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THE LAGUNA MARINE
LABORATORY AND CON-
TRIbEMIONS FROM THE
ZOOROGICAL LABOR A-
TORY OF POMONA
COLLEGE
YAY
LIBRARIES
INDEX
The Central Nervous System of Serpent Stars. .William A. Hilton
Some Remarks on the Nervous Systems of “Iwo Sea-Urchins
William A. Hilton
The Nervous System of Aracoda Semimaculata and the Descrip-
tion of a Method of Sterographic Reconstruction
William F. Hamilton
The Central Nervous System of a Sipunculid. .William 4. Hilton
The Reconstruction of the Nervous System of a Nemertian
NAOT eee tebe the tien cutee yare cle eats age Greet William A. Hilton
Record of ‘'wo Pseudoscorpions from Claremont-Laguna Region
Winifred T. Moore
Solpugids from the Claremont-Laguna Region.......... J. Nisbet
Another Record of a Small Whip Scorpion in California
M. L. Moles
Growth and ‘Color Patterns: in Spiders... ....20..1 <4 M. L. Moles
Studies in the Lite Histories of “Two Carpenter Bees of Cali-
fornia, with Notes on Certain Parasites...... H. H. Nininger
Notes on Chalid Flies, Chiefly from California... ... 1. A. Girault
List of Bees from Claremont-Laguna Region........ Flenry Bray
The Central Nervous System of the Amphipod Orchestia
William A. Hilton
The Central Nervous System of Simple Crustacea. .
William A. Hilton
The Central Nervous System of the Parasitic Isopod, Grapsi-
CED MOMS EAS 3 ewe Sree Leiter RAR Ras cern eS William A. Hilton
A Preliminary List of Shells from Laguna Beach and Nearby
Littoral Ascidians Collected at Laguna Beach
Notes on Birds of Laguna Beach and Vicinity for 1916
H.H. Nininger
Preliminary List of Birds from the Claremont-Laguna Region
A Partial List of Mammals of the Claremont-Laguna Region
Leon L. Gardner
1916 Pomona College of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. VIII, No. 4, December
The Central Nervous System of Serpent
Stars
WILLIAM A. HILTON
Several summers ago the activities of small serpent stars attracted
my attention. The young of Ophioderma panamensis Lutken, pos-
sibly mingled with the minute young of Ophionereis annulata Le
Conte were found in great numbers at Laguna Beach. These little
creatures seemed fully as active as the adults. As compared to
mature forms they were often very minute, the diameter of the discs
being one-tenth or one-twentieth that of the adults.
As compared with the starfish the adult nervous system is, of
course, more highly organized although as well known it follows
the same general plan of arrangement. In the adult form studied,
Ophioderma, the larger more superficial or epineural nerve bands
were best marked and were chiefly studied. The hyponeural nerves
were not prominent or well separated from the epineural. The
large pedal ganglia are well marked and of the same general struc-
ture as the radial parts of the epineural strands, but the cells seemed
a little larger and the fibers not quite so marked in the same prepara-
tion.
In some quite small serpent stars where the radial and circumoral
systems were compared although the structure was the same in
general, the more central part of the nervous system was much
larger. In a specimen with a disc one milimeter in diameter the
radial was about half the diameter of the circumoral. This would
indicate more of a centralization than in the starfish.
A section across the radial nerve shows the nerve cells similar
to those in starfish, located in the outer zone, two or three cells deep.
The wider fiber area is quite homogeneous in some preparations but
in others there were here found large numbers of cell processes
similar to those of starfish. Certain rather fortunate slides showed
these processes with great clearness. The best results of this sort
were obtained from specimens fixed in Flemming’s fluid, the cal-
cium salts of the skeleton were afterward removed by means of acid
172, Journal of Entomology and Zoology
alcohol, sections were cut in parathine. Some sections were stained
with iron hematoxylin, but some were mounted unstained and occa-
sionally a very fine Golgi-like impregnation of certain cells with
their branches was evident. From such preparations it was learned
that the cell processes were about one to a cell and that this often
branched at half its length or a little more, although it was difficult
to make this out because of frequent crossing of the fibers. Most
cells seemed to be uni- or bi-polar, but some had other branches
running back among the cells of the celular area. In some places
the long fibers from the cells were very wavy and they often ran
slantingly, crossing many cell processes, some may have been larger
than others, although it was impossible to be sure of their compara-
tive size because of differences in position and staining. In small
specimens smaller fibers or fibrils were evident and very numerous.
In this, as compared with the starfish studied, there was more the
indication of fibrillae, but no marked development of these. On the
whole, the central nervous system seems more like the complex sys-
tems of other forms than does starfish.
The nerve cells are well marked, sometimes with nucleoli and
with much chromatin but not usually with the characteristic arrange-
ment of chromatin material. In some cases a small amount of
material in the cytoplasm gave the appearance of tigroid substance.
As in starfish, fibers from cells usually appeared as single fibrils
especially in the adult. In many places the fibers or fibrils seemed
to start rather abruptly from the outer zone of cytoplasm of its cell.
In a few cases two fibers seemed to start from the same place in a
cell, but this of course may have been where one of the fibers in
crossing was cut off, or possibly fibers entering and leaving the
same cell. The details of fibers and cells were taken from Flem-
ming’s fluid preparations either stained or unstained.
The segmental arrangement of ganglia in the arms is one of the
well known features which forms such a striking resemblance to
the ganglionic cords of many segmented animals. In some of the
smaller specimens the condition of the gangila is especially well
marked, towards the ends the nerve strand becomes quite reduced.
In longitudinal sections of the arms of serpent stars the thicker cell
area is, of course, that of the superficial radial nerve while the cells
Pomona College, Claremont, California 173
of the closely applied deeper or hyponeural nerves seem like the
less numerous dorsal nerve cells of the ventral ganglia of arthro-
pods and annelids. It is understood by some that the epineural
nerves are sensory in function, the hyponeural motor, if this be so
then the statements in a number of places in literature that the ven-
tral cells of certain arthropods are sensory and the dorsal cells are
motor in function seems not without interest.
Upon comparing the size of the ganglia of small serpent stars
with those of adults, it was found that the nervous system is in pro-
portion, much better developed in the small specimens. All the
larger figures shown were drawn to the same scale, yet the figures of
the adult were from a specimen with a disc fifteen times that of the
small specimens. The radial nerve of the small specimen shown
in cross section is through its narrowest part. In a small specimen
of 1 mm. disc diameter the radial nerve was one-third of the diam-
eter of the arm. In an adult but small specimen the arm was 3.5
mm. in diameter while the nerve strand was only .04 to .01 mm.
in diameter. The nerve cells were slightly more numerous in cell
areas in the small specimens than in the large.
SOME POINTS SUGGESTED BY THESE OBSERVATIONS
1. The synapse in this form and probably other echinoderms
seems to be by simple contact, possibly at the sides as well as at the
terminals of nerve cells.
2. If fibrils are found within nerve cells they are represented by
very few, possibly only one to a fiber in many cases.
3. Some slight indications of tigroid substance were found.
4. With the growth of the nervous system the nerve cells become
less abundant at any one place while the relative size of the nerves
becomes much less in the adult.
5. [he nervous system of the serpent stars looks much more
like the nervous structures of more complex forms than does that
of the starfish.
6. t. xx.
Melalnikoff, S. L900
ZeleyViss. Zoole bdaixyin.
Herubel, A. 1902
Sur le cerveux du Phascolosome. Ac. d. Paris. cxxiv.
Spengel, J. W. E92
Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Gephyren. Zeit. Wiss. Zool. Bad.
XXXIV.
Ward, H. B. 1891
Some points on the anatomy and history of Sipunculus nudus.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard College.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)
Pomona College, Claremont, California 33
EXPLANATION OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Central nervous system of Phascolosoma X15. The cord is shown in
three separate pieces. The lower end of the first or left-hand drawing should join
with the second and so on. The central nerve band is shown with the lateral branches
of muscle and nerve. The brain is shown attached to the first segment at the left. The
pigment spots, cerebral tubes and chief nerves are shown. The brain is drawn from
reconstructions made from serial sections.
Figure 2. Cross section of the nerve cord. X75.
Figure 3. Longitudinal section of the nerve cord. X75.
Figures + to 6. Drawings of sections taken through the brain at various levels,
only one-half is shown in each case. X75.
Journal of Entomology and Zoology
34
LEILA AA LAAN A 4 LAM fff
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Pomona College, Claremont,
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California
1917 Pomona College Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. IX, No. 3, September
A Reconstruction of the Nervous System
of a Nemertian Worm
WILLIAM A. HILTON
Small specimens of Carinella cingulata Cole were fixed in Mer-
curic chloride and cut in series. A general hematoxylin stain was
very satisfactory for general anatomy. Tor a study of the finer
structure other preparations will be necessary.
No attempt will be made to give a complete review of the litera-
ture relating to this group. Almost every systematic paper has
something, because of the importance of the nervous system in classi-
fication and because in many cases the nervous system may be seen
through the body-wall without dissection,
One of the first extensive accounts of these animals which also
included quite a consideration of the nervous system was McIntosh
in 1874. Several of the genus Nemestes were studied and the gen-
eral form of the nervous system shown. Amphipheris is shown in a
similar manner with a single lobe of the brain and with the two
brain commissures. ‘Tetrastemma is shown in a similar manner.
Hubrecht in 1887 has an extensive paper in which the details of
several nervous systems are shown as they show in reconstructions
from sections. Eupolia girardi is especially well shown with its
small dorsal and large ventral commissure and with three brain
lobes. It is in this paper that Hubrecht makes his interesting com-
parison between the nemertians and cordates. In his paper of 1880
he has shown the structure and position of different parts of the
nervous system of nemertians, especially of Cerebratulus of which
he gives a very good figure. In this he shows a reconstruction of
the brain with its chief nerves, ventral and dorsal commissures,
general position of the cells, the two lobes of the brain on each
side and the chief nerves. He also treats of nemertian nervous
systems of many other forms, but not in so much detail.
Burger in 1890, °91, has extensive papers on the nervous
system of the group. He discusses not only the general form, but
also the minute structure of the nervous system of a number of dif-
ferent types. In 1895 Burger has another important paper on this
120 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
group of animals. In it he shows in some torms a marked dorsal
ganglion and a ventral ganglion with the typical nerves. Burger
showed that all ganglion cells are unipolar, without membranes.
Montgomery, 1897, discusses the minute anatomy of the nerve
cells. Coe, 1895 and L910, considers the general anatomy of the
nervous system, but nerve details are for the most part not shown.
In a young Carinella cingulata Cole which | have studied by
means of reconstructions, | find no unusual features. The nervous
system is typical of the group. The brain, however, is not very
clearly made up of two lobes on each side, This may be because
the specimen used was a young one. Phis may also be the reason
why the brain is not sharply marked off from the lateral nerve cords.
Figure | shows the brain and part ot the lateral cords from the
ventral side. From the two halves of the brain come the nerves to
forward parts. The small dorsal commissure is shown with its
usual median extension, From the larger ventral commissure come
the two nerves to the proboscis, lateral to these are the nerves to
the intestine, while from the ridge of the lateral cords the lateral
nerves are shown.
Figure 2 in the larger drawing at the right shows the nervous
system as viewed from the side with the dorsal side to the left,
The central core of the ganglion and cord is to indicate the posi-
tion of the fiber area, The small drawings at the left show various
levels of the nervous system as seen in cross section, The ventral
side is up. The drawing at the top is through the brain betore the
commissures are reached, the next lower is through the thickest
part of the brain and the lower two drawings are through one of
the lateral cords,
Burger, O. 189]
Beitarge zur kenntnis des Nervensystems der Wirbellosen, Neue
Unter. tiber das Nervensystem der Nemertinen, Inst. a. d. Zool. Sta.
Neah. 10.
Burger, O, 1890
Beitrage zur Kenntnis des Nervensystems der Nemertinen, Zeit.
Wiss. Zool. Bd. L.
a L895
Die Nemertinen,
Fauna u. Flora d. Goltes v. Neapel.
Pomona College, Claremont, Calitornia 121
Coe, Ww. R. L895
On the Anatomy of a Species of Nemertean (Cerebratulus ).
Trans. Conn. oc. ix.
Coe, W. R. 1910
Nemerteans.
Haniman Alaska Series, vol. xi.
Delage et Herouard 1897
‘Trait de zoologie concrete. Les vermidinens. Vol. ve Paris.
Haller, B, 1889
Beitrage zur kenntnias der textur des Central-nervensystems.
Heherer Warmer.
Arb. des Zoolog. Inst. Wien. I. viti, Heft. 2.
Flubrechi, A. A.W. 1887
Relation of the Nemertea to the Vertebrata. Quart. jour. mic.
se. AXVIT,
Hubrecht, dA. A.W. ISso
Zur Anatomy und Physiology des Nervensystems der Nemertinen
Nat, Ver, der k. Akad. Decl. xx.
[887
Report on the Nemertia collected by H. M.S. Challenger.
Rep. sc. results H, M.S. Challenger. Zool., vol. xix.
Kemnel, J. FP, ie by a)
Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Nemertinen. Arb. a. d. Zool. Inst.
Wirzbure LV.
Melfntosh, 7. C. 1874
A monograph of British annelids. Part I, Nemertineans. Ray,
soc.
Montgomery, T. H., Jr. 1897
Studies on the elements of the central nervous system of the
Heteronemertini. Jour. morph., vol. xxx, No. 3.
Mosley, H. N. 1875
On Pelagonemertes rollestont. Ann. mag. nat. hist., vol. xv.
122 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
Figure 1. Reconstruction of the nervous system of Carinella shown from the ventral
side. Explanation in text. X75.
Figure 2. Figure at the left side view of a reconstruction of the upper portion of the
central nervous system of Carinella.
The figures at the right are from cross sections taken at various levels.
The upper and the two lower figures are from one side only. Further
explanations in the text. X75.
Pomona College, Claremont, California 123
124 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
NN Cy .
1917 Pomona College Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. IX, No. 1, March
Record of Two Pseudoscorpions From
Claremont-Laguna Region
WINIFRED T. MOORE
Garypus Californicus Banks
Description: “Hig. 1. Length’ 5 mm,
Color: Cephalothorax and pedipalps dark brown, abdomen and
legs light yellow; each abdominal scutae with a dark central spot;
anterior ventral scutae also with dark spots. Cephalothorax emar-
ginate; four eyes; femur of pedipalps longer than cepalothorax,
tibiahardly convex on inner side, hand about as long as tibia, fingers
longer than hand; legs long and slender.
Habitat: Specimen found under rocks near ocean at Laguna
Beach, collected by Walter Sturgis.
Chelanops pallipes Banks
Description: Fig. 2. Length 2 mm. including mandibles.
Color: Cephalothorax light reddish brown, pedipalps darker,
abdomen and legs pale yellow.
Similar to C. dorsalis, but fingers a little longer than hand; no eye
spots, clavate hairs found on all parts of two types, on legs and pedi-
palps more clavate on one side (Fig. 3) on body evening clavate
(Fig. +). Simple hairs found on under surface of tarsus. All parts
covered with small chiton plates.
Habitat: Specimens taken from under stones in wash near
Claremont.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)
Pomona College, Claremont, California 27
EXPLANATION OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Garypus Californicus, X20,
Figure 2. Chelanops pallipes. X20.
Figure 3. Hair from legs and pedipalps of C. pallipes micah enlarged.
Figure 4+. Hair from body of (@, pallipes much enlarged.
28 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
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Pomona College, Claremont, California
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1917 Pomona College Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. IX, No. 1, March
Solpugids From the Claremont-Laguna
Region
J. NISBET
The following list of solpugids represents a collection obtained
by students and others during the past four or five years. Draw-
ings are given of one large specimen and top and side views of the
head region of several others. The determinations are by Dr. N.
Banks.
Eremobates formicaria Koch
This species has been taken from our region although such large
specimens have been reported only from dryer regions. ‘This speci-
men, a male is from Brawley, Cal. (Figs. 1 and 2). Figs. 3 and
+ were taken from a young specimen collected at Claremont.
The movable finger of the chelicere of the male has two large
teeth. Anterior margin of rephalothorix straight. Hind tarsi one
segment.
Eremobates californica Sim.
The drawing are from a specimen taken at Laguna Beach ( Figs.
§ and 6). Specimens were also taken at Claremont. Movable
finger of the chelicere with a large tooth. This is not so marked in
the female. Hind tarsi one segment.
Hemerotrecha californica Banks
Specimens were obtained at Claremont. Upper finger of cheli-
care without teeth or many small teeth. Male has an elongated
flayellow of two parts on the upper finger of chalicera. Hind tarsi
with three joints. Specimens obtained were about evenly divided
between this and the previous species ( Figs. 7, 8, 9 and 10).
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)
Figure 1.
Figure
Figures
Figures
Figures
Figures
>
3-
5-6.
7 Oo
/-
x
Oo.
9-10.
Eremobates formicaria Koch, side view of chelicera.
Pomona College, Claremont, California
EXPLANATION OF FIGURES
Eremobates formicaria Koch. X2.
Chelicerae from young EF. formicaria. X2.
Chelicerae from E. californica Sim, X2.
bo
bo
Chelicerae from Hemerotrecha californica Banks, views of the chelicerae.
X2.
H. californica views of chelicerae, another specimen.
X2.
Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Pomona College, Claremont, California
1917 Pomona College Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. 1X, No. 1, March
Another Record of a Small Whip
Seorpion in California
M. L. MOLES
In April, 1916, Dr. W. A. Hilton collected some small whip-
scorpions in the Pomona College Park at Claremont. These creat-
ures were without eyes and yet they seemed to avoid forceps. They
were able to run backwards or forwards with equal ease. On
examination it was found that there were long hairs on the legs
such as shown in the figure. Other specimens were afterwards
found in one of the nearby canyons, and two specimens in the college
collection were marked “C. Metz, in the mountains near Clare-
mont.”
Upon looking through the literature the species was determined
to be Trithyreus pentapeltis Cook. In 1899 Dr. Hubbard col-
lected some at Palm Springs under stones in the canyon near the
stream. Those which we have found this year were under the
dried oak leaves some distance from water. Cook gave the generic
name Hubbardia which has not been sustained.
The following are the measurements of two types of the twenty
or more specimens found.
Measurements—supposed Male:
Length of whole body, 7.5 mm.
Length of cephalothorax, 2 mm.
Length of abdomen, 3 mm.
Length of tail, 2.5 mm.
Length of first leg, 8 mm.
Length of maxilla, 1.5 mm.
Width of abdomen, | mm.
Width of cephalothorax, 8 mm.
Measurements—Supposed Female and Juvenile, Fig. 1:
Length of whole body, 4.5 mm.
Length of cephalothorax, 1.5 mm.
Length of abdomen, 2 mm.
Length of tail, | mm.
Length of first leg, 5.5 mm.
Length of maxilla, 2 mm.
Width of cephalothorax, 6 mm.
Width of abdomen, | mm,
2 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Color of supposed Male—Cephalothorax and maxille, dark red-
dish brown. Abdomen and legs light yellow brown.
Color of supposed Female and Juvenile—All parts bright yellow
brown.
Cephalothorax suboval, upper margin strongly concave at the
sides and tapering to a point at the median line. Sides convex at
upper edge; lower margin strongly convex. The cephalothorax is
strongly chitinized, showing two small oval spots. The small
suboval area between the chitinized cephalothorax and the abdomen
is soft with five chitinized plates.
On the dorsal surface of each abdominal segemnt are two muscle
depressions, while on the ventral surface the fourth, fifth and sixth
segments have dark colored plates near the segmental divisions
which are used for muscle attachments; besides the two muscle
depressions,
The book-lungs openings are found on the ventral surface of the
first abdominal segment, as is also the epigynum.
The caudal appendage of the juvenile and female is made up of
three small joints tapering to a blunt end. It is held in an upright
position above the abdomen. Cook in his description supposed
this form to be a female or juvenile; Krayselin considers it a dif-
ferent species, but upon close study of the rest of the organs of
this form it was finally decided that it was a juvenile and probably
a female, the supposition being held that the juvenile took the form
of the female, as is often the case, until the last few molts. The
epigynum of this form was extremely undeveloped, having only a
small epigastic furrow with depressions at either end.
