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FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ~

OF THE

Mame Avricuttural Experiment Station

ORONO, MAINE

ileizlep

PART Il OF THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MAINE.

NGOSIER:
KENNEBEC JOURNAL PRINT

The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any address
in Maine. All requests should be sent to
Agricultural Experiment Station,
Orono, Maine.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE
Wetterrotatrans miittaleac sesassuvyeraiey sis cleleletoeneteln one ouciokedetevel lets eisisy'sle\ efe,(e 5
@Oiicers ofthe Station) ase ee arcsec sie atetare ES Ae ah Ae ae 6
LNT TONS 1013 TERRORS BOSON COO OcIdeM cop nao ceca n DON GO 7
EXCKNO WLECRTMEMES: jo sare eiciatessivieierete aiSrotetelatenel ale ovensia aiavreietedeyaalelstelsle l(a 10
Bulletins issued in 1898:

Nov ates Deh orninig: COW Stee sers.«srreraine a ace eeu eee oyna dareleerareys 13
No. 42, Ornamenting home grounds...................... 19
INOMAS se bertilizenimnspectionmn-r-rerc ee rinceree erties 25
Nowa74as Feedineystiuti inspection mee -e-ire ienerettare sete ree 25
INowAS hertilizerunspectionme)--iaseeeaecnece niceties 25
No. 46, Some ornamental plants tor Maine...............- 26
No. 47, Wheat offals sold in Maine in 1808................ 32
Inspections for 1898........... EGR rat die Maa sor cos eles ava a taneustnNeys 254 Rete 38
Box experiments «with phosphoricracidher 1. cle cml eile siete let 64
Analyses OL rodderspand teedinewstithsee ee pretreat 75
Digestion experiments with sheepaees-1)-ss-es-e4scseee cesar e 79
Oat hay harvested at different stages of maturity............... 93
Effect of food on the hardness of butter and composition of
Ro tab he ra tchca tie eee cee ees eel ence tare a sit ae Re ap ss of year eet eee 97
Effect of feeding fat on the fat content of the milk.............. 114
injunvessmilliped 6Smsepeeas 3 acntonsk holoeraes slctee i ean eos eens 118
An injurious caddice fly Sibi NaS edt avaetenec ves charetisliornrensraratte ave tebeen are wale 122
ImSeCtsHOt the: ivear Mame veces a= eetst ness erator meh ter laces valle ole ato alslemcoeaale 125
INotesyonsthesplantsrorithe! yeanenaearieee cece seein eos cic eee 131
shtiberculosissand thes Stationmhendee eee rere teen enna eteeetoee 136
Nest box for keeping individual egg records.................... I4I
Number of laying hens that can be profitably kept in one pen.... 144
Jalresital 1 Haxeo} Co HME G orion jc lotic Cote Sun ROC Caen cEaIeme tte 148
Comparison of large and small radish seed..................... 158
iteckorasubwatering Tadishesrmen caer ereicisia een cena 161
Blveberwye in Main@ai2o <n ea tie ace eel ae eee Notch: 164
Experiments upon the digestibility of bread with men........... 173
Dicestibility: of breads... santa cota toe we oan oon Siew one 190
Acquisition of atmospheric nitrogen. Soil inoculation........... 208
Skimmed milk vs. water in bread making.................-.00+ 213
Rollmation and tertilizationiorilOweLrseeneenceiceeeitceaceicein 219
iIMetcorologicalvobsenvations: steerer aac ciiberion mies sien 230
epont o£ the, Ereasurer ne taanmcs teria ce or co mecret atu ne Saisie ete 232

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STATE OF MAINE.

AV V/aarris, Sc De President of the University of Maine:
S1r:—I transmit herewith the Fourteenth Annual Report of
the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station for the year ending
December 31, 1898.
CHARLES. DD.’ WOODS;
Director.
Orono, Maine, December 31, 1808.

MAINE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

ORONO, MAINE.

THE STATION COUNCIL.

PRESIDENT ABRAM W. HARRIS ....- - = + « - - « President
DIRECTOR CHARGES D-WoenSs Jess 2 2 <= = =e = =) Weercuey
BENJAMIN F. Brices, Auburn ...... . 7} Ceniemer
ARTHUR (L. Moorr, Gantlen. 2). sis = Seo er

Board of Trustees
Hneniorr Woop, Winthrop: =. -). 79 .) 2 - a

B. WALKER MCKEEN, Fryeburg. . . . State Board of Agriculture
Ons) MEADE Albion) |). js icees =e) ean . State Grange
CHARLES S. POPE, Manchester ... . . . State Pomological Society
JAMES M. BARTLETT . oy OS) ee]

Lucius H. MERRILL . AER bc |

Francis L. HARVEY . a ee. ee c Members
Keasonn Is sussenn ss SG) ie Sy eae f Ge eee
WELTON M. MUNSON . Saeeue Cake |

GILBERT M. GOWELL. J

THE STATION STAFF.

THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNIVERSITY.
CHAREES, De WOODSh).) ss joes els! -s 2 ee... ee erection

JAMES -M. BARTERI 2 5s 05-50. 6 (se Se) oS Sveum. | Chemise
Lucws Ho MBERTEE) <2) es) «) ol i, eee. | cee (Chesane
FRANCIS L. HARVEY ... .. . . . . Botanist and Entomologist

FREMONT 1). RUSSELE, << 2 3s (bh (e200) 2) See vecerinanran
WELTON M. MUNSON . : - © = 292° 2% GS 5 Se eaoroenituast
GILBERT M. GOWELL : huts. s,s ee as. SEmePAGTICUICUTISE
Lucius J. SHEPARD ....... =. . « Assistant Horticulturist
Ona’ W.:. KNIGHT =) SOs 6 Se ee eee sistant Chemzse
ANDREW J. PATTEN © -) os 2° sce -e ete wie). “Assistant Chemvzst

HorRACcE L. WHITE . . Assistant Chemist

ANNOUNCEMENTS.

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STATION.

The Maine Agricultural Experiment Station was established
in accordance with Chapter 294 of the Public Laws of 1885
“for the purpose of protection from frauds in commercial fertil-
izers, and from adulterations in foods, feeds and seeds, and for
the purpose of promoting agriculture by scientific investigation
and experiment.”

In March, 1887, Congress passed an act establishing experi-
ment stations in the several states. The Maine Legislature of
1887 accepted this grant and made the Maine Agricultural
Experiment Station as it now is.

LHe OBJECT OF THE STATION.

The purpose of the experiment stations is defined in the act
of Congress establishing them as follows:

“Tt shall be the object and duty of said experiment stations to
conduct original researches or verify experiments on the
physiology of plants and animals; the diseases to which they
are severally subject, with the remedies for the same; the chem-
ical composition of useful plants at their different stages of
growth; the comparative advantages of rotative cropping as
pursued under a varying series of crops; the capacity of new
plants or trees for acclimation; the analysis of soils and water ;
the chemical composition of manures, natural and _ artificial,
with experiments designed to test their comparative effects on
crops of different kinds; the adaptation and value of grasses
and forage plants; the composition and digestibility of the dif-
ferent kinds of food for domestic animals; the scientific and
economic questions involved in the production of butter and

8 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

cheese; and such other researches or experiments bearing
directly on the agricultural industry of the United States as
may in each case be deemed advisable, having due regard to
the varying conditions and needs of the respective states or
territories.”

INSPECTIONS.

In accepting the provisions of the Act of Congress, the Maine
Legislature withdrew the State appropriation for the mainte-
nance of the Station, and thereby did away with the original
purpose of the Station so far as it related to the “protection from
frauds in commercial fertilizers, and from adulterations in foods,
feeds and seeds.” In place of this, special laws regulating the
sale of commercial fertilizers, concentrated commercial feeding
stuffs and agricultural seeds, and the inspection of chemical
glass-ware used by creameries, have been enacted, and their
execution entrusted to the Director of the Station.

The Station officers take pains to obtain for analysis samples
of all commercial fertilizers and concentrated commercial feed-
ing stuffs coming under the law, but the organized co-opera-
tion of farmers is essential for the full and timely protection of
their interests. Granges and other organizations can render
efficient aid by sending, early in the season, samples taken from
stock in the market and drawn in accordance with the Station
directions for sampling.

THE AIM OF THE STATION.

Every citizen of Maine, concerned in agriculture, farmer,
manufacturer, or dealer, has the right to apply to the Station
for any assistance that comes within its province. It is the
wish of the Trustees and Station Council that the Station be as
widely useful as its resources will permit.

In addition to its work of investigation, the Station is pre-
pared to make chemical analyses of fertilizers, feeding stuffs,
dairy products and other agricultural materials; to test seeds
and creamery glass-ware; to identify grasses, weeds, injurious
fungi and insects, etc.; and to give information on agricultural
matters of interest and advantage to the citizens of the State.

ANNOUNCEMENTS. 9

All work proper to the Experiment Station and of public
benefit will be done without charge. Work for the private use
of individuals is charged for at the actual cost to the Station.
The Station offers to do this work only as a matter of accom-
modation. Under no condition will the Station undertake
analyses, the results of which cannot be published if they prove
of general interest.

STATION PUBLICATIONS.

The Station publishes annually a report covering in detail
its expenses, operations, investigations and results, and bul-
letins giving popular accounts of the results of Station work
which relate directly to farm practice. The bulletins are mailed
free to all citizens who request them. The annual report is
bound with that of the Board of Agriculture and distributed by
the Secretary of the Board. This combined report can be ob-
tained by addressing the Secretary of Agriculture, State House,
Augusta, Maine. It is usually ready for distribution in August
of each year.

CORRESPONDENCE.

As far as practicable, letters are answered the day they are
received. Letters sent to individual officers are liable to remain
unanswered, in case the officer addressed is absent. All com-
munications should, therefore, be addressed to the

Agricultural Experiment Station,
Orono, Maine.

The post office, railroad station, freight, express and telegraph
address is Orono, Maine. Visitors to the Station can take the
electric cars at Bangor and Old Town.

The telephone call is “Bangor, 27-3.”

Directions, forms and labels for taking samples, and charges
for examining fertilizers, feeding stuffs and seeds for private
parties can be had on application.

Parcels sent by express should be prepaid, and postage
should be enclosed in private letters demanding a reply.

Remittances should be made payable to the undersigned.

CHAS. D. WOODS, Director.

ACKOWLEDGMENTS.

Acknowledgment is hereby made for the following giits to
the Station during 1898:

Corn Germs—Glucose Sugar Refining Co., Chicago, Ill.

Gluten Feed—Glucose Sugar Refining Co., Chicago, Il.

Seeds of Vetch, Peas, and Sunflower; Cherry Pits; Scions,
Plants and Apple Trees; Currant and Raspberry Cuttings,—
Cook’s Inlet, Alaska; Cranberry Plants from Sitka, Alaska—
United States Dept. of Agriculture.

“Sample” Strawberry Plants—C. S. Pratt, Reading, Mass.

Apple Scions—Jules Lagacé, Upper Frenchville, Me.

Scythes—Nolin Manufacturing Co.

Green Arsenite—Adler Color & Chemical Works, New York
City.

Laurel Green—Nichols Chemical Company, Syracuse, N. Y.

Skabcura—Skabcura Dip Co., St. Louis, Mo.

Nikoteen—Skabcura Dip Co., St. Louis, Mo.

Silicate and Muriate of Potash—German Kali Works, New
York City.

“Diamond Crystal” Salt—Genesee Salt Company.

Champion Milk Cooler and Aerator.

Facile Babcock Apparatus.

Excelsior Incubator.—J. H. Stahl, Quincy, Il.

The following newspapers and other publications are kindly
donated to the Station by the publishers:

Agricultural Epitomist, Indianapolis, Ind.

Agricultural Gazette, Sidney, New South Wales.

American Cultivator, Boston, Mass.

American Dairyman, New York City.

American Fertilizer, Philadelphia, Pa.

American Florist, Chicago, Ill.

American Grange Bulletin, Cincinnati, Ohio.

American Grocer, New York City.

American Miller, Chicago, Iil.

Baltimore Weekly Sun, Baltimore, Md.

———

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 1M

Bangor Weekly Commercial, Bangor, Me.
Campbell’s Soil Culture, Omaha, Neb.
Canadian Horticulturist, Grimsby, Ont.
Chronique Agricole, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Cultivator and Country Gentleman, Albany, N. Y.
Dairy World, Chicago, Ill.

Detroit Free Press, Detroit, Mich.

Elgin Dairy Report, Elgin, Ill.

Farm, Furnace and Factory, Roanoke, Va.
Farm Reporter, Charleston, W. Va.
Farmer’s Advocate, Burlington, Vt.
Farmer’s Advocate, London, Ont.

Farmer’s Guide, Huntington, Ind.

Farmer’s Home, Dayton, Ohio.

Farm Home, Springfield, IIl.

Farmers’ Tribune, Des Moines, Iowa.
Farm and Home, Chicago, Ill.

Farm Journal, Philadelphia, Pa.

Farmer’s Magazine, Springfield, Ill.
Farmer’s Review, Chicago, II.

Farmer’s Voice, Chicago, IIl.

Farming, Dayton, Ohio.

Florists Exchange, New York, N. Y.
Forester, Princeton, N. J.

Brut, Dunkirk, No Ye

Gentleman Farmer, Chicago, III.

Green’s Fruit Grower, Rochester, N. Y.
Hoard’s Dairyman, Ft. Atkinson, Wis.
Holstein Friesian Register, Brattleboro, Vt.
Homestead, Des Moines, Iowa.
Horticultural Visitor, Kinmundy, III.
Independent Democrat, Morgan City, La.
Jersey Bulletin, Indianapolis, Ind.

Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society, London, England.
Journal of the Irish Dairy Association, Limerick, Ireland.
Louisiana Planter, New Orleans, La.
Lewiston Weekly Journal, Lewiston, Me.
Maine Farmer, Augusta, Me.

Mark Lane’s Express, London, England.
Market Basket, Philadelphia, Pa.

MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

Market Garden, Minneapolis, Minn.
Massachusetts Ploughman, Boston, Mass.
Michigan Farmer, Detroit, Mich.

Michigan Fruit Grower, Grand Rapids, Mich.
Mirror and Farmer, Manchester, N. H.
Montana Fruit Grower, Missoula, Mont.
National Farmer and Stock Grower, National Stock Yards, Ill.
National Stockman and Farmer, Boston, Mass.
New England Farmer, Boston, Mass.

New England Florist, Boston, Mass.

New England Homestead, Springfield, Mass.
New York Farmer, Port Jervis, N. Y.

New York Produce Review, New York City.
North American Horticulturist, Monroe, Mich.
Northern Leader, Fort Fairfield, Me.
Northwestern Miller, Minneapolis, Minn.
Ohio Farmer, Cleveland, Ohio.

Oregon Agriculturist, Portland, Oregon.
Pacific Coast Dairyman, Tacoma, Wash.
Park and Cemetery, Chicago, II.

Practical Farmer, Philadelphia, Pa.

Public Ledger, Philadelphia, Pa.

Ruralist, Gluckheim, Md.

Rural Californian, Los Angeles, Cal.

Rural Canadian, Toronto, Ont.

Rural Helper, York, Nebraska.

Rural New-Yorker, New York City.
Southern Farm Magazine, Baltimore, Md.
Southern Farmer, New Orleans, La.
Southern Planter, Richmond, Va.

Southern States, Baltimore, Md.
Southwestern Farmer, Wichita, Kans.
Strawberry Specialist, Kittrell, N. C.

Sugar Beet, Philadelphia, Pa.

Turf, Farm and Home, Waterville, Me.
Vick’s Magazine, Rochester, N. Y.

Wallace’s Farmer, Des Moines, Iowa.
Western Agriculturist, Chicago, III.

Western Creamery, San Francisco, Cal.

Western Fruit Grower, St. Joseph, Mo.
The World, Vancouver, B. C.

[Reprints of Bulletins issued in 1808. ]

BuLietTin No. 41.
DEHORNING COWS.
G. M. GoweELL anp F. L. RUSSELL.

In this country dehorning of cattle has been practiced to a
considerable extent for about ten years and in England for a
longer time. At first the methods used were very crude. The
animal had to be closely confined and the horns were removed
with a saw, which required considerable time and must have
been very painful to the animal. Occasionally even now horns
are removed with a saw but the common practice is to use
specially constructed clippers, which do the work better in every
way. Almost no apparatus is required to confine the animals
and one stroke of the clippers removes a horn, frequently in a
single second of time and with comparatively little pain. The
operation has become so simple, that, in view of the very mani-
fest advantages resulting from it, it is not strange that it is
coming to be very generally adopted. Horns are no longer
needed by cattle as weapons of defence against natural enemies
and serve no good purpose.

EXPERT OPINION OF DEHORNING.

Dehorning is practiced at several experiment stations in this
country and the published results indicate that the pain suffered
by the animals is not to be compared with injuries which cattle
inflict on each other with their horns. The Texas Station finds
“that a drove of the wildest dehorned cattle may run loose
together in a building like a flock of sheep, and they will fatten
faster after dehorning than before.”

14 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

In Bulletin 54 of the Cornell Station, Professor Roberts gives
quite a full account of the history of dehorning. He says it
has been found to be of great practical utility in rendering
animals more docile and quiet, in rendering them much less
capable of injuring each other or mankind, and in reducing the
space necessary for safe housing and shipping.

The following is quoted from the above named bulletin: “In
Canada the Ontario government appointed a commission “To
obtain the fullest information in reference to the practice recently
introduced into this province of dehorning cattle, and to make
full inquiry into and report the reasons for and against the
practice.’

“Evidence was received from the representatives of all the
interests affected by the practice, including farmers, dairymen,
drovers, exporters, wholesale and retail butchers, cattle market
attendants, tanners, hide merchants, veterinary surgeons, medi-
cal practitioners and members of humane societies,—ninety-
eight in all.

“Of the farmers examined, nearly seventy in number, all who.

had either performed or seen the operation performed, with three
or four exceptions, were strongely in favor of it, the majority
stating that they were prejudiced against it on the grounds of
cruelty until they gained a practical knowledge of it. Of the
farmers opposed to the practice, not more than three or four
had ever seen the operation, but they thought it cruel and unnec-
essary.

“Evidence as to the loss caused by animals using their horns
upon each other was given by cattle buyers and others in fre-
quent attendance at the cattle market, and also by butchers and
tanners.

“Among veterinary surgeons a considerable conflict of opin-
ion was found to exist. As in the case of the farmers, those
who had seen the operation and observed its effects were in
favor of it, while those who had not seen it were opposed to it.

“Indeed, as regards all the evidence received by the commis-
sion, it might almost be given as the rule that where the opera-
tion was properly and skillfully performed, those witnessing it,
however prejudiced before, became converts to it, while the great
bulk of the opposition came from parties not acquainted with

6 wen ta

DEHORNING COWS. 15

the operation, and who entertained exaggerated ideas as to its
severity.

“Tn no case were witnesses able to refer to an instance where
a farmer was dissatisfied with the results or willing to give up
his right to continue the practice, after having performed the
operation.

“Tn addition to the evidence as to the amount of pain involved
in the operation, much evidence was received as to the com-
mercial advantages accruing from the operation, and empha-
sizing the point that a great deal of suffering is prevented by
the removal of the horns.”

As a result of the inquiry the commission unanimously recom-
mended that the practice of dehorning be permitted and
encouraged.

DEHORNING AT THE MAINE STATION.

Part of the Station herd were hornless; the remainder were
dehorned to secure a greater degree of quiet among the animals
when all alike were dehorned, and to lessen the danger of injury
to each other and the attendants.

While the Station has never lost an animal from goring, we
have at several different times had animals severely injured, and
not a season passes but some of the herd are marked by the
sharp horns of their companions. In winter, when the animals
are turned into the yards for exercise, their exuberance of spirits
and love of frolic sometimes carry them so far as to cause them
to chastise each other severely. The most serious trouble occurs
during fly time when animals, desperate from the annoyance
of the winged pests, rush among their mates, hooking right and
left, and showing no mercy in their momentary frenzy.

For the last three years the calves born in the Station herd
have been dehorned when young by the use of caustic potash.
The dehorning has been done as soon as the buttons could be
felt, and not later than twenty days from birth. Calves dehorned
at this age have never yet shown any horns. One, dehorned
when thirty-five days old, developed dwarfed horns an inch or
an inch and a half long.

Dehorning with potash is done by clipping the hair away from
around the buttons, moistening the end of the potash slightly,

16 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

and rubbing one embryo horn for four or five seconds, then
moistening the potash again and rubbing the other horn in the
same manner. Each horn should be thus treated four or five .
times. Four or five minutes’ time is required in dehorning a
calf. Care should be taken not to have too much moisture about
the potash as it might spread and remove the hair from too large
asurface. The calf should be kept from getting wet during the
next few days for the same reason.- Healing soon follows the
operation and smooth polls have resulted in every case except
the one mentioned as having been done at too late an age.

The eleventh of last June, all of the cows in the herd with
horns were dehorned. All the wounds bled at the time of the
operation. Two bled considerably for about an hour and
slightly for another hour, but no animal gave evidence of. suf-
fering from loss of blood. The operation was evidently painful
to the animals. The period of pain appeared to be limited to
the time when the clipper was in process of closing, which was
at most but a few seconds in each case. After being released
the animals went about the paddock as usual, and an hour or
two later, when they were put into the barn, they ate their dinner
as though nothing unusual had taken place.

The milk yield showed no appreciable decrease, even on the
days immediately following the operation. As it was not
intended, at the time, to prepare a bulletin upon the subject, the
daily milk records were destroyed after being credited upon the
monthly account, consequently they cannot be presented here.

On page 17 are presented the monthly milk and-fat yields
of all the cows from May to August, inclusive, that the reader
may have the data relative to the thrift and condition of the
animals since the operation. As will be seen in the table, most
of the animals were well advanced in the period of lactation.
The shrinkage in milk flow and butter yield is for the most part
less than would be usually expected from advancement in period
of lactation. The dehorning apparently had no effect upon
either milk flow or yield of butter fat.

Our experience is in accord with that elsewhere. The Min-
nesota Station compared the yield of milk and butter fat of
nine cows for three milkings before dehorning with the yield of
the same cows for three milkings after dehorning. A very

DEHORNING

COWS.

17

slight decrease was noticed. That even this small decrease was
due to other causes than dehorning is indicated from the fact
that the relative decrease in the milk and fat yield was greater
in the case of six cows that were not dehorned.

Yields of milk and butter fat for two months before and two
months after dehorning, and for the month of June in which

the cows were dehorned.

o . -
i) o nm
N ele n
Ss [alesieS| o | | | z
oo RSS lis bs P 2 ial
2 De Snlog a, 2 2 = >
ia) <p/eSlec < = 5 5 <
iLOBLITOP .......... Jersey ---.-- oy gO a
LMS FAIEIClagoconcd|oo 00 G09 bovdllba0a ; oe 637 672 713 643 559
PB UEGCEID LAT cre ciaveie nicl lercietereiorciere cle ieis Fisval|ernerallnereis 27.4 2 34.2 30.9 26.3
TOE couagnacobeccas Jersey .....- NO
WOME SAIC cononodlouce poo0020000||b006||50c sllodde 584 598 587 567 555
MB UGG TE ath ooseseie/«jo'=){leialelalare ereieve eile «| 2 <reelllsrete al|seas 23.7 23.9 28.7 26.7 26.7
@p 00) S) Gasaoo005000 Jersey ...... 8 9 4
MGUIRE FAIENClosoacoadloccoo Begoconellanaslloc salldoad 464 452 465 262 163
13400 HEE TENE Goagosonllocououaoeoabcalloonoliococllaca c 23.2 18.1 23.3 12.3 Sic)!
SEIOIEM Goooondcobeg0as Jersey «....- 6} 8| 4
DMT kas yalelGleyeretetateratall stotersteetetetereretaters|| (= coallvacollnaod 399 400 343 334 293
LBA ISIPIENY oocQqGHdOoSOOOD GDUeOOOlloCG alloooal) cos 21.6 20.8 18.8 18.4 16.8
Ubon cia Gegocndcouooocd Gamo eee
Milk yield co llocaall- 826 789 759 693 640
Butter fat Honllacdalloans 45.5 39.4 42.5 34.6 32.0
LOWE coconccacden so fs) Sino
Milk yield 500 Sconlloded 567 577 582 534 472
Butter fat -. alldoosadoo 26.1 28.3 30.8 33-7} 26.4
P NINIENG Goood oo a 3] 10
Milk yield. Fonllocodlntne 268 719 673 644 645
Butter fat... SA00||oa6glloone 9.4 25.2 33.6 30.9 33.5
“OOM, ano 560050n0 LOWRSiieeo
Milk yield Aomalocoaiiaser 522 560 52 502 420
Butter fat <colloooalloaca 25.6 25.8 26.5 26.1 23.5
LUGINIIN oonocongboaTOd 4| 13 5
Milk yield dallacoalicous 236 237 236 198 120
Butter fat calloogallcoac 10.4 1183474 13.0 11.5 Vols
iDDIDISIONT cooco -ooDDOD Z| Ue 8
Milk yield. sllocdallsoc 487 485 355 19 720
Butter fat BBS lpoed lopec 24.9 24.3 19.2 7| 28.8
WGI coodeno0d0 § 7 5
Milk yield alsin \Werststel| (covets 531 563 543 453 401
Butter fat snails : P 23.7 23.9 21.7 18.5
PASD) Es netiisletelaiateretsialstelote 5
Milk yield Saal lo 653 709 676 682
Butter fat Byer 33.3 41.1 36.5) 38.2
Ae OSD Es aelaleteteralslalstelsis!= 10
Milk yield noSalle 546 5a4 516 579
Butter fat.... ... this 30.6 32.1 28.9 31.9
MADALINE.... .... 9
Milk yield dull 975 879 840 $25
Butter fat caalic 41.0 35.0 33.6) 31.3
| Sang wom! cocoade 9
Milk yield... Siete 972 880 846 798
Butter fat reels 33.0 35.2 33.9 33.5
PAVIVANTT Hitelelstcicielsierereis 9
Milk yield aisiei|(s 926 765 812 | 852
Butter fat oe 31.4 26.0 29.2 30.7
DUPLICATE 2
Milk yield alse 486 455 432 | 78
Butter fat 9 251-3: 21.8 20.3, 18.5
*Calved July 27, 1897. t Not with calf.

18 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

In Bulletin No. 37 of the Cornell Experiment Station the
statement is made that with an experience of six or seven years
in dehorning, although the operation has usually been per-
formed by inexperienced persons, no ill effects have followed.
A comparison of the milk yield of five dehorned cows and seven
cows not dehorned indicates that the dehorning did not reduce
the yield.

CONCLUSIONS IN REGARD TO DEHORNING CATTLE.

1. Dehorning is to be recommended because dehorned cat-
tle are more easily cared for than those with horns, and because
dehorned cattle enjoy life better. “A great deal of suffering is
prevented by the removal oi horns.”

2. The best time to dehorn cattle is during cold weather
when there will be no trouble irom flies.

3. To dehorn mature animals, clippers should be used that
will remove the horn perfectly at a single stroke and in a
moment of time.

4. With suitable clippers properly used, the operation is
simple and very quickly performed.

5. When it is skillfully performed, animals do not give evi-
dence of great suffering as an effect of dehorning. The tissues
injured in dehorning are not very well supplied with nerves and
they are quickly cut through. Good evidence that dehorning
is not very painiul is the fact that cattle will resume feeding
immediately after being operated on, and the yield of milk in
cows is not preceptibly affected. Compared with castration of
colts and calves, dehorning may be considered painless.

6. Those who are familiar with the operation of dehorning
and the results of it are its most enthusiastic advocates.

7. To prevent the growth of horns, calves under three weeks
of age can have the embryo horns removed with one stroke of
a sharp knife, or they can be treated with a caustic sufficiently
poweriul to destroy them.

8. In the past, efforts have frequently been made to prevent
the practice of dehorning on the ground that it caused needless
pain. It would seem to us that efforts can now better be
expended by endeavoring to have the last relic of a horn removed
from our domestic cattle, who ceased to need them when they

ORNAMENTING HOME GROUNDS. 19

came under the protection of man. Horns may sometimes be
ornamental, but it is evident that they are usually useless, expen-
sive and dangerous luxuries.

BuLuetTin No. 42.
ORNAMENTING HOME GROUNDS.
W. M. Munson.

A constantly recurring problem in New England, is, How
shall we keep the boys on the farm? The answer is not easy,
but more people are driven from the farm by its isolation, loneli-
ness and lack of tasteful surroundings than by any other cause.
If the boys and girls go away to the academy for a time and get
a taste of village or city life, the contrast when they return to the
old farm is often too strong.

LOCATION.

In building a new house, consider well its location. Don’t
build where the old one was simply because the barns are there,
—though, of course, other things being equal, the barns should
be near the house. Healthfulness is of the first importance, so
be sure that the location of the residence is such that perfect
drainage is secured. Other things being equal, a southern or
southeastern aspect is most desirable.

If possible, make use of natural groves or scattering trees and
of shelter-belts or wind breaks, and place your buildings near
them. Nothing you can plant will be so satisfactory as the
native forest trees. If there is not a natural shelter of trees, by
all means provide one.

THE LAWN.

A good lawn is the most essential element of beauty in any
grounds and in these days of cheap lawn mowers there is no
excuse for not having a neat lawn in front of the humblest dwell-
ing. It is very little more work to leave the surface of the
ground smooth after the final grading about the buildings than

2

~ a, Cima
San

20 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

it is to leave it rough and uneven. Arrange, if possible, to have
a few inches of good loam on the surface when the grading is
completed, and in any case, make a liberal application of well
rotted stable manure. After thorough preparation and raking
with a hand rake, seed very thickly, using three to five bushels
of seed per acre. After the seed is sown, roll and if late in the
season, or the soil is very dry, mulch with chaff or fine manure
or leaf mould. Keep the grass closely clipped during the sum-
mer. In this way only can the weeds be kept down and a thick
velvety turf be formed. In the latter part of the season it is well
to let the grass become longer, for the double purpose of
strengthening the roots and of serving as a mulch during the
winter.

The best grasses for a lawn are Kentucky blue grass and
red top, with a slight admixture of white clover on heavy soils.
Rhode Island bent is also a valuable grass for heavy ciay soils.
On a sandy loam, Kentucky blue grass alone will be found as
satisfactory as anything.

As to the care of the lawn but little need be said. In the
spring it is well to rake off dead leaves and roll the ground, but
the practice of burning over the lawn is not to be recommended.
A lawn mower is necessary to insure good results, but a very
good machine can be procured for $5, and the labor of mowing
in this way is very light.

THE -FLOWER GARDEN.

While, as a rule, better results may be obtained for the same
expenditure of time and labor by using shrubs and perennials,
the old fashioned flower garden of our grandmothers is not out
of place on the farm. In many cases the taste—or lack of taste
—of the occupants of a home are here most vividly portrayed. I
go to one place and the blaze of color is enough to blind one.
Red reigns supreme! Geraniums, salvias and coleus vie with
hollyhocks, phlox and poppies in the effort to dazzle the be-
holder, while possibly nasturtiums and zinnias endeavor to add
color to the scene.

A neighbor may be of a sunny nature; in which case the yel-
lows predominate. Buttercups, marigolds and sunflowers hold
sway. Perhaps to please an odd fancy, yellow sweet sultan.

ORNAMENTING HOME GROUNDS. 21

holds a place in one corner and golden button timidly holds up
its head in the background, while tiger lily and hemerocallis
dispute the right to exclusiveness.

Possibly a third neighbor is inclined to have the “blues,” and
then we find asters and larkspurs, bachelor’s buttons, day lilies,
irises and tradescantia galore.

