“i ayy a ore ae RNs ae ne oS WARY va t 3) a By gas RA oo aN a . a , ‘ iy ne , ye AA i DING a Ny ey TN oe eee EE IEE So OE IRS BE Se LIBRARY OF THE FOR THE Se / Ns PEOPLE “44° _ = FOR z ; _ 4, EDVCATION © © S a : oA FOR ©. SCIENCE EN STpy Fe . 2 E , t Ss Fs . v f ’ ANNUAL REPORT V , 6 a fy [3-4 OF THE Le > MAINE STATE COLLEGE FOR THE Nave mins Oe. Pam LT. Report of the Director of the Agricultural Experiment Station. AUGUSTA: BURLEIGH & FLYNT, PRINTERS TO THE STATE. 1894. eae item JE. ‘f Ag és leiollagirg A tia id moto “itt io solide jnsaattoiae MAINE STATE COLLEGE. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, Tih SSEALION COUNCIL. Smee EUG S AIDING.) sacle tives ens viele etd awidad egies Winthrop. TROMESSOR VW PAUL RR) IB ATG HINGDENGH) IME tSs a arccts cleielalciaiets cee a ne Orono. TRUSIEE BENJAMIN EH. BRIGGS. .....-.-- 22.0.2. 000. 2500 0--es Auburn. (TRIOS ONE TAU EIRVAIE \iie Jala adie, Jeldial Daodooogd abo coodeeoo boon Orono. TROMESSOR MH EVAUN OLS Mies ERAT RIVARN YS. Te) esere ofotel=lal=tel> le) ole) = ele) -12 Orono. DIRECTOR WHITMAN H. JORDAN, M. S., Secretary....---..-- Orono. REPRESENTATIVE D. H. KNOWLTON, M. A.., State Pomological Society...--. Farmington. REPRESENTATIVE B. WALKER McKEEN, State Board of Agriculture..... Fryeburg. TRUSTEE ARTHUR L. MOORE, B. S...-..--- 22+. sees cess eee Limerick. PROFESSOR WELTON M. MUNSON, M. S...........-.......-.-- Orono. PROFESSOR FREMONT L. RUSSELL, V. S.....---...........-- Orono. REPRESENTATIVE I. O. WINSLOW, M. A., Maine State Grange............ St. Albans. THE STATION STAFF. THE PRESIDENT. WHITMAN H. JORDAN, M. 5G...---- ee cece cece cence eee wees Director. *MERRITY C. FERNALD, PH.D.....- 00 esse cece eee eens Meteorologist. WALTER BALENTINE, M.S ....-..-...--.----.--.-.-- Agriculturist. JULONTIBIS, hile TEVA ELI DIME Sos soirces oso Ssononon cobs sondorac Chemist. FRANCIS L. HARVEY, PH.D.............. Botanist and Entomologist. TLIOKCTOONS) 180, MOBI RIRINEID, 1s Since soa ocooedgs sono ncndooseecogeads Chemist. FREMONT L. RUSSELL, V. S.......-..+..-.-..-.-2..---- Veterinarian. WELTON M. MUNSON, M.'S.-..-.-- 00 ceve cen tnnciccee Horticulturist. FRED P. BRIGGS, B.S...--.----Assistant in Botany and Entomology. HARRIS P. GOULD ......................... Assistant in Horticulture. ANDREW M. SHAW.........-. Foreman in Experimental Agriculture. Mrs. J. HAMLIN WAITT.......-. 0+ -0-2 eee Clerk and Stenographer. *Resigned September 1, 1893. é a TREASURER’S REPORT. The Maine Agricultural Experiment Station in account with the United States appropriation: RECEIPTS. From the Treasurer of the United States as per appro- priation for the year ending June 30, 1893...-.... $15,000 00 EXPENDITURES. Botany and Mntomology ----------------.........-. S 1487 Chemical laberitony. a. 464 - =. aon eee oe eee 981 47 ex pensesA Geoumtnek =e sees stie oe eee eet os aie nicer 160 89 Field and Feeding wiaisloe als cisis ois, SUS ae te ope ee ee Oe ee 1,253 61 Herulizeninspeen@ns- perc A-ce eee eee soar 134 80 Horticultural Department ------------<----------=. 689 56 Mele Ormleley eee ee ene nh eee eee 30 70 TRO eet ee Solo been osne hats soos ee oo dec oscesses 1,458 79 Construction and Repairs......---.--+-----+--+-.6-. 186 04 Stationery and Postage..-.-----.-.-+--++-++--+----- 93 95 Traveling IDSG MOINES = osscroce so sseple28 sesss5c¢ S557 135 35 IST Geo cee esc sce aaa a Coed sacs sans eassocre 120 85 Were nitive Sele Gee ote eee 5 40 Waele. - canbe ce arouse we ss enoeic se wate wa Peete ane es 140 82 WOrld’s Wain: 2 e2t 25 Ses cies eos Bo ee ce cee wc ce weee Sone 501 S7 DISTR IDI TEIRGS + secs shes cebcccsSs sce esesseseecce 16 00 Water Supply S wano(atiejsla Sa siGames keieere ae Le ee eee ae 200 00 SBIAPICS @ said cies aie so late cae Sais Soe oe ewe ale ocean 9.574 97 $14,999 94 I hereby certify that the above is a correct statement of the amount expended by the Maine Experiment Station for the year ending June 30, 1893. G. H. HAMLIN, TREASURER, Trustees of Maine State College of Agr. and the Mech. Aris. I hereby certify that I have examined the accounts of the Maine Experi— ment Station for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1893; that I have found the above to be a correct statement of expenditures both as to amount and classification, for all of which, proper vouchers are on file. HENRY LORD, AtpiTor, Trustees of Maine State College of Agr. and the Mech. Arts. r<3 : a TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE. SEAS UR Re eB O Ribs nerctscharevereWelecchsnavsios nenoiela fae ctepetate te «ciel dishereyetarae 4 DTC TO RSSHR EEO Ride vs be voraie coprenale adore tebopee tale oleic lela voustel are velameiovele sola oS ele 7-11 INVESTIGATION OF THE FORAGING POWERS OF SOME AGRICULTU- RAL PLANTS FOR PHOSPHORIC ACID...--+.++ 20+ sees cece cece 13-25 ANALYSES OF CATTELE: HOODS:-~--.<- -.-- 2c2 2 Bad DALE IDLE OOS! 25-38 ‘The composition of fodders and silage from the corn plant, 26 The comparative composition of the large Southern corn and the Maine Field corn, &¢....-.---....+- see teeeceee 28 The -influence of maturity upon the composition of the GON WRVTRooca5060 6565 co0n0pc0nc50 Gcoo cob wee tela tele Be 30 To the formation of what compounds is due the large rela- tive increase of nitrogen-free-extract as the corn plant approaches maturity. ---------22-- 2-2: .026 cece wese cece 31 The effect of slow drying upon the composition of a sample of a succulent plant---.--.---- +--+. -eee sees eee 35 METHODS OF DETERMINING SUGAR AND STARCH....--+++--++-+ 37 DKGDSRHON) DTA R NMI Socaq00 60006000 donb us06 Coon OOD boon ONS 38-56 Digestibility of corn fodders..---.-. +--+ .++-eeeeeeeeeeee 38 The digestibility of corn fodder and corn silage as com- pared with other cattle foods....--..-.-.---.--.---.--. 4] The comparative digestibility of Maine Field corn and the large Southern-white corn....----- +--+ +--+ +--+ +++e eee 42 THE DIGESTIBILITY OF THE PENTOSE CARBOHYDRATES: -------- 44 @ORN VAS) A) SILAGE, GROP «2 -c 2-2-1262 2 = aise oes i865 I= 57-63 The influence of maturity upon the value of the corn crop for fodder or silage purposes ------+-+++++++ee+ eee + 61 iD ADAG IS PDIRNTONANS soqdecn cose.goon p6o0 sond 9000000 0000 JOOT 64-95 FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH COWS ....--.--2--22 005 conceces 66-82 The relative feeding value of Southern Corn silage and Maine Field Corn silage ..--.-- +--+ --2+--2+ eee eee eee 66 The influence of widely differing rations upon the quantity PAO WO ME Tria Om Nl ean ecie gnc derorioc on Cole OeISot ese oe rsa 73 FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH SWINE «---- +--+ 0-2 ceee cree eres 82-95 Relative growth of animals of the several breeds --------- 91 Butcher's analysis of the carcasses. -- +++. -+++ eee cess eee 91 The relative value of digestible food from animal and from vepetable SOURCES ~~~... 656 e ee cece eet cece eee eee ene 93 6 CONTENTS. PAGE. WASTE OF FAT IN THE SKIMMED MILK BY THE DEEP-SETTING IPROCG@ESS ceo eka cote seers cee ae eh eee see eee ee a ote eee 95-100 Is it necessary to submerge the cans---------.--.---.-+--- 98 REPORT OB CHE) SORMCUH CURIS see seer ee eae erie ee 101-144 INotes of cabbaves------- 26. ooo. en oe. oe ec ae eae 101 Notes of eauliflowerss 027s ii = ca ee SR) ees cise 105 Notes OF LOMIMEOESS = 656 de 2ccst. cote sects ss pice ens pee 112 Notes of egg plants ----- +--+ eee eee e eee cece eee eee eee 118 Notes of potatoes ------- +--+ ---- esse eee eee eee eee eee 121 Notes of spraying experiments ---------.--+--+----++.---- 124 Catalogue of Maine fruits- raed apie mens oe ORE eae 129 REPORT OF BOTANIST AND ENTOMOLOGIST..--------+---------- 145-180 BOTAN VscP ste e Sass oes Sa ae ieee. See eee eee 152-158 Bean PAnintsienOse po eee eee = eee ee eee 152 Tomato Anthracnose... -- -- - = 2. <5 2. cier= ob <5 J eriafeete ape = ale 154 Potato.and: Beet Seab) ----6- < o20 6 520s 222 sie ce os ew coe scn ae 156 Wiesternmi@lantaint cece - 5: dae on mio Seen cen omin wee ace 158 SN TOM OLE Wie ete oe oe oe ee eee oe ee ee oe eee 159-180 The Angoumois Grain Moth ..--.-.+ 22+. -s2-e02- cece ees 159 The Lime-Tree Winter-Moth .-..--....---.-----+-----s0- 161 The Apple-Leaf Bucculatrix.---.----.-----++ eee e cree eee 164 The Dissippus Butterfiy------------- -22- ee2+ eee ee ee eee 166 Whe May. Beetle. --<- --<0.05e2 -4e00+ = oeebep eee aor 167 The BeaniWeewvilkcce sate coecpcoewire wolbe wera Shien eee oe 171 The Pear-Blight Beetle or Shot-Borer..------.---.+-+---- 176 Carrot Fly-----.---------------- oa: a not claleis Oaraiic'svat Ss leee ce 178 cE al a Gita aa ial rl DIRECTOR'S REPORT. A. W. Harris, Ph. D., President Maine State Coliege. Srr :—I submit herewith a report of the work performed in the various departments of the Experiment Station for the year 1893: It is hoped that the facts and discussions therein presented will prove of value to the agriculture of the State, through a careful consideration of their relations to farm practice. The past year has been one of general prosperity in the affairs of the Station. In one direction, at least, as will be seen by subse- quent statements, an addition of equipment and enlargement of work have been made which give promise of results of great value. Better than anything else which could be mentioned, perhaps, is the increasing evidence that the Station is exerting a positively helpful influence in the agricultural affairs of Maine. The large correspondence which has grown up between the Station officers and the farmer citizens of the State, the numerous appeals for aid in various directions and the cordial and sympathetic reception which representatives of the Station receive at farmers’ institutes and other public meetings may not only constitute substantial reasons for encouragement, but may also convey to each member of the Station staff a sense of personal gratification. I wish to express in behalf of myself and my associates a grateful appreciation of the pleasant relations which we have come to sustain toward a large number of leading Maine farmers, and of the cordial co-operation of the Board of Agriculture, the State Pomological Society and the Patrons of Husbandry. FERTILIZER INSPECTION. The Maine legislature of 1895 enacted a new law for the control of the sale and inspection of commercial fertilizers, of which the Director of this Station is made the executive officer. This work will necessarily and properly be done at the Station. 8 MAINE STATE COLLEGE It is provided that an analysis fee of fifteen dollars shall be paid by the manufacturers, importers or dealers for each distinct brand of fertilizer of which more than thirty tons are sold in Maine, the income thus derived to be used to pay the expenses of the fertilizer inspection and publishing the results. It is even now very evident that this fee is too small. In fact, the experience of ten or twelve years had previously shown that afee of at least $20 would be needed. It is hoped that the legislature of 1895 will remedy this error by increasing the fee. THE NEW FORCING HOUSE. The most notable addition to the Station equipment is the new forcing house, now nearing completion, which is to be used in the study of problems in plant nutrition. The work is to be under the immediate charge of Professor Balentine, who reports on subse- quent pages the results of experiments made in the forcing house erected several years since. It is believed that in giving more at- tention to a scientific study of certain phases of plant nutrition the Station will occupy a field very largely neglected by American experiment stations, this line of study having so far held a place much subordinate to animal nutrition. The new house is 65x18 feet. and is to be equipped in a manner best adapted to its intended purpose. INCREASE OF MAILING LIST. At a meeting of the Station Council in the autumn of 1892, it was urged that the list of farmers receiving the publications of the Station should be increased. This matter was left with me for action. After considering several plans, I decided to send to each postmaster in the State a card-board poster showing a cut of the College buildings, and stating thereon that the station publications would be sent free to any Maine farmer requesting them. Through such advertising and by other means that have been adopted, the mailing list of residents of this State has been increased over two thousand names, so that now it numbers between seven and eight thousand. It is deubtful if a larger proportion of the farmers of any state are receiving the bulletins of their experiment station than is the case in Maine. During the year the mailing list has also been revised by sending to each postmaster for correction a list of names previously addressed to his office. In this way a large number of errors were corrected. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 9 STATION PUBLICATIONS. The large increase that has been made to the mailing list has ren- dered it necessary to consider the most economical methods of pre- paring and distributing Station publications. It is very desirable, also, that the manner of presenting the results of experiments and investigations shall be such as to secure for them wide attention. Experience has shown that in order to accomplish this, the state- ments made by Station officers must be as concise and simple as is consistent with accuracy. On the other hand, it is very important that a certain class of readers, such as other station workers and the farmers who possess scientific knowledge and training, shall have access to a full record of the data upon which are based the conclusions that stand in close relation to farm practice. In view of the foregoing considerations, it has been decided to issue numer- ous short bulletins, of not over four pages each, which shall be sent to the entire mailing list, and which shall present to the reader, in a form adapted to the unscientific public, all the results of Station work which have an immediate relation to farm practice. There will also be issued an annual report which shall contain a complete record of the doings of the Station, stated in part at least, in a somewhat scientific and technical form. It is proposed that this annual report shall have a circulation limited to the officers and staffs cf other stations, certain exchange publications and such farmers as shall specially request that it be sent to them. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. I append a statement of gifts made to the Station, and publica- tions received by the Station free of charge. I wish to make our acknowledgment for these favors. W. H. JORDAN, Director. MAINE StTaTE COLLEGE, Orono, Me., Dec. 31, 1893. Donations to the Horticultural Department, 1893. J. M. Thorburn & Co., New York, N. Y., vegetable seeds. W. Attle Burpee, Philadelphia, Pa., miscellaneous vegetable and flower seeds. J. J. H. Gregory & Son, Marblehead, Mass., vegetable seeds. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., vegetable seeds, cions, cuttings. Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., cuttings of Russian willows _ and poplars. A. M. Smith, St. Catherines, Ontario, six plants Pearl goose- berry. H. §. Anderson, Union Springs, N. Y., three plants Frontenac gooseberry. Benjamin F. Sill, Long Island City, N.. Y., one rubber plant sprinkler. Noe, j Gould's Manufacturing Co., Seneca Falls, N. Y., one Knapsack spraying pump. The following newspapers and other publications are kindly donated to the Station by the publishers during 1893-4: Farmers’ Home; Dayton, Ohio. Holstein Friesian Register, Boston, Mass. Farm and Home, Springfield, Mass. Jersey Bulletin, Indianapolis, Ind. Monthly Bulletin, Philadelphia, Pa. Farmers’ Advocate, London, Ont. Maine Farmer, Augusta, Maine. Southern Cultivator, Atlanta, Ga. American Dairyman, New York, N. Y. The Sun, Baltimore, Md. Massachusetts Plonghman, Boston, Mass. Practical Farmer, Philadelphia, Pa. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 11 New England Farmer, Boston, Mass. Louisiana Planter, New Orleans, La. Mirror and Farmer, Manchester, N. H. Texas Farmer, Dallas, Texas. Hoard’s Dairyman, Fort Atkinson, Wis. Towa Farmer and Breeder, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Detroit Free Press, Detroit, Mich. Orange County Farmer, Port Jervis, N. Y. Farm Journal, Philadelphia, Pa. Delaware Farm and Home, Wilmington, Del. The Western Rural, Chicago, Ill. American Cultivator, Boston, Mass. Farmers’ Review, Chicago, Ill. The Rural Canadian, Toronto, Ont. Vick’s Magazine, Rochester, N. Y. The Farm and Dairy, Ames, Iowa. The Clover Leaf, South Bend, Ind. New York World. (Weekly.) The Grange Visitor, Lansing, Mich. The Industrial American, Lexington, Ky. The American Grange Bulletin and Scientific Farmer, Cincinnati, Ohio. Agricultural Epitomist, Indianapolis, Ind. The Prairie Farmer, Chicago, Ill. Northern Leader, Fort Fairfield, Me. Farm Life, Rochester, N. Y. American Agriculturist, New York. American Creamery, Chicago, Ill. i, Investigation on the Foraging Powers of Some Agri- cultural Plants for Phosphorie Acid. WALTER BALENTINE. Of recent investigations in plant nutrition those establishing the fact that leguminous plants are able to gather a portion of their nitrogen either directly or indirectly from the free nitrogen of the air are by far the most important, both from the scientific and the practical stand points. These investigations settle a question that has attracted the attention of agricultural chemists for half a century. On the prac- tical side the results enable us to say, that it is possible, by grow- ing and feeding to farm animals such plants as peas and clover, to increase the stock of nitrogen for manurial purposes without resort- ing to the various expensive commercial nitrogenous materials. Stating the results of these investigations concisely, it has been found that the leguminous plants are able to forage on the atmos- phere for a portion of their nitrogen. Other plants either possess this power to a much less degree or not at all. If we look fora reason why this family of plants has attracted so much attention from scientists we find it in the fact that some of its members, the clovers especially, have been found in practical farming to be plants which by their growth on the soil, apparently leave it richer in plant food than before, and that farmers are actually able to produce more of grass, grain and potatoes when clover is used as one of the crops in rotation. It was to learn why a plant that takes up such large quantities of nitrogen as clover, should still leave the ground in a better condition for succeeding crops, that the sources of supply of nitrogen to the leguminous plants have been so carefully studied. The value of the results of this work to the agriculture of the world cannot be over-estimated. There are, however, other prob- lems in plant nutrition which deserve as careful study as the 14 MAINE STATE COLLEGE nitrogen question and which may yield results of equal practical — importance. All whe have given especial attention to the subject of plant nutrition will, undoubtedly, agree that the foraging powers of plants for the elements contained in the ash, vary greatly. This fact is recognized by the majority of observing farmers, as isshown by the following common sayings: Wheat requires a rich soil.” “Corn is a grass feeder.” ‘*Oats are an exhaustive crop ” Notwithstanding that these views regarding the variation in foraging powers of different crops have been held by many for _ years, no one is prepared to say just how it is exerted. We are hardly ready to express an opinion whether the greater vigor of certain plants as compared to other species grown on the same soil is due to their superior foraging powers for all of the elements con- tained in their ash, or for one or more particular elements. It seems quite as likely, however, that some plants are able to use certain soil compounds of potash or phosphoric acid, which are not available to other plants, as it did that the legumes were able to obtain nitrogen from sources that were not available to the grasses. Believing that a study of the foraging powers of different agri- cultural plants would reveal facts of scientific interest, and at the same time of practical value to agriculture, the writer commenced a series of experiments, in the fall of 1892, designed to test the readiness with which different plants obtain their phosphoric acid from insoluble phosphates. The reason why phosphoric acid was selected on which to make these first studies, in preference to any other substance was, that in practical manuring with crude phosphates, and also in their use in experimental work, different crops had apparently showed decided ‘differences in their abilities to gather phosphoric acid from such a - source. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS. In order to have the work as much as possible under control the experiments were conducted in boxes in the college forcing house. These boxes were of wood, fifteen inches square and twelve inches deep. For soil a fine sand was used, taken from a sand bank about three feet below the surface. This sand was drawn to the forcing house, screened and thoroughly mixed by repeatedly shoveling it over, after which a sample was taken and the content of potash aa AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 15 and phosphoric acid determined, with the following result: Potash, 0,096 per cent; phosphoric acid, 0.012 per cent. One hundred and twenty pounds of sand were used in each box. For each kind of plant studied nine boxes were used, in three sets of three boxes each. The three boxes of each set received the following manuring per box: Ser I 8.5 grams nitrate of soda = 1.36 grams nitrogen. 2.6 grams muriate of potash = 1.36 grams potash. (- 8.5 grams nitrate of soda = 1.36 grams nitrogen. Ser II ) 2.6 grams muriate of potash = 1.36 grains potash. 4 ¥ ; 3 ( 3.96 grams insoluble phosphoric acid. 17.0 grams South Carolina rock = 40.39 grams citrate soluble phosphoric acid. ( 8.5 grams nitrate of soda = 1.36 grams nitrogen. | 2.6 grams muriate of potash = 1.36 grams potash. SET isee ; (3.34 grams soluble phos- | | phoric acid. ae : : ) 0.50 grams citrate soluble 28.5 grams acidulated South Carolina rock=4-"" 5°" = Fk ae ; (28.5 gra Le \ phosphoric acid. | 0.62 grams insoluble phos- l phoric acid. It will be seen that all of the boxes were treated alike with refer- ence to potash and nitrogen, that the plants grown in Set I were dependent on the phosphoric acid originally in the sand, that those grown in Set II had in addition 4.32 grams of phosphoric acid, mostly insoluble, supplied by crude finely ground South Carolina rock, and that those grown in the boxes of Set III had in addition to that originally contained in the sand 4.46 grams of phosphoric acid, mostly soluble, supplied in acidulated South Carolina rock. The plants thus far studied have been wheat, barley, corn, beans, peas, potatoes and turnips. Wheat was planted in the boxesof Set I A, Set II A and III A. Barley ee oe Set IB, Set II B and III B. Corn mG ae Set IC, Set II C and III C. Beans mus aS Set ID, Set II D and III D. eas) oes ee Set I E, Set IJ E and III E. Potatoes ‘ Be SetI F, Set II F and III F. Gurmmips: | ~< re Set 1G, Set II G and IIIG. After planting, the boxes were under the care of a man experi- enced in growing plants under glass. Water was supplied as it was believed to be needed. At the proper time the plants were thinned so that the boxes having the same kind of plants contained the same number of plants to the box. The plants were allowed to grow to maturity. Immediately before harvesting, the crops were photographed and plates made 16 MAINE STATE COLLEGE showing the relitive development of the plants produced. At the time of harvesting, the crops of wheat, barley, corn, peas and beans prodaced in each box were weighed separately in an air dry condition, after which the amount of dry matter was determined in the combined crop of the three boxes of each set. In the com- bined crop of each set the nitrogen was determined as well as the phosphoric acid, potash and other mineral matters. With the pototoes and turnips the crops were weighed fresh at harvesting. In other respects these crops were treated like the others. The results of this investigation are shown in the following tables with the accompanying plates: rd ‘ - < oe == SRST A EIR ase Ba | ee ae Towne Fas 8 aed mem gle eet c Rint e meg — * vat 2 = : ™ _ : ve . i : ry a =4 ‘ 7 i — &> . > a ae, > : E = A ’ _ : : : > ‘Fr tetas , = ‘ 7 od : oy = = ae . ce : - ; , - ‘ : £ = = 7 : U ‘ $ j ea | vo \) fa iat | aX | 7) % t= ° Ee ss J i) = Ke z [ 3 e i Y $ rc apne el 5 =) ° 5) vs a =| : ( A q : ey S al 5 rs [8 5p = ll iC) i>) LF) ~ S ~~ v2) S| ‘3 M 9 La » 7 WA re eS 4 or ae - , 7 . ie 4 @ “ ba iy 7 A 2 ~ Wy ibe _ a) ; : b 7 re : : : ee nie ; ¥ ay a y : ; at i aie ad 7 6 Uy ‘ v? a] j *% , hi % ‘ e “ aah 3 r j mY me » - pe? - . % : ; rN Ve Vad F ai 7 "hr, eg f ; VV 7 ax hi Aa ay ‘ j a eae RE fa - GE fw. ty AD > ‘ f ow Obie apie 7 - ' i ' i A a 7 ‘ 4 oT) hw 4 . : Aa, ee a a a ee ‘ * f y “ay Aa Pied ST i - see bee " 7 f i e 4 iad 5 iS i \ : : ‘ ‘ d A ea 7 eek a os i . i ‘ . : im a ' " 2 e e 2 ~~ re, . x , Us ; - 1 = ) e " % = % a ’ 7 " i 4 4 a be \ ee Sa = ar r : ' PT ONG vat @ A : ‘ 5 ae | Av “4 o sn } BF a) r Ey ; d ee, ss , ars 7 Ss 3 ? LAN : " Hi é =) : > : { > i bt e 5 P ae uy ere : - > , = sae r ; Be 8 ~~ i . A ; f ; = , vb hoe ’ . x = { at Diab a s ~ =F a ‘ a Why aaa ; > - By fin = : ty a) 1 ‘ 7 tia aa « » & ) Pa we : i } 5 , away vt 7 ‘a - = ls S H . 4 oe 4 ’ * : A % p eae hh “esa dt , ~% ’ a) ef 4 ‘ - fe rae \ A * he as a 7 Pw. om sere ok, Peg ad , i - ha ~ ; ; 7 ’ ° ) 5 z J P é is AP ah! | Mees | f enh Are ee me a ange Ae Sys Pah a) ——— F - > ‘ Me eS we a hy . y . ce ML ee PP eee Mer TO aed RAC eh tt ee ae tT Lees ‘ “ | ' . Z X : ° - * \ Lip j ed. ' Va ane , ‘ : " ‘ ie - ¥ : * " chad “ a J ; —— — Se PLATE Il. A. cb) — = ¢ Q. nN } s a id ~) } (ame iS) n : 0 TN Z ae a = S © wg + 3 mu (a) 5 3S 2 —_— fam 3 q & x £ SO EI c= Ss Og Ee ies = } 2 Ss I i) 2 © e = x = v, si 4 S § & =, Maine State College E < ta) = < — & Report, 1893. 10n ite College Experiment Stat aine St M HEAT. of Soda, Muriate of Pota W CROP, dulatedjS. C. Rock Phosphate. ol sh, A 3 b Manure,—Nitrate AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 17 TABLE I. EXPERIMENT WITH WHEAT. ce No. of Total . Set. Manure per box. Hoe crop. Grain. a | 22 grams | 7grams potash, 2.6 grams. 2 |%grams| Sgrams 3 Total.. ILA..| Nitrate of soda, 8.5 grams, muriate of pot- 1 ash, 2.6 grams, and crude South Carolina rock, 17 grams. : 2 3 I : Nitrate of soda, 8.5 grams, and muriate of 1 Total.. 36 grams | 11 grams | i] 84 grams | 26 grams ' 46 grams} 15 grams 79 grams } 24 grams 37 grams | ll grams | aie | Ill A..| Nitrate of soda, 8.5 grams, muriate of pot- 1 ash, 2.6 grams, and acidulated South Carolina rock, 28.5 grams. 2 3 Total.. Dry matter. SG IDA. céneabesds See sen cloclatsiatelaerelceninicicistess 595 900 Seif INN coecaecsdor sococanccagaceoanes cosasaacoosnoc SGU TDUTAN conosadcoosacedndonde Scclcoonae: oC Secs stele 162 grams | 50 grams 103 grams | 32 grams 92 grams | 30grams 130 grams | 43 grams 9 /325 grams | 105 grams 76.9 grams 148.6 grams 296.3 grams MAINE STATE COLLEGE TABLE II. EXPERIMENT WITH BARLEY. : > No. of Total Bue Set. Manure per box. Tea. crop Grain. eB. Nitrate of soda, 8.5 grams, and muriate of 1 78 grams | 19 grams potash, 2.6 grams. 2 | 54 grams 9 grams i 3 | 8 grams | 16 grams Total../215 grams | 44 grams iI B...| Nitrate of soda, 8.5 grams, muriate of pot- 1 | 8 grams | 22 grams ash, 2.6 grams, and crude South Carolina rock, 17.0 grams. 2 |118 grams | 18 grams 2 3 |106 grams | 21 grams. Total../312 grams | 61 grams III B Nitrate of soda, 8.5 grams, muriate of pot- 1 /174 grams 4 grams ash, 2.6 grams, and acidulated South Car- olina rock, 28.5 grams. 2 |175 grams 3 grams 3 |189 grams} 10 grams- Total../538 grams | 17 grams Dry matter. Set IB...... sad duaddddoasadsadodocososesatodsendes 201.5 grams Soh WET ocags oasaodondosocundsos ga adosdddosassasose 294.9 grams Seb TGS peje! isicieeim Sdascosndede boo Suonbddcoosr Eads 508.1 grams + “USRIO’ JO 94BlIN]T ‘BVO JO 91BAqIN—‘acnunyy “dOuU9 “AATUVGA IRIN 1 oun LOD a9R Or ‘s ) JULLLOU XS IS yu ST Squodoy UOTR 6) fa) re “a *l ALW 1d JO IIVAVIN—‘9.0NUd "Ss ‘qsvqIoOg JO ayBLInNIY ‘Vpos ‘ayeydsoyd Wow ‘oO “AATUVA “dOUD 15h lal erie / OGST ‘AOC oOY UOLZRIS JUIMILIOANXS 9S9A[[OD OBIS IULVIY ‘d “Il ALW 1d PeqyNploy WsvjO JO agVLINyT ‘VpLOS Jo ayVyQINn—Vonmpy a) AS) “oyRydsoud Yoo “AATUVEA “dOUD qaoday UOTTRIS JUOULLLOCUN 5] ASO [POD AVIS OURAN LAST Id ALVW “d cil / aah Ne : Vie » a oe ; + i ‘ 7% Maine State College Experiment Station Report, 18 7 ey Le 277) ye : LY yy Yi Ya, BES Yee Wis ee CROP CORN. Manure,—Nitrate of Soda, Muriate of Potash, Maine State College Experiment Station Report, 1893. PLATE II. C. | t | { | ; } \ ; ; ) a 1 | : | & : . : A | 5 . ae é : OF f | VA jj ; 4 : / i | CROP, CORN. | Manure,—Nitrate of Soda, Muriate?of Potash, S.C. Rock Phosphate. Maine State College Experiment Station Report, 1893. PLATE Il}. C. ; 4 % i x oN \| CROP, CORN. Manure.—Nitrate of Soda, Muriate of Potash, Acidulated S. C. Rock Phosphate. L a4 », AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 19 TABLE III. EXPERIMENT WITH CORN. Manure per box No. of | motal cro : box. ee AS c.. Nitrate of soda, 8.5 grams, and muriate of potash, 1 15.0 grams ye 2.6 grams. : 2 15.0 grams 3 15.0 grams Total..| 45.0 grams ©..| Nitrate of soda, 8.5 grams, muriate of potash, 2.6 1 46.0 grams grams, and South Carolina rock, 17.0 grams. : 2 53.0 grams 3 29.0 grams Total..} 128.0 grams Nitrate of soda, 8.5 grams, muriate of potash, 2.6 grams, and acidulated South Carolina rock, 28.5 grams. 164.0 grams 129.0 grams wo we 129.0 grams Total..} 422.0 grams Dry matter. SG UW Goaresaed DACA OES OSC ONCOROHSGOGOOR KS OB OrOoOCS 39.5 grams Stefi IT Cocteaceagndeobassnu secon ade osopanocoaneco0o 103.3 grams Set III C..... Jog anconqaodsdanoonscess Gauacese aodeaed - 291.0 grams 2 eis a oe 20 MAINE STATE COLLEGE TABLE IV. EXPERIMENT WITH BEANS. No.of} Total Set. Mz g r box. | S Set fanure per box | box. | crop Beans. | | | ID ..-.| Nitrate of Soda, 8 3-5 erams, and muriate of 1 6 grams 1 gram potash, 2.6 grams 2 | 6 grams 1 gram 3 3 grams 1 gram \Total..| li grams | 3 grams IL D....| Nitrate of soda, 8.5 grams, muriate of pot-| 1 6grams;} 1 gram ash, 2-6 grams, and South Carolina rock,) 17-0 grams. 2 | Tgrams/| 1-5 gram 3 6 grams} 1.5 gram ! : Total..| 19 grams |/4.0 grams | III D..| Nitrate of soda, §.5 grams, muriate of pot- 1 | 2 grams | 10 grams } ash, 2.6 grams, and acidulated South Car- | | olina rock, 28.5 grams. 2 | 29grams | 12 grams 3 | 21 grams 9 grams pee esa |Total../ 75 grams | 31 grams | } Dry matter Sein (baer e Secctescce cess foe feeeece tc ccccececicce 15.7 grams SGP UND nice eecckccest ces crc seocee: cee roece eer ce 17-4 grams Sar UW Desc ececcecmmece, Bey comneecta deci or ced sec 69.8 grams Maine State College Experiment Station Report, 1893. PLATE I. D. CROP, BEANS. Manure,—Nitrate of Soda, Muriate of Potash. Maine State College Experiment Station Report, [s05. CROP, BEANS. Manure,—Nitrate of Soda, Muriate of Potash, 8S. C. Rock Phosphate. EL JisNA 0) ee 1 D. Maine State College Experiment Station Report PEATE UID: #2 & a i 2 Li CROP, BEANS. : Manure,—Nitrate of Soda, Muriate of Potash, Acidulated S. C. Rock Phosphate. —= Ct ed eee, Se iin Maine State College Experiment Station Report, 1893. PLATE Las Lies eae e stir se reir ca Tete Tear een) CROP, PEAS. Manure,—Nitrate of Soda, Muriate of Potash. ae — PEATE Tie: Report, 1893. 10n t Stat xperimen {Maine State College E BCFAE Shara ren aero Sahar A rete RR wae okay ee oe ew taut acer CAE ty CROP, PEAS. Manure,—Nitrate of Soda, Muriate of Potash, S. C. Rock Pho sphate.; PLATE Ill. E. Maine State College Experiment Station Report, 1893. [PRAM LR AOR REFN RO Se NEG onan zy, ‘ = Nid CROP, PEAS. Manure,—Nitrate of Soda, Muriate of Potash, Acidulated $8. C. Rock Phosphate. < + nee at RB pte eae ah ‘id é . cae 7 < a - ae), ri ‘ gen 4 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 21 TABLE V. EXPERIMENT WITH PEAS. : - ae No.of} Total Peas in ‘Set. Manure per box. Hox crop. pod. E..