The caudal appendage of the supposed male is made up of two
stout joints to which is attached a heart-shaped body tapering to a
blunt apex. This body has deep pits both on the dorsal and ven-
tral sides near the base.
On the tibia of the first pair of legs are two long special sensory
hairs set in little pits. On the second, third and fourth legs one
hair was found, also on the tibia. hese hairs are three-fourths
as long as the leg.
The mouth parts consist of a pair of strong mandibles and lab-
ium. The labium is placed between the two coxe of the maxille.
ww
Pomona College, Claremont, California
The long process of the coxa clothed with its long simple hairs
seems to have some performance in the work of the mouth parts.
The labium is suboval, clothed thickly with simple short hairs, the
upper margin having a single row of long heavy straight hairs
with many long single curved hairs covering them.
The mandibles are provided with three distinct kinds of hairs
or spines. The large subquadrate proximal joint was clothed with
long barbed spines, the movable finger having on its median sur-
face a row of fifteen back curved barbed spines. In the space
between the movable and stationary finger were long hairs, en-
larged in the center and tapering off to a fine point, the tapered
portion being barbed. ‘he mandibles are set well down in the
sephalothorax.
The sexual openings were found in the usual place; the ventral
surface of the first abdominal segment, this being enlarged so as
to do away with the second abdominal segment. ‘The epigynum
consists of a long epigastric furrow with a large lip-like opening
near its median line. Just above this opening and on either side
were small longitudinal creases.
Prof. Dr. Friedrich Dahl places the external sexual organs of
this family on the legs and in the TVhelyphonide which is closely
related. -They-are found in the second joint of the tarsus of the
first legs. Careful study failed to find any trace of secondary sexual
organs in ['rithyreus pentapellis.
Krayselin, Karl f 1899
Das Vierreich. Scorpiones und Pedipalpi.
Gok. OW Ff. 1899
Hubbardia, a new genus of Pedipalpi, Entomological Society Proceed-
ings, vol. 3.
Comstock, John Henry Be
The Spider Book, pp. 17-18.
Banks, Nathan 1900
Synopsis of North American Invertebrates. Am. Nat. Vol. 34.
Dahl, Dr. Friedrich 1913
Vergleichende Physiologie and Morphologie Der Spinnentiere.
Jena, Verlang N. G. Fischer.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College.)
+ Journal of Entomology and Zoology
EXPLANATION OF FIGURES
Fig. 1. Drawing of the upper side of a young Trithvereus pentapelti Cook X10.
Fig. 2. Lower or ventral view of T. Pentapeltis X10.
Figs. 3, 4, and 5. Various views of the caudal end of an adult T. Pentapelta.
Much enlarged.
Fig. 6. Labium. Much enlarged.
Fig. 7. Maxilla. Much enlarged.
Fig. 9. Mandible of Trithvereus. Much enlarged.
Fig. 9. One jaw of mandible. Much enlarged.
Pomona College, Claremont, California
Journal of Entomology and Zoology
~
Pomona College, Claremont, California
1916 Pomona College of Entomology and Zoology, Jol. VILL, No. 4, December
The Growth and Color Patterns in
Spiders
MARGARET L. MOLES
The growth of immature spiders, from the period of emerging
from the egg case to that of the adult were studied. Representa-
tives of seven large families, the Lycoside, Attide, Aviculariide,
E'peiride, Thomisidex, Theridiide and Oxyopide, and the life cycle
of one genus and species of each of the families were minutely
described and drawn in colors. Besides noting the changes in body
developments, coloration and color pattern, the methods of emerg-
ing from the egg case, action of spiderlings upon “hatching,” the
growth of all their parts and especially the growth of the color
patterns, was noted. On account of the artificial conditions in
which it was found necessary to raise the young, they did not always
live to reach maturity, but were almost always raised at least up
to the last few moults.
The females were collected with the eggs. The young were
placed in glass dishes with cloth tops; leaves and dirt were placed
in the jars in order to resemble their natural environments. Food
was given once a day. It consisted of large flies whose bodies had
been opened. Water in small drops was given each day. Some
of the spiderlings such as Lycoside and Oxyopide were especially
fond of the water and congregated around each drop in great num-
bers. The food given the young seemed to satisfy them. They
would crawl all over the fly as soon as it fell among them and soon
it could not be seen in the mass of spiders. Small gnats were put
in the cages but no attempts were made by the small spiders to
catch them. They were able to go for days at a time without food
if given plenty of water.
The greater number of female spiders with their egg cases were
collected during the months of October, November and December.
The cases of the Oxyopide were found in the mountain canyons
under piles of damp leaves, those of the Epeiride were found in
the usual garden places under eaves and fastened under the leaves
130 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
of large vines. Theridiide were found in meter boxes and barns;
the Attide were collected in Imperial Valley under rocks; the
Lycoside which were collected during the month of April, were
found in the grass with the females carrying the egg cases. The
young of Thomiside were found, no eggs having been collected.
The shape of the egg cases of the several species studied dif-
fered materially. Those of Peucetia viridans are, as Comstock
describes it, “hemispherical in outline with small projecting tufts.”’
The egg sac of dranea gemma is a light brown “loose flocculent
mass of silk enclosing the ball of eggs.’ The egg case of most of
the Thomiside, Comstock describes as being ‘lenticular in form”
and are usually formed of two equal valves united at the border,
which presents a little circular fringe. The egg case of Philodro-
mus is made up of two disks which are fastened closely to the bark
of the trees and may be more than lenticular in shape. In the sub.
family Misumenine the egg sac is sometimes free and sometimes
suspended like a hammock in a retreat formed of leaves rolled or
drawn together. In most cases after the egg sac is made, the fe-
male stops her wandering habits in order to watch it. The egg sac
of Latrodectus mactans is made up of a round closely woven silk
ball, hard on the exterior and soft on the interior. Dust soon col-
lects on the egg sac which gives it a dirty white color. They are
suspended from the web by a few loose threads. The Lycoside
tie their children to their apron strings. The females were found
in great abundance in the early spring holding the flat circular egg
case firmly with their mandibles. These cases were held up off
the ground when the female moved and were dropped if she was
disturbed. In the contined specimens the female upon being dis.
turbed would drop her bundle, but as soon as the disturbance was
over she would pick up the case again. The Attide were all col-
lected from a valley with a warm climate and seemed to resent the
change when they were placed in the cooler atmosphere of the
laboratory. Their egg cases were of a very fine soft white silk and
were attached to the under side of a rock, using the rock as one
side and building the nest around that side. One female laid her
eggs in captivity. The case was the same as those on the rocks
but one side of the glass was used as a foundation. As there were
Pomona College, Claremont, California ot
no eggs of the trap door spider collected, | cannot consider the
shape of the egg case and none of the authors of spider life his-
tories describe it. Comstock speaks of finding one in Florida, but
does not describe it.
The general shape of the egg cases of the different species studied,
seemed to be the same in all of the egg cases of that species. Com-
stock says in regard to the constancy of the shape of the egg sac of
the species, ‘“The egg sac is not merely a covering made in a hap-
hazard way; but is a more or less elaborate structure, made in a
definite manner characteristic of the species.” While one cannot
determine the species or genus of a spider definitely by the shape
of its egg sac, yet it is a small factor which might aid in telling
the genus.
The young of the different species differed widely in the length
of time of emerging. Peucetia viridans emerged in a month,
Arenea gemma in from two to three weeks, Lycosa sp. in three
weeks, Phippdus sp. was kept for seven months and then artificial
help was given to open the sack. The eggs of most of these species
hatched soon after being laid.
The spiders made one or more moults in the egg sac before
emerging from the case. In the case of dranea it was seen that a
great pile of shed skins were exuded outside of the sac just before
the young emerged and then while emerging from the sac they
went through another moult, leaving their shed skins in the case or
just outside on a line which they made. From observations it
would seem as though this species moulted two or three times
before emerging from the sac. ‘“The young attids, having under-
gone the moult, shift their positions to the opposite end of the
cocoon and then moult a second and even third time before egress;
as is shown by the fact that one finds within the same cocoon three
separate heaps of skins cast at different ages.” The young with
the aid of a great deal of heat emerged two weeks after the eggs
were laid. They had not moulted at all and were very weak, and
came from one end of the cocoon. The case that was left for seven
months showed that the young had deposited their shed skins in
three places before emerging, and having migrated from one end
of the egg sac to the other. Wagner (’88) asserts in ‘La Mue”’—
132 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
‘The young of Lycosa remain in the cocoon until the second moult,
after which they emerge and clamber upon the mother’s back
where the third and fourth moults occur before the little fellows
begin independent housekeeping in miniature burrows of their
own.’ With the other species it was dificult to see how many
moults occurred before egress from the sac and no accurate data
was found upon it.
There was a great difference between the different families in
the actual time of emerging. The Attide, Lycoside, Theridide
and Oxyopide seemed to pop right out of the sac like ripe peas out
of a pod, while the Araneine took from one to two days or a few
hours, all according to the heat and sunshine. Those egg sacs which
were kept in a dark box were very slow in emerging. One little
one would force its way out of a corner of the cocoon, spin a line
of web to the corner of the box and spend all the rest of the day
running up and down that thread. The others might not appear for
a day or two. If the box with its one little occupant was placed in
the sunshine, inside of two hours every one of the spiderlings would
be out spinning. Egg sacs which showed no signs of hatching
were placed in the sunlight and within two hours one little one
would be out and the rest soon followed. These experiments with
the dark and light in reference to the length of time of emerging
were only carried on successfully with those of the Araneine. The
other egg sacs were placed in sunshine each day but it did not seem
to force the young from the sac. The Attide came out with the
application of both heat and sunshine, but seemed to be prematurely
‘“hatched,’’ as they were inactive and soon died. -Sunshine alone
did not force them out, but the application of heat was sufficient,
after a day’s application. The natural time of emerging for the
Attide is in hot summer weather so this in a way explains why heat
was so effective. Heat or sunshine had no efect upon Latrodectus
or Lycosa except just at the time of emerging. They could not be
forced to emerge. A definite conclusion was reached,—that the
young will wait for a sunny day to emerge. This seems to be true
of all families. Not one was found which had emerged upon a
cold, cloudy day. The house-raised spiders of all the groups
studied emerged earlier than the ones out-of-doors in their natural
Pomona College, Claremont, California 133
habitat. The difference in time with all of them was from one to
two months. This could be accounted for by the fact that they
were raised in a steam-heated room and were placed in the sun-
shine from two to three hours a day even in winter, and so devel-
oped quicker. Artificial help was given to some species which
seemed to have trouble in emerging. The mother spider in some
cases cuts the silk of the cocoon and so when some species were
particularly long in hatching, a pin point was inserted and an open-
ing made. Without the help of the female Lycosa the young were
not able to emerge at all. The young would develop in the egg
sac up to the emerging and then would dry up, if not given arti-
ficial aid.
The actions of the newly-emerged young of the different species
were constant. Lycosa upon emerging clambered upon the body of
the mother, nearly covering the mother spider. The lycosids which
were hatched artificially and had no mother to clamber on died
soon after emerging. he young which emerged and were carried
by the mother all lived, but the others did not seem to have the
necessary strength. ‘he mother often seemed anxious to get rid
of the young. If disturbed she threw them off, and if they were
too young they died. A female without an egg sac was put with an
artificially opened sac and soon the young clambered up on the
legs and abdomen of the adult without any response from her.
Another female carried her own egg sac and a load of orphans
which were placed with her. This double load seemed to be too
much for her; for she died before her own brood could emerge.
The brood which had lived on her a week while she carried her
own case, lived. After she died they started an independent life,
but generally the young live on the mother two weeks after emerg-
ing. These experiments would seem to show that to some degree
the life of the young depended upon the existence of the mother.
None of the other families studied had this dependence of the
young upon the mother.
The young of Peucetia built simply a line of thread and stayed
on it or ran around the jar unattached by any silk. The Thomi-
side when very small would climb upon the flowers or leaves and
bark, seemingly waiting for little mites or flies. Latrodectus and
134 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Lycosa built neither web nor thread rope, but ran round and round
the jar. No attempt was made to build separate homes of pro-
tections. Phippdus after one day of outside life built small re-
treats such as the mature build under the rocks. Of course, the
nests were very small and thin, but they were exact duplicates of
the large ones. Three or four little ones lived in the same retreat
but more often each had his own. Comstock claims they use these
nests as places to stay in while they moult. The nests were built
along the upper edge of the jars and from the nest to the bottom
of the jar was a line of silk thread used as an elevator. The trap
door spiders stayed in the bottom of the tunnel except when placed
in the sunshine; then they spread all over the sides of the tunnel
and especially around the edge of the trap door. As a general
thing the young were very slow and sluggish in actions. The young
of the trap door spider must be very slow to develop for they
showed no signs of silk spinning nor any desire to go out of the
parental tunnel. Some of the young were removed when four
months old and placed in a jar of dirt in order to see if they
would form small burrows of their own. All of them refused to
make any burrows and dried up on top of the dirt. The young
of about one year of age were found in small burrows. Miss
Thompson in her observations on the trap door spiders, says,
“After the hatching of the eggs from seventy-five to one hundred
black and green spiderlings will be found occupying the maternal
nest. When these are a few weeks old they leave the native burrow
and begin to excavate in sunny places, minute tubes of their own.
Often a dozen such small abodes will be clustered about the old
trap door. These vary greatly in size but all are quite perfect
in form.”
The actions of the young .dranea gemma were the most interest-
ing of all the young. The instinct to use the spinnerets and to
make webs was strongly developed, for as soon as the young
emerged from the egg sac they began to spin. First a small thread
was put out and attached to the sides of the jar and as soon as the
young had found a suitable place an orb web was begun. - These
were very perfect, although not as large nor having as many com-
plications as the web of the mature spider. Some of the young
Pomona College, Claremont, California 135
were taken out of the jar and soon scattered all over the labora-
tory. Vhey built their miniature orbs between the legs of chairs,
on the lighting fixtures, on the microscopes and in every available
place. ™ They would place themselves in the center of these small
orbs and stay there all day. This action of the young is quite con-
trary to that of the adult, who does not remain in the orb but in a
hiding place near by. The young of dranea gemma were found
all over the top of a rose fence in little webs. They made them
in the top in order to get the greatest amount of light and sunshine.
A family of dranea was raised in the laboratory windows on the
vines. Their actions were not the same as the one raised indoors.
They remained in a large clump swung from one of the branches
of the vine and only on bright days did they scatter from this mass
to return when the wind blew and it became cold. A hard rain
storm came and all the spiders disappeared, but when the sun came
out the spiders returned, making little orbs of their own, but did
not go back into a mass. A great many of these little ones could
not have survived the storm, but some must have remained under
the leaves and started life anew as soon as it became warm.
Certain conclusions can be drawn in connection with the shape
of the egg case, the methods of emerging, and the actions upon
emerging, of the immature spiders :
1. All the egg cases of a certain species of spiders were found
to be exactly the same. There were large numbers of the egg cases
of dranea collected, and none varied in either shape, texture, or
method of building. The only variations found‘were in size and
color. The colors varied from light to dark brown.
2. The methods of emerging, the length of time and actions
upon emerging varied only according to the weather conditions and
situations, so the same statement may apply to them as to the shape
of the egg case.
In a general collection a great many specimens taken are im-
mature and very hard to determine on account of the undeveloped
sexual organs, and the differences in color pattern between the im-
mature and its adult. It has been the aim of the writer to watch
the changes in the color development and color pattern of certain
well-known species of large families in order to find some way in
136 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
which the young may be identified by the color pattern and color.
There have been few sources from which any material upon this
subject could be found. Comstock in his ‘Spider Book” makes no
note of the color changes, but McCook makes the following ob-
servations: ‘With each moult spiders undergo a change in color
and patterns more or less decided; but some undergo such decided
changes that different species have been established for the same
spider upon specimens taken after different moulting periods. In
some species the color and markings of the younglings, after the
first moult or two, fairly represent the markings of the adult at
maturity; in others the difference is so great between the two stages
of life that it is quite impossible to identify young individuals or
distinguish the young of several species with accuracy.”
The female colors predominate through all the young, the im-
mature males in the most cases taking the colors and markings of
the female until the last moult, when they then take on the mark-
ings and characteristics of the adult male.
In the following pages of the paper there will be found a de-
scription of the different stages of the spiderling of different species,
especially in reference to the different color stages... The dorsal
side of the spider has the color pattern, therefore it will be the
surface which is always described.
Peucetia viridans Hentz. Plates I, II and III
The color markings of the adult female were very brilliant and
beautiful. The eye space is black, the cephalic part of the cephalo-
thorax is light yellow with red and brown markings, the thoracic
region is a dark green ground color with two red lines running down
and around the sides of it. There is a median brown line extending
from the eye space to the lower edge of the cephalothorax. The
abdomen has a dark brown ground color with four white spots, the
lower two of which are edged with red. On the upper half of the
abdomen are two orange stripes flecked with red and separated by
a light green stripe with a darker one in its center. The lower
half of the abdomen has two light green and two yellow green
stripes on either side of the median line. There are numerous
flecks of red all over the dark green on the abdomen. The spin-
Pomona College, Claremont, California 137
nerets are dark green, covered with black hairs. The abdomen
has black hairs. The legs have a light yellow ground color. The
coxa has two red lines near the upper margin of the joint and two
black spots below the lowest line. The trochanter is covered with
various sized black spots. There are two irregular red bands on
the upper margin, while there are scattered over the surface of the
joint from three to four irregular red dashes. The femur is orange
yellow with an irregular red band both at the upper and lower
margin of the joint, the surface of the joint having only two black
spots and those placed at the base of the spines. The tibia is
yellow gray with dark gray spots and an irregular red band both
at the upper and lower margins of the joint. The metatarsus is
also yellow gray with dark gray spots and an irregular orange and
red band on the lower margin of the joint. The tarsus is dark
vellow gray. The joints of the legs with the exception of the coxa,
trochanter and femur are covered with fine black hairs. The palpi
have the same coloring as the legs, but lack the black spots, which
are on all the trochanters. The spines on the legs are very black
and long.
The newly emerged Peucetia viridans are pale orange. Plate
II B. Some of the young emerged and shed a coat after three
days, while others emerged with the new coat on. Those which
emerged and shed their coats in three days were orange yellow
when they first appeared. After three days they acquired a more
orange color. The eye space was dark brown, the cephalothorax
a light yellow green ground color, the sides red shading into green
and a dark brown spot on the upper half of the median surface
and a dark brown median line which extended from the eye space
to the ending of this dark brown median area. This dark line is
the same as in the adult and is lost in the next moult and does not
appear until the adult stage again. The abdomen is orange, shad-
ing to orange red on the sides and to light yellow on the upper sur-
face. There is a beginning of a light red folium of complicated
inner pattern, looking like the construction of a Chinese pagoda. On
each section of the pattern there were four little light colored pits,
but the upper one had five. The palpi were dark gray, the coxx
of the legs were dark gray, the rest of the joints of the legs were
138 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
a light apple green shading down to yellow green in the meta-
tarsus and tarsus. Near the upper margin of the tibia were four
small red rings. One can very well see that even in this early
stage there is a good beginning for the brilliant markings of the
adult. The next moult took place in ten days. The coloring of
the cephalothorax and abdomen remained the same except where
there had been small white pits on the abdomen in the earlier stages
there now was a black spine for every pit. It was in the legs where
the greatest change took place. The ground color of the legs was
light lemon yellow. The coxa was light lemon yellow with three
black spots; the trochanter had eight to ten black spots, the upper
margin of this joint being yellow green; the femur had from four
to seven black spots, with patches of apple green. The tibia, meta-
tarsus and tarsus were orange with darker orange at the upper and
lower margin of the joints. The tibia and metatarsus have from
two to five black spots, the tarsus of the first two legs has two
black spots, the same joint of the last two legs has none. The
light yellow palpi have two black spots on the trochanter, femur
and tibia; the other joints are bare. The spines appeared on the
legs in this stage, while not all that are found on the legs of the
adult were found, yet a good portion were started of very good
size. No short hairs had appeared yet on the body or legs.
