.
Go
0 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Loman 1908
Die Pantopoda der Siboga Exp.
Meisenheimer, J. 1902
Beitrage zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Pantopoden, I Die Entw.
von Ammothea echinata Hodge bis zur Ausbildung der Larvenform.
Zeit. f. Wiss. Zool. Ixxii Bd.
Mertens, H. 1906
Eine auf Tethys leporina parasitisch lebende Pantopoden larva
(Nymphon parasitica n. sp.). Mitt. aus. der Zoo. Stat. Neapel,
XVIII.
Meinert, Fr. 1898
Pycnogonida. Den Danske Ingolf-Expedition.
Morgan, T. H. [Sod
A contribution to the embryology and phylogeny of pycnogonids.
Stud. biol. lab. Johns Hopkins Univ. Vol. v.
Semper, C. 1874
Ueber Pycnogoniden und ihre in Hydroiden schmarotzenden Lar-
venformen. Arb. Zool. Inst. Univ. Wurzburg. Bd. i.
Strethill, W. 1863
On the development of Pycnogon larve within the polyps of Hy-
dractinia achinata. Jour. Mic. sc. vol. tii, p. 51.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
—_
nN
Pomona College, Claremont, California 31
EXPLANATION OF FIGURES
Embryo of 4. erectus Cole X350. The embryo was taken from the female.
Larva of dA. erectus Cole X350. Just hatched larva with appendages
straightened.
Larva taken from the digestive tube of the hydroid. 350.
Much later larva of 4. erectus taken from the digestive tube of a hydroid.
This is much less enlarged than the last. X75.
Free living immature specimen of 4. erectus, taken from the surface of a
mass of hydroids. X35.
Outline of stages in the early life history of A. erectus. All figures drawn
to the same scale X50. (a) Egg, (b) just hatched larva, (c, d, e and f)
parasitic stages all found at the same time in two polyps.
Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Pomona College, Claremont, California
Journal of Entomology and Zoology
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1916 Pomona Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. VIII, No. 1, Mar.
A Remarkable Pycnogonid
WILLIAM A. HILTON
In a collection of a thousand pycnogonids obtained at Laguna
Beach and nearby a single specimen of the species here described was
found. This was taken near Laguna under a stone at low tide. dhe
two-jointed proboscis, the segmented body, the long tapering legs
with their peculiar spines and hairs, these and other features were
distinctive.
After searching through the rather extensive literature of this
group it was found that few species resembled this one. Epeci-
ally was the proboscis different. The genus Ascorhynchus estab-
lished by Sars in 1876 seems very close to it, but there area
number of slight differences. No species in this genus is like it.
The genus Eurycyde, Schodte, 1857, as described by Sars in his
great work of 1891 seems to fit this specimen exactly. The species
E. hispada Kroyer, as described and fizured by Sars seems at first
to be nearly the same as the specimen at hand, but a careful examina-
tion shows numerous specific differences. Sars considers this E.
hispada the only species of the genus described at that time, 1891.
I have found no species of this genus described since. E. hispada
Kr. has been found on the coast of Greenland, Finmark, Nordland,
in the Kara sea; at a depth of 50 to 191 fathoms.
Eurycyde spinosa n. sp.
Type specimen—a female in the collection of Pomona College.
Total length 3.085 mm. Extent from side to side 3.6 mm. (ob-
tained from a preserved specimen mounted on a slide). Collected
at low tide under a rock, Two Rock Bay, Laguna Beach, Califor-
nia, September, 1915.
Trunk rather broad. Lateral processes long, swollen caudally.
Segments of trunk plainly marked from each other. Chitin thick.
Caudal segment long slender. It projects upwards at a moderate
angele and bears four large hairs or spines near the end, two of these
are central, two are more lateral.
20 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
The eye tubercle just in front of the ovigers, projects nearly
straight up in the unmounted specimen. It bears four eyes and is
pointed. One large hair and several smaller ones project from it.
The proboscis is two-jointed, the basal joint is narrower and
cylindrical. The terminal joint is swollen in the middle and tapers
at the tip, and tapers a little less at the base. The proboscis is bent
at the base of the terminal joint and the tip points backwards under
the animal.
In the freshly killed animal the legs and all the leg-like append-
ages were easily seen from above, but in the slide the ovigers did not
show from above nor do they in the figure.
The chelifori are three-jointed, the terminal joint is small, slightly
lobed but not chelate. The other segments are of nearly the same
length but the basal one is thicker. There are a number of long
spine-like hairs on the middle joint and one large one on the basal
joint.
The palpi are ten-jointed, the two basal joints small, the five
terminal joints are also small and bear fine hairs.
The ovigers are nine, possibly ten, jointed, rather larger than
the first two appendages and quite a little longer than the body.
In the fresh specimen this appendage looks much like a leg from
above. There are two claws, the terminal larger. The terminal
joints bear a number of complicated spines and knobs as shown in
the figure.
The legs are broad at the body and taper towards the claws.
The basal joint is provided with a single large spine. The narrower
second joint bears two spines. The third joint is smaller and bears
no spines. The fourth joint is usually about twice the length of the
last and bears five spines at the end. The fifth joint bears several
spines on the shaft as shown in the figure. The sixth joint is about
as long as the fifth and bears spines on the shaft as shown in the
figure of the four legs. The last two joints bear only a few smaller
hairs. There is one slightly hooked claw on each leg.
The wide lateral processes of the body, the first angular joint of
the legs, the complicated spines of the oviger and the different ar-
rangement of spines on appendages and body clearly separate this
species from the other members of the genus.
Pomona College, Claremont, California Zi
WORKS CHIEFLY CONSULTED
Carpenter, G. H. 1905
The marine fauna of the coast of Ireland. Pycnogonida. Fish-
eries, Ireland, Sci. inves. IV.
1893
On some Pycnogonida from the Irish coasts. Sci. proc. R. Dublin
soc. vol. viii.
Cole. 1914
Pycnogonida from the west coast of North America. Harriman
Alaska Expid.
iGek Pb. C: eZ
Ueber Pycnogoniden. Niederl. Arch. f. zool. Bd. 3 Taf. XV-
XVI.
1881
Report on the Pycnogonida. Zool. of the Challenger. pt. x.
1881
Nouvelles etudes sur les pycnogonides. Arc. d. zool. exper. et
gen. vol. ix.
Meinert, Fr. 1898
Pycnogonida. Den Danske ingolf-expedition.
Sars, Ga O: 1891
Pycnogonida. Den Norske Nordhavs exped. 1876-78.
Wilson, E. 1878
The Pycnogonida of New England and adjacent waters. Rep.
U. S. com. fish and fisheries, pt. v1.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
N
SN ES oS
Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Eurycyde spinosa n. sp. from above. Drawn by means of projectoscope
from mounted specimen. X25.
Eurycyde spinosa n. sp. from the side, legs not shown. Less magnification
than fig. 1.
Right chelifor, not all of basal joint shown. X75.
Right palpus. X75.
Oviger from the right side. X75.
Tip of first leg, from the right side. X75.
Journal of Entomology and Zoology
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Reprinted from THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY, VOL. 26, No. 5
October, 1916
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF PYCNOGONIDS
WILLIAM A. HILTON
Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College, Claremont, Cal.
TWENTY-ONE FIGURES
The nervous system of pyenogonids presents many peculiari-
ties. It is rather difficult to find the counterpart of this sys-
tem in other arthropods. The nervous system of some Crus-
tacea suggests it, especially in those forms with an elongated
thoracic region and reduced abdomen. ‘The general arrange-
ment of the ganglia is totally unlike the central nervous system
of arachnids although the general form of the body of ‘sea spiders’
strongly suggests arachnid relationships. The rather small
supraesophageal ganglion and the well developed chain of ven-
tral ganglia suggest a rather primitive type of nervous system,
but the innervation of the pharynx and proboscis presents com-
plex and apparently unique conditions.
Although there is an extensive literature on the classification,
structure and development of pycnogonids, there is little or
nothing on the structure of the nervous system.
The general form of the ganglia with their chief branches
is quite well known, for nearly every paper on the classifica-
tion of the group contains a more or less detailed sketch of the
animals described with the nervous system shown in place.
The supraesophageal ganglion seems to contain but two pairs
of ganglia recognized by early authors in other arthropods as
the protocerebrum and deutocerebrum, the tritocerebrum found
in some arthropods being absent. This is but one of several
structures that point to a closer relationship with arachnids
than with Crustacea. However, without going into further
reasons at this time, I am inclined to side with Dohrn and con-
sider Pyenogonida a separate class.
463
THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY, VOL. 26, NO. 5
OCTOBER, 1916
464 WILLIAM A. HILTON
As the tendency has been to regard these animals as arachnids,
it may be worth while to glance through the neurological litera-
ture on this group.
Among the earliest work on the nervous system of arachnids
was that of Treviranus in 1812. No hint of pyenogonids is
given in this paper, nor is there any mention of these animals
in the work of B. Haller just a century later. There is no refer-
ence to pyenogonids in the extensive work of Saint Remy, ’90.
Dahl, in 1913, gives a brief summary of the work of Dohrn
in connection with various types of arachnids. If we go through
the extensive literature on the pyenogonids as a group we find,
it is true, little of the structure of the nervous system, but much
about the arrangement of the ganglia composing it.
From the works of Hoek, ’78, ’81, Dohrn ’70, ’81, Sars ’91,
Meinert ’98, and a number of others, as well as from the study
of Pacific coast forms, we learn that the central nervous sys-
tem consists of a supraesophageal ganglion and a ventral chain
of from four to five chief ganglia. The smaller number of gan-
glia we find when the body is less elongate. The supraesopha-
geal ganglion has a ventral median nerve to the proboscis,
nerves to the eyes and a pair to the chelifori. Each ventral
ganglion has at least one main branch. Three branches from
the first ventral ganglion are as follows: 1) A small pair or two
pairs to the proboscis; 2) a pair to the palps; 3) a pair to the
ovigers; 4) if the first ganglion is fused with the second as it is
in those with four ganglia, then there is also a pair to the first
pair of walking legs.
Figures 1 to 7 show different types of nervous systems from
Pacific species of pyenogonids. The method by which the
nervous system was studied by some observers was simply to
determine the position of the ganglia through the transparent
body-wall. This was tried with a number of specimens after
the animals had been fixed in mercuric fluids. In some cases
the whole animal was stained and mounted in such a way as
to show the internal ganglia. In some cases the animals to
be studied were placed for a short time in caustic or acid and
by one or the other of these methods the internal parts were
NERVOUS SYST2ZM OF PYCNOGONIDS 465
cleared so that the ganglia might be seen. Serial sections of
the whole animals were also made for study, but the chitin
often makes perfect series impossible. Hoek and_ possibly
i = ae
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Fig. 13 The central nervous system of the first larval stage of Ammothella.
x 350.
NERVOUS SYSTEM OF PYCNOGONIDS 469
than the others mentioned. The first larval stage soon attaches
itself to, and enters hydroids. It has three appendages in the
first larval stage, one pair is chelate, the last two have long ten-
dril-like extensions. At such a period the nervous system is
not easily made out from surface views, but it is much like that
of Ammothella. Figure 8 shows three parts, a larger thicker
portion which has nerves to the larger first appendages, and
on each side back of this a group of cells corresponding to the
other appendages. A moult within the hydroid gives rise to
a small larval form without the long appendages and it is at
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Fig. 14 Outline of ventral view of larva and ganglia from below A. erectus,
third larval stage. 89.
Fig. 15 Outline of a ventral view of a later stage larva than figure 14 of A.
erectus. 89.
Fig. 16 Outline of a dorsal view of a larva of A. erectus about the same stage
as figure 14. The brainisshown. X 85.
Fig. 17 Fourth stage larva of A. erectus from below. X 35.
Fig. 18 Central ganglia of a larva of A. erectus with three pairs of walking
legs. The drawing is from below. The upper area without nerves in the figure
is the supraesophageal ganglion. 39.
470 WILLIAM A. HILTON
such a period that new ganglionic material seems to be developed.
Figures 9, 11 and 14 are drawn from such early stages. At
a later moult more ganglia are evident, as in figures 10, 15, and
16. The ventral ganglia at first are mere groups of cells, as
is shown in the frontal section from which figure 10 was taken.
As may be seen from the figures 10 and 15, ganglia are devel-
oped in each segment, a pair for each appendage and several
for the cephalic region and a common: mass of cells for the ab-
Fig. 19 A longitudinal section through the central ganglia of Lecythorhynchus
marginatus, Cole. Two small abdominal ganglia show at the end of the last
thoracic ganglion. X 35.