How much better the effect would be if these different colors
could be united and toned down, not thrown together in crazy
patchwork, but harmonized. In general the “flower garden”
should be at one side and a little to the rear of the house rather
than directly in front. One suggestion with reference to the
display of taste in arranging flowers should be made. Although
“fashion” may sanction the practice, do not torture your neigh-
bors by arranging a display of pots and kettles, wash-tubs and
churns painted a glaring red, in solemn array before the house
—as if to remind passers by of the blood of the martyrs.

WHAT TO PLANT.

The selection of trees and shrubs for planting is always per-
plexing. A few general principles may aid in solving the prob-
lem:

1. Do not attempt too much. Grounds that are crowded,
even though the plants of themselves may be choice, have the
appearance of an over-dressed person.

2. Do not discard native plants because they are “common.”
The oaks, maples, hickories and elms; the viburnums, dog-
woods, roses and sumacs are unsurpassed in their respective
classes. We might name further the hawthorns, the wild crab,
the wild cherry and plum, the shadbush, the tamarack, the white
ash and many others of special value and easy to be obtained.

3. Do not invest freely in untried things. If you have enter-
prising and experienced neighbors, consult with them before
ordering nursery stock. Otherwise correspond with some reli-
able nursery firm or with some person in whose judgment you
have confidence for advice in specific cases. It is usually safer
to place an order directly with some reliable firm rather than
with an agent. Asa rule you will pay an agent 50 to 100 per
cent more than the same goods would cost if purchased direct,
and are less likely to receive them in good condition. It is

22 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

often practicable for several neighbors to unite in sending an
order and thus get wholesale rates.

4. In making a selection of flowering trees and shrubs, aim
to secure a succession of bloom, in order that the grounds may
be attractive all summer. Among the earliest flowering hardy
shrubs are Daphne mezereum and the Forsythias which bloom
before putting forth leaves—usually about the first of May.
Following these shrubs are the magnolias, the red bud or judas
tree, the hawthorns, the apple and the cherry among small trees.
The magnolia will succeed only in the southern counties. Some
of the best second early shrubs are the azalias, bush honeysuckle,
Japan quince, double flowering plum, flowering almond, lilacs
in variety and the earlier spirzeas—especially Van Houten,
prunifolia and Thunbergu. A little later come the weigelas and
mock orange (Piiladelphus) and the Japanese Rosa rugosa. In
late summer we have the late spirzas—as Bumalda, Billard,
Callosa, etc.,—the “smoke bush” (Rhus cotinus) and, best of
all for massing, the hardy hydrangea.

The brightness produced by bulbs and hardy perennials will
well repay a small outlay in this direction. In earliest spring
we have the christmas rose (Helleborus niger), the snowdrops
(Galanthus), crocuses and pansies. A little later tulips and
hyacinths appear, and these are followed by columbines, lily-
of-the-valley, ‘bleeding heart” (Dicentra) and peony. In sum-
mer and early fall, the Japan anemone, the golden columbine
(Aquilegia chrysantha) the foxglove, hollyhock, plantain lily
(Funkia) and the numerous species and varieties of true lilies
are all very effective and are easy of culture.

WHEN TO PLANT.

But for the difficulty of obtaining well matured stock in the
fall, I should advocate setting most trees and shrubs in Septem-
ber and October; because of this difficulty, however, spring
planting is usually advisable. All planting should be done just
as early in the spring as possible, that the trees or shrubs may
become well established before the leaves are put forth.

Hardy herbaceous perennials such as phlox, digitalis, holly-
hock, columbine, etc., should, as a rule, be planted in Septem-
ber. The same is true of most bulbous plants, including the

ORNAMENTING HOME GROUNDS. 23

crocus, hyacinth, lilies, tulips, etc. The gladiolus is usually set
in spring.

HOW TO PLANT.

In working with trees and shrubs, remember that a plant is a
living organism and is as truly sensitive to neglect or ill treat-
ment as is an animal. In handling nursery stock, always be
careful to keep the roots moist. When received from the nur-
sery the bundles should at once be opened and the plants care-
fully “heeled in.”’ In case any of the plants are very dry and
withered, they should be completely covered with earth for sev-
eral days. In this way many plants which if set immediately
would die, may be saved.

In removing plants from the nursery, many of the roots will
necessarily be injured, rendering the plant unable to supply the
moisture lost by evaporation from the leaf surface. Hence the
top of the tree or shrub should be severely cut back at the time
of transplanting.

As a rule, a tree or shrub should not be set deeper than it sat
before removal and the hole should be large enough so that
none of the roots need be cramped. If the soil is not in good
condition, the labor of carting in good loam, in which to set the
plants, will be well expended.

lf but few trees or shrubs are to be set, it is well to use water
in settling the earth about the roots. In any case, tramp the
soil firmly and leave a slight mound about the base of the tree.

If the season is late, or if the soil is very dry, the roots should
always be mulched. Any coarse litter that will shade the ground
will answer for this purpose—coarse manure, leaves, straw,
sawdust or even boards, will answer.

ARRANGEMENT.

The effective arrangement of trees and shrubs is often a most
difficult problem. One of the first things to accomplish is the
screening of outbuildings and other unsightly objects. The
best plants for this purpose are evergreens—especially those
which appear best at a distance, as Norway spruce, Austrian
pine or arbor vitae (white cedar). It is not necessary that the
planting be done in formal belts or hedges. Irregular groups,

24 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

so arranged that the view is obstructed, are better than formal
hedges. A trellis covered with vines may often be made effec-
tive and attractive as a screen.

There may properly be a border of low growing shrubbery
next to the house and it is well to plant a vine of some sort by
the piazza. Nothing is better for this purpose than the com-
mon woodbine or Virginia creeper. Akebia and actinidia, two
new Japanese climbers are also good. In general, a better effect
is produced by planting in masses and borders, than by dotting
the plants here and there over the lawn. By the first method
a picture is created with the residence as the central object, and
one sees the grounds as a whole. ‘The other method is meaning-
less and the effect produced is that of an orchard or nursery.

SOME NATIVE TREES AND SHRUBS VALUABLE FOR

PLANTING.

The following list of trees and shrubs includes only those which are
most common in our forests and which may thus be obtained at slight
expense.

EVERGREHN TREES.

Arbor Vitae, or white Cedar (Thuja Pine, Norway (P. resinosa, Ait.).

occidentalis, L.).
Hemlock (Vsuga Canudenis, Carr.).
Pine, White (Pinus strobus, L.).

EVERGREEN

Juniper (Juniperus communis, L.).

Laurel, Mountain Laurel (Aalmia lati-

folia, L.).

Spruce, White (Picea alba, Link.).
Black (P. niger, Link.).

SHRUBS.

Laurel, Sheep Laurel (Kalmia august-
ifolia, L.).

DECIDUOUS TREBS.

Ash, White (Fraxinus Americana, L.).

Basswood (Tilia Americana, L.).

Beech (Fagus ferruginea, Ait.).

Birch, Black or Cherry B. (Betula lenta,
Iis))e

Birch, Yellow B. (Betula lutea, Michx.).

Gray B. (Betula populifolia, Ait.).

Bird Cherry (Prunus Pennsylvanica, L.).

Black Cherry (Prunus serotina, Ehrh.).

Chestnut (Castanea Americana,Watson.).

Elm, White or American (Ulmus Ameri-
cana, L.).

Hawthorn (Crategus coccinea, L.).

Hackmatack, Tamarack or “Juniper’’
(Larix Americana, Michx.).
Maple, Rock or Sugar M. (Acer sacchari-
num, Wang.).
White or Silver M. (Acer dasy-
carpum, Ehrh.).
Red, Soft or Swamp M. (Acer
rubrum, L.).
Mountain Ash (Pyrus Americana, DC.).
Oak, White (Quercus alba, L.).
Searlet (Quercus coccinea, Wang.).
Plum, ‘‘Pomegranate” (Prunus Ameri-
cana, Marsh.).

ORNAMENTING

HOME GROUNDS.

to
U1

DECIDUOUS SHRUBS.

Black Alder or Winterberry (Ilex ver-
ticillata, Gray.).

Chokeberry (Pyrus arbutifolia, L.).

Choke-cherry (Prunus Virginiana, L.).

Dockmackie or Maple-leaved Arrow-
wood (Virburnum acerifolium, L.).

Dogwood, Red Osier (Cornus stolonifera,
Michx.).

Elder, Common or Black E. (Sambucus

Canadenis, L.).

Red E. (Sambucus racemosus,
aia ((2))
High-bush Cranberry (Viburnum Opu-
lus, L.).
Hobble-bush (Viburnum lantanoides,
Michx.).

Honeysuckle (Lonicera ciliata, Muhl.).
(Diervilla trifida,Moench.).
Meadowsweet (Spiraea salicifolia, L.).
Mountain Maple (Acer spicatum, Lam.).
Mountain Holly (Nemopanthes fascicu-
laris, Raf.).
New Jersey Tea (Ceanothus Americanus,
L.).
Rose (fLosa blanda, Ait.).
(Rosa lucida, Elarh.).
(Rosa humilis, Marsh.).
Sheep Berry (Viburnum Lentago, L.).
Staghorn Sumach, (hus typhina, L.).
Thimble Berry (Rubus odoratus, L.).
Witch Hazel (Hamamelis Virginiana, L.)

CLIMBING VINES.

Bittersweet (Celastrus scandens, L.).
Clematis, Virgin’s Bower (Clematis Vir-
gimiana, L.).

Grape (Vitis Labrusca, L.).
Virginia Creeper (Ampelopsis quinque-
folia, Michx.).

BULLETIN No. 43.
levels INL IZ Ike JUNIE TC IIKOING, “arsoys:.

The bulletin gave an outline of the law regulating the sale of
commercial fertilizers, the manufacturer’s guarantees and the
analyses of manufacturer's samples, but as these figures are of
only passing value they are omitted here.

BULLETIN No. 44.
EEE DING) SHhUEE INS PR EDITION:

This bulletin gave the analyses of samples of feeding stuffs
coming under the law, collected during January and March,
1898. The figures, so far as they are of permanent value, will
be found under “Inspection for 1898” beyond.

BuLueTin No. 45.
FERTILIZER INSPECTION, 1897.

The bulletin gave the manufacturer’s guarantees and the anal-
yses of samples collected by the Station, but as these figures are
of only passing value they are omitted here. Under “Inspec-
tions for 1898,” beyond, the requirements of the law and the
way it was observed during the year are given.

26 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

BULLETIN No. 46.

SOME ORNAMENTAL PLANTS FOR MAINE.
W. M. Munson.

The ornamentation of rural homes is of the highest importance
to the people of Maine, not only as a means of adding to the
comfort and pleasure of the home life, but as an attraction for
the increasing numbers of summer visitors and as a means of
enhancing the value of farm property.

Concerning methods of planting and culture of trees and
shrubs, but little need be said at this time. Some notes have
been published by the Station in Bulletin 42.

In general it may be said that to get satisfactory results, shrubs
and other flowering plants should receive as good treatment as
corn and potatoes. When once established, shrubs and peren-
nial herbs require much less care than do annuals, but during the
first year or so, careful attention will be well repaid.

In determining what to plant, several points must be consid-
ered: First of all, the plant must be hardy. Some of the finest
shrubs of Massachusetts and New York are utterly unsuited for
the climate of Maine. For this reason the use of native plants
is to be recommended so far as possible, and few exotics are
superior to the common viburnums, dogwoods, elders, sumachs
and laurels. Other points to be considered are: season, habit,
beauty of foliage, flower and fruit. If possible, such a selection
should be made as will afford a succession of bloom or other
attractive qualities through the season. For instance, among
flowering shrubs, the earlier spirzeas, may be followed by double
flowering plum, Tartarian honeysuckle, and Japan quince, these
in turn by lilacs, weigela, and later by roses, mock orange and
hydrangea. To this list may be added the common high bush
cranberry and the dwarf Juneberry or shadbush from the
pasture. ;

For beauty of foliage, the golden elder and the golden
syringa are unsurpassed. Purple berberry, (Spirea Thunber-
gii,) and the common staghorn sumach are also to be recom-
mended. The last is specially valuable for its rich coloring in
the fall. For the best effects it should be planted in masses, on

SOME ORNAMENTAL PLANTS FOR MAINE. 27

rich soil, and cut to the ground each year. It will then grow up
six to eight feet each season, and give a rich tropical effect.
Other native plants which may be mentioned in this connection,
are the thimble berry (Rubus odoratus), valuable alike for
flower and foliage; hobblebush (Viburnum lantanoides), with
its large, rich, green leaves; dogwood or red osier (Cornus
stolonifera), which is specially valuable in winter for the con-
trast afforded by the bright red shoots.

Of shrubs valuable for their fruit, we may name Tartarian
honeysuckle, the strawberry bush (Euonymus), Rosa rugosa,
snowberry (Symphoricarpus), high-bush cranberry (Vibur-
num opulus), black alder or winterberry (llex verticillata).
The last two may be obtained from the woods and swamps in
many sections of the State.

SOME OF THE BEST TREES.

The trees named below have been growing on the University
campus for several years and have proved reliable in this section
of the State.

The Elm: Several species of elms are found in New England
but the most valuable for ornamental purposes is the native white
or American elm, (Ulmus Americana), which has justly been
called “Queen of American Trees.” A somewhat moist location
is best suited for this species, which, where uninjured, grows
very rapidly and is of most attractive form and habit. The
English elm (Ulmus campestris), is somewhat larger than the
American species and is of very different habit—in this respect
resembling the oaks. The leaves are smaller,more regularly cut,
and darker ; the bark is also darker colored. The Scotch or Wych
elm (Ulmus montana), is one of the most valuable of the for-
eign species, but it is little known in this country. There are on
the University campus some interesting hybrids between this
and the American species.

The Maple: The maples are among the most valuable and
popular of trees for ornamental planting. The sugar maple
(Acer saccharinum) is too well known to require description.
It is most at home, and grows most rapidly, on gravelly soil. The
white or silver maple (Acer dasycarpum) is not quite as early
in leaf as the sugar maple, nor is the general appearance so

28 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

pleasing. It is, however, of very rapid growth and will thrive
in a variety of soils. A variety of this species, Wier’s cut
leaved weeping maple, is also valuable. The red or scarlet
maple (deer rubrum) is not so widely planted as its merits
deserve. Like the silver maple, it grows naturally on low wet
ground, but it will thrive in any soil or situation. Its bright red
buds in spring and its scarlet foliage in fall, combine to make it

specially desirable. All of the maples named, except Wier’s, are

to be found growing wild in the forests throughout the State.

The Beech: Although of very different style, the beech

(Fagus ferruginea) ranks with the elm as a hardy and attractive
ornamental tree. Its roots grow near the surface and it will
thrive in rocky soil.

The Chestnut: The native chestnut (Castanea Americana),.

one of the glories of the rocky hill-sides of Southern New Eng-

land, is perfectly hardy in Maine and is well worthy of attention.
It is particularly adapted to rocky situations or loose gravelly
soils. The horse chestnut (4¢sculus Hippocastanum) is hardy
and grows rapidly. It is valuable for planting by the roadside.

The Linden: The American linden or basswood, (Tilia
Americana), is valuable for use where an immediate effect is
desired. It is hardy, of good form, and grows rapidly. The
European species (Tilia Europea), is of smaller size and has
smaller, darker foliage than the other.

The Birch: ‘The lightness, grace and delicacy of the birches.

commend them to the attention of every planter. The cut-
leaved weeping birch (Betula Alba var.) 1s a general favorite
wherever planted. The American species start into leaf very
early in the spring and many of them will grow under the most
untoward circumstances. The best are the black or cherry birch
(Betula lenta), the yellow (B. lutea), and the gray (B. popuii-
folia. )

The Poplars: The poplars are all rapid growers and are val-
uable for giving an immediate effect—some species often making
a growth of six feet in a single year. All are short lived, how-
ever, and their greatest beauty is attained while young.

The Oak: While oaks which have attained large size are
among the most attractive of trees, the finest species are late in
leaf and of slow growth. The most valuable native species are

SOME ORNAMENTAL PLANTS FOR MAINE. 29

the white oak, Quercus alba, and the scarlet oak, Quercus coc-
cined.

THE MOST VALUABLE SHRUBS.

The number of flowering shrubs which will thrive in Maine
is comparatively limited. The following have proved satisfac-
tory on the grounds of the University for several years. It is
worthy of note that the shrubs which are the most commonly
known, and that may be obtained the cheapest, are generally the
best, or have the greatest number of good qualities.

The Spirea:. Of the spirzeas, the best are S. Thunbergu and
S. Van Houttei. The first has narrow yellowish green leaves
and blossoms very early in the spring, before the leaves are fully
out. The other blooms about the middle of June and is specially
valuable. The flowers are white and appear in great profusion.
S. Reevesw is similar to the Van Houttei, but a little earlier. S.
Bumalda is one of the best pink varieties. It commences to
bloom about the middle of June and continues all summer. S.
Prunifolia, “Bridal Wreath,” is another very good white variety ;
one of the earliest.

The Lilac: This old favorite is again popular. Some of the
newer named varieties which are specially good are the follow-
ing: Syringa vulgaris, the true old garden lilac, has varied
greatly under cultivation and there are now more than twenty-
five named varieties of this species. Some of the best of these
are Charles X, Louis Spath, Princess Marie and Senator Vol-
lard, among the purples; and Marie Legraye, and Dr. Stock-
hardt among the whites. Syringa Persica, the Persian lilac, has
loose graceful heads of flowers in great profusion. The habit of
the plant, as well as of the flower cluster, is more open and grace-
ful than that of the common lilac. The white form is specially
valuable. Syringa Josikea is a very distinct species with large,
shining foliage and dark, lilac colored flowers. It blooms after
many others are out of flower. Syringa Rothmagensis is similar
in habit to the Persian lilac, but the flowers are dark, reddish
purple. It is said to be a cross between Syringa vulgaris and
Syringa Persica.

The Viburnwm: Besides the old fashioned snowball, Vibur-
num opulus, var. sterilis, which is always popular and needs no

30 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

description, the best are: Viburnum Nepalense, which is a
strong grower, though of compact form, and having large, thick
leaves; Viburnum prunifolium, “black haw,” a large growing
shrub, bearing flat clusters of white flowers early in June, fol-
lowed by black fruit in the fall; also the maple leaved virbur-
num (V. acerifolium), a low growing shrub, bearing flat heads
of white flowers about the middle of June. The last is excellent
for growing in masses, especially in shady places. The Japanese
snowball (Viburnum plicatum) is one of the best of shrubs. Of
upright bushy growth, firm dark foliage, and bearing its white
flowers in great profusion, it well deserves a place in every col-
lection. It is in many ways much superior to the old snowball,
one special point in its favor being its freedom from lice.

The Mock Orange: The mock orange or “syringa” (Phila-
delphus) is one of the finest of shrubs, whether grown singly or
in masses. It is hardy, early in leaf, and graceful in habit.
Philadelphus coronarius is the one most commonly grown, and
it has fragrant orange-like flowers, which appear late in June in
this locality. P. Zeyheri is more vigorous and has larger, but
less fragrant and less abundant flowers than the preceding.
Gordon’s syringa, P. Gordonii, somewhat smaller and more
slender than the others, blooms a month later but its flowers,
though large, are scentless.

Some other shrubs which have proved valuable at the Univer-
sity are: bladder senna (Colutea), flowering currant (Ruibes
aureum and R. Gordonii), Japanese rose (Rosa rugosa), golden
elder, (Sambucus canadensis aurea), thimble berry (Rubus
odoratus), tartarian honeysuckle (Lonicera Tartarica), wei-
gela (Diervilla florida), white fringe (Chionanthus Virginica),
and the hydrangeas (H. paniculata grandiflora and H. vestita).

TRIED AND FOUND WANTING, OR OF DOUBTFUL VALUE.

Among the trees and shrubs which thus far have proved unsat-
isfactory in Eastern Maine, the following may be mentioned:
green ash (Fraxinus viridis) ; the magnolias, except Magnolia
Soulangeana; the Japanese chestnuts; tamarisk (Tamarix
Africana (?); cornelian cherry (Cornus mas); (Deutzia)
(Deutzia scabra and D. gracilis); golden bell (Forsythia) ;
burning bush (Rhus cotinus).

i eae

SOME ORNAMENTAL PLANTS FOR MAINE. 31

A FEW HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

The number of herbaceous perennials commonly grown in this
State is comparatively limited; some of the most valuable, how-
ever, are the peony, iris, lily-of-the-valley, bleeding heart (Dicen-
tra), and foxglove.

The peony, Pwonia officinalis, is specially valuable when
planted in masses. It gives a profusion of bloom about the
middle of June, and is perfectly hardy. It is valuable alike for
landscape effects and for cut flowers. There are more than a
hundred named varieties, but for ordinary purposes unnamed
sorts answer very well and are much less expensive.

For a short time in early June, before the peonies appear, the
varieties of Iris Kampferit are specially valuable. Like the
peony, and most other herbaceous perennials, this should be
planted in September.

Among the plants which bloom very early in the spring,
Christmas rose (Helleborus niger), and “bleeding heart’s
(Dicentra), should not be forgotten. Feverfew or pyrethrum,
(Chrysanthemum Parthenium,) is another plant that should be
in every collection. Its pure white double flowers, contrasting
with the delicately cut foliage, add much to the border. The tall
pyrethrum, (Chrysanthemum uliginosum or Pyrethrum uligino-
sum), which blooms in September, is also a valuable plant. It
grows about three or four feet high and its large daisy-like
flowers are very conspicuous. It is a vigorous grower and may
readily be propagated by dividing the clump.

The gas plant (Fraxinella) should not be omitted from the list
of useful perennials. The handsome ash-like foliage is attrac-
tive at all seasons. Golden columbine, (Aquilegia Chrysantha,)
is one of the most valuable yellow flowering plants for summer.
The double sunflower, (Helianthus Multiforus,) which grows
about three or four feet high, is also valuable. Later in the sea-
son the Japanese anemones with their single dahlia-like flowers
are valuable. In this connection the dahlia may also be men-
tioned. Though the roots must be taken up each year, this plant
is justly popular. Lily-of-the-valley, foxglove, phlox, larkspur,
and some other old garden favorites, easy of culture and prolific
of bloom have not been mentioned, nor has anything been said
of the numerous species and varieties of lilies. These, however,
may well be included in every collection.

32 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT ‘STATION.

BULLETIN No. 47.

WHEAT OFFALS SOLD IN MAINE IN 18608.
CuHaAs. D. Woops.

The refuse products in the milling of wheat are very import-
ant cattle foods. With the exception of Indian corn, whole and
ground, there is probably no other class of foods used so largely
in this State as food for dairy stock. All of the milling products
of wheat are, under the law, exempt from inspection. In order
that the character of these feeds might be investigated, the Sta-
tion inspectors were directed in January and again in November,
1898, to take samples of all the distinct brands of brans, mid-
dlings, mixed feeds, and kindred substances they might find
exposed for sale. About 150 samples were collected. As this
class of feeds are, in addition to their mineral matters, of chief
{mportance as a source of nitrogen, only the protein was deter-
mined in them. All suspicious samples were examined under
the microscope, but in no instance was foreign matter found that
indicated adulteration. Ina few cases oat and barley hulls were
observed but in no greater amount than sometimes occurs in
wheat.

The class of mill products that are particularly deceptive and
which seem to be the “catch all’ are the so-called middlings.
From poorer in protein than the poorest brans, they are in some
instances better than the high grade feed flours. Some of these
are apparently mixed with nearly worthless refuse materials
while others are strictly high grade goods. No one can afford
to buy this class of goods unless their quality is guaranteed.
Middlings that carry 18 to 20 per cent of protein are very desir-
able as a feed, but those that carry only 12 or 13 are little better
than oat hulls. Unfortunately there seems to be no relation
between the price asked and the true feeding value. The dealers
in these goods profess to know nothing of their composition.
The protection alike of dealers and consumers seems to demand
that this class of feeds be placed under the requirements of the
feeding stuff law.

i

WHEAT

ANALYSES OF

OFFALS SOLD

BRANS, ETC.,

Station number.

Manufacturer or
Dealer.

IN

MAINE.

COLLECTED IN 1898.

Sampled at

Date of sampling.

Name of Feed.

Protein—per cent.

Albion Milling Co.
Albion Milling Co

Albion Milling Co.
Stott’s Flour Mills.
Stott’s Flour Mills.

Valley City Milling
Comipaniy-<--.\.. -)-

Je Li BEE OS) oscil ale

Wim. A. Coombs.
C. P. Chapman.....

C. A. Whitehouse..!|
Albion Milling Co.
Acme Milling Co ..

Pillsbury’s Mill....
Pillsbury’s Mill....)
Pillsbury’s Mill....|

Pillsbury’s Mill....
Pillsbury’s Mill....
Pillsbury’s Mill....

Pillsbury’s Mill....)

a SHIGE Scio cade |
- stock ........

SISAKOX< S550s000
PPS COC Kaereriente |
3 SHOVE S5ac5o0ad|

North Dakota Mill-|
ing Association...)
Washburn Crosby)
Company.........
Washburn Crosby
Company..-...... |

D. B. Gardner & Co.
L. H. Phelan....... |
HK. A. Ireland.......

Wim. Listman Mill-
ing Company ....
Wim. Listman Mill-
ing Company ....
Voigt Milling Co...)

Voigt Milling Co...)
Voigt Milling Co...|
Voigt Milling Co

Voigt Milling Co...}
Anchor Milling Co.
E.S. Woodwor rth &

COM pany. sc...

Bucksport......-.
West Minot ......|
Farmington ......|

Guilford .......... |

IFOAM MElscoocaedsous

North Leeds...... |
HOXCTO hitveete-elteet =
Bath

ete eee eee ee

Belfast .
INO Wiener
Bowdoinham ....

HMoulitonee sere
BancOneeereideer
Damarise’ta M’ls

Eastport..........|

Newport...... ... |
Jahbenian sosacepoo50c |

Canton.
Wiscasset ........
Cantonese

pee eee eee

Orrington ........ |
Bucksport........
Damariscotta....|
West Pembroke..

(CHIlEWSs cagcooadoods
IDOE Podoounbead00S |
Cornishyercece scene

Norway Lake...
Mechanic Falls ..
Pittsfield ........
West Paris.......
Presque Isle .....

Witkes, “Gaoed) Googec
Hollis Center

South Paris ......

Jan..
Jan..
Jan..

Jan..

Jan..
Jan..

Sept.
Oct..
Jan..

Oct..
Jan..

Jan..

Winter Wheat Bran |

13.
Winter Wheat Bran) 13.
13

Winter Wheat Bran!

Stott’s Pure Winter
Wheat Bran ...... Hola

Stott’s Pure Winter
Wheat Bran ...... 15.

Winter Wheat ee 15.

Pure Winter Wheat

layer gogeos canonas 14.3
Winter Wheat ial 15.2
Winter Wheat Bran) 14.9

Spring Wheat Bran} 16.

Bran

INGADO UENO GC Baoscoal| 16s

OS bo bo

Pillsbury’s Bran ...| 15.5
Pillsbury’s Bran...) 15.6
Pillsbury’s Bran ...| 15.6
Pillsbury’s Bran ...| 15.9
Pillsbury’s Bran ...| 15.3
Pillsbury’s Bran ...| 15.3
Pillsbury’s Wheat

IBY aMaseiaere eres 15.1
Braneescmerccicictecectee 14.9
IBMaGcoonodcgs ooaac 15.2
IB Nconovonacoaucdane 148
IBV Mlooacooosonocds be 15.4
IBM Mesdadao Socdo0on 15.0
LIEN Nasd.o0: ecooacaus 16.2
Coarse Bran ....-... | 15.6
Coarse Bran :....... Loe
Wheat Bran......... 15.5
Wheat Bran......... 15.5
LAM odoncvoocdoousans 7.4
Hiawatha Bran..... 16.5
Hiawatha Bran..... | 15.1
Ghoice Bran <.. 0.25. | 16.1
Choice Bran ....... | 16.6
Choice) Bran: -....... UST)
Wheat Bran ....... 13.9
IRE Nlpadonacian aor don 15.0
Nao cong. oodhaoanS 16.4

Snow’s

Flaky Bran.| 16.:

34

MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

ANALYSES OF BRANS, ETC.—CONTINTED.

Station number,

Manufacturer |
or Dealer.

Sampled at

E. 8S. Woodworth &
Company..-..-...
E. 8. Woodworth &
Company.....-...|
E. 8S. Woodworth &

Stott’s Flour Mills.
Stott’s Flour Mills-
Vannah & Chute...
E. D. Walker...-... i
Shelby & Senior ...|
Milford Roll Mills.
So. Paris Grain Co.
Bei melernes sass t
No. West. Consoli-!

dated Milling Co.)

AN CORea ener e eae
H. A. Edwards....

Blish’s Milling Co.
Blish’s Milling Co.
Biish’s Milling Co.
Bliss Milling Co...
Bliss Milling Co...
J. Jenks & Co
J. Jenks & Co...-.--

J. Jenks & Co......
Doten Grain Co....
Anchor Milling Co.

MW: Stock --------
EF. W-: Stock <-..-.--
Wir SbOCkae ee aacnr
Stott’s Flour Mills.
Lake Superior

) UI ieee aceerecces

Washburn Crosby
Company..-----.-

Washburn Crosby
Company. .......

Eldred Mill Co.....
Paris Flouring Co -

Wm. Listman Mill-
ing Company .-..-.-

Voigt Milling Co ..
Minkota Milling Co

Bucksport........
Sebago Lake.....
Island Falls......
Corinna ..... ae
Orrington .....-..
Waldoboro.....-.
East Brownfield.
East Brownfield.
Buxton Center...

South Paris -.-.-.
Farmington.....-

Eastport .......-.

Caribou ..-..-.....

Beliasti-----ser <>
Pittsfield .........
Damariscotta ....

Hiram) -o--<>--6> =>
Hampden ....-..-
Bangor .....-.-....

[EFTer ---s6-ece5c-

Date of sampling.

Name of Feed.

Snow’s Flaky Bran.
Snow’s Flaky Bran.
Snow’s Flaky Bran.)

Stott’s Bran......---|
Stott’s Bran.........
Wheat Bran .......-

Kansas Wheat Bran
Shelby Mill Bran...
Pure Bran ..-.. ....

Buckwheat Bran...
Buckwheat Bran
(Roller Process,.-)
Blish’s Mixed Feed.
|

Blish’s Mixed Feed.
Blish’s Mixed Feed.
Bliss Mixed Feed ..

Bliss Winter Wheat
Mixed Feed...-..-

Winter Wheat
Mixed Feed. -.-..|

Winter Wheat
Mixed Feed......-|

Mixed Feed---.-.-.-
Eagle Mixed Feed..
Anchor Mixed Feed)

M. F. Mixed Feed --
M. F. Mixed Feed ..-

Mixed Feed....-..-. ;
Stott’s Mixed Feed.'
Superior Mixed
Féedecanee-=) (oe enl
Superior Mixed |
Peedee- +e teeereeee
Superior Mixed |
LEST sescanoae sos

Pure Mill Feed . ...|
Royal Mixed Feed..:

Mixed Feed....-...-
Minkota 1} a |
PECK ean en eee |

WHEAT OFFALS SOLD IN

MAINE

ANALYSES OF BRANS, ETC.—CONTINUED.

Manufacturer or

Station number.

Sampled at

Date of sampling.

Name of Feed.

Protein—per cent.