There were two moults between this stage and the next one
minutely described, but in either moult there was not any marked
external change other than in size. The body changed from a
round, short, thick shape to a long oval abdomen with a large
cephalothorax to a shape almost like that of the adult. (Fig. C,
Plate II.) The next stage in the color pattern development
occurred when the young was twenty-two days old. (Fig. D, Plate
II.) The eye space is beginning to narrow at the lower margin, the
median part of the thoracic portion of the cephalothorax is dark
brown with light brown center. This dark stripe has two horns
toward the eye space and two small hair lines at the lower margin
of the cephalothorax which extends to the edges of the cephalo-
thorax. On the edge of the cephalothorax is a small red line and
next to it a dark brown irregular line broken by green spots. The
space between the median dark line and the dark irregular brown
Pomona College, Claremont, California 139
line on the edge is apple green. The abdomen has the same pat-
tern as in the younger ones, only outlined by a darker red. Around
the first two portions of the pattern is a white space. This white
space is found in the adult, only separated into two areas. The
upper portion of the abdomen has a ground color of orange yel-
low with darker orange edge, while the lower portion has a great
deal more yellow in it. The legs have the same coloring as in the
last stage described, only areas of gray coloring have appeared in
the lower margins of the femur and the upper and lower margins
of the tibia and the end of the tarsus. On the palpi we find the
gray on the upper and lower margins of all the joints except the
coxa. ‘The spinnerets protrude below the abdomen and are cov:
ered with short black hairs. (Fig. D, Plate II.)
The next stage seems almost a retrogression in the color develop-
ment except for the growth of the cephalothorax. (Fig. EF, Plate
II.) The eye space has assumed a small position in the center
of the cephalic portion of the cephalothorax. The color is brown.
On either edge of the upper margin of this portion of the cephalo-
thorax are found two brown spots which are on the adult. The
median stripe down the center of the cephalothorax is green with
dark brown splotches and the same shape as the others. The edges
had a light brown irregular stripe and all traces of the red band was
gone. At the joining of the green median stripe and the brown
stripe near the lower margin of the cephalothorax was a black spot
showing the beginning of the black spot in the same place in the
adult. he space around the eye space and on either side of the
median stripe was light yellow green. “The abdomen had lost nearly
all the folium except remains of its outer edges. The upper portion
of the abdomen is light yellow, nearly white; the lower portion yel-
low green; the remains of the pattern in the center of the abdomen.
The white space on either side of the folium remained and the
lower portion of the sides of the abdomen was a pinkish yellow.
The abdomen has become slightly constricted near the upper mar-
gin and has assumed a great deal of the shape of the abdomen of
the adult. The legs are a transparent color. The coxa has besides
the gray at the upper and lower margins, a band of green on the
upper margin. ‘The trochanter was light gray, almost white, with
140 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
a red band near the upper margin of the joint, the femur of the first
two legs was yellow green with gray at the upper margin, and a
large black splotch at the lower margin on the side; the femur of
the last two legs is the same color but lacks the black spots; the
tibia, metatarsus and tarsus are yellow gray with darker gray
green at the upper and lower margins of each joint. From now on
until the last moult there was no change. At the last moult the sex
of the spiders appeared and the color pattern was completely
formed. Though the young with the complete color pattern were
not as bright and brilliant as the mother caught with the eggs, yet
they would very likely improve with age. The color pattern of
this form was the hardest to follow and understand. At each moult
it seemed to be a process such as is necessary in the reproduction
of a colored plate, one color placed on top of the other until the
hnal whole is obtained.
A female Peucetia viridans with eggs was collected in the early
summer (July Ist) on a squash vine. (Plate III.) The female
was colored differently from the one just described above, and also
different from the one described by Comstock, yet this one is identi-
hed by Banks as belonging to this genus and species. The cephalo-
thorax of the adult was a light yellow green with a silver eye
space. There were two black lines on the lower margin of the
cephalothorax. The abdomen is a dark brown green ground color,
with a band of light green on either side of the median line near
the upper margin. Near the middle of the abdomen are two white
spots. A light brown triangular pattern is found in the median
line near the upper margin. The legs and palpi have a light
green coxa and trochanter, an orange femur and a yellow tibia, the
metatarsus and tarsus with a green band both at the upper and
lower margin of each joint. The trochanter is flecked with black
spots. The legs are covered with strong spines. The spinnerets
are dark brown.
The young emerged after two weeks and were dark brown, the
abdomen being darker than the legs and cephalothorax. At this
time there was no semblance in the young to the adult in either
shape of body or color. The first moult occurred in one week.
The shape of the body had changed to the elongate abdomen and
Pomona College, Claremont, California 141
large flat cephalothorax of the adult. The cephalothorax was
yellow brown with a line of green on the sides of the thoracic por-
tion of the cephalothorax. The pattern along the median line of
the cephalothorax is the same as that found in the young of the
same age in the other specimen of Peucetia viridans described. The
cephalic portion of the cephalothorax is yellow brown, the eye space
is brown. Phe abdomen is brownish green with a slight beginning
of a folium in red. The legs were yellow green with darker green
spots at the upper margin of each joint. The trochanter, femur,
tibia and tarsus have a varying number of black spots. After one
week there was another moult. The legs and palpi had not
changed except in size. The cephalothorax had a little more green,
the upper part very bright red at the center and shading down to
the gray green of the abdomen. The folium was outlined in red,
the upper part very bright red at the center and shading down to
a very light red and green in the lower part of the abdomen. The
spinnerets were dark, covered with black hairs. In a week an-
other moult took place. The cephalothorax was light green with
a band of dark on either side. The eye space was dark brown.
The pattern along the median line was in dark green. The abdomen
was dark green, the irregular pattern along the median part
of the abdomen was in light green brown. The legs were light
green, the femur light yellow, the spots being at the base of
the spines on all the joints except the trochanter. After the next
moult which took place in two weeks, the young were like the
adult in everything but size and sex differentiation. Whether this
form could be called a variety or not could not be said, but cer-
tainly in development of the young and in the adult itself there is
a great difference between it and the desscribed Peucetia viridans.
The time when each was collected, and the difference in location
may have influenced the color and color development, but it esems
highly improbable that it could have attected the young as well.
Aranea gemma McCook. Plate IV
The next group studied was the dranea gemma. The color pat-
tern of the adult was: The cephalothorax was dark brown, almost
black and covered with light yellow hairs. The abdomen was a
142 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
lighter brown with a broken yellow median line. This line extends
from the upper margin, three-fourths of the way down on the
cephalothorax. The dark brown abdomen is also covered with
vellow hairs. These yellow hairs gave a grayish appearance to the
body. The coxe of the legs and the palpi were dark brown, the
trochanter light brown, the femur dark brown; the tibia, meta-
tarsus and tarsus a light yellow with upper margin of each with a
dark brown band. The legs were covered with light yellow hairs.
The brown spinnerets were covered with dark hairs.
The young when first emerged were a dirty gray brown in the
legs, palpi and cephalothorax; the abdomen was a clear yellow
brown with a distinct black triangular pattern near the apex. The
tarsus of the legs and palpi were dark brown. Some of the spider-
lings kept this same coloring and pattern for a month, simply grow-
ing in size. Others in the same brood kept this same color and
pattern for two weeks and then changed. At this time the legs
became a clear light brown, the tarsus being also of the same color;
the cephalothorax was the same dirty brown. There were two
cervical grooves, one separating the head from the thorax and then
at the joining of this groove another one started toward either side
at the base of the cephalothorax. The abdomen was the same clear
vellow brown, only at the base of the abdomen near the upper mar-
gin and on either side, small patches of brown indicated the start-
ing humps of the adult. The black triangular pattern of the one
just described was softened to a dark brown pattern fusing into
the color of the rest of the abdomen. It was not until the spider
was four months old that there was any great change from this one,
only of course, the general growth of body. The color remained
the same except that at each moult it was darker. At the end of
four months the humps had developed into small knobs. The
abdomen and cephalothorax had become like the adult female, but
the legs had not taken on the gray coloring of the adult. They
were still a dirty brown. As both adult male and female are alike
in coloring, both sexes of the young remained the same in coloring
throughout their life, the female being larger in the last few moults.
As none of the egg cases of Thomiside were kept in captivity
all the observation on the young of this family were made from
young collected.
Pomona College, Claremont, California 143
A great number of juveniles of the species Misuwmessus asperatus
were collected and only the approximate ages can be stated in the
following discussion of them. The adult female is described as
“pale yellow in color with dull red markings or the ground color
may be greenish. There is a brownish stripe on each side of the
thorax, a median light red band on the basal half of the abdomen,
two bands or rows of spots on the hind half and a band on each
side. The male resembles the female in colors and markings, but
is only about one-half as long.” The newly-emerged are light yel-
low in color of abdomen, cephalothorax and legs, with slight red-
dish markings on the sides of the cephalothorax and the dorsal
portion of the abdomen. At the age of three months the males
could be separated from the females although the palpi showed
no differentiation, but the size of the two were quite distinct. The
male at this age has the bright yellow cephalothorax with a brown
band on either side of the median space. This band does not go
to the side of the cephalothorax but extends around the anterior
and posterior lateral eyes. The abdomen is marked the same as
the adult, only not so distinctly. The coxa, trochanter and femur
of the legs and palpi are light yellow brown with an indistinct red-
dish band at the upper margin of each joint. The tibia, tarsus and
metatarsus are light yellow. In the adult male, the coxa is yellow
brown, the trochanter and femur are the same with a small red
band at the upper margin of each joint and the upper half of the
tibia, the metatarsus and tarsus are dark red. The trochanter is
covered with small dark red spots. The spines of the juvenile
male had developed at the age of three months to the size of the
adult spines. In the matter of size, the juvenile was about three.
fourths the size of the adult. The juvenile female of the same
age was marked like the adult, only fainter, and the size was about
the same proportion as in the other sex.
In following through a life history of Philodromus pernix,
Nysticus Californicus and Misumena aleatoria it is found that the
color changes that take place from the newly-emerged to the adult
indicate the pattern of the adult. The colors may not be as distinct
as on the adult, yet on each succeeding moult the pattern becomes
plainer. Thus it can be said that the Thomiside change very little
from the immature to the mature in the case of color and pattern.
144 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Latrodectus mactans Fabricus. Plate V
Of the family Theridiia, Latrodectus mactans was studied. The
color of the adult female is coal black, often having a broken row
of red spots down the median line of the abdomen; the female is
black with four red stripes on the abdomen besides the broken red
line down the median line of the abdomen. The female is often
lacking the red color and then is pure black. The young are a
light yellow gray white upon emerging, but in thirteen days after
their first moult outside of the egg case the cephalothorax was
bright yellow brown with darker brown sides and a triangular
brown spot in the median area of the cephalothorax reaches to
the eye space. The abdomen was white with four varying sized black
spots on its surface. The coxa and trochanter of the legs were yel-
low brown with dark gray on the upper margin of each; the femur,
tibia, metatarsus and tarsus were light brown gray with dark gray
on both upper and lower margins of each joint. The palpi were
marked the same as the legs, but with a great amount of dark
gray color. The next moult occurred when the spiderlings were
twenty days old. The thoracic portion of the cephalothorax was
dark brown, the sides had a dark gray band and the lower margin
of this part of the cephalothorax had two dark gray spots. The
pattern on the median portion of the cephalothorax was more slen-
der and very black brown. The eye space was light brown. The
abdomen was a dirty gray ground color. The black spots on the
one described before had enlarged and between these rows of spots
were two more broken lines of black spots. The pure white color
remained only near the margins of the abdomen and as a median
stripe. The legs were dark brown with darker black brown on the
upper margin of each joint except the coxa. The palpi were light
brown having lost all their gray color. At thirty-four days of age
the cephalothorax had grown lighter, the margins were black with
a brown stripe bordering the very thin black one. The triangular
brown pattern on the median area had spread from the eye space
to the lower margin of the cephalothorax. The abdomen had the
dirty gray ground color except for the pure white median stripe.
The abdomen had now three horizontal small black broken lines
and four large black spots and two broken black lines bordering
Pomona College, Claremont, California 145
the median white stripe. The lower margin of the abdomen was
very dark gray. The legs were light brown with dark brown at the
upper margins of all except the coxa. The palpi were light brown
except the last joint which was dark brown. At forty-one days of
age the cephalothorax was a dark brown gray ground color with
a black broad stripe around each margin, the legs were dark gray
brown with darker gray at each upper margin. The abdomen
was black except for a median white stripe which went from the
upper margin three-fourths of the way down and a stripe that
extended down around the margins the same distance. From this
time on until the last moult, the body became suffused with black,
the space left on the abdomen which had been white was filled with
red, and the males were distinct from the females. Some of the
white spaces never filled with red but became black. Comstock
states in his Spider Book, 1910, that it is known that the immature
females are often marked like the mature males, but this was not
found to be so in the artificially raised families which were grown in
the laboratory. The red marking and color did not come until late
in the last moults.
Lycosa sp. Plate VI
The next large group studied were the Lycoside. The genus
and species studied were Lycosa sp. The adult female and male
were alike in color and pattern. The cephalothorax was dark brown
with a wide median light brown stripe extending from the anterior
eyes to the lower margin. The space between the eyes was shiny
black. At the base of the sides of the cephalothorax were two light
brown spots. The abdomen was black brown with uneven spots of
light brown on the basal half and in the dorsal half were two hori-
zontal light brown stripes. The legs were gray brown with dark
bands on all the joints except the tarsus and metatarsus. The young,
when emerged, have a dirty gray cephalothorax with a wide light
brown median stripe extending from the second row of eyes to
the base of the cephalothorax. The color around all the eyes is
black. ‘The abdomen is a dirty gray with a few dark spots on the
median line. The abdomen and cephalothorax are covered with
long black hairs and a few white ones. The legs are light yellow
146 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
brown with black hairs. At the age of two weeks the cephalothorax
was a dirty brown, the sides had a small black line along the edge,
there was the same wide median light brown band extending from
the second row of eyes down to the lower margin and on either
side of this band was a large gray band. The space around the eyes
was black. The abdomen was a dark gray ground color with a light
brown median band broken by lines and spots of gray. The hairs
were long and black, some of the hairs on the abdomen being three-
fourths as long as the spider. The legs and palpi were light brown
with faint gray band on all joints except the coxa, tibia, tarsus and
metatarsus. At three weeks of age the abdomen was the only thing
changed. It had changed to that of the adult in color and pattern.
The legs, palpi and cephalothorax were the same as at two weeks of
age. At the age of one month the Lycosa young were miniatures of
the adult. They were about one-tenth the size of the adult at
this age.
Phidippus sp. Plate VII
The Attidae studied were large undertermined desert forms of
the genus Phidippus and taken in the winter from under rocks. The
adults had black cephalothorax with a red spot between the posterior
eyes. [he abdomen was a reddish brown ground color with a gray
stripe around the upper margin, and a gray folium at the lower half
of the abdomen. The young were very hard to raise and lived only
a week in some cases. One set emerged in the winter and lived only
a few days, but from another egg case, young came forth with arti-
ficial aid, after being kept seven months. The cephalothorax of
the newly emerged was dark green, the abdomen dark green with
two lighter green spots and lines surrounded by black on the for-
ward portion of the abdomen and four dark horizontal lines at
the lower part of the abdomen. The coxa and trochanter of the
legs were gray green, the rest of the joints were orange yellow.
Bothriocyrtum Californicum. Plate VIII
Of the family Aviculariidae the trapdoor spider was observed.
The adult has a chocolate brown cephalothorax with a deeper choco-
late brown on the abdomen, the legs being the same color. The
Pomona College, Claremont, California 147
newly emerged young were shell pink and shiny. After emerging
from the egg sac they moulted and at three days of age had a light
brown cephalothorax with black eye space, light brown legs and
spinnerets and a reddish brown abdomen. The legs, abdomen and
spinnerets were covered sparsely with dark hairs. The trapdoor
spiderlings were so slow in changing that the moults occurred about
a month apart. At the age of one month and three days the young
had grown slightly larger, the cephalothorax was light brown with
darker brown in the cervical groove. There was a brown line
from the black eye space down to the first groove ending. The legs
and spinnerets were the same color as before. Phe abdomen
was colored a little darker brown and six light spots were on the
middle surface of the abdomen. ‘The spinnerets were shorter than
at the three-day stage. At the next moult (two months and six
days), the shape and coloring of the spiderlings had changed con-
siderably. he cephalothorax had elongated, the color was red
brown, the eye space black. The abdomen had become smaller and
the spinnerets disappeared from sight. The color of the abdomen
was dark reddish brown with numerous flecks of lighter brown over
the surface of the abdomen. The legs and palpi were gray brown.
At three months and six days the whole spider had changed from the
reddish brown color to the chocolate brown. The cephalothorax
was chocolate brown with black eye space. The abdomen had
become the shape of the adult’s and was a dark chocolate brown
with numerous horizontal ridges. The legs were gray brown. At
the age of four months the young had taken all the color of the
adult, though their size was only one-tenth that of the mature spider.
There is in the collection a specimen of Bothriocyrtum of about a
year’s age. It is three-fourths the size of the adult, and though its
sex is not differentiated yet, it has all the adult coloring. From
these observations it is concluded that it must take several years
for the spider to reach maturity.
The conclusions reached after the study of these families of
spiders may be stated in a few paragraphs:
1. The young in all cases resemble the adult in shape of body,
placing of eyes and in habit. This was true of the young just
emerged from the egg sac as well as the older ones. The shape of
148 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
the body might not be exactly as the adult at the beginning, but even
then it was in most cases enough like it to help to determine the
family. By shape alone could one tell a young attid or young trap-
door spider. The position of the eyes was the same as the adult
in all cases.
2. Color changes took place without the aid of moulting. It was
noted with all the specimens that slight changes took place, such
as darkening of the ground color, or a clearing of the pattern
between moults. This was not true of body changes, as they only
occurred through moulting, but it is true that then, and only then,
occurred the great and varied changes of coloration and color pat-
tern. This view of the color changing between moults is not held
by most of the writers upon spiders, and it is only through daily
observation that this slight changing can be seen.
3. ‘The lack or abundance of food was found to be a great factor
in the rapidity of moults and also the color development. The
poorly fed spiderling moulted slowly and showed very little differ-
ence of color with each moult. The satisfied spiderling moulted at
definite periods and showed great development of color as well as
development of body. The intensity of the colors always became
greater after a meal. Heat and sunshine also were factors with
the food. The spiders kept in a dark place had as much color in
their bodies as those in the sunshine, but their development was
retarded.
4. There was a great difference in the amount of change in
the color pattern in different species. Some had a good many, some
only one or two. The ones with the greatest number of changes
were the brilliantly colored adults or the striking adults. The
Thomisidae, Lycosidae and Aviculariidae had very little change,
and the young of any of these could be told at once by their close
resemblance to the adult. The changes from the immature to the
adult in these families were finished after the second or third moult
from the egg case. The sexual differences did not appear until later.
§. The young in one brood looked all alike and resembled the
adult female. This was true up to the last few moults. McCook in
his book states: ‘“‘Among the young of the Lycosa and Attus,
according to Wagner, these modifications are effected with the
Pomona College, Claremont, California 149
female and male so equally and uniformly during the first four or
five moults and withTrochosa during the first six or seven moults,
that one is scarcely able to distinguish the sex. Among orb weavers
generally, and in spiders of various tribes observed, the change in
color is not decided in the male; that is, the young male carries the
typical color and general shape of the adult female, the younglings
of both sexes after the initial moults resemble each other perfectly,
and tend to resemble the adult female. “Though the young male of
Dictyna p. bears a close resemblance in color and pattern to the
adult female. He concludes that when the adult male is more con-
spicuous than the adult female, the young of both sexes take after
the latter in form and color. On the contrary when the female is
more conspicuous the young follow the more modest colors of the
male, especially in the earlier moults. When the adult sexes resem-
ble each other the young of both favor the common type.”
6. The Adult Thomisidae change color and color pattern
according to their environment, but this is not so true of the imma-
ture.
7. (a) An adult spider whose ground color is brown, has young
whose first ground color is yellow and then later becomes suttused
with brown.
(b) The young of an adult whose ground color is green, is first
vellow and then green.
(c) A gray spider has gray young.
(d) The black of all spiders, except Latrodectus mactans, is
brown black, not pure black.
(e) The only color found in spiders, due to refracted light, was
in the mandibles of Attide.