| Nitrate of soda, 8.5 grams, and muriate of 1 | 35 grams 7 grams at potash, 2.6 grams. : : , ; 2 | 41 grams} 11 grams 3 | 45 grams} 14 grams Total..|121 grams | 32 grams II £E..| Nitrate of soda, 8.5 grams, muriate of pot-| 1 | 73 grams | 16 grams ash, 2.6 grams, and South Carolina rock, ; 17.0 grams. Veh 2 68 grams 17 grams 3 | 70grams | 17 grams Total..|221 grams | 50grams Nitrate of soda, 8.5 grams, muriate of pot- 1 | 8 grams | 16 grams ash, 2.6 grams, and acidulated South ; < Carolina rock, 28.5 grams. 2 | 78 grams | 17 grams 3 | 8 grams} 18 grams Total..|245 grams }| 51 grams Dry matter. Set TE. ....-......+-0. tueeeceos weeps cceeneseeenens 112.7 grams Set IL By......-. eee eee ee cece eee sete eee cesesceneees 196.7 GrAaMS Seti WT 18q Goaoe Sinaobbocode voce sesecces sooves cooes 228.6 STAMS he: | 22 MAINE STATE COLLEGE TABLE VI. EXPERIMENT WITH POTATOES. ~ No. of 7. . Set. Manure per box. Taare Tubers. I F..| Nitrate of soda, 8.5 grams, and muriate of potash, 2.6 1 162 grams grams. 2 | 170 grams 3 | 195 grams Total..| 527 grams II F..| Nitrate of soda, 8.5 grams, muriate of potash, 2.6 1} 211 grams grams, and South Carolina rock, 17.0 grams. 2 | 177 grams 3 | 152 grams Total..| 540 grams III F..| Nitrate of soda, 8.5 grams, muriate of potash, 2.6 1 | 326 erams grams, and acidulated South Carolina rock, 28.5). grams. 2 | 321 grams 3 | 361 grams Total. .|1008 grams Dry matter, including tops. Sethe hy meerceiiaseiserisisice Buc aoadsasioosondosuaaad/ 113.3 grams Sori JUL UD sc ndcdoucodddddesdacs06s O60 sgodardoocaoeasodede 114.6 grams SG IOUT sacoassbosbisssononose innsoen sbabbbonascnooscs 223.6 grams i PLAICE 15 JP ne State College Expeviment Station Rep CROP, POTATOES. Manure,—Nitrate of Soda, Muriate of Potash. ar Se “as f we Ah * , PLATE II. F. nae iar via Ya UC et ils Oe TR ie a eerariralt ret" o CROP, POTATOES. Manure,—Nitrate of Soda, Muriate of Potash, S. C. Rock Phosphate. ————EOEOEOEO—EOE—E—E—EOE—— OOOO” eee a. ..a.a.a..a.4.0 aaaQaQ2.20 PLATE Ill. F. Maine State College Experiment Station Report, 1893. O)alolis | “fala Tat Tal a to'ata' yy wit FAB AL SEG 91 at es CROP, POTATOES. Manure,—Nitrate of Soda, Muriate of Potash, Acidulated S. GC. Rock Phosphate. a/c Azl) Slay pr] s = i) Ko ct w wn o |Auw SH lye] w <= Ses yee |S oS er lee) Sas! pl) & 5 50/8 ae. 8 SOM ey alison ies ® = es - pale ome A Ou. lor} 12) re) 3 +O © 43) es * | =) “8 = b b © o - 3s e 3 “IVINALY “TVINALY WW s : ; aad A -TaLV MA AUG-N1lY WO NATTY : AHL AO 00L NI Sauvg AHL AO 00LT NI SLUVD ' ‘SLVId IVINGNINAdSA NOILVYIS AHL NO NMOWSD NYOO WOH AOVIIS NYOO GNV HACGOA NXOO HO NOTLISOdWOD “XI WIA Vib “ may brid. Pa, 28 MAINE STATE COLLEGE The above mass of figures give information on two points which are worthy of consideration by Maine farmers; viz: (1) The comparative composition of the large Southern varieties of corn, which are so often grown in Maine for fodder purposes, and the Northern field corn such as matures in Maine, which is regarded by many as the more valuable variety for use in this State. (2) The effect of the degree of maturity of the corn plant upon its composition. The large varieties of corn must be cut in this State when very immature, and our own small field corn may be cut in any stage of maturity. What is the effect of immaturity upon the value of the plant as a food? THE COMPARATIVE COMPOSITION OF THE LARGE SOUTHERN CORN AND THE SMALLER MAINE FIELD CORN, THE FORMER IMMATURE WHEN CUT AND THE LATTER MATURE. Observations on these two varieties of corn have been made for five years and in the averages given below, there are included analyses already published in the reports of this Station for 1889 and 1891. The analyses for the years 1888, 1890 and 1891 are averaged separately from those of 1892 and 1893 for the reason that the samples for the first three years were obtained in a way that probably allowed a material change in their composition. In 1888, 1890 and 1891 several hundred pounds of the green plant were stored under cover in such a manner as to partially air-dry without any apparent fermentation or decay, and the fodder was not analyzed until it had stood in this condition for several months, when it was used for digestion experiments. Doubtless these fod- ders had suffered changes incident to the slow drying of large succulent plants, even under the most favorable conditions. In 1892 and 1893, immediately upon cutting in the field, several hun- dred pounds of the perfectlyfresh material were finely chopped and crushed, a portion of which was rapidly dried in a steam closet. Facts given later indicate that the latter method of pro- cedure much more fully preserved the original condition of the plant than the former, and so the analyses for the last two years are the more trustworthy as a means of ascertaining the nature of the growth which actually occurred. It should be remarked, also that while the crops of Maine field corn must be regarded as mature in 1888, 1889 and 1890, they were much more heavily eared in 1892 and 1893. 5 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 29 TABLE X. RELATIVE COMPOSITION OF TWO VARIETIES OF CORN (GREEN). = .* 2: = = 5 In 100 parts fresh substance. Crops of 1888, 1890 and 1891— y as RS Average. Fa a nt re a0 D =) 4 Os x OT 2 nS Sil 5 Ao 3 iS nS Dee ol ae, = = = Qn .b-s 6 Aspe soodes anes 33-24) 4.17 | 8.16! 20.49 32.6 1.38 CXLVIII Sweet Corn fodder, partially| | } | | ir ried: sree he te ae he $9.30 3.82) S47 | 16.85 | 29.57 | 2.00 i | | CLXX Southern Corn silage.....-.---.-| 6-50 | 1-11 | 1-69) 4.08] 6.30) -37 CLXXI Field Corn silage -......-----.- | 7-70| 1.28] 2.95) 4.73] 13.93] st CLXXIII Field Corn silage -......-----. | 79.60! .97| 2.09! 4.72| 11.81] -s1 | | | i | | CCXXVII Field Corn fodder, air-dry .-) 17.33 | 7-69 12.34 | 21.56 ao-44 | Bat 7 | i} | | CCXXXI Field Corn fodder, air-dry..| 18.9% 5-19 | 8-55 | 17.34 | 1 | I | | The digestion coefficients of the fodders and silages previously described, as determined by actual trials. appear below. The data and necessary calculations can be found on subsequent pages. TABLE XIX. DIGESTION COEFFICIENTS OF CORN FODDERS AND CORN SILAGES. | { ] i | | Pega i | z s | Pa SPA er | | es Sete sa) | ay | 5: | i:S ela il 3s |. }33 = Ss Ls 2 |e 2s ie aan Peo i ee eee es = Aa, So | <4 1a & [ao ee yl i ; CXLVIii—Southern Corn fodder, 1891 ...-.-. | 61.3 | 62.8 | 43-1 | 63-4 | 65-7 | 61. | 59. CXLViI—Field Corn fodder, 1891.....-- aeoe | 72-7 | 74.2 | 50-7 | 67-6 | 78.6 | 73-8 | 64.7 CXLVIII—Sweet Corn fodder, 1591....-.....| 70-9 | 72-7 | 44. | 71.5 |-74.6 | 73-1 | 77- | | ' | CLXX—Southern Corn silage, 1892 ......---- | 64.4 | 65-8 | 48.2 | 64.8 | 66.7 | 65.4] 67-8 B | | CLXXI—Field Corn silage, 1892 .....-. ...--| 78. | 80-2 | 41-3 | 68. 77-9 | 83-1 | $0.9 | |} || i { CLXX1lJ—Field Corn silage, 1892.....-...... | 76. | 77-9 | 36.6 | 73.3 | 77-8 | 78-5 | 80.9 CCXXVII—Field Corn fodder, 1893...-...--.) 69-8 | 71-4 | 54.5 | 70-4 | 72-3 | 71-3 | 6-3 . l | ] CCX XXIII—Field Corn Fodder, 1593 ..... .-| 69.7 | 73-6 | 20. | 68.6 | 70.7 | 76-7 | 73-7 i i . AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 41 THE DIGESTIBILITY OF CORN FODDER AND CORN SILAGE AS COMPARED WITH OTHER CATTLE FOODS. During the past four years sixteen different samples of corn fodder and silage have been made the subject of thirty-seven diges- tion trials at the Maine Experiment Station. These trials have included three varieties of corn both as partially dried fodder and as silage, coming from four years crops excepting in the case of the sweet corn. Further repetition of this work ought not to be nec- essary in order to establish safe digestion co-efficients for use in Maine feeding practice. The averages of the entire number of trials are for each variety of corn as follows: TABLE XX. AVERAGE COEFFICIENTS OF DIGESTIBILITY AS FOUND AT THE MAINE PXPERIMENT STATION. fe ) dq R 5 3 | 28 es | a |2.8 peices || ik oe bh lero cialis ae He D mx = moe 3 AA On < SA = Axo = Southern Corn fodder, 3 samntes.| GrbIiall Sy.ecuisen fenieealtectncenas® Ge 65-2 | 66.8 | 45.1 62.3 | 71-5 | 65.0} 66.2 Southern Corn silage, 2 samples,) 1 (ils oebnocoocasaouuguepon jon aodade | 63.8 66.0 | 31.5 Gisjcy/N) Uce4 |) asia) |) bee: | | Field Corn fodder, 4 samples 9 { (HG Ehgooeadcabaccecde bundoneoeradcabde | 70.8 73-1 | 41.9 65.4 | 76.2 | 73.3 |) 70.0 Field Corn silage, 8 samples, 8) i | (metilels san dodsdadedbescooes TMOorcOeveoG 74.3 76.7 | 30.0 64.7 | 76.9 78.3 | 81.4 Sweet Corn fodder, 3 samples, 6 MEM eos ongqanepac ooandocansupe aoc | 67-1) 69.7 | 35.6 64.1 | 73.8 68.2 | 76.9 Sweet Corn silage, 1 sample, 2| | MAGI. comatenaceeccsebe Sncdocnmode ; 68-1) 70.1) 81.9) 54.0] 71.1} 71-8] 83.5 Timothy hay (average 10 (Maine) | SEAM TUG Nosadoe 3da ogee osSancvacsocor 57.0 58.0 | 37.0} 48.0 |-53.0 63.0 | 57.0 Wheat bran, average2samiples...| 59.0 | 63.0 - 76.0 = 66.0 | 73-0 MU Cp ISTARR ING Sy) lee store! ate Sferator 2 ES S g 3 es A ; Field Corn Silage, CLXXIII. 2,000 Lesierin iaxel Clallbysocoenoobd00R00000 408.0} 3888.7| 19.3) 41.7] 94.4] 236.3) 16.3 Excreted daily......... ph dadocnsDan008 98.2 85-9) 12-53) 10-1) 21-0 50.7) 3-1 Disested ee een. Mecae 309.8} 302.8] 7.0/ 30.6} 73-4} 185.6] 13.2 Perv cent, GUuseScedl eae.” lalla «1s+1=\/5)5)- 76.0 Tih=9) 36.6) 73-3) T7168 78.5) 80.9 DIGESTIBILITY OF BARLEY HAY. Barley Hay, CLXXIV. 675 grams fed daily ......-.........+0- 576-2] 534.7) 41.5) 77.1) 173.7) - 267.1] 16.6 WGA GANVDDo ood os n00daDoopU AD ODDNNAHAADS 19.0 17.8 1.2 2.4 if 9.2 A lsraeteneiaal GVMIKT coc oheeBansteace ene 557.2) 516.9| 40.3| 74.7| 168.0| 257.9| 16.2 Excreted daily...... .. agbonnodnnono0s 216.7) 194.5) 22.2) 25.4) 64.3 95-1, 956 TORE Tete DL: Pate ae ee 340.5] 322.4|- 18.1| 49.3] 103.7| 162.8] 6.6 Per cent, digested ....-.. .....-...... 59.1 62.3] 44.8) 65.2) 61.7 63.3) 40.5 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 55 TABLE XXVIII. DIGESTIBILITY OF FIELD CORN FODDER (MATURE). H | ode fs . é S SHEEP 1. et q 2 E 2 5 g : ie Ga | 68 | 4 } a | & | ae BS] a Field Corn Fodder, CCXXXIII. 850 grams fed daily ........ soddonace | 689.0) 639.8] 49.2] 72.7) 147.4) 400.2} 19.6 Excreted daily............. Balk store etate 198.3} 161.5] 36.8] 25.4) 43.2) 88.41 4.5 Dicected eee te ee 7490.7] 478.3] 12.4] 47.3] 104.2| | 311.8| 15.1 Per cent digested....... .. Byetelsictete sistas 71.2 74.8] 25.2|)° 65.1) 70.7 711-9| 77.0 SHEEP 3. 850'srams fed daily ...........-...---- 689.0} 639.8] 49.2) 72.7| 147.4) 400.2] 19.6 SHORE! GWIfon 0 Gooacéasacesoosedser 220.0] 177.4) 42.8) 28.4) 45.3] 99.9] 5.8 Digested: yeceecas toe Hescia send 468.8, 462.4 6.4] 44.3] 102.1] 300.3| 13.8 Per cent digested ......... 5 aa000.00 cae 68.1 72.3) 13.0) 60.9) 69.3 75.5| 70.5 SHEEP 4. Hil) pu anls) rere @lewlhy Go5650 50006 GooKG 5 689.0} 639.8]. 49.2) 72.7) 147.4) 400.2) 19.6 Excreted daily............. Seogoodaede 206.5) 168.0) 38.4) 29.2) 40.9 92.6] 5.2 Digested:...........0. coseseecees| 482.5| 471.8] 10.8] 43.5 106.5| 307-6| 14.4 LECTr SiN GHISESG 4 Gooand abodbsacndse 70.0 73.8) 21.9) 59.8) 72.2 76.9} 73.6 DAWVIGT AC Gi eetcmrdesitdnae ab aenasnaen clean wa 69.7| 73.6} 20.0] 68.6] 70.7] 76.7| 73.7 56 MAINE STATE COLLEGE TABLE XXIX. DIGESTIBILITY OF FIELD CORN FODDER (IMMATURE). SHEEP 1. Field Corn Fodder, CCXXVII. 850 grams fed daily... ..-, ocboenegsoss IDSROROINCN CMD Ace Sadecondnoh cons ded IDWS soca soesosoocddcesosesasdcs Per cent digested ........... ......... ‘SHEEP 3. 850 srams fed daily ........ ..... coos IDprcenrerieol CUA? soccodascooussnbocopooD" Digested ...... Sod osvooppencnssedooodes Per cent digested ..................... SHEEP 4. 850 grams fed daily ........ sPobasbASGS IDERCIREIGL Cul odoccocdaeconssoodoocedD IDREAS IEC! socgasoooosecnosoone 2600000 Per cent digested ..................... Average per cent digested........... eee: E S 3 ® go -) rs ae = ze : De “ AA OR < m4 = Aso | & 701.0} 635.6| 65.4) 104.9) 185.8) 326.6) 18.3 198.0} 172.0) 26.0) 28.3) 49.3 89.0) 5.3 503.0} 463.6] 39.4) 76.6) 136.5) 237.6] 13.0 yuley 72.9) 60.2) 72.9) 73.4 72.7) 70.6 701.0) 635.6) 65.4) 104.9) 185.8) 326.6) 18.3 220.6] 186.6) 34.1) 32.8) 52.5 94.4) 6.8 480.4; 449.0} 31.3) 72.1) 183.3) 232.2] 11.5 68.6 70.7) 48.1) 68.7) 71.7 71.1) 62.9 701.6) 635.6) 65.4) 104.9) 185.8) 326.6] 18.3 216.0; 186.8) 29.3) 31.6) 52.3 96.9) 5.7 485.0| 448.8) 36.1) 73-3) 183.5) 229.7) 12.6 69.2 70.6) 55.2) 69-8) 71.8 70.3) 68.4 69.8 71.4) 54.5) 70-4) 72.3 71.3) 67.3 i ba | or AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. CORN AS A SILAGE CROP. W. H. Jorpan. The report of the Station for 1891, pp. 41-46 gives a summary of three yea:s work in testing the relative production of food mate- rial by various fodder and root crops. It appeared that the large variety of corn known as Southern White produced the greatest amount of digestible dry substance per acre, excelling root crops, Hungarian grass and other varieties of corn. Since 1891 a com- parison between varieties of corn has been continued. This has been done because this crop is an important one to Maine dairy- men and because the problems connected with its growth in Maine are local in their nature and cannot be solved by experiments in other states, excepting possibly, New Hampshire and Vermont. The most common question asked in this connection is, Which are the most profitable varieties to grow, the large, which mature only in a latitude south of New England or the smaller which com- plete their growth in this climate ? As set forth in the report previously mentioned, the proper test of productiveness is the yield of digestible dry matter, the gross weight of crop or even cf total dry matter being deceptive because of differences on the water content and in the digestibility. All effort has been directed, then, towards ascertaining the actual growth of digestible material in the several cases. One other point has necessarily been considered, viz: the relative value of a pound of digestible material in the crops compared. This latter compari- sou can most safely be made by a feeding experiment and this has been the method used. The study of the corn crop has been con- ducted in 1892 and 1393 in much the same manner as in previous years only somewhat more comprehensively. The data recorded in succeeding pages have been obtained, (1) By weighing the green crop as harvested. (2) By immediate drying of the green product to ascertain the dry matter. (3) By analysis of the dry matter to determine its composition. (4) By a partial chemical study of the nitrogen-free-extract. (5) Digestion experiments with sheep. All this work centers around two problems: First, the relative yield of digestible dry matter in immature Southern Dent corn and in mature Maine field corn; and second, the influence of maturity on the amount and kind of product. MAINE STATE COLLEGE v7 Weight of Green Product. This was ascertained by cutting the whole field, and hauling to the barn and weighing as fast as cut. Determination of Dry Matter. Several hundred pounds care- fully selected from the several rows of each plot were cut by the horse power fodder cutter, thoroughly mixed, from which a large sample was taken for drying in a steam closet. . Chemical Analysis. These results have been described in pre- vious pages. The ordinary analysis was by the methods of the AO: KIC Digestion Experiments. These trials have been carried on either with the partially dried fodder or with the silage made from it. The detailed results of these experiments have been previously given. Manuring and Method of Planting. 1892. Field No. 1. Size one acre, soil, a loam, somewhat lighter than clayey loam, shading towards sandy. Summer fallowed in 1891 to kill witch grass. About six cords of stable manure and a fertilizer consisting of four hundred pounds dissolved bone black, one hundred pounds muriate of potash, and seventy-five pounds nitrate of soda, applied in spring. Planted in rows three and one-half feet apart, with kernels six inches apart in drills. Level, clean culture. Planted May 19th, harvested September 6th to 9th. Field No. 2. Size, one acre, soil, clayeyloam. Planted to corn in 1891. Aboutseven cords of stable manure and the same amount and kind of fertilizer as on Field No. 1, applied in spring. Caul- ture and planting same as Field No. 1. Planted May 19th, har- vested September 6th-9th. 1893. Field No. 1,same as in 1892. About six cords of stable manure and five hundred pounds of Bay State fertilizer, applied in spring. Planting and culture as 1892. Planted May 31st, har- vested September 14th to 16th. Field No. 2, same as in 1892. Manuring, planting and culture same as Field No. 1. Planted May 31st, harvested September 14th to 16th. : In both fields. during both years, each acre was divided into twenty plots, the two kinds of corn alternating, ten plots being devoted to each. It is scarcely possible to secure conditions more uniform in which to compare the growth of two crops than existed in these experiments. The results secured are concisely stated in Table XXX, ail inter- mediate data such as size of plots and yield per plot, being omitted. The figures for the three years previous are stated for the sake of comparison. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 59 TABLE XXX. COMPARATIVE YIELD OF SOUTHERN CORN AND MAINE FIELD CORN, AS GROWN IN MAINE—YIELD PER ACRE. 2 Dry Digestible Cia substance. dry > DB substance. Es an 3 : - ; 2 | qd n = n o> GS) b=} o a} Se 2 = i = Og m =) H =] as o o 3) >) (do yfor = oS o a | Crop of 1888. Southern Corn......... wialels faielele sfoleisietslelet sia eeeeee| 26,295]| 12.30) 3,234.3 65) -2,102.3 Matin ethielaK Gorn sae a4 faa sietke ee stars! (aisieerasiateis 14,212|| 17.4 | 2,472.9 70| 1,720.5 Crop of 1890. | Storhiboveren (Cferdtcckuvoadoqodoceb elon 4 noennejeouas 32,950|| 14.94) 4,922.7 69| 3,396.7 NPN CHWS LAC OTM 10 -(0)0/e wicleicsisinie\e/s\e\s/s1einia «/s\olo\0/s = « 15,300)} 15.84) 2,415.9 71) 1,715.3 Crop of 1891. | S@mimoenn COMM ceontooesc00ok coococada: ses os 46,340)| 13.46) 6,237.4 61; 3,804.8 iteniows IME! fore ass socodoccocdeOpdcsdecuC .e--| 28,080|} 18.55! 3,804.8 73| 2,777.5 Crop of 1892. Southern Corn, Field 1.............. sdnosooces 37,320|| 14.67] 5,474.8 ba Gd 3,503.9 i IMIG Po ssccgcotcas Sotneasecee 34,820}| 14.15) 4,927.0 64) 3,153.2 Maine Hield: Corm, Wiel We cies loje ce clciuiejeisiciv an a 22,490}| 20.90} 4,700.0 78| 3,666.0 IME! sn Se anc dandoneacanduE 29,400}| 18.64) 5,480.0 76| 4,164.8 Crop of 1893. Sori herrn Crandall al Wessen, coococnoanncSesoee 39,066)! 15.45) 6,036.7 * 65} 3,923.2 Mild Onn cv ap.tae: Ee eee 26,660|| 16.58] 4,420.2|| *65| 2,873.1 Maine Field Corn, Pield 1............:......0. 27,780|| 25.43! 7,064.4 70) 4,945.0 IMIGIGI eS Sonncesacdodericesco 18,610}; 19.50) 3,628.9 70) 2,540.2 Southern Corn, 7 trials. BUSAN ooo ve clae wens Md ettee See ABER NCEE 46,340|| 16.58] 6,237.4 69] 3,923.2 Iibberh hid ioguRCosenene A avereon Goochtundoedabie 26,295)! 12.30) 3,234.3 61| 2,102.3 LWIETE EO oon ca nen OouN TUDO COCRe Scud oooDsOnOaGoduE 34,761)| 14.50) 5,036.0 65) 3,251.0 Maine Field Corn, 7 trials. DUARTE NE cece ol Soeice nears racers ae 29,400|| 25.43} 7,064.4 78| 4,945.0 MUMIA se meas Mensa ct acre ecscandeesceecaglt | LRA | ISBG] 415: 3 70| 1,715.3 Soe Ce cdcoboandscsaonene HSac Sodncoe 22,269)| 18.75) 4,224.0 < 3,076.0 ! * The average of previous years. 60 MAINE STATE COLLEGE The foregoing figures show a large variation in production in dif- ferent years, under conditions other than the season, quite uniform. This variation is not alone in gross weight of crop, but in dry mat- ter as well The largest quantity of dry matter produced in any case during five years is nearly three times that yielded by the smallest crop. ‘Tais is due in part to the manuring and cultivation and in part to the character of the season. Had these experiments been discontinued after 1891 the outcome would have been decidedly favorable to the large variety of Dent corn. but in 1892 and 1893, the relation of yield has been reversed and the smaller variety of Flint corn has taken the lead. It is prob- able that another five years’ series of comparisons would furnish a somewhat similar experience. The general outcome for the five years is slightly favorable to the large variety of corn if we consider only the yield of digestible dry matter. But when we take account of the fact that in the one case an average of five and one-half tons more of material have annually been handled over several times, we are led to conclude that the smaller, less watery variety of corn has really proved the more profitable. It is significant, also, that the largest yield of dry matter in any instance has been from the smaller variety. While the Flint corn grown in this State is not capable of producing so much dry sub- stance as the large variety of Deut corn, under circumstances equally favorable for both, the former cannot in this latitude reach anything like maturity, and so loses the advantage of that period when growth is most rapid, as subsequent figures show. The writer has made one or two observations during these five years which may be worth noting. Oce is that the cut worm scarcely ever molests the large Dent corn, even when feeding freely on the smaller Flint variety. Tais fact was observed during two years. It is also the writer’s opinion, from observation, that conditions unfavorable as to fertility and cultivation will reduce the growth of the Maine corn to the greater extent. A condensed summary of the results which are the outcome of this series of experiments, appears below. These statements stand somewhat in conflict with those of the 1891 report. It must be remembered, however, that the honest experimenter is limited in his conclusions to the facts which appear after a careful analysis of data. Facts should always outweigh existing opinions. Such a or <3 > “AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 61 rule of action often requires a reversal of former conclusions. This experience may be unfortunate but is not blameworthy.: (1) The average weight per acre of the green crops for five years were: Southern corn, 34,761 pounds ; Maine field corn, 22,269 pounds; difference, 11,492 pounds, or nearly five and three-fourths tons. (2) The average dry matter per hupdred pounds was nearly one- third more in the Maine field corn, the relation being: Southern corn 14.50 pounds; Maine field corn 18.75 pounds, or as 100 :129. (3) The Maine field corn proved to be more digestible, the rela- tion for dry matter being: Southern corn, 65; Maine corn, 73, or as 100:112. (4) The average pounds of digestible dry matter per hundred pounds of green corn have been: Southern corn 7.25 pounds; Maine field corn 13.69 pounds, or as 100 :189. (5) The average yield of dry matter per acre has been: South- ern corn 5,036 pounds,—extremes, 7,064 pounds and 2,415 pounds. (6) The average yield of digestible dry matter has been: South- ern corn 3,251 pounds,—extremes 3,923 pounds and 2,102 pounds ; Maine field corn 8,076 pounds,—extremes 4,945 pounds and 1,715 pounds. (7) The yield of digestible dry matter has averaged 175 pounds more per acre with the Southern corn. ‘To offset this it has been necessary to handle annually five and three-fourths tons more weight. (8) The largest as well as the smallest yield of digestible dry matter in a single year has been furnished by the Maine field corn. THE INFLUENCE OF MATURITY UPON THE VALUE OF THE CORN CROP FOR FODDER OR SILAGE PURPOSES. There have existed, without doubt, some very erroneous notions in regard to the relative value of the corn crop at different stages of growth. Corn that is thickly planted and cut when quite immature is so easily masticated and is eaten with such evident relish, that such material has by many been regarded more highly than the facts warrant. Correct views prevail to a gr2ater extent than formerly, partly because several careful experiments, the results of which have been widely published, show that the plant continues to increase its store of dry substance until fall maturity and that this growth is very rapid during the last stages of development. 62 MAINE STATE COLLEGE It was understood, therefore, that an experiment along this line would be to an extent a repetition. Nevertheless for several reasons it was thought best to do this. In the first place an unusually good opportunity was offered to secure uniform conditions as to soil. Again, the outcome whatever it might be would be a more valuable object lesson to Maine farmers than results reached in some other state. Finally, it was desired to learn something as to the nature of the growth which is so rapid at approaching maturity. The field of corn selected for studying the influence of maturity was the one designated as Field No. 1 (1893). The corn was of very uniform growth, being finely eared and in every way satis- factory for experimental purposes. Each of the ten plots consisted of five rows, and it was decided to harvest one-fifth of the crop or one-tenth of an acre at each of five periods of growth. cutting one row of each plot at each period. As in other similar experiments, quite an amount of each lot was finely chopped, and a portion of this was immediately dried in a steam closet. TABLE XXXI. PRODUCTION OF THE CORN PLANT AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF GROWTH. ze | 3 le rae eo. = Dry substance. ||} 2 >2\552 f2\ £ | gaelers aSe| 4s Pasa) ee Date of cutting and condition of ==2 °°5 ee J5\S 28 IR So| Bae. nes ||OF 28a o8 | | August 15th, ears beginning to form } 26,166, 4 3,064.0), August 28th, a few roasting ears.... 13) 29,777) ea 5,210.9) | 2,146.9) 165.0 Sept. 4th, all roasting ears........... 7) 31,000] 19.55] 6,060.5) $49.6) 121.3 | ’ Sept. 12th, some ears glazing....... $ 28,833 | 23.17) 6,680.6); 620.1) 77.5 Sept. 21st, All ears glazed............ 9) 217 25.34) 7,039.7|| 358-1) 39.8 Total increase after August 15th); - | Ant a = | 3,974.7 i ' The results of this experiment certainly furnish a striking illus- tration of the folly of harvesting immature corn for silage purposes whenever it is possible to allow it to attain maturity. In this instance, the quantity of dry matter in the corn at matur- ity was nearly two and one-half times greater than at the silking period thirty-seven days previous, the average rate of increase per acre of dry substance being about 108 pounds daily. This daily increase is equivalent in quantity to one day’s ration for four or five cows of ordinary weight. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. } 6: The character of this growth has been clearly set forth on pre- vious pages, in discussing the analyses of these samples of corn fodder. The facts that appear can be emphasized, however, by a display of the quantities of the different classes of nutrients found to exist at the different periods of growth. The figures in Table XXXII are the results of applying the fore- going analyses to the total yield of dry matter TABLE XXXII. PRODUCTION OF DIFFERENT CLASSES OF COMPOUNDS BY THE CORN PLANT AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF GROWTH. : | ae - x 3 Di a a | 83 2 \goa| § a li August 15th, ears beginning to form*| 285.9! 458.4) 812.3) 1,428 308.9) - (tags August 28th, a few roasting ears....| 338.7 611.7| 1,214.0} 2,892) 1,064.0) 108| 153.7 September 4th, all roasting stage.... 876.3 689.6} 1,192.0) 3,621 1,248.0) aaa 181.8 September 12th, some ears glazing..| 372.4 639.5| 1,291.0) 4,177) 1,407.0} 357| 200.4 September 21st, all ears glazed...... 416.1| 649.8] 1,369.0) 4,457) 1,161.0] 1,083) 208.4 Gain after August 15th............... 130.2) 191.4 496.7 3,029) 802.5 1,083) 128.7 Gain after August 28th ............+6. 77-4, 38.1] 95.0] 1,565, 97.0] 975] 54.7 *The manner of drying the sample taken from the lot cut at this period may have caused a loss of sugar. From August 15th to August 28th there appears to have been considerable growth of the compounds of all classes, but after that date the increase of dry matter was due chiefly to the formation of one class of compounds. After August 28th, and until September 21st, the total growth was 1,828 pounds of dry matter, 1,565 pounds of which, or all but 263 pounds, belonged to the nitrogen- free-extract. Of this 1,565 pounds, 1,072 pounds consisted of sugars and starch. ‘Two facts are clearly shown: First, that the later growth of dry matter in the corn plant is made up chiefly of non-nitrogenous compounds ; and second, a large percentage of these compounds consisted of sugars and starch, substances that are the best of their class for the purposes of animal nutrition. 64 MAINE STATE COLLEGE Feeding Experiments. W dH. Jorpan. There are two methods of judging the value of cattle foods. In common parlance one would be styled ‘‘scientific’ and the other ‘‘practical.” Both may be correctly classed as scientific or as prac- tical according to the manner in which they are carried out and the standpoint from which they are regarded. Certainly if a conclusion is reached through truly scientific means it must have an entirely practical application, and no conclusion can be safely applied to the management of a business, which has not been reached in a way that is essentially scientific. The two methods by which we may study a cattle food in trying to estimate its value, are: First, determine its composition and digestibility and then from known principles and the facts deter- mined derive an opinion as to the place this food will take in stock feeding ; and second, to feed this food to a given class of animals, under conditions as definite and as well controlled as possible, note the apparent results, and base a conclusion upon these. The con- clusions should be the same by both methods provided that on the one hand it is possible to find out not only the amounts but the nutritive office of all the compounds which the food contains, and that on the other hand, perfect control and knowledge of every factor involved in a feeding experiment can be secured. In neither case are we now able to realize a satisfactory standard of work, and so in comparing the two methods it is only a question of which one can be so carried out as to be entitled to the greater degree of confidence. Of course the ultimate appeal must in a general way always be to the animal, and the strongest conclusions are those supported both by theoretical considerations and actual results. A question may arise, however, where from the standpoint of the chemist a clear answer is givea, which answer is not ratified by the results of a feeding experiment, as to which is at present the more reliable basis of judgmen’, the knowledge gained by a chemical study of the food, or the apparent outcome of an actual feeding trial. For instance, it is desired to compare the feeding value of AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 65 bran and fine middlings. The composition of the two is found not to differ greatly so far as it is a question of the relative amounts of the several classes of compounds, and the digestibility of the former is fourd to be much less than that of the latter. These facts regarded in the light of approved theories, warrant the conclusion that the feeding value of the middlings is the greater. But a feed- ing trial in which rations, containing in some periods bran and in others, middlings, are compared, either does not show the expected difference, or declares one altogether larger than other facts seem to warrant. Are we, then, to conclude the theory is wrong? Cer- tainly not from a single trial. S» many conditions, such as the lengthening of the period of lactation, the temperature of the barn, variations in weight due to a change in intestinal contents, and the unreckoned or unmeasured increase or decrease of the flesh of the animal (if with cows), enter intoa feeding trial as unknown factors, that such differences as ex st between two grain foods may either be covered up or greatly exaggerated. Nothing ‘short of several feeding trials should be allowed to throw a doubt upon the correct- ness of theories that appear to be well substantiated by severe methods of investigation, and even then the points of disagreement would, doubiless, be regarded as unsettled questions. Fortunately, however, the value to farm practice of the feeding trials here reported is not lessened by apparent discrepancies between the outcome which general principles would seem to dictate and the results actually reached. The experiments which are dis- cussed in this connection are the following : (1) The relative feeding value of Southern corn silage and Maine field corn silage. (2) The influence of widely differing rations upon the quantity and composition of milk. (3) Experiments with swine. (a) Relative economy of production with different breeds. (6) The market value of different breeds. (c) The comparative value of nutrients from skimmed milk and from vegetable foods. (d) The economy of production at different ages. 66 MAINE STATE COLLEGE FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH COWS. THE RELATIVE FEEDING VALUE OF SOUTHERN CORN SILAGE AND MAINE FIELD CORN SILAGE. The discussion on previous pages of the comparative composition and digestibility of Southern corn and Maine field corn, makes plain three facts: 1st. The Maine Corn contains less water or more dry matter than the other. 