Fig. 20 A longitudinal section through the supraesophageal ganglion of L.
marginatus. The dorsal side is up, the cephalic side to the right. > 210.
dominal. In a stage just before this there are two pairs of
gangha on the dorsal side of the larva; these are shown in fig-
ure 16. They represent the brain.
At about the third moult, as shown in figures 12 and 17, the
ganglia have developed central fibers, but still show their paired
nature. There seems to be some indication of more ganglia
than there are appendages, some of the caudal elements may not
be evident in later stages, and the first ventral ganglion seems
composed of two small pairs of elements. In the proboscis
Fig. 21. Drawing of the nerves and ganglia of the proboscis of L. marginatus.
Slightly diagrammatic. No structures shown in the proboscis but nerves and
ganglia. The drawing was made by Miss M. L. Moles from the first sketch taken
from the dissection. Much enlarged.
471
472 WILLIAM A. HILTON
of this stage there seem to be two small pairs of ganglia. The
dorsal ganglia are not shown in figure 17.
When the larvae moult again and leave the cavity of the
hydroids they have all but one pair of legs. Figure 18 shows
the whole central nervous system from below at such a stage.
The brain above the esophagus is at the upper end of the figure,
then follow the ventral ganglia, seven paired masses and a small
unpaired caudal ganglion. There is a gradual fusion of these
ganglia until the adult condition shown in figure 7 is attained.
The structure of the adult nervous system of pyenogonids
is quite simple. There is the same general arrangement. of
cells that we find in other arthropods. The ventral ganglia
have few cells on the dorsal side, but many on the lateral and
ventral sides. The supraesophageal ganglion is sheathed in
cells on the lateral and dorsal sides. Nerve fibers connect the
ganglia and certain regions but in no place is there a concen-
tration of the fibers. The fibrous mass is not particularly
dense at any point. There do not seem to be many long tracts
and the supraesophageal ganglion is not more complicated
than other parts so far as could be determined. There are
no marked decussations of nerve fibers and the nerve cells pre-
sent a uniform appearance. Among the nerve cells are many
nuclei of neuroglia networks which form the framework of the
ganglia especially in the area of the cells.
Although there are indications of special groups of cells and
fibers, there was no indications of mushroom bodies.
The animals do not seem to have a special brain. The su-
praesophageal ganglion is not a very special center. The move-
ments of the animals agree with this; they move sideways,
forwards or backwards when stimulated. No part of the body
seems to lead in the locomotion.
NERVOUS SYSTEM OF PYCNOGONIDS 473
BIBLIOGRAPHY
AupERzZ, G. 1888 Bidrag till Pantopodernas Morphologi och Utvecklings
historia. Bihang till k. Svenska Vetenskap Akad. Hand., Bd. 13,
afd 4, no ll, Stockholm.
Dann, fa 191s Vergleich. Phys. und Morph. der Spinnentiere, Erster Teil,
Jena.
Dourn, A. 1870 Untersuch. tiber Bau und Entw. der Arthropoden. 2. Pyeno-
goniden. Jen. Zeit. f. Nat., Bd. 5.
1881 Die Pantopoden des Golfes von Neapel. Fauna und Flora des
Golfes von Neapel. Monog. 3, Leipzig.
Hatter, B. 1912 Uber das Zentralnervensystem des Scorpions und der Spinnen.
Arch. f. Micr. Anat., Bd. 79, Alo tell
Hauiez, P. 1905 Observations sue le parasitisme des larves de Phoxichilidium
chez Bouganvilla. Arch. zool. exp. et gen., 4me serie, t. 3.
Hitron, W. A. 1916 The life-history of Anoplodactylus erectus Cole. Jour.
ent. and zool., vol. 8, no 1, March.
Horx, PB. P: C. 188th Report on the pycnogonida. Voyage of H. M. S. Challen-
ger, Zoology, vol. 3.
1881 Nouvelles études sur les pyenogonids. Arch. Zool. exp., t. 9,
Paris.
Hopes, G. 1862 Observations on a species of pycnogon (Phoxichilidium coc-
cineum) with an attempt to explain the order of its development.
Ann. mag. nat. hist. (3), vol. 9.
Kroyer, H. 1842 Notes sur les metamorphoses des pyenogonides. Ann.
sc. nat. 2e ser., t. 17.
LENDENFELD, R. von 1883 Die Larvenentwicklung von Phoxichilidium plumu-
larie. Zeit. Wiss. Zool., Bd. 38.
MEISENHEIMER, J. 1902 Beitrage zur Entwick. der Pantopoden. Zeit. ie
Wiss. Zool., Bd. 72.
Mertens, H. 1906 Eine auf Tethys leporina, parasitisch lebende Pantopoden
larva (Nymphon parasitica n. sp.). Mitt. aus der Zool. Stat. Neapel,
Bd. 18.
MEInErRT, Fr. 1898 Pyecnogonida den Daniske Ingolf-expedition.
Moraan, T. H. 1891 Contribution to the embryology and phylogeny of pycno-
gonids. Stud. piol. lab. Johns Hopkins Univ., vol. 5.
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1916 Pomona Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. VIII, No. 1, Mar.
New Californian Mites
NATHAN BANKS
The following new specias form part of an interesting collection
of mites recently sent by Dr. Hilton for determination:
Trombidium perscabrum n. sp.
Red. Body about one and one-half times as long as broad, sub-
pyriform, broadest at humeri, broadly rounded behind. Cephalo-
thorax very short, with crista reaching almost to the hind margin
and there enlarged, and with a long fine hair arising from each
sensilla. Eyes near lateral margin on a very short elevation. Body
clothed with short, capitate hairs with roughened tips, some near
the eyes are longer than the others. Among these capitate hairs are
tufts of shorter spine-like hairs. Legs also clothed with similar,
but mostly more clavate than capitate hairs, roughened on sides
and end; some of the apical joints beneath have more slender hairs,
and tarsus I. has them only on the base above, elsewhere with long,
fine hairs. Leg IV. is about as long as the body, the last joint as
long as the penultimate; leg I. plainly shorter than the body, tarsus
I. fusiform, longer than the penultimate joint and about twice as
broad. Palpi rather stout, basal joints with clavate hairs above,
below with simple or pectinate hairs, and similar hairs on the fourth
joint. Thumb as long as third and fourth joints together, cylin-
drical, rather longer than the claw.
Length, 1.4 mm.
From Claremont, California, January.
Differs from T. scabrum in having the clavate hairs on legs and
palpi, and in the cylindrical thumb.
Erythreus posticatus n. sp.
Body dark (probably red in life), legs pale. Body about one
and two-thirds times as long as broad, broadly rounded behind, as
broad at hind coxa as at humeri; cephalothorax narrowed in front,
crista short, swollen at hind end, one eye spot each side. Body and
legs clothed with simple hairs, not very densely, and about as long
Pomona College, Claremont, California 3
as width of basal joints of legs; tarsus I. with shorter hairs, those
below very short and dense. Leg I. about as long as body, tibia and
metatarsus subequal, tarsus nearly two-thirds as long as metatarsus,
and a little broader, but not greatly swollen, leg IV. plainly longer
than body, the femur reaching beyond the tip of abdomen, the tibia
only about two-thirds as long as the metatarsus, the tarsus hardly
one-third as long as the metatarsus, and only slightly swollen. The
palpi short and not much enlarged, the claw rather short and slen-
der, the thumb slightly clavate, reaching beyond end of claw, and
with hairs about one-half as long as the width of the joint.
Length, 2 mm.
From Claremont, California.
Tarsotomus macropalpis n. sp.
A large species, rather sparsely bristly. Body nearly twice as
long as broad, broadest at humeri; cephalothorax tapering in front,
one eye spot each side close to margin and much nearer hind than
front end of cephalothorax; legs long, but none of the femora as
long as the cephalothorax, the tibia (penultimate joint), however,
as long as the cephalothorax; body and legs with erect bristles, only
a few very long ones, some on the basal joints are serrate or hairy,
and the outer frontal pair, which are thicker than the others, also
hairy. Claws with rows of bristles beneath; palpi very large and
heavy, with two apical claws, the large one with a few teeth on
inner side, hairs of thumb very short.
Length, .7 mm.
From Claremont, California, under rocks.
Tarsotomus terminalis n. sp.
Body slightly constricted in the middle, each part slightly rounded
and a little broader than long; legs long and slender, the hind femur
as long as abdomen, the hind tarsus one and one-half times as long
as femur; front femur about as long as hind femur; palpi long, end-
ing in a slightly curved, stout spur, thumb long, but also heavy.
Body and legs (except tarsi) with many very long, nearly erect
bristles, two or three times as long as width of hind femur; tarsi
with shorter, more appressed hairs. Cephalothorax with two eye
spots each side.
14 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Length, .4 mm.
From Claremont, California.
Eupodes brevipes n. sp.
Body yellowish (probably red when alive), legs hyaline. Body
slender, pyriform, plainly more than twice as long as broad, much
the broadest at humeri, above the hind coxe the sides are concave,
tip broadly rounded. Cephalothorax subtriangular, two long bris-
tles each side, one on humerus, and two submedian rows down the
back, about six bristles near tip of body. Leg I. no longer than
body, femur I. not as long as the width of the body, tarsus I. plainly
longer than penultimate joint which is no longer than the one pre-
ceding it. Leg IV. not as long as the body, the basal joints not
much enlarged, tarsus IV. plainly longer than penultimate joint.
All legs with a few simple bristles, mostly near tips of joints.
Length .45 mm.
From Laguna Beach, California, June 8th.
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Pomona College, Claremont, California
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
Erythreus posticatus; palpus, legs I. and IV.
Trombidium perscabrum, crista, palpus, and hairs.
Tarsotomus macropalpis, palpus, tarsal claws, and tip of mandible.
Eupodes brevipes, palpus and leg I.
Tarsotomus terminalis, palpus.
15
16 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
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1916 Pomona Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. VIII, No. 1, Mar.
Mites From the Claremont Laguna
Region
The mites listed below were collected during the years 1914 and
1915, chiefly in the fall. Those from Claremont were for the most
part collected and mounted by Miss M. Shaw, Miss P. Jahraus
and Mr. F. Cox. ‘The mites from Laguna were collected by W. A.
Hilton. The determinations were made by Dr. Nathan Banks,
who describes several of the species as new in this issue. Immature
forms were only determined to genus.
Ile
Ww
Parasitus sp. (nymph). Under leaves, Claremont. Cox,
Shaw, Jahraus.
Rhagidia pallida Bks. Under stones, Claremont. Cox, Shaw.
Erythreus sp. (nymph). Under stones, Claremont. C. S. J.
. Tarsotomus terminalis Bks. (this issue). Claremont, on live
Oakes (C2521 )c
Erythreus augustipes (?) (nymph). Under stones, Clare-
mont. J.
Erythreus augustipes Bks. Under stones, Claremont. S.
. Bella lata Ewing. On live oak and under stones, Claremont.
C2 os):
. Erythreus augustipes (2?) (nymph). On live oaks, Claremont.
€.S. J.
. Trombidium perscabrum Bks (this issue). Palmers canyon,
near Claremont. ‘©. 3, J.
. Eremeus bilamellatus Hall. Claremont, under leaves. J.
. Larsotomus macropalpis Bks. (this issue). Claremont, under
stones. S.
. Larsotomus terminalis Bks. (this issue). Claremont, under
Stones.» J).
. Hydracnid larva (large, bright red). On Notonecta, Clare-
mont.) ba.
. Uropoda sp. (nymph). Dark brown, closely massed on Sco-
lopendra from Claremont. H. Fall of 1913.
. Erythreus augustipes Bks. Under the bark of an eucalyptus
tree. “Claremont. Ei. Fall of 1913.
ZO;
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26.
Journal of Entomology and Zoology
. E. posticatus Bks. (this issue). Under the bark of an eucalyp-
tus. Claremont. Hi. Fallof 1973:
. Hydracnid larva, bright red on Notonecta. Laguna Beach.
He jalye lors.
. Parasitus sp. (nymph). Dark reddish brown, on a large sta-
phleinid beetle found about six miles from Laguna Beach.
|
. Hydracnid larva, dark brown, found on a carabid beetle. La-
guna Beach. H.
Uropoda sp. (nymph). Dark reddish brown, found on a
carabid beetle, Laguna Beach. H.
Hydracna sp (?) “probably new.” Banks. This large, dark
brown spherical mite was found in great abundance on the
pond weeds at the “Lakes, Laguna Beach. Specimens
were collected in July and August, 1915. H.
. Eupodes brevipes Bks. (this issue). Found under leaves in a
canyon north of Laguna Beach. H.
. Eupodes brevipes Bks. (this issue). Found at Laguna Beach,
under stones. H.