If the color sequences of all spiders were known, it would be an
easy task to determine any immature form, but even without this
knowledge it is not impossible to determine to what large family or
group an immature specimen belongs. Three things have to be
considered in the determination: First, that the young resemble the
adult in form; second, that the eye placement of the immature is the
same as that of its adult; third, the ground color of the immature is
the same as in the adult. In this last it may lack in intensity or differ
in shade. This may not be true of the first color, but remains true
for the second moult.
150 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
If we study the color of the adult, and see how it is made up and
how placed, and then apply this knowledge to the study of the
immature, it will be found that the latter will usually show some-
thing of the adult color and color pattern.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College.)
REFERENCES
Comstock, J. H. (12) “The Spider Book.” Garden City, New York.
Doubleday, Page and Company.
McCook, C. (’89-93) “American Spiders and Their Spinning Work.”
Philadelphia. The Author.
Peckham, G. W. and E. G. (’89) “Observations on Sexual Relations in
Spiders of the Family Attide.”” Milwaukee. Cramer, Aiker and
Cramer.
Wagner, W. (’88) “La Mue des Araignees” Am. Sci. Nat. (Zool.) Paris,
vol. 6, pp. 281-393.
Banks, N. (10) “Catalogue of Neartic Spiders.” Washington, D. C.,
Smithsonian Inst. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. No. 72.
A large number of works, both of early and recent writing, have
been looked over, but as they had little or nothing upon the subject
of the paper, they were not listed.
Plate I.
Plate ID.
Plate
Plate
Fig. B.
Fig. C.
Fig. D.
Fig. E.
Plate
Fig. A.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig. D.
Plate
Fig. A.
Fig. B.
RiowG:
Fig.
Pomona College, Claremont, California
EXPLANATION OF FIGURES
I—Peucetia viridans:
Adult female. X4.
Il—Peucetia viridans:
Young,
Young,
Young,
Young,
3 days old. X20.
13 days old. X20.
22 days old. X20.
39 days old. X20.
1I—Peucetia viridans:
Adult female. X4.
Young,
B. Young, just emerged. X20.
C. Young, 25 days old. X20.
34 days old. X20.
IV—dAranea gemma:
Adult female... X2™%.
Young,
Young,
just emerged. X10.
3 weeks old. X10.
D. Young, + months old. X10.
Plate V—Latrodectus mactans-:
Fig.A.
Fig.
B.
Adult female. X5.
Young,
Fig. C. Young,
Fig.
Fig
Plate
Fig.
Fi
D.
» E.
Young,
Young,
13 days old. X15.
20 days old. X15.
34 days old. X15.
41 days old. X15.
VI—Lycosa sp.:
Adult female. X4.
. B. Young, just emerged. X12.
2
Fig. C.
A.
Young,
3 weeks old. X12.
Plate VII—Phidippus sp.:
Young, just emerged. X20.
Plate VIII—Bothriocyrtum Californicum :
Adult female. X2.
Biss eAc
Fig. B.
Bis Cc:
Fig. D.
Fig. E.
Young,
Young,
Young,
2
3 days old. X20.
1 month 3 days old. X20.
2 months 6 days old. X20.
3 months 6 days old. X20.
151
Plate III.
Plate IV.
Plate V.
Plate VI.
Plate VII.
Plate VIII.
1916 Pomona College of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. VIII, No. 4, December
Studies in the Life Histories of Two Car-
penter Bees of California, With
Notes on Certain Parasites
H. H. NININGER
Xylocopa orpifex Smith
Systematic observation of this species was extended over a period
of one year, beginning September 29, 1915.
Methods: ‘The colony chosen for study is located on the sum.
mit of a small mountain rising from San Dimas Canyon of the San
Gabriels, at an altitude of about 3,500 feet, where it occupies the
timbers of a small, deserted cabin. It required two hours of climb-
ing to reach the cabin from the foot of the mountains. About six-
teen trips were made at intervals during the whole autumn, winter
and spring and one in late summer. Pieces of timber were brought
to the laboratory from time to time, and opened. During the breed-
ing season those occupied by eggs or larve were carefully preserved
and prepared for daily observation by splitting the timber so as
to expose the contents of the cells when the parts were separated,
and again refitting the parts and holding them in place by means of
clamps when not under observation; or, by smoothing the split sur-
face and carefully fitting a piece of glass over the opened cells,
which was then held in place by means of glue or other paste. In
one case a tightly-fitting sliding glass plate was used quite success-
fully. A dark cover of some kind was kept over the glass, except
during observation, thus preserving as nearly as possible the natural
conditions. As a check on the whole study a trip to the cabin was
made at the season of their emergence and a number of cells were
opened which seemed to corroborate all of the conclusions reached
from the experiment, except in the case of certain parasites as noted
below.
Habits: Orpifex shows a decided preference for redwood as a
medium in which to burrow. Though I found them, in one or two
cases, using Oregon pine. It shows no inclination to choose decay-
Pomona College, Claremont, California 159
ing timbers; but, on the contrary, was always found working in the
sound wood. This, I think, is a wise choice, for one of its dangerous
foes is found abundantly, tunneling through decaying redwood.
The surface chosen for making an entrance is generally vertical or
slanting. When slanting or, as is sometimes the case, horizontal,
the under surface is always chosen. For a short distance the bur-
row takes a course nearly or quite at right angles to the surface
entered, then gradually changes to a course parallel to that surface,
and always (with very few exceptions) leads upward in the slanting
or upright timber. These tunnels vary in length from one inch to
twelve inches and are, as a rule, remarkably straight. I am at a
loss to know certainly what guides these interesting little carpen-
ters in the construction of so straight a tunnel. My first idea was
that they followed the grain of the wood, but in one case, where a
knot occasioned a decided curve in the grain of the wood, the tun-
nels had been constructed straight as usual (Fig. 7). The most
reasonable explanation seems to be that the vibrations of the wood
serve to indicate the distance from either surface, for when boring
ina plank only 5¢-inch thick they keep a line remarkably nearly
equidistant from the two surfaces and never have I seen where they
broke through to the surface. But a fact in the way of this theory
is that they sometimes make tunnels just as straight in a 2-inch
timber with the distance from one surface several times greater
than the distance to the opposite surface. It is an interesting point
which I have not yet solved to my satisfaction. My description
fits the majority of tunnels. In a very small percentage of the cases
studied, the tunnels were short and seemed to be in almost any
position,
The excavation of these tunnels is evidently a laborious task,
though the little creatures ply their trade with great avidity, and
while at work they are not at all easily disturbed. The writer
watched one of these patient workers for three hours, during which
time she kept her mandibles working away continuously, leaving her
work only twenty-five minutes, evidently for “lunch,” after which
she returned to resume her task. By closest scrutiny I was unable to
see that the two and a half hours of labor had lengthened her bur-
row. I returned six days later to find her still vigorously pursuing
160 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
her task, but she had advanced less than one inch. Fig. 1 shows this
tunnel and the rate of progress. It seemed to be a typical case.
I have known one tunnel to be several weeks under construction.
Their average length is from four to six inches. Those of greater
distance, I think, are the result of more than one season’s work,
having been lengthened from year to year.
While digging, the bee slowly turns in the burrow, requiring from
thirty minutes to an hour to complete the cycle. Observation
showed no regularity or uniformity either in rate or direction of
turning.
I have never found orpifex except in reasonably large aggrega-
tions. If some adventurous female begins work in a new locality,
that locality is sought out by others until almost every available
timber is honey-combed with tunnels*. From one surface entrance
there are usually several tunnels leading away. Figs. 8 and 9 are
typical in this respect. This habit doubtless serves well in the reduc-
tion of labor and also reduces the danger from enemies. A third
advantage gained is the mutual protection against changes of tem-
perature during the winter, for I found these tunnels, on cold days,
literally packed full; in many cases two rows of bees lying side
by side in the same tunnel.
Other than the points mentioned I find no hint of true community
life. Males and females are about equal in number, and in the
rearing of young they behave as other solitary bees so far as I am
able to learn. No food is stored for winter but on warm days
they come forth in search of food, a temperature of about 20 deg.
to 21 deg. C. being sufficient to invite them out.
Life History: Having finished her tunnel the female begins to
provision it with bee-bread which she makes from pollen and regur-
gitated nectar. After accumulating a mass about as large as her
own body she lays an egg upon it and walls up that part of the bur-
row with a partition of chips of wood cemented together in the
form of a spiral (Fig. 2), as Comstock has described in the case
of Xylocopa virginica. Examination showed no uniformity in the
direction of this spiral. I found among the partitions built by the
*This may be due to the scarcity of redwood in this vicinity.
Pomona College, Claremont, California 161
same bee those in which the spiral turned clockwise and others in
which it was the reverse. Five to six such cells are thus provisioned
and sealed in about as many days, each occupying about five-eighths
of an inch of the tunnel.
These eggs are hatched successively after an incubation period
of about one week. ‘The newly-hatched larva is a footless grub
about 7 mm. in length. It feeds slowly at first, then more rapidly
and has devoured all, or nearly all, of its food in from 22 to
28 days, when it ceases to feed and for a period of from 15 to 19
days shows very little change. During the non-feeding larval
stage it spends most of its time in the position shown in Fig 3,
but occasionally indulges in a series of writhing movements which
last for a half minute or more. At the end of this period the
first moult occurs, the beginning of the pupal stage (Fig. 11). The
pupa is at first white and manifests even less movement than in the
previous stage, but gradually pigment begins to develop and within
three or four weeks the jet black color of the adult shows as a slaty
blue through the thin white outer skin. About this time the pupa
begins to show a bit more activity and within a few days may be
found stretching out its legs and antenne which have thus far been
tightly folded against its body. This action is prophetic of emerg-
ence and a few days later the second and last molt occurs, which
brings it into the adult stage. It remains only for its wings to com-
plete their growth and harden before it is ready for flight.
But there are obstacles ahead of this seeker of the open air. The
neatly-formed partitions are yet as strong as the day they were
made, and there may be from three to six of them between young
orpifex and the light of day. That is not all, for unless some wan-
ton parasite has entered, there lie as many brothers and sisters, all
yet in their swaddling clothes—in those chambers which form the
only path to the out-of-doors. Some writers have suggested that
this first-born politely waits here in this inner chamber for the
younger members of the family to emerge and then humbly follows
them out; but my observation revealed no such modest altruism.
When No. | of a family of six emerged during a day of my absence
she tore away the enclosing partition, kicked the occupant of the
next cell back into the one she had deserted, and repeating this oper-
162 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
ation in each cell, went plowing through the whole row, and when
the timber was opened the next morning No. | was found in cell
No. 6 ready to tear away the last restraining wall. In some cases
the first to emerge did wait for a short time before beginning to dig
out, but this was not the rule. I think this matter is probably gov-
erned by the food supply. If these was a fragment left from the
larval feeding it will satisfy the newly-emerged one for some time,
but if not, it soon seeks a way out. ‘These creatures seem to be
ravenously hungry upon their emergence (as might be expected
after sixty days of organization and development without taking
any food) and their first activity is a search for food. After search-
ing through their own tunnel and devouring what fragments remain
they do not fly at once but enter adjoining burrows and profit by
any morsel which may have been left by the early death of a neigh-
boring larva or the failure of an egg to hatch.
The question has been raised as to a uniform position of the
males and females in the brood tunnel (Davidson, Ent. News, Vol.
4, 1892). I noted at least one exception to such a rule, the first
of one brood being a male and the first of another brood being a
female.
Parasites: “The most interesting of the parasites found upon this
species was one of the Bombylide, Spongostylum delila Loew, which
first appears upon the foodmass as a very minute but exceedingly
active larva. Even before the egg of the host is hatched this almost
microscopic intruder is found industriously creeping about, rearing
and stretching as if looking for a foe to conquor. For three weeks
or more it thus restlessly creeps about over foodmass, egg and
larva, feeding promiscuously, then finally settles down and, fastening
itself by means of its hooked beak to the sixth or seventh segment
of the Xylocopa larva (Fig. 12), it quietly feeds until its host is
devoured unless shaken loose by the writhing movements (noted
above) of the larva, when it soon reattaches itself and resumes its
quiet feeding. The parasite is four weeks, or more old when it thus
attaches itself and is found to be only three to five mm. in length.
For nearly two weeks more its growth can scarcely be noted except
by careful measurements so that at the age of five and one-half to
six weeks its length is but from four to five mm. Here a remarkable
Pomona College, Claremont, California 163
change occurs. It now begins to grow at such a rate as to almost
double its size within twenty-four hours. The host, which here-
tofore has betrayed no marked injury from its enemy, now rapidly
shrivels up. Only five days of this voracious feeding reduces the
once large plump larva to an empty skin and in its place we find
the equally large and plump, fully grown larva of the bombyliid
(Figs. 3 and 4). This long retarded growth followed near the
end of the larval period by a relatively short period of unusually
rapid development seems to be a very advantageous adaptation on
the part of the parasite. If growth had progressed steadily from
the first, death of the host had surely resulted before the full devel-
opment of the parasitic larva. This larva now rests almost motion-
less for ten or twelve days (Fig. 4) when it becomes a little more
active and moults about two days later, entering the pupa stage
(Fig. 5). In this stage it remains for fifteen to twenty days and
emerges as an adult (Fig. 10).
The work of this parasite for the season in which it was studied
was quite general, about ten per cent. of the cells examined being
infected. So far as I observed, its work was also very equally dis-
tributed—about half the broods showed one parasitized larva and
in only one case was there more than one found in the same brood.
Other parasites found were a phycitid moth and a tenebrionid
beetle, both of which began their work upon the bee-bread and when
that supply ran short devoured the young bees. These two para-
sites would doubtless be much more destructive were orpifex a less
careful workman; for I found that where cells prepared for study
were not tightly sealed the pupe were in almost every case devoured.
But where the partitions were left entirely intact and the glass cover
glued on tightly I found only one case in which a cell was entered
and in this case the tenebrionid bored through the partition to
deposit eggs within the cell. In some cases I used bee-bread to paste
the glass cover over the opened cells and in every such case these two
parasites found their way in by feeding upon this material and
without fail they devoured the pupe before they emerged. From
my examination of cells which had not been opened before the season
of emergence I conclude that the injury of these parasites is slight
except in case of defective construction of partitions. But they
were found occasionally even in the normal brood cells.
164 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Mites of the genus T'richotarsus (determined by Nathan Banks)
infested a few nests and in some cases destroyed developing bees
but often the emerging adult carried them away among the hairs
covering the thorax and seemed to be uninjured.
All the parasites have been sent to specialists for determination.
The tenebrionid was determined for us by H. C. Fall. It proved
to be Aphanotus brevicornis Lec.
The bee-fly seems not to be the same species as the one found
by Davidson, Ent. News, Vol. 4, 1892. Prof. J. M. Aldrich has
determined it for us as Spogostylum delila Loew.
The moth sent to the U. S. Museum was in such a condition that
it could only be determined to belong to the family Phycitide.
Xylocopa varipuncta Patton
This species is much larger than orpifex and exhibits a marked
dimorphism, the male being of a golden brown color while the
female is jet black. It inhabits the valleys and lower hill regions
while orpifex is found in the higher hills and mountains.
Varipuncta seem to prefer wood that is partially decayed in
which to burrow. I have found them working several kinds of
wood, but most abundantly in live oak, pepper and eucalyptus.
Their tunnels are generally from five to twelve inches in length and
seem to follow the grain of the wood, sometimes far from straight.
Their nesting habits are similar to those described for orpifex.
They are not so much inclined to live in groups as the former spe-
cies; yet in one case I found several individuals using a common
surface entrance from which each constructed a separate tunnel for
her brood nest.
My study of this species was not so extensive as in the case of
orpifex and only one parasite was found, the mite, Trichotarsus,
which destroyed a small percentage of the larve. This mite is often
found upon the adult which I think accounts for its presence in the
brood chamber. The life history, as far as known, is given in table
below:
Feeding Non-Feeding
Egg-stage Larva Larva Pupa Total
Xylocopa orpifex...... 7 days 23-28 days 18-19days 40-45 days 85-99 days
Gv ripune tae eee about1 week 30 days 20 days 40 days
Bee Fly (parasite).... unknown 42-47 days 12-15 days 15-20 days
Pomona College, Claremont, California 165
DISTRIBUTION (From T. D:. A. Cockerell)
X. orpifex: Mountains near Claremont (Baker; Oak Creek
Canyon, Ariz. (Snow) ; Rock Creek, Cal. (Davidson) ; Strawberry
Valley, San Jacinto Mountains, Cal. (Grinnell) ; Mountain View,
Cal. (Ehrhorn). ‘This species occurs from Nevada south to Lower
California.
X. varipuncta: ‘Tempe, Ariz. (Irish); Fort Mohave, Ariz.
(Junius Henderson) ; Los Angeles, Cal. (Cockerell), on flowers of
Datura meteloides. Also reported from Texas and Lower Cali-
fornia, but not in New Mexico.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College and Lords-
burg College)
166 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
PEALE, I:
Figure 1. Shows progress in excavating tunnels: a, bottom of newly begun tunnel
when found; /, bottom of same tunnel after six days of work. Nat. size.
Figure 2. One of the partitions as viewed from the entrance of the burrow.
Figure 3. X. orpifex larva in non-feeding stage with bombyliid larva attached. Nat.
size.
Figure 4. Same as Fig. 3, but five days later, showing X. orpifex larva reduced to
empty skin and parasite larva fully grown. Nat. size.
Figure 5. Pupa of bombyliid. X2.
Figure 6. An egg of X. orpifex with outline of developing embryo inside. X3.
PATE: wile
Figure 7. A tunnel of Xylocopa orpifex showing where the worker did not follow the
grain of wood. Nat. size.
Figures 8-9. Show two pieces of 34-inch boards with one surface hewn away to show
work of X. orpifex . X shows position of surface entrances with a
number of tunnels from each, reduced.
Figurel0. Adult of bombyliid parasite.
Figures 11-12. Larva of X. orpifex with bombyliid larva attached; much enlarged.
Pupa of X. orpifex; much enlarged.
Figure 11. Larva of X. orpifex with bombyliid larva attached. Much enlarged.
Figures 11 and 12 from drawings by Margaret L. Moles.
PEARE ole
PEATE I:
1917 Pomona College Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. 1X, No. 1, March
Notes on Chalcid Flies, Chiefly From
California
A.A. GIRAULT
The following descriptions are chiefly from specimens sent by
the Department of Zoology of Pomona College.
Eusandalum californicum n. sp.
Female: Similar in every respect to coquillettii Ashmead except
as follows: The hyaline cross-stripe between the fuscous cross-
stripes of the forewing is distinctly narrower than either fuscous
cross-stripe (broader than either in the other) ; the stylus of the
abdomen is a little shorter than the ovipositor valves (their ex-
truded portion), both equal in length in coquillettii. Otherwise
the same. Antenne 11-jointed, tapering, the club single and no
longer than the pedicel, funicle 1 quadrate, 2 longest, elongate,
somewhat compressed, over thrice the length of the pedicel. ‘Types
compared.
A female from Claremont (C. F. Baker).
Types: Catalogue No. 20357, U. S. National Museum, the
female on a tag, a fore wing antenna and hind leg on a slide.
In the U. S. National Museum a female from the Santa Cruz
Mountains, California, part of the type of coquillettii (now a single
female from Los Angeles).
Eusandalum obscurum n. sp.
The type is one female from Easton, Washington (Kincaid).
Catalogue No. 20358, U. S. National Museum, the female on a
tae. See table:
Eusandalum alpinum n. sp.
The type is a part of the type of coquillettii from the Santa Cruz
Mountains, California; Catalogue No. 20359, U. S. National
Museum, the specimen on a tag. See table.
Eusandalum georgia n. sp.
One female, pinned, Georgia, Catalogue No. 20369, U. S.
National Museum. 10.
Fig. 2 The central nervous system of Artemia sp. X 10.
Fig. 3; The central nervous system of Estheria californica. 10.
431
432 WILLIAM A. HILTON
In Estheria it was very difficult to remove the ganglia intact,
so the sketch given is from the nervous system in situ for the
most part. The brain is of quite a different shape, the optic
ganglia are shown in the drawing connected with the compound
eyes, which nearly touch each other. Only one pair of antennal
nerves is shown in the drawing. The brain is more decidedly
Fig. 4 Diagrammatic plan of cell arrangement in the ventral ganglia of
Branchipus. X 75.