Dealer.
8199 Acme Milling Co..
8252 Acme Milling Co.
8262 Acme Milling Co..
$426 Acme Milling Co..
8449 Acme Milling Co..
8200 R. P. Moore Milling
Company.........
$217 R.P. Moore Milling
Company...
$420 R. P. Moore I Milling
Company........
8409 R. P. Moore Milling
Company.........
8404 Wim. A.Coombs...
8407 Chapin &Co.......
8445 Chapin & Co.......
8412 Miles & Son........
8413 Miles & Son ......
8276 Saginaw Milling Co
8417 Kent & Senior Co..
$418 Amer. Cereal Co...
8452 Amer. Cereal Co...
8419 exe MaAlC OF emer
8450 E. L. Dillingham ..
8438 So. Paris Grain Co.
8447 P.M. Company ....
8211 D. B. Gardner Co..
$235 J. Jenks & Co......
8408 J. Jenks & Co.....-
$423 J. Jenks & Co......
8277 Saginaw Milling Co
8437 So. Paris Grain Co.
8212 D. B. Gardner..
8451 No. West. Consoli-
dated Milling Co.
8453 No. West. Consoli-
dated Milling Co.
$214 Ip Jels TANGI GE 6 Sodoes
$204 Pillsbury’s Mills...

Belfast
Lewiston.........
Bowdoinham ....

Rockland.........
Farmington......

Belfast

Nobleboro.......

Damarise’ta M’ls

Bangor
Bucksport.......-
Orrington

Pittsfield

eee e ret cece
eset eeee

Buckspotrt........

Eastport........ D

Belfast
Thomaston.

ry

South Paris

Farmington

West Pembroke .
NOU Waynes) © -1iclele

see eneee

Hampden
Waldoboro......

Orrington........

South Paris......
West Pembroke.

Eastport.... .....

Acme Feed
Acme Feed
Acme Feed

wee ee wee
seen

Acme Feed
Acme Feed

ste eens
stew e wees

King Feed

King Feed

King Mixed Feed ..
Mixed Feed.........

Winter Wheat
Mixed Feed..... ;

Bue rns Mixed

Sterling Mixed
Feed

Mixed Feed.........
Mixed Feed.........
Mixed Feed.........

Shelby Mills Mixed
mleyero l= Ga GngcagApoce

Buckeye
Feed.

Buckeye
Feed.

sete wee

eee ee were ee

Mixed Feed.........
Gold Dust Mixed

HEC Miereieterieiectenicice
White Middlings..

Fine White Mid-
bbe Saashoocésoos
Fine White Mid-
GULP VES) osccdcdco nos
Fine White Mid-
GUMINWES | 5 Gaccosboade

White - Middlings.

White Middlings...
Brown Middlings ..

Brown Middlings ..
Brown Middlings..
Brown Middlings ..

Pillsbury’s Mid-
GUGM Sie eielarolels's)einie

Se ee
1a

Se ee
for) fonzeor)

ee
ao od

or

. oie bee Coat
_ an Qanre

cop)

16.

tt to

is)

36

Station number.

MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

ANALYSES OF BRANS, ETC.—CONCLUDED.

|
Manufacturer
or Dealer.

= + ween

443

eee eee

F. W. Stock
Stott’s Milling Eo-s) -|
Stott’s Milling Co..

Valley City Milling
Company.......- |

weer eee

Company See =|
Company.

Voigt Milling Co ..|
Keeler Bros.....-- |

are eee

The Walsh De Roo
Milling Company
Wm. A. Coombs...|

Austed & Burke...|
Minkota Milling Se
Pillsbury’s Mill....)
Pilisbury’s Mill....}
oe BY =
Pillsbury’s Mill....
Pillsbury’s Mill....)

No. West. Consoli-
dated Milling Co.)

Sampled at

Hiram....

wteeaee

ereee eee eee

eeeresee

Bethel ..-........-.|
West Minot......

Waldoboro......- ]
Waldoboro.

Milo

seer

wee eee

wee eeeee

|

|

Date of sampling.

Jan..

Name of Feed.

(M) Middlings......
Coarse Middlings ..
Middlings ..........

Middlings...........
Middlings...........
Middlings..........

Winter Wheat Mid-|

dlings
Flour Middlings....
Standard Middlings
Choice Middlings ..

-| Red Winter Mid-

alingseecesees=--
Middlings. .........
Winter Wheat
Middlings.........
Middlings...........
Middlings ‘“Ath-
lete” Brand......-
Pillsbury’s xx
Daisy Feed Flour.
Pillsbury’s xX
Daisy Feed Flour.
Pillsbury’s
Daisy Feed Flour.
Pillsbury’s xx
Daisy Feed Flour.
XXX Comet.....-...

Protein—per cent.

19.8
19.1

19.2
20.9

WHEAT OFFALS SOLD IN MAINE.

SUMMARY OF ANALYSES OF BRANS, ETC.

37

Number of
analyses

Stott’s Flour Mills
SOLUS ID Heulatespey siete relsteteicleleteletetersioveteleteleinielevereleas stele

Pillsbury’s Mills
Pillsbury’s Bran......

F. W. Stock’s
Bran ....... Peeteleyaterclerstcvarsttstelevelcrerever cin iereiststen teisters

Voigt Milling Company’s
(Cli@MES JBM osccs bo0GdooncoDCORDOONN saode6dod

E.S. Woodworth & Company’s
Snow’s Flaky Bran..........5...ceeeseseees

Winter Wheat Brans
JN RENAE Gonooponcn500 GooKoDDooN GoDOUOdoo

All Brans not Marked Winter
Wheat Brans..... acsihe lea sleietsisvetetsietavelainynave cleta:s

Blish’s Milling Company’s
NUEK@GL IMEC aooodaonoodongopseccosed Gapoadsed

F. W. Stock
IMUBKGxel IN@EYE!L saanace euodeoocodoadoooKadKde SosKG

Acme Milling Company’s
AGING GAM cd buoadcoapoosoosaccodoaoDCDbaGaDdE

R. P. Moore Milling Company’s
King Mixed Feed...........csccceecsscecens

All Mixed Feeds

Resembling Brans..........:secessecenseees
White Middlings ........0. 5 ics ccecwcscssesce ss
STOW TI MAG Cl CULT E38 erateletolerelat=sote!olsielolo]siele/efatststelalsielels

Middlings, all kinds...........ccccceeescee. ose

Pillsbury’s XX Daisy Feed Flour..... ......

i

Highest. <..cccccrsvcses
NW OVES Bicctatel-eteisrareie iaielelale

IBDEANESIGO oooDscOd CODOOE
WOKE agosoncacnocogess
PASV.CT: AS Cleclateisieleh i aie/sialstalele

Highest.......... aco0005
MV OWES Tice laeierennetslerarelereterats

IWONWEMCosocaasceccncacad

OWS tietercrtsicisletelclsieieteletere

TOOWeSE «=. 50... 000. cece

WOME cododa ‘KooooORnoG

ROWE Sbieterefeveley leleietelotetalsel=
AVE€TAZE...-... ---. Saad

ISHAM io ooncocanaccode se
LOWeSt .....-.cseccceees

PISO Sb ceisieaieieieivinivieinle
WOW CS ti stetelelelsiell-lelelelatelels
MASON og Sodsddanoodac

IS DEVOID bacon6 4 ogcooadse
OWES Uicrereelsialeslelaielnlteleiats
PAV CLAS E sclecisciinwicccicicicis

Highest
Lowest. ..... ... Soe
PAV OT EIS C)cciaicisieisivleicisiviciere

LEMAR Roonnoe saeedaacone
Lowest ....-.........00.
AVETAZE .. ereccrccccccns

Highest........ S000 Sac
TOES Uielslneleletelsieleleisi=i= .
AVETAZE 1... cccneces cess

Protein—per cent.

fe a ee ee ae eee ee ee en ll el reall ed
Sah Sas ore OF for) Ker} orco-1 He Oo OF >i Ter} oreo Ou oF ororer He He OT

ee
a

15.

eis Oo - Gril RIO nm en COW WO RO ON ON DOD ARN OW ASH HOF FRO CGH

—
=)
~~

38 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

INSPECTIONS FOR 1808.
Cuas. D. Woops.

The Station officers take pains to obtain for analysis samples
of all commercial fertilizers and concentrated commercial feed-
ing stuffs coming under the law, but the organized co-operation
of farmers is essential for the full and timely protection of their
interests. Granges and other organizations can render efficient
aid by sending early in the season, samples taken from stock in
the market and drawn in accordance with the station directions
for sampling.

There is no provision made by law for the analysis of agri-
cultural seeds. Seeds, taken in accordance with the station
directions for sampling, will be examined for $1 per sample.

Directions for sampling and blanks for forwarding samples of
fertilizers, feeding stuffs and seeds will be sent on application.

The use of commercial fertilizers in the State seems to be
somewhat on the increase. From information furnished by most
of the manufacturers shipping into the State, a conservative esti-
mate places the amount used in 1898 at 17,000 tons. For
the most part there is entire harmony between the manufacturers
and their agents and the consumers. In no instance this year
has the Station received complaints of quality of goods from the
consumers. The demand for low priced goods has increased the
number of low grade fertilizers in the market. It is not known
if the presence of an increased number of low grade goods indi-
cates a corresponding increase in the sale of this class of fertili-
zers, but even if it does it is probable that in the most instances
the purchaser is obtaining that which he pays for. The low grade
goods as well as the high class are for the most part up to or
above the minimum guarantee.

Requirements of the Law.

The full text of the law regulating the sale and analysis of
commercial fertilizers will be sent on application to the Station.
Its chief requirements are as follows:

The Brand. Each package of commercial fertilizer shall bear,
conspicuously printed, the following statements:

INSPECTIONS, 39

The number of net pounds contained in the package.

The name or trade mark under which it is sold.

The name of the manufacturer or shipper.

The place of manufacture.

The place of business of manufacturer or shipper.

The percentage of nitrogen. .

The percentage of potash soluble in water.

The percentage of available phosphoric acid.

The percentage of total phosphoric acid.

The Certificate. For each brand of fertilizer a certificate shall
be filed annually with the Director of the Station giving the man-
ufacturer’s or dealer’s name, place of business, place of manufac-
ture, name of brand of fertilizer and the guaranteed composition.

The Manufacturer's Sample. Unless excused by the Direc-
tor under certain conditions, a sample of each fertilizer, with an
accompanying affidavit that this sample “corresponds within
reasonable limits to the fertilizer which it represents’ must be
deposited annually between November 15 and December 15 with
the Director of the Station.

The Analysis Fee. The law requires the annual payment to
the Director of the Station of an analysis fee as follows: Ten
dollars for the phosphoric acid and five dollars each for the nitro-
gen and potash, contained or said to be contained in the fertilizer,
this fee to be assessed on each brand sold in the State.

Duties of the Director. The law also imposes upon the
Director of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station certain
duties, which are:

The issuing of licenses to such manufacturers as comply with
the above named requirements.

The analysis of the samples deposited by the manufacturer.

The selection of samples in the open market of all brands
of fertilizers sold or offered for sale in the State, with the subse-
quent analysis of the sample.

The publication of bulletins or reports, giving the results of
the inspection.

In accordance with the law, two commercial fertilizer bulletins
were printed during the year. The first (43) was published
early in March and contained the analyses of the samples
received from the manufacturers, guaranteed to represent, with-

Sy
in reasonable limits, the goods to be placed upon the market

40 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

later. The second bulletin (45) contained the results of the
analyses of the samples collected in the open market by the
officers of the Station, and was published in October.

A comparison of the percentages guaranteed by the manufac-
turers’ samples and those collected by a Station representative in
different parts of the State, shows that, as a rule, the fertilizers
sold in the State are well up to the minimum guarantee. In a
few instances the particular lots of fertilizers sampled were not
quite as good as they should be; there was, however, no case
which appeared to be an attempt to defraud. The comparisons
indicate that the manufacturers do not intend to do much more
than make good the minimum guarantee, and this is all the pur-
chaser can safely expect.

The tabular statement which follows, summarizes the compari-
sons of manufacturer's and Station samples with the guarantee.

NITROGEN.
Manufacturer’s samples.
Number of samples above guarantee............ 11g
Number of samples below guarantee............ ig.
Number oi samples .2% or more below guarantee, 4
Station samples.
Number of samples above guarantee............ 112
Number of samples below guarantee............ 37
Number of samples .2% or more below guarantee, 20

AVAILABLE PHOSPHORIC ACID.
Manufacturer’s samples.

Number of samples above guarantee..........-. 121

Number oi samples below guarantee............ 20

Number of samples .2% or more below guarantee, 10
Station samples.

Number of samples above guarantee........-... 152

Number of samples below guarantee........-..- 22

Number of samples .2% or more below guarantee, 13

TOTAL PHOSPHORIC ACID.
Manufacturer's samples.

Number of samples above guarantee.........-.- 134
Number of samples below guarantee.........--. II
Number of samples .2% or more helow guarantee, 6

LS ee

———

INSPECTIONS. AI

Station samples.

Number of samples above guarantee............ 162
Number of samples below guarantee............ 15
Number of samples .2% below guarantee........ II
POTASH.
Manufacturer’s samples.
Number of samples above guarantee............ 126
Number of samples below guarantee............ 12
Number of samples .2% or more below guarantee, 4
Station samples.
Number of samples above guarantee............ 138
Number of samples below guarantee............ 32
Number of samples .2% or more below guarantee, 19

Comparison of guarantees and station samples for three years.

It is important for the purchaser of fertilizers to know how
the goods have compared with the guarantee, not merely for one
year but for several years. Formerly we have printed a table
comparing the analysis of the manufacturers’ and Station
samples for the year with the guarantee. In the table which
follows there is given a comparison of the analyses of the samples
collected by the Station for the years 1896, 1897 and 1898 with
the guarantee of the manufacturers. When the guarantee has
been changed in 1898 from that of the previous years the fact
is indicated by a 7, and where more than one analysis of the
same brand was made in 1808, this is indicated by a *.

In studying the table of comparison of guarantees of the
Station samples for three years, it will be found that many goods
run quite uniform year after year. This is particularly true as
regards phosphoric acid and is readily understood when it is
remembered that the “superphosphate” is the starting point and
that the materials furnishing the nitrogen and potash are added
to this. The potash and nitrogen are the more expensive sub-
stances in fertilizers and greater variations in composition are
found in these constituents.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

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INSPECTIONS.

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48 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

FEEDING STUFF INSPECTION.

The legislature of 1897 passed a law entitled “An Act to reg-
ulate the sale and analysis of Concentrated Commercial Feeding
Stuffs.” In essence the law, which is very similar to the law

regulating the sale of commercial fertilizers, went into effect
October 1, 1897, and is the first attempt to establish an adequate
control over the sale of offals and other by-products used as

c

food for cattle, and other live stock.

Chief Provisions oj ithe Law.

The full text of the law will be sent on application. The
points of the law of most interest, both to the dealer and con-
sumer, are concisely stated below.

Kinds of Feed coming within the Law. The law covers all
feeding stuffs except hays and straws; whole seeds and meals of
wheat, rye, barley, oats, Indian corn, buckwheat and broom
corm; brans and middlings. The principal feeds coming under
the provisions oi the law are linseed meals, cottonseed meals,
pea meals, cocoanut meals, gluten meals, gluten feeds, maize
feeds, starch feeds, sugar feeds, dried brewer's grains, malt
sprouts, hominy feeds, cerealine feeds, rice meals, oat feeds,
corn and oat chops, ground beef or fish scraps, mixed feeds,
and all other materials of similar nature.

The Brand. Each package oi ieeding stuff included within
the law shall have affixed the inspection tax tag, and shall also
bear, conspicuously printed, the following statements:

The number of net pounds contained in the package.

The name or trade mark under which it is sold.

The name of the manuiacturer or shipper.

The place of manwiacture.

The place of business of manufacturer or shipper-

The percentage oi crude protein.

The percentage oi crude iat.

These statements which constiiuie the guaranice may be
printed directly on the bag, on a tag to be attached to the pack-
age, or on the back of the inspection tax tag furnished by the
Director of the Station.

A certified copy oi this statement of brand must be filed with
the Director oi the Siation.

INSPECTIONS. 49

Inspection Tax. In order to meet the expenses of inspection,
a tax of ten cents per ton must be paid to the Director of the
Maine Agricultural Experiment Station.

Inspection Tax Tag. The Director of the Station, on receipt
of the inspection tax, is required to furnish a tag stating that all
charges have been paid. The inspection tax tag now in use con-
sists of an ordinary shipping tag, colored red, similar in design
to the following:

Ay .
A iA

ISD, fl
sae DIN (l

These tags, with the number of pounds printed in, will be fur-
nished in any quantity on receipt of the tonnage tax. The tags
will be provided with “dead lock fasteners” if desired. Unused
tags will be redeemed at any time. Tags will be sent by express,
charges for carriage to be collected.

The inspection tag is not a guarantee. It merely shows that
the tax has been paid on the package to which it is attached.

Analysis. Whenever the Director of the Station requests,
the certificate must be accompanied by a sealed sample of the
goods so certified. It also is the duty of the Director to collect
each year at least one sample of each of the brands of feeding
stuffs coming within the provisions of this act. These samples
are to be analyzed and the results, together with related matter,
published from time to time in the form of bulletins.

Analyses for manufacturers, dealers and others, which are not
of general interest and which are not called for by the provi-
sions of the act, will be made on request at a price sufficient to
cover the cost of analysis. The rates will be: for protein, one
dollar; for fat, two dollars. Under no conditions will the Sta-
tion undertake analyses the results of which cannot be pub-
lished.

50 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

Inspectors.

The following gentlemen have acceptably served the Station
as inspectors during 1808.

Arthur B. Briggs, Hartford; J. W. Dudley, Castle Hill; F. B.
Elliot, Bowdoinham; A. S. Farnsworth, West Pembroke; W. G.
Hunton, Readfield; Ora W. Knight, Bangor; W. H. Snow,
Milo; L. O. Straw, Newfield; P. C. Wentworth, East Hiram;
Chas. E. Wheeler, Chesterville; John M. Winslow, Glendon.

The inspectors visited the large dealers in their territory three
times during the year, in the month of January, March and
November. At least one sample of each kind of feeding stuff
coming under the law was taken by each inspector. The results
of the analyses were printed as bulletins 44 and 48.* The more
important of the figures are here summarized. The discussions
are largely taken from the bulletins.

*Bulletin 48 was not distributed until January, 1899.

INSPECTIONS. 5!

SUMMARY OF ANALYSES, WINTER 1898.

PROTEIN. FAT.
a a
Kind of Feeding Stuff. 4 2 \+ Se ie =
& ee of) ao cof 20
Fai He f=?) (| ~~) a0 a o
=o 2x Su Su Se
Ba oo So oo ao
Aa ey oa my oo
!
American Cotton Oil Co.’s Highest. | 5075) |e. se. 16.96
Prime Cotton Seed Meal...... 15 Lowest. 43.12 43.00 8.83 9.00
Average GPR Nodcacdcd -| 12.43
Southern Cotton Oil Co.’s Highest.| 48-25 |........- 13.10
Prime Cotton Seed Meal ..... 14 Lowest.| 43.63 43.00 9.39 9.00
Average 46.29 o000 0 66 11.07
F. W. Brodé & Co.’s Highest.| 50.63 |...-...... | 14.08
Owl Brand Cotton Seed Meal. 6 Lowest . 43.56 43.00 9.39 9.00
Average Ho848) \laos00 cocc 11.29
S. W. Thaxter & Co.’s Highest.) 52-63 |.......... 12.04
Cotton Seed Meal ............. 2 Lowest. 51.25 49.25 11.78 | 15.62
Average BeCYE |lsoobo coos 11.91
J. E. Soper & Co.’s Highest.| 4919 |.......... 12.74
Cotton Seed Meal.............. 2 Lowest. 47.25 43.00 9.81 9.00
Average 48.22 | w.06 coe 11.28
Cleveland Linseed Oil Co.’s Highest. Wo) loodaanapac 3.35
Linseed Oil Meal.............. 4 Lowest. 34.63 39.00 1.99 1.50
Average AdotG |looascoccas 2.53
Cleveland Linseed Oil Co.’s
Cleveland Flax Meal....... are I. Hoooodsanaods 41.00 39.00 3.47 1.50
S.A. & J. H. True Co.’s Highest-| 37.13 |.......... 6.84
Linseed Oil Meal... .......... 2 Lowest.| 34.8] 36.94 | 6.32 6.58
Average BORO |aceeicies ein 6.58
Chas. Pope Glucose Co.’s ISMEANGE Hol, AUB looaco ooes 4.41
Cream Gluten Meal ........... 7 Lowest -| 32.06 37.12 2.69 3.20
Average BY) laoopondsa 3.79
National Starch Man’fg Co.’s Highest. SBT lloadvacoode 1 18237
King Gluten Meal............. 5 Lowest . 26.338 34.26 | 14.60 14.65
Average BUleéS) loaooeaconae | 16.66
The Glucose Sugar Refin’g Co.’s Highest.| 38.38 |.......... 4.15
Chicago Gluten Meal......... 15 Lowest. 34.00 37.50 2.48 9.00
Average 35.64 |..e05 «.. 3.37
American Glucose Co.’s Wighest.| 29256) |....-..- Ie ealarra!
. Buffalo Gluten Feed....... Veins 3 Lowest. 25.69 29.90 |} 3.91 3.38
INWGRARE || PDH) | onsoconce gh
Elighest-| 24.87 |..-..0...- | 4.66
Climax Gluten Feed ........... 2 Lowest . 23.94 24.10 3.07 6.18
Average Pe obaccDodar 3.86
Rockford Sugar Refining Co.’s JshiedoKetshio|| — GANSU) lob 50condue 3.74
Diamond Gluten Feed....... 6 Lowest . 21.38 24.20 2.84 3.76
Average 24.01 | 2. «0.22. 3.17
The H-O Co.’s f Highest. Tesasil ihocoe aduc 4.40
Horse Feed .............. =soooc 8 Lowest . 13.06 | 12.30 4.15 4.90
Average Wo") |looaganoanc 4.25
The H-O Co.’s
a Poultry Feed .................. IL jlosgceoclgonas 19.50 16.80 5.62 7.00

52 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

SUMMARY OF ANALYSES, WINTER 1898—CONCLUDED.

| | PROTEIN. Fat.
:
| | PARES |
| cy | | | <=) | cS
1 iou~ | | 2 | =
Kind of Feeding Stuff. | 2 | | «2 | 28 | 78 | 4
| 22 |} eae = eh) Ei bala a5
| 32 } gS | #5 | g8 | Es
|28 | 83] 88 |. 53 | Be
AS fo Sey | (Se) Sen Sires
The H-O Co.’s | | Highest.) 21.19 |.......... | 4.71
DAWA eet! jssceessse5sc56 cos } 2 Lowest .-} 21.19 18.75 | 4.57 1-25
Average DAIS) Uice ees == 4.64
American Cereal Co.’s Highest. THRE) |leceseces-s 4.87
Victor Corn and Oat Feed....| 6 Lowest.) 8.63 8.21 3-30 3.15
Average 9.36 |--e-eeeeee 3-79
American Cereal Co.’s Highest.| 12.82 socgncses: 4.14
Quaker Oat Feed .... ..-. ---| 6 Lowest-| 7.94 12.08 | 2.82 3.49:
Average, 10.51 |.....--.- 3-29
W. H. Haskell & Co.’s
HasKell’s Oat Feed............ pes jeceeeeees oe) 10.56 | 9.62 7.43 7.66
| i |
Chas. M. Cox & Co.’s | |
CRP 5. sSs5ese + scssseetissoscse Tl ||-ceesessesse 9.38 | 10.00 4.25 4.00
| }
Bowker Fertilizer Co.’s | Highest.| 41.38 |-.... .... |) 2a
Bowker’s Animal Meal....... 2 Lowest.| 39.38 30.00 10.60 5.00
| Average 40.35 |------. 20. 11.36
Bradley Fertilizer Co.’s Highest.| 44.50 | -.-.-....| 17-22
Bradley’s Superior Meat Meal; 2 Lowest.) 43.56 | 40.00 17.02 | 15.00
| Average sbh2 | sasssecs- 7-12
|
Nash Manufacturing Co.’s | |
Nash’s Beef Scraps....-...-.-- ee ee eee | 47.69 52.19 30.26 | 28.42
Frank S. Farrar & Co.’s =
Farrar’s Meat Scrap .........- | TL |lsseseassssce 50.63 42.00 25.20 | 30.00
SUMMARY OF ANALYSES, FALL 1898.
Bees, : | ree |
American Cotton Oil Co.’s Highest.| 47-81 |...-.--.-- 13.32 |
Prime Cotton Seed Meal...... 14 Lowest.| 42.25 43.00 2.80 9.00
Average A571 |a--s-ccene } 10.75 |
i | |
Southern Cotton Oil Co.’s
Prime Cotton Seed Meal...... Th eeSacossssta|| 46.82 43.00 9.76 | 9.00
J. E. Soper & Co.’s | Highest.| 46.13 |.------.- 14.72 |
Cotton Seed Meal...........-- 2 | Lowest 4M.75 43.00 | 8.7. 9.00.
| Average, 45.44 ...-.-.-.. | 1. |
R. B. Brown Oil Co.’s Highest.) 47-88 |-.----...- 9.97
Prime Cotton Seed Meal.....- 2 Lowest ., 46-75 43.00 8.34 9.00
Average 7-32 eee) = se 9-16 |
|
S. W. Thaxter & Co.’s Highest. 5) BS 7 eee a> 11.25 a
Cotton Seed Meal.....-... «.-- 4 | Lowest. 48.69 49.95 | 10.33 | 15.62
Average 50.48 [----- ----| 10.7
F. W. Brodé & Co.’s Highest. HB-H || coos csac 13.13
Owl Brand Cotton Seed Meal. 10 Lowest.| 48.31 43.00 | 9.90 9.00
i Average 44.68 |. ---e0-eee 11.90 |

i

SUMMARY OF ANALYSES, FALL 1898—CONTINUED.

INSPECTIONS.

53

Kind of Feeding Stuff.

Sea Island Cotton Seed Meal -..

Charles Pope Glucose Co.’s
Cream Gluten Meal...... OG

The Glucose Sugar Refin’g Co.’s
Chicago Gluten Meal..........

National Starch Man’fg Co.’s
King Gluten Meal...... ......

Arthur R. Hopkin’s
Imperial Gluten Meal.........

American Glucose Co.’s
Buffalo Gluten Feed .........

S. W. Thaxter & Co.’s
Glnten Weed ican cscs sateicle

The Glucose Sugar Refin’g Co.’s
Rockford Diamond Glut. Feed
Douglas & Co.’s
Old Process Oil Meal .........

Cleveland Linseed Oil Co.’s
Cleveland Flax Meal..........

Cleveland Linseed Oil Co.’s
Linseed Oil Meal..............

The American Cereal Co.’s
Victor Corn and Oat Feed....
S.A. & J. H. True Co.’s
Corn and Oat Feed... ........
The American Cereal Co.’s
Quaker Oat Feed ..............
The American Cereal Co.’s
American Poultry Food......

The American Cereal Co.’s
Corn, Oat and Barley Feed...

W. H. Haskell & Co.’s
Haskell’s Oat Feed...........

Andrew Cullen & Co.’s
Crescent Oat Feed....... .....

Monarch Oat Feed ..............

Number of
analyses

2

~1

11

Highest.
Lowest.
Average

Highest.
Lowest.
Average
Highest.
Lowest.
Average

|
Highest.)
Lowest .
Average

er

De www ete e ewes

| Highest.|
Lowest «|
Average

eee eet wees

see wee eee

PROTEIN.
il
| 9
S| #3
To | =5
BIS al
o9 =o
xy oa
25.06 24.31
21.82 20.13
Poy Wig a) We ee Fi
B5CGOa| sen Minot
30.94 37.12
SSVOO |e Late ees
40.63 38.00
36.13 36.00
38201 |Pecce sone
ST B2a ll Saasceee
31.50 | 32.00
SOUGO yb Soaee anos
20.13 20.00
28.25 29.00
POLS). Ne eeucee
ORHBEY |ouatis eee
24.69 | 24.20
Oh s33t4 Il alas aeeet
26.63 36.94
39.75 | 39.00
36.81 39.00
CB sl eee
§.12 9.46
@2064 ileseeeenes
8.38 9.63
1 gl ESM NA ee
74d 12.03
SSG ils, hela ce
TARAS) “|S ccesane
12.75 11.26
11.31 | 9.62
SsGSiataeuseg sos
11.19 | 10.25
i

|
SPD

or

is)

cat |

Found

C SST
Sets FeLS

wror

Ne rh
OSaIO

2 OO

CO bo he is)

ronoco co

FAT.

per cent.

Guaranteed—

per cent,

16.00

4.23

3.49

54 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

SUMMARY OF ANALYSES, FALL 1898—CONCLUDED.

PROTEIN. FAT.
|
Lo) re
is) 0 o o
Kind of Feeding Stuff. ao ic 28 ij 28
SB =5 aS 35 | 88
46 (=| ©) a) qo HO
Be Ba 25 Ba | a8
S trot)
Ze eo or Be | Of
The H-O Co.’s Highest. Ieee) anlesacouadcS 5.92
Poultry Feed..........-...-.+-- 3 Lowest. 17.81 16.80 5.43 7.00
Average US! | loocnodecse 5.70
The H-O Co.’s Highest. PANY! |) Gosou5cn9 5.42
Standard Dairy Feed.......... 3 Lowest. 17.06 18.75 4.24 7.25
Average UG243 \loasoddoa0s 5.02
The H-O Co.’s Highest. AG UAG): Sie easeanosicc 4.75
Horse Feed ....+0.. ee coveeee 3 Lowest. 11.69 12.30 3.81 4.90
Average WAIL |loocodaace0 4.36
E. W. Blatchford’s
Calf Meal.......... Barpieuesarcreetetstate il lod50c: 000000 BBall Iloo0 cacces BPR loancas
Bowker Fertilizer Co.’s Highest. AOL oacopogc0c 14.05
Bowker’s Animal Meal....... 5 Lowest . 40.50 30.00 12.05 5.00
Average OHIL \\,5006 sooo 12.95
Bradley Fertilizer Co.’s
Superior Meat Meal........... Ieoo00so00000 43.56 40.00 15.95 | 15.00
Bradley Fertilizer Co.’s
Old Fashioned Beef Scraps... IL |locnocd0c0000 49.13 40.00 19.60 | 10.00

The figures of the tables explain themselves and little com-
ment is needed. The following brief statements contain, how-
ever, some facts not included in the tabular matter, and will
help to a better understanding of the workings of the law.

Cottonseed Meal.

Pure cottonseed meal is made by grinding the seed after
the white down, which remains upon the seed as it comes from
the cotton gin, and the hard hulls have been removed. Thus
prepared, cottonseed meal carries from 40 to 53 per cent of
protein. At first cottonseed meal was all high grade goods.
The temptation to adulterate was too strong for unscrupulous
manufacturers to withstand and the market was overrun with
cottonseed meal adulterated with finely ground hulls. This
made a dark colored meal, the color of which was sometimes
“Gmproved” by grinding and mixing a bright yellow clay with
the meal. Some of these meals were known in the trade as
“Sea Island” cottonseea meal, and others were sold without

i. ee

INSPECTIONS. 55

any brand. The following analyses show how these inferior
and adulterated goods run.

