PLR Ye ity Vat > en Lary et tents) 4 S107 HOUSE ain Otay, ss até; Ne ETN inna it my ote lh Cte inert aL ath al . vwnlie Soe ; tty i‘ +. 3, * Ore eat psy by ens as aihimef on Bau AON, serait? ami Bellet oe , VBE? 6) art eee a [agheey a paw Soreness ware Star) LIBRARY OF THE > FOR THE Se PEOPEE &) > < FOR EDVCATION ¢Z O Se Se ee —"s es = —_ ee ee OO THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Maine Agricultural Experiment Station ORONO, MAINE HBO: PART Il OF THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MAINE. acne KENNEBEC JOURNAL PRINT The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any address in Maine. All requests should be sent to Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Maine. TABLE TOR CONTENTS: Z. ( Z aH YL, Nea Bad f fia a IL Guia OR Weyl) cooeeeo8 coe Hoon Code oooGonbodoCo doo oon mcode Orocanization Of Fhe StatiOMa «2 <= ae elie nil elele «elas eles | l= inlee wri viele ADTIOMMGCOIMOMNPEo.0 oa 0060 6000 000000500500 0000 0000 abd Fa0nHdOU OUOD Acknowledgments ...-.-- ce. cece cece wees vee wens veer oes cece eee Bulletins Issued in 1897: No. 32, Three Troublesome Weeds ....---++-++-+s+++-e+> No. 33, Fertilizer Inspection, 1897...-.-..+-- +--+ +++ eee No. 34, Box Experiments with Phosphoric Acid ...--.---- No. 35, The Currant Fly. Gooseberry Fruit Fly -------- IN@s BG, Mosinee SECs os ocoe cos oss c000 voce Hood aneo scar No. 37, Feeding Stuff Inspection ...-.---..+. 4+ +22. eee No. 38, Fertilizer Inspection, 1897....--..--. +++. -+-+s0-- No. 39, Stock Feeding Suggestions....-.-....-++++++.-+- IOs 4s COR yoccosg cod sees ocho coaa vend coda opeudcon node JAS yOCTIO ING HGP US 55 Go06 0600 0000 0005 0050 0500 D905 DGG 9000 G0KK ODKe Testing Dairy Products by the Babcock Test...-.- +--+. +--+ +++ +++: INA® Ion? leouiliney TalawN oc 660 a0ce 6520 0000 cb00 vec bUGU o0d0 DDGN HOC Ormamenting Eome:Grounds i... sees ne + siecle = oe ele aes ee a= eels Acquisition of Atmospheric Nitrogen ...- ..-- +--+ -eee sees eee ees IDNSS OM IDSA TSMIONANS) coocac0 bed o5 06 Odo 500n boon Vesa oODo ade aaKs Effects of Tuberculin on Tuberculous Cows... .--- +++ eee eeee eee Comparison of the Temperatures of Healthy and Tuberculous Cows INOS On LONEOGIS OE WA® WEP oos00 0000 c000 Goan 9000 000000000000 00068 ores Om Plame or? Ha® REMEOD c665 5005 60000006 05000000 scdoDGON DECC iiinee) Deval WY@RCloob Ss agte casc Gogo dees daca dcoung0b dr bn oqeq pond soos IRI@ING] IRGOOIRGIS conn so0s SonnlIaD0N Gobo DbODUODA HOO Soda K0Db 600005000000 Meteorological Observations... ..-- 10+ sees cee cee cee cee eee eee TRETDOMS OF Hae TOSTR Pe soade cone e400 50am bono beds bono nod Some oo0D AGIOS 1 TREO GS o0coc duos abso Goss ahos nodb Eos nds sada sca0 sono dour STALE, OF MAINE: A.W. Harris, Sc. D., President of the University of Maine: S1r:—I transmit herewith the Thirteenth Annual Report of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station for the year ending Wecember 2m) 1so72 CHARLES D WOODS; Director. Orono, Maine, December 31, 1897. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ORONO, MAINE. THE STATION COUNCIL. PRESIDENT ABRAM W. HARRIS ...-.. - - = «- » «= « President DIRECTOR CHARLES D. Woops ... - => = - = «+ « « = Meeremary BENJAMIN F. Brices, Auburn . . . ; -) a ee i Committee 0, ARTHUR L. MOORE, Oronois 25 Be ee etn Board of Trustees. ECIOTT WOOD Winthropl es = eo.) -)e-a ee J B. WALKER MCKEEN, Fryeburg. . . . State Board of Agriculture Otis MEADER, Albion. . PNR ce ee ie wecmeo. fs 8 PERT E CHARLES S. POPE, Manchester . . . . . . State Pomological Society JAMES M. BARTEEIT 2. 4-0 5 5 ee se ee Lucius H. MERRILL . Francis L. HARVEY FREMONT L. RUSSELL . ‘ SINR ee WrEnron:. Mo MUNSON. 2:5- = “20 3 9s (2 Ee eo eee GIEBERT UME GOWEULE, Uo sdf tio eae. eee J Members t of the | Station Staff. THE STATION STAFF. THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNIVERSITY CHAREES' (1D) (WOODS® slals)=i-telete 98 85-90 Fescue, meadow....... 95 SO GON| | MARLEE TAT ote relelnteteletelelatatetot -\ +s rea= sa 74% Average percentage of available phosphoric acid in all (i27)e samples aboveroudrantee ss. c= cl-) yale el 1.15% Station samples. Number of samples above guarantee............... 113 Number of samples below guarantee............... 19 Average percentage of available phosphoric acid in 113 Saperoles aleve Veablengehalins Syeeaeebe Ao on oo ono non 1.24% Average percentage of available phosphoric acid in 19 Samples below eo UaranbeG.. a4, } - | a Gadd Od bod el Cee les | ad) a Gt | a tal ad ) a) Bt Be | od badd dl Sd Bt Sl tad lo offe oid 0) loa) lo aus ohio 2} DD DOD io 0) DMO@ DOD DOD ie.0) i=) oS S AHO LON HOD SC AHS NON wD SO NH SQH WKS Bo MOr SHR WKS H MOK aG@HmM Oro A Fa A AAN Add coo HW WH WHS Wiss G6 SOS GEE SEK D0 OHH HAS BGR S SSS SAA FEA A SEUSS Or ae ie sit tae Se ee Oe ais SBS 5 ee a5 2 ONS SA SES ahi a 3 RP er Fee Per Ree REY PERK YO RRR BRE REE FY EEE FEE FEE © HHH HHH HHH WH 19 EAH MINK 2H © LAA MINK GH © LOH 2D ONH © DON HOD CNH © DON HOD ON © iS O FBS SSS SHe FB AANA AAN And 8 mom WH DONO 6 HSS SSG SOK GF RHH HDHD HAG GS BS ae are a Seles ict Joo Ge. Ge) Gar a Se Ue ghScs aSc Bose oak asusiee ee BS B DO OOrm PEE Fer FY Per Per Fer YER PRE PRE FY PRR PRR Re EO RRR PRE PEE S AHO DON HED OS AHS DON HOH SC ATO DON HOD SF AHO WOM OrQ Ba MIO SHM ORS 4 2 S She He DH HB GR ASS SSS FB Bam HAN NAN o ccoe GO WH 16 IidiI6 BOS SSS seme oe 2 2 i : A as Mio Ge os Be ene aS ee : © BOS 855 SOS 5 SOO CRE PEre ~ Pek Ker Be~ FY Pee Ee Ree © eer Ber eer TF re re S ANC Wid OP S ae WIN MOG S eI Wig MHD S AAD WOH HHP S HAD WINS HH O : see a a Melos ee ot eae sae 2 a GAGs ae ACN ws See z BJ JO yuV9 19g Hoan AA AAR A ANN AAA AAA o ame coos ccm HH HHH SoH HHH 16 didi i6idid isi SO 96 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. By means of the methods given, any person of ordinary intelligence and skill, can, with a little practice, readily deter- mine the value of milk quite accurately. All lactometer readings must be taken before the milk is sour. Quite a number of formulas have been made for esti- mating solids not fat from the specific gravity and the per cent of fat. The table here given is made from one published by Dr. Babcock, in the report of the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station for 1895. The apparatus for these tests can be obtained from most dealers in dairy supplies. The Quevenne lactometer should always be ordered to use with the table given. TIGNES, INUENW TROQUNLARIR NC IIL AISAE. G. M. GowELt. The poultry industry of the State has already assumed large proportions. For three or four years the station manage- ment has desired to undertake experimental work along these lines, but until the current year (1897) it has not been practica- ble to make a beginning. The station funds are definitely limited, and it is impossible to undertake a new line of work without reducing the amount of work in other directions. For this reason, only a small amount of money could be devoted to the establishment of a poultry plant. The buildings are plain and practical in every respect, and can be readily dupli- cated or adapted by any one entering upon the business. In the plannittg and construction of these buildings we endeavored to secure such conditions as are necessary for the welfare and productiveness of the birds, and to economize the labor involved in their care as much as possible. This we tried to secure at as small cost as was consistent with quality. They are well constructed and covered, and should last as long as our barns, stables, or other wooden buildings. Not a single part of them was made for show. True, we could have secured buildings at much less cost, but they would not have met the requirements of our climate, or given protection from dampness that prevails in single walled houses. INCUBATOR ROOM. A wing of the well lighted cellar of the farm house is parti- tioned off from the main cellar for an incubator room. It is 18x24 feet and 7 feet high, and has a cement floor. Its win- dows are on the north and south sides. The south ones are shaded in sunny weather. This room is free from drafts, and is not much affected by outside temperature. The humidity is considerably affected during the wet weather of early spring 98 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. and the incubators have to be adjusted to the changes as they occur. At present the room contains two 600 egg size ‘““Mon- arch” incubators, one 132 egg size “Peep O’Day,” and one 400 egg size “Excelsior” incubators. BREEDING HOUSE. The ground upon which the poultry buildings are located slopes somewhat to the south and east, and gives good surface drainage. The soil is reddish loam, inclining quite strongly to clay, and is rather heavy for yards and walks in wet weather. The breeding house is 16 feet wide and 150 feet long. It faces the south and conforms nearly to the land surface, the east end being 5 feet lower than the west end. The sills are of 4x6 inch hemlock, placed flat upon a rough stone wall which rests upon the ground surface, and varies from 1 to 2 feet in height. The earth is graded up to within 6 inches of the sills on the outside. The floor timbers are 2x8 inch plank, placed 2% feet apart, and are halved on to the sills. The studs for the back wall are 2x4 stuff, 5 feet 8 inches long, and rest on the sills. The front studs are 10 feet 6 inches long. ° All studs are set 3 feet apart. The plates and rafters are of 2x4 stuff. The rafters are 3 feet apart. Each 10 feet in length of the front of the building has one 12 light window of 1oxi2 glass. The top of this window comes within one foot of the plate. Directly underneath these windows, and 6 inches above the floor, are other 3 light windows of 10x12 glass. There is a door in each end 3x6 feet. The building is boarded and papered all over outside, and the ends and back wall are shingled, while the front wall is ceiled with matched boards. The floor is 2 thicknesses of hemlock boards. The entire inside—walls and roof—is papered on studs and rafters with black Neponset sheathing paper. All edges of the paper lap on studs or rafters, as they are the right distance apart to take the width of the paper. This insures a tight paper wall. The paper is covered with planed pine boards, giving a smooth sur- face to the inside of the building. This gives a tight dead air space over the whole building, walls and roof. A 4x4 inch plate, supported by studs, run through the centre of the building. tees Bei ee NEW POULTRY HOUSEHE—INTERIOR. NEW POULTRY HOUSE—EXTERIOR. THE NEW POULTRY PLANT. 99 The building is divided into 15 sections. The close par- titions between the pens are 2 feet high and made of 2 inch plank. These 2 inch partitions form strong trusses to which the studs supporting the central plate are thoroughly nailed. ‘This saves the fioor from sagging from the weight of the roof when it is covered with snow. An elevated plank walk, 4 feet wide, runs along the whole length of the front of the building, and rests on the cross partitions just mentioned. The walk, being 2 feet above the floor, allows the hens to occupy the whole floor space. This part of the floor is lighted from the front by the small windows spoken of above. Above the close partition, the pens are separated from each other and from the walk by wire netting of 2inch mesh. A light wooden frame door, covered with wire and hung with spring hinges, leads from the walk down 3 steps, each a foot wide, into the pens. The back ends of the cross partitions, 4 feet out from the back wall, are carried up to the roof, so as to protect the birds from currents of air while on the roosts. The roost platform is along the back wall. It is 3 feet 2 inches wide and is raised 2 feet above the floor. There are 2, roosts made of 2x2% inch spruce, with cross pieces nailed firmly across each end. This roost frame is hinged to the back wall of the house and is readily turned up out of the way when the platform is to be cleaned off. The roosts are 10 inches above the platform; the back one is 1 foot from the wall and the front one is 1 foot 4 inches farther away. Two sliding nest boxes are hung under the platform in each pen. These boxes are I foot wide, 1 foot deep, and 3 feet long, with a low partition across the middle, and a hinged door in front through which to remove eggs. The hens enter through the back end, which is always open. The darkness in the inner nest box tends to prevent them from learning the habit of egg eating. The nest boxes are readily pulled out and carried out of doors for cleaning. A coop 2x2™% feet is hung in each pen, in which to confine would-be sitters and extra males. A feed trough 8 inches wide is hinged to the partition, 8 inches above the floor, and is turned up out of the way and 7 100 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. hasped, except when used for the feeding of the morning’s mash. Eight inches above the floor, a slot 8 inches wide and 4 inches high is cut through the plank partitions between every other pen. Galvanized iron pans 4 inches deep, 12 inches square at the top and 10 inches square at the bottom, are slipped into the slots, and each one accommodates two pens with water. A cleat on each side of the slot at the bottom is necessary to give suffi- cient base rest to the pans. Shelf troughs, 10 inches above the floor, contain grit, shell and bone. A small box, with sloping cover, is hung on the wall in each pen and receives the eggs as they are collected during the day. Partial ventilation is provided by eight ventilator places in the front wall between the studs. These places between the studs are 3 feet wide by 4 inches deep, and open into the pens, 6 inches above the floor. They open on both sides of every other cross partition and so ventilate from every pen. They have an upright draft of about 10 feet, and open out just under the plate, the openings being protected by sloping board covers to prevent inward currents of air when the wind blows hard against them. All windows are double. Eight of the large outside ones are hinged at the tops and are kept hasped out one foot at the bottom except in the roughest weather. This furnishes excel- lent ventilation without drafts as the position of the outside windows prevents strong currents of air from entering. When the temperature has fallen to 10 degrees below zero, water has frozen quite hard in the breeding house and egg production has been seriously checked. We shall probably pro- vide five or six large oil stoves for use in this building during nights in extreme weather, and try to keep it above the freezing point at all times. Double doors, 10 inches wide and 12 inches high, are placed under the walk and admit the birds to the front yards which are 10 feet wide and 75 feet long. Similar doors in the back wall of each pen, under the roost platiorms, allow the birds to pass to the back yards, which are of the same width but somewhat longer than those in front. These back yards are particularly for use in warm weather. The frame and outside boarding of the building are of hem- lock, costing $8 per M. at the mills, a mile away. The doors THE NEW POULTRY PLANT. IO! are of pine, costing $17 per M. The spruce for studs for parti- tions cost $12 per M. The inside ceiling is pine, having some knots and streaks of dry rot, but giving a smooth hard surface, and cost $8 per M. The hard pine sheathing on the outside front cost $15 per M. The cedar shingles on the roof cost $2 per M., and the pine shingles on the walls were $1 per M. The cost of the building completed was $705. Of this amount the material cost $515 and the labor, which was partly contract and partly by the day, cost $190. The front yard fences are 6 feet in height. Two feet at the bottom is of boards and the 4 feet above of 2-inch mesh, No. 19 wire. The yards and gates cost completed, $65. The back yard fences are not yet constructed. BROODING HOUSES. In the spring of 1897 six movable brooder houses were made and located on the grass land conveniently near the farm build- ings. These houses are each 6 feet by 12 feet and 5 feet high at the front, and 4 feet at the back, with a door and window in the front. Two Peep O'Day brooders were put in each house and sepa- rated from each other by a wire partition. Each house had two separate yards. In these six houses nine hundred Brahma and Plymouth Rock chickens were raised until October, when the pullets were put into winter quarters and the houses drawn together by a pair of horses, so as to be ready for use again early next spring. In the fall of 1897 a permanent brooding house was con- structed and equipped for use. This house is 14 feet wide and6o0 feet long. Its front wall is 4 feet 10 inches high from bottom of sill to top of plate and the back is 7 feet high. The ridge is 4 feet in from, and 1 foot and 6 inches higher, than the back plate. This gives the short part of the roof back of the ridge and the long part to the front of it. This building is constructed in the same manner and of the same material as the breeding house. It has the 4 inch dead air space in walls and roof, and the tight double floor. The front wall is 3 feet 8 inches high inside and the back wall is 5 ' feet g inches from floor to ceiling. There is a 3x6 feet door in 102 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. each side. There are ten windows in the front wall, equal distances apart. The bottoms of these windows are 8 inches from the floor. There are also five windows in the back wall close up to the plate. These windows all have six lights each of 10 by 12 glass. All sash are in two parts and slide up or down to admit fresh air and keep the house cool in warm weather. All windows are double. There are ten small doors each 10 by 12 inches, placed close to the floor, along the front wall, through which chicks can pass in and out. All doors are double. Two galvanized iron ventilators, each Io inches in diameter and 6 feet 6 inches high, with projecting hoods at the tops, extend from the inside of the room up through the ridge, and furnish sufficient means of ventilation during cold weather. Ventilation is regulated by means of a shut off at the ceiling. There are ten breeding pens, each 6 feet by Io feet and 8 inches. The partitions have an 8 inch board at the bottom with 3 feet of 1-inch mesh wireabove. A walk 2 feet and 6 inches wide extends along the back of the building. The doors which lead from the walk to the pens swing both ways and are wire covered. A Peep O’Day brooder is placed in each pen with the lamp door opening into the walk. Each of these pens accommodates about 60 chicks in winter or 75 or 80 in spring when they can get out into the yards. The building being low is kept warm enough in winter by the ten brooder stoves, and the temperature under the hovers is easily kept so that it is found in the morning about as left the night before. The cost of this building without the brooders was $235. Of this amount $160 was for material and $75 for labor. FEED HOUSE. The east end of the brooding house is 25 feet west of the west end of the breeding house. The fronts of both buildings are on the same line, facing the south. The 25 feet space is filled in with a small temporary cook and feed mixing-house, which opens into the breeding and brooding houses. It contains a supply of running water, mixing trough, feed bins, water heater, clover cutter, bone mill, etc. THE NEW POULTRY PLANT. [03 It is designed to erect in its stead, at some future time, a per- manent two-story building, the lower floor to be used for mix- ing and cooking feed, and the upper floor for storage, feather curing, and a sleeping room for the poultryman. EXPERIMENTS. The plant was constructed for the purpose of investigation, and many experiments are being planned. The houses are just completed, and at this date (December, 1897) the chief point being studied is in reference to the number of hens that can be carried in a room of a certain size, and their health and pro- ductiveness maintained. There are 15 pens, all alike in arrangement and size, each bemg 10x15 feet and 2 inches. November Ist 15 Brahma pul- lets were put in pen No. 1, 20 pullets in pen No. 2, 25 in pen No. 3 and 30 in pen No. 4. In pens No. 5, 6, 7 and 8 similar assignmentts of 15, 20, 25 and 30 birds were made. In pens g, 10, 11 and 12 the same arrangement of numbers of Plymouth Rock pullets was made and pens 13, 14 and 15 were duplicates of pens9, 1oand 11. This gave four pens with 15 birds in each one, four pens with 20 birds, four pens with 25 birds and three pens with 30 birds each. ‘The birds are treated alike in every pen and fed in proportion to numbers. The eggs are recorded at each collection. This and other experiments to be under- taken will be reported upon from time to time as results of importance are obtained. ORNAMENTING HOME GROUNDS. W. M. Munson. A constantly recurring problem in New England, is, How shall we keep the boys on the iarm? The answer is not easy, but more people are driven from the farm by its isolation, ione- liness and lack of tasteful surroundings than by any other cause. ithe boys and girls go away to the academy for a time and get a taste of village or city life, the contrast when they return to the old farm is often too strong. For this reason any effort towards improving the surroundings of the home is labor well expended. LOCATION. In building a new house, consider well its location. Don’t build where the old one was simply because the barns are there—though of course, other things being equal, the barns should be near the house. MHealthfulness is of the first importance, so be sure that the location of the residence is such that periect drainage is secured. Other things being equal, a southern or southeastern aspect is most desirable. li possible, make use of natural groves or scattering trees and oi shelter-belis or windbreaks, and place your buildings near them. Nothing you can plant will be so satisfactory as the native forest trees. Ji there is not a natural shelter oi trees, by all means provide one. Better results may be obtained and much needless waste of