NERVOUS SYSTEM OF CRUSTACEA 433
made up of two lateral masses than in the other genera studied.
Four commissures may be clearly seen connect ng the two lateral
parts. Four were also seen in Artemia and Branchipus but not
so clearly. The ventral ganglia of Estheria begin with the
mandibular and extend to the end of the body with a pair of
ganglia to each segment and with two commissures connecting
each pair (fig. 3).
Cells of a number of types were found. In Branchipus they
are from 0.01 mm. to 0.05 mm. in diameter. The much smaller
but similar Artemia has smaller cells, the largest being about
0.02 mm. and the smallest about 0.005 mm. Two divisions of
cells may be made, the neuroglia cells and the nerve cells. The
neuroglia cells, small or large, were not so deeply stained in the
fibrillar area; they usually have granular nuclei. From whole
mounts and sections it was evident that the neuroglia nets are
much as described in other invertebrates. It is possible that
some of the small cells which seem to be nerve cells are neuroglia
cells.
CELLS
Practically all the nerve cells, especially of Branchipus, have
well-marked cell bodies filled with dark staining material and
clear nuclei containing nucleoli. A few nerve cells have much
clearer cytoplasm than the others. In the large cells especially,
tigroid substance may be seen even in surface views. In the
larger cells also the fibrillae are quite evident. The general shape
of the cells is spherical, but some are elongate. Most cells are
unipolar or bipolar, but a few are multipolar (figs. 5 to 13).
Large, medium sized and small cells are found in the cellular
areas with no apparent special order, but the largest cells are
found at certain places at the margins of the ganglia. At least
one, sometimes two or three of the largest cells are located on
each side near the more caudal commissures of each ventral
ganglion. These in many cases send or receive processes to or
from the connectives. Perhaps they are cells in most cases with
long commissural fibers.
WILLIAM A. HILTON
434
NERVOUS SYSTEM OF CRUSTACEA 435
In each ganglion of each side the cells are arranged in a char-
acteristic manner. In all the middle body ganglia the ventro-
mesal cell group is less marked than the ventro-lateral. The
outer portion of the ventral-lateral group often has a number ot
large cells similar to those in the other group. The larger cells
in most cases represent those that send their fibers longer dis-
tances, but they often have more than one branch and the exter-
nal and internal mass of fibrillae connected to them seems more
complex than on smaller cells. In some cases the larger cells
seemed to have their cytoplasm fused, but most of the cells,
although near each other, had their cell bodies distinct. Nerve
fibrillae are evident between and in cells, although some of the
largest cells have one or two large fibers which leave or enter the
cells. Some cells of apparently the same type seem to have no
very large branch, but fibrillae enter and leave the cell. Many
large cells seem to be penetrated on all sides by numerous fibril-
lae, or if fibrillae do not all penetrate they are closely related to
all the peripheral parts of the cell body.
Cells of varying numbers are found in the commissures, these
are chiefly medium or small cells and some at least are nerve
cells. The number of cells in the ganglia was possible to de-
termine quite well from surface preparations and some compari-
sons were made between Artemia and Branchipus. The larger
species has not only the larger nerve cells, but the larger number
of nerve cells. The number of cells in corresponding ganglia
was found to be less in the smaller animals. The average
number of cells in the middle ventral ganglia on each side ran
from 130 to 204 in Branchipus, while Artemia had from 120 to
160 cells in each lateral ganglion. The number of cells in the
intermediate ganglia of a number of specimens was counted and,
although the count cannot be considered absolute because of
Figs. 5 and6 Sections through the abdominal ganglia of Branchipus. The
dorsal side is to the top of the page. 75.
Fig. 7 Brain of Branchipus from a surface preparation. The cephalic side
is to the top. X75.
Fig. 8 Upper ventral ganglia of Branchipus, surface view. The cephalic
end is at the top. X 75.
WILLIAM A. HILTON
436
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NERVOUS SYSTEM OF CRUSTACEA 437
difficulty in seeing all at one focus, difference in mounting and
difference in staining, yet the following seems clear:
1. The cells often differ slightly in number in different similar
ganglia of the same animal, both in the same segment on each
side and in different segments at various levels.
2. The number of cells is also variable in the same parts of the
same ganglia in different animals.
3. The peripheral parts supplied by each of these ganglia do
not differ in any way that could be determined.
4, It was even more clear that the cells in the commissures
differed widely. The next to the last cephalic commissure in one
specimen had 38 cells, the next 20, then, 19, 7, 10, 12, 16, 10,
etc. Similar variations were found in other specimens. The
lower cephalic commissures as a rule had more cells, while the
upper had less.
It was also noted that some of the large cells which have quite
a characteristic position are in some places represented by one
cell, in others by two. In a few cases noted the large cells
have an independent peripheral distribution as compared with
the usual indirect distribution through a commissure. It is as
though a cell which ordinarily grew out to the periphery by way
of a commissure missed it in some way and left the ganglion by
a single fiber.
FIBER TRACTS
Branchipus was especially studied because the material was
more favorable.
The brain so far as could be determined is united from side to
side by four commissures, a dorsal, two medial and a ventral.
The last is below a small group of medial cells. The commissure
just above this group seems the largest. The ventral commissure
is partly from near-by cells and from basal parts of the con-
Fig. 9 Sixth and fifth ventral ganglia of Branchipus. Surface view. Cephalie
side at the top. X 75.
Fig. 10 Section through one abdominal ganglion of Artemia. The dorsal
side is above. X 75.
Figs. 11, 12 and 13 Sections through various levels of the brain of Artemia,
from the base to the region of the optic nerve. The dorsal side is up. X 75.
438 WILLIAM A. HILTON
nectives. Many of the medial fibers may be traced out to the
optic lobes. Fibers from the largest median cephalic cells de-
scend the connectives. Fibers from cephalic and lateral cell
groups cross in the center of the brain and either run straight
into commissures or cross somewhat diagonally. Fibers from
the smaller cell groups on the connectives near antennal nerves
descend the connectives and ascend into the central parts of the
brain to the same side or the opposite side. The small cephalic
branches of the brain send fibers for a short distance into the
brain and cells near here supply them. The mass of the con-
nective fibers runs straight in to the central parts of the brain.
Fibers from cephalic lateral cells cross at angles to relate them-
selves to various cell groups, to run in the optic nerves and to
run into the central part of the brain.
The connections of the optic ganglia were not studied. So far
as there is a special center in the brain to which all fibers con- .
verge it would be the general region of median cephalic cells.
It is from this region that the larger cells probably send their
fibers long distances down the connectives to ventral ganglia.
In general the distribution of tracts in the ventral ganglia is
as follows:
1. Fibers in the connectives ascending or descending.
2. Fibers from the branches or nerve trunks end, cross in
commissures and ascend or descend in the connectives. Many
end where they enter the ganglia or on the opposite side in the
same ganglion or in the opposite ganglion.
3. Fibers in the commissures cross from cells of either group
and end in relation to cells of either group of the opposite gan-
glion. Fibers in the commissures may also be seen to ascend or
descend in the direction of the connectives.
4. Each cell area of each ganglion is probably connected as
follows: a) Fibers to other cell areas of each side through the
commissures. b) Fibers to cell areas of each side not from the
other side through the commissures. c) Ascending fibers. d)
Descending fibers.
The commissures are probably made up as follows: a) Fibers
from cells in upper levels. b) Fibers from lower levels. ¢)
NERVOUS SYSTEM OF CRUSTACEA 439
From the same level from both sides, especially from median
cells. d) Probably fibers to and from lateral branches of gan-
glia, although this was not clearly demonstrated (fig. 4).
SOME GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
The study of these nervous systems shows certain advantages
due to the nature of the material and the method. There is
less distortion because with whole mounts no heat was used.
There is also a more perfect picture presented than in most
methylen blue preparations because all the cells show. When
large ganglion cells were at the edge of the preparation quite
a little could be seen of their finer structure and the fibers
and fibrils were often presented with great clearness. [
believe that, although the grosser processes are important,
that the fibrillar connections are more important in determin-
ing the intimate relationships of cells to each other. It seems
probable from these observations that any cell may have its
cytoplasm penetrated by fibrils which are directly connected
with other cells, while its one or two main branches carry out
fibrils in larger masses, break up into fibrils and by usual methods
are not followed farther.
The variation in the number of cells in similar segments
suggests the probability that the nervous system acts not so
much through individual innervation of special areas by special
cells, as by a more general innervation by groups of cells. In
the course of evolution in more specialized forms it may be that
individual functions may more nearly be connected with indi-
vidual cells or small groups.
440 WILLIAM A. HILTON
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Cuavus, C. 1873 Zur Kenntniss des Baues und der Entwickelung von Branchi-
pus stagnalis und Apus cancriformis. Abh. k. Gesell. Wissens., Gdt-
tingen, Bd. 8.
Grouse, A. E. 1853 Bemerkungen iiber die Phyllopoden. Arch. f. Nat., Bd.
19, Berlin. .
LANKESTER, E. R. 1881 Observations and reflections on the nervous system
of Apus. Quart. Jour. Mic. Sc., April.
Leypia, Fr. 1860 Naturgeschichte der Daphniden. Tiibingen. 1851 Ueber
Artemia salina und Branchipus stagnalis. Zeit. Wiss. Zool. Bd. 3.
Miuuer, P. E. 1868-9 Danmarks Cladocera. Kroyer’s Tidssk. ser. 3, Bd. 5.
PrELSENEER, P. 1884 Observations on the nervous system of Apus. Quart.
Jour. Mic. Sce., vol. 25.
Pacxarp, A. S., Jr.© 1883 Monograph of the phillopod Crustacea m North
America. Twelfth Ann. Rep. U.S. Geo. Surv. Terr.
SPANGENBERG, Fr. 1878 Bemerkungen zur Anatomie der Limnadia hermanay.
Zeit. Wiss. Zool., Bd. 30.
Spencer, W. K. 1902 Zur Morphologie des Centralnervensystems der Phillo-
poden. Zeit. wiss. Zool., Bd. 71.
Wuismann, A. 1874 Ueber Bau und Lebenserscheinungen von Leptodora
hyalina Lill. Zeit. wiss. Zool., Bd. 24.
Zappacu, E.G. 1841 De Apodis cancriformis. Anat. et Hist. evolut. Bonnae.
The Central Nervous System of the Para-
sitic Isopod, Grapsicephon
Wire btAM >. A. iE TON
Department of Zoology, Pomona College, Claremont, Calif.
Reprinted from the Journal of Parasitology, September, 1917
Vol. IV, pp. 25 and 26
in}
)
Natt
a
Oe
RR
iE SCENDRABeNERVOUS: SYSTEM OF THE PARASITIC
TSOPODS -GRAPSICEPHON
WILLIAM A. HILTon
Department of Zoology, Pomona College, Claremont, Calif.
Some specimens of the genus Grapsicephon of the Bopyridae were
obtained from the gill chambers of the common shore crab of Laguna
Beach, Pachygrapsus crassipes Rand. One of these was sent to the
United States National Museum and there determined to be of the
genus here given.
Two® specimens were sectioned and mounted in series; one was
stained in carmine and one in hematoxylin. Only in the latter speci-
men was the poorly developed nervous system distinguished easily
from the surrounding tissues. No supraesophageal ganglion was found
and the ventral chain of ganglia was imperfectly developed. The
whole central nervous system does not exceed one millimeter in length,
or a little less than one twelfth the length of the animal. A wax recon-
struction was made of the central nervous system showing the loca-
tions of the cellular areas.
There are at least four ganglia represented in the nervous system,
but these are very imperfect and irregular ganglia. Beginning at the
cephalic end the ganglion is quite well fused and occupies one third
the whole length with no branches for some distance; then there are
large irregular branches extending laterad. Next there is a division
into something like connectives and other branches extending laterad,
although these do not show well in the model, because they seem fused
with the other parts. Near the caudal end of the ganglionic mass
there are other divisions into connectives and near these, short
branches. Altogether, there are six very irregular pairs of lateral
branches which could be followed only for a short distance from the
central nervous system, and four branches which arise from the caudal
end.
The distribution of cells is on the whole much like that of other
arthropods. Most of the cells are ventral in position, but irregular
masses are seen at places on the dorsal side. The cells in many cases
seem but poorly developed; the nuclei in some cases are like those of
nerve cells, but most of them appear like poorly preserved material,
although the general preservation of all parts of the specimen except
this was very good.
In conclusion, it might be said that the animal has a degenerated
central nervous system with indications of at least four ventral fused
26 THE JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY
ganglia. Branches are not perfectly formed and cannot be traced very
far. Although there were a few striated muscle fibers in the animals,
the movements of the living forms were very slight. If there is a
dorsal ganglion it is so poorly differentiated as to be indistinguishable
from the other tissues of the animal.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
Fig. 1—Drawing of a model of the nervous system of Grapsicephon, from
the dorsal side, showing the cell areas in the more deeply shaded portions. The
cephalic end is at the left. 80.
Fig. 2—Drawing of a model of the nervous system of Grapsicephon, from
the ventral side, showing cell areas by more deeply shaded regions. The cephalic
end is at the left.
Figs. 3, 4, and 5.—Sections through various levels of Grapsicephon, central
nervous system. The dorsal side is uppermost. > 300.
Fig. 6—Surface view of the whole body of Grapsicephon. Drawing by
Harry Staples. x 3.
SSSR MOP VGRAPSICEPHON
=
}
HILTON—CENTRAL NERVOU
os
ae
1917 Pomona College Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. 1X, No. 3, September
A Preliminary List of Shells from Laguna
Beach and Nearby
For a number of years past students have collected shells from
Laguna Beach, these and the Bradshaw collection form the basis
for this list, which includes shells not farther than ten or twelve
miles up and down the coast. The earlier collections were by
Mabel Guernsey and P. R. Daggs. Practically all the shells drawn
and photographed are from the Bradshaw collection because the
shells were in better condition. Some of the earlier specimens were
determined by the United States National Museum. Suggestions and
corrections were kindly made by Mrs. T. S. Oldroyd. The photo-
graphs are by Robins and Cooper. Many of the drawings are by
Miss Margaret Cate. Doubtful specimens are large omitted in this
list, but a few are included and marked by a question.
Plate I, reduced one-half; Plates II and III, natural size; Plate
EVs 30) late V, <6
BIVALVES
Yoldia cooper Sabb. Fig. Il.
Mytilus californicus Conr. Fig. 2.
M. stearnsii Pils and Raym. Fig. 3.
Septifer bifurcatus Rve. Fig. 4.
Modiolus modiolus Linn. Fig. 5.
Misrecius:Conr:- Fig. 6.
Lithophaga plumula Hanl. Rock borer. Fig. 7.
Pectin (Chlamys) monotimeris Conr. Fig. 8.
Pectin (Chlamys) equisulcatus Cpr. Fig. 9.
Pectin (Chlamys) pastatus Sby. Fig. 10.
Pecten (Hinnites) giganteus Gray. Fig. 11.
Lima dehiscens Conr. Fig. 12.
Ostrea lurida Cpr. California oyster. Fig. 13.
Chama Pellucida Sby. Fig. 14.
Phacoides californicus Conr. Fig. 15.
Phacoides (Lucina california) californicus Conr. Fig. 15.
Phacoides nuttalli Conr. Fig. 16.
Cardium quadrigenarium Conr. Fig. 17.
108 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Cardium (Livocardium) substriatum Conr. Fig. 18.
Tivela (Pachydesma) crassatelloides Conrad. Fig. 19. small
specimen.
Chione fluctifrage Sby. Fig. 20.
Chione succincia Val. Fig. 21.
Chione undatella Sby. Fig. 22.
Donax levigata Desh. Fig. 23.
Tagelus californicus Conr. Fig. 24.
Macoma nasuata Conr. Bent-nosed Macoma. Fig. 25.
Macoma indentata Cpr. Indented Macoma. Fig. 26.
Macoma inflatula Dall. Inflated Macoma. Fig. 27.
Samele rupium Sby. Semele -of-the-Rocks. Fig. 28.
Cumingia californica Conr. California Cuming-shell. Fig. 29.
Mya (Cryptomya) californica Conr. False Mya. Fig. 30.
Spisula planulata Conr. Fig. 31.
Spisula falcata Sld. (?). Falcate Mactra. Fig. 32.
Paphia staminea Conrad. Ribbed Carpet-shell. Fig. 33.
Paphia tenessima Cpr. Finest Carpet-shell. Fig. 34.
Parapholas californica Conr. California Piddock. Fig. 35.
Pholadidea penita Conr. Common Piddock. Fig. 36.
Pholadidea subrostrata Sby. Little Borer. Fig. 37.
Milneria minima Dall. Last Milner-shell. Fig. 38.
Aula (Nucula)casternsis Hinds. Camp Nut-shell. Fig. 39.
FRESH-WATER AND LAND SHELLS UNIVALVES
Physa heterostropha Say. Laguna stream. Fig. 40.
Physa occidentalis Tryon. Aliso Lake. Fig. 41.
Limnophysa palustris Mull. Fig. 42.
Planorbis (Helisoma) trivolvis Say. Fig. 43.
Helix aspera Mull. Fig. 44.
Epiphragmophora Sp. Fig. 45.
MARINE UNIVALVES
Acmea persona Esch. Mask Limpet. Fig. 46.
Acmea spectrum Nutt. Ribbed Limpet. Fig. 47.
Acmea patina Esch. Pale Limpet. Fig. 48.
Acmea scabra Roe. Tile Limpet. Fig. 49.
Pomona College, Claremont, California 109
Acmea incessa Hds. Seaweed Limpet. Fig. 50,
Acmea asmi Midd. Black Limpet. Fig. 51.
Acmaea (Lottia) gigantea. Owl Limpet. Fig. 52.
Acmaea paleacea Gid? ‘Chal Limpet. Fig. bee
Tylodina fungina Gab. Fig. 54.
Gadinia reticulata Sby. Netted Button-shell. Fig. 55.
Crucibulum spinosum Sby. Cup and Saucer Limpet. Fig. 56.
Crepidula dorsata Brod. Wrinkled Slipper-shell. Fig. 57.
Crepidula aculeata Gmel. Prickly Slipper-shell. Fig. 58.
Crepidula adunca Sby. Hooked Slipper-shell. Fig. 59.
Crepidula nivea Gould. White Slipper-shell. Fig. 60.
Crepidula onyx Sby. Onyx Slipper-shell. Pl. I]. Fig. 19.
Fissurella volcano Rve. Volcano Shell. Fig. 62.
Fissuridea aspera Esch. Rough Key-hole Limpet. Fig. 63.
Fissuraidea murina Dall. White Key-hole Limpet. Fig. 64.
Lucapina crenulata Sby. Great Key-hole Limpet. Fig. 65.
Clypidella (Lucapinella) calliomarginata Cpr. Southern Key-
hole Limpet. Fig. 66.
Megatebennus bimaculatus Dall. Spotted Key-hole Limpet.
igs 67:
Turris (Bathytoma) carpenteriana Gab. Carpenter Turret Shell.
Pio. 68. (eacuna Beach, Jahraus: )
Trophon belcheri Hds. Belcher Trophon. Fig. 69. (Jahraus.)
Trophon triangulatus Cpr. Three-cornered Trophon. Dredged
of lacuna Beach, Bean: Figs 70.
Australium undosus Wood. Wavy Topshell. Fig. 71.
Bullaria gouldiana Pisb. Gold’s Bubble-shell. Many collected
at Balboa much larger than the specimens shown. Fig. 72.
Haminea vesicula Gld. White Bubble-shell. Fig. 73.
Haminea virescens Sby. Green Bubble-shell. Fig. 74.
Cypraea spadicea Gray. Nut-brown Cowry. Fig. 75.
Trivia californica Gray. Little Coffee-bean. Fig. 76.
Trivia solandri Gray. Solander Trivia. Fig. 77.
Erato vitellina Hds. Veally Erato. Fig. 78. (Slightly en-
larged. )
Erato collumbella Mke. Dove Shell. Fig. 79.
110 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Marginella varia Sby. Colored Marginella. Fig. 80.
Marginella jewetti. California Rice shell. Much like the last
but white.
Olivella biplicata Sby. Purple Olive Shell. Fig. 81.
Olivella pedroana Conr. Pedro Olive Shell. Fig. 82.