ANALYSES OF ADULTERATED COTTON SEED MEALS.

| && 45 les re

aq =| sa r= |

= "4 3) bs De 4

Number. 2d | ° Number. S90 °

ox ex Ow eH

= 0 ao =_ D a oD

ae & a) me
UU etetelaletetsielsverete istetareiorsrs 26.00 5.63 SUZ 2 ererctetetoletsteretetetsittelstayeersters Haier, \\ooocoode
SOS erarvyerteleeieiatsisistalelotels!sis 29.94 6.78 DG) sod ccaondonoen sovecour 34.00 8.36
SOLO iatetetarovereiaielatarstelafere\crere 26.19 Tic SOAS tetetetetetclatelelstatelatetetelateistele 20.15 4.57
SONS os oogsoonundsdonooas 22.00 9.6 SW Sinocoadopnd Soo odaceec DALEKS) 5.88
SUL Metetatetetatateteveratoretaterelersters 29.75 10.59 BOYS) ca gadoboatoocoseacote 2Glas] ame | etetatetaistere
BOs eremteetectelelctetesietsisiets BAER) |bdooagaobe CU) cecododnooasa0gens00 PHB | Soooooce

Goods of this type were very abundant in this State in 1897,
but there are almost none of them to be found at present. In
the spring of 1898 the inspectors reported a few lots of these
goods. In November, 1898, only two lots of low grade cotton-
seed meal were found by the inspectors, and these samples were
guaranteed in accordance with their low grade. It would seem
as though the inspection law has driven them to other states.
The chemist of the Rhode Island Station under date of March
10, 1898, wrote inquiring regarding the working of the law and
said, “I regret to say that Rhode Island is becoming the dump-
ing ground of adulterated cottonseed meal, et cetera.” This
is also indicated by the following received from a large manu-
facturer of cottonseed meal. “You will please print tags as
ordered for x x x x Mill and send same by freight instead of
express. We have discovered that the meal we anticipated
shipping into Maine market was not of sufficient quality to meet
requirements of your State. We have, therefore, concluded not
to ship as anticipated. We will, later in the season, have a very
nice grade of meal at x x x x Mill at which time we will place
same in Maine market.”

Occasionally the Station has had sent to it by correspondents
samples of suspected meal, but with one exception analyses have
shown them to be up to guarantee. Not all dark colored meal
is adulterated and not all bright yellow meal is free from adulter-
ation.

The law has proven itself a decided advantage to the manu-
facturer and dealer in honest cottonseed meal, and is practically

56 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

prohibitive to adulterated goods. It is gratifying to note that
in no case has the percentage of protein fallen materially below
the guarantee. From the fact that much of the cottonseed meal
carries more protein than the guarantee, it will probably result
in grading the cottonseed meals according to their composition.
One firm in the winter of 1898 handling unusually good cotton-
seed did this, guaranteeing the meal to carry 49 per cent protein,
instead of the 43 per cent of the other brands.

Linseed Meal.

Linseed meal is made by grinding flaxseed from which the
oil has been more or less completely extracted. “Old Process”
contains more fat and somewhat less protein than “New Process”
linseed meal.

True and Company based their guarantee upon an analysis
made for them by the Station in October, 1897. Of the two
samples collected, one was a little above, the other a little below,
the guarantee. The goods were quite uniform, however.

The Cleveland Linseed Oil Company placed the same guar-
antee upon their oil meal as on their flax meal. The flax meal
proved better and the oil meal poorer than the guarantee. The
attention of the company has been called to this, and they will
doubtless change their guarantee of protein in the oil meal.

Only three samples of linseed meal were found by the inspec-
tors in November. Its high cost, relative to cottonseed meal
had apparently crowded it out of the market. The guarantee of
Douglass & Company’s oil meal was based upon an analysis of
a sample sent to the Station months before by the wholesaler,
who writes as follows: “When you analyzed our oil meal we
had a large quantity on hand, and we tagged as you directed.
It is so high now that very little is sold and we have had a few
lots that we have sold and we supposed was of same quality.
We have not at present a single sack in our store.”

Gluten Meals and Feeds.

Gluten meals and gluten feeds are by-products left in the
manufacture of starch and glucose from Indian corn. Corn
consists largely of starch. The waste product from the manu-
facture of starch or sugar is relatively much richer in oil and

i er

|
|

INSPECTIONS. 57

protein than corn. Many factories are removing part of the
corn oil from the waste, so that some gluten meals carry but
little oil, e. g., Chicago Gluten Meal, which a few months ago
carried 7 to 9 per cent of fat, now has from 2.50 to 4 per cent.
This reduction in fat is probably an advantage, as feeding corn
oil to dairy animals seems to have a tendency to make the butter
soft.

No by-products used for feeding differ more from each other
than do these starch and sugar wastes. The manufacturers
apparently do not recognize that the composition of these offals
change greatly, and some of them have based their guarantees
upon old analyses.

Cream gluten meal is not up to the guarantee in protein. It
is guaranteed to carry thirty-seven per cent, but from the sam-
ples drawn the purchaser can not expect more than thirty-three
per cent of protein on the average, and one sample ran as low
as thirty-one per cent of protein. The attention of the handlers
of this feed has been called to these discrepancies between guar-
antee and analysis and they will probably be corrected on future
shipments.

These samples of Chicago gluten meal represent both old and
new goods. The old goods were guaranteed too high in fat.
The present guarantee, thirty-eight per cent protein and two per
cent fat, fairly well represents the goods on the market. The
protein found in the samples examined, agrees as closely as can
be expected with the guarantees. The State agents seem to be
anxious that their guarantees shall represent the goods as sold.

King gluten meal as sold in Maine comes from two mills, the
output of which differ greatly in composition. The goods made
at the Des Moines mill are very close with the euarantee, thirty-
two per cent protein and sixteen per cent fat; the goods from the
Indianapolis mills are higher in protein than the guarantee and
are correspondingly low in fat. The Indianapolis goods carry
about thirty-four per cent protein and four per cent of fat. The
attention of the dealers has been called to this and the goods will
be correctly branded in the near future.

58 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

Feeds Low in Protein.

Very few farmers can afford to buy feeds low in protein
and high in carbohydrates at any price at which they have been
or are likely to be offered. The farmer should grow all the
coarse feeds that he needs. Oat and similar feeds are very
much like corn stalks or oat straw in composition. Some of the
feeds have cottonseed or other nitrogenous feeding stuffs added
to them so that they carry more protein than straight oat feeds,
but these mixtures are always more expensive sources of pro-
tein than are the glutens, cottonseed and linseed meals. One
hundred pounds of an ordinary oat feed has from eight to eleven
pounds protein. At seventy-five cents per hundred the protein
costs from seven to nine cents a pound. One hundred pounds
of a good gluten meal has from thirty-four to forty per cent of
protein. At $1.10 per hundred the protein costs about three
cents a pound and it not only costs less than half as much but
it is better digested. As a source of protein, it would be as
good economy to pay $60.00 a ton for high grade cottonseed
meal as to pay $15.00 a ton for the ordinary oat feed.

A number of samples of different oat feeds have been exam-
ined. For the most part guarantees are based upon single anal-
yses of the feeds and the goods usually are not quite as good as
the sample upon which the guarantee rests. With the exception
of the American Cereal Company’s Quaker Oat Feed none of
these materials are much below and some run above the guar-
antee.

Blatchford’s Calf Meal.

This is a manufactured food only one lot of which was found
by our inspectors. This was not guaranteed but carried 33.44%
protein and 5.23% of fat. In some advertising matter connected
with Blatchford’s calf meal it is claimed that 12.8 pounds of it
has three and one-half pounds of protein which is about twenty-
seven and one-half per cent. A sample of these goods sent by
a dealer to the Station in September analyzed as follows:

Water, 7.70% ; ash, 5.46%; protein, 25.63%; crude fiber,
5.28% ; starch, 18.24% ; undetermined carbohydrates, 32.13%;
fat, 5.56%. It will be observed that the goods asevidenced by the
official sample and this lot sent to the Station are very uneven

INSPECTIONS. 59

in composition ;—one sample carrying about 26% and the other
about 33% of protein. A large part of the ash is common salt.

These goods were sent to an expert on food mixtures and
adulterations at the Connecticut Experiment Station who reports
as follows: “I have examined Blatchford’s calf meal under
the microscope and find it contains linseed meal, some product
from the wheat kernel, some product from the bean kernel and
a little fenugreek. The linseed meal appears to be the chief
constituent. The wheat product is bran, middlings or some
similar product consisting of starchy matter mixed with more or
less of the seed coats. Bean bran was present in considerable
amount and more or less of the starchy matter.”’

In a letter, Mr. J. W. Barwell, the proprietor of these goods,
said: “Regarding the ingredients, I cannot give you the exact
constituents of it, but I may say that it is composed mostly of
locust bean meal with leguminous seeds such as lentils, etc.,
and oleaginous seeds such as flaxseed, fenugreek and annis
seed, all cleaned, hulled and ground together and thoroughly well
cooked. There is no cheap mill food and no low grade feed
enters into this composition. I am prepared to go into any court
in the United States and make an affidavit that there is no farmer
in the United States that can compound Blatchford’s calf meal
for less than $3.50 per hundred.”

Locust bean meal which Mr. Barwell claims to be the chief
constituent of Blatchford’s calf meal is practically not used in
this country as a cattle feed. The average of ten English and
German analyses show it to carry :—water, 14.96% ; ash, 2.53%;
protein, 5.86%; crude fiber, 6.39%; nitrogen-free-extract,
68.98% ; fat, 1.28%.

It is evident from the chemical analysis that locust bean meal
cannot be the chief constituent of Blatchford’s calf meal, but
that the microscopist is correct that linseed meal is the chief
constituent. Locust bean meal has only six per cent of protein
and in order to make a mixture carrying from twenty-six to
thirty-three per cent of protein, it would be necessary to add
large quantities of goods like linseed meal rich in protein. As
seen from the analysis Blatchford’s calf meal has a feeding
value somewhat inferior to old process linseed meal. Whatever
it may cost to manufacture, no man who has sufficient intelli-

60 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

gence to mix feeds can afford to buy it at anything like the price
($70 per ton) asked.

The Operation of the Law.

It was and is the belief of the writer that all the principal
manufacturers and dealers are reliable men, of strict integrity.
The enforcement of the law has been made on this assumption,
and we have enjoyed the cooperation of dealers and manu-
facturers, as well as that of consumers. No case of wiliul viola-
tion has come to our notice. On the contrary there has been
an evident desire on the part of most dealers to live up to all
the requirements of the law.

The most noticeable thing accomplished by the law is the
driving out of the State, the adulterated cottonseed meal which
was so largely sold in 1897. The law has come into effect with
little friction, and bids fair to run as smoothly and satisfactorily
as the fertilizer law. It protects both the dealer and the con-
sumer. It tends toward a more rational use of feeding stuffs,
which will be alike beneficial to the feeder and the dealer.

Inspection of Chemical Glassware used in Creameries.

Nearly all the glassware that has been examined during the
year has come from dealers in dairy supplies. It is reasonable
to suppose, therefore, that the butter factories have renewed
their stock by purchasing tested bottles and pipettes direct irom
the dealers and are complying with the law in that respect.

It has been gratifying to note that a very small percentage of
the goods inspected the past year was inaccurately graduated.
All bottles and pipettes examined by the Station and found cor-
rect have the letters M. E. S. etched upon them. The text of
the law will be sent on application.

SEED TESTING.

The law passed by the legislature of 1897, while it imposes
certain duties upon the Director of the Station, is not an inspec-
tion law. Bulletin 36, published in August, 1897, contains the
law and rules for testing purity of seeds. Copies of this bulletin
are still available and will be sent on application.

Since the enactment of a seed inspection law in Maine quite
a number of samples have been received by the Station for exam-

INSPECTIONS. 61

ination. Five grams of all the seeds submitted (excepting red
top of which only two grams were inspected) were examined.
The inert matter and foreign seeds were separated by hand and
then the foreign seeds classified into harmful and noxious. The
inert matter and foreign seeds were weighed and the per cent
calculated. The weed seeds were usually counted so as to give
the number in a pound and the names of the weeds determined
by comparison with sets of named seeds.

The inert matter consisted of sand, fragments of stems and
leaves, chaff, whole insects, fragments of insects and insect
excreta. The harmless foreign seed consisted mostly of red top
and clover in timothy, timothy, red top and clover in alsike and
timothy and clover in red top. There were several other species
of grass seeds present some of which we were not able to deter-
mine. Some were noxious, some indifferent. We think most
of the samples examined came from outside the State and were
purchased to sell as seed. There were sixty-five kinds of weed
seed detected, the most important of which are tabulated below.

The kinds and amount of weed seeds found in the samples
examined lead to the belief that seed for planting is not the
only source of weeds in the State. A good many of the weed
seeds found in the samples would not grow. An examination
of whole grain brought in by the car-load and distributed in the
State shows that it frequently carries many weed seeds. Inter-
state and State commerce where packing material is used are
also important sources of weeds.

It will be noticed from the appended tables that the per cent
of purity of seeds was for the most part high and that a large
number of samples contained no weed seeds or only those that
were not pernicious.

It is impossible to get a correct idea of the average per cent of
purity of seed sold in the State from samples sent for examina-
tion, as one sample may represent only a few bags and another
acar-load. A statement of the per cent of purity of a seed gives
but little idea of its nature, as the impurities may be large and
consist of harmless seeds or indifferent weeds, while one show-
ing a low per cent of impurities may contain the vilest weed
seeds.

The tables showing the results of the analyses of samples of
seeds follow.

a
62 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

TABLE SHOWING THE RESULTS OF SEED ANALYSES INCLUDING PER-
CENTAGES OF PURITY, TOTAL IMPURITIES, INERT MATTER, FOREIGN
AND WEED SEEDS. .

.

nn FEET

phe EM Su lalle Wines aileron Sele shy este foe

ale si {3s |8 18 |e |8 |§ |s e

ge lealeslee| 2) Nee elo enemies
Bel|Ssloclog| #2 | of | G2 | es lee] SB) a. | Be

SVeeue (ee oes! Salil san Sra) Se

SSIS 8/S0lg 0] ma | Fa] Oa | Se IES] Of | LS =S

Sy aalas 2O} a ou Pas way [Ou Sa os os
Zolns|nalnelBo|]Ro|<40|Go lol d6ol/an|] as

Red Clover........... 45} 4) 4 4) 100} 92.2) 98.6) 7.8) .45) 1.4] 1.08 33

White Clover ....... 1}. eee] 99.7|..0---| 99.7 -3| -90 3 -20 -10

INIETIE® sogonssoausocede 24 99.1) 98.4) 97.2 6.6 2.8) 1.85 5S

Peavine Clover..... 1 98.8]. 225-6 98.8) 1.2 1.2} 1.00 20

ANHEAOW OV Fsnoanasoono9e 51 Zlosoc 8) Soo) S18 99.2 4.0) .10 -8 -46 -40

| |

IACI asscon doddod Tlooscllocac 2} 99.5 21.6) 85.7| 78.4) .55} 4.8] 4.57) 10.63

Orchard Grass...-.--| 1}.. 21 96-ii|ceemee | 96.7] 3.3]....| 3.3] 80] 2.50

| |

Kentucky Bluegrass.| 1).. 99,4)...... | 99-4) .65)....)..++-- -50} .35

Hungarian ..... ..-.. Blas ..-| 99.9] 94.5] 98.1] 5.5 1.9] 1.80} .7&

* Foreign harmless seeds not included.

TABLE SHOWING THE

INSPECTIONS.

KINDS OF WEED

SEEDS EXAMINED.

63

SEEDS FOUND IN SAMPLES OF

NAME OF SAMPLES EXAMINED.
Suelo ito
sAalok|] OC} FR 18/6518 -l5s#| &
9/5018 | E10] § |San\5 a} bo
col Ell Se Il ee lS SSS Se
OISSia lola] oo |AzlOz] B
eis 4d (e/a |e joes!
Common Name. Technical Name. eb aly Pel ab dal i ey) al |) att) Bs
Hedge Mustard ...... Sisymbrium officinale.| 1). S0al|s She
Black Mustard........ Brassica nigra......... tWencicllooddllecas 3|.- 1
Shepherd’s Purse. .../Capsella bursa-pas-
WHORE a5600, goccnannccsolloos filter Wilsce Hooasllac
Wild Peppergrass ....| Lepidium virginicum.|... Weealiseog 84) Ilioc
Wild Peppergrass ...|Lepidium intermed-
>= TENG coanocscgcs]e Hoasodloadsllooe Wooo =o0!| ooalle b
Common Chickweed ./Stellaria media........|... Wlocopllosos 8) 4). c
TY OWOHAY GoonosoooHOROnOGd Spergula arvensis..... 900 oe lj. Uo Sa0)(o000|lc
Evening Primrose....|@nothera biennis..... pavalec lls 1}.
Five Finger—Cinque
ING! Scans asoe Godaos Potentilla nonspelien-
SIE) 56 nooscdacs04 dcdblloge all colloneslloos SH] Gicacsllasosllacc
\WWaiGl (CR PAKONT Soos6odeodo Daucus carota ......... Pd laSbo\|aooclloaoalloooallacoc Ware ot
Cone Flower—Yellow
IDEHIEKY dda000DGdesuNsOO Rudbeckia hirta .......).. salldooclloocelloses MO |iererans ac
May Weed............. Anthemis cotula ...... ee lle oe 2|....| wes
Common Bur-Thistle.|Carduus lanceolatus ..| ...|.. BIisoue 2 accalle ae
Spring Sow-Thistle ...|/Sonchus asper......... HWiooes|acoal| ii) B) 1
Corn Sow-Thistle -/Sonchus arvensis..... OH lacoofloon. Hoods) 5
Roman Wormwood...;Ambrosia artemesix-
HOMWA, covasc09oc00a0dnco|lo0cul|ocacllooc 1
Ox-eye Daisy.........- Chrysanthemum leu
canthemum ......... sobollacaallosoolle IW collsoon ae
Blue Verbena......... Verbena hastata....... on0dllcoac 1 Haaqal|conalle nc
CEHPTID cs0006 BS05S80C00 Nepeta cataria.........|.. paille Alocoall Zlossclilacaalla Se
lelemil BU concosseco0c00s Prunella vulgaris...... pocalloo Alsoos|| Zl aose|locsalle sue
Dooryard Plantain....|Plantago major........ Blea Peoge Blocodllaocalle 36
Rugel’s Plantain...... Blamta go TUgeley 2. ec| se} esiel|\see|| <2 Mlososllacoel|c at
English Plantain ..... Plantago lanceolata...| 17}. Aloooo|) Hi) Tl} Toe 009
Awned Plantain ...... Plantago aristata...... 5). MW saca| — llllsodallodacile 1
Prostrate Pigweed....|Amaranthus blitoides.| 2). ao floc Aaallseocllosc ae
Rough Pigweed ....... Amaranthus retro-
THERE! no0codGaD0000000 Slee 8}. A Dk > 500
‘Goosefoot..... ........ Chenopodium album..| 12) 1} 8}. Tee GaS Alc ate B}
SORE aoo000. cesno00 1608 Rumex acetosella. ... ai) UM) aK 2} i}. - 566
Pennsylvania Smart-
WE! coaccaacoacss880n Polygonum Pennsyl-
VAAN SoncassnodoaN 20 1}. 3
Lady’s Thumb ....:... Polygonum persica-
TED oSade noNacsonOSeAHS Uiloo0 Neaealleosa |e
Black Bindweed ...... Polygonum convolyu-
I}occ0s bo000-dadood0ad DPM) TB oegal G)iscreyeil) pei) Pile
Yellow Foxtail........ Setaria glauca ......... Tle rasatallareteic Scollovoallocodllosnalle
Green Foxtail......... Setaria viridis... ...... (Hapcallsbodl aan hile

BOX EXPERIMENTS WITH PHOSPHORIC ACID
FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES.

L. H. Mérrirt.

For several years a series oi experiments have been in progress
at this Station designed to show the relative availability of phos-
phoric acid as supplied in several common iorms, and also the
varying ability of some of our common crops to obtain phos-
phoric acid from the same source. The results obtained up to
the close of 1895 were published in the report of this Station for
that year, and also in Bulletin 34. While the work cannot be-
considered complete, yet as it is necessary to leave it for a time,

it seems desirable to bring together all the results thus far
obtained, including those previously published. In order to.
make the report complete in itself much oi the explanatory mat--

ter is also reprinted.

COMMERCIAL PHOSPHATES.

Phosphate of Lime.—Nearly all the phosphoric acid found in
our markets and used for fertilizing purposes is in combination
with lime as phosphate of lime. Three forms are in common
use, VizZ.:

1. Insoluble phosphate of lime. This is the form in which
nearly all the phosphates exist in nature and from which the
second and third forms described below are derived. Bones are
made up largely of this substance and are accordingly extensively
used in the preparation of commercial phosphates; but the chief
source of the insoluble phosphate now used in this country is
tock phosphate, large depesits of which are iound in South
Carolina and Florida. It is insoluble in water and, unless finely
ground, its phosphoric acid is given up very slowly to the plant.
This is the tricalcic phosphate oi chemists.

2. Soluble phosphate of lime. _When the insoluble phosphate
is treated with dilute sulphuric acid a large part of the lime

ae

~~

BOX EXPERIMENTS WITH PHOSPHORIC ACID. 65,

unites with the acid to form sulphate of lime. The remaining
phosphate, containing much less lime than the original, is soluble
in water and is hence known as soluble phosphate, or, on account
of the excess of phosphoric acid, as “superphosphate.” The
soluble phosphate is in a condition to be immediately used by
the plant. It possesses the additional advantages that by dis-
solving in the soil waters is becomes quickly and uniformly dis-
tributed through the soil, where the plant roots must everywhere
come into contact with it. It is the most expensive of the three
forms. This is also known as the monocalcic phosphate.

3. Reverted or citrate soluble phosphoric acid. If a soluble
phosphate is allowed to stand for a long time it frequently hap-
pens that much of the soluble phosphate undergoes a change,
passing into a form insoluble in water but much more available
to the plant than the original insoluble phosphate from which
it was derived. This is the reverted or citrate soluble phosphate.
It was formerly supposed to be of much less value than the solu-
ble form, but experience has shown that there is but little differ-
ence as regards actual availability. In fact, if a soluble phos-
phate is added to the soil, a large part of it “reverts” before the
crops have had time to take it up. It is known as the citrate
soluble phosphate because, unlike the insoluble form, it is readily
soluble in a hot solution of ammonium citrate. This reagent is
therefore employed in the laboratory to distinguish the form in
question. The soluble and citrate phosphates are often classed
together as available.

The reverted or citrate soluble phosphate may or may not
consist of dicalcic phosphate. While the dicalcic phosphate
possesses the characters ascribed to the third form mentioned,
yet it is found that in some cases the ammonium citrate will
dissolve a considerable quantity of the tricalcic phosphate, the
amount standing in intimate relation to the degree of fineness to
which the phosphate has been reduced. The citrate, then, does
not afford us the means of distinguishing sharply between the
dicalcic and tricalcic phosphates. This fact, however, in no way
affects the assumption that the citrate soluble phosphate is avail-
able to the plant.

It should be added also that the so-called insoluble does not
strictly correspond to the tricalcic phosphate, for the reason just

66 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

mentioned—a part of this form may go into solution with the
citrate and be reckoned with the available.

In the manufacture of superphosphates the conversion of
insoluble into soluble phosphates is never complete, a part being
unacted upon by the acid and remaining in the insoluble form.
Moreover,aswehaveseen,a part of the soluble phosphate reverts,
especially on long standing. In practice, therefore, we always
find a superphosphate to consist of a mixture of the three forms
referred to. There must always be present sulphate of lime and
the impurities found in the original phosphate.

Redonda Phosphate.—In another class of phosphates, not so
generally used, the phosphoric acid is combined with iron and
alumina, instead of with lime. These phosphates are not only
insoluble in water, and but very slightly soluble in hot ammonium
citrate, but they are even less available to the plant than the cor-
responding phosphates of lime. When treated with sulphuric
acid they prove very difficult of management, giving a pasty mass
which cannot be readily dried off.

A phosphate of this description is quarried at Redonda, a
small island in the West Indies, and is known as Redonda phos-
phate or Redondite. It is a characteristic of this phosphate
that at a high temperature it loses water, and at the same time
becomes largely soluble in ammonium citrate. On long stand-
ing a reverse action takes place, the phosphate passing again to
the insoluble condition. It is probable that the reversion is
more rapid when the roasted Redonda has been applied to the
soil. Comparatively little of this phosphate is sold, yet on
account of the high percentage of phosphoric acid which it car-
ries and the ease with which it may be converted into the citrate
soluble condition, it would prove a valuable fertilizer if it is as
available to the plant as the chemical analysis would seem to
indicate.

PHOSPHATES USED IN BOX EXPERIMENTS.

In the experiments here recorded, three forms of phosphates
were used:

1. Acid Florida rock. This was prepared by treating a
Florida phosphatic rock with sulphuric acid, thereby converting
a large part of the phosphate into an available form. At the

BOX EXPERIMENTS WITH PHOSPHORIC ACID. 67

beginning of the first experiment this phosphate had the follow-
ing composition: 20.60 per cent total phosphoric acid, of which
16.90 per cent was available (14.97 per cent soluble, 1.93 per
cent citrate soluble). In the later work it was found that the
composition had changed somewhat, but the amount of avail-
able phosphate remained about the same.

2. Crude, finely ground Florida rock (floats), containing
32.88 per cent total phosphoric acid, none of which was soluble,
with only 2.46 per cent soluble in ammonium citrate. This was
obtained from the commercial ground rock by stirring it with
water, allowing the coarse particles to subside and then pouring’
off the turbid water. The “floats” used in this experiment con-
sisted of the sediment deposited from these washings.

3. A phosphate of iron and alumina (Redonda). The first
sample used contained 49.58 per cent phosphoric acid, a large
part of which, 42.77 per cent, was soluble in ammonium citrate.
The Redonda underwent such rapid changes in the intervals
between the experiments that it became necessary to prepare
fresh quantities at each successive planting. The analysis given
above is fairly representative of all.

Twenty grams of the floats, containing 6.58 grams total phos-
phoric acid, were used for a single box. The other phosphates
used were first analyzed and such quantities used for each box
that the total quantity present was in each case the same, 6.58
grams. The actual amounts of available phosphoric acid thus
supplied to each box by the various phosphates were: by the
acid rock, 5.39 grams; by the floats, .49 grams; by the Redonda,
5-07 grams.

DETAILS OF THE EXPERIMENT.

The experiments were conducted in one of the green houses,
the plants being grown in wooden boxes, fourteen inches square
and twelve inches deep. When filled to within one and one-half
inches of the top, these boxes contained 120 pounds of sand.
The sand used was taken from a knoll near the river at a depth
of three or four feet, and was nearly free from organic matter.
Traces of phosphoric acid were present, but as this was in the
insoluble form and the quantity in each box was the same, its
presence is not considered objectionable. The sand was care-

5

68 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

fully screened before being used and thoroughly mixed with the
phosphates and other plant foods.

In each period twelve boxes were used for each kind of plant.
In the first box the acid rock was used; in the second, the
untreated Florida rock, or “floats;’ in the third, the phosphate
of iron and alumina, or Redonda; the fourth box received no
phosphate. The next four boxes were treated in the same man-
ner, and so on to the end. Thus it will be seen that for each
kind of plant there were three boxes which received exactly the
same treatment. In addition to the phosphates, each box
received ten grams sodium nitrate, five grams potassium chloride
and five grams magnesium sulphate. In the boxes where the
Redonda was used, ten grams calcium sulphate were also added.
It was intended to supply all the elements essential to the healthy
development of the plants except that every fourth box received
no phosphate. All the other conditions were made as uniform
as possible in order that the differences in growth might fairly
be attributed to the differences in the phosphates used.

KINDS OF PLANTS GROWN.

Eighteen species of plants were chosen, representing seven
orders: peas, horse-beans, clover and alfalfa (Leguminosz) ;
turnips, ruta-bagas, cauliflower and kohl-rabi (Cruciferz) ; bar-
ley, corn, oats and timothy (Graminez); tomatoes and pota-
toes (Solanacez) ; carrots and parsnips (Umbelliferz) ; buck-
wheat (Polygonaceez) ; sunflowers (Composite).

It was intended to carry each plant through three periods of
growth, but the clover, the common red species (T. pratense),
could not be matured in the time required for the other plants
and but two crops were grown. The sunflower and buckwheat
did not thrive under the conditions of the experiment and after
a single trial were replaced by carrots and parsnips, which were
grown for the two following periods. The seed was carefully
selected, that only being used which was well formed and of
uniform size. Of the larger plants, four or five were grown to
each box. The smaller plants were thinned so that the number
to each box was uniform for that plant. Such leaves as ripened
before the plants matured were removed, dried and added to
the plants when harvested. No attempt was made at pollination.

Ee

BOX EXPERIMENTS WITH PHOSPHORIC ACID. 69

As very few insects were present during the growth of the
plants, the fruiting, as might have been expected, was very
irregular. As soon as the plants seemed to have attained their
maximum development, they were harvested, dried, weighed,
and the total amount of dry matter determined for each crop
grown. In the diagrams that follow the average production for
a single period is shown, the heavy lines representing the relative
weights of dry matter, and the last column the weights in grams.

7O MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

DIAGRAM SHOWING RELATIVE WEIGHTS OF DRY MATTER OF PLANTS
GROWN WITH PHOSPHORIC ACID FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES.

1
f

Crops. | Phosphate. Comparative Scale. | Weight.

Grams
A cid rock. ee 167
Baad Floats. SSS ee | 122
BIE | Redonda. — | 94
{ No phosphate. | mmm 87
Acid rock. — 269
Horse Floats. Se Ss
beans. ) Redonda. mE 118
No phosphate. 1 86
Acid rock. ee Q7
: Floats. et | 169
Clover. | Redonda. ae 126
No phosphate. —_ 83

|

Acid rock. a 107
Floats. Ee 97
Alfalfa. | Redonda. aS 87
No phosphate. ——___ 90
Acid rock. SE 992
md Floats. Pen 202
Turnips. Redonda. ae 187
{ No phosphate. —_—e 119
Acid rock. = 152
Ruta- Floats. Fane 145
bagas. ) Redonda. sss 122
{ No phosphate. — 64
Acid rock. Ss 176
Cauli- Floats. ae 167
flower. | Redonda. es 107
| No phosphate. mmm 62
Acid rock. (ee 939
Kohl- Floats. mm 209
rabi. ) Kedonda. eS 172
No phosphate. —___—__ 130
Acid rock. nar 338
2 = Floats. ee lil
Barley. | Redonda. ed 186
No DhOSPDAtC. eS 146
Acid rock. EE 218
es Floats. __ 85
Corn, | Redonda. = | 98
No phosphate. |< Wigs!
Acid rock. SA STS Te 662
Floats. EEE 307
Oats.* | Redonda. — 380
NO phosphate. | 319
Acid rock. ———— | 410
A Floats. ES 329
Timothy-*+ Redonda. 346
{ No pho —————————— | 353

i

*In the case of the oats and timothy the scale has been reduced one-half to
accommodate the lines to the space allowed. The relative length of the lines for
the same plant has been maintained.

BOX EXRERIMENTS WITH PHOSPHORIC ACID.

RELATIVE WEIGHTS OF DRY MATTER OF PLANTS GROWN WITH
PHOSPHORIC ACID—CONCLUDED.
|

Crops. | Phosphate. Comparative Scale. Weight.

Grams.
noe rock. ee 135
‘loats. ——— 92
LICENSEE 1 Redonda. — |_ =—_ 79
No phosphate. | ammsss 36
Acid rock. = 260
Floats. EE 187
Potatoes. | Redonda. a 156
No phosphate. ED 151
Acid rock. EE 914
Floats. od 141
Carrots. | Redonda. ee 149
No phosphate. | qe 135
ee rock. er aH
loats. Ce 15
Parsnips. | eet rE 155
No phosphate, | ae 163
Acid rock. Fae 107
Buck- Floats. —— 54
wheat. ) Redonda. a 51
No phosphate. | aa 37
Acid rock. =e 101
Sun- Floats. = 14
flowers. } Redonda. -_ 15
No phosphate.|= 11
Acid rock. ee 100
Turnips, Floats. — 70
roots. Redonda. —————— 90
No phosphate. | cm 44
Acid rock. =e 62
Rutabagas } Floats. = 47
roots. Redonda. —_ 32
No phosphate. | a= 16
Cauli- Acid rock. === 50
flower, Floats. — 19
edible Redonda. a
portion. ( No phosphate. =
Kohl. rabi, Acid rock. —_——e 153
Floats. —— 129
edible Rous >
portion. VEC onda. ee 92
No phosphate. | mss 60
Acid rock. TT 185
Potatoes, Floats. oe 131
tubers. Redonda. = 140
No phosphate. | a 115
Acid rock. ee 173
Carrots, Floats. ES 109
roots. Redonda. a 113
No phosphate. TS 102
Acid rock. ee 196
Par snips, Floats. EE 115
roots. Redonda. eee 114
No PHOSPHACE. | eet 120

72 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

RESULTS.