2nd. ‘The dry matter of the Maine Field Corn is the more digest- ible of the two kinds. 3rd. This difference is due to the formation in the Maine Field Corn, while maturing, of compounds that are wholly digestible and of the highest nutritive value. These facis as plainly declare as facts can that the one variety of corn is worth mucb more than the other in feeding value, if equal weights are compared. Can’ this be shown in practice? Will the animal ratify the conclusion that the digestible dry matter, when judging foods of the same class, is a safe standard of comparison? What is the influence of maturity on the value of the digestible dry matter as shown by experience? These questions as related to silage corn were submitted to the test of a feeding experiment for milk production in the winter of 1892-3. The plan of the experiment was a simple one. It -was divided into three periods, of about one month each, the only essen- tial changes in the rations of the several periods being a substitution of one kind of silage for the other. It was intended to supply the same quantity of digestible material from each of the two kinds of silage. This was not done, however, because it was not possible to ascertain the actual composition and digestibility of these materials until during the time they were being fed, and more digestible dry substance was consumed in the Maine Field Corn Silage than in the other. The data noted in this experiment include : (1) The weights of food consumed. (2) The composition and digestibility of the foods. © (3) The weights of water drank. (4) Variation of the live weights of the cows. (The cows were weighed on three successive days of each week.) AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. wGe (5) The yield of milk. (Each mess of milk was weighed. ) (6) The composition of the milk. (Each mess of milk was analyzed for five successive days during the last week of each period. ) From the facts supplied by such a collection of data it was hoped to derive evidence of d somewhat decisive character, so far as this can be accomplished by a single experiment. These data are dis- played in the several tables of figures which follow. RATIONS. 14 pounds Barley Hay. 40 pounds Southern Corn Silage (No.CLXX). 6 pounds grain mixture. Period1. Noy. 21st to Dee. 18th, 14 pounds Barley Hay. Period 2. Dec. 19th to Jan. 18th, 30 pounds Maine Field Corn silage (No.CLXXI). *6 pounds grain mixture. 12 pounds Timothy Hay. } 40 pounds Southern Corn silage (No. CLXXYVI). *6 pounds grain mixture. Period 3. Jan. 19th to Feb. 16th, * The cow Nancy Avondale was fed 7 pounds grain mixture. be 68 MAINE STATE COLLEGE TABLE XXXII. COMPOSITION OF FOODS. Digestible material. Q Go | ad Southern Corn silage, CLXX*.. ..-.| 13.5 8.3 | 1.10 6-8 | 25 Southern Corn silage. CLXXVI*.. 16.2 10.0 1.70 7-8 -50 Field Corn silage, CLXXI........... | 22-3 16-8 j| 1-50 14.7 65 Barley Hay*.....2..sees0s- yout | 85.37 50.3 | 7.4 40.6 | 1.00 Timothy Hay...---2---c20+ sseccoceee= 87-50 | 48.2 |. 3.33 42.9 | 1.7 COTBEME A eric leleerinn cleier( oir naline ss 89.4 77-3 8.0 65.4 | 4.25, IEMA = se sonscagsosodtecosrhescosecospecs $8.5 51.8 13.2 | 34.8 | 2.9 Gluten meal.........-.- Pace Ay 75.9 | 22.9 | as 7 laa Cotton seed meal.......-.......++..-- 91.8 65.5 | 36.8 7-9 | 12.3 t * The composition and digestibility of these foods were actually determined. For the other foods average figures were used. TABLE XXXIV. NUTRANTS IN DAILY RATIONS,—(POUNDS). i = Zz e Oot. ote] Pees eth el eee = | pe |S68/ 8 | ee] 8 _ SB l/eeés] a | of | & | AW IESE POLIO ota oe- sents seen erence gece 99.7; 14.93| 2.47 oe 61 & | *Second period........ Sth) sea a NV shale | 24.0 16.001 2.471 12.84 7 AUHicd Periods. -c<2-c2.c oe semeesssnstepes Sacer eee | 99.4) 14.00] 2.07] 11.02} -81 (pecoud (POA Glcoss ocesssesec 24.9] 16.7 2.631 13.3 “77 Nancy Avondale (Third periods-2e s2-50-225" B28 1 2.93) 11.4] -84 : | ! * The same for all cows except Nancy Avondale. Second week Fourth week Second week Third week Fourth week Average First week Second week Fourth week First period - Third period. First week... Third week.. Average - First week .. Third week.. Average . AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 69 TABLE XXXV. WATER DRANK DAILY. | a2 | 12/12] le 112 4A, [afar He Na | Aa Hie eta Mik ah sete este cy htt 52.4, 56.8] 48.1 53.01 SECOMM DETIOd sts. soeeayecedaacues Popesiccdteete 51.4| 56.5; 48.0] 51.9] 65.6 ; Merah estos cician a cies 2else esicine ets lei 45.9 ae: 2 45.7 40.8) 57.4 TABLE XXXVI. WEIGHTS OF THE COWS. FIRST PERIOD. 2 3 = A Bi AW (SH St ae ee, Ras others f yeah bese Na ee eee eed eta SO TOIN eeET|" MesolNmagGD xk bichon ia det De Led pace Leta ilae a bine b 870] 853} 831 958 Bee ers ECMO A i ES Seo ea Ee ENY Ges eS eade IN eee 8ORG RC tetera tHE RAS RATAN AY Davee 861} 850] 840! 945 1 eer esa SMR DD REED YE RNS SED ESS 866] 853|| 835| 956] SECOND PERIOD. deem Me trclsieds side sass ec dssate Anas SalK Seal WP Sar Peon Maal Bagg ere niieane Renae ceoiecieisce aoerse eae tien STi 0 CSSa|L | eBIGl | G29) 8G0 eae ttre vaidece Nate « seeeeee| 834/ 830] 823] 946] - 987 BAR Nea hs ots SEGRE Sect es Fasce| 838! WESSE| SBOl HONS) Y- see BPC aly oe Bie SE, ee: wsee| 837/835] 820] 940 988 THIRD PERIOD. BEPC ei cee Un eRe nS AED 843] 843| 830| 963| 965 ER Sn RN ciao nee ene Unc me ac ened Cam ee 852; S45] 835] 976] 958 Weenie sateitoasin ado jneianevale tare ceeeaaees|) 7SBE|t- Salle < i= 4 n a < First period....... ncanaoonde odioo0og00n8- 6 anosdo0d00 3.43 | 3.55 | 3.17 | 2.85 = 3.24 Second WELTOM seein nodbonos pboodesceo occas 3.49 | 3.62 | 3.39 | 3.00 | 4 15 | *3.37 BREEN CNP) CIELO Cc eretora)alotatets/o\sie1+{ols]alaleieleretel“feiel=/-je\cieialalol=)=]aele\< 3-11 | 3.37 | 3.19 | 2.69 | 3.65 | *3.09 *N. A. not included in these averages. TABLE XLI. POUNDS DIGESTIBLE FOOD EATEN FOR EACH POUND MILK SOLIDS PRODUCED. SB) : ielt) g : s £ a : z= R 5p S| es & a > <4 A 4 7) A <4 First period .......e.e0+-s nt teat Ae mys St a 4.16 | 4.00 | 4.49 | 4.99] - | 4.41 Second period .......eeeeeeee ee. era ‘weseee] 4.58 | 4.42 | 4.72 | 5.33 | 4.02 | *4.79 Third period....... shar bot send Al A An Mt Sh 4.50 | 4.15 | 4.39 | 5.20 | 4.00 | *4.56 * Averages, excluding N. A. “J to MAINE STATE COLLEGE It appears that in the first two feeding periods fourteen pounds of barley hay and mixed grain were fed besides the silage, and that in the third period twelve pounds of Timothy hay took the place of the barley hay. Forty pounds of Southern corn silage were fed in the first and last periods and thirty pounds of Field corn silage in the middle or second period. The daily digestible food for each of the three periods was 14.23 pounds, 16 pounds and 14 pounds respectively, so that the substitu’ion of thirty pounds of Maine field corn silage for forty pounds of Southern corn silage had the effect of increasing the daily composition of digestible mate- rial by nearly two pounds. The fact that the daily ration of digest- ible material did not remain practically the same in all periods, introduces an element of uncertainty into the conclusions which may be drawr. The relative effect of these rations must be seen, if at all, by studying their effect upon the bodily condition of the animals and upon the preduction of milk. If we do this we find that the cows lost from fifteen to thirty pounds weight in passing from the first to the second periods and that this loss was partially regained | during the third period. These changes in live weight can be readily explained by the less weight of silage eaten in the second period, with no marked change in the quantity of water drank in any period. Ordinarily in an experiment of this kind, extending through three months or more, there is a gradual but continuous decrease in the volume of the milk yield, unless there is a change in the food favor- able to an increased milk production. When we see that in the second period of this experimeut practically the same weight of milk was produced, aud that owing to an increase in the dry matter of the milk there was actually a larger production of milk solids, we have good presumptive evidence that the ration containing the thirty pounds of Field corn silage was more efficient than the pre- vious ration containing forty pounds of Southern corn silage. This evidence is strengthened by the fact that when in the third period a return is made to the Southern corn silage the yield of milk solids is decidedly diminished. Nevertheless, as stated in the preliminary discussion of feeding experiments, minor differences in two rations, such as existed in this experiment are not easily measured where so many uncontrolled and unmeasured factors exist. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. le The best possible analysis of the evidence that is secured in this case seems, however, to be entirely in favor of the conculsion that pound for pound the Maine Field Corn Silage was worth more than the Southern Corn silage, and that the difference was practically in the proportion of the amount of digestible dry substance in the two materials. This is the result which a careful consideration of the facts learned in other ways would lead us to expect. THE INFLUENCE OF WIDELY DIFFERING RATIONS UPON THE QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF MILK. There is no question more generally discussed by dairymen just at this time than the influence of the food of 4 cow upon the amount and kind of milk. It is agreed on all sides that the quantity of milk is up to a certain limit very largely dependent upon the quan- tity and kind of food. Many farmers also express themselves as convinced that the quality of milk is materially modified by the kind of food, and so we bear such expressions as ‘‘feeding for milk” and -‘feeding for butter,” as though a ration that will cause an increased flow of milk will not necessarily increase the butter production. The opinion largely held by agricultural chemists and others who regard this question in the light of the results of experiment and investigation, is that the quality of milk is practically controlled by the individuality of the animal and that within the limits of healthful feeding the composition of the milk is not to be greatly influenced by the kind of food. It is conceded that marked changes occur in the milk of the same animal, such as daily variations, and variations due to protracted lactation, changes of season, weather and other causes not well defined. The fatin the milk may differ one per cent on two successive days. without apparent cause, although at other times a reasonable explanation may appear. The fact that when cows are fed each day exactly the same quantity of the same kind of food the milk does not remain constant in composition, but varies to a material extent, furnishes an element of uncertainty in interpre- ting the results of those feeding experiments which have for their object a study of the influence of food upon milk. It is not always easy to become satisfied that any change in the milk is due toa known cause. Many experiments have been carried on for the purpose of throw- ing light upon the problem here presented, and while the testimony 74 MAINE STATE COLLEGE is largely on one side, it is to some extent conflicting. Up to the present date, however, the concensus of opinion is as before stated, that the animal is the determinative factor. There are numerous facts in common experience which accord with this opinion. Every farmer recognizes marked differences in the milk of the several animals in his herd and he is well aware that by no sort of manipu- lation of food can he obliterate these differences and reduce the milk of all his different animals to a dead level of quality. What- ever practice he may adopt in feeding he will still have ‘‘poor-milk” cows and ‘‘rich-milk” cows. It is a matter of common observation that certain breeds furnish milk of a characteristic quality and no one has yet discovered a way of converting a Jersey’s milk into the kind the larger and more showy Holstein yields, neither do we know how to coerce the latter into supplying us with the richness of color and composition which we have imported from the Channel Islands. It is reasonable to regard lactation as a function, which, both as to the kind and the maximum quantity of the product, is fixed chiefly by the constitutional limitations of the individual. It has been supposed possible for changes in the food to cause the composition of the resulting milk to vary in two ways, viz: by increas- ing or decreasing the percentage of solid matter, and by changing the composition of the solids, as for instance, increasing the fat without a corresponding increase of casein. The experiment with cows, the results of which are given in this connection, was planned with reference to changes in the rations so radical as to induce if possible corresponding variations in the char- acter of the milk. The attempt was not to compare a starvation diet with liberal feeding, because no one believes a starvation ration to be wise or profitable, and liberal feeding is universally regarded as a part of the creed of successful agriculture. But while there is a general agreement that the ration should be generous in quantity and agreeable in quality, there is much discussion as to the way in which this ration should be compounded and the relative effcet of different mixtures of the nutrients, and so the rations in this exper- iment were made to differ very widely in the relation of the nitro- genous to the non-nitrogenous nutrients. The experiment was begun with four cows, one of which was dropped out and results are reported from only three. The three feeding periods covered one hundred and five days, or thirty-five days each. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ~J it The three cows were designated as A, R, and L. T. The two rations compared were as follows: RATION 1. TIMOtHY NAY..-ecccccrecerecsccececas seveset consecccveee sovsscece ad lib. Corn meal ......-.«. BOOONONOUCmAL AC CUCUOUAN WL OSLO UST CUODROOOODUROCUS 2 pounds. (Olorriivepmelsteyere! Tame Wen gacccod Ho QOCUSOURRONACBON WOOUdSU, OOD FOOUTCOOFOCT 2 pounds. Galttie rent Gel llsvesetoreteeicte crstotetel, isieteietelayeterartlasevetereie; ojeis/e:siticietald/o; ofelsicto uiets diecetsieie 2 pounds. RATION 2 Timothy HAY ....-ceeveeec cer eccceenees seve csecescenecectenscesnssee) ad lib. GOTT E DU eisig c cicia cha orclahe cin are'a aiafarelolavaimialar wos). s'lere(aieteielslate oajsleja/em obleteley wiala\a- 6 6 pounds. Ration 1 was fed to A during the first and third periods, and to Rand L. S. during the second or middle period. Ration 2 was fed to A in the middle period and to R and L. S. in the first and third periods. A record was made of the food consumed and of the weights of milk produced. During the last five days of each period the milk was analyzed. The butter was also submitted to tests for melting points, the percentages of volatile acids and for the iodine absorp- tion equivalent. The data are all given in the subsequent tables. TABLE XLII. FOOD EATEN. Cow A. Period 1. Period 2. . Period 3. 804 lbs. Timothy hay. | 740 lbs. Timothy hay. 750 lbs. Timothy hay. 70 lbs. corn meal. | 210 lbs. corn meal. 70 lbs. corn meal. 70 lbs. gluten meal. 70 lbs. gluten meal. 70 lbs. cotton-seed meal. 70 lbs. cotton-seed meal Cow R. 777 lbs. Timothy hay. | 770 lbs. Timothy hay. 710 lbs. Timothy hay. 210 lbs. corn meal. 70 lbs. corn meal. 210 lbs. corn meal. 7U lbs. gluten meal. 70 lbs. cotton-seed meal. Cow L. T. 777 lbs. Timothy hay. 770 lbs. Timothy hay. 680 ibs. Timothy hay. 210 lbs. corn meal. 70 lbs. corn meal. 210 lbs. corn meal. 70 lbs. gluten meal. 70 lbs. cotton-seed meal. AVERAGE WEIGHTS OF COWS,—POUNDS. } a | k | Cow A. | -CowR. Cow L. T. : | | HOT ES frt) CNEL) Cl etetatetatatelstalatole/etelelolelstelsialelsrelova(alcieraiate/aterers | 876 | 859 | 866 SGeomG! TABU CleosopocoonpDdON BOD HoCRCoeECnCOe 872 | 853 | 837 FESTU AT CLP NETL O Chie waje'n cfatalatalalastoralfetelelelsteletelerelers)sia/aisielatere 846 | S40 831 | a 76 _ MAINE STATE COLLEGE TABLE XLIII. DAILY RATIONS IN TERMS OF DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS,—POUNDS. ; | PERIOD 1. Cow 1. | Cow 2. | Agnes. DTA SSN Ec ceca ctoosceses nsoat concoct oncotssnc scr 24.8 24.8 25.5 Organic digestible matter: --..--- 25. conc cc cw cncnnre 15.3 15.3 15.6 DPicestiple protein .2-200. tea ee eee 1.21 1.21 | 2.12 Digestible carbonydrates ..-:........-.-. c-ccecooces 13.4 13.4 | 12.5 ID WEES MINE Keo sesssesetessscscss se cosecscseocoesces, -64 -64 «85 In Gitano Sn Sor poo eracanoD ooccosoreac0aseosccec 1: 12.3 | pT ES 1:6.8 PERIOD 2. Ad Dry Sus oe ooydsscbotoses aobcboseccccodssactcscook | 24.7 24.7 23.8 Organic digestible matfer.........-..5. s2ee20- coceee 15.1 15.1 14.8 ‘Digestible TRRDGHD 45> Shedoccstonscan es erased eScbciss 2.09 2.09 W418 Digestible carbohydrates ......0..cecesseceeeuseseees | 92.07 12.07 12.97 DEE ST 1 ie coconsensonsonecesenecrnnee -oosles go- 38 | 4 -4 | -63 NEGEV TALIO-w ter eee ecco cesiien ocee aderte anise = 1627, PAG. 6) eae PERIOD 3. Dry substance....... na Be UN Be Oe are ee aa 230 be = Saat Digestible organic matter..... oondesEnD Dododasaeeo) conDbaecnc4odenGcaS 172.4 95.4 98.9 Ith W7OElKoononco5dddoe505paec09005000 bo © CodanaDEDNSdED0¢ 169.3 84.0 87.8 TOA Roe TAS Mere WrOEGKS.oos50 en sng0asepo00onennooDo; 691.0 393.8| 397.9 Average per day ............-- Hereraleteistels|sinietelcleiereteisteiete vaaoce 24.7 14.1 14.2 SUMMARY. Z He ae < S aa) S Be 5S BS BS e8 O° eye) OR Om OX Average total yield on nitrogenous ration............. 716.4 580.6 534.2 Average total yield on corn meal ration.........«....-- 560.2 425.9 437.9: Excess of yield with nitrogenous ration .......... 156.2 154.7 96.3. Daily yield with nitrogenous ration ..........-....+++-- 25.6 20.7 19.1. Daily yield with corn meal ration...... Angoooaoaonnea8S 20.0 15.2 15.6 Daily excess with nitrogenous ration. .........-.++ | 5.6 eta) 3.5 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 79 TABLE XLV. COMPOSITION OF THE MILK. SSeS (0 OOOO OO (00 aha—_ ua Casein Total solids.) and albumen. Fat. % %o % First period, nitrogenous ration. 14.06 3.76 4.70 Cow A., Second period, corn meal ration, 13.39 3.45 4.24 5 _ (Third period, nitrogenous ration 14.17 3.51 4.74 First period, corn meal ration.... 13.26 3.47 4.07 Cow R., See’nd period, nitrogenous rat’n, 13.92 3.67 4.77 Third period, corn meal ration.. 14.03 3.38 4.84 First period, corn meal ration... 13.38 3.48 3.99 Cow L.T., } Sec’nd period, nitrogenous rat’n, 14.27 3.67 4.72 Third period, corn meal ration. . 13.62 Seley 4.55 TABLE XLVI. YIELD OF MILK SOLIDS. | - In 28 days. | In one day. First period, nitrogenous ration.........| 104.3 pounds | 3.72 pounds Cow A., Second period, corn meal ration ....... 75.0 pounds 2.68 pounds Third period, nitrogenous ration ........ 97.9 pounds 3.50 pounds First period, corn meal ration........-... 60.7 pounds 2.17 pounds Cow R., Second period, nitrogenous ration ...... 80.8 pounds 2.88 pounds Third period, corn meal ration.......... 55.3 pounds 1.97 pounds First period, corn meal ration........... 63.9 pounds “2.28 pounds Cow L. T., } Second period, nitrogenous ration....... 76.2 pounds 2.72 pounds Third period, corn meal ................. 54.2 pounds .| 1.93 pounds SUMMARY. Cow A. | Cow R. | Cow L. T. Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. Ay. daily yield milk solids on nitrogenous ration, 3.61 2.85 2.72 Ay. daily yield milk solids on corn meal ration.. 2.68 2.07 i) -10 Excess with nitrogenous ration................ -93 81 -62 80 MAINE STATE COLLEGE TABLE XLVII. RELATION IN QUANTITY OF THE COMPOUNDS OF THE MILK. e | 25 ge il | gos rel] cep e= Cow A. seas | sell g208 | geass meso | ean Hirst period, nitrogenous VAbION -. 2... ceevsce eevee eres coe enens 100: 125 100: 300: SCCONGMPELIOM COMME aA ULOM eelorelelelelalsloleleleleletelelerel=t-telal=l crete sonool| IK0)3 183 100: 315. AVOUT! OSTEO, MUO SMO US TEANHMOIN 5.555 Soaga5qnc0s500RDeDEnB000K00 100: 135 100: 299: Cow R. LOTTA TONE, orem wel weHMON5 co 6ooDoGb0K0G0000 90D SDOSDG0GnDNI : 100: 117 100: 325 Second period, nitrogenous ration MEA ae AM cera eee 2095 100: 130 100: 292 IROMTRGL TENGE, OOMA wa! TAINO soonsooos50o5GHobOnSDobOnObHBONDOS 100: 143 100: 290: | Coy a. MiTStpEeriodsncOnMmme alist OMe eve metelerelsiei sisters sintetererstaley terials 100: 115 100 : 335- SECCONG PE Mod) MItLOSEnOUS Ah OM yerleelelelalsltelesteletesitelelslyelteleysels 100: 129 100: 302 ALM OErAIOYeL, Cora WHEN WENGIOM s5c0.cd0c80do oeebocoudcoconoRo0NC 100 : 146 100: 300: TABLE XLVIII. BUTTER CHARACTERISTICS. a so” 2 Ss Bist |S oh aeae Cow A. Be eZ ele oS on S EK aa Pa Ss First period, nitroZenous Lation. ......00- wes cevecerec reece cene. 33.2 32.9 28.0: Second period, corn meal ration.........-.- -2-.ss2s2220 seoeee 34.0 29.9 26.7 Third period, nitrogenous VatiOn.... 1... cere seen cence eee eeee 53.1 30.1 30.0: Cow R. Hirst period, Corn meal TAbION vee eee ew weer eee wane wees 34.0 32.6 30.0: Second period, nitrogenous ration ......... .esceeee seer ween eee 33.2 31.4 29.4 Third period, corn meal ration ................ EvOGENOOoeCaSGGd 34.2 32.8 29.6 Cow L. T. First period, corn meal ration ...... .........-. ss..0s 3 a000% 31.1 33.2 33.1 Second period, nitrogenous ration .... ......2- weeeeeeeeeeeneee 29.3 30.7 24.6 Dhirdiperiod scorns eal er AolO Merri lalalslerleleleletstelsinleloletelsieteta(efesiereratatel= 30.0 30.8 20.3 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ba | The foregoisg data, which as stated, are the result of an attempt to study the influence of widely varying rations upon the production and characteristics of milk, give conclusive evidence in regard to but one of the several points considered. The figures tabulated give information about, (1) The total and digestible food consumed. (2) The body weights of the animals. (3) The milk yield. (4) The composition of the milk. (5) The yield of milk solids. (6) The composition of the milk solids. (7) Certain chemical and physical characteristics of the butter fat. A review of these data warrant the following summary : (1) Milch. cows were fed two rations differing widely in the amount of protein which they contained. The hay was the same in both, also the weight of grain, but in one the grain consisted wholly of corn meal while in the other 1t was made up of cotton- seed, gluten and corn meals in equal parts. (2) Both rations furnished practically the same amount of digestible material. The proportion of digestible protein was nearly twice as great in the mixed grain ration as in the corn meal ration. (3) The cows did not vary greatly in body weight, but their general appearance showed less thrift while being fed the corn meal ration. (4) The yield of milk from the nitrogenous ration was from one-fifth to more than one-third larger than that from the corn meal ration, the excess ranging with the three cows from 20 per cent to 36 per cent, or an average of about five pounds of milk per day. (5) In general the milk was materially richer while the cows were fed the ration rich in protein, though with one cow it showed the largest percentage of solids during the third period while she was eating the corn meal ration. With the other two cows the influence of the mixture of cotton-seed meal, gluten meal and corn meal in increasing the per cent of solids of the milk seemed quite marked. (6) The daily yield of milk solids was from thirty to forty per cent greater with the more nitrogenous ration. $2 MAINE STATE COLLEGE (7) The composition of the milk solids seemed to be independ- ent of the ration. In general the proportion of fat increased throughout the experiment without regard to what the cows were fed, and no evidence is furnished in support of the notion that by changing the food it is possible to produce more butter fat without an accompanying increased production of the other milk solids. In other words, it appears that the most profitable food for butter production will also be most profitable for the milk farmer or cheese maker. The relation of fat to the other solids seems to be determined by the animal or by certain unknown conditions of environment rather than by the food. (8) So far as could be learned by chemical tests, the butter made from the two rations was not greatly different. FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH SWINE. More or less experimental feeding with swine has been going on at the station since the last report that was made of similar work in 1890. ‘These experiments have been practical rather than scien- tific, and have not resulted as satisfactorily in all respects as was desired. They have centered chiefly around two main considera- tions: First, the relative economic vaiue of several breeds of Swine, special attention being paid to the Tamworths, and to a cross of this breed with the Berkshire; second, the relative value of the dry matter of skimmed milk and an equivalent amount of digestible material from some nitrogenous vegetable food. The Tamworth swine used as a basis of these experiments were a fine pair of these animals presented to the station by J. M. Sears, Esq., of Boston, Mass., to whom the station is greatly indebted. The female has produced several litters of pigs, and certain of these have been used in the feeding tests. Crosses have also been secured by the use of the Tamworth male and Berkshire females, and as will be seen by the results obtained, these animals have proved to be desirable. Three lots of animals have been grown from young pigs to a marketable condition. The first lot included Cheshires, Jersey Reds and White Chesters, the second lot Tamworths and Tam- worth-Berkshires, and the third lot Tamworths, Berkshires and Tamworth-Berkshires. Se a ee ee AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 83 The first lot lived mostly in pens out of doors, having shelter from inclement weather. The other lots were grown in indoor pens. A careful record of food consumed and weights of animals was kept. The food was weighed daily and the animals once a week. The foods were not analyzed, but are assumed to have the average composition, which for milk and grains may be safely re- garded as involving only a small error. By the use of the figures given in Jenkins’ and Winton’s tables, and of digestion co-efficients selected from American and German work, the following percentages of digestible material are found to be contained in the food used in these experiments, and these per- centages have been applied in calculating the digestible organic nutrients actually consumed. TABLE XLIX. ° COMPOSITION OF FOODS USED IN FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH SWINE. Digestible nutrients in 100 pounds. a icc) 55 . ae Sie q 8 FS ey) Sea liye mo 2 OR ° Ho ~~ eH Of =] Sh RB Aa |Hea ou SF] SO Mie Mesboonedacogogssda oDoeboan0g wooADODOOr 89.4 80.8 8.8 74.3 3.85 Linney? TENS UGNTVERS Gao csoonetcobo cooe0N0dD dopodandD §9.3 67.3 12.0 53.6 3.2 ei enerne Merc eaten dae sa-cten ete tee eee 90.4 | 82.5 | 25.8 | 49.8 | 4.85 LUE SOUGIE neo odcooodonasosunoDNEddGOnG goons A000 17 9.0 93 §.1 12 OV (IRN TNE) saacccaduoqDoCddeed GOFON OoododOdOdd 89.0 60.2 Jou 47.2 4.15 IGE WAM Gooacde Hoon docsandavonaoUsodooD GacuanaddD 89.5 19.2 17.8 59.4 59 Sy SUNK NTIA CGI YTN Tl cetaratatoyatelalsistaleletelatelareisteve/kieiuleleiaieretaieysiaeyels 10.0 9.2 3.5 5.2 5 CHET? DYSGLS aicob Sosud conus puGuoEcconseeeenoepnD see 16.2 | 15.0 1.42} 13.4 | .07 * Actual analyses were made of these materials. In the tables which succeed, may be found a statement of the results of these experiments. S4 MAINE STATE COLLEGE J TABLE L. EXPERIMENT OF 1891 WITH SWINE. hyn BE les |» | 2 | 28 | 2g (2 | 25 | x= | S, NT G1 Ol, ANI IS eee ee eee ae eee meer eee eee a hia ae | a TPAD RET Lo sascosatestoaonh saopesbosgosasobesbhoosycoes tis ose oe | 140 157 | 157 a) Skimmed milk consumed*............ UND odes ARE paee. ee (soo | ssa | 1256]. Middlings consumed..........-..-- otc EN AES Os | 1056 : 1193 | 663 = Total dry matter consumed ..........-0--... eee e eee eee ee | 1123 | 1191-2} 717-6 Digestible protein consumed......-........-.---.-- ae ee Eee | 189.7 | 200-7 | 193.5 Digestible carbohydrates consumed .........-.. 2. ----e- eee 659-5 | 699.9 | 420.7 Disestible fais cousumedsscesseecesac tee eer ae eee eee eee | 2.8 | 45.3] 27.5 Total digestible matter consumed, (organic).-.. ....... $92.0 | 945.9 d71.7 Dry matter consumed Caily.........-.. ccc cece cee e ee ee serene | 4.01} 3.79 4.57 Digestible organic matter consumed ‘daily.. .... ......-... | 3.18) 3-01 3.64 Enitial weikit obwizsee este e OU Loe jut ese | 29 | ma | se TAS FU ie ipa) Tetesss 465 asqoSsessSsce0 4 oso ISadssaSGeo 55a 5595 449 457 265 Total gain of pigs.......... .----- --.- Ss 2d ssogoUsOSE T2ses5S2¢ | 320 | 323 183 Pi aad yor O RPS oe eee ee eee nien ioe emis vie ioe == | 1.15 1.03 1.16 Digestible organic matter eaten per pound of gain b5eagseao= | 2.78 2.93 3-12 * All figures representing weights are in pounds. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. TABLE LI. EXPERIMENT OF 1891-2. Barly Growth of Tamworths and Tamworth-Berkshires. Lot 1. Lot 2. Skimmed milk Grain ration, with grain. no milk. S Os 5) Os e cae = za 5 ui Ss do asin aod ao Ee) 30.00 Ae Bes ) AA a INUIT CL OF AUT Syeswlelelalal Lotnosnancabon pocetin | 3 | 3 3 Days fed.. ..- Sooceshies s65 cece ooocte coo osest tecbes 2 esuet 56 63 49 Skammed aiilk: CONSHIMEG i. ccc cceccssadeccdesesdcdsend tose | 1,686 1,890 1,470 Oatmeal ConsuMeEd ose.) esse asaeseaseeeoe sae SOTELAneIC | 476.0 402.5 416.5 Corn meal consumed .......- Sooobooesenceuee shone oscs soe+| 47620 402.5 416.5 DryanAatier CONSHINCE f--erssmae ssn ase sess sen aane se eae 1,017.0 907-1 891.7 Dry matter consumed daily per pig.. ....-.+..- seneeeee! 6.07 4.94 6.06 Digestible protein consumed..... ...-ceseeceeeeeee «- aet 144.5 138.3 | 126.5 Digestible carbohydrates consumed......-.-sseeeee+ ee: | 631.0 | 556.5 | 553.2 Digestible fats consumed.......... sSaue7 BS Aooonen dS s05 5 46.4 | 41.5 40.7 Digestible organic matter consumed..................-- | §21.9 | 736.3 | 720.4 Digestible organic matter consumed daily per pig..- .| 4.89| 4.01) 4.90 Initial weight of pigs ....-...0s..s06 esses dohebassceaet cco] si JESSuMA|D REDE | 668 Rita weigh® of piesis- ..4-sscecavacs-ceeocebs veeneZco-/ 4. 8k: Uy BOLI g ees Dal ein, AS ow 3, bebe ands vat peace pete RaAe Lee | 196 | 200 ir TUPI ES YEP TY Spano Aes FAS I BIC I IO DO AOSE 1.17] 1.06 1.22 | Digestible organic matter eaten for each pound of gain, | 4.19 x 3.80 4.02 STADIARY. Number of days fed....-..