Conus californicus Hds. California Cone. Fig. 83.
Macron lividus A. Ad. Livid Macron. Fig. 84.
Littorina scutulata Gld. Checkered Littorine. Fig. 85.
Littorina planoxis Nutt. Gray Littorine. Fig. 86. Turned.
Purpura (Cerostoma) nuttallii Conr. Nuttall’s Hornmouth.
Figs Si.
Tegula (Chlorostoma) gallina Fos. Speckled Turban Shell.
Fig. 88.
Tegula (Chlorostoma) aureotincta bs. Gilded Turban Shell.
Large umbilicus with yellow. Fig. 89.
Omphalus fuscecens Phil. Banded Turban Shell. Fig. 90.
Tegula veridula ligulata Wke. Fig. 91.
Norrisia norristi Sby.. Smooth Turban Shell. Fig. 92.
Thais emarginata Desh. Rock Purple. Fig. 93.
Acanthia lapilloides Conr. Pebbly Unicorn. Fig. 94.
Acanthia elongata Conr. Angled Unicorn. Fig. 95.
Acanthia spirata Blain. Fig. 96.
Murex gemma Sby. Fig. 97.
Murex (Tritonalia) lurida Cpr. Lurid. Fig. 98.
Murex (Tritonalia) gracillima R. E.C.S. Fig. 99.
Murex (Tritonalia) circumtexta R.E.C.5. Fig. 100.
Murex (Tritonalia) poulsoni Nutt. Fig. 101.
Epitonium hindsii Cpr. White Wentletrap. Fig. 102.
E’pitonium crenatoides Cpr. Fig. 103.
Acteon puncticealatus Cpr. Barrel Shell. Fig. 104.
Mitra idea Melv. Ida’s Miter Shell. Fig. 105.
Mitra lowei Dall (?). Fig. 106.
Alectrion (Nassa) perpinguis Gld. Fig. 107.
Arcularia (Nassa) tegula Reeve. Cover-lip. Fig. 108.
Turris ophioderma Dall. Pencilled Drill Shell. Fig. 109.
Potomides (Certhide) californica Hold. California Horn Shell.
Jenene NOP
Pomona College, Claremont, California 111
Myurella simplex Cpr. Simple Auger Shell. Fig. 111.
Amphissa versicolor Dall. Joseph Coat. Fig. 112. Slightly
enlarged.
Calliostoma canliculatum Mart. Channeled Top Shell. Fig. 113.
Polynices recluziana Desh (?). Southern Moon Shell. Fig. 114.
under side.
Amalthea antiquata Linn. Ancient Hoof Shell. Fig. 115,
Amalthea tumens Cpr. Sculptured Hoof Shell. Fig. 116.
Fossarus fenestratus Cpr. Windowed Isapis. Fig. 117.
Lacuna unifasciata Cpr. One-banded Chink Shell. Fig. 118.
Melampus olivaceus Cpr. Olive Ear Shell. Fig. 119.
Janthina trifida Nutt. Violet Snail. Shell violet. Jahraus col-
lection, 1- Fie. 120:
Leptothyra carpenteri Pilsb. Red Turban Shell. Fig. 121.
Leptothyra baccula Cpr. Berry Turban. Fig. 122.
Calliostoma tricolor Gabb. Three-colored top shell. Fig. 123.
Flaliotis rufescens Swains. Red Abalone. Quite common near
Laguna.
Haliotis cracherodi Leach. Black Abalone. More common than
the red:
TOOTH SHELES
Dentalium neohexagnum S. and P. Hexagional Tusk Shell.
Dredged off Laguna.
CHITONS
Mophia hindsii Sby._ Hind’s Chinton. Fig. 124.
Mophia mucosa Gld. Mossy Chiton. Fig. 125.
Ischnochiton clathratus Rve. Fig. 126.
Ischnochiton magdalensis Hinds. Gray Chiton. Fig. 127.
Nuttallina scabra Rve. Scaly Chiton. Fig. 128.
Nuttallina californica Nutt. California Chitton. Fig. 129,
Trachydermon dentiens Gld. (Pseudodenturus). Fig. 130.
Lepidopleurus rugatus Cpr. Fig. 131.
Callistochiton crassicostatus Pilsb. Thick-ribbed Chiton. Fig. 132.
Tonicella hartwegii Cpr. Hartweg’s Chiton. Fig. 133.
2 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
SMALE SHELLS
Wash Drawings by Miss M. Cate
Caecum californicum Dall. Common at Laguna Beach. PI. IV.
Fig. 1 X10.
Vitrinella williamsoni Dall (?). Pl. IV. Fig. 2 X10. (This
specimen in the Bradshaw collection was so determined, probably
at Washington.) Arch Beach, Cal., near Laguna.
Columbella chrysalloidea Cpr. Shell white. Pl. IV. Fig. 3
ALO:
Columbella pencillata Cpr. White shell, cross lines brown. PI.
V9 Fie Axe:
Columbella gausapata Gould. Common Dove-shell. Brown
motéled. Ila ambi. 25 6.
Liotia acuticostata Cpr. Sharp-ribbed Liotia. Pure white. PI.
Vi Fie: 3X6.
Seila assimilata Cpr. Dark brown. PI. V. Fig. 4 'X6.
Turbonilla lammata Cpr. Pl. IV. Fig. 4 X10. Light brown.
(Dunkeria).
Tinostoma supravalata Cpr. (?). Pl. V. Fig. 5 x6. Clear
white. (Ethalia).
Callistoma tricolor Gabb. Pl. V. Fig. 5 X10.
Phasianella pulloides Gld. Pl. V. Fig. 6 X6. Mottled red
and white.
Tritonalia barberensis Gabb. Pl. V. Fig. 7.
Leptothyra baccula Cpr. Pink to gray. PI. V. Fig. 8 X6.
Leptothyra carpenteriana Pilsb. Red Turban-shell. Pl. V. Fig.
ONO:
Leptothyra paucicosta Dail Wiite:. lela Fig. 10 X6.
Jeffreysia translucens Cpr. (?). Pl. V. Fig. 11 <6.
Pedipes unisulcata J. G. Cooper. Light brown. Pl. V. Fig.
iG:
Mitromorpha aspera Cpr. Brown. Pl. V. Fig. 13 X6.
Vermetus anellum Morch. White. PI. IV. Fig. 6 X10. This
specimen is more coiled than some others.
Cerithiopus convexa Cpr. Dark brown. Pl. V. Fig. 14.
Cerithiopus columna Cpr. Light brown. Pl. V.. Fig. 15.
Pomona College, Claremont, California 113
Turritella mesalia lacteola Cpr. Pure white. (No figure.)
Bithium aspera Gabb. Brown. PI. IV. Fig. 7 X10.
Lurbomilastylinateprs. (2). PIV. Fig: 8 <10.
Turbonilla costanea Cpr. (?). Pl. IV. Fig. 9 X10.
Anachis subturiata Cpr. (?). PI. IV. Fig. 10 X10.
Amphissa versicolor Dall. Pink, white, brown. Pl. V. Fig.
16 X6.
Corbila luteola Cpr. Small bivalve.
Philobrya sciosa Cpr. “Small bivalve.. Pl. V. Fig. 17 X06.
Acila castrensis Hds. Brownish. Pl. V. Fig. 18 X6.
Carditanera minima Dall. Brownish-yellow. Pl. IV. Fig. 11
x10.
Crassatella marginata Cpr. PI. 1V. Fig. 12 X10.
Lasea rubra Mort. Tinged with red. Pl. V. Fig. 19 X10.
Anca Souda bray. (2). LV, aie. 20, >CL0:
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)
Plate I
a if ny “AR , ~
2 3 i Met 3 7
— @G Milh/7e |
‘ ms ? q oa site sh ie J
* : \ € & Perc
Seoo0 SOtte egg be | Hy, @ gs 3
22820 sq060 » \ ‘ LG Ge Ze.
COAT me bet y Gs —
‘ seperti
ner emepencerneinrantcn nt umm emer Tie:
Plate IV
Plate V
1917 Pomona College Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. IX, No. 1, March
Littoral Ascidians Collected at
Laguna Beach
The specimens reported upon are from a collection made by P. A.
Lichti during the summer of 1915, and from a small collection
brought in during the summer of 1916. The determinations of all
but the fifth were kindly made by Prof. W. E. Ritter.
Ascidia californica Ritter and Forsythe
These simple forms were found quite abundantly under stones
and in kelp holdfests. The form of the body was determined largely
by the position the animal took on the stone or seaweed.
Styela barnharti Ritter and Forsythe
The specimens obtained were young, simple, of a redish-brown
color and about 4 mm. high. ‘They were found under stones at
low tide but not as commonly as some others.
Styla montereyensis Dall
A single specimen of this large, simple species was taken just off
shore. It was slender at the base, expanded near the openings and
ot a redish-brown color.
Euherdmania claviformis Ritter
This slender species was often found in clusters under stones.
They were about 2 mm. in diameter and 10-20 mm. long, sometimes
free from sand, at other times covered with sand grains.
Goodsiria dura Ritter
Bright red or orange masses of these were often found in bits of
seaweed from deeper water. The individuals were 2 to 3 mm.
across and often closely massed on the seaweed or other support.
Eudistoma diaphones Ritter and Forsythe
This was the common compound species found closely attached to
the lower sides of stones. It was often quite extensive but not thick
or colored.
Eudistoma psamion Ritter and Forsythe
Great masses of this tough, pinkish or slightly colored form
were found under rock ledges. It resembles one of the sponges in
Pomona College, Claremont, California Sl
general appearance and is found in among sponges and polyzoans.
This was one of the most bulky forms which we found.
y
Glossophorum planum Ritter and Forsythe
Irregular masses of this species were found under rock ledges and
under stones. Our specimens are largely covered with sand grains.
Distaplia occidentalis Ritter and Forsythe
This compound stalked form was found on a rock ledge at low
tide near Salt Creek. W.A. H.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)
1917 Pomona College Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. 1X, No. 1, March
Notes on Birds of Laguna Beach and
Vicinity for 1916
H. H. NININGER
In addition to the work done by Mr. Leon Gardener and others
on the distribution of birds in the vicinity of Laguna Beach I noted
the following species in the summer of 1916:
70. Sturna hirundo (Common Tern)
This species was found occasionally about the muddy flats at
Balboa.
74. Sturna antillarum (Least Tern)
The Least Tern is much more common than the former. ‘They
were often seen in small flocks diving for fish along the coast from
Laguna to Balboa. They probably nest along the sandy shores;
but none of their nests were taken by the writer.
95. Puffinis griseus (Dark Bodied Shearwater )
These birds were found ten to twelve miles from shore, in flocks
feeding over schools of fish. They are called by the fishermen
“Barracuda Birds.”
210. Rollus obsoletus (Calif. Clapper Rail)
Found in the swampy tracts about Balboa.
214. Porzana carolina (Sora Rail)
A specimen of this Rail was taken at one of the lakes in Laguna
Canyon in the latter part of July.
=
421. Chordeiles acutipennis (Texas Night Hawk)
Either at dusk or at dawn these birds could be found abundantly,
in certain localities, feeding over fields, pools and streams to which
they came at dusk, from the hills where they spent the daylight
hours. Mr. C. C. White found a pair of young almost ready for
flight on one of the hills bordering on Laguna Canyon, July 7, 1916.
425. deronautes melanoleucus (White-throated Swift)
Mr. Charles A. Keeler in “Bird Notes Afield” (1889) records
this species from Capistrano. To one accustomed to meeting with
Pomona College, Claremont, California 21
this bird only among the high and almost inaccessible cliffs of the
mountains it is no little surprise to find it in a district so nearly level
as the region about this old mission settlement. But surely it is
there. A visit to the place in the latter part of July revealed the
fact that they are, seventeen years since Mr. Keeler’s writings, still
using the same broken walls as a retreat. I think they are nesting at
the time we visited the place, for upon the entrance of an adult into
one of the crevices there came cries of young birds which seemed to
be coming from birds that were being fed.
530a. Astragalinus P. hesperophilus (Green-backed Goldfinch)
Common around Laguna and the neighboring hills. Nests with
eggs were found, probably the second brood for the season.
634. Vireo vicinior (Gray Vireo)
Found along the streams near Capistrano.
685a. Wilsonia pusilla pileolata (Pileolated Warbler)
Fairly common in trees along streams near Capistrano.
364. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (American Osprey)
One of these magnificent birds was found on the rocky cliffs bor-
dering the shore between Laguna and Balboa. It was seen several
times and was reasonably tame.
BREEDING NOTES
In addition to the nests of the more common birds the following
were noted:
Several Raven nests on the cliffs bordering the shore and are in
Boat Canyon about a mile from the sea were found deserted, but
feathers of their owners and the remains of their food betrayed
their identity.
A brood of Ruddy Ducks was seen on one of the lakes in Laguna
Canyon several times.
Coots were found breeding about the lakes in abundance.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)
1917 Pomona College Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol. 1X, No. 2, June
Preliminary List of Birds From the
Claremont-Laguna Region
This list is compiled from many local sources. ‘The earliest rec-
ords of the Department of Zoology of Pomona College were by
[lingsworth, later by Chas. Metz, by Leon L. Gardner and others.
There is also included the local records of Wright M. Pierce, and
Halsted White. The drawings are all from bird skins from the
collections of Pierce and White and from the Department of
Zoology of Pomona College. The drawings are by Miss Hazel
Burnham. For criticisms, suggestions and much valuable material
we have especially to thank Mr. Halsted White and Mr. Wright
M. Pierce. Grinnell’s “Distributional List of the Birds: of Cali-
fornia,’ was used as a basis in the use of the names.
In the list the initials after a record or statement denotes the
authorship. Unless otherwise indicated the specimens drawn were
males.
The figures on the last two plates are reduced one-half. Other
figures are reduced one-third, the figures of the pelicans, condor and
vulture are reduced more.
Aechmophorus occidentalis Law. Western Grebe. H.W.
Colymbus nigricollis californicus Weerm. American Eared
Grebe. H.W. Seen occasionally in winter on ponds near Santa
Snannivernear- coronas. VW. Vier. hi tiie at.
Podilymbus podiceps Linn. Pie-billed Grebe. H.W. Seen at
times near fresh water ponds at Corona. W.M.P. Pl. I. Fig. 2.
Gavia immer Brun. Balboa. L.L.G. Common Loon.
Gavia pacifica Lawr. Laguna Beach. L.L.G. Pacific Loon.
Ptychoramphus aleuticus Pall. Cassin Auklet. H.W.. PI. I.
Pigs 3.
Uria troille californica H. Bry. California Murre. One taken
in winter at Newport Beach by A. Van Rossen. W.M.P.
Larus glaucescens Naum. Glaucous-winged Gull. Seen. H.W.
Larus occidentalis Aud. Western Gull. Laguna, Balboa. H.W.
and L.L.G. Noted at all seasons along the coast, most commonly
in’ fall-and winter, ©) WaVieP. Pll Bie. 4:
+6 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Larus delawarensis Ord. Ring-billed Gull. Metz and H.W.
al ee 6
Larus heermanni Cassin. Heermann Gull. Balboa. L.L.G.
Pig e Sig ose
Larus philadelphia Ord. Bonaparte Gull. H.W. PI. I. Fig. 7.
Noted in flocks in spring, Nigger Slough, Los Angeles county.
W.M.P.
Sterna paradisea Brun. Arctic Tern. Near Laguna Beach, May
Mere Tale MR db yal coten (35)
Sterna antillarum Less. Least Tern. H.W. Laguna Beach.
L.L.G. Breeding on beach near Newport, June, 1916. W.M.P.
PP ee oe)
Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis Gmel. Black Tern. H.W.
One taken on fresh water pond near Corona, May 18, 1915.
WiIVieP ee Pie ioe iQ:
Puffinus griseus Gmel. Dark-bodied Shearwater. Ten or twelve
miles from shore near Laguna Beach, in flocks over schools of
fishy Wella IN:
Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus Ridg. Farallon Cormorant.
Seen H.W. Pomona Davenport. Found at all times on reser-
voirs near Claremont; also seen in fall and winter on fresh water
ponds near Corona. “WIMP. PIN, Fie. 11.
Pelecanus erythrorthynchos Gmel. White Pelican. Often seen
on migrations:. EL W.) WaMeP eae G El ie. 13:
Pelecanus californicus Ridg. California Brown Pelican. Often
seen at Laguna, Beach. Pl) Pigs 12.
Mergus serrator Linn. Red-breasted Merganser. Balboa. H.W.
Ge (Rl Biss 4:
Lophodytes cucullatus Linn. Hooded Merganser. Specimen, no
RECORGe. eee wlio: elas
Anas platyrhynchos Linn. Mallard. H.W. Fairly common
in fall and winter, lowlands near Corona and Santa Ana river.
Many specimens taken. A few pairs possibly remain and breed
in the same region. W.M.P. Pl. Il. Fig. 1.
Chaulelasmus streperus Linn. Gadwall. Seen H.W. Rather
rare visitant to fresh water ponds near Corona. W.M.P.
Pomona College, Claremont, California 47
Mareca americana Gmel. Baldpate. H.W. Rather abundant,
certain winters, fresh water ponds near Corona, often in large
flocks. WWAMeP> (PLM. 'Fie. 2.
Nettion carolinense Gmel. Green-winged Teal. H.W. Abun-
dant some years, November to March. Always common. PI. II.
Fig. 3.
Querquedula cyanoptera Vieil. Cinnamon Teal. Laguna Beach.
L.L.G., H.W. Fairly abundant early fall, less common in mid-
winter. Scattering pairs breed in marshes near Corona. W.M.P.
Pleo. Fig. 4.
Spatula clypeata Linn. Shoveller. H.W. Abundant, fall and
winter-Santa Ana river and ponds. W.M.P. PI. Il. Fig. 5.
Dafilavacuta Linn. Pintail. H.W. Very abundant from Oct.
15 to Dec. 1, or later. Large flocks seen in spring, Corona, Santa
Aiaeciver. VWiINIses) Pl eS Bie..6-
Marila americana Eyt. Redhead. H.W. Occasionally taken
on treshswater ponds near.Corona. W?2MiP. -Pl Il. Fig. 7.
Marila valisineria Wil. Canvas-back. H.W. Occasionally
taken’on ponds near Gorona. “W.M-P. Pl Il. Fig.-8.
Marila marila Linn. Greater Scaup Duck. H.W. PI. II.Fig. 9.
Marila collaris Donoyv. Ring-necked Duck. One taken Dec. 12,
1915, fresh water pond near Corona. (Recorded in Condor.)
W.M.P.
Charitonetta albeola Linn. Buflle-head. Seen H.W. Rare, seen
oncevon pond’near Corona, WIMP: Pl. IL. Fic. 10.
Oidemia deglandi Bonap. White-winged Scoter. H.W. PI. II.
Paoli
Erismatura jamaicensis Gmel. Ruddy Duck. Laguna Beach
Gardner. H.W. Common in small flocks, pairs or individuals,
fall and winter, fresh water ponds near Corona. W.M.P. PI. II.
Piel:
Dendrocygna bicolor Viel. Fulvous Tree Duck. Claremont,
June 30208972 Wilnesworthe Were bic. gh3:
Plegadis guarauna Linn. White-faced Glossy Ibis. Rather un-
common. In Oct., 1916, two birds seen on fresh water ponds near
Corona, S W-MeE.
48 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Botaurus lentiginosus Montag. American Bittern. H.W. Com-
mon in marsh and lowland near Corona, Chino, EF] Monte. Seen
as late as April. Probably nests) WIMP. Pl TE biewdet:
Ardea herodias hyperonca Oberh. California Great Blue Her-
ron. H.W. Laguna Beach. L.L.G. Breeding colony near La-
guna Beach, April 23, 1917, eight or ten nests with young one-
fourth to one-half grown. One nest with two eggs. Often seen
near Corona and Chino standing in barley or beet fields. W.M.P.
Pit atic 1S:
Butorides virescens anthonyi Mear. Anthony Green Herron.
H.W. Several seen in San Dimas Canyon in early spring; also seen
near Corona in river bottoms. W.M-P: PIR TL Fig Le:
Nycticorax nycticorax naevius Bodd. Black-crowned Night Her-
ron. H.W. Claremont. L.L.G. In spring in Santa Ana river
bottoms near Coronas VW. Nek BPLah shite. i.