In every case the acid rock gave the best returns. The gain
was especially marked with the family Graminez, three mem-
bers of which, the barley, corn and oats, yielded nearly double the
amount produced by either the floats or Redonda. The effect
upon the sunflowers and buckwheat was equally marked; but if
these plants could have been brought to full development it is
probable that the gain would have been less apparent.

If we compare the amount of dry matter produced by the acid
rock with that produced by the floats for all the crops grown,
we find the balance in favor of the acid rock to be 52 per cent.
In other words, the effect of the available phosphoric acid as
compared with the insoluble phosphate was to increase the prod-
uct more than one-half.

In nearly every case the floats gave results second only to those
obtained with the acid rock. With this phosphate the Cruci-
fere gave returns within ten per cent of those obtained by the
acid rock. This is not true of the edible portion of these plants,
however, for there the good effects of the acid rock were more
marked.

Of the three forms of phosphate used, the Redonda proved the
least valuable, though supplying a larger amount of available
phosphoric acid than the acid rock. In most cases it showed -
itself inferior even to the floats. The Graminez furnished an
interesting exception to this rule, yielding results with Redonda
above those given by the floats.

The small yield from the boxes in which no phosphate was
used is sufficient indication of the extreme poverty of the soil,
and confirms the belief that the amount of phosphoric acid thus
supplied is not sufficiently large to seriously affect the experi-
ment.

It is interesting to note that plants of the same family show
a remarkable agreement in their behavior towards the various
phosphates. The striking manner in which the Graminee
responded to the stimulus of the acid rock has already been
alluded to. In no other case is the effect so marked. Another
peculiarity of the members of this family is shown in their con-
duct toward the Redonda. The relative value of this phosphate
and floats is here the reverse of that shown by nearly all the

BOX EXPERIMENTS WITH PHOSPHORIC ACID. 73

other plants. The failure of the Cruciferze to respond to the
acid rock furnishes a good illustration of a similar kind. The
Umbelliferee, though responding to the acid rock, seem to derive
no benefit from either the floats or Redonda, since neither of the
phosphates increase the yield above that obtained where no
phosphate was used. This is true both of the whole plant and
the roots.

The alfalfa shows a strange indifference to the precise form in
which the phosphoric acid is supplied. The crop was light
in every case, and the phosphoric acid already present in the bar-
ren soil used, seems to have sufficed for the slender product.

STIMULATING EFFECT OF ACID PHOSPHATE IN THE EARLY
STAGES OF GROWTH.

A report of this work would be incomplete if it failed to take
note of certain facts observed in the course of the experiment
which cannot be shown in the diagram, where only the final
results are given.

Throughout the whole series of experiments the effect of the
acid rock was marked, the plants receiving it in nearly every
case at once taking the lead, and keeping it to the end.. This
stimulating effect upon the young plant is shown in the accom-
panying cuts of the immature clover and timothy. The horse-
beans furnish a marked exception to this rule, the more nearly
equal development being perhaps due to the large amount of
nutriment stored in the seed. When this supply was exhausted,
the phosphoric acid hunger manifested itself, the effect being
shown in the cut of the same plant at a later period.

In by far the larger number of cases, especially with the
clover, timothy, turnips and ruta-bagas, the good effects of the
acid rock were more marked during the first few weeks of
growth than at a later stage, when the roots had become more
fully developed, and had begun to forage for themselves. This
fact, also, is shown in the cuts of the clover and timothy. It
would appear that the young plants feed but little upon the in-
soluble phosphates ; but that the organic acids present in the sap
of the roots exert a solvent action upon the insoluble phosphates
in the soil, gradually converting them into available forms.

74. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

It will be noticed that in this work only the immediate effect
of the phosphates has been taken into consideration, no mention
having been made of the unused phosphoric acid remaining in
the soil at the close of the experiment. In actual field work the
good effect of the ground rock would, of course, be far more
lasting than that of the acid rock.

Box experiments were made at the New Hampshire Experi-
ment Station in 1893 with winter rye, the phosphoric acid being
supplied by roasted Redonda, ground bone, and basic slag. The
result showed that the rye gave nearly as good returns with the
roasted Redonda as with the other phosphates. This result con-
firms the work here reported. It will be seen by reference to
the diagram here given that the corn, barley, oats and timothy
(plants closely related to rye) gave better results with the
Redonda phosphate than with the finely ground Florida rock.

SUM MARY.

1. Plants differ in their ability to feed upon crude phosphates.

2. Turnips, ruta-bagas, cauliflowers and kohl-rabi gave
nearly as good returns with the Florida rock as with the acid
rock.

3. In every other case the good effect of the acid rock was
very marked.

4. In most cases the crude Florida rock yielded better returns
than the Redonda.

5. Barley, corn and oats seem to require an acid phosphate.

6. When early maturity is desired, the acid rock can profit-
ably be used.

7. The largely increased production obtained by the use of
the acid rock will often determine the success of the crop.

8. The solubility of a phosphate in ammonium citrate is not
always the correct measure of its actual value to the plant.

pt ee ey eee

eh a eT Pia

2 fe gl
i

‘ .
. y :
eet i se
mem ere hme a ne ‘ . = yor ys? de :
. : ks
eo
‘ .
‘
, 4 : ie,
ye ‘ i } »
‘ .
1 r
‘ é .
‘
e
i s -
+ ’
*
. ‘ he
‘ ‘ 1 j ; t et: ‘
yt
‘ :

CLOVER, IMMATURE.

CLOVER, MATURE.

ALFALFA.

Eox 1. Soluble phosphoric acid.

Box 2. Insoluble phosphoric acid—Florida rock.
Box 3. Insoluble phosphate of iron and alumina.
Box 4. No phosphate added.

—

: ;

SR wt eee
me Pre aT

HORSE BEANS, MATURE.
Box 1. Soluble phosphoric acid.
Box 2. Insoluble phosphoric acid—Florida rock.
Box 3. Insoluble phosphate of iron and alumina.
Box 4. No phosphate added.

Ci

ely

mi

; tad
i

ay

a

BARLEY.

OATS.

Soluble phosphoric acid.

Box 1.

Insoluble phosphorie acid—Florida rock.

Box 2.

Insoluble phosphate of iron and alumina.

Box 3.

No phosphate added.

Box 4.

Box 1.
Box 2.
Box 3.
Box 4.

TURNIPS.

RUTA-BAGAS.

CAULIFLOWER.

Soluble phosphorie acd.
Insoluble phosphoric acid—Florida rock.

Insoluble phosphate of iron and alumina.

No phosphate added.

‘
i ans

ee ae a ee eee ee i line le tl | i ey = a Sree

’
+
« 3
7 *
x
.
fA
. *.
4 *
i i
|
A 4
' ’
7 i
‘
7 -
.
‘ oe ee

PPP

TIMOTHY, IMMATURE.

TIMOTHY, MATURE.

Soluble phosphoric acid.

Insoluble phosphoric acid—Florida rock.
Insoluble phosphate of iron and alumina.
No phosphate added.

POTATOES.

TOMATOES.

IKOHL-RABI.

Box 1. Soluble phosphoric acid.

Box 2. Insoluble phosphoric acid—Florida rock.
Box 3. Insoluble phosphate of iron and alumina.
Box 4. No phosphate added.

Box 1.
Box 2.
Box 3.

Box 4.

CARROTS.

PARSNIPS.

Soluble phosphoric acid.
Insoluble phosphorie acid—Florida rock.
Insoluble phosphate of iron and alumina.

No phosphate added.

ANALYSES OF FODDERS AND FEEDING STUFFS.

In connection with the work of the Station, analyses of the
following miscellaneous feeding stuffs have been made by the
Station chemists. For the most part the analyses were made
in connection with the feeding experiments or experiments upon
the growth of plants. In no case were they undertaken merely
to increase the amount of this class of data. The methods of
analyses recommended by the Association of Official Agricul-
tural Chemists were employed.

The results of the analyses are given in the tables which
follow :

COMPOSITION OF FODDERS AND FEEDING STUFFS ANALYZED AND NOT

PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED, CALCULATED TO WATER CONTENT AT TIME
OF TAKING SAMPLE.

°
> z
~ a
Om 2
eal 2 = Ds
62| 2 | 3 |3s
ae a = iS fey | Se) I
as = 4 x ie Ss
Ha > oy & Zo ce
!
| | % | % % %
IBN) cob a CooedODNDLOG= G0 OdOOGO aondauncCDD 4015) 9.83) 5. 8.93) 53.96} 5.50
IER o50000 GoadoddaDoDODDODOdODanSO0SO GOODS 4081} 8.15) 5. 7.38) 57.80) 4.35
ISrHa SooaoSboconabNDS Sado s SOdbY sDOOKAKC »e--| 4107} 9.65) 6. 8.56) 53.36) 5.16
IBV os002. aoadospanonooasccod Sereiaters 20000000 4137) 10.25) 6. 9.05) 53.04) 4.78
Chomn WIGAN scoponse cooaNdoodGoSa0DO0000008 co 4014) 12.40} 1. 2.33) 69.04) 4.13
COTM al raraleletetatelelelotetelatelelafel-tetetoretnieletetelalalolstalers 4082) 9.92) 1. 2.08] 71.88) 4.11
(Cronin WG soboopopopbADS gdOGABDOODSSODOGGORN | 4111) 14.11} 1. 1.89} 69.10} 3.69
(Comin WIG soconooo00K0s ‘oc cOOOBADOGGDSo0e GDF 4136) 12.55) 1.6 2.19) 69.96) 4.06
Cottonseed Meal..... ........eeeeesecescees 4083) 5.27) 5.4s 3-81) 21.08) 12.10
COLLOMSCEA MMC ae eretelercisieiateleleleisialels sterelotalel=tel= 4139} §.31] 7.8: 5.61} 24.51) 9.94
Cottonseed Meal.......cccccccrencvcccsecnee 8044) 6.57] 5.§ 5.44| 20.87) 10.09
Cottonseed Meal........ ss... 8058| 6.06) 6.2: 5.06! 23.43) 10.97
Chicago Gluten Meal 4016) 10.11) 1. 3.86) 40.49) 8.16
Chicago Gluten Meal.. 4041) 5.55} 1.2 2.83) 43.98) 8.93
Chicago Gluten Meal 4106) 10.40) 1.1: 1.59) 47.24) 2.87
Chicago Gluten Meal.. 4126) 11.00) 1.2% 1.82) 43.49) 1.00
Chicago Gluten Meal 4141} 12.94) 1.49 2.00) 40.96] 2.37
King Gluten Meal ...... ........00-.0..000 4018} 9.53) 1.§ 2.45) 44.59] 15.18
King (Gluten Meal cece. so. jocceeces se cels 4140; 6.72) 1. 2.36] 35.45| 17.72
King, Gluten Meal .... . <......5....6.. 00. | 8011) 3.48] S$ 1.72) 44.98) 14.65
King Gluten Meal ............ ss ss eee nee | 8012) 7.08) 1.93 1.98) 36.21) 19.81
King Gluten Meal .......... . Litistennts Ooh 8013] 3.00) «5: 2.01] 41.62] 17.47
Blatchford’s Calf Meal.............eeeceeee 8273] 7-70) 5. 5.28] 50.37] 5.56
Cleveland Flax Meal....... .. . ........ 4108) 8.83) 5. 7-27) 33.66) 4.58
HiME SEG! WIE odoataas SooondoodoS0000 toDoDD $057} 9.10} 5.35 9.05 34.84) 6.43
Buffalo Gluten Feed... ......-...2..e..00. | 4095) 9.32) 3.5: 6.69 50.10) 3.11
Diamond Gluten Feed.............+.s0eeee- 8190) 9.11) 1. 7-385 52.77) 4.02
(Gilet, INEVeGlogooonannas 6 oodnOsaDgODaGKeOGOd 8047 SEG ae 6.89 49 =| 2.97

76 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

COMPOSITION OF FODDERS AND FEEDING STU FFS—CONCLUDED.

=
> | =
Ome 3 joe
(=5] .: = | 3 .
ise 2. |e | sl eae |
he Feat fees = == :
sel [4] |B |28] 4 |
: = ?
‘%|%\|%|%|%| | %
Giuten Feed ....-...-. $188) 8-98] 2-83) 27-50) 6-82) 50-90} 2-97
Gluten Feed ..-.-- : | $189) 9-63) 1-01] 24.31) 7.14] 53-97] 3.94
Mixed Feed ...-.--- : | 8276] 11.16) 4.42) 14.95) 5.30) 60.38) 3.80
Quaker Oat Feed 8046] $8.33] 5.10) 11.38) 18.18] 53.41) 3.60
The B-O0 Co.’s Pouliry Feed .-.---.-.-.--..-- 8038] 38.46) 2-71) 18.00) 4.65] 60-71) 5.47
The H-O Co.’s Poultry Feed .-.-..-. .---.--.| $271) 10.39] 2-87) 16-73] 5.02) 59.21] 5.76
The H-O Cos Poultry Feed -.--.---.----- §362| 10-36) 3-09) 16-94) 4.61) 59.45) 5.55
The H-0 Co.’s s Seratching Feed for Poultry $049) 9.83) 1-92) 16-19) 2.23) 65.65) 4.18
The H-0 Co.’s Dairy Feed wewere scccuese-=- 8039) 7-03) 3-93) 19.56] 12.75) 52.14) 4.39
Phe H-0 Co.’s Dairy Feed sc--2--50cee seen | 8269] 9.66) 4-16) 19.00) 19.23) 49.40) 5.35
The H-O Co’s Dairy Feedee oe et -- | 8640) 7-27) 3-60) 18.06) 13.69) 52.80) 4.58
The H-O Cos Dairy Feed-.---...--....----- $361) 9-66) 4-06) 16.56) 12-87) 32-80) 4.05
The H-O Co.’s Dairy Feed-...-------------- | $472] $8.89) 3-62] 17-63) 13-77] 51-70) “4-39
The H-O Co-’s Siandard Horse Feed ----..- | $040) 9-31) 3-27) 14-06) 9.64) 59-71) 4-01
The H-O Co.’s Horse Feed ------- ..... ---- #270) 12-07) 3-35) 10.38] 10.61) 59-62) 3-97
The H-O Co.’s Horse Feed .-.. -- | 8360) 10.35) 3-54) 10.75) 11.48] 59-81) 4.07
The B-0 Co-’s Horse Feed . ---- ---------- | 473) 9.38] 2-87) 11-81) 10.08) 61-64) 4-27
The H-0 Uo/’s Horse Feed --..-.-..-.--.--.-- | 8474) 9-39] 2-99) 11-69) 11-54) 59-99) 4.10
The 8-0 Co-’s Horse Feed -..-.-.--------.-- 4080) 11.06; 3.24) 13-44) 9.30) 58.56) 3-90
The H-O Co-’s Scoich Oat Feed..-----..- $268) 11.56) 5-10) 10.00) 13.53) 54.45] 5-36
The H-0 Co’s “Victor” Corn, Oat and
Barley Chop- sdondnoosseciesscoteassbeeciis $045] 8.45] 3-88] 10.75) 12-87] 59-50) 4-35
The H-O Co.'s De Fi Wii) Pas-s5sacescnsSs-- | $462) 3.43] 4-33) 8.38] 14.63) 61.28) 2-95
The 5-0 tisee Onl) Brenictsece. aoe ee m= | 8471) 7-34) 6-08) 10-58] 19.14) 51.03) 3.35
Buckwheat Middlings.........-.....- ----| $363) 13-81| 4-97) 25.56) 32-56) 36-66) 6-54
Buckwheat Middlings... -.- eee cenee eee $379] 11.29) 4.69) 25-56) 10.63) 40.25] 6.43
Wheat Middlings -..2.-.-... ... ........... 8056) 9-95) 3.45) 17-38) 5-33) 58-82) 4.39
Wheat Middlings secacorccmeassiiecteo couse | $060) 10.05) 2.84) 17.44) 3.72) 61-66) 4.25
Oat Middlings.. | 8053) 6-95) 3-07] 18-31] 3:86) 59-55] 8-25
Oat Bran -.-... < 8059) 6.14; 6-33) 14.00) 19.86) 48-63) 4.99
Osten se 2 se oee oe ee ese ac ous boseee ee -----| $4651 7-90| 4.Su! 9.19) 17.06] 57.46] 3.39
Ground Oat Huills............ meine ieee | 8055) 6-76] 6-37] 3-13) 32.48] 49.19] 2-07
SEVEN) SITUS) costae nttssas Ssstesessssessse | 4109) 11.01) 11.22) 11-75) 16.15) 47-37] 2-30
Corn Germs ..-.-.---.. ..---- -.-------------| 4310) 4.76) 1-96) 15.31) 6-.65| 24-91) 46.41
SST Miya oer ceoss ecco HocscpscSsucessobe $054) 11.88) 1-07) 10.19) 1-80) 71.67) 3.39
Oat Hay—cut when in bloom..-..-.......- | 4097) 96.46] 5-55) 7-25] 26.99] 31-90] 1-55.
Oat Hay—cut when grain was in milk. oo 4096| 26.59) 4.57) 7-77) 23.14] 35-54) 2-39
Oat Hay—cnt when grain was in dough.-| 4089) 16.30) 5.21) 6.47| 26.55) 42.60) 2.84
Oat Hay—cut when part of heads were in |
bloom, _ part in milk aoirigc. S2ootcorsoosss 4197 13-76] 6-33] 8.80) 28.87] 39.38) 2-86
Oat Hay—cut when part of the heads were) |
in milk, part in IOVS 1 sees eases ones 4130) 13.28] 6.25) 6.59) 29.45) 41-13] 3-30
Oat Hay—ifirst 8 inch section of bottom of | |
SET cess5 255 sstessecosesce Sothstccosssss 4134) 9.80) 6.17) 2-50) 39.23) 40.58] 1.72
Oat Hay—second $ inch section of stalk.-.| 4135) 10-00) 7-35! 4.31) 37.43] 38-91) 2.00
Oat Hay—top of plant.---.. ----------- --| 4133) 11.33) 6-22) 8.33) 24.65) 45-88) 3-36.
Silage—Sanford corn, very immature, no} | | |
GAPS (2: 5 eice ccc es socee cee sebonsesseeeon 4125) S7-62| -98| 1.50) 3-56] 5.90) 44
JOS re TG Pies see se ona bo so sscseoesss5 26 4138) 81.75 -91) 1.92) 4.70) 9.89 -83
Corn Silage....--.... -...- oeeecencee= ence | S061) 71-21) 1-38, 2-94) 6.72) 16.65) 1-10
DERI a Sho8 sated se poste noastoasboecss oscil 4117) 18.19) 5-01 6-55) 24.52) clined 1.96

ANALYSES OF FODDERS AND FEEDING

STUFES:

77

COMPOSITION OF WATER FREE SUBSTANCE OF FODDERS AND FEEDING
STUFFS ANALYZED AND NOT PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED.

Corn Meal
Corn Meal
Corn Meal
Corn Meal
Cottonseed Meal ............... odo epodCuODdO! Jac
CottonscedmMleall rec snecsicec > cece clonic cemets tiene
Cottonseed Meal..... paknecaoToceaade aan thee
(CLOT IRR YEO IWIGEN Socoa moncgogseodemadeon dooodG od¢
Chicaro Gluten Meale-<-.65 <ccces-siesseaceice wees
Chainiciye® Giltiiem MICE ooonccancono.0s deodoodadedDG
Chicas o GluvengMe all eerie teletereteiepialeicietelteronier relates |
(hinrenreyo Galtier Wigelossocdedse-ugsd00e Snuoseoncdd
Chicago Gluten Meal eee ectesceclscle aleleiereelelelelslsl=16
ota (Siptien MICE csoocgcnondacoccdsKODdADenaQDGeOS
Lioghys Ellpinemn Wiel ssecquocacshueuacaeCeooooKed oobE |
iene Chimie MAGE anconnncouenode cooDCdaD5oa Jo00
Loins (Mmieyn WEEN ooo oopobonegasadacocesanodcG 906
Open Chinen WEEN cacoacoconsuoccecoanoboDoEaDODGEC
lnlenirclaiKorao ls) Chilt WitGeNlecanocacocacsoouD-ceLoudaoae i
Clevielan gen axe a Werte sietcteeieteeielinia steltcrericieielerete |
IE GEG LING le ogeeaegdo: seanbddodo woocanqanTUOODS |
IsbuTEN iG) Eline) Meera Soeconcacnonopoacoodaaad GaoOOD |
Diamond Gluten Feed ........ ... eee eee eee ees
(Giliaiven IBteyeval Goso odoces 6. codaunsocsacebs scoueos }
Giloii7i ny MEXe0 Bo easesunanacaocucobds MoosnenanuGEoT
Gulag GB oasec605 Cecadsananeaada LvaecooodceanoUs
1G b<Gy0l (EGG Gaaospacpedoounesdooode Une dooseroeoaoo
QuakeriO atiWeed! sone ccniecieieeosmis ireeiseiee) ails lveletere
The H-O Co.’s Poultry Feed...............-.--- :
The H-O Co.’s Poultry Heed... .-. -....c..- cence
The H-O Co.’s Poultry Feed -. ....-...+.-- ..+--
The H-O Co.’s Scratching Feed for Poultry.....
iva 18Et)) COs) Deni ay INGE! cécccsuccdeonoudas dodcs
PMheyH-OiCovzs Dairy, MESA saeco! selelel=lsieiw l= <lele l=
Ne EO) (COs Danity LEGG! Scosconncoocecosseasaoe
wheyH-O) Cows Dairy HEE <i -perer oles/<elelelaiella= 1101 1°
The H-O Co-’s Dairy FEE --.<-c--crccarecrcnnsvee
The H-O Co.’s Standard Horse Feed.............
The H-O Co.’s Horse Feed.......-..22.-20+ oeese
The H-O Co.’s Horse Feed......... Bo: SOUDOCO SOON
The H-O Co.’s Horse Feed ............sceecee- oe.
Phe H- Or CoS HOrse WE CA rrccciereeieisjnicieisielseirieialelsiare
Phey-OiCozsiHOrse MECC mecca) eisieeleliels ela(e fee oe
The H-O Co.’s Scotch Oat Feed ... .............
The H-O Co.’s “Victor”? Corn, Out and Barley
CG) Dan cocosonacadsoneo po oon to oocCOODOLOENCOnCO 2000
mhevH-O' Cos De MUCHO cece celemteisiaciec-is/es\-)l-\=
INOS }3IO) Cros) Ona Lea i on oonocnopooasconosaaroaone
Buckwheat Middlings ............-.cceseeecevece,
Buckwheat MiddlingsS -.......0.... ss.-ssscnene
Wiheat Maddlingso-eem renee crecensenndclsecbisne sate
\WALaverye Iie kabhi ee bcroopsoco nes psoDunoSeoOTdDE CeCe
ORE LUC Obes) chocenocaodon Gdebecboso7ooocobdencad
CSTD EMI UL erate etelalelsietete etsloteteleictetereterereciatateveistaretavciminietctetere
ORNKEIES oGeadatd O6Oe ODROQO NOD SOrIISOOC UOd4 sooo
GEOG Din ELL S telaereteleiare(olelelnseieia elelet ieieretetereicieieloeieters
(Gyecnin IShHleS e6oas.ccoo oncdeescdaoonnsdGoe Saoucdan
WONT GETIN Salers sclcteieiolelalalelcieicrcisioisteieicistictereicemisis™ eniererie |
GROUNGIC OLE sniiecrieserciceicreemie ree eainitanicteinieae cee

a
S
oS
~
=
~
>
LS
=
-
i“
~
I

number.

= OD
o>
eo
tories)

8271
8362
8049,
8039
8269)
8640)
8361)
8472)
8040
8270
£360
8473
8474
4080
8268

$045)
8462
8471
8363
8379
8056
8060
8058
8059
8465
3055
4109
4110
8054

2
a = eo | oe :
Th z Si seer || =
< Sy Se a
% %o % % | %
6.06| 18.09} 9.90] 59.85; 6.10
5.86| 18.45| 8.04) 62.92) 4.73
7.43} 18.33} 9.47| 59.06) 5.71
7.60} 17.89] 10.09] 59.10) 5.32
1.67| 12.13] 2.68] 78.81| 4.71
1.67] 11.66] 2.31! 79.80) 4.56
1.63] 11.42] 2.20) 80.45! 4.30
1.84) 11.00) 2.50) 80.02) 4.64
5.80) 55.16] 4.02] 22.95] 12.77
8.53] 47.79| 6.12) 26.73] 10.83
6.39] 54.65| 5.82) 22.34) 10.80
6.63| 51.36] 5.39) 24.94! 11.68
1.53) 40.05) 4.29] 45.05) 9.08
1.28] 39.70] 3.00] 46.56) 9.46
1.28] 41.02] 1.77| 52-73] 3.20
1.40] 46.56) 2.05) 48.87, 1.12
1.63} 46.30] 2.30] 47.05| 2.72
2.14) 29.08] 2.70) 49.30) 16.78
1.94] 38.53| 2.53] 38.00 19.00
-94| 35.50] 1.78] 46.60! 15.18
2.06] 35.52| 2.13] 38.97| 21.32
.55| 36.46] 2.07] 42.91' 18.01
5.92| 27.77| 5.72] 54.57| 6.02
5.98] 44.15| 7.97] 36.92) 5.03
5.93] 38.72] 9.95} 38.33] 7.07
3.89| 30.06| 7.37| 55.25) 3.43
1.10} 28.33) 8.09) 58.06) 4.42
3.72| 31.03) 7.58] 54.40) 3.27
3.11] 30.23) 7.48] 55.92) 3.26
1.12] 26.91} 7.90) 59.71! 4.36
4.98] 16.82| 5.97] 67.96) 4.27
5.56] 12.41) 19.83! 58.27) 3.93
2.96) 19.66) 5.03) 66.32} 5.98
3.20] 18.69} 5.60) 66.08, 6.43
3.45] 18.90| 5.14| 66.33) 6.18
2.13] 17.95) 2.47| 72.81] 4.64
4.23) 21.04] 13.72] 56.08) 4.93
4.60) 21.03) 13.54) 54.69) 6.14
3.88| 19.47] 14.76) 56.95) 4.94
4.49] 18.33] 14.25] 58.45] 4.48
3.97] 19.35] 15.11] 56.75) 4.82
3.60) 15.51) 10.63) 65.84, 4.42
3.81] 11.80] 12.07] 67.80) 4.52
3.95] 11.98] 12.81) 66.72] 4.54
3.17| 13.03) 11.07| 68.02) 4.7
3.30] 12.90] 13.07] 66.21] 4.52
3.64) 15.11! 11.02) 65.841 4.39
5.77| 11-31] 15.30] ect 6.06
1
4.24] 11.73] 14.06] 65.00} 4.97
4.73| 9.15] 15.97| 66.93} 3.22
6.52| 11.77| 20.70) 55.19) 5.82
5.30| 29.66] 14.92] 42.53) 7.89
5.24) 29.94| 12.04) 45.48) 7.25
3.83] 19.29} 6.14) 65.31) 5.43
3.16} 19.34] 4.14) 68.54) 4.77
3.30) 19.68] 4.15) 64.01) 8.86
6.80| 14.92] 21.16) 51.80) 5.32
5.21) 9.98] 18.52) 62.39) 3.90
6.83] 3.35] 34.84] 52.76] 2.22
12.61) 13.21] 18.15} 53.45) 2.58
2.05) 16.08) 6.98) 26.16) 48.73
1.21 11.56) 2.04] 21.34) 3.85
' |

78 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

COMPOSITION OF WATER FREE SUBSTANCE OF FODDERS AND FEEDING
STU FFS—CONCLUDED.

i °
“2 | °
aes | S
Sea) S| aee zo:
ee | - | eo
aes 2 |e oe
Sisal) wana = Sim =
we/a/a |e |2s] ea
} ! i
|
J | a) | oi 8% | %_| %
Oat Hay—cut when in bloom..............-.-.e-- 4097, 7.55) 9.86) 36.70) 43.38 2.51
Oat Hay—cut when grain was in milk ... ..... 4096 6.23) 10.58) 31.53) 48.41 3.25
Oat Hay—cut when grain was in dough........ 4089! 6.23] 7.73) 31-74 30.91) 3.39
Oat Hay—cut when part of the heads were in) |
bloom and part in milk................ 2 sss. 4127, 7.34) 10.20) 33.48) 45.66 3.32
Oat Hay—cut when part of the heads were in) | |
mile and) part im doughss-.ces.oeeeeee esses -) coe 4130) 7.21) 7-60) 33.96) 47.42) 3.81
Oat Hay—first 8 inch section of bottom of Stalk) 4134) 6.84) 2.77) 43.49) 45.00, 1.90
Oat Hay—second 8 inch section of stalk ........ 4135, 8.16) 4.79 41.60) 43.23) 2.22
OatHay—tLopiolplantscsee costs eee eee eee 4133 7-01) 9.62) 27.83 51.75, 3.79
Silage—Sanford corn, very rere, noears.| 4125, 7.93) 12.12) 28.75) 47-62) 3.58
Corn SHAE ...ccrcccesecce secce-cccesccenscececes | 4188 95.01 10.52) 25.75) 54.19) 4.53
Corn Silage eos bnectosrcorcs2 soctestoosssossssescse |} 8061, 4.79) 10.21) 23.34) 57.84) 3.82
ELI. Senn cososeocsesesseesessce joctonesssaccassses | 4117) 6.13) 8. sia 29.97) 53-10) 2.39

DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS WITH] SHEEP.
Jee vin Bb ARai prs

The digestion experiments, the results of which are presented
in the following pages, were not all made during 1898—three of
them being made in 1897. The general plan was the same as
heretofore followed. Sheep were the animals used and the feed-
ing periods consisted of seven days preliminary feeding and five
days for the experiment.*

The materials of which the digestibility was determined were:

Ist. Oat Hay; cut in bloom.

2d. Oat Hay; cut when the grain was in milk.

Bd Oat ilay, scutwitenttlre grain was in dough.

4th. Oat Hay; cut when partly in bloom and partly in milk.

5th. Oat Hay; cut when the grain was partly in milk and
partly in dough stage.

6th. H-O Horse-feed.
7th. Flax meal.

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT 63—(OAT HAY IN BLOOM.)

RATIONS.
Fed daily, Sheep No. I, 600 grams per day.
Fed daily, Sheep No. II, 600 grams per day.
Fed daily, Sheep No. III, 800 grams per day.
Fed daily, Sheep No. IV, 200 grams per day.

* Digestion experiments with sheep have been conducted at this station since
1885, and the results are given in the Reports for 1886, 1887, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1893,
1894, 1896 and 1897. The Report for 1891 contains a description of the digestion
room, stalls, harness, etc., used in the experiments.

80 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

COMPOSITION OF FODDERS AND FECES.

FODDER.
Oat hay (cut
when in

bloom) .....
FECES.
Sheep I.......
Sheep Il. ....
Sheep II[.....

INGE IAT scoos

Laboratory
number

4097

4102
4103
4104
4105

W ATER-FREE.

