Public Document No. 4

SLXTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT

MASSACHUSETTS

State Board of Agriculture.

PART I.

REPORT OF SECRETARY AND OTHER OFFICERS.

1915.

BOSTON :

WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS,

32 DERNE STREET.

1916.

77< 3 <? pj^^ I

Approved by
The State Boaed of Publication.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Part I

Introduction, 5

State Board of Agriculture, 1916, 7

Report of the Secretary, 9

Fourteenth Annual Report of the State Nursery Inspector, . 65

Eighth Annual Report of the State Ornithologist, .... 77
Sixth Annual Report of the State Inspector of Apiaries, .109

Twenty-fifth Annual Report of the Dairy Bureau, .... 139
Report on the Encouragement of Dairying Contest for 1915, 167

Second Annual Report on Boys' and Girls' Club Work, . .179

Returns of the Incorporated Agricultural Societies, .199

Directory of Agricultural Organizations, 215

Index, 247

INTRODUCTION.

The annual report of the jNIassachusetts State Board of
Agriculture, known as "Agriculture of Massachusetts," is this
year offered to the public in two parts, of which this volume
is the first.

The circulars which are published by the Board from time
to time during the year, including the lectures and discussions
at the Public Winter Meeting, are of interest to a much larger
public than the routine reports of the various phases of the
Board's activities. Hitherto, people who wished the informa-
tional matter obtained in the circulars have been obliged to
take with it routine statistics which they often did not care for.
For this reason, beginning with this number. Part I. will
comprise the annual report of the secretary, the annual reports
of the State Nursery Inspector, State Inspector of Apiaries,
State Ornithologist, the Dairy Bureau, the specialist on boys'
and girls' agricultural club work, the returns of the agricultural
societies and the directory of agricultural organizations. Of
Part I. only 1,500 copies will be printed.

Part II. will contain the lectures and discussions given at the
Public Winter ^Meeting and such circulars as may have been
issued the previous year. Beginning with this volume, the
annual report of the State Forester will not appear with the
report of the State Board of Agriculture.

It is desired to call the attention of persons wishing any
particular one of the routine reports to the fact that they are
also published as separate pamphlets, and a person desiring
the report of the State Inspector of Apiaries, for example, is
advised to apply for it in separate form rather than for the
whole of Part I.

Libraries wishing to keep a complete set of these volumes
since their institution in 1852 may still do so by getting both
parts.

Editor.

State Board of Agriculture, 1916.

Members ez Officio.

His Excellency SAMUEL W. McCALL.

His Honor CALVIN COOLIDGE.
Hon. ALBERT P. LANGTRY, Secretary of the Commonwealth.
KENYON L. BUTTERFIELD, President, Massachusetts Agricultural College.
LESTER H. HOWARD, Commissioner of Animal Industry.
F. WILLIAM RANE, State Forester.
WILFRID WHEELER, Secretary of the Board.

Members appointed by the Governor and CouncU.

Term expires'

FRANK P. NEWKIRK of Easthampton 1916

HENRY M. HOWARD of Newton (P. O. West Newton) 1917

EDWARD E. CHAPMAN of Ludlow 1918

Members chosen by the Incorporated Societies.

Ameshury and Salisbury {Aoricidlural

and Horticultural),
Barnstable County, .

Blackstone Valley,

Deerfield Valley,

Eastern Hampden,

Essex,

Franklin County,

Hampshire,

Hampshire, Fra?iklin and Hampden,
Highland, ....

Hillside, . . . . .

Hingham (Agricultural and Horticul-
tural), . . . . .
Hoosac Valley, ....
Housaionic, .....

Lenox Horticultural,

Marshfield (Agricultural and Horticul-
tural), . . . . .

Martha's Vineyard, ....

Massachusetts Horticultural,

Massachusetts Society for Promoliiio
Agriculture, . . . .

Middlesex North, ....

Middlesex South, . . . .

A. WILLIS BARTLETT of Salisbury, . . 1917
JOHN BURSLEY of Barnstable (P. O. West

Barnstable) 1918

JACOB A. WILLIAMS of Northbridge, . 1917

DAVID T. BARNARD of Shelburne, . . 1916

OMER E. BRADWAY of Monson, . 1917

FREDERICK A. RUSSELL of Methuen, . 1916

GEORGE E. TAYLOR, Jr., of Shelburne, . 1918
HOWARD A. PARSONS of Amherst (P. O.

North Amherst) 1918

CLARENCE E. HODGKINS of Northapipton, 1917
JOHN T. BRYAN of Middlefield (P. O. Ches-
ter, R. F. D.) 1916

HAROLD S. PACKARD of Plainfield, . . 1916

URBAN S. BATES of Hingham, . . .1917
NATHAN B. FLOOD of North Adams, . 1917
CHARLES W. FREEHAN of Great Barring-
ton 1917

ALFRED H. WINGETT of Lenox, . 1916

WALTER H. FAUNCE of Kingston, . . 1917
JAMES F. ADAMS of West Tisbury. . .1918

EDWARD B. WILDER of Dorchester, . 1917

NATHANIEL I. BOWDITCH of Framing-
ham 1917

GEORGE W. TRULL of Tewksbury (P. O.

Lowell, R. F. D.) 1916

JOHN J. ERWIN of Wayland. . . . 1916

' First Tuesday in December.

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. No. 4.

Nantucket, .....

Oxford

Plymouth County, ....
Quannapowitl, ....

Union {Agricultural and Horticultural),

West Taunton, ....

Weymouth (Agricultural and Horticul-
tural), .....

Worcester, .....

Worcester East, ....

Worcester North {Agricultural and Driv-
ing Association), ....

Worcester Northwest (Agricultural and
Mechanical), ....

Worcester South, ....

Worcester County West,

Term expires'
HERBERT G. WORTH of Nantucket, . 1917
JOHN F. FREELAND of Sutton, . 1918
ERNEST LEACH of Bridgewater, . . 1916
CALVERT H. PLAYDON, D.V.S., of Read-
ing 1918

EDWIN F. GOODWIN of Chester (P. O.

Huntington), 1918

CHARLES I. KING of Taunton, . . . 1916

HOWARD H. JOY of Weymouth (P. O. South

Weymouth) 1917

EDWARD A. WATERS of West Boylston, . 1916

ARTHUR C. HAWKINS of Lancaster, . 1917

HENRY D. CLARK, D.V.S., of Fitchburg, . 1917

ALBERT ELLSWORTH of Athol, . . 1918

WILLIAM E. PATRICK of Warren, . . 1918

JAMES A. RICE of Barre 1916

1 First Tuesday in December.

®t)e ^ommoxitoealtl) of iila60acl)U6ett5.

SIXTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

Massachusetts State Board of Agkicultuke.

PART I.

EEPOET OF THE SECRETARY FOR THE YEAR 1915.

To the Senate and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of

Massachusetts.

Agricultural tendencies have undergone great changes within
the past few years. We have seen the attention of the world
brought forcibly to the food supply question by the increased
cost of living, and in consequence we have seen the position of
the farmer change from one of obscurity to that of consequence
and power in the country.

We have seen all sorts of theories advanced as to the way
we may increase our food supply. Governments, States, big
business corporations, individuals, have given much attention
to the subject. We have seen the government through its
agricultural department increase its work enormously, adding
department after department of research, field experiments,
education and markets, and constantly, through a system of
county agents who are in touch with the central authorities,
spread its work to meet the most distant farmers' need. We
have seen the Agricultural College expand, increasing its student
body, and through a system of extension work reaching out to
all sections of the State in which it operates. We have seen
city as well as country people affected by this great change, so
much so that the country-to-city movement has almost been
checked in some sections, and we are balancing on the line

10 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

between urban and rural population increase. Which way this
increase will go depends much upon how this great agricultural
problem is handled. If we are to allow this great prospect to
be made a fad of by the theorist, if we are to stand idly by and
see the high ideals of agriculture brought down by those who
have no more than a passing interest in the business, the
recovery of the prestige which agriculture has attained will be
long and painful. No business is secure unless it is economically
sound. No business can long remain secure unless it can show
a balance on the profit side of the ledger. We may in agri-
culture transfer the crops from one section of the country to
another, and there, by the process of feeding to animals,
produce fertilizing elements to grow crops in this new section;
but every ton of such plant food shipped, and not replaced,
leaves the section from which the crop was shipped so much
poorer. We are doing just this in our country, and agriculture
founded on this basis cannot long endure. Our problem of
keeping up soil fertility and still feeding our ever-increasing
population, and, further, exporting large quantities of agri-
cultural products, is an enormous one. Few of us realize that
every pound of cotton, every beef animal, every bushel of wheat
that leaves our ports carries with it some store of American
soil fertility which will have to be replaced sometime. The
east has realized tiiis longer than the west, and has perhaps
profited to a greater extent by this transfer of soil fertility.
Western grain and hay has come east to feed our animals,
whose manure has in turn gone to enrich our fields, but now
that the west has come to realize what she has been doing,
undoubtedly she will retrench in this wholesale shipping of her
natural resources, and the east will in consequence have to
consider more seriously the question of raising more of her own
crops. Indeed, the problem is an ever-present one with us
now. Our farmers should grow more of the agricultural
products that are used here. Lands now undeveloped should
be brought into cultivation, and a section admirably adapted to
supporting a large population in prosperity should not be
marked by large areas of idle and unused land. This question
of developing idle lands has received great attention in the west
and south, so much so that in some places great companies

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 11

have been formed, and, through a widely conducted campaign
of advertising, people right from our own section have been
induced to go and settle on these lands, not paying much
money down, but in reality bonding themselves for a long term
of years, during which time they receive little for their labor,
and often have to live under conditions which they would not
put up with in their original homes. That persons from foreign
countries are most often used in these enterprises is true, and
they are more likely to succeed in them, but the fact should
not be lost sight of that in their success they are getting control
of the land and by so doing are sooner or later going to control
the country.

The potential wealth of our soil is enormous. Whether we
use it for any branch of agriculture or forestry, not an acre of
Massachusetts land should be idle. It is all adapted to some
use, and the criticism which we most often hear from travelers
in our State, "that there is so much waste land here," should
not hold true for long.

Our exports of agricultural crops to foreign countries have
never been so great, and there seems to be an increasing de-
mand for them. That this will not continue after the war which
is now devastating Europe can be no better expressed than by a
quotation from the latest report of the Pennsylvania State
Board of Agriculture, where one of the speakers said: "It is
hardly to be expected that impoverished countries and dead
people will be good customers."

We in America have escaped the frightful devastation caused
by the war, but when we consider that no matter what our
momentary prosperity may be, the awful waste in human life
and energy and in material will have to be made up sometime,
and that largely from the soil, it brings the losses very nearly
to agricultural losses. The enormous quantity of nitrogen,
potash and other elements going into the manufacture of ex-
plosives is taking these elements directly out of the farmer's
hands, increasing the cost of these products, and materially
reducing the known supply. In other words, elements which
should go to the upbuilding of humanity are now being used
to destroy humanity, and in the most terrible way the world
has ever seen.

12 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Crop Conditions of 1915.

General crop conditions throughout the State are reported as
normal, although seldom have we seen a year with such varia-
tions of weather, from no rain in March and little during April,
May and June to floods during July and August, while the fall
has been fairly dry. One would naturally think that these con-
ditions would have had a greater adverse effect on crops, but
we have got to view a season as a whole and not from any one
period of it; so this year, while we have had our bad weather
in long periods, so also have we had our good weather in long
periods. The whole State was remarkably free from early fall
frosts, and consequently late maturing crops have had a chance
to develop. More fall plowing was reported than usual, and
late seeded ground looks unusually good.

Hay, our most valuable crop in point of production, was
much injured in quality this year by heavy rains during the
cutting season. These rains had been preceded by very dry
weather, which had checked the growth of grass, with the result
that almost throughout the State the first crop of hay was low
in both quantity and quality.

These same heavy summer rains, however, benefited those
farmers who were fortunate enough to have a second cutting
of hay, and the rowen crop was unusually large. This made
up to some extent for the short first crop, and prices at the
present time are exceptionally high. The farm price in Massa-
chusetts on November 1, as reported by the United States De-
partment of Agriculture, was $22.70 per ton. It is worthy of
note that the price given for Massachusetts is the highest in
the Union, the next highest being Connecticut, with $22.50
per ton, and ranging from there down to North Dakota, where
native hay is reported to be bringing only $5.40 at the farm.
This item is another bit of evidence of the excellence of Massa-
chusetts markets for farm products.

Our corn crop is reported the same in size as last year, but
the price is 82 cents, against 96 cents in 1914, probably due to
the fact that the crop throughout the country is almost a
record one. Oats, not a very important crop in Massachusetts,
is almost the same as last year in both quantity and price,
304,000 bushels for the former, 56 cents for the latter.

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. • 13

The potato crop in this State, as in many other sections,
rotted badly, and this fact, combined with a slight reduction in
acreage, brought the crop down from a final estimate last year
of 4,185,000 bushels to 2,600,000 bushels this year, a falling
off of nearly 40 per cent.

The farm price is reported at 92 cents a bushel, against
68 cents last year, so that the farmers will receive about as
much money as for the larger crop. Taking these figures as a
basis, the farm value of the potato crop in 1914 was -$2,800,000,
against $2,372,000 for the present season. •

The government reports the Massachusetts apple crop as
885,000 barrels, against 1,460,000 barrels in 1914. In your
secretary's opinion these figures both err on the side of being
too high. It seems to me that an even more serious mistake
has been made in estimating the apple crop for the country at
large, which is figured at 76,000,000 barrels, against 84,000,000
barrels in 1914. Even supposing the 84,000,000 barrel estimate
of 1914 to be true, it is evident, from the firm prices at which
apples have been ruling, that this year's crop must be more
than 10 per cent less than last.

The Massachusetts tobacco crop of 1915 was about 2,000,000
pounds less than its predecessor. Flood and hail did con-
siderable damage, and the average yield per acre was de-
creased as a result. The total onion crop in the State was
1,487,454 bushels, against 2,018,480 bushels last year. It is
interesting to note that Massachusetts stands third in the
Union in onion growing, being exceeded only by New York and
California. As is always the case, the smaller crop is bringing
a larger price, 99 cents a bushel, against 60 cents last year.

The cranberry crop was also reduced in size, the average
yield per acre falling from 45 to 28 barrels, and according to the
government report the total yield has fallen off one-third from
last year. Prices have ruled high, about double that of last
year.

Strawberries, while promising to be a most satisfactory crop
early in the season, were greatly injured in some sections by
late frosts and in others by excessive rains early in July, and,
consequently, the total income received was reduced about
50 per cent from last year. Other small fruits were badly

14 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

affected by weather conditions, and small crops resulted.
Peaches were, however, abundant in all of the peach sections,
and splendid quality was the rule. Prices were fair, and
particularly so where the crop was sold locally.

The market gardeners on the whole have had a poor year.
During much of the season the Boston market was oversupplied,
resulting in a practical glut and low prices. This was due not
to overproduction but to under-distribution. This leads us
right to the same point in market gardening as in all other
branches of farming, namely, the marketing of farm products
must have better organization. To speak briefly of specific
market garden crops, early onions were very cheap, while the
later crop was high priced. Lettuce has been low all season, with
the exception of a short time in August when it was very high.
Carrots and beets ruled a little under the average price, while
sweet corn was higher than usual. Rhubarb was in very poor
demand, but the asparagus growers had a fairly profitable year.

Markets and Marketing.

The law passed by the last Legislature, requiring cities and
towns of over 10,000 inhabitants to set aside streets, squares or
other places as public markets, has brought more forcibly than
ever to our attention the necessity of establishing a bureau of
markets under the direction of this Board.

The Board sent out a questionnaire to all cities and towns to
which the law applied; 2.3 replies were received, and 8 cities
have fulfilled the requirements. It has, however, been im-
possible for the Board, with no appropriation and consequently
no trained men at its disposal, to visit all these cities and towns
and approve the sites. As a result, successful markets have
been opened in only one city.

It is quite evident, however, from our experience this year
that very little good will be accomplished by this law unless a
competent man can be engaged to head up the work in the
cities. Cities may set aside market places, and customers may
want to buy, and farmers may want to sell, but if there is no
medium through which these three agencies may be linked
together, the venture will be a failure. In other words, each
city or town which is considering the establishing of a market

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 15

should first pass the necessary appropriation to engage some
capable man to conduct the market. No city should attempt
to establish a market unless it has first made a canvass of the
consumers, in order to determine if they would support such a
market, and to see farmers in the vicinity of the city and get
them to come to the market. If such markets are opened,
many adjustments in both selling and buying will have to be
made. On the one hand, the farmer will have to accustom
himself to selling in smaller packages, in many cases by weight,
while the consumer will have to provide means of delivering
his goods, paying cash and dispensing with other services for
which he has been paying at the retail stores.

No doubt the best demonstration of the possibilities of the
open market has been accomplished in the city of Newton,
where after about a year of preparation, and largely through
the efforts of one of the citizens, a cit^^ appropriation was
granted and two markets opened in October. No harder time
could have been chosen for opening the markets, as most of
the farmers had already established their selling arrangements
for the season and were not very anxious to change. In spite
of this, however, there has been an average of 18 wagons each
market day, and both farmers and consumers have been well
satisfied with the experiment. It is to be hoped that Newton
will go on with the good work begun, and that other cities will
follow her example.

The State needs a bureau of markets in order to be able to
assist cities and towns in this work. It also needs one in order
to give both farmers and buyers the necessary information about
the movement of farm crops, both interstate and intrastate.

No subject is of more vital importance to the farmers to-day
than marketing. We have had good results from the propa-
ganda urging us to raise more and better crops, but far
too little has been done about the most important subject of
all. The bureau of markets should have power to establish
grades and fix standards for all farm crops, to assist in the
formation of selling agencies, and should keep in close touch
with all marketing projects both in this country and abroad,
and especially in touch with the United States Bureau of
Markets.

16 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

We are forcibly reminded at times, by the congestion in
some markets of large quantities of agricultural products, of
the necessity of the better distribution of our crops. We also
know that at the same period other centers were not supplied
with these same products. As an example, the past season all
the large market centers were filled with peaches, many of which
brought low prices, while summer resorts and small but good
purchasing centers in many places had no peaches. The crop
was poorly distributed. This happens over and over again,
and could undoubtedly be remedied by an adequate system
whereby States and individuals would co-operate to better con-
ditions.

Co-operative Selling of Farm Products.

We are more and more impressed each year with the great
necessity of better-selling organizations by our farmers, and it
does not seem to be out of place to urge again the organization
of special interests, like the fruit growers, market gardeners or
onion growers, to form strong grading, packing and selling
companies. Those who have studied the organization of the
cranberry growers must admit that such a plan is workable,
and that apparently the most necessary element, which appears
to be lacking, is faith. No large amount of capital is necessary
to start; generally, present equipment can be used in the shape
of barns, packing sheds, and privately owned machinery.

It is with much pleasure that we note the formation of fruit-
growers' exchanges in several of the large centers. More of
these should be formed, the product packed according to the
law and sold under a State-wide organization similar to the
United Fruit Company in Nova Scotia.

It is very doubtful if in the past few years many of our
farmers have cleared much money; not that crops were not good
nor the quality normal, but simply because of a lack of system
of grading, and, in consequence, a relatively high selling cost.

The Game Question and how it affects the Farmers.

Massachusetts farmers have labored under many trying
handicaps, and have cheerfully subscribed to many laws which
have in the long run done them harm. For many years wild
deer were absolutel}^ protected in this State much to the

Xo. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 17

detriment of orchards and gardens. The open season and a
law which allows a farmer to protect his crops at all times have
done much to reduce this annoyance. More recently there
have been introduced the Mongolian pheasant, and this bird
has spread very rapidly over the State. Owing to its domestic
habits it has increased most rapidly on farming lands, and
while opinions vary greatly as to its status on these lands, the
most serious menace to the farmer does not seem to lie with the
bird itself, as the law has given him a fair measure of pro-
tection, in that he may shoot the bird if it is damaging his
crops. What threatens, however, to be most dangerous to the
farmer, is the ever-increasing horde of gunners who now pursue
this bird during the open season, and it is on this question
that the farmer should have greater protection. Several
remedies are proposed by your secretary.

1. Whereas the power to fix the open season on pheasants
is in the hands of the Fish and Game Commission, that this
Board petition said commission not to open the season on
pheasants until at least November 1, as then most of the crops
are gathered, and there will not be the damage done that is
likely to occur earlier in the season.

2. As pheasants are present in large numbers on land owned
by the farmers, and as such pheasants have largely been reared
on food obtained from land controlled by farmers, it is no more
than fair that the farmer should derive some income from this
source. Therefore, would it not be well that farmers lease their
land after crops have been gathered to persons who are willing
to pay for such privileges, either on a period basis or on a basis
of return for each bird killed. This method releases the owner
of the land from posting, and puts the burden of keeping
trespassers off the land on the lessee.

It is possible that farmers might lease their land for all kinds
of shooting, and certainly such income as may be derived from
this source should belong to the farmer.

3. Few farmers realize that by obtaining a permit from the
Fish and Game Commission, pheasants and other game birds
reared and released by them may be shot and sold to the
number of those originally liberated, and at any time of the
year, on land controlled and posted by them. Here is a chance

18

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

for farmers in some places to get together, and, by raising birds
and liberating them after the corn is well up, derive some in-
come either by leasing privileges for shooting or by shooting
the birds themselves. Apparently, the pheasant has come to
stay, and it only remains for the farmers to get some advantage
from its presence.

The introduction of rabbits of any kind should be strongly
opposed by all the farmers, as any new species is likely to do
untold damage to our fruit trees and farm crops. Indeed, the
introduction of any new species of bird or animal for game or
other purposes should be known in advance, and a heavy
penalty attached to any one who liberates such animal or bird.
The European starling only serves as a point at issue, for here
is a bird whose habits in Europe are known to be destructive to
certain crops, and from present indications its numbers here are
likely to increase rapidly.

The Fertilizer Situation.
The fertilizer outlook for the coming year is very unfavorable
for farmers, principally on account of the European war.
Practically all the potash used by farmers in this country is
imported from Germany, and these imports were very much
reduced during 1915, although not entirely cut off, as the
following table will show: —

Importation of Potash Salts.

1913.

1914.

1915.

Tons of kainit, .
Tons of manure salts,
Tons of muriate,
Tons of sulphate.

466,795

541,846

171.802

261,342

201,220

237.886

42,745

45.139

70,004
66,062
102.732
21.852

The fact that Italy has now joined the allies, so that the
Mediterranean route is cut off for the commerce of the central
powers, combined with Great Britain's ever-tightening grip on
German commerce, makes it likely that little or no potash
will be imported during 1916, unless peace should come about
soon, of which the chance seems remote.

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 19

Despite newspaper stories to the contrary, no domestic
source of potash has been found which can compete successfully
with the German potash after the war stops; and, of course,
capital will not invest the large sums necessary to manufacture
potash with the sure knowledge that foreign competition can
undersell them as soon as normal conditions are resumed.

Three possible domestic sources of potash have been
mentioned frequently during the past year. The first is feld-
spar. This source has not been a fruitful one on account of the
great expense involved, and also on account of the small amount
of the element recovered.

The recovery of potash from the giant seaweed on the
Pacific coast has also received considerable attention. These
seaweeds grow very rapidly and contain a high percentage of
potash. The difficulty in attracting sufficient capital to these
beds is that the State of California has no authority for renting
them, and, as any one may harvest seaweed, capitalists are loth
to erect large manufacturing plants without an assurance of a
steady supply of raw material. It has been figured out, also,
that the potash from this kelp would have to bring a price of
$40 a ton in order to return a profit to the manufacturers, and
as the Germans can unquestionably underbid this price if
necessary, this factor makes the kelp proposition unfeasible.

A third possible source of potash in the United States which
has received some publicity is Searles Lake, California. The
water of this lake, like the Great Salt Lake and the Dead
Sea, is heavily saturated with salts, and the potash is secured
through the evaporation of the water. It is reported that a
company has been formed for the extraction of this potash, that
a railroad has been built into this lake, and that the company
is now nearly ready to offer some potash for sale. These salts,
however, have a number of impurities in them, the cost of re-
moving which will probably make the price prohibitive for
fertilizer purposes.

It has also been proposed to extract sulphate of potash from
the alunite deposits in Colorado, but the fact that this process
would not leave any by-product of value would again make the
price too high.

From the above it will be seen that until the supply from

20 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Germany is again available our farmers will not be able to use
much potash; the fertilizer manufacturers in 1916 will have to
rely on such accumulated stores as they have, and it is probable
that no mixed fertilizer will contain more than 1 per cent of
potash, which unit will cost practically $6, At the present
time muriate of potash is quoted at $600 a ton, but this quota-
tion is merely nominal, as practically none can be obtained at
any price.

Whether profitable crops can be grown for a second season
without potash seems to be a question which admits of different
answers in different localities.

Some experiments conducted with potatoes in Maine during
1915 showed that on Aroostook County soils profitable crops
can be grown for at least one year without potash. Experi-
ments at the Rhode Island station have also pointed to the
same conclusion, but at Amherst the omission of potash in the
fertilizer seems to have caused a noticeable reduction in yield.
As a matter of fact none of these experiments have been carried
on long enough to draw definite and final conclusions from
them, and we can only hope that all of our stations will con-
tinue these interesting and valuable experiments for a number
of years.

It is evident with regard to potash that the Massachusetts
farmer has got to cut his coat according to his cloth. A great
deal has been said and written about the ability of lime to
release inert potash in the soil. But in experiments at Amherst,
where an application of lime at the rate of 160 pounds per acre
has been made annually for a period of years, the yield of
grain has been no better than where no lime was applied. This
shows that the indirect effect of lime cannot be relied on to take
the place of direct applications of potash.

Plowing under green crops and generally thorough cultural
methods may have some effect in liberating the insoluble
potash in the soil, but even these methods cannot be relied on
to take the place of applications of soluble potash. It seems
that in selecting land in 1916 for potash-loving crops, such as
potatoes, tobacco, cabbages or corn, our farmers must pick
ground which has been well fertilized with this element in
previous years. It would also be well for dairy farmers to take

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 21

a leaf from the book of European farmers and plant larger
acreages of the root crops, — beets, mangels and turnips, —
which can take large amounts of their nourishment from the
subsoil on account of their deep-rooting capacity.

Potash, however, is not the only fertilizing element which the
war has affected. Practically all the basic slag used in this
country is also brought in from Germany, where it is a by-
product of iron smelting. Our own ore does not seem to be
able to furnish a substitute. This has resulted in basic slag
being practically unobtainable both this year and last. Conse-
quently, the demand for acid phosphate has greatly increased,
with a resulting 25 per cent advance in price.

As to nitrogen, the situation is complicated by a number of
factors. Chili saltpeter, that is, nitrate of soda, is one of the
principal ingredients of gunpowder, and so has been in great
demand by all the nations at war. Practically all of this is
mined from beds in northern Chili, and in normal times the
annual output is over $100,000,000 in value. As a general rule,
80 per cent of this goes to Europe, largely to Germany.

At the beginning of the war the banking connections of
South America were almost entirely with London. The great
financial strain thrown on England by the war has caused a real
collapse of credit in South America, and as one result of this a
large part of the nitrate beds have had to be shut down on
account of lack of capital.

A third factor to which is attributed the rise of price of
nitrate of soda has been the slides in the Panama Canal, which
it is reported have seriously delayed several steamers loaded
with this material. This cause, of course, will only be tempo-
rary. In fact, the opening of the canal will in the end be a
great advantage to users of nitrate, as this reduces the distance
from Icj[uique, the chief Chilean nitrate center, to New York
by over 5,000 miles. This means a freight rate on nitrate to
America of only a little over half the rate to Europe, and
even with the handicap of the slides in the first year's operation
of the Panama Canal, the amount of nitrate passing through
it was double that of any other commodity.

As a general rule, German farmers use a great deal of nitrate
of soda, but as German sea commerce is practically at a stand-

22 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

still, the nitrate that they would ordinarily take had been
released for other uses. Probably, if it was not for this fact,
the price would at present be very much higher. It is now
quoted at about $65 a ton, or 30 per cent above normal.

Fortunately, the growing of the legumes can be substituted
for the application of nitrogenous fertilizers, and this is what
our farmers will be forced to do. The growing of alfalfa will be
especially helpful in this connection, and it is hoped that this
critical fertilizer situation will give an impetus to the growing
of this most useful crop.

In this situation we are more than ever confronted with lack
of cattle on our farms as a means of keeping up soil fertility,
and while most of our farmers have come to rely entirely upon
commercial fertilizers, few of us realize to what extent soil
fertility may be maintained by manure alone. In the market
garden districts about Boston, land is being cultivated which
has had no other fertilizer but manure for over twenty-five
years, and is still yielding abundant crops. In this process of
using manure from city stables where horses are fed on western
grain and hay, little thought is given to the process which goes
on, namely, of transferring certain fertility elements from one
section of the country to another. If the process goes on long
enough, the potash, nitrogen and phosphoric acid now being
transferred from the west to the east in grain and hay will
eventually have to be replaced on the western land if its
fertility is to be maintained.

The Milk Situation.

While at this time not all of the reports of committees study-
ing the milk question are available, that made by the Chamber
of Commerce, after a New England-wide study of the subject,
has been published. This report is largely an analysis of the
whole situation, and as such is undoubtedly the best collection
of data relative to the question ever brought together in one
volume.

Many of the findings of the Chamber of Comme'rce committee
are extremely interesting as related to our New England con-
ditions, and one in particular should be carefully studied by
our Massachusetts farmers. This relates to depreciation in

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 23

herds of dairy stock. Massachusetts figures generally gave this
as about 25 to 30 per cent, while in those sections of Maine
where young stock was being grown, there was no depreciation,
for the increase in the young stock raised offset the loss in the
old stock sold. Possibly this is one of the reasons why we
cannot raise milk as cheaply in Massachusetts as in Maine.
The question is certainly worth studying, and if our farmers
who are keeping dairy stock would consider the rearing of
young stock as a part of the dairy business, some at least might
be in better shape to compete with their neighbors across the
line.

The Chamber of Commerce report takes up the whole
question under such headings as history, production, collection,
transportation, distribution, inspection and grading, and
finally makes a few recommendations, namely, for improve-
ments in farm economy, the establishment of country milk-
receiving stations, a better system of railroad transportation,
the improvement of city distribution, increased advertising of
clean milk as a food, and co-operation.

Most of these recommendations are good, but we are left
considerably in doubt as to how they are to be carried out.
Could it be done without abolishing the leased-car^ system, the
readjustment of railroad rates on milk on a fair and equitable
basis, the rates increasing in proportion to the distance from
market, would benefit our dairymen, but Massachusetts
farmers should realize that the abolition of the leased-car
system all over New England would afford increased facilities
to out-of-State producers, which would operate to still further
flood our markets with foreign milk. That improvements in
farm economy can be made is true. Our farmers should know
more about the costs of production, the relative values of
butter fat and other solids m whole milk, and a number of other
important facts, but any agitation of this subject which does
not impress upon the consumer the necessity of paying more
for a high-grade milk, and that this advance in price should go
directly to the farmer, will leave this question much as it now
is. Our people in Massachusetts must not forget that this
report was made to cover New England and that its recom-
mendations refer to New England as a whole.

24 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

In the recommendations made by the Chamber of Commerce
the fact should be kept in mind that no good results along
lines suggested can be accomplished by legislation. Indeed,
the question resolves itself down to one of more education for
the farmer, distributor and consumer, with the possible ex-
ception of some adjustment by the Interstate Commerce Com-
mission, and that is not in the province of Massachusetts law
to regulate. The report particularly emphasizes the damage
done to the whole industry by the continued agitation of the
question before legislatures.

The country milk plant suggested by the report would be a
good thing provided a majority of the farmers were bound to
such a scheme. This plan presupposes that the farmer and not
the contractor shall control the country end of the business.
Undoubtedly this is as it should be, but to attempt any such
thing under present conditions would certainly tend to place
those farmers who started such a plan at the mercy of the
large dealer, unless the farmers can go into the city markets
and distribute their own milk. The question of collecting and
processing would be simple, but the selling would be difficult
and well nigh impossible unless the majority of the farmers
were committed to such a plan, and unless there were adequate
capital behind the scheme to take care of the city distribution.
Then, too, there are some localities where there is not enough
milk produced to warrant the estabhshment of country milk
plants.

Agricultural Census.

No agricultural census was taken in 1915. The statistical
department did not include any estimate in the appropriation
for this purpose. Neither has the government done anything
toward getting the figures for agriculture this year. It is
much to be regretted that this work was not done, for now if
no new figures are obtained until 1925, the next period in which
they would naturally be taken, it will be very difficult to note
the changes in agriculture.

It would therefore seem advisable to recommend to the next
General Court that the agricultural statistics be taken this
year; provided as the State now is with a splendid statistical
department, and also in the country districts with county

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 25

agricultural agents, it would not seem to be a difficult under-
taking to bring these two organizations together and get a
census which would give a true understanding of agricultural
conditions as they now are. This Board is called upon repeat-
edly for facts as to Massachusetts agriculture, and we have to
depend upon the government figures of 1910 or the State figures
of 1905, both of w^hich are now very much behind the times.

In order to secure a census which will be of the greatest
value, the figures should be gathered by persons who know
something about agriculture, for there can be no doubt that
figures in relation to agriculture by a general enumeration
cannot be as correct as they would be were they taken for a
special purpose and by persons trained for the work.

To this end, it is recommended that the Board support a bill
relative to taking an agricultural census this coming year.

Exhibit at Panama-Pacific Exposition.

As stated in the last report of your secretary, exhibits were
prepared for both the agricultural building and the horticultural
grouncis at the Panama-Pacific Exposition. The exhibit in the
agricultural building was mainly designed to call attention to
the agricultural resources of Massachusetts, rather than to
display samples of our crops. This exhibit has attracted con-
siderable attention, and, as a result of it, the Board has received
a good many letters of inquiry concerning Massachusetts.
One gold medal was received for tobacco in this exhibit.

In the horticultural gardens the following awards were re-
ceived : —

First Seasonal Awards.

Medal of honor to Bay State Nurseries, North Abington, for
evergreens and deciduous shrubs; gold medals to R. & J.
Farquhar & Co., Boston, for shrubs, pentstemon and buddleia;
Edward W. Gillette, Southwick, for woodland plants and ferns;
New England Nurseries, Bedford, for deciduous shrubs and
collection of conifers; to Thomas Roland, Nahant, for acacias;
Frederick J. Rea, Norwood, for phlox; silver medals to Forbes
& Keith, New Bedford, for Dennison dahlias; to Eastern
Nurseries, Jamaica Plain, for phlox; Breck-Robinson Nursery
Company, Lexington, for shrubs and evergreens; Cherry Hill

26 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Nurseries, West Newbury, for iris; J. W. Manning, North
Wilmington, for deciduous shrubs; honorable mention to Old
Colony Nurseries, Plymouth, for shrubs, and to George B.
Eager, Wakefield, for evergreens.

Second Seasofial Awards.

Grand prize to Forbes & Keith, New Bedford, for collection
of dahlias; medal of honor to R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Boston,
for dahlias; gold medals to Geo. H. Walker, Dighton, for
dahlias; William Sim, Cliftondale, for gladioli America; B.
Hammond Tracy, Wen ham, for gladioli; silver medals to
Forbes & Keith, New Bedford, for Francis A. Butts dahlias and
seedling dahlias; Edward F. Dwyer & Sons, Lynn, for dahlias;
Bay State Nurseries, North Abington, for hardy perennials;
Cherry Hill Nurseries, West Newbury, for herbaceous peren-
nials; New England Nurseries, Bedford, for herbaceous per-
ennials, asters and Michaelmas daisies.

When it is considered that many of these awards were made
in the face of severe competition, then the high quality of
Massachusetts nursery stock can be better appreciated. Many
of the growers who contributed this stock have expressed them-
selves as well pleased with the results, and particularly with
the Board's work in the arrangement of the exhibit.

Massachusetts Agricultural Resources.
The preparation of the exhibit for the Panama-Pacific
Exposition demonstrated more than ever the need of some
systematized research study and tabulation of facts relative to
the agriculture of our State. We know in a general way what
we have in resources of land, forests, streams, soil, etc. We also
have a fair idea of what may be done with these resources, but
in order to develop them to the greatest advantage much work
has got to be done in order to get the necessary information
together. The Massachusetts Agricultural Development Com-
mittee are agreed upon a general plan which covers rather a
long period and goes into much detail. Whatever work is done
along this line should be primarily for the actual development
of the State. No experiment should be tried, no theories ex-
pounded, but the hard, cold facts, as they are found, placed

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 27

before the country, so that Massachusetts may receive at least
her share in the advance which is apparent in all agricultural
lines.

To this end, practically the same bill as was presented last
year is recommended, but with a larger appropriation and
covering a longer term of years.

Massachusetts Agricultural Development Committee.

There were presented in the last Legislature three bills,
coming from three sources and bearing on much the same
question, although approached from somewhat different angles.
These bills all had to do with the development of our latent
agricultural resources.

One was presented by the Board, and was designed to collect,
tabulate and publish information relating to Massachusetts
agricultural resources. A second bill was introduced by a
representative of the General Court, and was designed to give
the secretary of the Board of Agriculture power to call together
agencies in order to make a plan for the development of State
resources and recommendations to the General Court.

The third bill was on the question of tabulating our agri-
cultural laws, and was introduced by the Hampden County Im-
provement League. As all of these bills failed of enactment,
the parties interested agreed voluntarily to get together and see
if something could not be worked out covering the ends sought.

To this end, after several conferences, delegates have been ap-
pointed from the agricultural college, the State Board of Agri-
culture, the Massachusetts State Grange, the State Forester,
Board of Education, Federation of Farm Bureaus and the
county schools.

This committee has taken the name of the Massachusetts
Agricultural Development Committee. It has held ten meet-
ings, and has mapped out a general plan for collecting the
information which it believes necessary for the best develop-
ment of the State.

The Board has been represented on this committee by your
secretary, w^ho was appointed by the executive committee.

Your secretary has reported in the annual report of the last
two years on such subjects as: wasted agricultural resources,

28 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

reclamation of waste and wet lands, advertising Massachusetts
agricultural resources, etc. Practically all of these subjects have
had to do with a wider study, — leading to some definite plan
for the united effort of all agencies interested in the agricultural
development of the State.
. It seems as if at this time something may be accomplished
along these lines if only the whole question can be viewed from
a broad aspect. Undoubtedly no one agency can attempt all
of this work, and it is to be hoped that through the agency of
this committee some plan may be worked out which will be
satisfactory to all parties.

In connection with the work of this committee, several
conferences have been held relative to agricultural legislation for
the coming year. All agricultural organizations have been
asked to present matters which they propose to petition for.
About twenty organizations have responded and several bills
have been discussed. As an open forum for the discussion of
legislation, this method has proved of great value, and will
doubtless have a tendency to eliminate many bills designed to
attain the same ends.

One of the subjects which has been considered by the com-
mittee is an agricultural survey of Massachusetts, embracing
such subjects as —

1. The preparation and publication of a State geological and economic

atlas.

2. A general soil survey.

3. A biological survey.

4. An agricultural survey covering —

(a) Conditions of agricultural production.
(&) Distribution of produce.

(c) General economic, sanitary and hygienic conditions.

(d) Social conditions.

(e) Farmers' organizations.

Secretary's Travel.
Very little has been said about the various activities of the
secretary of this Board during the year. Besides the regular
routine work of the oflBice, your secretary has traveled 5,000
miles in the State, covering practically the whole of it from east
to west. Much of this traveling has been done by automobile,

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 29

and many more visits to farms made possible thereby. Twelve
fairs were visited and over fifty meetings addressed on various
subjects.

During the summer a trip was made to Maine and Nova
Scotia. In Maine the potato industry was investigated. Very
few people in New" England realize the extent of the production
of this crop in Aroostook County, w^here in an area about as
large as Massachusetts potatoes are the principal crop. Travel-
ing through this country one is impressed with the apparent
prosperity of the farmers, as is testified to by fine farm build-
ings, good machinery and horses. Farms average about 160
acres in size. Rotation of oats, hay and potatoes is practiced,
covering a period of four years. The soil is generally found to
be a light clay, fairly free from stone and much of it only
recently reclaimed from the woods; in fact, clearing operations
are now in progress in many places and the practice is to cut
the wood and lumber on the land and pasture for about three
years; then the stumps are pulled and either oats or potatoes
planted; hay and clover are seeded in the oats and remain for
two years, when potatoes are planted on the grass sod. Plow-
ing is usually done in the late summer, and the land is not
replowed in the spring. Fertilizer is used in large quantities,
and this section of the country is one of the large outlets for
the product of the fertilizer dealer. Practically all of the
farmers grow 25 acres of potatoes, and many fields of 200 acres
were seen. At harvesting time the potatoes are either stored
on the farms or in the potato houses along the railroads. These
houses are frost proof and much of the shipping is done during
the winter months in heated cars. About 25 per cent of the
crop goes for seed. Starch factories use the surplus and culls,
and some seasons a portion of the crop is fed to hogs.

There is a greater tendency for the farmers to raise cattle for
beef, and in many places horses are being raised to a large
extent. Many fine Belgian stallions were seen, as the heavy
draft horse is the prevailing type.

The draw^backs to this section are heavy freight rates, a short
growing season and poor selling conditions. No co-operative
organizations were noted.

In Nova Scotia very different conditions were found. Here

30 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

apples and hay seem to be the principal crops. Practically the
whole of the uplands of the Annapolis Valley from Digby to
Truro is devoted to growing apples, the most interesting part of
which is the splendidly organized selling agency.

About two-thirds of the fruit growers belong to the United
Fruit Companies of Nova Scotia, which is made up of about
forty-five branches located at different points in the valley.
While there are several large independent operators, the union
controls about 60 per cent of the output, which is marketed in
all parts of the world by agents of the union. Co-operation
has brought about a wonderful change in conditions, and es-
pecially for the small grower. Costs of packing, shipping and
selling have been reduced, and a steady market created for the
product.

While this section has been widely known as a great apple-
growing center, and undoubtedly it is, it seemed to your
secretary that there are so many drawbacks to successful fruit
growing in this district that within a comparatively short time
it will not be able to compete successfully with the more
favorable location of New England.

Climatic conditions were such that this year, even where
orchards were sprayed seven times, black spot or scab affected
over 50 per cent of the fruit, and while this does not happen
every year, still it is the great scourge of Nova Scotia. Fruit
lands are comparatively high in price, and while the soil seems
w^ell adapted to apples, it does not compare favorably with the
best New England sections. Shipping conditions are bad, and
while materially helped by the selling unions, they are far from
satisfactory.

Undoubtedly the most interesting part of Nova Scotia is the
dyked salt marshes. Dykes were first used by the Acadians
as early as 1700, and the early success has prompted the
erection of others until now nearly 20,000 acres have been
reclaimed from the sea. Much of this land has been in constant
use for over two hundred years, and is still growing splendid
crops of hay, oats and clover. No fertilizers have been used,
although lime has been applied in many cases. Crops of hay
as high as four tons per acre are recorded, and the usual crop
is better than two tons.

No. 4.] REPORT OF. SECRETARY. 31

These dyked lands are administered by a separate govern-
ment from the town in which they are located. The owners
of the meadows elect their own officers or commission, which
sees to the repairing of the dykes, and costs of maintenance are
assessed on the owners, varying from 50 cents an acre per year
to $8 an acre per year. In large meadow^s costs are much less
than in the smaller ones. In this splendid example of how salt
marsh can be handled, certainly Massachusetts ought to take
a leaf from Nova Scotia's experience.

Other out-of-State trips have included two to New
Hampshire — one in the interests of the apple-grading law, and
the other to attend the forestry convention in the White
]\Iountains — and one to New^ York, to investigate marketing
conditions, especially as conducted by the new department
of markets. This department is at present holding auction
sales of farm produce, particularly of apples, in New York City,
and, so far as could be learned, these sales have been fairly
successful, although a very small per cent of the crop is handled
in this way as yet. Auction sales have been attempted in the
country districts, and, while not entirely successful, have had
an influence in standardizing the prices paid by buyers, par-
ticularly on apples.

The apple-grading law was found to be working advan-
tageously for the farmers in New York and none but favorable
comments were heard by all parties, although the general
opinion seemed to be that much educational work must be
done to get it working smoothly.

The Massachusetts Drainage Law.

Under the drainage law, passed in 1913 and amended in 1914,
and for which an appropriation was granted of $25,000, no new
work has been attempted. Owing to the pressure of unemploy-
ment during the past season, it was deemed wise by the Legis-
lature to use the money appropriated for the purposes of this
law in relieving the distress caused by unemployment. Conse-
quently, the money was turned over to the State Forester by
the Legislature, to be used by him in forestry work.

The need of an adequate drainage law has been more and
more apparent this year, for with a rainfall of 14.5 inches

32 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

during July and August, when thousands of acres of planted
lands in the State were flooded, — these floods in many cases
occurring on streams choked by the growth and collections of
years, where the expenditure of a small amount in removing the
obstruction would have saved the great losses sustained by our
farmers, — the problem was very graphically presented to us.

No better example of the value of drainage work can be
demonstrated than that of the Neponset River improvement,
where within the past three years the State has dredged the
main channel, allowing the collected waters to run off more
quickly. As far as can be learned, and with the exception of
the small streams which enter this river and which have not
been cleaned out, this is the only river in Massachusetts
which did not flood its banks during the heavy rains' of the
summer. In order to demonstrate the complete success of this
undertaking, it will be necessary, however, to dredge out all
of the streams feeding the river, and when this has been done
the same work should be done in other places. There have
been complaints from landowners on the river that the drainage
was injuring their land, inasmuch as the wild grasses which
formerly grew in abundance do not grow any more. It would
seem that the only answer to make to these complaints would
be to cultivate the land and seed it with the sweet grasses
which will undoubtedly grow there now. Indeed, clovers and
timothy have been found growing on the meadows where
nothing has been done to the land. It might be well to try
some experiments with various crops in order to demonstrate
the best method of handling the soil.

It appears that a law passed in 1702 and since amended is
still on the statutes in workable form. This law provides that
the owners of a tract needing drainage may make joint applica-
tion to the Superior Court, which will then (if the improvement
seems desirable) appoint commissioners who shall lay out and
supervise the work of drainage and assess the expense pro-
portionately on the various owners. The great drawback to
this bill has been that it does not provide for payment of the
work in installments.

In order to perfect the law and make it workable at the

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 33

present time, certain amendments are advised: changing the
executive head for carrying out the law from the courts to a
drainage board, and providing for a better means of financing
the operations and for the supervision of the work.

In connection with the general problem of reclamation work,
both of wet and dry lands, suggestions have come from several
sources on using unemployed labor during periods of depression
in general industrial lines. There is no doubt that such labor
might be used on such reclamation work, but if the work is to
be conducted to benefit the farmer's land, and if he is expected
to pay the bills, he should be given the benefit of competitive
bids on such reclamation rather than be obliged to pay the
added costs, which work done by such unskilled labor would
entail. On the other hand, however, if the State is to assume
some of the expense in order to relieve distress, and therefore
sees fit to use such labor on reclamation work, there can be no
objection, provided the farmers whose land is to be benefited
know of the probable cost in advance. In order to make any
such suggestion w^orkable, however, there must be a great deal
of preliminary work done in the survey of both wet and dry
lands, so that when the need arises for the employment of such
labor, the plans for doing the work will be ready, and for this
purpose there should go with the amended drainage law an
appropriation of not less than $2,500 yearly to make the
preliminary surveys.

Many different agencies have looked into this general problem
of utilizing our now unproductive lands. The Homestead Com-
mission sees in them the place to divert those persons who are
congesting our cities, and by State aid providing suitable places
for these people to dwell and earn a livelihood. The State
Forester sees in much of this land only a forestry proposition,
while various voluntary relief committees see only places to use
unemployed labor. There is urgent need of a careful study by
some competent board of these lands of the State, so that they
may be put to the wisest use, and to this end the bill previously
mentioned, asking for an appropriation for studying Massa-
chusetts resources, should be introduced again this year,
as your secretary believes that it will accomplish results.

34

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

The Apple-grading Law.

An appropriation of $1,000, which was granted by the Legis-
lature when the apple-grading law was passed, was used by the
Board in demonstrating the packing, grading and handling of
apples.

Mr. W. H. Woodworth of Berwick, Nova Scotia, Professor
F. C. Sears of Amherst, Mr. Alden C. Brett of North
Abington and Mr. A. F. McDougall of Northampton were
engaged to do the demonstrating. About thirty meetings were
held in co-operation with the Massachusetts Fruit Growers'
Association, and the following towns were visited by our
demonstrators : —

Amherst.

Ashfield.

Boston.

Brockton.

Byfield (Rowley).

Colrain.

Dalton.

Danvers.