time and expense may be avoided, if a definite plan of the place be made before commencing the work oi improvement, though “paper gardening” is oiten ridiculed by so-called practical men. The house, both because of its importance and for sanitary reasons, should, if possible, be on a slight elevation and should be so situated as to secure the best views both of your own grounds and of the surrounding landscape. *This paper in an abridged form was published as Bulletin #2 of this Station. ORNAMENTING HOME GROUNDS. I05 The relative position of house and barns should also receive attention. It is in bad taste to have the barn in the fore ground, partially shutting off the view of the house as approach is made from either side. It is in much worse taste, indeed it is the worst taste, to place the barn on the opposite side of the street from the house and directly in front. The proper location of the barn is at one side and to the rear of the house. WALKS AND DRIVES. The best grounds are those which combine the greatest con- venience with the greatest pleasure. In general, every object should be easily accessible. Walks and drives are, however, always unsightly, and there should be as few of them as is con- sistent with convenience. They should approach the buildings with direct curves. Indirect and reversed curves, without an apparent reason, give the idea of an attempt to “show off” the grounds unduly. When walks or drives branch or turn aside abruptly from their general course, there should be an apparent reason for such change of course. This may be accomplished by placing some obstruction, as a group of shrubs at the angle or turn. In tthe construction of walks and drives the natural undula- tions of the surface should be followed, though of course sud- den swells or dips should be avoided. A firm bottom should be secured by excavating somewhat as shown in the cut. The trench thus made is filled to within three inches of the surface with cobble stones, coal ashes, etc., placing the coarser material near the sides to insure drainage. At least three inches of gravel should be placed above the coarser material, and this should be slightly convex at the surface—not so much so, how- ever, as the bottom. Both the gravel and the coarser material in the bottom should be packed very firmly. THE LAWN. A good lawn is the most essential element of beauty in any grounds and in these days of cheap lawn mowers there is no excuse for not having a neat lawn in front of the humblest 106 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. dwelling. It is very little more work to leave the surface of the ground smooth after the final grading about the buildings than it is to leave it rough and uneven. Arrange if possible, to have a few inches of good loam on the surface when the grad- ing is completed, and in any case, make a liberal application of well rotted stable manure. After thorough preparation and raking with a hand rake, seed very thickly, using three to five bushels of seed per acre. After the seed is sown, roll and if late in the season or the soil is very dry, mulch with chaff or fine manure or leaf mould. Keep the grass closely clipped during the summer. In this way only can the weeds be kept down and a thick velvety turf be formed. In the latter part of _ the season it is well to let the grass become longer, for the double purpose of strengthening the roots and of serving as a mulch during the winter. The best grasses for a lawn are Kentucky Blue Grass and Red Top, with a slight admixture of White Clover on heavy soils. Rhode Island Bent is also a valuable grass for heavy clay soils. Ona sandy loam, Kentucky Blue Grass alone will be found as satisfactory as anything. As to the care of the lawn but little need be said. In the spring it is well to rake off dead leaves and roll the ground, but the practice of burning over the lawn is not to be recommended. A lawn mower is necessary to insure good results. A very good machine can be procured for $5, and the labor of mowing in this way is very light. On small surfaces a lawn may be formed more quickly and better by turfing than by seeding. For this operation the sur- face should be prepared as for seeding. ‘Then from some well established lawn or from an old pasture procure sods about one and one-half mches thick. These should be as nearly as pos- sible of a uniform width and thickness, and should be cut into strips several feet long rather than in squares. The strips may be made ,into compact rolls for moving to the desired place. In laying the turf be careful to make good joints and when it is in place beat it thoroughly with a heavy wooden mallet. About two years will usually be required to free a newly seeded lawn from weeds. Close clipping will keep most weeds in check but it may be necessary to dig the roots of some, e. g. mallow, fall dandelion, etc. it ORNAMENTING HOME “GROUNDS. 107 The use of stable manure, unless it has been thoroughly heated and rotted to kill all weed seeds, is to be discouraged. Instead of manure, an application of concentrated fertilizer rich in phosphoric acid is to be preferred. THE FLOWER GARDEN. While, as a rule, better results may be obtained for the same expenditure of time and labor by using shrubs and perennials, the old fashioned flower garden of our grandmothers is not out of place on the farm. In many cases the taste—or lack of taste—of the occupants of a home are here most vividly por- trayed. Many genuine lovers of flowers fail to realize the difficulty in securing a constant succession of beauty both in blossom and leaf. Indeed there are very few collections which can be con- sidered in any way satisfactory. The leading faults that are met in all of our flower gardens are the want of proper selection in the plants and a faulty arrangement. 1. The plants from the inoculated soil were more stocky and of a darker color than those from the adjacent rows. *Deut. landw. Presse. 22 (1895), No. 28, p. 266. 130 ' MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 2. The plants from the inoculated soil bore an abundant sup- ply of tubercles while the others bore none. 3. The average height of plants from inoculated soil was 2 feet 2 inches; from the other plot, 1 foot 11 inches. 4. The average number of pods per plant from inoculated soil was 81, from the other plot 74. Our results are confirmed and emphasized by the experience of Professor J. F. Duggar of the Alabama Experiment Station. In his work with the hairy vetch (Vicia villosa), Duggar found that plants from seed dipped in water into which there had been stirred earth in which the common vetch had formerly grown, were vastly superior to those from seed not treated. ‘‘With inoculation the yield was over ten times as great as without inoculation, the increase in hay being 995 per cent.* A Trial of Nitragin—In April, the W. H. Bowker Fertilizer Company sent a bottle of nitragin for the common pea for trial. The material was used in accordance with the directions sent, i. e., the nitragin was warmed and diluted with water after which it was poured over the seed and allowed to stand for an hour. The peas were then planted in the field and in adjacent rows seeds not treated were planted. There was no appreciable effect from the inoculation. Tubercles developed abundantly on both lots, a result which is not strange, since peas have been grown freely in the vicinity for many years and the necessary germs have been carried by the wind in all directions. A series of green-house experiments conducted by Duggart at the Alabama Experiment Station yielded very different results from our own and indicate that on some soils nitragin may give a very marked increase in the yields of leguminous plants. Duggar’s work included experiments with hairy vetch, Can- ada field peas, and crimson clover, and it was found that in each case the yield was greatly increased as a result of the inocula- tion. “The increase in weight of inoculated plants after thoroughly drying was as follows: *Bul. 87 Alabama Expt. Sta. 466. iflla @ es BIBLIOGRAPHY. I31 “Hairy vetch increased by 89 per cent. “Canada field peas increased by 138 per cent. “Crimson clover (young plants) increased by 146 per cent. “Germ fertilizer prepared for vetch was effective on Canada field peas.” BIBLIOGRAPEY: The following list includes the more important papers to which my attention has been called in studying the general sub- ject. It does not purport to be complete, but may be helpful in further study. Of most of the foreign publications a somewhat free translation has been given rather than the full title, the latter usually appearing in parenthesis. ANDREAE, ERNST.—Root tubercles in Ailanthus. (Ueber abnorme Wurzelanschwellungen bei Ailanthus glandulosa.) Inaug. diss. Erlangen 1894. Abstract, Bot. Gaz. XX; 496. ARNSTADT, A.—The present status of the nitrogen ques- tion and its importance in farm management. (Die gegen Wartige Lage der Stickstoff Frage und ihre Bedeutung fur den landwirtschaftlichen Betrieb.) Leipsic: W. Diebener, 1893. ATKINSON, GEO. F.—Contribution to the biology of the organism causing leguminous tubercles. Bot. Gaz. 18; 157, 226, 257. Contains many references to early literature not included in this list. ATWATER, W. O.—On the assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by plants. Rep. Brit. A. A. S. 1884, p. 685. ATWATER, W. O.—Absorption of atmospheric nitrogen by plants. Am. Chem. Jour. 6:365, 1885; also 12:526, 1891; also 13:42, 1801. ATWATER, W. O.—Root tubercles and the acquisition of nitrogen by Legumes. Inoculation experiments in field cul- iitemuuaeliriesel wands Wiailtarth. | Eixs)Sta ikecord (ily 2240 Deenisor ATWATER, W. O. and WOODS, C. D.—The acquisi- tion of atmospheric nitrogen by plants. Rep. Storrs Ag. Ex. Sta. 1889, pp II-5I. 9 eZ MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ATWATER, W. O. and WOODS, C. D.—Atmospheric nitrogen as plant food. Bul. 5, Storrs School Ag. Ex. Sta. Oct. 18809. ATWATER, W. O. and WOODS, C. D.—Acquisition of atmospheric nitrogen by plants. An. Rep. Storrs” Ex. Sta. SOO), (Os WA, Alloyifoleay, lx<, Sia, INeeemel IMU, 27/41, BERTHELOT.—Recent investigations on the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by microbes. (Nouvelles recherches sur la fixation de l’azote atmospherique par les microbes.) Compt. rend. 115 (1892), 569-574. Abstract, Ex. Sta. Record IV; 502. BERTHELOT.—Recent researches on the fixation of atmos- pheric nitrogen by microorganisms. (Nouvelles recherches sur la fixation de l’azote atmospherique par les microorgan- ismes). Ann. Chim. et Phys: 30 (1893); 411-419. BERTHELOT.—Recent researches on the microorganisms which fix nitrogen. (Nouvelles recherches sur les micro- Organisms fixateur de l’azote). Ann. Chim. et Phys. 30 (1893); 419-432. BERTHELOT.—Recent researches on the microorganisms which fix nitrogen. Compt. rend., 116 (1893); pp. 842-849. Abstract Ex. Sta. Record IV, 854. BERTHELOT.—Recent researcheson the fixation of atmos- pheric nitrogen by micro-organisms. Bul. Soc. Chim. Paris, I1-12 (1894) No. 15, pp. 781-784; Abstract Ex. Sta. Record IV, 502. Same paper, Compt. rend. 115 (1892), No. 17, pp. 569- 574- BEYERINCK, M. W.—Die Bacterien der Papilionaceen- knoellchen. Bot. Zeitung, 46; (1888), pp. 725, 741, 757, 780, 797- BEYERINCK, M. W.—Kunstliche Infektion von Vicia faba mit Bacillus radicicola. Bot. Zeit. 48: 838. 1890. BREAL, E.—Fixation of gaseous nitrogen during vegeta- tion. Ann. Agron. 18; (1892) No. 8, 369. Abstract, Ex. Sta. Record IV, 375. ; BREAL, E.—Observations sur la fixation de l’azote atmos- pherique par les Legumineuses dont les racines portent des nodosites. Compt. rend. 107: 372. (1888). BRUNCHORST, B.—Ueber die Knoellchen an den Leguminosenwurzeln. Ber. d. Deutsch. Bot. Gesells 3: 241. 1885: (Nature of the tubercle and the organism.) BIBLIOGRAPHY. 133 BRUNCHORST, B.—Ueber die Knollchen an der Wur- zeln von Alnus und den Eleagnaceen. Bot. Centralb. 24: 222. 1885. CHALMOT, G. de—The availability of free nitrogen as plant food. Agr’l Sci., 8 (1894), pp. 471-482. (A review of recent publications). CLOS, D.—A review of plant tubercles and leguminous tuberculoids. (Revision des tubercles des plantes et des tuber- culoides des Legumineuses.) Mem. d. l’Acad. Sci. Toulouse, Bu(LSG3)), Sek. O) ps 27. CLOS, D.—Revision of the tubercles of plants and tuber- culoides of Leguminosae. Abstract in Bul. Soc. Bot. France, 41, (1894), No. 5, pp. 403-404. CONN, H. W.—tThe nature of the root tubercles of legu- minous plants,—a review. Ex. Sta. Record II, 686, 1891. CONN, H. W.—tThe function of the root tubercles of leguminous plants,—a review. Ex. Sta. Record III, 56, 1891. CONN, H. W.—Free nitrogen assimilation by plants. Torrey Bulletin XX, 148, (1893). COOKE, M. C.—Root tubercles of Leguminosae. Gard. Chron. 16, (1894), ser. 3, pp. 307-308, (a résumé). COOKE, M. C.—Root tubercles of alder, etc. Gard. Chron. 16, (1894), ser. 3, p. 398. DANCKELMANN.—Root tubercle bacteria, Ztschr. Forst. und Jagdw., 27: 90, 1895. DICKSON, D. and MALPEAUX L.—Inoculation experi- ments with Nitragin. Jour. Agr. Prat. 61, 11; 191, 1897. DROBNIG, M.—A contribution to the knowledge of root- tubercles. (Beitrage fur Kenntniss der Wurzelknollen). Inaugural Dissertation, Rostock pp. 80; Bot. Centbl. 56, 1893. DEHERAIN, P. P.—Sur lintervention de l’azote atmos- pherique dans la vegetation. Compt. rend. 73: 1352, 1891, and 76: 1390, 1893. FRANK, B.—Ueber den Nachweis der assimilation freien Stickstoffs durch erdboden bewahnenden Algen, Berichte d. deut. Bot. Ges. 7: 34, 1880. FRANK, B.—The assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by Robinia Pseudacacia. (Ueber Assimilation von Stickstoff aus Luft durch Robinia Pseudacacia). Ber. d. deut. Bot. Ges. 8: 331, 1890. | 134 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. FRANK, B.—To what extent can free atmospheric nitrogen be utilized for the nourishment of plants? (Inwieweit ist der freie Luit-Stickstofi fir den Ermahrung der Pflanzenver- werthbar?) Deut. landw. Presse 18: 779, 1891. Abstract. Ex. Sta. Record ITI, 418. FRANK, B.—The dimorphism oi root tubercles on the pea. Berichte d. deut. Bot. Ges. 10: 170, 1892. Abstract, Chem. Cen- tralb. 1892, II, No. 15, p. 654. FRANK, B.—On-the gas exchanges oi the root tubercles of leguminous plants. (Ueber die auf den Gasaustausch beziig- lichen Einrichtungen und Thatigkeiten der Wurzelknollchen der Leguminosen). Berichte d. deut. Bot. Ges. 10: 271. 1892. Abstract, Ex. Sta. Record IV, 506. FRANK, B.—The assimilation oi iree atmospheric nitrogen by plants in its relation to species, supply of plant food and kind of soil. (Die Assimilation ireien Stickstoffs bei den Pflanzen in ihrer Abhangigkeit von Species, Ernharungs Verhaltnissen und von Bodenarten). Landw. Jahrb. 21: 44, 1892. Abstract, Fx. Sta. Record IIT, 732. FRANK, B.—The nitrogen question. (Noch ein Wort zur Stickstoff-frage). Deut landw. Presse 1893, 183, 184; Abstract, Bot. Centbl. 55: 216, 1893. FRANK, B.—The assimilation of free nitrogen in the plant world. (Die Assimilation des ireien Stickstofis durch die Pflan- zenwelt). Bot. Zeit. 51: 138, 1893. Abstract, Ex. Sta. Record Wie a FRANK, B.—tThe assimilation of free nitrogen by non- leguminous plants. (Neue Stimmen tber die Stickstoff irage). Deut. land. Presse 21, 119, 1894. FRUWIRTH.—Soil inoculation for leguminous plants. Deut. landw. Presse 18: 127, 1891; also 19: 6, 14, 171, 1892. Abstract, Ex. Sta. Record V, 619. GAIN, E.—The influence of humidity on the development of tubercles on the roots of Leguminosae. (Influence de I’ humidité sur le development des nodosites des Leguminosae). Compt. rend. 116: 1394, 1893. Abstract, Ex. Sta. Record V, 1izZ: GIELE, J.—The fixation of free nitrogen by plants. -Rev. Agron. 4: 321, 1895. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 135 GILBERT, J. H.—Fixation of free nitrogen. U.S. Dept. of Agr., Office of Ex. Sta., Bul. 22, pp. 119-145; Abstract, Ex. Sta. Record III, 331. GONNERMANN, M.—tThe bacteria of the root tubercles of Leguminosae. Landw. Jahrb. 23: 649, 1894. Abstract, Ex. Sta. Record VI, 784; also Am. Nat. 29: 808, 1895. GOESSMANN, C. A.—Experiments with Nitragin. (Re- view of Investigations.) Rep. Mass. Hatch Ex. Sta. 1896, 177- 182. HANSTEEN, B.—Can white mustard (Sinapis alba) assim- ilate nitrogen? ‘Tidskr. norske Landbr. 1: 121, 1894. HEINRICH, R.—Experiments on the assimilation of nitro- gen by plants. Zweiter Ber. landw. Vers. Stat. Rostock, 1894, 261. HEINRICH, R.—The question of nitrogen assimilation by the bacteria of the root tubercles of lupines. Zweiter Ber. landw. Vers. Stat. Rostock, 1894, 270. HELLRIEGEL, H.—Methods of sterilized sand cultures employed at the Bernburg Experiment Station. Ex. Sta. Record V, 835. HELLRIEGEL, H.—Ueber die Beziehungen der Bakterien zu der Stickstoffnahrung der Leguminosen. Zeitschr. f. d. Ver. f. Rtbenzucker Industrie d. deut. Reiches. 241, 1886. HELLRIEGEL and WILFARTH.—Untersuchungen uber die Stickstoffnahrung der Gramineen und Leguminosen. Bei- lageheft z. d. Zeitschr. f. d. Rubenzucker Ind. d. deut. R. Berlin, Nov. 1888. Review, Bot. Centralb. 39: 138. 1880. HILTNER, L.—On the influence of the root tubercles of Alnus glutinosa upon the fixation of nitrogen. (Ueber die Bedeutung der Wurzelknollchen von Alnus glutinosa fur die Stickstoffnahrung dieser Pflanze). Landw. Vers. Stat. 46: 153. 1895. HOLM, THEO.—Root tubercles on ailanthus. (Abstract of article by Ernst Andreae, Ueber abnorme Wurzelanschwel- lingen bei Ailanthus glandulosa. Inaug. diss. Erlangen, 1894). Bot. Gaz. XX, 496, 1895. KIRCHNER, O.—The root tubercles of soja bean. Cohn’s Beitrage Biol. Pflanzen. 7 (1895), 213 224; Abstract, Bot. Ztg. 54 (1896), II, 106; also Abstract, Centbl. Bakt. und Per. allg. 2: 96, 1896. 136 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. KOCH, A. and KOSSOWITSCH, P.—Concerning the assimilation of iree nitrogen by algae. (Ueber die Assimila- tion von freien Stickstoff durch Algen). Bot. Zeit. 51: 321. 1893. KOSSOWITSCH, P.—Through what organs do legumin- ous plants absorb free nitrogen? (Durch welche Organe nehmen die Leguminosen den freien Stickstoff auf?) Bot. Zeitg. 50: 698, 714, 730, 746, 771. 1802. KOSSOWITSCH, P.—Fixation oi free nitrogen by Algae. (Untersuchungentiber die Frage ob die Algen freien Stick- stoff fixiren). Bot. Ztg. 52:97, 1894. Abstract, Ex. Sta Record VI, 278. KRAPOTKIN, P.—Assimilation of nitrogen by plants. Nineteenth Century, 1893, No. 198. Abstract, Agr. Jour. Cape Colony 6; 437, 1893. KUHN, J.—The lupine as a plant for green manuring. (Die lupine als Grundungtingspflanze). Wiener Landw. Zeit. 43: 379. 1893. KOWERSKI, S.—White mustard as a nitrogen assimila- tor. Inaug. Diss. Halle, 1895; Abs. in Bot. Centralb. Beiheft, 5, 539, 1895. LACHMANN, J.—Root tubercles of leguminous plants. (Ueber Knolichen der Leguminosen). Landw. Mittheil. Zeit- schr. der K. hoheren Lehranstalt, &c., 1856. Reprinted in Centralb. i. Agr. Chem. 20: 837. Abstract, Ex. Sta. Record INT, gi. LAURENT, E.—Experiencessur la productiondes nodosites chez le pois a la suite d’ inoculations. Bul. de l Acad. Roy. d. Belgique, 3 Ser., 1: 764, 1890. LAURENT, E.—Situdies of root tubercles. (Recherches sur les nodosites radicles). Ann. del Inst. Pasteur. 5: 105, 1891. LAWES and GILBERT.—New experiments on the ques- tion of the fixation of free nitrogen. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. 47: 85, 1890. | LAWES, J. B. and GILBERT, J. H.—The sources of nitrogen of our leguminous crops. Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. Eng- land) (Ser. 3,27 057, 13802: _LAWES, Jj. B. and GILBERT, J. H.—Experiments on root tubercles and the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. Abstract by J. H. Gilbert. Ex. Sta. Record ITI, 331, 1891. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 137 LAWES and GILBERT.—On the present question of the sources of the nitrogen of vegetation. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. CLXXX. B. 1-107. 1888. LIEBSCHER.—Assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by leguminous and non-leguminous plants. (Ein Beitrag zur Stickstoffrage). Deut. landw. Presse 19: 1080, 1892. LIEBSCHER.—Concerning the nitrogen question. (Noch- mals die Stickstoff frage). Deut. landw. Presse, 20: 1037, 1893. LOTSY, J. P.—A contribution to the investigations of the assimilation of free atmospheric nitrogen by white and black mustard. Off. Expt. Sta. Bul. 18, U. S. Dept. of Agr. Abstract, Ex. Sta. Record V, 693. LOEW, O.—The synthetical powers of micro-organisms. Science 23: 144. 1894. MAC DOUGAL, D. T.—Nitrogen assimilation by [sopyrum biternatum. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey of Minnesota Bul. 9, Part II, 1894. MASON, J.—Field experiments on the fixation of free nitro- gen. Jour. Roy. Agr Soc. of England. 3 Ser. 3: 651. 1892. MOELLER, H.—Bemerkungen zu Frank’s Mittheilung tuber den Dimorphismus der Wurzellknollchen der Erbose. Ber. d. deut. Bot. Ges. 10: 242, 1892. MOELLER, H.—Reply to Frank regarding the dimorphism of root tubercles of peas. (Entgegnung gegen Frank, betref- fend den augeblichen Dimorphismus der Wurzelknollchen der Erbse) Ber. deut. bot. Ges. 10, 568, 1892. MUNRO, J. M. H.—The nitrifying ferments of the soil. Jour. Roy. Ag. Soc. England 3 Ser., 2: 702. NAUDIN, C.—The formation of root tubercles among leg- umes.) jour, Agr. Prat. 5820453, 16045 1 Abstract.) Boxes Sede Record VI, 382. NAUDIN, C.—Root tubercles of legumes, their relation to their host plants. Jour. Agr. Prat. 61: II, 46. 1897. NOBBE, F.and HILTNER, L.—The interchange between leguminous plants and the bacteria causing root tubercles (Ueber die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen den Knollchenerzen- genden Bakterien und den Leguminosen,) Sachs. landw. Zeitsch. 165, 1893. NOBBE, F. and HILTNER, L.—Are non-leguminous plants able to assimilate free nitrogen? (Vermogen auch nicht- 138 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. leguminosen freien Stickstoff, auizunehmen?) _ Landw. Vers. Stat. 45: 155, 1894. Abstract, Ex. Sta. Record VI, 381. NOBBE, F. AND HILTNER, L—Soil inoculation for leguminous plants. Fuhling’s landw. Zeitg. 