rath se " Si nds ara Palin At us : POU Hh REPORT OF THE LAGUNA MARINE LABORATORY AND CON- TRIBUTIONS FROM THE ZOOLOGICAL LABORA- TORY OF POMONA COLENGE-~ *. ( * f ’ } ' ‘ ‘ -_ = ‘ > a im i yl ‘ ; , ; ae A 7 De ~ - ENN riSUN IAN * ‘ 4 in| g ON , ) LIBRARIES I. Summer School at Laguna Beach. II. Notes on Coelenterates and Echinoderms from Laguna Beach. III. An Interesting Basket Star from Laguna Beach. IV. Some Remarks on the Central Nervous System of the Starfish William A. Hilton V. Additional List of Annelids from Laguna Beach. ..W. F. Hamilton VI. On Two New Polynoids from Laguna........... W. F. Hamilton Vi A Nebalia from Ieacuna Beach: 2: 22. 2c. cae, om ote R. La Follette VIII. The Early Development of Ligyda With Reference to the Nerv- OUSHOY SUC MMI: coer oe pe ries © say ses eee! align ycl Ton eeencneae ee William A. Hilton IX. Crustacen from Laguna Beach. M2 Caprellidze ttromn WagunasBbeachs foc fc accu a eee M. Shaw XI. Pycnogonids Collected During the Summer of 1915, at Laguna Beach. XII. The Life History of Anoplodactylus Erectus, Cole...W. 4. Hilton NIE, “Av RemarkablesPycnogomid cig. 42-0 tim ms. William A. Hilton XIV. ‘The Nervous System of Pycnogonids.......... William A. Hilton Ve New @alitonmianWiitesws) accis tits eo gers oe eenens Nathan Banks XVI. Mites from the Claremont Laguna Region. XVII. The Central Nervous System and Simple Reactions of a Rare NVI S CONPIONM: sass ee teens ek ee ve ees ee William A. Hilton XVIII. Three Common Spiders of Laguna........... Margaret L. Moles XIX. Crab-Spiders of the Claremont Laguna Region. Margaret L. Moles XOX. Jima Wehiscens at Iaguna Beach......2.-:.2..- Margaret Cate Doxa hes@ctoped @cythoe in: California. 2: P21.) eases 3 S. 8S. Berry ONS News Calitormia Beess 2 ceils wines. he ous T. D. A. Cockerell XXIII. New and Little Known Bees from California. ..7. D. 4. Cockerell DIV] WhreesNew, Chalcid Phes from: California. 2.22... 2 A. A. Girault XXV. A Rare Fish from Laguna Beach. 1916 Pomona Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. VIII, No. 1, Mar. Summer School at Laguna Beach Once more the advantages of the Laguna Marine Laboratory have been enjoyed by a considerable number of students and investi- gators. During the summer of 1915 about thirty students regis- tered for courses in Marine Zoology, Entomology and General Biology. There were also a number of the students who took special work. In addition to these in various courses, there were about twelve students and investigators from eastern and northern colleges and universities, who stayed a day, a week, a month and in some cases for longer periods throughout the summer. Laguna Marine Laboratory and Tent City The new tent city with its rooming and housekeeping tents, and dining hall for the first time furnished ample accommodation at a reasonable price to all who stayed at the Summer School or visited the Laboratory. In the aquarium room an exhibition of local animals was open at all times. During the season over two thousand people visited the aquarium and museum. Evening lectures were given during the Summer School and these were always open to the public. 38 Journal of Entomology and Zoology Near Two-Rock Point, Laguna Beach During the season of 1915 more interesting and valuable speci- mens were obtained than in previous years. Very few of these have yet been worked over for publication. The beautiful coast line, both up and down from the Laboratory, was more extensively explored than in other years, yet there are many places not carefully examined at low tide. Inland also more An Arch Above Laguna Beach Pomona College, Claremont, California 39 field trips were taken, to canyons, to caves, to hill-tops and along streams. The Lakes up Laguna Canyon were found to be almost as interesting as the rocks at low tide. There was not time last summer to any more than to begin to touch the possibilities of the region. It is rather interesting to note that the students as a whole did better class work than in Claremont. This may partly be due to lack of pressure of outside activities, and partly due to the enthu- siasm developed by the study of animals in their natural environ- ment, but still there were some diversions which helped to pass the time pleasantly. Saturday was used for the more or less optional field exercises. arly mornings when the tide was low were also used for field work. After four P. M. every day, time was usu- ally taken for bathing or short walks and on some evenings there were beach suppers. During the coming summer more courses will be offered and a number of visitors and investigators are expected. The tent city and dining hall will again offer accommodations at reasonable prices. [he cost of tuition will be as last year; that » $7.50 general charge and $2.00 an hour per hour taken. By an hour is meant the equivalent of an hour’s work in a regular college semester. ‘There are eight private rooms for special investigators. For further information write to the Director, William A. Hil- ton, Pomona College, Claremont, Cal. (Laguna Beach, Cal., from June 22 to September 20.) 1916 Pomona Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. VIII, No. 1, Mar. Courses Offered at the Summer School of the Laguna Beach Biological Laboratory 1916 To reach Laguna Beach from Los Angeles take the electric or Santa Fe to Santa Ana. From Santa Ana a morning stage leaves at ten, an afternoon stage at four. Work begins June 26th and regular courses last six weeks, but the laboratory is open all summer. No one may register for more than six hours. By an hour is included the equivalent of an hour’s work during a regular college semester. 1. S.B.11. Zoology (2 hours). A synopsis of marine inverte- brates. Lectures and class exercises with early morning field trips. Prerequisite Biology Al, or open to those who are taking some other biological work. M. to F. at 8. Prof. W. A. Hilton and ; la. S. B. 11. Zoology. Marine invertebrates (1 hour if taken with 1, or 2 hours). Laboratory on typical local forms. Mornings 9 to 12, except Saturday. Prof. W. A. Hilton and : 2. S. B. 18. General Entomology (2 to 3 hours). Class labora- tory and field work in the general study of local insects. Prerequisite Biology Al, or Zoology B11, or may be accom- panied by one of these. Class period M. to F. at 11. Lab. and field work at hours to be arranged. Prof. W. A. Hilton and : 3. S. Al. General Biology (3 hours). A beginning course deal- ing with general principles. Open to those who have had no biological work and who have either entered college or are about to enter. Class periods M. to F. at 1. Lab. and field work afternoons. Prof. W. A. Hilton and 4. S.C. 4. Ecology (2 or 3 hours). Class field and laboratory work at hours to be arranged. DIES AES) ets Gos) 1915 Pomona Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. VII, No. 3, Sept. Additional List of Annelids From Laguna Beach W. F. HAMILTON The following is a list of annelid worms determined from the collections of the summer of 1915. A number of others as yet undetermined may be added later. Eurythe californica Johnson Found crawling along the under sides of stones at low tide. Halosydna pulchra Johnson Commensal on the holothurian Stichopus californicus (Stimp- son). Phyllodoce medipapillata Moore Common in kelp holdfast from deep water. Nereis vexillosa Grube Found partly digested in the stomach of a baracuda, also on a holdfast. Lumbrinereis erecta Moore Abundant in the roots of Phyllospadix. Aracoda semimaculata Moore Very common under mussels on a flat near the laboratory, Nainereis longa Moore Common in Phyllospadix. Nainereis robusta Found in Phyllospadix roots, but not so commonly as the last species. Sabellaria cementarium Moore A single specimen was found in a holdfast. (Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College) 1915 Pomona Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. VII, No. 4, Dec. On Two New Polynoids From Laguna W. F. HAMILTON Halosydna succiniseta, 0. sp. Form attentuated posteriorly, like H. Jordi, which form this closely resembles. Greatest width about somite 12, whence it tapers gradually to the slender hind end. Proboscis (Fig. 3) large and strong. It is 4 mm. long and 2.7 mm. wide, cylindroid and slightly flattened distally. Papilla, 9/9, irregularly conical. Jaws of clear yellowish chitin with large, sharp fangs of dark brown chitin, the lower biting to the right. There is a prominent tubercle, .5 mm., from the ends of each series of papille, and an irregular fold of cuticle surrounding the probos- cis near the middle. The prostomium (Fig. 3), decidedly wider than long, 1s full and rounded, either cheek being almost spherical. Eyes four, the anterior pair are a little larger than, and twice as far apart as the posterior. The tentacle, inserted about one-third the length of the basal segment into the front edge of the prostomium, 1s slightly longer than the prostomium is wide. Basal segments of the an- tenne are produced from the lateral lobes of the prostomium, but cut off from them by a well marked suture. They are nearly as long as the tentacle and all three are produced into long filamentous tips. Palpi, thick, fleshy, tapered, finely papillose and ringed near the tip with dark brown. ‘Tips produced to a hair-like point. First parapodium achaetous and directed forward at the side of the prostomium. Ventral cirrus conforming to the dorsal type. Second parapodium with both dorsal and ventral sete. Noto- podium slender, with-few dorsal sete growing out half way be- tween the base and the tip. Neuropodium fleshy, bilobed and long. Ventral cirrus like that on the first foot. Third parapodium nearly typical. Notopodium half as long as neuropodium, three dorsal seta, neuropodium thicker and longer, ventral cirrus smaller than on second foot. Typical parapodium (Fig. 2). Notopodium, achaetous, slen- der, rounded at tip and about half as long as neuropodium. Acic- JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY Zoo ula, light brown and slightly curved backwards at tip. Notopo- dium thick, truncate, bi-lobed, five sete on nearly every foot, arranged directly underneath one another. Neurocirrus short, globose, produced to a fine filamentous tip. Dorsal sete (Fig. 1) with notch at tip, serrated on the convex side for a distance equal to twice the width of the spine. As much farther down the concave side is a collar partly surrounding the seta, which then tapers slightly along the shank to the base. “These sete are embedded all but their tips in the flesh of the foot. Ventral sete (Fig. 4) are very large, strong and sharp, with a few very minute serrations directly under the hook. The chitin is very light in color and almost perfectly transparent. There is almost no fibrous structure in the core of the spine, and this does not extend to the tip. Dorsum entirely covered with elytra of a dead gray color, which have a single brown spot just above the elytrophore. The surface is otherwise immaculate. They are non-ciliate, reniform, and born on somites 2, 4, 5, 7, —. The species is described from an example taken July 9, 1915. The figures were made from an example taken the year before which differs from the typical in having the left eyes fused into one. This anomaly is the first one of its kind I have seen. ‘The pigmentation is scattered in small granules over an area correspond- ing to that occupied by the eyes on the opposite side. FH. succiniseta belongs to the type of commensal polynoids, but has itself never been found living with another animal. The chief reason for calling this a new species is the collar on the dorsal seta. Halosydna lagune n. sp. General aspect like H. insignis. Form, oblong-linear, tapering gradually and about equally at both ends. Somites, 26; elytra, 12 pairs on somites 2, 4, 5, 7, —21, 25. Proboscis (fig. 8), constricted in the middle, bulging at base, and flaring at the end, 5 mm. long and 2.7 mm. wide. Papille, blunt, conical, arranged 9/9. Jaws of dark brown chitin, produced into a sharp knife edge. Fangs blunt with three prominent ridges on outside face, lower pair biting to the right. 236 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY Prostomium, about as wide as long, slightly constricted at base, widest slightly behind anterior pair of eyes. No fissure behind the insertion of median tentacle. Eyes, four; anterior pair well for- ward, further apart, and much larger than posterior pair, which are almost under the lip of the peristomium. Antenne, dorsal, and peristomal cirri smooth, cylindrical, of moderate length and quite bulbous at tip. Tentacle twice as long as antenna, and of a similar shape. All tentacles and cirri have dark band just below bulb and another near the middle. Peristomial parapodia small, achetous, composed principally of the ceratophores. Ventral cirrus conforming to the dorsal type. Second parapodium with two fascicles of ventral secte, differing from the typical in having a longer spinous section. Dorsal ramus very small, equipped with a half dozen minute slender sete, smooth sharp and straight. Typical parapodia (fig. 5), distinctly bi-ramous. Neuropodium thickly conical, truncate, fleshy, powerful, wrinkled, carrying two fascicles of ventral sete. Notopodium thick, short, somewhat rounded at the end, and carrying a flaring bundle of dorsal sete. Ventral cirrus short, pointed, and subulate. Sete of four kinds, short dorsal sete, slender, straight and serrate (Fig. 10) ; long dorsal setae, strong, straight, sharp, some- what hastate, but without the least sign of serrations (Fig. 9) ; superacicular ventral sete with about ten spinous serrations, most prominent distally, long hooked point and strong shaft (Fig. 6) ; sub-acicular ventral sete, of the same type, but serrations dis- tinctly less prominent (Fig. 7). Segmental eminences prominent thruout. Nephridial papille, cylindrical and fluted, begin on the eighth segment and continue to the twenty-fifth. Elytra, large, varied in shape from reniform to ovoid. Heavily pigmented with black and brown and have prominent white conical tubercles distributed irregularly over the surface, the larger ones tending to be in the center. Elytra non-ciliate. Coloration white with brown and black pigmentation on the elytra. Some specimens show a distinct reddish tinge. Dorsally there is a prominent intersegmental black spot. Prostomial and JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY Dot anal region prevailingly brown, but with some black pigment to bexseen: The specimen is very common under mussels and in sea-weed between tide-marks at Laguna. The type was taken under kelp roots, June 28, 1911, by Prof. C. F. Baker. I have many others in the Laguna collection, among which is a tokous female taken June 27, 1914. (Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College.) 238 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY EXPLANATION OF FIGURES. PLATE I—Halosydna succiniseta n. sp. Figure 1. Dorsal seta. Figure 2. Typical parapodium. Figure 3. Anterior end. Figure 4. Ventral seta. PLaTe Il1—Halosydna lagunae n sp. Figure 5. Typical parapodium. Figure 6. Superacicular ventral seta. Figure 7. Subacicular ventral seta. Figure 8. Anterior end. Figure 9. Long dorsal seta. Figure 10. Short dorsal seta. JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND. ZOOLOGY 240 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 1914 Pomona College Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. VI, No.4, Dec. A Nebalia from Laguna Beach Re CAH OLER DALE Among the many marine forms collected and studied at Laguna Beach this summer were several Nebalia, which were taken by Mr. Lichti from a hold fast cast up on the beach. A specimen was sent to the National Museum at Washington, where it was classified as Nebalia bipes O. Fab. ~ \ : 7 = : e - * 7 ‘ x ; : “! 7 z = — . 7 = 2 : x, + 7 fe - 6 aa — = a q fet - « , > - = 7 ~ 6 = - 7 - a 7 | ; : * a z « : — ‘a y 7 ® ; : ; . « - i ty - * sy os —s a : 7 - - 7 ba : ' 7 . 