Dighton (Segreganset) .

Fitchburg.

Framingham.

Grafton.

Granville.

Great Barrington.

Greenfield.

Hardwick.

Haverhill.

Leominster.

Littleton.

Marlborough.

Marshfield.

Medway.

Monson.

Petersham.

Sandwich.

Springfield.

Warren.

Williamsburg.

Worcester.

Messrs. Woodworth and Brett covered one route and
Professor Sears and Mr. McDougall another. The average
attendance at these meetings was 66. Mr. Woodworth reports
that there was a great deal of interest manifested, and while
some opposition developed, the general opinion has prevailed
that the law is a good one and bound to help in the marketing
of our apples.

A bulletin explaining the law, and also , containing the United
States barrel law and the Sulzer law, has been published and
widely distributed, and while a few changes will have to be
made before the law goes into effect in July, 1916, this bulletin
explains the essential points.

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 35

A regulation of the Board or a change in the law to the effect
that the face of the barrel will have to be fairly representative
of the contents will probably be adopted, as well as one allowing
for less color in the grades during a season of poor color. It
may be necessary to make other perfecting amendments before
the law is entirely workable. Certainly the passage of this law
has brought to the attention of our fruit growers the necessity
of better grading, and used as an educational measure for two
or three years, it should do much to help in the general question
of better apple packing.

Vermont and Connecticut were the only other New England
States to pass the law, but it is hoped that others will soon
follow. Maine already has a similar law, while New York's
is almost identical with ours.

The test of this law will come by a thorough trial (and it is
hoped that those packing under the law will be patient of
results). We should not expect immediate results, but rather
over a term of years by gradually improving our product and
by careful grading thereof may we expect the increased financial
returns. Your secretary recommends that an appropriation of
$2,000 be secured for the enforcement of this law and for
educational work concerning it.

Rural Credits.

The land bank bill, recommended by the western transporta-
tion committee and generally stipported by the agricultural
interests, was enacted into a law which creates the machinery
for developing a better system of credit for our farmers.

At the present time the first bank to be established is in
process of organization, and it is hoped that by next spring
the bank will be in operation.

This bank will probably be located in Springfield, and it
may be found necessary to organize others in order to serve
other sections of the State.

Already a great many inquiries have come to both Springfield
and this office relative to loans, showing that considerable
interest in such a proposition exists.

The recent conference held in Chicago on marketing and
rural credits was attended by your secretary, who read a paper

36 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

on the "Marketing of Milk in New England." This was the
third conference of the organization and was attended by
delegates from forty-four States. The program was of especial
interest to all interested in the general subject of marketing
and farm credits, and while greatly overloaded with speakers,
many important points were brought out.

Several features of the meeting impressed your secretary.
It was the almost unanimous opinion that all States should
have market bureaus, that the establishment of grades and
standards in farm crops, tools and packages should be national
in its scope, that all State laws passed relative to this question
should be elastic, so that the actual carrying out of a law could
be done by regulation of the department which had its enforce-
ment, that a closer co-operation between all agricultural
interests must come in this country before any great advance-
ment in marketing can be made, and that farmers should
control their own selling organizations. All agreed that no
better system of rural credits exists than the German Land-
schaft principle, and that the system of land rentals in this
country is dangerous to democracy. All sections of the country
heard from are going through the same trouble as is New
England with the milk question, and farmers are not making
anything out of their cows where whole milk is sold to supply
city trade. In sections where co-operative creameries and
cheese factories operate, however, dairying seems to be fairly
profitable. Notably, one section of Wisconsin makes over
7,000,000 pounds of cheese a year, and this in co-operative
cheese factories controlled by the farmers.

Markets would tend to greater stability if in years of extra
large crops the surplus were manufactured into a keeping
product. Potatoes can be made into alcohol, potato meal,
flakes and flour; apples converted into alcohol, or dried, canned
or evaporated. Germany is now feeding her soldiers partly
on the 1911 potato crop.

Among the speakers at the conference were Mr. David Lubin
of the International Institute of Agriculture, Hon. Myron T.
Herrick, Governor Ferguson of Texas, Mr. Charles McCarthy,
chief of the Wisconsin Legislative Reference Library, and
Assistant Secretary of Agriculture Carl S. Vrooman.

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 37

State Ownership of Stallions.

With the continued shipment of horses to Europe, we are
more than ever brought face to face with the problem of the
depletion of our horses and of the necessity of keeping up our
stock, particularly in the east. Our farmers are paying too
much for horses, which are continually being renewed at great
expense.

In INIaine your secretary found the farmers of Aroostook
County alive to the situation, and they are now breeding horses
of heavy draft type in some sections in quite large numbers,
and the farmers' interest in this subject is being continually
strengthened. In one section over 100 mares had been bred
the past season, and the use of pure-bred stallions is on the
increase.

The Board now stands where it did last year on this question,
and advocates the passage of the same bill providing for the
purchasing and ownership of draft stallions by the State.

Alfalfa.
We are glad to report that this important crop is decidedly
on the increase in the State and that the propaganda for its
more continued use is becoming effective. There are at pres-
ent approximately 1,500 acres in the State and more is being
planted each year. Thanks are due to the good work of the
county agents, the New England Alfalfa Growers' ^Association,
and many individuals in spreading the gospel of more and
better alfalfa.

Sheep and Swine.
While a law designed to protect sheep from dogs will un-
doubtedly have some good effect, the process of bringing
back the sheep industry to Massachusetts will be a long
one. No section of the country can be expected for long to
grow a crop or produce an animal in which there is no profit.
We believe, however, that the right principles of conducting
sheep-raising operations have not been practiced here, and until
these are tried the truth about this business will not be known.
Sheep operations should be conducted on a large enough scale

38 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

so that several farmers can afford to hire a shepherd, and by
pooling their pasturage graze their sheep over a large area.
There is undoubtedly feed enough going to waste each year in
this State to grow nearly all of the mutton we consume.

What is true of sheep is also true of swine, although different
practices in the production of pork will have to be tried. In
cleaning up new land swine should be used as are beef cattle in
Maine and other places. There is a steady demand for prime
hogs raised in the east, and an ever-increasing demand for pure-
bred animals.

The Agricultural College.
The opening of the new agricultural building at Amherst has
this year placed at the disposal of the faculty and students a
great opportunity for expansion and study. This building with
its splendid auditorium, laboratories, classroom and museums
is one of which the people of the State may well feel proud.
There has been a slight increase in the student body this year.
The same cordial relations between the Board and the college
have prevailed, and while many of us do not agree with some
of the projects carried on by the college, believing that the
money could be much better spent on more practical subjects,
we believe in the college and its purposes of educating our
young men for better agriculture and in consequence better
living. The demand on the part of many of the farmers of the
State is for some practical work in experimental lines, for
courses which will admit boys for a shorter period and at the
same time admit the boy from the country, whose preliminary
education may not be as thorough as that of the city boy.
The fact that over 150 Massachusetts boys are taking courses in
other State agricultural colleges forcibly reminds us that these
boys are not getting what they should in Massachusetts. .

Nursery Inspection.
The inspection work has followed the usual lines, viz., in-
spection of growing stock, of imports, of interstate shipments,
the licensing of agents, examination of supposedly menacing
places, upon request, and the location of suspected cases of
white pine blister rust.

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 39

Imports from abroad have unexpectedly been nearly as many
as the previous year in spite of the war, but the shipments
have been irregular, large numbers coming at a time, with
intervals during which none were received. Considerable in-
festation has been found upon the shipments and removed, or
the stock destroyed where this was necessary to insure pro-
tection.

It is believed that there is now no white pine blister rust in
any of the nurseries in the State, and the work this year on
this disease has been to locate places which purchased pines
before the disease was recognized in this country. This work
has resulted in the discovery of the disease in the Housatonic
Valley, more or less continuously from the Connecticut line to
North Adams, and all the evidence indicates that the disease
reached there at least ten years ago before anj-thing whatever
was known about it. This is a serious matter which may call
for legislative action.

The Apiary Inspection.

The work of this department has been along the usual lines,
and has this year been most effective. The bill advocated by
the Board to perfect the present law relative to shipping bees
was not passed by the Legislature, and unless some such
regulation is adopted we shall continually be menaced by
diseased bees from other States. Our inspectors have dis-
covered some new cases of foul brood, but methods of sup-
pression have been adopted with apparent good results. It is
evident, however, that the State cannot be thoroughly covered
with the present appropriation, and your secretary therefore
recommends that a bill be introduced asking for a $1,000
increase in the appropriation for apiary inspection.

Beekeepers the State over are much aroused over the great
losses of their bees from poison spray used on fruit trees. It
seems to be the practice among some people who are spraying
trees to do so when they are in full bloom, not realizing thereby
that they are accomplishing no good result to the fruit, and
that it is certain death to the bees. For several years the bee-
keepers have been trying to get a law passed prohibiting spray-
ing during blossom time. So much opposition has developed,

40 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

however, that this year they have decided to try some edu-
cational work, and have asked the Board to secure an appro-
priation especially for this purpose. Your secretary therefore
recommends that an extra $500 be. asked for in the appropria-
tion for the dissemination of information, and used in the work
of making our citizens realize the relation of spraying to
beekeeping.

The Dairy Bureau.

The work of encouragement of dairying, which has been con-
ducted by this department, has resulted very satisfactorily, and
will be reported on by Mr. Harwood. The Bureau has held
the usual monthly meetings during the past year and has made
its customary dairy inspections, and some additional inspection
of farms which are operating small creameries.

The agents of the Bureau have been active in carrying on
inspections of stores, wagons, etc., from which butter and its
imitations are sold, and have found fewer violations of the law
than has been the case for several years. These agents have
also assisted in taking samples in the clean milk contest.

In the opinion of your secretary, broader powers should be
conferred on the Dairy Bureau, in order that in connection with
its police work it may enlarge its campaign for the encourage-
ment of the dairy industry. Not only should the prize system
for clean milk production be continued, but the systematic plan
outlined by the Bureau for a State-wide campaign for better
dairying should be carried out.

I also recommend that the salary of the general agent of the
Dairy Bureau be increased to $2,300. The work of the Bureau
has nearly doubled within the past three years, owing to the
efforts of the Board to encourage the dairy industry. The
preliminary planning of the various projects for the encourage-
ment of dairying, as well as the working out of the details, has
been under the immediate supervision of the general agent.
His salary has remained the same since 1905, and it is certainly
only just that it should be increased at this time.

Mr. Harwood, the general agent, has made two trips out of
the State this year, one to New York, and one through northern
New England and southern Canada, both in the interests of the
problem of milk production and distribution.

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 41

This office has now acquired a great deal of first-hand
information relative to this important problem, and it is hoped
that before long much of this information may be placed in
more available form.

Mr. Lombard attended the meeting of the International
Association of Dairy and Milk Inspectors in Washington,
District of Columbia, on October 27, 28 and 29.

State Ornithologist.

During the year the State Ornithologist has investigated cases
of injury or possible injury to trees and crops by insects. He
has experimented with bird houses and nesting boxes, examined
many reservations and parks where birds have been protected,
and has given advice to the authorities in charge. He has
furnished much information and material to those who wish to
observe bird day in the schools and bird nights in the grange.
He has continued investigations as to the distribution of the
birds of the State, with a view finally of publishing a paper on
the subject, and has consulted with a committee of school
superintendents appointed by the State Board of Education
for the purpose of preparing a bird-study course for the rural
schools. He has assisted in the conservation of migratory birds
in other States by furnishing information to those seeking to
protect them, and has studied the feeding of young birds by
their parents and photographed their insect food.

During the year he has revised for publication six nature
leaflets, and has prepared a bulletin of about 130 pages on the
"Domestic Cat," a second edition of the bulletin on "Rats and
Rat Riddance," and also a second edition revised and enlarged
of the report of "Game Birds, Wild Fowl and Shore Birds."
Four circulars have been prepared, one each on "Game Pro-
tection," "Bird Houses and Nesting Boxes," "The Starling,"
and the "English Sparrow." The sale of the two special
reports by INIr. Forbush for the fiscal year ending November 30,
1915, has been as follows: "Useful Birds and their Protection,"
515 copies; "History of Game Birds, Wild Fowl and Shore
Birds of Massachusetts and Adjacent States," 351 copies.

42 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

The Fairs.

The agricultural societies of the State held the usual fairs the
past season, but probably not for years have the general con-
ditions been as bad. The outbreak of the foot-and-mouth
disease caused most of the fairs to suspend their exhibits of
cattle, and as these are one of the most attractive features of
the exhibition their absence was keenly felt. While the elimi-
nation of the cattle served to detract from the interest in the
exhibits and did much to reduce the attendance, other factors
also tended to injure the fairs. One of these factors was the
extremely hot weather of mid-September, which deterred many
people from attending. Still other fairs which escaped the hot
weather ran into rainy days, and by most of the managements
the season of 1915 was regarded as a failure.

One notable feature of the fairs this year was the wonderful
improvement in the exhibition of the products of children's
garden and home economics work. This department of the fairs
is certainly on the increase and justly should be. At some fairs,
— Northampton, Framingham, Fitchburg, Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society and Palmer, — where special committees took
charge of this w^ork, the exhibits exceeded those of the adults,
and certainly showed careful attention in growth and selection.
Certainly the result of the increased appropriation for this
work is being felt and the need of more money emphasized.
Some of the societies have seen the necessity of adding to their
buildings the past year, but on the whole very little new build-
ing has been done. Hall exhibits were not as good as usual,
owing to the shortage of both fruit and vegetables.

Some of the fairs made a specialty of horses in order to take
the place of the cattle, and while many of the exhibitions were
successful, the lack of farm teams and draft horses demonstrated
that we are at present decidedly lacking in the raising of these
animals.

The agricultural fair, depending for its success almost entirely
upon the weather, is at best a most uncertain proposition, and
those who are responsible for the success of the exhibit are to be
congratulated on their faith in ultimate success.

As a means of bringing new things to the attention of the

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 43

farmers, the agricultural society should be one of the best
mediums. The society should be used more and more to
demonstrate the use of farm machinery, and not only during
fair time. These grounds and buildings should not lie idle the
rest of the year, but should be the center of all public agri-
cultural activity. The grounds should be used for cattle sales,
demonstration meetings, etc., and the buildings so arranged
that they can be used for various kinds of agricultural work.

That there is not the best standard of judging at many of
the fairs is quite apparent. Your secretary believes that all
judges should get together at least once a year at a meeting
held by the Board, and there demonstrate their ability to judge
the classes that they are called upon to judge at the fairs, and
that no man should be qualified unless he passes a test of
efficiency agreed upon by the Board. To this end, your secre-
tary recommends that the first of these meetings be held at the
agricultural college during farmers' week or at some other time
convenient to the college authorities.

State Forester.

The past year has been one of activity in the State Forester's
department. In addition to the regular work already more or
less familiar to the Board of Agriculture, which consists of
reforestation, thinning, forest fire prevention, moth suppression,
investigation of chestnut blight, adjustment of taxation, dis-
posal of ^lash, municipal forests, nursery work, forest manage-
ment, etc., the department assisted in the purchase of the new
State forests, sent an exhibit to the Panama-Pacific Exposition,
worked up markets for lumber, and made a study of the
utilization of forest products.

During the past winter the State Forester was charged with
the expenditure of $100,000, to be applied to the employment
of needy persons out of work.

The work done with this appropriation resulted happily in
not only giving work to the needy, but it is to the credit of
those so employed to say that this work also proved very
efficient. There were upvv'ards of 1,500 men employed at one
time, scattered over the State, and while the pay was only
$1.60 a day, even then the week's time was often divided

44 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

into two shifts of three days' each, thus allowing as many
dependent persons as possible work for a short time.

The supervision of this work was carried on by the regular
force of the State Forester, thus making it possible for the
money allotted to go directly into the hands of those for whom
it w^as intended.

The State Forest Commission has purchased the first State
forest, located in the towns of Winchendon, Royalston and
Templeton, which consists of about 1,700 acres. This is to
be called the Otter River State forest. Other tracts are being
surveyed, and will be purchased shortly.

The harvesting and marketing of forest products, so that the
farmer or owner of forest property may realize the returns upon
his investment, and also establish better forestry principles for
future success by growing better species, etc., are receiving
attention from this department.

Poultry Premium Bounty.

The new basis on which bounty due the several incorporated
poultry associations applying therefor is reckoned, established
by act of the Legislature of 1914, became operative for the first
time. Yet, in spite of the precaution taken of notifying the
secretaries of the several poultry associations of the changes in
the law, and the adoption of revised regulations pertaining
thereto, only 5 of the 13 societies applying for bounty were
found to have complied strictly with the law. These 5 were
each promptly reimbursed to the full amount of ''State first
premiums" paid out.

One reason or another for failure to comply with the regu-
lations was advanced by most of the other associations. Be-
cause of such remonstrances and because of the losses sustained
by several associations on account of the foot-and-mouth
disease quarantine restrictions, it was deemed advisable to
apportion the balance of the appropriation amiong not only the
8 remaining associations in proportion to total first premiums
paid on the breeds specified by the Board, but also those of the
5 associations complying with the law who had paid first
premiums other than "State first premiums" in proportion
thereto.

No. 4.

REPORT OF SECRETARY.

45

The breeds named by the Board for bounty are the Brahmas,
Leghorns, • Minorcas, Orpingtons, Plymouth Rocks, Rhode
Island Reds and Wyandottes.

The associations applying for bounty, the amount of first
premiums paid by each, and the amount for which each was
reimbursed by the Commonwealth, are given below.

It will be observed that those complying with the law and
regulations (indicated by an asterisk) received more in propor-
tion to amount expended than did the others.

First

Premiums

paid.

Bounty.

Amherst Poultry Association,

Attleboro Poultry Association,

* Eastern Massachusetts Poultry and Pigeon Association,
Gloucester Poultry Association, .....

* Holyoke Poultry, Pigeon and Pet Stock Association, Inc.,
Lawrence Poultry, Pigeon and Pet Stock Association, .
Mansfield Poultry, Pigeon and Pet Stock Association, .
Milford Poultry Association, . . .

* New England Poultry Association, ....
Northampton Poultry Association

* Quannapowitt Poultry Association, ....

Springfield Poultry Club, Inc.,

' Worcester Poultry Association, .....

Total

$74 75
261 75
122 50

96 00
478 50
111 00

75 50
392 70
188 50
103 00

77 00
429 50
314 00

S48 25

168 96

104 77

61 97

300 00

71 65

48 73

253 48

188 50

66 48

77 GO

277 23

285 28

$2,649 20

$1,952 30

On October 28 a letter was mailed to the president, secretary
and treasurer of each poultry association calling attention again
to the requirements of the statutes and of the regulations of
the Board, in order that no excuse shall be acceptable for non-
compliance therewith in the conduct of their respective shows,
or in the filing of premium lists and returns.

The poultry associations are generally doing good work.
Several hold lectures and demonstrations through the year for
the purpose of improving methods of production and marketing,
and doubtless more in this direction could be done to the
advantage of the industry.

Speakers have been furnished free of expense to associations

46 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

applying therefor, and it is hoped more associations will take
advantage of the opportunity thus afforded.

Some of the associations are encouraging the exhibition of
birds of utility types, to be judged for flesh or egg production,
without regard to fine feathers. This tendency should be en-
couraged by the Board, and at the same time any request for
a reasonable increase in the appropriation for bounties be
supported.

Boys' and Girls' Agricultural Club Work.

The general increase in the number of boys and girls who
have been active in agricultural work during the year shows
that the young people are placing Massachusetts in the lead in
elementary agricultural activities.

There were over 70,000 boys and girls in the State this year
who did work in backyard gardening, market gardening on one-
twentieth of an acre or more, cultivated a field crop for profit,
canned fruits and vegetables for home use, raised pigs, cared
for poultry, or did some other line of agricultural work. While
the corn and potato club work were not as good as last year
because of the season, the other lines, including the contest
among towns and cities for the cups, were much better than
ever before.

The present policy of offering special cups for town and city
contests should be continued, and a large solid cup should be
offered for continuous work. Each year this solid silver cup
will be in the possession of the town or cit}^ standing first, and
will become the permanent property of the town or city stand-
ing first for any three years. As the individual clubs cultivating
larger areas for profit become larger, more individuals should
receive recognition for meritorious work. The work in judging
at local fairs and festivals is of great value in teaching types
and standards, and should be encouraged.

These young people are not only taking an active part in the
local town fairs, but are becoming more and more interested
in the childrens' and youths' department of the agricultural
fairs. These departments have been much larger this year than
last, and the quality of the products has been remarkably good.

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 47

Because of the increased number who have become active in
these lines since the passage of the law granting money for
State premiums, it seems advisable that the amount should be
increased.

Exhibitions and Contests.

As usual the Board appropriated S500 for the Massachusetts
Dairymen's Association, and this was used at the milk, cream
and butter show held at Amherst during what would have been
farmers' week. Farmers' week was canceled on account of the
foot-and-mouth disease.

The Board also purchased some moving-picture films which
were duplicates of the films sent as part of our exhibit to the
Panama-Pacific Exposition. These have been in considerable
demand, and have been used in the school centers in Boston,
at Springfield by the Hampden County Improvement League,
at the community picnic at Westfield, and at poultry week at
Amherst.

At the summer field meeting at Leominster a horse-judging
contest was held, at which prizes were awarded as follows: —

Class L — For practical farmers: first, R. E. Monk, Pratts Junction,
S12; second, J. A. Williams, Isorthbridge, $8; tliird, H. G. Worth, Nan-
tucket, S-i.

Class 2. — For boys eighteen years of age or under: first, Leo Don-
nelly, North Leominster, SIO; second, A. H. Harris, North Leominster,
So; third, Gordon Nightingale, Petersham, S3.

In the spring the Board conducted a tent caterpillar contest
for school children, in which cups were offered to the towns
whose school children should collect the largest number of
egg clusters. This contest was very successful, and a total of
2,303,331 egg clusters were collected. The first prize in the
class for towns of over 5,000 inhabitants was won by the town
of Xorthbridge, for 276,801 clusters; second, by the town of
Abington, for 212,191; first prize in the class for towns under
5,000, by the town of Sutton, for 197,932 clusters; second, by
the town of Medfield, with 122,563.

The New England Fruit Show, which has now become a
biennial event in Boston, was held at the Mechanics Building
from October 23 to 30, and the Board took care of the IMassa-

48 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

chiisetts prize winners, as well as offering a sweepstakes prize
for the Massachusetts fruit grower who should win the largest
number of prizes. This was in the form of a silver pitcher, and
was won by Mr. J. T. Geer of Three Rivers.

The appropriation for the encouragement of orcharding Avas
used this year as prize money in a contest for apple, pear and
peach orchards. This was in charge of, the committee on
orcharding and fruit growing of the Board. Mr. F. Howard
Brown, the secretary of the Massachusetts Fruit Growers'
Association, was the judge of this contest, the results of which
were as follows : —

Class 1. Peaches.

Section 1 . — For the best yield of marketable fruit from an acre of
bearing peach orchard: first, R. Bemis Smith, North Andover, $25.

Section 2. — For the largest crop of marketable peaches from a single
peach tree: j&rst, J. Corey & Son, Truro, $10; second, R. Bemis Smith,
North Andover, $5.

Class 2. Pears.

Section ^. — For the best crop from a single tree: first, W. A. Root,
Easthampton, $10.

Class 3. Apples.

Section i. — For the best orchard of 1 acre of standard apple trees;
trees not less than three nor more than five years old: first, John W.
Howes, Ashfield, $25; second, G. Warner, Littleton, $15; third, Ralph
Barnes, Marlborough, $10. (Honorable mention and gratuity, W. H.
Atkins, South Amherst, $5.)

Section 2. — For the best orchard of not less than 3 acres; trees not
less than three nor more than five years old: first, H. A. Dunbar, Rich-
mond, $25; second, H. L. Frost, Littleton, $15; third, Penney Brothers,
Saugus, $10. (Honorable mention and gratuities, C. A. Wilson, Med-
way, $5; A. A. Marshall, Fitchburg, $5.)

Section 3. — For the best apple orchard in bearing, size of orchard not
specified; trees not to exceed fifteen years planted: first, A. A. Marshall,
Fitchburg, $25; second, Patten Brothers, Sterhng, $15; third, W. H.
Atkins, South Amherst, $10.

Section 4- — Lor best old apple orchard renovated: first, W. A. Root,
Easthampton, $25; second, Naquag Farm, Rutland, $15; third, Minna
B. and Mabel F. Noyes, Methuen, $10.

Section 5. — For best jdeld of marketable apples from a single tree not
older than fifteen j'-ears: first, A. A. Marshall, Fitchburg, $10; second,
W. H. Atkins, South Amherst, $5.

Section 6. — For best yield of marketable apples from a single tree
older than fifteen years: first, W. H. Atkins, South Amherst, SIO; second,
W. A. Root, Easthampton, $5.

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 49

111 the class for best yield from a single tree under fifteen
years of age, Mr. A. A. Marshall of Fitchbiirg won first with
a tree which produced 21 boxes of apples in 1915. This tree, a
Mcintosh, set in 1904, has in the past five years 70 boxes of
apples to its credit. As these have probably not sold for an
average of less than $2.50 a box, this one tree must be credited
with a production of $175 for five years. The Marshall
orchard also won the prize for the best orchard of bearing trees
not to exceed fifteen years planted. In this class the health,
vigor and appearance of the trees were taken into consideration,
and also a sworn statement of the yield. This orchard yielded
about 2,010 boxes, and the estimated receipts were about
$6,000.

Wright A. Root of Easthampton also had a very creditable
showing in this class, with a total yield of 313 bushels from
120 young trees.

In the class for renovated apple orchards, Mr. Root of East-
hampton made a remarkable record with 970 bushels of apples
from 66 trees, which ranged in age from twenty-five to seventy-
five years. The total receipts from this orchard were $1,270.

W. II. Atkins of South Amherst made a good record in
sqlling $48.86 worth of apples from a single Mcintosh tree set
in 1890.

This is the second contest of this sort that has been con-
ducted by the Board of Agriculture, the first one having
occurred in 1911. From the report of the judge this year, it is
very evident that orchardists throughout the State are taking
much better care of their trees, and that four years has seen
a great improvement in orchard methods. Undoubtedly the
New England fruit shows, of which four have now been held,
and such contests as the one just ended, have helped by
encouraging orchardists and teaching them better methods not
only of culture, but of sorting and packing their fruit.

Institute Work.

Farmers' institutes have been conducted along the usual

lines. One circuit was arranged for Dr. George M. Twitchell,

but other than this no extended circuits were attempted.

Seven lecturers were dropped from the list for one reason or

50 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

another, and six new ones were added. Many new lectures
were added or substituted for those discarded. Those speakers
who are achieving practical results on their own places continue
to be the most popular. More are needed on the list of
workers, for in such speakers lies the strength of the institute
system.

A series of nine questionnaires on topics most discussed at
farmers' institutes has been issued, and more questionnaires
will be added from time to time. These are forwarded to local
institute managers either to be sent out with the notice of the
institute or to be distributed at the close of the lecture. These
have been used for a number of years in New York, and have
proved valuable in confining discussion to the subject and
suggesting further questions of interest to the audience. The
topics covered are: soil and fertilization, orcharding, poultry,
the farm garden, raspberries and blackberries, currants and
gooseberries, strawberries, crops and marketing, and dairying.

The total number of institutes for the eleven months ending
November 30 was 153, with 189 sessions, and the total attend-
ance was 20,609, or 107 per session, against 120 last year, 115
in 1913, and 118 in 1912. One of the societies held 8 institutes;
one held 5; six held 4; eight held 3; four held 2; nine held 1;
four held none, and 75 institutes were held by organizations not
represented on the Board.

To take care of the increased demand for institutes, publica-
tions, and for the operation of the apple-grading law, an increase
of $4,000 is recommended under dissemination of useful informa-
tion.

Meetings of the Board.

The annual meeting of the Board was held in January, 1915,
and at that time the regular routine reports were read, and the
policy of the department outlined for the coming year.

The summer field meeting was held at Pines Stock Farm,
Leominster, the summer residence of Mr. L. L. Richardson,
president of the Worcester North Society. Mr. Richardson is
making a specialty of breeding coach and trotting horses, and
so the question of horse raising was made a special feature of
the day. Professor J. A. McLean of the agricultural college
spoke on raising farm horses, and Mr. Richardson exhibited

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 51

some of his prize winners. There was also a demonstration on
beekeeping, and a talk on the use of concrete.

There was also a very interesting demonstration of two farm
tractors, both of w^hich seemed to do fairly satisfactory work.
The conditions were good, as the machines were plowing on a
field of oat stubble which was level and free from stone. A
great deal of interest has been manifested throughout the
State this year in the farm tractor proposition, and a number
of demonstrations have been held by several different manu-
facturers. There is no question but that on some of our level
lands, which now only need drainage to render them tillable,
a farm tractor could be used to advantage if these lands were
worked in large areas. A cheap and satisfactory substitute for
horses for the small farmer, however, does not seem j^et to have
been found, but it is certainly the province of this Board to
keep actively in touch with this farm tractor movement.

Owing to the fact that this year our Public Winter Meeting
is being held in January instead of December, there is, of
course, nothing to report about it at this time, as the Public
Winter Meeting of 1914 was covered in my last report to you.

Co-operation with Other Organizations.
The Board this year has maintained very pleasant relations
with the various agricultural organizations in the State, par-
ticularly so with the Massachusetts Dairymen's Association,
Federation of Farm Bureaus, Milk Inspectors, the State
Grange, Massachusetts Fruit Growers' Association, New Eng-
land Alfalfa Growers' Association, and the Massachusetts
Asparagus Growers' Association.

Work of the Office.
The one feature to be mentioned first under this heading is
the passage of the act appropriating $5,000 for clerical assist-
ance, thus putting all office employees under the control and
direction of the secretary, and confining to one fund salaries
which had previously been paid out of five different appropria-
tions. The difference between the appropriation and the sum
of the salaries of regular employees has been used for extra
help during rush periods, and for the employment of an expert

52 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

multigraph operator as needed. Many projects which had
been under consideration for years were taken up, and much
valuable information collected, tabulated and filed. Several
labor-saving office appliances have been installed, notably, a
mimeograph for manifolding letters, circulars, forms and the
like, which does not require an expert operator, and which has
already demonstrated its capabilities as a labor, time and
money saver.

The assistant librarian, Miss Mary A. Connerney of
Waltham, resigned in September, and her place was filled by
Miss Harriet E. Robinson of Ipswich, a trained librarian from
Simmons College. Mr. Timothy J. Lehane of North Cam-
bridge was appointed messenger from the permanent civil
service list in place of Mr. Lindsay N. Smith of Maynard,
temporarily employed for the year previous. Miss Marion K.
Walker of Somerville, temporary stenographer assigned to the
Dairy Bureau, was succeeded by Miss Helen M. Purcell of
Arlington.

Over S600 worth of books were added to the library the past
year, bringing the circulating division practically up-to-date as
a strictly agricultural collection. The fact that few books had
been purchased in recent years made necessary the expenditure
of so large a sum at one time. A periodical rack for the reading
table is a recently acquired convenience.

JNIore room is needed. The Board has no private office for
committee meetings, or for the use of its secretary. The read-
ing table is used for office work to the disadvantage of readers.
The bookcases are full, and the storerooms are utilized for
pamphlets and books referred to least. The congested and
entirely unsatisfactory condition of the office, with suggestions
for improvement, have been laid before the State House Build-
ing Commission, and some relief is anticipated when the new
wings of the State House have been completed.

With the increased work of the office has come greater need
of office supplies, postage stamps, etc., and for this reason
an increase of $1,000 on the appropriation for incidentals is
asked for.

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 53

Federation of Farm Bureaus and County Agents.

The federation of the various agencies interested in county
farm work has raised the question of the recognition of this
organization on the Board of Agriculture.

The county farm bureaus are in touch with the farmers in
their localities, and it seems that a representative of this
federation on the Board would be of use to both the farm
bureaus and the Board. In order to accomplish this purpose,
your secretary recommends that the law creating the Board be
amended in such a Avay that the Lieutenant-Governor and
Secretary of State be dropped and that the name of a repre-
sentative from the ^Massachusetts Federation of Farm Bureaus
and County Agents be substituted. In this way there is an
actual reduction in the membership of the Board, but at the
same time an addition of an organization actively interested in
agriculture.

Extracts from the Trespass Laws.

The demand for the cloth posters bearing extracts from the
trespass laws has nearly doubled during the past year, and two
lots of 3,000 copies each were printed and entirely used up.
The cost of printing was $283.71. Three hundred and seventy-
six copies have been sold at 5 cents each, the total receipts
being $18.80, which is the same sum as received last year.
This amount was credited to the Board's appropriation for
incidental and contingent expenses, to which the cost of printing
was charged.

The General Court of 1915 authorized your secretary to
print cloth posters containing chapter 594 of the Acts of
1914, — An Act relative to the detention of persons for breaking
and entering places in which poultry are confined. Five hundred
copies of these were printed during the year at a cost of $24.47.
This quantity lasted but a short time, and a new supply is now
in press.

Legislation of 1915.

Out of thirteen recommendations presented to the Legis-
lature of 1915, seven were enacted into law. Two of these are
most important pieces of legislation, and are calculated to have
a widespread and permanent effect upon the agriculture of

54 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Massachusetts. These are the Massachusetts farmland bank
law and the apple-grading law. The former provides the
farmer an opportunity he has never had before, namely, that of
paying off a mortgage by installments over a space of thirty or
thirty-five years. A fixed amount of money is paid each year,
thus liquidating the principal and meeting at the same time the
costs and interest on the money borrowed.

The apple-grading law is an act to regulate the grading,
packing, marking, shipping and sale of apples in closed
packages. It applies to all apples in closed packages grown,
packed or repacked in Massachusetts, and intended for sale
either within or without the State, and also to apples grown in
other States, when such apples are packed and handled as
conforming to the Massachusetts standard. The law fixes a
standard for barrels, which is the same as the United States
standard, and a standard for boxes, uniform with standards of
the principal apple-growing States; it defines a closed package;
it establishes three standard grades, and provides that all
apples sold in closed packages not conforming to these three
grades, or, if conforming, not branded in accordance therewith,
shall be deemed "ungraded," and so marked; it requires every
closed package of apples packed or repacked within the State
to be marked in a conspicuous place with certain information
as to its contents; it specifies that closed packages containing
apples packed or repacked without the State, to be sold within
the State as of a Massachusetts standard grade, shall not be
falsely marked; it authorizes the secretary of the State Board
of Agriculture to make and publish rules and regulations for
carrying out the provisions of the act; it empowers the said
secretary and deputies to enter any building or other place
where apples are packed, stored, sold or offered or exposed for
sale, and to open any closed package, and, upon tendering the
market price, to take samples therefrom; it provides a maxi-
mum penalty of S50 for the first offence and a maximum
penalty of $100 for subsequent violations of the law, but
exempts from prosecution any person who appears to have
acted in good faith solely as a distributor, or who can furnish
a guaranty from the person from whom he received the apples
that they are not adulterated or misbranded.

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 55

• The law, and the regulations authorized thereby, will go into
effect July 1, 1916.

The farmland bank and apple-grading bills received united
support from organizations and indi\dduals interested, and
much credit is due members of legislative committees which
had these bills in charge.

Increased authority was granted the State Nursery Inspector
and his deputies to inspect and, if necessary, to destroy, treat
or return fruit brought into the State suspected of being
infested with injurious insects or plant diseases liable to
establish themselves in Massachusetts, but the appropriation to
permit the exercise of the authority thus granted was not made.

A law was passed requiring cities and towns of 10,000 or
more inhabitants either to establish a public market or to set
aside a street or square for the use of farmers and others.
The date of expiration of the terms of Board members was
changed from the second Wednesday in January to the first
Tuesday in December. A division of the appropriation for
lectures before the Board and extra clerical assistance was
authorized, so as to permit the payment for lectures at the
public winter, summer field and other meetings from the
appropriation for disseminating useful information in agri-
culture, and so as further to permit the payment of all clerical
assistance in the office of the Board, with the exception of the
first clerk, from an appropriation of $5,000 for this purpose
alone. The Board was authorized to print on cloth and
distribute posters bearing the poultry-thieving law passed by
the Legislature of 1914.

The following recommendations did not become law: an act
that transportation companies, common carriers and other
persons bringing broods of bees into the State be required to
notify the State Inspector of Apiaries immediately of such ship-
ments, in order that, if deemed necessary, they may be in-
spected; further, that the salary of the State Inspector of
Apiaries be fixed at $500 per annum instead of S5 per diem,
and that an increase from $2,000 to $3,000 be allowed for
apiary inspection; an act amending the trespass laws, so as to
prohibit the moving, by unauthorized persons, of certain
objects resting on the land of another; an act prohibiting the

56

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

dumping, without permission, of refuse or other material on the
land of another; a resolve providing for the improvement of
farm horses by the purchase and maintenance of registered
stallions of draft or general farm breeds; a resolve authorizing
the Board to collect, tabulate and circulate information relating
to the agricultural resources, advantages and opportunities of
the Commonwealth; and an act increasing the salary of the
general agent of the Dairy Bureau.

The acts and resolves of particular interest to farmers, passed
by the Legislature of 1914, were published in the "Agriculture
of INIassachusetts " for that year, and this feature is doubtless
of sufficient value to be continued from year to year.

Publications.
The following publications w^ere issued by this Board during
1915, and may be secured upon application to this office: —

Name op Publication.

Pages.

Number.

Agriculture of Massachusetts, 1914,

Bulletin No. 3,1 Grasses and Forage Crops, ....

Bulletin No. 4, « Small Fruits and Berries,

List of Available Publications,

Circular No. 9, ' What it costs to produce Milk in New England,

Circular No. 17, i Poultry Feeds,

Circular No. 31, ' Farmer's Interest in Game Protection, .

Circular No. 32, 3 Beef Production

Circular No. 33,3 Profitable Poultry Production,

Circular No. 34, ' Household .\ccounting,

Circular No. 35, ' Alfalfa,

Circular No. 36, ' Economical Milk Production, ....

Circular No. 37, ' Truck Farming,

Circular No. 38, ' Encouragement of Clean Milk,

Circular No. 39, ' Farm Accounting,

Circular No. 40, ' Co-operation in Fruit Growing,

Circular No. 41,3 Cranberry Growing

Circular No. 42, ' Home Vegetable Garden, ....

Circular No. 43, ' Sanitary Water Supplies,

Circular No. 44, ' Sewage Disposal

687
128
152
12
12
28
12
12
12
16
24
28
12
12
20
24
32
20
12
12

6,000
2,509
5,000
5,000
5,000
3,500
2,000
5,000
7,000
6,000
5,500
5,500
4,500
5,000
6,000
6,000
3,000
7,500
4,000
4,500

1 Second edition, revised.

2 Third edition, revised.

3 Separate from sixty-second annual report.

No. 4.]

REPORT OF SECRETARY.

57

Name of Publication.

Number.

Circular No. 45, The Starling

Circular No. 46, The Tent Caterpillar, ....

Circular No. 47, Bird Houses

Circular No. 48, English Sparrow,

Circular No. 50, Apple-packing Law,

Circular No. 51, Tobacco Growing,

Circular No. 52, Onion Growing,

Economic Biology Bulletin No. 1, Rats and Rat Riddance,

Nature Leaflet No. 7,1 Potato Scab

Nature Leaflet No. 8 (reprint)

Nature Leaflet No. 9 (reprint),

Nature Leaflet No. 18 (reprint),

Nature Leaflet No. 29 (reprint),

Nature Leaflet No. 30 (reprint),

Nature Leaflet No. 31 (reprint),

Nature Leaflet No. 32 (reprint),

Nature Leaflet No. 45 (reprint),

Apiary Inspection Bulletin No. 5, ' Some Essentials of Beekeei>

ing.
Thirteenth Annual Report of State Nursery Inspector,

Fifth Annual Report of State Inspector of Apiaries (Apiary In-
spection Bulletin No. 9).
Seventh Annual Report of State Ornithologist, ....

Twenty-fourth Annual Report of Dairy Bureau,

First Annual Report of Boys' and G xls' Club Work,

Directory of Agricultural Organizations,

Report of Encouragement of Dairying Contests,

Manual of Dairy Laws,

Institute questionnaire, Orcharding, ......

Institute questionnaire. Farm Garden,

Institute questionnaire. Poultry,

Institute questionnaire. Strawberries

Institute questionnaire. Crops and Marketing, . . . .

Institute questionnaire. Currants and Gooseberries, .

Institute questionnaire. Raspberries and Blackberries,

Institute questionnaire. Soils

Institute questionnaire, Dairying, ......

List of Institute Speakers, ......-•

24

20

12

32

28

28

32

12

64

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

32

1 Formerly Potato and Apple Scab.

» Second edition, revised.

2,500
2,000
3,500
2,500
3,000
6,000
6,000
8,000
1,500
1,500
2,000
1,500
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,500
1,500

450
1,600
2,000

700
5,000

200

1,000

1,000

10,000

10,000

10,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

400

A thousand more copies of "Agriculture of JNIassachusetts "
were printed in 1915 than in 1914. The demand for this book

58 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

has been large, and at the present writing the available supply is
about gone. The method of printing the articles of the annual
report in separate form, and distributing them in this way to the
members of the Legislature and agricultural organizations, was
used again this year.

The publications of the Board now cover a wide range of
agricultural subjects, and there are over 150 different publica-
tions now in print; but with the renewed public interest in
farming during the last decade, there is an insistent demand
for authoritative publications on the agricultural resources and
possibilities of our State.

Two of the most popular booklets issued by the Board during
the year were "Opportunities for Fruit Growing in Massa-
chusetts," by Professor F. C. Sears of Amherst, and "Oppor-
tunities for Poultry Culture in Massachusetts," by Professor
J. C. Graham of Amherst. These booklets were prepared as
part of the Board's exhibit at the Panama-Pacific Exposition,
and did not pretend to give cultural directions on fruit growing
or poultry raising, but rather to point out wherein Massa-
chusetts excelled other parts of the country as a location for
these two branches of farming. These two articles are to be
reprinted in the year book for 1915, and it is possible that one
or two more bulletins in this opportunity series will be prepared.
A booklet describing the land in the various parts of the State,
similar to the farm catalogue last issued four years ago, is also
needed.

Many of the other States get out publications of this sort,
and in order to attract settlers to our farm lands, we must be
able to tell them of what we have to offer. Calls for such
publications, both by mail and in person, continue to come to
the office many times a day.

Another notable addition to the Board's publications during
the past year was the bulletin on "Rats and Rat Riddance,"
written by Mr. Forbush, the State Ornithologist. This bulletin
contained the results of Mr. Forbush's experiments in rat
extermination, covering a number of years, and more especially
his work on the once rat-infested Thompson's Island in Boston
Harbor.

It is believed that this treatise is as complete and up-to-date

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 59

a work on rat riddance as exists at the present time, and it
cannot fail to be of especial value to farmers, on account of the
large annual grain losses through the work of this pest. The
demand for this work has been very large, as it is on a subject
that is of vital interest to almost every one, and a first edition
of 5,000 copies was quickly exhausted, necessitating the printing
of a second edition of 3,000 copies.

Bulletins of Massachusetts AoRicuLTmiE.

In the series of bulletins of Massachusetts agriculture, a
second edition of Bulletin No. 3, "Grasses and Forage Crops,"
and a third edition of Bulletin No. 4, "Small Fruits and
Berries," were the only onespubfished during the year. In the
former, the articles in the first edition were revised and brought
up to date, and an article on "Alfalfa for New England," by
Arthur D. Cromwell, w^hich was delivered before this Board last
December at Worcester, was added.

Bulletin No. 4 was almost entirely made over. This bulletin
in its earlier editions included articles on peach, pear, plum and
quince growing. As these fruits could not be strictly counted
under small fruits and berries, the articles were omitted, while
new articles on "Growing Small Fruits and Berries,"
"Currants," "Pruning the Grape," "Cantaloupe Growing in
Massachusetts," "Strawberry Growing," "Cranberry Growing"
and "Varieties for the Home Fruit Garden" w^ere added. A
United States Department of Agriculture bulletin, entitled
"Directions for Blueberry Culture," was also used in Bulletin
No. 4, and an article on "Nut Culture for Massachusetts."
It is now our intention to publish a separate bulletin on
"Orchard Fruits," to be known as Bulletin No. 7, which will
treat of all tree fruits except the apples. This we were unable
to do during the past year, as the calls for institute work Avere
so heavy that only a small part of the appropriation could be
used for printing.

Bulletin No. 5, "Vegetable Growing," has been completely
revised and enlarged, and has been ready for the printer for
three months, but lack of funds has prevented the printing of
this much needed book also. Bulletin No. 2, "Apple Growing,"
has now been out of print for nearly a year, and Bulletin No. 1,

60

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

"Poultry Culture," for about eight months, and we have
continued demands for both. As I said in my report last year
on this subject, it is evident that with the funds noAv at our
disposal for this work all of our bulletins cannot be kept in
print at one time, which is unfortunate to say the least. For
this reason, among others, I am recommending an increase in
the dissemination appropriation for the coming year, and part
of this money will be devoted to these much needed publica-
tions. A bulletin on soils and fertilizers would be very useful,
but I hardly see how we can print one this year.

Legislative Appropriations.

Objects for which appropriated.

1915.

Appropriation.

Used.

Traveling and necessary expenses of the Board, . . . .

Salaries of secretary and first clerk,

Traveling and necessary expenses of the secretary,

Clerks

Incidental

Dissemination of useful information in agriculture,

Printing 6,000 copies of "Agriculture in Massachusetts," and

separata.
Bounties to agricultural societies,

Poultry premium bounties

Encouragement of orcharding

State apiary inspection, ........

State nursery inspection,

State Ornithologist, salary and expenses

Special exhibitions,

Premiums to children,

Encouragement of dairying, ........

Apple-grading law, .........

Dairy Bureau, salaries and expenses, ......

$1,400 00
4,300 00
500 00
5,000 00
2,000 00
6,336 97 1
9,018 102

30,000 00

2,000 00

500 00

2,000 00

12,000 00
2,500 00
2,000 00
2,000 00
5,785 91
1,000 00

10,300 00

$98,640 98

$1,722 59
4,300 00
433 34
4,852 77
2,000 26
.6,388 68
9,938 31

29,722 67

1,952 30

497 37

2,004 57

10,891 86
2,499 91
1,954 06
1,997 58
5,785 91
997 00

10,273 29

$98,212 47

1 Includes balance from 1914 of $336.97.

2 Includes balance from 1914 of $3,018. 10.

Conclusion.
This report can well be brought to a close by emphasizing the
most important problem which faces us as farmers to-day.
With a population of 3,500,000 in our State, with Boston as one

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 61

of the greatest distributing points in the east, and within easy
reach of most of our farmers, with a dozen other good con-
suming centers, our products should be in great demand; but
with no standard, no grades, no co-operation in marketing, our
farmers find themselves at a great disadvantage even in our
own markets, and it is the exception rather than the rule to
find our products called for in preference to those from outside
the State. Fortunately, however, the remedy lies within our
own hands, and although the process of finally working it out
may be long, if we do not begin now, the dawn of a better day
for us will only be postponed, for it must ultimately come.
Our greatest need and most important work are for better
marketing, and better marketing means standardization,
organization and co-operation.

SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE STATE BOARD
OF AGRICULTURE.

Recommendations of the Secretary (accompanied by

Bills).

Adopted by the Board June 10, 1915.

1. That provision be made for the improvement of farm
horses by the purchase and maintenance of registered stallions
of draft or general farm breeds.

2. That the Board be authorized to collect, tabulate and
circulate information relating to the agricultural resources,
advantages and opportunities of the Commonwealth.

3. That provision be made for the encouragement of practical
dairying, the production of milk and dairy products of superior
quality and cleanliness, and the breeding and rearing of live
stock.

For Action by the Board.

1. That there be appointed a chief of markets of the State
Board of Agriculture.

2. That transportation companies, common carriers and other
persons bringing broods of bees into the State be required to
notify the State Inspector of Apiaries immediately of such
shipments, in order that, if deemed necessary, they may be
inspected; further, that the salary of the State Inspector of

62 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Apiaries be fixed at $500 per annum instead of $5 per diem,
and that an increase from $2,000 to $3,000 be allowed for
apiary inspection.

3. That the annual salary of the general agent of the Dairy
Bureau be increased from $1,800 to $2,300.

4. That the appropriation for premiums to children and
youths for excellence in garden and domestic science work be
increased from $2,000 to $4,000.

5. That certain perfecting amendments be made to the apple-
grading law.

6. That the statute establishing the Board be perfected so
as to name as members the State Forester and the Commis-
sioner of Animal Industry, of whom the former is a member b}''
another act and the latter by the title of "chief of the cattle
bureau of the state board of agriculture;" further, that the
membership of the Board be changed by dropping the
Lieutenant-Governor and Secretary of the Commonwealth, and
adding a delegate appointed from and by the federation of
county leagues and farm bureaus.