43 : 371, 1894. NOBBE, F., SCHMID, E., HILTNER, L. AND HOT- TER, E.—Experiments in the assimilation of nitrogen by leguminous plants. (Versuche ueber die Stickstoff-Assimila- tion der Leguminosen). Landw. Vers. Stat. 39: 327, 1891. Abstract, Ex. Sta. Record III, 336. NOBBE, F., SCHMID, E., HILTNER, L. AND HOT- TER, E.—The diffusibility of the Leguminosae bacteria in the soil. (Ueber die Verbreitungs-fahigkeit der Leguminosen- Bakterien im Boden.) Landw. Vers. Stat. 41: 137. 1892. NOBBE, SCHMID, HILTNER AND HOTTER. The physiological function of the root tubercles of Elaeagnus angus- tifolius (Ueber die physiologische Bedeutung den Wurzelknoll- chen von Eleagnus augustifolius). Landw. Ver. Stat. 41: 138, 1892. PETERMANN, A.—Coniribution to the nitrogen question (Contribution a la question de Il’ azote). Mem. Acad. Roy. Belgique, 47: 37, 1892. Abstract, Bot. Centbl. 55: 315, 1893. PETERMANN, A.—On the fixation of free atmospheric nitrogen by plants and soils. Sep. Brussel, 1893, pp. 267-276. Abstract—Ex. Sta. Record V, IIo. PETERMANN, A.—A contribution to the nitrogen ques- tion (Contribution a la question de Il’ azote) Bul. Acad. Roy. Belgique 3 Ser., 25: 267. 1893. Abstract, Ex. Sta. Record V, 616. PRANTL, K.—Dieassimilationireien Stickstoff undder Par- asitismus von Nostoc. Hedw. 28: 135. 1889. PRAZMOWSKI, A.—Die Waurzelknollchen der Erbse; Landw. Versuchs-Stationen 27: 160. 1890. PRILLIEUX, A.—Earlier observations on the root tuber- cles of Leguminosae (Anciennes observations sur les tubercles des racines des Legumineuses) Compt. rend. 111: 926. 1890. Abstract, Centralb. Ag. Chem. 21: 426; also (short) Ex. Sta. Record IV: 206. RUSSELL, H. L.—The fixation of free nitrogen by plants. (arésumé.) Bot. Gaz. 19: 284. 1894. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 139 SALFELD.—The effect of earth from the subsoil and of sea mud on the root tubercles of leguminous plants. Deut. landw. Presse, 22: 425. 1895. SCHLOESING and LAURENT.—Sur la fixation de I’ azote libre par les plantes. Compt. rend. 113: 776. 1891. SCHLOESING AND LAURENT.—tThe fixation of nitro- gen by leguminous plants (Sur la fixation de I’ azote gazeux par les Legumineuses.) Compt. rend. 111: 750; also 115: 659, 732, 1892. Abstract, Ex. Sta. Record IV: 504. SCHLOESING and LAURENT.—Recherches sur la fix- ation de |’ azote libre par les plantes. Ann. Inst. Past. 6: 65, 1802. SCHLOSING, T., SR.—Discussion of Berthelot’s investi- gations on the fixation of nitrogen (Observations sur la com- munication de M. Berthelot) Compt. rend. 115: 636. 1892. SCHMITTER, A.—New Experiments in Soil Inoculation. Wachensch, der pomme 6ok6n Ges. 251, 1891. Abstract, Ex. Sta. Record III, 491. SCHMITTER, A.—The inoculation of clay soil for lupines. Inaugural dissertation, Heidelberg; Abstract, Bot. Centbl. 57, 25,1894. Abstract (short) Ex. Sta. Record V, 1013. SCHNEIDER, A.—Observations on some American Rhizo- bia. Bul. Torrey Bot. Club. 19: 205, 1892. SCHNEIDER, A.—Recent investigations concerning Rhi- zobia and free nitrogen assimilation. Ag. Sci. 7: 549, 1893. SCHNEIDER, A.—A new factor in economic agriculture. litivEee Sta Bulb 2zon1s03") -Absirac, Ex Stas Record Vi, 855. SMITH, E. F.—Root tubercles of Leguminosae. (Ab- stract of Gonnermann’s article in Landw. Jahrb., 1894, 649.) Amer. Nat. 29: 898, 1895. STOCKLASA, J.—Studies on the assimilation of free nitro- gen by plants. Landw. Jahrb. 24: 827, 1895. Abstract, Jour. Chem. Soc. 1896, March, 203; also abstract, Ex. Sta. Record VII, 922. STUTZER.—Recent works concerning the tubercle bacteria of legumes and their fixation of free nitrogen. (A résumé.) Centbl. Bakt. und Par. Allg. I: 68, 1895. VILLE, G.—Note sur I’ assimilation de I’ azote de 1’ air par les plantes. Compt. rend. 31: 578. 1851. 140 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. VILLE, G—Absorption de l’azote de l’air par les plantes. Compt. rend. 38: 705, 723, 1859. VINES, S. H.—On the relation between the formation of tubercles on the roots of Leguminosae and the presence of nitro- gen inthe soil. Ann. Bot. II, 386, 1888-9. VUILLEMIN.—Les tubercles radicaux des Legumineuses. Ann. d. Sci. Agr. Franc et Etrang. 1888, p. 96. WAGNER, P.—Can white mustard assimilate atmospheric nitrogen? Ist es wahr, das der weisse Senf den freien Stick- stoff der atmospharischen Luft aufnimmt und nach Art der Leguminosen Stickstoff bereicherndwirkt? Deut. landw. Presse, 20: QO, 1893. : WAGNER, P.—Concerning the nitrogen question (Einige zeit und streitiragen aus dem Gebiet der Dungunglehre). Deut. landw. Presse 20: 913, 933, 943, 1037. 1893. WARD, H. MARSHALL.—On the tubercular swellings on the roots of Vicia Faba. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 178: 139-562. 1887. WARD, H. M.—Recent investigations and ideas on the fixa- tion of nitrogen by plants. Nature, 49: 511, 1894. WARINGTON, R.—Organisms in soil assimilating nitrogen from the atmosphere. Agi. Students’ Gaz. 1895, 105. WILFARTH, H.—New experiments with plants collecting nitrogen and their employment in agricultural practice. Deut. landw. Rundschau, 1892, Nos. 8,9, loand 11. Abstract, Chem. Centralb. 1: 990. 1893; abstract (short) Ex. Sta. Record V, 112: WILSON, W.—Investigations of the root tubercles on leg- uminous plants. Ag. Sci. 8: 437, 1894. ‘Abstract, Ex. Sta. Record VI, 616. WINOGRADSKY, S.—On the assimilation of the gaseous nitrogen of the atmosphere by microbes. (Sur I’ assimilation de l azote gazeux de |’ atmosphere par les microbes.) Compt. rend. 118: 353, 1894. Abstract, Ex. Sta. Record V, 1010. WINOGRADSKY, S.—Assimilation of free atmospheric nitrogen by microbes. Arch. Sci. Biol. 1895,297-352. Abstract, Jour. Chem. Soc. 1895, 283; also abstract (short)Ex. Sta. Record VII, 465. WOODS, C. D.—The acquisition of atmospheric nitrogen by growing plants. An. Rep. Storrs Ex. Sta. 1891. Abstract, Bx, Sta: Record (V7 424: Ce DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS. po Vine Baan pn. The digestibility of the following materials has been deter- mined during the past year: Silage—Made of mature flint corn, sunflower heads and horse beans. Silage—Made of mature flint corn, sunflowers (whole plant) and horse beans. Silage—Made of Sanford corn, a large white flint variety. Hay, mostly timothy. Corn meal. Skimmed milk. The animals used were sheep (wethers), from five to seven years old, of medium size and in good condition. No. I was slightly larger and more vigorous than the other two and he also had a better appetite, with perhaps stronger digestive powers, which may account for his giving higher digestive coefficients when heavily fed. No. 2, when fed a ration of hay alone, refused to eat but a small quantity and it would seem that his dislike for the food affected his digestion, as he gave a very low coefficient for protein. They all stood the confinement well and as a rule ate their rations up clean. The experiments were conducted on the plan which has been followed in the past by the Station. The feeding periods were twelve days each; the first seven days being used as preliminary feeding, and the last five days for the experiment, during which time the feces were collected and weighed. The rations were uniform for each animal and weighed throughout the whole feeding period. 142 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. In connection with these digestion experiments the heats of combustion of the feeding stuffs and the feces were determined by the use of the bomb calorimeter. The method followed in the calculations is that of Atwater and Woods given on pages 123 and following in the report of the Storrs (Conn.) Experi- ment Station, for 1894. The composition of the feeding stuffs used in these experi- ments is given in the table which follows: COMPOSITION OF FODDERS AND FEEDING STUFFS USED IN DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS IN 1896-7. i s o 2 | 26 a5 j q (0) 62 Bi > © 2g 6s = =| = S ab) 5 as oS n 9 5 2 4 ee ial xo ‘4 a ae e < a Sp Pace | ; % % Yo We % % % Silage (mature corn, sunflower heads, and horse beans)...... 4045 79.85 | 1.70 2.72 5.00 9.99 | 0.74 Silage (mature corn,sunflower, whole plant,and horse beans)| 4046 80.90 1.67 2.31 4.83 9.62 0.67 Silage (Sanford corn, partially IMACULE =... 5 6 ogo voobonseADDD 4048 81.50 | 1.27 1.80 4.90 9.97 | 0.56 Hay, mostly timothy........... 4061 16.50 | 4.92 7.91 | 26.57 | 42.383 | 1.77 Corn meal......... audgocoa0d0000 4062 14.54 | 1.71 10.31 1.67 | 68.43 | 3.04 Skimmed milk..... noopn200d0000 4075 90.50 | 0.75 3-56 |.. esses 5.07 | 0.12 COMPOSITION OF FODDERS AND FEEDING STUFFS USED IN DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS IN 1896-7 CALCULATED TO WATER-FREE SUBSTANCE. rs 2 = fe a3 r= S Pay gA 8 [ice + So = z Pal 2 Bf z g ies |e NE < Ay 'e) Aa Fe ! %o % % %o % Silage (mature corn, sunflower heads, IoVOVUEC) |XSANS))) oopocoba00q0bbb00GRG000000 4045 8.44 13.50 | 24.81 | 49.60] 3.65 Silage (mature corn, sunflowers, whole : plant, and horse beans)............... 4046 8.73 12.039 | 25.27 50.40 | 3.51 Silage (Sanford corn, partially OMEN GHIREC|)) cogosohoodcddsoqsaqn00000 000000 4048 6.90 9.72 | 26.45 | 53.90 | 3.03 Isehy, AO SMhy nbeNGWONW~o6 Godoogooos4000Ke6 4061 5.89 9.47 | 31.82 | 50:70 | 212 Cornmeal Pacem censeel Hodoohoaus00000 4062 2.00 12.10 1.96 | 80.387 | 3.57, plabeapeneyel senile” oodcGoo5o0.000 oadonedD000 4075 7.85 87.50 | «2... o| 53-0 |) 128 a DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS. 143 DIGESTION EXPERIMENT 50—(MIXED SILAGE.) Material used: Silage made of mature flint corn, horse beans and sunflower heads, cut and put in the silo in the pro- portion of one acre of corn, one-fourth acre of sunflower heads and one-half acre of horse beans. This mixture was first recommended by Professor Robertson of Canada, and so far as the writer is aware, this is the first digestion experiment that has ever been made with it. The material was perfectly pre- served in the silo and readily eaten by the sheep. ‘The results of the experiment are given in the following tables: RATIONS. Fed daily, Sheep I, 3,000 grams. Fed daily, Sheep II, 2,500 grams. COMPOSITION OF FODDER AND FECES. W ATER-FREE. ery ( o 2 = : 5 bo 2 a] ns q iS) 2 ope) + oH i} y wx n H pi 4 S So 4 =) (o)/5| < Ay ia Zo} & (Sy FODDERS. % % % % %o Yo \ % Silage(corn, sunflower heads,horse beans)..| 4045 | 20.15 | 91.56 | 8.44 | 13.50 | 24.81 | 49.60) 3.65 4370 FECES. Sheep I.............0+2.| 4049 |......./ 84.69 | 15.31 | 14.60 | 27.73 | 39.84 | 2.52 4415 SVE] {UE Go ooo0b0ndodac00 4050 |..eeee- 86.34 | 13.66 | 14.62 | 29.49 | 39.70 | 2.53 4425 FUEL VALUE OF FOOD FOR 5 DAYS AS DETERMINED BY THE BOMB CALORIMETER. on) wo SH om os S) Oo : o . ie 3 33 =e oo wog 25 a3 am Gs Sa | 43 a a PS ee wai | 336 sg | sf | 38 | 38 | Bes | s33 = =) fa > = spe mS Be ms ges | wad Calories. | Calories. | Calories. | Calories. | Calories. % Sheep I......... vices 13208. 4328 8880 231 8649 65.5 relave(ey0) 1 ISG qo5pnooob05 11007 4073 6934. 179 6755 61.4 Average ........ 63.5 144 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. TOTAL NUTRIENTS IN THE FODDER EATEN AND FECES EXCRETED IN FIVE DAYS. z Ps = 2 a a a : = = She 5 we = i) 3 of aS as 2 ~ ® 2 = 3 = ae 3 © = a im a Of < ey ey Ao = Sheep I: Grams. Grams. | Grams|Grams|Grams| Grams. | Grams SMES ssoctcHaccoendoaoc 3022.5 2767.3 255.1 | 408.1 | 749.6 | 1499.2 | 110.4 INGER 556650 a00 DOOGOOOUO 980.2 | 830.1 150.1 143.1 271.8 390.5 24.7 WIM ESLEMiereeteeleeteiletseltr 2042.3 1937.2 105.0 | 265.0} 477.8} 1108.7 | 85.7 Per cent digested ..... 67-6 | 70.0 41.2 64.9 63.7 74.0 77.6 Sheep II: | , SHEETS oo0000 cocasannec? 2518.8 | 2306.2 212.6 | 340.0 | 624.7 | 1249.4 92.1 INGOCR os00benaqcos600000 920.5 | 794.8 125.7 | 184-6 271.5 365.4 23.3 IDET EO e po500c000 Gc8 1598.3 | 1511.4 86.9 | 205.4 | 353.2 884.0 68.8 | Per cent digested..... 63.5 | 65.6 40.9 60.4 66.5 | 70.8 74.7 Average per cent digested...... 5006 65.6 | 67.8 41.1 62.7 60.1 72.4 76.7 DIGESTION EXPERIMENT 57—-(MIXED SILAGE.) Material used: Silage made of mature flint corn, horse beans and sunflowers (whole plant), cut and put in the silo in the pro- portion of one acre of corn, one-fourth acre sunflowers and one- half acre horse beans. This mixture was well preserved and notwithstanding the coarse nature of the sunflower stalks was readily eaten by the sheep, not enough being left to affect the results. RATIONS. Fed daily, Sheep I, 3,000 grams; Sheep II, 2,500 grams. COMPOSITION OF FODDER AND FECES. WATER-FREE. Laboratory number. Dry matter. Organic matter Ash. Protein. Fiber. Nitrogen- free extract. Fat. Calories per gram. FODDERS. % S SS SS % SS % Silage (corn, sunflow- ers, horse beans) ....} 4046 | 19.10) 91.27 8.73 | 12.09 | 25.27; 5.04) 3.51 | 4334 FECES. SUVGEID I omocdnsos setelelstotor 4051 |..... 80.91 | 19.09 | 14.44 | 25.82) 38.33 | 2.32 | 4215 SIE ME poadoo0c0c eeeeee| 4052 |.2202.| 81-46 | 18.54] 15.03 | 24.90) 38.55 | 2.98 | 4205 DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS. 145 TOTAL NUTRIENTS IN THE FODDER EATEN AND FECES EXCRETED IN FIVE DAYS. SANG fete MATERIALS. a | aa = = pm iby cos = oa 5) : £2 es C = 2 = | Aa S)= < mo ey | ) | | | l | Sheep I. Grams Grams |Grams |Grams |Grams Grams | Grams i | | | Silsmeyrsssscate. Deter ee 2864.0) 2614.0 250.0 | 346.3 | 723.7 | 1443.5 | . 1005 ECON 1212p sect eect at ite | 1041.3) 842.5| 198.8 | 150.4 | 268.9| 399.1, 24.1 Mb echedest-st-taseae anos: 1922.7] 1771.5] 51.2 | 195.9 | 454.8 | 1044.4] 76.4 Per cent digested ......... 63.6, 67.8] 20.5| 56.6| 62.8] 72.4| 76.0 Sheep II. | SHUNT oINE Sa eee a oe eee 9878.5| 2170-9| 207.6 | 287.5 | 601.1 | 1198.8 | 93.5 MECES Pa tee tenes tee | 776.9} 682.9) 144.0] 116.8] 193.4] 299.5| 23.2 Digested....... Petes ies | 1601.6] 1538.0/ 63.6 | 170.7 | 407-7 | 899.3 | 60.3 Per cent digested ......... | 67.3) 70.8] 30.6) 59.3| 67.8| 75.0] 72:2 PR VETARG cen secs at eer | 65.5 H9.8 95.6| 58.0| 65-3] 73-7| 74-1 FUEL VALUE OF FOOD FOR 5 DAYS AS DETERMINED BY THE BOMB CALORIMETER. ) ; = le a a) : : = | ont | oc RS) og =O E So aa SS Bsa BS qa EXPERIMENT II. EES eS a >S se 235 mACo a) aloe ee) Se ao lesene = ple eevee) so ose oes Soo =o Sot mo Sere Sas | 1 Calories. Calories. Calories. Calories.|Calories. % SINGED M concadediiconscésoos 12,413 4389 8024 170 7Ts54 63.3 Sheep Il......... Seeeincieietete 10,308 3267 7041 | 149 6892 66.9 PASMCT AD Crreyaienia cinta cia cells soccococs|| o¢accoson|!oe sosecood | Ansaogooodhecotcaso : 65.1 DIGESTION EXPERIMENT 58—(CORN SILAGE.) Material used: Silage made from Sanford corn, a large white flint variety but recently grown in this section. An enormous crop was produced in 1896 which was only partially matured, only a part of the ears being glazed. Although this silage was well preserved and in good condition, Sheep No. II refused to eat it, consequently two trials were made with Sheep I. The results are given in the following tables: 146 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. RATIONS. Fed daily, Sheep I, 3,000 grams. COMPOSITION OF FODDERS AND FECES. W ATER-FREE. f ) {o>} = >) ~ 2 D & 2 | = 5 ra = =] 3 Sis | o oS e Re Fs Salt ) Pes | heSel be llladtons Eg 2 Peel Biss a pe es ee ee ei 3 A | 68] < a & | we | loo % % % % To Jo | % FODDERS. Silage, Sanford corn.| 4048 18.57 9.31 6.9 9.72 | 26.45 |} 53.9 | 3.03 | 42.34 FECES. Sheep 1....... Soleeicisiets 4053 - 84.52 | 15.48 | 13.84 | 27.34 | 48.74 | 2.60 | 43.81 Shee pmilenerteritetere Soooll eat - 85.44 | 14.56 | 14.36 | 24.78 | 43.44 | 2.86 | 44.26 TOTAL NUTRIENTS IN THE FODDER EATEN AND FECES EXCRETED IN FIVE DAYS AND PER CENTS DIGESTED. dD o o s Q 4 2 = aS a ES 3 2 Soe fo} 3 =) oO x : pp ne a ° 2 £5 = al a " fa) OF < - a Zo a Grams.| Grams.| Grams.} Grams.| Grams.|} Grams.| Grams. SHEEP I SUAVE os soncgn0dmesce0es 2775.0 | 2583.5 | 191.5 269.7 734.0 1495.7 84.1 HE CES tereeececiciiccneticiets 846.7 715.6 | 131.1 117.2 206.1 370.3 22.0 Digested .......... onooo0 1928.3 | 1867.9 60.4 152.5 527.9 1125.4 62.1 Per cent digested...... 69.5 72.3 31.5 56.5 71.9 75.2 73.8 SHEEP I. SH GVE@ s55656d00a00e couoos 2775.0 | 2583.5 | 191.5 269.7 734.0 1495.7 84.1 HEC@Si os csaeeshece Sehioeiee $24.9 704.8 | 120.1 118.4 204.4 358.4 23.6 Digested .........6 Sonne || IGE | abstr 71.4 151.3 529.6 1137.3 60.5 Per cent digested...... 70.3 72.7 37.3 56.1 72.2 76.0 71.9 PAVIET:AS Crcciccciciciholeclstien: 69.9 i2e5 34.4 56.3 72.1 75.6 72.9. DORSET HORN BUCK. SHROPSHIRE BUCK. DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS. 147 FUEL VALUE OF FOOD FOR FIVE DAYS AS DETERMINED BY THE BOMB : CALORIMETER. ts 3 le % C 55 I Bo Bs ee og aa Z ep ae a= ict EXPERIMENT III. 2 ae es So =o Ree ag 1) aie me ras os 35 23 BE 33 SS | 523 me es} eo es BE wad Calories. | Calories. | Calories. | Calories. | Calories. % SMA I toaonooconoe 4 10769 3366 7403 133 7270 67.5 SINE) I cossqsoaGoces 10769 3306 7463 132 7331 68.1 PASVIGU AT Ce latelellciaisiefeletel: = - = - - 67.5 DIGESTION EXPERIMENT 59—(HAY.) Material used: Hay, mostly timothy. The object of this experiment was to determine the digesti- bility of hay which was to be fed with corn meal and skimmed milk in the next three experiments. The results are presented below: RATIONS. Fed daily, Sheep Fed daily, Sheep I1, 400 grams. Fed daily, Sheep III, 600 grams. I, 600 grams. COMPOSITION OF FODDERS AND FECES. FODDERS. SHES TT sec ewer. «| 4056 seeee { Laboratory number. -| 4061 «| 4055 4057 5 _— o 2. 5 Ee B. Be Ee | oF % % 83.5 | 94.11 = 89.81 = 90.36 = 91.39 W ATER-FREE. o 2 S = Rae ne o a) 5 iS) = A S of a ° 2 pe =) ana n ~ I mM | & ewe) < oy ey Ao Ce — % % %o % % 5.89 9.47 | 31.82 50.70 | 2.12 4867 10.19 | 11.51 | 33.47 41.81 | 3.02 4694 9.64 | 12-61 | 32.35 42.43 | 2.98 4711 8.61 | 10.98 | 34.73 43.12 | 2.56 | 4694 IO 148 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. TOTAL NUTRIENTS IN FOOD EATEN AND FECES EXCRETED IN FIVE DAYS AND PERCENTAGES DIGESTED. 5 | ) | i] anh | | 2 | =a | os } mn | rR : Eos bp) Sts] yee an ue a a2 : Sr hl i os Naess d= Z S|. 3 | se 3 a | O&8 |) 4 Ses ae ie pert = i | | | l | | | | Grams.) Grams.) Grams.) Grams. Grams.) Grams. SHEEP I | BBRY coccogeonuooU BaSaneOr 2505 2357-5 147.5 | 237-3 thepe lt 1270.0 53.1 | | Recents ese sees re 1070 | 961.0] 109.0 | 128.2 | 358.1 | 447.4 | 32.8 | | WISEStEOD ssa ase ele 1435 1396.5 | 38.5 114.1 439 822.6 | 20.8 Per cent digested...... 57.8 | 59.2 26.1 48.1 55.1 64.8 39.2 SHEEP JI. | | | | LEIBA scoobeowoncomtouccace | 167.0 1571.6 | 98.4 158.1 531.4 | 846.7 35.4 HE CES eee eticemiracedacistt 766.9 693.0 | 73-9 96.7 248.1 325.3 22.9 IUSEESIGG! Kosccco ecoccuwe | 903.1 878.6 | 24.5 61.4 283.3 | 521.4 12.5 Per cent digested......| 54.1 56.9 24.9 85:8 | 5823 /|> (Gleeu nena SHEEP III. 12 ERY te pennoce boepUo OCdae. |} 2505 2357.5 | 147.5 237.3 791-1 | 1270.0 Deals IMECOS) cocetdccase cotsccce | 1160.6 1060.7 99.9 127.4 403-1 | 500.5 29.7 | | Dis estedi ances eerie cl 1344.4 | 1296.8 47.6 109.9 388.0 | 769.5 23.4 | Per cent digested ...... | 53.7 55.0 | 32.3 46.3 49.0 | 60.6 44.1 | INV ELAS OS ogee ae: 55.0 57-0 | 27.8 44.4 52.5 | 62.3 38.9 | FUEL VALUE OF FOOD FOR FIVE DAYS AS DETERMINED BY THE BOMB CALORIMETER. 2 S 3 Be c oe | ge 2 oa om so | $ | as = 2 ze Be eae Experiment IV. | ge an ae Zo e's sae | -— Lm n -—_— —_ > = Or Se ARS Sho Alia ee $8 23 =E5 eS ae) ae) ae ae oe me oy | ia =o =F fic Soe | Boer || oalteg| : : | Calories. | Calories. | Calories. | Calories. | Calories. | G | . SMG UW occobe odedss 12191 5023 7168 99 7069 57.9 Sheep llieeceeeeeser 7821 3613 4208 53 4155 53.1 Sheep Lil ------.- | 12191 5448 6743 96 6647 54.5 JF GENEES sobengnococs = = = = - 95-2 DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS. 149 DIGESTION EXPERIMENT 60—(CORN MEAL.) Material fed: Hay and corn meal. The object of this experiment was to determine the digesti- bility of the protein of corn meal. The American coefficient for protein is much less than the German and about 25% less than that of gluten meal, which is a residue of corn left in the manufacture of glucose and starch. One would expect, there- fore, protein of corn and gluten meals to have about the same digestibility, unless the carbohydrates which are removed in the manufacture of gluten meals protect the protein from the action of digestion fluids, which supposition is hardly probable. It is most likely that the large difference noted is due to metabolic nitrogen of the feces, which would introduce a much greater error in the case of a feed low in protein, like corn meal, than in the case of a feed higher in protein, like gluten meal. It is necessary to feed a coarse fodder like hay with a fine feed like corn meal in order to keep the animal in normal condition. The digestibility of the hay used was determined in the pre- ceeding experiment and in calculating the digestibility of the corn meal, the individual coefficients of each sheep obtained for the hay was used instead of an average of them. The detailed results are given in the following tables: RATIONS. Fed daily each sheep, hay, 400 grams; corn meal, 300 grams. COMPOSITION OF FOOD AND FECES. WATER-FREE. | g P 5 | a : = 2 2 | 1 Sins n& 22 a | eo ar dees | esos of ie | eee ; s > | os . | 68 2s eal sot Zs ro) oy |) Sat ~ = as ~ ss n pe = =H as) Soo =a (2) (eye < on my Aw mS om | % Jo % % % % % FODDERS. IER soo sncnoc0dp0acaUD. 4061 $3.5 94.11 5.89 9.47 | 31.82 50 7 2.12 | 4867 (Coin fier bogoooendobe - 85.6 98.00 | 2.00 | 12.10 | 1.96 80.37 | 3.57 - FECES. SGGCTO capa pena bode. 4058 - $8.81 | 11.19 | 15.51 | 28.36 41.70 | 3.24 4694 | SIGro IMSS opacecoueads 4059 - 90.64 | 9.36 | 15.33 | 28.85 3.44 | 3.02 | 4699 SUG. ID UO onecegacone 4060 - 91.33 | 8.67 | 13.02 | 33.48 42.14 ; 2.69 4820 ! 150 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ' TOTAL NUTRIENTS IN FOOD EATEN AND FECES EXCRETED FOR FIVE DAYS AND PERCENTAGES DIGESTED. D (3) ® A 2 s tal Bs 5 > ey 5 i 7) ve) ath See MUON i ee a) ol < 3 ey zs ci Grams.| Grams.| Grams.| Grams.|} Grams.| Grams.) Grams. SHEEP I. ING GEl Wa NY sooocoopsnonse 1670 1571.6 98.4 158.1 531.4 846.7 35.4 Fed in corn meal....... 1277.4 1251.9 25.5 154.6 25.0 1026.7 45.6 MO GAO eC ereeisstelteterer 2947 .4 2823.5 123.9 312.7 556.4 1873.4 $1.0 Total fEGeS .....0.-..00- 749.8 665.9 83.9 116.3 212.7 312.6 24.3 Total digested ......... 