9 ¥ ’ i] = = 7 may a pa = a ss ~~ 7 » = 1916 PoMoNA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND Zoo.ocy, Vou. VIII, No. 2, JUNE Crustacea From Laguna Beach The following notes are on Crustacea collected by general and special students during the past several years. In cases where the forms were especially valuable or rare the name of the collector 1s indicated. Most of the specimens here recorded were collected during the past two years, a few earlier ones are also included in this report. Those marked U.S.M. were determined for us by the United States National Museum at Washington. The photographs are by Robbins, drawings by Baillard and Macdonald. Callianassa longimana Stimp. These “ghost shrimps” are fairly common under stones in tide pools. The median prominence of the front subacute, cornea behind middle of eye stalk. Cheliped of male elongate. Carpus nearly twice as long as broad (Fig. 14). C’. californiensis Dana, U.S.M. Similar to the other species in general, but the exact distribution of each not yet determined. Specimens of this species were taken at Balboa bay by Mr. Daniels. These showed red in the center of the body and yellow at the sides due to the internal organs showing through. According to Rathbun there are the following differences from the other species: ‘Median prominence of front rounded; cornea in middle of eye-stalk; large cheliped of male very broad, the carpus very little longer than broad, but longer than palm.” Those we have found are smaller than the large of the other species. Pagurus hirsutiusculus Dana, U.S.M. This smal] hermit crab was found in the tide pools. It was col- lected by La Follette, Macdonald, Hilton and others. Speckled and banded legs. P. samuelis Stimp., U.S.M. This small hermit crab was found abundantly in the tide pools. Specimens were larger than the other species as a rule. Blue legs. Paguristes bakeri Holmes, U.S.M. This large hermit crab was dredged off the coast of Laguna Beach by Prof. A. M. Bean and W. F. Hamilton. It was found Pomona College, Claremont, California 67 living in several of the larger shells such as those of Trophon trian- gulatus Cpr and T. belcheri ds. (Figs. 11 and 12). Lepidopa myops Stimp. We have but one specimen of this sand crab collected by L. Gard- ner several years ago. Blepharipoda occidentalis Randall Numbers of these large sand crabs much like the last in general appearance were taken at al] times on sandy shores. Emerita analoga Stimp. This is the smaller very common sand crab. Panulirus interruptus Randal) Young of the “lobster” were often found in tide pools. Alpheus (Cragon) dentipes Guerin These have been taken in sponge masses and in holdfasts. These interesting little snapping shrimps were collected a number of times especially during the last summer. When placed in aquarium jars they snapped the claws in such a manner as to make one believe the jars were cracking. The left claw open and closed is shown in Fig. 19 from Miss Macdonald’s drawing. Cragon nigromaculatus Sm Translucent white, with small black dots, a larger dark spot on either side near the caudal end of the body. Found commonly in sandy tide pools. Betaus longidactylus Lock., U.S.M. This is the most common lobster-like species found in the tide pools. It is of a uniform dark red brown. B. harfordi Kingsley, U.S.M. Found in kelp holdfasts. Pale olive green, eggs translucent green. Stout, Stafford, La Follette and others. Spirontocaris palpator Osen Antennal scale longer than the telson, maxilliped without exopod. Rostrum with superior margin not strongly convex, but nearly Pomona College, Claremont, California 69 straight over the eyes. Rostrum not reaching the second segment of the antennular peduncle. Rostrum reaching as far as or beyond the cornea. Upper and lower limbs of rostrum not both convex. Al- most transparent, red on the thorax. Kelp holdfasts from deep water. S. picta Stimp., U.S.M. Antennal peduncle reaching the end of the antennular peduncle. Upper margin of the rostrum straight, reaching beyond the middle of the antennal scale. Greenish with oblique reddish marks. S. taylori Stimp. Rostrum not reaching as far as the cornea. Collected several years ago Baker and Metz. Hippolysmata californica Stimp. Irregular nearly longitudinal red stripes. These are found quite abundantly in the tide pools. Palemonetes hiltoni Schmitt (MSS) U.S.M. These probably occur off Laguna beach although the specimens described by Schmitt were collected Stout and Stafford at San Pedro: BRACHYURA Randallia ornata Randall These beautiful crabs usually came to us from deeper water, but one was obtained from Balboa bay (Fig. 8). Epiaitus productus Randall, U.S.M. The common kelp crab was found at all times (Fig. 16). E. nuttallii Randall, U.S.M. This was the largest kelp crab which we obtained. Fig. 9 is from a smaller specimen than that sent to Washington. E. bituberculatus Milne Edw. forma minima Lockington, U.S.M. Only one specimen collected at low tide by Flulton: bie; 17, re- drawn from Miss Ballard’s color drawing, shows the position of the lighter spots on the dorsal surface. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Bh edie ON BES a, 70 Pomona College, Claremont, California 7A Loxorhynchus grandis Stimp. A number of these large deep water forms come in every year. Fig. 18 is from Miss Ballard’s drawing of a fairly perfect specimen. L. crispatus Stimp. One specimen of this moss crab was dredged just off shore by Prof. A. M. Bean and W. F. Hamilton (Fig. 3). Cycloxanthops novemdentatus Lock, U.S.M. Fig. 2 of a small one. Fig. | larger. These rather large crabs with the dark tipped claws were sometimes taken inshore at low tide. Cancer antennarius Stimp. Fig 4. U.S.M. Found under the same conditions as the one just mentioned. Pilumnus spinohirsutus Lock. One poorly preserved specimen we took to be this species (Bigs St Heterocrypta occidentalis Dana Our specimen is from Hermosa Beach. Others have been re- ported from San Diego. We may yet find it at Laguna (Fig. 7). Pachygrapsus crassipes Randall The shore crab is found in great abundance on any rocky shore or in the nearer tide pools (Fig. 10). Lophopanopeus heathii Rath., U.S.M. The young of these were often found in masses of Polyzea under rock ledges. A young male was marked as follows: white claws with dark tips, last legs white, other legs and body dark red. A young female had red claws, hind legs white, body darker. Another young male was white. L. leucomanus Lock. Adults of these found under stones measured 14 mm. across. Young were found under rock ledges among alge and polyzoans. Young were found with red claws and a red mouth region. Dasygyius tuberculatus Lock., U.S.M. The hydroids on the Balboa piles were swarming with these pe- culiar spider-like crabs (Fig. 13). 72 Journal of Entomology and Zoology Pachycheles rudis Stimp., U.S.M. This little crab is found most abundantly in the cavities of the large white sponge. Petrolisthes eriomerus Stimp., U.S.M. This is a little flat crab. P. cinctipes Randall This has been reported from Laguna by Baker. P. rathbune Schmitt (MSS), U.S.M. This is the largest flat crab that we have found. One specimen. Hilton, 1913 (Fig. 6 somewhat reduced). Xanthias taylori Stimp., U.S.M. | This is one of the most common of the crabs found among red sea weeds which it resembles in color and in the little knobs on the anterior parts of the appendages and body. Herbistia parvifrons Randall, U.S.M. Moderate sized, narrow headed flat forms. Lateral margin of rostrum not involuted. Second joint of antenna slender subcylindri- cal. Legs of moderate length. Pelia clausa Rath., OSIM Found hiding among sponges, polyzoans hydroids and sea weeds. Fragments cling to the animals. A young specimen had blue claws. Scyra actifrons Dana, U.S.M. Much as above. Pugettia richii Dana, U.S.M. Found much as P. clausa. P. richu Dana, U:S.M. Found much as the others just mentioned. Pelia tumida Lock, U.S.M. This was the largest decorator which we found. During the Summer of 1913 a minute elongate crustacean was found by Hilton in Coward’s cove near shore. Pomona College, Claremont, California 73 The U. S. M. determined this to be an immature specimen of Cyathura, of probably a new species. In November of 1915 a larger elongate specimen was secured not far from Balboa. This was also determined to be an immature specimen of the genus Cyathura. Munidia quadrispina Benedict A specimen of what was taken to be this species was taken from the stomach of a baracuda caught just off the coast of Laguna Beach (Fig. 15). ee : : ILTON. (Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College) ’ Ls , * ' i ! 7 7 7 * ; ; ; i - ' Ae r - » 1 i 7 a | - v_s em t — 7 . oe eS - e _ 2) _ = e ~~ ’ ® 1 B= : a 7 : . = = e, Al - ~ @ _ .- 1916 PomMoNa JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY, Vor VLE Nor 2s UNE Caprellidaee From Laguna Beach M. SHAW Caprella tuberculata n. sp. The perwon is covered with blunt tubercles, placed in the fol- lowing positions: Two on the second body segment, one near the center, the other in line with it and posterior. Five on the third segment, one small pair anteriorly situated, another larger pair near the center, one single large one posteriorly situated. Four on the fourth segment: a small pair anteriorly situated, a single large one in center, and a single large one posteriorly situated. Six on the fifth segment: one small pair anteriorly situated, three forming a triangle near the center, and one large one posteriorly situated. Two fairly large ones on the sixth segment. Also the same on the seventh segment. The peraon has small spines on each side. There are seven tubercles on the ventral side: two on fifth segment, two on the fourth and three on the third. There are two sharp spines on the first segment: one posteriorly situated, the other on the left, a third of the way down the segment. The first segment is triangular in shape, shorter than the second. The second and third the same length, the second being broader than the third. The fourth slightly longer than the second and third. The fifth, sixth and seventh each growing smaller, respec- tively, and truncate at the tip. The branchia ovate in shape. An- tenne stout, superior pair 3 mm. in length. First joint stout and Pomona College, Claremont, California 87 thick, not as long as second. Third shorter than the first. Flagel- lum nearly as long as peduncle, having from 10 to 12 joints. In- ferior pair of antenne extending a little past middle of the flagellum of superior. The first gnathopod attached far forward and small, finger slender, three-fourths as long as hand. One spine near the base of hand, the finger is finely toothed along the inner margin. The second gnathopod is attached to the middle of the body segment. ‘The basal joint is short and thick. The finger is three- fourths the length of palm and has fine teeth along inner margin. The palm is slightly concave, having one large, sharp tooth at the base, also a small tooth at distal extremity. Third, fourth, and fifth pereopods similar in structure, armed with stout hairs; palm slightly concave. Length of specimen, 10-12 mm. Color, translucent. Specimens taken at Laguna Beach by Dr. W. A. Hilton, August, 1915, from polyzoa at Abalone Point. Type in Pomona College collection. Dr. Hilton found another lot of specimens of this genus living among the hydroids at Balboa Bay. It may be a new species, as it differs from any descriptions we have found, but it may simply be a variety of Caprella geometrica Say, at least we will not describe it further at this time. (Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College) 1915 Pomona Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. VII, No. 3, Sept. Pyenogonids Collected During the Summer of 1915, at Laguna Beach WILLIAM A. HILTON While collecting embryological material from the littoral regions of Laguna Beach, some additional points in connection with the life history, habits and distribution of pycnogonids were brought to light. In all over seven hundred specimens of various species were found, but a much larger number might have been obtained in cer- tain cases because the localities where they live were so clearly determined. Certain species were obtained with greater difficulty during the past summer, and some species seemed more abundant. All species found last summer, with the exception of Phoxichilidium femoratum Cole and Nymphon sp., were found again this year, while three or more species found this summer were not found last. In most cases the pycnogonids were found not far from hydroids, sea anemones or a certain coarse kind of polyzoan. The place which furnished the animals most abundantly was at Balboa Bay among the tubularian hydroids which occur in great masses. In this locality, first brought to my attention by Mr. F. W. Daniels, a hundred pycnogonids were found in one little clump of hydroids, while here and there in other masses they were nearly as abundant. ‘The species found was one not seen last year. It was Anoplodactylus erectus Cole. Another species not clearly recognized last year was among Phy/- lospadix in certain localities. Two species found very often in this eel grass were Ammothella spinosissima Hall and Anoplodactylus californicus Hall. Now and then other forms were collected from these localities, but these two species were found over and over again in certain masses of this plant, especially if hydroids and Polyzoa were near at hand. Under a stone in one situation a large 202 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY number of hydroids were found and among and near them quite a number of 4. californicus were obtained. Three localities were mentioned last year in the littoral regions: (1) under stones, (2) among coarse polyzoan colonies and (3) out on mussel points among red sea weeds of various sorts. Three other general regions may now be added: (4) among hydroids especially large kinds, (5) among the stems and roots of Phyl- lospadix, (6) at the bases of sea anemones or near them. In every case except the last, hydroids or polyzoans may be near and aid in determining the occurrence, but in some few cases as under certain large stones, among seaweed and at times in Phyllospadix roots, the polyzoans or hydroids are not evident. The food and shelter of pcynogonids seem in large degree to depend upon these two groups of animals, but pycnogonids probably feed on any soft animal that comes near. Hall mentions one feeding on a nudibranch and I saw a Palene devouring a soft annelid worm, its claws and proboscis were stained with its dark juices. In no case were pycnogonids found in unsheltered situations, they were not found among corallines, nor among certain other sea- weeds where the water was swift. Some forms were well inshore, among these was Ammothella bi-unguiculata var. californica Hall, which was found one day especially abundant under stones well inshore. d. spinosissima was always found well inshore, a few under stones but chiefly among Phyllospadix roots. dnoplodactylus californicus was found well inshore. Pycnogonum stearnsi Ives was also found well inshore. The occurrence of the other species was for the most part farther out than these last mentioned forms. A few points in connection with the reactions and general habits of these animals might be recorded. I have seen the swimming movements mentioned by Cole especially in Palene, T. intermedium to a less degree, as also in H1. viridintestinalis. ‘The other forms are too heavy to swim or tread water. All the species with long legs move much the same way in walking, alternate legs are moved at the same time as a rule, although now and then adjoining legs may be moved. In those with longer legs, these long appendages JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 203 are used as feelers, and one or several of them may be extended or elevated. Ina dish of water the animals cannot walk very well, but partly walk and partly swim in some cases. The head end is not always the part which begins or determines the direction of the slow phalangid-like movements. When several specimens are left in a dish it is not long before all are in a ball, holding to each other by means of their sharp claws. If two specimens are near they are soon drawn together. This clinging instinct is a very important one for the animals and is well developed. ‘Those with long legs if kept separated fold at the third joint so that they look like little stools; they may fold either with the legs on the dorsal or ventral side. Some individuals seem to prefer one side, others fold the legs on either side equally readily. In some, especially those with eggs, the legs are folded in this way over the eggs. In some the legs may be folded closer to the body and the whole animal is like a little ball. In such a form the legs may be made to extend themselves if the animal is lifted and dropped a little distance. This will work every time with some but with a few, such as 4. spinosissima, the legs become more tightly drawn to the body and the animal may even remain as though dead during several changes of its position. Many, if not most of the Pycnogonids can right themselves if turned over, but most of them rest as well on the back as on the ventral side. Righting movements are either by action of all legs at once from a stool position, or movements of only a few legs. P. stearnsi is somewhat an exception to many of the activities of the others mentioned. Its legs do not fold up much, they walk very little, do not swim and are in every way less active than the other species. They do cling to each other and if there are a number in a dish together they soon form a single ball. They cling to each other or to other objects, but from the shape of their legs and bodies they cannot hold very fast to anything. The following is a list of the specimens obtained during the sum- mer of 1915. At another time some further observations relating to the life history of at least one species may be given. 204. JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY Palene californiensis Hall Found almost entirely among the zooids of a certain coarse polyzoan. Seventeen specimens collected. Lecythorhynchus marginatus Cole No new information was obtained about this species. Found as last year among mussels, now and then in red seaweeds. They can walk quite rapidly through seaweeds. One hundred specimens were collected. Ammothella bi-unguiculata var. californica Hall Found among mussels to a limited degree, chiefly under stones at low tide. Fifteen specimens were collected. Ammothella spinosissima Hall Last year this species was found under stones only, but this sum- mer most of them were found in the roots of Phyllospadix. This species is an inshore form. It is rather slow in its movements and depends upon its form and color to escape observation. ‘The masses of sand caught in the long spines and hairs often help to conceal it. When much disturbed it may fold up and appear to be dead. Seven specimens were found. Ammothella spinifera Cole No specimens of this species were found last year. Two were found this summer among mussels out on the points. Ammothella tuberculata Cole Found as last year, among mussels and coarse polyzoans. Twenty-seven specimens. Tanystylum intermedium Cole A large number of these, one hundred and thirty-one in all, were found chiefly among polyzoan colonies; also under stones and among mussels to a limited degree. Tanystylum orbiculare Wilson Many of these, eighty-one in all, were found among mussels and older polyzoan stems. JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 205 Clotenia occidentalis Cole Only one specimen found among mussels. Halosoma viridintestinalis Cole A number of these, ten in all, were found as last year among polyzoan masses. Anoplodactylus californicus Hall More of these were found than last year, chiefly among the roots of Phyleospadix. Those that were found abundantly under stones were near large hydroids. Thirteen specimens in all were collected. Anoplodactylus erectus Cole None of these were found last year, while between two and three hundred were found this season. All but one were taken from tubularian hydroids at Balboa. The one specimen from nearer Laguna was from an uncertain location and was a young specimen. The first lot obtained from Mr. Daniels contained a hundred specimens—immature and young adults, but no specimens with eggs. At a later time large numbers with eggs were obtained chiefly from the older stems of the hydroid masses. On the polyps and in them various stages of development were found. At a later time the life history of this species will be considered more in detail. Pycnogonum stearnsi Ives Last year only two specimens of this species were obtained. This year twenty-four were collected and many more might have been taken. No males with eggs were found, but in September a num- ber of very young were obtained. Most of the specimens were found at the bases of medium-sized sea anemones; a few were found well inshore in seaweeds near sea anemones. They seem to be fairly abundant in some places. Often one large one was seen first and then under it one or two smaller specimens were found. When a number were placed in a dish they formed them- selves into a compact ball. They are slow in their movements, and as they are inshore species it may be that they live better in the 206 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY laboratory than other species. The legs are capable of very little movement and they rest for long periods in a stationary position. In addition to the above there were numerous embryonic and larval stages of various species and a number of immature and un- determined forms. Among the undetermined forms was a most interesting and peculiar adult specimen which may prove to be a new species, or at least quite a different type of pycnogonid. It will be described at a later time. (Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College) ry “ 1916 Pomona Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. Vit, Now, Mar. ~The Life History of Anoplodactylus Erectus Cole WILLIAM A. HILTON As an introduction to the statement of the life history of this species it may be worth while to briefly review something of the literature on the subject and follow this with all that is known of our Californian or Laguna Beach forms. The fact that the males carry the eggs after laying was first determined by Cavanna in 1877. The eggs are large or smaller according to the yolk present. In Phoxichilidium and Tanystylum studied by Morgan, the eggs are .05 mm., in Palene, 25 mma n certain species of Nymphon they have been described as large as § to .7 mm. in diamater, Dohrn, ’81. The egg masses are one or more for each leg. In Palene there are only two eggs in each group, but according to Dohrn there may be a hundred or more in each bunch. In some cases both legs hold a single mass. Segmentation is complete and equal in the smaller eggs, unequal in the larger. The best account of the later development is given by Meisenheimer for Ammothead in 1902. A typical gastrula is formed by an in- erowth of cells from the uniform almost solid previous stage. This gastrula however has no cavity, but later it forms into midgut and dorsal and lateral parts, the sources of the heart, muscles and con- nective tissues. Later there is a longitudinal germ band about the yolk and in this, paired thickenings appear which represent the cerebral and subesophageal ganglia, lateral thickenings mark the point of origin of the appendages. The chelifori are the first to appear. In Palene (Morgan) the fourth leg is next, then the fifth and sixth. The third and seventh come just before hatching. Palene and some other forms such as some species of Nymphon have in the larva all of the appendages of the adult, but most free larve are provided with three pairs of appendages. Such are called protonymphon stages. In various species these appendages differ somewhat, but in practically all, the body is similar at first: he body during early larval stages is roughly circular in outline, the 26 Journal of Entomology and Zoology first appendages are short, strong and chelate, the other two ap- pendages are more slender and may be moderate in length or very long. All appendages or only one or two may be provided with long spines near the base. Two types of protonymphon stages may be recognized, the most common such as found in species of the genera, Nymphon, Admmothea, Tanystylum, Zetes (Eurycyde), by Dohrn, Hoek, Morgan, Meisenheimer, Meinert and others. The genus Pycnogonum is in a way an intermediate type for the first appendage bears a long hair-like process, as shown by Hoek, °81, and Meinert, ’98. The genera Phovichilidium and Anoplodactylus have long ten- dril-like extensions from the two body appendages. ‘These larve were first noticed by Gegenbauer in 1854, among hydroids, later by Allman ’°59, in a similar situation. Both of these investigators supposed that the eggs of Phoxichilidium were laid in the hydroids. Hodge in 1862 showed that it was the larva which made its way into the cavity of the hydroid polyp. Semper 1874, gives a very good outline of the life history of P. mutilatum. Adlerz in 1888 gives more detail in the larval stages of P. femoratum. A large number of others have described parasitic habits of pycnogonids besides those already mentioned. MHallez in 1905 speaks of the mutual modifications of larve and hydroid, various degrees of para- sitism were found in different species. In one case the larve were from .1 mm. to .8 mm. in length in different stages, the last stage being somewhat elongate in form. Mertens in ’06 found a larva in Tethys which he described as a new species of Nymphon. Loman 08 was one of the latest to consider this kind of parasitism among pycnogonids. Some earlier writers who also considered this sub- ject were Kroyer ’42, Lendenfeld ’83, and Strethill °63. Among the Laguna Beach pycnogonids the eggs were held by the males in from two to sixteen bunches. Palene has about two eggs in two clusters. Halosoma had from six to eight small bunches. T’. intermedium had usually about four. T. orbiculare from two to four clusters. LL. marginatus, usually four. 4. spinosissima about 11 bunches. 4. californicus sixteen small bunches of many eggs. A. erectus sixteen. The eggs differ greatly in size in the different species. ‘The eggs of Halosoma are the smallest yet recorded, Pomona College, Claremont, California 21 02mm. JZ. erectus are .03 mm. in diameter, 4. californicus O35: A. spinosissima .0425, A. bi-unguiculata var. calif. 0575.) ainier medium .06, A. tuberculata .0675, L. marginatus .065, Palene californiensis .175. All measurements were from preserved eggs. Palene was found to have immature stages much as has been given by Morgan for this genus and Meinert for Pseudopalene. ‘The larve of Ammothella, Tanystylum, Clotenia, Lecythorhynchus so far as determined were not provided with the long hair-like append- ages. The other genera not mentioned at this time were not ob- tained in sufficient numbers to draw any conclusions. dAnoplodac- tylus of the two species found were provided with the long append- ages in early stages. On the piles at Balboa bay, great masses of hydroids of several species may be found, the species which is most abundant seems to be Tubularia crocea Ag. Living among these hydroids are spider crabs, amphipods and other crustaceans, molluscs, and other hy- droids. Among a mass of old tangled stems in a single location a large number of adult males of 4. erectus was found bearing egg masses in all stages from the egg up to the first larval stage. Figs. 1 and 2 are drawings from such stages. “This was in the first week of September, 1915. Earlier in the same year Mr. F. W. Daniels brought me some hydroids that were literally swarming with pycno- gonids. These were from the same locality. In these hydroids were found the stages shown in Figs. 3 and 4. These larve were very abundant in the digestive cavities of nearly every polyp. In some cases three or four might be found in one place. Swarming over the surface of the hydroids were the more mature stages, some small, others larger but at this particular place none of them mature. Many were such as shown in Fig. 5 with the fourth pair of legs represented by lobes at the caudal end of the body. Judging from the observations made, eggs are produced in summer and early fall; the long-armed first stage larve come from the males at various times and as they reach the hydroids the long appendages are lost, probably by a moult and then by two distinct stages such as shown in Figs. 3 and 4, they grow in size, three pairs of legs grow out and they leave the interior of the polyps and live for a time in the immature state clinging to the gonosome or tentacles of the hy- 28 Journal of Entomology and Zoology droids. In the last of November of the same year not a single larva, immature form or adult, was found although a very thor- ough search was made of the surface and interior of the polyps and dead stems. Figs. 1, 2 and 3 are drawn to the same scale, X350. In Fig. 6, a number of stages from the egg to the latest larval stage is shown, all drawn at the same scale. Stage b probably moults upon entering the polyp; as judged from the cast skins, there is probably a moult between c and a, and d and e. As shown in Fig. 3, there are little knobs left just ahead of the limb buds. These knobs are the vestiges of the whip-like appendages of the earlier stage. According to Semper these two appendages degenerate com- pletely, Adlerz believes that some vestiges of these remain and in their place the second and third limbs of the adult are formed. Meinert believes that the second and third appendages of the larva entirely disappear and the palps and ovigers are new structures. I am sure from the examination of many embryos of 4. erectus that the larval second and third appendages disappear beyond recogni- tion and that the ovigers develop after the animal is almost an adult, but I am not sure that the little knob which may be seen in parasitic and later stages does not represent the ovigers. If this last be true, it would be very difficult to prove that it was an entirely new structure, because it grows out from the place where the third larval organ disappears. The chelifori of the larval stages are continued directly to the adult condition. Very little of the internal structure is shown from the surface of the earliest stages. The nervous system is not shown as a distinct area in earliest larval stages although it is well shown and well developed in the similar stages of other larve. It may be that the probable lack of activity may not necessitate the sharp demarkation of the brain and ganglia. Later parasitic larval stages show well-marked ganglia for the larger appendages and smaller ones for the caudal and cephalic ends. At the caudal end there seems to be a gradual development of the ganglia with the development of the caudal end of the animal and in some free living forms there seem to be at least two pairs of ganglia beyond the thoracic or leg ganglia. At the cephalic end it is more difficult to make accurate observations. In parasitic Pomona College, Claremont, California 29 stages there seem to be from one to two distinct ganglia which may be those of the ovigers and palps. In addition to these there were found from one to two isolated pairs of what were taken to be ganglia in the proboscis. BIBLIOGRAPHY Adlerz, G. 1888 Bidrag till pantopodernas Morf. Bihang till k. Sv. Veten. Akad. Hand. Bd. xiii Afd. iv., No. 11. Allman 1859 Symnoblastic Hydroids. Rep. Brit. Ass. Cavanna, G. 1877 Studie ricerche sui Picnogonidi. Pub. r. inst. di super. prat. e. di. perfez. in Frienze. Sez. di scienze fis. e. natur. p. 3-18. Dohrn, A. ; 1870 Untersuchungen uber Bau und Entwicklung der Arthropoden. 