7. That provision be made for the drainage of wet lands for
farming purposes.

Recommendations of the Secretary (relative to Current
Appropriations; not accompanied by Bills).

For Action by the Board.

1. That the appropriation for members' travel be increased
from $1,400 to $1,700.

2. That the appropriation for incidental and contingent ex-
penses be increased from $2,000 to $3,000.

3. That the maximum appropriation of $15,000 for the State
Nursery Inspector be allowed for the year 1916.

4. That the appropriation for the dissemination of useful
information in agriculture be increased from $6,000 to $10,000.

5. That the appropriation for bounty to agricultural societies
be increased by $1,000.

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. 63

Recommendations of the Dairy Bureau (accompanied by

Bills).

For Action by the Board.

1. That the powers of the Dairy Bureau be defined, and that
the salary of the executive officer, who is also secretary of the
Board, be transferred to the appropriation for the salary of the
secretary of the Board.

2. That chapter, 744 of the Acts of 1914, being an act
relative to the production and sale of milk, be perfected by
amending section 1, so as to provide that the milk as well as the
place in which and the circumstances under which it is pro-
duced shall be inspected by boards of health before issuing
permits authorizing the sale thereof.

Recommendations of the Committee on Domestic Animals,
Poultry and Dairy Products (not accompanied by
Bills).

For Action by the Board.

1. That the Board present to the Legislature a bill increasing
from $200 to $250 the bounty to each agricultural society, the
increase to be used for reimbursing societies for premiums paid
on exhibits of domestic animals by boys.

2. That the Board present to the Legislature a bill providing
for an increase of $50 in the bounty to each agricultural
society, to be used for special prizes for adults.

Respectfully submitted,

WILFRID WHEELER,

Secretary.

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT

State Nursery Inspector.

Presented to the Board and Accepted,
December 8, 1915.

FOUKTEENTH ANNUAL KEPORT OF THE STATE
NURSERY INSPECTOR.

To the State Board of Agriculture.

I have the honor to submit herewith the fourteenth annual
report of the State Nursery Inspector.

The change in time of holding the annual meeting of the
Board this year makes this report really cover a period of eleven
months rather than twelve, viz., from January 1, 1915, to Decem-
ber 1, 1915. The results of this change are by no means impor-
tant, nearly all of the w^ork of inspection having been completed
during the eleven months, so that this report in most respects
is practically the same as though it were for an entire year.

The report for last year took up the inspection work so fully
that a detailed consideration of it at this time is unnecessary.
Certain developments and new phases of the work, however,
need to be presented in some detail.

Inspection of the nurseries in the State began in July and was
completed in October. One hundred and sixty-three places,
having 152 owners, were inspected, and 149 certificates were
issued. In 3 cases the nursery was in such a condition that no
certificate could be issued. Included in the above places
inspected are 7 devoted to the raising of small fruits only, or
for raising greenhouse stock. These were inspected at the
desire of the owners, in order that the requirements of certain
States as to shipping might be complied with. The nurseries
as a whole show much improvement in their general condition
as compared with only a few years ago. Many regularly spray
all stock needing it, and, in general, better care is being taken
to produce only first-class stock.

One hundred and twenty agents' licenses have been issued
since January 1, 1915. Apparently a few agents have gone out
of business, though enough more licenses will be issued this
month to bring the total nearly to last year's figures.

Interstate shipments have been about as numerous as here-
tofore, and have been inspected whenever this was possible.
Most of this stock examined has been at least in fair condition,

68

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

though in a few instances it has been necessary to condemn or
return to the consignors a part of the shipments. '

Imports have not been as much affected by the war as was
anticipated. Though the fall of 1914 showed a marked decrease
in their number, 68 shipments, comprising 327 cases, were
received during the month of December, and in the spring
months they were nearly up to their usual number. As the
shipments for December, 1914, were included in last year's
report, and those for December, 1915, cannot be included here,
the total number recorded is for only eleven months. During
this time 555 shipments, comprising 3,854 cases, were inspected,
as given in the list below : —

imported Nursery Stock, January 1, 1915, to December 1, 1915.

Country.

Number of
Shipments.

Number of
Cases.

Holland,
Belgium,
England,
France,
Scotland,
Japan,
Ireland,
Italy, .
Azores,

Philippine Islands,
Canada,
Germany, .
Austria,
Bermuda, .
Nova Scotia,
Newfoundland, .
Total, .

236

179

50

27

22

13

13

4

2

2

2

2,063

1,345

185

108

39

52

43

4

2

4

2

2

2

1

1

1

555

3,854

This shows some falling off in shipments as compared with
the preceding year. Even if the figures for December, 1914,
were added, the approximate reduction would be about one-
sixth of the total for 1914.

The insects and diseases found on this stock are given in the
following table. In a number of cases the specimens have not

No. 4.

STATE NURSERY INSPECTOR.

69

as yet been identified, being now in the hands of specialists for
that purpose; in others, they are now in such stages that the
adult must appear before its identity can be determined.

Insects.

Name.

Found on ■

Country.

Notolophus antigua (L. ) (egg masses) ,

Evetria buoliana Schiffermiller,
Euproctis chrysorrhcca (L.),
Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morg.),
Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.),
Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.), .
Coccus hesperidum (L.)> .
Aspidiotus brittanicus Newst.,
Aspidiotus hederse (Vail.),
Diprion pini (L.),
Diaspis boisduvalii Sign.,

Peronea schalleriana (L.) (larvae and

pupffi).
Gracilaria zachrysa Meyrick (larvas

and cocoons).
Tingitidse

Syrphid fly (broken specimens),
Wire worm, ....
Carabid beetle, ....

Pieridae (chrysalis and imperfect

adult).
Homopteron (immature),

Phytomyza aquifolii Duf.,

Coelostoma orbiculare Fab.,

Acronycta rumicis (L.), .

Tenebrio obscurus Fab., .

Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fab.,

Platynus angusticollis Fab.,

Clivina coUaris Herbst., .

Cryptophilus interger Heer.,

Forficula auricularia (L.),

Sparganothidae,

Sphserophoria menthastri (L.),

Compsilura concinnata (Meigen),

Snails,

Crustacea (sow bug\

Spider (egg masses), .

Deutzia, roses, Manetti,
Acer polymatum, rhodo-
dendron.

Mugho pine.

Rose

Aspidistra, Kentia, orchids

Kentia,

Buxus, apple, syringa,

Bay, ....

Bay, ....

Bay, Kentia, box,

Mugho pine,

Orchids,

Azalea,

Azalea,

Rhododendron, .

Mugho pine, Euonj'mus,

Magnolia,

Azalea,

Tsugo,

Azalea,

Holly

Miscellaneous shipment,

Spirea vanhoutei.

Miscellaneous shipment,

Juniperus, .

Kalmia,

Cryptomeria,

Syringa,

Mugho pine.

Rhododendron, .

Pinus mughus, .

Cocoon on azalea,

Rhododendron, miscellane-
ous shipment.
Rhododendron, Mugho pine,

Azalea,

France, Holland,
Denmark.

Holland.

Ireland.

Belgium, England.

Belgium.

Holland.

Belgium.

Holland.

Belgium, England.

Holland.

England.

Holland, Belgium.

Holland, Belgium.

Belgium.

Holland.

Holland.

Holland.

Holland.

Belgium.

Holland.

Holland.

Holland.

Holland.

Holland.

Holland.

Holland.

France.

Holland.

Holland.

Holland.

HoUand.

Belgium, Holland.

Holland.

Belgium.

70

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

Insects not yet determined.

if

Name.

Found on —

Country.

Beetles,

Beetle,

Fly

Fly

Aphis,

Specimens in such bad shape identi-
fication was impossible.

Rhododendron,
Azalea,

Azalea,
Euonymus,

Holland.
Belgium.
England.
Belgium.
England.

Diseases.

i

Name.

Found on —

Country.

4

Bacterium tumefaciens, .

Azalea, rhododendron.

Holland.

2 Woronella pueraeia;.

Kudzu vines.

Japan.

7 Exobasidium azalese,

Azalea, ....

Belgium.

3 Festallozia guepini, ....

Azalea, ....

Belgium.

3

Septoria rhododendri,

Azalea, ....

Belgiimi.

9

Physiological trouble.i

Rhododendron leaves.

Belgium.

' Due to either scorching or unfavorable conditions of transportation, find no fungous fruc-
tification. — Report of pathological inspector. Federal Horticultural Board.

Forty-one shipments, comprising 115 cases, have been re-
ceived so recently that the inspector's reports on them have
not yet been turned in.

Next spring the pines must be inspected for any specimens
of the pine shoot moth which may be present. This recent
importation from Europe has been found in a number of places
in this country, but it is hoped that it may be stamped out
before it obtains a foothold, and Massachusetts must do her
share in this work. At the same time, the trees will be in-
spected for the white pine blister rust. It is believed that no
cases of this disease are now present in any of the nurseries, but
vigilance will not be relaxed on this account until a sufficient
period has elapsed to make this absolutely certain.

No white pines are now allowed to be imported from abroad.

No. 4.] STATE NURSERY INSPECTOR. 71

With the nurseries here free from the disease, the only menace
remaining comes from plantations established before 1912.
All shipments prior to this date, planted anywhere in the State,
have been located as far as possible, and examined. Several
cases of infection have been found, and in almost every case the
owners of the properties concerned have co-operated willingly
with the inspectors to eliminate the disease.

Early in the fall a case of the blister rust was found in
Lenox, and an investigation of conditions was begun. It has
been found that the original infection must have been about
ten years ago, and that the disease extends from south of the
Connecticut line as far north at least as North Adams, and
probably farther. It appears not to have spread very far to
the east and west, but to have kept mainly within the Housa-
tonic valley.

This is a serious situation, for if all the evidence available is
correct, this disease in time kills every young pine it attacks,
and renders older ones unsightly, crippled and worthless. If
this be true, successful reforestation with white pine becomes
impossible on account of the disease, and our entire white pine
growth is doomed to ultimate destruction.

Another discouraging feature has been the discovery of the
disease on its alternate host, the currant, in a number of places
in the State, where no evidence of its presence on pines has been
discovered. How it could have reached these currants, and
how much the pines near them have now been exposed to the
disease, is as yet unsettled.

This is a matter which concerns large interests in Massa-
chusetts. Whether it is possible to remove all currants and
gooseberries from regions where the rust has been found, and
keep them out, without an enormous expenditure, is question-
able at least, and some facts which have developed the present
year make it seem as though our knowledge of the disease and
its life is not as complete as had been supposed. Under these
circumstances, it is possibly doubtful whether an attempt to
eradicate the disease with the aid of special legislation would
prove a success.

The last Legislature added to the duties of the inspection
service that of inspecting fruits of kinds grown in Massa-

72

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

chiisetts, when imported from other countries, as there is
danger of the introduction of new pests in such fruit. This act
was not passed until after the season for these importations had
gone by, and therefore it has not as yet become operative. As
no appropriation was allowed for this work, it is doubtful
whether the act can be carried out in any case until an ap-
propriation for its execution is made.

Mr. R. H. Allen, first deputy inspector, has been in charge
of the inspection work in the eastern district of the State, with
his office at Room 136, State House. To his efficiency and
attention much of the success which has been attained in the
work is due. Interest, active co-operation and good counsel
have been, as always, received from the secretary of the Board,
rendering possible the accomplishment of many tasks which
would otherwise have been difficult or impossible.

FiNANCLVL Statement.
Appropriation, ....
Compensation of inspectors,
Traveling and necessary expenses,
Supplies (postage, printing, etc.),
Clerical service, ....
Salary, chief inspector.

Balance,

H,808 77
5,110 97

460 37
11 75

500 00

$12,000 00

10,891 86
$1,108 14

A list of the nurserymen of Massachusetts who hold certifir
cates of inspection for 1915-16 is appended.

Respectfully submitted,

H. T. FERNALD,

State Nursery Inspector.

No. 4.] STATE NURSERY INSPECTOR. 73

Appendix

List of Massachusetts Nurserymen holding Certificates
December 1, 1915.

Adams, J. W., Springfield and Westfield.
Alexander, J. K., East Bridgewater.
American Forestry Company, Framingham.
Arnold Arboretum, Forest Hills.
Atkins, P. A., Pleasant Lake.
Atwater, C. W., Agawam.

Bailey, J. W., West Newbury. ^

Barker, L. W., Hanson.

Barr, George L., Worcester.

Barrows, H. E., Brockton.

Bay State Nurseries, North Abington and Rockland.

Bemis, A. L., Worcester.

Bigelow, Palmer W., North Grafton.

Boston & Maine Nurseries, South Lawrence and Lowell Junction.

Bowen, W. B., Whitman.

Brandley, James, Walpole.

Breck-Robinson, Lexington.

Breed, E. W., CUnton and South Lancaster.

Briggs, L. H., Smiths Ferry.

Brightman, William E., Westport.^

Brown, John A., Concord.

Brown, P. S., Scituate.

Canning, E. J., Northampton.
Carr, Charles, Dighton.
Casey, C, Melrose.
Chaffee Brothers, Oxford.
Chase, Henry, North Springfield.
Clapp, E. B., Dorchester.
Clark, G. A., Waltham Highlands.
Continental Nurseries, Franklin.
Coskery, Elmer, Newburyport.
Cutler, Mary, HoUiston.

Davenport, A. M., Watertown.^
Dickinson, E. F., Billerica.

1 Small fruits. * Greenhouse stock.

74 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Dighton Nurseries, Dighton.
Dix, John, Clinton.
Dove, Paul, Wellesley.
Draper, James E., Shrewsbury. .
Drew Orchards, Sutton.
Dwyer, E. F., & Son, Lynn.

Eager, George B., Wakefield.
Eastern Nurseries, Holliston.
Elhott, W. H., Brighton.!

Farquhar, R. & J., Dedham, Osterville and Sharon Heights.

Fessenden, B. & A., Townsend.

Ford, J. P., East Weymouth.

Framingham Nurseries, South Framingham.

Franklin Field Nurseries, Boston.

Frazer, William R., Northborough.

Frost, G. Howard, West Newton.

Gallivan Brothers, Smiths Ferry.
Gilbert, J. D., North Reading.
Gray, M. F., Mattapan.
Greaton, C. H., Abbott's Run. •

Haendler, Max, South Natick.
Hallen, C. E., East Dedham.
Hamlin, Nathan B., Ponkapoag.
Hare, Arthur W., North Grafton.
Haverhill Water Works, Haverhill.
Heurlin, Julius, Braintree.
Hitchcock, E. M., Agawam.^
Horticultural Company, Worcester.
Howard, J. W., Somerville and Woburn.
Huebner, H., Groton.
Hughson, L. T., Dorchester.

Jack, J. G., East Walpole.
Jahn, H. A., New Bedford.
Jenness, W. H., Roslindale.
Jennison, W. C, Natick.
Johnson, E. C, Newburyport.

Kakihara, Mrs. H., South Lowell.
Kameyama & Serada, North Cambridge.
Keene, C. R., Cohasset.
Keizer, H. B., Reading.

1 Greenhouse stock. ^ Small fruits.

No. 4.] STATE NURSERY INSPECTOR. 75

Kelsey, Harlan P., Boxford.
Kempton, Clifford, Longmeadow.^
King, B., Tewksbury.^
Kjrkpatrick, George ^ Winchester.

Lamlve, H. J., Pittsfield.

Lawrence, H. V., Falmouth.

Leuthy, A., Roshndale.^

Linde, Charles, Campello.

Littlefield & Wyman, North Abington.

MacGregor, James, Braintree.
Mann, H. W., Stoughton.
Manning, J. W., Reading.
Margeson, 1. 1., Westwood.
Mauersberger, R. B., Pittsfield.
McCormack, J. J., Maiden.
McLaren, A., Westwood.
McManmon, J. J., Dracut.
Merritt, Charles, South Weymouth,
Miller, W., & Sons, Lynn.
Murray, Peter, Fairhaven.

New England Nurseries, Bedford.

Newell, C. F., West Newbury.

North Shore Fernery Company, Beverly. ^

North Shore Nursery Company, Beverly Farms.

North Wilmington Nurseries, North Wilmington.

Old Colony Nurseries, Plymouth.

Paillet, August, Montague.

Palmer, F. E., Brookline and Newton Highlands.

Parker, James G., Concord.

Pease, Charles, Salem.

Peckham Floral Company, Fairhaven.

Phelps, F. H., Lee.

Pierce, Charles, Dighton. v

Pomero}^ Edward A., Gloucester.

Post & Gray, New Bedford.^

Pratt, C. S., North Orange and Reading.

Price, R. T., Lawrence.

Pulsifer, C. Y., Gloucester.

Quinn, James, Brookline.

1 Small fruits. ' Greenhouse stock.

76 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P.D.No.4.

Rea, F. J., Norwood.

Reynolds, John, Milton.

Eichards, E. A., Greenfield.

Riley, Charles M., New Bedford. "^

Robbins, H. W., Littleton.

Robinson, L. D., Springfield.

Robinson's Sons, D., Everett.

Sawyer, F. P., Chnton.

Shaw, F. H., Rockland.

Sinclair, G. H., Smiths Ferry.

Smith, George N., Wellesley Hills.

Southwick Nurseries, Southwick.

Southworth Brothers, Beverly.

Spimiey, Franlc W., Haverhill.

State Forestry Department, Amherst and Barnstable.

Stearns, L. C, Bridgewater.

Story, A. T., Taunton.

Sylvester, George F., South Hanover.

Sylvia, M. B., New Bedford.

Tebbetts, C. H., East Walpole.
Thurlow's, T. C, Sons, West Newbury.
Turner. Hill Farm, Ipswich.
Tuttle, A. M., Meh-ose Higldands.

Walsh, M. H., Woods Hole.

Walters, C, Roslindale.

Ward, Ralph M., Beverly.

West Side Nurseries, Worcester and Auburn.

Wheeler, Wilfrid, Concord. ^

Whitcomb, F. W., Holbrook.

White, A. T., Clifford.

Winchendon Nurseries, Winchendon. "^

Wright, George B., Chelmsford.

Yetter, F. J., Greenfield.

I Small fruits.

EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT

State Ornithologist.

Peesented to the Board anb Accepted,
December 8, 1915.

Starling at Nesting Hole with Caterpillars for its Young.
Starlings are useful birds if not too numerous. (Original photograph.)

EIGHTH ANNUAL EEPORT OF THE STATE
ORNITHOLOGIST.

To the Honorable Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture.

Gentlemen : — The written word goes farther and lasts
longer than the spoken word. Hence the wisdom of writing
more and talking less. The demand for and use of the pub-
lications of this office increases, and experience proves that the
greatest good to the largest number will be subserved by these
publications rather than by the delivery of a yearly series of
lectures. Therefore less talking and more writing than hereto-
fore has marked the work of the year. Twenty-nine talks have
been given in eleven months to audiences varying from about
100 to 900 people.

Publications.
During the year several articles sent to the newspapers have
been widely copied, and the following papers have been written
or revised for reprinting : —

Circulars, Nature Leaflets and Bulletins published.
Feb. 2. Circular 31. The Farmer's Interest in Game Protection, 11

pages. Second edition, revised.
Feb. 22. Economic Biology, Bulletin 1. Rats and Rat Riddance, 87

pages. First edition.
April 15. Circular 47. Bird Houses and Nesting Boxes, 24 pages. First

edition.
May 5. Circular 45. The Starling, 23 pages. First edition.
June 26. Economic Biology, Bulletin 1. Rats and Rat Riddance, 87

pages. Second edition, revised.
July 10. Circular 48. The English Sparrow and the Means of controlling

it, 18 pages. First edition.
August 27. Nature Leaflet 14. Owl Friends, 6 pages. Fifth edition,

revised.

80 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Nature Leaflets revised, with New Half-tone Illustrations and

Cuts.
Nov. 9. Nature Leaflet 22. How to identify Birds, 7 pages. Sixth

edition.
Nov. 9. Nature Leaflet 23. How to find Birds, 7 pages. Sixth edition.
Nov. IL Nature Leaflet 12. Winter Birds at the Farm, 8 pages. Fourth

edition.
Nov. IL Nature Leaflet 24. How to approach Birds, 6 pages. Sixth

edition.
Nov. IL Nature Leaflet 25. How to attract Birds, 7 pages. Sixth

edition.

Special Report (in Press).
Nov. 27. A History of the Game Birds, Wild Fowl and Shore Birds of
Massachusetts and Adjacent States, 621 pages. Second edition, illus-
trated, revised and enlarged.

Bulletin (in Press).
Nov. 27. Economic Biology, Bulletin 2. The Domestic Cat: Bird Killer,
Mouser and Destroyer of Wild Life: Means of utiUzing and con-
trolling it, 130 pages. First edition with haK-tone illustrations and
line cuts.

The first edition of the report on the "Game Birds, Wild
Fowl and Shore Birds of Massachusetts and Adjacent States"
having been exhausted, another edition was prepared during
the summer. Additions, corrections and appendices tend to
bring it up to date.

A mass of material collected last year forms the basis of a
bulletin on the domestic cat, which is now in the hands of the
printer, and probably will be ready for distribution by the
time this report reaches the public.

This bulletin tells of the origin and history of the house cat,
shows how it has run wild and spread over New England,
even to the uttermost limits of the forests, and has become a
serious menace to poultry, game and birds, as well as to such
useful insectivorous animals as shrews, bats, toads, newts, etc.
It deals with the various means of preventing the destruction
of poultry and birds by cats, weighs the value of the animal
as a killer of rats and mice, touches upon the cat "in law"
and as a distributor of disease, sums up its economic value,
and deals with the means of keeping it in control. This bul-

PLATE I.

Chickadee at Nesting Box with Caterpillar for its Young.

This feeding of the young birds is continued all day at intervals of a few minutes. (Original
photograph.) (From Economic Biology, Bulletin No. 2, The Domestic Cat.)

The Biuu-KiLLi.NG Cat.

The destruction of birds by cats is illustrated in Economic Biology, Bulletin No. 2, published
by the Massachusetts State Board of .\griculture. (Photograph by William L. Finley.)

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. 81

letin, like others of its kind, is fully illustrated, and while the
edition lasts will be sent free to all citizens of the Common-
wealth who request it.

The Starling now in Every State in New England.

Early in the year many inquiries came to the office regard-
ing the starling, which is increasing in numbers and spreading
over the country. The newspapers took up the matter, and
this resulted in much correspondence with this office, which
seems to prove that the bird now inhabits every county in
the State, having even reached the island of Nantucket (where
a flock has been noted), and that it has gained a residence
in every State in New England. Apparently it came into
Massachusetts from the southern border through the Con-
necticut valley, and is still most numerous in and near that
valley, but it is becoming common in towns of Worcester and
Middlesex counties, and is establishing itself even on the coast.

Among the changes in the bird laws recommended to the
Legislature of 1915 by the Massachusetts Commissioners on
Fisheries and Game was one removing the starling from the
list of birds protected at all times by law, but this among other
recommendations failed to receive the approval of the legis-
lative committee on fisheries and game and was not enacted.
So much public interest in the bird became manifest during
the year that as a matter of convenience in answering ques-
tions a circular on the starling was prepared and printed.

The English Sparrow making Trouble.

For years the English sparrow has been the subject of much
correspondence with this office. Many people complain of the
sparrow's destructiveness to crops and to native birds, and
request advice regarding the means of controlling or destroy-
ing it. Its many friends also write, expressing their indigna-
tion that any one should attempt to harm it. As a means of
saving trouble and expense in replying to its friends and foes
a circular of 18 pages was published.

The above-mentioned circulars on the starling and the spar-
row are the first papers on the natural enemies of the native
birds to be issued by the State Board of Agriculture as cir-

82 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

culars. The papers on the rat and on the cat are the first bul-
letins on such enemies published by the Board. The intention
is to continue the series.

A Warning to Sparrow Trappers.
All who attempt to destroy English sparrows should be warned
against the danger of killing native birds by mistake. Many
native sparrows resemble the English sparrow in a general way,
and are mistaken for it by many people. If servants are
allowed to shoot sparrows or to attend to sparrow traps many
native sparrows are likely to be killed. Song sparrows, white-
throated sparrows and juncos enter traps much more readily
than does the English sparrow. Song sparrows in particular
when caught in traps are likely to batter themselves badly in
their efforts to escape. All traps should be examined at least
twice a ,day, and great care should be taken to avoid destroy-
ing native birds. All makers of sparrow traps should send a
warning notice with each trap. The destruction of native
birds is punishable by a fine of $10 for each bird.

Bird Houses and Nesting Places.
Experiments carried out for the past five years have cul-
minated in the preparation and printing of an illustrated cir-
cular of 24 pages on "Bird Houses and Nesting Boxes," which
is intended to take the place of Nature Leaflet 15, on the same
subject. This circular was written not only to show that in-
expensive nesting boxes will attract birds, but also to give
dimensions and designs and to show how to get the birds.
Those who desire to obtain these papers should apply to the
secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, 136 State House,
Boston. Some details and results of the nesting studies of the
past year may be set down here.

Causes of Failure to attract Birds to Nesting Boxes.
During the past year, perhaps, more nesting boxes have been
put up for birds in Massachusetts than ever before in the his-
tory of the Commonwealth, but there still remain great areas
where not one has been erected, and many of those placed

PLATE II.

The First Red-breasted Nuthatch known to breed in a Nesting Box.
This occurred on the estate of Mr. Henry S. Shaw, Jr., at Dover. (Original photograph.)

Suet in Wire Basket.

This attracted the red-breasted nuthatches, and probably decided tlicni in their choice of
the nest box above. (Original photograph.)

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. 83

have not been used by birds. People complain that the birds
do not accept the proffered domiciles. Failure to attract the
feathered tenants may be attributed mainly to the following
faults: (1) entrance holes too small for the birds desired;
(2) boxes put up in dense woods; (3) boxes put up in trees
and therefore accessible to birds' enemies instead of being
placed on posts or poles; (4) no trouble taken to protect birds
nesting in boxes from their enemies.

Boxes put up in dense woods are occupied mainly by squir-
rels or mice, and by insects. There are some exceptions to
this; chickadees and flickers sometimes take such boxes, but
they are likely to be driven out by squirrels or other enemies.
Boxes in open woods or on the edge of the woods, if not too
much surrounded by foliage, may or may not be occupied by
bluebirds, tree swallows, chickadees or flickers.

A. R. Shattuck put up on his estate in Lenox 30 boxes
of various sizes, mainly in trees. Seven were used by birds
in 1914, 13 by squirrels, 2 by hornets and 8 were not occupied.
This year he has suspended some of the boxes from the
branches of trees, some are set on posts, and the number occu-
pied by birds has increased. While examining these boxes on
May 28, 1915, we found no nests of mice or squirrels in any
suspended by a wire., and some were occupied by birds.

Several years ago the park commissioners at Hopedale put
up 115 bird houses and nesting boxes in their beautiful forest
park of several hundred acres. There were 27 common bird
houses with a single apartment and 88 Perry boxes made on
the European plan. When the boxes had been up several
years. Commissioner Frank J. Dutcher, in the summer of 1914,
had an examination made that showed the following results: —

The bird houses were made of pine boards with an opening
in the end and a single compartment. Of the 27 of this kind,
21 were- occupied by gray squirrels, 4 by red squirrels and 2
were empty. Of the 88 Perry houses, 9 were occupied by red
squirrels, 23 by flying squirrels, .7 by gray squirrels, 3 by mice,
4 by bumblebees, 2 by wasps, 2 by hornets, 3 by English spar-
rows, 2 by bluebirds, 1 by swallows, 4 were used by chicka-
dees, 4 by flickers, 1 by some other woodpecker, and 24 were
empty.

84 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

The summary of the 115 houses shows: 26 empty, 64 with
squirrels, 3 with mice, 7 with hornets, wasps or bumblebees,
3 with undesirable birds, and only 12 occupied by the birds
for w^iich the houses were intended.

This shows that the small bird houses are appreciated by
gray squirrels and red squirrels, and that the Perry boxes were
mainly too small for the larger squirrels, but right for the fly-
ing squirrels, which probably drove most of the birds away.

The boxes used for chickadees may have had entrances too
small for the squirrels or may not have been needed by them.
Those taken by English sparrows were mainly outside the
woods.

In 1915 the tow-n of Brookline had erected in trees a large
number of nesting boxes of various patterns. According to a
census of some of these boxes taken in July by Walt Mc-
Mahon from this oflBce, they were occupied as follows : —

Used by English sparrows, 76

Used by squirrels, 19

Entrance holes enlarged by squirrels, including some of the 19 above, 15

Missing, 7

Occupied mainly by caterpillars of the gypsy moth, . . . .10

Taken down by owner of premises, 2

Used by bluebirds, 1

Used by great crested flycatcher, . .1

Here in more open land than that on the Hopedale Park and
in many cases on street trees English sparrows, squirrels and
gypsy moths competed for the boxes. There were 105 boxes
which furnished shelter and protection for English sparrows,
squirrels and gypsy moths, and which sheltered only two fam-
ilies of useful native birds. Had these domiciles been erected
on poles or isolated trees, and had they received a little atten-
tion twice a month from some one who knew how to get rid
of undesirable tenants, there might have been an increase of
native birds rather than a great accession to the number of
their enemies. The motive of the Brookline authorities was
excellent, but failure resulted at the beginning because of a
lack of skilled attention to small details. If they persevere,
learning as they go on, the money expended will not have been
wasted, and they will succeed in the end.

PLATE III.

Female BLri:iiiuii \\iin ('itworm Moth.
Many such moths are picked up from the grass. (Original photograph.)

Yello\v-thro.\ted Vireo feeding Young.

Often the young are fed so quickly that the camera fails to record the food. (Original

photograph.)

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. 85

Such results as those in Brookline and Hopedale are not
unique or even unusual. They are the common experience of
many people who finally become discouraged by lack of success
and give up the attempt. As a means of encouraging such
persons and pointing the way to success I cannot do better
than to give my experience on my own farm during the past
year.

Success with Nesting Boxes on Poles.

In 1914 about 75 nesting boxes were placed on my farm and
those of two neighbors, but as several of those on a neighbor's
farm were knocked down by some destructive person or per-
sons, no accurate account of the birds occupying them was
obtainable. All but 6 of these boxes were erected on my own
place this year. I purposely allowed unskilled "help" to put
up 75 boxes without my supervision,^ merely insisting that 25
of them should be erected on poles in the open. This was
done, but boxes intended for chickadees were put on trees in
the garden where chickadees were not very likely to use them,
and bluebird boxes were erected in the deep woods where blue-
birds rarely go. Nearly every box on poles was used by the
birds, while very few of those on trees were occupied. A pair
of flickers had nested on a chestnut tree in 1914, where they
were molested by squirrels. This year they refused to use a
similar box in the same "situation, but tried to enlarge the
opening of a bluebird box on a flagpole near by. When the
same flicker box that they had refused on the tree was put
on the flagpole the birds took it at once and reared a brood
there. The boxes on poles were placed at various heights be-
tween 7 and 15 feet. Some of those on trees were higher. ^

It was my intention this year to put up so many boxes that
the English sparrows might have more than they could use, in
the hope that they would not then molest the native birds,
but when it was seen that the sparrows were driving bluebirds
away from bluebirds' nests in boxes which the sparrows did

» This gave assurance that the situations pf the boxes not placed on poles would be such as are
commonly chosen by the average citizen.

• E. C. Ware of Wareham now makes a light support for a bird house in the form of a double
pole which sets over a short post anchored in the ground. It can bo lifted off with one motion of
the hand. Those who object to the appearance of such a support can plant morning glories about
it, and in July or August, after the birds have raised their young, the post, bird house and vine
form a tower of blossoms and verdure. (See Plate V.)

86 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

not need and never used, and that the sparrows had increased
1>000 per cent, in a year, benevolence toward the sparrow
ceased to be a virtue. In 1914 we had one sparrow's nest in
one of our boxes. On May 26, 1915, there were found in the
25 boxes on poles 10 swallows' nests, 10 English sparrows' and
2 bluebirds'. In. the 50 boxes on trees there were only 2
flickers', 2 chickadees', 2 squirrels' and 2 wasps' nests.

The young escaped from one English sparrow's nest, but we
destroyed all the eggs or young in the others, and not another
sparrow's egg was laid in them during the season, but a new
nest was built later and we destroyed the eggs. Those who
do not wish to kill the sparrows may find that removal of the
eggs twice a month, after the full clutch has been laid, will
give satisfactory results. If the sparrows do not lay again the
nests may be removed. This seems to be more effective than
removing the nests at once, when the sparrows often will build
again and again. Having disposed of the sparrows we soon
had swallows and bluebirds in their place. A census taken
July 4 revealed in the 25 boxes on poles 20 occupied swallows'
nests, 3 bluebirds' and 1 sparrow's. Those in the trees re-
mained as before. Six young swallows died in the nest, 4 were
killed by English sparrows, and the rest got out safely, so far
as we know. The number produced was about 90. Three
families of bluebirds were reared. One nest was robbed, ap-
parently by boys, and a second brood was reared in another
box.

The eggs in one flicker's nest were taken, probably by a
squirrel or a snake, and one of the young died in another nest.

The account of young birds raised in these boxes in 1915
runs as follows : —

Bluebirds, 14

Chickadees, 13

Flickers, 9

Swallows, 90

126

These 126 birds were raised on an area of about 8 acres
where prior to 1914 not one bird of any of these species was
reared or could have been reared, for there were no nesting

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. 87

places for them. The great majority of them were reared on
5 acres in the open. Only 10 were raised in the 50 boxes in
the woods, and these were in nests near the borders.

So far as we know, a cat succeeded in climbing to but one
of the boxes on the poles. The cat could not reach the young
birds in this flicker box, as the box was too deep for her, and
therefore the birds got out safely. Only one box on a pole
was known to have been entered by squirrels. Many of the
boxes in trees were visited by squirrels and the entrances of
a few were gnawed and enlarged by them.

Type of Nesting Box Most Successful.

The type of box most successful this year, as last, was
that recommended by me in Circular 47, and made by E.
C. Ware of Wareham, Massachusetts. These boxes were in-
expensive, and the plans and dimensions were furnished by
this office. They were made of pine boards five-eighths and
seven-eighths of an inch thick, and covered with a heavy oil
stain. ^ Last year many of them were damaged by wood-
peckers or squirrels which sought to enlarge the entrances.
This year the entrance holes of most of them were guarded
by zinc, as shown in the illustrations. This is effectual. A
maker of nesting boxes has informed some of his customers
that such a protection for the opening will keep the birds
away, but every box occupied by birds on my place this year
was provided with a zinc collar around the entrance, which was
stained or painted the same color as the box. The birds did
not notice this addition.

Other types of boxes were used without success. Twenty-
five hollowed gourds, such as are successful in New York State,
were put up on trees in the garden and some on a pole; not
one was occupied, and the birds rarely went near them. A
single round box made of roofing paper was placed on a pole
in the garden, but no bird was seen to enter it. Some people
succeed with these boxes, others do not. I have given up
European boxes of the von Berlepsch style, as apparently our

' Since the above was written William P. Wharton has written me that of 21 similar nesting
boxes which he mounted on short poles on the posts of his pasture fences, 18 were occupied by
birds this year and 2 more had nests partially completed.

88 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

birds prefer the board boxes. Von Berlepsch boxes are more
in harmony with rural surroundings than are board boxes, and
are used by many birds, but certainly are no more attractive
to them than are the others. They seem to be the only dom-
iciles, however, that attract the typical woodpeckers, such as
the downy and hairy species, and the first red-breasted nut-
hatch that has been recorded as having reared young in a
nesting box occupied one made by the Meriden Bird House
Company, and erected by Henry S. Shaw, Jr., of Dover, on a
gray birch tree. (See Plate H.)

In putting up nesting boxes it is best to use whatever the
birds of a particular locality seem to prefer. These prefer-
ences, if there be any, may be learned by experimenting. Any
pattern that has been used by the birds in a locality will be
likely to attract other birds to the same neighborhood.

Experience thus far seems to show that painted or stained
boxes made of boards will outlast those made of logs with the
bark on. The latter lose their bark, and some are likely in the
course of five or six years to check, split and fall apart, while
the board boxes will last ten or twelve years, and much longer
if kept painted. Paint or stain is not disliked by birds if well
dried.

It is well known to naturalists that comparatively few birds
commonly nest in deep woods, and that ordinarily it is nearly
useless to put up nesting boxes in such localities. Yet novices
often choose trees in the woods as the most appropriate place
for bird houses. Such a mistake is natural, as many birds nest
and live much in trees. Perhaps they would choose more nest-
ing places in the woods were it not that the forest is the home
of some of their worst enemies, such as hawks, crows, jays,
squirrels, foxes, weasels, vagrant house cats, wood mice and
other creatures that prey on birds.

Control of Natural Exemies.

"VMiere the foes of small birds have been kept in check, many

such birds have been known to nest in the woods. Baron von

Berlepsch induced many to breed in nesting boxes in the woods

on his estate in Thuringia, where he controls birds' enemies.

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. 89

Dr. B. H. Warren, curator of the Everliart Museum, recently
has conducted a campaign against the natural enemies of birds
on Wallops Island, Virginia. The island contains about 6,000
acres. All the house cats on the island were killed. About
75 crows' nests were destroyed in 1912 and 27 in 1914. Prac-
tically all the crows nesting there were killed, including the
destructive fish crows. Ninety-seven black snakes were de-
stroyed at one time. This has resulted, says Dr. Warren, in
a great increase of ground-nesting birds, particularly bobwhites,
rails and meadow larks. Gulls, terns and black skimmers which
have not nested there for years have come back to breed. In
1914 about 135 nesting boxes were put up. In the Scranton
(Pennsylvania) "Times" Dr. Warren asserts that fully 90 per
cent of them were occupied in 1915 by tree swallows, martins,
wrens, flickers and great cre^ed flycatchers. (There are no
bluebirds or chickadees summering there.) It is noteworthy
that since their natural enemies have been reduced in numbers,
even the tree swallows occupy nesting boxes in the woods.
Not only have small birds greatly increased, but there has been
a great accession to the numbers of ducks, rails, etc., breeding
on the island. At least 50 species have been noted as breeding
there during the past two years. This remarkable showing,
doubtless, is due mainly to the destruction of the birds'
enemies, the plethora of artificial nesting places, and the fact
that there are no squirrels, weasels or climbing mice on the
island. No von Berlepsch nesting boxes are used. All that
were put up were made of boards by Dr. Warren.

Where the natural enemies of small birds are carefully pro-
tected and fostered, as in many localities in eastern Massachu-
setts, it is important that nesting boxes be so constructed that
they may be opened by one motion of the hand, without the use
of tools; the employment of screws, nuts or other appliances
to fasten the covers requires time and implements. Success
in securing desirable tenants may depend mainly on the exam-
ination of the nesting boxes at least once or twice a month in
May and June, and the eviction of undesirable tenants. Unless
the boxes are easily accessible and can be opened without loss
of time it may consume a day to examine a hundred. These

90

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

domiciles make excellent hiding places for gypsy moths when
the birds are through with them, and men employed to destroy
the moths are likely to break open or burn nesting boxes unless

^/A-'-'.-.

^.^yyyyyy

Fig 1. — Perspective and sectional drawings of an
imp^o^^sed nest box for the interior of build-
ings. (After Biological Survey.)

Fig. 2. — Xest box opening at
the top. (After Biological
Survey.)

<- 8^8 ^ t^-.^Vz >

I 1

1 e

1

10

1
1

r-— T'
1 Oi

1 1
1

1

1

3

(^-H!^4-^

Fig. 3. — Nesting box for bluebirds, with details showing how the top may be removed quickly
by pulling two nails slid loosely into holes prepared for them.

they can be opened without trouble. Boxes intended for the
inside of a building (see Figs. 1 and 2) may be utilized, and
might be adapted for outdoor use, but the means of opening
them is rather too obvious to human marauders. The box

Unusual Nesting Sites for Barn Swallows.

Swallows nested on blocks nailed under eaves of
coast guard boathouse on left; also on nails driven
in supports of plank walk and wharf. Cross is di-
rectly over position of nest. (Photograph taken by
Dr. B. H. Warren at Wallop's Island, Virginia.)

Successful Rough Nesting Boxes.

A few of the boxes made and put up at Wallop's Island,
Virginia, fully 90 per cent of which were occupied
by birds. (Photograph by Dr. B. H. Warren.)

A nesting box that may
be opened in one
second. (See page
91.)

Barn swallows' nest rest-
ing on two wire nails
driven into round tim-
ber in barn cellar.

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. 91

used in my experiments is opened by drawing two nails pushed

into holes much too large for them in the cover (Fig. 3), but

sometimes the warping of the cover or the

swelling of the wood causes these nails to bind,

and in such cases a claw hammer is required

to open the boxes. The one shown on Plate

IV. has a latch concealed inside, and may

be opened and closed by two movements of

the hand. Fig. 4 shows the details. Some

, . • 1 .• Fig. 4.— Plan for quick

such arrangement is essential as a time saver. opening.

To ATTRACT NESTING BaRN SwALLOWS.

Following my recommendation regarding supports for swal-
lows' nests, Dr. Warren has driven protruding nails in the
crosspieces under a raised board walk over 1,100 feet long,
leading to the landings on Wallops Island, and has nailed
small blocks on some of the posts and crossbeams. Barn swal-
lows have built nests on these slight supports under the board
walk. In some cases these nests are not more than 14 inches
above the water at high tide, but the birds are safe, as there
are no cats now to molest them. As the swallows have to be
kept from nesting in the boathouses on account of the soiling
of the boats. Dr. Warren has made some headway in inducing
them to nest outside the buildings, under the eaves, by placing
similar supports there.

Corrections.

I have published the statement that chickadees will not use
a nesting box with an entrance less than 1| inches in diameter.
This assertion was based on the experience of fifteen years.
This year, on the estate of A. R. Shattuck in Lenox, I
saw a chickadee feeding young in a box having a round en-
trance hole an inch in diameter. Apparently the male bird
was unable to enter the box, and he fed the young by thrust-
ing in his head. I have seen a chickadee frequently try to
enlarge an entrance 1| inches in diameter, although the bird
sometimes uses this size, and have learned by experience that
they seem to prefer one about 1| inches wide.

92 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

In some copies of Circular 45 that have gone out from this
office the statement is made, on the authority of Herbert K.
Job, that the stariings cannot enter a hole If inches wide.
This error arose from a misunderstanding of a statement made
to me verbally by Mr. Job. The starling readily enters a If-
inch hole, but cannot, so Mr. Job affirms, get into a If -inch
opening. This is important if martins will enter a If-inch
hole when a small opening has been made above the entrance
to let in light. If starlings cannot get into If-inch openings,
martin boxes possibly may be made that will accommodate
martins and keep out starlings, but this has not been tried.

As boxes for bluebirds and swallows require only l|-inch
openings, practically all the smaller birds that nest in boxes
may be protected against eviction by the starling.

An Increase of Wrens.

Possibly one result of the Massachusetts nesting-box cam-
paign is an increased number of house wrens. Many boxes
having been erected with holes too small for the birds that
commonly nest in them, there has been an increased oppor-
tunity for wrens, and more wrens have been reported nesting
in Massachusetts within the last two years than for many
previous years.

Experiments with Nesting Places for Creepers.

The following extract from a letter from the w^ell-known orni-
thologist, J. H. Bowles, of Tacoma, Washington, explains
itself: —

As might be expected, tree swallows, violet green swallows, western
bluebirds, Seattle wrens (northwest Bewick's) and western house wrens
are not at all difficult to attract to boxes. Friends in the surrounding
country report several cases where the chestnut-backed chickadee has
nested in the hollow-limb nesting box, but I have not as j^et experimented
with these birds myself.

The most interesting experiments, to me, have been my work with the
California creeper, a subspecies that is not very rare in these parts. In
many instances they are not at all shy, and in several cases I have known
them to nest within a few hundred feet of a settlement; ... of course
this has been in the immediate vicinity of a good-sized strip of woods.

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. 93

In putting up my creeper "decoy" I generally select a fir or oak a foot
or two in diameter, and scrape off all the moss near the spot where I place
the decoy (the omission of this last I have found to be fatal to all hope
of success). I then take a piece of fir or oak bark, about 2
feet long by 6 or 7 inches wide, which must either be dead
or thoroughly dried. It is best to take the bark from a
small tree, in order to have a well-rounded curve in it. I
then nail this up on the spot I have selected, taking care
that the two ends are tight against the trunk of the tree,
also that both sides are very nearly so. Very often it is
necessary to nail on smaller strips of bark. Let me say
again that all moss must be removed from both bark and
the surrounding section of the tree. The cavity thus made
should be at its most roomy spot at least 2| inches between the curve
of the bark and the tree, but it is not well to make it very much larger.
I then cut a hole for an entrance in the bark where it touches the tree
(Fig. 5). This hole should be about 1| inches in diameter, and should be
cut about quarter way from the top. Do not put any nesting material
in it. I generally put four or five of these decoys in the same strip of
woods a few hundred feet apart, as sometimes two pairs of creepers will
be attracted, and almost invariably a second brood is raised in another
decoy. Seattle wrens are frequently "landed " in this way, and a rare treat
is occasionally afforded by a pair of western winter wrens. I generally place
a decoj^ 4 or 5 feet from the ground so that I can examine the contents
easily.

In INIassachusetts the common brown creeper retires to dense
wooded swamps to nest, but this useful bird possibly might be
increased in numbers by utilizing the plan so successfully pur-
sued in Washington by Mr. Bowles. People living in northern
New England, where the winter wren breeds, might find the
plan suitable to the needs of that species.

Bird Day Observances.
This office has co-operated during the year with granges,
Audubon societies and schools in "bird day" observances in
many towns. Material and literature have been furnished or
advice given, and I have spoken at five of these interesting
gatherings. The Massachusetts State grange, Patrons of Hus-
bandry, the Massachusetts Audubon Society and the State
Board of Agriculture co-operated in organizing three large
outdoor meetings (Springfield, May 15, Boston, May 22 and

94 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Greenfield, June 12). At each of these meetings prizes for bird
houses and nesting boxes were offered to children. The prizes
brought out a large number of interesting designs.

The lecturer of the State grange, Mrs. George S. Ladd, organ-
ized a bird day meeting at Grafton, which was very largely
attended. Many nesting boxes were erected on this day in
different parts of the town. Through her efforts and those of
the bird committee of the State grange, many subordinate
granges observed a "bird night" with appropriate exercises
tending to teach appreciation of bird life.

The lecturer of the New Hampshire State grange, Mr. Charles
W. Warner, recommended that each subordinate grange in that
State have an essay in April on the "Value of Birds to the
Farmer," and he wrote to this office for material and advice.

Several States of the Union already have set aside a day in
the schools to be called "bird day," and to be devoted to the
study of birds and the care of them. Massachusetts should not
be the last to take up this plan. At least one school day each
year should be devoted entirely to the study and protection of
birds.

Bird Study in the Schools.

Ornithology may be taught in the public schools or not, but
the utility of birds and bird protection must be. When we
find foreigners in this Commonwealth shooting the birds which
nest about their homes, and teaching their children to pluck
the feathers from them and prepare them for the pot; when
we find these people taking the young birds from their nests
for food; when we know that some American boys kill num-
bers of small birds with air guns, and that others shoot with
shotguns such game as chickadees and goldfinches, there should
be something injected into our system of education to counter-
act such tendencies. In 1861 the harvests of France gave such
meager returns that a commission of scientists was appointed
to inquire into the cause of the deficit. They found it in the
destruction of insect-eating birds throughout the country.
Birds and birds' eggs were eaten by the people. The com-
mission proposed that teachers and clergy should put the mat-
ter before the people, as the condition required prompt and

PLATE V.

Methods of attractixg Birds.

From left to right: weathercock feeding station; nesting box on pole, covered with morning
glory after the nesting season; pole and box uncovered. (Original photograph.)

'.Mjk^l

«"^. • * B^ W\

f^^'^K, - • -

-ft

Bird Day .\t Greenfield.
A few of the entrants for bird-house prizes. (Original photograph.)

Xo. 4.] REPORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. 95

energetic remedies.^ But in time this lesson was forgotten,
and in 1914, according to Edwin Fox Sainsbun-,- in many
departments in France where great quantities of insect-eating
birds are still destroyed annually, a bitter en' was heard from
the farmers regarding crops destroyed and lessened yields. La
Societe d'Horticulture Pratique du Rhone issued warnings and
recommendations to the public. The society gave statistics of
the enormous number of birds destroyed by the people, and
urged, first, that the existing laws for protecting small birds
must be immediately enforced with the utmost stringency, and
second, that in the schools children should be taught the utility
of protecting birds, the wickedness of ""bird-nestrng" and the
necessity of encouraging the increase of birds.