Erythreus sp. (larva). Bright red, found abundantly on our
most common phalangid. Palmers canyon. October, 1915.
Lea
Erythreus sp. (larva). Found abundantly on the neck folds
and about the head of the common horned toad of Laguna.
The hosts were collected high on the hills to the southeast
of the laboratory. H.
Trombidium perscabrum Bks. (this issue). Found in the fresh
water of Aliso canyon, near Laguna Beach. Color, bright
red, Hi.
W. A. HILTon.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)
eye
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1916 PoMoNA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND Zoo.ocy, Vor. VIII, No. 2, JUNE
The Central Nervous System and Simple
Reactions of a Rare Whip Scorpion
WILLIAM A. HILTON
A number of specimens of Trithyreus pentapeltis Cook were col-
lected by the writer in the college park at Claremont. ‘The only
other record of any member of this family found in the United
States is the early paper of Cook which describes this species from
Palm Springs, California. At another time there will be published
a description with figures of the general external anatomy of this
interesting creature. Fig. 1 is partly from an outline drawing by
Miss Margaret Moles. The general position of the nervous system
is shown in the outline. So far as we could determine there were
no sense organs but hairs. These for the most part were of the
usual arthropod type, but there were several modifications of them
as will be shown by Miss Moles at a later time. The hairs are
most abundant under the body and are probably important organs
for giving sensations from the surfaces where the animals run. The
most remarkable hair sense organs are on the legs. ‘The figure
shows the position of these slender delicate structures, two on the
first leg, one on the others. If an animal is approached by any object
one of these hairs is apt to be touched, especially if attempts are
made to seize the animal. At first it was almost impossible to be-
lieve that the little creatures did not have eyes, they so well avoided
all attempts to capture them with forceps. When approached by
some object which probably touches one of the long hairs they run
either backwards or forwards apparently with great accuracy de-
termining the position of the approaching object. However their
backward running is most marked and most remarkable. They run
with great swiftness in a backward direction in some cases for sev-
eral inches. I found little evidence of other sense organs than those
of touch. ‘They did not especially avoid strong odors, but after a
rather long exposure to strong light or heat they sought refuge under
some object.
Although the chitin is thin in places the first attempts at serial
sections through the whole body were not very successful. It was
Pomona College, Claremont, California 75
found possible to remove the complete nervous system intact after
a few trials. All figures are from such removed nervous systems.
As the animals are small, being only a few millimeters in length,
no branches but the chief ones could be preserved or shown in the
figures. The nervous system resembles that of Thelyphorus as de-
scribed by Borner, but as the animals are less complicated it is sim-
pler. As in Borner’s description there is brain or supresophageal
ganglion, a mass below the esophagus which supplies all of the
thoracic region and a single abdominal ganglion. The brain or su-
perior ganglion has but one branch on each side leading from it,
this pair leads into the jaw-like first appendages. The other five
pairs of branches lead off from the ventral ganglion. The first two
pairs of branches come off practically at the junction of the dorsal
and ventral ganglia. The connection between the dorsal and ven-
tral parts of the head-thoracic ganglia is very broad. The cells are
small and of a uniform size for the most part. They are grouped
in areas as shown in methylene blue preparations from which Figs.
3 and 4 are taken. The general position of the cells is much like
that in other arachnids. The central fibrous mass is quite homo-
geneous in the ventral ganglionic portion, but is broken into a
number of partly isolated portions especially at the margins. At the
very caudal end laterally there is a very characteristic lobe of fibers
on each side. This lobe may represent the posterior globus of
Haller although there are no smaller cells near. Other irregular
masses are shown in the figures. They resemble parts of the stalks
of mushroom bodies. In the cephalic dorso-lateral regions there are
two conspicuous groups of cells located below the main mass of
cells and separated somewhat from each other, prominent fibers
connect these areas with lower levels. These may represent the
anterior globuli described by Haller, 1912, but these are of larger
instead of composed of smaller cells. I have found nothing like
them in arachnids. They may be something like the mushroom
bodies of insects.
76 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
SUMMARY
1. Trithyreus has no sense organs but sensory hairs, so far as
could be determined.
The central nervous system resembles that of a spider quite
closely, but the thoracic ganglion is more elongate and there is an
abdominal ganglion.
3. The brain is complicated, but few long tracts of fibers are
evident.
4. There may be areas which may represent anterior and poste-
rior pairs of globuli of spiders and scorpions, but if so they do not
have the same structure.
5. here are no trachea in the central nervous system.
6. The cells are uniform except for a mass each side of the
brain in a cephalic dorsal position.
7. This dorso-lateral group of cells strongly suggests a special
higher center. Longer fibers were seen in connection with it than
with any other part.
REFERENCES
Borner, C. - 1904
Beitrage zur Morphologie der Arthropoden. Zoologica. Heft 42.
Cook, O. F. 1899
“Hubbardia”: A new genus of Pedipalpi. Proc. Wash. Ent. Soc.
Vol. IV:
Haller, B. 1912
Uber das Zentralnervensystem des Skorpions und der Spinnen.
Archiv £. Mic. Anat. Bd, 79. Abt. I.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Pomona College, Claremont, California Tl
INDEX TO FIGURES
Outline of the body and part of the legs of Trithyreus. X10.
Central nervous system removed. X20.
Side view of methylene blue preparation showing position of the cells. X20.
Dorsal view of Fig. 3.
Cross section through the caudal region of the central nervous system. X75.
Figures 6 to9. Longitudinal sections through the cephalic ganglia. Cephalic side to the
left, dorsal side up. Fig. 6, near the center, Figs. 7, 8, and 9 lateral
sections. X75.
Journal of Entomology and Zoology
78
Pomona College, Claremont, California 79
1915 Pomona Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. VII, No. 4, Dec.
”
Three Common Spiders of Laguna
MARGARET L. MOLES
Plate I. Argiope argentata Fabricus. Female.
A. argentata was collected abundantly on the sage-brush and
cactus. The webs are very large, irregular orbs. The position
taken by the spider when on the web is very characteristic. The
spider hangs in the center of the web, its forelegs straight beside the
head, the hind legs horizontal with the cephalothorax. Colonies of
these spiders were found in the center of a clump of cactus. In one
small clump there were found five (5) adults on webs and number-
less small ones with webs started or partially completed. d. argen-
fata is very quick in its movements and drops to the ground as soon
as touched.
Individuals differ in the markings of the abdomen. The differ-
ences seem to be mainly in the amount of black coloring on the
lower part of the abdomen. In some specimens the silvery white
color being everywhere except on the tips of the last three (3)
tubercles and the black folium.
This species has been collected also in Claremont, but not so
abundantly.
Plate Il. Tetragnatha laboriosa Hentz. Female.
This little spider was found on everything and everywhere. It
was especially on tar weed, but also inhabited honeysuckle, grass
and all the other flowering plants of the dry hills and mesas around
the beach. There were very few differences among the different
individuals as to markings or colors, though in some the folium on
the abdomen was darker than in others, and the shades of yellow
on the legs and cephalothorax varied slightly. The spider did not
spin a web to live in nor to help in catching food, but depended upon
its own speed to gather in flies and insects. This species was by
far the most common of all the spiders collected at Laguna. It has
also been collected in Claremont, but only a few times.
210 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
Plate III. Gasteracantha maura McCook. Female.
This species was collected on sage brush which grew on the hills
and bluffs at Laguna Beach. The web was a small orb and spun
right near the top of the bushes. Collectors could not fail to see
these small spots of bright color hanging as it seemed in midair
among the bushes.
The specimens collected differed in color and color pattern. ‘The
color on the abdomen varied from dark orange to light lemon
yellow. The black spots on the upper edge of the abdomen and
on the lower tubercle are sometimes fused together, the ones on the
upper edge making an irregular line, while those on the tubercle
make a large, irregular spot. ‘This species was fairly common
and abundantly collected in July. It has been collected in Clare-
mont also, but not so abundantly.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)
Plate 1. drgiope argentata Fab
Plate Il. Tetragnatha laboriosa Hentz
Plate III. Gasteracantha maura Me Cook
1916 Pomona Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. VII,No.3, September
Crab-Spiders of the Claremont-Laguna
Region
MARGARET L. MOLES
In the Claremont region, spiders belonging to the family Thom-
iside are very abundant. Though great in numbers only five genera
of the family have been found. During the months of May and
June they frequent the poppies and feed upon the small Hymenop-
tera and Diptera, which come to the flowers. A great many were
found in the flowers with dead bees, showing that the spiders
grabbed at the large prey resulting in the death of both. They
are very wary, the instant a shadow falls on the poppy plant they
run to the under side of the flower and drop to the ground. The
coloring of the spiders is so protective that when they are down
among the stamens of the flowers it is hard to distinguish them
unless closely observed. The species that were found to frequent the
poppies were Misumena aleatoria, Misumenops asperatus and
Xysticus californicus. The wild flowers which have the colors blue,
red or lavender were never found to be inhabited by any members of
this family, but nearly all the wild flowers of a yellowish hue had
from one to two thomisids in them. A great many young were
found during the months of May, June and July.
Xysticus californicus, Philodromus pernix and Xysticus gulosus
were found under the bark of tree, Xysticus californicus being found
in the tall grass, under the bark of the eucalyptus trees and in pop-
pies. Philodromus pernix and Xysticus glusosis were found under
eucalyptus bark, oak bark and sycamore.
Misumena aleatoria was found on tar weed, poppies, in a dried-up
yellow rose and ina pink rose. The one found in the drie-up yellow
rose (Plate I) was remarkable in its protective coloring, looking
exactly like a dried yellow rose petal in the dark brown stamens.
Two variations in coloring were found in Misumena aleatoria.
One which was found in the green grass had a brownish green body
and lacked any dark spots on the abdomen, the other was a yellow
color with only one dark brown spot on the abdomen, the head and
Pomona College, Claremont, California 113
thorax showed no trace of black, there were no wrinkles on the
abdomen and the legs were a light yellow green. This one was
found on the honeysuckle and resembled as near as possible the
coloring of the honeysuckle flower and vine. We have Dr. R. V.
Chamberlin to thank for the determination of most of the speci-
mens studied. No results of the study of color changes are given at
this time.
A LIST OF CLAREMONT CRAB-SPIDERS
Misumena aleatoria (Hentz). Found on old yellow rose bushes,
pink rose bushes and tar weed.
Misumenops asperatus (Hentz). Found on poppies and _ tar
weed.
Philodromus pernix (Blackwall). Found under bark.
Xysticus californicus (Hentz). Found under bark, in grass and
In poppies.
Xysticus gluosus (Key). Found under bark of eucalyptus trees,
sycamore trees and oak trees.
Xysticus triguttatus (Key). Found in the grass and low bushes,
Palmer’s canyon.
Thanatus coloradensis (Key). Collected by Baker and listed by
Banks in his article in the Proc. Acad. Nat: Sci., Phila., 1901, pz 585:
Tibellus duttonii (Hentz). Found on mustard about Clare-
mont.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)
ler Journal of Entomology and Zoology
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
Plate I. Misumena aleatoria (Hentz). Found in yellow rose. Yellow crinkled
body. Dark brown abdomen spots. Collected September, 1915.
Plate Il. Muisumena aleatoria (Hentz). Found on rose bush, in a partly dried-up
rose. Collected October, 1915.
Plate III. Misumenops asperatus (Hentz). Found on tar weed. Hemizonia.
Plate IV. Philodromus pernix (Blackwall).
Plate V. Xysticus gulous (Key). Found on bark of sycamore.
Pomona College, Claremont, California 115
Plate I
Plate III
116 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Plate II
Pomona College, Claremont, California 11
Plate IV
118 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Plate V
1916 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZooLocy, VoL. VIII, No. 2, JUNE
Lima Dehiscens at Laguna Beach
MARGARET L. CATE
This interesting mollusk was obtained several times during the
Summer of 1915. Its activities were observed in the aquarium.
It usually remained in an expanded condition. Its movements were
caused by forcing water out of the siphons not like the movements
of Pecten. The reproduction of the drawing given at this time is
not quite the right color of pink.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College
g J g
Lima dehiscens Conr.
th
1916 Pomona Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. VIII, No. 1, Mar.
The Octopod Ocythoe in California
S. S. BERRY
In the course of my review of the West American cephalopods
published a few years ago (Bulletin Bureau Fisheries, v. 30, p.
275), | wrote of a well known group of pelagic Octopoda as fol-
lows:
“No other group at all approaches Argonauta in its assemblage
of utterly distinctive characters, the nearest being the genera
Ocythoe and Tremoctopus, which are not known to be represented in
our waters.”