3

~_

3 2, S
a | 8 3
Ba) aoe gla es 3
fa) (= < oD
% % % %
73.53 | 92.45 | 7.55 | 9.86
pedacee 91.65 | 8.35 | 9.65
Dea 93.01] 6.99 | 8.83
oes 91.57 | 8.48] 9.22
Senso 89.43 | 10.57 | 12.87

Fiber.

%

36.70

33.39
34.38
33.93
26.44

Nitrogen-free

extract.

%

43.38

46.06
46.93
45.76
46.80

Fat.

%

.
4

Calories
per gram.

%o

DIGESTION

EXPERIMENTS WITH SHEEP:

81

TOTAL NUTRIENTS IN FOOD EATEN AND FECES EXCRETED IN FIVE

DAYS AND PERCENTAGES DIGESTED.
2 g
S S
nN . =
Q 2 iS oe
=| a om ze tn)
A a= ; 2 a irs
Pn ae é ° 3 Ss =
a OF < et ca Ae cy
SHEEP I. Grams.) Grams.} Grains.| Grams.) Grams.| Grams.) Grams.
Oat hay (cut when in
IHI@OKIN)) conebeoas goods 2205.9 2039.4 166.5 217.5 809.4 957.3 D0-2
BOCES. cb os sce ae 500 00 1051.7 | 963.9 87.8 101.5 351.1 454.6 26.7
DiIseSstedhe ie 8 Seasee. 1154.2 | 1075.5 78.7 116.0 458.3 472.7 28.5
Per cent digested...... 52.3 52.2 47.3 53.3 56.6 49.4 51.6
SHEEP II.
Oat hay (cut when in
IDIKOOWA)) co ss0000amooo0s 2205.9 | 2039.4 166.5 217.5 809.4 957.3 45.2
INGE) Seaonadsad a6000000 1084.6 | 1008.8 75.8 95.7 373.0 509.0 31.1
Wis este dieeccnoacecces 1121.3 | 1030.6 90.7 121.8 436.4 448.3 24.1
Per cent digested...... 50.8 50.5 54.5 56.0 53.9 46.8 43.7
|
SHEEP III.
Oat hay (cut when in
IQMOOU)) sosdo600 aoacone 2941.2 | 2719.2 222.0 290.0 | 1079.2 | 1276.4 73.6
GeO osdésogooanoaanocdese 1382.4 | 1220.0 112.4 122.8 452.0 609.7 35.5
|
° |
IDIEELE Iecgseosoadooods | 1608.8 | 1499.2 109.6 167.2 627-2 666.7 38.1
Per cent digested..... 54.7 51.4 49.3 Det 58.1 52.2 51.8
SHEEP IV.
Oat hay (cut when in
IONMOXCTEN)) oo Sonsanmsqq006 735.3 679.8 50-9 72.5 269.5 319.1 18.4
LICCGE) dadbuenmoosoeddoses 298.3 266.8 31.5 38.4 78.9 139.6 9.9
Disested! reese cck 437.0 413.0 24.() 34.1 190.9 179.5 8.5
Per cent digested ..... 59.4 | 60.8 43.2 46.9 70.8 56.3 46.2
Meveragel en estes) oessesy lamba vTalle maseelllh) 5325) || sWi5OLOn| wause 48.3

FUEL VALUE OF FOOD FOR FIVE DAYS AS DETERMINED BY THE BOMB

CALORIMETER.
: o
iS =
eS) 3 3 S 2
co o = = ie
53 5 Be Es és | 228
ee S mB. av Be rat c2a5
ro ar >s eo SSS as
er = re =e C4 =|
26 28 26 se =3 ae
im Fe ey me m5 BE Gan
|
Calories. |} Calories. | Calories. | Calories. | Calories. %
NEES Pwliecresteisien ciertele 9931 4990 4941 101 5042 50.77
SHaeyeyey IE Gon aogdoodor 9931 5306 4625 106 4731 47.64
neyey a) MU Gooeecdood 13241 6294 6947 145 7092 53.56
SECEDE VS <cfeicrcisicceis 3310 1412 1898 30 1928 58.25

82 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT 64—(OAT HAY IN MILK.)
RATIONS. .
Fed daily, Sheep I, 800 grams per day.
Fed daily, Sheep II, 400 grams per day.
Fed daily, Sheep III, 800 grams per day.
Fed daily, Sheep IV, 400 grams per day.

COMPOSITION OF FODDERS AND FECES.

4 WATER FREE.
= |
= |
A - | = CoS
= > | | | ! = 2
s = S | = | = 2 =
iS Saale | — eo sept il = -
|g a eae ee o | £s - | of
= ie Bae Pa) i Si) ie ee eae
) 2 2) ‘ey= <4 ai || & | Bo = OS
5 | !
i} | | | i
FODDER. % rae a Ae ec, A 2 % | %
Oat hay (cut whenin | [ee
Mil 6 ji) S 5c eesoceee | 4096 | 73-41 | 93-77 | 6-23 | 10-58 | 31-53 48.41 | 3.25 | 4561
| |
FECES | |
iG Us asoressmscos | 4098 - 92.28 | 7-72 8-64 33.63 7-0 | 3.01 ; 4763
Sheep lle eescecceseo= | 4099 = 92.41 | 7.59 | 8.97 | 33.88 7-18 38} 4839
| | '
Sheep El . .-...-2:--- 4160 — | 90.63 | 9.37 8-97 | 34.95 | 44.52 | 2.19 4628
Sheep IV -.......--.. | 4101 —~ | 90.22) 9.78! 12.10 | 28.97 | 46.16 | 2.99 4766
}

DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS WITH SHEEP.

TOTAL NUTRIENTS IN FOOD EATEN
DAYS AND PERCENTAGES DIGESTED.

83

AND FECES EXCRETED IN FIVE

)
5
3
_
nN
Q LOR:
a | &3
fa) (=|
SHEEP 1. Grams | Grams
Oat hay (cut when in
WAUVE)) oy Do0e00090adeOdeH 2805.2 | 2632.8
INGXEOE) SSdo0sbocobnD6DD00 1466.6 | 1853.3
Digested ...........e.62-| 1338.6 | 1279.5
Per cent digested...... 47.7 48.5
SHEEP II. :
Oat hay (cut when in
WM) caoooaooe Gadoaune 1468.2 | 1876.7
IBGE Goooogoananoncassaa 694.5 641.8
Digested......... 900000 5 773.7 734.9
Per cent digested...... 52.7 53.3
SHEEP III.
Oat hay (cut when in
TENN) aooadaces cdeBe00a 2936.4 | 2753.4
HE CESismeeciers afetetetelanistetetsters 1431.4 | 1297.3
Digested ..... sand9000000 1505.0 | 1456.1
Per cent digested...... 51.2 52.8
SHEEP IV.
Oat hay (cut when in
TAME SoogopeHaDoDOdDOCC 1226.2 | 1154.3
HIE CES acetals So0ddndacna0s 493.5 445.5
DISESTER eccccncec--sa:| lor.4 708.8
Per cent digested...... 59.7 61.4
J\\GUEAS) AopoGG00000C 52.8 54.0

Ash.

Grams.| Grams.

172.4
113.3

59.1
34.3

oe
52.

38.
42.

m= oO a9

183.
134.

© HOS

26.

a

bo
oo
a O& Ds Cc

Protein.

303.0

126.7
176.3
58.2

155.

=
ie)
_

Oo oO M-=I

i)
ie
Lon!
ay
A.
O35
g | BE
o AP
2 pepe)
len! “rt
i Ao

Grams.| Grams.

878.6 | 1359.0
493.2 689.2

385.4 669.8
43.9 49.3
463 710.

oo

bo

a
o 6 ASD

“1
lo 0)
~~
HS eS eT

375.6 595.9
143.0 228.0
232.6 367.9
61.9 61.7
50.3 55.0

Fat.

Grams.

92.2
44.2

48.0
52.1

47.7
16.5

31.2
65.4

95.5
31.4

64.1
67.1

41.6
14.7

26.9
64.7
62.3

FUEL VALUE OF FOOD FOR FIVE DAYS AS DETERMINED BY THE BOMB

CALORIMETER.
= :
om re) 8 iS) 3
| o On ob) = 0
= ies a2 fo?)
= a a as aa | ae
Eo > br bo Se oa s
che go che ae 35 oe
5° 532 5° 52 °° oso
pe Fs ee 5 Be nae
Calories. | Calories. | Calories. | Calories. | Calories. %
Saray) IE Gogoosdoo0n00s 12795 6937 5808 153.4 5961.4 46.6
SMV) I cosenncouoos 6696 . 3360 3336 81.0 3417.0 51.0
Sheep Tl... 225...) 13393 6625 6768 158.3 6926.3 51.7
SIAEEOINY 6 abogaoooc 5593 2353 3240 70.8 3310.8 59.2

6

84 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT 65—(OAT HAY CUT IN DOUGH.)
RATIONS FED.

a

Fed daily, Sheep 1, 600 grams per day.

: .
Fed daily, Sheep II, 400 grams per day.
Fed daily, Sheep III, 600 grams per day.
Fed daily, Sheep IV, 400 grams per day.
COMPOSITION OF FODDERS AND FECES.
x WATER-FREE.
=
(eo) = aM i
= eS aece d oe 8
Pa S =D oot “2 Sno oe
S i er 2 2 Ss c= 3 56
= b> | wg | o ° ofan eet hel
ia as = = a oy
4 a On < oy & Ao ce OR)
FODDER. : % % % % % % %
Oat hay (cut when in
Gourh) ise. seis 4089 | 83.70 | 93.77 | 6.28} 7.73 | 31.74] 50.91 | 3.89 | 4541
FECES.
Sheepiiceeae ese: 4091} - | 91.85 | 8.15] 9.89 | 34.45 | 45.54 | 2.47 | 4643
Sheep illest sas ee 4092 | - | 93.50] 6.50| 8.36 | 35.77 | 46.43 | 2.94 | 4850
Shree pilliyeaessseee 4093 | - | 91.43 | 8.57] 8.69] 35.23] 45.29] 2.21 | 4654
Shee pil Veeweeece seas 404 | - | 91.84] 8.16 | 12.05] 31.01] 45.40 | 3.38) 4859

DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS WITH SHEEP.

85

TOTAL NUIRIENTS IN FOOD EATEN AND FECES EXCRETED IN FIVE

DAYS AND PERCENTAGES DIGESTED.

2 2
5 3
& 5
n =I
€ me =| os
Bees | le e Sl sie 4
a oy | < 3 & ZS =
SHEEP I. Grams.| Grams.) Grams.| Grams.| Grams.| Grams.) Grams.
Oat hay (cut when in
GOWAN) | 3550600.00G00000 2304.7 2162.1 142.6 184.8 | 711.1 1184.1 82.1
LOE oandese Goacode eee} 1080.4 992.4 88.0 101-5 |) 372-3 492.0 26.6
Digested...... alefelcisteleteiel| ekeateo |p LLGS 17) 54.6 83.3 338.8 692.1 5D. 5
| | |
Per cent digested ..... bade 54.1 38.3 45.1 | 47.6 58.4 67.6
SHEEP II. |
Oat hay (cut when in
GlOWESN)) paocaocco sagooao|} Wala). 1463.2 96.3 124.4 483.8 800.1 | 54.9
INGe@)as dae soasaboaenoodee 674.1 630.3 43.8 56.3 241.2 313.0 | 19.8
IDs KeteCHGKOlO5a00000 sueabesn 885.4 832.9 52.5 68.1 242.6 487.1 | 35.1
Per cent digested...... 56.1 56.9 54.5 54.7 50.2 60.9 | 63.9
SHEEP IIT.
Oat hay (cut when in
ChOWKEAN)) cosg4ngo50 eacoo6 2511.0 2354.5 156.5 194.0 797.0 1278.5 | 85.0
HECESE cissiaciecte caleleloreteletafels 1225.4 1120.3 105.1 106.5 431.7 555.0 | 27.1
Digested..... soo0d00000e 1285.6 | 1234.2 51.4 87.5 365.3 723.5 57.9
Per cent digested..... 51.1 52.4 32.8 45.1 45.8 56.6 68.1
SHEEP [V.
Oat hay (cut when in
CIGD) soa6d6o00 So00sea|| lk yall 1367.7 89.4 119.9 441.1) 753.2 53.5
EGE Socopo0c0a0c00dn0006 657.2 603.6 53.6 79.2 203.8 298.4 22.2
IDSC! Gogaooomascouee 799.9 764.1 35.8 40.7 | 287.38 | 454.8 31.3
|
|
Per cent digested...... 54.8 55.8 40.0 33.9 | 53.8 60.4 58.5
FASVICIAD C ieeleielateieelelelels 53.8 54.8 41.4 44.7 | 49.4 | 59.1 64.5

FUEL VALUE OF FOOD FOR FIVE DAYS AS DETERMINED BY THE BOMB

CALORIMETER.

iS i) os i) =

od o on 2) SB t

B3 iB Ze Es == 2

= 3 3 Py ae 2S =

Era) ob eS Se ae =

aco a 2 = a Tae

26 23 a6 23 2s 3

ea} eo} cape = cS Fat

Calories. | Calories. | Calories. | Calories.| Calories. %

MECH WE n6666 oabobe 10466 5016 5450 72.5 5522.5 52.7
SHEED MM Sacdoogsace:s 7082 3269 3815 59.2 3872.2 54.7
Sheep lll. cc... 11402 5703 5699 76.1 5775.1 50.6
Say) UY Godesoebod 6617 3193 3424 35.4 3459.4 52.2

86 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT 66—(OAT HAY PARTLY IN BLOOM,
PARTLY IN MILK.)
RATIONS,
Fed daily, Sheep I, 600 grams per day.
Fed daily, Sheep III, 600 grams per day.
COMPOSITION OF FODDERS AND FECES.
m W ATER-FREE.
=
a 2
8 3 s 2
3 S| 2s | os 3
= [oofieb} “rt me ‘ol Oe
e) ig 3 Q oD os mA
4 A | 68 | « a & | 25 | & | Ob
FODDER. | To To % % To To %
Oat hay (just coming
ing into milk)...... 4127 | 86.24 | 92.66 | 7.34 | 10.20] 33.48 | 45.66 | 3.32] 4535
FECES.
STAGE Il ciosdsaooussoae 4128 | - | 89.95 /10.05| 7.95 | 34.95 | 44.10] 2.95) 4611
Sheep ir eeenaeeee 4129] - | 89.33 |10.67| 8.89] 34.06] 43.80 | 2.58) 4655

TOTAL NUTRIENTS IN FOOD EATEN AND FECES EXCRETED IN FIVE

DAYS AND PER CENT DIGESTED.

Ss)
1S) oO
§ Qo
a &
mn
2 Os 3 Se
mn go A 5) H On
al ial cal 4 ——
A oye < a ey ZS cs
SHEEP I. Grams.| Grams.| Grams.| Grams.|} Grams.| Grams.| Grams.
Oat hay (just coming
WAKO) WANN) Goosccooens 9587.2 | 2397.3 189.9 263.9 866.2 | 1181.5 85.9 -
INECES) Macc cease Ae wlasieetes 1132.3 | 1018.5 113.8 90.1 395.7 499.3 33.4
Amount. digested...... 1454.9 | 1378.8 76.1 173.8 470.5 682.0 52.5:
Per cent digested ..... 56.2 57.5 40.1 65.9 54.3 57-7 61.1
SHEEP III.
Oat hay (just coming
TMK) waahLES) Saoogooodoe 2587.2 2397-3 189.9 263.9 866.2 1181.3 85.9
FeGeS.......eeenere oo0000 1151.5 1028.7 122.9 102.4 392.2 504.3 29/77.
Amount digested ...... 1435.7 | 1868.6 67.0 161.5 474.0 677.0 56.2
Per cent digested...... 55.5 Affoil 35.3 61.2 54.7 57.3 65.4
AVE€YLAZE ......-cees 55.9 57.3 37.7 63.6 54.5 57.5 63.3

DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS WITH SHEEP. 87

FUEL VALUE FOR FOUR DAYS AS DETERMINED BY THE BOMB

CALORIMETER.

Fe o

ae fa)
oo 3 é
o cs) oF ay Ao ©
cE Z. BS Bo 5 225
Brg aR pol as aa sas
pS po ES PS a> S/S
Ox Oe oF Os aa WSs
ion, elect S/S Bay os o5¢
ne) qo qe mo Ae Sac

Calories. | Calories. | Calories. | Calories. | Calories. %

silage ll Gongasoo000Gd 11733 5221 6512 151.2 6663 .2 56.79
rlayeya) INNS Go5qad05 11783 5360 6373 140.5 6513.5 55.51

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT 67—(OAT HAY, PARTLY IN MILK,
AND PARTLY IN DOUGH.)
RATIONS.
Fed daily, Sheep I, 600 grams per day.
Fed daily, Sheep III, 600 grams per day.

COMPOSITION OF FODDERS AND FECES.

R WATER-FREE.
=
= 2
=| 5) 2
2 | 2 | 28 se 2
3 BL BS os is Mccoy et lars
2 Fear ee es as 2 sess | ae) Se
4 A oy=| < io ee Ao & © &
KODDER. _ % % % % % % %
Oat hay (just coming
into dough stage)..| 41380 86.72 92.79 | 7.21 7.60 33.96 47.42 | 3.81 4649
FECES.
SHEED Le ou cisielscies eee | 4131 - 90.00 |10.00 8.82 35.96 42.86 | 2-36 4587
PITS G Lelie sieve teicistorevs claves 4132 - 90.09 | 9.91 8.97 36.17 42.48 | 2.47 4613

88 MAINE

TOTAL NUTRIENTS IN FOOD EATEN AND FECES EXCRETED IN
DAYS AND

Dry substance,

\
|

I

SHEEP I.

Oat hay (just coming!)
into dough stage)...-| 2601.6

Oat hay (just coming|

Feces Bee eeezec eal 1197.2

Digested -.......- od.) uagee|

Per cent digested...-.- | 5.0
SHEEP III. |

|

Grams. Grams. |

\
|

into dough stage).. Bed 2601.6 |

BeCOSi:--cneccs aan-ceeen| 1183-2

PRS ested see esesenseeaee= 1468.4 |

Per cent digested...... | 56.4
AVETAagE «..02000200-| 30-2

FUEL VALUE FOR FIVE

. .
SHCep Ee cesasaceeee 12095
Sheep HT. - 2... : 20S |

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

FIVE
PER CENT DIGESTED.
= r / ] '
2 | | Wess
a) poe
Ss | | | ~
= | i
=a | aaah we |
= a | oe
= | ye oie Ninaeees WA
srl atl o |iea i) ss =
S a | | = { Z 3 =
j ! ;
Grams. |Grams. Grams. |Grams |Grams.
214.0 | 187.6] 197.7) 883.5] 1253.7| 99.1
107-5} 19-7| 105.6] 430-5] 513-1| 283
| | | | |
1336.5] 67-9] 92.1| 453.0 70.6] 70-8
| | | |
55-4) 36.2) 46.5) 513] 58.4/) 714
| | ] |
2414.0| 187-6) 197-7| 883-5| 1233.7} 99.1
1020.9| 112.3| 1016) 409.9) 481.4/ 28.0
| | | 1
1398.1| 75.3) 96.1| 473.6] 72.3| ‘71-1
s-7| 40.1| 48.6] 53.6| 61-0] 717
) | |
56.6| 38.2| 47.6) 52.5] 59.7) 71.6
| !
DAYS AS DETERMINED BY THE BOMB
CALORIMETER.
| |
iS lie |
= | =e ene 52
= ae ee =ze
ar 1 RB eats Sears
== ee ee =
— Pa | = | => aos
5192 6603 | 80.1 | 6683-1 55.25
| j
527 6868 $3.6 | 6951.6 | 37-47

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT 68—(H-O HORSE FEED.)

This feed was fed without hay or other coarse fodder, which
is a somewhat unusual thing to do with so concentrated a feed.
It was not analyzed before the experiment was made as its com-
position was supposed to be about the same as that of a sample
previously analyzed, but it proved to be considerably richer.
The sheep were quite large and strong, however, and stood the
ration very well, only one refusing to eat all that was given him.

DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS WITH SHEEP.

RATIONS,

Fed daily, Sheep II, 800 grams per day.
Fed daily, Sheep III, 800 grams per day.

COMPOSITION OF FODDERS AND FECES.

FI W ATER-FREE.
=
=
=
A o
> 4 2
2 5
3 2]: d | $3
=| oi) 4
(o) =I = o os
2 b> | me o | 38
eal vt om fon] ort i
= =) on oy Zo
FODDERS. % % % %
H-OVETOLSe) WEG sie ccrecisieie own ee sieesieves 4080 88.94 | 96.36 | 15.11] 65.84
FECES.
SAGES 1 GosqcbooocnoCeoon0D0E siefetetteters 4087 - 86.90 | 18.96 | 44.62
SHES Ppl Garis cieisicieicisteteleyelesveisieletes Z000006 4088 - 90.67 11.62 48.01

TOTAL NUTRIENTS IN FOOD EATEN AND FECES EXCRETED IN FIVE

DAYS AND PERCENTAGES DIGESTED.

g 3 3
=| o S)
g ey 5
n La -
fe) ° d O43
z a 3 ae
a aw) oe
2 io 8 Es
=) S ay Ao
SHEEP II. Grams.}| Grams.} Grams. | Grams.
i OVELOUSC UME CO aeeisiet i cleicislasieieisisieieiels 3201.8 3085.3 483.8 2108.1
SCO sieiriclcisiniclercelersreisioieieisreletetetere sand0000 748.2 650.2 141.9 333.8
DIZ ESTE Mieciclelalclsicieeicleleie nietelelatetotatotatetetstoter 2453.6 2485.1 341.9 1774.3
Per cent digested .............0...00- 76.6 78.9 70.7 84.3
SHEEP III.
AO TOLTSC MEE ietelelaicietoinisieictelcicieierslstal> 3557.6 3428.2 537.6 2342.3
Feces....... Sales lcle'enielsleleratetata S00 G0000000 897.5 813.8 104.3 430.9
MIITSSSLC CH lomiercleistalsicleisivieln)ciceinters arhiooocabe 2660.1 2614.4 433.3 1911.4
PZCVICEN bi GIS CSUCC i. ajealelaeieieie\sielsclels'ajerele 74.8 76.3 80.6 81.6
ENN IGUE ERE cB d0O ON 50000 SO0n0R0 Oa600C 75.7 77.6 75.7 83.0

Fat.

Grams.
140.6

56.8
103.8
73.9

156.2
20.9
135.3
86.6
80.3

go MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT 69—(FLAX MEAL FED WITH OAT HAY.)
RATIONS.

Fed daily, Sheep I, Oat hay, 400 grams; Flax meal 200 grams.

Fed daily, Sheep II, Oat hay, 400 grams; Flax meal 200 grams.

Fed daily, Sheep III, Oat hay, 400 grams; Flax meal 200 grams.

Fed daily, Sheep IV, Oat hay, 200 grams; Flax meal 200 grams.

COMPOSITION OF FODDERS AND FECES.

i |
| W ATER-FREE.

1 a

| 4 i

a= |
= oe |
= = | |
= = | | | ro)
5 aa = 1 © a4
at = eo | = =
cs o = | | f — o
fe) = = | D =

7 | - =
= = > | =z =. n
e [o=} ot =| So r=)
za r= = oA = oS) =:
= = = = cs =
= Ce ee = ) ce = ‘) f=
— > Oo = as —
=) = =e ‘mo | © = =o = ==
a 4 = 4 =

a (2) ‘@) qf = = Ao = Dm

FODDERS. _| % | % | & J | % % %
Oat hay (cut when in}
Tt) 9 eee eee | 4096 | 73-41 | 93-77 | 6-23 | 10.58 | 31-53 | 48-41 | 3.25 | 4561
| |

Cleveland Flax Meal] £108 | 91-17) 94.07 | 5-93 | 44.15 | 7.97 | 36.92 | 5.03 | 4791

FECES |
Sheep Uccstescessenee | 4112 = 90.12 | 9.88 | 15.19] 32-63 | 40.43) 1.87 | 4589

| | |
Sheepill- so ' est | 43} - | 92.85| 7.15) 12.48] 34.09| 44.09 | 2.19| 4780
Sheep lll <..-s.sckcsae 4114 = 90.46 | 9.54) 17.99 | 29.79 | 40.37 | 2.31 | 4661

DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS WITE SHEEP.

TOTAL NUTRIENTS IN FOOD EATEN AND FECES

DAYS AND PERCENTAGES DIGESTED.

QI

EXCRETED FOR FIVE

Ligyel Tha Inehy Ggogooooncosdoadoo0Gme 309809
Fed in flax meal..... Marcle totersissteyareicrninre

Total fed....... nuepcococonanDoedoD
Total feces...... sdcndbodcods eodsOnEaC
PROGAINGI SE SHE cterctelsiaiel> clelsirlals eletaleleieie ater>
Digested from hay.............- oonoe
Digested from flax meal ............

Per cent digested from flax meal ..

SHEEP II.

HG CUI ays erecieerlonicclerentaisieletetec terete 505
AE Gis fl Gx ME Alll.sc).c acictsrsisvelersierelsleleic cles

AROSE! Cl coconaocdood noanootonoao00
‘Total feces........ poroscoaddeone doa0ds
PRotalidisested ccm eee tel cre sonoccse
Dis eStedeErom NAViec-meemtleelriee ster
Digested from flax meal ....... s000c

Per cent digested from flax meal ..

SHEEP III.

Fed in hay......... doo nd000d06 scooaad0
Fed in flax meal...... asonscgonccoosde

Total fed ...... ddoaomooocs cos eieeiee
Total feces........ asabod Souaaosodoons
Total digested ........... statetalstolsts so00
Digested from hay..... anaosctia oocock
Digested from flax meal ............

Per cent digested from flax meal ..|

SHEEP IV.

MOE A reeteeeeeeiaelereistere oscccccce
PP OGAISFE CES ae clsieiaisieice selnie las oe spnonoot
Total digested........... Picrefeleatateictereiets
Digested from hay........... Sattaletarets
Digested from flax meal...... soodne
Percent digested from fiax meal..

AVETAZE...cc00e pandodoodac elecefeistate

Dry substance.

Grams.

1468

eS 0 pf

2 oS ©

«2
Ee
7

911.
9

Sr

ro

Arto

wo +1

in)

bo

Organie matter.

Nitrogen-free

S 3
3 E
~ = .
°o Pe) ~
a A é
_ Oo =
|
Grams. | Grams. | Grams. | Grams.
137637 155.4 710.6 | 47.7
857.6 | 402.5 336.6 | 45.8
2234.3 557-9-| 1047.2 93.5
$87.2 149.5 398.1 | 18.4
1347.1 | 408.4 649.1 75-1
|
668.9 | 90.4 350.3 24.9
|
678.2 318.0 298.8 | 50.2
79.1 | 79.0 88.8 | 109.6
|
1376.7 155.4 710.6 | 47.7
857.6 402.5 | 336.6 45.8
2234.3 | 557.9| 1047.2 93.5
744.6 | 100.1] 353.5 17.6
1489.7 457.8 | 693.7 | 75.9
734.9 93.1 382.9 31.2
|
754.8 364.7 | 310.8 | 44.7
88.0 | 90.6 92.3 97.6
| |
1376.7 155.4 | 710.6 47.7
357.6 402.5 336.6 45.8
2934.3} 587.9 | 1047.2 93.5
$17.9 162.7 365.0 20.9
1416.4 395.2 682.2 72.6
727.4 90.9} 391.5 32.0
689.0 | 304.3! 290.7 40.6
|
80.3 75.6 86.4 | 88.6
688.4 Thal 355.3 23.8
857.6 402.5 336.6 45.8
1546.0 480.2 691.9 69.6
418.7 96.2 | 19.9 15.2
1127.3 384.0 | 496.0 54.4
423.2 44.9 219.4 15.4
704.1 339.1 276.6 39.0
§2.1 84.2 $2.2 85.2
82.4 $2.4 87.4 95.3

g2 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

FUEL VALUE FOR FIVE DAYS AS DETERMINED BY THE BOMB

CALORIMETER.
| j | [ :
ee Be | IN a iets] «es 2
) rS) 22 ° =
| 9 BY Vile mal) es “ =
f= eal ee a2 g 2n5
Rubes = Een | ated se S see
> Ss CE re the ae 2s = RES
PSS Tess Sl siae zs e | mas
|
| | | F
Calories. | Calories.| Calories. Calories. Calories.
‘] }
Sheen Dis-.4 She | 11064 sis | 6586 | 355.3 | sOn.3 | 62.87
Sheep WW. 2s53358.. 11064 3833 | 7231 | 398.3 7629.3 | 68.95
Sheep III .......-.-. 11064 4215 | ess9 | 343-8 | 7192-8 | 65-01
Sheep IV ....... “are 7716 215 | 5501 | 334.0 | 5835.0 | 75.62

SUMMARY OF DIGESTION COEFFICIENTS OBTAINED IN THE EXPERT
MENTS HERE REPORTED*

eee |

|\23i3 | eee |

|2e| 28) 8 | 6 lad

cep Se ie lea a eee |

Zo 5 2. <q ae) =
Oat hay: cut in bloom..............- 63 | ee } 57 Ee | =: 59-9 | ss 4 3
Oat hay: cutin milk...... SE he | 6£ | 52.8 | 54.0 | 34.1 | 58.6 | 50.3 | 55.0 2.3
Oat hay: cut in dough .........-.....- | 63 | 33-8 | 54-5 | 41.0 4.7 49.4 | 59.1) 64.5
Oat hay: cut in bloom and milk....| 66 55.9 | 57-3 | 37-7 | 63-6 | 54-5 | 57-5 | 63.3
Oat hay: cut in milk and dough....) 67 | 55.2 | 56.6 | 38.2 | 47.6 | 52-5 | 59-7 | 71-6
H_-O'iCols Horse Heed: 2.2. ..ce.26 200 | 68 75-1 | 77-6 | = |75-7) = | 68.01] 80-3
Hitmen loess ssseneanisea cas see ----| 69 | S0-6 | 82.4 — | 22.4 = 87.4 | 95.5

*QOn pages 156 to 158 of the Report of this Station for 1897 there are given the
results of all digestion experiments with sheep made at the Station up to that
time.

OAT HAY HARVESTED At DiIRRE REND STAGES
OF MATURED Y.

J2 MEP BARTEE TT

It is quite a common practice with many farmers to harvest
oats before the grain is mature and cure them for coarse fodder.
This is a very desirable plan to follow at times when the hay
crop is short, or in localities where the land is badly infested with
noxious weeds like the Canada thistle or wild mustard, both of
which should be cut before they seed.

The oat plant, however, is not an ideal one for making hay.
The stalks are hollow, coarse and hard, and unless dried very
quickly in a bright sun they become bleached, even when cut
green, so that they look little better than straw. To cure the
crop in its best condition and retain its bright green color and
palatability, it should be dried in a bright sun for a few hours,
with liberal use of the hay tedder when there is a heavy growth;
then raked together and the curing completed in the windrow
or cock, with as little exposure to moisture as possible. If the
weather is unfavorable, as is frequently the case during the lat-
ter part of July or first of August when oats are mature enough
to cut for hay, they are very liable to be seriously injured and
rendered unpalatable. They have not proved a good crop for
ensiling, not keeping nearly as well as corn or many other
crops, therefore the silo cannot be offered as a means of curing
in bad weather. Oats, however, when not sown too thickly, have
an advantage over other plants, which make more desirable hay,
of being a fairly good catch crop for seeding to grass, as they
mature early enough to allow the young grass to get a good start
in the fall, and for this reason are desirable on the farm.

It is quite well known, and there is considerable experimental
data showing that most plants like the grasses, clovers, etc., ustu-
ally grown for hay are at their best to harvest when in bloom, but

Q4 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

as regards oats there is very little available information indicat-
ing at what stage of growth they should be cut for hay making.