Wlien the great European war is over we are likely to be
flooded with immigrants from European countries, where people
kill small birds for food. The least we can do is to teach their
children in the schools to protect birds. Already a committee
of Massachusetts school superintendents has drawn up a plan
of a course in physiology, hygiene, nature study, and plays
and games for the rural schools. School Superintendent A. J.
Chidester of Warren, of the committee, who has had charge of
that part of the plan relating to nature study, including bird
study, has been in consultation with this office. The course
has been printed, submitted to a conference of school super-
intendents for criticism, and is now (December, 1915) in the
hands of a committee of normal school teachers for ''sugges-
tions and application of suitable method." This course con-
tains a plan for a little bird study in the grades of the common
schools, from the first to the sixth. It is important to interest
the children of the lower grades in birds and their protection.
This should not be left to the curriculum of the high schools,
as a great majority of children never reach the high school.
Young children are particularly receptive to influences such as
they may receive from rational instruction regarding bird life.

» Report U. S. Com'r of Patents, 1S61, pp. 322, 323.
» "Oxir Dumb Animals," June, 1914, p. 10.

96 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Progress of Legislation for the Protection of Birds.

The Massachusetts Legislature of 1914 wisely devoted a con-
siderable part of its time to the task of killing bills, but one
important law for the protection of birds was passed. The
bill as finally enacted into law (chapter 240, General Acts of
1915) forbids hunting by aliens.^ This step should be taken
by every State in the Union.

Attempts to repeal the Federal law for the protection of
migratory birds failed in the last Congress. There have been
no changes in the regulations made by the Department of
Agriculture for Federal protection of migratory birds since
October 1, 1914. The law under which these regulations were
made has been contested in the courts, and the litigation result-
ing has been carried to the Supreme Court of the United
States, where the question of the constitutionality of the statute
must be decided. This office was called upon by counsel to
furnish material for a brief in defence of the law.

An attempt was made at the last legislative session in New
Hampshire to remove protection from the great blue heron, and
this office furnished upon request material to be used in defence
of the bird. The bill was defeated.

Early in the year the Supreme Court of Arkansas declared
unconstitutional the local law under which market hunters were
able to operate. This and a law passed by the Legislature
establishing a State game commission and a warden system
should put an end to the wholesale market shipments of water-
fowl from that State.

Illinois and Missouri, following the lead of New York and
Massachusetts, have prohibited the sale of all wild game, and
now, so far as native wild game birds and waterfowl are con-
cerned, all the greater markets are closed. Undoubtedly this
will help greatly to conserve the supply of game birds, ducks,
geese and shore birds.

The war in Europe brought to an end for the time being the
concert of European powers for the protection of birds, but
during the past year Holland, notwithstanding the horrors of
war at her doors, and the burden of caring for 300,000 Belgian

» This law is fairly open to criticism, as it gives a special privilege under a property qualifica-
tion. The only effective way to prohibit an evil is to prohibit it altogether.

PLATE VI.

A Pair of Bluebirds and their Prey.
They frequently fed their young on army worms. (Original photograph.)

Femai.k Bluedird with Caterpillar.
Many putworm.s are eaten by bluebirds. (Original photograph.)

Xo. 4.] REPORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. 97

refugees, has made regulations to stop the destruction of birds
for millinery purposes throughout her vast empire in the Malay
Archipelago, the home of the birds of paradise. The killing of
these birds in the Dutch possessions is limited now to three
species, and shooting is totally prohibited in two groups of
islands, as well as upon large reservations in New Guinea. By
these means it is believed that the extermination of the rarer
birds will be prevented.

Following the lead of the United States, Canada enacted last
year a law prohibiting the importation of plumage of wild birds
for commercial purposes, which went into effect on January 1,
1915. The above are some of the most important or far-
reaching enactments of the year. Other lesser and local laws
cannot be chronicled here.

Photographixg Birds with Ixsects.
Owing to the demand for ocular evidence showing the de-
struction of insect pests by birds, some time was spent during
the late spring and early summer in attempts to photograph
birds eating insects or feeding them to their young. Com-
paratively few such photographs have been taken heretofore.
Good reasons for this lack of such pictures at once present
themselves whenever the photographer makes the attempt. A
bird may be seen going regularly to a colony of insects on
which it is feeding, but the moment the camera comes on the
scene the bird is likely to desert the spot and not feed there
again during the day. The chances of success are better if
one finds a bird's nest containing young, sets up his camera
near by, and, retiring with tube or thread to spring the shutter,
awaits the coming of the parent birds with food. Even here,
however, the most patient waiter may be foiled. j\lany a bird,
when catching insects for its young, swallows them or holds
them concealed in its mouth until, pushing its bill into the
wide open mouths of the young, it regurgitates, or disgorges,
the food into their very throats, so that no human eye can
see it and no camera can record it. INIost small birds are fed
in this manner during the first few days of their lives, and
there is little chance to get results with the camera until the
young are well grown. Then some birds fly in and feed so

98 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

swiftly that the young are fed before the pressure on the bulb
or the pull of the thread has exposed the plate. In not a few-
cases the exposure comes so late that the parent bird is no
longer in the field of the camera, and only the nest or young
are shown. Often the parent bird stops after feeding to look
about a little or to clean the nest, and then it is that most of
the good pictures of adult birds at the nest are taken. To
photograph insects the camera must be very near the nest,
that the impression on the sensitive plate may be large enough
so that the insects seen may be identified as belonging to cer-
tain groups. Then there is very little depth of focus, and unless
the bird's bill is exactly in focus the impression of the insect
or insects will not be sharp. This year a liberal use of blinds
and the employment of various stratagems produced some re-
sults, but the weather of June and July was so stormy and
clouds so overcast the sky that often instantaneous photography
was unsuccessful. Hardly one negative out of ten was perfectly
satisfactory, but some excellent ones were secured. Such nega-
tives are valuable for the making of lantern slides to show the
utility of birds, and are worth all that they cost.

A common method of securing photographic records of the
food of a bird is to kill the bird, empty its stomach or its crop
or gullet, spread the contents out on white paper and so photo-
graph it. The contents of the stomach in such a case, however,
are likely to be more or less macerated and torn, and much of
them cannot be recognized except by an expert. Often, on the
contrary, the crop or gullet contains insects, seeds, etc., which
have been changed little, if any, in appearance since they were
swallowed.

Charles P. Curtis of Boston was kind enough to forward
to me on September 7 the crop of a bobwhite that had been
killed while on its nest in Connecticut by a mowing machine.
It contained 48 Colorado potato beetles {Doryphora decein-
lineata) and about 250 seeds of different species of weeds.
The stomach was not saved. It may have contained remains
of as many more. The bobwhite is a well-known destroyer of
potato beetles, other pests and weed seeds, but there is nothing
so convincing as a photograph of the crop contents. A farmer
who has watched closely the habits of this bird believes that

PLATE VII.

Tree Swallow at Nesting Box.
Its full throat is stuffed with insects for its young. (Original photograph.)

Tree Swallow with Insects.

Its throat is stuffed with insects, and the body and wings of a moth protrude from its mouth.
(Original photograph.) (From Economic Biology, Bulletin No. 2, The Domestic Cat.)

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. 99

each individual that is raised upon his land is worth $5 a
year to him as an insect destroyer. During the past summer
I watched more or less a bevy of bobwhites feeding about our
farm fields and gardens. They spent much time among the
potatoes. There have been practically none of these birds on
the place before for at least seven years, but this year, thanks
to them, it has not been necessary to spray for potato beetles.

The Purple Martin.
Again the people of Massachusetts are urged to put up bird
houses for the purple martin. Martins are coming back to the
State slowly, partly because of the prevalence of English spar-
rows, and partly because cold storms in late June and early
July have destroyed some of the young during the last tw^o
breeding seasons, but mainly, perhaps, because few people put
up suitable houses for their accommodation, and keep the Eng-
lish sparrows away. Martin houses should be erected for these
birds in every river valley in the State. When the birds be-
come established there thej' will spread to other regions. Every
spring many martins fly over this Commonwealth on the way
to Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine. Every summer they
return on their way to the south. If many houses were erected
for their accommodation, some of the birds stopping on their
autumnal migration and observing these houses, or occupying
them for q, few nights, would be likely to return to them in the
spring and remain to breed. In the correspondence of this
office there are many letters from people who ask numerous
questions about bird houses and similar subjects. In one re-
ceived from J. B. Poland of Springfield, on February 6, 1915,
46 questions were asked and answered, including most of the
queries commonly received regarding martins. As ]\Ir. Poland
intended to attempt to colonize these birds, such of his queries
as relate to the species are reproduced here with my answers,
in the hope of assisting others.

1. Q. How large a colony of martins is it possible to establish in one
house? A. There is one very large house on record which had a very
large number of martins, but I cannot from memory give you the num-
ber. I have known 20 pairs to occupy one house.

100 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

2. Q. Do you think a house constructed in the form of a hollow square,
with 10 or 12 inches of air space between the pole and the inner walls of the
house, would he a good form to adopt? A. I have never known this to be
tried; it might make the house somewhat cooler in hot weather.

3. Q. What should be the size of each room? Please give length, breadth
and height. A. Tliis is not very important, if the rooms are large enough,
— not less than 6 or 7 inches square.

4. Q. Do more than one pair of martins occupy {or attempt to) each room?
A. Only one pair. Sometimes more than one may attempt it.

5. Q. What distance should the house be from the ground? A. Tliis is not
very material, but I believe that it should not be less than 12 feet. Martin
houses have been placed on tall poles on the tops of business blocks in
Chicago and elsewhere.

6. Q. What is the proper size and shape of the entrance hole? Please give
diameter, if round, height and width, if rectangular. A. The width of en-
trance hole should not be over 2 or 2f inches. It may be a little higher
if rectangular, but not much.

7. Q. Woidd an additional hole to admit light, when the entrance hole was
obstructed by the bird's body, be an advantage, and if so, xohat diameter should
the hole be and where should it be located in each room? A. No, when the
holes are made 2 inches or more in diameter the martins get Ught enough
when they look in, so there is no need for an extra hole. If it is much less,
they are not likely to use the house, as they cannot see in, and they seem
to be afraid of a dark hole. (See page 91 in regard to martins and
starUngs.)

8. Q. Which is the best, a continuous alighting board or shelf extending
entirely around the house, one for each story, or individual shelves for each
entrance? A. I believe that this is immaterial, except that the continuous
shelf is more likely to prevent the young birds from falhng out.

9. Q. Should these shelves be flush with the bottom of the entrance hole or
below it; if below it, how far? A. Have them flush with the bottom of the
entrance.

10. Q. Should the bottom of the entrance hole be flush with the floor of each
room inside or above it; if above, how far? A. Have it flush ■with the floor.
It is then easy to clean out, and the birds like it just as well.

11. Q. How far from the house shoxdd the alighting shelves extend? A.
Three inches will do.

12. Q. Is there any choice in color for a martin house? A. White is best
because it does not "draw the heat".

13. Q. Would decoy birds carved from ivood and painted to resemble mar-
tins serve to attract the birds? A. So far as I know, this never has been
tried.

14. Q. Would an auxiliary roof placed above the house in the manner of
a fly over a tent, and for the same purpose, to shade and cool the house, be an
advantage? A. Yes, but I have not known any one to try it.

15. Q. Is it possible to prevent the English sparrows from entering a martin

PLATE Vm.

m ^. **

9
P

Contents of the Chop of a Bobwhite.

Tlie hint was killed by a mowing machine. The crop contained 46 Colorado potato

beetles and 250 weed seeds. (Original photograph.)

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. 101

house and yet allow the martins to do so? A. It may be if the entrance holes
are closed up until the martins come; then open them. The young martins
which occupy the new boxes generally do not come until May, — perhaps
late in May, sometimes in June. The sparrows ordinarilj'' will have built
their nests before that time. In any case they "will have a fair fight for
the boxes, and the sparrows will not have a chance to get the hole fuU of
nesting material before the martins come.

16. Q. Do you know of any successful trap or method for exterminating
the English sparrow? A. A trap invented by Dr. Fisher, of the Bureau of
Biological Survey, Department of Agriculture, Washington, District of
Columbia, has been quite successful, and there are some others. Poison-
ing will work well also in the winter. I assume that you are familiar with
the Biological Survey Bulletins, in which these methods are described
(also with Circular 48 of the State Board of Agriculture) .

17. Q. Can the interior of a martin house he treated in any manner to give
it the appearance of age or as though it had been previously occupied? A.
Sometimes the wood is rubbed with mud, but I am not sure that this is
any advantage.

18. Q. Would a coat or two of Portland cement on the interior surface of
each room do so? A. I would not use it; it would make the house too
heavy.

19. Q. Is it an advantage to arrange a house so that it can be lowered and
opened for cleaning each year? A. By all means do so.

20. Q. Of what material is a marthi's nest composed? A. Martins use
straw, feathers, etc., sometimes leaves, and usually in this region they
get quite a little mud to work into the nest.

21. Q. Would a vane upon the top of the house he objectionable, and if so,
why? A. It might be, if it moved very much, as martins like to perch
on top of a house, and do not care for a movable perch.

22. Q. Would perching poles or wires attached to the house be an advantage,
and if so, what diameter wire should be used, or tvhat should he the sectional
shape of the pole? A. No advantage whatever; any shape you wish.

23. Q. How near to a house, barn or other building can a martin house be
placed? A. I never saw one occupied which was less than 20 feet from
a building. They should not be very near buildings or large trees.

24. Q. At what time in the spring do the martins arrive in the vicinity of
Springfield, Massachusetts? A. Sometimes the old martins, which come
early and nest early, come in by the 6th or 8th of April, but this is un-
usual. Often martins are here by the 20th, but yearling birds come later.

25. Q. Do martins show any preference for any particular side of a house
in nesting, either north, south, east or west? A. They often make use of the
compartments on the north side of the house last.

26. Q. Do they prefer a house on either high or low ground? A. Low,
rather open ground is preferred to high or wooded land, but they some-
times nest on high ground. A broad river valley is a good place for
martins.

102 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

27. Q. Is a wind break of either trees or buildings of any advantage?
A. I have no doubt that such a wind break would be of advantage on
the north side, but not too near, and framed in such a way as to keep out
the northeast, north and northwest winds. Whenever martins die of cold
storms those in the rooms on the north side of the house die first.

28. Q. Are martins subject to the attacks of insect vermin of any kind, and
if so, what is the best preventive^ A. Yes, they are subject to the attacks
of parasites, which sometimes swarm. Powdered sulphur or fresh dal-
matian or pyrethrum powder used in the rooms will kill such insects.

29. Q. Are martins attacked by hawks, owls or other birds of prey? A.
Martins rarely are attacked by hawks, and I think not much by owls,
provided the entrance holes are not over 2 inches in diameter. I am not
sure how small a hole screech owls can gef into ; they sometimes reach in
and pull out young birds. A colony of martins will drive off hawks.

30. Q. What is the best manner of protecting the house from cats, squirrels,
etc.? A. A smooth band of zinc at least 3 feet wide, tacked on very care-
fully, well up on the pole, probably will answer the requirements.

31. (This question did not refer to martins.)

32. Q. Do you think of any other desirable features to embody in the con"
struction of a martin house, not included in these questions? If so, please
give it. A. If a door could be made to open from each compartment it
would be an advantage in cleaning out the house.

The Distribution of Birds.
The State Ornithologist is required by law to investigate the
distribution of the birds of the State. During the last five
years this line of investigation has been followed, and many
notes have been made, with the object of publishing a full list
of the birds of the Commonwealth and of mapping their dis-
tribution as accurately as possible. The office will welcome
any information on this subject, particularly during the breed-
ing season. It will take some years more and much voluntary
assistance to get together material for a full and authoritative
paper.

Benefits conferred by Birds.
Robin.
In 1914, on a portion of three sections of a cranberry bog on
my place at Wareham, nearly every plant was killed by the
white grub of a May beetle (Lachnosterna) which destroyed all
the roots. As this insect, which remains for several years in
the soil, is diflficult to control on a cranberry bog, it was con-

PLATE IX.

Work of the Destroyer.

Robin's nest knocked down by an Italian and the feathers of two young birds wliich^were
taken from it and plucked for the pot. (Original photograph.)

ROBIXS S.VVED THESE CraNBERHY ViXES BY DESTROYIXG WhITE GrUBS.

The vines in the foreground were set to replace those destroyed in 1914. In 1915 the birds got
practically all the grubs. (Original photograph.) (See page 102.)

Xo. 4.] REPORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. 103

eluded to reset the tract with new vines in 1915 and see what
happened. The vines were set and almost immediately num-
bers of robins were seen at work upon the tract. They dug
into the sand with their beaks and pulled out the grubs. In
a few cases the roots of the vines were cut off by the grubs,
and these vines the robins pulled up, discarded and dug out
the grubs. The robins worked so diligently that practically
no grubs escaped. A few that had come to maturity emerged
from the sand as beetles and disappeared, but apparently the
birds got all the rest, and as a result the vines set this year
nearly all survived. No other bird except the robin w^as seen
to attack these grubs, though others may have done so.

Cedar Waxwings.

J. M. Stone of Greenwich, Massachusetts, whites that he
has succeeded in attracting cedar waxwings, and that they
stay through the year. He puis out cotton string, tears up
cotton cloth for them for nesting material and keeps w^ater out
for them. They have kept down the elm-leaf beetle to a con-
siderable extent. He has seen them prejdng on the beetles by
the hundred. Sometimes 20 or 30 birds alight on a limb and
stay there five or ten minutes, and they keep going through
the trees taking the beetles from the limbs and leaves.

This note corroborates the observations of others, some of
which have been recorded in previous reports, and all of which
go to show that the cedar waxwing or cherry bird is very
destructive to the elm-leaf beetle.

Red-eyed Vireo.

William R. Lord of Dover reports two trees cleared of the

gypsy moth by a family of red-eyed vireos. The process was

carefully watched by him personally. Jays, cuckoos, orioles,

robins and some other species are equally useful in this respect.

Injurious Local Habits of Birds.
Birds which generally are beneficial sometimes become in-
jurious locally, either from peculiar local conditions or by
acquired habits.

104 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Purple Martins.
Dr. B. H. Warren writes me from West Chester, Pennsyl-
vania, that purple martins there pluck green leaves from pear
trees and sometimes from sour cherry trees, and use these
leaves for nest building. He has a colony of about 40 birds
in a house of 24 rooms, and they have stripped two branches
of a pear tree so that they are noticeably bare. This habit
probably is a local one, as I have never seen a notice of it
anywhere or noted it in Massachusetts.

Robins.
Wilfrid Wheeler, secretary of the Massachusetts State Board
of Agriculture, complains that in the fall of this year robins
mutilated and ruined many of his grapes at Concord. I have
not heard of this habit elsewhere, and my own grapes were
untouched, although robins were numerous in September.

Warblers.

During the past two seasons the Cape May warbler has been
seen to peck and ruin grapes in several localities, and Dr. War-
ren writes me that the Tennessee warbler also has this habit,
and that he recently took one in Pennsylvania that was eating
a ripe seckel pear hanging on a tree. These birds, however,
are so rare in Massachusetts that any injury they may do here
will never be noticeable, and probably it is not very serious
anywhere.

Starlings.

Complaints continue to come in to the effect that starlings
destroy apples and pears as well as cherries.

Ruffed Grouse.
Victor Asp writes to know what can be done when the ruffed
grouse eats the leaf buds of the apple trees in the winter. My
experience has been that such destrux2tion of leaf buds, which also
includes fruit buds, makes for the production of better fruit.
It usually results in a mere thinning of buds, which tends
toward fewer leaves and fewer but larger apples, and rather

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. 105

increases the value of the crop by causing the production of
large, highly colored apples. Too much of this budding on a
single tree would be injurious, but I have never seen such a
case.

Purple Finch.
Similar complaint comes from New Jersey' about a small
bird. On INIarch 22 the following from a New York daily
paper was sent me by Alfred Ela of Boston. It is quoted in
full to show how the injury was exaggerated: —

A New Terror for Jersey.

Strange Brown Bird is eating up Peach Trees at Alarming Rate.

Egg HL^rbor, New Jersej'^, March 18. — Farmers in this vicinity are

greatly agitated over the appearance here of a reddish brown bird, about

the size of a sparrow, which is ferociously devouring the fruit buds from

the trees in the large peach orchards.

The bird, which has a small, stout, broad bill, attacks the limbs in the
same manner as a woodpecker works his way into a tree for worms.

A letter to B. S. Bowdish, secretary of the New Jersey
Audubon Society, resulted not only in fixing the identity of
the bird (purple finch), but also secured a chance to examine
the stomachs of two. The birds had been shot by a New Jer-
sey fruit grower. The contents of the stomachs were as fol-
lows : —

No. 1, male: —
A trace of sand.

Vegetable fiber, possibly that of buds, about 25 per cent.
Weed seeds, about 75 per cent.

No. 2, female: —
Sand, 20 per cent.
Vegetable fiber, 10 per cent.
Weed seed, 70 per cent.

The weed seeds had been broken by the birds' bills and
ground into fragments in their powerful stomachs. The ma-
jority of the fragments of seed seemed to be those of the large
smartweed {Polygonum yennsylvanicum) , and were so identified
by Orton L. Clark of the Department of Vegetable Pathology
and Physiology at the Massachusetts Agricultural College.

106 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

W. L. McAtee of the Biological Survey, Department of Agri-
culture, at Washington, confirmed this and identified the other
fragments as those of the seed of ragweed (Ambrosia artemisii-
folia). The contents of these two stomachs seemed to show
that the birds were eating far more weed seeds than buds, but
Mr, Bowdish wrote that they were numerous in that section
of New Jersey, and were mischievous in bud destruction at
times. It is well known that this species destroys both buds
and blossoms of fruit trees, but probably in its usual numbers
this only results in a wholesome thinning. Some damage may
have been done in New Jersey, but recent information proves
that the peach crop in that region has been the heaviest in
years.

Crow (?)

The experience that follows is so unusual and its results so
unique and unlocked for that it is presented without drawing
any conclusion or offering any opinion.

Last year I received a complaint from D. M. Rogers, who
is in charge of the government work on the gypsy moth, that
some kind of a bird was injuring and destroying his young
fruit trees. He has an orchard of about 35 acres in Billerica.

I went there and examined the trees, but as the injury had
ceased for the year, concluded that nothing could be done then,
and asked him to notify me whenever it began again. Early
in May he said that the trouble had begun. I went there and
stayed one day looking over the trees and examining all the
surroundings, and concluded that there was no possible cause
for it except woodchucks, as there was a woodchuck's hole near
almost ever}^ injured tree. The bark had been gnawed about
the trunks. Each tree had been surrounded with cellar wire
netting to prevent mice from gnawing the bark, and the animal,
whatever it was, had climbed up on the netting and gnawed the
bark above it. I advised the use of carbon disulphide; poison
was also used, and apparently this disposed of nearly all the
woodchucks.

On May 27, however, he called again, saying that the injury
continued, and that whatever made the trouble had eaten the
leaves of the plum and cherry trees, particularly the plum
trees, sometimes even going out to the ends of the branches.

No. 4.] REPORT OF STATE ORNITHOLOGIST. 107

I went there with one of my sons and we examined the
place. There appeared to be a new sort of injury. The trees
looked at first sight as if the bark had been pecked off by a
bird, and branches had been denuded of their leaves, which
had been eaten or carried away. Evidently something had
been feeding upon both bark and foliage. Mrs. Rogers be-
lieved that crows had caused the injury and that she saw one
in the act. I examined the trees with the glass and satisfied
myself that neither woodchucks nor crows could have inflicted
the injury. The small branches had been bitten by some mam-
mal, and the marks of canine teeth showed on both sides of
the limbs, where they had bitten into the wood. Small twigs
were broken down and in some cases small branches.

My son was detailed to watch, which he did for a large part
of two days. He climbed a tree on the edge of the woods,
where he could overlook about 30 acres. He saw a mink come
from the woods, go to a tree, climb it and eat off the leaves
on one branch, and later it went to another tree and went
through the same operation. It was beyond gunshot, and
when he began to get down from the tree the creature made
for the woods and went into a hole under the wall.

When questioned, he was sure that the animal was a mink.
It was the size and color of a mink, and was not white below
like a weazel. It certainly was not a porcupine or a wood-
chuck. AVith all of these animals he is familiar. When I first
found wolves feeding on berries I was surprised. I am still
more surprised at this report. I can find no other evidence
that minks eat vegetable matter, but it is probable that no
land "mammal is strictly carnivorous.

Since that time, so Mr. Rogers informs me, the animal has
been seen, but no one has yet been able to trap or shoot it.

To PROTECT Cherries from Birds.

It is a well-known fact that a few species of birds sometimes
do considerable injury to cherries and occasionally to other
small fruits.

The Bryantville (Massachusetts) "News" of August 19, 1915,
contains the following: —

108 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P.D. No.4.

Two Methods of keeping Birds away from Berries and Cherries.

(1) Get some pieces of bright tin and so hang them that they'll flap
in the wind against a pole; 10 by 12 inches is a good size; punch a hole
near the edge for the string. (2) Tie a cord to a potato, stick it full of
large feathers, and hang it where it will sway in the wind over the fruit
to be protected; make a number of these if one is not sufficient.

This looks promising, but wdiat shall we do in the early
morning or at night when there is no wind? However, the
above may be worth trying, and I trust that some reader who
is troubled by too many birds in his cherry trees will experi-
ment and report the result. This office will continue to experi-
ment with all promising methods of protecting fruit from birds,
and will publish the results.

There are many details of the work of the office and the
field work which might be embodied in this report, but it has
been deemed better to give to the public in these papers such
useful information as is obtained during the work of each year,
rather than to publish details of matters of study and work
which are neither interesting nor useful to the general public.

Respectfully submitted,

EDWARD HOWE FORBUSH,

State Ornithologist.

SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT

State Inspector of Apiaries.

Presented to the Board and Accepted,
December 8, 1915.

SIXTH ANNUAL KEPOKT OF THE STATE INSPECTOR OF

.DIARIES.

To tJie Honorable State Board of Agricidture.

The close of the fiscal year of 1915 reveals an improvement
in apiary conditions and sanitation throughout ^Massachusetts.
AVhat is probably a deep-rooted infection in the southeastern
part of the State is being treated, and by the end of another
year should be relatively under control. Late in the season an
isolated report came from Cape Cod, and during the coming
season an infection may be found in that hitherto healthy dis-
trict. It is hoped that the report is without foundation, but if
an infection has occurred, it is probably through the purchase
of diseased stock. The probabilities are that its distribution is
limited.

There has been but one change in the staff of the inspection
service. The following appointments as deputy apiary in-
spectors were ratified by the State Board of Agriculture June
9: O. F. Fuller, Blackstone, Edwards Thome, Worcester, and
Gladstone H. Cale, Middleton. Mr. Cale's appointment
filled the vacancy left by John Shaughnessy of Stockbridge,
who resigned June 5. This resignation unfortunately left
Berkshire County without a deputy inspector, but, as has
been previously reported, the subjugation of bee diseases in
that locality has been marked.

A circular inquiring into the condition of apiaries was sent
to Berkshire County immediately after the receipt of ]\Ir.
Shaughnessj-'s resignation. A high percentage of returns was
received. They showed that the beekeepers had examined their
colonies, and in most instances found no trace of disease. This
letter of inquiry led to the discovery of a few suspicious cases
of disease, and enabled the office to attend to these at once.

112

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

The apparent status in Berkshire County is comparable to that
reported last year.

In a large sense, the results of the inspection work this season
have not differed materially from that of last year. The tabu-
lation of the inspectors' reports shows approximately the same
ratio of new beekeepers, as well as a similar number who have
given up the work. It was anticipated, however, since 1915 was
a 5'ear of swarming, — as bees swarmed early and continued
their inclination late, — that more stray swarms would be
picked up, and consequently more new beekeepers would result.
It may be that the work of next season will confirm this
expectation.

Winter Loss.

By the returns to this office, it is possible to calculate the
percentage of mortality during the last winter. There were
reported among 847 apiaries 4,390 colonies last fall. This
number had fallen off in the spring to 3,554 colonies, or a
mortality of 836 colonies, which is equivalent to 19 per cent
mortality, or winter loss. Comparatively, bees wintered more
successfully during the past winter than during the previous
one. With additional precaution in the preparation of bees for
winter and their care, this mortality should be materially
reduced. The beekeeper's attention is therefore being directed
to the results of the investigations of the Federal Department
of Agriculture, to promote the efficiency of wintering. A bulle-
tin on this subject is being sent to the entire mailing list of
beekeepers.

Table 1. — Comparison of Winter Losses.

Number of Colonies.

Year.

Fall Count.

Winter Loss.

Spring Count.

1911-12

5,199

2,080, or 40 per cent.i

3,119

1912-13

4,347

753, or 17'per cent.

3,594

1913-14

4,2102

1,081, or25percent.2

3,1292

1914-15

4,390 «

836, or 19 per cent.'

3,554 »

» In 756 apiaries.

= In 729 apiaries.

' In 847 apiaries.

Xo. 4.] STATE INSPECTOR OF APIARIES. 113

Southeastern Massachusetts.

The locality in the southeastern part of the State reported
last year as probably seriously infected has been carefully
worked during the past season, requiring the attention of one
of the inspectors. Although diseases had apparently gained
a firm footing, the territory is being brought under control.
As the work progresses, the beekeepers see that it is more and
more to their interest to resort, if necessary, to the early
destruction of the infected colonies. But very few colonies
have been destroyed; these were largely weaklings not in
condition for successful treatment.

Sacbrood.

Sacbrood continues to be found in a small percentage of the
colonies of the State. The figures of the last three years' in-
spection indicate that between 7 and 9 per cent of the colonies
of the State are infected with sacbrood. The figures might be
interpreted to mean an increase in the prevalence of this
infection, but it should be realized that this disease is more
readih' recognized and understood to-day than heretofore.

The writer, however, found what should be considered as
seriously infected colonies. The indications are that the infec-
tion had continued in these apiaries for a number of years in a
prevalent form. In order to procure accurate figures, counts
were made of the diseased larvse, healthy larvae, eggs and cells
of pollen, and from these figures it has been possible to obtain
the per cent of diseased larvae in a given number of cells. I
present three cases for consideration : —

Case 1, June 24, 1915. — A comb from a badly infected
colony, judged by close examination, was selected. A block of
brood cells was marked off at random on this comb (18 cells
one way and 25 cells the other), and it contained 450 cells
by count. One hundred and twenty-five sacbrood scales and
larvae were found. Thus there was about 25 per cent plus of
brood in this block infected with sacbrood.

Case 2, June 24, 1915. — The comb used in this case was the
reverse of Case 1. A block of 585 cells was selected at random

114 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

(13 one way and 45 the other); of these, something more than
50 cells were sacbrood, or about 8 per cent.

These two cases show a variation of infection within a colony
and even within a given comb. The next case is more detailed.

Case 3, June 29, 1915.— \ block of cells 20 by 40, or in all
800 cells, was selected from the center of the brood nest of the
colony.

Table 2. — The Ratio of Sacbrood to Normal Brood in a Colony.

Total number of cells, 800

Number of empty cells or cells with honey, 98

Balance, cells of brood, 702

Cells of healthy larvae, or eggs, 330

CeUs of sacbrood, 372

Thus 53 per cent of the brood in this block was infected with
sacbrood.

These figures show emphatically how disastrous sacbrood
may be to a colony. It should not be allowed to continue.
The inspectors have emphasized the treatment of this disease
along with the disease known as foul brood, because beekeepers
are inclined to neglect considering sacbrood as a hindrance to
the prosperity of their apiaries.

Bee Disease Investigations.

The apiary inspection will materially benefit, it is hoped, by
the investigations in bee diseases, particularly European foul
brood, which are to be carried on by the experiment station.
The experiment station appointed Arnold P. Sturtevant to
its staff, beginning July 1, 1915. He has already made con-
siderable progress in the study of bee diseases, and it is hoped
that marked results will be forthcoming. Mr. Sturtevant is in
close co-operation with the State Inspector of Apiaries and the
beekeeping work at the Massachusetts Agricultural College.
His investigations in the pathology of bees are carried on in
the department of veterinary science.

Fig. 1.^ An ill-kept apiary. Baes ik-l-J aUfuiiuu and o;ue. In nenU-ried .\ard.s diseases may
bscome rooted unknown to the owner. This apiary might serve as a source of infection to
a healthy, well-kept yard in the locality. (By Wesley Foster. )

Fig. 2. — These colonies do not want for care; diseases are not likely to get ahead of this bee-
keeper. Light shade is desirable in the apiary in midsummer. Rubbish, long grass and
weeds about the hives are unnecessary. (By Wesley Foster, and "Country Life in America.")

No. 4.] STx\TE INSPECTOR OF APIARIES.

115

Other Details of the Season.

A summary statement of the season's work can be more
concisely formulated in a table (Table 3).

Table 3.—

Inspection Details for 1915

Euro-
pean Foul
Brood.

Ameri-
can Foul
Brood.

Sac-
brood.

Exam-
ined.

Quaran-
tined.

De-
stroyed
by In-
spector.

Number of apiaries, .
Number of colonies, .

189
431

36

104

44

3,895

225

17

Beekeepers' names taken from the files or discontinued, . . . 236

New names, 475

Unhygienic apiaries (not diseased), 326

Number of apiaries quarantined, 225

Number of releases, 141

The activities of the season, while the showing for the amount
of work done is good, have been seriously handicapped by the
prevalence of rainy weather. It will be recalled that the sum-
mer of 1915 was unusually moist, the rainfall for June and
July being at least twice normal, and hence handicapped the
efforts of the inspectors. It was also a handicap to the bee-
keepers in the treatment of diseased colonies. Oftentimes bee-
keepers were obliged to wait until the weather cleared before
they treated, thereby causing a delay which was not always
desirable.

It sometimes seems to inspectors as though the beekeepers
were becoming dependent, and were too frequently requesting
calls by the inspectors. Upon reflection, however, this is not
the case, but it is indicative perhaps of the interest which the
beekeepers take in the work. It is not only requested by the
beekeepers, but it is desirable, from the inspectors' standpoint,
to be able to make more than one call at many apiaries through-
out the State. Provisions for this kind of inspection work
have been previously mentioned, and by vote of the State
Board of Agriculture a request for additional funds was made

116 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

to the last Legislature. Unfortunately, no increase was
granted. The inspector, however, renews this request, and
asks the State Board of Agriculture to approve the petition.
The request, moreover, is emphatically supported by the bee-
keepers. It should be borne in mind that we are working
toward a relatively disease-free State, which can be accom-
plished only by the most systematic and persistent efforts.
The inspectors should be encouraged in every way which will
make for efficiency.

The Problem of Spray Poisons and Beekeeping.

For several seasons past the inspector, as well as the secre-
tary of the State Board of Agriculture, has listened to alleged
losses of beekeepers through the injudicious use of spray
poisons. The alleged losses of bees from this cause are not
confined to Massachusetts. It has become an economic factor;
apparently one remedy would lie in proper educational propa-
ganda. At a series of legislative conferences held at the State
House, the beekeepers' societies have been represented, and
have decided to conduct an educational campaign to teach the
vital relation between the bee and fruit. A special appropria-
tion has been asked for, and, if procured, will be used under
the direction of your inspector.

A previous report concerning the regulation of spraying
practices has been made.^ The writer has prepared a summary
of new data which have been collected by the inspectors and
from other sources. This is presented as Appendix I. of this
report.

Miscellaneous Work.
Publications. — The publications of the United States De-
partment of Agriculture have been sent out or distributed in
large numbers, particularly those relating to bee diseases.
Some of the new publications of that department have been
sent to the entire mailing list, through the courtesy of Repre-
sentative F. H. Gillett. A new Farmers' Bulletin, No. 695,
entitled the "Outdoor Wintering of Bees," just issued, is about
to be mailed.

> Apiaiy series, Bulletin No. 7, Appendix IL

No. 4.] STATE INSPECTOR OF APIARIES. 117

Bulletin No. 9, entitled "Fifth Annual Report of the State
Inspector of Apiaries for 1914," has been added to the apiary
inspection series of this Board.

Meetings. — A local emergency meeting, similar to that re-
ported for 1913, was held in Acushnet on August 30, where, as
is explained elsewhere, there is a general infection. The in-
spector has also lectured, as usual, before a considerable number
of beekeepers' associations, conventions and granges, and dem-
onstrated before numerous organizations, notably: January
19 to 21, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Canada; five
lectures, March 27, April 3, 10, 17, 24, Boston Chamber of
Commerce; June 10, field meeting, Massachusetts State Board
of Agriculture, Leominster. He has also demonstrated at the
field da^'^s of the several local beekeepers' associations, besides
lecturing at some of their regular meetings.

It was reported in 1914 that the beekeeping demonstrational
equipment of the Massachusetts Agricultural College at the
agricultural fairs of the State had been a success. This equip-
ment, enlarged and perfected, was shown at Worcester, Clinton
and Great Barrington during the past fall. It was discovered
that the beekeeping tent had become, more than had been
anticipated, a feature of the fair and a rendezvous for bee-
keepers, some spending hours in consultation. Since the writer
believes in and maintains the unity of the beekeeping work of
the State, and while this display is essentially one of the Massa-
chusetts Agricultural College, the interests of the State Board
of Agriculture have not been neglected. The inspection work
benefits decidedly by these exhibits; hence it is the writer hopes
that the State Board of Agriculture will apportion a certain
amount of money to prepare demonstrational material relat-
ing to bee diseases, thereby representing the work in bee-
keeping of this Board. It is further proposed to add to the
display sign of the tent the name of the State Board of Agri-
culture, so that in j^ears to come the tent may represent the
beekeeping work of this Board on a similar basis with that of
the college.

It should be added that the writer on a trip through New
York State, in talking with some of the New York State in-
spectors, finds that State provides demonstrations concerning

118 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

bee diseases and their treatment. They have developed a com-
pact, portable demonstrational equipment, which might vrell
be the basis for similar demonstrations in Massachusetts.

Financial Statement, November 30, 1915.

Appropriation, $2,000 00

Services of inspectors, $1,035 00

Traveling and necessary expenses, . . . 734 89

Postage, 23 27

Printing and office supplies, 96 98

Stenographic and clerical ser^^ces, . . . 114 43

2,004 57

Overdraft, $4 57

Respectfully submitted,

BURTON N. GATES,

State Inspector of Apiaries.
December 8, 1915.

No. 4.] STATE INSPECTOR OF APIARIES. 119

Appendix I,

SPRAYING VERSUS BEEKEEPING.

As a preliminary report on the problem of spraying v. bee-
keeping, the State Inspector of Apiaries presented ^ "An Inquiry
into the Spraying Laws of North America in their Relation to
Beekeeping Interests."

During the seasons of 1914 and 1915, the beekeepers have be-
come much concerned over this question. Numerous complaints
have come to the inspector, as well as appeals for assistance
to the secretary of the State Board of Agriculture. Appeals
have been made to see if by persuasion, by education, or by
law, certain fruit growers or contracting sprayers could be pre-
vented from spraying orchards in full bloom. The inspectors,
too, have found in their visits to the beekeepers that colonies
and apiaries were depleted, run out or ruined for the season
through what is termed "spray poisoning." Considerable data
both from the inspectors and by correspondence are available.
Samples of dead bees, collected by the inspectors or furnished
by the beekeepers, have been analyzed chemically. Moreover,
with the advance of intensive spray practices, the alleged poison-
ing of bees is becoming noticeable in other States. In a word,
it is now an economic factor affecting the beekeeping industry.
Thus it would seem desirable to make an additional report of
the data gathered, as a further guide in the problem of spraying
V. beekeeping.

It is the particular aim of this report to point out conditions
and suggestions as they have occurred, rather than to attempt
to express judgment on policies. Many of the suggestions made
are pertinent to a possible alleviation of the burden which bee-

> Gates, Burton N., 1914: Fourth annual report of the Inspector of Apiaries, January 14, 1914,
Apiary Inspection Bulletin No. 7, Appendix II., pp. 13-10.

120 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

keepers have to bear. The sympathy of those interested in
promoting beekeeping cannot help but be aroused when an
appeal is received from a practical apiarist, with some forty
colonies of bees, who, in a brief, pointed letter, seeks assistance,
explaining that "an orchard near me was sprayed Saturday,
May 15, 1915, with some trees in full bloom. Now I have my
bees all dying." The letter was written two days after the trees
were sprayed.

Complaints from Massachusetts of Damages alleged as
Result of Indiscriminate or Injudicious Spraying.

From year to year there are increasing losses of bees alleged
to be due to poison derived from spray materials. This is often
coupled with suspected brood diseases of bees, and hence is
constantly coming to the attention of the inspectors.

The inspector's policy has usually been to presume first that
a certain proportion of the complaints result from an inade-
quate understanding of the brood diseases. Yet, in some
instances, losses and depletion of colonies are reported without
the brood of the colonies being affected. On the contrary, the
adult bees (which in America are not considered subject to
disease now recognized, excepting paralysis and dysentery) are
killed in numbers. Such reports must then be regarded as the
result of disaster other than that from brood diseases, especially
as the symptoms correspond with those repeatedly mentioned
in cases of supposed poisoning. Characteristic of the symptoms
and conditions prevailing in regions where alleged poisoning
occurs is a quotation from a letter (June, 1914, Gleasondale) : —

The noticeable thing about my bees is that for some reason or other
they have dwindled in nmnbers and have no inclinations to swarm. Others
in my neighborhood have the same experience, attributing it to poison
from spraying.

Brood disease might also be inferred from such a statement
by itself, but the context usually is as follows : —

About the 15th of May [North Andover] I noticed the ground in front
of one of my colonies covered with dead and dying bees. Upon examina-
tion I found some of the bees were alive; now and then one would try to

No. 4.] STATE INSPECTOR OF APIARIES. 121

flj', but would hardly lift herself from the groimd. I at first thought that
they were chilled. I cleaned up a cupful of them and took them into the
house, but found they died. This continued for a number of days, until
I had lost nearl}^ the whole colon3^ After talking with other beekeepers
I concluded that thej' had been poisoned, as I feared might be the case.
Our tree warden . . . had been spraying fruit trees, that xoere in full bloom,
all about me, so I hardly expected to escape. . . .

A similar appeal came on May 22, 1914, from Mansfield.
Later, June 8, the same beekeeper wrote: "We have not found
any dead bees since the spraying." The disasters occur, as
dates of observations indicate, simultaneously with spraying,
while trees are in full bloom. .

Indicative of the disaster sustained during the spraying
season, on July 6, 1914, a significant report was received from
West Roxbury, explaining "disastrous results among my bees
due to tree spraying, referring not alone to fruit tree spraying.
. . . Three of my friends who keep bees have had the same
results. One of them last spring [1913] had 5 or 6 colonies, all
of which were completely destroyed but one, which, though
very weak, survived." He further explained that in the spring
of 1914 the colony had revived and was strong, but again
"dwindled down to a handful of bees." He expects to lose
it, he added.

A sequel to the spring disasters, typified b}^ the above quo-
tations, is expressed by the West Roxbury correspondent.
"You will notice that in the latter part of August the bees
(if they have carried through the §ummer) begin to build up
their colonies w-ell; this is due I think to the summer rains and
storms w^hich wash off large amounts of the poison. Also
plant lice begin to disappear about this time." The observa-
tion is probably correct. After the period of disaster commonly
noticed during the weeks of spraying, if there are any bees
left and the forage conditions remain favorable, colonies re-
cover by fall. But all bee men recognize that this is of little
advantage. The harvests have been lost, and as one beekeeper
says, what is the use of building up the remnants, for "next
year will not the same trouble be with us?" Indeed, it must
be conceded that such a succession of experiences is discourag-
ing, to put it mildly. In successive years such conditions may

122 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

become a decided check to the promotion of beekeeping in-
terests, even if it does not entirely destroy the industry in
certain locaHties.

Misuse of Sprays by Contractors.

In business, ambition is admirable, yet there is such a thing
as too much zeal. Complaint is general that the contracting
sprayman is not too discriminating, in his efforts to complete
his work, as to what trees and when he sprays. One bee-
keeper speaks of "contractors who want to spray every day,
regardless of conditions."

It is also suggested that injustice to the fruit tree owner may
often result from the contractor who sprays in full bloom, in
that the sexual organs of the flowers may be injured. More-
over, these early applications doubtless are of slight service in
reaching the codling moth, as is emphasized elsewhere.

It has been further suggested that in justice to the beekeeper,
fruit owner and contractor the contracting sprayman should be
licensed, it being argued that thereby some status would be
accorded him. It should tend, moreover, to control both the
grade of his spraying formulae and practices.

Case of Error by Spraying Contractor.

"Mr. S. had his trees sprayed with poison the day before I
wrote you [May 20, 1914]. He hired this party to spray
earlier, as we did, but for some reason the contractor didn't
get around to do it. We canceled our order, when he did not
come in time." The contracting sprayer referred to was re-
ported as spraying the apple orchards when "the trees were
heavy with blossoms and the bees working them," and the bee-
keeper commented, ''It does seem as though he ought to be
prevented from doing it," whereupon he appealed to the secre-
tary of the State Board of Agriculture and the State Inspector
of Apiaries.

From Waltham, May 24, 1914, a similar appeal came: —

Year before last my colonies were practically wiped out, and not until
this spring were they built up to any degree. Now my bees are in fair
condition. A man who takes contracts to spray has done so to two or-
chards [in bloom] in my neighborhood. As a beekeeper I address you

No. 4.] STATE INSPECTOR OF APIARIES. 123

[the secretary' of agriculture] on tliis subject of interest to hundreds of
beekeepers of this Commonwealth. Cd,n you tell me if there is any legis-
lation contemplated to do away with this injustice?

Co-operation of the Manufacturers of Insecticddes.

In this connection, in an effort to educate the user of spraying
materials, it is suggested that the co-operation of the makers
of poisons, the dealers in insecticides and apparatus be in-
terested in the protection of bees. The originator of this sug-
gestion says that if a farmer uses a brand of " poison while the
trees are in bloom and gets no results, no fruit, he'll blame the
poison," not his practice. May there not be hope of utilizing
this argument with the manufacturers of poison, to the end of
their issuing warning tables and instructions? "!\Iake it prom-
inent," the writer says, "with the 'skull and crossbones' if
necessary, and words to this effect. Do not spray anything in
blossom." Some makers are advising against spraying trees in
bloom, but as the gentleman says, "it is small type and does
not show. One has to hunt for it." Thus here is some evi-
dence of the possible utilization of the gentleman's suggestions.

The waiter has consulted with spray material manufacturers,
who show their readiness to co-operate in the interests of bee-
keepers. But there is yet a question of just what is to be done.
It is hoped that some enterprising manufacturer w411 blaze the
trail.

Further Reports from Massachusetts.

Newton.
In 1910 the writer received an urgent call from the bee-
keepers of Newton, who alleged that probably spray poisons
had caused them greater losses than diseases. An extended
search for diseases was made; samples of any suspicious brood
were sent to Washington for diagnosis. The report on each
sample was negative, yet the total destruction of colonies and
apiaries in the town was general. At that time, however, it
was usually contended that arsenical poisons of spray mixtures
were not harmful to bees, and therefore some other cause was
sought. The beekeepers, however, were satisfied that poison
was the cause of this trouble. A beekeeper who is a phar-
macist had made the Marsh test for arsenic on honey, with a

124 BOARD OF AGRICULTLTIE. [Pub. Doc.

positive reaction; by another, bees had been observed sucking
at the spray mixture on the leaves of some shrubs adjacent
to sprayed trees. The writer found practically all colonies in
Newton Center killed outright or almost hopelessly reduced in
size. In some instances the entire apiaries were lost, and only
infestations of bee moths remained in the depopulated hives.
Honey bees were gone from Newton Center.

Credit is due to Mr. William Hahn for his keen and dis-
criminating obsen'ations, by which he was able to report on
August 16, 1910, that he was com-inced that poison and not
bee diseases had "practically exterminated or so enfeebled most
of our colonies as to make them worthless." His observations
are quoted elsewhere under " Symptoms of Alleged Poisoning."
From the same town came a report the next year : —

If you want to see what the poison is doing to the bees, now is the time
to come out here. I had a man report to me to-day that up to a week
ago everj'thing was going finely. To-day the grass for 20 feet around his
hives is strewn with the dead or d>-ing. They started sprajing [shade
trees] here about a week ago. . . . There are only a few colonies left in
this neighborhood. At this rate I think this year will clean them up.
(Newton Center, June 11, 1911.)

Apparently in 1914 the conditions alleged had not materially
improved in Newton. The inspector reported this year and
last numerous complaints of losses, discouragement and dis-
continued beekeeping. "I would keep more bees," said one,
"if I could, and not have them poisoned." "The old bees died
faster than the young can be hatched in 1913. They were all
right until about two weeks after spraying. I would like to
keep bees again if it were not for the poisoning," is the report
in 1914 of another.