2197.6 2157.6 40.0 196.4 343.7 1560.8 56.7 Digested from hay..... 956.6 930.9 Oi 7/ 76.0 - 548.4 13.9 Digested from corn WHORL codocnadgoooso00005 1241.0 1296.7 14.3 120.4 - 1012.4 42.8 Per cent digested from (GON WHOA sscco90000n6 97.1 98.0 56.1 77.8 - 98 .6 93.8 SHEEP II. Fed in hay.............- 1670.0 | 1571.6 98.4 158.1 531.4 846.7 35.4 Fed in corn meal......| 1277.4 1251.9 2a\o65) 154.6 25.0 1026.7 45.6 Mot alee Gere 2947.4 2823.5 123.9 312.7 556.4 1873.4 81.0 Total fECES..- 3.2.6 «03 847.7 768.4 79.3 129.9 244.6 368.3 26.6 Total digested ........ 2099.7 2055.1 44.6 182.8 311.8 1505.1 55.4 Digested from hay....- 903.1 878.6 24.5 61.4 - 521.4 12.5 Digested from corn ss maVSENL !-soa00n0 soocneo0" 1196.6 1176.5 20.1 121.4 - 983.7 42.9 Per cent digested from; Goren WHET 355000 acoces 93 7 93.9 78.8 78.5 - 95.8 94.1 SHEEP III. Fed in hay........ 2000004 1670.9 1571.6 98.4 158 1 531.4 846.7 35.4 Fed in corn meal...... 1277.4 1251.9 25.5 154.6 25.0 1026.7 45.6 Total fd... «60 2947.6 2823.5 123.9 312.7 556.4 1573.4 81.0 Total feces ............. 911.8 $32.7 79.1 118.7 305.3 384.2 24.5 Total digested ......... 2035.8 1990.8 44.8 194.0 251.1 1489.2 56.5 Digested from hay..... 896.3 | 864.5 | 31.8 73.2 = 513.0 15.6 Digested from corn WAGE oso00dmu Gonusuaucas 1189.5 | 1126.5 13.0 120.8 - 976.2 40.9 Per cent digested from Gorin WAKE Mlos6scccoGb000 89.2 $9.9 50.9 719.7 = 95.1 89.7 Corn meal average ...- 93.3 93.6 61.9 78.7 = 98.5 92.5 oe DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS. Wisi DIGESTION EXPERIMENT 61—(SKIMMED MILK.) Material used: Hay and skimmed milk. This experiment was made to determine the digestibility of skimmed milk which was to be used as a source of digestible protein in further experiments with corn meal. In nearly all digestion experiments with human subjects the protein of milk has been assumed to be wholly or at least 98 per cent digestible, and it was expected that figures agreeing quite closely with those would be obtained with sheep. It will be seen by the tables that the results of the experiment give figures consider- ably below the assumed digestibility and probably much lower than they should be, due to the error introduced by the presence of metabolic nitrogen in the feces. The corrected results given in tables on page 155 are probably more nearly correct. It will be observed also that the organic matter is about one hundred per cent digestible, which makes the figures for protein appear more inconsistant. RATIONS. Fed daily each sheep, hay, 400 grams; milk, 3,500 grams. NotrEe—Sheep No. II took but 200 grams of hay per day. COMPOSITION OF FOOD AND FECES. W ATER-FREE. oO & ae o rm x 4 5 2 & Ba elles ies a Das HA = = 0 > aS, nS Or ie ne : ~~ D © eof - Hea =) or < a x Zo a To % % %o % To % FODDERS. IRI? on ogdecoogoonsa000ODaDDDe 4061 $3.50 | 94.11 5.89 9.47 | 31.82 50.70 2.12 Skimmed milk......... e---| 4075 9.50 | 92.15 7-8) | 37-50 | = 53-37 | 1.28 | FECES. SNWASTD UW dnoanpa00nodabo cooode 4068 - $1.78 | 18.22 | 15.88 | 24.07 39.26 | 2.57 Sineeyo: WW cooceocconon0ee sosoal| #40tets) - 77-80 | 22.2 | 20.15 | 19.78 | 385.99 1.88 ‘SWavazys) OU Sn Cooosena caconds 4070 - 86.43 | 13.57 | 14.70 | 27-22 42.10 2.41 152 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. TOTAL NUTRIENTS IN HAY EATEN AND FECES EXCRETED IN. FIVE DAYS AND PERCENTAGES DIGESTED. ® 5 z S = A ° = 543 i BS 5 oe Be ; ar : ean n S05 4 © 3 As 3 a oe < a & ZS = 2 i Grams.| Grams.) Grams.|} Grams.| Grams.| Grams.) Grams. HEEP I. Hedpinghaiveeeectr sr -eeree 1670.0 | 1571.6 | 98.4 155.1 531.4 846.7 35.4 Fed in skimmed milk .| 1649.0 | 1518-8 | 130.2 617.9 - 880.1 20:8 Rotated eeereeereces 3319.0 3090.4 | 228.6 776.0 531.4 1726.8 56.2 Total feces ...........-. 783.7 640.9 | 142.8 124.5 | 188.6 307.7 20.1 Total digested.......... | 2535.3 | 2449.5 85.5 651.5 342.8 1419.1 36-1 | | Digested from hay....- 956.6 : 930.9 25.7 76.0 292.6 548.4 13:9 if Digested from skim- | rraeCol a ceBUll ea coaaaacoos 1578.7 j; 1518.6 | 60.1 | 575-5 = 870.7 22.2 Per cent digested from | | skimmed milk ....... 95-7 99.9 46.1 93.1 - 98.9 106.7 SHEEP II. LO ELD WER coaacoasanoeae 835-0 | 785.8 49.2 79.0 265.7 423.4 W.7 Fed in skimmed milk.| 1653.8 | 1523.2 130.6 619.7 - 882.6 20.9 |) soar |\seoerteee es Motalefedeen see 2488-8 | 2309-0 | 179.8 | 698.7 265-7 1306.0 38.6 | Total from feces....... 450-5 | 350.5 100.0 | 90.8 89.1 162.1 $.5 Total digested ......... 2038.3 | 1958.5} 79.8 | 607-9 176.6 1143.9 30.1 Digested from hay ....| 451-6 439.3 | 1D Syn |e BOnT ae estatG 260.7 6.3 Digested from Seine | med! nil kee mercies e- | 1086-7 | 1519.2) 67.5 577-2 - 883.2 23.8 | | | Per cent digested from) | skimmed milk ....... 95.9 99.8 DL 98-1 - 100.4 113.9 SHEEP III. | | | Fed in hay........- vee 1670 | 1571.6] 98.4 | 158-1 | 531.4 | 846.7 35.4 | Fed in skimmed milk .| 1655.4 | 1524.6 | 130.8 | 620.7 - 834.0 20.9 Motaliicdwer- eer | $525.4 | 3096.2 | 229.2 778-8 531.4 1730.7 56.3 Total from feces...... 5 740-7 | 640.2 100.5 108.9 201.6 311.8 U7j3) | c } Total digested......... .| 2584.7 | 2456.0 | 128.7 669.9 329.8 1418.9 38.4 Digested from hay ....| 896.8 864.4 31.8 73.2 262.7 513.0 15.6 Digested from skim- ieaverol joaht ll eepesGonecseoS 1687.9 1591.6 96.9 596.7 = $05.9 22.8 | Per cent digested from | skimmed milk ....... 101.9 104.4 74.1 96.13 - 102.5 109.1 I DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS. 153 DIGESTION EXPERIMENT 62—(CORN MEAL.) Materials used: Hay, skimmed milk, corn meal. This experiment was undertaken to determine the effect of feeding a large amount of digestible protein, on the digestibility of corn meal. The results with the different animals are not as close as is desirable, but the average coefficient for protein agrees very well with the average obtained in Experiment VI. It is possible that the ration fed was a little too heavy, especially for sheep 3, hence the low digestion coefficient obtained. The coefficients obtained in experiments VI and VII were used in calculating the digestibility of the hay and milk. RATIONS. Fed daily each sheep, hay, 300 grams; milk, 3,500 grams; corn meal, 300 grams. COMPOSITION OF FODDERS AND FECES. W ATER-FREE. Biel id ee e & = E Ae 2 S ©) oS S She, = es Gell = Baa ele call’ Be Mies (be Se eRe eet ee ue ee =| Qa (oye < Oy fy Aa ey Fodders: | % % % % % % % HELEA airoratnvavateterstalsiesteictetoteinre 4061 83.50 94.)1 5.89 9.47 31.82 50.70 2.12 Skimmed milk....... 4075 9.50 92.15 7.85 37.50 spac] GREY, 1.28 (Goda WaAMlongasononauds 4062 85.16 98.00 2.00 12.10 1.96 80.37 BAY Feces: SN aKere} On Vagaronoboocoonee 4071 sfatetotelats 81.39 18.61 18.45 91.84 38.66 2.44 SINE SO) Li yaciateretiars etereiatee AOT2 Et Veretcverss 80.85 19.15 20.22 20.90 37.36 ail Meee lM orosccacese rates |) Olio a| rererereletete | 85.00 15.00 Tei} 26.30 39.65 1.92 154 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. TOTAL NUTRIENTS IN FOOD EATEN AND FECES EXCRETED FOR FIVE DAYS AND PERCENTAGES DIGESTED. a) o o a 2 $ ca mn ° =| 2 S) ra] Cy =) paid a= A eae ante z « | gs P es 3 2 2 ia i a 58 < cv iS Zo = SHEEP I. Grams | Grams.| Grams.| Grams.|] Grams.| Grams.| Grams. IMeyol aha) NAY oodecoapoan0n 1252.5 | 1178.7 73.8 118.5 398.6 635.0 26.6 Fed in skimmed milk.| 1662.5 | 1531.3 | 131.2 623.0 - 887.3 21.0 Fed in corn meal.......| 1277.4 | 1251.9 25.5 154.6 25.0 | 1026.7 45.6 Total fed ...... seeee| 4192.4 | 3961.9 | 230.5 396.1 423.6 | 2549.0 93.2 Total in feces ...... 0000 704.9 573.7 | 131.2 130.0 154.0 272.5 17.2 Total digested ......... 3487.5 | 3388.2 99.3 766.1 269.6 | 2276.5 76.0 Digested froin hay and skimmed milk....... 2308.7 | 2231.1 79.8 637.0 - 1289.0 31.4 Digested from corn WAELM 66 pon00000a0000000 1178.8 | 1157.1 19.5 129.0 - 987.5 44.6 Per cent digested from COrn Meal........-.0.- 92.3 92.4 76.4 83.4 - 96.2 97.8 SHEEP II. He qian ayaa seeieeiele 1134.8 | 1068.0 66.8 107.5 361.1 575.3 24.1 Fed in skimmed milk .| 1662.5 | 1531.3 | 131.2 623.0 - 887.3 21.0 Fed in corn meal....... 1277.4 1251.9 25.5 154.6 25.0 1026.7 45.6 MOT Alehe Certeertreists ~-| 4074.7 3851.2 223.5 885.1 386.1 2489.3 90.7 Total feces ............. 699.0 565.1 | 133.9 141.3 146.1 261.1 16.6 Total digested ......... 3375.7 | 3286.1 89.6 742.8 240.0 | 2228.2 74.1 Digested from hay and skimmed milk.,.....| 2208.2 2140.1 84.5 620.8 - 1241.7 29.6 Digested from corn WHS Gasocooassnsao0o00" 1NGieom ee wa Gra Breall 122.0 - 986.5 44.5 Per cent digested from COLNE alereiereletelersterelels 91.4 91.6 20.0 78.9 - 96.1 97.6 SHEEP III. Intel th IMENZooGooduooo00Dd 1252.5 | 1178.7 73.8 118.5 398.6 625.0 26.6 Fed in skimmed milk .| 1662.5 1531.3 131.2 623.0 - 887.3 21.0 Fed in corn meal....... 1277.4 1251.9 25.5 154.6 25.0 | 1026.7 45.6 Otonel tl sc o65000000 4192.4 3961.9 230.5 896.1 423.6 2549.0 93.2 Total in feces .......... 800.2 680.2 | 120.0 137.1 210.4 317.3 15.4 Total digested......... -| 3392.2 | 3281.7 110.5 759.0 213.2 | 2231.7 17.8 Digested from hay and skimmed milk....... 2325.1 2179.6 97.2 653.5 - 1272.1 32.7 Digested from corn WAC sosooonasdooaencoS 1067.1 1102.1 13.2 105.5 - 959.6 45.1 Per cent digested from GORA NSE GoggdqncbG0e $5.1 88.0 52.1 68.3 - 93.5 98.9 PAWVICU AS Cierislelateleletatetersteleter= 98.6 90.7 49.5 76.9 - 95.3 98.1 AD DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS. 15 on SUMMARY OF DIGESTION COEFFICIENTS OBTAINED IN THE EXPERI” MENTS HERE REPORTED. . = leas = aes a4 ome 4 | & oO} = | 33 : OR ora lnomess ae - | o@ . 3 ws 5 S) 501} S2%S| + = aa n ~ HQ | A Oy a Ss Qs = lal Tye | bx, et oS 5 = OF q mH Of | Ago) Silage, mature flint corn, sunflower heads and horse beans ..........+--- Silage,mature flint corn, sunflowers, whole plant, and horse beans...... Silage,Sanford corn, partially mature Hay, mostly timothy .......... iisyetereiers Siramiaigaveyal Teovilllle coogeondoGoocnconacoo0dd Corn meal (fed with hay) ............. Corn meal (fed with hay and Raion (eglaoonllioy Sosnqeaoousae ooodeooe for) ol foe) for) =I Lo 2) ~ - —_ for) rm -1 fer) Oo ro" ~1 iS) ~ -I1 a ~1 |) BBe | GI WSior |bo5ccc 98.5 | 92.5 89.6 | 90.7] 49.5] 76.9 |...... 95.3 | 98.1 DIGESTION COEFFICIENTS OBTAINED FOR PROTEIN AFTER CORRECTION FOR METABOLIC NITROGEN. JOEFFICENT: PROTEIN LEFT AFTER Oe TREATMENT WITH MENT WITH 3 S 5 5 s ~~ — ~— = a 2 al 0 -2o Fails «20 a 2 ae Pe ese |) ee eee. | L SS (SS Lo Bs ai Rn a oy & 4o5= On |\oae | grams. grams. grams. % % Hay (mostly timothy) ...... Te |eel23 20) 80.4 84.1 66.1 64.6 It | 96. 67.0 71.7 57.7 54.6 Ill 2 84.6 77-4 64.4 67.5 LNGGTEIETS Co naocosapododeed uc060e (itemise oa sogdodoaden lbopaaoacoods 62.7 62.2 | | Corn meal (fed with hay) .. iy abks fiftet 70.9 84.4 | 90.4 II 124 82.9 $4.0 $y.4 92.1 111 118 fifez 68.3 86.5 | 89.1 INV.GLOE OR ciarrecen tne tena ae [Seretoreianieacel [secure ait atiacisa| se he mmo eels | SengGeg 90.5 Skimmed milk (fed with AY, )leviecinicizis este clsierertaeveaeereres Wi} apy $1.0 73.9 95.6 97.1 II | 90.8 55.1 53.8 96.5 97.1 TII | 108 74.2 61.2 97.1 98.4 | LMVIGTENES) coccaocdose cance pooone | Saaoneeds |loeobacooabocloasboooscood 96.4 97.5 Corn meal (fed with hay, | and skimmed milk)....... I | 130.0 80.8 71.4 91.6 92.6 II 141.3 89.3 | 76.6 85.8 93.7 Tt | 137 91.6 1S A ESTE dl) ESE AVGLASC.. 2.2.6 Sisforelelelataterelectateielers Igermenee s [pee eee al ace gene 85.7 93.5 150 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. A SUMMARY OF ALL DIGESTION COEFFICIENTS OBTAINED WITH SHEEP AT THE MAINE EXPERIMENT STATION. > 2g di vat ele 2 el ~ Oo. o =. Os) TH | eae a oO. ae| a2 | s2 2 | 4 | os se|6e|Mela | © | s | See Zales |Os! 4) lg (eee eee LENO NOS NAG VY || Ys || Gh, Blue joint (cut late in July)........... 2 | 39.9 | 41.8 | 10 56.5 | 36.5 | 43.2 | 37.0 Buttercup (in full bloom) ............- 2 | 56.1 | 56-6 | 48.1 | 56.3 | 41.1 | 66.9 69.7 ibe HA nth Veaanaaacaooboanoaseodds odanoood | 1 | 59.1 | 62.3 | 44.8 | 65.2 | 61.7 | 63.3 | 40.5 Clover hay (alsike mixed witha little, ITMCOONTGT)) soonacnooaanecacdopedoad DOG Aol 24 Ge Bt Ne nonioe 55.5 | 46.2 | 64.1 53-2 | (Chon yer8, CHIBI. Gas sodeneoadodenoonBDadba | 2 | 62.7 | 63.6 | 51.4 | 68.2 | 55.9 | 67.3 | 61.2 Clover, alsike in full bloom........... | 2 | 61-9) | 62-7 | 53-0) | 64.0 || 51-0 | 74-1 | 35.01 Average 2 experiments, 4 animals ...|.--- 62.3 | 63.2 | 52.2 | 66.1 | 53.5 | 70.7 | 48.2 Clover, white in late bloom. ......... 2 | 66.0 | 66.6 | 58.5 | 73.2 | 60.6 | 99.5 | 50.6 Corn fodder, southern (immature, no} (ENS) a dosbandoaosooanosodanpopnadauanuAe 2 | 64.8 | 67.2 | 34.9 | 58.1 | 74.6 | 64.5 | 68.8 Corn fodder, southern (immature, no GALS) epee tees scoeaiete catersteteie tetera haces 2 | 69.4 | 70.6 | 57.4 | 65.4 | 74.2 | 69.5 | 70.9 Corn fodder, southern (immature, no, GEE) asasaaacdnadeongooacanssiasoncnane. 2 | 65.3 | 62.8 | 43.1 | 63.4 | 65.7 | 61.0 | 59.0 Average 3 experiments, 6 animals...|----| 65-8 | 66.9 | 45.1 | 62.3 | 71.5 | 65.0 | 66.2 Corn, sweet, partially matured, Slightly frosted season ose seis 2 | 60.9 | 63.1 | 23: 4 Corn, sweet, whole plant mature.... 2 || 69.7 | 78:5 | 39.4 | 61.8 | 76.7 | 72.1 | 76.9 Corn, sweet, whole plant,ears mature} 2 | 70-9 | 72.7 | 44.0 6 Average 3 experiments, 6 animals...|----| 67-2 | 69.8 | 35. 64.1 | 73 68.2 | 73.8 Corn, flint, partially mature, slightly POSH OU: Fras saccrsesielo eyelet ierelaieeisioe see ene 2 | 70.2 | 72.4 | 44.2 | 63.6 | 79.8 | 70.3 | 71.6 Corn, flint, whole plant, ears glazed,| 2 | 70.6 | 72.4 | 52.9 | 61.8 | 75.6 | 72.6 | 70.2 Corn, flint, whole plant, ears glazed,| 2 | 72.7 | 74.2 | 50.7 | 67.6 | 78.6 | 73.8 | 64.7 Corn, flint, whole plant, ears just LOVING hiss esieciemieeresineecciiesesiNes ee 3 | 69.8 | 71.4 | 54.7 | 70-4 | 72.3 | 71.3] 67.3 Corn, flint, whole plant, ears par- HUN elle WAeiEl, Soon dbodoossaacabasanocG 3 | 69.-7.| 73.6 | 20.0 | 68.6 | 70.7 | 76.7 | 73.7 Average 5 experiments, 12 animals as) 70.6 | 72.8 | 44.5 | 66.4 | 75.4 | 72.9 | 69.5 Hungarian grass, Zreen .........+.-0+- 2 | 63.4 | 65.6 | 35.5 | 62.4 | 67-8 | 65.8 || 52.3 Hungarian hay, (grass dried) ........ 2 | 65.0 | 66.3 | 47.4 | 69.0 | 67.6 | 67.1 | 63.8 Hay (mixed, timothy mostly) ........ 3 | 55.0 | 57.0 | 27.8 | 44.4 | 52.5 | 62.3 | 38.9 Orchard grass past bloom............. 2 | 54.4 | 55.8 | 35.0 | 58.5 | 57.5 | 54.4 | 57.2 OBE SIBINY odasscqoon -Fo0chn.abpmosnsgos Pai! BWsas || GAY ooos55 bobo] 57.6 | 53.2 38.38 DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS. 57 A SUMMARY OF DIGESTION COEFFICIENTS—COnTINUED. | - E ea| 2: os a | Ree Te | GOON So Noe To Sor VM Red top, full bloom......... sinlolsiecelatsi='a\s | 2 | 57.6 | 59.3 | 24.3 | 60.4 | 61.2 59.1 | 44.2 Red top; full bloom .................. | 2 | 61.8 | 63.0 | 33.4 | 62.2 61.3 | 64.6 | 56.8 Average 2 experiments, 4 animals ...{----| 59-7 | 61-2 | 28.9 | 61-3 | 61-3 | 61.94 50-5 Silage, southern corn, immature..... 2 | 63.2 | 66.3 | 14.9 | 46.6 | 73-9 | 65.6 | 65.3 Silage, southern corn, immature..... | 1 | 64.4 | 65.8 | 48.2 | 64.8 66.7 65.4 67.8 Silage, southern corn, immature..... | 3 | 63.6 | 64.8 49.6 | 59.9 | 67.5 | 64.1] 67.9 Average 3 experiments, 6 animals Pelee | 63.7 | 65.6 | 37.6 | 57-1 | 69.4 | 65.0 67.0 Silage, flint corn, partially mature...) 2 | 69.1 | 72-1 | 12.3 | 52.9 | 75-2 | 73.4 | 82-6 Silage, flint corn, whole plant, ears | joe abs AB WAe6 bse Asean ponnoocEsdUs 1 | 78.0 | 80.2 | 41.3 | 68.0 | 77.9 | 88.1 80.9 Silage, flint corn, whole plant, ears! jo inne wi hy GAR VAC ea a ccocmsaddos coneoe | 1 | 76.0 | 77-9 | 36-6 | 73.3 | 77-8 | 78.5 | 80-9 Silage, flint corn, whole plant, mature} 3 | 75.7 | 77-9 | 39.8 | 67.4 | 78.5 | 78.9 | 87-1 Average 4 experiments, 7 animals...|....| 74.7 | 77-00] 32.5 | 65.4 | 77-4 | 78.5 | 82.9 Silage (mature flint corn, sunflower] | heads, horse beans)..............0--- 2 | 65.6 | 67-8 | 41.1 | 62.7 | 60.1 | 72.4 | 76.7 Silage (mature flint corn, sunflowers, oa Ee ¢ a | Z whole plant, horse beans)........... 2 | 65.5 | 69.6 | 25.6 | 58-0 | 65.3 | 73.7 | 74-1 Silage (Sanford corn).......... atneccas 2 | 69.9 | 72.5 | 34.4 | 56.3 | 72.1 75.6 | 72.9 Timothy hay (fed with corn meal)...| 1 |,...... | 57-7 |......| 43-0 | 50.5 | 65.6 | 42.8 Timothy hay (fed with cottonseed TAGANDY nccaceoanacc ere ecceceeeeeeeeecsees| L les... | 61.2 | ..... | 2Bletl ||seesee 65.6 | 54.6 Timothy hay (fed with corn meal)...| 1|...... Spell o6gacdk 42.1 | 58.6 | 66.1 45.5 Timothy, two weeks past bloom..... | 2 | 51.6 | 02-4 | ...... 45.2 | 42.8 | 58.9 | 55.0 Limothy, in full HloOOM ......2.006.605s DGD 66.8 | 41.8 | 60.4 | 62.1 | 71.8 51.5 Timothy, past bloom .......... vnseeee| 2 | 54.1 | 55.5 | 28.0 | 44.5 | 51.0 | 61.0 | 34.6 Timothy, early, cut July 9 ............ | 21 60.4 | 61.1 | 48.2 | 58-9 | 58.7 | 63.7 | 56.9 Timothy, late, cut July 24......... ....| 2| 58.3 | 59.4 | 32.2 | 50.0 | 53.3 | 63.9 | 58.3 sRimiobhy Hayes secon eee ee aa eee 2 | 58.5 | 60.1 | 29.6 | 44.1 | 56.4 | 63.6 | 74.3 Timothy hay...... eo Z|) 59.1 | 60.2 | 39.7 | 47.5 | 54.8 | 64.7 69.8 Timothy hay.......... oSySuecignd ocbuEene | 3 | 58.7 | 55.0 | 99.4 | 45.2 | 48.7 | 60.7 | 50.6 Average 11 experiments, 20 animals..).... 57.7 59.0 | 35.6 47.5 53.2 | 64.1 | 54.0 Wild oat grass in bloom............... | 2 | 68.3 | 69.1 | 52.2 68.0 | 70.6 | 68.8 | 62.8 Wild oat grass in bloom..........2.0-- | 2| 59.6 ‘61.2 17.1 | 48.6 | 65.1 | 62.1 | 38.2 Average 2 experiments, 4 animals ...|...-| 64-0 | 65.2 | 34.7 | 58.3 | 67.9 | 65.5 | 50.5 WIE CIWST ASS) oc cin cre ras sdcrcte dare Giulesierers | 2 | 59.9 | 61. 64.2 | 67.6 | 62 60.0 158 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. A SUMMARY OF DIGESTION COEFFICIENTS—CONCLUDED. 3 Se Sel Gis |) GS || = Q oe : Ba|/ os | Pe !| @ ce thesized As|HR}OR!|] <4 | & | & |4o] & YO OW bp | % | % VG Witch grass.............. gacoseenasoe -.-| 2 | 62.4 | 63.6 | 41.5 | 52.9 | 57.9 | 69.0 | 54.5 Average 2 experiments, 4 animals ...|....] 61.2 | 62.3 | 40.9 | 58.6 | 62-8 | 65.6 57.3 ROOTS. Beets, mangolds........... gogc008 seeee| 2] 78.5 | 84.8 | 16.4 | 74.7 | 42.8 | 91.3 IBGE CLS SUS Ar eyarineislcieleielecleteielelerelecte stciareiele 2 | 94.5 | 98.7 | 31.9 | 91.3 |100.7 | 99.9 | 49.9 Potatoes ......... pomouacooneoaD00090000 21 77-0 | 78.4 |e. 44.2 |.eee--| 90-9 | 13.0 Turnips, English flat............ pond0Ns 2 | 92.8 | 96.1 | 58-6 | 89.7 |103.0 | 96.5 | 97.5 Turnips, rutabagas ........ poae Seendoos 2 | 87-2 | 91.1 | 31.2 | 80.3 | 74.2 | 94.7] 84.2 MILL PRODUCTS. Corn meal (fed with hay) ............. Bec boo! OME tier Weecce 98.5 | 92.5 Corn meal (fed with hay and skimmed milk)......... n0000D000aG090 3 | 89.6 | 90.7 | 49.5 | 76.9 |,..... 9523 | 98=i! Average 2 experiments, 6 animals...|...-.| 91.5 | 92.2 | 55.7 | 77.8 |...... 96.9 | 95.3 Gluten meal....... noadena0d0a0c pooDeace 2 || BYE |) SMDsil |coacoa|! FHLB |boosoc 90.8 | 87.8 IR@H, WHER osocoossoncosoadoccads JOodOG606 2 | 86.8 | 87.9 | 43.7 | 83.2 | 25.7 | 98.6 | 54 6 Wheat bran ........ nodacooogasoonodaos 27 || tisiots) |) (BES) |lecocoo TBo7 |losoace 67.5 | 82.6 Wiheat Drank eves occas eeee 2) 5928) | 64-0))0o. c.r 82.1 | 36.2 | 64.1 | 64.0 Average 2 experiments, 4 animals, WANG SIENA So gcadcodados anenescoganes {IOS -| 59.3 | 63.4-|...--. 77-9 | 36.2 | 65.8 | 73.3 Wale aici r CUI S ieesteteletescleletenciseleteierste DIN) EAR) Il Tees eanooo t TAG) |lcacoos $2.6 | 85.2 4 IDM CANS) OU WOMEN C ALAIN, (QIN ANU NEEN (GUILE VOs COW SF lei, Iie IRWSSiBIiL, A herd of ten cows and heifers that reacted to the tuberculin test during the fall of 1895 and the following winter were placed in quarantine in a stable built for them at considerable distance from other buildings. The stable was light and well ventilated and the cattle were well fed and cared for. In summer they had the run of a small pasture with dry feed in the barn when it was needed; in winter they were not confined in the barn, but were turned out in a sunny yard during the middle of the day when the weather was such that they could be comfortable out of doors. Without using any elaborate or extraordinary means, we endeavored to keep the animals under as healthful condi- tions as possible. When placed in quarantine none of the animals showed marked symptoms of being diseased, but on the contrary, were about as thrifty and vigorous looking ani- mals as could be found anywhere. They were considered diseased simply because they reacted to the tuberculin test. A thorough physical examination failed to reveal any symptoms of disease aside from a slight cough in the case of two or three of them, and these did not cough any more than many other cows that were free from tuberculosis. In October, 1897, the last of these animals was ‘killed and we now make our final report upon them, having made a partial report in the Annual Report of this Station for 1896. Besides the ten animals with which we started, we fed calves and pigs on the milk of these cows and some of these became diseased. The table gives the result of all tests applied to the ten cows and heifers composing the quarantined herd. *See Annual Report of this Station, 1896, pp. 56-63. 160 MAINE TABLE GIVING THE RESULTS OF TESTS WITH TUBERCULIN MADE AT THE STATION AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. DURING THE YEARS 188 TO 1887 INCLUSIVE. Date of Test. Topaz. February 14, 1896..-.-. March 8, 1896 ...-..... | March 13, 1896 ........ | March 21, 1896 eae August 18, 1896. ...... September 15, 1896 . Noveinber 3, 1896. .. | December 9, 1896.....) January 13, 18$7...... | January 27, 1897 ...... | February 17, 1897.....| April 2951897 = 2225-21] May 20, 1897. June 2, 1897.. June 15, 1897 June 25, 1897 CT ai iss Peeeseseeneae July 10, 1897 Augost 19, 1°97 -......| September 28, 1897... October 11, 1897 ....... | Dunkard Girl. | August 13, 1895........ August 29, 1895..-.....| September 4, 1895 September 14, 1895 ... October §, October 31, 1895.......! November 20, 1895.... December 7, 1895..-..- January 3, 1396 January 10, 1896..-...-.| February #4, 12%6.... February 19, 1896..-..-. nly) 2, 18965. <2 ssecn5e5 August Is, 1896 -......| September 16, 1896... November 3, 1896....- | January 13, 1897...... | Kate. February 14, 1896...-. | March 8S, 1596. ....-.... March 13, 1896........ March 21, 1896.........-| i Gal Bab eee sae Fl yso: 1896 oes aoe August 18, 1896 .--.....| September 15, 1896 -.