Accordingly some experiments were undertaken to determine
the comparative value of oat hay cut at different stages of
maturity. In 1897 a section of a field of oats was set apart for
these tests. The portion selected was covered with a fairly uni-
form growth and the oats in all parts of it appeared at about the
same stage of maturity. The piece was then divided into three
equal sections. One of these sections was cut on July 27th when
the oats were in bloom. A second section was cut one week
later, August 5th, when nearly all the kernels were in the milk
stage, and the third August 12th when nearly all the grains had
passed to the dough stage of maturity, the tops and upper por-
tion of the stalks were green, but the lower portions showed
signs of ripening. When cured this cutting made nearly as
good looking hay as the other two sections, but evidently was
not as palatable as it was not as readily eaten by the sheep.
Care was taken in curing all the cuttings to avoid exposure to
moisture, all were dried as quickly as possible and then stored
in the barn until needed for further work.

To estimate the increased yield from the growth of the crop
during the time that elapsed between the cuttings, three sections,
each I0 x15 feet, were taken in different parts of the large
plats. One third, five feet of the length, was cut each time that
cuttings were made from the larger sections, carefully dried and
the dry matter determined in each, which is given in pounds per
acre.

Dry matter of Ist cutting per acre, 4418.8 pounds.
Dry matter of 2d cutting per acre, 5218.3 pounds.
Dry matter of 3d cutting per acre, 4571.0 pounds.

The third cutting was worked on somewhat by birds, which
probably accounts for the decrease in yield below the second.

The composition of the hays cut at different stages of
maturity is shown in the table which follows. Another table
also shows the composition of three different sections of the oat
plant, the object being to determine at what distance from the
ground the oats should be cut, or what loss occurred by leaving
along stubble. Some plants 3% to 4 feet high were cut close to
the ground; then divided into three sections, one of which was

OAT HAY. 95.

the first eight inches of the lower part of the stalk, another the
second eight inches, and the third, the remainder of the plant
or top. An inspection of the table shows a marked difference
in composition of the different sections. The bottom section has
very little food value, containing only 2.77% protein and 1.90%
fat, both of which are probably not more than 40% digestible.
The second section has only about half the protein of the top
section and its digestibility is probably less. It would, there-
fore, be advisable to leave a high stubble, not less than eight to
ten inches of plants 3 to 4 feet high in harvesting, and the loss
incurred will be more than compensated by the improved quality
and palatability of the hay by leaving the coarser part of the
stalks on the ground.

COMPOSITION OF THE WATER-FREE OAT HAYS.

A
2 2
> =
3S +
2 : fel
= = Li Pa
S 2 2 5) os 4
elite g SIE See hake
4 < m4 = Zo =
Toba al Bob NO RCEI | 6
Oat hay: cut when grain was in dough ...| 4089 | 6.23 Tete) |) Bisbee |) EVERI || BESE:
Oat hay: cut when grain was in milk..... 4096 | 6.23 | 10.58 | 31.53 | 48.41] 3.25
Oat hay: cut when in bloom........... e-- | 4097 | 7-55 9.86 | 36.70 | 43.38 | 2.51
|
Oat hay: cut when just beginning to come
TNO) THN, cogcameodapasaoo an SOduCCU-nooCCRscS 4127 | 7.34 | 10.20] 33.48 | 45.66 | 3.32
Oat hay: cut when part of the kernel had
passed to dough stage ..................-- 4130 | 7.21 7-60 | 33.96 | 47.42 | 3.81
Oat hay: first 8-inch section of bottom of
Stallkgeeeeteieisteetet ie eects Seaconsstecnuec 4134 | 6.84 2.77 | 43.49 | 45.00} 1.90
Oat hay: second 8-inch section of stalk...) 4135 | 8.16 4.79 | 41.60 | 43.23 | 2.22
Oaiinaye stop ol plantieesesseeccreeiceee cece 4133 | 7.01 9.62 | 27.83 | 51.75 | 3.79

96

AMOUNT OF DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS IN 100 POUNDS

MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

OF WATER-FREE
OAT HAY CUT AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF MATURITY.

Oat hay:
Oat hay:
Oat hay:
Oat hay:

Oat hay
stage.

: H
o oO
2 2
ade
=) SI
mM .
= — S|
Po op a i 2
= (2) < Ay By
, fo Jo % % %
Tol |OXOWAGG so600008 daooodanl| 440677 49.65 | 3.67 | 5.28 21.98
iba, woul Saghoade ponmda0d0ce 88.76 | 50.64 | 2.13 | 6.20 | 15.86
in dough.......... dpao0000 45.03 51.39 | 2.58 | 3.46 | 15.67
just coming into milk...| 48.21 | 53.10 | 2.77 | 6.49 | 18.24
: just coming into dough
ogado0dd poesdoNHcocadacogoudanl| Aaei I Bowl || Bond |) Bok |) IWefotsk3

Nitrogen-free
extract.

so
26.63
30.08
26.26

28.32

-

A

THE BRPHCT (OP FOOD ON THE, HARDNESS) OF
BORER AND COMPOSITION OF EOL tR REA kr

iM BARTEETET

The primary object of the experiments presented in the fol-
lowing pages was to study the effect of gluten meals, varying
greatly in fat content, on the texture of butter and composition
of butter fat produced by cows receiving quite liberal quantities
of these materials. Eight different meals which contained from
1% to 19% fat were used in as many different feeding trials,
also Buffalo gluten feeds and flax meal were each fed during
one experiment and cottonseed meal during three.

A total of eleven cows were used in the experiments, and in
all, twelve tests were made. The work was begun in the winter
of 1896-97 and again taken up during the winters of 1897-98
and 1898-99.

In the third or last experiment the effect of the fat of th
food on the fat content of the milk was given some attention.
A detailed account of the work is given in the pages which
follow.

Considerable work has already been done by investigators
both in this country and Europe, showing that the texture or
hardness of butter and composition of the butter fat is influenced
very markedly by the food of the animal.

Some years ago quite extensive experiments were made at
the Texas Experiment Station in feeding cottonseed and its
meals to learn their effect on the fat of the milk produced. The
results showed that large rations of these materials produced
very hard butters, the fats of some of them having a melting
point above 40° C. with very low volatile acids and iodine num-
bers. At the New Hampshire Experiment Station* some work
was done showing that the gluten meals produced softer butters

* Bulletin No. 15.

98 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

than corn or cottonseed meals, and the fats of these soft butters
had higher iodine absorption power, indicating a change in their
chemical composition. Also at the same Stationy7 it was shown
that when oils were fed the butter fat produced varied its com-
position in most cases in accordance with the composition of the
fat fed.

The Vermont Experiment Stationt found that a gluten meat
having about 12% fat made a softer butter fat with lower melt-
ing point and a higher iodine number than other rations con-
sisting of corn meal and bran, or of cottonseed meal, corn meal
and bran.

Spier§ observed, in his extensive feeding experiments, that the
different concentrated feeds affected the melting point of the but-
ter very materially. He obtained the firmest butter with the
highest melting point when decorticated cottonseed cake was fed,
and attributes the cause to the highly nitrogenous ration used.

A. Mayer** states in his account of extensive investigations.
in feeding cows that the hardness of butter is considerably
affected by the food.

Practical dairymen have long been aware of the fact that cer-
tain concentrated feeds when liberally used in rations for milch
cows, have a very decided effect on the texture or grain
of the butter. Cottonseed meal is very generally known to pro-
duce hard butter, while the gluten meals are equally well known
to produce soit butter. Corn meal has always been used to some
extent by farmers who have practiced feeding grain and is
known to make excellent butter of about the desired degree of
hardness, and the glutens which are a by-product from the
manuiacture of glucose or starch from corn, and therefore, a
corn product, would be expected to make butter having like
characteristics. In practice, however, they have been found to
have a very different effect and the reputation of the gluten
products for making soft butter has become so well established
that in some sections of the State butter factories have refused
to accept cream from parties who were feeding them. Among
private dairymen the opinion very generally prevails that these
feeds are not desirable for use, especially in warm weather. On

+ Bulletin No. 16. + Report of the Vermont Experiment Station 1897.

§ Transactions of the Highland Agricultural Society, Scotland, 1897.
** Landw. Vers. Stat. 41, pp. 14-35-

BUTTER. OY

the other hand, cottonseed meal was known to make a hard but-
ter, and when fed in moderate quantities with corn meal and
bran, produced an article of the best quality. Consequently,
cottonseed meal became a popular feed as a source of protein,
almost to the exclusion of the gluten meals among farmers who
were feeding for butter production. But in the fall and early
winter of 1896 and 1897 the gluten meals were offered in our
markets at very low prices furnishing, thereby, protein more
cheaply than any other concentrated feed. For this reason it was
desirable that farmers use these feeds to the largest possible
extent. In view of this fact it was considered advisable to inves-
tigate the cause of the unfavorable action of these products and
determine, if possible, a way to eliminate it either through the
method of manufacturing or feeding them.

A comparison of the composition of the gluten meals with corn
meal showed that the chief variations were in the protein and fat
content. The percentages of these substances being much
higher in the gluten than in the corn meal, this fact, together with
the work done by Morse7yy+ in feeding oil to cows, led us to
believe that the oil of the gluten products was the disturbing ele-
ment. Accordingly some feeding experiments were begun in
the winter of 1896-7 to test the following points, viz.: If the
high oil content of the glutens caused them to make soft butters,
and if so, to what extent they should be freed from it to remedy
the difficulty.

EXPERIMENT TI.

In this experiment, the feeding trials were divided into periods
of two weeks each, which is a shorter time for feeding tests than
is generally desirable, but as the only object in this experiment
was to test the effect of the feed on the composition of the butter
fat, the length of time employed was considered sufficient.

At this time there was offered in the market two kinds of
gluten meals, one being rich in fat, containing from 15% to 20%
and another containing from 7% to 10% fat. These meals
varied sufficiently in their fat content to be desirable for use in
this experiment, especially as the one richer in fat was poorer in
protein, making it necessary to greatly increase the fat in one

{7 N. H. Station Bulletin 16.

~

/

100 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

‘ration over that in the other to get the required amount of
protein.

Three good Jersey cows quite iresh in milk were used, and it
will be seen that they were fed a cottonseed meal ration in the
first and fourth periods; the object being to test their ability to
make good butter in the first period and the effect of the advance
in time of lactation in the fourth period.

DAILY RATION FOR EACH ANIMAL.

Basal ration of, hay, 10 pounds, silage, 25 pounds.

Period I. Eight pounds grain mixture: 3 parts cottonseed
meal; 2 parts wheat bran; 3 parts corn meal.

Period II. Eight pounds grain mixture: 9g parts Chicago
gluten meal; 4 parts wheat bran; 3 parts corn meal.

Period III. Eight pounds grain mixture: 3 parts King glu-
ten meal; 1 part wheat bran.

Period IV. Eight pounds grain mixture. Same as period I.

DIGESTION COEFFICIENTS USED IN CALCULATING THE DIGESTIBLE
NUTRIENTS IN THE EXPERIMENTS HERE REPORTED.

2
2
=
= 32
= 5 Se &
= = 2 =
eS = Ao =
% %_ % %
1B Ecce ncanse ccct ce S000 CO ona: Doce accccesonacecoesecesc 44 52 62 39
Sila ee ensen cen sieeresece codes REBOSCODEG ABO CROCOREES 56 i2 76 73
Cottonseed Meal yikes sc nccele mele cie ass ow ode weno sieeinias 88 - 64 97
Gluten Meals. = tssacscessencecencsacsaeccssceian cca s 87 - 91 §8
Ginten fee Gewese erea nes seta aeiniam aes acta eee aaa $5 43 81 81
TNS STG Ucn oasecn o6 chee acacotencqndececeponacccc $2.4 - 87.4 95.3
OO TUANE Be als aiareta a cscenaine ateineisel= = AAC RODD OCC ANOOT 77 - 92 92
Wied ti DEaMiasen sce cneieccmenariane sncies cocien se eeaeitatars 78 | 25 68 72

BUTTER. IOL
COMPOSITION FODDERS AND FEEDS USED.
ai rig
3
a
=k ; 3 543
g2 | § S| g| 83
> & » a ~ o pase bad s
S35 & a g = = 2
ns = <q ey fy Zo iy
HEIN op Bade aisiayoicieyeintatele (oleieleieleleiaisrsisvewwisrs 4061 16.50 | 4.92 7.91 | 26.57 | 42.33 a a7iri
AL Cierereisieiaisielelelatare me itlatelefatatntatete\sistatelelate 4048 81.43 | 1.28 1.85 4.92 9.97 0.55
Cottonseed meal ........... 4013 7.46 | 5.63 50.31 4.40 | 21.24 | 10.96
\iVOGENo LOE’ Coodeeaanoopoos docuddS 4015 9.83 | 5.47 16.31 8.93 | 53.96 | 5.50
(Cronnal wer bap eonadesnodespocmadoder 4014 12.49 | 1.47 | 10.638 2.33 | 69.04 | 4.13
Chicago gluten meal ............. 4016 10.11 | 1.388 | 36.00 3.86 | 40.49 | 8.16
King gluten meal........... .....- 4018 9.53 | 1.94 | 26.31 2.45 | 44.59 | 15.18
DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS EATEN DAILY IN EACH RATION.
nN
=)
Ss
n a n 2)
qv as ko} &
ne] eI g =.
25 25 } AS
fe 58 Ee 5S
| > | = | As
Period I.
(Goewbal wo. hobXe socoboodobed Govdoona5 1.88 2.85 ~52
VERT ateyalelelciela!s ele nictatevetere Ba0ac20000000 -35 4.03 -07
SME socccpn0cd0o pogddode0GomMaaDDCNC -26 2.77 -10
Mo tailleierrer-yereiele Goonndcasoguo ado 96 2.49 9.65 69 1:4.50
Period II.
Grain mixture........... omecanocGad . 1.72 3.38 -46
A cette evessyeseisisista cisvareiciiveinek cremmrtelejarsversvaraiere -B5 4.03 -07
SHEN oooapaocpaanstcoweo cooocdnnAgsED 26 2.77 -10
MOLE looped aodbboopen GonandaD 50006 2.33 10.18 63 1:4.98
Period III.
Grain mixture......... aaratselelalelalarateleye 1.61 3.30 -88
ISIENY nasodoane ddonoon0onsc00000 nanadeo +30 4.03 07
SILAS CV reteisciene ect nemooleetes aienveisteterctere -26 2.17 -10
MOA eiialvcvieeine O00. HoDodGUDOdC 5600 2.29 10.10 1.05 1:5.61
Period IV.
Grain mixture. .......... 1.88 2.85 -52
FEM a Voteetateratatetavetatata steels “B45 4.03 -07
SMEVE ooododcoaooong00n0cdD -26 2.77 -10
MO tal crtarerstolctevericlee ae eieleveteiere S008 2.49 9.65 69 1:4.50

102 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

COMPOSITION OF THE BUTTERS AND BUTTER FATS.

BUTTER. BUTTER FAT.
rir, Oo
Z = z). 22 =.
z 3 . | BE] Se 22
= = n + a -= =
S Di a a pas tey |" ale So
=< < ie) ics =e | a)
Period I—Cottonseed mealration.| 12.

Period Ii—Chicago gluten meal!
i -88 | 30.72
2

ration . 3.
Period Il1I—King gluten mealration| 12.76 | 4.2: 32.5

lor]
or
ry
or
=
ry
ro
Oo
e
=I
or
(SN)
or
roy
i)
~J
for)
oO
ivN)
oO
eo
ite}

Period [V—Cottonseed meal ration - - - - 35.1 25.9 31.9

EXPERIMENT II.

To further test the effect of food on the hardness of butter
and composition of the butter fat, with other cows than those
used in Experiment I and for longer feeding periods, a second
experiment was undertaken in the winter of 1897-1898. The
time covered by this test was divided into five feeding periods of
twenty-one days each, with one transition week between each
period for changing the ration. In the first trial a cottonseed
meal ration was used to test the capacity of the cows, as in the
first experiment. In the second period the cottonseed meal was
replaced by flax meal, one of the linseed products, which con-
tains a small per cent of fat as compared with the old process
linseed meal, that always bore the reputation of making soft
butter. The object of this test was to learn if a more complete
removal of the fat corrected that tendency. During the experi-
ment a daily record of the milk yield was kept and the milk of
the last five days of each period was analyzed. The results of
the experiment are given in the following tables:

Cows used (registered Jerseys) :

Addie, fresh in milk, October 8, 1897; Hope, fresh in milk,
October 28, 1897; Loblitop, fresh in milk, October 14, 1897;
Rose, fresh in milk, November 16, 1897.

BUTTER. 103

DAILY RATIONS FOR EACH ANIMAL.

Basal ration: hay, 15 pounds; silage, 15 pounds; same for
each period.

Period I. Grain, 8 pounds of mixture of: 2 parts cotton-
seed meal; 2 parts wheat bran; 3 parts corn meal.

Period II. Grain, 8 pounds of mixture of: 2 parts flax
meal; I part wheat bran; 2 parts corn meal.

Period III. Grain, 8 pounds of mixture of: 3 parts Chicago
gluten meal; 2 parts wheat bran; 2 parts corn meal.

Period IV. Grain, 8 pounds of mixture of: 5 parts gluten
feed; I part wheat bran; 2 parts corn meal.

Period V. Grain, 8 pounds of mixture of: 5 parts King
gluten meal; 4 parts wheat bran; 3 parts corn meal.

COMPOSITION OF FODDERS AND FEEDS USED.

>)
i)
a
: elo
25 7” & ov
2 5 3 a |e
es ~~ oi = oO = =
eis S D = = =y 3
DS = < a = Zo cy
Hay ...... Ryetaietateciniateteysleisictale aiewrecione 4121 10.12 | 5.17 8.19 | 26.79 | 47.39 | 2.34
BHIEVEXS S5600anpno0dcd0000D000 agaasont| ices 87.62 -98 1.50 3.56 5.90 44
Cottonseed meal.................. 4083 5.27 | 5.49 | 52.25 3-81 | 21.08 | 12.10
Mornenie alte mainelsatslainiaatel\eralaoetersi= 4082 9.92 | 1.51 | 10.50 2.08} 71.88 | 4.11
Wheat bran ......... doonoscaa0oonbe 4081 8.15 | 5.388 | 16.94 7.388 | 57.80 | 4.35
IM koe wavs! G Soo06 Ne vetelatatcetetatatsotetjeietals 4108 8.93 |'5.41 | 40.25 7.27 | 33.66} 4.58
Chicago gluten meal.............. 4041 5.55 | 1.21 | 37.50 2.838 | 43.98 | 8.93
Giintenthee deyermisiccieteliie'slaciclete on00005 4095 8) BP || B3x583 || PA(cran 6.69 | 50.10] 3.11
King gluten meal......... poooanee 4140 6.72 | 1.81) | 85.94 2.36 | 35.45 | 17.72

104 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

TOTAL DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS EATEN DAILY DURING EACH PERIOD.

| |
See lautie:| ave
4 z =
| Z ee ee
| 5 ST ZE
|
Period I.
From grain ration .......c00> ---<-- 1.63 | Spies | 47
Kron hay: 5)c2.c.5 eee ee ee | 55 | 6-54 -14
Mromsuace soossssese se sseeescae see 13 | 1.05 -05
Total -..- 2.02.2. nena nnn n-- 2.31 | iil | -66 1:35.45
Period II. | |
From grain ration Ti | 3-73 «31
Brom Hay:2.-.l-cccce cessrcccceeescs 30 | 6.54 | -14
From silage. 13 | 1.05 05
Wobal eoss2- sa. vec cceke Aeeee se | 2.25 | ie 50 1:5.49
Period III. H |
From grain ration...........------- 1.61 3-82 -43
Brom Haye -cccrccesscecsaceseceanees ! DD | 6.54 | 14
ISGP TRAE. 25526525 ssssessssesse -B | 1.65 | -05
Motil te sce ere cee El 2.299 | 11.41 | 62 1:5.59
Period IV. |
From grain ration ............------ 1.45 | 3-7 24
ron Naye ses oes ese se eee oe eae ee | dD | 6.54 -14
DSTI BES casocecas cossccce socc see) 13 | 1.05 | -05
Wobaletessssccee ssi Nek nt a re: 43 1:5-78
Period V. |
From grain ration ..........- Loan 1.55 | 3.49 6s |
Brom hayes sess seen eccneetneconsee 55 6.54 14 .
nom silage ooo eseccl ceeee esos snes 13 1.05 | 05
DUT FE ses aon shasin so sscsecsssnse$- ! Zod 11.08 -S7 1:5.85 q
|
;

BUTTER. 105

COMPOSITION OF MILK, AND AVERAGE DAILY YIELD OF MILK, SOLIDS
AND FATS FOR EACH PERIOD.

|
Re 2 | ta ;
co ix] nes Ss
Period. Cow. Ze | 8 45 aa |<
ei | #3 | 35 | 56 | se
DS eo Am H) fey
TNs sb he ay eae ee 13.58 | 4.85 | 21.1] 2.86] 1.02
; HOD ete nos tee 13.92 | 5.25| 19.9| 2.77 | 1.05
Period I ...+0.0+...-00641 Loblitop .......ceceee 142°33)||") NGO cTeoallee late) @c80
Rosen Mets ates 14.42 | 4.80| 17.9| 2.58| .86
MAA e see nee se 13.65] 4.25| 19.9] 92.72] .85
A 1BIOYC) 6 GodnocomanODEbd 14.61 4.95 17.8 2.60 -88
Period IT ......+.+.40. se) MObMtOpices: «sc ccce: 13.91| 3.90| 17.5] 2.43| .68
ROSE Hees Saeko aa! 14.:17| 4.15] 16.5] 2.34| .69
Addie...... DSM PEAS Es, 13.54 | 4.55| 19.41 2.63] .88
. 18 (0X) sa50canoqgo0Dd0O0 14.61 5.05 Wife 2.51 -87
Period It. .....«.. S829 Loblitopierscccccrores 1457 | 9450; | eSNG Gs |e EBL
ROSE oe ee Aetie 14:30| 4.65 | 17.0] 2.43| :79
Mddionh. eee en. 14.0. |) 4.901)" 16:5 |". 2-31 | st
: Hope roe eae 15.68] 5.30| 15.1| 2.37] .80
Period IV ........ seeeel Toblitop »....s.+s Sol Wie || Leo TER Ba oF
BGSGhh ee eeee sees 15.11 | 5:10) 15.6] 2:36) 80
Hopeie. seis LEN 15.57| 5.5 | 14.6| 2.27| .80
Period V ......... 22... LEOblitope ie teres 13.59| 4.4 | 19.1] 2.60| .84
TRUER chad) doch ccecol) IBeaai CS | arta | Oerd| iG
COMPOSITION OF BUTTERS AND BUTTER FATS.

BUTTER. BUTTER FAT.

: , sp x |2

ma g Cir oe =|
2 o | 3 see ele aise
Ses a |3o| Ss |ces
eS ild|o & |Aa| aa [Paes

Period I—Cottonseed meal ration} 14.47 | 1.74 -64 | 82.95 | 35.2 | 28.07 | 28.55
Period II—Flax meal ration ....... 13.12 | 3.01 | 1.384 | 82.56 | 34.4 | 28.88 | 27.95
Period Il1I—Chicago gluten meal

DAGCION ewes nelsmnctainee Sloleuie siete. 12.81 | 2.67 | 1.29 | 83.24 | 32.4] 31.2 28.4
Period IV—Gluten feed ............. 14.77 | 1.93 | 1.01 { 82.30 | 32.85) 30.44 | 27.9
Period V—King gluten mealration| 11.18 | 3.28 | 1.30] 81.22 | 32.9] 38.4 31.9

EXPERIMENT III.

As the results of the two previous experiments indicated that
glutens containing large amounts of fat or oil produced softer
butters than those containing smaller amounts, it seemed neces-
sary, in order to make the experiment of practical value, to deter-
mine the minimum amount of fat that a gluten could contain

106 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

when fed in sufficient quantity to supply the necessary protein
for butter production.

Arrangements were madewith the Cleveland Linseed Oil Com-
pany to extract some gluten meal and reduce the fat content to
one per cent or less. About this time the Glucose Sugar
Refining Company changed the character of their output, making
a gluten meal containing less than three per cent of fat. A stock
of this meal was also secured for feeding the herd in 1898, and
was liberally fed through the winter and summer vacations when
butter was made from the product.

In this experiment Jersey cows which were known to be good
butter makers were used. They were more advanced in the
period of lactation than the animals previously employed, but as
they were all still giving a fairly good flow of milk this did
not seem objectionable. The feeding periods were twenty-eight
days each and the cream for churning was collected during the
third or fourth week.

In the second period, one-half pound of tallow was added to
the ration which in other respects was the same as in period I.
The object of this was to determine whether it was the quality
or quantity of fat that affected the butter. The tallow fed was
thoroughly emulsified before giving it to the animals. The
emulsification was accomplished in the following manner. The
grain ration and tallow for each cow was weighed out. The
tallow was then put in a water pail with about three quarts hot
water and about a pint of the grain, then a jet of steam under
high pressure was introduced which emulsified the fat perfectly
in about ten or fifteen minutes. The whole was then mixed with
the remainder of the grain and fed when cold. Fed in this man-
ner, with one exception, the cows ate the tallow readily.

In the third period the extracted gluten was replaced by the
regular stock gluten and one pound King gluten meal was added
to increase the amount of fat or oil from corn. The results of
each period are given below.

Cows used (registered Jerseys.)

Adle, iresh in milk, April 26; Buttercup fresh in milk, May;
Dudley, fresh in milk, August 7; Pansy,iresh in milk, March 28.

BUTTER. 107

DAILY RATIONS FOR EACH ANIMAL.
Hay, 7 pounds; silage, 25 pounds; same for each period.
Period I. Grain, 7 pounds mixture of: 3 parts extracted
gluten meal; 2 parts wheat bran; 2 parts corn meal.
Period II. Grain, same as in period 1+% pound tallow.
Period III. Grain, 8 pounds: 3 parts Chicago gluten; 2
parts wheat bran; 2 parts corn meal; 1 part King gluten meal.

COMPOSITION OF FODDERS AND FEEDS.

o
2
a
ae a 543
BS) ala | ee
He) I ~ a S o = pd 5
s 5 Ss n a 2 = 9] Ss
na = < a ca Ao ey
IEG sopancocHeddo0 asdbaoCO Deon SeCuRE - 14.3. | 4.74 9:06 | 28-19 | 42:21) 1-50
Sil ae eee sttertetereteisterer= goao50asc0do8 4138 81.75 91 1.92 4.70 9.89 85
Extracted gluten ........... ..... 4126 11.00 | 1.25 | 41.44 1.82 | 43.49 | 1.00
COMM TAC cecsocogcnedasobo000C eeee| 4136 12.55 | 1.61 9.63 2.19 | 69.96 | 4.06
Wheat bran.......... GO eooace 5a0cH0 4137 10.25 | 6.82 | 16.06 9.05 | 53.04 | 4.78
Chicago gluten meal ........ eeoee| 4141 12.94 | 1.42 | 40.31 2.00 | 40.96 | 2.37
King gluten meal................ 4140 6.72 | 1.81 | 35.94 2.36 | 35.45 | 17.72
AEN ON 7 caocooposagadey co00000%0 coees = = | = = = - 99.99

TOTAL DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS EATEN DAILY DURING EACH PERIOD

|
o. 6
= 2
~] =
= oe
Ihe Sea 2
on =2ANgdDY nD ond
5U CT, WLS Ss 3 os
25 Ba008 ie ze
~ oA 7s 2
BO Rona x ac SS
m2 OSs 50 ao Ax
Period I.
From grain eaten ..........+..+06% 1.48 3.26 17
ILO MBN AVA eleteietiacivieielesork we ieeieele -28 2.87 64
Froin silage .........00. mUstetefetetcrotat= 27 2.72 15
AUOUEN! 6 ooonooddod Stanoacoerooancc 2.03 8.85 36 1:4.75
Period I1.
From grain eaten................- 1.48 3.26 -67
IMO) ea INE 70 geobono PanbHOSTOaCOOOeS -28 2.87 -04
-From silage ........ DO000 OBDeDeSdE 27 2.12 -15
PO La lWerretelareleicieisiotsrereistetsteverelsiohvieretere 2.03 8.85 86 1:5.31
Period III.
From grain eaten................. 1.76 3.49 -36
Lio jen MNO agonoboodaosoDoU boEaLnaoe -28 2.87 04
IMO eo [EKG GongacacuaenooD olododer 27 2.72 15
INOUE asb0neK6500 aloletaleleisietetelsisietalote 2.31 9.08 55 1:4.45

108 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

COMPOSITION OF BUTTER AND BUTTER FAT.

|

|

rs
= =
~ 1 —
a j ~
= wm
a <i

BUTTER. BUTTER FArt.

Casein.
Fat.
Melting
point.
Iodine
number.
Volatile
acids.

Period I—Extracted glutenration| 9.31 | 1.

Period Il—Extracted gluten and

8

.
-1

UO so Sonebcm sosegos. 10.93 | 1.44

Period IlI-Chicago gluten and King;

e

to

SUIRAN A5eseaccocs Soacoee 12.00 | 2.85

DIFFERENT

DIGESTIBLE FAT FED DAILY, AND THE EFFECT OF THE
RATIONS ON THE BUTTER AND BUTTER FAT.

The concentrated feeds used in the rations.

Cottonseed meal ration of Period I, Exnv’t. I.. -52

Cottonseed meal ration of Period IV, Exp’tI. -52

Cottonseed meal ration of Period I, Exp’tIl.. 47
A\V/SENS Es ssosseosssssgsses5 S52 ace0022S¢ lssos-55 :

Gluten meal,quite rich in fat,Period II,Exp’t I
Gluten meal, quite rich in fat, Period II],
ER ceccoe ce lever ccsece ce csc. cinch eectesiee=

L\SEEERE* soo ossscsostowssesccescs Sosse

Gluten meal, very rich in fat, Period III,
Bxpiil <cc.s-. abet soo nob as osOS soScCene 5 SSoDaeS |
Gluten meal, very rich in fat, Period V,
Ex pil icc. s. sesso: 5 secoscbonose sssososzsess
AVGLAPE. ..c-cseeeeee su acenees Dee sais

Extracted gluten meal, Period I, Exp’t III....
Extracted gluten meal, with tallow, Period II,
Derqivall ll sasscessoede soeccbed seco Soccdée onoseSo0
Gluten meal, poor in fat, fed herd.............-
Mixed gluten meals, Period III, Exp’t III
Flax meal, Period II, Exp’tIl..................
Gluten feed, Period IV, Exp’t IIL ...............

Kstimated hard-
ness of butter.*
Todine number
Volatile acids 1-10
normal alkali.

of fat.

daily—pounds.
Melting point

from grain fed
of fat.

Digestible fat

plo)

hobo ro
aot
bo O29 GO

to So bo
sh

bo
~I
bo
w

Oo Oo De S
Oo 0
7)

1
op
Paty
ww

ho
(72)

Oo m 0 m bee
ie

Es

. .
Oo ow

.
is)

MOMOowmo ©
vie
Os
Noh sahtah sah Sam
CO eS ee ho
fciomwS “4
or

*An arbitrary comparative scale, 10 representing the hardest butter and 6 the

softest.
jLargely corn oil.

BUTTER. 109

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS.

The results of the three experiments presented in the above
table indicate, without question, that the food of a cow does, to
some extent, vary the composition of the fat of her milk and
thereby influences the texture of her butter.

The work of Morse and others led the writer to assume that
the fat or oil of some of the so-called concentrated feeds was the
disturbing element, consequently these experiments were planned
and carried out particularly to test that phase of the subject, and
the evidence here presented seems to support the assumption.