Essex County.
This county has, especially in the vicinity of Rowley, reported
severe losses for several consecutive years. On June 17, 1913,
a veteran beekeeper of thirty-five years' experience writes:
"Many cases of trouble have been turned over to me, and I
have helped when I could. ... I can show you an apiars' run-
ning 3 to 16 colonies which has dwindled to practically
nothing." The inspectors have watched this territory, and

No. 4.] STATE INSPECTOR OF APL\RIES. 125

have not found the alleged losses complicated with disease.
"The loss is steady, and yesterday I gave up aU hope of
sa\'ing a yard of 10 colonies, which from spring indications
should be in good condition. ... If bees are to be kept in
this section something must be done/'

More details from the same source at once followed (June
20, 1913): —

Ooly this momiTTig I am called to do wiiat I can for a market gankner
whose colonies are amply siifficient ia number, and a month ago they
were in luH strength, but now hardly leave the hive. This is probably
because there are none left for the field force.

The "New England Veteran" - says further in print: —

One yard of 10 colonies in excellent condition, just begrnoing to work
in the supers, was reduced by the second week ia July to two nuclei.
These were insi)ected and pronounced free from disease. They had during
the summer a loss of 13 queens. Neither care nor expense was spared ia
an effort to save them.

Another apiary of 6 strong colonies was reduced to 5 weak; no swanns
nor harvest. Two small apiaries were entirely wiped out. A market
gardener reduced from 5 to 2; an apiar.* of 3 reduced to 1 nucleus: . . .
5 down to 2; 7 cut to 3.

This speaks of one small locality- and shows how general the
trouble may be in a district.

Plymoiiih County.

Inspector Fuller reported from West Bridgewater, in \-isiting
an apiary where there had been no winter killing of bees, that
where the orchards had been sprayed he found one full colony
had been killed, as well as about all the bees of another, and
he remarks: "This one will never winter. Other beekeepers
also report losses by spraA'ing in the \'icinity. Birds are also
reported to have been foimd dead, said to be due to spraying."

The inspector further writes *, August 19, 1914, Hingham) : —

Mr. St. V. L. reponed to me that one whole colony of bees died during
or shortly after spraying. ha\-ing wintered well. . . . Rev. D. L. S., also
of Hingham. is alleged to have lost 6 to S colonies last winter. I should
say spr3\-ing is the cause of his trouble, but I am, of course, not positive.

■ Gleanings in Bee Cultiire." 1914. VoL 42, w>. 91-«S.

126 BOARD OF AGRICIXTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Other Localities.

Inspector Fuller similarly reports during 1914: "Apiary in
Fairhaven, colonies lost after spraying season;" Middleborough,
"bees died when spraying;" two apiaries in Acushnet, "2
colonies died after spraying" in one instance, and in the other,
"loss of bees attributed to spra^dng in an apiary of 9 colonies."

A report from Salem, by a beekeeper of ten years' experience,
finds "the spray which we use on the [shade] trees is very
injurious to the bees."

In Blandford the writer talked with the beekeepers, who
complained bitterly of losses during fruit bloom, and criticised
the campaign now being waged there for more orchard spraying,
remarking that especially the first year of spraying resulted in
general spraying while the petals were still on the trees.

The \-icinity of Lawrence, Massachusetts, furnished a report
under date of June 18, 1915, that ''the members of the German
Bee Club are losing many bees this year. It is on account of
spraying when the trees are in full bloom."

The Localities affected ix Massachusetts.
Summarizing, the writer has received reports of losses from
practically every quarter of Massachusetts. In reading the
reports, the evidence is not infrequently convincing of the mor-
tality being due to alleged spray poisoning. It is relatively safe
to conclude that disaster through alleged poisoning is wide-
spread. However, more reports apparently come from counties
east of and including Worcester. Notable among these counties
have been Essex, Plymouth, ^Middlesex and Bristol. Worcester
County and west have reported less trouble.

Reports from Other States.
Destruction in Colorado.
Speaking of large losses sustained, Wesley Foster ^ of Col-
orado says that —

Thej' were confined to the fruit districts. As soon as I got 2 miles from
any orchards, no more losses were foimd among the apiaries, but good
crops and plenty of increase was the rule.

' Wesley Foster, 1913, "Spray falling on Clover killed Bees," "Gleanings in Bee Cultiire,"
Vol. 41, pp. 337, 338.

No. 4.] STATE INSPECTOR OF APIARIES. 127

Mr. John Wallace told me early in March this year that he had 35
colonies left, so his losses must have been considerably over 100 colonies.
The spray which fell on the clover poisoned some cattle and horses that
were pastured in the orchards.

Mr. Wallace had a cow that sickened and dried up, but finally recovered.
A flock of sheep pastured on the alfalfa in the same orchard were
not affected by the poison on the leaves at all. The sheep are showTi
back of the row of colonies. (Illustration opposite page 126.) These
colonies were purchased [for the orchard] to help make up for the losses
caused by spraying.

The reason assigned for these losses is mentioned elsewhere
in considering the use of "green manure."

Severe Losses.

E. R. Root ^ of jMedina, Ohio, in a magazine editorial
explains how J. G. Brown, one of the Colorado sufferers,
had his bee business ruined by spraying fruit trees. The ques-
tion has arisen, "Why have we not heard of this wholesale
destruction of bees in Colorado before?" The explanation is
given by Mr. Brown. It is based on the newer and more
general practice of green manuring, that is, the growing of
cover crops beneath the fruit trees in order to maintain soil
fertility. This practice is becoming more and more general.
Crimson and red clover are used almost entirely. These are in
full bloom before the spraying season for the trees is over.
The poisonous liquids fall from the trees to the clover. Then
comes the havoc. "As these clovers furnish nectar when there
is nothing else, the bees are killed by the thousands." ^

Colorado, therefore, furnishes, as reported, an example of
most widespread and tremendous destruction. Mr. Root has
estimated that something over 5,000 colonies will necessarily
have to be removed from the vicinity of orchards in western
Colorado if the}' are to be saved.

It should be mentioned, in connection with the reports of
losses in Colorado, that European foul brood was discovered in
1914, but the writer is informed that the district afl'ected con-
tains onlv about 300 colonies. The writer feels that losses from

I "Gleanings in Bee Culture," Vol. 43, p. 5, January 1, 1915.

' The fruit men know that these cover crops should be plowed under before they come into
bloom ; and about the only reason why they don't do it is because they are too busy with their
spraying.

128 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

European foul brood are in a measure apart from alleged losses
from poison. Practical beekeepers should recognize the point,
emphasized elsewhere, namely, that it is thought the brood is
seldom if ever affected by . poisons. It is, as the description
above indicates, the adult bees which are killed by the thou-
sands.

During 1914 the bee journals contained numerous reports
concerning the alleged damage to beekeeping through indis-
criminate and improper spraying. This was particularly true
of Colorado. . "The beekeepers of Colorado, and especially those
located within the fruit belts and on the western slope, have
been heavy losers this year on account of the poisoning of
bees and larvae with spray poisons." ^

The General Assembly of Colorado has recently passed a
law prohibiting the spraying of fruit trees "while in full bloom,"
but this has not as yet been sufficient protection to the bee-
keepers.

The alleged situation in Colorado has been reported by
0. C. Skinner of Montrose, speaker of the House of Repre-
sentatives of Colorado, and read before the Montrose Bee-
keepers' Association.^

The result is that the beekeepers in the large fruit-growing sections
have been almost put out of business, some having not only lost all the
honey crop, and failed entirely on increase, but also lost many stands of
bees from dwindUng.

Around Montrose the loss was very heavy, because there is a lot of red
clover used as a cover crop there. The spray mixture falls on the blossoms
of the clover; and while it is generally supposed that the bees do not
work extensively on red clover, yet in the season of 1914 they worked
enough to make the honey business almost a failure in that locality. It
is suggested that the year 1914 was conducive to the small growth of the
flower of red clover, making it easily worked . . . , and therefore more to
be dreaded than ordinary years, but that is not proven.^

. . . Among the orchardists who were driven from the orchards of that
locality are J. C. Mathews, who had to move two apiaries, J. J. Corbut,
Will Corbut, A. B. Clement and 0. C. Skinner; while the Allen Brothers
and J. G. Brown held their bees in the orchards, and especially in the
case of the former, an entire loss of crop and a heavy loss of bees re-
sulted. . . .

' "Gleanings in Bee Culture," Vol. 43, p. C, January 1, 1915.

' "The red clover grown under irrigation has a very short corolla tube, so that the bees work
on it much." (Letter, Wesley Foster, April 8, 1915.)

No. 4.] STATE INSPECTOR OF APIARIES. 129

Most of these gentlemen experienced total failures. In one
instance "142 colonies are now reduced to 114, with a fair
chance that there will not be over 100 left in the spring. This
latter heavy loss was probably due to having the apiary, as
located before moving, directly alongside a clover field, under
fruit trees, where the bees worked constantly."

Summarizing for Colorado Wesley Foster under date of
April 8, 1915, says: —

Each year we have one or more districts where considerable trouble
is experienced from spraying fruit trees while in full bloom, but we have
legislation covering this. The losses from spraying have been growing
more serious in Garfield, Mesa, Delta and Montrose counties each year.
Last year, 1914, I think the heaviest losses were sustained in Montrose
County, where probably 3,000 colonies were either weakened or rendered
practically useless. . . . From observation and reports received last
year, I believe it would be safe to state that at least 10,000 colonies [in
those counties above mentioned] were affected by spraying.

New Mexico.
E. R. Root^ of Medina, Ohio, writes of a 300-colony
apiary nearly destroyed by spraying fruit trees in full bloom.
The article is quoted as follows: —

We have just received a letter from 0. B. Metcalf, Mesilla Park, New
Mexico, who saj^s he fears he will lose nearly his whole apiary of 300
colonies simply because his fruit-growing neighbors sprayed arsenate of
lead on their trees, presiunably while they were in full bloom. His bees,
he says, are dying by the thousand. He wishes to know whether the
comb containing the fruit bloom honey from which his bees have died
can be given to normal colonies.

We have written him that he had better have some of that honey
analyzed, to determine the amount of poison, if any, there is in it, and
render us a report. There is an abimdant need of "educating" the fruit
grower in many localities yet. Many of them are practicing spraying
while the trees are in bloom.

Indiana.
During the past season a number of what are supposed to be cases of
poisoning have been reported. The writer was in one j-ard in which several
colonies were killed, and where dead bees were found all over the yard and
between the yard and the orchard, which had been sprayed in bloom.*

> "Gleanings in Bee Culture," Vol. 37, No. 11, June 1, 1909, editorial, p. 327.
' Kindig, B. F., 1914, deputy inspector of apiaries. Circular No. 2 of information for beekeepers,
Office of State Entomologist, Indianapolis.

130 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Information from Entomologists and Officials of the
Various States.

On April 7, after reviewing the various reports of losses
coming from all quarters of the country, the writer wrote to
the officials of many States from which such reports had
originated, asking for a brief summary of the situation, and
any particular damages which might have been reported,
alleged to have been the result of arsenical sprays. Inquiry
was also made concerning the activity of the beekeepers in
meeting the situation in their States.

The conditions in Colorado have already been mentioned.
The State entomologist, Professor C. P. Gillette, in his reply to
the writer's inquiry, states that he must necessarily 'be guided
almost wholly by the opinions of others;" yet he says: "I
have, in a few instances, been in apiaries on the western slope
where the owners have claimed great damage to their bees
from orchard spraying while red clover or alfalfa in the orchards
was in bloom." Pie also refers to the experience of Wesley
Foster, who has had, as most beekeepers know, a wide experi-
ence in the apiaries of this State, adding, "I know he is thor-
oughly convinced that such poisoning does take place."

Again referring to the disasters, he says : —

I am convinced, therefore, that honey bees in Colorado are occasionally
killed, and sometimes the colonies are verj^ seriously reduced, as the
direct result of the spraying either of the fruit trees while in full bloom,
or the spraying of fruit trees where red clover, and possibly aKalfa as well,
is in bloom underneath the trees.

From the State entomologist of Indiana, it was reported that
during the past three years several instances of alleged poison-
ing of bees by arsenical sprays had been reported. No specific
cases, however, were cited.

From New Mexico a county bee inspector reports that he lost
70 per cent of his bees which were near an orchard which had
been improperly sprayed. He further reports a 90 per cent loss
among some other beekeepers.

Dr. E. Merrill, entomologist of New Mexico, reports con-
cerning the losses of Henry C. Barron, a prominent apiarist
and inspector.

No. 4.] STATE INSPECTOR OF APIARIES. 131

On the spraying proposition we have had a good deal of experience;
have lost heavily in bees from apple trees being sprayed in bloom three
different seasons, 190-4, 1909 and 1912. In 1912 I lost 60 per cent of my
colonies and the other 40 per cent were so weakened that they were no
good the rest of the summer. This was an experience with 150 colonies;
a number of other large bee men lost theirs heavily. In 1913 and 1914
several of us lost very heavily from the third sprajdng in June, it falhng
on a cover crop of sweet clover wliich was in bloom. In 1913 I had 68
colonies so weakened from this cause that I neither got any honey nor
made any increase. In 1914 I had 19 colonies in reach of this spraying,
and on June 29, 30 and July 1 there were 18 acres of orchard across the
road from me sprayed. The whole block was a mass of sweet clover in
full bloom. In two weeks 13 of the 19 colonies were dead; the 6 others
were so weakened that I had to bring two hivefuls of bees and brood
from my other yard to save them. It affected all bees within 2 miles. My
bees which were out of reach of this spray [in 1914] averaged 91 pounds
of mostly comb honey. ^

The State horticultural inspector of Idaho reported that at
the January meeting of the horticultural society, there was a
consensus of opinion that injury is being done to bees by in-
judicious spraying. He adds: "However, this is at a minimum
in our State, as the fruit growers here are well versed in the
exact time to apply the first, or calyx, spray, which, as you
know, is after most of the petals have fallen, and there are but
few bees working at that time."

The director of the Utah Experiment Station, Logan, in-
formed the writer that "there have been a number of instances
in this State in which whole apiaries have been wiped out in a
day or two by spraying fruit trees in bloom, A case occurred
last season where an orchardist sprayed while the trees were
in full bloom, with the resulting destruction of two different
apiaries, of over 200 colonies in one case, and I do not know
how man}' in the other."

Bees visit Sprayed Trees after the Petals have fallen.
■Mr. A., West Roxbury, reported in July, 1914, that he had
watched closely the activity of bees with relation to how they
become poisoned. His observations are particularly keen, and
I believe not before recorded. He says: "I have come to the
conclusion that if spraying is done at any time, the bees are

, . . ^

• April 13, 1915.

132 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

going to get the poison as long as the plant lice are around."
This, of course, precludes, as the gentleman suggests, that
eliminating spraying while fruit trees are in bloom will entirely
save the bees. Moreover, plant lice are present on other than
fruit trees. As is well known, plant lice (aphids) eject sweetish
liquid (honeydew) as Mr. A. says, "which is highly prized by
bees. The honeydew drops on the leaves below; then the bees
suck it up and also the poison with it. Hence all our trouble.
I have watched this very closely this year [1914] in my own
yard, on oak, cherry and maple trees." This may explain cases
of alleged late poisoning and the fact that bees have been
noticed about fruit trees about to be sprayed a week or more
after the petals had all fallen.

Symptoms of Spray Poisoning of Bees.

The symptoms collected below are given as nearly as possible
in the words of their authors. It will be noticed that they have
much in common.

The "New England Veteran" ^ paints a most descriptive
picture of the appearance of a supposedly poisoned apiary.
It is "not pleasant to see the yard covered with little bunches
of bees quivering in agony of arsenical poison, for arsenate
of lead is 'slow and sure;' the torture may continue for hours.
A neighbor came in haste ... for his onion bed was, as he
expressed it, 'covered' with dead and dying bees. The poison
is quite attractive to the bee, either because of the sweetness
in the form of lead, or, as some believe, b}^ the mixture of an
adhesive like the 'molasses' from the sugar beet."

Similarly in a letter of June 16, 1915, a correspondent in
West Newton says: "Each morning there are many bees,
sometimes two hundred or more, on the ground, unable to fly,
but trembling around until they die." This might be expected
when, as one writer (Middleborough) has said: "The bees
come home with white lead on their backs; in the morning you
can see a quart [of bees] on the ground [in front of their hives]."

> "Gleanings in Bee Culture," 1914, Vol. 42, pp. 91-93.

No. 4.] STATE INSPECTOR OF APL\RIES. 133

Queens affected.

I am convinced that the very great mortaUty among queens following
sprajdng in bloom can best be explained [by the assumption] that queens
receive poison directly from the honey sac of the worker either as food or
drink, a thing difficult to prove.

As recently as November, 1915, a gentleman of Woburn
writes that he is certain that the poison kills the adult queens,
adding that the "mortality is likely to occur as long as there is
any honey or pollen containing poison stored in the combs."

The Brood.
In 1910 Mr. William Hahn, pharmacist, Newton Center,
brought to the wTiter's attention a series of carefully made
observations, which have been borne out by other observers since.

I have at different times examined colonies affected [bj^ poison] without
my being able to find any trace of foul brood. The brood is not affected
in any instance, but the field bees die by the thousands, each morning the
ground around my hives being covered with dead or dying. . . . No dead
larvse, no odor, only a gradual dying of the old bees, and a consequent
dwindling away of the whole colony.

Another writer also says: —

The mortahty is entirely among the adults; the only brood that is not
normal is that where the larvae have died from lack of nursing.

Symptoms from the West.

In any yard located in the fruit belt, in the early morning, and just
after the bees had begun to fly lively, the ground in front of the hives
would be hterallj'' covered with sick bees trjdng to fly, or crawling along
the ground, while at anj'- time of day the dead bees could be found all
about.

The effect of the spray poison is quickly apparent, the bees hopping
along the ground, unable to rise, and those which do not yet fly exuding
a yellowish or brownish watery mixture, which can readily be seen on the
ground and on the hives. On crushing the dead bees, this yellow excretion
will be seen to exude. ^

> "Gleanings in Bee Culture," Vol. 43, p. 6, January 1, 1915.

134 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

The Pollen.
In some cases nectar is thought to convey the poison, "but
my observations and experience convince me," says the "New
England Veteran," ^ "that the chief damage is by the pollen,
which soaks up and retains the arsenic; hence the slow building
up of a poisoned colony."

Some Peculiar Features of the Situation.
The inspectors have noticed, and some keen beekeepers have
reported, that certain colonies in an apiary may be affected
while others apparently are not. The question may well be
raised, therefore, why should one colony escape and the one
next to it not? Furthermore, not all apiaries in a given locality
are injured or equally depleted. One beekeeper, reporting for
his locality, says, "perhaps one apiary in ten is doing well."

Efforts of Beekeepers for Protective Measures.
Something should be done to save the bee, for she is surely doomed if
the [indiscriminate and promiscuous] spraying is continued in the present
manner. I am sure that all beekeepers, even those who are in it in a small
way, will back me in what I have written, and daresay some will be a
little more emphatic.

While the statement is not over aggressive, others have been
exceedingly emphatic. It is not surprising, for year after year
of loss and failure may be expected to result in a disheartening
effect upon beekeeping.

The remedial measures suggested may be grouped as fol-
lows: —

1. Legislation, which shall control spraying practices, over-
come the spraying of blossoming trees, license contracting
spraymen, and limit the indiscriminate, injudicious and unnec-
essary use of poisons; the correction of mistaken State and
municipal spraying practices.

2. Educational campaign, which shall correctly inform users
of spray poisons, and reveal the errors and fallacies in current
spraying practices; M^hich shall promote the welfare of bee-
keepers.

' "Gleanings in Bee Culture." 1914, Vol. 42, pp. 91-93.

No. 4.] STATE INSPECTOR OF APIARIES. 135

3. Co-operation of the manufacturer and distributor of spray-
ing materials, compounds and apparatus might be enlisted, to
the end of furthering the educational campaign for sane spray-
ing practices and the protection of bees.

4. Development of spraying compounds which shall be re-
pellant to bees. This, at the writer's suggestion several years
ago, attracted the attention of scientists; it is hoped that ben-
efits will result, yet it must be remembered that such experi-
mentation is necessarily of slow progress.

Legislative Measures.
For several years past bills have been introduced in the
Legislature of ]\Iassachusetts, in an effort to protect beekeeping.
In 1915 several conferences have been held between those in-
terested in the cause, resulting in an effort to procure funds for
the dissemination of useful information concerning spraying
practices, this work to be under the direction of the State Board
of Agriculture.

Opinions concerning Economic Factors involved.

The problem involves economic factors which affect not only
the beekeeper but the orchardist, market gardener, the general
farmer, the forester, and even the municipality. Opinions have
been gathered, therefore, bearing upon these phases of the
subject.

It may safely be said that there is a consensus of opinion
among well-informed fruit growers, especially in Massachusetts
and New England, that arsenical sprays may usually be applied,
even with their fullest efficiency, so as not to kill bees. Bearing
upon this point the State Nursery Inspector, Dr. H. T. Fer-
nald,' writes: —

There is no doubt that by spraying in the right way, at the right times,
you can greatly increase your crops and your profits. . . . Spray with
arsenate of lead [for the apple worm; codling moth] as for the bud moth,
after the blossoms have fallen, but within ten days after. . . . While the
blossoms are still on the tree, they are so large, — other parts also, — that
they prevent much of the spray from reaching the calyx cup. While the
trees are in full blossom, too, the bees visit them and set the fruit. If

' Poster, 1915, "Fruit Growers of Massachusetts."

136 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

the nectar and pollen they are after is poisoned by spraying at the wrong
time [during blossoming], they are liable to be poisoned, and less fruit will
be set. Therefore, never allow your trees to he sprayed while the large pink
or white blossoms are still on them, for the job will not be as well done, less
fruit will be set, and many bees may be killed. ... It is the best policy
never to spray any plant while it is in blossom.

It has been shown, by the experiments made in the season of
1900 in New York State, that spraying fruit trees in bloom
tends to thin the fruit, if the treatment is given soon after the
buds open. When trees had a great abundance of blossoms,
spraying but once in the blossoming season lessened the yield
somewhat. By repeatedly spraying during the blossoming
season, thus hitting the blossoms as they opened from day to
day, the blossoms were nearly all destroyed, resulting in a
scarcity of fruit set.^

Some States apparently are not concerned in this problem by
nature of the pests which do not occur in blossoming season.
It is also intimated, as in Indiana, that spraying practices do
not conflict with the beekeeper, because of the recognized im-
portance of bees. It is reported from Idaho: "The fruit
growers here are versed in the exact time to apply the first,
or calyx, spray, which is after most of the petals have fallen
and there are but few bees working."

On the contrary, in certain districts where certain crops are
grown or where some insect or fungous pest is dominant, it is
considered necessary, in order to bring these under control, to
spray regardless of blossoming seasons or the bees. But such
occasions, as in the Watsonville district of California, where
climatic conditions inhibit the control of a fungous pest, and
require spraying even though the trees are in blossom, are ex-
ceptional cases, and hence fall without consideration of general
policies concerning beekeepers.

The consideration of adopting a repellant spray, elsewhere
mentioned, is an important one. In speaking of it Professor
P. J. Parrott remarks that some work in this particular would
certainly be worth while. He also refers to the general status
of the problem, and raises the economic and scientific question,

> From Circular 97, New York State Department of Agriculture.

No. 4.] STATE INSPECTOR OF APIARIES. 137

are we sufficiently informed as yet through experimentation to
know just what are the best practices to recommend?

While beekeepers, entomologists and other professional workers in the
field of spraying have taken a sensible position, I have wondered for a
long time if they have not been guided more by theoretical and senti-
mental considerations than bj'' an actual knowledge of the normal activi-
ties of bees in the orchards, and of insecticides and fungicides on the
welfare of these features in the setting of fruit. The experimental data
along these hnes that have come into my possession seem to me to be
insufficient and inconclusive. A more satisfactory solution of the prob-
lem wall not be made until there is a thorough investigation.

The lines of investigation are then outlined, and concern the
well-recognized insufficient information on the importance of
cross-pollination, the role of bees in this, and the influence of
spraying mixtures on both of these factors.

Another phase of the problem lies in the relative importance
of beekeeping and the municipal shade tree or the trees and
shrubs of an estate or forest. This is an involved question,
and a subject upon which very little has been said. The im-
portance of preserving the shade trees of a city or town is well
recognized. It cannot be denied that we must conserve our
forests. The estate owner prides himself upon the luxuriance
of his plantings. There must be, nevertheless, a right rela-
tionship between these, one which, Avhen worked out, will pre-
serve the interest of the beekeeper. For the present, it would
appear necessary to consider well the situation before spraying
forest or shade trees or shrubs which are in bloom.

To summarize the whole problem, and viewing it from all
aspects, the data resolve themselves into questions of policies
based on a proper understanding of correct spraying methods.
To this end, the problem, in its large sense, is an educational
one, demanding educational methods, the spread of proper
information, and, of course, the continuance of investigation.
The majority of beekeepers, as w^ell as horticulturists, not alone
in Massachusetts but elsewhere, are relatively united on this
point: barring certain local conditions and demands, it is
generally considered possible at least to minimize the danger of
killing bees, even with the present incomplete understanding of

138 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P. D. No. 4.

what can be accomplished by spraying. If spraying practice
can be improved upon, as has been suggested elsewhere, if in-
vestigations which will enable better spraying practices can be
instituted and completed, then the right relationship between
those who spray and the beekeeper is relatively assured.

This opinion is not only local, but general. A letter from
Wesley Foster of Colorado, can again be quoted in which he
says: "I believe that education will win in the end." It would
seem, therefore, that the beekeepers' interests are to be fostered
if funds can be procured for the dissemination of useful informa-
tion concerning spraying practices. The writer would urge only
one more feature in the interest of the beekeepers, namely,
that experimentation and investigation be provided.

TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT

DAIRY BUREAU

Massachusetts Board of Agriculture,

KKQUIKED UNDEK

Chapter 89, Section 12, Revised Laws.

January 5 , 1916

Dairy Bureau— 1915.

CHARLES M. GARDNER, Westfield, Chairman.
GEORGE W. TRULL, Tewksbury, P. 0. Lowell, R. F. D.
OMER E. BRADWAY, Monson.

Secretary.

WILFRID WHEELER, Executive Officer and Secretanj of the State

Board of Agriculture.

General Agent.
P. M. HARWOOD,

Address, Room 136, State House, Boston.

REPOET OF THE DAIRY BUREAU.

The three years of effort in carrying out the provisions of the
1913 resolve, providing for the encouragement of practical
dairying, show an increased demand for this work.

In 1913 there were 151 entries in the clean milk contest
(owners only). In 1914 there were 229 entries in Class A
(owners); in 1915 there were 277 entries. In 1914 there were
22 entries in Class B (juniors); in 1915 there were 48 entries.
In 1914 there were 54 entries in Class C ■ (employees) ; in 1915
there were 69 entries. The total entries for each year were:
1913, 151; 1914, 305; 1915, 394. The total entries for the three
years was 850. Most gratifying of all, the milk samples have
shown a steady improvement in point of cleanliness year by
year.

On the other hand, in the police work there has been found
a decrease in the number of violations of law in the sale of dairy
products and their imitations. In 1913 there were 149 cases for
violations of dairy laws entered in court; in 1914, 129; and in
1915, 64. The falling off of the number of cases entered in
court is in no way due to relaxation of effort upon the part of
the Bureau or its agents, but is entirely due to the fact that
there were fewer actual violations of laws.

The total number of inspections of stores, wagons, etc., in
1915 was 7,690. The average annual inspections for ten years,
1903 to 1912, inclusive, was 6,556. The average annual cases
in court for the same period was 196. The annual inspections
for three years, 1913 to 1915, inclusive, averaged 7,316. The
cases in court for the same period averaged 121.

In carrying out the provisions of chapter 96 of the Resolves
of 1913, appropriating $15,000 for the encouragement of prac-
tical dairying, covering a period of three years, the following
distribution of funds was made : —

144 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

In 1913 prizes aggregating $3,000 were offered which were
divided as follows: in clean milk contest, $2,550; in a contest
of dairies best protected from flies, $450.

In 1914 prizes aggregating $4,439 were offered which were
divided as follows: in clean milk contest, $3,389; farm account-
ing, $300; dairy barns, $300; dairy farm operations, $450.

In 1915 prizes aggregating $4,321 were offered in the clean
milk contest.

The total amount of prizes actually paid during the three
years is, in 1913, $3,000; 1914, $3,735.30; 1915, $4,261, making
a total of $10,996.30, and leaving for the carrying on of the
work $4,003.70, all of which has been expended.

It was found after two years' experience that by far the most
popular of our eft'orts in this work was the clean milk contest,
so called, an educational and financial method of encouraging
the keeping of dirt out of viilk. On this account it was deemed
best that the unexpended balance of the money appropriated
for this purpose on hand at the beginning of 1915 should be
expended in the clean milk contest. No other State has ever
undertaken work of this character, and after three years'
effort in this line, coupled with other work done by the State
and various organizations within the State, it is a safe assump-
tion that Massachusetts-produced milk is to-day as clean or
cleaner than that produced in any other State of the Union.
This is a matter of vital importance to our dairymen, for unless
the Massachusetts product is of the highest quality and cleanli-
ness, and commands the highest price in the market, there is
small hope for the future of our dairy industry. Unlimited
competition from those sections possessing great natural
advantages for milk production on a large scale will prove too
strong for us to withstand. Quality, cleanliness, freshness, price
must be the slogan of the Massachusetts milk-producing farmer
if he will succeed. In the future the size of his business will be
measured by the consumer's confidence in and willingness to
buy and pay for milk of this character. Every effort should
be used to prevent milk produced outside the State, and
especially long-hauled milk, from getting or keeping any undue
advantage by reason of rates or otherwise.

If this country would restore and maintain her dairy industry

No. 4] REPORT OF THE DAIRY BUREAU. 145

on a sound and profitable basis, she must protect it by a
proper and reasonable tariff. And if this Commonwealth would
maintain her milk industry she must commercialize two
things, viz., freshness and Massachusetts as applied to her milk
product.

Massachusetts should further encourage ' by a large annual
appropriation the production of clean milk and the development
of live-stock husbandry within her borders. A resolve to this
end, and also an act broadening the powers of the Dairy
Bureau, have been introduced in the Legislature by Secretary
Wheeler.

It is exceedingly gratifying to note the change of opinion
which is slowly but surely coming over the general public in
regard to the milk question. A few years ago health cranks
by their "scare talk" led the public to believe that milk was
the most dangerous article of food on the market. To-day the
same public sees clearly the fallacy of such ideas, and is be-
ginning to appreciate the importance of the common-sense side
of the question.

A few years ago reformists were flooding the Legislature with
bills, thoroughly imbued with the idea that legislation was the
panacea for all milk evils. To-day it is realized that milk, in
comparison with other animal foods, is not only the most
important, but is by far the cheapest, of them all, and is being
sold by the producer at too low a price. If we look below the
surface for the reason, we find that dairy cows are and always
have been kept in connection w^ith some other form of agri-
culture, hence not of necessity on an independent paying basis;
that the general public has not appreciated the food value of
milk; and further, that the greatest loss to the dairy farmer
frequently comes in the price which he obtains for skim milk.

Milk fat usually sells for somewhere near what it is worth
because of the great demand for cream, butter, ice cream, etc. ;
not so with skim milk. Skim milk is used for various purposes
commanding all the way from 30 to 70 cents per hundred
pounds in price. When it is realized that the top price of 70
cents per hundred pounds is only a cent and a half per quart
for skim milk, it is readily seen that this food is not selling for
anywhere near its real value. Failure to take this into proper

146 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

account is one mistake which the seller of whole milk frequently
makes. Skim milk skilfully fed to pure-bred stock or to laying
hens will sometimes net the farmer 3 cents per quart. Now,
if the consumption of skim milk could be so increased that the
demand therefor would raise the price to a point where the
farmer would never have to take less than 3 cents per quart for
this portion of his milk at the dairy, a long stride would be
taken towards solving the milk problem. Then, too, many
farmers who have been in the habit of making summer milk for
the manufacture of butter and cheese, when changing to selling
market milk, have not counted the cost of making an even
production of milk the year around and of reproducing summer
conditions in midwinter. These, and many other matters
which might be mentioned, go a long way in accounting for the
cost of making milk, particularly in a State where the require-
ments are so rigid as they are in Massachusetts.

People often wonder why it is that it costs more to produce
milk in Massachusetts than in some other sections of the
country. It costs more to make milk in some sections of
Massachusetts than it does in other sections of the same
State. The reasons are to some extent the same in both
instances. Soil, moisture conditions, small fields, stony fields,
small herds, etc., are all important factors in this question.

In educational work the chairman of the Bureau delivered
six lectures, the general agent twenty-five, and Mr. Lombard
two. These lectures were all upon subjects relating to
dairying. The Bureau has made several inspection trips
covering creameries, milk plants, important dairy farms, etc.,
within the State. The general agent, besides making a trip to
New York State to see how milk was handled there, made a
special trip to northern Vermont and Canada, studying the
conditions in those localities.

The general agent has made a new revision of the dairy laws
of Massachusetts, with a Superior Court digest thereon, which
has been published, and has prepared a new edition of
"Breeders and Owners of Pure-bred Dairy Cattle in Massa-
chusetts," which is now in the hands of the State printers.
Leaflet B on milk has been rewritten and published. A new
map of the milk supply of New England has been prepared and

No. 4.] REPORT OF THE DAIRY BUREAU. 147

is now in the office of the State Board of Agriculture. The
result of the 1915 clean milk contest is published under separate
cover.

Mr. Lombard, agent of the Dairy Bureau, attended the
meeting of the International Association of Dairy and Milk
Inspectors at Washington, District of Columbia, where he read
a paper on "The Clean Milk Contest of Massachusetts." This
paper was well received, and Mr. Lombard was elected first
vice-president of the association.

Dairy Cows.

There were assessed in Massachusetts on April 1, 1915,
145,016 cows. On April 1, 1914, there were assessed 147,209
cows. This shows a decline in twelve months of 2,183 cows.
There were killed in the meantime on account of foot-and-
mouth disease 2,109 cattle, a very large proportion of which
were milch cows. This showing indicates that the actual decline
in dairy cows, irrespective of the slaughter on account of foot-
and-mouth disease, was very small.

The 1915 assessment of dairy cows in Maine, New Hamp-
shire and Vermont showed a considerable increase over the
assessment of 1914, which is fully accounted for by the fact
that shipments of cattle from those States were held up on
account of quarantine regulations imposed in consequence of
the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease.

Condensed Milk.

Figures furnished by the Boston Chamber of Commerce con-
cerning the amount of condensed milk handled in Boston in
1915 show an increase of 4,561 barrels and a decrease of 23,129
cases over 1914. Full data concerning this report indicate, on
the whole, an increase in the consumption of these products.
(See table on page 153.)

Oleomargarine.

The number of oleomargarine licenses in force in the State in
November, 1914, was 818. The exact number of licenses in
1915 is not at this date available from the office of the Collector

148 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

of Internal Revenue, on account of delay occasioned by the
removal of that department from one building to another, but
it is understood to be much less than in 1914. In Boston the
number of packages reported by the Chamber of Commerce in

1913 was 127,994; in 1914 it was 99,999; and in 1915 it was
69,041. This shows clearly that there has been a decline in the
use of oleomargarine during the last three years in Massa-
chusetts, notwithstanding the fact that the total production in
the United States in 1915 exceeded that in 1914 by 1,788,772
pounds, there being 145,810,048 pounds of oleomargarine pro-
duced in 1915, while in 1914 there were only 144,021,276
pounds produced. It should be noted, however, that this
excess practically measures the excess of export trade during the
year. (See table on page 151.)

Renovated Butter.

In 1914 there were 32,470,030 pounds of renovated butter
produced in the United States, while in 1915 there were 39,-
056,180 pounds, showing an increase of 6,585,150 pounds.
(See table on page 151.)

Butter.

The average wholesale price of butter in the Boston market
for 1914, as reported by the Chamber of Commerce, was 29.4
cents, and in 1915, 29.2 cents, showing a decrease of only .2 of
a cent.

The annual consumption of butter, Boston output, during

1914 was 72,922,533 pounds, and in 1915, 81,617,503 pounds,
showing an increase of 8,694,970 pounds, (Details will be
found on page 152.)

Personnel of the Bureau.

The personnel of the Bureau is as follows: Charles M.
Gardner of Westfield, chairman, George W. Trull of Tewks-
bury and Omer E. Bradway of Monson. The executive force,
agents, analysts, etc., are as follows: executive officer and secre-
tary, Wilfrid Wheeler; general agent, P. M. Harwood; analysts,

No. 4.] REPORT OF THE DAIRY BUREAU.

149

B. F. Davenport, M.D., Boston, and Gilbert L. Clark, Emerson
Laboratory, Springfield; agent, A. \Y. Lombard; and four
others have been temporarily employed.

Summary of Police Work.

Total number of inspections, ^7,690

Number of inspections where no samples were taken, . . . 6,287
Number of samples of butter, oleomargarine and renovated

butter, aU purchased, 1,397

Number of samples of milk and cream, 55

Cases entered in court, 64

Addresses by general agent and others, 33

Cases prosecuted during the twelve months ending November
30, 1915, by months and courts, with law violated, and results,
are as follows : —

Court.

Month.

Num-
ber.

Law violated.

Con-
victed.

Nol-
prossed.

Quincy, East Norfolk District,

December, .

8

6 oleomargarine, 2
renovated butter.

4

4

Salem, First Essex District,

January,

4

2 oleomargarine, 2
renovated butter.

4

-

New Bedford, Third Bristol

January,

1

1 oleomargarine, .

1

-

District.

Pittsfield, Central Berkshire

January,

8

8 oleomargarine, .

8

-

District.

North Adams, Northern Berk-

January and

10

4 oleomargarine, 6

10

-

shire District.

February.

renovated butter.

Springfield Police,

February, .

2

2 renovated butter.

2

-

Waltham, Second Eastern Mid-

February, .

1

1 milk, .

1

_

dlesex District.

Fall River, Second Bristol Dis-

February, .

1

1 condensed milk.

1

-

trict.

Attleboro, Fourth Bristol Dis-

March,

2

2 renovated butter.

2

-

trict.

Lowell Police, ....

March,

8

2 oleomargarine, 6
renovated butter.

8

-

Webster, First Southern Worces-

March,

6

4 oleomargarine, 2

6

-

ter District.

renovated butter.

Southbridge, First Southern

March,

4

2 oleomargarine, 2

4

-

Worcester District.

renovated butter.

Maiden, First Eastern Middlesex

April, .

1

1 renovated butter,

1

-

District.

East Brookfield, Western

April, .

1

1 renovated butter.

1

-

Worcester District.

Worcester, Central Worcester

April, .

1

1 milk, .

1

-

District.

Chicopee Police,

April, .

5

5 oleomargarine, .

5

-

Ware, Eastern Hampshire Dis-

June and Oc-

1

1 milk, .

1

-

trict.

tober.

Note. — The Bureau is indebted to the milk inspectors of Massachusetts for assistance which
has resulted in court cases.

' There were 49 extra samples taken during the year, therefore this number is 49 less than the
sum of the next three items.

150 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

The charges in the several cases entered in court for the year
ending November 30, 1915, have been as follows: —

Furnishing oleomargarine in restaurants, etc., without notice to

guests, 33

Selling renovated butter in unmarked packages, 26

Selling adulterated milk, 2

Selling milk below standard, . " 1

Selling condensed milk improperly marked, 1

Selling oleomargarine in unmarked ^ packages, 1

64

The following table shows the inspections without samples,
and the number of samples taken during the past thirteen
years : —

Years.

Inspections
without
Samples.

Samples.

1903-14 (inclusive),

1915

Total for thirteen years,

Average,

66,855
6,287

73,142
5,626

19,994
1.452

21,446
1,649

Oleomargarine.

The following figures, taken from the annual report of the
United States Commissioner of Internal Revenue for 1915,
show the production, withdrawn tax paid, withdrawn for ex-
port, and withdrawn for use of the United States, of the two
classes of oleomargarine, as defined by act of May 9, 1902,
covering the period of thirteen years since it went into effect
on July 1, 1902: —

1 In these cases oleomargarine was sold when butter was asked for, but the charge was made
in this way for convenience.

No. 4.] REPORT OF THE DAIRY BUREAU.

151

Oleomargarine (Pounds).

Product taxed at Rate op
10 Cents per Pound.

Productt taxed at Rate of
}4 Cent per Pound.

Year.

Pro-
duced.

With-
drawn
Tax
paid.

With-
drawn

for
Export.

With-
drawn
Free of
Tax

for Use
of the
United
States.

Produced.

With-
drawn Tax
paid.

With-
drawn

for
Export.

With-
drawn
Free of
Tax

for Use
of the
United
States.

1903,
1904,
1905,
1906,
1907,
1908,
1909.
1910,
1911.
1912.
1913,
1914,
1915,

5,710,407
3,785,670
5,560,304

4,888,986
7,758,529
7,452,800
5,710,301
6,176,991
5,830,995
6,235,639
6,520,436
6,384,222
7,595,141

2,312,493
1,297,068
3,121,640
2,503,095
5,009,094
4,982,029
3,275,968
3,416,286
2,764,971
3,174,331
4,090,658
3,831,706
3,753,012

3.334,969
2,504,940
2,405,763
2,422,320
2,695,276
2,522,188
2,403,742
2,767,195
3,054,344
3,044,122
2,417,973
2,121,162
3,081,356

3,300
469,340
734,030

67,573,689
46,413,972
46,427,032
50,545,914
63,608,246
74,072,800
86,572,514
135,685,289
115,331,800
122,365,414
138,707,426
137.637,054
1 138,214,907

66,785,796
46,397,984
46,223,691
50,536,466
63,303,016
73,916,869
86,221.310
135,159,429
115,448,006
121,945,038
138,242,848
137,747,982
137,693,610

151,693
123,425
137,670
78,750
129,350
109,480
112,958
97,575
91,750
106,160
59,686
22,540
31,172

110,020

Totalfl, .

79,610,421

43,532,351

34,775,350

1.206,670

1,223,156.057

1,219,622,045

1,252.209

110.020

Renovated Butter.

The following figures, from the same source as the preceding
table, show the production and withdrawn tax paid of renovated
butter, 1902-15: —

Renovated Butter (Pounds).

Year.

Production.

Withdrawn Tax
p)aid.

1903. .

1904,

1905,

1906,

1907,

1908, .

1909.

1910,

1911,

1912.

1913,

1914,

1915. .

Totals,

54,658,790
54,171,183
60,029,421
53,549,900
62,965,613
50,479,489
47,345,361
47,433,575
39,292,591
46,387,398
38,354,762
32,470,030
39,056,180

626,194,293

54,223,234
54,204,478
60,171,504
53,361,088
63,078.504
50,411,446
47,402,382
47,378,446
39,352,445
46,413,895
38,285,114
32,513,244
38,924,828

625,720,608

152

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

Butter.

The following table shows the average quotation for the best
fresh creamery butter, in a strictly wholesale way, in the
Boston market for the last ten years, as compiled b}^ the
Boston Chamber of Commerce: —

Month.

1916.

1914.

1913.

1912.

1911.

1910.

1909.

1908.

1907.

1906.

Cents.

Cents.

Cents.

Cents.

Cents.

Cents.

Cents.

Cents.

Cents.

Cents.

January, .

32.5

32.5

33.9

36.9

28.8

33.5

30.9

29.7

30.4

25.2

February,

31.1

28.8

34.9

32.5

26.9

30.5

30.0

32.1

31.7

25.2

March,

30.3

27.7

36.4

32.1

24.2

32.0

29.1

30.2

30.2

25.5

April,

30.1

25.1

34.5

32.7

21.7

31.5

27.9

28.4

32.2

22.2

May,

28.7

25.8

28.7

30.4

22.8

29.0

26.6

24,1

31.4

19.9

June,

28.5

27.5

28.2

27.9

24.2

28.2

26.4

24.5

24.3

20.2

July,

27.3

27.9

27.5

28.1

26.0

28,6

27.2

23.6

25.9

21.0

August, .

26.0

30.1

28.2

27.1

27.2

29.6

28.2

24.5

26,0

23.8

September,

27.1

30.9

31.3

29.1

27.7

29.6

31.3

25.3

29.2

25.6

October, .

28.5

30.9

31.2

31.0

30.4

29.4

31.7

27.5

29.9

26.9

November,

29.1

32.4

31.9

32.9

32.5

30.2

31.4

29.5

27.1

27.6

December,

31.2

32.7

33.8

34.0

35,0

30.0

32.9

31.0

27.5

30.7

Averages,

29.2

29.4

31.7

31.2

27.3

30.2

29.5

27.5

28.8

24.48

The Chamber of Commerce figures regarding the butter
business in Boston for 1914 and 1915 are as follows: —

1915.

Pounds.

1914.
Pounds.

Carried over in storage.
Receipts for January,
February, .....

March,

April,

May

June,

July

August

September, ....

October

November,

December, .....

Total supply.
Exports for year, deduct, .

Net supply, ....
Storage stock' January 1, deduct.

Consumption for year.

8,963,202
3,353,765
3,089,346
3,996,912
5,674,340
7,797,597
16,267,690
14,473,792
10,149.845
7,882,845
4,273,764
2,943,272
2,178,513

91,044,883
308,380

90,736,503
9,119,000

81,617,503

8,874,204
3,540,476
2,910,790
4,171,261
4,310,917
7,326,985
13,701,274
12,684,474
7,457,341
5,932,317
4,902,471
3,208,117
2,882,011

81,902,638
16,903

81,885,735
8,963,202

72,922,533

1 Stock in Boston. Terminal Refrigerating Company not included January 1, 1916.

No. 4.] REPORT OF THE DAIRY BUREAU.

153

Receipts of Condensed Milk.

The Chamber of Commerce figures regarding the receipts of
condensed milk at Boston for 1914 and 1915 are as follows: —

1915.
Barrels.

1915.

Cases.

1914.
Barrels.

1914.
Cases.

January,
February,
March,
April, .
May, .
June, .
July, .
August,
September,
October,
November,
December,

Totals,

60
226
201
302
237
264
940

1,223
470

1,222
167
64

5,376

24,915
41,733
40,436
39,980
27,491
37,407
33,428
22,515
28,692
29,877
51,748
31,250

409,472

299
72
72
55
15

50
10

33
40
205

815

22,030
32,198
38,638
26,362
29,889
35,766
47,102
66,127
35,749
22,071
34,253
42,416

432,601

Milk.

Milk brought into Boston by Different Railroads, December 1, 1914, to
November SO, 1915, as reported by the Public Service Commissioners
(Quarts) .

Date.

Boston &
Albany.

Boston &
Maine.

New York,
New Haven
& Hartford.

Total.

1914.

December, .

1915.

January,
February, .
March,
April, .
May, .
June, .
July, .
August,
September,
October,
November,

Totals, .

583,223

672,084

538,597

714,541

819,769

885,380

914,337

1,213,56!

1,046,4153^

1,088,075

696,494

642,164

6,427,270

6,568,973
5,877,597
6,390,660
6,356,709
6,820,640
7,106,681
7,109,316
6,648,682
6,506,376
6,908,152
6,927,651

1,743,196

1,838,451
1,687,272
1,875,512
1,830,534
1,605,044
1,818,819
1,661,538
1,697,976
1,543,696
1,389,855
1,352,710

9,814,640Ji

79,648,707

20,044,603

8,753,689

9,079,508

8,103,466

8,980,713

9,007,012

9,311,004

9,839,837

9,984,415

9,393,073Ji

9,138,147

8,994,501

8,922,525

109,507,950M

154

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Milk brought into Boston annually by Railroads for the Years ending Novem-
ber SO, 1906, to November 30, 1915, inclusive {Quarts).

1906, 114,233,976

1907, 109,882,1901

1908, . . . .• 103,831,278^

1909, 108,082,936

1910, ... 100,606,3621

1911, 90,092,772

1912, 104,019,234

1913, 107,306,849

1914, 103,638,225

1915, 109,507,950J

Comparative List of Number of Cows assessed in Massachusetts, May 1,
1906, April 1, 1914, and April 1, 1915.

1906.

1914.

1915.

Decrease.

Increase.

Counties.

1906-15.

1914-15.

1906-15.

1914-15.

Barnstable,

2,'448

2,243

2,249

199

-

-

6

Berkshire, .

17,404

14,796

14,113

3,291

683

-

Bristol,

13,702

13,242

12,447

1,255

795

-

-

Dukes,

656

623

637

19

-

-

14

Essex, .

17,131

13,151

12,776

4,355

375

-

-

Franklin,

12,715

10,165

10,382

2,333

-

-

217

Hampden, .