Rallus obsoletus Ridg. California Clapper Rail. In swampy
tracts about Balboa. H1.H.N.
Rallus virginianus Linn. Virginia Rail. H.W. Many records,
fall, winter, spring, near Chino and Corona. W-M.P. PI. ILL.
Fig. 1.
Porzana carolina Linn. Sora Rail. H.W. Same records as
Viremia Rail. 9 Weir, Plies ties 2.
Coturnicops noveboracensis Gmel. Yellow Rail. One record,
Corona. Pierce Condor XVI, 1914. W.M.P.
Gallinula galeata Licht. Florida Gallinule. Corona. H.W.
Seen at times in fall near Corona. W.M.P. PI. Til. Fig. 3.
Fulica americana Gmel. Coot. H.W. Laguna Lakes. L.L.G.
Very abundant near Corona. Breeds. W.M.P. Pl. Ill. Fig. 4.
Phalaropus fulicarius Linn. Red Phalarope. One record from
near Corona.» WeViP:
Steganopus tricolor Vieil. Wilson Phalarope. H.W. Three
records from fresh water ponds near Corona. W.M.P. PI. III.
fies 5.
Himantopus mexicanus Mull. Black-necked Stilt. HH1.W. Sev
eral in spring on fresh water ponds near Corona. W.M.P. PI.
Ill. Fig. 6.
Pomona College, Claremont, California 49
Gallinago delicata Ord. Wilson Snipe. H.W. Common in fall
and winter and spring, in wet fields near Corona and Chino.
Wee Peele We. sig © 7:
Macrorhamphus griseus scolopaceus Say. Long-billed Dowitcher.
Balboa. Jeb7G. Pll = Fig: 8.
Pisobia minutilla Vieil. Least Sandpiper. Long Beach. Metz.
Flocks of twelve or fifteen seen at times on ponds near Corona.
Weir Poh Kies 9.
Ereunetes mauri Cab. Western Sandpiper. H.W. Long Beach.
Metz. (Pl Ii Eies 10" female:
Calidrnisileucophaca Pall, “Sanderline. Et: W.- Ple ils’ Fie: 12.
Totanus melanoleucus Gmel. Greater Yellow-legs. H.W. PI.
Il. Fig. 13. Corona ponds, fall and winter. W.M.P.
Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus Brew. Western Willet.
FEW Pike Fie: 142
FHeteractitis incanus Gmel. Wandering Tattler. Taken near La-
guna Beach by H.W.
Actitis macularius Linn. Spotted Sandpiper. H.W. Fall, win-
fer, spring; recky coves near Lacuna Beach. _W.=AM.P.~ Pl. II:
Fig. 44.
Numenius americanus Bech. Long-billed Curlew. H.W. Seen
ae Dalboaria spring. 2W-M oP) Pll bie. 17.
Numenius hudsonicus Lath. WHudsonian Curlew. H.W. Bal-
boa. L.L.G. Fall, winter, spring, Balboa, Newport, Laguna.
WovViRe “Poli Fie. V6:
Squatarola squatarola Linn. Black-bellied Plover. H.W. Same
localities as last, not so abundant in winter. W.M.P. PI. III.
Pig. 18:
Oxyechus vociferus vociferus Linn. Killdeer. H.W. Laguna
Gardner. Near Claremont, fall; Chino, Corona, Newport. Breed
near Chino, Newport: -WeM>PS Pr TE Big. 19:
Aegialitis semipalmata Bonap. Semipalmated Plover. Balboa.
AAG.
Aegialitis nivosa Cass. Snowy Plover. H.W. Long Beach.
Mietz. Several pairs near Newport, 1916. Near Balboa at all
seasons. WME: Piltik. Bio. 20,
50 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Arenaria melanocephala Vig. Black Turnstone. H.W. Several
records near laguna. “WMCP? -Ble He Bioe 21.
Oreortyx picta plumifera Goul. Mountain Quail. H.W. Re-
corded from Brown’s Flats, San Antonio Canyon, Camp Baldy,
Bear Plats, PalmerssCanyontes Wve MEP el ellie Big. 232
Lophortyx californica vallicola Ridg. Valley Quail. H.W.
Claremont, Santa Ana, Laguna, Lytle Creek up to 5000 ft. Breeds
invApril, 0 to 24 eges= Weck. Jel EEseiiee2 2.
Colomba fasciata fasciata Say. Band-tailed Pigeon. Oct. 1916.
H.W. Claremont. Metz. Abundant in San Dimas Canyon at
certain seasons, usually in large flocks, less common than formerly.
Koundiat Glen Ranchtin: Lytle Creeks WAV Pe Pile kios25:
Zenaidura macroura marginella Woodh. Western Mourning
Dove. H.W. Quite abundant, less so than formerly. W.M.P.
PIT, Bie. 24:
Gymnogyps californianus Shaw. California Condor. One speci-
men in the department, supposed to have been obtained from hills
near Pomonaiabout.fiteen years ago, Pl IV» Fis. 1.
Cathartes aura septentionalis Wied. ‘Turkey Vulture. L.L.G.,
HW. Claremont; Chino; Laguna. “Abundant: “VV sMiEPe Bi i\e
Fig. 1.
Circus hudsonius Linn. Marsh Hawk. H.W. Noted from
foothills near Etiwanda to Santa Ana river bottoms near Santa
Anas Breeding record near -Corona, | VWWaNVi. bP irl al Vo Bios
Accipiter velox Wil.. Sharp-shinned Hawk. H.W. Common
fall, winter and early spring, mountains to lowlands. W.M.P._ PI.
[Va> ies 4
Accipiter cooperi Bonap. Cooper Hawk. H.W. Resident in
small numbers; most abundant in fall and winter. Breeds in moun-
tain canyons. Recorded’ from Lytle Creek, San Gabriel}. etc
W-eMEPS Ene peices.
Buteo borealis calurus Cass. Western Red-tailed Hawk. H.W..,
Hlingworth, Metz. Common breeding from coast to mountains.
Weaver PIiy. shied:
Buteo lineatus elegans Cass. Red-bellied Hawk. H.W. Prob-
ably becoming scarcer every year. A few pairs still breed in river
bottoms near Corona. W.M:P. PI. IV. Fig. 6.
Pomona College, Claremont, California Syl
Buteo swainsoni Bonap. Swainson Hawk. Found breeding in
several instances in river bottom near Corona, also near Chino.
Large flocks often seen flying north or south, W.M.P. Pl. IV.
Bigs os
Archibuteo ferrugineus Licht. Ferruginous Rough-legged Hawk.
Rather uncommon. One taken near Corona. Another seen in fall
on UDG. WIMP:
Aquila chrysaetos Linn. Golden Eagle. H.W., Metz. In high
mountainss VWaMiP Ply. Brg: 9.
Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus Linn. Southern Bald
Hagle: Near Laguna and San Pedro. ~ VVM-P., LLG.
Falco mexicanus Schl. Prairie Falcon. H.W. Not common,
falleand winter near Chino. “W-M:P. PIV. Fig. 10.
Falco columbarius columbarius Linn. Northern Pigeon Hawk.
Rather uncommon. Several taken, all probably this form. PI. IV.
Fig. 11.
Falco sparverius sparverius Linn. American Sparrow Hawk.
EW. see Ga Metz, Mlmosworth, “Prom the mountains to; the
Sean VEEP? PE Ry) Pies 12; male. Pigs 3, temale:
Pandion halietus carolinensis Gmel. American Osprey. Between
Laguna and Balboa, summer, 1916. HH.H.N. Seen near New-
port. W.M.P.
Aluco prantincola Bonap. American Barn Owl. Metz., L.L.G.,
H.W. Vefy common, San Dimas Canyon, Claremont, Chino, near
Corona, Upland, Laguna. Nests in holes in trees or rocks or in
buildings. Eggs from February to May. W.M.P. Pl. IV. Fig.
14.
Asio wilsonianus Less. Long-eared Owl. H.W., Metz. June
7, 1909. One record from Indian Hill, Claremont. Several pairs
nesting in willow bottoms near Corona, April, 1915 to 1917. W.M.
ee SIV. Bios sl Si
Asio flammeus Pontop. Short-eared Owl. H.W. Hills near
Pomona, Nov. 10. Near Corona, Nov. 3. Near Ontario in grain
field; Noye.2. WeaMPS Pl IV ‘ie wsliG:
Strix occidentalis eccidentalis Xan. Southern Spotted Owl. One
record from San Gabriel Canyon, May 1, 1916. W.M.P.
52 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Otus asio quercinus Grin. Southern California Screech Owl.
[ingsworth, H.W. Abundant, Claremont, resident breeding. San
Dimas and San Antonio Canyons, many records. W.M.P. PI. IV.
Fie 7.
Bubo virginianus pallescens Stone. Western Horned Owl. One
record. Found dead at mouth of San Antonio Canyon, Jan. 10,
[91S VV elie.
Bubo virginianus pacificus Cass. Pacific Horned Owl. — Pair
seen at Laguna, 1917; San Antonio Canyon, 1914. Breeding in
pan Dimas Canyon, Feb. and, March, (oO lie VV ove elie
Fig. 18.
Speotyto cunicularia hypogea Bonap. Burrowing Owl. [lings-
worth, 1902; Metz, H.W. Near Santa Ana and Irvine. Abundant
in fields near Chino and Corona, nesting. Near Claremont, nesting.
Nigger Slough, nesting. W.M.P. PI. IV. Fig. 19.
Glaucidium gnoma californicum Sclat. California Pigmy Owl.
One record, San Antonio*Canyon. W-M.P. PlIV. Fig: 20:
Geococcyx californianus Less. Road Runner. H.W. Clare-
mont. Il]lingsworth, 96; L.L.G. Laguna, 1914. Formerly much
more common. W.M.P. PI. V. Fig. 1.
Coccyzus americanus occidentalis Ridg. California Cuckoo.
Seen H.W. Rather uncommon. Several individuals seen at Corona
in willows; one set of three eggs found near Chino. Pl. V. Fig. 2.
Ceryle alcyon caurina Grin. Western Belted Kingfisher. H.W.
Noted in migration near Claremont, San Gabriel Canyon, San An-
tonio Canyon, Glen Ranch, Santa Ana river near Corona. W.M.P.
Seen in Pudding Stone Canyon, ILIoGs PIP Vo Fie. 3.
Dryobates villosus hyloscopus Canab. and Hein. Cabinas Wood-
pecker. H.W. Common in nesting season in higher mountains.
Taken in fall in Santa Ana river bottoms and also near El] Monte.
W.M.P. Pl. V. Fig. 4. Bright red patch on head.
Dryobates pubescens turati Malhe. Willow Woodpecker. H.W.
Common in willow bottoms near Corona in spring; also k:] Monte.
One taken in San Antonio and one in San Dimas Canyons in the
fall: WakeM>P. PI. V. Fie. 5: Bright red line back on-iblack
patch on head.
St
Ow
Pomona College, Claremont, California
Dryobates scalaris cactophilus Ober. Cactus Woodpecker. H.W.
Several records for Mojave desert. Breeding near Victorville.
W.M.P.
Dryobates nuttalli Gamb. Nuttall Woodpecker. Common in
canyons up to 5000 feet; also in willow and sycamore groves in
lowlands. Nesting, May, 1916, San Gabriel Canyon, Santa Ana
river bottoms near Corona, San Antonio Canyon. W.M.P. PI.
V. Fig. 6. Bright red patch back of black patch on head.
Xenopicus albolarvatus gravirostris Grinn. San Bernardino
White-headed Woodpecker. Found in the higher mountains of the
San Gabriel range, Baldy, Ontario, etc., in summer. W.M.P.
Rie Ve, hie. 7. ‘Bright redipatch on head.
Sphyrapicus varius daggetti Grinn. Sierra Red-breasted Sap-
sucker, El We. Several winter records. ‘W-M-P.. PE V. Fig.
8. Head and throat bright red, shaded into yellow on breast.
Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi Ridg. California Woodpecker.
FLW. Metz. iNestine “and resident. W.M.P. Pl. V- Fig. 9:
Bright red patch on back of head, yellow tinge on throat.
Asyndesmus lewisi Riley. Lewis Woodpecker. Common Brown’s
Flats in spring. H.W. Casual migrant, noted years ago in Blanch-
ard Park, Claremont, in small numbers in spring. W.M.P. PI. V.
Fig. 10. Red spot on front of head, breast streaked with red.
Colaptes cafer collaris Vigors. Red-shafted Flicker. H-.W.,
Mietamilit iks “Wacuna. 11-G~ “Abundant, “especially fall and
winter. Breeds San Antonio Canyon, Santa Ana river bottom.
WeVERS SEIVs “Kies Iles Red streakvoniside of throat, under
tail and red wing quills.
Phalaenoptilus nuttalli californicus Ridg. Dusky Poor-will. H.W.
Fairly common at mouth of San Antonio and San Dimas Canyons
imegspring: — Noted in upper daytle (Creek, sept. 1915; and Glen
Raachs lO to-8 VV aMieP Ss sPieray ceca.
Chordeiles virginianus hesperis Grinn. Pacific Nighthawk.
Found only in Big Bear Valley. Possibly occurs in our mountains.
WoMEe Pin Ve Shion 13:
Chordeiles acutipennis texensis Law. Texas Nighthawk. H.W.
Common about Clacemont. ~ W-MeP.9Metz) SEacuna.. E.Hi.N.
54 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Chaetura vauxi Towns. Vaux Swift. Noted in fall migration,
Santa Ana river. W.M.P.
Aeronautes melanoleucus Baird. White-throated Swift. H.W.
Capistrano. H.H.N. Noted in migration in fall, Santa Ana river
bottoms. Taken along cliffs near Laguna. Spring. W.M.P. PI.
V. Fig. 14.
Archilochus alexandri Bou. and Mul. Black-chinned Humming-
bird. H.W. Nestings San Antonio Canyon, near Corona, near
Ontario. W.M.P.
Calypte costae Bour. Costa Hummingbird. H.W., Metz.
Abundant in mountains and lower. W.M.P. Pl. V. Fig. 15.
Throat purple.
Calypte anna Less. Anna Hummingbird. Metz, H.W. Com-
mon all yeak, nests inClaremont. W.M-P. ‘Pl. V.- ‘Fig. 16. Ked
throat.
Selasphorus rufus Gmel. Rufous Hummingbird. H.W., Metz.
Common migrant in spring. W.M.P. Pl. V. Fig. 17. Breast
brownish, some red spots which are small. Back more brown than
others.
Tyrannus verticalis Say. Western Kingbird. H.W. Laguna.
L.L.G. Common and nesting, Chino, San Antonio Canyon.
W.M-P. PIL VY. Fie. (8. Streak of red on center of head:
Tyrannus vociferans Swains. Cassin Kingbird. H.W. Laguna
Gardner. Common migrant near Chino. No nesting records.
WMP. PIOV: Fig. 19) Red’ streak, center of head:
Myiarchus cinerascens cinerascens Law. Ash-throated Flycatcher.
H.W. Claremont. Metz. Laguna. L.L.G. Common about
Claremont in migrations. Breeding in some of the canyons.
WeMEP SPL We Bios 20:
Sayornis sayus Bonap. Say Phoebe. H.W. Claremont. Metz.
Laguna L.L.G. Common, fall and winter; possibly a few pairs
breed. W2MER. PIP Vs Fie. 25.
Sayornis nigricans Swain. Black Phoebe. H.W. Laguna Gard-
ner. Common from ocean to mountains and into canyons. Many
nesting records. W.M.P. Pl. V. Fig. 24.
Ca
Pomona College, Claremont, California 5
Nuttallornis borealis Swains. Olive-sided Flycatcher. H.W.
Claremont. Metz. Common in higher mountains. Found in val-
leys during migrations. Wowk. Pi Vv. Bie: 21:
M yiochanes richardsoni. richardsoni Swains. Western Wood
Pewee. H.W. Abundant and nests in canyons, in valley during
migrations. W.M.P. Pl. V. Fig. 26.
Empidonax difficilis dificilis Baird. Western Flycatcher. H.W.
Summer resident of canyons; many nesting records for Cucamonga,
San Dimas, San Gabriel Canyons. W.M.P.
Empidonax trailli trailli Audub. Traill Flycatcher. H.W. Sum-
mer visitant to willow bottoms and in less numbers to canyons.
Wenle. OP Vv. Fig. 22-
Empidonax hammondi Xanthus. Hammond Flycatcher. One
record San Dimas Canyon. W.M.P.
Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus Sclat. Vermilion Flycatcher.
One record Santa Ana river bottom near Corona in winter. W.M.P.
Otocoris alpestris actia Oberh. California Horned Lark. H.W.
Claremont. Metz. Laguna. L.L.G. Abundant, resident. W.
MOP. PIV. Pie.c27:
Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis Ridg. Blue-fronted Jay. H.W.
Common resident of mountains from 3,000 to 9,000 feet. One
breeding date, May, 1915, San Gabriel Canyon. W.M.P. Pk:
Vo. Bigs 2s:
Aphelocoma californica californica Vig. California Jay. H.W.
Claremont. Metz. Laguna. L.L.G. Abundant, Claremont and
lower canyons. W.M.P. Pl. V. Fig. 29. Bright blue.
Corvus corax sinuatus Wag. Western Raven. Seen. H.W.
Laguna. L.L.G, ELELNeandaweMnby Sela V. -Fig.733.
Corvus brachyrhynchos hesperis Ridg. Western Crow. FAW
Very abundant on willow river bottoms, Corona, Fl Monte. Nest
on Santa Ana. W.M.P. Also seen near south hills near Pomona.
PIV. Fig. 32.
Nucifraga columbiana Wilson. Clarke Nutcracker. H.W.
Noted on the high slopes of Mount cc neAntomos 8W.M.P. Pl Vv.
Riek ole
56 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus Wied. Pinyon Jay. Seen in flocks
in spring of 1917 near Box S Ranch on Mojave Desert. Records
for San Bernardino Range, not for San Gabriel. W.M.P. PI. V.
Fig. 30. Bluish grey.
Molothrus ater obscurus Gmel. Dwarf Cowbird. Eggs prob-
ably of this species found in Santa Ana river flats near Corona on
several occasions. W.M.P.
Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Bonap. Yellow-headed Black-
bird. H.W. Collected during migration in spring near Chino, and
nesting near Nigger slough. W.M.P. Pl. V. Fig. 34.
Agelaius phoeniceus neutralis Ridg. San Diego Red-winged
Blackbird. H.W. Very abundant in lowlands about Chino. W.M.P.
Pie Ver Ete 5a
Agelaius tricolor Audub. Tri-colored Red-winged Blackbird.
H.W. Several specimens taken near Corona, Chino, etc. W.M.P.
Sturnella neglecta Audub. Western Medowlark. H.W., Metz.
Abundant in lowlands common about Claremont. W.M.P. Pl. V.
Fig. 36. Canary yellow on throat, side and breast.
Icterus parisorum Bonap. Scott Oriole. H.W. Quite common
on Mojave Desert. W.M.P. Pl. V. Fig. 38. Black and very
deep yellow.
Icerus cucullatus nelsoni Ridg. Arizona Hooded Oriole. H.W.
Claremont. Metz. Laguna. L.L.G. Locally common at On-
tario, Claremont, Pomona, etc. Many nesting dates, usually nest-
ing in palms. W.M.P. Pl. V. Fig. 37. Black and very deep
yellow.
[cterus builocki Swains. Bullock Oriole. H.W. Claremont.
Metz. Abundant from ocean to 5,000 feet. Breeding at Hesperia.
WoUMEPE SPI Ve ie 39. Black and: orange:
Euphagus cyanocephalus Wag. Brewer Blackbird. H.W., Metz.
Especially abundant in Claremont. Many records. W.M.P.
Carpodacus purpureus californicus Baird. California Purple
Finch. H.W. Winter visitant to Claremont, San Antonio Can-
yon. W.M.P.. Pl. VI. Fig: 1.. Head and throat a rich red.
Carpodacus cassini Baird. Cassin Purple Finch. H.W. Clare-
mont. Metz. Winter migration record for Claremont, Pomona,
Pomona College, Claremont, California 57
San Antonio Canyon. W.M.P. Pl. VI. Fig. 2. Top of head rich
red, thorax and sides tinged with red.