2. Pycnogoniden. Jen. Zeitsch. f. Nat. Bd. v. Die Pantopoden des Golfes von Neapel. Fauna u Flora Golfes Neapel. Monog. 11. 1881 Gegenbauer, C. 1854 Zur Lehre vom Generationswechsel. Hallez, P. 1905 Observations sur le parasitisme des larves de Phoxichiliditum chez Bouganvilla. Arch. zool. exp. et gen. +me serie t. 111. icek, BP. C: 1881 Nouvelles etudes sur les pycnogonides. Arch. zool. exp. et. gen. (ay 5D. Hodge, G. 1862 Observations on a species of Pycnogon (P. coccineum) with an at- tempt to explain the order of its development. Ann. mag. nat. hist. (3')) vole ix. Kroyer, H. 1842 Notes sur les metamorphoses des pycnogonides. Ann. sc. nat. De ser. t. XVII. Lendenfeld, R. von 1883 Die Larvenentwicklung von Phoxichilidium plumularie. Let. Wiss. Zool. Bd. xxxviil. Go 0 Journal of Entomology and Zoology Loman 1908 Die Pantopoda der Siboga Exp. Meisenheimer, J. 1902 Beitrage zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Pantopoden, I Die Entw. von Ammothea echinata Hodge bis zur Ausbildung der Larvenform. Zeit. f. Wiss. Zool. Ixxii Bd. Mertens, H. 1906 Eine auf Tethys leporina parasitisch lebende Pantopoden larva (Nymphon parasitica n. sp.). Mitt. aus. der Zoo. Stat. Neapel, XVIII. Meinert, Fr. 1898 Pycnogonida. Den Danske Ingolf-Expedition. Morgan, T. H. [Sod A contribution to the embryology and phylogeny of pycnogonids. Stud. biol. lab. Johns Hopkins Univ. Vol. v. Semper, C. 1874 Ueber Pycnogoniden und ihre in Hydroiden schmarotzenden Lar- venformen. Arb. Zool. Inst. Univ. Wurzburg. Bd. i. Strethill, W. 1863 On the development of Pycnogon larve within the polyps of Hy- dractinia achinata. Jour. Mic. sc. vol. tii, p. 51. (Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College) Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure —_ nN Pomona College, Claremont, California 31 EXPLANATION OF FIGURES Embryo of 4. erectus Cole X350. The embryo was taken from the female. Larva of dA. erectus Cole X350. Just hatched larva with appendages straightened. Larva taken from the digestive tube of the hydroid. 350. Much later larva of 4. erectus taken from the digestive tube of a hydroid. This is much less enlarged than the last. X75. Free living immature specimen of 4. erectus, taken from the surface of a mass of hydroids. X35. Outline of stages in the early life history of A. erectus. All figures drawn to the same scale X50. (a) Egg, (b) just hatched larva, (c, d, e and f) parasitic stages all found at the same time in two polyps. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Pomona College, Claremont, California Journal of Entomology and Zoology - 7 . ©. " ‘ ~s Ee j r - ni * - . » ray a =~ i . ‘ ap ’ x @ . ™ @ 7 i ‘a 4 4 7 - =" q + ‘ _ - Pee aa ti . _ ul € = i © 1916 Pomona Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. VIII, No. 1, Mar. A Remarkable Pycnogonid WILLIAM A. HILTON In a collection of a thousand pycnogonids obtained at Laguna Beach and nearby a single specimen of the species here described was found. This was taken near Laguna under a stone at low tide. dhe two-jointed proboscis, the segmented body, the long tapering legs with their peculiar spines and hairs, these and other features were distinctive. After searching through the rather extensive literature of this group it was found that few species resembled this one. Epeci- ally was the proboscis different. The genus Ascorhynchus estab- lished by Sars in 1876 seems very close to it, but there area number of slight differences. No species in this genus is like it. The genus Eurycyde, Schodte, 1857, as described by Sars in his great work of 1891 seems to fit this specimen exactly. The species E. hispada Kroyer, as described and fizured by Sars seems at first to be nearly the same as the specimen at hand, but a careful examina- tion shows numerous specific differences. Sars considers this E. hispada the only species of the genus described at that time, 1891. I have found no species of this genus described since. E. hispada Kr. has been found on the coast of Greenland, Finmark, Nordland, in the Kara sea; at a depth of 50 to 191 fathoms. Eurycyde spinosa n. sp. Type specimen—a female in the collection of Pomona College. Total length 3.085 mm. Extent from side to side 3.6 mm. (ob- tained from a preserved specimen mounted on a slide). Collected at low tide under a rock, Two Rock Bay, Laguna Beach, Califor- nia, September, 1915. Trunk rather broad. Lateral processes long, swollen caudally. Segments of trunk plainly marked from each other. Chitin thick. Caudal segment long slender. It projects upwards at a moderate angele and bears four large hairs or spines near the end, two of these are central, two are more lateral. 20 Journal of Entomology and Zoology The eye tubercle just in front of the ovigers, projects nearly straight up in the unmounted specimen. It bears four eyes and is pointed. One large hair and several smaller ones project from it. The proboscis is two-jointed, the basal joint is narrower and cylindrical. The terminal joint is swollen in the middle and tapers at the tip, and tapers a little less at the base. The proboscis is bent at the base of the terminal joint and the tip points backwards under the animal. In the freshly killed animal the legs and all the leg-like append- ages were easily seen from above, but in the slide the ovigers did not show from above nor do they in the figure. The chelifori are three-jointed, the terminal joint is small, slightly lobed but not chelate. The other segments are of nearly the same length but the basal one is thicker. There are a number of long spine-like hairs on the middle joint and one large one on the basal joint. The palpi are ten-jointed, the two basal joints small, the five terminal joints are also small and bear fine hairs. The ovigers are nine, possibly ten, jointed, rather larger than the first two appendages and quite a little longer than the body. In the fresh specimen this appendage looks much like a leg from above. There are two claws, the terminal larger. The terminal joints bear a number of complicated spines and knobs as shown in the figure. The legs are broad at the body and taper towards the claws. The basal joint is provided with a single large spine. The narrower second joint bears two spines. The third joint is smaller and bears no spines. The fourth joint is usually about twice the length of the last and bears five spines at the end. The fifth joint bears several spines on the shaft as shown in the figure. The sixth joint is about as long as the fifth and bears spines on the shaft as shown in the figure of the four legs. The last two joints bear only a few smaller hairs. There is one slightly hooked claw on each leg. The wide lateral processes of the body, the first angular joint of the legs, the complicated spines of the oviger and the different ar- rangement of spines on appendages and body clearly separate this species from the other members of the genus. Pomona College, Claremont, California Zi WORKS CHIEFLY CONSULTED Carpenter, G. H. 1905 The marine fauna of the coast of Ireland. Pycnogonida. Fish- eries, Ireland, Sci. inves. IV. 1893 On some Pycnogonida from the Irish coasts. Sci. proc. R. Dublin soc. vol. viii. Cole. 1914 Pycnogonida from the west coast of North America. Harriman Alaska Expid. iGek Pb. C: eZ Ueber Pycnogoniden. Niederl. Arch. f. zool. Bd. 3 Taf. XV- XVI. 1881 Report on the Pycnogonida. Zool. of the Challenger. pt. x. 1881 Nouvelles etudes sur les pycnogonides. Arc. d. zool. exper. et gen. vol. ix. Meinert, Fr. 1898 Pycnogonida. Den Danske ingolf-expedition. Sars, Ga O: 1891 Pycnogonida. Den Norske Nordhavs exped. 1876-78. Wilson, E. 1878 The Pycnogonida of New England and adjacent waters. Rep. U. S. com. fish and fisheries, pt. v1. (Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College) Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure N SN ES oS Journal of Entomology and Zoology Eurycyde spinosa n. sp. from above. Drawn by means of projectoscope from mounted specimen. X25. Eurycyde spinosa n. sp. from the side, legs not shown. Less magnification than fig. 1. Right chelifor, not all of basal joint shown. X75. Right palpus. X75. Oviger from the right side. X75. Tip of first leg, from the right side. X75. Journal of Entomology and Zoology t* ; =? 7 ss) 7 ~ ad7e eA > Ul ~ a pepe ' _ a » is a > ee) ae . \ _ om api Pet “© iS ff ~) e ihe - ta ” — _ = i oy. Lae 7 ; te 4 ia “ ‘ j ld : - - : i 7 ry ® , < ’ ‘ Pee i ri), oe { : i] fi - i ‘ =F i ; west 4 9% 4 = P B ss i &. i \ ie te - t ' a ‘ 7 : ay _ - - \ ¥, f ‘ - ; . i e ; © : : o we ' 5, i i { o 4 ’ ~ Pe + = i : 7 7 - 7 : f a = D i i ic 4 3 aah i 7 . > io ‘ = , oF : i ~ ip. a 1 j “ i : P : ; ( J ’ 1 ) : 1 ; : q i F mi y eh : ; ; % ; ry © A: P g 8 oa i i i 7 i - } i i wy 7 rs i 1 : * te . i \ ; 5 ¥ po ’ j 7 ——e j= 1 = Yee i be ' : ; : 7 ue b a i : ¥ 1 f Mi ; f Ge ; : t - mh * mn A ~ : ‘ae _ j x ' 3 “2 =: a a ; t “, Saad a) ; y ’ ry j s . £ - - ’ ul _ ~ > os amy” e 7 A ' 2 ’ { R . " i a 5] 7 fp : : a J 7 ots i Aes! } , i gh ey, ie - ‘va Kk Al : v 4) a. Fe ee nae A we =r a =, a y aa 7 wy ; ry 7 om Py : a a a ae a ae 7] =" ahd Reprinted from THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY, VOL. 26, No. 5 October, 1916 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF PYCNOGONIDS WILLIAM A. HILTON Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College, Claremont, Cal. TWENTY-ONE FIGURES The nervous system of pyenogonids presents many peculiari- ties. It is rather difficult to find the counterpart of this sys- tem in other arthropods. The nervous system of some Crus- tacea suggests it, especially in those forms with an elongated thoracic region and reduced abdomen. ‘The general arrange- ment of the ganglia is totally unlike the central nervous system of arachnids although the general form of the body of ‘sea spiders’ strongly suggests arachnid relationships. The rather small supraesophageal ganglion and the well developed chain of ven- tral ganglia suggest a rather primitive type of nervous system, but the innervation of the pharynx and proboscis presents com- plex and apparently unique conditions. Although there is an extensive literature on the classification, structure and development of pycnogonids, there is little or nothing on the structure of the nervous system. The general form of the ganglia with their chief branches is quite well known, for nearly every paper on the classifica- tion of the group contains a more or less detailed sketch of the animals described with the nervous system shown in place. The supraesophageal ganglion seems to contain but two pairs of ganglia recognized by early authors in other arthropods as the protocerebrum and deutocerebrum, the tritocerebrum found in some arthropods being absent. This is but one of several structures that point to a closer relationship with arachnids than with Crustacea. However, without going into further reasons at this time, I am inclined to side with Dohrn and con- sider Pyenogonida a separate class. 463 THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY, VOL. 26, NO. 5 OCTOBER, 1916 464 WILLIAM A. HILTON As the tendency has been to regard these animals as arachnids, it may be worth while to glance through the neurological litera- ture on this group. Among the earliest work on the nervous system of arachnids was that of Treviranus in 1812. No hint of pyenogonids is given in this paper, nor is there any mention of these animals in the work of B. Haller just a century later. There is no refer- ence to pyenogonids in the extensive work of Saint Remy, ’90. Dahl, in 1913, gives a brief summary of the work of Dohrn in connection with various types of arachnids. If we go through the extensive literature on the pyenogonids as a group we find, it is true, little of the structure of the nervous system, but much about the arrangement of the ganglia composing it. From the works of Hoek, ’78, ’81, Dohrn ’70, ’81, Sars ’91, Meinert ’98, and a number of others, as well as from the study of Pacific coast forms, we learn that the central nervous sys- tem consists of a supraesophageal ganglion and a ventral chain of from four to five chief ganglia. The smaller number of gan- glia we find when the body is less elongate. The supraesopha- geal ganglion has a ventral median nerve to the proboscis, nerves to the eyes and a pair to the chelifori. Each ventral ganglion has at least one main branch. Three branches from the first ventral ganglion are as follows: 1) A small pair or two pairs to the proboscis; 2) a pair to the palps; 3) a pair to the ovigers; 4) if the first ganglion is fused with the second as it is in those with four ganglia, then there is also a pair to the first pair of walking legs. Figures 1 to 7 show different types of nervous systems from Pacific species of pyenogonids. The method by which the nervous system was studied by some observers was simply to determine the position of the ganglia through the transparent body-wall. This was tried with a number of specimens after the animals had been fixed in mercuric fluids. In some cases the whole animal was stained and mounted in such a way as to show the internal ganglia. In some cases the animals to be studied were placed for a short time in caustic or acid and by one or the other of these methods the internal parts were NERVOUS SYST2ZM OF PYCNOGONIDS 465 cleared so that the ganglia might be seen. Serial sections of the whole animals were also made for study, but the chitin often makes perfect series impossible. Hoek and_ possibly i = ae \. : \oR ae > Ze > — 350. Fig. 13 The central nervous system of the first larval stage of Ammothella. x 350. NERVOUS SYSTEM OF PYCNOGONIDS 469 than the others mentioned. The first larval stage soon attaches itself to, and enters hydroids. It has three appendages in the first larval stage, one pair is chelate, the last two have long ten- dril-like extensions. At such a period the nervous system is not easily made out from surface views, but it is much like that of Ammothella. Figure 8 shows three parts, a larger thicker portion which has nerves to the larger first appendages, and on each side back of this a group of cells corresponding to the other appendages. A moult within the hydroid gives rise to a small larval form without the long appendages and it is at im, \ \ 7 i \ ; “ / } . |} ‘ ' i Verae eae a a Ve fees: H rs i ff | ) } ) it ahs \ (Panes eh ae, / f § (rast 1; s i ‘ ; | ‘\ \ H | rR i } i feats “as } : 5 ee era J — % i eis Goce Laie p22 & { fo > <4 Nema ie } a Be } / y J — == } 14 ee, Me j es | / r 15 / : Dal x A y J : f ay oe kes \ fe oe ® \ ' | i ed \ ; je) \ : Fae \ { tage) si a J) \ ; vs \ Z { 1 4 } 7 uf t f } ee Vie 18 \ Ip Nee ee a 16 Fig. 14 Outline of ventral view of larva and ganglia from below A. erectus, third larval stage. 89. Fig. 15 Outline of a ventral view of a later stage larva than figure 14 of A. erectus. 89. Fig. 16 Outline of a dorsal view of a larva of A. erectus about the same stage as figure 14. The brainisshown. X 85. Fig. 17 Fourth stage larva of A. erectus from below. X 35. Fig. 18 Central ganglia of a larva of A. erectus with three pairs of walking legs. The drawing is from below. The upper area without nerves in the figure is the supraesophageal ganglion. 39. 