12,096

. 8,947

9,302

2,794

-

-

355

Hampshire,

14,383

10,977

11,433

2,950

-

-

456

Middlesex, .

29,508

24,053

22,892

6,616

1,161

-

-

Nantucket, .

378

423

420

-

3

42

-

Norfolk,

11,200

9,397

9,235

1,965

162

-

-

Plymouth, .

8,465

7,475

7,477

988

-

-

2

Suffolk,

1,186

922

837

349

85

-

-

Worcester, .

40,544

30,795

30,816

9,728

-

-

21

Totals, .

181,816

147,209

145,016

36,842

3,264

42

1,071

No. 4.] REPORT OF THE DAIRY BUREAU.

155

List of Massachusetts Farms making Milk of Superior Quality and
Cleanliness and selling their Product higher than the Regular Mar-
ket Price.

Ap-

proxi-

Location, Farm.

Owner and Manager.

mate
Num-
ber of
Cows.

Where marketed.

Agawam, Reilly Farm, .

J. J. Reilly, owner and
manager.

17

Springfield.

Agawam, Colonial Farm,

H. E. Bodurtha, owner
and manager.

12

Springfield.

Agawam, Elm Shade Dairy, .

S. S. & E. F. Bodurtha,
owners and managers.

25

Springfield.

Amherst, H. M. Thompson's farm.

H. M. Thompson, owner
and manager.

25

Holyoke.

Amherst, U. G. Groff's farm.

U. G. Groff, owner and
manager.

34

Amherst.

Andover, Arden Farm, .

Wm. M. Wood, owner; J.

55

Andover, Lawrence,

M. Putnam, superin-

Woburn and Bos-

tendent; Austin C.

ton.

Huggins, manager of

creamery.

Andover, Shattuck Farms,

F. Shattuck, owner and

50

Lawrence.

Auburn, Wellswood Farm,

manager.
George O. Keep, owner
and manager. •

30

Worcester.

Barnstable, Bay Farm, .

H. C. Everett, owner and
manager.

~

Barnstable.

Barre, Highland View Farm, .

D. A. Howe, owner; W.
E. Howe, manager.

25

Worcester.

Beverly, George R. Wales' farm, .

George R. Wales, owner
and manager.

20

Beverly.

Bolton, Wataquodock Farm, .

Paul Cunningham, owner

35

Boston and vicinity.

and manager.

by Alden Brothers
Company.

Boston, Walker-Gordon Farm, 1106

Walker-Gordon Labora-

100

Boston and vicinity.

Bolyston Street.

tory Company, owner;
John Nichols, manager.

Brimfield, Clarence B. Brown's

Clarence B. Brown, owner

21

West Warren.

farm.

and manager.

Brockton, Montello Station, Dutch-

Fred F. Field, owner; Earl

70

Brockton.

land Farm.

D. Upton, manager.

Brookline, Louis Cabot estate.

Louis Cabot, owner; R.
Barkhouse, manager.

10

Brookline.

Chilmark, West Tisbury, P. 0.

J. F. Adams, owner and

17

Vineyard Haven and

Oakview Farm.

manager.

Edgartown.

Dighton, Rock Farm,

J. W.Earle, owner; Ralph
Earle, manager.

15

Fall River.

Dorchester, Codman Farm, .

Watson B. Fearing, owner
and manager.

125

Boston.

East Lynn

J. D. Coombs, lessee and
manager.

3

East Lynn.

East Walpole, Lewis Farm,

Geo. A, Plympton, owner.

80

Boston and vicinity,
by Alden Brothers
Company.

Everett, Joseph H. Cannell's farm.

Joseph H. Cannell, owner
and manager.

7

Everett.

Everett, Thomas F. Leavitt's farm.

Thomas F. Leavitt, owner
and manager.

8

Everett.

Fairhaven, Dana Farm, .

Eliza N. and Edith Dana,

52

Fairhaven, Marion

owners and managers.

and Mattapoisett
(in summer).

Fairhaven, Lewis F. Blossom's farm.

Lewis F. Blossom, owner
and manager.

12

Fairhaven.

Framingham, Millwood Farm,

Mrs. E. F. Bowditch,

178

Boston and Welles-

owner; J. P. Bowditch,

ley.

manager; F.E.Barrett,

superintendent.

Framingham, Waverley Farm,

Reginald W. Bird, owner;
A. E. White, manager.

60

Boston.

Framingham, Cherry Meadow

D. M. and E. F. Belches,

35

Framingham.

Farm.

owners; E. F. Belches,
manager.

156

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Dbc.

List of Massachusetts Farms making Milk of Superior Quality and
Cleanliness and selling their Product higher than the Regular Mar-
ket Price — Continued.

Ap-

proxi-

Location, Farm.

Owner and Manager.

mate
Num-
ber of
Cows.

Where marketed.

Franklin, Ray Farm,

E. K. Ray estate, owner;

100

Boston, by Elm

Joseph G. Ray, trustee

Farm Company.

and manager.

Gardner, Lakeside Farm,

J. Henry Ware, owner and
manager.

7

Gardner.

Gardner, Otto Wickman's farm,

Otto Wickman, owner and
manager.

5

Gardner.

Gloucester, Howard P. Lane's farm,

Howard P. Lane, owner
and manager.

50

Gloucester.

Gloucester, H. Wallace Lane's farm.

H. Wallace Lane, owner
and manager.

30

Gloucester.

Gloucester, Peter Hagstrom's farm.

Peter Hagstrom, owner
and manager.

5

Gloucester.

Granby, C. W. Ball's farm, .

C. W. Ball, owner and
manager.

29

Holyoke.

Greenfield, Wayside Farm,

Frank H. Reed, owner;
Mr. Purrington, man-
ager.

25

Greenfield.

Groton, G. W. Greenhalge's farm, .

G. W. Greenhalge, owner

25

Boston and vicinity.

and manager.

by D. Whiting &
Sons.

Hamilton, Miles River Farm,

Maxwell Norman, owner
and manager; C. E.
Johnson, superintend-
ent.

60

Boston.

Hardwick, Mixter Farm,

Mary A. Mixter, owner;
Dr. Samuel J. Mixter,
manager; S. R. Parker,
superintendent.

200

Boston."

Haverhill (Bradford District), J. B.

J. B. Sawyer, owner and

-

Haverhill.

Sawyer's farm.

manager.

Haverhill, North Broadway Milk

E. A. Emerson, owner and

35

Haverhill.

Farm.

manager.

Haverhill (P. O. East Haverhill),

Fred Kimball, owner;

35

Haverhill.

Fred Kimball's farm.

Leonard Kimball, man-
ager.

Holyoke, Whiting Farm,

W. F. Whiting, owner;
John F. Richardson,
manager.

20

Holyoke.

Kingston, Miss Helen Holmes' farm.

Miss Helen Holmes, owner
and manager.

20

Kingston.

Lee, John Goodrich's farm.

John Goodrich, owner and
manager.

40

Lee.

Leominster, Boutelle Farm, .

E. H. Boutelle, owner and
manager.

30

Leominster.

Leominster, Sholan Farm,

Paul Washburn, owner;
A. G. HoUquist, man-

40

Leominster.

Longmeadow, Hillbrow Farm,

ager.
H. M. Burt, owner and
manager.

20

Springfield.

Lowell, Hood Farm,

C. I. Hood, owner; J. E.
Dodge, manager.

120

Lowell.

Ludlow, E. E. Chapman's farm, .

Edward E. Chapman,

22

Ludlow and Indian

owner and manager.

Orchard.

Lunenburg, Sunnyside Farm,

George M. Proctor, owner;
Fred A. Miller, manager.

48

Fitchburg.

Lynnfield, N. F. McCarthy's farm.

N. F. McCarthy, owner;
Eben Holmes, manager.

30

Wakefield.

Marlborough, Fairview Farm,

Elmer D. Howe & Son,
owners and managers.

10

Marlborough.

Medford, Mystic Valley Farm, 75

John J. Mulkerin, owner

16

Medford.

Arlington Street.

and manager.

Medford, Hillside Farm, 20 Gow

Alberton Harris, owner

10

Medford.

Street.

and manager.

Methuen, Bragdon Farms,

E. L. Bragdon, owner and
manager.

30

Lawrence.

No. 4.] REPORT OF THE DAIRY BUREAU.

157

List of Massachusetts Farms making Milk of Superior Quality and
Cleanliness and selling their Product higher than the Regular Mar-
ket Price — Continued.

Ap-

proxi-

Location, Farm.

Owner and Manager.

mate
Num-
ber of
Cows.

Where marketed.

Methuen, Cox Farms,

Louis Cox, owner; L.
Coburn, manager.

31

Lawrence.

Methuen, Howe Farm, .

E. D. Taylor, owner and
manager.

50

Lawrence.

Methuen, Spring Valley Farms,

Fred Miller, owner and
manager.

50

Lawrence.

Methuen, S. W. WiUiams' farm,

S. W. Williams, owner and
manager.

30

Lawrence.

Millis, Lowland Farm,

E. F. Richardson, owner
and manager.

25

Boston.

Milton, Highland Farm,

Patriquin & Newton,
lessees; George Patri-
quin, manager.

65

Milton.

Needham, K. E. Webb's farm.

Kenneth E. Webb, owner
and manager.

31

Needham.

Nev\-t.on (P. 0. Waban), W. B.

William B. McMulUn,

17

Needham and New-

McMulIin's farm.

owner and manager.

ton.

Newton%alle, Willow Farm, 120 Far-

D. F. Smith, owner and

48

Newton, BrookUne

well Street.

manager.

and Boston.

Norfolk, Meadowside Farm, .

T. D. Cook & Co., owners
and managers.

35

Boston.

North Amherst, The Elms, .

R. D. Dickinson, owner
and manager.

30

Amherst.

North Attleborough, Halliday Farm,

Fred F. Halliday, owner;
Robert C. Halhday,
manager.

9

Pawtuoket, R. L

North Falmouth, Manuel G. White's

Manuel G. White, owner

6

North Falmouth.

farm.

and manager.

North Grafton, Bonnybrook Farm,

Everett N. Kearney,
owner and manager.

60

Worcester.

North Tewksbury, Mountjoy,

Miss Florence Nesmith,
owner; C. E. Lougee,
manager.

50

North Tewksbury.

Northampton, W. J. LaFleur's farm.

W. J. LaFleur, owner and
manager.

11

Northampton.

Oak Bluffs, Woodsedge Farm,

F. W. Chase, owner and

20

Oak Bluffs.

Paxton, E.G. Richards' farm.

manager.
E. G. Richards, owner and

40

Worcester, by C.

manager.

Brigham Com-

Paxton, Echo Farm,

W. J. Woods, owner;

40

pany.
Worcester, by C.

Joseph Graham, man-

Brigham Com-

ager.

pany.

Pepperell, George Shattuck's farm,

George Shattuck, owner

75

Boston and vicinity,

and manager.

by D. Whiting &
Sons.

Pittsfield, Abby Lodge, .

A. W. Cooley, owner; Mr.
Carlson, manager.

35

Boston.

Pittsfield, Mr. Bardwell's farm.

Mr. Bardwell, owner and

14

Pittsfield.

Pittsfield, E. W. Page's farm,

manager.
E. W. Page, owner and
manager.

8

Pittsfield.-

Revere, Mrs. M. L. Mahoney's farm.

Mrs. AI. L. Mahoney,
owner; J. J. Mahoney,
manager.

25

Maiden.

Saugus, Oaklandvale Farm, .

Frank P. Bennett, owner
and manager.

112

Lynn.

South Lincoln, South Lincoln Dairy

South Lincoln Dairy Com-

220

Boston, Cambridge

Company.

pany, owner; W. A.
Blodgett, manager.

and Brookline.

South Natick, Carver Hill Farm, .

Carver Hill Farms, Inc.,

75

Wellesley, Boston,

Austin Potter.

Natick, Needham
and Dover.

Southville, Waumesit Farm, .

R. F. Parker, owner and

20

Boston and vicinity.

manager.

by C. Brigham
Company.

158

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

List of Massachusetts Farms making Milk of Superior Qualify and
Cleanliness and selling their Product higher than the Regular Mar-
ket Price — Concluded.

Ap-

proxi-

Location, Fahm.

Owner and Manager.

mate
Num-
ber of
Cows.

Where marketed.

Sherborn, H. N. Brown's farm,

H. N. Brown, owner and
manager.

50

Boston.

Sherborn, Dexter Farm, .

George T. Dexter, owner

23

Boston and vicinity.

and manager.

by Alden Brothers
Company.
Boston.

Sherborn, J. M. Merriam's farm, .

J. M. Merriam, owner and

40

manager.

Sterling, Twin Oaks Farm (P. 0.

James F. Pratt, owner and

75

Milk, Boston; cream.

Pratt's Junction).

manager.

Worcester.

Stoughton, Tobey Farm,

E. B. Hutchins, owner
and manager.

15

Brockton.

Taunton, George Soper's farm.

George Soper, owner and
manager.

30

Taunton.

Waltham, Pleasantdale Farm,

C. U. Hubbard, owner
and manager.

35

Weston.

Warren, Maple Farm,

J. R. Blair, owner and

27

Boston, by C. Brig-

manager.

ham Company.

Wayland, Perkins' estate,

S. N. Sanders, manager, .

12

Waltham.

Westfield, Woronoak Farm,

Edgar L. Gillett, owner;
N. J. Weidhaas, man-
ager.

12

Westfield.

Weston, Charles Merriam's farm, .

Charles Merriam, owner
and manager.

51

Waltham.

West wood, Fox Hill Farm,

Joshua Crane, owner; L.
W. Jackman, manager.

100

Boston.

West Newton and Barre, Wauwinet

George H. Ellis, owner;

400

Boston, Brookline

Farm.

P. F. Staples and R.
M. Handy, managers.

and Newton.

Woburn, John Day's farm.

John Day, owner and

manager.

18

Winchester.

Worcester, Pleasant View Farm,

Warren C. Jewett, owner
and manager.

40

Worcester.

Worcester, Lewis J. Kendall's farm.

Lewis J. Kendall, owner
and manager.

40

Worcester.

Worcester, Intervale Farm,

J. Lewis Ellsworth, owner
and manager.

14

Worcester.

Worcester, Village Farm,

H. B. Prentice, owner and
manager.

30

Worcester.

Note. — Deerfoot Farms Dairy, office at 172 Tremont Street, wholesale distributing house at
132 Central Street, Boston, milk received from milk depots at Southborough and Northborough,
sells milk of superior quality and cleanliness at a price above that of ordinary market milk, and
handles the product of 129 dairy farms, averaging about 10 cows each, located in Southborough,
Northborough, Westborough and Holliston. Most of these farms, therefore, at some time during
the year come properly within the requirements of this list.

No. 4.

REPORT OF THE DAIRY BUREAU.

159

List of Massachusetts Dairy Farms making Certified Milk,

Ap-

proxi-

Name, Location.

Owner and Manager.

mate
Num-
ber of
Cows.

Certified by —

Where
marketed.

Cedar Hill Farm, Waltham,

Miss Cornelia War-

215

Cambridge Medi-

Waltham, Cam-

ren, owner; Charles

cal Commission.

bridge, Boston.

Cahill, manager.

Cedar Crest Farm, Wal-

John C. Runkle,

90

Cambridge Medi-

North Shore,

tham.

owner; Louis W.
Dean, manager.

cal Commission.

Cambridge,
Boston.

Cherry Hill Farm, Beverly,

H. P. Hood & Sons,

80

Medical Milk

Boston, North

owners; 0. H.

Commission of

Shore, L a w -

Perrin, manager.

Boston.

re nee.

A. D. Davis' farm, Sheffield,

A. D. Davis, owner
and manager.

60

Some in Great
Barrington;
balance o u t -
side of State.

Indian Bridge Farm, Way-

Edmund H. Sears,

16

Cambridge

Waltham.

land.

owner; Walter
Jauncey, Jr., man-
ager.

Medical Milk
Commission.

Ledyard Farm, Andover, .

J. A. & W.H.Gould,
owners and man-
agers.

50

Maiden Medical
Commission.

Maiden.

Massachusetts Agricultural

Massachusetts Agri-

65

Medical Milk

Boston.

College Farm, Amherst.

cultural College,
J. A. Foord.

Commission of
Boston.

Oaks Farm, Cohasset,

C. W. Barron,
owner; W. E. Stil-
well, manager.

50

Medical Milk
Commission of

Cohasset.

Cohasset.

Oliver Prescott's farm, Dart-

Oliver Prescott,

20

New Bedford

New Bedford.

mouth (P. 0. North Dart-

owner; Harry W.

Medical Com-

mouth).

Martin, manager.

mission.

Prospect Hill Farm, Esses,

J. A. & W.H.Gould,

175

Medical Milk

Boston, Brook-

owners and man-

Commission of

line, Jamaica

agers.

Boston.

Plain, North
Shore.

Seven Gates Farm, North

W. L. Webb, owner;

20-25

Medical Milk

Martha's Vine-

Tisbury.

0. L. Curtis, man-
ager.

Commission of
West Tisbury,
Inc.
New Bedford

yard.

Walter A. White's farm.

Walter A. White,

30

New Bedford.

Acushnet.

owner and man-

Medical Com-

ager.

mission.

List of Local Milk Inspectors.
Milk Inspectors for Cities and Towns.
Barnstable County.
Barnstable, . . ' . . George T. Mecarta.
ProvincetowTi, . . . John Dermis.

Sandwich, . . . . J. E. Holway.

Adams,
Clarksburg,
Dalton,
Florida, .
Great Barrington,

Berkshire County.
Dr. A. G. Potter.

Cassius Quackenbush, North Adams,
H. Ward Ford.

Cassius Quackenbush, North Adams.
Dewitt Smith.

160

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Hinsdale, .
Housatonic,
Lenox,

North Adams,
Pittsfield, .
Williamstown,

AKred N. Warren.
J. J. Barr.
Thomas Briant.
Cassius Quackenbush.
Dr. Bernard M. CoUins.
G. S. Jordan, V.S.

Attleboro,
Berkley, .

Fairhaven,

Fall River,

New Bedford, .

North Attleborough

Norton,

Taunton, .

Westport,

Bristol County.

. Caleb E. Parmenter.

. Alan A. Haskell.

, Bertha F. Carl Frommell, M.D.

Henry Boisseau.

Herbert Hamilton, D.V.S.

Hugh Gaw, D.V.S.

Edmund H. Elhot, Chartley.

Lewis L Tucker.

George A. Tripp.

Dukes County.

Gosnold, John T. Cornell, Cuttyhmik.

Tisbury, Chas. S. Norton.

Amesbury,

Andover, .

Beverly, .

Danvers, .

Gloucester,

Hamilton,

Haverhill,

Ipswich, .

LawTence,

Lynn,

Lynnfield,

Marblehead,

Nahant, .

Newburyport,

Peabody, .

Salem,

Salisbury,

Topsfield,

Essex County.

James L. Stewart.

Frankhn H. Stacey.

Henry E. Dodge, 2d.

Wm. Hugo Nappe.

Dr. G. E. Watson.

Chas. S. Moore, Danvers.

Dr. Homer L. Conner.

George W. Smith.

Dr. J. H. Tobin.

George A. Flanagan.

Dr. F. W. Freeman, Lymifield Center.

A. M. Stone.

Robert L. Cochrane.

R. D. Hamilton.

Edward F. McHugh.

John J. McGrath.

John F. Pike.

Charles S. Moore, Danvers.

No. 4.] REPORT OF THE DAIRY BUREAU.

161

Franklin County.

GiU,

. George L. Marshall, Bernardston, R. F. D

Montague,

. Frank Dubie, Turners Falls.

Nortlifield,

. E. C. Field, Northfield Farms.

Shelburne,

. G. J. Tower, Shelburne FaUs.

Warwick, .

. 0. W. Cole.

Hampden County.

Brimfield,

. George W. Sherman.

Chicopee, .

. C.J. O'Brien.

East Longmeadow,

. Henry S. Ashley.

Holyoke, .

. Daniel P. Hartnett.

Ludlow,

. A. L. Bennett, D.V.S.

Monson, .

. Dr. E. W. Capen.

Palmer, . . . .

. M. H. Davitt, V.S.

Springfield,

. Stephen C. Downs.

West Springfield,

. Norman T. Smith.

Westfield,

. WiUiam H. Porter.

Hampshire County.

Amherst, . . . .

. Dr. N. C. HaskeU.

Easthampton, .

. George L. McEvoy.

Hadley, . . . .

. Henry S. Shipman.

Northampton,

. George R. Turner.

South Hadley,

. George F. Boudreau.

Ware,

. Fred E. Marsh.

Middlesex County.

Arlington, . . . L. L. Pierce, D.V.S.

Ashland, H. H. Piper.

Ayer, Edward E. Sanger.

Bedford, Dr. I. Pfeiffer, Jr.

Behnont, Thomas F. Harris.

Billerica, A. H. Jones.

Cambridge, .... William A. Noonan, M.D.

Carhsle, Benjamin F. Blaisdell.

Concord, Joseph Dee, Jr.

Everett, E. Clarence Colb3^

Framingham, . . . . R. N. Koyt, Wellesley.

Groton, . . ,. . . Herbert Rockwood.

162

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

Hudson, .
Lexington,
Lowell,

Maiden, .
Marlborough,
Medford, .
Melrose, .
Natick,
Newton, .
North Reading
Pepperell,
SomerviUe,
Stoneham,
Wakefield,
Waltham,
Watertown,
Weston, .
Winchester,
Wobm-n, .

William H. Clark.

L. L. Pierce, D.V.S., Arlington.

Melvin F. Master.

J. A. Sanford.

John J. Cassidy.

Winslow Joyce.

R. N. Hoyt, WeUesley.

Thomas A. Doyle, D.V.M.

Arthm- Hudson.

A. Herbert Batchelder.

Dr. Fred A. Davis.

Herbert E. Bowman.

Roy Doucett.

Carl M. Smith, Reading.

Arthur L. Stone, M.D.

R. N. Hoyt, WeUesley.

R. N. Hoyt, WeUesley.

Maurice Dinneen.

Edward P. Kelly, M.D.

Norfolk County.

Avon, R. A. EUiott, M.D.

Braintree, . . . F. H. Gile.

BrookUne, . • . . . W. E. Ward.

Canton, . . . . . R. N. Hoyt, WeUesley.

Dedham, . . . . . Edmand Knobel.

Franklin, J. Newton Blanchard.

Medway, N. P. Quint, M.D., West Medway.

Milton, WaUace C. Tucker, Mattapan.

Needham, . . . . R. N. Hoyt, WeUesley.

PlainviUe, .... John C. Eiden.

Quincy, Daniel Scouler, Jr.

Stoughton, ■ WilUam E. Ferrin.

WeUesley, . . . . R. N. Hoyt.

Weymouth, .... George B. Bayley, South Weymouth.

Bridgewater,
Brockton,
Hingham,
HuU, . .
Marion, .
Middleborough,

Plymouth County.

Joseph Brennan.

George E. BoUing.

C. A. Dorr, M.D., South Hingham.

Carroll A. Cleverly.

Austin L. Pierce.

F. F. Conway, D.V.S.

No. 4.] REPORT OF THE DAIRY BUREAU.

163

Scituate, George T. Otis.

Wareham, .... John J, Beaton.

Whitman, . . . . E. A. Dyer.

Suffolk County.

Boston, Professor James 0. Jordan.

Chelsea, Dr. W. S. Walkley.

Revere, Joseph E. Lamb, M.D.

Winthrop, . . . . S. A. Mowry.

Ashburnliam,
Athol,
Chnton, .
Fitchburg,
Gardner, .
Lancaster,
Leominster,
Limenburg,
Millbury, .
Northborough,
North Brookfield,
Xorth Dana, .
Southborough,
Southbridge, .
Warren, .
West Boj'lston,
West Brookfield,
Westborough, .
Winchendon, .
Worcester,

Worcester County.

. James F. Hare.
John H. Meany, V.S.
Gilman L. Chase.
John F. Bresnahan.
Harry 0. Ejiight.
George E. Howe.
WilUam H. Dodge.
C. E. Woods.
Fred A. WaUdns.
E. C. Valentine.
Windsor R. Smith, M.D.V.
Francis B. Crawford.
John W. Robinson, D.V.M.
Albert R. Brown.
Joseph St. George.
A. M. Tyler, M.D., Oakdale.
John W. Houghton,
Charles H. Reed.
Dr. G. W. Stanbridge.
Gustaf L. Berg.

Each of the following towns has reported that milk inspection
is done by its local board of health : —

Berkshire County: -
Lanesborough.
Stockbridge.

Middlesex County :
Hopkinton.
Sherborn.

Norfolk County: —
Foxborough.
Sharon.

Worcester County: —
Hardwick.
Rutland.
Sturbridge.

164

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

Creameries, Milk Depots, etc.

Co-operative Creameries.

Number and Location.

Name.

Superintendent or Manager.

1. Ashfield, ....

2. Belchertown,

3. Cummington,

4. Easthampton,

5. Monterey, ....

6. Northfield

7. Shelburne, ....

Ashfield Creamery, .
Belchertown Creamery,
Cummington Creamery, .
Easthampton Creamery, .
Berkshire Hills Creamery,
Northfield Creamery,
Shelburne Creamery,

William Hunter, manager.
M. G. Ward, president.

D. C. Morey, superintend-
ent.

E. B. Clapp, treasurer.

F. A. Campbell, treasurer.
C. C. Stearns, treasurer.
Ira Barnard, manager.

Proprietary Creameries.

Number and Location.

Name.

Owner or Manager.

L Amherst,

2. Amherst,

3. Brimfield, .

4. Great Barrington,

5. Heath, .

6. Hinsdale,

Amherst Creamery Company,
Fort River Creamery,

Crystal Brook Creamery,
Edgewood Creamery,
Cold Spring Creamery,
Hinsdale Creamery, .

R. W. Pease, manager.

Clarence M. Wood, manager
(estate of E. A. King,
owner).

F. N. Lawrence, proprietor.

C. W. Freehan, manager.

I. W. Stetson & Son.

Walter C. Solomon, pro-
prietor.

Educational.

Location.

Name.

Manager.

Amherst,

Dairy Industry Course, Massachu-
setts Agricultural College.

W. P. B. Lockwxjod, pro-
fessor in charge.

Principal Milk-distributing Depots.

Name.

Location.

Manager.

Acton Farms Milk Company, .
Alden Brothers Company,

Anderson Brothers,

Bonnie Brook Farms,

Boston Ice Cream Company, .

Somerville, Windsor Street, .

Boston office, 1171 Tremont Street;
depot, 24-28 Duncan Street.

Worcester, Eckman Street, .

South Sudbury, ....

Roxbury, 40 King Street,

Arthur B. Parker, treas-
urer.

Charles L. Alden, presi-
dent; John Alden,
treasurer.

Anderson Brothers.

Norman E. Borden.

Harry M. Hardwick,
president and treas-
urer.

No. 4.] REPORT OF THE DAIRY BUREAU.

165

Principal Milk-distributing Depots — Concluded.

Name.

Location.

Manager.

Boston Jersey Creamery,
Brigham, C, Company, .
Brigham, C, Company, .
Bristol Creamery Company,
Columbia Creamery,
Deerfoot Farms Dairy, .

Elm Farm Milk Company,
Farmers Milk Company, .
Franklin Creamery Company
Hampden Creamery Company
Hood, H. P., & Sons,

Learned, G. S. (Fitchburg

Creamery).
Llanwhitkell Farms Creamery,

Lyndonville Creamery Associa-
tion.
Nash, Charles A.,

Newhall, J. A

Perry, A. D., .

Plymouth Creamery Company,

Prentice, H. H., & Co. (Berk-
shire Creamery).
Rockingham Milk Company, .

Somers Creamery Company, .

Springfield Creamery,

Tait Brothers

Turgeon, Frank H

Turner Center Dairying Asso-
ciation.
Wachusett Creamery,

Whiting, D., & Sons,

Boston, 9 Fultoij Street,

Cambridge, 158 Massachusetts Av-
enue.
Worcester, 9 Howard Street, .

Boston, 132 Central Street, .

Springfield, 117 Lyman Street,

Boston, 132 Central Street; depots
at Northborough and Southbor-
ough.

Boston, Wales Place,

Charlestown, 484 Rutherford Av-
enue.
Boston, 147 Harrison Avenue,

Everett, Orient Avenue,

Boston, 494. Rutherford Avenue;

branches, 24 Anson Street, Forest

Hills; 886 Broadway, Chelsea;

298 Dorchester Avenue, South

Boston.
Brookline, 136 Westbourne Terrace.
Lawrence, 629 Common Street.
Lynn, 193 Alley Street.
Maiden, 425 Main Street.
Medford, 452 High Street.
Watertown, 479 Pleasant Street.
Fitchburg, 26 Cushing Street,

Boston, 23 Ferry Street,

Watertown, 86 Elm Street, .

Springfield, 120 Oakhind Street,

Newburyport, 32 Monroe Street,

Worcester, Kansas Street,

Boston, 268-270 State Street,

Pittsfield, Crane Avenue,

Charlestown, Boston office, Han-
cock Square; depot 330 Ruther-
ford Avenue.

Springfield, 178 Dwight Street, .

Springfield, Main Street,

Springfield, 37 Vinton Street,

Boston, 213 Camden Street, .

Boston office, 63, 67 and 69 Endicott

Street.
Worcester, 6 Lincoln Street, .

Boston, 570 Rutherford Avenue, .

Theo. P. Grant, presi-
dent and manager.
John K. Whiting.

C. Brigham Company.

William L. Johnson.

H. A. Mosely.

S. H. Howes.

James H. Knapp, treas-
urer.
Oscar R. Lang, treasurer.

Tait Brothers.

Frank H. Adams, treas-
urer.
Charles H. Hood.

G. S. Learned.

Nelson P. Cook, man-
ager.

WiUis C. Conner, man-
ager.

Charles A. Nash, man-
ager.

J. A. NewhaU.

A. D. Perry.
John W. Davies.
H. H. Prentice.

Rolan H. Toothaker,

president.

W. M. Cushman.

F. B. AUen, proprietor.

Tait Brothers, proprie-
tors.
Frank H. Turgeon.

Irven L. Smith, man-
ager.

E. H. Thayer & Co.,
proprietors.

George Whiting.

Modified Milk Laboratory.

H. p. Hood & Sons,
Walker-Gordon Laboratory,

Boston, 494 Rutherford Avenue,
Boston, 1106 Boylston Street,

C. H. Hood.
George W. Franklin.

166

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [RD.No.4.

Receiving Depot for Milk, for Shipments to New Rochelle.

Name.

Location.

Manager.

Willow Brook Dairy Company,
Willow Brook Dairy Company,

Sheffield,

North Egremont

Frank Percy.
George Wyble.

Encouragement of Practical Dairying Expenses.

Agents, compensation, $391 00

Agents, expenses, ....
Judge's expenses, ....
Engraved certificates (two years),
Engrossing certificates (two years),
Printing,
Supplies,

Total, .
Cash prizes,

Total expenditures,

Regular Bureau Expenses.

The following is a classified statement of the expenses for the
year ending November 30, 1915: —

723 63

5 51

150 00

151 73

76 41

26 63

. $1,524 91

. 4,261 00

. $5,785 91

Bureau, compensation, .

Bureau, traveling expenses,

Agents, compensation.

Agents, expenses.

Samples purchased, .

General agent, traveling expenses,

Analysts, analyses, .

Analysts, tests, ....

Analysts, court attendance, .

Printing,

Photography,

Postage,

Telephone,

Supphes,

Total, .

$295 00

335 77
2,565 00
2,385 98

179 71
325 95

336 50
62 50

156 82
412 33

49 89
300 00

19 71
548 13

$7,973 29

P. M. HARWOOD,

General Agent.

Accepted and adopted as the report of the Dairy Bureau.

CHARLES M. GARDNER.
GEORGE W. trull.
O. E. BRADWAY.

REPOKT

ON THE

Encouragement of Dairying Contests,

19 15.

ENCOURAGEMENT OF DAIRYING PRIZE CONTESTS, 1915.

p. M. HARWOOD, GENERAL AGENT, DAIRY BUREAU.

Prizes offered.

Clean Milk Contest.

Cleanliness determined by sediment test. State divided into
four districts, viz., western, central, northeastern and south-
eastern. Prizes offered in each district: —

(a) Competition open to dairies of five or more cows in this
Commonwealth, where the owners are practical farmers super-
intending their own dairies. One hundred and forty prizes
aggregating $3,440, or 35 prizes aggregating $860 in each
district, were offered.

Additional Prizes. — For best individual showing in State,
sweepstakes certificate; district with largest number of entries,
$125; district making best showing of clean milk, $100.

(6) Junior prizes offered to persons under eighteen years of
age, — sons, daughters, proteges or actual employees of the
owners of farms eligible in (a). Thirty-two prizes aggregating
$416, or 8 prizes aggregating $104 in each district, were offered.

Additional Prize. — For best individual showing in State,
sweepstakes certificate.

(c) Hired help prizes offered to persons over eighteen years
of age, — employees on farms eligible in (a) . Twenty-four
prizes aggregating $240, or 6 prizes aggregating $60 in each
district, were offered.

Additional Prize. — For best individual showing in State,
sweepstakes certificate.

Results.
In the western district (a), there were 83 entries; (6), 14 entries;
and (c), 11 entries. The winners were as follows: —

170 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

(a) Owners.
First prize, Carl A. Johnson, East Longmeadow.
Second prize, George E. Lowry, Williamstown.
Third prize, John J. Reilly, Agawam,
Fourth prize, Elliot B. Markham, East Longmeadow.
Fifth prize, John B. Walker, Orange.
Sixth prize, Felix Bobard, Wilbraham.
Seventh prize, Harrison S. Williams, West Springfield.
Eighth prize, Charles H. Kelso, Westfield.
Ninth prize, Dora B. Powers, Greenwich.
Tenth prize, George A. Clark, East Longmeadow.
Eleventh prize, Mrs. Katie Haas, West Springfield.
TweKth prize, Sylvester Spelhnan, East Longmeadow.
Thirteenth prize, Sumner C. Schwartz, Agawam.
Fourteenth prize, Ashley Randall, Belchertown.
Fifteenth prize, Mrs. Annie Kronvall, East Longmeadow.^
Sixteenth prize, Gardner R. Files, Wilbraham.
Seventeenth prize. Per Persson, East Longmeadow.
Eighteenth prize, William H. Morey, Cummington.
Nineteenth prize, Wilham H. Atkins, Amherst.
Twentieth prize, Clinton F. Markham, East Longmeadow.
Twenty-first prize, Charles Seyfried, Conway.
Twenty-second prize, Clarence B. Brown, Brimfield.
Twenty-third prize, Dana S. Moore, West Springfield.
Twenty-fourth prize, Nils J. Lofmark, Sheffield.
Twenty-fifth prize, Clayton N. Rhoades, Williamsburg.
Twenty-sixth prize, Edwin A. Parker, Agawam.
Twenty-seventh prize, Lewis N. Oakes, Clarksburg.
Twenty-eighth prize, Leon A. Jewell, Wilbraham.
Twenty-ninth prize, Frederick A. Judin, Leeds.
Thirtieth prize, David Witto, Clarksburg.
Thirty-first prize, John Quirk, Ware.
Thirty-second prize, WiUiam A. Cone, Orange.
Thirty-third prize, Joseph Kasprzak, Monson.
Thirty-fourth prize, Bert Green, Ware.
Thirty-fifth prize, Charles J. Nelson, Agawam.

Honorable mention: —

Henry C. Miller, East Longmeadow.
Edwin H. Alderman, Middlefield.
Reid Bros., East Longmeadow.
Joseph Ricard, Hampden.
Laurens Clark, Montgomery.

I In justice to Mrs. Kronvall, whose milking won the sweepstakes prize in 1913, and was tied
for first position in 1914, it should be said that an accident occurred while milking for the test
in 1915.

Western District.
Stable owned by Carl A. Johnson, East Longmealow. Winner of first prize in his

district.

Northeastern District.
Stable owned by Bryant Bros., Dracut. Winner of first prize in their district.

No. 4.] ENCOURAGEMENT OF DAIRYING. 171

Honorable mention — Concluded.

Joseph C. White, West Springfield.
Hilda Hall, Hampden.
Charles W. Berry, Prescott.
Benjamin B. Green, North Wilbraham.
F. J. Pomeroy & Son, Agawam.
Kibbe Bros., Hampden.
Austin P. Hannnm, North Prescott.
Alexander Larson, Hampden.
George A. Chapin, Hampden.

(b) Juniors.
First prize, Arnold B. Hale, Tyringham.
Second prize, Clifton B. Green, North Wilbraham.
Third prize, Maxine A. Rhoades, Williamsburg.
Fourth prize, Edwin F. Fenton, Brimfield.
Fifth prize, Cecil E. Alderman, Middlefield.
Sixth prize, George William Files, Wilbraham.
Seventh prize, Ruth Persson, East Longmeadow.
Eighth prize not awarded.

Honorable mention : —

Louis Watson, Wilbraham.
Axel G. Larson, Hampden.
Charlotte C. Rolf, East Longmeadow.
Norman G. Oakes, Clarksburg.

(c) Em-ployees.
First prize, Herbert R. Cowles, Westfield.
Second prize, Russell G. Skinner, Brimfield.
Third prize, Ray Turner, East Longmeadow.
Fourth prize, Daniel J. Quirk, Ware.
Fifth prize, Frank A. Bowen, Prescott.
Sixth prize, John Wendler, Hampden.

Honorable mention : —

Raymond Bacon, East Longmeadow.
William F. Barlow, Cummington.
Dwight G. Taylor, Granby.

In the central district (a), there were 102 entries; (6), 22 entries;
and (c), 20 entries. The winners were as follows: —

(a) Owners.
First prize, WilHam A. Hale, Gardner.
Second prize. Otto Wickman, Gardner.
Third prize, H. Irving Morlock, Winchendon.

172 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Fourth prize, Albion G. Smallej^, West Boylston.
Fifth prize, Alphonso E. Brown, Lunenburg.
Sixth prize, Edward N. McGowan, Templeton.
Seventh prize, Emil Hendrickson, Templeton.
Eighth prize, Jolin Nygard, Templeton.
Ninth prize, Clifford R. Harris, Millbury.
Tenth prize, John Bergstrom, West Millbury.
Eleventh prize, Josiah I. Henshaw, Templeton.
Twelfth prize, George N. Perry, Sutton.
Tliirteenth prize, Frank C. Smith, Leominster.
Fourteenth prize, Edwin B. Mellen, Winchendon.
Fifteenth prize, Benjamin Horin, Westminster.
Sixteenth prize, Louis J. Kendall, Worcester.
Seventeenth prize, S. Martin Shaw, Sutton.
Eighteenth prize, George F. Smith, Barre.
Nineteenth prize, Louis Matson, Millbury.
Twentieth prize, Burt A. Sanborn, Auburn.
Twenty-first prize, Erick Hermanson, East Templeton.
Twenty-second prize, Everett N. Kearney, North Grafton.
Twenty-third prize, Arthur W. Cutler, West Brookfield.
Twenty-fourth prize, Henry W. Putnam, Sutton.
Twenty-fifth prize, Minot L. Powers, Leominster.
Twenty-sixth prize, Arthur S. Harris, Fitchburg.
Twenty-seventh prize, Ida Asp, Hubbardston.
Twenty-eighth prize, Wellman J. Fish, Lunenburg.
Twenty-ninth prize, Charhe B. Jordan, Holden.
Thirtieth prize, Frank J. Berry, Hard wick.
Thirty-first prize, George M. Moore, Sutton.
Thirty-second prize, Nadeau Bros., Fitchburg.
Thirty-third prize, Francis E. Morlock, Winchendon.
Tliirty-fourth prize, Charles A. Heywood, Gardner.
Thirty-fifth prize, Henry N. Granger, Auburn.

Honorable mention : —

John W. Lloyd, Leominster.

WilHs E. ICnight, Gardner.

Fred R. Batcheller, Sutton.

Fred H. Turnbull, Berlin.

Albert L. Woodis, North Brookfield.

Alfred H. Sherwood, Lunenburg.

C. Bertram Epps, Winchendon.

Marchant M. Martin, Southborough.

Antoine J. Couillard, Hubbardston. '

Larz Anderson, Holden.

William E. Hartnett, Westminster.

Southeastern District.

Stable owned by James F. MoNamara, Stoughton. Winner of first prize in his district

anil sweapstakes prize in State.

Central District.
Stable owned by W.lliarn A. Hale, Gardner. Winner of first prize in his district.

No. 4.] EXCOURAGEISIEXT OF DAIRYING. 173

Honorable mention — Concluded.
Chandler E. Smith, Leominster.
Marcus M. Paine, Millbury.
John C. Summ, Lancaster.
Louis N. Malhoit, Sutton.
Fred E. Ruggles, Hard'^v^ck.
William G. Da^ddson, Millbury.
Charles T. Gunn, Brookfield.
Harvey 0. Winch, Templeton.
John NavaroU, West Bo5dston.

(6) Juniors.

First prize, Albert N. Brown, Lunenburg.
Second prize, Walter Shaw, Sutton,
Third prize, Charles R. Henshaw, Templeton.
Fourth prize, Isadore M. Horin, Westminster.
Fifth prize, Howard L. Jordan, Holden.
Sixth prize, Harold E. Parker, Spencer.
Seventh prize, Francis McGrath, West Millbury.
Eighth prize, Norman C. Perry, Sutton.

Honorable mention: —

Tony Meola, West Boylston.
L. Stanley Heywood, Gardner.
Fred Lincoln Batcheller, Sutton.
Arthur A. TurnbuU, Berhn.

(c) Employees.

First prize, Arthur C. Davis, Sutton.
Second prize, Alex Nygren, Oxford.
Third prize, Herbert E. Kendall, Worcester.
Fourth prize, Fred G. Stone, North Grafton.
Fifth prize, Thomas H. Freel, Lancaster.
Sixth prize, Harry S. Granger, Auburn.

Honorable mention : —

Victor Anderson, Holden.
Timothy E. Murphy, West Brookfield.
Egidio Capinari, West Boylston.
Gilbert Mills, Westminster.
Cecil C. Wood, Leominster.
Andrew Cassarant, Spencer.
William Armstrong, Holden.
Leon Waltz, Westminster.

174 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

In the northeastern district (a), there were 40 entries; (6), 5
entries; and (c), 16 entries. The winners were as follows: —

(a) Owners^
First prize, Bryant Bros., Dracut.
Second prize, Peter Hagstrom, Gloucester.
Third prize, George B. Clark, Concord.
Fourth prize, James A. Noyes, Newbury.
Fifth prize, Crosby & Flitner, Billerica.
Sixth prize, John H. Aliola, Lanes ville.
Seventh prize, Albin Spyut, Ipswich.
Eighth prize, Agostino Visocchi, Sudbury.
Ninth prize, Walter Steele & Son, Stoneham.
Tenth prize, Florence Nesmith, North Tewksbury.
Eleventh prize, Frank Lanzillo, Wakefield.
Twelfth prize, Ernest W. Burks, Natick.
Thirteenth prize, Elbridge Noyes, Newbury.
Fourteenth prize, Stuart L, Little, Newbury.
Fifteenth prize, Leblanc Bros., Dracut.
Sixteenth prize, Elbert H. Flagg, Westford.
Seventeenth prize, John T. Faughnan, Newburyport.
Eighteenth prize, Albert Elwell, Ipswich.
Nineteenth prize, Edwin Ilsley, Newbury.
Twentieth prize, Silas Little, Newbury.
Twenty-first prize, John Day, Woburn.
Twenty-second prize, John Talvitie, Gloucester.
Twenty-third prize, William C. Knight, Newbury.
Twenty-fourth prize, David Wilcox & Son, Littleton.
Twenty-fifth prize, Ida Lehto, LanesviUe.
Twenty-sixth prize, Joseph H. Clough, Lowell.
Twenty-seventh prize, William J. Cameron, Ipswich.
Twenty-eighth prize, Edward A. Lunt, Newbury.
Twenty-ninth prize, Aaron Osterman, Tewksbury.
Tliirtieth prize, Louise A. Morton, Woburn.
Thirty-first prize, George W. Lunt, Newbury.
Thirty-second prize, Margaret M. Carter, Wakefield.
Thirty-third prize, Goodwin Warner, Littleton.
Thirty-fourth prize, Thomas I. Paon, Wakefield.
Thirty-fifth prize, Austin L. Mansfield, Wakefield.

(6) Juniors.
First prize, Albert E. Elwell, Ipswich.
Second prize, Charles Visocchi, Sudbury.
Third prize, Irving Flagg, Westford.
Fourth prize, Albert B. Nason, Haverhill.
Fifth prize, John Talvitie, Gloucester.

No. 4.] ENCOURAGEMENT OF DAIRYING. 175

(c) Employees.

First prize, Austin K. Noyes, Newbiiry.
Second prize, Arthur Miller, Methuen.
Third prize, Maurice Flagg, Westford.
Fourth prize, Joseph Visocchi, Sudbury.
Fifth prize, Allen P. Pingree, Ipswich.
Sixth prize, Patrick McPadden, Littleton.

Honorable mention: —

Leonard T. Ilsley, Newbury.
Chester Cameron, Ipswich.
John SuUivan, Newbury.
Clarence Merchant, Woburn.

In the southeastern district (a), there were 52 entries; (b), 7
entries; and (c), 22 entries. The winners were as follows: —

(a) Owners.

First prize, James F. McNamara, Stoughton.

Second prize, Fred L. Fisher, Norwood.

Third prize, Michael J. Conway, Taunion.

Fourth prize, George C. and Wilham C. Wilkins, Plainville.

Fifth prize, Anthony F. Farreira, West Falmouth.

Sixth prize, Kenneth E. and Vincent 0. Webb, Needham.

Seventh prize, George Parker, Sandwich.

Eighth prize, Charles D. Lincoln, Raynham.

Ninth prize, Dell R. Rideout, Raynham.

Tenth prize, Lewis F. Blossom, Fairhaven.

Eleveath prize, Charles R. Neagus, Dartmouth.

Twelfth prize, Caroline R. King, Raynham.

Thirteenth prize, Joseph Clayton Nickerson, Jr., Taunton.

Fourteenth prize, Harry L. Carpenter, Attleboro.

Fifteenth prize, Manuel G. White, North Falmouth.

Sixteenth prize, John Quinn, Kingston.

Seventeenth prize, William P. Rudkiu, Rockland.

Eighteenth prize, Benjamin W. Shaw, South Wej'mouth.

Nineteenth prize, Timothy Murphy, Falmouth.

Twentieth prize, Melvin 0. Bradford, Acushnet.

Twenty-first prize, George F. Ribero, Franklin.

Twenty-second prize, Charles H. Shaw, Middleborough.

Twenty-third prize, John J. Lemaire, Taunton.

Twenty-fourth prize, Edwin L. Lewis, Taunton.

Twenty-fifth prize, Benjamin F. Paige, Hanson.

Twentj^-sixth prize, John Olson, Raynham.

176 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Twenty-seventh prize, John B. Souza, Taunton.
Twenty-eighth prize, Eddy K. Carleton, Whitman.
Twenty-ninth prize, Edmund B. Hutchins, Stoughton
Thirtieth prize, H. Arthur Standish, Middleborough.
Thirty-first prize, Antonio Margarido, Taunton.
Thirty-second prize, George H. Gould, Taunton.
Thirty-third prize, Evan F. Richardson, Millis.
Thirty-fourth prize, Henry E. lung, Taunton.
Thirty-fifth prize, William H. Finney, Plymouth.

Honorable mention : —
Jose Pontes, Swansea.
John 0. Bicknell, Weymouth.
Abiel P. R. Gilmore, Acushnet.
Benjamin S. Bisbee, Stoughton.
Frank F. Ferreira, Barnstable.
Benjamin Flint, Mansfield.
Mary Newman, Taunton.
Jacob Dreizen, Taunton.

(b) Juniors.

First prize, Cleveland Jones, Sandwich.
Second prize, Leonard F. Lemaire, Taunton.
Third prize, Edwin F. Ribero, Franklin.
Fourth prize, Joseph Lesniak, Taunton.
Eighth ' prize, Albert E. Carpenter, Attleboro.

(c) Employees.

First prize, Leonard C. Fisher, Norwood.
Second prize, Michael J. Conway, Jr., Taunton.
Tliird prize, Wilham S, Taylor, Needham.
Fourth prize, W. Earle Tinkham, Raynham.
Fifth prize, Joseph Gonsalves, Dartmouth.
Sixth prize, John F. SuUivan, Raynham.

Honorable mention: —

Joseph Clayton Nickerson, Sr., Taunton.
Frank E. Rudkin, Rockland.
Irving H. Smith, South Weymouth.
John Fitzgerald, Falmouth.
Walter Fogg, Acushnet.
Elmer Wambolt, Millis.
Charles H. Hilliard, Sandwich.
George D. Paige, Hanson.