That Ocythoe, at least, is a member of our fauna, I have long
suspected, partly because of a specimen which was exhibited in one
of the Los Angeles curio stores some years since, but ignorantly held
at so inflated a figure, that it could not be obtained even for one of
the university museums, and another without label, but thought to
be from Southern California, which is now in the collection of the
State University at Berkeley. A further bit of evidence, which to
me savors strongly of this same animal, lies in a paragraph by the
late Dr. C. F. Holder with regard to a specimen obtained by him
at Avalon (Scientific American, October 16, 1909, p. 283). He
wrote:
“Tt is given in all the textbooks, I believe, that the male of the
argonaut is a minute animal hardly an inch long. This cannot be
so in all species. I have a male which has a radiant spread of eight
or nine inches, and is as large as the female. . . . The male
of this species is large, and might readily be taken for an octopus,
having its habits.”
Asa male Argonauta answering such a description as this would
be a sheer absurdity, the lines quoted served at first to occasion me
no little perplexity. Surely, however, the suggestion that Holder’s
specimen was a female Ocythoe and not an Argonauta at all, seems
not only possible, but plausible.
These cases are all strong indications that Ocythoe belongs to our
fauna but, in view of the obvious uncertainty attending each, no
formal record of the fact has yet found its way into print.
Pomona College, Claremont, California 3
A very large and finely preserved female, recently sent me by
Prof. William A. Hilton, now settles the matter without question.
This specimen (S. S. B. 453) was obtained from near Avalon,
Santa Catalina Island, California, in the summer of 1915, by
Mr. W. F. Hamilton. Unfortunately I have no comparative
material from other regions available, so that with only the aid of
such figures and printed descriptions as are at hand, the specimen
cannot be distinguished from the Mediterranean O. tuberculata, de-
scribed and named by Rafinesque just over one hundred years ago.
As tuberculata happens to be the only species of the genus enjoy-
ing general recognition, and as it is a pelagic creature with the pos-
sibility of very wide dissemination, the identification seems never-
theless to be reasonably certain, though it should be admitted that
the areas it is alleged to inhabit are so widely separated that ade-
quate material may later reveal differences which will be thought
worthy of recognition.
In addition to Mediterranean localities the species has been re-
ported from Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts, from the West In-
dies, and from Japan.
The sexes in this genus, as in the related Argonauta and Trem-
octopus, show such extreme dimorphism, that the description of one
applies in scarcely a single particular to the other. The female
Ocythoe, however. is very easily distinguished from other cephalo-
pods by the large Octopus-like body, the ventral surface of which is
very curiously ornamented with numerous conspicuous cartilaginous
tubercles, connected by radiating ridges. The enormous and power-
ful funnel is also noteworthy.
The more important measurements of the present specimen are
appended below, many of them necessarily more or less estimated.
MEASUREMENTS
aloe alle be raiert ieee eet eats arc dee ae ek 440 mm.
engthinotebody (caters) oases Ee en 160 mm.
enethvom boca (ventral) meses Betts mer Nel oF 155 mm.
ip or bodyatolbaserotcorsaléarmsiees ase se se 170 mm.
Wiiclichivorts lo cyaieremt entre tae) ee ea eS ee eS 115 mm.
Wid thot hie ata teense hee creel aE Te Nk te 74 mm.
+ Journal of Entomology and Zoology
emethr of leads sat 0.tcs se Fae eee ee 10 mm.
seme thar ote stunpp tne Veneers | see ee seen eee 64 mm.
Wadthzorkunniclo penta ax.) cscete: Oo) Se eee ee ee 12 mm.
engthcot rightydonsall arin. Soe etee nee eres nies Be eee 275 mm.
Mengthpotdlettdorsall aijiniye t,o: cee ee eee ere eee 265 mm.
eenoth of riot second-arimees cme) ss es) tree. eee ene 200 mm.
Wength of lent second yatta. 4 a ce a ore eee 195 mm.
eenothcodeate it ching aycitce: ee rer tee eee eee 180 mm.
ene thuet-lere. tain lear iiss co en eere eee ees es ee ee 185 mm.
eenethvotmiohtlayenttally aria r: eo oe snr 2 ee rerr epee ee eee 250 mm.
Iuenethsofclettsyentralle atin seer cece teerereee ates, eee eee 240 mm.
Diametemorlanrmest suckers << ee. -2. snes eee = eee 9 mm.
1915 Pomona Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. VII, No. 4, Dec.
New Californian Bees
By 2 Die Cock ERELE
In a small collection of bees recently received from Pomona
College, I find four new species, which are described herewith.
Tetralonia pomone sp. n.
é Length 10 mm., black with the clypeus pale lemon yellow,
notched at sides; labrum pale yellow, but mandibles entirely black;
antenne black, flagellum reaching end of second abdominal seg-
ment; third antennal joint a little longer than broad; eyes (dry)
very dark brown; face broad, covered with long dull white hair;
thorax above with very pale ochreous hair; disc of mesothorax
brilliantly shining, feebly and sparsely punctured; tegule fuscous
with a rufous spot posteriorly; wings dusky hyaline; nervures rufo-
piceous; second s. m. narrowed above, receiving first r. n. a little
beyond beginning of last third; legs with dull white hair, orange-
ferruginous on inner side of tarsi; small joints of tarsi clear ferru-
ginous, but basitarsi at most obscurely reddened apically; hind spur
normal; abdomen with hind margins of segments narrowly hya-
line; first segment with long pale hair; second with thin pale hair
basally, but short fuscous hair subapically; third like second, but
with a definite basal band of dull white tomentum; fourth covered
with dull white tomentum, but a little fuscous hair just before
margin; fifth like fourth, except that hind margin has a dense white
fringe, and no fuscous; apical plate ferruginous, with fulvous hair
on each side.
Hab.—Laguna, California (R. La Follette, B 2). In my tables
in Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 1906, this runs to T. lepida, but it has
not the narrow face of that species. It resembles 7. birkmanniella
Ckll. and T. poetica Ckll., but the three are easily separated thus:
Flagellum about 12 mm. long, reaching beyond end of third ab-
dominal segment; upper margin of clypeus broadly black.
poetica Chal
Flagellum 10 mm. or less; upper margin of clypeus not black. 1.
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY Dat
l.. “Seconds. m-.a little broader above than below; apical plate
of abdomen broad at end; hair on outer side of hind basi-
tarsi scanty and rather short. birkmanniella Ckll.
Second s. m. narrower above; apical plate of abdomen narrow
at end; hair on outer side of hind basitarsi abundant and
long. pomone Ckll.
Diadasia crassicauda sp. n.
é Length about 10 mm.; black, with abundant though not very
dense grayish-white hair; eyes narrow, grayish-green; face broad;
clypeus shining, with fine punctures; flagellum entirely black; meso-
thorax shining, with small punctures very sparse on disc posteriorly;
area of metathorax microscopically sculptured, with an opaque
median sulcus; tegule reddish brown, blackened anteriorly; wings
hyaline, slightly reddish; legs black, with long white hair, small
joints of tarsi obscurely reddish; hind basitarsi gently curved, but
not produced at end; first two abdominal segments with long loose
pale hair, the others with appressed hair, and segments 2 to 6 with
narrow white marginal bands; apex of abdomen bilobate, the lobes
large and blunt, covered with very pale ochraceous hair except
at the ends, which appear black; stipites with long red hair on
posterior margin.
Hab.—Laguna, California (R. La Foillette, B 7). Allied to
D. spheralcearum Ckll., but larger, with very much broader lobes
at end of abdomen, those of spheralcearum being spine-like. It
does not seem probable that this is the male of D. albovestita
Provancher.
Exomalopsis nitens sp. n.
@ Length about or nearly 7 mm.; robust, black, mandibles dark
red in middle, flagellum ferruginous beneath except at base; hair
of head and thorax rather long, dull white, pale ochraceous dor-
sally; head and thorax shining, finely punctured; tegule piceous;
wings grayish hyaline, nervures dark, stigma sepia; legs black, with
small joints of tarsi ferruginous; scopa of hind legs large and beauti-
fully plumose, dull whitish on tibia, gray (variably dark) on tarsi;
first abdominal segment shining, the basal declivity bounded above
by a distinct rim, the hind margin at each side with a broad, dense
222 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
white hair-band, wholly absent from the middle half; segments 2
to 4 with very broad entire bands of grayish-white tomentum; apex
of abdomen with ochreous hair.
High—TLaouna, California CR. La Follette, B 5, B 8). In
Friese’s table of Exomalopsis (1899) this runs to E. texana Friese,
but that is a much smaller species, with quite differently colored
tegule and stigma. FE. texana belongs to the genus or subgenus
Anthophorula and E. nitens 1s doubtless to be referred to the same
group, although the male is unknown. It is quite distinct from
A. coquilletti (Ashm.), which Baker has taken at Claremont.
Augochlora pomoniella sp. n.
? Length about 8 mm.; bright emerald green, face tinted with
golden, mesothorax bluer green, abdomen yellowish-green; clypeus
strongly punctured, broadly black apically; mandibles with a small
green spot at base; face very broad, eyes deeply emarginate (about
as in 4. pura, much more so than in 4. confusa) ; front extremely
finely and densely punctured; anterior lateral corners of prothorax
rounded; tubercles prominent; mesothorax very finely and densely
punctured; area of metathorax with many fine short plice, but
the margin thickened, obtuse, without definite sculpture; tegule
piceous, pallid anteriorly; wings dusky hyaline, nervures fuscous,
stigma very dull ferruginous; first r. n. meeting second t. c. or enter-
ing extreme base of third s. m.; hair of head and thorax above
scanty, dull white; femora largely green, tibia and tarsi black, an-
terior tibiae with metallic tints in front; hind spur of hind tibia
appearing simple under a lens, but the margin actually with about
20 little nodules; abdomen shining, very finely punctured, the first
two segments with a hardly noticeable dark margin; fifth segment
dark blue-green, with fuscous hair; venter black.
Hab.—Aliso Canyon, California (R. La Follette, B 15). A
species of the group of 4. pura and A. confusa. From 4. pura (rob-
ertsoni) it 1s known by the much smoother, more finely punctured
supraclypeal area, the thick rounded rim of area of metathorax and
the dark nervures. From 4. confusa it is known by the deeply
emarginate eyes, broad face, much shorter plice of metathorax and
dark nervures. From d. neglectula by the much broader head,
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 233
smooth and brilliantly shining posterior truncation of metathorax,
etc.
At the same locality Mr. La Follette took dgapostemon radiatus
Say (B 16) and Halictus farinosus Smith (B 1, B 11); the latter
also at Laguna (B 3). Aliso Canyon is about two miles from
Laguna Beach.
The specific name chosen, connecting the species with Pomona
College, should in strictness be written pomoneella, but the deriva-
tion is ultimately from pomum, and it seems permissible to choose
the less cumbersome form.
1916 PoMoNA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND Zoo.ocy, VOL. VIII, No. 2, JUNE
New and Little Known Bees Krom
California
By Lf. DA. CocKERELL
The bees described and listed below are from the Baker collection,
and were kindly transmitted to me by Professor Wm. A. Hilton.
All are from Claremont or the vicinity.
Glossoperdita gen. nov.
Like Perdita Smith in general structure and appearance, but
mouth-parts enormously elongated, apparently not retractile, the
end of the tongue reaching beyond tip of abdomen; maxillary palpi
6-jointed, slender and very short, about 300 microns long; maxillary
palpi about 1280 microns from base of mouth-parts, the blade ex-
tending about 3200 beyond the palpi, but the labial palpi not cor-
respondingly elongated, their ends only about 800 microns beyond
insertion of maxillary palpi. Head narrow, facial quadrangle con-
spicuously longer than broad; facial fovee elongate and deep, end-
ing below about level of insertion of antenna; b. n. falling far short
of t. m.; second s. m. very broad (long) but much narrowed above;
stigma small and narrow; marginal cell long for the group, broadly
truncate at end.
Glossoperdita pelargoides sp. n.
@ Length about 5 mm.; not very robust; pubescence scanty,
white; head and thorax blue-green, but the mesothorax only green in
front, the greater part, as well as the scutellum, black; clypeus and
supraclypeal area black, sparsely and distinctly punctured; the face
apparently without light markings, but close inspection shows a
broad shadowy pallescent band in middle of clypeus, and similar
triangular pallescent lateral marks, hardly visible; flagellum bright
ferruginous beneath except basally; front dull; mesothorax shining
anteriorly, the median groove deep; pleura polished, shining; tuber-
cles pale reddish, two small pale marks on upper border of pro-
thorax; legs piceous, hairy, anterior knees and band on tibia pale
yellowish, middle knees pale reddish; tegule reddish; wings short,
+4 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
somewhat dusky, stigma and nervures pale sepia; abdomen orange-
ferruginous, without markings above or below, hair at apex pale
ochreous.
Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 227
part). Unfortunately the habits of this remarkable bee are un-
known. Glossoperdita could be considered a subgenus of Perdita,
but it seems distinct enough to deserve generic rank.
The other specimens collected by Baker at Claremont sent under
227, are marked as from flowers of Rhus laurina. They consist of
Perdita rhois Ckll., and a single male P. hypoxantha CkIl., the lat-
ter presumably a stray, as the species is attached to ddenostoma.
Also under 227 is a female of P. albipennis Cress., collected by
Baker at Los Angeles, and bearing his number 691.
Perdita ruficauda, sp. n.
° Length about 5.5 mm., moderately robust, pubescence scanty ;
head and thorax dull olive green; head ordinary, inner orbits paral-
lel; mandibles pale yellow suffused with reddish, the apex black;
clypeus black, sparsely punctured, with a broad pale yellow median
band, failing below; no supraclypeal mark; lateral marks pale yel-
low, triangular, produced above, ending in a sharp point on orbital
margin at level of antenne; flagellum pale fulvous beneath; tuber-
cles yellow with a dark dot, and a pair of cuneiform yellow marks
on upper border of prothorax; mesopleura shining; legs piceous,
with anterior and middle knees, tarsi and tibie yellow, the latter
dark behind; tegule pellucid; wings faintly reddish, stigma and
nervures reddish-brown; stigma small and slender; marginal cell
large, obliquely truncate at end; abdomen bright orange-ferrugi-
nous above and below, without markings, except a narrow dark
stripe along lateral margins of second segment. Mouth-parts not
especially elongated; labial palpi with first joint about 690 microns,
the other three together about 290 microns. Maxillary palpi long
and well-developed.
Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 229,
199). This superficially resembles Glossoperdita. In my tables
of Perdita it falls near P. chamaesarache, from which it is at once
known by the face-marks and the palpi.
Pomona College, Claremont, California 45
Halictoides miilleri Ckll.
Both sexes were taken by Baker at Claremont.
Hesperapis nitidulus sp. n.
é Length a little over 6 mm.; shining black, with white hair;
eyes pea-green; mandibles broad, red and notched at end; head
large and broad; flagellum very obscurely reddish beneath; tegule
piceous in front, testaceous posteriorly; wings hyaline, nervures and
stigma dusky ferruginous; abdomen with rather thin hair-bands.
near to H. /arree Ckll., but mesothorax with very minute regular
punctures; area of metathorax dull and abdomen more shining.
Easily known from H. olivie Ckll. by the clearer wings and dark
antenne.
Flabitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 229).
Agapostemon californicus Crawford.
Claremont (Baker). A male with the scape all dark; it usually
has a yellow stripe in this species. A. radiatus Say was also taken
by Baker at Claremont.
Panurginus atriceps (Cresson)
Mountains near Claremont (Baker; Pomona coll. 204).
Andrena osmioides sp. n.
é Length about 10 mm., robust, very hairy, looking like an
Osmia; head, thorax and legs black, abdomen olive-green, the sur-
face minutely granular, not polished or punctate; hair of head and
thorax white, dullish and faintly creamy above, very long and
abundant, forming an immense white beard over mouth; abdomen
with erect or sub-erect pale hair, all over the surface but not dense,
long on the first two segments, apex with pale soot-colored hair;
legs with pale hair. Head extremely broad, facial quadrangle very
much broader than long; malar space very short; cheeks very broad,
obtusely angled behind below level of middle of eye; antenne ordi-
nary, third joint equal in length to next two combined; flagellum
very obscurely reddish beneath; vertex dull, only shining on orbital
margin; mesothorax dull, not punctate, but scutellum anteriorly
shining; area of metathorax dull and granular, with long erect hairs
like the adjacent parts; tegule piceous; wings dusky on apical mar-
46 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
gins; stigma narrowly lanceolate, very slender, ferruginous with
dark margin; b. n. meeting t. m.; first r. n. Joining second s. m. much
before middle; second abdominal segment depressed less than a
third; venter purplish.
Habitat: Claremont, California, at flowers of Cryptanthe
(Baker; Pomona coll. 198). Easily known among the species with
green abdomen by its large size, abundant long pale hair, and very
slender stigma.
In the mountains near Claremont Baker took 4. mimetica falli
Ckll., and at Claremont 4. prunorum gillettei Ckll.
Andrena prunorum var. mariformis v. n.
@ Clypeus pale yellow with two black spots, exactly like that
of a male. The hair on head and thorax above is fine fox-red; the
abdominal hair-bands are pale fulvous. Scape partly red, especially
at apex; flagellum wholly dark. Second abdominal segment with a
large black discal patch.
Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 207).
This is not stylopized. Can it be a partial gynandromorph? Alli
the characters, including the antennz, are those of a female, except
the clypeus.
Andrena peratra sp. n.
@ Length about 10.5 mm.; entirely black, with black hair, ex-
cept perhaps partly on mesothorax, which is denuded in type; head
very broad, facial quadrangle very much broader than long; malar
space very short; process of labrum obtusely pointed; clypeus deli-
cately roughened, with rather close weak punctures, no smooth
line; front minutely striate; facial fovee dark seal brown, occupying
more than half the distance between antenne and eye, ending below,
far below level of antenne; third antennal joint considerably lon-
ger than next two combined; flagellum obscure reddish beneath ex-
cept at base; mesothorax dull, granular, with no distinct punctures ;
area of metathorax granular; pleura with long reddish-black hair;
small joints of tarsi reddish; tegule piceous, largely ferruginous
posteriorly; wings translucent reddish, not dark; stigma ferruginous,
narrowly lanceolate, extremely slender; nervures fuscous; abdomen
granular, without evident punctures, but moderately shining; second
Pomona College, Claremont, California 47
segment depressed about a fourth; hair at apex reddish-black: ven-
tral segments with long fringes of stiff black hairs.
Flabitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. LON
This may be compared with 4. nigerrima Casad, from which it is
readily known by the non-punctate abdomen and other characters.
A related but much larger species of the Los Angeles region is
As subtristis Ck. This. according to Mr. Viereck, is a synonym
of dA. nigra Proy., and the specimens in the National Museum
labeled nigra are this species. There is, however, some confusion,
since Provancher’s description indicates a smaller species (length
-42 inch), with a smooth line in middle of clypeus (wholly wanting
in subtristis, but present in the much larger pertristis Ckll.), wings
smoky reddish (like pertristis rather than subtristis), and abdomen
oval and brilliantly polished. This indicates a species unknown to
me.
Andrena auricoma Smith
Claremont (Baker; Pomona coll. 197). Smaller than an Ore-
gon specimen. 4. candida Sm. was also taken by Baker at Clare-
mont (Pomona coll. 198).
Andrena plana Viereck
Claremont (Baker; Pomona coll. 212). This is a little larger
than Viereck’s type, but is presumably his plana, having the very
remarkable brownish velvet-like hair on thorax above, and the dull
impunctate clypeus. The second abdominal segment has no apical
depression. Superficially the species resembles 4. mustelicolor
Vier., but it is easily separated by the thoracic hair.
Andrena opaciventris sp. n.
@ Length about 10 mm.; black, with fulvous hair, bright fox-
red on thorax above; face and front with much fulvous hair, so that
the dull granular surface of the clypeus is difficult to see; mandibles
black, with a red spot at extreme base; process of labrum narrow at
end, minutely notched; facial fovew grayish-brown, about half as
wide as distance between antenna and eye, difficult to see on account
of the long overlapping hair; antenne black, third joint 368 microns
long, the next two together 384 microns; mesothorax and scutellum
48 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
dull, without distinct punctures; area of metathorax dull, defined
by absence of hair; hair at sides of metathorax very long and
curled; legs with pale hair, largely chocolate on outer side of middle
and hind tibia, pale orange on inner side of basitarsi; spurs pallid;
tegule black; wings slightly dusky, stigma ferruginous, nervures
fuscous; b. n. meeting t. m.; first r. n. Joining second s. m. about
middle; abdomen broad, with a completely dull impunctate sur-
face; first segment with long fulvous hair at base, and a patch on
each side on hind margin; segments 3 to 5 with conspicuous entire
fulvous hair-bands; apex with pale soot-colored hair, a sort of
reddish-gray; second segment depressed about a third, but the de-
pression obscure.
Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 197).
Resembles 4. auricoma, but very distinct by the opaque abdomen.
Andrena chlorura sp. n.
@ Length nearly 8 mm.; olive green, the metathorax, legs and
antennae black; pubescence fulvous, bright fox-red on thorax above
and tubercles; some thin black hair on front and vertex; process of
labrum very broad and rounded; clypeus with sparse weak punct-
ures; facial fovee black, rather narrow, ending below at level of
antenne; third antennal joint Jonger than next two together, but
not so long as next three; mesothorax dull, impunctate; area of
metathorax dull; tegula piceous; wings dusky; stigma large, dark
reddish; nervures fuscous; abdomen shining, impunctate, with thin
narrow fulvous hair-bands on segments 2 to 4, but none on first;
hair at apex black; second segment depressed about a third in
middle, but very narrowly at sides.
Habitat: Mountains near Claremont, California (Baker;
Pomona coll. 197). A pretty species, known among the green
Andrene by its red hair and small size. In Viereck’s tables of
Andrena of the N. W. States it runs near to 4. chlorinella Vier..
from which it is quite distinct. According to Viereck (litt. 1907)
A. xanthostic Ma Vier. 1S identical with chlorinella.
Diandrena beatula sp. n.
? Length 7 mm., or slightly over; olive green, with a minutely
sculptured sericeous surface, not polished; pubescence dull white,
Pomona College, Claremont, California 49
forming felt-like hair-bands on abdomen, weak on first segment,
but broad and conspicuous on 2 to 4; hair at apex of abdomen very
pale ochreous; mesothorax with thin felt-like pale ochreous hair,
and a few long hairs intermixed; facial quadrangle broader than
long; mandibles black; process of Jabrum deeply emarginate; facial
fovee light, with a slight ochreous tint; more than half as wide as
distance from antenna to eye; apical two-thirds of flagellum bright
red beneath; mesothorax dullish, granular; area of metathorax
delicately plicatulate; tegulea rufopiceous; wings faintly dusky; stig-
ma dusky ferruginous, small and narrow; legs with white hair, hind
tibie with a broad loose scopa; tegument of legs black; abdomen
looking like that of the group of Halictus including H. provancheri.
Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. ZUG
A pretty little species, allied to the next, but easily known by the
dullish fasciate abdomen.
Diandrena cyanosoma sp. n.
@ (Type.) Length about 8 mm.; head olive green, thorax and
abdomen blue green, the abdomen almost blue; clypeus black, with
the upper and lateral margins green, the junction of the black and
green suffused with purple; mandibles black; pubescence dull whit-
ish; slightly ochreous on head and thorax above, fuscous or black
just behind ocelli and more or Jess on front, and long dark hairs
on scape; process of labrum narrow, emarginate; antenne dark,
the flagellum only very obscurely reddish toward end; facial fovee
pale, quite broad; mesothorax dull and granular, with short hair,
and some long ones intermixed; scutellum rugosopunctate, but
glistening anteriorly; area of metathorax roughened with very
delicate ruge ; femora olive-green; tibia and tarsi black; hind tibie
with a long glistening pure white scopa beneath, but fuscous hair
above (behind), and hind knee-tuft grayish fuscous; hind tro-
chanters with a long white curled floccus; tegule piceous; wings
dusky, stigma dark reddish, rather small; abdomen broad, without
any distinct hair-band, though the fourth segment has a thin fringe;
hair at apex soot-color.
é More slender, with the usual sexual differences. Clypeus
and middle of face densely covered with long white hair, but some
Cn
0 Journal of Entomology and Zeology
long fuscous hair at sides of front and on scape; cheeks with long
white hair; mesothorax and scutellum with thin long erect white
hair; abdomen quite without bands, hair at apex dark grayish-
fuscous.
Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 203,
229). A distinct species, readily known from D. puthua Ckll.
(male) by the dark hair at apex of abdomen. The dull surface
of the abdomen at once separates it from the two following species.
Diandrena clariventris sp. n.
é Length a little over 6 mm., robust, with broad-pyriform
abdomen; head and thorax dull blue-green; legs black, the femora
perhaps faintly metallic; abdomen polished, shining, very dark blue-
green, the hind margins of the segments broadly subtranslucent
brown; head very broad, facial quadrangle much broader than
long; antenne only moderately long, flagellum dark reddish; face
and front with pure white hair, hair of thorax also white, no dark
hair on head or thorax; area of metathorax granular, faintly plica-
tulate basally, and with a faint median raised line; tegule piceous;
wings dusky; stigma and nervures reddish-fuscous, the stigma dark,
not very large; hair at apex of abdomen very pale, with an ochreous
tint.
Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 212).
Allied only to the next species, which is much smaller. D. cha-
lybea (Cress.), also taken by Baker at Claremont, has the abdomen
shining blue. 7
Diandrena scintilla sp. n.
@ Length about or hardly 5 mm., robust, with very broad ab-
domen. General characters as in D. clariventris, but much smaller;
head nearly circular, seen from in front; flagellum very short and
stout, the middle joints about twice as broad as long, dark reddish
beneath; front shining, punctate; mesothorax and scutellum olive-
green, shining, with distinct minute punctures; area of metathorax
concave, finely striatulate; stigma and nervures paler than in D.
clariventris, and wings not so gray; punctures on second abdominal
segment sparse; hair at apex of abdomen light ferruginous.
Pomona College, Claremont, California 51
Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 213).
Close to D. clariventris, but certainly distinct, the sculpture of the
thorax being quite different.
Conanthalictus bakeri Crawford.
é About 4 mm. long; hair at apex of abdomen reddish-gray,
abundant. The six-jointed maxillary palpi are very long and slen-
der, and the tongue is linear, quite long, with very long hairs.
@ I made the following notes from Crawford’s type in U. S.
National Museum. Dull green abdomen, hind margins of seg-
ments pale reddish; head round seen from in front; front dull
bluish green; long hairs over clypeus like a moustache; mesothorax
not evidently punctured. Has the short elevated clypeus of genus,
but head differently shaped. The Claremont specimen shows a
well-developed tibial scopa.
Two males and a female are before me, from Claremont (Baker;
Pomona coll. 199, 216). The genus seems nearest to Paralictus
Rob., but quite distinct. Both are without the caudal rima in
female.
Conanthalictus macrops sp. n.
é Length slightly over 4 mm., but more robust than C. bakeri,
with the reddish hind margins of abdominal segments fringed with
white hair except in middle; head very broad, the facial quadrangle
much broader than long; mandibles broadly red at apex; antenne
short, entirely dark; cheeks rather broad, with a depressed, dimple-
like area; front completely dull, but mesothorax somewhat shining,
though not polished; wings strongly dusky; stigma dark reddish,
rather small; nervures fuscous; second s. m. very narrow; femora
green, tibia and tarsi black, with white hair. The green color, fine
sculpture, etc., are as in bakeri. The abundant hair at apex of ab-
domen is pale dusky reddish.
Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 199).
Known from all other members of the genus by the very broad
head. The large black eyes are parallel.
Augochlora pomoniella Ckll.
Both sexes from Claremont (Baker; Pomona coll. 211, 210).
The male is new.
¥
bo
Journal of Entomology and Zoology
(
9 Antenne entirely dark, flagellum with only the faintest red
tint beneath toward the apex.
é Flagellum ferruginous beneath, except first and last joint;
mesothorax polished, with well-separated punctures; first ventral
segment of abdomen green with piceous margin, the others without
metallic color; the second to fifth with straight hind margins, not
emarginate, the sixth emarginate.
Osmia cyanopoda sp. n.
¢ Length nearly 10 mm., robust, deep indigo blue, the abdomen
brilliant and shining; pubescence black, mixed with white on scutel-
lum, and very slightly at sides of metathorax; antenne black;
femora and tibie strongly bluish or purplish; tegule with the an-
terior half blue; wings brown, paler along the veins; clypeus ordi-
nary; mandibles tridentate; facial quadrangle longer than broad;
mesothorax strongly and densely punctured; area of metathorax
dull.
Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 182).
In the table in Ent. News, June, 1910, this runs to O. gabrielis,
from which it is known by being smaller, face narrower, punctures
of mesothorax distinctly larger and less crowded, scutellum with
partly pale hair, and bluish tibia. The rich blue-purple color of
the abdomen is exactly the same in both. Pomona coll. 181
(Mountains near Claremont, Baker) is O. pogonigera Ckll.
Osmia cyanosoma sp. n.
¢ Length nearly 7 mm.; deep indigo blue, the middle of the
abdomen stained with greenish; hair black, mixed with fine short
pale hairs on mesothorax; tuft behind wings, and hair at sides of
metathorax and sides of first abdominal segment white; mandibles
with two large sharp teeth and two minute ones. Very close to O.
tristella Ckll., but separated by the partly pale hair on mesothorax,
the distinctly metallic femora and tibia, tegule bright blue in front,
hair of tarsi brownish, first r. n. joining second s. m. more remote
from base. Also resembles O. hypoleuca Ckll. but is separated by
the shorter second s. m., abundant black hair on scutellum, and
black hair on tubercles. In O. hypoleuca there is a patch of glisten-
ing pale hair on lower part of pleura, and in O. cyanosoma there is
Pomona College, Claremont, California 53
a similar patch, though less conspicuous. Another related but dis-
tinct species is O. sancl@-rose.
Habitat: Mountains near Claremont, California (Baker;
Pomona coll. 182, part). This may be a southern subspecies of
O. tristella.
A totally different Osmia from Claremont (Baker), marked 182,
is O. novomexicana Ckll., with the hair of the thorax above less
brightly colored than in New Mexico specimens, but otherwise iden-
tical.
Osmia nigrobarbata sp. n.
¢ Length a little over 10 mm.; robust; head, mesothorax and
scutellum dark green; pleura and metathorax much bluer; abdomen
shining greenish-blue ; legs black, without metallic tints; head broad;
eyes pea-green; mandibles tridentate, the teeth very large; clypeus
black (except borders), with dense coarse black hair, contrasting
with pure white hair on sides of face; front and vertex with hair
mixed black and white; upper part of cheeks with white hair, lower
with more or less black; flagellum short, very obscurely reddish
beneath; mesothorax and scutellum with extremely dense small
punctures; area of metathorax shining except basally; mesothorax
with thin white hair, with some black intermixed; tubercles with
pale hair, but pleura with black; scutellum with abundant creamy
hair, a few black intermixed; metathorax with black hair on lower
part of sides, otherwise with pale; legs with black hair, more or
less brownish on tarsi, a small tuft of pure white on posterior knees;
tegule black, green in front; wings brownish, especially the broad
apical margin; first r. n. joining second s. m. at a distance from
its base equal to length of first t. c.; abdomen with white hair on
first segment, scanty black hair beyond, but grayish-white on sixth
and apical margin of fifth; scopa black.
Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 182,
part). Easily known by the contrasting black and white hair on
face. It resembles O. senior CkIl., but differs by the shining area of
metathorax, tridentate mandibles with large teeth, etc.
Osmia melanopleura sp. n.
¢ Length about 7.5 mm.; dark blue-green, densely punctured
but somewhat shining; facial quadrangle longer than broad; mandi-
54 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
bles tridentate, the teeth large; clypeus extremely densely punct-
ured; head with mixed white and black hair, the white conspicuous
at sides of face, the black especially abundant on lower half of
clypeus; antenne black; thorax above with creamy-white hair, with
black sparsely intermixed; metathorax with light and dark hair
mixed; pleura with black hair (no patch of light hair below) ; legs
black, with mainly black hair; tegule black, with a green spot in
front; wings dilute brownish; b. n. meeting t. m.; first r. n. joining
second s. m. as far from base as length of first t. c.; abdomen
shining, the first two segments with glistening white hair, the next
three with very thin light and dark hair, the sixth appearing green-
ish (contrasting with the rich purple-blue of the fifth), and hoary
with appressed white hair; scopa black.
Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 182,
part). Resembles O. pikei Ckll., but differs by the much more finely
punctured clypeus, the much shorter vertex, the much more closely
punctured abdomen, etc.
The following key separates the above mentioned species of
Osmia; all females with black ventral scopa.
lair of thorax above-wlolliy orimainlivs blacks. ee l
Haim of thorax above wholly or mainly heht=. 3
I." Very small -not quite (mm lenge: = cyanosoma sp. Nn.
Dai ei Foe ake aK cece eg ee Se 2
Zee Wibies clarke bie: 2 2 She eke eae eee cee ee cyanopoda sp. n.
derbreedblack teh: ses oie eee ee eee pogonigera Ckll.
Jo foudall, cabout75-mama. Wome ee sete ee melanopleura sp. n.
ik 0s. 1 ee tee en ee el a a
4. Hair of thorax above all pale ochreous......covomexicana Ckll.
Hair of thorax above with some dark intermixed
nigrobarbata sp. n.
Nomada crotchi nigrior Ckll.
This was described from the female. The male (Claremont,
Baker) has no red on the thorax, but there are four small creamy-
white spots, two at the anterior corners of scutellum, and two on
postscutellum. Clypeus all cream-colored except upper edge; third
antennal joint little over half length of fourth; legs with more
Pomona College, Claremont, California 55
black; abdomen with sublateral dark spots; apical plate minutely
notched.
Nomada pyrrha sp. n.
® Length about 8 mm.; bright ferruginous red, without yel-
low markings, and practically without dark ones; mandibles simple;
head very broad; third antennal joint a little longer than fourth;
black between ocelli; mesothorax densely roughened, with three
faintly indicated bands of darker red; post scutellum not yellow;
metathorax with a dusky shade in middle below the enclosure; face,
scape and front with scattered long fuscous hairs; thorax above
practically hairless; sides of metathorax with a patch of white
hair; a black patch near bases of middle and hind legs; tegule
bright red, punctured; wings dilute brown, darker at apex; stigma
ferruginous, nervures fuscous; b. n. going a considerable distance
basad of t. m.; third s. m. much narrowed above; hind tibie rough-
ened on outer side, but not distinctly tuberculate; abdomen dullish,
minutely granular; sides apically with fuscous hair; fifth segment
with a narrow band of shining white tomentum.
Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 169).
Closely resembles N. california Ckll., but is evidently an entirely
red Xanthidium, to be associated with N. miniata Sm., which how-
ever, has the third antennal joint much shorter than the fourth,
and orange spots on the abdomen.
Nomada melanosoma sp. n.
é Length a little over 5 mm.; black, the body almost without
light markings; hind margins of abdominal segments (fully half
of second and third) obscurely brown; extreme sides of segments
2 to 5 with very oblique broad white stripes; mandibles simple,
white at base; lower edge of clypeus very narrowly reddish, with
a white mark on each side; malar space white; head broad: face
covered with silvery-white hair; antenne long, the flagellum thick,
the joints swollen, obscure dark reddish beneath; third antennal
joint about half length of fourth; vertex, cheeks and thorax (espe-
cially pleura and metathorax) with white hair; mesothorax dull,
extremely densely rugoso-punctate; anterior legs in front, middle
tarsi and apical part of femora in front, and apex of hind femora
(al
6 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
in front, brownish-ferruginous; anterior femora with a whitish
spot just before apex; tegula very dark reddish-brown; wings long,
stigma (which is large), and nervures piceous; apex of wings
strongly dusky; b. n. falling short of t. m.; abdomen dull, only the
extreme margins of the segments glistening; shape of abdomen
rather long-oval, wide in middle; apical plate deeply notched; ven-
ter, except at base, marked with white.
Habitat: Mountains near Claremont, California (Baker; Po-
mona coll. 171). A distinct little species, easily known by its
color. It falls close to N. obscurelia Fowler, but that is larger
(7.5 mm.), with legs largely yellow, including the middle and hind
basitarsi, which are entirely black in melanosoma.
Nomada subvicinalis Cockerell.
Two males from Claremont (Baker) differ a little from the type.
One has small yellow spots at anterior corners of scutellum, lateral
margins of mesothorax very narrowly reddish, lateral face-marks
continued as slender lines part way up sides of front, and apical
plate of abdomen quite broad. The other lacks the yellow patch
on second ventral segment.
Nomada civilis Cresson.
Two males from Claremont (Baker) are peculiar for having the
apical plate of abdomen entire. One is about 9 mm. long, and has
large yellow spots on the metathorax. ‘The other is about 7 mm.
long, and has the metathorax all black. N. civilis is one of the
most variable of bees, but it appears difficult to satisfactorily define
subspecies. N. edwardsii Cress. is another yellow and black species
found by Baker at Claremont.
Nomada erythrospila sp. n.