-. Barnécraacas Stocsdo no9D Ache 273 | 266 266 Digestible organic matter consumed.........seseceeeees 2,780 2,618 | 2,678 AVG Sa 55 con see chests cosrssnctocsmop soos naodsces 866 | 77 Sot Digestible organic matter for each pound of gain eee / 5.21 eel 3.00 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 91 RELATIVE GROWTH OF ANIMALS OF THE SEVERAL BREEDS. The only fair comparison of the economy of production with animals from the several breeds is based upon the digestible food consumed for each pound of growth. The figures showing this have been brought together from the foregoing tables and can be seen in table 54. TABLE LIV. RELATION OF FOOD TO GROWTH. (Pounds digestible organic material for each pound gain.) ] Nigel eel aul. r= Oe ners Experiment—1890 .........00-.eeeeeee 2.88) 2.73) 2.50) 2.50) - 2.45 TBM cocossasucooaoscneos 3.12) - - 2.78) 2.93 1891-2, early growth.. - - - - - - 3.18} 2.48 1891-2, later growth .. - - - - - | - 3.71) 2.89 1892, period 1..... .... - = = - - 2.36} 2.11) 2.03 1892, period 2.......... - - - - - | 8.80] 3.20] 3.20 1892, period 3....-2++6 2 1B FAS + JDP ee | ES 1892, period 4.......... - - - - - 3-80} 4.19) 4.02 1892, av. four periods,| - - - - - 3.40} 3.21) 3.00 These experiments furnish no evidence of the superior producing capacity of any one of the breeds tested. It should be observed that with the exception of the Tamworths, Berkshires and the Tam- worth-Berkshire cross the number of animals grown was too small to allow conclusions of much value. It is certainly true of the Tamworth-Berkshire cross that the animals were finely formed and vigorous, and they certainly used food more economically than either the pure bred Tamworths or Berkshires. This cross has been admired by all who have seen it, and the market quality of their carcasses was highly commended. BUTCHERS’ ANALYSIS OF THE CARCASSES. It is evident that the present demands of the market are for pork of a somewhat different kind than was the case formerly. Now the retail meat trade calls for a rather small carcass that wili cut a large proportion of lean parts, and as the lean cuts bear a higher 92 MAINE STATE COLLEGE price than ‘‘clear pork” it is for the interest of both farmer and dealer that animals be grown which will supply the requirements of the market. Farmers are surely making a mistake in supposing that the fattest animals are certainly the most profitable. It is at least true that such animals tend to aggravate rather than amend the unbalanced diet to which Americans are so much given. It was hoped that in the Tamworths would be found a breed of swine which with the use of proper rations would furnish to con- sumers a larger proportion of lean meat than is the case with the breeds more commonly in use, and in order to learn whether this hope would be realized a bu'cher’s analysis has been made of the carcasses of several lots of animals, including five pure breeds and one cross. The most reliable comparison is that made between the Tamworths, Berkshires and the Tamworth-Berkshire cross. The results of this analysis can be seen in Table LY. TABLE LYV- BUTCHER’S ANALYSIS OF THE CARCASSES.* | 2 il Weights of separate parts,—pounds. i | Sr i} Ht - lor 4 (rene eee = fei -| = | 3 S | \ ee pees 1321 ,,/81% a |= |» || 52) g» | #al/ < = 2 | 34 [Se i} C2 | Sa | as Bie fh sey | oe Beast oat lSeiloel os | del sl a@ | a [ad aa (a2 | ae | I | | it | Mestre ets. oe 200 || 23.5, 12 | 50 | —-[a | 49 — || 45 | Ghesters: 2 s-igtsais Wis) 2 | 3B | 44] — jovah eat = |i] 484 Jersey Red..--...----- 172-5| 2 | 9 | 38 | — | t5| 18-7] = || 4-7 Berkshire... -.... .---| 137 || 26 |, 12-5) 46.2) — | 5.5) 20) ~) |] 45-3) Berkshire ..---..-...-- 233 || 33.5) 19.5) 48 | 19 | 14 | 23.5 | 76-5] 43.3) 32.8 Berkshire -.-.. --------| 199 || 31-3) 17-5| 38 | 12-5] 12.518 | 74-3/| 41-1] 37-3 Berkshire ........-.----/ 215 || 30-5] 19-7| 49 | 13.5) 12.5 | 18.2 | 71.6j| 46-1) 33.3 i| | | fear Average.....------- - - - - = 1 = = | = 8-4) S44 | | i-8 Tamworth -.-.--------: 235 33.7) 22.5, 58 | 94.5) 13 | 93 | 60-3 || 48.6) 35-6 Tamworth ......-.----- | 281 || 38-5) 19-5) 58-5] 22-5| 17.7) 28-5 | 95-8 || 41-4) 341 Tamworth -..--..------ | 236 || 33.5] 20 | 51 | 13.9] 18.9] 91-2) 78.9 || 44.3] 33.4 Tamworth .-...--.--+-- | 227- |] 33-5) 18. | 47-2) 15.2) 15 | 21-2 | 77-9. |} 43 |. 343 Tamworth ......-.----- 308 || 30-3] 18.5, 44 | 12-7] 15.2| 21 | 66.3 || 44-6] 31-9 Po Stihl dette de SY See, a | OL eer Tamworth-Berkshire .! 341 || 43 | 24 | 67.5, 27-5| 21 | 27-2 | 130.8] 39.4) 38.4 Tamworth-Berkshire -; 22.5); 38 25-7| 62.5) 29-5] 16.2 | 23 | 97-6)| 43-2) 33-4 Tamworth-Berkshire -| 234 || 29-5) 20-5) 49.7) 12-5) 16-2 | 18.2 | S7-4\| 42-6) 37-3 Tamworth-Berkshire -| 28 || 31 | 18 | 50 | 12 |15 | 18.2) 83.8)) 43-4] 36.8 | / Average----, 22: =i} ara) SS) late i ee Al tes * These pigs were cut up and the parts weighed by Charlies York & Co.. Bangor, Me.. to whom the Station is greatly indebted for this service. pee: AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 93 The above figures show the proportional amount of lean cuts in the several animals. The term ‘‘lean cuts” is taken to mean the sum of the hams and shoulders trimmed and the spare-ribs. The data here presented do not warrant the claim that any one of the breeds compared possesses superior market qualities over all the others. The Tamworth’s gave a somewhat larger percentage of lean cuts and the Tamworth-Berkshire cross a larger proportion of salting pork. The differences are small, we may believe, com- pared with those which may be caused by age. food, or individual variations. THE RELATIVE VALUE OF DIGESTIBLE FOOD FROM ANIMAL AND FROM VEGETABLE SOURCES. The report of the Maine Experiment Station for 1889 contains an account of experiments which had for their object, in part, a comparison of the dry matter of skimmed milk with the digestible part of pea meal as food for swine. Those experiments indicated a practical equivalence, pound for pound. This matter has again been brought to a practical test in the experiments now under discussion. The growth of separate lots of pigs, selected from the same litter, and .of the same lots of pigs during separate periods, has been compared when fed rations con- taining practically the same amount of digestible matter, but which was derived from unlike sources. As in the experiments of 1889, pea meal or oat meal was made to take the place of skimmed milk in the proportion of the digestible substance in the two. In tables LVI and LVII are presented the figures showing the actual food required for a pound of growth. 94 MAINE STATE COLLEGE TABLE LVI. EXPERIMENT IN WHICH THE SKIMMED MILK WAS REPLACED BY NITROGENOUS FOODS, WHOLLY OR IN PART. |Digestible organic food con- | sumed for each pound of | gain in live weight. eae eee be = I ie) SPB al Se caries = | ee Serco a) 280 Benes S | eS |Gaxce |: Se 8) eye Se ees F | | | Lot 1—Growth from one to four months. | | Food, skimmed milk, corn meal and beets....... bez: -9 | 3-18) 2.48) Food, gluten and corn meal and beets.......... .....-- 3-78) Food, pea meal, oat meal and beets ............--.:..-. | | 3.42) Lot 2—Growth from four to nine months. Food, skimmed milk* and corn meal. ......+.. «+--+ 3.26 Food, skimmed milkj pea meal, oat meal and corn| | | Lit Gtr lee aes ore Re RecoluOs. sae concecseceso gene Sach - | | 3-27 Amount of milk daily, thirty pounds. yAmount of milk daily, fifteen pounds. Part only of the skimmed milk was replaced by the pea and oat meals. TABLE LVI. EXPERIMENT IN WHICH ONE RATION CONTAINED PEA MEAL IN THE PLACE OF SKIMMED MILK IN THE OTHER RATION. \Digestible organic food con- sumed for each pound of gain in live weight. Tamworths. Berkshires, Tamworth Berkshires. Growth from 1to 44, months. (Period 1.) Food, skimmed milk and ground oats......-.. +--+... 2-11} 2.36 2.0 Growth from 44 to6 months. (Period 2.) | | Food, skimmed milk, pea meal and corn meal.... . .| 3.20 3.80) 3.20 - Growth from 6 to 8i months. (Period 3.) Food, equal parts pea meal, oat meal and corn meal.| 4.03) 5-87) 5.52 Growth from $3 toover 10 months. (Period 4.) | | Food, skimmed milk, oat meal and corn meal......... 4.19 3.80 4.02 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 95 It is very plain that for young pig the rations containing skimmed milk proved superior to those containing the nitrogenous vegetable foods as a substitute. But with the older animals the substitution of pea meal or pea and oat meal for the skimmed milk, wholly or in part, did not materially change the rate of growth or its relation to the digestible food consumed. i In a single case an exception occurs, viz: Veriod 3 with the Berkshires in. the 1892 experiment, where the pure grain ration seemed to check the growth of the pigs. In all other cases the amount of digestible food seems to be the practical measure of efficiency whether its source be animal or vegetable. Qremrd Wits AM Ue. 5. WASTE OF FAT IN SKIMMED MILK BY THE DEEP-SETTING PROCESS.* Wie He JorpAN AND J. M. Bartvert. The relative economy of the various methods of creaming milk is a matter which is just now receiving much attention from Maine dairymen. The question which is most frequently asked, especially by those keeping a fairly large herd of cows, is, ‘‘Shall I geta separator ?” In comparing the separator with the cold deep-setting process several points demand consideration : 1st. The relative expenditure of money, time and labor. 2d. The relative waste in the skimmed milk. 3d. The relative waste in the buttermilk. 4th. The comparative quality of the product. Present knowledge leads to the opinion that the cream can he handled with equal economy from the two methods, and that there is not difference enough between well made separator-cream butter and equally well made cold-setting-cream butter to find any prac- tical recognition in the most particular market. The first two points, then, are the ones concerning which there is still more or less discussion. *The matter presented under this head is prepared to be issued as Bulletin No. 5, second series. 96 MAINE STATE COLLEGE The object of this bulletin is to present certain facts, lately ascertained by the Station, bearing upon the second point. These facts were obtained as follows: A representative of the Station, Mr. Hayes, during a certain part of August, September and Octo- ber last, accompanied the cream collectors of two butter factories, viz: the Turner Centre Factory and the Poland Factory, on their trips to the houses of the patrons, and thoroughly sampled the skimmed milk from twenty-four hours’ milk. These samples, which were kept sweet by means of a preservative, were promptly shipped to the Station laboratory, where the per cent of fat was determined. The Turner Factory patrons were visited between August 24th and September 9th, and the Poland Factory patrons, between Septem- ber 30th and October 10th. Besides the names and addresses of the patrons, Mr. Hayes noted other data, which, when summarized, give the following figures : INoz Ofifarms’ visited |. eo ac ecb us-.-eess erase ssa Son 224 INovotacow ss The nemillked ony ss edi ee ee 1,360 Ouvarts ob milk prodncedert cc) racemes Ae ae See Gee No. of herds full-blooded Jerseys.............. 4 6 se se grade Jerseys (occasional full- loads: ) 167 co een, MiSeeifall=bieod Holstems ae egs. al Sane ok 2 ESS (Hes eOTAMeUELOlS temnsl.¢: Denk me Blew age. AA Les 1 s¢ «6 «miscellaneous (mixtures of Terao and other-orades,. &eos)e oe ee ee Se 52 ‘« ¢¢ farms using deep setting process. ........... 221 SES im tee S80 SBOP AT aC OIE ide Soh eee ey pals San ae ee 1 So ae Sb Soni shallow, Pansintifiicsey «hte eane 2 cee 6S with! iee) constantly, in tanks... 2.5) 22 194 ot eee YOU TOL AERC pom taral: aers seh Suge By os WoAE IA 16 eRe SE MSIREN SOME MICE, S084.) a. 5 te Per Be D Soe Ce AC OL RECOTG! call Ate 1) oie eee Cee toe 6 Doubtless some will remark that neither the number of cows. kept nor the yield of milk make a very favorable showing for Maine dairymen. It should be remembered, however, that these farms were visited at a season of the year when there would proba- bly be found more dry cows and more in an advanced stage of lactation than at any other time. Besides, a severe drought ren- dered the past season a particularly unfavorable one. In regard to the methods of creaming, it appears that but one separator was found, while 221 out of the 224 farmers are using AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. oT the cold deep-setting process. Of these only sixteen are recorded as being out of ice, while one hundred and ninety-four keep ice in the tanks constantly. . The very great prevalence of Jersey blood is another fact worthy of note, showing the tendency of Maine farms, not only towards dairying, but towards a specific purpose, rather than a general pur- pose. cow. The prevalence of the Jerseys and the almost universal use of ice in the tanks all the time are two conditions very favorable to the best possible results with the deep setting process. The per- centages of fat in skimmed milk from the 224 farms are not given here in detail, only a summary. Farms with skimmed milk fat .1 per cent. or beiow....... 41 UE Gt Be ‘+ * above .l per cent. and not over .15 per eantene hemes 67 “s ee ue ‘» - 6* above .15 per cent. and not over .20 per cent..>. .2.. of OC Ot sik BOI mee OL EL COMUm secie reas eave t 19 a OP habe Ge EU NI EO OMG ET Celt i, Mee: Ae ee ae 1i os Ht ss Ce eeOy PET CE Meare tans cee r bee MI s “ oe SCO Der CONte me uneutad te eter 6 “s ay oe Jot SCStTOM: 0) LOvezTOerICeN ta a eee ele Average amount of fat in 100 lbs. skimmed milk (224 farms) .. Asien ea arate nina te hl ie .239 lbs. Average amount of fat i in 100 ee Seittimedl milk excluding seventeen farms where the amount was SOUPOURAS ON OVEr (204 tanms)) aot ae ses 182 Ibs. Average amount of fat in 100 pounds skimmed milk Turner Centre Factory (157 farms) .... . .... .188-lbs. Average amount of fat in 100 pounds skimmed milk Poland Factory (66 farms) . SA oe Ses eee ERO ONIN DSe Average for Turner Factory oviildine 6 farina over Dp OWN Sis eo age ogi wiara nga cawiancicre aires ucts! adarere ao .168 lbs. Average for Poland Factory excluding 11 farms over .) pounds.. Se NSE sien Aa NA be le = «222 lbs: The above figures are certainly somewhat surprising. They are much more favorable to the cold deep setting process than any here- tofore published, of which the writer is aware, and somewhat dimin- ish the argument for the separator, in so far as it pertains to the prevention of waste in the skimmed milk. One hundred and sixty- 98 MAINE STATE COLLEGE five of the two hundred and twenty-four herds tested did not exceed .2 per cent. of fat iu the skimmed milk, the average being about .15 per cent. By the use of the separator on these farms not over .05 per cent. fat would be saved, or one pound of butter fat to two thousand pounds of skimmed milk, provided tie deep setting process is as successfully used all the time. It is not claimed that the work of the deep setting process is always as good as this. Tae facts are stated simply as they are found. It appears that in seventeen cases the per cent. of skimmed milk fat ranged from .d to 2. In many instances there appears to be a sufficient cause for this excessive loss. In ten of these cases the supply of ice was exhausted, in one the breed of cows was possibly not adapted to the closest deep-setting creaming, in one instance the cream was taken by ‘‘top-skimming” which may easily involve unusual loss, and in five instances the conditions were good, there being no apparent reason for abnormal waste. IS IT NECESSARY TO SUBMERGE THE CANS?* In the use of the Cooley tank and cans in our own private dairy operations, our philosophy has not considered it necessary that the cans be submerged in order to secure the cleanest practicable cream- dng, care only being taken that the iced water be kept above the height of the milk in the cans. Seeing the statement in one of our exchanges that the dairymen at the Connecticut convention jamped on to the claim made by Professor Jordan, that the submergence was not absolutely necessary to good work, for they had proved to the contrary, we at once applied to Professor Jordan to learn whether experiments-conducted by him had shown that we, and others fol- lowing the same method, were losing cream by such practice. In reply he has kindly furnished data on the matter, which we give to the readers of the Farmer for their benefit. PROFESSOR JORDAN’S REPLY. Two reasons are directly or indirectly put forward why sabmerg- ing should be secured: 1. The composition of the cream is more uniform when this is done. *The following discussion of this question appeared in the Maine Farmer on March Ist, 18M, and as it is a matter closely related to the cold setting process for raising cream, and as the data on which the discussion is based was obtained in connection with that presented on the foregoing pages, the liberty is taken to reprint the Farmer article in this connection. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 99 2. Less fat is left in the skimmed milk than otherwise would be the case. No experimental evidence is at hand to~ show whether the first claim is in accordance with fact or not. The only possible reason that can be offered, however, why submerging affects the con- sistency of cream, is that it prevents evaporation and consequent thickening of the surface of the cream. But when the cans are in a closed cabinet, the air over the water must be so saturated with moisture as to preclude evaporation from the cream, even if the cans are not submerged. But this point is scarcely worth arguing, for other unavoidable conditions so influence the composition of cream as to completely overshadow this in effect. The second claim is the more important, and concerning which a certain amount of data is fortunately available. As was stated in Bulletin No. 5, just issued from this Station, and published in the Farmer, a representative of the Station visited two hundred and twenty-four farms, supplying milk to two cream- ries, and took samples of the skimmed milk. Among other data he noted the manner of setting the milk, whether ice was in the tanks, whether the cans were submerged or not, and if not, the depth of the water. In making up the averages presented herewith, it should be stated that the first twenty-five farms are excluded, as no record was made of the depth of the water. There are also excluded a few cases where top skimming was practiced, because uniform conditions should prevail in-such a comparison. Again, the cases where no ice was used, or other unfavorable circumstances existed, are not included. With these exceptions, the figures obtained are as follows : Number of observations made... 7.0... wn des eden = See Oe Number with cans submerged or sealed................... 124 Number with cans not submerged or sealed... ............ 39 Per cent skimmed milk fat in submerged or sealed cans...... 173 Per cent skimmed milk fat in cans not submerged or sealed .. .200 The difference is slightly in favor of submerging, but is not large enough to have any practical importance. It is noticeable in looking over the records mentioned in the fore- going, that a greater percentage of Jerseys and Jersey grades were found among the patrons of the Turner factory than among those of — i = . Py the Boar 100 MAINE STATE COLLEGE the Poland factory, the latter owning a somewhat larger proportion of Shorthorn and Holstein grades. For this reason it is possibly more just to compare results among the patrons of the same factory, especially as the ‘‘not submerged” cases were more frequent in one case than in the other: TURNER FACTORY. Number patrons with cans submerged or sealed .......-.... 106 Number patrons with cans not submerged or sealed. ... ... 13 Per cent skimmed milk fat in submerged or sealed cans .. .169 Per cent skimmed milk fat in cans not submerged or sealed.. .177 POLAND FACTORY. Number patrons with cans submerged or sealed .. ........ 18 Number patrons with cans not submerged or sealed... ...- v = a (<5) oy >) Loma) _ “ VARIETY. a | = Sle, lay ela 5 ry ee i, a o Jeglo 2 S| o 2B mo loSloslos = ale | 2] 2 jegieslas) ¢ S Bc sy 2 |ASIS ass] zs = 5, 9 a Ie SSE SES a = 4\) Aa A < |IAolAalad|) & a | EARLY SUMMER. BiiemaaNnaEGl 4 GooccbeaeoosoaL 9] 10.0} 4.0] 7.9 4| 2 1.23 |Sept. 1. Not trimmed............ 8| 9.4) 3.1) 6.4 2/ 2] 1)]21.00 |Sept. 1. WORLD BEATER (Brill). “MubsaheanVel acon oocccocuss 7 | 13.3|6.9) 9.5 1} 0} 1} 1.00 |Sept. 12. i) = a Not trimmed. . ......... 7 | 14.7|3.5 | 9.5 1.00 |Sept. 12. WORLD BEATER (Burpee). 7|3.3/ 9.9 | 0| 0 | 1.00 |Sept. 12. bo Ubnitherpests(oligg oaorocobooanco 19 | 15. Not trimmed............- | 138 | 16.0 | 6.2 | 11.1 3| 0} 1] 3.12 |Sept. 12. As will be observed, the results are almost negative. The first variety, Early Summer, exactly reverses the result given last season, when the ratio was as 1.00:1.25 in favor of plants not trimmed. In case of World Beater (Brill) the ratio was neutral as in 1892. The plants used in this test were from the same lot of seed as those grown last year. The third variety gave results slightly in favor of platits not trimmed. *Report Maine Experiment Station 1892, p. 60. 104 MAINE STATE COLLEGE Conclusion: ‘The results of two seasons’ work indicate that little advantage is derived from tbe practice of trimming cabbage plants at time of setting. 3. Holding Plants in Check: Frequently, because of an unusually late season, or from other unavoidable circumstances growers are unable to set plants in the field as soon as they might desire, or when the plants are ready for tbe transfer. Such conditions existed in Our Own experience the present year and to meet the case in hand, at the last handling in the house, May 17, all plants except some for checks were severely headed back. What the usual result might be of course we are unable to say, but indications are certainly favorable to the practice. Our general crop was uniformly good. The results of careful comparison of plants thus treated with others of the same lots not checked are given in table III. TABLE III. CHECKING GROWTH. 2 wn = on 2 es | nD |n | As] Lo Dee Ee IS 3 i ie} |o |o |o ) RD) S 3) po| Ae; Zi P VARIETY. a a Palisealealle q wis) "3 = S| 2S ieSlaelas om = | 8) 2 (Bese 3) g a is ® WSS SEs) ss a a) oD > Sis 456 3 S x 4 q I4Z0lFsl4e| & =) ALL HEAD (Burpee’s). (Olovevelieeral non SdoarouAneToooouE 12.0 | 2.8 8.3 1 0}; O} 1.14 August 1s. INO} (GlaKevelk(sCl spc ooncoodHabUS 11.6 | 3.3 7.3] 0} O| 0; 1.00] August 18. FLAT DUTCH. Cheehkegha we toeneuetente sits 15.2 | 8.9 | 10.7] 3] 0] 0] 1.09 | August 19. Not checked -..... ....... 13.2 | 5.6 9.8} 1! 0} 0; 1.00); August 19. SAFE CROP (Burpee’s). CHE CIE! Tes elie myeie Sisieomisinvsseiciels 10-0) | 5-5 7.4/ 0} 0] 1) 1.00 | August 18. INohichetked t:as-cac-eeeene 10.2/6.4|/ 8.6] 0| 0] 1| 1.16| August 1s. RED. @MEOKEG Periesaer-b eleiele\e/eieieisiels 13.2 |}5.3) 8.0] 2] 0; 1) 2.US | September 12. Not checked ..-....-....... Tiles} |} 1b 7.4L] 1] 2] 0} 1.00 | September 12. In most cases plants headed back at the last transplanting in the house were superior to those not thus checked. ‘They were uni- formly earlier, and were as a rule slightly larger. It is probable that Ls [ieee a <> Te Sa RAS He. oe. oi pe bien EOE eT Le SSF i a ; AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 105 the time elapsing between the check and the transfer to the field allowed the plants to recuperate and make a sturdy growth; while plants not treated were necessarily more or less drawn and not in as good condition for the final transfer. Conclusion: Cabbage plants likely to become drawn and crowded before planting out, appear to be benefited by severe pruning of the foliage. TI—Nortes or CAULIFLOWERS. F The cauliflower is a vegetable highly prized by many, but is too seldom met in the home gardens of our State. Possessing many of the good qualities of the cabbage it is, to a certain extent lacking in the peculiar rank flavor which renders the former disagreeable to many people. The delicate qualities of the cauliflower are, how- ever, frequently disguised or lost through failure of the housewife to familiarize herself with the best methods of serving. For this reason we have given below some notes concerning the cooking of cauliflowers, condensed from material kindly furnished by Miss Anna Barrows, School of Domestic Science, Boston. 1. Directions for Serving the Cauliflower: A cabbage or cauli- flower, unless taken directly from the garden is much improved if so placed that it can absorb water through its stalk for twelve to twenty-four bours before cooking. Soak a cauliflower, head down, in cold salted water for an hour before cooking to draw out any insects that may be concealed. A small cauliflower may be cooked whole and should be placed in the kettle with the flowerets up as the stalk needs the most thorough cooking; a large head should be divided into six or eight pieces. Cook in a kettle of rapidly beiling salted water, to which may be added one-fourth of a level teaspoonful of soda. (The soda aids in softening the woody fibre.) The kettle should be skimmed occa- sionally while the vegetable is cooking, or, to save trouble, some prefer tying the cauliflower in a thin cloth. An agate or porcelain lined kettle is preferable to iron, which is likely to discolor the cauli- flower. The odor is less noticeable if the kettle is left uncovered. The water may also be changed to dispel the odor. A cauliflower should be tender after twenty to thirty minutes of rapid boiling. If over- cooked it appears soggy and water-logged. 106 MAINE STATE COLLEGE A good cauliflower, well cooked, requires little additional flavor beside salt and good butter. Some, however, prefer the addition of grated cheese. ‘The cauliflower may also be served as a garnish for meats, in sauces, soups and is excellent cold as a salad. Many prefer it with a thick cream sauce. “‘Cold boiled cauliflower is very good fried plain in butter, or breaded and fried, or mashed and fried like oyster plant, with the addition of an egg and a palatable seasoning of salt and pepper.” The last paragraph is from Miss Carson’s Practical American Cookery. Many other hints may be obtained from this and other leading guides to cookery. 2. Culture: In a general way the culture is the same as for cab- bages. Early varieties should be started in the house or hot-bed as. soon as the first of April. Handle as needed, and set in the open field as early as possible. The best soil is a rich, moist loam, but it should be well drained. Like the cabbage, the cauliflower is a gross feeder and demands intense culture. If growth is stopped from any cause, the heads are likely to ‘‘button” or form small sections inter- spersed with leaves, worthless for market purposes. Frequent cul- tivation is necessary, and itis probable that in case of very dry weather about the time of heading, irrigation would be a profitable means of securing a crop for home use at least. When the heads. are about three inches across. the outer leaves should be brought together and held in place by means of a piece of twine or raftia, that the heads may be well bleached. 3. Influence of Early Treatment: The relative influence of pot and of box culture of young plants was considered with reference to the number of heads produced: Seed was sown April 3d; the young plants were transferred to two and one-half inch pots April 24th; to four inch pots May 10th, and to the field May 29th. A duplicate lot was handled in boxes at the same dates. At the last handling in the house, May 10th, the leaf surface was reduced about one-half. A tabular view of the results is given below: “a AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 107 TABLE IV, CAULIFLOWERS IN POTS AND BOXES. D | m | nN. NN. ss | } of is] re | rem || oo | FA is GS || re ean | cs ets ros ee Tag _'s a | bo | op | Boo | 2 a ao VARIETY. Ste) |) eer Ser i) Sieh |) Bh ei on 6 | est | et | at |acl se ize! Be | se | se |] se |eesiaa Has coe le) | Owe es ‘S) ~ = C= © 42o|\|a25|\45/45 (Ha |4ea| Hae | | | | | | | DWARF FRENCH, Half Early Dwarf; : French. | | Othe massa tote Scellaesianie soba ringeaieret ea! 4) 0} 6| 13| 26.2 | | TH@SI@s1 welbd)_GoezenpananencabeoorHoSenbaeae (OEE elon ree Shad) SFr ler a GILT EDGE (Thorburn). | PP OES staciecidastisiretiosies clacine sate nelvmiami Claaherste ed 9 pile at | 16|; 17 | 94.5 | | | LEGOEAEK bo dbdotu bane sopacoresuoce sadoube doe hae ae ral i Po ills a ea (sl GRC | | } PARIS, Extra Early Paris. | | | | | | PROCS eet ec ene herring $0) 1 Ol) Wa) Bal IB tee | | | FRCS ETE HE SANeE etn eese bas ene Ole | Te Rea Aa et | | | | | Lonpvon, Large Early London | | | i | | FSM MRE es tee ca Ste hase t Haetedcclss OMIM O Wynd |) 3808) CALL |e a0 | SreesO | | | PORES atone ate srateiahs store nina) seisreare cates 6 ¢ a k®) OFT Ss |e LO 37 2h Glee | | | | | In two instances there was a difference of twenty per cent in favor of the plants grown in pots. One variety gave the same number of heads in each case but the plants from pots were two to three weeks earlier than the others. The fourth variety gave a slight difference, about seven per cent, in favor of the box treat- ment. Doubtless any benefit that might arise from handling plants in pots would lie in the fact that the plants are kept at a more uniform rate of growth. Conclusion: Indications point to an increased percentage of marketable heads as a result of handling cauliflower plants in pots during early stages of growth. 4. Effects of Trimming: The value of reducing the amount of foliage at the time of removal to the field with reference to the heading of cauliflower, received some attention. The seed was sown April 3, the young plants were transferred to boxes April 24 and again May 10. All were removed to the field May 29, when the foliage of one lot was reduced by one-half while a duplicate lot was left without trimming. 108 MAINE STATE COLLEGE \ The table shows the relative earliness and the per cent of heads formed. TABLE VY. EFFECT OF TRIMMING CAULIFLOWERS. 16 Lon ‘ 2 12,)46|4g)/88\# e 2, | ee | er | 88 | go | g = ie ag Se) sh) om) e8/ FR) E |e.) Be 5 = Be nD Ons, g2|e2/e21e2|e2ls¢] ee] oss Shae ehe olsiey lesb ene) ean | ei aiis & & Zolaol|4o|wZol|azolaeq|eaal wee ALABASTER. L i heshadna (Xo ll agoaacianpUsDooURNOe, cudoe 3 4 alt 2 - 10 12 $3.3 Notre dis -pyiecieeie santa iisieioeers 4 5 2 - - ill 12} 91.9 fy ERFURT (Large Early Dwarf). Trimmed ...... “ouadonoodud0n0nG0e - 5 4 1 - 10 13 76.9 INO Gab LAO TIAC Olistereretetteret=te sletetaieioiercr ster - 7 3 1 - 11 13 84.6 EREURT (Ordinary). Wve aacgoscodoosadaaeogoanTS - 4 al 6 - 7 19 89.5 INOW IehaaNeXsl Sodconoboosussoubenue - 7 3 7 1 18 19 94.7 PRIZE EARLIEST. dtieueanaayecl egocc0g0 uosssoeonGoEss06 - 4 2 4 - 10, 4 1.4 MO GibVATTININIS AS, «;cren vets sitoeio ciectora re siete - = 5 4 - 9 13 69.2 STADTHOLDER. | “iberhamneVeVGl SoopoapodooaoboacDaSOnnos - - - 3 2 a |)» iM) 30.0 WOW MAWAMAEC! SoGo000000500 Googabe - - - 3 - 3 9 33.3 Asa rule, the per cent of heads formed was greater from plants not trimmed. There was practically no difference in the earliness of the two lots, nor was there a marked difference in the size of the heads. Conclusion; Results obtained will not warrant us in commending the practice of trimming cauliflower plants severely at time of set- ting in the field. 5. Varieties: Nearly all of the more important varieties of cauliflower were grown in our gardens the past season for purposes of, comparison. We found, as was expécted, a marked variation in different strains of the same type. The accompanying table will give a comprehensive view of the comparative merits of. the differ- ent strains and varieties as regards earliness, percentage of heads formed, and average weight of heads. ‘The latter quality is neces- sarily only relative; for a few days time, even after the head is ready for market makes a decided difference in weight. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 109 TABLE VI. VARIETIES OF CAULIFLOWER. me} z i iS H = : Ss 20 & Sa ca ee = = a 2 ~ ~~ = i} - iy Balk Sligo Pal ae = = Biel Bal oullee le a é a 5 a er oo} eG 5 wo » ee VARIETY. See Neer ih [eae lh coal icy | aires a = Soest ears re li aie ee = SS illesr Ss || Ge eal Gai ee im S o 5S ros] ©) 5) ) = oH = > 2) 8) Oo] 2 |S |e | iS S ae H H H H H H = H a2 L OUND nce ie S| ov a. co Boe dlls a.) eee | sete Beg = - = = - - ~ = Ho ms Shes eels ss S fei || RS) = CAN C40 | Sb A A eM ‘= A | ae < | JNwinnyoaal (Ene NF podons Gout suscogobod -}| -|] - 1 2 g 5 14 29.7 9.7 Best Early (Burpee’s)............., 8| 4] 2)/ -| —-| —]| 14] 14 100.6 1) Dwart Erfurt, extra early........ S| epson | |e ea) a ieee 25 ae aL 2 100.0 | 2.5 Dwarf Erfurt, ordinary .......... EAs eel fuses Ih sete ed tell ciel he TSS lhe 13) 94.7 | 3.7 Hartly Alabaster ee... hice note OF GP ay ene | coat es ae I ea 91.7 | 1.3 Early Dwarf Danish | 20 tr allem OO) 100.0 | 2.7 IB TANy [PANES Gapnposcnecdso — TPs olives!) p= lle LOM eI: 76.9 | 2.7 Early Asiatic... - 2 5 3 il - 11 11 100.0 3.3 Early London sie oie Seoul = |e =" (hvlss|) a2 61.9 | 3.9 1Dpa pe Baby Tees) Goo, cosoeoqdon = Delete ee |e Soll li 17.6) 0.9 Giant Purple, early............... =| =|) a | ely 2 5 | 15 33.3 | 4.8 Giant Purple, Tate tn ccc cee a5 =| = | ff 2 1 4 16 25.0 7.9 Half Early Dwarf French........ =P 49 | oil -| -| - yal Pal 22.8 | 1.5 MMP eri alle ce | wee ase ceca. ve Soo) Jee Bile OU Selle ea) = ak) 11 90.9 | 2.6 Italian Taranto......... “peomeoceos => | eink oe | ee Rare, || atk 4} 22 is.2 6.9 Keron SuPer ChlOM cele valle erie el One hele eat mente LO 10.0 | 2.2 IDE Hovohveinmis) IMnUsihese GoSenonsen pode =" |i Gil ecole eile |) mallee 2 | O20) 100.4 Bis Large Late Dutch ...-.-:-.-25.---- i a a a A 3 | 24 12.5 | 6.0 Wane GAN eierSe.c) «as -wysricdtcistsieans -| -| 4| 8 Sal j= uf 14 30.0 2.6 Large Barly Dwarf Erfurt.....-.-| = if 3 1 = = 11 13 84.6 2.0 Lenormanc’s Short Stem......... A No NA STE Sly Goes 3*.3 eit Livingston’s EFarliest............. 8 4 1 1 -| - 14 18 77.8 Bpee- _ Long Island Beauty ...:. ... .... -| 8} 7] =|] =| -| 1} 1 100.0 | 2.3 PNOMP ANE Dlemmcjec crac need cole ces hear ee een ie —oileo IO) ied ey 66.7 | 3.0 PPI CAWAMLIGS ties aioe snow sen eecleesee Sal ei all> Cae a 9) 18 69.2 | 3.2 SUB USHMAONC EP SoooaneaoBasaoe Reroses -} -| -|] By] =] = 3 9 33.5 | 5.0 Phorburn! Harly Snowball... -.) 2) 4/92) 8) =| .=) 1} 14 78.6 | 2.2 Mhonburm Gulp BASE. a. -clecicislecierete a i ae ee ele all eral oak 79.0 | 0.6 Vaughan’s Danish Snowball ....| 2 7 2 1 -| - 12 12 100.0 WVIRECIVEME Ts lemieeras cr cinen tie ae ccm ren SH oa (SN | |e 2/1 10 20.0 | 2.6 110 MAINE STATE COLLEGE As will be seen, nearly all of the earliest varieties produced a high percentage of marketable heads, while the later sorts were anything but satisfactory. Of the whole number of varieties grown sixteen produced more than seventy-five per cent of marketable heads, while with eight varieties, every plant produced a good head. The earliest varieties were Burpee’s Best Early, Dwarf Danish, Kronk’s Perfection, and Livingston’s Earliest. These were closely followed by Alabaster, Landreth’s First, Long Island Beauty and several strains of Snowball. Most of the late varieties were checked by the dry weather and showed a tendency to ‘‘button,” or go to seed, hence are not con- sidered here. The following field notes concerning the more important varieties were made Alabaster: (Johnson & Stokes).—Said to be a sport from Dwarf Erfurt (see below). A small early variety. An erect grower and may be planted closely. Autumn Giant: (Thorburn).—A very large late variety of excellent quality ; should not be started so early as most other sorts. Best Early: (Burpee’s Best Early, Burpee).—Small, but one of the earliest and surest heading varieties. Dwarf Erfurt: (Thorburn).—Takes its name from the city of Erfurt, Germany, where cauliflowers are extensively grown. One of the most popular early varieties Several strains were grown this year, of which the best seemed to be Thorburn’s Extra Early. Early Danish: (Farquhar).—Of the Erfurt type; forming a medium sized head, very firm and good. One of the best. Early Paris (Thorburn, Farquhar).—Moderately vigorous, with long stem and of spreading habit. Leaves covered with heavy bluish white bloom giving the variety a characteristic light shade.: -Heads of fair size but lacking in solidity. Giant Purple. (Childs).—A large, late variety, very attractive when growing, and of excellent flavor, but when served its color is objectionable. Imperial. (Landreth).—A medium sized pure white variety. Of spreading habit and heads not very firm. Kronk’s Perfection. (Farquhar) .—A very fine strain of the Erfurt type. Of medium size, early, uniform, and in our plantation was among the best. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 111 Landreth First. (Landreth).—Of vigorous, erect habit, but having a short stem. Heads of medium size, very solid,white, and rather remarkable for uniformity. One of the best. Livingston’s Earliest. (Livingston).—One of the earliest, small but uniform in date of maturity, a valuable consideration in a mar- ket variety. Long Island Beauty. (Gregory) —A valuable second early sort. Only two cuttivgs were necessary and every plant produced a marketable head. Prize Earliest. (Maule).—Three weeks later than some of the other varieties. Not satisfactory this season. Snowball. (Early Snowball, Thorburn).--A moderately vigor- ous variety forming small but very solid heads. From this type many valuable strains have been derived. One of the most valu- able of these is the next mentioned. Thorburn Gilt Edge. (Thorburn) —This variety is not quite so vigorous as the parent, the leaves are slightly smaller and very dense, while the stem is shorter. Heads small but handsome, and usually one of the most reliable. * Vaughan’s Danish Snowball. (Vaughan) .—Differs little in habit from Snowball described above. Very early and apparently a sure header. London, Italian Taranto, Late Dutch, Algiers, Nonpariel, Stadt- holder and some others while producing very good individual heads, were not reliable, the present season, and notes concerning these are withheld until further trial. SUMMARY. 1. The general treatment of the cauliflower is similar to that required by cabbages. Thorough and frequent cultivation are essential. 2. Handling plants in pots before setting in the field increased the percentage of marketable heads. 3. Trimming plants at time of setting is of doubtful value. 4. Early varieties are, as a rule, more certain to produce a sat- isfactory crop than are the late sorts. 5. The earliest varieties grown the past season were: Burpee’s Best Early, Dwarf Danish, Kronk’s Perfection and Livingston's Earliest; closely followed by Alabaster, Landreth’s First, Long Island Beauty and several strains of Snowball. All of these pro- duced a high percentage of marketable heads. 112 MAINE STATE COLLEGE IJI—Nortes or Tomatoes. As heretofore, special attention was given to methods of culture rather than to a multiplicity of varieties. Many of the experi- ments undertaken last season were repeated. for as before stated, positive conclusions can not be drawn from a single season’s work. 1. Effects of Early Setling: A dozen plants of each of three varieties were used in the test. All were given similar treatment in the house. The first lot was removed to the field May 23d. The other a week later Owing to a heavy frost on the night of May 27th the early set plants were severely checked; while the weather for some days was cold and raw, but very dry. In spite of this check the first lot recuperated and by the first of October there was practically no difference in the two lots. Table VII gives an exact statement of the results: TABLE Vil. EFFECT OF EARLY SETTING. |S 12] =) 3 | we Zz [ie eas z ee jes |e | BH - as ze jes jags ee ena aE | &e |/&22|usoe| 536 2S |} 5S |=2 PBole Doe | — Qe (<8 lea =< | Boe, | { | | { j i i ] I i BUCKEYE STATE. | | | | | M¥rshbetine..2 = sateen a es jAug. 9..| 110] 64] 93| 64| 13/ os Second setting -.....:. -- ..--- lAug-10..| 8.6] 5.3]10.0| 5.7) 2.0] 45 BURPEE’S CLIWAX. | | | i | H | | | | | Largs ictal ® Uae een Seca sons jAug. 4..| 27.3 | $8.4] 4.9] 19.8 1-4 | 7-3 Second setting ......-.2....----- lAug. 2..|33.6|10-4/ 4.9/20.8| 12] 10-6 | i q } i i i i GREAT. ES:- 2-8 - = lenence <-> = === | | \ i H Wirst'Setiimp 2222205. SS An |Aug.27--] 23-9 | $6] 5.8] 33.9] 1.3 9.8 ! | re | | Second setting ... ....-...-..--- |July 27--|/ 29-5] 11-0) 6.0] 12-4] 1-9} a i There was very little difference in the time of ripening of the first fruits ; and on the first of October, a date as late as can usually be relied on for tomatoes, there was practically no difference in the number of fruits produced by the two lots. The slight variation found was in favor of the early set plants. ae = AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 113 As will be see by the last two columns in the table, the number of decayed fruits was very greatly increased late in the season, amounting in some cases to 75 per cent. of the fruit gathered. Conclusion: While not so marked as in previous trials, indica- tions still point to the value of early setting of tomato plants. 2. Vulue of Pot-Culture: The importance of careful hand- ling of tomato plants has been emphasized in previous reports, and a limited amount of work has been done in this direction at this station. During the past season a test of the relative value of pot-culture during the early stages of growth was conducted on lines similar ’ to those detailed on page 102 for cabbage plants. A dozen plants of each of four varieties were transferred from the seed-flats to thumb-pots on April 27th, to three-inch pots May 9th. to four-inch pots May 20th, and to the open ground June Ist A duplicate lot was handled in flats at the same time. The results are shown in table VIII. TABLE VIII. VALUE OF POT CULTURE OF TOMATOES. | ww Ca a} | > : S 3 | ean | ite ee ein | Bice ball Gb ool DES all een ac seaiaa hei (jes Perel) | epee hed Soke 9) Wee eo fet ten 1 AetiS BOE Stors. ees genset eyes oe hal 3 Eo = | HO | aa | Fe aie yer es HE) oat Rusll | hs VARIETY. | oH | om. | oD 906 | 45> no op 2. pO mn Ns yg | Daz sao I aie SLU I ites Ie Coad acsiraice aI eats al a 45 Res Paz oA ie <1 Sse SiS leas eae ly Sea De } > Pee Fuse = iB) aro Sa a) cctet Wet eE O) | te onlitaio fo | | | | | IGNOTUM. ! OES Watsetece ets teeta caseloads Predeunee 19.0 8.9! 7.5] 10.3 | 1.28 | 139.4 IBORKES ho Gace sans cece te eektee ne ee eee 12.3 5.9| 7.7) 8.2 | 1.00] 110.3 ITHACA. | TOS: .otbeaneridaecngdaboconsoikees adda 23.5 6.7| 4.6| 15.8 | 1.42 | 127.8 IBORES Mee ac kices tome oe eee eee 15.5 4.7 4.0| 311.1 | 1.00) 98.7 OPTIMUS. | | | POLS Me eet eis cane Sonne nce Sec ncmicre 32.0 7-9.| $.9)| 14.9) | 1.20 | 112.2 | | | TEGRS) pope sOOROCUSCUOCeE MCLE: San conoe 16.5 4.3| 4.2| 11.7 | 1.00] 83.0 STONE. Obs 5.csaa See eae wrasse a toe e ats 14.3 5.5 6.2| 7.4] 1.39| 72.6 PORES a sistiows Adeentecieee viene @eacetes 9.1 5.1 8.2! &.3] 1.00] 81.3 / 114 MAINE STATE COLLEGE In every instance there was a marked increase in the number of fruits from plants handled in pots, and in the total weight of fruit produced. It will be observed, however. that the individual fruits averaged larger on the plants from boxes. ‘This fact is no doubt due to the smaller numbers borne, as before mentioned. In the last column is given the number of bushels per acre before October 1st, on the basis of the weight of fruit picked at that time, and considering the plants placed five feet apart each way in the field. With one variety the difference is slightly (about 9 bushels per acre) in favor of the box culture. This difference being due to the marked increase in size. But the first three varieties show a . difference of more than 29 bushels each, in favor of the pot-grown plants. This difference, at 75 cents per bushel (none of our fruit was sold at less than 60 cents per bushel, and early in the season we received $1.75 at wholesale), would amount to $21.83 per acre, —a sum that would far more than pay for the cost of pots and the slightly increased cost of handling in the house. Conclusion: There appears to be a marked increase in the pro- ductiveness of plants handled in pots previous to setting in the field. 3- Individual Variation: The danger from drawing too free conclusions from a single season’s work was suggested last year, when it was found that, ‘‘In no case were the results from dupli- cate tests uniform.”* A similar test of the variation of duplicate lots of any given variety was conducted the past season. The results bear out our former conclusion to such an extent that results of certain methods of culture undertaken are withheld for further verification. Table 1X shows the comparative results obtained with duplicate lots of each of three varieties, all of which were given the same treatment in house and field. *Report Maine Experiment Station, 1892, page 64. : ; | a ee ee ee ee ee ee ee AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 115 \ TABLE IX. INDIVIDUAL VARIATION. | | | | | = oa | _ Wagers ae x 4 er eee ries tuere 2, as | Sa | oD as e aS = i aS ae | oo te ec: so ay a a Tere a aes fala! We 4 VARIETY. og oe 25 2ze 6 oe | no NS of Nas b= Seay | Ham WS ics oe om Deca) aOectvey oer" = PB | PBa)] eos | FSS =e 4G 4a | G40 45 2 Ax | ( 13.9 4.5 5.2 4.9 | August 2. ‘GOUDEN QUEEN ©.6ce0--+- 0-4 - late oO lear 6: Gu laierees 5.3 August 9. 16.6 3.2 3.1 2.3 | August 7. LOS HES EVA © Hiteseiateisinisie c)elsiolelefoierareis | 3 13.1 2.4 3.0 2.7 | August 7. 14.4 | 5.6 6.2 6.3 | August 7. ROYAL RED...........- cbuooD aocc in | 15.0 | 5.8 6.1 6.7 August 4. The weight of individual fruits was practically uniform, but the variation in number of fruits and in the consequent weight of the product was very marked. The date of ripening was also variable. Conclusion: The individual variation of plants of any given sort is often such as to obscure any effects of different methods of cul- ture. Results previously obtained are confirmed. 4. Crossing: Some of our work in developing a tomato which shall be of sufficient earliness to be profitable as a market crop in those sections where the seasons are short. was detailed in our last annual report.* Selections and further crosses were made the present season with interesting and promising results. The Lorillard-Peach cross showed a less marked increase over the pure Lorillard, in number of fruits than was the case in the first generation,—a fact which illustrates the principle frequently laid down that crossing within the limits of the species tends to promote fruitfulness. In the second generation the influence of the male parent on the character of the fruit was shown by several individuals which assumed the peculiar rough skin, and to a certain extent the form of Peach. *Report Maine Experiment Station, 1892, p. 65. 116 MAINE STATE COLLEGE The Ignotum-Peach cross; showed a similar falling off in the second generation,”as shown below. 3 2 of as = Bh = as IGNOTUM X PEACH. S o= OL the = Sn > r= _ —— Ss >= Se “4b B29 eS oe os ape | so. RK AS, FOS 338 o's On 50 Av Sa be gules | ees LOTT" Ae RRO EO SER SpE me nnn cae SRtHOOG RiiceEcoricococneenaces 4.1 47.8 | 57.8 SO Diercrevevats nists lelsterarelvietererlelelsisveicretaicinicraista’ Velste] ‘elelei fatela\clelele ‘eres -93 6.1 30.1 TSO HN eR cee a aren PRON ata el Wd a Ay 38.3 £ | 72.8 79.9 128 MAINE STATE COLLEGE A BRIEF RETROSPECT. For the benefit of those who have not received previous reports, it may be well to give a brief resumé of the results obtained from three seasons’ experiments. We have seen that apple scab is causcd by a parasitic fungus which attacks the leaves and young twigs as well as the fruit, and that the growth of the tree may be seriously checked. Spraying the trees with certain compounds of copper has been found an effective means of holding the disease in check,—the increase of salable fruit, as a result of spraying, often amounting to 50 per cent. Indications point strongly to the value of spraying early in the season, before the blossoms open, and of repeating the application four or five times during the season. The best results have been obtained from the use of Bordeaux mixture. prepared as follows: 6 pounds copper sulphate (Blue Stone) ; 4 pounds quick lime ; 40 gallons water. Dissolve the copper ina pail of hot water; slake the lime in another vessel ; mix and dilute as above for use. Farmers are advised to club together in the purchase of appa- _ratus and chemicals, thus reducing expense. Necessary chemicals may be obtained in large quantities of : Weeks & Potter Company, Boston; Eimer & Amend, 205 Third Avenue, New York; W.S. Powell & Company, Baltimore, Md. Most of the materials may be purchased in small amounts at the local drug store. Force pumps and other apparatus for spraying may be obtained of any of the leading manufacturers, as : Field Force Pamp Company, Lockport, N. Y. ; Gould’s Manufacturing Company, Seneca Falls, N. Y.; W. & B. Douglass, Middletown, Conn.; The Deming Company, Salem, O. The most satisfactory nozzle we have used is the ‘‘McGowen,” manufactured by John J. McGowen, Ithaca, N. Y. Our second choice is the *‘Climax.” manufactured by the Nixon Nozzle and Machine Company, Dayton, O. For spraying currant bushes, or for general garden use, the ‘*Knapsack Sprayer’ made by the Gould’s Manufacturing Com- pany, Seneca Falls, N. Y., has been found very satisfactory. Similar machines may be obtained from the other sources men- tioned above. — AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 129 VII—CaraLocusrt or Maine Fruits. One of the most important lines of work receiving attention from this division is that of the systematic effort to improve the character of some of our native fruits, and to select from the ever increasing list of new varieties, those best suited for the different sections of the state. This work is still in its infancy and no 1esults can yet be reported. It is thought best, however, to publish a catalogue of the fruits grown in the state at the present time with an indication of their approximate value in different sections. The descriptions of fruits are mostly taken from the fruit list of the American Pomological Society, and the values accorded are given only after carefully considering the recommendations of lead- ing fruit growers in different parts of the State. Information con- cerning many varieties, especially in the noithern sections is very meagre. It is hop: d before a revisionjof{]the list is made,—as will necessarily follow in course of two or three years,—more valuable data may be available. Of the newer apples named in the catalogue, Dudley’s Winter, a seedling of Oldenburg originated by J. W. Dudley of Castle Hills Aroostook county, is one of the most valuable ‘‘iron clad” varieties. This variety is being disseminated by a New York firm as ‘'North Star’’—an unfortunate circumstance as there is another variety bear- ing that name by right of priority. Hayford Sweet is another valuable iron-clad variety originating with C. Hayford, Maysville, Aroostook county. It is in itself a valuable fruit and succeeds where Talman Sweet fails. Rolfe and Russell are also deserving of special mention. Mother, as a fruit for home use, is not as widely kuown as it should be; but it is not a profitable market variety. Of the newer pears, Admiral Farragut, Eastern! Belle, Fulton, Indian Queen and Nickerson are promising, hardy varieties. These are not of the highest quality but they are hardy and productive— important considerations especially for the northern and central por- tions of the state. Flemish Beauty, formerly grown in many sections of the state, has been almost universally discarded because of the prevalence of pear scab (Fusicladium pyrinum). It is hoped that by the aid of the Bordeaux mixture we may yet retain this valuable variety. 130 MAINE STATE COLLEGE Moore Arctic plum, (a native of Ashland, Aroostook county), because of its productiveness and extreme hardiness, is planted more extensively than any other variety in northern Maine. It is not, however, of the best quality. The Japanese varietics, Abund- ance and Burbank, are being tried to a limited extent in the southern portions of the state, but they can succeed only in the southern counties. McLaughlin, originated at Bangor more than forty years ago, is still one of our most valuable dessert plums. It is, how- ever, rather tender for market purposes. DeSoto, Forest Garden, Woif, and some other varieties of the native ‘thorse plum’’ or ‘‘pomegranate” (Prunus Americana), promise to be of some importance for the colder portions of the state. Small fruits, though not largely grown for market, do well in all of the central and southern counties. The cvol moist climate is specially adapted to the wants of the currant and gooseberry. Even as far north as Houlton, Aroostcok county, the gooseberry is a profitable market crop ; and if, as now seems probable, the English varieties will succeed in this climate, a very profitable industry is opened along this line. The widely varying conditions existing in different parts of the state render a general statement as to the value of any given variety only approximately correct. Varieties which may be of merit in the southern portions of the state are not sufficiently hardy for the middle and northern counties. On the other hand, some sorts con- sidered specially valuable in Aroostook county are unknown in York. In the accompanying catalogue we have assigned separate columns for the value of each variety in the northern and the south- ern parts of the state. The first column, marked ‘* North,” includes Aroostook, Piscataquis, and the northern parts of Somerset, Penob- scot and Washington ecounties. The column marked ‘‘South,” includes Oxford, Kennebec, Waldo, and all of the southern counties. The value of any given variety is indicated thus: ‘Two stars (* *) indicate a variety of special merit, one to be recommended for general culture. One star (*) shows that the variety is worthy of cultivation, though not superior. A dagger (+) indicates a new and promising variety, or an old variety not fully tested in this region. A dash (—) shows that the variety has been tried and found wanting. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 131 The abbreviations used in describing the size*, form, color, etc., of the various classes of fruits are fully explained at the head of each list. Take for example the Alexander apple. We see that this is a large striped apple of roundish-conical form and moderately good quality, useful for cooking and market early in autumn. *A few varieties of apples usually described as large, are as grown inthis state, of only medium size—e. g. Baldwin, Golden Sweet, Hubbardston, Porter. 132 MAINE STATE COLLEGE APPLES. ABBREVIATIONS USED.—Size,—], large; m, medium; s, small. /orm,—r c, round- ish-conical; r ob, roundish-oblate; r, roundish. Color,—y r, yellow and red; rs, red striped; g y, greenish yellow; rus, russeted; y rus, yellow and russet. Quwal- ity,—g, good; v g, very good; b, best. Use,—F, family use; K M, kitchen and market; F M, family and market. Season,—S, summer; E A, early autumn; L A, late autumn; W,jfwinter. Ovigin,—usual abbreviations for names of countries. DESCRIPTION. VALUE. 4 E . o ‘ S r e : 2 NAMES. 2 | 2 pe 5 & 4S a a ot eS Ne | 8 yee a ele 5 N iS) iS) S D Si O16 4, 2) in iS) n © A|n IVNIeRo0d00d0scDD0CBN0 1| re | yr | g |K M| W |Am. | — | ** SIBIOOIO oo 000 5400000000000 500009900090000 m |rob/ yr |v gik MS |Am. o.oc) = OQHBilAVelk OsxtOIRal codooogsbacacs05 asco 9000 sooollonoo0 |locande Sdoaijooosolloooss|laococ —|— WOVENOOWAsooo500009ua005500GG00 oogeDeasou0Klfoo0alfacaodollonoccn sllooacallcoucsllooaooc tT TU Blwe (PCAN AN... weenie ce mens) «0 I |) 2 @ r eh IME MWY oodoc —)| * 12|Bullock, American Golden Russeit.....| S | re jy rus} b |F M| W /|Am. |] ...| * 13\Camadia Baldwan.... << -cececeresss on- m) ob ip WW Sloooor W |Can. * 14\Chenango (Strawberry), Sherwood JIORAOPHUEG 00005009006 1000000000008000000 m|obe| gr |v giE M/E AjAm. |....) * UNIONS QUOD oo acceosocasonadcenqcongcoc W]e Old || Pay I SSN MN A AN aaaG Nooo ol} UGi COMO Mocssocososussnecaesacensoac09 aace poco) pogecllooosc5) pessilaooosloooes|lacqods tT]. WN COojaere WANK @ concocanoobencponnodonse|) Wal) TO | sy ie | Se MW | WAY WNaiaG Jono | 18|Danvers Sweet, Danvers Winter......| m|rob} gy |v gi/F M| W |Am. |]....| #* 19|Dudley Winter..............-.---...--. VAN TE OJoy |) Ayre || CN ML VAY WeNtams jf eS | se 20|Dyer, Pomme Roydal.......-...++..+.-.. 1d) | 3 gy ilvg IB, AN) 18 3 Di Awiy IERIAYES csoscpoopdaos0acoGooNDG0 mj|rob| gy |v gik M) S |/Am ae Nie 22 HAL, SCALVCT ws a= one eine ein nl im ininiel=/= = m0) oocnllovcns floaneca 960 Jloososlfoooas|loocso5 if, licooc 23\Early Strawberry Red Juneating....-| S| Yr WS [hy Sy de Sy Wiese ecco! = 24|Eneglish Russett, Poughkeepsie Rus- SaiGoco poo dc Dan cH0gbDDESHOOD0DADAADONDE m]| re ly rusiv gif M| W |Eneg |.. 7-— | 25|Esopus Spitzenburg.......... ........ T |) OO |} sw | WO aL Ws VAY Pra. Joo * Pa MEMO N ENKI hao cob oo ode Oo oBcdOdOouDoq00000 iy) Pe Swe Sy MEW AY Asma ey AMM MPYEXVoa0005 coobnDOG 2 onosadanoe lijrob| gy |¢| M/L AjAm 2S 28|Fall Jenmeting... ...........cceeeeeess 1 fl gy}g| M/E AjAm Pea ace SSH A IP WOON ao¢d0 abo gos 550an000ODDANNDEE l|rob} gy |v g|F M|L AjAm. £7 30|/Fall Queen, Huas, Gros Pommier.....| i1| obec} yr | g |E M| A |Am., | — | — 31/Fameus, Snow Apple .....+..sssereeee m/rob| rs jv g/F M| W (| ete ee SAPO MNCL cosoq Sdoondavonavanbd0n00060 TO\ |) 2eoV0) |] ay EI Ss A |Am. ee 33/Garden Royal......- soeeodeds asso9s oS Tea |) 1e@ |) sya} 1 jy) Le S |Am. |—] * BA GAL CEMUSWiE CL cele em isl-leleleiel= sloleieiele/=)=\\ele1= mM/rob| yr jv giK M| A |Am. * SOKENEIEOM coodsacoos cocauspodes gbonsdooos 05 Jlosooca oooallooballocesallbausolloacose —j}— 36|Golden Russet of Western N. Y...... “m |r ob y rusiv gi Mi W |...... anal SrilKExouGlerm SwiGEt qsococcosgsd00s000900060 1 r gy jv gikF M| S |Am nS Bel (Enrenanie CCRT) coogsocon0800D00 aoe 1|/rob| yr |} g | M| W |/Am ee 318] Gomer G@iMSH@Mins oo0d0000000 onsosdanonnods 1 |rob; yr |v giF_ M|L AjGer. | — | ** AQ Enea nays) (Gron@l@mis sashonbdoon000G0so00000 m/|rob| gy iv g| F W |Am — * AQIS lEAwONeGl, SiC abass0b0co090001.000000 SY eK I ya ee IL IN NAY [eNotes | Se) ap 42|High Top Sweet, Sweet June ......... s TP ey iv giEF M| S |Am. $3 43) Hubbardston, Hubbardston Nonesuch| 1 |) re} yr jv g|F M| W |Ai. |....}] ** 7, valuable for distant market; worthless for home use. 12, 24 and 36 are often confounded; 36 is the variety most commonly met. 26, handsome, but coarse and of inferior quality in this climate. 39, one of the most valuable autumn varie- ties. q : AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 133 Apples—Continued, DESCRIPTION. VALUE. x xe ¢ = NAMES. : & Sa las ett anil pdlne 2 =| Hw Ooo io) = = = EI =i eS af A =| N S) 6) = D } a O16 Z, Oko toe | oS | an| Oo |wlea 44)Hunt Russett.. ..c.cccesccecccsssccoes m}|robly rus|v gi/F M| W |Am. *e AD EMIT Ute racieicleisiels slate | kleiele/«[elolnlsia{=/=isiola ols mji|rob|] yr |] ¢ |F M|L AjAm * 46\Jewett Red, Jewett?s Fine Red, Nod- IDG Sonagauooo dae op0o0a |HC0dO) SbocouGS m|rob r SY TAs SACO arererell coe 47|Late Strawberry, Autumn Strawberry) m 18 yr iv giF M\L AjAm. }....| * 48} Longfield .......-.-2s2eeeeeeeeeeee .---| M/rob| yr | g |K M/L AjRus. Tralee 49|Magog Red Streak......+.....++--- cJrees[ecee eleeeeee secsleseee lees celensees T Joos 60)/Maiden Blush ......-.scceeccccseee oe TO) | ear: gy | g¢ |K MiE A/Am. }....| * SIM EhainN oooongaoaGeoon jan dnugnos Oboe sos) M/LTObD| yr jv gi M| W /Am. | —]| * EY Yell KON Soencoopogsocénod0D Sagecedodc mjrob/ yr |v gi— M| W /Am * SEIIMIES<1G0) o5o009pDbe0 odBe0OM -poddonacsade mj|rob| rs jv g/F M; A |Am. |...-| f 54|Milden or Milding ............... .--- 1 fl yr jv giEF M|E W/Am. |....| * SSMUAMISTET oe. es. cece ce cine ecenasis sees 1 | ob rs } g¢ |K M/L AjAnm. }...-| * Hoy WIGhoONOXS ShwaAGle Sonecbaao aoooadeonododUinoo0llbooooolladD Or oaad leone aloooeoll mh acda if Ve TMU o5scooggo0 BocoeossoaKdoOndoO0g00 TON KC) | ay No) RS SM SW Arana ere ere ie 58|Munson Sweet, Orange Sweet ....... SNM cL | Sy 9 IVT er AN Arya rere) | 59|/New Brunswick Greening anollaoacdlinaannllbouoas t ac GOINOLGMERIMIS Yi entec ole veer siele orel-le)= efelnloiei To ERT WW) Aone |) ee 61/Oldenburg, Duchess of Oldenburg......| M|}rob) yr | g| M Sp RUSS |) Ae eeae 62|/Peabody Greening ..... ............ S00 loo collsccooe Eoucllocasallaccca|loodocc = 63/Peach (of Montreal).... ...-.-+.+++-- ee | CA yah [iver es] Hy IV SPAS FE. o : G4IPeck Pl€ASAME Seeciewciccs cc ciciecsiecies m iP gy jv giE M| W |Am. * (BI RENWEIDUK(E2on Soa conn soeboDoGddG0oNSsDn000 1 fl TOR || NL WY VAY Nae |) FSI) Se GOPORIGE orocogcudp ac doonooMoeDsonoODeCsED hy OO |, Seay TO uP Wa aN Naa, |] = |] es (G7 PerRECHC lr, GoopospooaooDoDoDDGCDGUROUCOnS UWF coNs) |] Taye) eR |] AN AN ea, “s GEIPATENERe) Sogsacopoeace4 Sbon0 sog0on 800 mj] re | gy] b| F |B AjAm. |}... | * 69) Prolitic Sweeting ......-.........---- sdaoljooced:||os5ca00 podol|onocdllsoocollocadcc T 70|Pumpkin Sweet, Lyman’s Pumpkin Sweet, Pound Sweet.....-+..+.--2+-+0> HW Jpeovoy My ay g |X M/E WjAm. }....| * 71|/Ramsdell Sweet ....------.s2sseeeeee g |K.M/L A}..... oooh “ee 72\Red Astrachan.. 2. .2.-.2c-.s6-0+-> D Bl ee ie ey S F. Ei ee 73|Red Beitigheimer Sullaon=clloosacllaceaac il 74|Red Canada, Old Nonesuch, Richfield Nonesuch, Steele’s Red |Winter......-+- Tea |PseCOlo) |} A7aP |) Joy (LB AV AY WeAsacar, t * 75|Rhode Island Greening............++- l1j}rob}| gy |v giF M) W |Am. | — | ** 76|Ribston, Ribston Pippin......+-...+00- m/] r yr jv giF M| W /Eng xe 77|Roltfe, Macomber ........+.+. seerseee |] tame PI ye te die FEA A A NNT If = SEROMA WE 6 AUG seletalale semester m |} rob) yr} bb) Ee) WAm- |i 100, W albriage psoncdsensgmesoge dassepecac Spe||Saan54] haoase [earelelf stalet=l= esac] usecinc T |eo-- 101 Washington (Strawberry)... sS2ccc0n 1} re | yr |v giF MiE AjAm. |}....) * 102 Wealthy sag n nooo ont oo esa asantoscansaes jmj}rob| £ |v giE M| W |Am. |] = 103 Westfield (Seek-no-further) .. -- | 1] Gre | yr | DIE M) W {Am ee ia 104 Williams (Favorite)...... ...-...-.-- m/]re]gyi | MW | S |Am. eee he 105|Wine, Hay’s Wine, Pennsylvania Red ; MiG@iliecos Goascacce ac otcadao 20500 25600 } 1 r yr jy el M/W jAm- sso TVA AWS) sh6 cconhecosnsesone S5enccece Hb) e ip yr |v gif M) W |Am.: |-..2 = 107|Winthrop Greening ..........-......- I) OD) | Sve | S>|Ke My CAS Ags ieee * | | | 108) MWioliiniver:: boa to sssost sa ett eee = }l}rob| r | g |F M| W {jAm. | t 109} Yellow Bellefleur ....-.---- --........ 1| ob | gy |v g FM W |Am. | —/|** 110) Yellow Transparent.............+...- mjrob| y | 8 |----- ES |Rus. | #* | * | I i \ APPLES—Crabs. | | DESCRIPTION. Westra: = | eee a ‘ | = NAMES. Sates = | 2 r= < KS E és) 2 |8\3) 6 | 2.) aul pier 2 TSE ey | every) ee || 5 B | Z| ale (oSle|s | o | Oo |e) lier lat haa | US Ga Ve n o5555 55650. 35-455 scccsocsscdloshclce ace lesecllesoo) sseece bs-22- Wesencs 5: AWENTSUTID oo: sossecacosescssacosccesocsecs 1 Bore |) ec CUNE RA || Anne ie = 3) lave? IDEs Shcenconsodegoscessasoces24 1 |robly riv gj} FM|L Aj} Am #}.... Zi Ege) aooeecedaas ascoa coooscocodes Tp eriity &)y gd) EM Ws) Ao eee ee 5|Montreal Beauty ..... .......--..<.-.. ljrobjy rj ¢g¢|FM| A AM.) ..5-| = G{RediSiberian:.2.easepcee eee. has m| or |r} og | PM eAc | hae [eel 7|Transcendent.. Pr ob ty or] 7) |e MG PA | eAun:| Sai ay Wein \WAveligcoansacopdeds Gooccenoacosesclosas|iesocac Racal esi mecoad rcraad bAboee| noc- * 9} Yellow Siberian m is | y | g{/FM] A eee * ABBREVIATIONS—Size,—l, large; AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, BLACKBERRIES. m, medium; s, small. Form,—ob c¢, oblong conic; rc, roundish conical or oval; ob ov, oblong oval. Color,—b, black. Quality, —g, good; v g, very good; b, best. Use,— F M, family and market; M, market. Season,—M, medium; E, early; L, late. Origin,—Am, American; F, foreign. DESCRIPTION. VALUE. ra = € aS a ee qlelz eg) Se eal © 2 AS |e o g GP | ee) iss 2 Sl S eS | ei 2 5 Zin || come at 7, a Ws) |e Ss n Sy | PA |) te IANS MVllsdanoea abccqsbbn HonGoDSdadco6 sein |le ses selacies looasllanscos|ioconacllosso0c * 1) Fk 2)Ancient Briton... 1 jobov; bi|v gj} FM| M |} Am.|. t 3\|Early Harvest ................ m/} ov} b/j] g|FM/V EE} Am. — ADIGE S465 SoodooooosoosduE 1 jobov] b}| g/FM| M | Am. t Sy UCHRDMY ooocsodandocopdooGDudo0GuLdS LS GiC Reb ie ao i PHAN IG| IVENS | Aaa. — 6|Lawton, New Rochelle...............6. il ov b | g M L | Am —_— 7|Minnewaski........... seleseceacic secicie ONE De Se) et M | Am t ie} fSHaNVGIGTE co50 oSnqegcocodbsN0[s BodagodbeS TON Vagony | oye fi) ANNIE lp 1B) |) ANiea|| ae |) “a3 OiStOme) (LALA Y)) |< iele ce civisin/civisivie) a1e\0)*1s s/o 101 We Ol We ey fF i) Be esos Am. if 10|\Vaylor, Taylor's Prolific ..........---- W lloacone bi g|FM)...... Am. t 11|Tree, Child’s Ever-bearing Tree....... scodloosecdlloocallonodlaccdodiocenuallosocoalte — TRA MVE MCC oocogcobosneDe Goboodeuood m |obov vs\ FM; M | Am — 13|Wilson (Early)... 1 joboyv vg| M EH |} Am. * PUN VaI Soya Di ebANOTRS: Googcooconaucoendd“npad 1 joboyv| b jv g] M HB | Am.}....) DEWBERRIES. ABBREVIATIONS.—Same as for blackberries. DESCRIPTION. lvanon. 3S : 2 S : ¢ : 2 NEMS: cite les Om} ee ea | a g CW as Ane Wits Pee Zz Boe | es) eS 5 S| © WS | 2 a Fa We || Z aie |o|e| pb | a | o |4 B TU WCET coos ooba0aosecRonn Breyetoterererateretatets) 1 jobov| b iv gj} FM]| VE| Am.....| f 2\Windom .........- pRvOTSBOOS ncaconnceddlloaonllnooad sllsooulloona|laccocal|dooonelloc sooo 4 t ive Oe 136 MAINE STATE COLLEGE CHERRIES. ABBREVIATIONS.—Size,—l, large; m, medium; s, small. Form,—ob h, obtuse heart shape; r ob h, roundish obtuse heart shape; rh, roundish heart shape; r, roundish or round. Color,—lr, lively bright red; d r, dark red, almost black; am, amber mottled with red; yr, yellow ground, shaded and marbled with red. Use,—F, family, for dessert: F M, family or market; K M, cooking or market; M, market. Season,—E, early; M, medium; L, late. Origin,—F, foreign; Am,American. DESCRIPTION. ‘Vacur. | 5 NAMES. 2) en Al s| £ /2] 3 /2/ 8 1214 =) N i) S D B ©) Z @p| Ft iis| Oia, || coal ales | ZB | HEARTS AND BIGARREAUS. | | ees 1 Bigarreau, Gragion, Yellow Spanish...-.-- 1} obh }yr/FM)|M)| F - t VANE Vvelte [EKA imoGace eoocddgodoIabooDesoeeoTe 1{/ rh j/drjFM]| M TW lost * 3)/Black Tartariam 2.2.00. ccecsecees wevecee= 1 rh jdrEM}M) F - * 4\Coe’s Transparent ..........-- eee eeeeeee Oy ae lam SR Mie | Ata sere S 5|Downer’s Late.... .....-..--- Shacinsaeeuee j sro] © Sac iia 4) Sy 5] IVER | on Alana eee * 6|Early Purple, Harly Purple Guigne......- m rh |drj/FM|E5E Re * TUBICOM ee io) eat ae ws ERs a ts -{ 1] rh |yti/FM] red ee * S|Governor WOOd . ....-.-..eeeee ween eeeeee 1 rh |yryjEM]|M] Am}. * SlIMAFOON ATM sondconscossnacoasbeb ooesoo GonodS 1 |robh/yr|FM|M| F }.. * 10} WindSoOr ......-2-2-000 1 eee sees ee ee eee cece 1 rh |dr; M Am |-..-) f. DUKES AND MORELLOS. | } 4 NIGER ncoooano0e DosednS adadoscasgenaceogase m r am| F | M |e * 12| HarhyeRichmonde sli csecemenceceocee s Yr ae CIE yoy) TY lion * 13} HOYtENSE ....- eee eee eee eee e ee eee eee eee eee 1 1 Wr ee hse ii THAN DRE IDGREo565 coos abpancoboacaccoccaenoes Wj) ohopiey |) Glow) CME) IE eagoce : * THANE Oros) POW bo Sooo andooHe casgosconscobGedce 1 r dadr/ KM; L (Here * 16|Magnifique............... 1 TJ UTR UCT By} 1B ono! | S 17|May Duke.........-...... 1 |robh|dr; KM | E IB joa ce 18; Montmoreney, Large. 1 | 7 dr| KM} M a ee i, 19 Montmorency, OTVGingiresesecs cece sees Sod5 Scar aod lodoulenooss coool lscuccdiacs t 20} Morello, English Morello, ee Morello..| 1 rh |/;/drj KM! L Yee ‘| * ) AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 137 CURRANTS. ABBREVIATIONS.—Size,—l, large; m, medium; s, small. /orm,—with reference to form of bunch,—], long; v 1, very long; s, short; m,inedium. Color,—r, red; b black; w, white. Quality,—a, acid; ma, moderately acid; v a, very acid. Use,— K M, kitchen and market; F M, family and market; M, market. Season,—K, early; M, medium; L, late. Origin,—Am, American; F, foreign. DESCRIPTION. VALUE. iS NAMES. ‘ s 2 a E d ie & g oi] Senne 3 D Sy Wwe | Se! 3 S/S) 6 |e e e BOMIOR IT Ney Zz nm | S) Soin op) © Z mM VW] Black Naples .......seee- 20 seeeeeeee off, Ul ft os b |ma|/ KM; M F all! 71 KO)1\:) by eps Don bS DOD OU DUROUDOOOpOOoododoG aes r jva| M M Fr a ce 3) Fay, May’s Prolific. ......esseececeerees 1 1 oak) EME ME) GAs eee IDR, IAPS IPMOUNTC scoonocoodpocesaoobobE 1 1 b Ima|/KM; M MW Noeaall) 5|Moore Ruby .--.-- tees eseceesscilscises ns Mi ||..../.-..-- sinaljocood 5| ooanalicoonor aoa! {i 6|Prince Albert. . .....-.-.-.-. sopo0005 1 ] r |jma| M IG, Fr ES TAN REG! DwKCl ercob cagocpboubabodcageonEgao m | m r |jma| EFM] # F ae {fo Re 8|Versaillaise, La Ver S(ULULGUS Coeteleleiotetetelaie 1}| s ip a M We yl * 9] Victoria, Raby Castle. ponadodoagnogds™ ol) Tk ally) ae a/EM!/ L IM lidecall &F 10| White Grape coGncdansocoAOoOH snadeaced m/l} w |jmaj EM) £ EF BSS II) Soi GOOSEBERRIES. ABBREVIATIONS.—Size,—l, large; m, medium; s, small. Form,—r, round; o, oval; r 0, roundish oval. Color,—r, reddish when fully ripe: g, greenish yellow when fully ripe. Qwality,—g, good; v g, very good; b, best. Use,—K, kitchen; M, mar- ket. Season,—H, early; M, medium; M L, medium-late. Origin,—Am, American; F, foreign. DESCRIPTION. VALUE. x eS a S NAMES. . ees a S : : 3 Sh lb Beh eabiee da ql aeutliere col es inte z Si sg S © a | =} ad =| lo) [o} 5 n o H io) CS a a Wie) er >) n Oo |4|mn TH Do wine eae eeeererers Sdopoc Soooan0 ¢ 2]}Houghton#..........- siejele eleieiealele/elele(e\sle,a)« Sillaxclbay nay sg4anannsoncoconne oaagoognobONC Smith, Smith’s Improved ...... Ri xavatetoreie Whitesmith ........... SacigocoooDOO AUS 138 MAINE STATE COLLEGE GRAPES. ABBREVIATIONS.—Size,—with reference to the berry,—l, large; m1, medium; s, small. #orm,—with reference to bunch and berry,—s r, short bunch, round berry; lr, large and round; mr 0, medium bunch, roundish-oval berry; m r, medium bunch, round berry. Color,—b, black, or nearly so when fully ripe; r, reddish, or coppery-brownish red; g, greenish-white or yellowish. Quality,—g, good; v g; very good; b, best. Use,—T, table; M, market; W, wine. Season,—E, early; M, medium; L, late. Origin,—the species to which each variety belongs; Lab, Vitis Labrusca; st, estivals; Rip, Riparia; Vulp, Vulpina. Aun X after one of the species denotes a cross with a variety of some other species. Hyb, hybrid between a foreign variety and one of the native species. DESCRIPTION. VALUE. a T a) G s NAMES. F - |S 8 ft ee e OT By Sey oe Beh wel. |, Bones 5 N °° = | = i ei ° Z Ble lole@] Bp le | 6 1% | a 1j\Agawam, Rogers’ No. 15.........--- I |) Sse Op ae eee | M | Hyb}. * 2| Brighton i r |drivg Wy Hyb}. t BCouveciesl = snasoocaasagcac0 GanaconGd. 1 WSR i 1D eee Lab |. % 4) Delaware 6 bones 60 a5 ‘o000|| HS) lp SRP TPO EME VA ME ol] 2 2X Io * ANDIBAING, coo baocoonon ss 0oNOOsGeOuGOCNCDD m/}sro|}r i|yvgs| TM Lab |. — 6|Green Mountain ...................- m8 5|>a0000 a00|Soodllosgosaccllanooadllbgconsllnas t 7{|Hartford, Hartford Prolific... ...... 1 |jmro| b]|g M E | Lab}. “5 BIN@MM Accasa aos05ces0000055 S0d90c0000 mjmro|r |b ij2@MW! LF | Lab). — OIMiooOLe?S Harly.. .a..cccccs coccescces 1 r Jo) ep) ABE |) ye 1B) 9) Weis) ek TOSSA so0osbo000000 6 soodeanesoo- be 1 r vie |) Se AWE NIL) (EEO) IIc if 11|Salem, Rogers’ No. 52...-.++.0-000 WN see fh ef ee ak M |Hyb|. * IWANW AGE, LROGGAP Dob 225 qoodusoog - ool! il} Wap] Noy jive fey) AR Lae M | Hyb}. aa TEINAVOIGIGIN coogdo oop onononADGoONSDORCDONC il r oO. | Ea aw ie 1B) | ILENE) Ne ooal| & TUN yOu? oooa5co5 65050 s6590KG0R8500 oa50|| spooa connllocon|lasasnods|losoacg|lacandsllave= t QUINCES. ABBREVIATIONS.—Size,—l, large; m, medium; s, small; v, very. form, —e, oblate; ob, obtuse: p, pyriform; r, roundish. Color,—g, greenish; y, yellowish. Quality,—h, half tender; t, tender. Use,—K, kitchen; M, market. Season,—B,. early; L, late. Origin,n—Am, American; F, foreign. DESCRIPTION. 4 VALUE. 4 5 Co) iz q A 2 NAMES. F | males é g ig : Sai hele |e & zZ, a) e E EP te Sales B WUNIEIGIKEHO Soccnds00o noDdBS dbos0 con soonleocolloccosclleaea coor|losioe aoclloaogad t QDIANGELS. ..cecrere b pboco0dosadne: goo vVilrobp|] y |} t |MK/EL % 3}Apple or Orange..... dodo | oouen0d0 1 ip y jht); MK | EL "s les AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 139 PEARS. * ABBREVIATIONS.—Size,—s, small; 1, large; m, medium. Jorm,—p, pyriform;: ro p, roundish obtuse pyriform: rap, roundish acute pyriform; ob p, obtuse pyri- form; ob op, oblong obtuse pyriform; r, roundish; rob, roundish obtuse. Color, —y g, yellow or yellowish green with a red or russet red cheek; y r, yellow and russet; y, when mostly yellow or yellowish. Quality,—g, good; v g, very good; b, best. Use,—F, valuable family dessert: K M, kitchen and market; F M, family and market. Season,—S, summer; L S, late summer; A, autumn; E A, early autumn; W, winter. Origin,—Eng, English; Am, American; F, Flemish; B, Bel- gium; H, Holland. DESCRIPTIO N. VALUE. : | | g NAMES. a 2 g 4 vs 2 8 Siu aie iIS ew era ei ket ll need? = 2 S) S || 2 D Sle S I Z A | SAS a esi eiralics «2a hs il Avchoaibiall Bina oGoasoboodducddaancc ] rap ly g!| g¢| KM; A} Am t 2)Angouléme, Duchesse d’ Angouleme ..| 1 | ob op| y|}vg| F M|-A F *e 3)/Anjou. Beurre @ Anjo... . .--.-..06. 1 obp ly gi/vg| F M|LA| F Ree AN Revealed SocaonodopaeG: Guocoaoddd abecGor 1 | obop!] y | vg} F M\L S| Eng ** DUBOSC, LAAVIHD JNO ooacan 6 doocsodunoce ] p weeaelh Jove) dk NEB se | 183 re 6| Boussock, Doyenne Boussock.......... ] roply rijvg| F MIJEA| B * {Sou sossesosoosdeosoondaKe ceponuces m| roply g| ¢| M |EA} Am * 8|Clairgeau, Beurre Clairgeau .......... 1 [Op Vets fp ip oe ES bye * 9 Clan eH Avy OVE sere wlevelelaictstesefolarelsfelalelereler -| 1 | oboply givg| EF M!| S | Am ad |W IeI Lera Ae IDVAL ae Goonoocepoecranodcdr 1 | robply rj/vg| F M|ILA| B ee IAS ASDA connen Coasbadoononuasa | Te OV, Te \y ey LO AW || IB ii 12|Eastern Belle . .......... igeabcoasboos mj] obp ly rj vg E A| Am “3 IB Migwemisia IXeeibivocgoocodeonooEsedonsaas 1 |robply givs| F MJEA| B — TENDON oooscponcnoandogogeeodoooCoooNOD s rob |y rjvg A | Am * 1G) CitNEl coon nosouodonocHondannabeccse ac m p ly givel F M| S F * UGK EOOWIEM es oo cobcnenondnenadoasoacence 66d ] obp ly givg| F M| A | Am Tt Wi | andy Beurre LORY). .caciias ce cles 4 : = ge le | | 6 hee eas E oi estes uci emi eo. = 5 SI S o| 5s ie ® Bi S 5 z n oy Sy SAE tS ea Sy |) es V/A EIAGANOS sooocccca6accosoccscoancaDce m}| ro p!| ¢|/FM/]M|] Jap t 2) Bavay, Bavay’s Green Gage.....++-++- i | Sahyile F L F * 3) Bleeker Gage... \.-.00.-cc-.-cecceseces m ro yiv gj/FM!/]M]/ Am x AN BINHORROUK coacnoodd05 coDoUDOGoDOCOaDORDO m r p| g|FM]M| Jap Tt FESTA Sl ahwvae per teesrscteiersiereristeleteleretekevetel-teteretols 1 oobirp!| g| M |M/| Am * 6|Coe Golden Drop ..............-...0-- 1 fe) yriv gjEFM/] L 1h io * TK CoilwoTTN NE) scoocodonaco cospaocooneAI0se 1 r DP) | 28) Ve | MG Ana * SID eTNSOM coococwos Sgoonbd edsocpo0oseNS s fo) 1D PS a L | Am eal eES QHDE SOHO -csc0ccsco scacuanbdads Jugoo0cdS m ro |yrivg\/ EM] Mj} Am THe cat 10) Duane Purples. oc)... ccc. cmcsiee) «ine 1 fo) be ©) Varo a) Ol te) =o 0 Pe * 11\)Forest Garden . ..........-----+-+-+- m rT: rjv gj/FM| EE} Am A Tf 12/(Green Gage... ......cscccecernee wens ee s i ee Nil 1) i ee VE |) ei 8S 13|Huling, Huling Superb........++++ sooca!| I ro jg yj g|/FM;M| Am * SUN Grioys bel GENES Geoog Goosdo5c5000e5KG00 1 o lg yi b|FM)| M| Am ** 15|Italian Prune, Fellemburg ...++.+-++++ m to) yO ey a) FE * WA VSMEMEOM cass asaccso Hosossondgaq00000 1 fo) yr} b| EFM] M| Am * 17|Lombard ....... son ddaneoG0A cooUeDaKOS TQ ||P BOC) Wsejoy feet MVE WANE Nie} lee 18) McLaughlin ..........-26.-- eee eens 1 r yr) b|FM/ M/} Am +k 19) Moore Al:ctiC. << js ..< ese cc cece ccnerm== m ro JOve| es POT OE urea |) 4 es PIN TEEN O)ISIOCN coaadondos0un 6 oa5d0960c shzdlloooa|loscucccs sodalocacllas cao coool) Bim esosl| ° 21|Pond, Fonthill 1 ra) wae ee it) NYE ||) 19 * 22)Purple Gage.............. m r P |v g| EM] M|..... * 23/Quackenboss 1 r p| ¢g M MiG Ara eres * 24|Rollingstone ...----.-see eee eee e rece ees So0dljaqo0o0c8 Bddolioooclloas olloooc|) Aban Wt 25|Shropshire Damson ...... sdo80g000 OM 3 Ca) DS) |) EM) ines | eee * 26|Smith Orleans........2- sscsssececeees 1 co) rpijv gj} EF M/| M} Am Gale Es 27) Washington .....-.00- sees eae eeee scoca|| Ls ro |gyijv si EM| M Am 2 SRINVOIE soaosco o005 sons 64 SO copgoens6o00 m oO yr) g/FM|M/ Am fle ah 29| Yellow Egg, White Magnum Bonum..| 1 co) y| ¢} EM) M)...... °S land 4 Japanese yarieties which can succeed only in the southern parts of the State. 9, 11, 24 and 28, improved varieties of Prunus Americana, the native “horse plum” or “pomegranate.” 19, the most popular variety for Aroostook county. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 141 RASPBERRIES. ABBREVIATIONS.—Size,—l, large; m, medium; s, small; v, very. Worm,—e, coni- wal; 0, obtuse; r, roundish. Color,—b, black; p, purplish; r, reddish; y, yellow. Quality,—b, best; g, good; v, very. Use,—M, market; F,family. Season,—h, early ; L, late: M, medium. Origin,—Am, American; F, foreign. DESCRIPTION. VALUE. H ec : 2 NAMES. = hee d z - : 2 aa S) 2 |) 2 | SB VS Say 2 & |e! 2 3 SS Sy ee es a fey iigien | = % is SO eh fs) N Oo |4| wn | | SUB-SECTION I.—RUBUS IDHUS. | NM @larizeteec eta cictes sha we aaltoea wh acne m| r r|e¢/lFM!] E | Am| Pe DI FLerstine .-..c sees cececeecees © seeeeees l jobe|rjvg/FM| M | Am t BI Kmevett 2... ccecceece rece ceeec eee evene Lea OL TCH esr | yy eee M |. ¥F — AOrange, Brinchle’s...ssseveceeeeeeeees 4 Jl c ye | Dee M | Am = SUB-SECTION II.—R. NEGLECTUS. | | 1/Philadelphia..... eMsteleoiarsiela\eistorsveleisfeyaye NOG | es p|¢}|_M Me Aro soe ONS nerfhersee iets leletetelatateleletelofelietat-i-l= noeodedox vil} xr p| ¢/FM| M | Am|)....| * i} SUB-SECTION III.—R. OCCIDENTALIS. 1jGregg erelevelinilelelsiiieleistsisjaieyeye velaieletelatsiaisteretelafe!l Vail ie b ey FM M Am oe) FF Di AUPOLN «2.2 e eee eves somes BOSCO ood acne scccnn sonnllcouollacsodc ts) is) wala vic eee . ii '3|MacCormick, Mammoth Cluster . eens -+|}m/}obe}]b |jvg/FM| L AM sce.) * 4|Nemeha ...... pao. pocScooS eee se eecieisliew velies cisisis|inievcileeeeliecieisis o|: veswelecvces . t 5|/Souhegan .. ...sseeseee poooac0a teense Al) aati fae be og) ae E FACT fais * G|Tyler....seseseceere sence ceeeeees e.seee] mM] LT b |jvg|EM| E Atrmilineee|in SUB-SECTION IV.—R. STRIGOSUS. 1)\Cuthbert, Queen of the nea a soe oes) L ro|rj]|eg¢/EM| M | Am)....| ** 2)/Golden Queen b50500 e dcee seccercveces, 1 | re} y |jvg|/ EM) M } Am)....| ** 3)Hansell..... sovosodeodcon sees cose.coee] M/] TO} r jvg|/FM|VE; Am -| tT 4|Marlboro...........+ cdacoscdcopocecesad} 1h I) ie @ |) me | ee ye ie aie Atoeit Hoe 12 Hy AN CRIT Tye etalelale)eletalelelal= sis(aleisfeleleisisiaYelstefeve(afete\s|| TaN! Manz” r|g;\;FM| E Am a ars 142 MAINE STATE COLLEGE STRAWBERRIES. ABBREVIATIONS.—Size, 1, large: s, small; m, medium. Ser,—B, bisexual; P, pistillate; P B, nearly pistillate. Color,—d c, deep crimson; ds,deep scarlet: bs, bright scarlet; wt, whitish tinted with red; 1c, light crimson. Form,—r c,round- ish conical; 0 c, obtuse conical or coxcomb form; ¢, conical; r, ronndish; r oe, roundish obtuse conical. flesh,—s, soft; f, firm; m, medium. Season,—E, early; M, medium; L, late; EL, early to late. Origin,—Am, American; F, foreign. } | F DESCRIPTION. | VALUE. t } 3| NAMES. oe | ae 5 ae ine 2 = ME ine REN |) er | 5 S a a a (5) Atri b MKS Lae p fs) A =| esi (Ape Merch Mane bem el ae ee oie) 2 Zz Fea leny cm aceslei termes) 2 | I | | ; PIBEEACIIWOOG wens socom cei sin's aie aicisicclle wor 1, neal Birsiners Weisterve | re 3:5 ae | accra VA Ti AANaen eid Wrosdereneag HoEooSssUooEco saan] Ss leope Joossioacoscdicsese alogcocciloosscs ie nF BBO MLO Riscten see Scctine spe! a due basmnlecee Veenuileee se ame | Pres ce ee ee ascot aah AUB UDAGCH NO: Dicccce ecicsincieice isis cisinss eelaecre lke Powjerstare | ere seeeleeeees Am al) 2 GATE esas | ont ccacmoeO.cEeeroernosncoos |sooe Jocee|cienns \enoss . | seeccelsccees jee] fi GiCharlesiDOwMINS ~ 2 tee ce dees tee eee 1 Be ieais c f M |Am| #| * WCOlICheney,-cat se teone eae s tees sect eel | Pp.) |e ie Wy Mo Ags * elera tora Hock 6 BpOnpnsoa Sa aeaeaorcleges aur E Die: | oier jm" || a Ohio ecles HESIEEMicaseacs sotooseqoccecc sé se5 Bee melien! DiS Wleeic jammy Alm) FF Fe 10 Cumberland, Cumberland Triumph. . | vy1i Bibs |re s | M | Am Aes | ; } li|Gandy ....... EEN eee en eee eee Oe Metis pr Cee tke Pease Am |.. T te pete eiptens plete eee siaieia tetas tee eae | 1 x rse¢}] oe (ml a rea 5 ESSIG paneer sey Merepe hecaen sree rene vil} bist ee Filemas Am |... 14|Manchester ..-..---.:----.....2-----<- 1 RP s.,|o.c, | £ |.) M || oAan 5] Miaiya Wein 2). Nec Be Mtoe ne cate Be ee bee yaa tae = Shee | EA Ss ie} % 16|Michel’s Barly ...-.0:.2..00.-caes-00es a fe eer | tere cc oe [alah [Lae 7 17|Miner, Winer’s Great Prolific ._ 5555565 ivl| B Ce iteOo iui) tit egies) x2 1siMonmonth (ose 84 ews cocae hoes FS aes ea Sees Henn Memsad naerne Celina 19|Mrs. Cleveland...-..0¢. <2 2.-<0-+ oh pS Bs es pe leee ese |peoclechee ol peoees eee t PON ParkeriHarle se. caress cles cles ts siecle piel | ue 1 Mifeme el beth hse 4 Opal pl Wee-c |B he | ail A Pear lio. teectecle asics SME cose ceedealesalars Buyer, olen se | iM) |FAm oles Baer niece OREO no cetesnnies Seer eeie ly, WB bx Pore Ws MiG PACs Pes * 23/Triomphe deiGand-<2s.c.c7er sees npeleBS eile trace f | M | Erbe ‘ 24|Warfield ..... Sotocecodssco Socedscosse¢ rea ii Leey| | lire c M | -- 25 Wilson, Wilson's Albany .-.--+.---+--- iL |) BE |) Glos || ee ies) 11h, | Am j.- i i] ' AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 143 SELECT VARIETIES. 1. For the Northern Counties. Aprtes—Summer and Aulumn. Yellow Transparent, Olden- burg, Alexander, Lady Elgin crab. Winter. Dudley’s Winter (North Star,) Fameuse, Hayford Sweet, Wealthy. Pears —Fulton, Eastern Belle, Nickerson, Tyson, Vermont Beauty. Prums—Moore Arctic, Green Gage, Smith's Orleans, and possi- bly De Soto. Forest Garden and Wolf. SMALL Fruits—Agawam blackberry; Cuthbert, Turner and Tyler raspberries; Fay and White Grape currants; Downing and Houghton govseberries. 2. For the Southern Counties. AppLes—Summer and Autumn. Yellow Transparent, Olden- burg, William’s Favorite, Dyer (Pomme Royal,) Gravenstein, Fall Harvey, High Top Sweet, Munson Sweet, Ramsdell Sweet. Winter — Baldwin, Fameuse, Granite Beauty, Hubbardston, Jewett Red (Nodhead), Milding, Mother, Northern Spy, Rhode Island Greening, Rolfe, Roxbury Russet, Talman Sweet, Wealthy, Yellow Bellflower. Pears—Clapp Favorite, Bartlett, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Shel- don, Augouleme, Anjou, Lawrence. Prums—Bavay, Imperial Gage, Lombard, McLaughlin. CueErries—Black Heart, Downer’s Late, Governor Wood, Early Richmond, English Morello. Raspperries—Cuthbert, Golden Queen, Shafter, Gregg. BLACKBERRIES— Agawam, Sryder. Currants—Fay, Prince Albert, Versaillaise, Victoria, White Grape. GoosEBERRIES— Downing, Smith, Whitesmith. Grapes—Green Mountain, Hartford, Moore’s Early, Worden. STRAWBERRIES—Bubach No. 5, Crescent, Haverland, Sharpless, Wilson. * 3. Select Apples for Home Use. Summer and Autumn: Yellow Transparent, Oldenburg, Dyer, Gravenstein, High Top Sweet, Munson Sweet. *The varieties here suggested are known by the writer to be of value for the purposes named in certain parts of the State. There may be some sections where local conditions would render other sorts more valuable. 1H MAINE STATE COLLEGE Winter—Fameuse, Hubbardston, Mother, Northern Spy, Rhode Island Greening, Rolfe, Roxbury Russet, Winter Sweet Paradise, Talman Sweet. *4. Select Apples for Market. Summer and Autumn: Oldenburg, Gravenstein, High Top Sweet. Winter—Baldwin, Ben Davis, Hubbardston, Rhode Island Green- ing, Roxbury Russet, Talman Sweet. Yellow Bellflower. 5. Apples Tried and Found Wanting in the Northern Counties. Baldwin, Ben Davis, Black Oxford, Blue Pearmain, Fall Queen, (Haas), Gravenstein, Grimes Golden, High Top Sweet, Manu, Northern Spy, Peabody Greening. Porter, Rhode Island Greening, Rolie, Sops-of-Wine, TaJman Sweet, Tompkins King, Williams (Favorite), Yellow Bellflower. *See note on page 143. - =: a> inde’? Be Foe AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 145 Report of Botanist and Entomologist. Prof. F. L. Harvey. Professor W. H. Jordan: Dear S1r—I have the honor to submit herewith my sixth annual report as Botanist and Entomologist for the Experiment Station. The demand for information about injurious fungi, weeds, forage plants and injurious insects is increasing. More letters of inquiry were received the past season than ever before. Many of these letters were about insects and fungi already considered and figured in pre-- vious reports and from parties who must have had access to the Station Reports. It is apparently less trouble to send specimens to the Station for examination and positive determination than to look them up in the reports. Extensive and carefully detailed corre- spondence must form an important feature of Station work. Such letters are usually answered by referring to the published accounts in the Station Reports. Specimens when new to the State are reported upon in detail, and if of sufficient interest are considered and figured in the annual report. Below will be found tabulated and considered the most important plants and insects that have been studied the past season. ‘The season has not been marked by the ex reme ravages of any insect, or the widespread prevalence of any species of fungus, though some of those that gave trouble last season have increased and a few have been added to the list of our State pests. Prear-Lear Brieut seems to be spreading in the western part of the State in the vicinity of Portland. Any whose pears crack open in ripening will do well to read the article on this disease in Experi- ment Station Report, 1892, page 109. The BeAN ANTHRACNOSE, a disease that causes brownish spots upon snap beans, (especially the white-podded varieties) ,was quite prevalent the past season. Tumarto ANTHRACNOSE, a fungus attacking 1ipeniog and ripe tomatoes was abundant in the Station garden and elsewhere in the State. The Breer Scas, a disease causing warty excrescences upon beet roots, and said to be produced by the same fungus as Poraro ScaB was abundant in the Station garden and other places in the State. The CLover Rust was unusually bad (especially on second-growth clover, ) about Orono. A new temato disease causing depressed dark 146 MAINE STATE COLLEGE patches upon ripened tomatoes did considerable damage to the Station tomato crop. The Strawserry SepToria was very abundant upon Station strawberries. Toe Orance Hawk- Weep still spreads. As it seeds before harvest, spreads by runners at the roots and is perennial it will yield to nothing but the spade and hoe, and the earlier sttended to the less trouble. The AristaTe PLanTaIN, a near relative of the EneiisH Piantarn has made its appearance in the State. In response to an enquiry regarding wild rice we have learned that itis plentiful in the State. Taz Fatt Canker Worm is gradually spreading. Besides apparently holding its own in known localities several new localities have been reported the past season. This species is sometimes accompanied by the Lite-rREE WINTER-MOTH an insect similar in its habits but checked by spraying like the CanKeR-worm. Tue Ancoumots Grain Mors was found in great numbers in boxes of Shaker Pop Corn offered for sale in Orono. This is one of the worst grain insects. The grain exhibits at the World’s Fair were badly infested with it. It is capable of doing much damage to stored grain and its spread in the State would be a misfortune. Tue Sta_k Borer, (Gortyna nitela, Guer,) and THe Brack Can- THARIs, (Cantharis atrata,) were both reported as doing damage to potatoes ; the former boring into the stalks, the latter in great num~ bers feeding upon the foliage. Tue RED-HUMPED APPLE TREE CATERPILLAR seems to be increas- ing inthe State. It was reported from a new locality this season and we found it also in the Station orchard, probably introdaced on nursery stock. Tue AppLE-LEAF Bucucatrix,(B. pomifoliella, Clemens.) A small moth, the larva of which skeletonizes the leaves of apple trees was reported as doing considerable damage. This insect has not been noticed before. Specimens of pears received from F. Frank Jones, Portland, bore the characteristic cuts of the Ptum Curcuitio. Some of the fruits had five incisions and were hadly dwarfed and distorted. Tue STRIPED SquasH BEETLE, a very common garden pest seems to have been unusually abundant the past season. Thick planting and then thinning, as the plants get older; protecting the seedlings by boxes or half hoops and netting, or even hand picking the beetles will usually insure a good stand of cucurbitaceous plants. eae AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 147 Mr. C. A. Wood of Searsport sent us a species of Rove Bretie, Ancyrophorus planus, and Tue Four-srottEp Pirnyopuacus, P. 4- guttatus. Both were accused of destroying the kernels of sweet corn at the top of the ear. Ears of damaged corn accompanied the accused. We were able to acquit the above beetles as the corn showed the unmistakable work of the Corn Worm which was con- sidered in our Jast reporton P. 119. The true culprits, full fed, had probably crawled away to transform. (‘The above insects were in the corn to feed upon the sugary and starchy matter that flowed from the broken kernels. Tue Waite Gros o1 larva of the May Beetie, Lachnosterna fusca, has been doing much damage to grass lands in the vicinity of Bridg- ton. As there is no cettain remedy known for this insect it would be advisable to do some field work upon it and try the most hopeful remedies suggested by entomologists and prove their value or worth- lessness. | Tue Pear Biicut BEETLE working in the limbs of apple trees and boring the wood full of small channels is a new injurious insect to the State. We reeceivd specimens from two widely separated localities so it must be widespread. Its presence can be detected by smal] shot- like holes in the bark. It attacks healthy trees and there is no remedy but to cut the branches infested and burn them. The Bean Weevi. spoken of in our last report is considered and illustrated in this. The Horn FLy was quite abundant in some localities. It is migrating eastwacd and was; quite abundant at Hudson and other localities in the Penobscot valley this season. The Carrot Fy, Psila rose, was received from Mr. C. H. Morrell, Pittsfield. It was found infesting stored carrots. This is a Euro- pean insect never before detected in the United States. The carrots were literally alive with maggots. Beets in this region were badly infested by a species of Antho- myia or Bret FLy, the larve of which eat the pulp from the leaves, leaving the epidermis. The eaten spots are clear whitish and in them the maggots can often be seen between the epidermi. Tue Currant Piant Louse, Aphis ribes, L. has been doing dam- age to gooseberries in Aroostook and Piscataquis counties the past season, destroying the foliage and causing a second growth of small leaves. 10 | q | | 148 MAINE STATE COLLEGE Tue AppLe Maceot, Trypeta Pomonella, Walsh, still is doing much damage in Maine as well as in adjoining states, if we can judge from the demand for our article on this insect, published in the Station Report for 1889. We received a long newspaper article from a New Hampshire correspondent, which he had written to give the fruit growers of his state the life history of this pest. The article was accompanied by specimens in the ‘‘long-winged” stage of their development, graphically described by the writer. The specimens were a species of IcaNeEUMON which does not even belong to the same order as Trypeta, which is a two winged tly. The article was full of other errors. We notice this merely to warn farmers and fruit growers against articles upon technical subjects by non- professionals. To trace the life history of an insect requires great care, and a knowledge of insect forms that can not possibly be obtained except by long experience. In the above mentioned article at least three insects belonging to different orders were regarded as stages in the life history of Trypeta and none of them pertained to that insect. The best way is to send injurious insects to the professional entomologist. Absolute identi- fication of a p st is the first thing necessary in coping with it. Tue Curxcu Bete still continues to do damage to meadow lands in the vicinity of Fryeburg. It will be well to do some field work in that region another season to learn the extent of the infested district and gain any information that will enable us to suggest remedial measures. Tetranychus 2-maculatus, Harvey, was reported from Piscataquis county the past season. While we were in Chicago, during July, specimens of this mite were submitted to us for examination. They came from a greenhouse near Chicago, showing this pest is widely distributed. DIRECTIONS FOR SENDING SPECIMENS. Regardless of the careful directions given in previous reports for sending insects, several specimens were received the past season, in envelopes or fragile paper boxes and when they arrived were crushed almost beyond recognition. Other packages came without the name and address of the sender upon them. Insects should always be sent in wooden or tin boxes and some of the food plant or injured material enclosed. Notes upon the habits of the insect ae AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 149 should accompany the specimens, and the sender’s name and address should be upon the package even if a separate letter is written. We sometimes receive several packages the same day and if not plainly marked we are unable to tell from whom they come. Directions for sending specimens will be found in the Annual Report of the Experiment Station, 1888, p 194, or in Maine Agricultural Report, 1888, p. 158. Correspondence regarding injurious insects and fungi is invited. Insects and plants will be mamed, and when injurious, remedies suggested. It is to the interest of farmers to detect injurious insects and fungi before they become established, so that remedial measures can be adopted before the pests are beyond control. As the Entomologist’s duties prevent him from going much about the State, it is largely through correspondence that the Station learns of insects doing injury in the State. REMARKS. The cuts and plates to illustrate this Report were obtained from the following sources: From the Department of Agriculture, Wash- ington, D. C.; the plate of Plantago Patigonica, cuts of the Angoumois Grain Moth, and cuts of the May Beetle; from J. B. Lippincott & Co. ; cuts of the Lime-tree Winter-moth, the Apple- leaf Bucculatrix, the Disippus Butterfly and the Pear-blight Beetle ; from Prof. A. E. Popenoe, cuts of the Bean and Pea Weevils; cuts of the bean Anthracnose and Carrot Fly are from original drawings made by the writer. TATE COLLEGE $ MAINE 150 ‘ceT oSud ‘ger ‘Q1odeyy uoTyVys 90g ‘s9013 O[ddB JO ASVI[OJ UO suUIpPeagq ( De ee wer bese sesees QuOUlOd eruuetsl@) ‘Mode MOTINGL AVP SSsiTl | Caqy pur “wig) es" VVITdHALVO ACA ‘ Clay la = - ‘pavyoio a8o][09 ‘oAIeH “Ta J DULIUOD DISNUaPED | ) -ATdd VY GAdWOAH-day AHL! 9 POSMOULE FORTS OUT UO).cUIe ah enemies TAAL Boy eats ORO , Sear ; PESO OR Oe OOD 72a i iON -[MBIO ULIOM TAYUB) [[ByT OY JO SolVMay oI UILAA| ! 