' Fifth, sixth and seventh prizes not awarded.

Cotton after a sample of clean milk has passed
through it.

Cotton after a sample of unclean milk has passed
through it.

Photogr.^phs of Sediment Test Cottons.

No. 4.] ENCOURAGEMENT OF DAIRYING. 177

Honorable mention — Concluded.
Manuel Souza, Taunton.
Esten S. Stuart, Whitman.
Desire Senechal, Taunton.
Jesse Brewer, Plymouth.
George W. Edminster, Weymouth.
Robert Newman, Taunton.

The prize of $125 for the largest number of entries was
awarded to the central district, and the money was equally
distributed among the contestants ranking 36 to 50, inclusive.

The prize of $100 for the best showing of clean milk was
also awarded to the central district, and the money was equally
distributed among the honorable mention contestants of the
central district.

In (a), owners, a sweepstakes certificate was awarded to
James F. McNamara of Stoughton.

In (6), juniors, a sweepstakes certificate was awarded to
Albert N. Brown of Lunenburg.

In (c), employees, a sweepstakes certificate was awarded to
Arthur C. Davis of Sutton.

The judge in these contests was Dr. Charles E. Marshall of
the INIassachusetts Agricultural College.

SECOND ANNUAL REPORT

BOYS' AND GlELS' CLUB WOEK.

SECOND ANNUAL REPORT ON BOYS' AND GIRLS' CLUB

WORK.

Aims and Organization.
The aim of the Boys' and Girls' Club work is to promote
the study of agriculture and home economics among the young
people of the Commonwealth. In order to accomplish this aim
the organization is planned in such a way as to secure the best
results with the least machinery possible. The work is directed
by the Extension Service of the Massachusetts Agricultural
College as a branch of the Department of Agricultural Edu-
cation. The financial and general administrative aspects are in
the hands of the Extension Service. The immediate promotion
and conduct of the work is carried on by the Department of
Agricultural Education. The field workers are the extension
members of the staff in agricultural education. The head of
the department has general oversight and is responsible to the
director of the Extension Service for the direction of the club
work. The extension professor of agricultural education has
charge of the field work and also the immediate direction and
oversight of the field assistants. At the present time the staff
consists of W. R. Hart, professor of agricultural education,
O. A. Morton, extension professor in agricultural education,
Miss Ethel H. Nash, extension instructor in agricultural edu-
cation, and E. N. Boland, extension instructor in charge of
Boys' and Girls' Pig Club work.

Co-operative Agencies.
It would be impossible to do the club work eflSciently without
the help of other organized agencies co-operating with the
college. The public schools of the State, the Massachusetts
State Board of Agriculture, the county bureaus, improvement
leagues, and the United States Department of Agriculture are
the chief organized agencies co-operating with the Massachu-

182 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

setts Agricultural College in promoting the Boys' and Girls'
Clubs. In addition to the above, there is a large number of
local organizations, such as town improvement clubs, women's
clubs, local financial institutions, and numerous private parties
that are giving money, time and service in furthering this great
enterprise. Space forbids giving more than a mere suggestion
of these numerous agencies in their co-operative efforts.

Through the courteous helpfulness of the educational authori-
ties of the State the schools are opened as avenues for reaching
the boys and girls. This makes the work of interesting the
young people quite simple because they are so accessible. After
the children have been interested and enrolled, many superin-
tendents and teachers come forward with service, devoting time
and eflfort to this work that under other conditions they would
devote to other school functions.

One branch of the public school service of the State is
becoming more and more helpful. This consists of the voca-
tional schools and vocational departments of agriculture. In
certain towns where these schools or departments have become
actively interested the club work shows splendid results. The
work of the young children in the home and school garden
clubs reacts favorably upon the agricultural schools and agri-
cultural departments in increased attendance.

On the financial side, both towns and cities are beginning to
devote some part of the school funds to the furthering of this
work by the employment of paid supervision of the gardens
and other projects of the boys and girls during the summer.

The State Board of Agriculture has been sympathetically
active in the promotion of the Boys' and Girls' Clubs for
several years past. In fact, the first public meeting at which
such work was seriously discussed was held in the office of the
Board of Agriculture. This meeting was held in the spring of
1908, under the auspices of the New England Conference on
Rural Progress. It was addressed by the late Dr. Seaman A.
Knapp. He described his work in the south in behalf of the
" one-gallussed-f armer " and the "boys' acre contest." The
Board's officials at the State House have, on many occasions
since then, arranged meeting places for annual conferences for
promoting the work. The most notable thing done by the

No. 4.] BOYS' AND GIRLS' CLUB WORK. 183

Board of Agriculture in co-operation with the college was to
secure the enactment of a law giving a State bounty for this
work to the agricultural and horticultural societies under their
control. This annual bounty to each society amounts to $200.
The money must be expended in prizes at the fairs held by
these societies for agricultural and home economics products of
children and youths not over eighteen years of age. This has
been a great stimulus to young people in the study of agri-
culture. It has added interest to the fair exhibits. In many
instances the exhibits in this department are superior to those
in the adult departments. Another important action on the
part of the Board of Agriculture was the inclusion in their
budget a few years ago of an item of $1,000 for State prizes
to boys and girls in half-acre and acre contests. This sum was
later increased to $2,000. The result of this action will appear
more fully under the topic, "Lines of Work." The intimate
relationship of this co-operation is shown by the further facts
that the head of the Department of Agricultural Education is
the specialist in charge of agricultural club work of the Board of
Agriculture, and the extension professor of agricultural education
directs and supervises the contests for the State prizes. All re-
ports and records of the contests for State prizes are kept at the
college in the office of the Department of Agricultural Education.
The United States Department of Agriculture has become in
recent years a very important co-operating agency. This is
achieved through the States Relations Service working directly
with the Extension Service of the Massachusetts ^Agricultural
College. Under a Federal grant, a considerable sum is available
for extension work in Massachusetts. This money is appor-
tioned in Washington among various bureaus, such as plant
industry, animal husbandry and the like. The money thus
received is paid in salaries to extension workers. The privilege
of using the government frank within certain restrictions is also
granted. This privilege is held by the extension professor of
agricultural education, who represents the Federal government
as State agent in charge of Boys' and Girls' Clubs. In addition
to financial aid the Federal government assists in the promotion
of the work by means of conferences of club leaders, and gives
instruction by demonstrations and short-term schools of can-

184 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

ning, etc. This assistance is given by or under the direction
of the specialist in charge of club work, Oflfice of Farm Manage-
ment, Bureau of Plant Industry. Other work of this specialist
will be referred to under State prizes.

The Massachusetts farm bureaus and improvement leagues
are making the club w^ork a branch of their service to the
several counties in which they work. In some cases the time
of one person is devoted to the club work. Sometimes the
club work is promoted in connection with the more specialized
duty of some member of the bureau or league staff. The co-
operation of the college club workers and the bureau club
workers consists more in the method of doing the work than
in the official and financial relationship existing between the
two agencies, although the financial relation is not absent, since
county extension workers must have the approval of the Ex-
tension Service of the college in order to enjoy the privilege of
Federal aid. The representatives of the college work through
the office of the county organization. Where the county has a
person in charge of club work, the representatives of the
college act sometimes as advisers in planning work, sometimes
as assistants in carrying forward projects already planned.
This puts the matter on the broad basis of mutual helpfulness
in pushing along this splendid enterprise.

Co-operating Agencies of a Private and Local Character.

Village improvement clubs, women's clubs and similar local
organizations have been helpful factors in promoting and sus-
taining interest in the Boys' and Girls' Club work from its
beginning in 1908 as a State-wide movement. As a matter of
fact, some work had been done by local communities prior to
that time, notably in Boston, Lynn, Waltham, Newton and
other cities, some of which have been doing garden work for
twenty-five years. The town of Gill has had a Boys' and Girls'
Agricultural Club since 1903. The schools of Williamsburg,
Chesterfield, Worthington and Haydenville had been promoting
home garden work. All these local agencies at once became
willing and helpful co-operators.

Private individuals, business firms and banks have supplied
funds for premiums as well as for paying local supervisors and

Where the home and school meet.

The hackvard contributes to tlie breakfast.

No. 4.] BOYS' AND GIRLS' CLUB WORK. 185

helpers. Perhaps the most noteworthy case of this type of
helpfulness is the Plymouth County Trust Company of Brock-
ton. The board of directors of that institution authorized the
employment of an agricultural adviser whose work is entirely
among farmers and farm boys. This man works in close
relationship with the school superintendent of the city of
Brockton and other influential members of the community.
The boys are organized into a corporation having adults as
official members, with the boys as junior members. Under
certain regulations the boys that are in need of financial help
are assisted by small loans for the purchase of seed, imple-
ments, etc. This project savors of sound educational practice
as well as far-sighted business wisdom on the part of the
banking institution.

Methods of conducting the Work.
The chief function of the college is promotion, organization
and correlating the efforts of field workers. This is accom-
plished by means of public lectures, conferences, circular letters,
instruction leaflets, the sending of seed packets to children and
personal interviews. These activities on the part of the
college have their counterpart in the State in the form of
reports from individuals, the holding of exhibits and awarding
prizes. These exhibits of agricultural and home economics
products are held under various auspices. They are nearly
always conducted by some responsible organization. Some-
times it is the local grange, sometimes the local schools.

Lines of Work carried on.
The Potato Club was the original and simple enterprise of
the Boys' and Girls' Clubs. That was in 1908. The club was
limited to Hampshire County. It consisted of about 600
members. The first exhibit was held at Amherst under the
auspices of the Hampshire Agricultural Society. About $15
were awarded to the exhibitors in prizes. It is a far call from
that small beginning to the State-wide enterprise now in
operation. In 1909 there were 13 towns co-operating with the
college in the club work. In 1915 there were 315 such towns.

186 BOARD OF iVGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

When the work began there was just one form of activity, — the
Potato Club. At the present time there are 10 enterprises in
operation; these consist of the Home and School Garden clubs,
Corn Club, Potato Club, Market Garden Club, Poultry Club,
Hay Club, Pig Club, Home Economics Club, Canning and
Marketing Club and Back- Yard Garden Club. The Home and
School Garden, the Market Garden, and the Back- Yard Garden
Clubs are not clearly differentiated in all their aspects, yet each
has a distinct aim or distinguishing feature.

Home and School Garden Club.

This club is designed as an introductory enterprise. Its
principal aim is to stimulate and feed the latent interest of
childhood in outdoor gardening activity. It is very elementary
in scope. It serves as a splendid link between the home and
the school. It may be justified more for its educational than for
its economic values, yet it is helpful in reducing the cost of
living for the family. Membership in this club is not so
closely limited in requirements as in the more specialized clubs.
It is designed primarily for pupils in the grammar schools, but
others are not excluded.

There are 315 towns represented. The total enrollment is
more than 50,000.

Rules and Regulations.

1. A small amount of one kind of seed is furnished free to members
who apply before the supply is exhausted. Instructions for planting,
cultivating and reporting are sent also.

2. The size of the gardens may vary from a few feet square to two or
three rods square.

3. Members may plant both vegetables and flowers.

4. Ribbons are given for best exhibits and buttons for best gardens
when properly reported by local leaders.

5. No State prizes are given to individuals in this club.

6. All members of the Home and School Garden Club are counted in
making up the scores in contests among towns or cities competing for
silver cups.

7. All boys and girls who get seed of their own and make a home garden
may belong to this club, whether they get seed from the college or not.

8. Members must do the planting and cultivating, and, if old enough,
the plowing or spading.

A market Rartlen.

Results in the potato club.

No. 4.] BOYS' AND GIRLS' CLUB WORK. 187

Back-Yard Garden Club.
The work of this club is primarily an economic enterprise.
It is expected that the home will be the chief market for the
products. The neighborhood and local town market is expected
to absorb the surplus. It is more or less educational as well as
economic.

Market Garden Club.
The Market Garden Club is more specialized in product and
more definite in aim than the Back-Yard Garden Club. It is
usually limited to one, or, at most, to a few vegetables. These
are produced for a market beyond the home. They may even
reach a market beyond the town where they are produced. The
home, however, is not excluded as a consumer in disposing of
market-garden products. It is both economic and educational
because the members are working for financial gain and at the
same time are studying the deeper agricultural problems that
relate to production.

Rules and Regulations.

1. Members must be between ten and eighteen years of age.

2. The garden must contain at least six square rods.

3. Accounts must be kept of products sold or used by the family.

4. Reports and a story of the work must be sent to the State leader at
the close of the season.

5. No free seeds are to be sent.

6. A Primer of Instruction on cultivating corn, sweet corn, beets, beans,
potatoes and tomatoes will be sent to each member.

Bean Report.
Date of planting,

Number of hills or total length of drills,
Number of beans planted,
Did you plant other seeds between the rows?
How many stalks of beans grew?
How many bean pods did you raise?
Did you exhibit at a local fair?
Did you exhibit at an agricultural fair?
What premiums did you win?
Have you saved any seed for next year?

Date,

Name,
P. 0. Address,

188 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Corn Club, Potato Club, Hay Club.
These clubs differ somewhat from those described above.
They embody the idea of production under field conditions
rather than garden conditions.

Corn Report.
Date of planting seed,
Number of hills planted,
Number of kernels planted in drills.
Did you plant other seeds between the rows?
How many stalks of corn grew?
How many stalks had two or more ears on them?
How many ears of corn did you raise?
Did you exhibit at a local fair?
Did you exhibit at an agricultural fair?
What premiums did you win?
Have you saved any seed for next year?

Name,

P. 0. Address,
Date,

Bow to Study an Ear of Corn.

1. Is it hard to twist and bend?

2. Is it cylindrical and straight, and do the rows of kernels run straight?

3. Are the grains firmly set on the cob, do they touch each other, have
the same smoothness, and are all of the same size except at the ends?

4. How does the weight of the ear compare with the average weight of
twenty others unsorted?

5. The length is how many times the thickness?

6. Do the grains at the butt end come to the place where the shank
was broken off?

7. Do the grains completely cover the tips?

8. Do the rows touch each other and aU reach from end to end?

9. Are the grains uniform in color?

Potato Club.
Selection for Exhibit — Potatoes.
If you can answer all the following questions with "yes"
you may be sure that you have a good plate or peck of potatoes
for the contest: —

Economy and efficiency in the home.

No. 4.] BOYS' AND GIRLS' CLUB ^YORK. 189

1. Are they of good salable size, such as dealers and good judges de-
mand?

2. Are they true to t3'pe, similar in shape, color and general appearance
to a standard potato of this variety?

3. Are they sound?

4. Are they firm, not hollow, not brittle, not spongy, not green?

5. Are the ej^es shallow, making it possible to pare without great
waste?

6. Are the skins bright and of good color and texture?

7. Are they clean?

8. Are they free from scab, worm holes and other blemishes?

9. Are they of about the same size, shape, color and textui-e? (This
last is very important.)

Home Economics Club.

While the work of this club was designed primarily for girls,
a good number of boys have entered certain phases of it, just
as many girls have entered the clubs heretofore described.
Home economics, — that age-old art of "housekeeping," — can
it be called "economic" in the same sense as raising corn or
fattening pigs? Who can set down in the shabby symbols of
"net gain" or "profit" what happens to a parlor or living
room while the deft hands, critical brain and affectionate heart
go from curtained windows to picture-hung walls, from bric-a-
brac to furniture and floor until they all exhale a neatly ordered
harmony? "Dollars and cents!" How would a tidy kitchen, a
neatly spread table or a well-ordered chamber look smeared
with dollar signs and profit marks? The essence of this sort of
work is of the spirit and not of the hands. It is the contribu-
tion of love and the homing instinct to human happiness. It
belongs in the catalogue of things that are "without price."

This, however, is not the whole story. The girls are given
a chance to exercise their abilities for economic production in
the Canning and Marketing Club. The work in this club
extends beyond the walls of the house, but not entirely beyond
the realm of the home. It unites the house and the garden
into a genuine home-making enterprise. This of itself would be
reason enough for the existence of the Canning and Marketing
Club. But it goes farther. Through this club the girls are
finding a way to turn time and energy into money. They

190 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

relish the pleasure of ownership in what is earned, as well as
exult in the joy of a worthy achievenient. These two clubs
make for the growth of the instinct for helpful service as well
as for the desire to realize a personal and independent selfhood.

Rules and Regulations.

1. All boys and girls in Massachusetts who -nail be between the ages of
ten and eighteen on the first day of February may become members of
the club.

2. The 1915 contest will begin February 1 and extend through February,
March and April, closing April 30.

3. During the three months sixty hours of work will be required and
no more than seventy-five hours may be chosen.

Each member must take either bread-making or sewing (twenty hours
each), and may take both if she chooses. In sewing, only those things
which are mentioned in the Primer of Instruction or in this Supplement
will be counted as club work.

The remaining hours of work may be chosen as the member desires.

4. Use some of the recipes in the Primer of Instruction. You may also
use some of your mother's best recipes.

5. The rank sheets will be marked by your mother or guardian and
mailed to us once a month.

6. Three time sheets, one for each month, will be sent to each member.
These should be fastened to the wall where they can easily be filled in each
day. The number of minutes and hours spent on each activity should be
put in the square under the proper date and opposite the activity ac-
complished. At the end of each week and at the end of the month the totals
should be found. When you are sure that you have finished the required
number of hours in any activity it will not be necessary for you to keep
account of that time any longer. In that space simply write "time com-
pleted." Be sure that your name and address are written plainly in ink.
This time sheet should then be mailed with the rank card.

Send reports promptly at the end of each month.

7. The State prizes are as formerly: first, a free trip to Washington,
District of Columbia, or its equivalent; second, a free trip to some point in
New England; third, a free week at the Agricultural College in Amherst.
In awarding the second and third prizes the State will be divided into
sections, more third prizes being given than second prizes.

In order to be among the contestants for these major prizes one must
have sent in the three time sheets (one for each month), three rank sheets,
and a little booklet telling of her experiences in the club work. This story
should be written most carefully, and may be illustrated by hand drawings
or photographs of the club member doing various kinds of club work.

8. Late in the contest some one from the Agricultural College will
visit each group to see the exhibition of products made by club members.

No. 4.]

BOYS' AND GIRLS' CLUB WORK.

191

Each member will be expected to exhibit at that time, especially the bread
or sewing. A record will be kept of each member's rank in the exhibit.

9. Where one member of a group does exceptionally fine work in the
contest, that member thereby gains the office of president of the local
Home Economics Club for the following year.

Canning and Marketing Club.
Rules and Regulations.

1. The Cannmg and Marketing Club work will begin June 1 and close
October 15.

2. Any boy or girl in Massachusetts between the ages of ten and
eighteen, inclusive, is eUgible to this club.

3. Only one report m\\ be required, this being the final record of the
amount, variety and value of the fruit, vegetables and greens put up
during the contest. Those who sell products will also report the amount,
variety and selling price of products sold.

4. A story of experience will be required from each member competing
for the State prizes.

5. Members will be required to exhibit at least ten samples of canned
products (not more than two cans of any one variety) for inspection, at
some local place to be later designated by the leader of the Canning Club
work.

6. It is hoped that local granges and other organizations will offer in-
ducements for the boys and girls to exhibit their products at the annual
fairs.

7. The club members who have put up the finest quahty of canned
goods will be urged to send samples of these products to the State exhibit,
where State premiums will be offered.

8. The following score card will be used in judging the merits of the
work done by the club members : — •

Quality of canned fruit, vegetables or greens,
Amount of canned fruit, vegetables or greens,
Variety of canned fruit, vegetables or greens,
Value of canned fruit, vegetables or greens.
Story of experience, ....

Points.
30
20
15
20
15

100

9. The State prizes offered in the Canning and Marketing Club will be
the same as in the other Massachusetts Boys' and Girls' Clubs: first
prize, trip to Washington or its equivalent; second prize, trip to some
point of interest in New England; third prize, a week at the Massachu-
setts Agricultural College in Amherst.

1&2 BOARD OF AGRICTLTURE. Prjb. Doc.

10. Tbe bar or gid winning die fiist jKize in \be Cazming azid Mazket-
b^r Crib sti!! be tbe p^gfidfTrt of the Slate dnb until the nest contest

.' TTiember dcsDg lite best trtxk in each town wfll

Pig Club.
The orgamzatioii of this dub was financed by firms interested
in live-stock and meat production.

Bideg and Begida^aiu.

1. ^M^nbers of tHs dnb ^baSL be between ten and ei^teen rears of
a@e on Jazmazj 1, 1915.

2. One eontest will begin May 1 and dose on September 1. Each
manber must hare at least one pig cm 3iaj 1 to feed and care for. The
p^ mar be pordiased anr time jxevioas to ihe 1st of Mav, bat the data
win be k^ from May 1. The second eontest will begin June 1 and close
S^jtember 1, 1915, with the same mks'and e(HiditMHi3 as ihe first.

3. Each member nmst feed and c^e for his ot her pig or pigs in person,
and most keep a record (rf feed ^en and pastore grazed. He must record
tiie wei^it of tibe p% on May 1 or Jmie 1, ^id on the first of each month
tiieieafta', to detamine the gains in pounds. AH wei^bing must be done
in ihe morning bef me the {Hg is ^en ihe first feed.

The date tiiat tiie pig was farrowed dboold be recorded. Each con-
testant most reckon his time in caring for the pig at 10 cents per hour.
Parents tdsc^ sui^nse, but the boy or gid must do the woik and assume full
respcnxability f or the competition.

4. Prices win be established for afi feeds at the o&ce of the State ad-
viser. In determining the cost of production, aR feed used by different
ooaiesiaata win be dunged at a unifonn rate. The exact number of quarts
of refuse and waste frran tibe house nuist be recorded each day. Garbage
otiier tiian tiiat made in the contestant's home may be used.

An feeds must be reported in quarts. Any l^id pastured must abo be
reported-

5. The monthly report blanks must be carefuUy kept. Two copies must
be made, one of wiiich the contestant must keep and the other must be
sent to the State adviser by the fifth of each month. The final report
submitted, winch win include tiie montiily reports, must be certified by
two dianterested persons. These persons must witness the weighing of
the pig on 'May 1 or Jime 1, and the final wei^ung on Sept€mh>er 1, and
in oUier ways keep in touch with the contestants in order to certify intel-
ligently at the close ci the contest.

6. Each member must agree to study the instructions sent him by the
United States Department of .Agriculture and the Massachusetts Agn-
cuhural CoIlege> and to send reports to the State adviser.

No. 4.] BOYS' AXD GIRLS' CLUB WORK. 193

7. Hie fidd agait or some odiez- lepveaentstivB of tiae eoflege viQ
aim to viat eadi contestazit sonoe time dming tiie cootest. The ageaot &t
that time irill secie tiie pig.

S. At the ccndDskm of tibe contest, S^itanber 1, each ronlesfamt mi^t
satsnit his final lepcsi and a story, '"Feetfing and cazing for toy Fig.''

9. The vazioas pnies will be aw^arded to the contestants obtazidng the
highp<=T scoies. CoQtestazikS most hear in mind ^lat ^le ^ics made be-
twesi May 1 ctr Jane 1 and Septemb^ 1 are irhat the contest is batsed
upon, and not ihe axe of tiie pig at the dose of the contest, as some con-
testants may stan with hesTJa pigs than a&ets. Contestants should
select pigs at kast six weds <Jd on May 1 or J^in^ 1. arid xaefaaUy otdo*.
The fdlowing score card will be used: —

Score Cari

Rate of gam. ....■■ ^

Cheapen cost erf prodocdon. 25

Socreofpig, .... 10

Net DToSi, ..... 15

Storv of eaze and piodactkHi. .... 15

Xesmess asd wnnpletesess of reeords- !'■

Prenii.ris.
Fifty boys and girls who make the best recc«i in the Pig

Club contest will have their expenses paid, as veil as the
freight en the champion pigs, to Brockton and return, to attend
the Brockton fair in October. A tent will be erected in whidi
the pigs will be exhibited. From this list of champions the one
ha%-ing the highest score wiU have his or her expenses paid to
Chicago. Illinois, to attend the big live-stock show in December,
or to Washington, District of Columbia, as the diampion may
elect; two or three of the next most successful will have their
expenses paid to live-stock farms in New England; from tei
to twenty of the others wiU have their expenses paid for
a week at the Massachusetts Agricultural College at the time
of the agricultural prize winners* camp. AU prize winners wiU
be entitled to diplomas of merit.

PorLTKT Club.

Thus far the work of this club has been the production of

eggs. Xo attempt has been made to hatch or raise chickens nor

to market poultry. In some cases high-bred stock is used by

uldi^-idual members; only the egg? are marketed during the

194 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

egg-production contest. This practice of using high-bred stock
will naturally produce larger returns per dozen if the eggs are
sold for hatching purposes.

Rules and Regulations.

1. Members of this club shall be between ten and eighteen years of ago
on January 1, 1915.

2. The period of competition shall be one hundred days, beginning on
the morning of March 21, 1915, and closing on the night of June 28,
1915.

3. Each contestant maj^ enter any number of pullets or hens between
6 and 100, not less than 6 nor more than 100.

4. Members competing must have entire charge of the flock entered.
Parents may advise, but the boy or girl must do the work and assume full
responsibility of the competing flock.

5. Standard-bred stock of one variety is recommended, but not re-
quired. Any variety or combination of varieties — pullets or hens — may
be entered.

6. If other hens are kept, the contesting flock must be kept in a house
or houses by themselves. The floor space per hen should be from 5 to 8
square feet.

7. Data must be kept according to record cards and report blanks.
All items of expense must be kept in a book or on paper, that totals may
be given at any time.

8. A full report must be sent at the close of each twenty-five days. The
first report must contain all data for the first period of twenty-five days,
which will close on April 14, 1915; the second period, on May 9, 1915;
the third period, on June 3, 1915; and the fourth period and contest will
close on June 28, 1915.

9. It is recommended that you leg band the contesting hens, but this
is not compulsory. (Leg bands will not be furnished by the college this
year.)

10. At the conclusion of the contest a story of experience must be
written and sent with the other data.

Premiums.
The premiums will be on the same basis as those for Corn,
Potato, Market Garden and other clubs, — a free trip to
Washington; a free trip to some places of interest in New
England; a free week at the college; settings of eggs from
standard-bred stock; ribbons; national and State pins; and
diplomas or certificates of merit to all who complete the
contest.

A young pork raiser.

In i\w eiri; lavinj' contest.

No. 4.] BOYS' AND GIRLS' CLUB WORK. 195

Data for Reports.

1. Cost of house.

2. Cost of repairs.

3. Number of hens.

4. Cost of hens.

5. Number of eggs gathered.

6. Number broken in nest.

7. Value of eggs gathered.

8. Value of feeds bought.

9. Value of table scraps and other feeds.

10. Value of labor at 10 cents an hour.

11. Other expenses.

12. Value of hens, house and fixtures at close,

13. Total outlay.

14. Total income, including hens, house and fixtures.

15. Net profit.

Conclusion.
In closing this report it seems appropriate to insert the
following extract from the Teacher's Instruction Sheet in
Ontario, Canada: —

Educational Aims in Gardening. — Many claims are made for the
service of gardening in educating children. If they are just (and teachers
may test them for themselves) it is the duty of every one to help in bring-
ing about a larger use of the subject. The claims are that it has important
intellectual, social, industrial, moral and sesthetic values, such as: —

1. That it vivifies school work, stimulating all branches of study.

2. That it gives the subject of nature study a definite foundation,
furnishing the problems or tasks through wliich children may be trained
"to do something in order to find out something."

3. That it teaches respect for labor, showing as it does the importance
of the work of producing plants and the skill required in this fundamental
human employment.

4. That it brings the interests of the home and school into sympathetic
relationships, correcting the fault "that the boy Uves in one world and
goes to school in another."

5. That it tends to correct modern pleasure-seeking tendencies, devel-
oping interests that furnish means of wholesome pleasures within ourselves.

6. That it exerts a wholesome social influence in leading to larger uses
of fresh vegetables and a better standard of Uving.

7. That it brings the school into sjanpathetic association with our
fundamental industry, — agriculture, — and furnishes a simple recrea-
tive manual training in handling garden tools, etc.

196

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

8. That it enhances the usefulness of the citizen by training him
towards special interests that he may follow up after his school days are
over.

9. That it awakens interests and desires that help in the formation of
good habits, furnishing also wholesome enjoyment in spare time.

10. That it brings children under the wholesome influence that comes
from working with the soil and producing living things of wonder and
beauty — plants.

Financial Statement, November 30, 1915.

Appropriation (through Board of Agriculture), .... S2,000 00

Cash prizes, $1,146 88

Cups, badges, buttons and ribbons, . . . 758 49

Travel, 59 76

Incidentals, 32 45

1,997 58

Returned to treasury, $2 42

The following is a list of winners in Boys' and Girls' Club
Work to whom cash prizes were paid out of the above ap-
propriation in 1915, with the amount paid to each. In many
cases the cash prize awarded was required to be used in
meeting the expense of a trip to some point of interest.

Name.

Anderson, Fordyce,
Anderson, Gust,
Arms, Richard, .
Atkins, Mary, .
Baker, Roger D.,
Ball, H. A.,
Barber, Luman,
Barrows, Bertha H.,
Barrows, Dan F.,
Bishko, John, .
Blethers, Raymond D.,
Breska, Bridget,
Cady, Harold A.,
Cady, Mabelle,
Carlson, Walter R.,
Cary, Robert 0.,
Chapin, W.,
Clark, Warren E.,

Amount.

. II 00

12 00

50 00

10 00

1 00

1 00
10 00
10 00
10 00

2 00
1 00
1 00

30 00
10 00
10 00

31 00

3 00
12 00

No. 4,1 BOYS' AND GIRLS' CLUB WORK. 197

Name. Amount.

Devine, John E., $51 00

Dunn, Vincent, 10 00

Eaton, Dwight H., 1 00

ElUott, Otis, 2 00

Estes, Howard, 10 00

Estes, Lawrence, 50 00

Estes, Ralph, 10 00

Fairfield, Harold, 10 00

Ferreira, Estacio M., 10 00

Foss, Gushing, 3 00

Freeman, George, 10 00

Freeman, William, 12 00

Grant, Gladys M., 31 00

Graves, Henry, 1 00

Hale, Arnold, 11 00

Hanifin, Robert C., 1 00

Hapgood, Warren, 10 00

Harris, Arthur, 10 00

Hartnett, Bernard, 51 00

Horin, Isadore, 33 00

Howard, Winthrop W., 2 00

Ice, Ferdinand J., 30 00

Ice, Rozella, 10 00

Kokoski, Frank, 11 00

Kokoski, Henry, 13 00

Lent, Donald, 13 00

Loud, Ruth, 10 00

Luce, Robert P., 12 00

Merriam, Spencer H., 10 00

Metcalf, Curtis U., 3 00

Miles, Dorothy, 10 00

Miller, Helen, 10 00

Morton, Florence, 30 00

Morton, 0. K., 317 41

Munson, George A., 11 00

Nelson, Evelyn, 1 00

Nichols, Newell M., 3 00

O'Brien, Charles A., 10 00

O'Donnel, Edward, 10 00

Parsons, Edward, 10 00

Peirce, Wilham C, 1 00

Peirce, Wilham C. Jr., 10 00

Rice, Andrew, ... 30 00

Rice, Frederick, 10 00

Rice, Dorothy V., 50 00

198 . BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [P.D. No.4.

Name. Amount.

Rowe, Helen, $10 00

Sanderson, Donald E., 10 00

Schulz, Hermine, 10 00

Shaw, Gordon, 1 00

Skinner, Russell G., 10 00

Smith, Ethel B., , 12 00

Spooner, Ethel, 10 00

Stevens, Walter W., 10 00

Szmykiewicz, Peter E., 10 00

Taylor, Elliott H., 50 00

Tillson, Reginald D., 1 00

Truron, Allen G., 10 00

Turner, Harold L., 10 00

Van Lennep, Emily, . 2 00

Walker, Ralph J., 1 00

Walker, Wilson, 30 00

Whiting, Rose, 10 00

Woodhead, Daniel, 1 00

Woodward, Evan A., 13 00

Total, $1,371 91

Respectfully submitted,

WILLIAM R. HART,

Specialist in Charge of Boys' and Girls' Club Work.

FCsTAI^CIAL RETUE]SrS

AND

Analysis of Premiums and Gratuities

OF THE

i:^rCORPOEATED SOCIETIES,

WITH

MEMBERSHIP AND INSTITUTES,

For the Year 1915.

200

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

Financial Returns of the Incorporated

s

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held
Capi-
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SOCIETIES.

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1

Amesbury and Salisbury
(Agricultural and Hor-

ticultural), .

1881

$1,002 32

1 $8,221 69

$8,314 07

$7,716 69

_

_

2

Barnstable County,

1844

1,740 0(1

2 11,699 92

13,694 59

9,000 00

_

_

3

Blackstone Valley, .

1884

3,000 00

« 9,226 15

9,790 57

9,226 15

_

_

4

Deerfield Valley,

1871

4,094 01

1 9,750 00

10,102 22

9,500 00

_

_

5

Eastern Hampden, .

1856

3,000 00

1 20,350 00

20,359 37

20,050 00

_

_

6

Essex, ....

1818

4,527 20

6 5,240 00

5,377 02

6 4,150 00

_

$90 00

7

Franklin County, .

1850

1,000 00

' 17,025 00

17,120 96

15,875 00

_

1,000 00

8

Hampshire,

1814

3,255 26

■ 6,125 00

6,141 73

6,075 00

_

9

Hampshire, Franklin and

Hampden, .

1818

8,141 29

1 29,810 00

31,172 95

29,210 00

_

_

10

Highland,

1859

3,262 00

13,120 00

3,264 63

3,000 00

_

_

11

Hillside

1883

3,113 32

1 5,625 50

5,773 62

5,250 00

_

_

12

Hingham (Agricultural

and Horticultural),

1867

17,406 15

8 4,044 04

4,105 94

2,500 00

_

_

13

Hoosac Valley,

1860

2,006 00

1 15,000 00

15,021 56

14,700 00

_

_

14

Housatonic,

1848

6,335 33

9 30,290 08

30,379 60

29,000 00

-

500 00

15

Lenox Horticultural,

1910

2,103 33

10 1,884 65

. 2,253 29

_

16

Marshfield (Agricultural

and Horticultural),

1867

3,755 33

1 16,700 00

17,529 28

16,000 00

_

_

17

Martha's Vineyard,

1859

4,552 17

12 4,71124

4,835 58

2,750 00

$50 00

_

18

Massachusettt Horticul-

tural, ....

1829

525 00

"850,135 10

855,970 60

618,564 63

_

276,900 00

19

Massachusetts Society for

Promoting Agriculture, i^

1792

_

_

_

_

_

_

20

Middlesex North, .

1855

3,000 00

16 6,987 49

7,060 21

_

3.312 80

_

21

Middlesex South,

1854

3,000 00

1 16,200 00

15,465 85

15,000 00

_

22

Nantucket,

1856

3,500 00

* 3,200 00

3,747 74

3,200 00

_

_

23

Oxford, ....

1888

4,400 00

1 11,632 60

11,667 34

11,000 00

_

_

24

Plymouth County, .

1819

800 00

10 2,187 21

2,194 98

_

-

_

25

Quannapowitt (Associa-

tion), ....

1909

1,000 00

1 36,727 83

37,038 25

36,127 83

_

_

26

Union (Agricultural and

Horticultural),

1867

4,447 23

1 9,000 00

9,132 15

8,000 00

_

_

27

West Taunton,

1913

100 29

10 1,407 48

1,442 97

-

-

_

28

Weymouth (Agricultural

jM,

and Industrial), .

1891

10,270 00

1 15,450 00

15,458 83

15,000 00

_

_

29

Worcester,

1818

7,730 00

2 103,484 05

103,484 05

90,258 88

-

_

30

Worcester East,

1890

2,296 23

1 16,491 30

17,01122

15,534 00

_

_

31

Worcester North (Agricul-
tural and Driving Asso-

ciation),

1913

3,602 63

* 48,349 70

49,727 96

48,349 70

-

-

32

Worcester Northwest (Ag-
ricultural and Mechan-

ical Association), .

1867

3,400 00

1 13,300 00

13,338 26

13,000 00

_

_

33

Worcester South,

1855

3.127 40

121,650 00

21,650 00

20,550 00

_

_

34

Worcester County West, .

1851

3,175 00

1 8,500 00

9,486 26

8,000 00

-

-

$126,66749

$1,362,526 03

$1,379,113 65

$986,58788

$3,362 SO

$278,55000

1 Invested in real estate, crockery, tables, etc.

2 Invested in real estate, trust funds, crockery, tables, etc.

3 Trust funds.

* Invested in real estate.

s Invested in a mortgage, stocks, crockery, tables, etc.

« Mortgage.

' Invested in real estate, stocks, crockery, tables, etc.

8 Invested in real estate, bank funds, crockery, tables, etc.

No. 4.]

RETURNS OF SOCIETIES.

201

Societies for the Year ending Nov. 30, 1915.

t3

d

03

-a

a

03

.2

a

a

o

(S

a.

a

3

b

K

IS

r3

gTJ

o

1

a

03

^ ■
o a

O

Xi

a

3
15

2'S
'a 0.

03
3

t

o

i

o

o

PQ

o

m

O

H

Oh

O

S

z

H

$505 00

$50 00

$42 38

$1,873 50

$23 50

$1,500 00

$350 00

$3,115 23

1

3 $2,174 92

525 00

40 00

1,954 67

2,405 05

$115 35

89 70

-

2,200 00

12,039 79

2

-

-

-

564 42

3,725 50

-

225 50

2,500 00

1,000 00

4,575 81

3

-

250 00

175 45

176 77

500 00

-

-

-

500 00

2,539 21

4

-

300 00

-

9 37

8,586 96

-

1,677 82

5,209 14

1,700 00

3,645 98

5

-

1,000 00

-

137 02

2,600 00

-

-

-

2,600 00

3,410 10

6

-

150 00

28 83

67 13

2,815 15

-

15 15

1,300 00

1,500 00

7,027 70

7

-

50 00

-

16 73

3,166 63

-

-

750 00

2,416 63

2,778 53

8

_

600 00

_

1,362 95

2,000 00

_

_

2,000 00

_

13,946 34

9

-

120 00

-

144 63

-

-

-

-

-

1,333 57

10

-

375 00

-

148 62

250 00

-

-

-

250 00

2,376 70

11

644 04

900 00

_

6190

_

_

_

_

_

1,333 66

12

-

300 00

-

2156

11,525 00

-

-

9,000 00

2,525 00

6,604 15

13

365 08

425 00

-

89 52

50 00

-

50 00

-

-

15,091 53

14

1,459 65

425 00

-

. 368 64

-

-

-

-

-

1,670 51

15

_

700 00

_

829 28

2,601 90

190

11100 00

_

2,500 00

11,917 69

16

1,71124

200 00

-

124 34

8 00

-

8 00

-

-

1,639 04

17

-

"54,610 47

-

5,835 50

-

-

-

-

-

23,365 20

18

3,674 69

-

:

72 72

-

-

:

-

-

1,279 77

19
20

-

•200 00

159 27

106 58

15,378 70

225 00

1,153 70

12,000 00

2,000 00

6,615 61

21

-

-

-

547 74

-

-

-

-

-

1,962 00

22

-

632 60

-

34 74

2,500 00

-

-

2,500 00

5,227 91

23

2,148 21

39 OO

-

7 77

-

-

-

-

-

695 42

24

-

600 00

310 00

42

18,489 63

-

2,489 63

13,000 00

3,000 00

7,808 62

25

_

1,000 00

5 00

127 15

915 00

_

15 00

900 00

-

2,790 45

26

643 08

764 40

-

35 49

-

-

-

-

-

710 97

27

_

450 00

_

8 83

4,397 31

_

737 31

3,500 00

160 00

4,562 60

28

3 11,286 81

1,938 36

-

-

3,502 14

-

1,002 14

-

2,500 00

41,530 48

29

~

957 30

-

519 92

-

-

-

~

~

8,420 87

30

-

-

1,180 87

197 39

44,005 05

1,010 45

994 60

12,000 00

30,000 00

11,419 51

31

,300 00

38 26

4,841 50

99 50

3,050 00

1,692 00

9,454 06

32

-

1,100 00

_

5,790 37

_

490 37

-

5,300 00

6,858 68

33

-

500 00

-

986 26

1,483 08

-

400 00

-

1,083 08

5,393 26

34

$24,107 72

$69,917 13

$1,949 42

$14,638 70

$143,41047

$1,35270

$9,571 92

$69,209 14

$63,276 71

$229,140 95

' Invested in real estate, stocks, bank funds, crockery, tables, etc.
1° Invested in bank funds, crockery, tables, etc.

11 Estimate.

12 Invested in real estate, notes, bank funds, crockery, tables, etc.

13 Invested in real estate, library, stocks, bonds, crockery, tables, etc.
i< Includes library valued at $45,110.47.

15 Represented on the Board by special enactment, and makes no returns.
18 Invested in notes and bank funds.

202

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

Financial Returns of the Incorporated Societies

1^

1

CO

m

SOCIETIES.

a

i

3

•S 03

i: o

la

£1

o

1

an

s

o

o d

§ 9

^

a

t.

.2

o

a =*

S oi

(B

o

a

08

W

^

Q

W

o

1

Amesbury and Salisbury (Agricul-

tural and Horticultural),

$897 90

-

-

$6 00

_

_

$1,233 70

2

Barnstable County,

914 50

$36 00

-

90 00

$70 00

$654 32

60 66

3

Blackstone Valley, ....

1,000 00

-

-

2100

38 00

105 25

1,105 05

4

Deerfield Valley, ....

892 25

-

_

40 00

_

242 50

993 90

5

Eastern Hampden, ....

1,000 00

-

-

163 00

9 37

235 00

90100

6

Essex,

948 00

1264 00

-

2100

28 00

148 00

795 00

7

Franklin County, ....

989 85

-

$50 00

4 00

_

317 50

3,836 00

8

Hampshire,

895 75

-

-

57 50

146 30

266 25

468 40

9

Hampshire, Franklin and Hamp-

den

98175

-

-

357 00

-

572 50

7,734 45

10

Highland,

896 40

-

-

63 00

-

45 00

228 00

11

Hillside

995 00

-

_

15 00

27 00

30 00

802 45

12

Hingham (Agricultural and Horti-

cultural), ■

902 40

26 26

-

130 00

25 00

-

-

13

Hoosac Valley, ....

772 65

1,325 00

-

-

-

858 50

2,285 35

14

Housatonic

1,000 00

43 28

25 00

322 00

-

1,127 75

5,125 75

15

Lenox Horticultural,

874 83

95 48

-

26100

137 00

-

302 20

16

Marshfield (Agricultural and Horti-

cultural)

972 20

-

-

180 00

-

2,009 00

2 4,603 07

17

Martha's Vineyard,

899 65

70 28

-

10 00

75 00

-

33129

18

Massachusetts Horticultural, .

1,000 00

205 25

11,298 87

400 00

1,821 GO

_

3,322 15

19

Massachusetts Society for Promot-

ing Agricultjre,' ....

-

-

-

-

-

-

_

20

Middlesex North

764 50

295 27

-

28 00

-

-

_

21

Middlesex South, ....

1,000 00

_

5 00

48 35

723 00

2,166 75

22

Nantucket

853 00

-

-

7 00

-

120 00

782 60

23

Oxford,

969 00

_

-

13 00

-

735 95

2,391 34

24

Plymouth County, ....

477 30

95 02

-

-

23 10

-

_

25

Quannapowitt (Association), .

960 55

-

-

-

114 00

908 75

2,628 GO

26

Union (Agricultural and Horticul-

tural),

915 95

-

-

32 00

-

252 00

499 70

27

West Taunton, ....

259 44

24 96

-

_

-

10 00

233 10

28

Weymouth (Agricultural and In-

dustria,!),

88160

-

-

-

53 10

348 55

2,249 70

29

Worcester,

1,000 00

505 70

-

90 00

35100

2,530 65

20,369 10

30

Worcester East, ....

1,000 00

-

-

15 00

3,586 75

616 32

1,667 50

31

Worcester North (Agricultural and

911 15

625 00

-

-

60 75

980 05

4,993 66

32

Worcester Northwest (Agricultural

and Mechanical Association),

1,000 00

-

-

40 00

-

718 75

3,806 75

33

Worcester South, ....

929 50

-

-

27 00

-

506 90

1,928 00

34

Worcester County West, .

967 55

1,083 08

-

5 00

100 00

437 50

1,928 50

$29,722 67

$4,69458

$11,37387

$2,40250

$6,713 72

$15,499 99

$79,773 12

• Income from mortgage.

2 Includes grandstand receipts.

No. 4.]

RETURNS OF SOCIETIES.

203

FOR THE Year ending Nov. 30, 1915 — Concluded.

■a
a

»;

1

h

r3

a

a
"a

^

3

i

a

to

'■5

-a .

Si

5

1

C3

a

.2 "i

o

2 •

a

H

ii

21

01

O

o

is

It

3.t

2

1

■5
o

o

U

<

H

CL,

"^

o

c^

a

<

$48129

$496 34

$3,062 85

$1,000 30

$439 92

$1,543 63

$79 00

1

$1,743 45

1,109 25

1,356 27

10,085 12

1,153 50

947 96

7,436 51

$25 21

1 10

$411 94

2

994 41

130 10

1.182 00

4,427 17

1,038 00

589 74

2,606 27

-

65 00

128 lb

3

76 89

249 50

44 17

2,598 25

1,592 60

93 26

684 44

5 25

30 00

192 70

4

177 01

425 60

735 60

3,626 6)

1,273 61

-

-

_

573 00

1,78C 00

5

-

102 00

854 10

3,330 13

1,099 50

542 85

807 79

26 65

11133

742 01

6

568 75

651 15

610 45

6,912 35

2,378 00

26108

954 90

-

164 02

3,154 35

7

23 OC

105 00

816 33

2,958 53

1,000 00

60 72

525 30

-

166 24

1,206 27

8

1,435 00

2,113 82

75182

12,583 39

3,128 50

2,051 60

l,ie4 7]

15 75

94 30

6,128 44

9

-

39 90

6127

1,376 15

979 65

-

396 50

-

-

_

10

47 70

199 50

260 05

2,363 87

1,116 65

58 45

1,178 37

100

9 40

-

11

_

_

250 00

1,337 12

966 45

17 17

75 98

26 47

_

25105

12

376 75

262 32

560 86

6,582 59

736 65

126 41

853 45

12 60

570 00

4,283 48

13

2,184 75

a.eOO 00

1,663 00

16,993 22

5,500 70

3.794 81

6,415 71

1.282 00

14

-

-

-

1,595 30

993 00

-

602 30

-

-

-

15

4 _

1,145 87

3,007 55

11,088 41

948 48

_

1,867 83

35 08

120 00

8.117 02

16

-

147 00

180 07

1,513 47

94145

68 27

317 75

-

-

186 00

17

-

-

5,317 93

23,699 53

7,393 75

512 38

15,793 40

-

-

-

18

~

~

192 00

1,074 98

778 40

~

245 90

50 68

-

:

19
20

134 75

577 46

1,960 30

6,509 03

3,316 10

84 95

1,244 37

58191

1,28170

21

60 00

79 40

60 00

1,805 30

95175

152 63

112 85

-

-

588 07

22

546 25

367 25

205 12

5,193 17

2,436 15

268 47

1,258 39

-

135 00

1,095 16

23

-

-

100 00

732 06

624 45

-

86 00

-

-

2161

24

509 50

1,035 75

1,652 07

8,035 99

1,123 30

437 42

5,21130

5 04

258 93

1,000 00

25

39 75

196 00

855 05

2,663 30

1,157 08

92 43

806 34

17 50

7 25

582 70

26

-

15 50

167 97

867 13

342 05

199 07

55 00

6 00

-

265 01

27

239 75

488 60

30130

4,788 88

844 80

325 50

3.033 63

_

13125

453 70

28

5,184 60

4,921 45

6,577 98

43,242 07

8,861 89

5,258 88

28,702 38

15 00

137 85

266 07

29

520 25

416 20

598 85

7,900 95

1,418 15

396 69

3,432 59

15 70

-

2,637 82

30

709 25

977 75

2,16190

11,222 12

414 00

1.873 40

89 90

5 00

2,321 43

6,518 39

31

610 00

595 50

2,683 06

9,415 80

1,699 00

_

2,596 73

_

310 47

4,809 60

32

498 25

482 60

2,486 43

7,164 66

2,589 95

-

4,112 59

-

242 62

219 50

33

284 60

-

587 03

4,407 00

2,000 35

276 42

1,209 20

-

-

92103

34

$16,964 66

$20,915 76

$38,736 87

5231,156 50

$61,798 21

$18,930 48

$95,422 01

$262 93

$6,110 19 $48,523 78

1

' Represented on the Board by special enactment, and makes no returns.
* Included in gate receipts.