470 WILLIAM A. HILTON such a period that new ganglionic material seems to be developed. Figures 9, 11 and 14 are drawn from such early stages. At a later moult more ganglia are evident, as in figures 10, 15, and 16. The ventral ganglia at first are mere groups of cells, as is shown in the frontal section from which figure 10 was taken. As may be seen from the figures 10 and 15, ganglia are devel- oped in each segment, a pair for each appendage and several for the cephalic region and a common: mass of cells for the ab- Fig. 19 A longitudinal section through the central ganglia of Lecythorhynchus marginatus, Cole. Two small abdominal ganglia show at the end of the last thoracic ganglion. X 35. Fig. 20 A longitudinal section through the supraesophageal ganglion of L. marginatus. The dorsal side is up, the cephalic side to the right. > 210. dominal. In a stage just before this there are two pairs of gangha on the dorsal side of the larva; these are shown in fig- ure 16. They represent the brain. At about the third moult, as shown in figures 12 and 17, the ganglia have developed central fibers, but still show their paired nature. There seems to be some indication of more ganglia than there are appendages, some of the caudal elements may not be evident in later stages, and the first ventral ganglion seems composed of two small pairs of elements. In the proboscis Fig. 21. Drawing of the nerves and ganglia of the proboscis of L. marginatus. Slightly diagrammatic. No structures shown in the proboscis but nerves and ganglia. The drawing was made by Miss M. L. Moles from the first sketch taken from the dissection. Much enlarged. 471 472 WILLIAM A. HILTON of this stage there seem to be two small pairs of ganglia. The dorsal ganglia are not shown in figure 17. When the larvae moult again and leave the cavity of the hydroids they have all but one pair of legs. Figure 18 shows the whole central nervous system from below at such a stage. The brain above the esophagus is at the upper end of the figure, then follow the ventral ganglia, seven paired masses and a small unpaired caudal ganglion. There is a gradual fusion of these ganglia until the adult condition shown in figure 7 is attained. The structure of the adult nervous system of pyenogonids is quite simple. There is the same general arrangement. of cells that we find in other arthropods. The ventral ganglia have few cells on the dorsal side, but many on the lateral and ventral sides. The supraesophageal ganglion is sheathed in cells on the lateral and dorsal sides. Nerve fibers connect the ganglia and certain regions but in no place is there a concen- tration of the fibers. The fibrous mass is not particularly dense at any point. There do not seem to be many long tracts and the supraesophageal ganglion is not more complicated than other parts so far as could be determined. There are no marked decussations of nerve fibers and the nerve cells pre- sent a uniform appearance. Among the nerve cells are many nuclei of neuroglia networks which form the framework of the ganglia especially in the area of the cells. Although there are indications of special groups of cells and fibers, there was no indications of mushroom bodies. The animals do not seem to have a special brain. The su- praesophageal ganglion is not a very special center. The move- ments of the animals agree with this; they move sideways, forwards or backwards when stimulated. No part of the body seems to lead in the locomotion. NERVOUS SYSTEM OF PYCNOGONIDS 473 BIBLIOGRAPHY AupERzZ, G. 1888 Bidrag till Pantopodernas Morphologi och Utvecklings historia. Bihang till k. Svenska Vetenskap Akad. Hand., Bd. 13, afd 4, no ll, Stockholm. Dann, fa 191s Vergleich. Phys. und Morph. der Spinnentiere, Erster Teil, Jena. Dourn, A. 1870 Untersuch. tiber Bau und Entw. der Arthropoden. 2. Pyeno- goniden. Jen. Zeit. f. Nat., Bd. 5. 1881 Die Pantopoden des Golfes von Neapel. Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel. Monog. 3, Leipzig. Hatter, B. 1912 Uber das Zentralnervensystem des Scorpions und der Spinnen. Arch. f. Micr. Anat., Bd. 79, Alo tell Hauiez, P. 1905 Observations sue le parasitisme des larves de Phoxichilidium chez Bouganvilla. Arch. zool. exp. et gen., 4me serie, t. 3. Hitron, W. A. 1916 The life-history of Anoplodactylus erectus Cole. Jour. ent. and zool., vol. 8, no 1, March. Horx, PB. P: C. 188th Report on the pycnogonida. Voyage of H. M. S. Challen- ger, Zoology, vol. 3. 1881 Nouvelles études sur les pyenogonids. Arch. Zool. exp., t. 9, Paris. Hopes, G. 1862 Observations on a species of pycnogon (Phoxichilidium coc- cineum) with an attempt to explain the order of its development. Ann. mag. nat. hist. (3), vol. 9. Kroyer, H. 1842 Notes sur les metamorphoses des pyenogonides. Ann. sc. nat. 2e ser., t. 17. LENDENFELD, R. von 1883 Die Larvenentwicklung von Phoxichilidium plumu- larie. Zeit. Wiss. Zool., Bd. 38. MEISENHEIMER, J. 1902 Beitrage zur Entwick. der Pantopoden. Zeit. ie Wiss. Zool., Bd. 72. Mertens, H. 1906 Eine auf Tethys leporina, parasitisch lebende Pantopoden larva (Nymphon parasitica n. sp.). Mitt. aus der Zool. Stat. Neapel, Bd. 18. MEInErRT, Fr. 1898 Pyecnogonida den Daniske Ingolf-expedition. Moraan, T. H. 1891 Contribution to the embryology and phylogeny of pycno- gonids. Stud. piol. lab. Johns Hopkins Univ., vol. 5. ; ee a ges. i om oy iP 9 aa ae Le “ : ; F J 7 , x is : ' a ‘ 7 Wt ey 1916 Pomona Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. VIII, No. 1, Mar. New Californian Mites NATHAN BANKS The following new specias form part of an interesting collection of mites recently sent by Dr. Hilton for determination: Trombidium perscabrum n. sp. Red. Body about one and one-half times as long as broad, sub- pyriform, broadest at humeri, broadly rounded behind. Cephalo- thorax very short, with crista reaching almost to the hind margin and there enlarged, and with a long fine hair arising from each sensilla. Eyes near lateral margin on a very short elevation. Body clothed with short, capitate hairs with roughened tips, some near the eyes are longer than the others. Among these capitate hairs are tufts of shorter spine-like hairs. Legs also clothed with similar, but mostly more clavate than capitate hairs, roughened on sides and end; some of the apical joints beneath have more slender hairs, and tarsus I. has them only on the base above, elsewhere with long, fine hairs. Leg IV. is about as long as the body, the last joint as long as the penultimate; leg I. plainly shorter than the body, tarsus I. fusiform, longer than the penultimate joint and about twice as broad. Palpi rather stout, basal joints with clavate hairs above, below with simple or pectinate hairs, and similar hairs on the fourth joint. Thumb as long as third and fourth joints together, cylin- drical, rather longer than the claw. Length, 1.4 mm. From Claremont, California, January. Differs from T. scabrum in having the clavate hairs on legs and palpi, and in the cylindrical thumb. Erythreus posticatus n. sp. Body dark (probably red in life), legs pale. Body about one and two-thirds times as long as broad, broadly rounded behind, as broad at hind coxa as at humeri; cephalothorax narrowed in front, crista short, swollen at hind end, one eye spot each side. Body and legs clothed with simple hairs, not very densely, and about as long Pomona College, Claremont, California 3 as width of basal joints of legs; tarsus I. with shorter hairs, those below very short and dense. Leg I. about as long as body, tibia and metatarsus subequal, tarsus nearly two-thirds as long as metatarsus, and a little broader, but not greatly swollen, leg IV. plainly longer than body, the femur reaching beyond the tip of abdomen, the tibia only about two-thirds as long as the metatarsus, the tarsus hardly one-third as long as the metatarsus, and only slightly swollen. The palpi short and not much enlarged, the claw rather short and slen- der, the thumb slightly clavate, reaching beyond end of claw, and with hairs about one-half as long as the width of the joint. Length, 2 mm. From Claremont, California. Tarsotomus macropalpis n. sp. A large species, rather sparsely bristly. Body nearly twice as long as broad, broadest at humeri; cephalothorax tapering in front, one eye spot each side close to margin and much nearer hind than front end of cephalothorax; legs long, but none of the femora as long as the cephalothorax, the tibia (penultimate joint), however, as long as the cephalothorax; body and legs with erect bristles, only a few very long ones, some on the basal joints are serrate or hairy, and the outer frontal pair, which are thicker than the others, also hairy. Claws with rows of bristles beneath; palpi very large and heavy, with two apical claws, the large one with a few teeth on inner side, hairs of thumb very short. Length, .7 mm. From Claremont, California, under rocks. Tarsotomus terminalis n. sp. Body slightly constricted in the middle, each part slightly rounded and a little broader than long; legs long and slender, the hind femur as long as abdomen, the hind tarsus one and one-half times as long as femur; front femur about as long as hind femur; palpi long, end- ing in a slightly curved, stout spur, thumb long, but also heavy. Body and legs (except tarsi) with many very long, nearly erect bristles, two or three times as long as width of hind femur; tarsi with shorter, more appressed hairs. Cephalothorax with two eye spots each side. 14 Journal of Entomology and Zoology Length, .4 mm. From Claremont, California. Eupodes brevipes n. sp. Body yellowish (probably red when alive), legs hyaline. Body slender, pyriform, plainly more than twice as long as broad, much the broadest at humeri, above the hind coxe the sides are concave, tip broadly rounded. Cephalothorax subtriangular, two long bris- tles each side, one on humerus, and two submedian rows down the back, about six bristles near tip of body. Leg I. no longer than body, femur I. not as long as the width of the body, tarsus I. plainly longer than penultimate joint which is no longer than the one pre- ceding it. Leg IV. not as long as the body, the basal joints not much enlarged, tarsus IV. plainly longer than penultimate joint. All legs with a few simple bristles, mostly near tips of joints. Length .45 mm. From Laguna Beach, California, June 8th. Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Pomona College, Claremont, California EXPLANATION OF PLATE Erythreus posticatus; palpus, legs I. and IV. Trombidium perscabrum, crista, palpus, and hairs. Tarsotomus macropalpis, palpus, tarsal claws, and tip of mandible. Eupodes brevipes, palpus and leg I. Tarsotomus terminalis, palpus. 15 16 Journal of Entomology and Zoology a4 tite ie a G - < © ¥ L e 7 =f : ial a 2 i j a al ! = i a = - : « 4 : 0 . 7 a rH = @t -y t @ = i ha : 7 = ‘\ 7 oe _ , a 7 a . a = 3 - = 4 i] ee 4 _ 1916 Pomona Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. VIII, No. 1, Mar. Mites From the Claremont Laguna Region The mites listed below were collected during the years 1914 and 1915, chiefly in the fall. Those from Claremont were for the most part collected and mounted by Miss M. Shaw, Miss P. Jahraus and Mr. F. Cox. ‘The mites from Laguna were collected by W. A. Hilton. The determinations were made by Dr. Nathan Banks, who describes several of the species as new in this issue. Immature forms were only determined to genus. Ile Ww Parasitus sp. (nymph). Under leaves, Claremont. Cox, Shaw, Jahraus. Rhagidia pallida Bks. Under stones, Claremont. Cox, Shaw. Erythreus sp. (nymph). Under stones, Claremont. C. S. J. . Tarsotomus terminalis Bks. (this issue). Claremont, on live Oakes (C2521 )c Erythreus augustipes (?) (nymph). Under stones, Clare- mont. J. Erythreus augustipes Bks. Under stones, Claremont. S. . Bella lata Ewing. On live oak and under stones, Claremont. C2 os): . Erythreus augustipes (2?) (nymph). On live oaks, Claremont. €.S. J. . Trombidium perscabrum Bks (this issue). Palmers canyon, near Claremont. ‘©. 3, J. . Eremeus bilamellatus Hall. Claremont, under leaves. J. . Larsotomus macropalpis Bks. (this issue). Claremont, under stones. S. . Larsotomus terminalis Bks. (this issue). Claremont, under Stones.» J). . Hydracnid larva (large, bright red). On Notonecta, Clare- mont.) ba. . Uropoda sp. (nymph). Dark brown, closely massed on Sco- lopendra from Claremont. H. Fall of 1913. . Erythreus augustipes Bks. Under the bark of an eucalyptus tree. “Claremont. Ei. Fall of 1913. ZO; Zl. bo bo aie a 26. Journal of Entomology and Zoology . E. posticatus Bks. (this issue). Under the bark of an eucalyp- tus. Claremont. Hi. Fallof 1973: . Hydracnid larva, bright red on Notonecta. Laguna Beach. He jalye lors. . Parasitus sp. (nymph). Dark reddish brown, on a large sta- phleinid beetle found about six miles from Laguna Beach. | . Hydracnid larva, dark brown, found on a carabid beetle. La- guna Beach. H. Uropoda sp. (nymph). Dark reddish brown, found on a carabid beetle, Laguna Beach. H. Hydracna sp (?) “probably new.” Banks. This large, dark brown spherical mite was found in great abundance on the pond weeds at the “Lakes, Laguna Beach. Specimens were collected in July and August, 1915. H. . Eupodes brevipes Bks. (this issue). Found under leaves in a canyon north of Laguna Beach. H. . Eupodes brevipes Bks. (this issue). Found at Laguna Beach, under stones. H. Erythreus sp. (larva). Bright red, found abundantly on our most common phalangid. Palmers canyon. October, 1915. Lea Erythreus sp. (larva). Found abundantly on the neck folds and about the head of the common horned toad of Laguna. The hosts were collected high on the hills to the southeast of the laboratory. H. Trombidium perscabrum Bks. (this issue). Found in the fresh water of Aliso canyon, near Laguna Beach. Color, bright red, Hi. W. A. HILTon. (Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College) eye — eae 5% : 1916 PoMoNA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND Zoo.ocy, Vor. VIII, No. 2, JUNE The Central Nervous System and Simple Reactions of a Rare Whip Scorpion WILLIAM A. HILTON A number of specimens of Trithyreus pentapeltis Cook were col- lected by the writer in the college park at Claremont. ‘The only other record of any member of this family found in the United States is the early paper of Cook which describes this species from Palm Springs, California. At another time there will be published a description with figures of the general external anatomy of this interesting creature. Fig. 1 is partly from an outline drawing by Miss Margaret Moles. The general position of the nervous system is shown in the outline. So far as we could determine there were no sense organs but hairs. These for the most part were of the usual arthropod type, but there were several modifications of them as will be shown by Miss Moles at a later time. The hairs are most abundant under the body and are probably important organs for giving sensations from the surfaces where the animals run. The most remarkable hair sense organs are on the legs. ‘The figure shows the position of these slender delicate structures, two on the first leg, one on the others. If an animal is approached by any object one of these hairs is apt to be touched, especially if attempts are made to seize the animal. At first it was almost impossible to be- lieve that the little creatures did not have eyes, they so well avoided all attempts to capture them with forceps. When approached by some object which probably touches one of the long hairs they run either backwards or forwards apparently with great accuracy de- termining the position of the approaching object. However their backward running is most marked and most remarkable. They run with great swiftness in a backward direction in some cases for sev- eral inches. I found little evidence of other sense organs than those of touch. ‘They did not especially avoid strong odors, but after a rather long exposure to strong light or heat they sought refuge under some object. Although the chitin is thin in places the first attempts at serial sections through the whole body were not very successful. It was Pomona College, Claremont, California 75 found possible to remove the complete nervous system intact after a few trials. All figures are from such removed nervous systems. As the animals are small, being only a few millimeters in length, no branches but the chief ones could be preserved or shown in the figures. The nervous system resembles that of Thelyphorus as de- scribed by Borner, but as the animals are less complicated it is sim- pler. As in Borner’s description there is brain or supresophageal ganglion, a mass below the esophagus which supplies all of the thoracic region and a single abdominal ganglion. The brain or su- perior ganglion has but one branch on each side leading from it, this pair leads into the jaw-like first appendages. The other five pairs of branches lead off from the ventral ganglion. The first two pairs of branches come off practically at the junction of the dorsal and ventral ganglia. The connection between the dorsal and ven- tral parts of the head-thoracic ganglia is very broad. The cells are small and of a uniform size for the most part. They are grouped in areas as shown in methylene blue preparations from which Figs. 3 and 4 are taken. The general position of the cells is much like that in other arachnids. The central fibrous mass is quite homo- geneous in the ventral ganglionic portion, but is broken into a number of partly isolated portions especially at the margins. At the very caudal end laterally there is a very characteristic lobe of fibers on each side. This lobe may represent the posterior globus of Haller although there are no smaller cells near. Other irregular masses are shown in the figures. They resemble parts of the stalks of mushroom bodies. In the cephalic dorso-lateral regions there are two conspicuous groups of cells located below the main mass of cells and separated somewhat from each other, prominent fibers connect these areas with lower levels. These may represent the anterior globuli described by Haller, 1912, but these are of larger instead of composed of smaller cells. I have found nothing like them in arachnids. They may be something like the mushroom bodies of insects. 