-} November 3, 1346.. September 28, 1897 ---| October 11, 18S7.-...... last test (LO, Number of days sin Wits bet oe = OS 100 ke He He OO Ke RS a 100.5 101.7 | ; Jt | of | s = Remarks. a mes =sl | | } } | 105.3 | 32 #£=Reaction. 102-2 | -£ | No reaction. 102-8 | -6 | No reaction. 101.8 —-5 | No reaction. 101.9 —.1 | No reaction. 201-9 | —.7 | No reaction. im. | —.4 | No reaction. | Temper atmre no/t taken. | 101-8 |-...----../ No reaction. | 102.2 | -4 | No reaction. | 105 2 | 3.2 Reaction. | 102-9 | 1.3 | No reaction. |} 101-6 | “1 No reaction. | 108.8 | 1.1 No reaction. | 102.6 -3 | No reaction. | 102. =| 4 | No reaction. he OZ, Ti —2 | No reaction. feel ssa au -5 | No reaction. 172.4 —-6 | Noreaction. 101. —-2 | No reaction. 102.2 ail No reaction. 192.4 -6 No reaction. 1”. -3 No reaction. | , 107.4 64 #£=Rr-action. 107.4 5.8 Heactioa. | 102.5 1.1 | No reaction. | 101.4 —1.2 | No reaction. 105. 2.3 Reaction. Temperiature nojt taken. | 102-4 -7 | No reaction. | 104.8 | 3. | Reaction. | 101-9 | 9 No reaction. 106.2 4,2 Ke.ction. | 01.2 | —.4 | No reaction. 101.2 | —.1 | No reaction. {/ 100.9 | —.6 No reaction. | 103. 1. | Noreaction. } 101.6 | —.1 | No reaction. | Temper ature no t taken. | 101.4 | —1.6 | No reaction. | 102.4 | -9 | No reaction. | | | 105.3 3. Reaction. | 102.8 | 1.4 | No reaction. |} 102.6 | 2.2 | No reaction. | 102. | 4 No reaction. | 101-8 | -7 | No reaction. 1 02am 13 No reaction. 102.3 | 6 No reaction. | Temperjature not taken. ISS |lsasesscece|) No reaction. 102.3 | 1.5 No reaction. 102.3 | 6 No reaction. EFFECTS OF TUBERCULIN ON TUBERCULOUS COWS. RESULTS OF TESTS WITH TUBERCULIN—CONTINUED. ol | 161 Os a2. = 2 aah | ou et Nn - wv a ~~ ae aeener sae oh Pac | Soa | as . oS |: Bes Oe 35 hie Date of Test. ee 259 Bae OB temarks. aa o> sav x EoD ao Sis | os Ss) a Bee Sea | azo | are Ane Hse Aas Ro | Mina D. April 30, 1896.......... 72 101.2 105.9 4.7 | Reaction. Ami 2 TES Bscececuboca0 63 101.7 105.8 4.1 Reaction, ULV LOGO ieiselelalele cerele & 101.3 102.7 | 1.4 No reaction. August 18, 1896........ 42 101.8 | 104.8 3. | Reaction. August 20, 1896........ 2 102.7 157 |lso00 eoco¢ No reaction. August 29, 1896........ 9 102.3 102.7 -4 | Noreaction. September 15, 1896... 17 101.8 Temper|ature not taken. November 3, 1896..... 49 101.1 102.3 Lez No reaction. September 28, 1897 .. 329 101.2 105.8 4.6 Reaction. October 11, 1897.--.... 13 100.4 102. 1.6 No reaction. Ruth C. | February 14, 1896..... 100 I L0ne2 106. 4.8 | Reaction. MAHON BHI o5ococdes. 23 100.8 103.6 2.8 | Keaction. March 13, 1896......... 5 101.7 100.8 —.9 No reaction. March 21, 1896......... 8 101.6 101.7 -J. | No reaction. April 30, 1896.......... 40 103. 101.6 —1.4 No reaction. Awihy 2, IS soocoscoocs 63 102.2 105 2 2.9 Reaction. Awuhy 7 Wea eeGodosoode 5 101.5 101.3 —.2 | No reaction. August 18, 1896........ 42 102-7 | 104.3 1.6 Reaction. August 20, 1896........ 2 103.4 101.8 —1.6 No reaction. August 29, 1896........ 9 103. 102.2 —.8 No reaction. September 15, 1896... 17 102. Temper/ature no|t taken. November 38, 1896..... 49 102.1 102.5 4 No reaction. Deceinber 9, 1896..... 36 101.3 101.2 —.1 No reaction. January 13, 1897 ...... By) 101.6 102. 4 No reaction. January 27, 1897...... 14 100.6 103. 2.4 No reaction. February 17, 1897..... 21 100.8 101.3 5 No reaction. Agnes 2. February 14, 1896..... 100 | 101-8 | 106. 4.2 | Reaction. March 8, 1896.......... 23 | 102.6 | 104. ‘4 | Reaction». March 13, 1896 ........ 5 | 101. 103.2 2:2 Doubtful. March 21, 1896........ 8 / 101-4 | Temper/ature no|t taken. April 30, 1896.......... 40 | 101.2 100. | —1.2 | No reaction. Daily A, NYG casoasoaase 63 | 102.7 103.7 1 | Doubtful. August ls, 1896........ 46 } 102.1 102.3 -2 | No reaction. September 15, 1896 ... 28 | 101.8 Temper|ature nojt taken. November 3, 1896..... 49 102.2 OD SQ eersictere siete No reaction. Hallie. February 14, 1896..... 100 101.7 106 6 4.9 Reaction. March 8, 1896 13 | 102. 105.6 | 3.6 Reaetion. March 13, 1896 5 | 102.2 103.5 13 | Doubrful. March 21, 1896 8 | 100.2 102.2 2. | No reaction. April 30, 1896.......... 40 | 103-1 | 104.3 1.2 | Doubtrul. AB Y Bh TEIR so anqaccese 63 101.8 | 103.4 | 16 Doubtful. wily Ti, WEE s6occ00c00c 5 101.3 Wil 4 No reaction. August 18, 1896........ 42 | 102. 105.2 3.2 Reaction. August 20, 1896....... PHD; 101.8 105.1 Bot Reaction. August 29, 18y6........ ) 101.2 102. 8 No reaction. September 15, 1896... 17 101.7 Temperjature nojt taken. November 2, 1896..... 48 | 101.7 101.6 ail No reaction. February 17, 1897..... 97 | 101.6 105.: 8 Ort Reaction. September 28, 1897... 223 | 100.8 101.7 9 No reaction. October 11, 1897....... 13 |} 100.8 101.8 1.0 No reaction. 162 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. RESULTS OF TESTS WITH TUBERCULIN—CONTINUED. Qs . 32 . = =n mao es | eee | eee | me a= + Sm oo Eee Sow Hel ee oe Bee leas ee Date of Test. ro) See S45 of g Remarks. aos Sood 590 or) ops Oa Ze2 HO 26 oe 122) (2 Of & Bon Sn Koo 2Vo Bas oaS Be8 aay Ane Hoe AS. oO | Grace 2. February 14, 1896..... | 100 99.6 | 106.5 6.9 Reaction. Mareh 8, 1896 ......... 23 102. 105.5 3.0 Reaction. March 13, 1896......... 5 102. 102.8 8 No reaction. April 30, 1896.......... 48 100. 160.2 2 No reaction. AU Ae WEG: os s00000005 63 102.3 104.7 2.4 Reaction. o ajiuliy 7, WEBS scncccanoce 5 101.7 101.8 oll No reaction. August Ish MEE Gocoocce 42 102. P45 \Wsesecaaece No reaction. September 15, 1896... 28 101.4 | Temperjature no|t taken. November 3, 1896... . 49 101.5 102.2 ofl No reaction. December 9, 1896..... 37 101.4 102.5 1.1 No reaction. January 13, 1897...... 35 102.1 102. oll No reaction. January 27, 1897 ...... 14 100.8 102.4 1.6 No reaction. February 17, 1897..... PAL 101.5 104.1 21 Reaction. Melinda 2 February 14, 1896..... 100 101.5 | 106. 4.5 Reaction. Mian chisil SoG. 23 101.2 104. 2.8 Reaction. MiB yeelo 1} TSS sacosoes 5 99.8 100.9 Ipil No reaction. March 21, 1896........ 8 101.7 101.4 —.3 No reaction. Miley il, WSR ccacasco0e 41 100.3 101.4 1.4 No reaction. Ally 2, TGs secscoos0cs 62 102. 102.7 =i No reaction. August 18, 1896 ....... 47 101.9 102. 1 No reaction. September 15, 1896... 28 101.3 Temper ature no}t aken. November 3, 1896..... 49 102. 102.1 ail No reaction. December 9, 1896... 36 99. 101.4 2.4 No reaction. January 13, 1897...... 35 102. 102.8 -8 No reaction. January 27, 1897 ...... 14 100.5 102.5 2. No reaction. February 17, 1897..... 21 102.4 102.2 oo No reaction. April 29, 1897.........- 71 101.4 102.8 1.4 No reaction. Nileny IWS UEifcobcoas0005 15 103.4 103. —.4 No reaction. Wilfiny PADS We iiceaoesccos oo 6 103.2 103.6 A No reaction. June 15, 1897 ......... 26 104.4 105.2 8 Reaction June 25, 1897......... ; 10 104.0 104. -0 No reaction. Trilby. February 14, 1896..... First test 102. 106.3 4.3 Reaction. March 8, 1896 boas0o 5000 23 101. 105.3 4.3 Heaction. Mareh 13, SSGeeeeeete o 5 101.7 103.2 Wh No reaction. March 21, 1896......... 8 101.8 102.1 -3 No reaction. Wihayy7 Il, EBS oscccecoae 41 102.1 101.6 a5) No reaction. Awl 25 ERIS. soocoodoooe 62 102.7 105.5 2.8 Reaction. July 7, 1896......... 600 5 102. 101.7 —.3 No reaction. August 18, 1896........ 42 102.5 103.2 ail No reaction. September 15, 1896... 28 101.9 | Temperjature no|t taken. November 3, 1896..... 49 102. 125 Nesacoaoond No reaction. December 9, 1896. ... 36 102. 102.2 ay No reaction. January 13, 1897....... 35 101.8 102. 2 No reaction. January 27, 1897...... 14 100.8 102.7 Uf) No reaction. February 17, 1897..... 21 100.4 102. 1.6 No reaction. Avpril 2991897 <2. 2.2... 71 102. 103. 1 No reaction. May 20, 1897. .......... 21 100.1 101. —-.1 No reaction. June 2, 1897-...-c006 59 13 100.8 lvl. 2 No reaction. OUME MD SOT eas eee 13 101.7 101.6 —-.1 No reaction. AUN M45}, IEE T ooacaoccae 10 103. 102.2 —.8 No reaction. AUN Ty MEilecooocsa0000 12 102.6 101.8 --.8 No reaction. July 10, 1897... ....0.-- 3 101.8 101.1 —-.7 No reaction. August 19, 1897....... C 40 102. 102. 0 No reaction. September 28, 1897... 40 101.1 102. 9 No reaction. October 11, 1897....... 13 101. 101.4 4 No reaction. De en es ee eee ‘SUSNOH AULTINOd x a EFFECTS OF TUBERCULIN ON TUBERCULOUS COWS. 163 As noticed in the report for 1896, we see that the animals slightly affected with tuberculosis when tested with tuberculin failed to react oftener than they reacted, and the reactions seem to bear no relation to the length of time intervening between tests. The first of the animals killed was Dunkard Girl. When she was killed January 15, 1897, she had been diseased nearly a year and a half, yet the disease had made little advance. She had never exhibited any physical signs of disease. At the time she was killed she was decidedly fat. Two guinea pigs inocu- lated from her died with tuberculosis. February 27, 1897, Ruth C. was killed. It had been over six months since she had reacted. But she had been coughing to a noticeable degree for more than a year, and had not been as thrifty as the rest of the herd. How much of this lack of thrift was due to her diseased condition is uncertain as she apparently belonged to rather a frail type before she gave evi- dence of disease. The autopsy revealed only a small area of diseased lung and two enlarged lymphatic glands. June 17, 1897, Grace was killed in an advanced stage of tuberculosis. When she calved April 24, 1897, she was in good flesh and apparently perfectly well, and she did well at the time of calving, but very soon afterwards it was noticed that she was rapidly losing flesh and she manifested other marked symptoms of tuberculosis, including a severe cough, rough coat, irregular appetite, and considerable fever. Her temperature was taken frequently and was rarely found below 104° and was often above 105°. An examination of the lungs ten days before she was killed revealed the fact that they were considerably diseased. She had some appetite and considerable strength at the time she was killed. At the autopsy a very large number of tuber- cles, varying in size from a pin head to three inches in diameter, were found scattered through both lungs, and attached to both the parietal and visceral pleura. The bronchi contained much frothy mucus. The mediastinal lymphatic glands were enlarged and much congested. The tubercles presented no evidence of degemerative changes. She had not been tested since she calved.. Her temperature had been constantly high. II 164 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. July 1, 1897, Melinda was killed. She was very much reduced in flesh and weak. Had eaten but little for ten days previously. Melinda calved May 11, 1897, and was at that time in good flesh and apparently perfectly well. Soon after calving she commenced to fail. Developed a severe cough, had a rough dull coat, her appetite was irregular and she began to failin her milk. About the 20th of May she went out to pasture in good feed. Was put into the barn at night and fed grain. Three weeks before she was killed we were able to discover lung lesions by a physical examination. At the autopsy we found in the abdominal cavity innumerable small tubercles over the surface of the mesentary and diaphragm. In the walls of the uterus were a considerable number of small abcesses one- half inch in diameter. Scattered quite evenly through both lungs were tubercles from the size of a pin ‘head to one-half inch in diameter and so thick that they seemed to fill nearly the entire volume of the lungs. ‘The parietal and visceral pleura in the inferior anterior region, and on the right side the parietal pleura were nearly covered with small tubercles. The medias- tinal glands were tuberculous and much enlarged. One of them was ten inches long and five inches in diameter. Except in the walls of the uterus, there was no breaking down of the tuberculous tissue but it was all apparently of recent growth. The other six animals of this herd were killed October 12 and 14, 1897, and the following conditions noticed: Agnes, 2d, had apparently always been well except that she reacted to the tuberculin test. The only lesions found were in two lymphatic glands and they showed very slight evidence of disease. A guinea pig inoculated from one of these glands killed after nine weeks showed no evidence of disease, so that what evidence we have goes to show that this cow had recovered from tuberculosis. Hallie. This cow had always seemed well except for an in- creasing difficulty in breathing which had been noticeable for six months before she was killed, and a cough which had been troubling her for three months and constantly growing worse. We found tuberculous lesion in the inguinal, mediastinal and post pharyngeal lymphatics, and a few small tubercles scattered through both lungs. One of the mediastinal glands measured EFFECTS OF TUBERCULIN ON TUBERCULOUS COWS. 165 I2x3x2 inches. One of the pharyngeal glands was fully seven inches in diameter and consisted of a very thin walled abcess filled with thin, watery pus. This would account for the diffi- cult breathing. The lung tubercles had cheesy centers. Mina D. She had never shown symptoms of disease except slight unthriftiness. Tubercular lesions were found in one inguinal and in many of the mesenteric and mediastinal lym- phatic glands and both lungs. Tubercles in lungs were scat- tered and not large, except one which measured 5x4x4 inches. All the diseased tissue was somewhat cheesy. Kate. Had always been well. The only lesion found was one cheesy, mediastinal gland, one inch in diameter. Trilby. Has show no symptoms of disease. The only iesion found was one mediastinal gland with cheesy center. Topaz. Had always appeared to be well. Two mediastinal glands were enlarged and cheesy. One measured 4x3x2 inches and the other 2x1x1 inches. A study of these cases shows us, that, kept under exception- ally good conditions as these cattle were, five of them kept the disease in check, so that it made practically no advancement. In the case of three others, but little advance was made, while in two cases the disease had nearly reached a fatal termination when the animals were killed. On the whole, we cannot see that the exceptionally good care that these animals received had any effect on the progress of the disease. It may have retarded the progress of the disease, but if so the fact is not sufficiently clear to lend much weight to the argument that tuberculosis can be successfully controlled by simply maintain- ing animals under good hygienic conditions. ‘Twenty per cent of deaths is probably as high a percentage as one could reasonably expect among ordinary tuberculous herds kept under poor or only fair hygienic conditions, if to begin with all cases that presented any physical symptoms of disease were removed. The most of these animals were giving milk during quite a part of the time, and their milk was fed to calves and pigs. The pigs were fed some meal, and the calves had a little hay, but their principal food was milk from the cows. Four pigs and fifteen calves in all were fed with milk from these animals. The pigs were killed when they weighed about 175 pounds and the 166 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. calves at irom six to eight weeks old, and when killed were careiully examined. One of the pigs and two of the calves were found to be tuberculous. The first of the calves to be iound diseased was a black calf purchased when it was three days old, out of an apparently healthy cow. It was killed June 3, 1897, when three months old. It was kept to this age because of difficulty in getting a cali to take its place to use the milk. It grew rapidly and was very large and fat when killed. Had never shown symptoms oi disease. Had been tested with tuberculin three times, the last time May 6, 1897, but did not react. The autopsy revealed many small tubercles in the liver, one tubercle one-half inch in diameter in the lungs, and three lymphatic glands slightly dis- eased. A guinea pig was inoculated irom a piece oi the lung tubercle and died July 17, 1897, irom general tuberculosis. The second cali that was iound tubercular was dropped by Kate, April 21, 1897, and was never outside of the barn where it was dropped. It will be noticed irom the autopsy of Kate that she was iound very slightly diseased. May 14 this calf was tested with tuberculin and reacted with a maximum tem- perature of 105.°4. May Ig it was tested again and reacted with a temperature of 104°.2. June 25 it was tested again and failed to react. June 29, 1897, this calf was killed. It had always seemed well and was very iat when killed. The autopsy revealed four mediastinal lymphatic glands which contained a large number oi small yellow foci each about the size of a pin head and calcareous. The glands were perceptibly enlarged. A guinea pig inoculated with a piece oi one of these glands died September 1, and was iound to have general tuberculosis. The hog that developed tuberculosis while being fed on milk from the tuberculous cows was one oi two that were kept for nearly a year in the basement oi the stable where the cows were. They hhad access to the manure irom the cows. When killed December 3, 1897, this hog was about fifteen months old. Had always appeared well. The autopsy revealed tuberculous lesions in the liver and lymphatic glands. No tuberculin test had been applied. A ‘COMPARISON OF THE TEMPERATURES OF EAE REDS AND, TUBERCULOUS Os: 1s) IEA Raw ioe Beginning the second of March, 1897, the temperature of six of our tuberculous cows and of six other cows that were con- sidered sound were taken three times a day for about forty days. The temperatures were taken at 9 A. M., 12.30 and 4.30 P. M. We must regard the results as negative, as far as showing any difference in temperature between well animals and those slightly tuberculous, is concerned. summary of the observations is given. In the following table the The succeeding tables contain the record of the observations as made. THE AVERAGE HIGHEST AND LOWEST TEMPERATURE, THE GREATEST Cow Numbers. Average Temperature. \i/ GI COMMS! soaccoacoocec 500006 Tuberculous cows ......... Highest Temperature. \iGUU EONS Sooceocos ooo0 odaccd Tuberculous cows.......... Lowest Temperature. SVE TING OWS) secctaistereinicierersio wieleretele Greatest Variation. \n/ GM GOS rcoccooooadcodcesd Tuberculous cows.......... Greatest Daily Variation. \VWV/GUI GONG Godcagcoso5gsondo Tuberculous cows..........- VARIATION AND THE GREATEST DAILY VARIATION IN TEMPERA - TURE OBSERVED IN SIX WELL AND SIX SLIGHTLY TUBERCULOUS COWS DURING SIX WEEKS’ TIME. Average No.1 No. 2 No.3 No.4 ‘o.5. | No.6 of. oF. oF, oF, oF, oR. Jol le wat 100.9 | 101-4] 101.4] 100.9] 1011] 101.8| 101.3 100.8 | 101.2] 101.5 | 100.9] 101.4} 101.4 101.2 |Extreme of. 101.8 | 101.4 | 102 102 102.1 | 103 103.0 102 103 103 102.4 | 104.4] 103 104.4 98.6 | 100 100.4 99.7 98.9 | 100.1 | 98.6 99.2 99 99 99 99.8 99.8 99.6 3.2 2.4 1.6 2.3 3.2 2.9 | 4.4 1.8 4 4 2.4 3.8 3.2 | 4.0 2.9 2.0 es 2 2.6 2 2.9 1.8 2.3 3.4 2.1 3.2 2.2 3.2 168 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. THE TEMPERATURES OF SIX WELL COWS TAKEN AT 9 A. M., 12.30, AND 4.30 P. M., FOR SIX WEEKS. NUMBER OF COWS. Date. No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. No. 4. No. 5. oR, oP, oR, oP, oR, 101 100.7 100.9 100.1 100.9 March 2........----+ A ee Oe 100.9 100.7 100.8 100 100.8 100.7 101 100.6 100.6 101 100.9 102 101.9 102 102 Marchisedaatccecunasaatonee 101 101.7 101.8 100.7 100.8 100.9 102.1 101.7 100.9 101.8 101 101.8 102 100.7 101.6 Wien fo ooosooneasoborso teh 100.5 101.8 100.8 101.1 101.6 101.7 101.8 102 101.7 101.6 100.8 102.2 101.8 101.6 101.9 Mamchinec sce epee 101.3 101.5 101.4 101.4 100.8 101.2 101.6 101.4 101.1 101.2 101.4 102 101.9 101.5 102.1 March 6........- athada ned esaene 100.9 101.4 100.6 101.3 101.3 101.4 102.1 101.8 101.8 102.1 101.3 101.6 101.8 101.8 101.7 IMATE CHITA SEG See see cee E Re ee 101.8 100.7 101.3 100.1 101 101.4 101.8 101.4 101.1 102 100.4 101.6 100.1 100.2 101.4 Mam CheSer ere cnercnceenere tee 100.7 101.6 100.9 101 100.6 101.4 102.4 101.8 101.2 101.4 101 101.7 101.4 101 101.7 IVIGHKEIN Qoeccaeccoasee seene soo! SDS 99.5 100.9 100 100 101.4 101.5 101.6 101.5 101.6 101.5 101.2 101.5 100.4 101.6 March 10....... Pe Le sh NY 101 101.1 101.4 101.4 101.3 101.3 101.7 101.4 100.9 101-8 100.9 101.6 101.4 100.6 101.6 Mar Chili eet sta serie a eerinciste 100.7 101.1 101.1 100.1 101 100.9 101.9 101.6 101-1 101 2 100 101.9 102 101 101.4 IMINO 16) so50bonec0cd ibe Ried | 100.2 100.9 101.1 100.8 100.8 lnLOMO Mn ene 101 101.8 100.6 101.6 101.3 101.2 | 101.8 100.7 100.9 March 13......... sia ee oats, 101.1 101.4 101.4 100.4 100.3 101.4 101-7 101.4. 100.8 101.2 100.5 102 101.7 99.7 101.9 MEIC hil cornea eater raae | 100.6 100.9 101.6 100.6 102 | 100.9 102.1 101.7 101.4 102.1 99.2 101.2 100.4 100.8 101.2 Manche senate seers es 98.6 100.4 101.3 100 98.9 | TO 101.6 101.6 100.2 101.5 101 101.7 101.7 100.6 101.2 MarcholG ecerect ene eee 101.2 101.4 101 100.6 100.4 101.4 101.6 101.2 100.9 101.4 99.8 101 101.5 101.1 101 UMA TCT Wee seaee aaeaeecaenae 101.1 101.6 101.1 100.7 101.1 | 101.6 101.4 101.2 101 101.9 101.2 101 101 100.6 101.2 IRR HID DOO Pie SW Hon OO aw cH ono eo eee =e TEMPERATURES OF HEALTHY TEMPERATURES OF SIX WELL COWS—CONTINUED. NUMBER OF COWS. AND TUBERCULOUS COWS. 169 Date. | No.1 No. 2. No.3 No.4 No.5. No.6 °F. top one oH A of March 18~............. seceees 101.8 100.7 | 100.7 100.8 101 102.3 100.4 101.4 | 101 101 102 102.3 101.7 101-6 | 101.8 106.8 101.2 102 INEM TE) pe socganeboosmocaboue 100.6 101 101 100.8 100 102.2 101.4 TOC On 100.5 101.3 102.3 101.4 101-7 | 101.7 100.5 101.9 w1.4 INTRON A cocanadaac meats Sel lOlef kl oeiiiene | esl0teo 101.3 | 4101.4 101.6 101 1u1.8 101.4 101.6 | 101.6 101.9 100.8 101.9 101.6 100.2 101.6 101.9 IRON acccoaaseasosogsoegs 101 101.8 101.4 100.6 | 101.4 101.7 102 101.9 101.3 101.3 102.6 101 102.2 101.5 100.2 100.5 102 MipwYelol PRocasosbononcosccnaes so |aoconcesds |lanoccad ge | oocoassonallopsscowosadllonsosososdbocne cate VTS He TED ore toletate re toerore ore (oe tole loreal oes llisistaieieseustere Jetcceeeees| cere eecee |eseeeceees| ceeeeeeee leeeeaee ° “400-8 | 101-2 | 101-4 | 101.4] 101.6 |” 101-4 | WIESE en aaenooaonces GHobots 100.4 100.5 101.2 101.2 | 101-4 101.5 100.9 102 101.9 101.3 101.8 101.4 100.9 101.3 101.7 100.4 102 101.5 WIAWRE NE nage coanoose décuenad| U0 101 100.9 100.8 | 101.2 101.6 101 101.4 101.2 101-2 | 102 102 101.5 101.4 101.8 100.6 | - 101 101.5 March 26...... Sees sees cee | 101.6 101 100.8 101.4 101 101.4 | 101.4 101.7 101.1 101 101.2 101.7 101.2 101.4 101.4 100.4 100.6 101.3 WHO Ot nants Baaraeecaaneenl a L004 100.6 101.2 100.1 100.6 101.4 101.6 102.1 101.6 101.6 101.4 101.6 100.8 101 101.4 100.9 101.6 101.6 IE WHO eS ean acodeanee reise» 101.4 101.6 101.5 101 101.5 101.7 101.7 101.8 101.7 101.1 101.4 101.9 100.8 101.7 101.4 100.7 101.1 101.2 March 29,..... jodace pocoqobdds 101 2 a | 101-1 100.8 101.3 101 101 100. 