204

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

Analysis of General Premiums and Gratuities offered, awarded

SOCIETIES.

C £.2

— ■73 c3
=5 i2 m

o s S

c =*

3 to
O S

< a.2

n Ui S

Amesbury and Salisbury (Agricultural and Horticul-
tural),

Barnstable County, .......

Blackstone Valley,

Deerfield Valley,

Eastern Hampden,

Essex, ..........

Franklin County,

Hampshire, .........

Hampshire, Franklin and Hampden, . . . .

Highland, .........

Hillside

Hingham (Agricultural and Horticultural),

Hoosac Valley, ........

Housatonic, .........

Lenox Horticultural, .......

Marshfield (Agricultural and Horticultural),

Martha's Vineyard, .......

Massachusetts Horticultural, . . . . .

Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, '

Middlesex North, ........

Middlesex South,

Nantucket

Oxford

Plymouth County, .......

Quannapowitt (Association), . . . . .

LTnion (Agricultural and Horticultural),

West Taunton, ........

Weymouth (Agricultural and Industrial), .

Worcester, .........

Worcester East, ........

Worcester North (Agricultural and Driving Associa-
tion), ..........

Worcester Northwest (Agricultural and Mechanical As-
sociation), .........

Worcester South

Worcester County West, ......

$1,857 55
2,214 25
1,277 00

935 25
1,637 50
1,622 75
1,750 70

954 25
1,728 25
1,031 25
1,164 50
1,317 60
1,158 75
2,114 25
1,297 50
1,373 50

730 50
3,648 00

843 80
1.798 95
1,309 25
1,7)9 20

673 95
1,277 00

653 65

405 35
1,204 75
6,857 GO
2,151 85

1,444 10

2,407 50
1,260 75
1,502 65

$882 00

1,101 35
833 00
737 90

1,057 48
959 00
850 50
671 70

1,403 50
735 05
915 30
787 20
612 80

2,071 05
856 50
706 35
799 72

7,097 00

653 00

1,214 80

844 75

1,096 40

560 85

881 45

478 10

291 55

758 50

4,675 75

1,193 65

992 27

1,482 25
972 20
989 25

$882 00
987 00
833 00
737 90

1,055 10
959 00
850 00
671 70

1,403 50
735 05
915 30
787 20
612 80

2,071 05
856 50
705 35
799 72

7,097 00

653 00

'■ 1,946 95

844 75

1,096 40

560 85

881 45

468 13

291 55

758 50

4,675 75

1,193 65

992 27

1,482 25
972 20
989 25

$53,323 10

$40,162 17

$40,766 12

1 Represented on the Board by special enactment, and makes no returns.
" Includes $957.15 in premiums awarded in 1914.

No. 4.]

RETURNS OF SOCIETIES.

205

AND PAID, AND I

NSTITUTES HELD,

IN THE Year ending No^

-. 30, 1915.

•313

G

11

t awarded
ead of Farm
Stock.

3n3^

■%1 ft

"5^ 2

S-2

o-S

«ol

"o

O 0 o

^Kt,

o o

O o c

cKS

0 a

l"S

^ ^ f-^

3^ OS

CT)

='feC^

PTJW

c-a^

=^SO

3-0 -§

§2

5 3 o

3 03

O-3-a

3 c3 ^

3 53 t-
O OJ 5

e 3 i3
S 3 §

3 a i-

0 « =3

■<

<

<

<

<

<

<

<

<

$1,220 00

$424 25

$424 25

1

$94 00

-

-

1,110 00

340 25

298 50

$93 00

-

_

2

118 00

$57 00

$57 00

790 50

521 50

521 50

-

-

-

3

189 00

158 00

158 00

350 00

269 40

269 40

-

-

-

4

260 00

105 00

105 00

795 25

458 50

458 50

-

-

-

5

73 00

34 00

34 00

754 75

456 25

456 25

163 00

$6 CO

$6 00

6

_

-

1,202 00

433 85

433 85

-

_

-

7

_

_

-

443 00

289 00

289 00

_

_

_

8

113 00

113 00

113 CO

1,082 50

868 50

868 50

-

-

-

9

_

-

-

766 50

532 50

532 50

33 00

27 25

27 25

10

1 00

1 00

1 00

766 50

548 00

548 00

-

-

-

11

113 75

34 00

34 00

-

-

-

141 50

106 75

106 75

12

-

574 00

177 00

177 00

-

-

-

13

_

-

424 00

796 00

796 00

277 00

254 00

254 00

14

50 00

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

15

100 00

-

-

700 00

25 00

25 00

67 50

-

-

16

-

-

-

420 75

434 60

434 60

-

-

:

17

18

-

-

238 50

125 00

125 00

-

-

:

19
20

46 00

37 00

5 96 00

959 50

702 00

* 1,090 00

-

~

-

21

105 00

50 00

50 00

661 25

522 50

522 50

162 00

54 00

54 00

22

58 00

27 00

27 00

1,358 50

878 50

878 50

-

-

-

23

114 00

42 00

42 00

291 50

257 50

257 50

15 75

9 00

9 00

24

30 00

28 00

28 00

272 00

113 00

113 00

-

-

-

25

110 00

65 00

65 00

237 00

117 25

113 75

-

-

-

26

-

-

73 25

43 00

43 00

-

-

-

27

-

_

-

774 00

466 10

466 10

-

-

-

28

-

-

-

5,809 00

3,898 00

3,898 00

70 00

25 00

25 00

29

.53 00

37 00

37 00

1,320 00

641 00

641 00

-

-

-

30

-

-

-

857 00

621 22

621 22

-

-

-

31

_

_

_

1,608 00

859 25

859 25

_

_

_

32

161 00

78 25

78 25

601 00

450 00

450 00

-

-

-

33

145 00

60 00

60 00

762 00

481 80

481 80

-

-

-

34

$1,933 75

$926 25

$985 25

»27,222 25

$16,750 72

$17,093 47

$1,022 75

$482 00

$482 00

3 Includes $59 in premiums awarded in 1914.
« Includes $613 in premiums awarded in 1914.

206

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

Analysis of General Premiums and Gratuities offered, awarded and

=

^fl

"Sg-o

M'a

u 1

(UTi

-go

s>.

SOCIETIES.

•«i^
"U

n

-a o

■a M
fl —

O o fl

o a

C-OT3

°o

fl c3 =

S !^ t-«

o « ^

C 3 § 3

3 c8 t.
0 « c3

gffi §

S 3Q

<

<

<

<

<;

<

J

Amesbury and Salisbury (Agricultural

and Horticultural)

S324 05

$188 75

$188 75

$325 00

$250 00

$250 00

2

Barnstable County, ....

491 CO

376 65

342 10

11 CO

8 00

8 00

3

Blackstone Valley

183 25

146 76

146 75

10 00

10 00

10 00

4

Deerfield Valley,

116 50

95 15

95 15

18 00

11 00

11 00

5

Eastern Hampden

414 25

351 59

351 59

32 00

21 00

2) 00

6

Essex

341 75

232 00

232 00

14 00

4 00

4 00

7

Franklin County, ....

328 45

253 40

253 40

22 00

18 00

18 00

8

Hampshire,

308 50

248 20

248 20

7 00

2 75

2 75

9

Hampshire, Franklin and Hampden, .

279 75

232 75

232 75

36 00

8 00

8 00

10

Highland,

83 00

72 20

72 20

5 00

4 50

4 50

11

Hillside .

118 00

106 50

106 50

4 00

2 00

2 00

12

Hingham (Agricultural and Horticul-

tural),

859 10

479 60

479 60

3 50

3 45

3 45

13

Hoosac Valley,

130 00

92 00

92 00

19 00

4 00

4 00

14

Housatonic

539 25

347 50

347 50

40 00

40 00

40 00

15

Lenox Horticultural

1,247 50

856 50

856 50

-

_

_

16

Marshfield (Agricultural and Horticul-

tural)

232 00

211 60

210 €0

12 00

6 00

6 00

17

Martha's Vineyard

135 00

151 77

151 77

10 00

11 50

11 50

18

Massachusetts Horticultural,

8,648 00

7,097 00

7,097 00

-

-

-

19

Massachusetts Society for Promoting

Agriculture, i

-

-

-

-

-

-

20

Middlesex North, ....

281 30

288 75

288 75

-

-

-

21

Middlesex South,

529 75

260 75

2 451 15

-

-

-

22

Nantucket,

217 50

72 75

72 75

16 00

-

-

23

Oxford

126 25

98 95

98 95

12 00

3 00

3 00

24

Plymouth County, .

116 20

114 20

114 20

-

-

-

25

Quannapowitt (Association),

245 00

161 20

161 20

-

-

-

26

Union (Agricultural and Horticul-

tural),

116 05

165 45

163 49

13 25

4 50

4 SO

27

West Taunton

272 00

198 95

198 95

75

50

50

28

Weymouth (Agricultural and Indus-

trial),

226 75

152 55

152 55

6 50

-

-

29

Worcester,

829 00

670 00

670 00

22 00

5 00

5 00

30

Worcester East,

379 75

319 00

319 00

21 00

8 00

8 00

31

Worcester North (Agricultural and

Driving Association),

391 00

234 75

234 75

50 00

50 00

50 00

32

Worcester Northwest (Agricultural

and Mechanical Association), .

421 50

342 25

342 25

11 00

3 00

3 00

33

208 25

168 75

168 75

23 00

14 00

14 00

34

Worcester County West,

216 75

139 45

139 45

14 00

5 00

5 00

$19,356 40

$14,927 66

$15,080 55

$758 00

$497 20

$497 20

' Represented on the Board by special enactment, and makes no returns.
* Includes $190.40 in premiums awarded in 1914.

No. 4.

RETURNS OF SOCIETIES.

207

PAID, AND Institutes held, in the Year ending Nov. 30, 1915 — Continued.

fl o

lis

o2

Is

^> 1

fl o

=^a .

g 03 rt

=>£ .

=^^2

=^■3

^ M

g es-t:

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T3 O S

^ oS

5 ?!

too o<
° a

S o a

o ,

•S fl

^ o-^

ci

2Q£

o o §

13Q 2
^^1

flSS .

T3-C m

^ m^ O

:h2

°^1

>aH

^^1

= 1-

^^^^

°H

fl-r)^

■^-O fl

fl'd i2

a ej fl

3 oj fl

fl S S

on^ 9

fl 03 a

fl rf-fl

o i: ej

fl o3--<

5 <» ts

gas

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s 3 o a

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<5

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'^

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<

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$174 25

$171 50

S171 50

$90 00

$95 CO

$95 00

1

375 25

374 45

338 40

-

-

-

40 00

2

140 25

77 75

77 75

-

-

-

35 00

20 00

20 00

3

171 75

142 60

142 60

-

-

-

80 00

60 00

60 00

4

91 00

76 39

74 01

-

-

-

45 00

45 00

45 00

5

78 25

57 75

57 75

$33 00

$4 00

$4 00

165 00

165 00

165 00

6

108 25

85 25

85 25

-

-

-

40 00

60 00

60 00

7

85 75

5] 75

51 75

-

-

-

1)0 00

80 00

80 00

8

167 00

131 25

131 25

-

-

-

50 CO

50 00

50 00

9

143 75

98 60

98 60

-

-

-

-

_

10

151 00

133 80

133 80

-

-

-

25 00

25 00

25 00

11

149 75

138 40

138 40

_

_

_

50 00

25 00

25 00

12

429 75

337 80

337 80

6 00

2 00

2 00

-

_

13

704 00

518 55

518 55

-

-

-

130 00

115 00

115 00

14

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

15

234 00

245 95

245 95

_

_

_

25 00

25 00

25 00

16

164 75

201 85

201 85

-

-

-

-

-

17

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

18

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

19

99 00

89 25

69 25

-

_

-

25 00

25 00

25 00

20

133 70

110 05

3 161 80

-

-

-

130 00

105 00

4 148 00

21

135 75

145 50

145 50

-

-

-

-

-

_

22

114 45

73 95

73 95

-

-

-

50 00

15 00

15 00

23

86 50

88 15

88 15

-

-

-

50 00

50 00

50 00

24

100 00

99 25

99 25

-

-

-

630 00

480 00

480 00

25

147 35

110 90

106 39

_

_

_

30 00

15 00

15 00

26

59 35

49 00

49 00

-

-

-

-

-

27

197 50

139 85

139 85

_

_

_

_

_

_

28

127 00

77 75

77 75

-

-

-

-

_

_

29

368 10

178 65

178 65

10 00

10 00

10 00

-

-

-

30

146 10

86 30

86 30

-

-

-

-

-

_

31

167 00

102 75

102 75

_

_

_

2 CO

1 75

1 75

32

162 50

156 20

156 20

-

-

-

105 00

105 00

105 00

33

114 90

78 00

78 00

75 00

60 00

60 00

175 00

165 00

165 00

34

$5,527 95

$4,409 19

$4,418 00

$124 00

$76 00

$76 00

$2,082 00

$1,726 75

$1,709 75

* Includes $51.75 in premiums awarded in 1914.

* Includes $43 in premiums awarded in 1914,

208

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

Analysis of General Premiums and Gratuities offered, awarded and

SOCIETIES.

o —

<

-oO

O 1

Bo :

so-

<

o a a

^ .

-p a

IS c

a =s

3';3

s5

0 O

oS

Sh

a «^

-^

<;

Amesbury and Salisbury (Agricultural
and Horticultural), . . . .

Barnstable County

Blackstone Valley,

Peerfield Valley,

Eastern Hampden

Essex, .......

Franklin County,

Hampshire, ......

Hampshire, Franklin and Hampden,

Highland,

Hillside

Hingham (Agricultural and Horticul-
tural),

Hoosac Valley,

Housatonic, ......

Lenox Horticultural, . . . .

Marshfield (Agricultural and Horticul-
tural), .......

Martha's Vineyard

Massachusetts Horticultural, .

Massachusetts Society for Promoting Ag-
riculture, '......

Middlesex North,

Middlesex South,

Nantucket, ......

Oxford,

Plymouth County, . .

Quannapowitt (Association),

Union (Agricultural and Horticultural), .

West Taunton, .....

Weymouth (Agricultural and Industrial),

Worcester, .......

Worcester East, .....

Worcester North (Agricultural and Driv-
ing Association), .....

Worcester Northwest (Agrictiltural and
Mechanical Association),

Worcester South, .....

Worcester County West

$46 00
10 00

2 00
8 00

$2 00
1 75

$1 75

$66 00

S5 20

$3 20

$545 00

242 50
235 00

317 50

266 25

572 50

1,500 00

845 00
1,125 00

1,875 00

445 00
120 00
692 00

898 75
220 00

325 00
976 50

830 52

633 50
325 00
437 50

$1,877 00

677 50
890 00

1,320 00
685 00

1,725 00
50 00
50 00

1,900 00
3,170 00

3,000 00

1,110 00

280 00

1,200 00

2,118 39
580 00

947 50
3,649 50

2,290 13

1,605 00

1,590 85

900 00

$766 10

34 20
16 65

31 50

175 00

105 11
50 75

34 50

260 00
20 00

142 50
934 59

250 85
50 00

$13,427 52

$31,615 87

$2,871 75

1 Includes six towns to residents of which premiums and gratuities were awarded in 1914 but not in
1915.

' Estimated.

No. 4.]

RETURNS OF SOCIETIES.

209

PAID, AND

Institutes held, in the Year ending No'\

'. 30, 1915 — Concluded.

i-<

m •

T ■

"3 n'>

0 fl>

0

_o

a)

0

o .
■"§

•BO

C<JJ

§1
£ 3

a

u

. c

03 PL, -3
Jog.

sis

-ti 0

1
"o

. 0

d
15

0

1

3
'^

"3

I. a
0 0

■91

0

a
a

a

3 1-

§£

tH m 5

3.2 «

n 0

^■2

3S

1

"3
•g

0 0

S «
> ft

<J

•z

2:

Z

<

2

z ■

H

"Z

<

282

12

$104 00

186

37

123

5

132

1

$715 00

219

160

17

-

203

162

365

5

62

2

_

169

11

13

-

283

247

530

2

55

3

_

2 200

-

18

254 00

981

263

1,244

4

95

4

990 00

190

48

24

1 50

277

192

469

1

75

5

46 00

214

40

27

-

752

16

768

6

93

6

933 00

268

20

23

22 00

1,404

100

1,504

2

138

7

200 00

168

1

17

-

275

180

455

-

8

3,062 73

700

_

23

-

700

250

950

2

100

9

-

216

-

19

-

244

139

383

5

75

10

-

242

-

18

1 00

681

41

722

2

75

11

_

304

236

9

_

378

12s

506

2

55

12

414 65

300

_

10

2,725 00

377

15

392

-

-

13

1,374 70

477

-

15

316 70

1,851

92

1,943

4

150

14

-

53

-

e

48 50

117

21

138

4

109

15

949 00

210

134

28

25

524

306

830

5

67

16

116 70

78

180

6

55

68

70

138

1

30

17

-

298

92

71

293 00

742

193

935

10

132

18

-

196

28

10

-

574

252

826

6

183

19

20

382 00

911

-

133

-

4 _

4 _

2500

-

-

21

103 60

157

-

1

-

216

429

645

31

22

518 40

198

_

18

_

330

272

602

275

23

_

158

271

13

-

470

439

909

63

24

812 85

383

-

20

_

12

-

12

150

25

_

179

46

13

1 14

694

880

1,574

225

26

44 00

161

21

5

-

54

11

65

35

27

889 50

321

46

18

-

481

11

492

3

140

28

7,854 39

304

21

57

202 75

1,538

244

1,782

-

-

29

-

309

43

27

65 75

118

86

2C4

3

183

30

1.253 00

384

22

19

208 65

99

1

100

6

125

31

844 60

274

_

21

30 00

340

204

544

6

64

32

1,100 00

110

57

16

515

720

1,235

6

37

33

348 79

248

-

20

-

326

60

386

7

41

34

$22,952 91

8,881

1,477

647

$4,274 79

15,810

6,061

22,371

106

2,995

' Represented on the Board by special enactment, and makes no returns.
* Not reported.

210

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

Analysis of PREsnuiis offered, awarded axd paid to

£

i

_a

0

Is

1

SOCIETIES.

S.2

■^ 2

§1

■g

Si

sfi

si

< s

-^n

-^a

O —

o o

■3 2

^

H

H

1

Amesbury and Salisbury (Agricultural and Horticul-

tural),

$244 25

$118 30

$118 30

2

Barnstable County,

352 25

167 50

166 50

3

Blackstone Valley,

225 00

205 00

205 00

4

Deerfield Valley,

241 50

177 20

177 20

5

Eastern Hampden,

321 17

227 01

220 01

fi

Essex,

339 00

140 50

140 50

/

Franklin Coiinty,

42 70

207 50

207 50

8

Hampshire

508 50

328 30

328 30

9

Hampshire, Franklin and Hampden, ....

330 75

298 00

298 00

10

Highland,

248 75

194 60

194 60

11

Hillside

254 00

202 35

202 35

12

Hingham (Agricultiiral and Horticultural), .

280 85

164 25

164 25

13

Hoosac Valley,

189 05

123 85

123 85

14

Housatonic,

337 25

259 65

259 65

15

Lenox Horticultural,

176 00

136 50

136 50

16

Marshfield (Agriculttiral and Horticultural),

291 95

148 90

148 00

17

Martha's \ ineyard,

261 15

136 15

136 15

IS

Massachusetts Horticultiu:al,

296 75

296 75

296 75

19

Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, ^

-

-

-

20

Middlesex North,

225 75

147 42

147 42

21

Middlesex South

239 40

211 90

211 90

22

Nantucket

273 75

93 75

93 75

23

Oxford

212 60

139 75

139 75

24

Plymouth County,

76 05

67 35

67 35

25

Quannapowitt (Association),

300 00

241 86

241 85

26

Union (Agricultural and Horticultviral) ....

174 85

108 95

108 95

27

West Taunton,

71 95

49 25

49 25

28

Weymouth (Agricultural and Industrial),

195 95

86 30

86 30

29

185 00

135 25

135 25

30

Worcester East,

301 50

224 50

224 50

31

Worcester North (Agricultural and Driving Associa-

tion),

319 25

252 00

252 00

32

Worcester Northwest (Agricultural and Mechanical As-

sociation)

436 75

216 75

216 75

33

Worcester South,

208 85

153 25

153 25

34

Worcester County West

258 25

111 10

111 10

$8,440 72

$5,771 68

$5,762 78

1 Not reported.

No. 4.]

RETURNS OF SOCIETIES.

211

Children axd Youths ix the Year exdixg Nov. 30. 1915.

•v E
2§

r3 —

ej o

e
:2S

11

o O o

awarded
lead of
n d Pet

id under
•'arm and

11

1^%

t3 a

2'r o

O o

<= o a

° a

is

3 a> E

ll

o-o-a

-5j

<

<

<

<

<

<;

<

<

$87 75

S34 75

$34 75

1

_

_

-

73 00

24 25

24 25

$30 00

_

_

2

$10 00

$5 00

$5 00

1-

106 50

106 50

-

-

_

3

27 00

19 00

19 00

62 25

49 00

49 00

-

-

-

4

-

-

-

114 75

77 00

75 00

_

-

_

5

46 GO

17 00

17 00

116 50

30 75

30 75

16 00

_

_

6

—

_

-

149 00

30 50

30 50

_

_

_

7

42 00

47 50

47 50

89 50

45 90

45 90

-

-

_

8

_

60 00

59 50

59 50

-

_

_

9

_

-

-

78 00

68 25

68 25

_

_

_

10

12 00

6 00

6 00

113 00

97 50

97 50

-

_

-

11

29 00

15 50

15 50

_

-

_

36 00

$10 00

$10 00

12

57 00

52 50

52 50

-

-

-

-

_

_

13

40 00

36 00

36 00

84 00

69 00

69 00

42 00

12 00

12 00

14

96 50

96 00

96 00

-

-

-

-

-

-

15

-

-

-

25 00

11 75

11 75

48 00

-

-

16

30 00

5 00

5 00

17 00

34 25

34 25

44 00

20 00

20 00

17
18

45 00

40 87

40 87

32 50

25 40

25 40

~

~

■"

19
20
21
22

28 00

16 00

16 00

45 50

29 50

29 50

62 00

22 75

22 75

36 00

22 00

22 00

83 00

48 00

48 00

-

-

-

23

-

-

-

15 00

19 10

19 10

-

-

-

24
25
26
27
28

2 25

-

-

25 00

16 00

16 00

-

-

-

_

_

_

80 00

29 55

29 55

_

_

_

-

-

-

87 00

65 00

65 00

-

-

-

29

35 00

11 00

11 00

41 25

24 50

24 50

-

-

-

30

-

-

34 00

34 00

34 00

-

-

-

31

62 00

15 00

15 00

120 00

83 00

83 00

_

_

_

32

34 00

24 25

24 25

65 00

53 00

53 00

-

-

-

33

12 00

5 00

5 00

55 00

28 50

28 50

-

-

-

34

$643 75

$433 62

$433 62

$1,753 00

$1,194 45

$1,192 45

$278 00

$61 75

$64 75

' Represented on the Board by special enactment, and makes no returns.

212

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

Analysis of Premiums offered, awarded and paid to Children

SOCIETIES.

o o n

« S 2

3 03 t-
O H 03

-»1

Amesbury and Salisbury (Agricultural and Horticul-
tural),

Barnstable County, .......

Blackstone Valley,

Deerfield Valley

Eastern Hampden, .......

Essex,

Franklin County

Hampshire, .........

Hampshire, Franklin and Hampden

Highland,

Hillside . .

Hingham (Agricultural and Horticultural), .

Hoosac Valley, ........

Housatonic,

Lenox Horticultural

Marshfield (Agricultural and Horticultural),

Martha's Vineyard, .......

Massachusetts Horticultural,

Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, '

Middlesex North

Middlesex South, ........

Nantucket,

Oxford,

Plymouth County,

Quannapowitt (Association), . . . . .

Union (Agricultural and Horticultural),

West Taunton

Weymouth (Agricultural and Industrial),

Worcester, .........

Worcester East, ........

Worcester North (Agricultural and Driving Associa-
tion), . . ■

Worcester Northwest (Agricultural and Mechanical As-
sociation), .........

Worcester South, ........

Worcester County West,

S92 25
126 75
HI 25

68 75
120 02
107 25
129 20
161 50
113 00

66 00

45 00
116 75

91 00

57 50

51 50

135 45

123 40

296 75

8G 50
88 50

46 75
51 50
20 50

87 30
50 00
61 55
91 00
102 25

106 75

75 75
54 25
152 75

S35 25

54 00

52 00
48 85
99 11
74 00
89 00

158 40
98 50

53 30
26 80
81 75
60 85

55 20
20 25
85 45

54 65
296 75

58 65
78 15
10 25
43 50
20 10

127 85

59 70

39 75
41 05
64 00

84 50

85 25

40 75
43 75
46 25

S35 25

54 00

52 00
48 85
95 11
74 00
89 00

158 40
98 50

53 30
26 80
81 75
60 85

55 20
20 25
85 05

54 65
296 75

58 65
78 15
10 25
43 50
20 10

127 85

59 70

39 75
41 05
64 00

84 50

85 25

40 75
43 75
46 25

$3,082 67

$2,287 61

$2,283 21

1 Represented on the Board by special enactment, and makes no returns.

No. 4.]

RETURNS OF SOCIETIES.

213

AND Youths in

THE Year ending Nov.

30, 1915

— Concluded.

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$48 30

$48 30

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122 50

89 25

88 25

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103 75

41 50

41 50

_

_

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3

-

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34 00

22 10

22 10

$49 50

$38 25

$38 25

4

-

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80 40

44 90

43 90

6 00

6 00

6 00

5

-

-

-

53 25

18 75

18 75

-

6

_

_

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109 00

56 00

56 00

33 50

32 00

32 00

7

-

-

-

215 50

76 50

76 50

_

8

_

_

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139 75

122 00

122 00

18 00

18 00

18 00

9

-

_

-

104 75

73 05

73 05

_

10

-

-

-

84 00

72 05

72 05

-

_

_

11

-

-

-

69 10

57 00

57 00

30 00

-

_

12

-

-

-

-

-

-

41 05

10 50

10 50

13

-

-

-

H3 75

87 45

87 45

-

-

_

14

-

_

_

28 00

20 25

20 25

-

_

_

15

-

-

.

83 50

51 70

51 20

-

-

_

16

-

-

-

46 75

22 25

22 25

-

-

-

17
18

-

-

-

36 25

18 75

18 75

4 50

3 75

3 75

19

20

-

~

-

150 90

133 75

133 75

_

-

-

21

-

-

91 50

15 25

15 25

-

-

-

22

_

_

_

42 10

26 25

26 25

_

_

_

23

-

_

-

35 00

24 40

24 40

-

-

-

24

-

-

-

2 _

114 00

114 00

-

-

-

25

$13 25

$3 50

S3 50

47 05

29 75

29 75

-

-

-

26

-

-

-

21 95

9 50

9 50

-

-

-

27

_

_

_

54 40

15 70

15 70

_

_

-

28

-

-

_

7 00

6 25

6 25

-

-

-

29

-

-

-

123 00

104 50

104 50

-

-

-

30

-

-

-

178 50

132 75

132 75

-

-

-

31

_

_

_

144 00

43 00

43 00

35 00

35 00

35 00

32

-

-

-

55 60

32 25

32 25

-

-

-

33

-

-

-

38 50

31 35

31 35

-

-

-

34

$13 25

$3 50

$3 50

$2,478 00

$1,640 50

$1,638 00

$217 55

$143 50

$143 50

2 Not reported.

DIBECTORT

Agricultural and Similar Organizations
OF Massachusetts.

1916.

State Board of Agriculture, 1916.

Members ex Officio.

His Excellency SAMUEL W. McCALL.

His Honor CALVIN COOLIDGE.
Hon. albert P. LANGTRY, Secretary of the Commonwealth.
KENYON L. BUTTERFIELD, President Massachusetts Agricultural College.
LESTER H. HOWARD, Commissioner of Animal Industry.
F. WILLIAM RANE, State Forester.
WILFRID WHEELER, Secretary of the Board.

Members appointed by the Governor and CounciL Term expires. •

FRANK P. NEWKIRK of Easthampton, 1916

HENRY M. HOWARD of Newton (P. O., West Newton) 1917

EDWARD E. CHAPMAN of Ludlow 1918

Members chosen by the Incorporated Societies.

Ameshury and Salisbury (Agricultural

and Horticultural),
Barnstable County, .

Blackstone Valley,

Deerfield Valley,

Eastern Hampden,

Essex,

Franklin County,

Hampshire,

A. WILLIS BARTLETT of Salisbury, .
JOHN BURSLEY of Barnstable (P. O., West

Barnstable), .....
JACOB A. WILLIAMS of Northbridge,
DAVID T. BARNARD of Shelburne, .
OMER E. BRADWAY of Monson,
FREDERICK A. RUSSELL of Methuen,
GEORGE E. TAYLOR, Jr., of Shelburne,
HOWARD A. PARSONS of Amherst (P. O.,
North Amherst), . . . . .
Hampshire, Franklin and Hampden, . CLARENCE E. HODGKINS of Northampton,
Highland JOHN T. BRYAN of Middlefield (P. O., Ches-
ter, R. F. D.)

Hillside HAROLD S. PACKARD of Plainfield, .

Hingham {Agricultural and Horticul-
tural), URBAN S. BATES of Hingham, .

Hoosac Valley NATHAN B. FLOOD of North Adams,

Housatonic CHARLES W. FREEHAN of Great Barrington

Lenox Horticultural, . . . ALFRED H. WINGETT of Lenox,
Marshfield (Agricultural and Horticul-
tural) WALTER H. FAUNCE of Kingston, .

Martha's Vineyard JAMES F. ADAMS of West Tisbury, .

Massachusetts Horticultural, . . EDWARD B. WILDER of Dorchester,
Massachusetts Society for Promoting

Agriculture, .... NATHANIEL I. BOWDITCH of Framingham,

Middlesex North GEORGE W. TRULL of Tewksbury (P. O.,

Lowell, R. F. D.),
JOHN J. ERWIN of Wayland, .
HERBERT G. WORTH of Nantucket,
JOHN F. FREELAND of Sutton,
ERNEST LEACH of Bridgewater,
CALVERT H. PLAYDON, D.V.S., of Reading
EDWIN F. GOODWIN of Chester (P. O.,

Huntington), .....
CHARLES I. KING of Taunton, .

Middlesex South, ....

Nantucket, .....

Oxford, ......

Plymouth County, ....

Quannapowitt, ....

Union (Agricultural and Horticultural),

West Taunton, . . . .

Weymouth (Agricultural and Horticul-
tural), . . . . .

Worcester, .....

Worcester East, ....

Worcester North (Agricultural and Driv-
ing Association), ....

Worcester Northwest (Agricultural and
Mechanical), . . . .

Worcester South, ....

Worcester County West,

HOWARD H. JOY of Weymouth (P.O., South
Weymouth, ......

EDWARD A. WATERS of West Boylston, .
ARTHUR C. HAWKINS of Lancaster,

1917

1918
1917
1916
1917
1916
1918

1918
1917

1916
1916

1917
1917
1917
1916

1917
1918
1917

1917

1916
1916
1917
1918
1916
191S

1918
1916

1917
1916
1917

HENRY D. CLARK, D.V.S., of Fitchburg, . 1917

ALBERT ELLSWORTH of Athol,
WILLIAM E. PATRICK of Warren,
JAMES A. RICE of Barre, .

1918
1918
1916

1 First Tuesday in December.

218

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

ORGANIZATION OF THE BOARD.

President,

First Vice-President,

Second Vice-President,

Secretary,

OFFICERS.

. His Excellenct SAMUEL W. McCALL, ex officio.
. JOHN BURSLEY of Barnstable.
. FREDERICK A. RUSSELL of Methuen.
. WILFRID WHEELER of Concord.
Office, Room 136, State House, Boston.

COMMITTEES.

Executive Committee.

Messrs. John Bueslet of Barnstable.
O. E. Bradwat of Monson.
George W. Trull of Tewksbury.
William E. Patrick of Warren.
A. Willis Bartlett of Salisbury.
Frederick A. Russell of Methuen.
Henry M. Howard of West Newton.
George E. Taylor, Jr., of Shelburne.
Jacob A. Williams of Northbridge.

Committee on Agricultural Societies.

Messrs. O. E. Bradway of Monson.

Albert Ellsworth of Athol.
Jacob A. Williams of Northbridge.
Herbert G. Worth of Nantucket.
Howard A. Parsons of Amherst.

Committee on Domestic Animals,
Poultry and Dairy Products.

Messrs. William E. Patrick of Warren.

Herbert G. Worth of Nantucket.
Edward A. Waters of West Boyls-

ton.
Henry D. Clark of Fitchburg.
John F. Freeland of Sutton.

Committee on the Massachusetts Agri-
cultural College and the Massachu-
setts Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion.

Messrs. John Bursley of Barnstable.

Frank P. Newkirk of Easthampton.
William E. Patrick of Warren.
John J. Erwin of Wayland.
Charles W. Fheeeun of Great
Barrington.

Committee on Orcharding and Fruit
Growing.

Messrs. Frederick A. Russell of Methuen.
Alfred H. Wingett of Lenox.
Edward B. Wilder of Dorchester.
Arthur C. Hawkins of Lancaster.
David T. Babnabd of Shelburne.

Committee on Grasses and Forage
Crops.

Messrs. George E. Taylor, Jr., of Shel-
burne.
U. S. Bates of Hingham.
N. I. Bowditch of Framingham.
Calvert H. Playdon of Reading.
Harold S. Packard of Plainfield.

Committee on Markets and Trans-
portation.

Messrs. A. Willis Bartlett of Salisbury.
Charles I. King of Taimton.
David T. Barnard of Shelburne.
Nathan B. Flood of North Adams.
Edward F. Goodwin of Chester.
Edward E. Chapman of Ludlow.

Committee on Farm Tools and
Machinery.

Messrs. Jacob A. Williams of Northbridge.
James A. Rice of Barre.
Ernest Leach of Bridgewater.
Clarence E. Hodgkins of North-
ampton.
H. H. Joy of Weymouth.

No. 4.]

AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY.

219

Committee on Institutes and Public
Meetings.
Messrs. George W. Trull of Tewksbury.
James F. Adams of West Tisbury.
Kenton L. Butterfield of Am-
herst.
George E. Taylor, Jr., of Shel-

bume.
Clarence E. Hodgkins of North-
ampton.

Committee on Irrigation and
Drainage.

Messrs. Henry M. Howard of West Newton.
John T. Bryan of Middlefield.
John J. Erwin of Wayland.
Walter H. Faunce of Kingston.
Clarence E. Hodgeins of North-
ampton.

The Secretary is a member, ex officio, of the above committees.

DAIEY BUREAU.

Messrs. George W. Trull of Tewksbury, 1916; George E. Taylor, Jr., of Shelburne, 1917;
O. E. Bradway of Monson (chairman), 191S.

Executive Officer,
General Agent, .

Wilfrid Wheeler of Concord.
P. M. Harwood of Barre.

Office, Room 136, State House.

STATE NURSERY INSPECTOR.

Henry T. Fernald, Ph.D., of Amherst.

STATE ORNITHOLOGIST.

Edward Howe Forbush of Westborough.

STATE INSPECTOR OF APIARIES.

Burton N. Gates, Ph.D., of Amherst.

Chemist,

Entomologist,

Botanist,

Pomologist,

Veterinarian,

Engineer, .

Agricultural Club Work

SPECIALISTS.

J. B. Lindsey,
C. H. Fernald, .
George E. Stone,
F. C. Sears,
James B. Paige,
William Wheeler,
William R. Hart,

Amherst.
-■Vmherst.
-Amherst.
.Amherst.
Amherst.
Concord.
Amherst.

220 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

Location, Amherst, Hampshire County.

The Corporation.

Term
Members of the Corporation. expires

Frank Gerrett of Greenfield, .......... 1917

Harold L. Frost of Arlington, .......... 1917

Charles H. Preston of Danvers, .......... 1918

Frank A. Hosmbr of Amherst, .......... 1918

Davis R. Dewey of Cambridge, .......... 1919

John F. Gannon of Worcester, .......... 1919

Arthur G. Pollard of Lowell, .......... 1920

George H. Ellis of West Newton, 1920

Elmer D. Howe of Marlborough, .......... 1921

Edmund Mortimer of Grafton, .......... 1921

Nathaniel I. Bowditch of Framingham, ........ 1922

William Wheeler of Concord, .......... 1922

Charles A. Gleabon of New Braintree, ........ 1923

James F. Bacon of Boston, ........... 1923

Members ex Officio.

His Excellency Samuel W. McCall President of the Corporation.

Kenyon L. Butterfield, ....... President of the College.

David Snedden, ........ State Commissioner of Education.

Wilfrid Wheeler, ..... Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture.

Officers op the Corporation.

His Excellency Governor Samuel W. McCall of Winchester, .... President.

Charles A. Gleason of New Braintree, ...... Vice-President.

Wilfrid Wheeler of Concord, ......... Secretary.

Fred C. Kenney of Amherst, Treasurer.

Charles A. Gleason of New Braintree, ....... Auditor.

Examining Committee op Overseers from the State Board op Agriculture.

John Bursley of Barnstable.

Frank P. Newkirk of Easthampton.

William E. Patrick of Warren.

John J. Erwin of Wayland.

Charles W. Freehan of Great Barrington.

Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station.

William P. Brooks, Ph.D Director.

Joseph B. Lindsey, Ph.D., Vice-Director.

Frank A. Waugh, M.Sc, Horticulturist.

George E. Stone, Ph.D., ...... Botanist and Vegetable Pathologist.

Henry T. Fernald, Ph.D., Entomologist.

James B. Paige, B.Sc, D.V.S Veterinarian.

John E. Ostrander, A.M., C.E Meteorologist.

No. 4.]

AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY.

221

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AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY

229

MASSACHUSETTS PATRONS OF HUSBANDRY.

Officers of the State Grange, 1915.
Master, ......... Edward E. Chapman of Ludlow.

Overseer, .......... Leslie R. Smith of Hadley.

Lecturer, ........ Mrs. George S. Ladd of Sturbridge.

Steward, . . . . E. H. Gilbert of Stoughton (P. O. address. North Easton).

Assistant Steward, . . Henry N. Jenks of Cheshire (P. O. address, Adams, R. F. D.).

Chaplain, ........ Rev. A. H. Wheelock of Marlborough.

Treasurer, ........ Hon. F. A. Harrington of Worcester.

Secretary, .... William N. Howard of Easton (P. O. address, North Easton).

Gate Keeper, . . Samuel T. Brightman of Westport (P. O. address. Central Village).

Ceres, Mrs. Sarah H. Holland of Millis.

Pomona, ....... Mrs. Evelyn M. Adams of West Tisbury.

Flora, ......... Mrs. Laura M. Sargent of Amesbury.

Lady Assistant Steward, . . Mrs. Margaret A. Sarre, 537 Merrimack St., Lowell.

Executive Committee.

Warren C. Jewett, Worcester.

George S. Ladd Sturbridge.

Carlton D. Richardson West Brookfield.

General Deputies.

N. B. Douglas Sherbom.

E. D. Howe, Marlborough.

W. C. Jewett, Worcester.

G. S. Ladd Sturbridge.

CD. Richardson West Brookfield.

C. M. Gardner Westfield.

Organizing Deputy.
William T. Herrick Westborough.

Pomona Deputies.

John Bursley West Barnstable.

Raymond J. Gregory Princeton.

George C. Donaldson South Hamilton.

Peter I. Adams Housatonic.

Subordinate Deputies.

Charles R. Damon Williamsburg.

Ward A. Harlow Cummmgton.

Edwin B.Hale Bernardston.

Moses U. Gaskill Mendon.

Charles H. Preston, Danvers (P. O. address, Hathome).

Dr. M. H. WiUiams Sunderland.

Norman L. Peavey Dracut (P. O. address, LoweU. R. F. D. 3).

Dr. A. W. Gorham North Hanson.

Harry D. Towne • • ^^'"«™ ^^^^-

230

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

[Pub. Doc.

Subordinate Deputies — Con.

George L. Averill Andover.

Everett W. Stone, ............ Auburn.

Harold J. Greenwood 193 May St., Worcester.

Frank T. Marston, 20 Fairmount St., Melrose.

John J. Glynn, Dalton.

Walter H. Brown, West Peabody.

Harold A. Goff, Rehoboth (P. O. address, Attleboro, R. F..D.).

John R. Comley, Bedford.

Clifford R. Ripley, .... Blandford (P. O. address, Chester, R. F. D. 1).

Lester R. Hayward North Reading.

Henry W. Holman 37 Pearl St., Fitchburg.

James W. Hibbs 232 Main St., Reading.

Roscoe W. Melendy, South Easton.

Leonard R. Miller, ......... Great Barrington.

Edward D. Taylor, ........... Methuen.

John Buckler Pittsfield.

Arthur C. Fairbanks, ......... East Templeton.

Harry E. Gardner, ........... Hinsdale.

Robert C. Sherman, Brimfield, R. F. D. 1.

Juvenile Grange Deputy.
Mrs. S. Ella Stevens, Athol.

Special Deputies.
William N. Howard, .......... North Easton.

John P. Ranger, North Brookfield.

Charles A. Wright, ........... Billerica.

Charles H. Shay lor, ............ Lee.

Evan F. Richardson, . . . . . . . . . . . Millis.

Elbridge Noyes, ............ Newbury.

Committee on Birds.
Raymond J. Gregory, Chairman, ......... Princeton.

Mrs. E. O. Marshall, Secretary, ......... New Salem.

George C. Donaldson, .......... South Hamilton.

Clayton E. Stone, ............ Lunenberg.

Mrs. Ida Farr Miller 21 Richardson Ave., Wakefield.

Mrs. George H. Mellen, ...... 291 Lake Ave., Newton Highlands.

Walter K. Putney, ........... Ashland.

Trustees of Educational Fund.
Evan F. Richardson, Chairman, ......... Millis.

Mrs. George S. Ladd, Secretary, ......... Sturbridge.

James C. Poor, Treasurer, ......... North Andover.

Mrs. George Waterman, .......... Pittsfield.

Edward E. Chapman, ........... Ludlow.

Committee on Degree Staffs.

Mrs. Sarah H. Holland, . . . Millis.

Mrs. Fred J. Reed, . . . . . . . . . . Shrewsbury.

Committee on Patriotic Work.
N. B. Douglas, ............ Sherborn.

G. B. Germain, Rock Village.

Herman A. Hotchkiss, ........... Harding.

Mrs. Mary J. Messenger, ......... Groton, Box B.

No. 4.

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INDEX.

INDEX.

Agricultural census, need of, .

College, Massachusetts,

trustees.
Development Committee, Massachusetts
organizations, directory of,
societies, financial returns of,

institutes, attendance,

sessions, .
officers of , .
premiums and gratuities, .
resources of Massachusetts, need of advertisin
Agriculture, State Board of, legislative appropriations for,
meetings of, .
members,
organization,
publications of, in 1915,
recommendations of secretarj^-,
report of secretary,
specialists of,
summer field meeting of,
work of ofBce,
Alfalfa, concerning, .....

Apiaries, infection of, in southeastern Massachusetts,
sacbrood in, .... .

State Inspector of, sixth annual report, by B. N. Gates,
winter loss in, .
Apiary inspection, concerning,

details for 1915, .
financial statement of, .
publications by, .
Apple grading law, Massachusetts, .

Bee disease investigation, ....

Bird day observances, .....

houses, causes of failure with, .

study in schools, .....

Birds, benefits conferred by, . . . ■

distribution of, .... •

enemies of, methods of controlling,

injurious habits of, ... •

photographing, with insects, .

protection of cherries from,

protective legislation for,

PAGE

24

38

220

27

215

199

50, 209

50, 209

221

204

26

60

50

7,217

218

56

61

9

219

50

51

37

113

113

109

112

39

115

lis

IIG
34

114
93
82
95

102

102
88

103
97

107
96

250

INDEX.

Bo3^s' and Girls' Agricultural Club work, concernin
clubs, agencies co-operating in,

organization of,
club work, financial statement of.
Boys' and Girls' Club Work, second annual report on, by W. R. Hart
Bulletins of Massachusetts agriculture,
Butter, consumption of, .

renovated, production of, .
tables relating to,
tables relating to, ....

Cedar waxwings, benefits conferred by.

Clean milk contest, report on, by P. M. Harwood,

Contests, agricultural, of 1915, . ...

County Agents, Federation of, ...

Cows, dair5% assessed in Massachusetts,

Creameries, list of, .

Credits, rural (see Rural Credits),

Crops of 1915

Dairy Bureau, concerning, ....

financial statement of,

personnel of, .

police work of , .

recommendations of, .

twenty-fifth annual report of.
Dairying, encouragement of, contests, report on, by P. M. Harwood,
Directory of agricultural organizations,
Drainage law, Massachusetts, ....

Exhibitions, agricultural, of 1915,

Fairs of 1915, concerning, ....

Farm Bureaus, Federation of, .

Farmers' Institutes of 1915, ....

Farm products, co-operative selling of,

Fernald, H. T., report, fourteenth annual, of State Nurserj' Inspector, bj

Fertilizer situation, .....

Finch, purple, injury caused by,

Forbush, E. H., report, eighth annual, of State Ornithologist, by,

Forester, State, concerning, ......

Gates, B. N., report, fifth annual, of the State Inspector of Apiaries, by.
Grange, State, directory of, ...... .

Grouse, ruffed, injmy caused by, ......

Hart, W. R., report, second annual, on boys' and girls' club work,
Harwood, P. M., report on encouragement of dairying contests by.

Insects, imported on nursery stock, ......

photographing, with birds, ......

Institute work of 1915, ........

Legislation, agricultural, of 1915, concerning,

53

INDEX.

251

PAGE

Marketing, conference at Chicago, ....... 35

Markets and marketing, •••..... 14

Martin, purple, •••...... 99

Martins, purple, injury caused by, ....... 104

Massachusetts Agricultiural Development Committee. (See Agricultural

Development Committee, Massachusetts.)
Massachusetts agricultural resources. (See Agricultural Resources, Massa-
chusetts.)

Milk, condensed, receipts of, in Boston, ....... 147

tables relating to, ....... . 153

depots, list of, ......... . 164

inspectors, local, list of, ........ 159

report, by Boston Chamber of Commerce, ..... 22

situation, the, ......... 22

tables relating to, ......... . 153

Nesting boxes on poles, success ■\\'ith, ....... 85

results with, in Brookline, ....... 84

box, tjTJe most successful, ........ 87

places for creepers, experiments with, ..... 92

Xurserj' inspection, concerning, ........ 38

financial statement of, ...... 72

Nursery Inspector's report, thirteenth annual, by H. T. Fernald, . . 65

Nurserymen, list of, in Massachusetts, ....... 73

Nursery stock, importations of, ........ 68

Oleomargarine, prodiiction of, ........ 147

tables relating to, ....... . 151

Ornithologist, State, concerning, ........ 41

Ornithologist, State, eighth annual report of, by E. H. ForBush, ... 77

publications by, ....... 79

Panama-Pacific Exposition, agricultural exhibit at, . . . .25

Poultry premixmi bounty, ......... 44

Potash, domestic sources of, ........ 19

Robins, benefits conferred by, .....
injurj^ caused by, .....

Rural credit, conference at Chicago,

credits, .......

Sacbrood in apiaries, ......

Sheep, ........

Societies, agricultural. (.See Agricultural Societies.)
Sparrow, English, trouble from, ....

trappers, warning to, ...

Spraying, damage to bees resulting from, in Colorado,

New Mexico,
Indiana,
Massachusetts
Spraying versus beekeeping, report on, by B. N. Gates,
Spray poison and beekeeping, ...
poisoning of bees, symptoms of, .
poison, misuse of, by contractors.

102

104

35

35

113
37

81
82
126
129
129
120
119
116
1.^2
122

252 INDEX.

PAGE

Stallions, State ownership of, concerning, ....... 37

Starling, distribution of, . . . . .81

Starlings, injury caused by, ......... 104

State Forester (see Forester, State), ........ 43

Inspector of Apiaries. (<See Apiaries, State Inspector of.)

Nursery Inspector. (See Nursery Inspector, State.)

Ornithologist. (See Ornithologist, State.)

Swallows, barn, how to attract, ........ 91

Swine, concerning, ........... 37

Trespass laws, extracts from, posters containing, ....

Vireo, benefits conferred by, ........

Warblers, injury caused by, ........

Wheeler, Wilfrid, report, sixty-third annual, of secretary' of Board of Agri
culture, by, ..........

Wrens, increase of, .........

53
103
104

9
93