é Length about 7 mm.; long and slender; head and thorax
black, with white hair, abundant on face, pleura and sides of meta-
thorax; head transversely oval; front, mesothorax and scutellum
dull and rugose; mandibles simple, pellucid white at base, fulvous
in middle, and dark at apex; labrum creamy-white, covered with
white hair; lower margin of clypeus and lower corners of face
(with a linear extension upward along orbits) cream-color; an-
Pomona College, Claremont, California Sy)
tenne very long, third joint about half length of fourth; scape
black; flagellum fulvous beneath, suttusedly blackened above; tuber-
cles yellow, two minute yellow dots at anterior corners of scutel-
lum, and two yellow spots on postscutellum, all these markings in-
conspicuous; legs black and ferruginous, some of the markings
characteristic; the anterior tibia red with a black stripe on outer
side, at the end of which is a cream-colored spot; the middle femora
red in front, with a large black basal patch; the middle tibie red
with a broad black band on outer side, and an apical cream-colored
spot in front; the hind knees creamy-white; tegule ferruginous;
wings reaching about to end of fourth abdominal segment, dilute
brownish with a large clear patch in the subapical field; stigma
dark, dusky red; b. n. going a little basad of t. m.; abdomen long
and narrow, dull ferruginous, the segments with broad dark basal
bands; segments | to 4 with large (largest on second) lateral
creamy-white patches, the first two short and broad, the other two
transversely elongate, each having upon it a clear red spot; fifth
segment with the pale patches almost joined in middle, sixth with
a broad pale band covering nearly all the surface; apical plate
deeply notched; venter ferruginous with whitish and dusky mark-
ings.
Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 172).
A distinct little species of Nomada s. str. The abdominal mark-
ings suggest N. crotchii Cress., the male of which is not known,
but the male of N. crotchii nigrior differs from erythrospila so much
in form and face-markings, that we can hardly refer the latter to
crotchit. In N. crotchii the first r. n. joins the second s. m. far
beyond the middle, but in erythrospila it joins it at the middle. N.
marginella Ckll., 1s allied to N. erythrospila, but the antenne are
quite different.
Nomada odontocera sp. n.
é Length a little over 7 mm.; rather robust, head and thorax
black, densely rugosopunctate, but the large punctures of the meso-
thorax glistening; hair of head and thorax above pale fox-red,
beneath dull white; head transversely oval; mandibles simple, yel-
low, red at apex; labrum yellow, not dentate; clypeus (except nar-
row upper margin) and lateral marks yellow, the latter extending
58 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
upward as rather narrow bands to about level of antenne; scape
stout, entirely yellow in front; third antennal joint much shorter
than fourth, but more than half its length; flagellum thick, bright
ferruginous beneath, black above, the joints conspicuously dentic-
ulate; tubercles yellow, but thorax otherwise all black; anterior
coxe unarmed; legs mainly red, but anterior and middle femora
yellow in front, anterior femora black beneath, middle femora black
behind except at apex; hind femora black, with the knees red, and
a yellow spot at apex in front; hind tibia suffusedly blackish behind;
tegule light ferruginous; wings ample, dusky at apex, stigma clear
red; b. n. going a little basad of t. m.; first r. n. joining second s.
m. well beyond middle; abdomen bright ferruginous marked with
black and bright yellow; first segment black with a broad red band
on which are two obscure dusky spots; all the segments with fuscous
hind margins, second and third segments intense black at base;
second to fifth segments laterally with yellow spots, very large on
second, successively smaller on the others; sixth segment red; apical
plate strongly notched; venter with two yellow spots on second
segment.
Habitat: Mountains near Claremont, California (Baker; Po-
mona coll. 168). Allied to N. undulaticornis Ckll., but easily
distinguished by the scutellum, which is not prominent or bigibbous,
and by many details of the coloration. Also related to N. dentic-
ulata Rob.
N. elegantula Ckll. was also taken by Baker at Claremont.
Exomalopsis velutinus sp. n.
@ Length about 9 mm.; black, with a rather long, not sub-
globose, abdomen; head broad, facial quadrangle broader than
long; eyes gray; blade of maxilla broad to end, the inner half
(longitudinally) pallid; labrum densely covered with pale ochreous
hair; clypeus densely rugosopunctate, the lower margin dark red;
face and front with long dull white hair; vertex smooth and pol-
ished; flagellum bright chestnut red beneath, except at base; thorax
with pale ochreous-tinted hair; mesothorax polished, shining, with
scattered punctures, only hairy at front and sides, and narrowly
on hind margin; scutellum with similar sculpture and hairy border,
but more closely punctured, and some short black hairs bordering
Pomona College, Claremont, California 59
the disc; base of metathorax roughened but glistening; legs densely
hairy, the hair pale ochreous-tinted; hind tibia and basitarsi with a
very broad loose scopa, hair on inner side of hind basitarsi pale
ferruginous; tegule piceous; wings rather short, faintly grayish,
with a milky appearance in certain lights; greater part of abdomen
densely covered with felt-like very pale ochreous pubescence, but
apex with pale ferruginous; base of second segment with the hair
so thin as to leave a dark band; first segment bare in middle, finely
punctured; hind margin of. first segment (tegument) broadly red-
dened, and the second and third the same, only in these the color
is hidden by the pubescence; venter with bands of red-golden hair
alternating with pale.
Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 153).
Very like Melissodes stearnsi Ckll., which is to be called Exoma-
lopsis stearnsi, but readily distinguished by the shorter and rela-
tively broader marginal cell, the well though finely punctured disc
of first abdominal segment, and the much shorter third antennal
joint (length 480 microns in stearnsi, 350 microns in velutinus).
The apical plate of abdomen is much broader than in stearnsi, with
straight sides. Both species look like some Xenoglossodes, from
which the most conspicuous superficial distinction 1s the bare pol-
ished disc of mesothorax. A second specimen of E. velutinus bears
the number 147.
Exomalopsis melanurus sp. n.
@ Length about 8 mm.; black, abdomen oblong; light hair ochre-
ous-tinted dorsally, dull white below; head broad; eyes pale grayish-
green; mandibles red in middle; clypeus densely and strongly punct-
ured; face and front with grayish-white hair; vertex shining; flagel-
lum dusky ferruginous beneath except at base; mesothorax and
scutellum with sculpture and arrangement of hair as in E. veluti-
nus; legs with long pale hair, the copious scopa of hind legs wholly
pale; a black brush at end of hind basitarsi; tegule piceous, wings
faintly dusky; first abdominal segment with long pale hair, the
broad hind margin bare except at sides, where there is a dense
patch of hair, extreme margin (tegument) pallid; segments 2 to 4
with very broad dense felt-like ochreous hair-bands, the basal part
of the segments exposed and appearing black; fifth segment and
60 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
apex densely covered with brownish-black hair, but there is a tuft
of light hair on each side beneath.
Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 148).
This looks like Anthophorula bruneri Crawf., but is at once separ-
ated by the roughened disc of first abdominal segment, the black
hair at end of abdomen, and the minute dark stigma; there is evi-
dently no real affinity-
Melissodes pygmea Cresson, from the description, is apparently
an Anthophorula or Exomalopsis; indeed the description might well
apply to 4. bruneri.
E. velutinus and EF. melanurus are not typical Exomalopsis. The
genus as at present understood contains some rather diverse ele-
ments.
Bombomelecta maculata (Viereck)
Viereck described this as a variety of B. separata, but it seems
to be a distinct species. A female from Claremont (Baker; Po-
mona coll. 162), has the spots on third and fourth segments quite
large and quadrate, and there are small spots on the fifth.
Coelioxys megatricha sp. n.
6 Length about 11 mm.; black, with bright ferruginous legs
(the femora dusky beneath) and rather dark red tegule; no red on
abdomen, above or below; mandibles dark red subapically; face
and front densely covered with long white hair; antennz black, third
joint distinctly longer than fourth; vertex with very large punctures,
which laterad of the ocelli are distinctly separated, leaving inter-
spaces equal to the size of punctures; eyes pea-green, with very long
hair; mesothorax and scutellum densely and very strongly punctured,
middle of mesothorax with little longitudinal ridges; scutellum
rounded behind, teeth at sides long, finger-like, slightly incurved;
pleura and metathorax covered with long shaggy white hair; anterior
coxe with strong spines; anterior trochanters and femora with much
white hair beneath; spurs red; wings clear, the apical margin broadly
dusky; abdomen with white hair-bands at apices of segments; dor-
sum and sides of first segment closely punctured; second and third
segments with very deep transverse impressions, and strongly punc-
tured, the ridge just behind the impression with sparse punctures;
Pomona College, Claremont, California 61
fourth and fifth segments with large triangular elevated areas,
which are rather sparsely punctured; fifth segment with a small
tooth on each side; sixth with dense white hair at base, at each side
a long sharp tooth, the apical lobes far apart, each with two teeth,
the upper short, little more than a salient angle, the lower long,
flattened, rounded at end, divergent; fourth ventral segment not
emarginate.
Flabitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. SIS Ne
I wondered whether this could be the undescribed male of C. coquil-
letti Crawf., but it is larger than the male of that species would
probably be, there are no hair bands bounding mesothorax or scutel-
lum posteriorly, the vertex is not entirely rugose, and the abdomen
is without red. From C. novomexicana it is easily known by the
hair on eyes being more than twice as long. By the long hair on
the eyes it resembles C. ribis kincaidii Ckll., which has black legs,
and the apical teeth of abdomen closer together and almost parallel.
Coelioxys angulifera sp. n.
@ Length about 11.5 mm.; black, strongly punctured, with
white hair; lower margin of clypeus angularly produced and sloping
a little outward; knees, tibie and tarsi dark red, the tibie with a
strong blackish suffusion. Very close to C. banksi Crawf. (from
Virginia), differing thus: teeth at sides of scutellum long; no band
of white hair in scutello-mesothoracic suture; mesopleure with
long hair (not very dense) all over; last ventral segment not so
much extended beyond last dorsal. Except for the clypeus, it much
resembles C. moesta Cress., differing in the much longer teeth at
sides of scutellum, and much larger punctures at base of penultimate
ventral segment.
é Length about 8 mm.; face and front densely covered with
white hair; anterior coxe with well-developed spines; legs darker,
the tibia mainly blackish; fifth abdominal segment with a short
spine on each side; sixth with a long spine on each side, and the apical
lobes each with two spines, the upper much shorter than the lower:
no median spine; fourth ventral segment entire. In my table of
male Coelioxys (Canad. Entom., 1912, p. 170) this runs to C.
angelica Ckll., the female of which is very different from C. anguli-
fera.
62 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 195).
The female is the type. Were the insects not separated by the whole
breadth of the continent, I should suppose this a race of C. banksi.
CU’. novomexicana (CklIl.) was also taken by Baker at Claremont.
Xenoglossa angelica Ckll.
Claremont (Baker; Pomona coll. 145.)
Tetralonia robertsoni Ckll.
A female from Claremont (Baker; Pomona coll. 153) agrees
with one from Garrison, N. Y. Can there be any error in the local-
ity label ?
Ceratina neomexicana punctigena subsp. n.
@ Length about 8 mm.; differs from typical neomexicana by the
cheeks, which are strongly and quite closely punctured, except a
narrow band along orbits. The wings are strongly reddened, and
the mesothorax is sparsely punctured anteriorly. It is known from
the superficially similar C. tejonensis Cress. (which Baker obtained
at Claremont) by the green (rather than blue) color, the white
tubercles, and the strongly punctured cheeks.
Habitat: Mountains near Claremont (Baker; Pomona coll.
174). Baker also took C. acantha Prov. and C. arizonensis Ckll.
at Claremont.
Anthidium angelarum Titus
Both sexes were taken by Baker at Claremont, Calif. The male,
not described by Titus, runs to 4. palliventre in my table in Bull. So.
Calif. Acad. Sci., 1904, p. 57. It differs from the insect there re-
ferred to palliventre by the bright chrome yellow markings and the
distinct rounded excavation on each side of median spine at apex
of abdomen. The clypeus and large cuneiform lateral marks are
entirely yellow. The female has yellow stripes on tibia, not men-
tioned by Titus.
A. illustre Cress. and 4. tricuspidum Prov. were also taken by
Baker at Claremont.
Dianthidium provancheri Titus
This is the species which I recorded as D. consimile (Ashm.) in
Bull. So. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1904, p. 5. A specimen of true consimile
Pomona College, Claremont, California 63
was collected by Baker in the mountains near Claremont. The males
may be separated thus:
Outer face of hind tibia with a large black mark; yellow band of
scutellum broadly interrupted in middle; median tooth at apex of
aAb@omentp ack ACG <2 22. Seee: Sto seat ce ree provancheri Vitus.
Outer face of hind tibie entirely yellow; yellow margin of scutel-
lum not interrupted; median tooth at apex of abdomen long and
GuienineiyiayeUlO WrccsAaces Pt Seeks ne: ee eed consimile (Ashm.)