101.2 101 101.6 101.6 100.6 10] 101.2 100.6 101.9 101.6 WIE) Bl ssogcacee Noseeadeceses 100 100.8 101.2 101.1 100 101.2 101 101.8 101.3 100 101.4 101.8 101 101.3 101.3 100.6 101.4 102.1 IMPA CIS Is erctase niclsjsisisicstsioeese sicie 100.7 100. | 101.2 101.1 100.4 101.8 100.7 101-7 | 101 100.9 101.4 101.9 101 HOV) wel? 101.2 101.9 101.9 NATL T Gecaceaoode Sepretsteaise sts 100.8 101.2 100.6 101 101.6 100.8 101 102 101.6 101.3 101-6 101.6 100.4 101.9 | 201-9 100.38 101.6 101.9 | ANOFAI Y cop seccgamobocoonche sal) Ts ay I) aay 10].1 100.8 101.3 101.4 | 101.4 ; 101.2 101 101.5 101.5 100° | 101-3 | 101.9 100.9 | 101.2 101.5 | | ACoA KB epee oceneiberc sense pace 100.9 | 101-4 | 100.8 100.2 | 101 100.6 HOLCG | LOlerr ele wLOlesS LOW} 101-5 101.5 100.8 | 101.4 101.3 101.5 | 102 102 | 170 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. TEMPERATURES OF SIX WELL COWS—CONCLUDED. NUMBER OF COWS. Date. i No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. No. 4. Noro No.6 Cis °F. °F. oh aR 'F. /Ajore 8 Sogooaed ntelerateteterterereieveeyais 101 101.2 101.5 101.3 101.9 101.8 101.2 101.9 101.8 101 102 101.6 100.6 101.1 100.8 100.5 101.8 101.5 ANJOU 5} gogasacqc009000 nadc0o0e 100.8 101.1 101.1 100.8 101.3 101.2 101 101.5 100.9 100.8 Jul.1 100.9 100.6 101.2 101.2 100.6 101.5 101.8 AN DEN Ososocco0cmdopn 0 cn0d0000¢ 101.2 101.3 101 100.8 101.1 101.5 101.4 101.6 101.5 101.) 101.7 102.1 100 101.9 102 101.9 101.9 101.4 BAST Ur7itasaretoralorelaisesistereisrevsiereretoleleley= 101.1 101.1 100.7 101.4 100.9 101.1 101 102 101.6 101.4 101.8 101.8 99.7 101.9 101.9 101.4 102 101.8 ACO TUNG Simcneversisrcisve cteisetersrcien see et 100.8 101 101.2 100.3 101.6 101.2 101 101.35 101.9 100.7 101.9 161.9 100 102 102 100.7 100.7 100.5 ANOraU ® soaqcado-coongo0da0006 000 100.6 101.5 101.6 100.8 101 100.9 99.3 100 101.4 100.9 101.6 | 101.6 THE TEMPERATURES OF SIX SLIGHTLY TUBERCULOUS COWS TAKEN AT9 A. M., 12.30 AND 4.30 P. M. FOR SIX WEEKS. NUMBER OF COWS. Date. No.1 No. 2. No. 3. No. 4. No. 5. No.6 OM, °F. °F. °F. °F. °F. IVEATIC KD eeyetetercvoreisloretereisteloiseiicre 99.4 100.3 101.6 100.4 101.3 100.4 MIGHROIN Bacoanoocsa0n00000000 500 100.8 101 101.8 100.9 101.2 101.4 100.5 100.9 101.2 100.4 101 100.4 101 101.2 101.4 101.6 102.4 102 Vita Clea wretetetatevetstaretcisie’e afetetatstevetes 100.8 100.4 101.2 101 101 100.6 100.7 101.8 100.8 101.3 100.2 100.2 99.2 100.4 101.7 100.1 102 100.5 MIEVROM Bon5ogdcqac00 abelslevcferetataie 100.1 101.1 101 100 101.7 100.2 100 101 101.6 100 100.5 99.8 99.4 100 101.2 99 101 100.2 March 6...... oacada0nobo000000 100 100.4 101.3 100.1 101.3 100.8 101 102 100.6 102.1 100.9 104.1 101 101.4 102.6 101.4 101 103 IAT CHT sisretsssrsvctereictere eeotetelsveetos 100.6 101 101.7 101.9 101.2 101.4 101.3 101.2 102 100 102 100.6 Miame lai centerertelveseiete poddogaG00N 100 99 100.6 100.2 99.8 101.4 100.8 101 100.2 100.1 100 102.1 101 101.2 101.8 101.2 102.6 101 eee 0. Ore a eee ee ee ee ie a — TEMPERATURES OF HEALTHY AND TUBERCULOUS COWS. 171 TEMPERATURES OF SIX SLIGHTLY TUBERCULOUS COWS—ConTINUED. NUMBER OF COWS. Date. NO- As No. 2 No. 3. No. 4. No. 5. No. 6. oR, oF, oF, oF, oF, oF, March 9....... ee eeeere cece eens 101 100.6 | 100.8 100.6 100.2 101.2 ie 100-4 100.1 100.2 99 100.8 102 100 Wate) — || 160 100.1 101 102.2 CLT LOS Re hack Ceci 100.6 101 101.2 101 101 100.8 ae 101.1 99.8 | 100.2 101.8 MOR pence 101 100.8 102 101.4 102.2 101.6 Mcrre Hulleee cee eens oe 99.6 100.4 101.6 | 100.6 | 101.8 101.4 : 101 100 99.4 100.8 102 100.8 101 102 102.8 101.4 103.2 101.4 MTOR eee ee sol itu 101.2 | 101. 100-8 | 101.4 | 102 ; 100.8 | 102 99.9 100.2 102 102 101 101.4 100.8 99.8 102.6 100.8 ARON Liss. fete eee seal: BOL 4! oH 101.6 | 101 101.2 | 100.8 100.8 100-4 101.9 100-1 102 100 100.4 102 101.3 101 102.8 | 102 i RON ae es, Re 100.4 100 101 100.3 101.2 100.4 101 102.4 101.2 101.4 101.2 101.4 IMRT OES (2 eoece cceee se Ros: 100 100-4 | 101.6 100.2 100.8 100.6 1U1.2 49.5 102 100-3 | 100.1 100.6 100.3 11.8 101.2 101 102 100.8 March 16....... Hi et WA ton at 100 101.2 101.6 101 100.2 101.6 101 101.3 100.4 101 101.1 101.5 100-8 1011 101-4 102.2 103.4 101.4 MECH L7eAgas setulae asancn: 100.6 102 101.6 100 101 101.1 100.5 102 102.1 100.8 | 101.4 101.3 100.4 102.4 102 100.1 | 101 101.4 MiarCHuIGia es ducdaraeeer tis 100.8 | 101.4 | 101 100 100.4 | 101 101 100.5 101 101.3 100.9 101.2 101.5 101.8 102 TOU || ode 101 Waroh 19ecue.occess SGaaboodoall On 100.6 101.8 100.8 | 101.2 101 100.2 101 101.6 | 100.9 | 101.4 101-1 101 101.6 102 100.8 | 102 100.7 SERGI OLI een ee ere aa ea 101 101 101.6 | 100.6 | 100 100.8 101.4 100.8 99 100 100.8 | 101.2 101 102 100 99.6 101.4 101.3 March 21.......... scpobenseonlt. eo | TNS 101.8 | 100.8 | 101.2 101 voeaceeee tes peace eer ae georges oes Pe ii IIE CHRD oh eee Wee cereals sect. TT 161.6 | 101.4 100.8 101 101.4 101.4 100.6 101.2 100.1 101 101.3 100.3 101.8 102 100.2 100.1 100.8 March 23.......+.-- eee A100 100.4 101.8 | 100.6 | 101 101.4 101 101.4 103 101 103.4 | 103 IMATCHIS4 or ues Cee ees oe 101 100.2 102 101.3 101.8 101.4 101.3 101.5 | 101.9 | 101.7 10] 102 101 101.2 101.7 101 100.8 101.6 March 25......ss000- geet nad TAT 09 101.4 101.6 | 100.4 | 101.4 100 99.8 101.9 101.2 100.4 101 100.2 101.8 103 101.4 101 103.6 101.2 We MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. TEMPERATURES OF SIX SLIGHTLY TUBERCULOUS COWS—OoncLUDED. Date. TVET: © lne2G etetelatetsteystevetsrsveteteveleterercions WIRE AG cocooseasoos9ond09 Goat Marchese yeaa. He ena 5 Mra a2 9 yereretevaleteleverate NTE 81) soag600cK0c recite Gas WiknRel SIs daogodadaqannes 660604 SEARO TUM ce cvereevcte-sjavateictoters afeletnyels ANTON Bossdoccc odd00000000 50000 EAS TOTIAULAT areve arotoreyalere nlelohereraicretareiersie JATOIPU G opadasoaovaqnooaU~Wd0oDS BASTO MAL UO iroraislavacers stelenvoreyelle evernrans PASY TELM Geral wey cuaberelelnictcletater tore dood6e AOE Booacooooswdsoco0omos a00 PAGO TSUN Oleverhorersrteverseicterotereletetereisielere NUMBER OF COWS. No. 2. INOFS: No. 4. °F. i i th 102 102 101 100.1 101 10u.8 102.6 101.8 101.6 100.8 101.2 101 102 101.6 100.9 100.6 101.2 101 100.4 101.2 101.3 101 101.4 101.6 101.1 101 101.4 100.9 101.2 101.6 101.9 103 101 101.1 101 100.6 101.6 101.3 101 101 101.1 100.6. 101 101.6 100.8 101 101.1 100 100.8 101 100.6 100.6 101.4 101 101.4 101.6 102.4 101 102.2 101.2 100.9 102 101.6 101.8 102.4 101 100.8 102 101.4 100.4 101.4 101.5 102.2 103 101.4 101.6 102.8 101 101 102 102.1 102 102.8 101 102.6 102 101.4 102.4 102.6 101.6 101.2 102 101.4 101.8 101.4 101 101.6 102.8 101 101.2 102.6 100-8 100.8 102 101.2 102 102.8 101 100.8 103 101 100 102 101.6 101.2 102.1 101 101 102 101.4 103 102.6 100.6 No. 5. °F. 101.4 101.3 102.5 101.1 101.3 Calved se eeeensce eeccenees eee eee ees No. 6. te 101. 101. 102 101 101. 100. 101. 102 101. 101. 101. 101. 101. 101. 101 101. 101. 101. 101. 102 101 102. 101 100. 101. 101. 101. 102. 102 102. 102. 102. 102 102. 101. 102. 102 102 ny ADD PO BROS R40 we al Nod OO in) | Sat. tes See eee pe oe NOGESTON GINS ClS Or weve cE Ake Ins Ibe de bAEavions STONE Figs or the nymphs of these interesting insects are often received for determination. The nymphs are found in streams under stones, and the flies in damp or shaded places. Some of the smaller species known as SNow FLIES come out early in the spring and are found on the surface of the snow and often fly into buildings. They may be known by the square thorax and broad, plaited hind wings, which lie flat on the abdomen when folded. The antennae are long and the veins of the wings prominent. They are not injurious. The nymphs are the favorite food of brook trout. See figs. 1 and 2. THE CocKs-comsB' GALL of the elm was received this season and may be added to the pests attacking that favorite shade tree in Maine. These galls are the work of a species of plant louse. THE ZEBRA CATERPILLAR (Mamestra picta) is a common insect in Maine, doing considerable damage to various crops. They are particularly bad in gardens. They were reported the past season as damaging the silks to sweet corn and feeding on turnips. They were quite bad on peas in gardens. ‘These are handsome caterpillars of a pale yellow color, with three broad black stripes running length wise of the body, crossed by numerous narrow, pure white lines. They curl up like cut- worms when disturbed. The moths have dark chestnut fore wings and pale yellow hind wings and expand one and three- fourths inches. See fig. 3. THE PoraTo-STaLk BORER (Gortyna mnitela) was reported as doing considerable damage to potatoes in Western Maine the past season. This insect is on the increase in Maine. The larva bores into the pith of potato stalks, causing them to wilt. The wilting plants should be pulled and burned so as to kill the worms within them. THE APPLE-TREE TENT-CATERPILLAR and the Forest TENT- CATERPILLAR were very abundant the past season in the west- 174 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ern and southwestern parts of the State. As it was an off bear- ing year the orchards of Maine were shamefully neglected. Tent-caterpillars were allowed their @wn way, and it was com- mon to see nice orchards badly eaten, and from one to several tents in a tree. The abundant crop two years ago, and consequent low prices, the small crop of last season, with small returns, com- bined to discourage fruit growers and cause the neglect of orchards. We believe in periods of ten years, that the orchard is the best paying part of the farm. To turn the orchard over to the ravages of insects and fungi in off bearing years is a short sighted policy. In a shy bearing year, trees have the opportunity to regain vigor from overbearing and lay up material for full bloom the following year. Nourishment is elaborated by the leaves and therefore foliage-eating insects sap the vitality of trees. The best time to strike insects that attack the fruit a hard blow, is in shy bearing years, when the food supply is limited. By the neglect of orchards last year, tent and forest-cater- pillars will be abundant this season. We are glad to know that orchardists are becoming impressed by the fact that the best way to cope with tent-caterpillars, especially in young orchards, is to gather the egg clusters dur- ing the winter, or when the leaves are off. The indiscriminate destruction of all kinds of eggs found attached to the limbs of apple trees would be bad policy, as ben- eficial and injurious insects would suffer alike. It would be but little trouble to send specimens of egg clusters found to the Station and learn which kinds should be protected. Several parties have availed themselves of this privilege the past season, and in all cases among the lots of eggs sent were several cocoons of beneficial Ichneumons. Brecu-Bup Insect. We received from Mrs. Florence W. Jaques, Farmington, Maine, a lot of beech buds that were killed by an insect. They were the terminal buds, and had turned brown. An examination showed that the young leaves had been eaten and that the insect had made his exit by boring a small round hole through the scales near the base of the bud. This insect must do its work early in the spring, as the speci- Fia. 4. Figs. 1 and 2 are from Smith’s Economic Eutomology. Figs. 3,4 and 5 are from publications of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. NOTES ON INSECTS OF THE YEAR. 175 mens were received the last of May, and the buds were dead and the insects gone. The trees were in grounds in Farmington, and the effect on them was quite noticeable. We have never seen the work of such an insect in the forests of Maine. This was probably the work of a small moth. We call attention to it as we do not know the insect and will be pleased to receive specimens of the buds with the worms in them. They should be looked for early in May. Mrs. Jaques informs us that she saw small worms emerging from the holes earlier in the sea- son than the date of sending the buds. THE Brown-TaiL Motu, an insect from Europe that has secured a foothold in Massachusetts and is claiming the atten- tion of the Gipsey Moth Commission as a bad insect, is said to have been found in Maine, as indicated by the following letter from Mr. Sessions, the secretary. “We are now making an inspection of the territory infested with our new imported pest, the brown-tail moth (Euproctis chryssorrhoea). Our inspector in discharge of his duty called on Dr. Geo. E. Osgood of 283 Highland Avenue, Somerville. The doctor is one of the reliable physicians of Somerville. His place is infested with the moth. He said that he saw the brown-tail moth in South Berwick, Maine, while on his last summer's vacation, and was sure that it was identical with the Somerville pest. He also said that while he was in South Ber- wick he professionally treated two cases of poisoning by con- tract with the moth and that the symptoms of the patients were identical with those of his Somerville patients who had been poisoned by the brown-tail moth. The premises in South Ber- wick are owned by the doctor’s father-in-law, Andrew White- house, 10 Goodwin St., South Berwick. I send you notice, that you may take such measures as you think proper in the case. I cannot of course vouch for the doctor’s judgment in the mat- ter. The caterpillars he saw in South Berwick may be some- thing else, but I give it to you as I had it from our inspector.” We wrote Mr. Whitehouse for specimens, but he was not able to send any. We will investigate the matter next season. Tue FickLe Mrpce (Sciara inconstans, Fitch) was reported by Mrs. R. S. Warren, of South Deer Isle, as eating roots and penetrating the bulbs of Gloxinia plants. So far as we know this is a new habit for this species. Specimens of the bulbs 176 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. received were channeled by the larvae. This insect will be considered in our next report. Various species of ANTHOMYIIDS are common in Maine, attacking beets, working between and under the epidermis of the leaves, making light colored trails. Radishes, bean-seed- lings and onions are often badly attacked. The Onion Maggot (P. ceparum) was reported as bad in Maine. We planted a bed of onion seed in our garden in Orono, and nearly every onion was attacked by this species. Care should be taken to burn infested plants while the mag- gots are still in them. THE Rait-Roap Worm (Trypeta pomonella) will probably not be so abundant, as the short apple crop gave them much less chance to multiply than usual. This insect could have been about destroyed if pains had been taken to gather the much fewer wind-falls. THE CurRRANT FLy (Epochra Canadensis) was more abundant than usual about Orono. THE RrcE WEEvIL (Calandra oryzae, L.) was reported as quite abundant in the store houses for grain of the Swan and Sibley Company, Belfast, Maine. We recommended the car- bon bisulphide treatment. See fig. 4, b and d; fig. 5, a and c. THE SPOTTED PARIA continues its novel habit of attacking the young buds of blackberries and raspberries. ‘The past sea- son this pest nearly ruined an acre of the above plants on the farm of Greenvill M. Foss and Son of Standish, Maine, as reported by Mr. C. S. Phinney. Experience with this insect indicates that it will not continue its depredations from year to year, see fig, 6, Pxpt ‘Sta, Rept) 1605. Forest Insects. We received a letter from Mr. Austin Cary, who has spent considerable time the past season explor- ing the forests of Maine, calling our attention to the depreda- tions of a timber beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) that is doing damage to spruce timber in Maine. ‘The study of timber insects is not only a great undertaking, but one of much import- ance. As it is impossible for the Station Entomologist to find time to enter upon the work, we hope that timber owners and the Forestry Commission may become interested in the matter and that the legislature will provide the funds to make the necessary investigations. IN YEAR, INSECTS 'OF THE NOTES ON “SMOT[[IM JO OSRILOW *so0d) o[ddB uo slojsnypo ssq *SSIM] 00.1] 0[|Udv UO SSS0 JO S19}sN[O) ‘90.19 o[ddv uo ILL 25Ud ‘FGR1 “aodoay UOTARIS juUOWLLOd XG Veg “stay o[ddB UO UOOD0D *90.19 1v9ed BJO do} 94} ULOAJ SOAVOT 949 [1B Ud}BO PR “UOTPVUTULIOJIp IOJ yUuag "SSTM1 9019 o[dde UO S889 JO S19qsNn[O *Sy[BIS OFVGOd Jo YYQId OY Ul SuLi0g *sdruin} pus sy[is u1od Sule *So01j} o[ dB JO VSUI[OJ UO Surps9o,q “SOABO] WTA UO S[[BD “qIVq YS 107 POSN SI VAIL oY qoosut yojzod oy “SULGOIIS UL SO9U0IS LOPUN VAIBT] ‘WyOg 9yy WoOA paddrys JMajy ur punog sere ees TI NOULUOT ‘LOMO WD LOAOPUY ‘SUDO "AA AA DYLOSOVIOSOL SHAG As “STLOAA "NI 9) Comqguray 9SVq "HO ee a | “UIngGuy ‘STIOM ‘N ua) “19JUNQ *QUIND ‘paBlqpouBlg “aw AA POOOUOOODOOOOS EH OU GNT ‘OI “M ‘Vv trereseeses TOMO SIOISTITVOW ‘A terereseee OO OITA ‘duloy aA “ss TanomMUOR ‘uoJUAOg ‘gq ‘qd OPISIIATY ‘UMOTG "OD ‘A seer HOODOO SHH aKOlL dys ‘SOAON ‘Vv “M Burg” ‘UMOTg "O'O “SUVA “OO “OO Sulyovd JOUTIV puvlyavy ‘osvg AYI[VO AA “SAIN TaAOpuy ‘SULyIIT "M"M srresee NTO AA SUOSJTOG OW “S “UL AA trees serees sp olpRrg ‘AoTIVg “cL “plOUXId JSvE ‘ssVLsnog "T ‘Vv *PpUBLYABO ‘99'T “YW WBABS ‘SI SOODSDO HOON OOOOOD OAH MITEL [B19 ANG Hehe tere eeeene nidouwn pssaupangy POOROS OOGGGOROS TA INYD) RIED LOLESO/FO) sereseresees DUpIwaUp DdWDI0ISYD ee) DDOGDU900C EYE), | adhj07, PODDSOQUOOOGOG OU O0UO OOF PG foHAEY) DUDS Sn a ae ea OL $1.lawonpey POORER OLE ODOR ODO OCOD TN /1) Dodou, resese cesses enqwuhrgsoona) snydoj0jz0 NT Wise Ae sede XevorwterteXere(eieieseSle "70 90UL DULR}104) ey “ppd DAISIWD IL pose eeeese serseene DULDAQUL SLYIIYSVU PEO OR OIE DLS OOIOTE FOOD | treseresssseses goguun DYADIO) wee ese es ee ee ee stae DINULOD syophswoy ste eee eee seeeeeeees spannnDOI Dlg ee i i rr i i ee ii a ari RVMGLEOAG MVOTO DNINUAOW * UVITdUALVO-INAD LSaro0.7| “AVTVTdINALVO- ING, ANU Add Vy sooeee’** HLOW- Laddv] Vaults “weess* HLOW YOUAINY VIdOUWOAD ced oe E LOE LO Maan Ol DeoBGOGH COGGOOUCGOSDOGOH sAKay IG \ANINIA| HLOW-MOOSSO, GawMuvW-ALIn MAM ores AAANOT WIVIS-OLViLod FOO SISOS ANAT 2 EGKUA AO) Ved G3 UC U7/ coeeeerees’’ WHOM NVdS INVAUND FOOOGOORONGGODOBOOGON Tara V EER EGLLINTIO) Gay LaIddy GUMOaN-MOTTIAA tee eteeereeess IW) TNOO-S 1000 tet ereweeeesees TT TT LIWVUDIAT BODO OCOGOONADOSOOHbOSSOUOT ETAT II OAS sees “SHIOKdS ACHALONAD ot GL ‘SMUV NAY . ‘CaAI“OTY WOH M Wom ‘ANVN TVOINHODL ‘ANVN NOWNWOO “LOST NI GHNINVXW SLOUSNI EXPERIMENT STATION. AGRICULTURAL MAINE 178 *§90.1] 1vad JO OSVI[OJ SuLOvIAV *so013 o[dvul SsulAo.jsop pus Ssuryouqyy *s0019 o[dvmM SuTyoRiyVy *SpOOs UDTOOM PUB sJodIVd SuLpoRq.V *s001] -ofddew Suno& jo syunay 049 Suryouiyy “SOAR ALIOGYORl[G SUTYNBITV “901 acud ‘eget ‘Jaodoy “v9 ‘4dxy 909 ‘SOLLIO( YORB[C PUB SOLLaqdsva SULIIVIYV *so07j 9[ddB Jo yunI Suryovq1y “SUI UIBIS UT ‘d10J8 UL SUIG UTBIS UT “SUBIG PII0JS SUTYOVIIV *SUOLUO SULYNVIIV BVAIV] “SSUT[PIOS UBC SUTYOVIIV BAIB] ‘sjuR[d BIULXOTS Jo Sqinq puvsjoort 94) SuTyorqye way] “oo MUNqaUUNYy “AA ‘XOqIBL ‘Oa treteseeeeses TQUAGG ‘poomurys “Mi otttt ess seeeessee noun70) rata. tereeeeres DTOMIpOIY ‘AOQqQIT ‘fA “oss TIngny—1losuvg ‘soa "H 'd trreeerseees KI TO ‘POOMIOS “| “AA! trresseeeeeees -OTOIO ‘AOAIVE “a soooss> susrpuvdig ‘AouuTyg ‘Ss ‘9 st eeeeeee surddq ‘TOSAOSUT “AA reseerers KuBdULOD AI[QIS F UBAS sevesceeees sereseses'(pLOF YO “IN tod) ysvjjog “O09 AoIqIS y uBMS Peet eeeeeeeeeeeeeees s SIVELY HT] poeseces eooceces UdAVTT UOILV oT, 73) meeees* UTA SUOISNE “WV ‘SIN “O[ST 190g “9S ‘UAIIBVM “SY SIN set eereeeeses esse s96n 199 DUUDOOLU sree sueeceesess snsowads snzowby)d seeessse es ar mnydowg snuaLyjzuUPpy N0900@NOI0000 osvigay a oukhd sn.ogaphy ttt esesereceses sss emanmonuing D189qQ “++ faq ‘sadvapb snpjauno snaydodh. Tete eeeeereeesseees nnmuna Dp.ladDg D899 DOR OODOODDID00O HANAN 02.L99UAT, Pa PROUT ODEO a | ‘DzN40 DAPUD)D) tressseesess - CBG '9nj097qG0 snyonsg Teteecesseesesccess qUntvdad D1QLOUd Pee ee ee tree esc esse sees seers oesesseaes seserereree TOIT ‘SUDISWOIW DIMMS tees eeeeeeeeeees DOTS AML, AVA le “XANGA NOWSId WVINXOH |6z tetess cesses TMOG GAM L-ATAVW (82 seerrsesersecsees ITA OTVATOILZ Petter ees eee ss ra Tog LOHS|9Z Trt sreeeeueceeeesesviW GCHLLOdS|FS ‘aauOg AAU L-aAldd Vy eee eee ree eee e sew e qdaqadvay-adnnoy SOO COC OOO SO OOOons i nic tots man cog tira see eee seeeeee eoeeeees TTAMAM GFOIYTZ POODOOIOODUOUOGRCOOONO FUNC ice NVA 0G treresesseces TOOOV A NOINO AHLI6T toe ee eee eeee eer se eeeee TX WOHINY ST “GOCIN AMO ‘ATA VINIXOTS)/T “SMUVNGAY “dH AIGORY WOHM WOU ‘aWVN TVOINHOGUL ‘ANVN NOKWOD ‘ON ‘daa NTIONOON—LEST NI A GHNINVXH SLOUSNI oe NODES ON PEANTS: OF Tk SHASON: ieig IL), Jay Aeayinse, More plants have been received at the Station for examina- tion the past season than ever before. They have been largely weeds, forage plants and injurious fungi. Lectures upon weeds and fungi delivered before farmers meetings, newspaper articles, station bulletins on these subjects and the enactment of a seed inspection law, have awakened an interest in these pests of the farm. The following table includes those species received that are of economic importance. WILD PEPPERGRASS (Lepidium apetalum, Wild.) still continues to be reported. Many samples of seed examined this season contained the seeds of this weed. Reported from Aroostook as putting up shoots after haying and maturing abundant seed by September. SHEPHERD'S PuRSE is being widely introduced with seed. It is not a very bad weed in fields, but a nuisance about gardens and lawns in Maine. THe RED MiLKwort, though not a bad weed in Maine, has been reported as abundant in some localities in low sandy soil. It is not likely to give much trouble. TuFTED VETCH or BLUE VETCcH (Vicia Cracca, L.) continues to spread. Farmers are not agreed concerning it. Some regard it as a good forage plant, while others condemn it as a bad weed. It grows rank and gives a good yield per acre. The patches die in the centre and enlarge from the outside. THe Rappit-Foor and Hop CLoveERSs are gaining ground along highways and in waste places. If we must harbor weeds along roadsides, I know of no more attractive ones. THE ORANGE HAWKWEED continues to be reported from new localities. Tue Bristty Burrercur and GoLpEN RAGWEED have been mistaken for the K1nc-DEv1L WEED, a plant that is well established about Gardiner and vicinity and is spreading. Te 180 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. THE May-weep (Anthemis cotula, L.), which follows man, has made its appearance in northern Aroostook County. In the seeds examined this season we have frequently found the seeds of Sow TuisTLes, and these weeds are widely dis- tributed in the State. Sonchus arvensis is reported from Aroos- took Countyas overrunning potato fields and choking out grass in newly seeded fields. Sow Thistles will not persist in grass lands, but they become a nuisance in gardens and fields. THE Common MILKwEED (Asclepias cornuti, Des.) is regarded as a bad weed in low mowing fields in southwestern Maine. THE ARISTATE PLANTAIN is widely distributed in newly sowed land. It does not seem to persist much after the first season. The seeds of its relative, the English Plantain, are quite abundant in clover seed from the West. THE THREE-SEEDED Mercury (Acalypha Virginica) has been reported as a bad weed in gardens and also as spreading to fields. It ought to yield readily to clean culture. THORNY AMARANTHUS or PIGWEED is a bad weed in gardens and cultivated land. It has the disagreeable habit of growing rapidly after hoed crops are laid by and makes large growth, seeding profusely before frost. The seeds are very common in grass seed sold in Maine. SQUIRREL-TAIL Grass (Hordeum jubatum) is becoming com- mon in western Maine. It is a bad weed. It springs up in car yards where western grain is unloaded and will spread to farms. THE Potato Buicut (P. imfestans) was very prevalent throughout the State. Potatoes rotted badly. Never before has the value of spraying been so emphasized. Fields where spraying was done yielded a good crop of sound tubers, while adjoining fields that were not sprayed were almost a failure. THE STRAWBERRY LEAF BLIGHT continues to do damage. This has been quite successfully treated by spraying on the Experiment Station grounds. THE QUINCE RUST continues to give trouble in southwestern Maine, attacking pear trees. A row of Amalanchier bushes in the Experiment Station grounds was badly attacked, nearly every fruit being infected. It is very difficult to explain the infection of a whole patch upon any other theory than that the disease is perennial. NOTES ON PLANTS OF THE SEASON. 