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Bean ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichium Lindemuthianum,(Sacc & Magn.) Briosa & Cavara. The above disease of the bean has been quite common in gardens and fields about Orono for the past seven years and we presume it is prevalent. throughout the State. It was unusually bad the past season, and specimens were received from dis- tant localities and inquiries made regarding it. It is probably the worst disease of the bean and as its ravages can be largely controlled by proper precau- tions and treatment, the following consideration of the fungus may prove helpful in combating it. The BEAN ANTHRACNOSE is a parasitic fungus attacking the stem, leaves and pods of both bush and pole beans, producing, especially on the pods, sunken brownish pits or spots surrounded by a reddish brown border. See Fig. 1. In the central part of these pits are little pinkish dots which are the spore masses that have exuded from below. The spores are held together by a gummy substance that is soluble in water and they may be liberated by dew or rain or excessive moisture and then are free to be blown by the wind to healthy plants, where they germinate and spread the disease. ‘The disease is worst upon the white podded bush and pole beans Fic. 1—-Bean An. but will also attack the more hardy varieties. The etre ae past season it was quite bad upon YELLOW EYES in disoace Corieial) the field. We lost the greater part of our garden crop of German Wax the past season, the pods becoming so covered with pits before they were large enough to pick as to be worthless. The effects of this disease are to lessen the stand when it destroys. the seedlings ; to dwarf the plants and make the pods swollen and when it spots the pods to render them unfit for snap beans, also to finally injure the bean in the pods. This disease may originate from infected seed or, we; think, it may live over winter in the beans and pods that are left in the garden. When‘infected seed is planted the disease shows itself early in the seedlings. Much of the seed of German Wax beans offered for sale is infected. The past season fully half of the seedlings in our garden were affected AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 153 when they appeared above ground and net more than two-thirds of the seed came up. The remaining plants were dwarfed and early showed the presence of the disease. We procured new seed and made a second planting. We have purchased our seed for the past seven years from that offered for sale by prominent dealers and have never had a crop free from the disease. It is common among gardeners to leave the bushes with the diseased pods upon them to rot on the ground, and to plant a second crop in the same place. We practice rotation of crops even in the garden with good results. It is a good practice to elear a garden in the fall of all refuse and carefully burn it. By doing this, fungi that live in the decaying organic matter are destroyed, along with hybernating insect pests. Beans should be planted on a light dry soil, in hills, or if in rows far enough apart to give good circulation of air. Moisture favors the growth of Anthracnose and other bean diseases. Care should be taken not to hoe beans after a rain or when the dew is on for the dirt that sticks to the leaves is liable to contain spores that will germinate and rapidly spread the disease. Professor Jordan showed us some badly spotted pods that were apparently free from the disease when purchased in the Orono market a day or two before. If possible secure seed from your own, or a neighbor’s field that was free from disease. It is hazardous to plant seed from an infested field. If obliged to take seed from a field that has been diseased pains should be taken to select pods from plants that have escaped the disease. All beans that show sunken pits, discolored patches, or are even wrinkled or blistered should be rejected. Diseased seedlings should be pulled as early as possible and removed from the field or burned, as the fungus will ripen its spores in the decaying plant. Some practice spraying beans with Bordeaux mix- ture early in the season, and claim that the fungus is controlled by it. The following precautions should materially lessen the disease : I. Select good seed, rejecting all beans that seem at all unsound. II. Should the disease appear in the young beans carefully des- troy all affected seedlings. Ill. If convenient spray early with Bordeaux mixture and repeat the application if needed before the pods form. IV. Do not plant on ground that has borne an infecied crop the past season. V. Plant on a dry soil in hills or in rows far enough apart to admit air freely. Hoe when the ground and foliage are dry. 154 MAINE STATE COLLEGE Tomato ANTHRACNOSE. Colletotrichum phomoides, Sacc. This fungus appeared last fall in the station garden upon ripen- ing and fully ripe tomatoes and did considerable damage. Toma- toes that were apparently sound developed the disease rapidly after they were gathered. This fungus is capable of doing much damage to the ripening crop and the ripe fruit can not be kept any time or marketed. We understand from Professor Munson that the disease has done damage elsewhere in the State. Professor Chester described this fungus as C. lycopersici, n. s p. in the Fourth Report of the Delaware Station, but in the Fifth Report of the same station, p. 80, 1892, he refers the fungus back to C. phomoides. Sace. Our species is the same as the one considered by Professor Chester, as we sent specimens to him for comparison. He has kindly loaned us the fine cuts which are used to illustrate this article. Professor Chester is of the opinion that the characters used by botanists to separate the genera Colletotrichum and Glesporium, viz.: the presence or absence of sete in the fruiting tufts, is evanescent. If this should be established the genus Colletotrichum would be merged into Glowsporium. The investigations of Miss Southworth, Professor Halsted and Professor Chester indicate that several forms of Glesporium separated as species on account of living on different host plants will have to be merged, or that there is a species of Glesporium one and the same, capable of a wide range of para- sitism and of producing Anthracnose on 41 a variety of hosts. It looks as though § careful laboratory methods would make havoe with the present nomenclature of fungi, by merging stages of the life history of forms and uniting species that have been z Fic.2. Tomato. Affected byseparated on the principle, that each host Anthracnose. Colletotrichum " : z phomoides, Sace. harbors its peculiar parasites. The above is only of importance to mycologists. The characters and treat- ment are of more interest to the grower of tomatoes. i IF 4 vt or AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Te CHARACTERS. This disease makes its appearance upon ripening or fully ripe tomatoes upon the vines or develops rapidly upon gathered fruit. It appears on the tomatoes as rounded, sunken, dis- colored, wrinkled spots with a black centre. See Fig. 2. Contiguous spots become confluent forming diseased areas. An examination of these dark SEIS Alanine tutor gortete: parts in the diseased areas, discloses Anthracnose. numerous microscopic, oblong bodies, the spores of the fungus. See Fig. 4. These spores reproduce the disease. Prof. Chester found that these spores inserted under the skin of healthy tomatoes would rapidly cause the disease. Not being able to develop the disease by putting the spores on the unbroken skin of the green and ripe tomatoes would indicate that the Fic. 4. A. Mature spore. B. disease is an internal parasite and can SACLE G kok eaee not be reached by spraying with Potassium Sulphide as is recommended by Mr. Bragg of the Oregon Station in a recent bulletin. This disease opens the way for the attack of other species of fungi that hasten the decay. Fig. 3. shows across section of one of the diseased spots highly magnified. fae REMEDIES. 1. Spray the vines and young fruit with Potassium Sulphide {Liver of Sulphur)—formula.—Dissolve seven ounces of Potassium Sulphide in twenty-two gallons of water and apply with a spraying apparatus. As stated above this may not be useful for this dis- ease but is regarded a remedy for external tomato fungi. 2. Gather all diseased vines and tomatoes and burn them. 3. Change the location of the tomato patch if the crop has been affected. 4. Do not take seed for planting from diseased tomatoes. 156 MAINE STATE COLLEGE Potato AND BEET ScaB. Oospora scabies, Thaxter. The scab of potatoes and beets has been quite prevalent the past season. The ordinary disease of potatoes and beets known as ‘*scab” has been demonstrated by Dr. Thaxter to be due to the same fungus, the species named above. Now that the cause is known experiments for checking the disease can be conducted upon a rational basis. Professor Bolley exhibited at the World’s Fair, Chicago, in the exhibit of the office of experiment stations, two jars of potatoes grown under similar conditions from scabby seed. One lot was treated with a dilute solution of corrosive sublimate and the other lot was untreated. The former lot was comparatively free from scab and well grown. The latter badly scabbed and dwarfed. This would indicate that scabby seed may be the cause of the disease and that clean seed should be planted. It would also fol- low that. scabby seed treated will produce much better potatoes than scabby seed wnireated. We feel positive that the disease cannot be controlled merely by planting clean seed. The last season we planted clean seed upon soil that had not grown potatoes for two years and raised a badly scabbed crop. It seems certain that this disease may live in the organic matter of the soil even more than one year or else has other hosts which have not been discovered upon which it maintains itself. Will treating clean seed with corrosive sublimate give a better crop than clean seed untreated? If not we see no great use for it, for clean seed is usually obtainable. Experiments to show the vitality of this fungus in soil not grow- ing potatoes are desirable in order to learn whether a system of rotation may not clean the soil of the disease. Experiments should be conducted with clean seed upon grass lands in order to learn whether they are free from the fungus and settle the question whether newly turned grass land is better for potatoes. The study of fertilizers in relation to the introduction of this disease is im- portant. Considerable more study upon the conditions of growth of this fungus is necessary. Maine State College Experiment Station Report, 1806. PLATE I. WESTERN PLANTAIN. Plantago Patigonica, var. awristata, Gray. Figs. a, b and c show spikes in different stages of growth. Fig. 1. Back view of flower with calyx removed Fig. 2, front views with calyx and basal bract. Figs. 3 and 4, portions of capsules. Figs. 5 and 6, dorsal and ventral views of the seed. 158 MAINE STATE COLLEGE WESTERN PLANTAIN. Plantago Patigonica, var. aristata, Gray. Specimens of the above plant were received the past season from Mrs A. M Pikes, East Madison, Somerset county, and found growing in an oat field. This plant belongs to the Order Planta- ginaew and is a near relative of the ENcLisH PLANTAIN considered in Experiment Station Report, 1890, p. 119. It was probably intro- duced with the seed. A few specimens were found growing on the college campus a year or two ago, introduced with grass seed, but they were not allowed to drop their seed. This plant is widely distributed in South and North America and in the West is a bad weed It presents a number of varieties besides the one named above. As it has become established on Martha’s Vineyard and about Boston it would no doubt find a congenial home in Southern Maine, and this is written to call attention to it. It can never become so bad a weed as its relative, the English Plantain, which has a strong foothold in some parts of Maine as it is an annual and could be eradicated in a single season if prevented from seeding. It may be known by the following description : About a foot high, having usually several slender, naked, flower- ing stalks. which start from a cluster of leaves near the ground and bear on their top a close spike of flowers. The leaves are narrow, from three to five inches long, and bear a few nearly prominent parallel ribs. The variety under consideration is clothed with silky hairs and below each flower in the spike is a bract two or three times the length of the flower. The seed are boat-shaped as in the English Plantain. The seeds germinate the same season they ripen and the young plants mature the next season. It seeds profusely and a few plants would give it a good start. That the plant may be readily detected we reproduce from the United States Agricul- tural Report, 1888, plate XI, a cut of this weed, which is shown on the opposite page. SSE ER TEE Recs OM ' Grain-moth, Gelechia cerealella, L. nature of its AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1L5® ‘ ENTOMOLOGY. Tue Ancoumois Grain Morn. ( Gelechia cerealella, Linn.) Order Lepidoptera: Family Tineide. The above insect was detected the past season as detailed below. Experiments made by Mr. F. M. Webster show that the New Eng- land climate will not destroy this pest but only check its depreda- tions during cold weath- er. His experiments also show that the pest can be destroyed by a temperature of 130° 2Fah. kept up for four or five hours. The accompanying cuts show the life history of this moth, and the work. Fic. 5. Stages in the life history of the Angoumois Below we give an article upon this insect contributed to the Maine Farmer by the writer. Editor Maine Farmer: My attention was called a few days ago to the above insect found in great numbers in boxed Shaker rice 160 MAINE STATE COLLEGE pop corn, ei up by,R. H. Wright, Albany, N. Y., and obtained for retail in Orono from a wholesale house in Bangor. As this is one of the most destructive insects known to wheat, oats, barley and Indian corn, it seems desirable that attention be called toit. Upon opening the boxes swarms of full fledged moths were found on the top of the corn, and made their escape into the room. The kernels of corn each contained small circular holes, and the most of the starchy matter was eaten, leav- ing only the shell. Mixed with the corn were a large number of dead moths. The party who found the moths let the live ones from several boxes of corn escape in the store, and when I told him it was a bad pest, 2 he said they would all die, as the store was ? cold nights, and that he had burned all the corn. Though this insect was introduced from France, and has done more damage —@ South than North, yet it is undaunted by a cold climate, and would be capable of doing much damage in stored grain in Maine. This : % insect was abundant in the grain exhibits at Ke g the World’s Fair the past season. To burn @) useless. hat this insect may be better E dy known, so that precautions can be taken 3 agaifist it, we give the following regarding its life history : Perfect insect, a small moth with pointed es wings, that spread between a half and three- quarters of aninch. Fore-wing pale shining ochre, with a grayish or brownish gray streak in the folds at the base, and a few scales of the same color toward the tip of the wing on the margin. Hind wings grayish ochre, and bearing a fringe of the same color on the A BA A Fic.6. Work of the An- goumoisGrain-moth, Gele-horder. Larva, a smooth, white worm, attacking the kernels, and consuming the inside, leaving the shell, and when full fed transforming to the pupa state in the grain, and finally emerging as a moth through a small hole in the kernel. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 161 REMEDIES. Bisulphide of carbon is now quite largely used to destroy insects infesting stored grains. In France they put the grain into an insect mill something like a peanut or coffee roaster, and raise the temperature of the grain high enough to kill the moths, eggs and larvee. When the quantity of grain is small, it might be thrown into hot water or heated, and then fed to fowls. The work of this insect resembles in its effects that of the pea weevil, only the hole made by the moth is smaller, and so far as we know these insects never encroach upon each other’s domain, the moth infesting the seeds of graminaceous plants, while the pea weevil is partial to legumes. Whether this corn was infested before it left the Shakers, or whether it lay in the wholesale houses in Bangor during the past - gummer, and was infested by moths of home production we do not know, but the moth is here sure pop, and we will have to look after it. F. L. Harvey. Orono, December 11th. Tue Eime-Tree Winter-Mora. Hybernia Tillaria, Harris. Order Lepidoptera: Family Geometridae. Arsong some specimens of female Canker-worms received from Mr. F. W. Hilt of Warren, Maine, were several wingless females of the above species. The specimens were found on the side of a house where they had probably crawled to lay their eggs or meet the males. As the Canker-worm is very bad in Maine and as this insect has similar habits they should be distinguished. DESCRIPTION. Eggs pale*yellow, oval and marked with a net work of raised lines. ‘They can be distinguished from the eggs of the Canker- worm by their color and form. (See Experiment Station Report, 1888, p. 167, Fig. 20.) The eggs are laid in similar situations as those of the Canker-worm. As the females of both species had 162 MAINE STATE COLLEGE commenced to lay eggs in the box in which they were sent we con- cluded they were probably crawling up the side of the house to deposit the eggs. Larva, when full grown, about an inch and a quarter long. Head dull red with a V-shaped mark on the front, yellow above and marked with many longitudinal black lines; the under s‘de paler. Like the larva of the Canker-worm it is a span or inch worm but larger than the caterpillar of that species. The accompanying cut (Fig. 7) shows the larvae feeding and at rest. Be a eee Na abe Winter-moth, Hybernia tiliaria, Hurris. Male, wingless Female Moth, wingless, spider-like, yellowish white, sides marked with black dots, each ring of the body, excepting the last, bears two black dots, which has only one. Head black in front and the legs ringed with black. Antennae thread like. Ovipositor jointed and retractile. The larger size, the spotted back and black rings on the legs readily distinguish this from the wingless females of the fall and spring Canker-worms. Fig. 7 shows the wingless female about natural size. a AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 163 Male Moth, expanse of fore wings an inch anda half. Color, rusty buff sprinkled with brownish dots and with two transverse brown wavy lines, the inner most distinct. Between the bands and near the anterior edge is usually a brownish, dot. Hind wings paler. Body color of fore wings The antenne are feathered. Like most of the moths of the inch worms the wings are very deli- cate. The male moth about natural size is shown in Fig. 7. The moths of the Canker-worm would be on the wing at the same time but they are smaller. LIFE HISTORY. The eggs hatch early in the spring and the young larvae feed upon the foliage of the apple tree, basswood, elm, hickory, etc., and are full grown about the middle of June, when they usually let themselves down by a silken thread, enter the ground about five cr six inches, form a little oblong cell within which they change to the chrysalis state. In October or November (sometimes not until the following spring) when the moths appear. The wingless females climb the trees or other objects where they meet the winged males, pair and soon deposit the eggs in clusters, (usually upon the branches of the tree they have infested, ) completing the life history. REMEDIES. The life history of this species is so nearly like that of the Can- ker-worm that the remedies suggested for that insect are applicable to this. It has never done as much damage as the Canker-worm but it is capable of doing much injury to the foliage of apple trees and from the specimens received we sbould judge that it is quite abundant about Warren, Maine. 11 164 MAINE STATE COLLEGE Toe AppLe-Leae BuccuatTrix. Bucculatrix Pomifoliella Clemiens. Order Lepidoptera: . Family Tineide. We received from Mr. D. P Boynton, Monmouth, Me., a lot of apple tree leaves badly eaten by the larvz of the above moth. In the box were quite a number of the larve and cocoons. This is the first time we have seen this species in Maine and as it is capa- ble of doing considerable damage to the foliage of apple trees, we give the following account of it, so that it may be known and meas- ures adopted to prevent it spreading. HISTORY. This moth was described jby Clemens in 1860. Itis ' known to be widely dis- tributed having been re- ported fromTexas, Missouri, Massachusetts, New York has done considerable dam- age to the foliage of apple trees especially in New York. ister pomitsiels : Gian 2 r SAGuh dale cas DESCRIPTION. cocoons natural size and enlarged. Egg>—So far as we know the eggs of this species have never been described. They must be quite small as the cocoons of this diminutive moth have been mistaken for insect eggs. They are said to be laid upon the leaves. We have never seen them. Larva—About one-half inch long when mature, cylindrical, tapering at both ends. Joints of the body rounded and prominent, color dark yellowish with a greenish tinge, and reddish shades on the anterior segments. Body armed with short black hairs which are more numerous on the back of the first segment. Head small, brown and elipsoidal. The larve are active and when disturbed suspend themselves by a silken thread. Cocoons—Dirty white, slender, about one-fourth inch long, ribbed longitudinally by about six prominent ridges, oblong, taper- ing and thinning at both ends, flattened on the side to which it is attached. Usually fastened to the twigs and branches in groups as and now from Maine. It te Pr eawnn AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 165 shown in Fig. 8a. Fig 8 b shows one of the cocoons enlarged. The specimens we had were confined in a box and the cocoons were attached to the leaves and side of the box. If it can be shown that in nature the cocoons are never attached to the leaves it would indicate a remarkable instinct, for if attached to the leaves which fall they would probably be destroyed, while attached to the twigs they would be safe during the winter. The cocoons contain the Chrysalis which is dark brown, rough, punctured on the back, twelve hundredths of an inch long. When ready to transform the chrysalis works itself partly out of the cocoon and the moth comes forth. Perfect insect a small moth that is only about one-fourth inch expanse of wings. Fore wings whitish tinged with pale yellow and dusty brown. On the middle of the inner margin is a conspic- uous ovai brown spot. A wide streak of the same color on the opposite margin which extends nearly to the end of the wing where it tapers and points to a small circular brown spot near the tip. The moth much enlarged is shown in: Fig 8 c. The hair lines to the right show the natural size. LIFE HISTORY. . This insect spends the winter in the chrysalis state in the cocoons usually attached to the twigs and branches of the host plant. There is reason to believe that the larvee when full grown sometimes desert the host plant and form their cocoons on other plants close by. About the time the leaves unfold the moths come forth and lay their eggs upon the tender foliage. The larvz are full grown in July. The specimens sent us in July were in the larval form and went into the chrysalis state in August and have not yet (Jan- uary) emerged, which would indicate only one brood in Maine. Prof. Riley thinks there are two or three broods in the latitude of St. Louis, Mo. In the latitude of New York, Prof. Lentner states that there are two broods, one in July and one in September. Our specimens would belong to the July brood and possibly may be diseased and may not emerge. Possibly we have two broods in Maine. In September or October the cocoons are formed in which the pup spend the winter. The larvee feed externally upon the foliage, at least the leaves we received had the upper epidermis and pulp eaten away in patches, the veins and lower epidermis intact. fi | h ) ; 166 MAINE STATE COLLEGE REMEDIES. Natural—This small moth is preyed upon by several parasites that attack the larvee and hold the pest in check. Some of the cocoons probably suffer somewhat from inclemency of the weather. Possibly birds may eat them but we find no record of observations. Artificial—(a) Jar the trees when the iarve are full grown and they will suspend themselves by threads and can be swept down by a broom and killed by hot water or crushed. (b) Apply kerosene emulsion with a spraying pump to the branches in winter that bear the cocoons. The same application might be made for the first brood when the foliage is on. Strong soap suds alone probably wouid kill them. (c) If in small numbers the cocoons can be removed during the winter months by the hand. Tue Disippus BUTTERFLY. Limenitis disippus, Godt. Order Lepidoptera. We receive the larve of the above species occasionally on account of the fact, that the second brood of larve hybernate when about half grown and make a beautiful hybernaculum that is sure to attract attention, also the larve is highly ornamented with colors and tubercles, and quite noticeable. The eggs are beauti- fully reticulated, small and laid on the under side of the leaf near the end. Most people are surprised to learn that those grotesque larvee and odd hybernacula pertain to one of onr common butter- Fie. 9. flies. Fig. 9 a shows the form of the full grown larva, b, the chrys- alis, c, the hybernaculum in which the half grown larve of the fall AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 167 brood spends the winter. Fig. 10 shows the orange-red butterfly full size. The wings bear heavy black veins anda black border spotted with white. FIG. 10. LIFE HISTORY. The hybernating larve complete their growth go into the chry- salis state and the butterflies are on the wing by July. These deposit their eggs sometimes on the leaves of plums but usually upon willow or poplar. The eggs soon hatch and in a month the larvee are full grown, enter the chrysalis state and in a short time the second brooa of butterflies appear. These lay eggs which soon hatch and when the larve are less than half grown they make hybernacula from the leayes in which they spend the winter. Toe May Beet ie. Lachnosterna fusca, (Frohl.) Order Coleoptera: Family Scarabeeidee. We received the following letter last September in reference to the above insert : ‘‘Briperon, Maine, September 18, 1893. Professor Harvey : Dear Sir—I send you specimens of a worm that is doing a great amount of damage to the farms in this vicinity. There are many acres of grass land in this town where a good crop of Timo- thy was cut the present season which now show hardly a green blade of grass. These worms are found just below the surface 168 MAINE STATE COLLEGE where they feed upon the roots of Timothy. Can you tell us the name of the worm, its habits and if there is any way of extermina- tion or curtailing its ravages? Will you please answer at once as we wish to find out how to treat the land this autumn. ‘‘An early reply will greatly interest many farmers in this sec- tion of the State. Respectfully, J. Li. WALES.” In response we sent Mr. Wales what information we had regard- ing the methods of coping with this pest. Mr. Wales published a newspaper article on this insect from which we make extracts to show the extent of the ravages of this insect in the State. WHAT SHALL BE DONE WITH THE ‘'WHITE GRUB.” This is becoming a very serious question with many farmers and gardeners at the present day in the town of Bridgton and vicinity. A few days since Mr. A. M. Thomes, the owner of a nice farm on High street invited me to visit his grass fields. In one corner of a fine, large field which had borne a heavy crop of Timothy the present season, we found rather more than a half-acre upon which there was not visible a sign of vegetable life. What had composed the turf or sward could be stripped off and rolled up like a carpet, leaving the soil naked and brown and bringing to light upon each square foot of surface from a dozen to twenty flat white grubs. Several of these were put in alcohol and sent to Prof. F. L. Harvey of the State Agricultural College at Orono, who kindly and promptly sent what information he had at hand relative to the name, habits, and remedies, for this pest of the farmer. The grub especially loves to feed upon the roots of Timothy or herds grass, as may be seen upon the farms of Mr. Thomes, M. B. Stone, Nathan Palmer, Geo. Hilton and many others; it also loves the roots of the strawberry. Mr S. E. Lee of High street lost about one thousand fine strawberry plants the present season. The roots of corn are often devoured by the grub as may be seen on the farm of Mr. Geo. Chaplin, Naples Mr. John Palmer of South Bridgton lost a part of his potato crop in the same way. Complaints from other parties aud from other sections of the State show that the ‘White Grub” is wide spread and doing much damage in the State. This insect is so familiar to everybody that we will take space to give an account of its life history but publish herewith a cut ae ee eontiitia AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 169 so as to show clearly what insect is meant. Figure 11. 