A male with pale markings, collected by Grinnell in the San
Gabriel Mts., has the hind tibia as in provancheri, but the light
band on scutellum, though narrow, is entire, and the median tooth
at end of abdomen is rather brown than black at end. This is
referred to provancheri, but it may be that the two names represent
extremes in the variation of a single species.
Triepeolus ancoratus sp. n.
@ Length about 8 mm., with ochreous markings and red tegule
and legs. Very near to 7. callopus Ckll., but smaller; mesothorax
with two broad bands and margin with ochreous pubescence, leav-
ing only an anchor-shaped black area; cheeks and front densely
covered with pubescence; antenna red, dusky above, especially the
hind margins of joints; pleura with no bare patch. ‘The mandibles,
labrum, lower margin of clypeus and apex of abdomen are red, as
in 7. callopus. The black transverse band on first abdominal seg-
ment is completely isolated by dense ochreous pubescence; the black
on second segment forms a very acute angle at sides. The last
ventral segment is turned down at end.
Habitat: Claremont, Calif. (Pomona coll. 155). Certainly
very near to 7’. callopus, but quite distinct by the characters indi-
cated. Collected by Baker.
Triepeolus callopus Ckll.
One of each sex comes from Claremont (Baker; Pomona coll.
157, 158). ‘The male is new. I give new descriptions, based on
these specimens.
@ Length about 7.5 mm.; black, with clear red legs (but spurs
of middle and hind legs black) ; clypeus, labrum, mandibles (except
apex), tubercles, tegule (except hyaline margin) and apex of abdo-
64+ Journal of Entomology and Zoology
men also red; light markings dorsally pale creamy, ventrally white;
head broad; clypeus minutely granular; antenne red strongly suf-
fused with blackish, apex of scape and base of flagellum brighter
red; third joint shorter than fourth; front and vertex more or less
striate; mesothorax very densely and minutely punctured, with two
parallel bands of pale ochreous hair, a spot of hair at each posterior
corner, and a band in scutello-mesothoracic suture; pleura with a
large bare densely punctured patch; scutellum rather strongly
bilobed; axillar teeth very short; wings somewhat dusky, brownish;
abdomen with broad, continuous light ochreous bands on segments
1 to 4, that on first notched in middle anteriorly; black area on
first segment a broad transverse band; light band on second seg-
ment with a large oblique lobe (directed mesad) laterally, giving
the outline of a scythe; modified apical patch rounded; last ventral
segment curved downward at end.
6 Clypeus all black; scape black; flagellum dusky reddish, with-
out any bright red; face with dense white hair; tubercles black;
pleura with a bare patch just below wings, but the lower bare patch
small and indistinct; femora black, with red knees; hind margins
of second and following abdominal segments brownish; apical plate
extremely narrow.
1916 Pomona Journal of Entomology and Zoology,) ol. VIII,No.3, September
Three New Chalceid Flies From California
By AS A] GiRAULE:
(Material for this paper was sent from the Zoological Department
of Pomona College.)
Sympiesomorphelleus californicus, New Species.
Female: Similar to nigriprothorax, but twice larger and dif-
fering as follows: The stripe along the meson of the abdomen ts
narrower and is joined narrowly to base; the propodeum is all metal-
lic green except narrowly along the median carina and broadly at
mesal apex. The rectangular sclerite laterad of the postscutellum
is metallic. There is a more distinct metallic spot near tegule.
There is an oblique metallic stripe across the mesopleurum from the
base of the caudal wing and an area of irregular shape on the meso-
pleurum over the cephalic coxa; also the cephalic third of the scutum
is dark metallic, like the prothorax, and the scape is entirely black.
Otherwise the same. The third joint of the club is nipplelike and
may be articulated.
Described from two females from Claremont, California (C.
EF abaker):
Types: Catalogue No. 20172, U.S. N. M., the above specimens
on tags, a head and a caudal tibia on a slide.
The species nigriprothorax has the margins of the abdomen black;
the parts mentioned in the original description of it are dark me-
tallic.
Zagrammosoma mira new species.
Female: Very similar to flavolineata Crawford, but the abdomen
bears no yellow spots, the entire caudal femur is metallic purple ex-
cept at apex (only with a cinctus distad of middle in the other
species), the extreme base of caudal tibia is more distinctly purple,
the caudal coxa has more than a purple spot above at base, its basal
third or more is purple, the yellow median stripe of the thorax 1s
narrower and more uniform in width, the distal stripe of the fore
wing is nearly or quite complete, though fainter coudad; there is no
narrow longitudinal yellow stripe down parapside and axilla; and
120 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
also, the margin of abdomen ventro-laterad near base is not yellow;
otherwise remarkably alike. In flavolineata there is a rather large
area on lateral propodeum just cephalad of the caudal coxa (the
propodeum laterad of the minute spiracles) and which has an
oblique, narrow purple stripe at its meso-caudal corner; this is ab-
sent in this species. Both species bear a moderately long median
carina on the propodeum, the latter distinct. In both species the
vertex is purple nearly to each eye (between the lateral ocelli), and
this is due to a broad purple stripe up the meson of the occiput which
below the center (at the neck) divides and goes over to the eye
where each arm divides again; but in flavolineata the small Y at the
eye is broadly separated from the parent marking; one arm of this
Y, the broader, meets the eye above the ventral apex on the occipital
aspect, the other goes to the ventral apex of the eye, across the
cheek. Description of flavolineata otherwise correct. On the vertex
cephalad the purple apparently gives off a branch latero-cephalad,
one (a very short one) going to the dorsal apex of the eye, the other
down the face along the eye for some little distance; a very narrow
median stripe on face between the antenne and the mouth (the nar-
row median black stripe of flavolineata). Mandibles six-dentate.
Scape lemon yellow at proximal half except above; club three yel-
lowish.
From one female taken on the mountains near Claremont, Cali-
forma, (C, Baker).
Type: Catalogue No. 20089, U. S. N. M., the specimen on a
tag, the head, a caudal tibia and a pair of wings on a slide.
Pseudiglyphomyia unguttatipennis new species.
Female: Of the stature and general appearance of flavicinctus.
Dark metallic green, the following parts bright lemon yellow:
Legs (except a broad central cinctus on middle tibia and the hind
coxe), head (except ocellar area and upper three-fourths of the oc-
ciput), a round spot ventrad of middle of propleurum, a broad stripe
across the dorsal and lateral and ventral thorax through the fore
coxe (including somewhat less than the distal half of the scutum, the
parapside entirely and much of the cephalic meso-pleurum) ; cephalic
half of lateral and mesal margins of axilla; the distal fifth of abdo-
Pomona College, Claremont, California eal
men, the yellow triangularly produced at meson and two cross-stripes
on abdomen near base, the first narrowly interrupted at the meson.
Fore wings hyaline but centrally with a large round moonlike spot,
whose center is opposite the distal part of the marginal vein, the
stigmal vein not extending distad of its most distal circumferential
point; postmarginal vein distinctly shorter than the stigmal, the
venation yellow. Antenne dull brownish yellow, the scape and ped-
icel metallic green (except bulb and base of the former and apex and
ventral side of the latter). Funicle 1 two-thirds longer than wide,
subequal to the pedicel, 2 a little longer than wide. Club with a dis-
tinct terminal spine. Mandibles 5-dentate.
Pronotum large, conical. Propodeum with a distinct median ca-
rina, otherwise plane, the spiracles minute. Thorax scaly.
Described from one female received from Wm. A. Hilton and
collected at Laguna Beach, Southern California (C. F. Baker).
lvoe: “Catalogue No: 20173, U.S. Nv M., the female on a tag,
the head, a caudal leg and a fore wing ona slide.
Perilampus chrysope Crawford.
Three females, Claremont, California (C. F. Baker). Compared
with types.
Perilampus canadensis Crawford.
This belongs in the first division of Crawford’s (1914) table, and
is closely allied with swbcarinatus; but in the latter the lower face
(laterad of the clypeus) is finely cross-wrinkled, but in canadensis
it bears only a few punctures (and a line of smaller punctures up
the eye margin) ; the lower cheeks are similarly sculptured for the
respective species (that is, in swbcarinatus finely striate, and so on).
The carina referred to in the table is the carinated edges of the
large scrobicular cavity (with the species bearing it, the face is
striate, otherwise smooth or mostly so). The carina is weak in
robertsoni, which resembles similis, but there is more sculpture on
the head in the former; in robertsoni the venation is pale, black in
similis. “The species subcarinatus and platygaster are very much
alike, but the latter has larger punctures on the clypeus and the
lateral margin is cross-wrinkled, while in the first species the clypeus
is practically smooth and with minute scattered punctures; more-
122 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
over, the venation in platygaster, is very pale and the parapsides
caudo-mesad finely reticulated (glabrous in the other species). The
carina on the face is a good character, but great care must be taken
that it is seen; it may be rather close to the eye (i. e¢., the long facial
part of it). Types of canadensis, subcarinatus, similis, robertsoni
and bakeri examined.
The species bakeri and subcarinatus are synonyms.
1916 Pomona JoURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND Zootocy, Vor. VIII, No. 2, JUNE
A Rare Fish From Laguna Beach
A photograph of this fish was sent to Prof. Gilbert to whom we
are indebted for the identification. The specimen was caught on
a hook and line not far from the laboratory. It was brought in by
Prof. A. M. Bean. No one in Laguna had ever seen anything like
it and no one would venture an opinion as to what it was.
Alepisaurus esculapius Bean
Color, dark slaty gray above, sides silvery and irridescent, back
steel blue reflections. Under parts a lighter gray silvery. Adipose,
pectoral and caudal fins nearly black. Skin smooth, apparently
without scales.
Total length 101 cm. Length of head from tip of mouth to
the back of the operculum 17 cm. Pectoral fin just back of oper-
culum, beginning of the dorsal just over it. Length of snout to front
of eye 6.6 cm. Eye 3.5 cm. long by 2.8 high. Breadth of pectoral
at base 2.8 cm. Fin rays of pectorals at base 14 in number, the
first and last are small, all the others branched. The first branch
of the 4th to the 13th is branched again. The fifth ray with its
branches is the longest, those on either side are quite long, so that
the fin ends in one or several long streamers. Greatest length of
fin! 6.5; em.
Distance between back of fore fin and front of pelvic 19.2 cm.
Pelvic fins 8 rays, first and last not branched, membrans as on all
fins delicate and easily broken. Length of fin 5.7 cm. Anal opening
3 cm. from back of anal fins, %4 cm. long, not quite so wide. Dis-
tance from pectoral to anal fin 30 cm. Length of anal 10.8 cm. 17
fin rays all branched but first and last, the first branch of each
branched again. Longest part of fin (slantingly taken) 8 cm., one
to the 6th fin rays nearly as long.
Tail symmetrical short rays in center, about 2 cm. long, at outer
margin longest about 14 cm., about 40 fin rays in the tail.
Dorsal fin about 58 cm. long, 34 fin rays unbranched. Most of
the fin rays are long, 10 to 19 cm. Height of the fin through most
of its distance 9 cm.
Pomona College, Claremont, California 81
Adipose fin 7.5 cm. from the dorsal at its base, % cm. broad at
its attachment, length 3 cm.
Side and ventral region of the head:
Length of the mouth opening, 11.5 cm. Slit of gular fold, 6.5
cm. from tip of lower jaw. Gular slit to end of operculum, 10 cm.
Flead narrow at level of the eyes; above it is 3.2 cm. Hleadsat
widest above is 3.5 cm. at the level of the eyes; back of this it is
hardly more than 2 cm. ‘Tip of jaw above, .5 cm. Tip of snout to
nostril, 3.5 cm. Nostril, .5 cm. in diameter. Distance from nostril
to eye, 2.8 cm. Whe nthe mouth is closed the lower jaw projects a
82 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
little. The lower jaw has two short, sharp teeth in front when the
mouth is closed. When it is open there is a large tooth, .8 cm.
long. The lower jaw hsa, next, ten teeth 1 cm. long, then three
large ones 3 cm. long, then ten trinagular teeth 1 cm. long. The
upper jaw has an outer row which may be seen when the mouth is
closed. These are 1 cm. or less in length and 75 on a side. The
roof of the mouth has three projecting teeth like the large ones
below, knife-shaped, flattened from side to side, 3 cm. long. Back
farther, on each side, is a similar tooth 1 cm. long, then on each
side a similar tooth | cm. long, then on each side back six trian-
gular teeth 3 mm. long.
The three large central teeth should really be counted four, be-
cause there is another of the same sort not yet fully broken through
the membrane of the mouth.
Greatest depth of the head is 8 cm. The body was much
shrunken after preservation, but the proportionate depth at various
regions is well shown in the photograph which was taken by our
photographer, E. M. Robbins.
VV Aue RON:
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)
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