181 BLIGHTING OF MAPLE LEAVES. Last spring we received specimens of maple leaves from sev- eral sources that were turned brown, as though injured by insects or fungi or by frost. We noticed that maple trees about Orono were similiarly affected. ‘A careful examination of the leaves eliminated insects and fungi as the cause of the trouble, and as the temperature did not reach the freezing point at the time the leaves turned brown, this cause was also discarded. The effect was produced ina day. ‘The leaves were rapidly unfolding and were nearly expanded. Following warm, moist weather there came a dry hot wind, which evaporated the moisture from the tender young foliage faster than it could be restored, causing the leaves to turn brown. STINKHORN FUNGI. We frequently receive specimens or inquiries regarding these offensive fungi and presume a short account of them will be interesting. We have found three species growing in Maine, belonging to the genera Phallus and Mutinus. These fungi at first are nearly spherical and look like puff balls. They finally burst open irregularly and the hollow stem is pushed through, bearing at its top a conical cap. The stem is sometimes naked, or it may be surrounded by a porous mem- brane called the veil. The cap is conical and may be loosely attached at the apex of the stem or grown to it the whole length. It may be wrinkled on the outside or smooth. There is usually a hole at the top of the cap, though it is not always present. There is borne on the outside of the cap a greenish jelly-like mass containing the greenish spores. It is this green- ish matter that is so offensive. The presence of these fungi gives the impression that an animal has died and is under- going decomposition and the true cause is usually overlooked. The accompanying figures will enable anyone to determine these plants when seen. ‘They should be burned or buried. Phallus daemomum, Rumple. This species grows in rich soil about gardens and in the woods. Seems to prefer decaying wood. We have found it about the mill yards where bark and sawdust were decomposing; also in pastures about decaying 182 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. stumps. The specimen figured was one of a cluster of about a dozen found by Artemus Rigby, Stillwater, Maine, growing in rich soil in his garden. This species has a veil around the stem, the surface of the cap is wrinkled and pitted and there is a hole at the top of the cap, surrounded by a whitish smooth ring. SSS im T. Phallus impudicus, Linn. This is not socommon. We have specimens from central Maine found growing about the exit of a sink spout. This species is fully as large as the other, six or eight inches. high. It may be distinguished by not having a veil, by the cap being smoother on the outside, with no rim around the hole ALIN BIDE, SSS IS, 2, Mutinus brevis, B. & C. This is much smaller. Not over three or four inches high, slender, pink and with the cap grown to the stem the whole length. This is the most common species. We have found it every season for the last twelve years on the ground in a clump of low lilac bushes growing near a barn. All three of the above species are very offensive. There are probably other species of the family in the State and we will be pleased to receive specimens. They can be put in fifty per cent alcohol and forwarded by express. ———s STINKHORN FUNGI. 183 SEASON. 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IF IE, IBY ArAyioN7. Hieracium praealtum, Villars. Order Compositae; Sunflower Family. HISTORY AND DISTRIBUTION. This interesting plant is a native of Europe. It was first described by Dominique Villars in 1808. When and where it was introduced into this country, or the circumstances of its introduction are entirely unknown. Mr. Lester F. Ward suggests that it may have been originally a bal- last plant of some Canadian port, as Toronto, it having been collected at that place in 1894. It was first detected in this country in 1879 by Mr. Lester F. Ward, who found it well established at Carthage and Evan’s Mills, Jefferson county, New York. Since that date it has spread over a large area in northern New York, becoming a pernicious weed. On account of its bad reputation in that region, it acquired its regal-satanic name. When it made its first appearance in Maine is not known. It was first brought to notice by Mr. H. K. Morrell, Gardiner, Maine, who found a few specimens growing in fields in West Gardiner in 1895 and reported them to the Josselyn Botanical Society of Maine. Since that date it has spread rapidly and is now found in many fields in West Gardiner, Gardiner, Farm- ingdale and Litchfield, adjoining towns on the west side of the Kennebec, and also at Winslow on the east side of the Kenne- bec, over twenty miles from the other infested area. In June, 1897, we received the following letter from Mr. Dewey, assistant botanist at the United States Department of Agriculture: “I received yesterday from Mr. H. K. Morrell, Gardiner, Maine, specimens of devil weed, Hieracium praealtum. 186 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Mr. Morrell states that some fields in the vicinity of Farming- dale are full of this weed. The farmers of that vicinity should be warned of its dangerous character and an effort should be made to eradicate the plant if possible before it becomes more widely distributed. This weed proved very troublesome in northern New York where it is regarded as even worse than the orange hawkweed, (Hieracium aurantiacum).” Although we were aware that this pest had been reported from Gardiner, it was thought advisable to visit the region and learn irom personal observation the distribution and habits of the plant. On June 27, 1897, in company with Mr. Morrell, we exam- ined a part of the infested district and found the pest surpris- ingly abundant, growing in large patches and as scattering plants in many fields. We informed all the farmers we met of the pernicious nature of the weed and the importance of destroying it. Wewere surprised at the apathy of farmers regarding the introduction and spread of this bad weed. There are always individuals who are alive to the importance of keep- ing fields clean and who make desperate efforts to do so, but are hampered and discouraged by their indolent neighbors, whose farms are centres for the growth and distribution oi all the bad weeds in the region. So far as we know, no concerted action has been taken to eradicate this pest. We see more and more the necessity of State action in such cases. Unless some definite action is soon taken, we may expect that this weed will overrun the State like its detestable relative, the Orange Hawk- weed. Below we give a record of the known North American local- ities of the King-Devil Weed. RECORD. Carthage, Jefferson county, New York, L. F. Ward, 1879. Evans’ Mills, Jefferson county, New York, L. F. Ward, 1879. Pierpont Manor, Jefferson county, New York, C. H. Peck, 1893. Jayville, St. Lawrence county, New York, C. H. Peck, 1893. Ogdensburg, St. Lawrence county, New York, J. E. DuBois, 1894. —_ THE KING-DEVIL WEED. 187 Denmark, Lewis county, New York, specimen in Nat. Herb., 1894. Toronto, Canada, specimen in Nat. Herb., 1894. Locust Grove, Lewis county, New York, Helen M. Ba 1896. Maine Localities. Farmingdale, Maine, Bowman St., Farm of C. R. Glidden, H. K. Morrell, 1895. West Gardiner, Kennebec county, H. K. Morrell, 1895. Gardiner, Kennebec county, H. K. Morrell, 1806. Litchfield, Kennebec county, H. K. Morrell, 1896. Winslow, Kennebec county, G. S. Paine, 1897. DESCRIPTION. Root perennial, multiple,—fibrous. Stems 2 feet or more high, I to 4 or 5 from the same root. The central one erect, the others smaller and more or less declined, purplish below, clothed with whitish, bristly hairs, that are dark colored at the base. The hairs are more numerous toward the base of the plant, mixed in the upper part of the stem with glandular hairs, dark colored, shorter, which become abundant on the flower pedicels and involucre. Mr. Ward and also Dr. Gray describe the upper part of the plant as free from hairs, but our specimens show scattered hairs the whole length of the stem and they are also mixed with the glandular hairs on the flower pedicels and on the scales of the involucre. Spread- ing by means of stolons as shown in the plate and also by root- stocks which connect different plants below ground. Leaves lanceolate with a winged petiole, margin more or less wavy with scattered small, dark-colored teeth. Pale green both sides and armed above and below with scattering long, white hairs, which show a dark base on the mid ribs, and some- times on the other parts. Radical leaves many, making a dense mat on the ground in the patches. Stem leaves smaller, nar- rower, 2 to 4, located on the radical half. Infloresence paniculate or cymose. On the larger plants with many heads; those on the lower pedicels open first, and when the pedicels branch, the lower heads on the branches are 188 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. the first to bloom, making the infloresence indeterminate and paniculate. On the smaller flower shoots of the larger plants, on the smaller flower clusters that come out lower, on plants that branch, and on small plants with few heads; the terminal head opens first making the infloresence determinate and cymose. Dr. Gray says the infloresence is open cymose, prob- ably determined from a small plant with few heads. Mr. Ward says paniculate, probably irom the examination of larger plants with many heads. Flower clusters terminal, and if branched, terminal on the branches, composed of from 4 to 25 heads, each about one-half inch long. Flowers 50 or more in each head. Yellow corollas strap-shaped and extending beyond the involucre about its length. Involucre green, one- fourth inch long, composed of many narrow, pointed, hairy scales in a single row. Achenes 2 mm. long, dark reddish- brown, about ten-ribbed, oblong, truncate above and gradually narrowing to the obtuse base. Slightly flattened below. Pappus 4 mm. long, composed of a single series of delicate, whitish bristles, which under high powers are plumose with short hairs. HABITS. The plants grow in grass lands, cultivated fields and aiong roadsides. The seeds germinate in the fall and the young seed- lings live over winter and continue to live irom year to year. The plants increase by stolons and rootstocks. Flowering stems are put up early in the summer and the plants are in full bloom and many of the heads iully ripe the last of June in Maine. Mr. Dewey in Farmer’s Bulletin No. 28, U. S. Department of Agriculture, p. 25, gives the time of flowering in New York as from June to September, and the time of seeding from August to October. The plant is iully a month earlier in Maine and becomes a nuisance, as its seeds are ripe before the grass is ready to cut. Plants that were shedding seed from some of the heads the last of June, bore small buds just forming, making the period of seed maturation quite long. Many plants are tardy in putting up flower stems, so that flowering continues all summer. Plants cut off by mowing the grass put out full flowering stems that mature seed before frost. THE KING-DEVIL WEED. 189 The plants make patches and the root leaves mat the ground so thoroughly that nothing else will grow. The seeds (achenes) are provided with numerous bristles (pappus), making then light, and slight winds scatter them far and wide. This pest seems to flourish in Maine soil and is rapidly spreading. We saw many plants that were considerably over two feet high and some of them put up several stems from the same root. Since 1893 it has spread more than the Orange Hawkweed has in the same region for twenty years. It will take root in mowing fields that have not been plowed for ten years. It blooms about the same time as the Tall Buttercup (R. acris) and the flowers being of nearly the same shade of yellow it is difficult to detect it when they are growing in grass lands together. It can be distinguished from the Orange Hawkweed by hay- ing yellow instead of reddish-orange blossoms, and by the smaller and usually more numerous heads. From our native hawkweeds by the flowers being closely clustered at the top of the few leaved stem. From another introduced hawkweed that is found about Sangerville, Maine, and sparingly at Orono, by its larger size and the fact that this species has only one or two larger heads at the top of the stem. From the Fall Dandelion by the form of the leaves and earlier flower- ing. REMEDIES. We have had no experience with this weed. Its nature and habits are similar to those of the Orange Hawkweed and it would no doubt yield to the same treatment. Five methods of treating Orange Hawkweed have been sug- gested: I. Watch the fields carefully each season and pull or care- fully dig the scattering plants that make their appearance, not allowing them to seed or spread. II. Turn the infested field and cultivate carefully some hoed crop until the weed is eradicated. III. Crop the turned field heavily with some strong growing plant to choke out the weed. IV. Convert the infested field into a sheep pasture until the weed is destroyed. Igo MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. V. Apply salt to single plants, to patches, or to whole fields when badly infested. It should be applied dry, sown broadcast, so as to reach all the leaves, at the rate of 18 pounds to the square rod, a ton and a half to the acre. Remedy I is preventive and we regard it the best, not only for this weed but as a settled policy for coping with all kinds of weeds. When the plants are few they can be destroyed without much loss of time, or expense. It is poor policy to wait until fields are overrun and then be compelled to turn or salt them at great expense. The safest way to fight a weed is not to allow it to get a foothold. Our farmers should be on the alert and when a strange plant appears in the fields it should claim immediate attention, its name and habits should be determined, and remedial measures at once adopted. In digging scattering plants of hawkweed it should be remembered that they put out underground stems, and care should be taken not to leave these in the ground to start new plants. The fields should be examined later for any plants that may have been overlooked, or start from stolons. The Orange Hawkweed in Maine grows along roadsides, in orchards and in rocky pastures where it is undesirable, or impossible to plow, and the only remedy available is to carefully examine such places every year for scattering plants and thus control the spread. If established, apply salt as suggested in remedy V. Whether the King-Devil Weed will spread to pastures, we do not know. In New York it grew along roadsides, and in Maine the plant established itself in a mowing field that had not been plowed for ten years. Method II recommends itself when there is no reason why the field may not be turned and cultivated in a hoed crop. It is a worthless method without clean culture and the exercise of care that scattering plants on other parts of the farm are destroyed and not allowed to mature and reseed the field. This method was tried the past season on the University of Maine farm for the Orange Hawkweed and was apparently successful. Professor L. R. Jones of the Vermont Experiment Station has experimented largely with salt for the Orange Hawkweed and claims that it will destroy it and prove beneficial to the KING-DEVIL WEED. THE KING-DEVIL WEED. IOI grass, nearly doubling the yield. Professor Jones says salt suitable for this purpose can be obtained for from $3 to $5.50 per ton. The expense seems large, but if the application will double the hay crop, as Professor Jones says, the increased yield would balance the outlay. This method has never been applied for the Orange Hawk- weed or King-Devil Weed in Maine, but Mr. Ward records the use of salt to destroy the latter in northern New York and does not speak flatteringly of the results. Those who are interested in the details of Professor Jones’ experiments can consult Bulletin of the Vermont Experiment Station No. 56, 1897. The plate, prepared from a photograph, shows a specimen that was two and a half feet high, reduced in reproduction. The habit of increase by stolons is shown. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Ward, Lester F. “The King-Devil,” Botanical Gazette, Jan- uary, 1889, p. 11. First account of the plant in North America. History, character, habits, etc., of the plant in New York. Dewey, Lyster H. Dept. Agric. Year Book, Washington, D. C., 1894, p. 582; 1895, pp. 598-9; Farmers’ Bull. No. 28 is a reprint of the article in year book for 1894. Farmers’ Bull. (two hundred weeds) is a reprint of the article in the year book for 1895. Tabulated statement of occurrence, habit, and remedies. nama Vive Moly ii, pts bVe Proc Ror, Soc, Nat. Hist. Py l30, 1607. Hirst record of its occurrence in) Maine. Harvey, F. L. Special Newspaper Bulletin, Maine Experi- ment Station, “The King-Devil Weed,” issued July 2, 1897, and published by most of the papers of Maine. IBUE IID) JPR CO IPRIDIS, G. M. GoweELt. These statements are published to show the individuality of cows as milk and butter producers, and to add to the limited data, so far accumulated, bearing upon: the ratio of the decrease of milk flow, from the time the cow is fresh until she is dry; the changes of the per cent of fat from month to month; and the milk and fat yields during the months following the act of breeding. . On January 1, 1897, there were fourteen cows in the station herd. Several others were purchased later in the season, but their records are not included here, as they were in the herd but part of the year. The animals have been fed as nearly in accordance with their individual requirements as we have been able to determine. All have received about the same quantities of succulent foods— silage, turnips, and pasturage. The hay and grain have been varied in quantity and kind, as different animals seemed to require at different times. In the main, the grain mixture has consisted of about equal parts by weight of wheat bran, corn meal, and gluten meal, fed at all seasons of the year, while the cows were in milk. Small quantities of linseed meal, cotton seed meal and feed flour have been used. When dry, wheat bran has been the only grain feed. The hay was mixed timo- thy, redtop and Alaska clover, grown upon the farm. The silage was of Sanford corn—eighty tons having been cut into the silo from three acres of land, when it was in the early dough condition. It would have been allowed to mature further, but for the fear of frost. The turnips were rutabagas, fed until the last of December, to cows in milk just after milking in the morning, and to the dry cows at noon. During July, August, and September, pasture was supplemented by green hay, green HERD RECORDS. 