Capodacus mexicanus frontalis Say. California Linnet. H.W.
Claremont. Metz. Laguna. L.L.G. Abundant from ocean to
mountains. Less common above 3,000 feet. Nests about buildings
aPaiareactuss WV P< Pl. VI. Fig. 3. Head and throat rich
Reds
Astragalinus tristis salicamans Grinn. Willow Goldfinch. H.W.
Claremont. Metz. Redlands, San Antonio Station; very abundant
El Monte, Corona. Many nesting records in bottoms. W.M.P.
Pl. VI. Fig. 4. Breast and neck canary yellow.
Astragalinus psaltria hesperophilus Ober. Green-backed Gold-
fach, HW. Claremont. Metz. Claremont, San Antonio Can-
yon, Corona, Laguna. Common. Breeding San Antonio Canyon.
Claremont, near Covina. W.M.P. PL VI. Fig. 5. Breast canary
yellow, back yellowish-green.
Astragalinus lawrencet Cass. Lawrence Goldfinch. H.W.
Breeding in Claremont, San Antonio Canyon, near Corona. Found
also in upper San Gabriel. W.M.P. Pl. VI. Fig. 6. Canary
yellow breast, streaks on wings.
Spinus pinus pinus Wilson. Pine Siskin. Common winter visi-
tant to San Antonio and other parts of mountains. W.M.P. Pi.
Waa higr aie
Passer domesticus Linn. English Sparrow. H.W. Noted at
Claremont, Pomona, Ontario, San Bernardino, Victorville, Hes-
peria, El Monte, Box e Ranch! WeNWb berks. Fig 28:
Pooecetes gramineus confinis Miller. Western Vesper Sparrow.
H.W. Several records, fall and winter, Corona, Chino, near Eti-
Badal CW ANE ele Vale ig: 37.
Pooecetes gramineus affinis Miller. Oregon Vesper Sparrow.
Probably occurs. H.W.
Passerculus sandwichensis alaudinus Bonap. Western Savanna
Sparrow. H.W. Abundant in lowlands, winter and fall. W.M.P.
Piva, sige ae
Passerculus rostratus rostratus Cass. Found quite commonly near
Oceanside: October lO alle. W.M.P.
58 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Passerculus beldingi Ridg. Belding Marsh Sparrow. Common
at Newport. “One breeding record, WIM. Po Pie Vie hie
Ammodramus savannarum bimaculatus Swain. Western Grass-
hopper Sparrow. H.W. Records as follows: One male, near
Corona, Calif.; one female, mouth of Lytle Creek Canyon, Septem-
ber 11, 1915; May 22, 1915, several Nigger Slough; near San
Pedro, WMP. Pl Vi. Piev ite
Chondestes grammacus strigatus Swain. Western Lark Spar-
row. H.W. Claremont. Metz. Laguna. L.L.G. Abundant
near Corona, Chino, mouth of Lytle Creek Canyon; fairly common
Mojave Desert. Claremont. W.M-P. Pl. VI-> Fig. 17,
Zonotrichia leucophrys leucophrys Forst. White-crowned Spar-
row. North of Claremont. In college collection. H.W. Two
records, near Claremont. Specimen from desert in spring. W.M.P.
BIN aries.
Zonotrichia leucophrys gambeli Nutt. Intermediate Sparrow.
H.W. Very abundant ocean to foothills, fall and winter. Record-
eddate in April from Claremont- W.M PP. PlaVI.” Pig: 19:
Zonotrichia coronata Pall. Golden-crowned Sparrow. H.W.
Winter, San Dimas, upper San Antonio, along foothills. W.M.P.
Pipe ios:
Spizella passerina arizonae Coues. Western Chipping Sparrow.
H.W. Claremont. Metz. Breeding records, Claremont. W.M.P.
Spizella breweri Cass... Brewer Sparrow. Migration records in
spring, Claremont. W.M.P. Pl. VI. Fig. 16.
Spizella atrogularis Caban. | Black-chinned Sparrow. Seen.
H.W. Migration records in spring. W.M.P. Pl. VI. Fig. 10.
Junco oreganus thurberi Anthony. Sierra Junco. H.W., Metz.
Common; breeds in mountains, in valleys in spring. W.M.P. Pl.
VI) Fies 14.
Amphispiza bilineata deserticola Ridg. Desert Black-throated
Sparrow. H.W. One record for Claremont. Specimen in Pomona
College collection. Abundant, breeding in desert near Victorville,
sonmeol917) WeMEP. Pi Vi. Fie.20:
Amphispiza belli Cass. Bell Sparrow. H.W. Claremont.
Metz. Common, breeding near Claremont. Found up to San
Antonio Canyon. WMP] “PIV Pics 24.
Pomona College, Claremont, California 59
Amphispiza nevadensis canescens Grinn. California Sage Spar-
row. H.W. Fall; common at Glenn Ranch. W.M.P. PI. VI.
Fig 222
Aimophila ruficeps ruficeps Cass. Rufous-crowned Sparrow. H.W.
Laguna. L.L.G. Resident foothills near Claremont, mouth of
San Antonio Canyon. W.M.P. PI. VI. Fig. 23:
Melospiza melodia cooperi Ridg. San Diego Song Sparrow.
H. W. Claremont. Metz. Laguna. L.L.G. Very abundant in
river bottoms; many breeding records; Claremont to coast.
WEIMER “Bie Vio Fies27-
Melospiza lincolni lincolni Aud. Lincoln Sparrow. H.W. Win-
ter resident to our valleys. W.M.P. Pl. VI. Fig. 24.
Certain of the fox sparrows are very hard to place. The notes that I give
are only provisional and further study of this group may place these under
different sub-species. Then there are many intergrades that are difficult to
correctly place. The sub-species that are hard to differentiate are as follows:
Passerella ilica unalascheensis Gmel. Shumagin Fox Sparrow. ‘Taken in
winter, San Antonio Canyon.
P. i insularis Rid. Kadiak Fox Sparrow. Winter, San Antonio Canyon.
P. i sinuosa Grinn. Valdez Fox Sparrow. San Dimas Canyon in winter.
P. i meruloides Vig. Yakutat Fox Sparrow. Several San Antonio Can-
yon in winter.
P. i altivagans Rid. Alberta Fox Sparrow. Several in winter, San Dimas
Canyon. “W. M. P:
Passerella iliaca schistacea Baird. Slate-colored Fox Sparrow. ‘Taken in
winter, San Dimas Canyon; Lytle Creek in fall. W.M.P.
Passerella iliaca megarhyncha Baird. ‘Thick-billed Fox Sparrow. — Re-
corded in winter, San Antonio Canyon, San Dimas Canyon. W. M. P.
Passerella iliaca stephensi Anth. Stephens Fox Sparrow. H.W.
No valley records. W.M.P. Pl. VI. Fig. 26.
Pipilo maculatus megalonyx Baird. Spurred Towhee. H.W.
Claremont. Metz. Abundant, breeding in Claremont, Corona,
San Antonio Canyon, Laguna. W.M.P. Pl. VI. Fig. 28.
Pipilo crissalis senicula Anth. Anthony Brown Towhee. H.W.
Claremont. Metz. Abundant, breeding Claremont to Laguna.
WEEP (BEVIS Bie. 30:
Oreospiza chlorura Audub. Green-tailed Towhee. H.W. Breeds
on high mountains (about 8,000 feet), Lytle Creek, near Corona
inpwinters s\Velvices (leVies Big 29
60 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Zamelodia melanocephala capitalis Baird. Pacific Black-headed
Grosbeak. Metz. Claremont. H.W. Breeding at Claremont,
near Corona. VWieM.P. Pl Vi. Fie, 3l. Bemale:
Guiraca. caerulea salicarius Grinn. California Blue Grosbeak.
H. W. Laguna. H.H.N. Santa Ana river bottom in spring;
Brea Canyon. W.M.P. Pl. VI. Fig. 32. Dark blue, rufous on
wings.
Passerina amoena Say. Lazuli Bunting. H.W. Claremont.
Metz. Fairly common in Claremont, seen in Brea Canyon and
near Chino, San Antonio Canyon, San Dimas Canyon. W.M.P. PI.
VI. Fig. 33. Bright blue touched with rufous.
Calamospiza melanocorys Stejn. Lark Bunting. One record
neat Corona, May 11, 1915. W.iMP.
Piranga ludoviciana Wilson. Western Tanager. H.W. Com-
mon in canyons in summer, upper San Antonio, Cucamonga; breed-
ing records; spring migration records for Claremont. W.M.P.
Pl. VI. Fig. 34. Head brilliant red shaded over yellow.
Progne subis hesperia Brew. Western Martin. ‘Two specimens
in college collection, taken 1896. Pl. VI. Fig. 35. Female.
Petrochelidon lunifrons lunifrons Say. Cliff Swallow. H.W.
Long Beach. Metz. Laguna Beach Gardner. Breeding. Very
abundant from mouth of San Antonio to ocean; nests on barns,
houses, etc.; cliffs near Laguna. W.M.P. Pl. VI. Fig. 36.
Hirundo erythrogaster Bodd. Barn Swallow. Seen. H.W.
Migration records for Chino, Corona, Laguna. W.M.P. PI. VI.
Fig. 38;
Tridoprocne bicolor Vieil. Tree Swallow. H.W. Breeds near
Corona; seen in winter in same locality less commonly. W.M.P.
Bie Vale) Eves 30:
Tachycineta thalassina lepida Mearns. Northern Violet-green
Swallow. H.W. Claremont. Metz. Breeds in San Antonio
Canyon.
Riparia riparia Linn. Bank Swallow. Nesting record for New-
port, June, 1916. Migration record near Corona in spring.
WAVER. PIPVIe® Pigs.
Stelgidopteryx serripennis. Audub. Rough-winged Swallow.
Pl. VI. Fig. 40.
Pomona College, Claremont, California 61
Bombycilla cedrorum Vieill. Cedar Waxwing. H.W. Clare-
out lokeG.. Very abundant vn fall, winter and spring, Clare-
mont, Ontario, Pomona, San Antonio, San Dimas. WMV P: PE
Walle kig snl.
Phainopepla nitens Swain. Phainopepla. H.W. Claremont.
Metz. Breeding records Claremont; winters regularly near Co-
rona in river bottoms. Some winters seen in Claremont. W.M.P.
Rivibk. Fig-2
Lanius Iludovicianus gambeli Ridg. California Shrike. H.W.
Laguna. ~ L.G: Resident. Breeds Corona, Chino, Ontario;
common at Claremont. W.M.P. Pie Vill. iss:3:
Vireosylva gilva swainsont Baird. Western Warbling Vireo.
H.W. Abundant in summer in canyons. Breeds. W.M.P. Pil.
Wille bigs:
Lanivireo solitarius cassini Xant. Cassin Vireo. H.W. San
Antonio, Glenn Ranch. W.M.P. Pl Vil. Fig..6.
Vireo huttoni huttoni Cass. Hutton Vireo. H.W. Claremont,
San Antonio Canyon. Nests. Recdent. WVOMUR. Pi. Vill Pig: 3:
Vireo belli pusillus Coues. Californias Beast Vireo. FAN. — lea:
guna. L1G. Fairly common Glenn Ranch and near Corona.
Breeding notes. W.M.P.
Vireo vicinior Coues. Gray Vireo. Capistrano. H.H.N. Sev-
eral seen in Cajon Pass, elevation 2700 teet.. WML:
Vermivora ruficapilla gutturalis Ridg. Calaveras Warbler.
H.W. Migrates. Glenn Ranch, San Gabriel Canyon. W.M.P.
Vermivora celata lutescens Ridg. Lutescent Warbler. H.W.
Glenn Ranch, San Gabriel Canyon, San Antonio and San Dimas
Canyons. W.M.P. Pl. VII. Fig. 7. Canary yellow.
Vermivora celata sordida Towns. Dusky Warbler. San Dimas
Canyon. Winter. W. MEE:
Dendroica aestiva brewsteri Grinn. California Yellow Warbler.
H.W., Metz. Claremont. Breeding near Corona river bottoms.
Pl. VIL. Fig. 8. Canary-yellow.
Dendroica auduboni auduboni Towns. Audubon Warbler. H.W.
Claremont. Metz. Abundant in winter in San Antonio Canyon,
Claremont, Pomona, Corona. Breeds in higher mountains. W.M.P.
62 Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Pl. VII. Fig. 10. Five yellow spots, top of head, throat, under
wings, on rump.
Dendroica nigrescens Towns. Black-throated Gray Warbler.
Seen. H.W. Breeds near Camp Baldy and Cold Brook, San
Gabriel Canyon. W.M.P. Claremont during migration. Pl. VII.
Fig. 9. Small yellow spot in front of eye.
Dendroica occidentalis Towns. Hermit Warbler. H.W. Seen.
Migration near Corona, Santa Ana river bottom, upper Lytle Creek.
W.M.P. Pl. VII. Fig. 11. Bright yellow on side and top of
head.
Oporornis tolmiei Towns. Tolmie Warbler. Migration notes
from Cold Brook, Glenn Ranch, Claremont, upper Lytle Creek.
W.M.P.
Geothlypis trichas occidentalis Brew. Western Yellowthroat.
H.W. Taken in migration at Claremont. Breeds on river bottoms
near Corona, Chino and El] Monte. W.M.P. Pl. VII. Fig. 12.
Bright yellow throat, back greenish grey.
[cteria virens longicauda Lawr. Long-tailed Chat. H.W.
Breeds near Corona. W.M.P. Pl. VII. Fig. 13. Bright yellow
throat.
Wilsonia pusilla chryseola Ridg. Golden Pileolated Warbler.
H.W. Migration near Claremont. One breeding record. Santa
Ana river bottoms. W.M.P. Pl. VII. Fig. 14. Canary-yellow
throat. Back greenish-grey.
Wilsonia pusilla pileolata Pall. Alaska Pileolated Warbler.
Capistrano. H.H.N.
Anthus rubescens Tunst. American Pipit. H.W. Long Beach.
Metz. Abundant fall and winter, Corona, Chino, Ontario
Weve Pls Vii aie:
Cinclus mexicanus unicolor Bonap. American Dipper. H. W.
Resident San Antonio, San Dimas, Cucamonga, Lytle Creek.
WeM-P: Ph Vil. Fie; 6 Female.
Oreoscoptes montanus Towns. Sage Thrasher. Taken fall and
winter in Corona, near Etiwanda. Seen in early May, upper Cajon
Pass, W.M_P.. Pl. VIL. Big: 17.
Pomona College, Claremont, California 63
Mimus Polyglottos leucopterus Vigors. Western Mockingbird.
H.W. Claremont. Metz. Laguna. L.L.G. Breeds in Clare-
mont, WoMUP, Pl VIL. Fig. 18.
Toxostoma redivivum pasadenense Grinn. Pasadena Thresher.
H.W. Claremont. Metz. Laguna. L.L.G. Breeds at Clare-
mont. oWeMP. Pl Vit. (Fig 19:
Toxostoma lecontei lecontei Law. Leconte Thrasher. Seen on
Mojave Desert. H.W. Resident, breeding, limited numbers,
Mojave Desert. W.M.P.
Heleodytes brunneicapillus couesi Sharpe. Northern Cactus
Wren. H.W. Claremont. Metz. Common resident, breeding.
WoMeER a Pl VI Migs 2k.
Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus Say. Rock Wren. H.W. Many
records, Claremont, San Antonio Canyon; higher mountains in
summer. WM... Pl. Vil. Pig: 23.
Catherpes mexicanus punctulatus Ridg. Dotted Canyon Wren.
H. W. Laguna. L.L.G. Nesting at San Gabriel, Cucamonga.
Fairly common. W.M.P. PI. VII. Fig. 22.
Thryomanes bewicki charienturus Oberh. San Diego Wren. lak
W. Claremont. Metz. Breeding at Claremont, San Antonio, San
Dimas Canyons. W.M.P. Pl. VII. Fig. 20.
Troglodytes aedon parkmani Audub. Western House Wren.
H.W. Breeding up as far as Camp Baldy. W.M.P. Pl. VII.
Pies 25.
Telmatodytes palustris paludicola Baird. Tule Wren. H. W.
Abundant and breeding in Santa Ana river bottom. W.M.P. PI.
Wills Shige 24:
Nannus hiemalis pacificus Baird. Western Winter Wren. One
record, San Dimas Canyon, Jan. 21, 1915. W.M.P.
Certhia familiaris zelotes Osg. Sierra Creeper. Lytle Creek.
Glenn Ranch. W.M.P. Pl. VIL. Fig. 26-
Sitta carolinensis aculeata Cass. Slender-billed Nuthatch. Seen.
H.W. Recorded upper Lytle Creek, Glenn Ranch. W.M.P. PI.
Ville Hiowe2i1-
Sitta pygmaea pygmaea Vigors. Pigmy Nuthatch. Upper Lytle
Crecka WoVipP= PieaViie igs 23:
6+ Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Baeolophus inornatus inornatus Gamb. Plain Titmouse. H.W.
Oaks near Claremont. W.sMLPS BE VIE Fie. 29:
Penthestes gambeli baileyae Grinn. Baily Chickadee. H.W.
Common higher mountains. Sometimes occurs in winter in valleys.
Recorded several times from foothills near San Antonio and San
Dimas Canyons. Pl. VII. Fig. 34.
Psaltriparus minimus minimus Ridg. Coast Bush-tit. H.W.
Claremont. Metz. Common, breeding at San Dimas, San An-
tonio, Claremont. Pl. VII. Fig. 30. May be A.O.U. 743A.
W.M.P.
Chamaea fasciata henshawi Ridg. Pallid Wren-tit. H.W. La-
guna L.L.G. Abundant and breeding Claremont to Laguna, also
up in mountains some distance. W.M.P. Pl. VII. Fig. 35.
Regulus satrapa olivaceus’ Baird. Western Golden-crowned
Kinglet. Recorded in winter, San Antonio Canyon. W.M.P.
Regulus calendula cineraceus Grinn. Western Ruby-crowned
Kinglet. H.W. Claremont. Metz. Recorded in winter, San An:
tonio, San Dimas Canyon, Corona. W.M.P. Pl. VII. Fig. 33.
Bright red line on top of head.
Polioptila caerulea obscura Ridg. Western Gnatcatcher. H.W.
Claremont. Metz. Common and breeding San Antonio Canyon,
San Dimas, San Gabriel Canyon, Claremont. W.M.P. PI. VII.
Fig. 32.
Polioptila californica Brew. Black-tailed Gnatcatcher. H.W.
Claremont. Metz. Many breeding records. Claremont. W.M.P.
PA Vile Peer 3 1.
Myadestes townsendi Audub. ‘Townsend Solitaire. H.W. Taken
in winter. Fairly common in San Antonio Canyon and San Dimas
Canyon. Seenin Claremont in winter. W.M.P. Pl. VII. Fig. 36.
FHylocichla guttata nanus Audub. Dwarf Hermit Thrush. H.W.
Breeds near Corona, Glenn Ranch. W.M.P. Pl. VII. Fig. 37.
F[ylocichla guttata nanus Audub. Dwarf Hermit Thrush. H.W.
One bird taken in winter near Claremont which Grinnell thinks is
this. W.M.P.
FAfylocichla guttata guttata Pall. Alaska Hermit Thrush. H.W.
San Dimas Canyon, Claremont. W.M.P.
Pomona College, Claremont, California 65
Hylocichla guttata sequoitensis Baldy. H.W. Sierra Hermit
ThurshwCyele Creek. WWM. P
Planesticus migratorius propinquus Ridg. Western Robin.
H.W. Common in winter, Claremont. W.M.P. Pl. VII. Fig. 38.
I[xoreus naevius meruloides Gmel. Varied Thrush. H.W.
Winter records, San Dimas Canyon and Claremont. W.M.P. PI.
Wiles shia 39:
Sialia mexicana occidentalis Towns. Western Bluebird. H. W.
Claremont. Metz. Breeding record, San Dimas Canyon. Com-
mon in winter in valley. Breeds in higher mountains. W.M.P.
Pl. VII. Fig. 40. Purple-blue, rufus on wings.
Sialia currucoides Bechst. Mountain Bluebird. H.W. Many
records for winter, Etiwanda, Corona, Chino, Pomona. W.M.P.
Pl. VII. Fig. 41. Light blue, greenish blue on throat.
(Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College)
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