76 Journal of Entomology and Zoology SUMMARY 1. Trithyreus has no sense organs but sensory hairs, so far as could be determined. The central nervous system resembles that of a spider quite closely, but the thoracic ganglion is more elongate and there is an abdominal ganglion. 3. The brain is complicated, but few long tracts of fibers are evident. 4. There may be areas which may represent anterior and poste- rior pairs of globuli of spiders and scorpions, but if so they do not have the same structure. 5. here are no trachea in the central nervous system. 6. The cells are uniform except for a mass each side of the brain in a cephalic dorsal position. 7. This dorso-lateral group of cells strongly suggests a special higher center. Longer fibers were seen in connection with it than with any other part. REFERENCES Borner, C. - 1904 Beitrage zur Morphologie der Arthropoden. Zoologica. Heft 42. Cook, O. F. 1899 “Hubbardia”: A new genus of Pedipalpi. Proc. Wash. Ent. Soc. Vol. IV: Haller, B. 1912 Uber das Zentralnervensystem des Skorpions und der Spinnen. Archiv £. Mic. Anat. Bd, 79. Abt. I. (Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College) Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Pomona College, Claremont, California Tl INDEX TO FIGURES Outline of the body and part of the legs of Trithyreus. X10. Central nervous system removed. X20. Side view of methylene blue preparation showing position of the cells. X20. Dorsal view of Fig. 3. Cross section through the caudal region of the central nervous system. X75. Figures 6 to9. Longitudinal sections through the cephalic ganglia. Cephalic side to the left, dorsal side up. Fig. 6, near the center, Figs. 7, 8, and 9 lateral sections. X75. Journal of Entomology and Zoology 78 Pomona College, Claremont, California 79 1915 Pomona Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. VII, No. 4, Dec. ” Three Common Spiders of Laguna MARGARET L. MOLES Plate I. Argiope argentata Fabricus. Female. A. argentata was collected abundantly on the sage-brush and cactus. The webs are very large, irregular orbs. The position taken by the spider when on the web is very characteristic. The spider hangs in the center of the web, its forelegs straight beside the head, the hind legs horizontal with the cephalothorax. Colonies of these spiders were found in the center of a clump of cactus. In one small clump there were found five (5) adults on webs and number- less small ones with webs started or partially completed. d. argen- fata is very quick in its movements and drops to the ground as soon as touched. Individuals differ in the markings of the abdomen. The differ- ences seem to be mainly in the amount of black coloring on the lower part of the abdomen. In some specimens the silvery white color being everywhere except on the tips of the last three (3) tubercles and the black folium. This species has been collected also in Claremont, but not so abundantly. Plate Il. Tetragnatha laboriosa Hentz. Female. This little spider was found on everything and everywhere. It was especially on tar weed, but also inhabited honeysuckle, grass and all the other flowering plants of the dry hills and mesas around the beach. There were very few differences among the different individuals as to markings or colors, though in some the folium on the abdomen was darker than in others, and the shades of yellow on the legs and cephalothorax varied slightly. The spider did not spin a web to live in nor to help in catching food, but depended upon its own speed to gather in flies and insects. This species was by far the most common of all the spiders collected at Laguna. It has also been collected in Claremont, but only a few times. 210 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY Plate III. Gasteracantha maura McCook. Female. This species was collected on sage brush which grew on the hills and bluffs at Laguna Beach. The web was a small orb and spun right near the top of the bushes. Collectors could not fail to see these small spots of bright color hanging as it seemed in midair among the bushes. The specimens collected differed in color and color pattern. ‘The color on the abdomen varied from dark orange to light lemon yellow. The black spots on the upper edge of the abdomen and on the lower tubercle are sometimes fused together, the ones on the upper edge making an irregular line, while those on the tubercle make a large, irregular spot. ‘This species was fairly common and abundantly collected in July. It has been collected in Clare- mont also, but not so abundantly. (Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College) Plate 1. drgiope argentata Fab Plate Il. Tetragnatha laboriosa Hentz Plate III. Gasteracantha maura Me Cook 1916 Pomona Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. VII,No.3, September Crab-Spiders of the Claremont-Laguna Region MARGARET L. MOLES In the Claremont region, spiders belonging to the family Thom- iside are very abundant. Though great in numbers only five genera of the family have been found. During the months of May and June they frequent the poppies and feed upon the small Hymenop- tera and Diptera, which come to the flowers. A great many were found in the flowers with dead bees, showing that the spiders grabbed at the large prey resulting in the death of both. They are very wary, the instant a shadow falls on the poppy plant they run to the under side of the flower and drop to the ground. The coloring of the spiders is so protective that when they are down among the stamens of the flowers it is hard to distinguish them unless closely observed. The species that were found to frequent the poppies were Misumena aleatoria, Misumenops asperatus and Xysticus californicus. The wild flowers which have the colors blue, red or lavender were never found to be inhabited by any members of this family, but nearly all the wild flowers of a yellowish hue had from one to two thomisids in them. A great many young were found during the months of May, June and July. Xysticus californicus, Philodromus pernix and Xysticus gulosus were found under the bark of tree, Xysticus californicus being found in the tall grass, under the bark of the eucalyptus trees and in pop- pies. Philodromus pernix and Xysticus glusosis were found under eucalyptus bark, oak bark and sycamore. Misumena aleatoria was found on tar weed, poppies, in a dried-up yellow rose and ina pink rose. The one found in the drie-up yellow rose (Plate I) was remarkable in its protective coloring, looking exactly like a dried yellow rose petal in the dark brown stamens. Two variations in coloring were found in Misumena aleatoria. One which was found in the green grass had a brownish green body and lacked any dark spots on the abdomen, the other was a yellow color with only one dark brown spot on the abdomen, the head and Pomona College, Claremont, California 113 thorax showed no trace of black, there were no wrinkles on the abdomen and the legs were a light yellow green. This one was found on the honeysuckle and resembled as near as possible the coloring of the honeysuckle flower and vine. We have Dr. R. V. Chamberlin to thank for the determination of most of the speci- mens studied. No results of the study of color changes are given at this time. A LIST OF CLAREMONT CRAB-SPIDERS Misumena aleatoria (Hentz). Found on old yellow rose bushes, pink rose bushes and tar weed. Misumenops asperatus (Hentz). Found on poppies and _ tar weed. Philodromus pernix (Blackwall). Found under bark. Xysticus californicus (Hentz). Found under bark, in grass and In poppies. Xysticus gluosus (Key). Found under bark of eucalyptus trees, sycamore trees and oak trees. Xysticus triguttatus (Key). Found in the grass and low bushes, Palmer’s canyon. Thanatus coloradensis (Key). Collected by Baker and listed by Banks in his article in the Proc. Acad. Nat: Sci., Phila., 1901, pz 585: Tibellus duttonii (Hentz). Found on mustard about Clare- mont. (Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College) ler Journal of Entomology and Zoology EXPLANATION OF PLATES Plate I. Misumena aleatoria (Hentz). Found in yellow rose. Yellow crinkled body. Dark brown abdomen spots. Collected September, 1915. Plate Il. Muisumena aleatoria (Hentz). Found on rose bush, in a partly dried-up rose. Collected October, 1915. Plate III. Misumenops asperatus (Hentz). Found on tar weed. Hemizonia. Plate IV. Philodromus pernix (Blackwall). Plate V. Xysticus gulous (Key). Found on bark of sycamore. Pomona College, Claremont, California 115 Plate I Plate III 116 Journal of Entomology and Zoology Plate II Pomona College, Claremont, California 11 Plate IV 118 Journal of Entomology and Zoology Plate V 1916 POMONA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZooLocy, VoL. VIII, No. 2, JUNE Lima Dehiscens at Laguna Beach MARGARET L. CATE This interesting mollusk was obtained several times during the Summer of 1915. Its activities were observed in the aquarium. It usually remained in an expanded condition. Its movements were caused by forcing water out of the siphons not like the movements of Pecten. The reproduction of the drawing given at this time is not quite the right color of pink. (Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College g J g Lima dehiscens Conr. th 1916 Pomona Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. VIII, No. 1, Mar. The Octopod Ocythoe in California S. S. BERRY In the course of my review of the West American cephalopods published a few years ago (Bulletin Bureau Fisheries, v. 30, p. 275), | wrote of a well known group of pelagic Octopoda as fol- lows: “No other group at all approaches Argonauta in its assemblage of utterly distinctive characters, the nearest being the genera Ocythoe and Tremoctopus, which are not known to be represented in our waters.” That Ocythoe, at least, is a member of our fauna, I have long suspected, partly because of a specimen which was exhibited in one of the Los Angeles curio stores some years since, but ignorantly held at so inflated a figure, that it could not be obtained even for one of the university museums, and another without label, but thought to be from Southern California, which is now in the collection of the State University at Berkeley. A further bit of evidence, which to me savors strongly of this same animal, lies in a paragraph by the late Dr. C. F. Holder with regard to a specimen obtained by him at Avalon (Scientific American, October 16, 1909, p. 283). He wrote: “Tt is given in all the textbooks, I believe, that the male of the argonaut is a minute animal hardly an inch long. This cannot be so in all species. I have a male which has a radiant spread of eight or nine inches, and is as large as the female. . . . The male of this species is large, and might readily be taken for an octopus, having its habits.” Asa male Argonauta answering such a description as this would be a sheer absurdity, the lines quoted served at first to occasion me no little perplexity. Surely, however, the suggestion that Holder’s specimen was a female Ocythoe and not an Argonauta at all, seems not only possible, but plausible. These cases are all strong indications that Ocythoe belongs to our fauna but, in view of the obvious uncertainty attending each, no formal record of the fact has yet found its way into print. Pomona College, Claremont, California 3 A very large and finely preserved female, recently sent me by Prof. William A. Hilton, now settles the matter without question. This specimen (S. S. B. 453) was obtained from near Avalon, Santa Catalina Island, California, in the summer of 1915, by Mr. W. F. Hamilton. Unfortunately I have no comparative material from other regions available, so that with only the aid of such figures and printed descriptions as are at hand, the specimen cannot be distinguished from the Mediterranean O. tuberculata, de- scribed and named by Rafinesque just over one hundred years ago. As tuberculata happens to be the only species of the genus enjoy- ing general recognition, and as it is a pelagic creature with the pos- sibility of very wide dissemination, the identification seems never- theless to be reasonably certain, though it should be admitted that the areas it is alleged to inhabit are so widely separated that ade- quate material may later reveal differences which will be thought worthy of recognition. In addition to Mediterranean localities the species has been re- ported from Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts, from the West In- dies, and from Japan. The sexes in this genus, as in the related Argonauta and Trem- octopus, show such extreme dimorphism, that the description of one applies in scarcely a single particular to the other. The female Ocythoe, however. is very easily distinguished from other cephalo- pods by the large Octopus-like body, the ventral surface of which is very curiously ornamented with numerous conspicuous cartilaginous tubercles, connected by radiating ridges. The enormous and power- ful funnel is also noteworthy. The more important measurements of the present specimen are appended below, many of them necessarily more or less estimated. MEASUREMENTS aloe alle be raiert ieee eet eats arc dee ae ek 440 mm. engthinotebody (caters) oases Ee en 160 mm. enethvom boca (ventral) meses Betts mer Nel oF 155 mm. ip or bodyatolbaserotcorsaléarmsiees ase se se 170 mm. Wiiclichivorts lo cyaieremt entre tae) ee ea eS ee eS 115 mm. Wid thot hie ata teense hee creel aE Te Nk te 74 mm. + Journal of Entomology and Zoology emethr of leads sat 0.tcs se Fae eee ee 10 mm. seme thar ote stunpp tne Veneers | see ee seen eee 64 mm. Wadthzorkunniclo penta ax.) cscete: Oo) Se eee ee ee 12 mm. engthcot rightydonsall arin. Soe etee nee eres nies Be eee 275 mm. Mengthpotdlettdorsall aijiniye t,o: cee ee eee ere eee 265 mm. eenoth of riot second-arimees cme) ss es) tree. eee ene 200 mm. Wength of lent second yatta. 