1 shows the pupa, 2 the grub, 3 and 4 side and dorsal views of the beetle. This = insect is known as the ~ ‘May Beetle,” ‘‘June Bug” and = ‘*White Grub.” In the larve state it feeds upon the roots of plants having done much damage to , grass lands and espec- ially to strawberry vines The beetle feeds is upon the foliage of trees GeGaa MGpinh 2 es Sen Beatles =F” ands) where »sabundant often entirely stripping them of their leaves. The beetle is attracted by lights and is a frequent evening visitor to our living rooms while on the wing. The impression prevails that the eggs are laid on grass near the roots though perhaps this matter may bear further study. REMEDIES. The Department of Agriculture at Washington, D. C., has con- ducted some experiments to show that kerosene emulsion liberally applied to the soil infested with ‘‘white grubs” will destroy them. The remedy would be too troublesome and expensive for applica- tion in large meadows but for small areas is worthy of trial. We extract the following from Prof. Riley’s letter regarding the subject : ‘‘The application of kerosene emulsion for white grubs is imprac- ticable over very large areas owing to the necessity of washing the emulsion into the soil to considerable depth by a copious applica- tion of water, unless the application can be made with tolerable certainty of its being followed by slow and continuous rains such as will carry it into the soil gradually without washing it away. These conditions will not often be available at the time wanted, but for all Jimited applications as to lawns or limited patches of ground affected by the larve, there is no better remedy than the kerosene emulsion treatment. Ihave no accurate data as to the amount required per acre but if the emulsion is applied sufficiently to thoroughly wet the surface of the soil to the depth of an inch or 170 MAINE STATE COLLEGE more and then carried down by applications of water to a depth of about eight inches during the next two or three days, the treatment will certainly prove effective. The amount necessary will vary with the different soils. both of the emulsion and the water applied later on to carry it down, easily permeable, sandy soils requiring less than denser clay soils. Professor J. B. Smith has found potash fertilizers in the form of Kainit, applied as a top dressing efficacious against root affecting insects, such as wire worms. We wrote Professor Smith regard- ing the matter and below is his reply. New Brunswick, N. J., September 22, 1893. Dear Sir—Your card of the 20th inst.. is at hand. ‘The latest on Lachnosterna you will find in Forbes’ 17th Illustrated Report, issued in 1891. I have had no personal experience with these insects from the economic side, and cannot give you any positive or tried suggestions. You know my hobby, and if the matter came to me in New Jersey, I would advise heavy top dressings of Kainit and Nitrate of Soda applied in combination after the flight of the beetles is over in spring, or the former alone applied early in Sep- tember. Yours very truly. Joun B. Smiru: Professor F. L. Harvey, Orono, Maine. Mr. Wales in his article suggests the following: ‘‘In the days of our fathers when the ‘burnt pieces’ were lighted up at night time by the partially extinguished fires, the farms and orchards were not infested by so many hostile enemies; and would not fires kindled in the neighborhood of orchards for a few evenings in late May or early June destroy the beetles and thus prevent the pro- duction of the white grub?” The rooting propensities of swine can be put to practical account in destroying this pest. If I had meadow land on which the sod was dead and could be rolled up like a carpet, I would construct a movable fence and enclose the small areas and turn in a few hogs. The land would have to be reseeded and the swine could do no damage, and they would probably devour a large number of the grubs. Skunks and crows are known to be enemies of the ‘‘white grubs” but owing to the demand by furriers for the pelts of the former and our anti-crows law against the latter we have not much to hope for in those directions. “2. ye AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 171 We hope the farmers whose fields are infested will try some of these measures. There is one consolation and that is the life his- tory of this pest is completed in three years and it would not probably lay its eggs on the same ground again, but seek some new field of conquest. THe Bean WEEVIL. Bruchus obtectus, Say. Order Coleoptera: Family Bruchide. We received specimens of beans infested by the above insect from Hon. Samuel Libby, Orono. He gives the following interest- ing history regarding them: ‘-The beans are of the horticultural variety and were gathered in the pods when ripe in September, 1891, and taken to my store where they lay until October, 1891. I then sorted out those that had six beans in a pod for seed and also those with five beans in a pod for second choice. The lot having five beans in a pod were put in an open basket in the store. They remained there during the summer of 1892 and about January 1, 1895 I had occasion to examine them and found they were infested. About one-tenth of the pods had holes in them and I found fine dust falling from the beans, and saw the holes in them. I also noticed small black objects in the basket. Not knowing that there was a bean weevil that worked on beans as the pea wee- vil does on peas I laid them aside for you. The pods having six beans in them were shelled and planted in the spring of 1892 and showed no signs of weevil work. I have grown horticultural beans for twenty years and have always raised my own seed. In 1891, 4, planted beans obtained elsewhere and the beetle might have been introduced with that seed. ‘*The crop of 1892 shows no evidence of weevil work.” We examined the specimens submitted and found them to be Bruchus obtectus, Say. The beans contained eggs; minute larve just hatched ; larvee one-third, one-half and full grown; pupz in various stages of development; full grown pale colored beetles ; some full colored ready to emerge ; others free in the basket alive and some apparently dead. There were as many as twenty indi- viduals in some of the beans. ‘There were numerous holes in some of the beans from which the beetles had escaped, also many oval 172 MAINE STATE COLLEGE translucent places where the coating of the bean had been made thin by the beetles indicating their location within. The inside of some of the beans was completely eaten and only the powdery excreta remaining. We wish to add our testimony to that of Popence, Schwartz and Lintner that successive generations of this insect occur in stored beans, and also that if the food supply does not become exhausted they may survive into the second season. They will eat cotyledons, radicle and plumule. Several specimens showed the cotyledons entirely detach from the radicle and it intact. We believe the radicle is rejected not because it is less desirable for food but on account of it being small and nearly isolated from the bean mass. We found one specimen with the cotyledons nearly intact and the radicle eaten, its place being occupied by a well fed larva. In some specimens nothing remained excepting the seed coats filled with powdery excreta. It has not been clearly shown that the beetles will not fly or crawl to new lots of stored beans and infest them. Or in other words it is not known whether beans may become infested after they are stored by the beetles laying their eggs upon them. The general belief is that the beetles confine their attacks to the lot of beans infested and that they spread during the summer through the agency of eggs laid on the growing pods. Prof. Lintner has shown that the beetles will lay their eggs upon dry beans and that in the infested lot that the young larve will gnaw into them and perfect themselves. The fact that a part of the lot of beans which Mr. Libby took to his store was not infested when shelled the next spring would lead one to suspect that the others may have been infested by beetles getting into them after they were stored. The holes in the pods may have been made for the entrance of beetles as well as for their exit. The holes being in the pods shows that the beetles as well as the larvee have adequate gnawing powers. The only thing that would prevent infection this way would be the sluggish habits of the beetles. Those we had in a warm room in January were quite active. They did not fly but crawled rapidly. Prof. Lintner’s observations show clearly that they may spread from the beans originally infested in a lot to the others stored with them. It is also important to know whether the beetles that mature at all sea- sons of the year may not fly to new lots of stored beans and infest them. eE— er eS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 173 The fact that successive generations occur in stored beans ; that ‘sound beans in the same lot may become infested and that possibly new lots may also become infested, makes this weevil a more for- midable pest than was formerly supposed. Beans are largely grown and consumed in Maine and should this insect become common much damage might be done. Below we give its history, characters and remedies. HISTORY. ‘This species is probably not native but was introduced as early as 1860, at least, possibly from Asia. It would seem that it has erroneously been considered the same as B. obsoletus, Say., bred from Astragalus seeds from Indiana as early as 1831. ‘This view is strengthened by the fact that it was found in 1876 at Philadelphia in beans from various countries from both continents. At present it is cosmopolitan. It was first noticed in Rhode Island in 1860 by Dr. Fitch, who described it as Bruchus Fabe. Within the next ten years it was carried to nearly all parts of the United States. In 1570 it was known from several of the New England States. So far as we know it has not previously been reported from Maine. Professor Fletcher has not found it in Canada. As the beetles are sluggish and disinclined to fly it is mainly distributed in infested beans. Those wishing a fuller consideration of this insect will find an interesting summary of the facts known regarding it in Pro- fessor Lintner’s 7th Report of the Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York, p. 255. Characters—A small beetle that would be usually found infesting beans or associated with them. See Fig. 12. There are two Fic- 12. Bean Weevil, much magnified. closely related species of Bruchus that have been found infesting beans in this country. The above species is by far the most 174 MAINE STATE COLLEGE common. It is one-tenth of an inch long, oval in form, head bent downward and more or less concealed from above, prolonged into a short, squarely-cut beak. Antennz distinctly jointed, enlarged at the tip, the four basal and the terminal joints reddish or yellow- ish. Thorax and abdomen about the same width where they join. Wing covers marked by ten impressed and punctured lines in flat- tened ribs, which are clothed with a short pubescence, arranged in yellowish, black and whitish spots and lines—the white lines more distinct on the third rib. The abdomen is pale, dull yellow, with a black band on the fore part of each joint. It projects beyond the wing covers and that part is obscure grayish with a faint, medium whitish stripe. The hind thighs near their end armed with a long and two short spines. Feet reddish. The larve are white and broadly oval, see Fig. 13. The eggs white, thicker at one end and about three times as long as wide. The work of this insect ap- pear on the surface of the beans. as small holes from which the beetles have escaped, and small oval, translucent spots on the surface over the cells that con- tain bettles that have not emerged. The work is shown in Fig. 14. The inside of the bean in badly infested speci- mens is entirely converted into a powdery mass of excreta. Often the beans will contain larvee in various stages of growth and also beetles. Fig. 15 shows the pupa. Fig. 16 pate pba: WS Weovil, Wok shows the closely related Pea gS eee Weevil, enlarged and natural size, which is given for comparison. FIG. 13. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. l ~I Ut LIFE HISTORY. The eggs are laid upon the young bean pods after the flowers have with- ‘,ered, at any point, and sometimes many onapod. The eggs hatch in a few days and the young lary enters Fic. 16. Pea Weevil. a, natural vine SUONRIS ees Ne sate nee the size and enlarged; b, work of the substanee of the bean making an exca- ae vation somewhat larger than itself in which it transforms to the pupa, finally to the beetle state. The beetles may emerge in the fall or at any time during the winter, lay egos, which hatch and the larve enter the same beans or new ones. Successive generations may occur until the food supply is exhausted. Those beetles on the wing during the summer lay their eggs in the pods of the growing crop. The length of time required for the transformations has not been studied but probably is variable with circumstances. We found quite a number of dead beetles within the cells in the beans. PRECAUTIONS Experiments have shown that beans infested with weevils will not all sprout and that the plants from them are sickly and do not produce a full crop. It is therefore best not to plant them. It is believed upon good authority that beans containing the weevils in the beetle form are probably injurious and unfit food for man or beast. REMEDIES. If beans are found to be badly infested so as to be useless for food or seed, they should be burned at once so as to prevent the escape of the beetles. Beans should be kept in a tight box or bag and any beetles that escape in the bag destroyed. Throw the infested beans into hot water. (The exact amount of heat that beans will stand and germinate is not known but experi- ments would determine.) We feel sure the germ will stand more heat than the weevils. Prof. Weed killed pea weevils by exposing the peas to a temper- ature of 145° F. for an hour. Bean weevils probably could be destroyed in the same way. 176 MAINE STATE COLLEGE Probably the best way is to put the beans into a tight box and fill it with the vapor of Bisulphide of Carbon and leave it for two- or three days. Bisulphide of Carbon is very inflamable and no light should be brought near it. Experiments show that infested beans lack in vitality and when good seed can be had it is best to procure it and not run the risk of perpetuating the pest and growing a crop of weakened plants. Tue Prar-BiicHt BeetLte, or SuHot-BoreEr. Xyleborus pyri, Peck=X. dispar, Fbr. Order Coleoptera: Family Scolytide. Last summer we received some small apple tree limbs from Professor Munson for examination. They were handed to him by Mr. J. N. Allen, North Sedgwick, Me. We obtained the same insect from Dr. Twitchell about the same time from the vicinity of Augusta. These limbs were literally honey-combed with small channels that extended through the liburnum and heart wood to the centre. The exit holes through the bark were .06 to .08 of an inch in diameter and nearly circular, looking like small shot holes. The wood was green showing that the insect attacks the growing tree. Living wood does not appear to be essential to the life and comfort of this species, for after a period of several weeks we found in a limb that had been in a dry place in a box, young larvee, full grown larve, pupz and perfect beetles. We put a por- tion of a small limb (2 inches by 3 inches) in a box and allowed the pupze to transform and in the fall we found fifty beetles had emerged. We wrote a short account of this insect at the time for the Maine Farmer and called it Xyleborus pyri, Peck, the Pear-blight. Beetle. To be absolutely certain we sent some specimens to Mr. A. H. Hopkins, Morgantown, West Virginia, who has given special attention to the Scolytids and he sent the following reply: ‘‘The beetle you sent is Xyleborus pyri, Peck—X. dispar, Fbr. This species is quite common in West Virginia, but strange to say, I have never met with it in apple or pear trees. I find it in hem- lock, beech, birch and oak. I have specimens of X. dispar from — AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 177 Germany and though I can detect a slight difference between the females of the Kuropean and American form yet there is not differ- ence enough to separate them as distinct species.” We have seen this beetle in abundance in juniper about Orono and we have no doubt that it has transferred its depredations from adjacent forest to the orchards. Professor Fletcher reports its increase in Nova Scotia. Below we give a description, the life history and suggestions for the treatment of this beetle. DESCRIPTION. So far as we know the eggs have not been described. They must be very small and ure said to be laid at the base of the buds. We have never seen them. The young larve bore into the wood 7 making deep channels which in small twigs interfere with * the circulation of the sap, and the twigs wither giving the \ appearance of blight, hence the name PEAR-BLIGHT BEETLE. ® ‘\ The work of this beetle should not be confounded with the Pear-blight proper which is caused by a species of bactaria. Fic. 17. When the larve are full grown they transform to pupe in moe , the burrows and finally emerge as small beetles about one- Nafuyaitenth of an inch long and of a dark brown or nearly black eniareea.color, with the antenne and legs of a rusty red. The thorax is short, very convex, rounded and roughened. The wing covers are marked by longitudinal rows of punctures. The hind part of the body slopes abruptly. The beetle natural size and enlarged are shown in Fig. 17. The beetles leave their burrows in July and deposit eggs before August. REMEDIES. As these beetles work wholly under the bark they cannot be reached by insecticides. The only way is to watch the trees during the latter part of June and July and if blighted twigs or diseased limbs are noticed examine the branches for small pin holes and if found the presence of this or some related species may be suspected. The diseased limb should be cut at once below the injury far enough to include all the burrows, and burned, for the beetles will transform, emerge and attack new trees. As these beetles live in forest trees orchards near timber would be more likely to become infested. 178 MAINE STATE COLLEGE Carrot Fry—Carror Rust Fty. Psila rose, Fab. Order Diptera: We received the following letter from Mr. Morrell which was accompanied by the /arve and pupe of a species of fly, also pieces of carrot in which the maggots had been working. ‘-PiTTsFIELD, Marne, April 6, 1893. Professor F. L. Harvey: Dear Srr—!I send little worms which I would like to have you identify. The worms are in our carrots and have made holes all through them. after the manner of those in the piece I send. The carrots were placed in a barrel and the barrel filled up with fine dry saud like that Isend. On sifting the sand I find it full of worms. Beets grown side by side with the carrots, and packed in the same kind of sand have no worms. Very truly, C. H. Morrert ” Not recognizing the species we wrote Mr. Morrell that the speci- mens were the larval and pupal stages of a fly that we would have to transform and obtain the flies before identifying it. The infested material being only a barrel of sand and this very fine we sug- gested sifting it to remove the pupe and larve that had left the carrots to transform and burning the siftings; or heat the whole material with hot water. We received the following reply accom- panied with fully two hundred pupe and larve. ‘¢PITTSFIELD, Marne, April 11, 1893. Dear Str—Your ecard received. For the information, thanks. I have sifted part of the sand and burnt the siftings, and put the rest in boiling water. I don’t believe those insects will do any more harm. I send another box of them as you requested. Very truly, C. H. Moree...” After having reared the flies we wrote Mr. Morrell as follows : “Orono, Marine, May 26, 1893. Mr. C. H. Morrell: Dear Sir—I have reared the flies from the pupz and larve, which were affecting your carrots, and am now able to state that it is the ‘‘Rust Fly” or ‘‘Carrot Fly” an imported species from H'ng- land, which has been giving some trouble since 1886 in Canada but AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 179 so far as I knowthas never before been reported from the United States. It is regarded as a very troublesome insect abroad and its introduction here is certainly unfortunate. I am ata loss to sug- gest how it reached your locality, and will be pleased if you can give me any help in the matter. Have you noticed it before in your place? Please ascertain whether your neighbors have noticed it. Have carrots been imported to your locality, if so, from where? You better watch your carrot bed this season and if the leaves of the young plants turn brown, examine the young roots for the brown rust spots on the surface and the interior for the maggots. If you find them, then after thinning, sift sand saturated with kerosene between the rows, and water heavily to pack the dirt close to the roots so the flies cannot crawl down to lay their eggs. Respectfully, FE. L. Harvey.” We put the larve and pup sent by Mr. Morrell into sand ina breeding cage and in about two weeks the flies began to emerge in - abundance and continued to come out for two weeks. We trans- ferred some males and females to a jar containing parsnips, as we were not able to get carrots. In a day or two we noticed the females crawling between the leaves and going down to the base of them and though we had not observed them mating presumed they were ovipositing. The next day we broke off a leaf and found the eggs near the base laid on the surface in small clusters and loosely attached to the surface of the leaf. Having now eggs, larvee, pupze and flies we made out the following description : Eggs—.6 mm. long (.024 in.) by .115 mm. broad (.0046 in.) white, oblong, about five times as long as broad, longi- tudinally marked from end to end by about 10 ridges and furrows which are from centre to centre .022 mm. The furrows between the ridges are marked by about thirty circular pits. The sculpture resembles the surface of a peanut. At one end the egg abruptly narrows and bears an oblong pedicil, twice as broad as long, and one-third the width of the egg at the widest part, (.022 mm. x eau en teeee ore a i ginal.) Larve—6 mm. long, (.25 in.) breadth 1 mm., (.04 in.) leg- less, white or pale yellow, semi-transparent, head end quite pointed and armed with a pair of black hooks for gnawing. Aboral end 12 180 MAINE STATE COLLEGE. blunt, obliquely docked and bearing on the face of the oblique por- tion the dark colored caudal spir- acles. Third segment from the last "the ie two. The sutures between Geis eee Larvaxstimes the segment deep. The segments somewhat transversely wrinkled. See Fig. 19. Pupe—si mm. (.20 in.) ‘long, 1.25 mm. (.05 in.) wide, coarctate, brown,obliquely docked behind. The docked portion bor- > dered by a rim and bearing two black tubercles. Fig. 20 shows dorsal and side views. The form of the pup is quite variable. Some have two tubercles at the head end and the black candol spiracles show on the oblique end. Fig.20. Psilarose. Pupz<8times Some have the sides parallel while (original.) : . others are quite fusiform. The surface is quite wrinkled. Some are fully a fifth longer than others. Flies—Length 6 mm. (.25 in.) Wings 3.5 mm. long (14 in.) and extending nearly half their length beyond the abdomen, thin and iridescent. Abdomen and thorax shining pitch black clothed with short grayish pubescence. Head pale orange or yel- lowish; eyes dark brown; Antenne basal joint general color of head, terminal joint nearly black, bristles light. A spot above the mouth black, palpi black, proboscis very prominent, oblong and armed with many short hairs. Legs pale yellowish brown. Abdo- men ovate. Scutellum raised and bearing two bristles. Arista armed with short hairs. About eight bristles on the mesothorax. The flies have the habit of opening and closing the wings, which are quite iridescent in the sunlight. The males are smaller than the females. Fig. 21 shows the form and veining of the wing. If the veining of the wing s o Psila rose are cor- rectly shown in the small cut in United States Agricultural Report, 1593, p. 133 Fig. 21. Psila rose, wing < BU Geet) then serious doubt arises regarding the determination for the veining of the wings of our specimens are quite different. Probably in so small a cut accuracy was not con- sidered essential. : a we Se ee eee ~~ o SS ee eT A ION. Dix PAGE. Acknowledgmients .--.--- 2222 cece cose cece cee cee cree wene eres ccee 9-11 Angoumois Grain Moth, The...---- +--+ -++- sees cree eee eee 146, 150, 159 Anthracnose, of beans..--- 1... 20beecee cece cece cece cece cee 145, 150, 152 MMO CEH ceioocmocuonod nad GooU Adem oonp oda 145, 150, 154 Apple Maggot, BARING. a ia a anc.w Va cata arevetacctenecsneke atoll cona shelve oeela ols! 0) siclatevsyeye 148 Apple Seab, spraying fOr----.-.. see. cece cece eee cece eee cece ees - 124 Apples, select varieties Of .--..-. eee. cee cee cece cee cece eee eee 143 WAELO tHLOGY-AO tictataraten aparoreraveveyon era ate led olel aeeevel oor BIST A UA wie oh) atsvate 132 Apple-Leaf Buccwlatrix, The. -----.---- see. eee eee eee eee 146, 151, 164 UNEEHE GS TP Run initia hl Seiggeolones Bmceiee tho con UCmecogricor SbermErac 146, 150 Ash analyses..+.--++ +--+ 02006 FareR oleh yon atch avaNepetaton oie ret tar eve Lval ctareparerateterals 24 Barley, ash analyses Of.. +--+ -20+ eee cece cece eee cee eee eee eee 24 experiment With ---- --0- eee secs ees cece cece cece eee wees 18 Barley Hay. digestibility 0f.% <2... --ceecweenecns seen ee Be 54 Bean Anthracnose, The--........-- Sataharay aiskstelial skereSajeustenchenaveravayers 145, 150, 152 Batiay (ihm DDG Gals Base Galo Ieee as Ase Ses aaa AGA 147, 151, 171 Beans, ash analysis Of. -- 2-22 cscs sc ec asicc sears cencsteseceesers 24 experiment with..-.--........- oye Yossrei; Toiayereve “She's, e/2¥e eile’ wie eves 20 Beeciiblly,\ he hiea cde oeddaeainten goth arleete Embassy. tid Nia 147, 151 SCANS NLT Cae, d aes: aacls ws aint atin NEIE nite wielais wives 145, 150, 156 EIPOR (Chien nce WMG Che a aoe een Soe Se Aes ee Maas ern eer on 146, 151 Blackberries, select varieties Of------ +++. see e cece cece cece eee eee 143 WATLING) tooo corag Cobo. co.Je Cod oO Gana ASb oboe tas 135 LONG Gane NTE CULE a4 28/5 ts rere yan alte Sla/0 vid cat dena zate cide erelens «hm 125, 128 Botanist, Report Of .---- ++. cece cece cece cee cece cece cece cece ceee 145 Cabbages, effects of trimming.------..-- eee cece cee eee eee eee 103 holding in Check «+--+ +e. cess cece cee cece cece cece eee 104 influence of transplanting..-..-.-+-----.0+ sees eee eee 102 WO LCS He Oileatchuvaterehclateroh arte lalolwtaltaye alate lalat ctatereltet Meberalte cterel a = aye. =:c 6) + 101 Carrot Bly, "The ©. : <2... secs cece esse ewe e secswc eens cece 147, 151, 178 Wittle HoodemanalyaessObe. ae sare nso s Haus ss Meee Des ts 25 SUT We OE Ne CULES, Os 2) rarer atatatd) ats ar- ata hem nwt alee Sane dala eis le Gaels 106 Miceehions LOT Ker yess steatctedte dekews tele ve ol oe ye 105 CAULUTURCARIIEN TT Oks io. tta saad tartare uaa daletaearaa mee 4 106 182 INDEX. PAGE. @aulifiowers, effects of ‘brimminp-..-2 =>. ves- o-oo eee © weenie 107 MOIS WOOO Gop econ DAD boo son ont GoM Foe oles 105 WATICCION Ob: seers = oi sloyate) mye et eae peaabke eee tei teliote nye stole ie aes 108 Gherries, Selech VAnICies (ler seed eslr hae leer elec ieee Lee ee 143 WYRM (ONE Ana 4 Da Cobo IO dn cAst toons cosas so dnot a. 136 Chinch Bug, The-..- ..-- 2-2 212+ 02 wees wees cece coon wren rere meee 148 hinwee IMieiig Wvicdos onsscsso nods oe aonoUs 440 s2ad odo Dor bb29 3527 145 (Corns tas eilaver ere pee pre ene eke = ee eae ee et eine eee 57 ash analyses Of sete -l-4 > nclehe =) sr mawie eee ee erie nee eee 24 experiment With....--------++ cece eens cece meee cee eee wees 19 Maine Field, analyses Of... -------- 222s eens cece eee eee eee 27, 29° Southern, a OR RESIN CRS BOREDS CRD EUG oO On me 4c 27 ameitol Olt condo enecmEen Bboo ten OMO OO ene anes Soto case H 22s 59 crop, influence of maturity upon value of..----.-.-.-........ 61 Hodders, analy ees:Ol- sess e ei a9 eet aeees ee eee 27 Gigestibility, Of---<2en-cem serie syed ee aoe 38, 49 * Plant, effect of slow drying upon ...-.- +--+ -.e+ esse sere ones 35 influence of maturity on composition of......--..-.-- 30 nitrogen-free-extract WPjo233 6239 nen cbsc eso gece s tae 31 production of, at different stages of growth ----...-. 62 starch and sugars TVS sodas a ye, oivsce over et atebay s preale ae -.--32-34, 63 silage, analyses Obs 2p ieinierieywe-yiclop ier rier eine pire aden a, Gasestipilaty, Olen rae eee ete eee ee ore 38, 49 feeding experiment with....---.---.---- +--+ +--+ ee 66 CoiionwaMaplgiscalen tbe brett mite rer ete aera 151 Council The pstawion, =. - irre ee eer seats ee rlazvatioe on etepetecs 3 Currants, select varieties of .-------- nyu eines fala Neatapa ge te ny oc Beis emo etrapenee 143 VATIOGIER IO fic suas, s aust! a ieleleVa lays eels oles ote oun eres Clos ee rota eres 137 Cunrant-Planb ous siete kara eal = eel ef seed al = olreoetele 147, 151 Deep-setting Process, submerging Cans..------++- eee cere eee eens 98 waste of fat by.----------- TNR SOD 95 Dewberries, varieties of --.-.--..- volek pista evenness chal hb am eee ae ae 135 Digestion experiments. -ccrpe cee eeern cee 2 ee eee inet eeeeriee 38, 49 OTe ore, IVS KON OH case ons sane cena sbesnadeasde 2on5 s5n6 Bed acs 7 Disippus Butterfly. .---....----- e220 cece cence nee cee cee cree wees 151, 166 Drying, effect of, on corn plant....--...- Qn0a tone dosg Sad 0007 5052 35 WAU ClOSte see soo 5.0 es hes ore ele Blas © dele dee eho sare eas nieist= matarouste e clpieiene 125 Egg Plants, deep vs. shallow cultivation of...------+--2++++++-+-- 119 early setiino Of ee, a7 erceathcie=O- eee eee eer ee a LS frequent cultivation Of -.----.-.-.205 «<2 o0e--s-- s+ -- 120 - “VOCE RNOM. 24:55: ofareieun la.ccovernta Ine oie Giese aceite Gis eee pcper Ee pe kenems 118 Toot pruning Of... -- 6. -- ean weno mine eines cence apne sine "991 Haclish Plantaiay Mie, - renee eer 7 aiclar ele = ele ieee rants 146 Entomologist, Report of. ---.---. 2-2 eee cece mene cone cece cons cece 145 Hxperimental Methodsise sits beisits weer ieee a= oe eect mn gies <0 2 — ic naiele e's alan e wines ores aces none 150 Lime Tree Winter-Moth, The. ...--.---- +--+. e+ cece cece eee eee 146, 161 HE NIT SEL ae gens thc Sele Aaerce Mace Saat nts aniciee nor cancer erm 8 Maine Field Corn, analyses Of---- +--+ +--+ esee cece cece cece eee ees 27,29 digestibility Of-.-- +... ..+- 22222222 s-ee eee eee 38, 49 WAN) Pee toc ddan oe oe chia on annclosnO OSE on oaK 59 silage, feeding experiment with..--+---......--- 66 Maine Fruits, catalomue of....------- --2- e222 sen. cece eens en ee eens 129 Mangold Fly, The (see Beet-Fly). May Beetle....... DMN vores wiiateharsuaretoravaleh state otaVStine ard eb oiayeiseveisie, Be oe 147, 151, 167 Milk, influence of rations On .---- 1-0. sees cece eee cece cece cece eens 73 Nitrogen-free-extract, digestibility Of.--. +--+ +--+ sss eee eneeeeee 43 in Corn plant..--.+ 2.205 eee cee wees woe 31 Orange Hawk-Moth, The... +--+ +--+. sees cece cece eee cece eee ---- 146, 150: Ovster-Shell Bark-Louse, The .--..-- +++. 2+0e sees cere cece cece enee 151 ayia CHRe an ba OG E ners On Oe ae Btan aC CFDA Sho ec oot ae 125 Pear-Blight Beetle, The .----+--+++ ese: cree cee cece cece cess 147, 151, 176 Pear-Leaf Blight, A TY eee aa GGrnIAT Oe CRI CI COR roan SO G0) SR IoE 145, 150 Pears, select varieties Of. «+. 2. sese cece eee cece cee e een cece cens 143 WELT DIGSHOL. alc siciem a ale a'g calm nfala ele vis) sieiulallelsj=tais wicim}wisiw'elhs oy=rqferel~ & 139 Peas, ash analysis Of. «+++ 2-0 eee cece eee cee eee tee eee cee eee 24 experiment With ...-..eeee eee cece cece cee eee eee cee eee 21 Pentosans, in various f00dg..---- ++ 6- eee cece eee cece eee cee e ees 46 Pentose Carbohydrates, digestibility of -...-.-..-..-- Ee Samsierais 5 = 44 184 INDEX. PAGE Phosphoric acid, foraging powers Of----+ +--+ sere cece vee cere eens 13 We Amie weg stial Pe ao oa oo sos saoiseos Seosiose Jase sce sole 146° English. ..---- 22+ cece cece cece cee e cone cee e ween ween once 146 VV ASIEIRD cnn s5 co: 2265 st45e sco se8 62s cts ss5e sete ests 158 Plum Curculio, The..-- .--- 2-20 eee cece cece cece cece cee e ce ee eens 146, 151 inims, selechayarichies Ol-> -ere ree sae te aie eee ee ee eee ee 143 TAN RIS NISS Ll OMOEA a Aon VAIS So Ce ochc Doe O EAI tons te sc 140 TED Mis Gril UY aeons Hea he = SSR See ee eR 145, 150, 156 Potatoes, ash analysis Of +--- +--+ ee ee cece eee cece eee cee eee eee 24 . experiment With ..-------- +--+ ee ee cece cece eee eee eee 22 NOOR Oboes tea a cio bge eee eeible in fale lee oe es oie ite ee 121 Quince, Varicties Of. .~ = - 22. ---s\ecec eras wae s melee seen oe cieieonn waes 138 Raspberries, select varieties of. -.-.------ +--+ e+ ee eeee cece eee eres 143 VATICTICS Oficcmissiccn cs scsidlstseWicsies leper See ee > Meme ae 141 Rations, influence of, upon milk.-..- 9c) Maye deel ee Cee e eee eee 73 Red-humped Apple-Tree Caterpillar ---.---+---- +--+ +--+ --++---- 146, 150 ROVE: DOCH CO. oe sce eee scien eioioe Ba iole oe aletere soln minolta ol n/= ae eo 147, 151 Shot Borer....-- Rrathschc tele South cao Se ok a eek hie hela sane ea 176 Silage, analyses Of ...--- +--+ ee ee cece eee cee cee meee ene eee noes Pa divestibility Of) --2ieec-.0 3- een ene mae ann eee eee 38 feeding experiment with.--..--.------.--------+-----+----- 66 Skimmed milk, value as food --..---.-++--++-: cee rece cece cee e eee 93 WASHER (Pie iF Thos se co sco esas esas ssessse5 seas 367 = 95 Southern Corn Fodder, analyses of. --+--- 2+ sees cece cere cece eee 27, 29 digestibility of------.-------------------- 38 Yield Of-- +--+ -- ee cece cece cece cece eee eee 59 silage, feeding experiment with........-....-.-..- 66 Spraying apparatus BES CORA S nD SCH Aa Saale Bo aeaess Sat 128 experiments, notes VWidnopas sooo Hoenn AE Se S585 eee 124 Specimens, directions for sending..----------++++ eee cess eee eee 148. Staff, The Station . ..---- s0-- cece cece nnn e nen cree ween cree enscares 34, Se ese WT RES SEES aaa ae BES See Seah Seah 146, 150 Starch, determination. Of jo<%mvre- ee tore cee eee ene eee nee In COEN Planhe sae eee eee ee ee eee ee 33, 34 Strawberries, select varieties of------.--- pene eee cee eee eee eee 143 - WATICGIORM OLR cone sete Genes shirt pao Oskeerle saan eee 142 Strawberry Septoria, The ------- +--+ eee cece cece cece eee cece cee 146 Striped Squash-Beetle, IPWO Us See oc ce oe eens tas ones s.csemikeeeeee.s 146, 151. Submerging milk cans. ---+--+ eee cece eee eee eee cece cece cee eee 98 Sugars, determination Of -------- +--+ -e2+ seen cece cece cess eee eee 82, 37 in Corn plant..+----+ esse cece cece cece cece eee cee cece eee 33-34 - Sweet Corn Fodder, analyses Of.-.------+ ---- 20--ee2 eens cece cess 27 digestibility of -..---++-. +... see eee eee ee eee 38 silage, analyses Of.-..--- +--+ seseeeee sees eee 27 digestibility of -..-..- 2-5 +:.-e0-- Pe 4] INDEX. 185 PAGE. Swine, butcher’s analysis Of CarcasseS..++ +++. cece vere cers cece eens 91 feeding experiments With ..+. 0... .see sees cece seer gece eens 82 growth of different breeds..-. +... ...e seen cece weegeree eens 91 value of animal and vegetable food for..... SO HOARE Peace 93. Tetranchus 2-Maculatus, The ......-- +--+. +--+ .+eeee- Peleleten oletefetal eles 148 Tomato Anthracnose....... AO te hata Cayce Rete cn merece Ta) tie iare 145, 154. PIRI ee CLOBS INOS Ole cvereletal ete) cla/el= ia)