193 oats, and peas or sweet corn fed in the barn, night and morn- ing as needed. While confined in the barn, from October first to June first, they were watered twice each day. The milking was com- menced at six o’clock in the mornings during winter, and in summer at half past five. The afternoon milking was com- menced at half past three o’clock throughout the year. This early afternoon milking was necessary so that the milk might be delivered to the consumers at half past five o’clock. Our experience here causes us to believe that these unequal periods of time between milkings are not detrimental to the milk yield. The cows become accustomed to the arrangements, and being largely creatures of habit they continue to secrete and yield milk as freely as though the periods were more nearly equal. These animals are valuable for breeding purposes and our aim is to develop their ability to produce satisfactorily. This we do by careful handling and feeding. Coarse and succulent foods are provided them freely, while moderate quantities of concentrated foods are used. Larger yields of milk and butter could easily have been secured by heavier grain feeding. 194 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ROSE.—No, 1802 Maine State Jersey Herd Book. Ten years old. Calved Septem- ber 15, 1896, 4nd November 16, 1897. 1897 Milk Test Fat Butter LAO —lbs. —%. —lbs. —lbs. VAVMMEWAT: condssonc00 copdpaDbODS sooo0ce 716.7 5.1 36.55 42.64 TR@IOCENIAY socaccondond0d0Gos0doca00ne 610.7 5.1 21.14 36.28 VIA: Clatceyereterareteretetetersinictele(cieterelctetetenselelevore 601.0 5.0 30.05 35.06 VAG oz orparevetetereters eletetdatsieie sleisieis ice ieieeecicte 584.3 4.9 28.63 33.40 WIRINT 6 caocoDonogdnd00OROO00 odado0oNDD00 598.4 4.0) 23.93 27.91 BING soococn afekatetatetststotsionetotstataeletorsterstatalate 486.5 4.9 28.73 33.52 ANWIBY cocboospeooecodono0o000 DaoKO0GNND 567.3 4.7 26.66 31.10 INU iicon 500000000 00000000000000 555.3 4.8 26.65 31.09 September......... OqGaae 510.6 4.3 21.95 25.61 Octoberzea--een 6000 280.9 4.4 12.35 14.41 MIO OWN OEIHS o650c0s008ecn00 sede D0b000 O2067 4.3 13.91 16.23 IDECEMDEE Aas oemesuts acne askin 574.2 4.6 26.41 30.81 6509.6 306.96 358.01 Food consumed, 4,600 pounds NAay.........eececes cosceeccce srevrcees $23 00 8,400 DouNdS grain........6......--6: trevotevevetercisteleverslelets 25 50 TWO OOWINCIS SAVES) oo G650000000 0005000 sudacosnonNnbO 8 00 Gy TOSI VENS (ETO OS cop 550ngc000n go0cccGaecemonoue 1 50 AS UUTAS Ceecetelteteleletievertertelrerlscleiertctetsteveneiistaicte 5 00 $63 00 Cost of food for each pound of milk. ....... 02.0 3... w ces cecene -97 cents. Cost of food foreach pound of butter. .............. scence see ueceee 17.59 cents. ADDIE S.—No. 2383 Maine State Jersey Herd Book. Eight years old. Calved September 10, 1896, and October 8, 1897. 5 : : S Milk Test Fat Butter 1897. —lbs. =p, —1bs. —Ibs. VENUE i Aa sosboadun addaocomoooeeeuDded 703.0 5.3 37.26 43.47 FOIE AY caopganoomocdesudadou caode 575.1 6.2 29.90 34.88 MMEMKO No sablanauoodooddn opugecamSGocnus 534.7 5.5 29.40 34.30 ASW ite LIMvaxerorsrstalerateroroistets totovslerereveinie anaxoeteterae 464.1 5.0 23.20 27.06 WIEN po ooboosasooondEdoundanadapoagdeud 452.4 4.0) 18.09 21.10 eDSUUTN G Wayaycjnvatarefaloveheicia/a(otestelsleieresoie aie/clsis cisions 465.1 5.0 23-25 27.12 UwWhicwesanodonnoooesaoodaguuacoabeadnc 262.7 4.7 12.34 14.39 ANT SUS Gere rteravcveroterniairs Cietererstelete arose aie rersiere 162.6 4.9 3-06 3.57 September. ....... 12.5 5.0 62 he, COXSE@INEIP Sos000DG0nn00bOdbncoUadoUKHOS 680.9 4.6 31.32 36.54 t INIGAVELAOY OXE)Y Gao pocosHdonBaadonocunonS 859.2 4.8 41.24 48.11 IDEESUNDEIE scocasooodobonegdaqee oaHOdn 692.6 4.3 29.75 34.72 5864.9 279.46 326.00 Hood consumed) 4,200 pound’s Ways =... 2... eee cinlelesis cise sil el-ln+10/2 1s $21 00 Si 100) OOWUNGIS FART oconoodansoooo0nc0ns H00G000 960000 23725 TAU FOO WINGS CINIRVERE 5 socancaacacovaduaenaccag noouGne 8 00 115} (OWISINENS WOIAUYOS ssscooguncpops00ncn saGdncdGG0Ks 1 50 IEPISIMBUPRVENG) odd poodnodaucnogabosonoomonooogedKdG 500 $58 75. Cost of food for each pound of milk. ........-......-----5- vooeous 1.00 cents. Cost of food for each pound of butter.................. Bq000! Hoc0500 18.02 cents. re ee ee ee ee ee ee HERD RECORDS. 195 HOPE.—No. 2368 Maine State Jersey Herd Book. Six years old. Calved October 1, 1896 and October 28, 1897. Milk Test Fat Butter 1897. —lbs. —%. —lbs. —lbs. RUT TUASUISVirarcta) ore a8 ei siete! s,01c%0\ Sootco ooncnd 504.1 5.7 INE CIME TAY po 00dodcuc node sracdoneploooee 440.5 B.€ MILER Sosa cegdoe Gaoononoc too cobnoonods 450.0 5.0 /N7215)! coSaq0d00uEcEi0h000ed DDODDOI00BOC 399.2 5.4 WEST cooogboadenouoodaddbne copouaLOnOODC 400.2 a2 AIDES) couse coanpocoooDEeoU sD0On DOH 342.5 5.5 At De wergooc nodooo OCT oodaxloSous00No Oc 333.8 5.5 August..... : 292.5 Ball SEISIGTA NERS 50cuo0000 CooUadoduuORaUbe 91.4 5.7 OGIO Pas SsgencncoocOO AeOCOOD.Godood PEpEacoadooon. | Maccoccooone November ......... SocmsnegD aoocec 719.2 3.8 IDE TMOG Ge oubonHbooodoTHooonUcOoober 657.5 5.0 4630.9 HOOGICONSUNTE 4,200 POUNGS HAY) <.cleniwceineisivvie/ccle we) sie nieleiaiee icles " S$21500 CROUDIDOUN GS ORAM Sasser tere jelcleisinietecioiers stereieicietiatelatersts 22 50 TADDOPOUNAS SUAS Elia ge --- $15,000 00 ISAIAH K. STETSON, Treasurer. I, the undersigned, duly appointed Auditor of the Corporation, do hereby cer- tify that I have examined the books of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1897; that I have found the same well kept and classified as above, and that the receipts for the year from the Treasurer of the United States are shown to have been $15,000.00, and the corresponding dis- bursements, $15,000.00; for all of which proper vouchers are on file and have been examined by me and found correct. And I further certify that the expenditures have been solely for the purposes set forth in the act of Congress approved March 2, 1887. ELLIOTT WOOD, Auditor. i - INDEX. Asealiyalne) Hpi, eso ceegeiees Boorocogoddn oncn Oona Me aedcosHie Acknowledgments. ..- 2. +... .002 sees ve ce cone cece cece cece cece cnc Acquisition of atmospheric nitrogen.........-....+. ese eeee wee Acquisition of atmospheric nitrogen by plants, bibliography..-.-. Adulterated milk, detection Of-.-.-- =... .--- 0.00 cece secs cnen voce CMCIGIUM PTOSUIATIR... .--- 222 cee eee cece cee eee eee ce ee wees ANOVORCUIANE eA po paeowsds COe0 bOOe Coma abOS obod oboe atind Ae ne Amarantus spinosus.-.-- BONE es RAR ne maim hater cn Ie oer Amaranth, thorny --------- +--+ + +++ 22-5 202 eee wee eee wee wees Andropogon furcatus -- +--+ eee eee eee cee cece cee cee eee eee ANACropOgon SCOPATIUS -- +--+ cece cece eee eee eee eee eee eee ees ANATDTINS GOMES coco oacc0 600900000000 00000000 COND COON OdO0 CSCC Anthomyiid .-.----- 201 eee cece eee ee eee cece cent cee cece eens J\MA TREES Sonos oN EVARS con coos 9000 Date oouecste ob Gonemcoooo a ASPRIDIID TS! OSU CEES conde dode coe doco sone Gdoa rope meme dese pac Apple-tree borer, round-headed..--..--...--. Apple-tree tent-caterpillar.....- 6.0. - see cece cece eee cece cee e eee Aristate plantain. ..-... 2 ee cece cece cee eee cee cece eee eee eee Asclepias COMMULL. -- +6. eect cece cece cee cee cece cece eee cee ees Atmospheric nitrogen, acquisition Of...-..--.......-.+-++--+ eee JNTVIFOTPEGTNS 1Do 00 0006 0900 9000 5000 DODD OSD GeSdDaoN DaOO OSSOCoSS SoS IRANNCGOEK Mie oa 0000 500000000000 50000000 00000000 00500000 0001 3006 TRA DEOCIK Iacla, GNOMES) ECO ls Sooce0n ocue bobs crop Geoo seoe bone conn Bab cocks besten vet MO Of Mi AKIN eee ere atalele ale lela afolale)ielalal= =/elale = = =(nla)=inle TSP EG al 6 koncqoes coon ReDoe COUd En CHOOSE One nO Rema obedeS an B@ard=OTASS << -- 20-5 es cece wens coos eres tees wens ener ces ore sees IBEGENIDUC! TMEECGoon Goes Cans bono DOnG DODO COOS OOO UDOe ODO uOOD GDEC lave Or Inante mC. oo00 9080 06000000 9900 aD00 0000 Cu0n 0005 SO00 CCRC Blichting of maple Leaves) s2\-- 4-26 cles) Bon rlssiedss cmienis a nmneme IRIE WEN 00000000 bond ob00 ca00 NODS D900 Deno OOOH Cano DODaOCae SONS Box experiments with phosphoric acid..-----.+--+++seee see eeee Rig aGhe NOTED ased osdc 6500 dave sen cob poss Sos onoGebonebcsueec STIS, DUETS < eray cece cone cens FOR sRenOore AAS ooac 176 CREF Of WIIG oo eee a) aerate nine Non seein aie acta oe eae Ae 16 Cecropi2 emperor mothe =.) 22-60. ania sees ooo ee ieee eee V7 Oentankea WOAH cn ces ace cia ce so salca anabiaetse sa Sones eee 183 Celery culture, blanching and storage-.-.-----.....-..--.-2.-.-.-. 46 Cheeses. | Dwart or runnin mallow... -----2---545 54-52 4-e es 183 Cheese, method for testing ----. Sdn eieine eine cievapberanteiam ala ana oes 91 @hicory --------------- Sele wiclpie(e ela'elellavalela aja teevein snl ateareial ars alot ate edie 183 Crelrorininng Unify yea tna a oa ee tel mee inl eee ine on ee 183 Chsiccampa AMericana. 2-6 fame se alos a) ee eee eee 1i7 @lisiocampa Gissiria-ceeac aaciens oacaloa elena Eee ae a eee 177 Clover, MOP! soe -- 2 weclas ser cane ease ea-s sess seen pen eneeeee 179 Cloverrabbit-toobi: sscccc:2 Soceiec cease See eee oe 179 Clover, yellow 22 <-6\6-- marino manne sane sie enemies emia eee 183 Colapharnlmicola ec sccateee alae aie manta eee eee eee 177 Composite samples of cream=---c5-- ence 2-2 anon noon senate en nee ss Condensed milk, method for testing -----------.--....-...-....- 92 GConehOwers ess scccdcccnesthaceses ace see oe eee ees ok oe ee ee 183. Cornmeal COmMpPOsIhiOn = oe ee ees face eee ae ee en as Seep eee 143 Corn meal, digestion experiments with. ....---..--..-...2+.-.-- 149 Gomimes lS giresiaiiitiy err a. neces ae eee eee ene eee ae eee 150 Cornigilaces Compas it tae ie lee oe ae eee 142 Corn silage, digestion experiments with..------...-...--.--.---- 145 Corn silage, digestibility -------------------------------22-. 20 146 Conydalis cornutae- - een acme nee nema ene = Sl LSS en St SS bee ptee eee 184 Cream, method for valuine--.. 20 2-.ess-e- -eoeeneeee ee ae eee gs Cream, methed of sampling ---.......- wee ee eee eee eee eee sees 85 Greameyme ili ed Of Geir ate eerste eters tele 74 Gniweentalawere- ote eee SEO a SAE 183 Currant fly ------------ 2. BOOS COP mGSS SRA OQOTEOTS Asan ddsaoess 25 Carrant spaniwOnn eee ees eee eee ae ae eee eee 77 INDEX. PDEA M ATC iain)='+1> s)s,0'0: wintase) wenye\enialar ss aiele dnia en pjnip s/aenoiW 5 ba Daisy, yellow...-....-...... siofaley ste tsialaypistel alesis’ aietate ° ID ATA, TOT Ae Gos secon Font SdO6 Uo6H CAD OCs os Oba IOC Daucus Carota ...-.-. SO OURO OT COU GORIC BOD OO RNa hacer IDSC MoO NS mull ThorsevI|acou Coup coon bound beuo done oe : IDHASTOINS, MlONEloo ogaaeous Gooe Haus ono OgadaC BO Se imate Digestion coefficients, correction Of .---.+----.++eee eee Digestion coefficients with sheep.---..--..+.++.- pve ists : Digestion experiments with sheep -...-.-......+..-+++.-: ING [ENG b640n0 cbbeb rcs ob an 900 Goose ace eS aRtstne rete Djioe hen, Chilo nereeeageoss soe bouee-sobe Se aieisrates aise ale Erigeron strigosus ...--.- 55 cond c6o6 dongloose. cows 5000 D084 Eriocampa cerasi.-.-.--..--- Sooo 0060 DRC 50000 0000 Db0n d60¢ Eupréctis chryssorrhoea .....---+2+ 222.06. UE Es ise Huvanessa antiopa ..---.--.--.--.-. «+. eee Boo odes 2605 EEG) INOUE tei [CU line @apobe oe aetebe Coos ureD JnbrEeooonrrc Feeding standards ..-..---- e+e sees cece cece cece tees eens Feeding stuff inspection .........----.2-2e-- see eeee eee HMeedines SUCMEStIONS LOL <0. ise case 0 «eee «0 oi cterenas eters Werhilizer WSPeCChlON <1 «el = 12-1 am «ele - wine = oe meee wel Fickle midge. -..------- see cece cece cee cece eee cece eee Florida rock, experiments with..--.---...-.++++--++-e5: IMIOWWEP GHGS oso5 go50 0005 0800 sua5 o50q oun bO4D SodG scr TOROS TASEORIos 0006 Bobo dodo coud case HooGG000 5d00 Sond OnDC ORGS SRO ieiA Oe? sagca soos go00 gs0Rdnds cebe cosa os0e Foxed beard-grass -.-- 1+. .-ee eee eens eee eee e eee soods SST GG., (URN cco ce docdoo doe ones dono goom occ asgeGEad (SORDIGI A) UU DUIREZ ca Gods cave seoudorS soca deed coeur eons one Giant sunflower..--..... 5506 050 Soda ddQoODGdDN OS GENS COGS Glassware, inspection of.....---..-----+++++ --+-- na adoe Glossy! tihyedo0 oodclanos cede oces oood bos cou ducd doruno™ - Gnaphalium uliginosum -.-..------ AN etatelognteversxe/teloiee sien Salers GOLCGH HE WEEC Aaa sand cobs ns ee seeandadauecodudden dem: Gooseberry fruit fly..-..--- 22.0 cece cece cence eee cone ees POOSGI SHAY INTEIE pooscene poncOSdo ao oror eben aba cieaee aac sacar Gortyna nitela. ...............-.--6.- soogo ogc d boaD ODES (GRAIN MSR AOIRDS coog-o0n0 600s 4600 co Dobe DUNG CoSUEODSO Ono Grounds, suggestions for ornamenting.--.--.------- sees HER WGGGL Ont GG scene Goce Been CoSemo dm Oneo omer So ooo- Hay, COMPOSition -- 22. .26e oes eee cent eee s eee sees cece Hay, digestion experiments with .-----.---+-+++++++---- Hay, digestibility ......---- esse eee eee cece cece eee eee le Torani he) Biyes ee etesnlais ais = oele)n» »1~ wi nieielw wins = OSA CRO IEC Fe Helianthus giganteus....-----++ esse cere eee ees site Aeare Sens ets LS TOLTE COL Gia torsion) sitar rr cleleia ole ielelete einis agaisloje ines wtelscershelclals se ee ee “* eee e ee -. =. eee ee see wee sete wees see ewww er wees . seen eee ee ] 178 175 177 Ww wD eo) wo) tet bo sl @ =I =" bd ae opnae = rae 208 INDEX. PAGE Hieracium aurantiaCum..-.<..c. -cccccee see Earn winnie 0) alate ate oe 13 LETS SS eres isso sss sos6 2555 55655542 5555 5555 255552525 -55- 185 ISN fe cosaone Boon eash ene snag ocessoessssenosesses otsssc. 179 Hordenm juvatn- =. <<) = = == ea eine eee ele) ee 180 OKia PICO Gre Mee eee lene ee eee 178 EV OSE!) esa) AEN SAE me elec me ie ale eel le ete ee ee 143 InNecuDslORI LOOM oes sinise elo aan cess coe a cekereice eee eet eee ee eee 97 [REGIS TM FES GN RSs os Bodh cosas coos ccna cone sate occa cess sneg 525: 173 Inspections ---- ---- ---- -2-- 2222 cee cece cece cece cece sees cree =o gs MRS PECHIONS CORSO cere em cetera eae lee wie eee ee 52 Inspection of creamery glassware.....--......--.----+---+------- 60 Inspection of feeding stuffs-..-..-------------.---+---+--+--+-------: 56 Inspection of fertilizers ---.-.--.-----.-+ +--+ ---- +--+ -------- ees 52 Inspectors of feeding stufis----..--.---...---.-----------s------ 59 TENTS Pe eD eil Nee cone ep ee Soo eso naed ses cane sooo aeoa aes ces 177 Tetipeieinyeer codsssosronscscsosd ade aded ssonssss gape shat oes 185 King-devil weed, bibliography-.-----.-------.----------+--+++-++: 191 King-deyil weed, distribution .-.----.-------.------------------- 186 King-devil weed, remedies..-------- ---- +220 sees cece eee cece eee: 189 LGR D860 §eoe bor ToeeomoancicoSeeoeomeSsucca amen Sosagsc ses sso> 183 Lactometer, method of using -....------.----..-.--------------- 92 Law regulating the sale of seeds-.-----. +--+ -2-+ e202 ee ee seen eee 32 Lepidium apetalum .-..----- +--+ +--+ +--+ ee ee eee eee eee eee eee 179 Punasmorn =-2o ees eee eee ae DOSS HII MSO Coa cia Hea ceo sos rit TE Oe Le? Senne con Oneicoor Soe onnbere Cor ome phabsasesssscsnc 183 Malva rotundifolia - =. 2-2). - (5. 2 fo ce canta ois ces eee see eee neni 183 Mamestra picta ---- +--+ ee - eee cece cece eee cee cere eee eee eee 173 Maple-tree DOrer «+--+ +--+ ee ee cee eee eee eee cee eee eee e eee 178 May-weed ------20e eee cee cece eee ce ee cee ee cee eee eee 180 1) 8 Oe 1 ecient OOE CO ae oe 6 oom en Oe mney paooa oo. 184 i el Pea als Gace. Goh sosteosu mobs coscorsu pect euon coos bonsopenes ¢ 178 Ligeti APES ECT ET scococamosesss Soo restore Sasoeoe essence 180 Metabolic nitrogen of feces..--------------5---- +--+ +--+ +--+ eee 155 Meteorological observations --...-....-.......-..---..-..-. Corer 201 Neyer b En mi Meceas seagesso eso Soom boso S250 Gosden asS5mSse 180 Milk preservatives --------+ +--+ 2222 ee ee eee cee cee cee eee eee ST Milk TeCOrd Of COWS 28> sees coe aca n ae ce ee = eae eo anata enior ie 192 Milk testing ----------+------22- 222 eeeeee ee tee eee eee eee eee 70 Mourning cloak butterfly.-------------.----- SW eidieis Sele) aeichv eee WT MUGS DIE VIS. euce oe beceeec rice scien spe cleats patie elas wane sere 182 Native trees and’ shrups).ceni. soc cae wee eee see soe ie eee eee 112 IE RPE) Se Ghk8 PE PES sss ss edss Ssec sc so sn so sas sce2 F2-22-5- ll Night flowering catchfly ------------++- 22s eee eee eee eee eee 183 Nitragin. -- +--+. 2.20 ce ee eee eee cee cee cee cee ee ee eee eee 129 INDEX. MMENO LSM ACGUISILION, Dy Plants sion aqsiess.-uasiere sinie’s 1sdlime vm srm1erelgi nin ieis/e Nitrogen, fixation by non-leguminous plants ---.---.-+++.0+0-0-- GLOCEH ENO W. fixed. Diy, PlAMtsaci+ a= a) ole elelel clei by COMMPCCS MILEHS tre. «ws slalole ve eaists wiscie adae sepsis atsiciauaghvie © ebtersejan IPOD NY NOMA, MTT EINE) 0500 0000 060050050006 2000 5000 bob bab nA0- TPIGAW@ROl sod qooe cood co sSmO DE Oboe guano bO OCOD GOSH anno cona uore EAC INO BUSTS PCCLOSUS jelels etainis olelni= = oer) (lela) aiciele ) /a fale einin'a) elole fei a «inieyelelas lamba On eatagOMlcarAnistabay aeciselaq\el\at) «lets ocsle eres aeee eects oe Seem oe eeiees aeaiele ea ate Saperda Candida --- 0:00. -ccccees cada ccenddas sdesiores sane daswaces Sieibist TIGR 2 poco eset ee cae enone cog agcgsdte cee see cee Seeds, law regulating the sale of---- ----+ +--+ - 222 cece cece cece eee Seeds, testing ------ ---- 2-20 12 = cone ween cone conn wens owen wens nae Seeds, standards of purity--.--- ---- -2-+ 2000 c00e cone sone conn neue Seeds, rules for testing..---.------- +--+ +++ ees cece cece ceee eens SST UO) Pied ee coo cca ceseoeco cote cesd toss sees ses sete sass cccs Shepherd’s purse --------.----- ---- 222+ - 02+ een cece eens see eeee SUN E IPRS oc occ cr odotet neds athe eben chee dens esse Societe oce cast Shrubs and trees for planting.-----.---- +--+ +222 2222 --- 2 cece eee Silage, COrmm, COMPOSILION 22-22-2260 22420 -- oo- one ooo ore ae Silage, corn, digestion experiments wWith.------------.---------- Silage, mixed, digestibility..---.--..--------------+---+ ee------ Silage, mixed, digestion experiments with -.----.--------------- STUGTE TAG THM: connoctctec coop ecee ness geoterce Cote coos cost esse Skimmed milk, composition of..---.....--------+-+-+--+-------- Skimmed milk, digestion experiments with-.----.-------.---+---- Skimmed milk, digestibility -------..--...------ ---- -------- ---- Skimmed milk, method of testing ..----.---+--+- 020+ s2-+ 22020 SOL DIG TT BAG ecto cts cose cree cee cere tee tes nse cece tae tsee Solanwum rOshrabuwy senses === ae Docee ogee ches case sencese: SOILS FIRES Sic co ccns cost cose secs cete once antoeestoanoccssss SUMEDTS SSPE seose cose ssc fees ceed onte aortas sts sese case esse SAG NTS CLEFIERT Ste scos sons asst cencsacesas soon adsense coctdon: SAWP TIRES) ccesadecess focse se dondcond deso bono tson asco eseosese Sow. EHISble, COMMON «<1 nicoa 6 55 seep ee aa nace a eimai tire SINT IGAGSe HIG see ece toro cece cote stop soseenc socSodedeccadcoss SO LRG BU ES Ello ce ae cee mene cone seas cose cescanss nsec sphaereila fragariz-- =< - === 8 = one nn oo oon one nein w cone nwnm SDD ARE epee conc cde o9a> Seno Ee Seco nceena bane shad Soobodos Spiny-leaved sow thistle. --------------- +220 2-20 co0e ewan ween wane Squirrel-tail grass-------- So cese mene onas tess mesa cee aan aseseoscss Sis SSR onatar oaeteic CO RCE rnRapCOMROS BE SA SESE aan aaoe ole 6 Seis GUTS AGS aocotnccrcocnsec 4056 Gono cen ndde code Soar cones ndcase Station, aim Of----- -------- = Soa Saco Cosoe cea OsaS ooo sone ccas aces STR MRR ie sono seomicoon cans cod erdaicpa Soo eseconeooscdo sacs SHAM KEN MIE IGT iste dese Ge opeoncancmcoog ease macod SHA ROME) NSS ML? crenata sce Saeteemaceno comaeecn Baa ods toe Se SFO (Men a Gene Sao eee oe eee cee ee no eo cee SEO Ret ace doom coon cogs Gade Sodcodind acne dsBecsnoodon cdoa esses Stinkhorn fungi-.------ +--+ 222 cee - cece eee eee eee cee cece eee Stock feeding suggestions..-.-.-.--.++++-+++++.-+--- SIG TERY cccodcdcada coed taco ssct coos ech ones beosa coo Aged Gone deo = iv A) geo st oo & w_ w w o = 173 , INDEX. PULA WIVeKTy Lea OMONt. ««calsyeialsc emi sinte\aainiele ae ais ate sMtst/s/als/e tates ofa eine PSULOW.GLs PLAN by ore orale ain ule:cleie/a/ain felalateleysie alela’a piel siaiataiptend wad sie del olaine TMEV TS AIACAILA Es ie/0 atalc nin oietnleleiaatn¥ate sie iain/mivipin w/aile\s x'dia'dly atath alot nin rate Torsion balance for cream testing... .....-+. sees cece vane cone cece TMramstinnitenly Inne Oie cococoaden Good ponGodbo dota ome boh4 cobe-conc SHEE ASUIGEE GLE POL biO leete reo) orate otaicla/c lo atane)eraoceiniors a alaaieie ten eae ee Memes COMM cose cove soo dCd0 6t00 0000 Nao soCe tb Ogc don0 Goss Trees and shrubs for planting ..-.-.---.+es cess cece eee cece eee MrOlMUGMACTATLUM! «~ «6 5.6 see vocelvinies 05 oni sien nccec rns celle naan {UENRMINHEN) QIRIEWIRDc oH0ns cooo oda Coon bOdU Gobo Cond ect OacScnoe cone IMrajoeea lino scosootee gabe odes DoDD CNSD 00S DDObODOD AOD0 one OOF INFOS DOUNO MEN Po coco odb5 G50 boyG ecco DoDD 0ONS ORGS S06n soOK bor Tuberculous cows, temperatures Of ...------ -.e- eee e ener cee wees Tuberculin, effects on tuberculous COWS..--- +++. esse eeee eee IMEGROGS HOW Do 0066 pdan dang cb0Kn 200 denn coneBURS GUODOCO4 Sone bone My pophrusicanellus @ilvipes- (1-2. cece we oe vices one wee wen WASIIEII 6 Gon ood Ein cio aA SOILS CIC en nD a eee ec Pane reree oor Wiilkstancdldrives, CONStTUCHION OF ~~ =). 01 --ins eee em esto = oes \\/GDULIVEP CHEEIAMAONE) ca dado aaoo soda bono Heou dace bone nUone nao Done \\V@GG8)., ROGIER S500¢ 0505 caso 0905 ceng0ds5 sacn aoso pono 2205 Jon: \NIDGit, TRGHOOG! CIE TSM 2 G5 50cc con cecmonnd cocadoro dace abosro>- VVOniges ener aye| TAUSESOOLC MNO] ooo 2900 90500000 5000 Neng dado Uscn D0RC Wiiilicl imho sed Sead odes GeueanoD oocumaaD onto DUob Coda OdCE Hoes eoac Wild peppergrass -.-...-- Lodgocogch endo cosa sooo eabe cose Sesnencs KX ylebOrus PYTi -.-+ -- 22 cece cece cece cece eee ween eee rene cone sees Wellow daisy, COneHOWEr. «= ---. 5.020205 cas hewn cc en neee cece ccee Yellow necked apple-tree caterpillar......--..-...-- sees cece eens Yellow or hop Clover...-----.-- -.e cece cece voce cere vee srvccces WlLO yy PRET a6 cove cce0 07000000 0b0n HNO NOG 0000 HOD HOON SOND b0KE Zebra caterpillar... .... 2... cece cece voce cone cece voce vane wees woes 14