4 a ce a ore eee 195 mm. eenothcodeate it ching aycitce: ee rer tee eee eee 180 mm. ene thuet-lere. tain lear iiss co en eere eee ees es ee ee 185 mm. eenethvotmiohtlayenttally aria r: eo oe snr 2 ee rerr epee ee eee 250 mm. Iuenethsofclettsyentralle atin seer cece teerereee ates, eee eee 240 mm. Diametemorlanrmest suckers << ee. -2. snes eee = eee 9 mm. 1915 Pomona Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. VII, No. 4, Dec. New Californian Bees By 2 Die Cock ERELE In a small collection of bees recently received from Pomona College, I find four new species, which are described herewith. Tetralonia pomone sp. n. é Length 10 mm., black with the clypeus pale lemon yellow, notched at sides; labrum pale yellow, but mandibles entirely black; antenne black, flagellum reaching end of second abdominal seg- ment; third antennal joint a little longer than broad; eyes (dry) very dark brown; face broad, covered with long dull white hair; thorax above with very pale ochreous hair; disc of mesothorax brilliantly shining, feebly and sparsely punctured; tegule fuscous with a rufous spot posteriorly; wings dusky hyaline; nervures rufo- piceous; second s. m. narrowed above, receiving first r. n. a little beyond beginning of last third; legs with dull white hair, orange- ferruginous on inner side of tarsi; small joints of tarsi clear ferru- ginous, but basitarsi at most obscurely reddened apically; hind spur normal; abdomen with hind margins of segments narrowly hya- line; first segment with long pale hair; second with thin pale hair basally, but short fuscous hair subapically; third like second, but with a definite basal band of dull white tomentum; fourth covered with dull white tomentum, but a little fuscous hair just before margin; fifth like fourth, except that hind margin has a dense white fringe, and no fuscous; apical plate ferruginous, with fulvous hair on each side. Hab.—Laguna, California (R. La Follette, B 2). In my tables in Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 1906, this runs to T. lepida, but it has not the narrow face of that species. It resembles 7. birkmanniella Ckll. and T. poetica Ckll., but the three are easily separated thus: Flagellum about 12 mm. long, reaching beyond end of third ab- dominal segment; upper margin of clypeus broadly black. poetica Chal Flagellum 10 mm. or less; upper margin of clypeus not black. 1. JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY Dat l.. “Seconds. m-.a little broader above than below; apical plate of abdomen broad at end; hair on outer side of hind basi- tarsi scanty and rather short. birkmanniella Ckll. Second s. m. narrower above; apical plate of abdomen narrow at end; hair on outer side of hind basitarsi abundant and long. pomone Ckll. Diadasia crassicauda sp. n. é Length about 10 mm.; black, with abundant though not very dense grayish-white hair; eyes narrow, grayish-green; face broad; clypeus shining, with fine punctures; flagellum entirely black; meso- thorax shining, with small punctures very sparse on disc posteriorly; area of metathorax microscopically sculptured, with an opaque median sulcus; tegule reddish brown, blackened anteriorly; wings hyaline, slightly reddish; legs black, with long white hair, small joints of tarsi obscurely reddish; hind basitarsi gently curved, but not produced at end; first two abdominal segments with long loose pale hair, the others with appressed hair, and segments 2 to 6 with narrow white marginal bands; apex of abdomen bilobate, the lobes large and blunt, covered with very pale ochraceous hair except at the ends, which appear black; stipites with long red hair on posterior margin. Hab.—Laguna, California (R. La Foillette, B 7). Allied to D. spheralcearum Ckll., but larger, with very much broader lobes at end of abdomen, those of spheralcearum being spine-like. It does not seem probable that this is the male of D. albovestita Provancher. Exomalopsis nitens sp. n. @ Length about or nearly 7 mm.; robust, black, mandibles dark red in middle, flagellum ferruginous beneath except at base; hair of head and thorax rather long, dull white, pale ochraceous dor- sally; head and thorax shining, finely punctured; tegule piceous; wings grayish hyaline, nervures dark, stigma sepia; legs black, with small joints of tarsi ferruginous; scopa of hind legs large and beauti- fully plumose, dull whitish on tibia, gray (variably dark) on tarsi; first abdominal segment shining, the basal declivity bounded above by a distinct rim, the hind margin at each side with a broad, dense 222 JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY white hair-band, wholly absent from the middle half; segments 2 to 4 with very broad entire bands of grayish-white tomentum; apex of abdomen with ochreous hair. High—TLaouna, California CR. La Follette, B 5, B 8). In Friese’s table of Exomalopsis (1899) this runs to E. texana Friese, but that is a much smaller species, with quite differently colored tegule and stigma. FE. texana belongs to the genus or subgenus Anthophorula and E. nitens 1s doubtless to be referred to the same group, although the male is unknown. It is quite distinct from A. coquilletti (Ashm.), which Baker has taken at Claremont. Augochlora pomoniella sp. n. ? Length about 8 mm.; bright emerald green, face tinted with golden, mesothorax bluer green, abdomen yellowish-green; clypeus strongly punctured, broadly black apically; mandibles with a small green spot at base; face very broad, eyes deeply emarginate (about as in 4. pura, much more so than in 4. confusa) ; front extremely finely and densely punctured; anterior lateral corners of prothorax rounded; tubercles prominent; mesothorax very finely and densely punctured; area of metathorax with many fine short plice, but the margin thickened, obtuse, without definite sculpture; tegule piceous, pallid anteriorly; wings dusky hyaline, nervures fuscous, stigma very dull ferruginous; first r. n. meeting second t. c. or enter- ing extreme base of third s. m.; hair of head and thorax above scanty, dull white; femora largely green, tibia and tarsi black, an- terior tibiae with metallic tints in front; hind spur of hind tibia appearing simple under a lens, but the margin actually with about 20 little nodules; abdomen shining, very finely punctured, the first two segments with a hardly noticeable dark margin; fifth segment dark blue-green, with fuscous hair; venter black. Hab.—Aliso Canyon, California (R. La Follette, B 15). A species of the group of 4. pura and A. confusa. From 4. pura (rob- ertsoni) it 1s known by the much smoother, more finely punctured supraclypeal area, the thick rounded rim of area of metathorax and the dark nervures. From 4. confusa it is known by the deeply emarginate eyes, broad face, much shorter plice of metathorax and dark nervures. From d. neglectula by the much broader head, JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 233 smooth and brilliantly shining posterior truncation of metathorax, etc. At the same locality Mr. La Follette took dgapostemon radiatus Say (B 16) and Halictus farinosus Smith (B 1, B 11); the latter also at Laguna (B 3). Aliso Canyon is about two miles from Laguna Beach. The specific name chosen, connecting the species with Pomona College, should in strictness be written pomoneella, but the deriva- tion is ultimately from pomum, and it seems permissible to choose the less cumbersome form. 1916 PoMoNA JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND Zoo.ocy, VOL. VIII, No. 2, JUNE New and Little Known Bees Krom California By Lf. DA. CocKERELL The bees described and listed below are from the Baker collection, and were kindly transmitted to me by Professor Wm. A. Hilton. All are from Claremont or the vicinity. Glossoperdita gen. nov. Like Perdita Smith in general structure and appearance, but mouth-parts enormously elongated, apparently not retractile, the end of the tongue reaching beyond tip of abdomen; maxillary palpi 6-jointed, slender and very short, about 300 microns long; maxillary palpi about 1280 microns from base of mouth-parts, the blade ex- tending about 3200 beyond the palpi, but the labial palpi not cor- respondingly elongated, their ends only about 800 microns beyond insertion of maxillary palpi. Head narrow, facial quadrangle con- spicuously longer than broad; facial fovee elongate and deep, end- ing below about level of insertion of antenna; b. n. falling far short of t. m.; second s. m. very broad (long) but much narrowed above; stigma small and narrow; marginal cell long for the group, broadly truncate at end. Glossoperdita pelargoides sp. n. @ Length about 5 mm.; not very robust; pubescence scanty, white; head and thorax blue-green, but the mesothorax only green in front, the greater part, as well as the scutellum, black; clypeus and supraclypeal area black, sparsely and distinctly punctured; the face apparently without light markings, but close inspection shows a broad shadowy pallescent band in middle of clypeus, and similar triangular pallescent lateral marks, hardly visible; flagellum bright ferruginous beneath except basally; front dull; mesothorax shining anteriorly, the median groove deep; pleura polished, shining; tuber- cles pale reddish, two small pale marks on upper border of pro- thorax; legs piceous, hairy, anterior knees and band on tibia pale yellowish, middle knees pale reddish; tegule reddish; wings short, +4 Journal of Entomology and Zoology somewhat dusky, stigma and nervures pale sepia; abdomen orange- ferruginous, without markings above or below, hair at apex pale ochreous. Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 227 part). Unfortunately the habits of this remarkable bee are un- known. Glossoperdita could be considered a subgenus of Perdita, but it seems distinct enough to deserve generic rank. The other specimens collected by Baker at Claremont sent under 227, are marked as from flowers of Rhus laurina. They consist of Perdita rhois Ckll., and a single male P. hypoxantha CkIl., the lat- ter presumably a stray, as the species is attached to ddenostoma. Also under 227 is a female of P. albipennis Cress., collected by Baker at Los Angeles, and bearing his number 691. Perdita ruficauda, sp. n. ° Length about 5.5 mm., moderately robust, pubescence scanty ; head and thorax dull olive green; head ordinary, inner orbits paral- lel; mandibles pale yellow suffused with reddish, the apex black; clypeus black, sparsely punctured, with a broad pale yellow median band, failing below; no supraclypeal mark; lateral marks pale yel- low, triangular, produced above, ending in a sharp point on orbital margin at level of antenne; flagellum pale fulvous beneath; tuber- cles yellow with a dark dot, and a pair of cuneiform yellow marks on upper border of prothorax; mesopleura shining; legs piceous, with anterior and middle knees, tarsi and tibie yellow, the latter dark behind; tegule pellucid; wings faintly reddish, stigma and nervures reddish-brown; stigma small and slender; marginal cell large, obliquely truncate at end; abdomen bright orange-ferrugi- nous above and below, without markings, except a narrow dark stripe along lateral margins of second segment. Mouth-parts not especially elongated; labial palpi with first joint about 690 microns, the other three together about 290 microns. Maxillary palpi long and well-developed. Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 229, 199). This superficially resembles Glossoperdita. In my tables of Perdita it falls near P. chamaesarache, from which it is at once known by the face-marks and the palpi. Pomona College, Claremont, California 45 Halictoides miilleri Ckll. Both sexes were taken by Baker at Claremont. Hesperapis nitidulus sp. n. é Length a little over 6 mm.; shining black, with white hair; eyes pea-green; mandibles broad, red and notched at end; head large and broad; flagellum very obscurely reddish beneath; tegule piceous in front, testaceous posteriorly; wings hyaline, nervures and stigma dusky ferruginous; abdomen with rather thin hair-bands. near to H. /arree Ckll., but mesothorax with very minute regular punctures; area of metathorax dull and abdomen more shining. Easily known from H. olivie Ckll. by the clearer wings and dark antenne. Flabitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 229). Agapostemon californicus Crawford. Claremont (Baker). A male with the scape all dark; it usually has a yellow stripe in this species. A. radiatus Say was also taken by Baker at Claremont. Panurginus atriceps (Cresson) Mountains near Claremont (Baker; Pomona coll. 204). Andrena osmioides sp. n. é Length about 10 mm., robust, very hairy, looking like an Osmia; head, thorax and legs black, abdomen olive-green, the sur- face minutely granular, not polished or punctate; hair of head and thorax white, dullish and faintly creamy above, very long and abundant, forming an immense white beard over mouth; abdomen with erect or sub-erect pale hair, all over the surface but not dense, long on the first two segments, apex with pale soot-colored hair; legs with pale hair. Head extremely broad, facial quadrangle very much broader than long; malar space very short; cheeks very broad, obtusely angled behind below level of middle of eye; antenne ordi- nary, third joint equal in length to next two combined; flagellum very obscurely reddish beneath; vertex dull, only shining on orbital margin; mesothorax dull, not punctate, but scutellum anteriorly shining; area of metathorax dull and granular, with long erect hairs like the adjacent parts; tegule piceous; wings dusky on apical mar- 46 Journal of Entomology and Zoology gins; stigma narrowly lanceolate, very slender, ferruginous with dark margin; b. n. meeting t. m.; first r. n. Joining second s. m. much before middle; second abdominal segment depressed less than a third; venter purplish. Habitat: Claremont, California, at flowers of Cryptanthe (Baker; Pomona coll. 198). Easily known among the species with green abdomen by its large size, abundant long pale hair, and very slender stigma. In the mountains near Claremont Baker took 4. mimetica falli Ckll., and at Claremont 4. prunorum gillettei Ckll. Andrena prunorum var. mariformis v. n. @ Clypeus pale yellow with two black spots, exactly like that of a male. The hair on head and thorax above is fine fox-red; the abdominal hair-bands are pale fulvous. Scape partly red, especially at apex; flagellum wholly dark. Second abdominal segment with a large black discal patch. Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 207). This is not stylopized. Can it be a partial gynandromorph? Alli the characters, including the antennz, are those of a female, except the clypeus. Andrena peratra sp. n. @ Length about 10.5 mm.; entirely black, with black hair, ex- cept perhaps partly on mesothorax, which is denuded in type; head very broad, facial quadrangle very much broader than long; malar space very short; process of labrum obtusely pointed; clypeus deli- cately roughened, with rather close weak punctures, no smooth line; front minutely striate; facial fovee dark seal brown, occupying more than half the distance between antenne and eye, ending below, far below level of antenne; third antennal joint considerably lon- ger than next two combined; flagellum obscure reddish beneath ex- cept at base; mesothorax dull, granular, with no distinct punctures ; area of metathorax granular; pleura with long reddish-black hair; small joints of tarsi reddish; tegule piceous, largely ferruginous posteriorly; wings translucent reddish, not dark; stigma ferruginous, narrowly lanceolate, extremely slender; nervures fuscous; abdomen granular, without evident punctures, but moderately shining; second Pomona College, Claremont, California 47 segment depressed about a fourth; hair at apex reddish-black: ven- tral segments with long fringes of stiff black hairs. Flabitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. LON This may be compared with 4. nigerrima Casad, from which it is readily known by the non-punctate abdomen and other characters. A related but much larger species of the Los Angeles region is As subtristis Ck. This. according to Mr. Viereck, is a synonym of dA. nigra Proy., and the specimens in the National Museum labeled nigra are this species. There is, however, some confusion, since Provancher’s description indicates a smaller species (length -42 inch), with a smooth line in middle of clypeus (wholly wanting in subtristis, but present in the much larger pertristis Ckll.), wings smoky reddish (like pertristis rather than subtristis), and abdomen oval and brilliantly polished. This indicates a species unknown to me. Andrena auricoma Smith Claremont (Baker; Pomona coll. 197). Smaller than an Ore- gon specimen. 4. candida Sm. was also taken by Baker at Clare- mont (Pomona coll. 198). Andrena plana Viereck Claremont (Baker; Pomona coll. 212). This is a little larger than Viereck’s type, but is presumably his plana, having the very remarkable brownish velvet-like hair on thorax above, and the dull impunctate clypeus. The second abdominal segment has no apical depression. Superficially the species resembles 4. mustelicolor Vier., but it is easily separated by the thoracic hair. Andrena opaciventris sp. n. @ Length about 10 mm.; black, with fulvous hair, bright fox- red on thorax above; face and front with much fulvous hair, so that the dull granular surface of the clypeus is difficult to see; mandibles black, with a red spot at extreme base; process of labrum narrow at end, minutely notched; facial fovew grayish-brown, about half as wide as distance between antenna and eye, difficult to see on account of the long overlapping hair; antenne black, third joint 368 microns long, the next two together 384 microns; mesothorax and scutellum 48 Journal of Entomology and Zoology dull, without distinct punctures; area of metathorax dull, defined by absence of hair; hair at sides of metathorax very long and curled; legs with pale hair, largely chocolate on outer side of middle and hind tibia, pale orange on inner side of basitarsi; spurs pallid; tegule black; wings slightly dusky, stigma ferruginous, nervures fuscous; b. n. meeting t. m.; first r. n. Joining second s. m. about middle; abdomen broad, with a completely dull impunctate sur- face; first segment with long fulvous hair at base, and a patch on each side on hind margin; segments 3 to 5 with conspicuous entire fulvous hair-bands; apex with pale soot-colored hair, a sort of reddish-gray; second segment depressed about a third, but the de- pression obscure. Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 197). Resembles 4. auricoma, but very distinct by the opaque abdomen. Andrena chlorura sp. n. @ Length nearly 8 mm.; olive green, the metathorax, legs and antennae black; pubescence fulvous, bright fox-red on thorax above and tubercles; some thin black hair on front and vertex; process of labrum very broad and rounded; clypeus with sparse weak punct- ures; facial fovee black, rather narrow, ending below at level of antenne; third antennal joint Jonger than next two together, but not so long as next three; mesothorax dull, impunctate; area of metathorax dull; tegula piceous; wings dusky; stigma large, dark reddish; nervures fuscous; abdomen shining, impunctate, with thin narrow fulvous hair-bands on segments 2 to 4, but none on first; hair at apex black; second segment depressed about a third in middle, but very narrowly at sides. Habitat: Mountains near Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 197). A pretty species, known among the green Andrene by its red hair and small size. In Viereck’s tables of Andrena of the N. W. States it runs near to 4. chlorinella Vier.. from which it is quite distinct. According to Viereck (litt. 1907) A. xanthostic Ma Vier. 1S identical with chlorinella. Diandrena beatula sp. n. ? Length 7 mm., or slightly over; olive green, with a minutely sculptured sericeous surface, not polished; pubescence dull white, Pomona College, Claremont, California 49 forming felt-like hair-bands on abdomen, weak on first segment, but broad and conspicuous on 2 to 4; hair at apex of abdomen very pale ochreous; mesothorax with thin felt-like pale ochreous hair, and a few long hairs intermixed; facial quadrangle broader than long; mandibles black; process of Jabrum deeply emarginate; facial fovee light, with a slight ochreous tint; more than half as wide as distance from antenna to eye; apical two-thirds of flagellum bright red beneath; mesothorax dullish, granular; area of metathorax delicately plicatulate; tegulea rufopiceous; wings faintly dusky; stig- ma dusky ferruginous, small and narrow; legs with white hair, hind tibie with a broad loose scopa; tegument of legs black; abdomen looking like that of the group of Halictus including H. provancheri. Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. ZUG A pretty little species, allied to the next, but easily known by the dullish fasciate abdomen. Diandrena cyanosoma sp. n. @ (Type.) Length about 8 mm.; head olive green, thorax and abdomen blue green, the abdomen almost blue; clypeus black, with the upper and lateral margins green, the junction of the black and green suffused with purple; mandibles black; pubescence dull whit- ish; slightly ochreous on head and thorax above, fuscous or black just behind ocelli and more or Jess on front, and long dark hairs on scape; process of labrum narrow, emarginate; antenne dark, the flagellum only very obscurely reddish toward end; facial fovee pale, quite broad; mesothorax dull and granular, with short hair, and some long ones intermixed; scutellum rugosopunctate, but glistening anteriorly; area of metathorax roughened with very delicate ruge ; femora olive-green; tibia and tarsi black; hind tibie with a long glistening pure white scopa beneath, but fuscous hair above (behind), and hind knee-tuft grayish fuscous; hind tro- chanters with a long white curled floccus; tegule piceous; wings dusky, stigma dark reddish, rather small; abdomen broad, without any distinct hair-band, though the fourth segment has a thin fringe; hair at apex soot-color. é More slender, with the usual sexual differences. Clypeus and middle of face densely covered with long white hair, but some Cn 0 Journal of Entomology and Zeology long fuscous hair at sides of front and on scape; cheeks with long white hair; mesothorax and scutellum with thin long erect white hair; abdomen quite without bands, hair at apex dark grayish- fuscous. Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 203, 229). A distinct species, readily known from D. puthua Ckll. (male) by the dark hair at apex of abdomen. The dull surface of the abdomen at once separates it from the two following species. Diandrena clariventris sp. n. é Length a little over 6 mm., robust, with broad-pyriform abdomen; head and thorax dull blue-green; legs black, the femora perhaps faintly metallic; abdomen polished, shining, very dark blue- green, the hind margins of the segments broadly subtranslucent brown; head very broad, facial quadrangle much broader than long; antenne only moderately long, flagellum dark reddish; face and front with pure white hair, hair of thorax also white, no dark hair on head or thorax; area of metathorax granular, faintly plica- tulate basally, and with a faint median raised line; tegule piceous; wings dusky; stigma and nervures reddish-fuscous, the stigma dark, not very large; hair at apex of abdomen very pale, with an ochreous tint. Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 212). Allied only to the next species, which is much smaller. D. cha- lybea (Cress.), also taken by Baker at Claremont, has the abdomen shining blue. 7 Diandrena scintilla sp. n. @ Length about or hardly 5 mm., robust, with very broad ab- domen. General characters as in D. clariventris, but much smaller; head nearly circular, seen from in front; flagellum very short and stout, the middle joints about twice as broad as long, dark reddish beneath; front shining, punctate; mesothorax and scutellum olive- green, shining, with distinct minute punctures; area of metathorax concave, finely striatulate; stigma and nervures paler than in D. clariventris, and wings not so gray; punctures on second abdominal segment sparse; hair at apex of abdomen light ferruginous. Pomona College, Claremont, California 51 Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 213). Close to D. clariventris, but certainly distinct, the sculpture of the thorax being quite different. Conanthalictus bakeri Crawford. é About 4 mm. long; hair at apex of abdomen reddish-gray, abundant. The six-jointed maxillary palpi are very long and slen- der, and the tongue is linear, quite long, with very long hairs. @ I made the following notes from Crawford’s type in U. S. National Museum. Dull green abdomen, hind margins of seg- ments pale reddish; head round seen from in front; front dull bluish green; long hairs over clypeus like a moustache; mesothorax not evidently punctured. Has the short elevated clypeus of genus, but head differently shaped. The Claremont specimen shows a well-developed tibial scopa. Two males and a female are before me, from Claremont (Baker; Pomona coll. 199, 216). The genus seems nearest to Paralictus Rob., but quite distinct. Both are without the caudal rima in female. Conanthalictus macrops sp. n. é Length slightly over 4 mm., but more robust than C. bakeri, with the reddish hind margins of abdominal segments fringed with white hair except in middle; head very broad, the facial quadrangle much broader than long; mandibles broadly red at apex; antenne short, entirely dark; cheeks rather broad, with a depressed, dimple- like area; front completely dull, but mesothorax somewhat shining, though not polished; wings strongly dusky; stigma dark reddish, rather small; nervures fuscous; second s. m. very narrow; femora green, tibia and tarsi black, with white hair. The green color, fine sculpture, etc., are as in bakeri. The abundant hair at apex of ab- domen is pale dusky reddish. Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 199). Known from all other members of the genus by the very broad head. The large black eyes are parallel. Augochlora pomoniella Ckll. Both sexes from Claremont (Baker; Pomona coll. 211, 210). The male is new. ¥ bo Journal of Entomology and Zoology ( 9 Antenne entirely dark, flagellum with only the faintest red tint beneath toward the apex. é Flagellum ferruginous beneath, except first and last joint; mesothorax polished, with well-separated punctures; first ventral segment of abdomen green with piceous margin, the others without metallic color; the second to fifth with straight hind margins, not emarginate, the sixth emarginate. Osmia cyanopoda sp. n. ¢ Length nearly 10 mm., robust, deep indigo blue, the abdomen brilliant and shining; pubescence black, mixed with white on scutel- lum, and very slightly at sides of metathorax; antenne black; femora and tibie strongly bluish or purplish; tegule with the an- terior half blue; wings brown, paler along the veins; clypeus ordi- nary; mandibles tridentate; facial quadrangle longer than broad; mesothorax strongly and densely punctured; area of metathorax dull. Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 182). In the table in Ent. News, June, 1910, this runs to O. gabrielis, from which it is known by being smaller, face narrower, punctures of mesothorax distinctly larger and less crowded, scutellum with partly pale hair, and bluish tibia. The rich blue-purple color of the abdomen is exactly the same in both. Pomona coll. 181 (Mountains near Claremont, Baker) is O. pogonigera Ckll. Osmia cyanosoma sp. n. ¢ Length nearly 7 mm.; deep indigo blue, the middle of the abdomen stained with greenish; hair black, mixed with fine short pale hairs on mesothorax; tuft behind wings, and hair at sides of metathorax and sides of first abdominal segment white; mandibles with two large sharp teeth and two minute ones. Very close to O. tristella Ckll., but separated by the partly pale hair on mesothorax, the distinctly metallic femora and tibia, tegule bright blue in front, hair of tarsi brownish, first r. n. joining second s. m. more remote from base. Also resembles O. hypoleuca Ckll. but is separated by the shorter second s. m., abundant black hair on scutellum, and black hair on tubercles. In O. hypoleuca there is a patch of glisten- ing pale hair on lower part of pleura, and in O. cyanosoma there is Pomona College, Claremont, California 53 a similar patch, though less conspicuous. Another related but dis- tinct species is O. sancl@-rose. Habitat: Mountains near Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 182, part). This may be a southern subspecies of O. tristella. A totally different Osmia from Claremont (Baker), marked 182, is O. novomexicana Ckll., with the hair of the thorax above less brightly colored than in New Mexico specimens, but otherwise iden- tical. Osmia nigrobarbata sp. n. ¢ Length a little over 10 mm.; robust; head, mesothorax and scutellum dark green; pleura and metathorax much bluer; abdomen shining greenish-blue ; legs black, without metallic tints; head broad; eyes pea-green; mandibles tridentate, the teeth very large; clypeus black (except borders), with dense coarse black hair, contrasting with pure white hair on sides of face; front and vertex with hair mixed black and white; upper part of cheeks with white hair, lower with more or less black; flagellum short, very obscurely reddish beneath; mesothorax and scutellum with extremely dense small punctures; area of metathorax shining except basally; mesothorax with thin white hair, with some black intermixed; tubercles with pale hair, but pleura with black; scutellum with abundant creamy hair, a few black intermixed; metathorax with black hair on lower part of sides, otherwise with pale; legs with black hair, more or less brownish on tarsi, a small tuft of pure white on posterior knees; tegule black, green in front; wings brownish, especially the broad apical margin; first r. n. joining second s. m. at a distance from its base equal to length of first t. c.; abdomen with white hair on first segment, scanty black hair beyond, but grayish-white on sixth and apical margin of fifth; scopa black. Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 182, part). Easily known by the contrasting black and white hair on face. It resembles O. senior CkIl., but differs by the shining area of metathorax, tridentate mandibles with large teeth, etc. Osmia melanopleura sp. n. ¢ Length about 7.5 mm.; dark blue-green, densely punctured but somewhat shining; facial quadrangle longer than broad; mandi- 54 Journal of Entomology and Zoology bles tridentate, the teeth large; clypeus extremely densely punct- ured; head with mixed white and black hair, the white conspicuous at sides of face, the black especially abundant on lower half of clypeus; antenne black; thorax above with creamy-white hair, with black sparsely intermixed; metathorax with light and dark hair mixed; pleura with black hair (no patch of light hair below) ; legs black, with mainly black hair; tegule black, with a green spot in front; wings dilute brownish; b. n. meeting t. m.; first r. n. joining second s. m. as far from base as length of first t. c.; abdomen shining, the first two segments with glistening white hair, the next three with very thin light and dark hair, the sixth appearing green- ish (contrasting with the rich purple-blue of the fifth), and hoary with appressed white hair; scopa black. Habitat: Claremont, California (Baker; Pomona coll. 182, part). Resembles O. pikei Ckll., but differs by the much more finely punctured clypeus, the much shorter vertex, the much more closely punctured abdomen, etc. The following key separates the above mentioned species of Osmia; all females with black ventral scopa. lair of thorax above-wlolliy orimainlivs blacks. ee l Haim of thorax above wholly or mainly heht=. 3 I." Very small -not quite (mm lenge: = cyanosoma sp. Nn. Dai ei Foe ake aK cece eg ee Se 2 Zee Wibies clarke bie: 2 2 She eke eae eee cee ee cyanopoda sp. n. derbreedblack teh: ses oie eee ee eee pogonigera Ckll. Jo foudall, cabout