It will be noticed that in making up the daily rations an effort
was made to make the digestible protein for each period as nearly
the same as possible, the chief variations of the rations being in
the fat content of the grain fed.

Before referring to the table, it is necessary to state that we
did not find the melting point of the fat as determined by the
official method, a true indication of the hardness of the butter.
It is true that the fats of very hard butters have high melting
points, but the fat of some of the medium hard butters gave
melting points practically the same as the softest butters, con-
sequently, for convenience in discussing the results, an arbitrary
scale of hardness is used, 10 representing the hardest and 6 the
softest butter.

Several attempts were made to find some reliable way of
determining the hardness or stability of butter in the laboratory
that could be compared with its hardness as determined com-
mercially. Some mechanical means have been recommended
such as dropping a weighted glass rod and measuring the degree
of penetration in the different butters at the same temperature.
This method appears to better show the density or compactness
of butter than its ability to stand up at high temperatures. In
our trials of it, different prints of the same lot showed as great
variations as the different lots. It is impossible for a butter
maker to handle butter so nicely as to give it the same degree
of compactness each time.

Several methods of determining melting points of the fat were
tried but none appeared to be more satisfactory than the official
method which was used and no single laboratory test indicated

110 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

very closely the true hardness of the fat after it was congealed.
It was observed, however, that whenever the melting point of
the fat was low and the iodine number high, the butter was soft,
also that when the conditions were reversed, the melting point
high and the iodine number low the butter was hard; and in all
cases when the iodine number was low, 30 or less, the hardness
of the butter corresponded very closely to the melting point of
the fat.

AA study of all available results of work by other chemists gives
still further encouragement that possibly these two determina-
tions together can be relied upon to indicate the texture.

The manner of determining hardness employed in these
experiments cannot be called strictly scientific, but it is believed
that the figures given show more nearly the comparative hard-
ness, than any single chemical method employed.

The figures given were obtained by thoroughly testing the
butter in a practical way. All the samples were carefully exam-
ined by means of pressure, cutting, etc., to determine their hard-
ness at temperatures ranging from 15° C. up to 25° C.; also the
butter fats were placed side by side and tested in the same man-
ner, as they seemed to correspond very closely to the butter in
hardness. The opinion of the butter maker, on each lot as it
was manufactured, was also noted and taken into consideration
in making up the scale of figures.

We find by inspection of the table that the average melting
point of the fats of the butters marked 6 in hardness is very
nearly the same as the fats of those marked 7 and 8 when, as a
matter of fact, the butters were so soft that they could hardly be
handled at ordinary temperature, and the fats were somewhat
liquid at a room temperature of 23° C. while the fats of those
marked 7 and 8 were quite hard at the same temperature.

In manufacturing the butters every precaution was taken to
avoid variations in hardness, that could arise from physical and
mechanical causes by faulty manipulation. The method of
manufacture was as uniform as possible for all the periods, and
it is difficult to see how the variations in hardness could arise
from other than changes in the composition of the butter fat.
In fact some of the softest butters contained less water than the
hardest ones.

BUTTER. IAN

The cream was raised by the Cooley process, then evenly
ripened and churned at a uniform temperature of 60° F. All
of this part of the work was done under the supervision and skill-
ful management of Prof. Gowell.

In studying the results given in the table, we find that the
gluten meals containing the most fat produced the softest but-
ters in every instance, and that the butter produced by these
meals increased in hardness in proportion as the glutens
decreased in fat content, or in other words, a ration containing
six to eight-tenths of a pound of corn oil produced a very soft
butter while one containing two to three-tenths made a medium
butter, and one with less than one-tenth a fairly hard butter.
A chemical examination of the butter fats shows quite a differ-
ence in their composition; the most marked difference being
shown in the iodine number, which is 11 per cent higher when
the glutens rich in fat were fed than when the extracted gluten
was used. This indicates that when the ration contains large
amounts of corn oil, the butter fats were composed more largely
of the liquid fats, olein or linolein, which probably accounts for
their softer condition. In these particular cases it appears
reasonable to assume that the soft oils of the gluten meals caused
the changes in the butter fat.

The basal ration of the different periods was practically the
same. The amount of digestible protein fed in period III,
experiment I, and period V, experiment II, when the softest
butters were made, was greater than that of period I of experi-
ment IV, when the extracted gluten was used and made butter of
normal firmness. Consequently the soft butter cannot be attrib-
uted to the non-nitrogenous character of the ration, and neither
could it to the excess of fat alone but to its character, for in
period II of experiment III, when one-half pound of tallow was
added to the ration, the butter became harder and the melting
point of the butter fat increased, showing that in some way, either
directly or indirectly, the properties of the fat of the food are
transmitted to the fat of the milk.

Morse arrived at the same conclusions in his experiments in
feeding oils. Baumert and Falkéf found that feeding certain

*New Hampshire Experiment Station Bul. 16.
{ Zeit. fiir Untersuch. der Nahr. und Genussmittel, 1898, 665-678.

12 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

oils very decidedly affected the melting point of butter fat while
others were without much effect. Sesame oil produced a butter
fat with a high melting point and almond and cocoanut oils had
very little effect on the product which had a normal melting
point. Spier, in discussing his work of feeding milch cows,
states that nitrogenous foods such as cottonseed cake produce
firm butters with high melting points, while starchy or carbon-
aceous foods like sugar meal make soft butters. These state-
ments are true as applied to those two materials, but if the hard-
ness of the butter is influenced wholly by the nitrogenous and
carbonaceous matter of the rations, then it is difficult to explain
why corn meal, a carbonaceous food, will make a harder butter
than some gluten and linseed meals that are highly nitrogenous
but contain quite large percentages of fat.

Cottonseed meal which invariably produces hard butter is not
very different in the food elements it contains from the old
process linseed meals and some of the glutens from which the
starch has been quite completely removed, and these latter prod-
ucts, when they contain as much fat as cottonseed meals usually
do, make soft butters.

A chemical examination of the fats of these three foods may
offer a possible explanation. Crude cottonseed oil is found to
contain quite a quantity of vegetable stearin, so-called, which is
separated from the cotton oil of commerce by cold and pressure
and used largely for making lard and butter substitutes. Its
fatty acids have a high melting point (38° C.) and its general
character is not unlike sesame oil which has been found to pro-
duce hard butter when fed to cows. Corn oil on the other hand
contains practically no stearin, and according to Hopkins* is
about 45 per cent olein and 48 per cent linolein, while linseed
oil is 80 per cent linolein. The fatty acids of these two oils are
liquid below zero Centigrade; linolein being liquid at—18° C.
There seems to be sufficient difference in the character of the
fats to account for the changes in the butter if one wishes to
attribute the variation to the fat of the food. It is possible,
however, that the proteids of the food play an important part in
the formation of milk fat and have an important bearing on the
hardness of the butter, but it is also evident that the oils of the

*Tllinois Station Bulletin 52.

Pe

BUTTER. 113

gluten products are detrimental to making good butter, and its
firmness is very much decreased by the presence of these oils
and increased by their removal.

The new process linseed meal now on the market contains but
a small amount of fat and consequently, according to previous
reasoning, should make a fairly hard butter. To test the matter
a linseed product sold under the name of flax meal was fed in
period II, experiment I. The result is given in the table above.
During 1898 the whole herd of cows were fed a grain ration con-
sisting of wheat bran, corn meal, and Chicago gluten meal con-
taining 2.87% fat. Enough of this gluten was used to furnish the
required amount of protein, and no cottonseed meal was fed.
During the winter and summer vacations the product was made
into butter of which quite a large part was shipped to Boston
and the remainder disposed of in the local markets. The butter
was rated as first quality and in no instance was a complaint
made of it being soft. The sample marked in the table Herd
butter was taken during the early part of September.

CONCLUSIONS.

1st. The hardness of butter can be regulated to a large
extent by the food of the cows.

2d. Gluten products such as gluten meal, feeds, etc., contain-
ing large percentages of oil produce soft butter and should not
be fed to dairy cows used for butter production.

3d. Gluten meals containing small percentages of fats, 3%
or less, and high percentages of protein, when fed in combination
with corn meal and bran, will make butter sufficiently hard for
this climate.

4th. The glutens, however, if freed from fat will not produce
butter of more than normal hardness and do not have the hard-
ening effect of cottonseed meals; when a very hard butter is
desired some cottonseed meal should be fed.

1s0), WN Cih Ole NMvaDNONE, TVA, OI EVE, IEA
CONTENT OR rin Vince

J. M. Barttett.

The preceding experiments were not undertaken to test the
effect of the fat of the food on the yield of fat in the milk. In
the first twoexperiments (see pagesgg to 105) thefeeding periods
were not long enough and the milk was not tested often enough
to give reliable data on this point. In experiment III, (see
pages 105 to 108) however, the feeding periods were longer,
being for the most part 28 days. A composite sample of the
milk of each cow taken during the last four days of each week
was tested and had it not been for the misfortune of having part
of the records of the milk yield destroyed, we would have had
considerable reliable data bearing on the subject. A number of
attempts have been made in this country, also in Europe, to feed
fat into milk, but with a few exceptions the experimenters have
arrived at the same conclusion, viz., that the per cent of fat in
the milk depends on the individuality of the cow, and can only
be slightly or temporarily varied by the food.

Prof. Soxhlet * in 1896 made some experiments in which he
claims to have materially increased the fat in milk of cows by
feeding them oil in the form of an emulsion. The oil was emul-
sified for the purpose of aiding the animals in digesting it. The
author believes others have failed to get like results for the rea-
son that the fats have not been fed in digestible forms. He
gives very little data as to the details of his experiment and most
of the paper is given up to theorizing and discussing the results.
In the discussion mention is made of feeding periods of four and
eight days, and no further mention of time is made. If such
short feeding periods were employed, the results can easily be
explained, as nearly every one who has experimented with cows
has had like experiences.

*Experiment Station Record (Vol. 8, pp. 1016).

MILK. 115

F, Albert * and M. Maercker found that feeding rations rich
in fat caused a decided increase in the fat of the milk, but a study
of their data shows that their feeding periods were very short,
being from 7 to 14 days each. The greatest increase both in
the per cent of fat in the milk and total yield obtained with a
ration rich in fat over one poor in fat was in a feeding period of
only seven days. In another trial when two rations rich in fat
followed in succession, making a total of about twenty-four days
for the two periods, the average yield of fat fell off in the latter
period to about the same as was obtained from the previous
ration poor in fat.

The author attributes this loss to an over feeding of fat and
makes no account of the cow being allowed sufficient time to
accommodate herself to the abnormal ration. He also states
that there was a great accumulation of body fat and thinks that
possibly the results suggest a means of rapidly fattening a dry
cow. .

S. Rhodin = reports some results of feeding emulsified oils to
cows in feeding periods of three to four weeks duration. The
author briefly states in his conclusion that the fat content of the
milk was increased at first by feeding oil in the form of an emul-
sion, but later on no increase took place; the milk on the con-
trary, dropped to its previous normal fat content.

The results of the experiment, presented-in the following
tables, are rather meager from which to draw any definite con-
clusions. They would be more satisfactory if all the records
could be given, and the ration rich in fat had been continued
through the third period as was planned, but owing to an error
on the part of a workman, the fat ration was reduced nearly
one-half.

The results are of interest, however, in showing .the very
decided increase in fat content of the milk for the first two weeks
of the period when a ration rich in fat was fed and also the
decided drop in the third week. The percentages of fat are
lower in the third period than in the second but not materially
different from those of the last two weeks of the first period and
it is the belief of the writer that they were not decreased by the
less amount of fat fed, but by the cows’ gradual return to their
normal capacity.

* Landw. Jahrb. 27 (1898.). + K. Landt. Akad. Handl., 37 (1888) No. 1, pp. 25-33.

8

116 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

AVERAGE PER CENT OF SOLIDS AND FAT, AND AVERAGE DAILY
YIELD OF MILK, SOLIDS AND FAT.

a mds ro A
Period I. Cows. is ; lee BS PB
3 Se eee Ge) &
B Eel sevo. cious me
% % lbs. | lbs. | Ibs
IODA \GXEES O16 bGn0b000000 UAGIIO sa doooasoongsoo0K6 - 5.3 16.86 - 5
IBAOIREEINOWY) Goocacococos - 6.05 17.06 - i.
IDMGNIEN ceococ0 aoo0G000 - 4.4 19.55 - Bae
JEENOIESNY'S igd00008 doauos0n = 5.6 14.91 =
Second week........... AACE) ceacgacod0o90 10000 14.46 5.2 16.03 2.32
Buttereup............ 14.19 5.75 16.71 2.37
IDENT 6 co00dc0c000008 13.06 4.8 19.28 2.52
IPEVOERY oGoocod0 odG0d00 14.17 5.1 14.60 2.07
Third week ............ ACUI ccadecoddoncadod6 15.44 6.1 - -
Buttercup ... sooo) dlisjotais} 6.2 - -
Dudley ... 14.31 Bot! - -
IPRNNENY osaon000aD000000 15.20 5.0 = =
Fourth week...........- AXCUIG. 6000050. c600046006 15.96 6-35 14.65 2.34
Buttercup............ 16.31 6.25 15.47 2.52
IOAWGNCAY ocoocooHndados 14.74 5.15 13.41 2.71
IPEWNERY ogo0000000090000 16.10 6.0 13.38 2.14

AVERAGE PER CENT OF SOLIDS AND FAT, AND AVERAGE DAILY
YIELD OF MILK, SOLIDS AND FAT.

of fats.

i} Ss fe}
3 Pls aS a
Period II. Cows. z 3 bs tea Be
Cnn! ~ oo Canlite 7) i)
re) 3 3S 3S a
B Ses |e. | 2
% % lbs. lbs lbs.
First week ............. IXOUG Sodoooocoonodcano: 16.33 6.7 = - -
Buttercup ............ 16.28 6.85 - -
IDWONOW adocosdooocoace 14.96 5.8 = -
IPEWNCAYG cog900G000000000 16.08 6.2 - -
Second week........... Adle......... 5900 00000» 16.61 Foil 13.64 2.27 i
Buttercup ............ 15.88 6.65 15.60 2.48 | 1.
IDWWCNIENY 6 Bo6c0500600000 14.45 5.7 18.41 2.66 | 1.
JERVMENGgo00d000 co0K0000 15.59 6.25 | 14.70 2.29 6
MATA Wie CK ye)e\e:c1e1e/e\elelee JX aoashnogboecou0eKd 16.40 6.7 14.61 2.30
Buttercup ............ 15.66 6.5 15.87 2.49 | 1
IDEWGWWENY 5 Gaoacos0dQKan0 14.51 §.2 19.18 Bones |) It
IPEVOSNY5 ocodancogmoo0sod 15.10 5.8 14.75 2.23
Fourth week........... INMIG gogoao0 poDd0 Doane 16.86 6.9 14.58 2.46 | 1
Buttercup ............ 16.18 6.2 15.80 2.56
Dudley; -*. <7). . 3. c000e |] 1a 1183 5.55 20.84 3.15 | 1
JEAMMASNVoonn90000 cao000U0 15.75 5.95 15.54 2.45

MILK.

AVERAGE PER CENT OF SOLIDS AND FAT, AND AVERAGE DAILY
YIELD OF MILK, SOLIDS AND FAT.
3 eae
n ik A » Mm |»
Period III. Cows. nS £ PS Se PSS
= g Bos | Ass les.
=) = Sa | Se |---B
Nn aA See
% % Lbs. | Lbs. | Lbs.
First week............. INGE co enocegsoda0g0000 15.99 6.27 - - -
ISURCEL CUP teelerlalelelel=t= 15.48 D.92 - - -
IDNOKGWIEN Ss GoacaooDGana0D 14.44 5.05 - ~ -
IPEWAS Woo 5aq00an0c0s0dKe 14.77 5.32 - - -
Second week. .........- INGUI® asasgoge sounDa000s 16.94 6.45 - - -
BUGS C UP ereyeeteinletleioters 16.13 5.85 - - -
IDIHOWEN? 6 GoooopoacoOsc 14.90 4.95 - - -
IPE oocndoeo0 cdoaCor 16.71 5.85 - ~ -
Ablauhys! WEEE asopncoaaces INGUI® soooccoaocca0ccng0 16.86 6.15 - - -
BuULbenCupyweccieellelet-r 15.86 6.35 - - -
IDWIGUIENY oc chooeosocedns 14.78 5.65 - - -
1PANINS\ScnKo0GG0000 O00Dd0 16.03 5.70 - - -
Hourth week. ..-...--.. AMCUIG) g004600 no0000d000 16.69 6.55 - - -
iButtiercupeeceeceeeer 15.36 5.80 - - -
IDWGIENY cosaaoecaaqco05 15.54 5.40 - - -
ANUS Weeeteretetistetietectelettals 15.30 5.20 = - -
AVERAGE DAILY YIELD OF FAT FOR EACH WEEK PER COW.
PERIOD I. PERIOD II. PERIOD III.
Digestible fat fed|Digestible fat fed Digestible fat fed
daily per cow 0.36} daily percow 0.86! daily per cow 0.55
pounds. pounds. pounds.
Fat. Fat. Fat. Fat. | Fat. Fat.
Per cent.) Pounds. |Per cent.) Pounds. |Per cént.| Pounds.
| |
WITS DWE Clk ieiseie si-'e=/ele'<' «te 5.34 0.90 6.39 - 5.64 -
SECON WeeKen. .cisc-6 5.21 0.86 6.43 1.00 5.78 =
Ablowbeel \Grelie Sap oposenoee 5.66 - 6.05 97 5.96 -
Fourth week........... 5.94 0.91 6.15 1.02 5.74 =

INJURIOUS MILLIPEDES.
ayy 18, IL, JelAeananz,

For several seasons, radishes grown in the forcing houses of
the Station have been more or less covered with excrescences,
rendering them unsightly and unfit for market. From one to
six excrescences are often found on a single radish, and five per
cent of the crop is sometimes affected. After a careful examina-
tion of the beds, the injury has been traced to the biting of the
radishes by two species of millipedes, viz.,—Polydesmus mon-
dlaris, C. L. Koch, and Iulus hortensis, Wood. *Both of these
species have been caught many times with their mouths on the
excrescences in the various stages of their development. Mil-
lipedes have been reported as doing injury to the roots of corn
and strawberries and Polydesmus complanatus, according to
‘Fitch, causes club foot of cabbage. We find no records of any
species having been injurious to radishes. While hunting down
the above culprits, other species of millipedes were found in the
forcing houses and are included below. Though not detected
biting the roots of plants, their presence is objectionable as they
feed upon organic matter that might be appropriated by plants.
So far as we know, no species of Myriopoda have been reported
from Maine, and this article may be regarded as a small contri-
bution to the subject.

We are under obligations to Prof. O. F. Cook of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., for the examination of
specimens, and to Mr. L. H. Horner of the Junior Class of the
University of Maine for Figs. 2 and 4. Figs 1 and 5 are after
Wood and Fig. 3 a camera sketch by the writer.

* Millipedes are supposed to usually feed upon decaying organic matter. We
doubted for a long time that their work upon radishes was primary but from a
careful study of the problem are forced to believe it.

INJURIOUS MULLIPEDES. I1g

Polydesmus momnilaris C. L. Koch—P. serratus, Wood.

Description: Deep brown. Antennz pubescent, club-shaped ;
the dorsal plates of the segments armed with two rows of scales
and a broad anterior obsolete series, their lateral margins toothed.
Length one-third to one-half inch. The male genitalia hairy with
a double terminal spine. See Fig. 1.. Head and terminal seg-
ment, Fig. 5.

Remarks: This was originally described from Pennsylvania
specimens and is a native species. In Maine it is the most com-
mon form found in cellars and under boards and rubbish every-
where out of doors. It is abundant in the greenhouses of Orono
in the radish beds, and is one of the culprits, having been caught
several times with its mouth in contact with the tubercles found
on radishes.

Iulus hortensis, Wood.

Description: Brown, ornamented with a row of black spots
on the side; antennz rather short; hairy, slender, club-shaped;
segments of the body 42; scuta closely channeled, both above
and below; spine at the end of the body wanting; plate in front
of the anus triangular, with its apex rounded. Length, 1 inch.
The head and terminal segments are shown enlarged five times
in Fig. 2.

Remarks: The young and the adults which have just molted
are lighter colored and show the spots on the sides plainly. The
spots do not show well on fully colored specimens.

This species is abundant throughout the greenhouses at Orono,
and particularly so in the radish beds. It has also been caught
biting the radishes, causing excrescences.

Iulus virgatus, Wood.

Description: Deep brown; back yellowish; median dorsal
line black; antennz moderately large, pilose, club-shaped; seg-
ments 30-35. Dorsal plates distinctly grooved. Spine at the
end of the body wanting, anal scale sparsely hairy; preanal
scale, broad, subtriangular with a rounded apex. Length from
¥Y to 34 inch.

Remarks: The sides of the body of well colored specimens
are deep brown or almost black. The dorsum approaches a fawn
yellow and the median dark line is pronounced. Our specimens
do not show the lateral bands mentioned by Wood and Bollman

120 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

but are otherwise characteristic. We have found but very few
specimens of this species about the greenhouse and no damage
has been traced to it. It occurs ina cellar in Orono under boxes
and barrels. It was probably brought into the cellar in dirt used
for storing celery and roots, and into the greenhouses with plants
brought in for the winter. It has been reported from Pennsyl-
vania, District of Columbia and Indiana. It is without doubt
indigenous to Maine.

Paraiulus immaculatus Wood.

Description: Deep reddish brown without spots; antennz
rather long, slender and hairy; anterior margin of the head
notched; segments 48-51; dorsal plate channeled below; the
spine at the end of the body, large, hooked, robust, acute.
Length, 1 to 1% inches.

Remarks: Was originally described from specimens collected
in the Catskill Mountains, N. Y. It is found in the woods of
Maine, and also is quite common in the greenhouses at Orono.
As leaf mold and sphagnum from this locality are used in the
beds, this species was introduced that way. So far as we know
it has done no injury.

Orthomorpha gracilis C. L. Koch.

Description: Dark mahogany brown with the lateral laminz
prominent and yellow, giving the appearance of a yellow stripe
along each side. Length, about an inch. The male genitalia are
shown much enlarged in Fig. 3, and the head and terminal
segments enlarged two and one-half times in Fig. 4.

Remarks: Widely introduced in greenhouses in Europe and
America. Found throughout the tropics and according to Prof.
O. F. Cook probably a native of the Malay region. At Orono
it is found in abundance under pots in the sphagnum moss on the
shelves, and also about the roots of plants, near and in the holes
in the bottoms of the pots. Some times a half dozen specimens
were taken from under a single pot. This species has never been
found in the radish beds, but in a section of the house devoted
to tropical and other plants in pots. It was probably introduced
with some of the tropical plants. Whether it does injury to
these plants we are not certain. We are of the opinion that it
feeds on the decomposing sphagnum and other organic matter
present.

INJURIOUS MULLIPEDES. I21

REMEDIES.

No remedies other than hand picking have been tried in the
houses at Orono. It has been found that the millipedes work
at night mostly, and early in the morning are found near
the surface of the ground. During the day, they burrow and are
more difficult to find. The morning, therefore, is the best time
to hunt for them. They do more injury in sub-watered than in
surface watered beds. We would suggest putting slices of pota-
toes poisoned with strychnine in the beds. Of course, if this or
any other poison is used, the radishes should be carefully washed
before marketing. Chips, of wood scattered in the beds afford
hiding places and these could be examined in the morning for
specimens. A more troublesome way is to heat the dirt used in
the beds. This could be done by connecting a heating box con-
taining a coil of perforated pipes with the engine, or by forcing
steam into the dirt in the beds by means of a hose and nozzle.

AN INJURIOUS CADDICE FLY.
F. L. Harvey.
Family Limnephilidze; Genus Limnephilus; Sp.

In the latter part of June, 1898, we received some caddice fly
larve, their cases and their work from Mr. William Miller, man-
ager of the Mt. Desert Nurseries, Bar Harbor, Maine. Mr. Mil-
ler stated regarding them: “That they have practically eaten up
our hardy water lilies. I send you portions of the stem and
leaf, illustrations of their work. As soon as we discovered what
was destroying them, we took steps to eradicate them, and also
removed all of the decayed and badly damaged foliage which
remained. Our hardy aquatic pond will contain, perhaps,
300-350 square feet. The first three days one man gathered
each day, about 3 gallons of the case worms. In another week
or ten days, there would not have been a particle of leaf or stem ~
in the pond. Some of the kinds are completely killed out and
two-thirds of the pond is bare that was practically full last
year. Since we have been keeping them down by hand picking,
those that were strong enough and not destroyed before the
trouble was discovered, have made a rapid and wonderful
growth. Of course, in a large or deep pond, hand picking would
be out of the question. Having control of the water level, we
lowered it so as to reach them. The larve crawled up the stems
of the lilies literally covering them. The stems were badly
eaten, often nearly gone, also the under sides and margins of the
leaves were attacked. I should like to know what they are? Is
there anything that can be done to destroy them besides hand
picking? Any information you can give in regard to desttoy-
ing them would be gladly received, and I should like to know if
they have been before reported as giving much trouble.”

The injury being new to us, we wrote Dr. L. O. Howard of
the Division of Entomology, United States Department of Agri-

INJURIOUS CADDICE FLY. 123

‘culture, Washington, D. C., who informed us that the injury was
also new to him. As caddice flies cannot be classified beyond
the genus by the cases and larve, we wrote to Mr. Miller to catch
some of the flies for us. Such thorough hand picking had been
done that probably no larve were left to emerge, and though the
pond was watched during the season, no flies were taken. The
larvee sent us by Mr. Miller were dead when received so we were
not able to rear the flies.

During August we were in Bar Harbor and visited the Mt.
Desert Nurseries and examined the pond. No caddice flies were
then on the wing. We arranged with Mr. Miller to transfer
some of the case-worms to a tub in the house and try to rear the
flies. Later he informed us that no live case-worms could be
found. Should they give trouble again, we will investigate
farther.

We sent some of the cases to Mr. Nathan Banks who thinks
they belong as placed below. To Mr. Miller, we made the fol-
lowing reply:

“The case-worms you sent belong to the Order Trichoptera
(Caddice Flies), Family Limneplilide, Genus Limnephilus. It
will be necessary to have the flies to decide the species. I send
you a drawing of a species of caddice fly and wish you would
‘send me any related insects you find about the pond.

“Caddice flies lay their eggs upon the surface of water plants.
The young make cases in which they live, or some species appro-
‘priate the hollow stems of water plants. Some of them are car-
nivorous and feed upon other insects, but most of them are veg-
etable feeders. But little is known about their food habits
excepting that many feed on water plants. The injury was
entirely new to me. ‘There is no record of caddice flies having
been injurious to water lilies. They might commonly feed upon
our wild species and the habit be overlooked as the plants are not
of economic importance. They might have been in your arti-
ficial pond in some number and have been overlooked. It was
the unusual number that attracted attention. As you have con-
trol of the water level in the pond, there is no better remedy
than hand picking, or cleaning the pond in the winter. As you
have done a thorough job of hand picking, probably you will

124 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

never be troubled with them in such numbers again. We will
be pleased to investigate farther should they continue to trouble

3)

you.
DESCRIPTION OF CASES AND LARV.

Cases about three-fourths of an inch long and one-fourth
wide. Of the log-house pattern. They seem to be built of frag-

ments of water-lily stems. One of them ornamented with the

case of a smaller species. Fig. 7 shows six of these cases,
natural size.
Larvee about three-fourths of an inch long. The portion

within the case pale brown; the protruding thoracic segments.

and head much darker. The portion within the case provided
with blunt hairs. The first abdominal segment enlarged and
produced into tubercles above at the sides and below, to attach
the larve to the case. Fig. 6 shows the larva enlarged twa
times.

ae

INSECGRS OR wih Ey iby Aine
1, 1b, JEUNR aN

SHORT-NOSED OxX-LOUSE. (Hematopinus eurysternus.)

This species is found about Orono and is probably common in
Maine, though it has never been sent to the Station before this
season. The Long-nosed Ox-louse was reported in 1895. For
description of these parasites see Experiment Station Report,

1895, page 99.

WALKING Stick. (Diapheromera femorata.)

Specimens of this curious wingless insect were received from
J. H. Hammond, Sanford. This species is certainly rare in
Maine. These are the first we have seen from the State.

APPLE-TREE APHIS. (Aphis mali Fabr.)

Was reported as doing much damage to the foliage of apple
trees and plum trees in several localities. Spraying with kero-
sene is probably the best remedy. The application should be
made as soon as the insects appear. This insect is considered in
Experiment Station Report 1888, p. 170.

CappIcE FLy.

The larva of a caddice fly was reported as doing damage to
water lilies in an artificial pond at Bar Harbor. Considered
in detail elsewhere.

Bup Morus.
Several species of bud moths were reported the past season as
doing much damage to the terminal buds and flower buds of

apple trees. Spraying with Paris green as soon as the leaves
begin to unfold, ought to destroy them.

126 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

Tue Rep Humpep AppreE Worm. (Cdemasia concinna.)

Was reported from several new localities the past season. It
seems to be on the increase in Maine. See Experiment Station
Report, 1890, p. 135.

FALL CANKER WorM.

This insect continues to do some damage in Southern Maine.
It will be remembered that it went across the State in a wave
from the northeast to the southwest. It was also reported the
past season from Aroostook county.

THE ZEBRA CATERPILLAR. (Mamestra picta.)

This is one of the most common caterpillars in gardens and
cultivated fields. It is a general feeder found on a great variety
of plants. See Experiment Station Report, 1897, pages 173
and 175.

APPLE-TREE TENT CATERPILLAR. (Clisiocampa americana.)

Was, as we predicted, very abundant particularly-in southern
and western Maine. The farmers who took care of their trees
last year are now reaping the benefit, as the apple crop was short
and apples are high.

THE Brown TAILED MorH.

Mr. Andrew Whitehouse, South Berwick, Me., upon whose ~
premises the above pest was found in 1897, writes February 2d
as follows: “I cannot find any specimens to send you. In the
summer of 1897, my boy was badly poisoned by them. They
were numerous on a woodbine on my premises and a few on my
fruit trees. Last year I cut down the woodbine and burned it,
and have not seen any since.” Mr. Whitehouse thinks they
came from Somerville, Mass., on roses.

The usual number of luna, cecropia and polyphemus moths
were received. We received a polyphemus cocoon that was spun
in a stocking. The caterpillar climbed up a post and out on the
line to where the stocking hung, then down and into the stock-
ing. When found the stocking had been on the line only a few
hours.

INSECTS OF THE YEAR. 127

DRONE OR CHRYSANTHEMUM FLY.

The larve of these flies have long breathing tubes at the end
of the body which give them the name of rat-tail larve. Speci-
mens reported were breeding in a tub containing a decoction of
tobacco stems. We found the larve abundant at McLeod’s
lumber camp in a tub by the blacksmith’s forge containing stag-
nant water.

Apple Maccor. (Trypeta pomonella.)

Was not as prevalent as usual, though doing considerable dam-
age in some parts of the State.

CuRRANT Fry. (Epochra canadensis.)

Was reported from Gardiner on currants. It was common
also about Orono. We would like to hear from anybody whose
currants are stung by a fly and turn red early, and drop.

FickLte Mince. (Sciara inconstans.)

This was reported last season as attacking gloxinia bulbs.
The same complaints have been made the past season. Mrs. R.
S. Warren, South Deer Isle, sent us specimens which she called
springtails that were eating the leaves and blossoms. She
writes, “I am positive now that the springtails destroy my
gloxinias, for I have found them on the blossoms and stems
where they had eaten the stem half through and the blossoms
withered. Also they burrow into the leaves and sap them until
they dry up and die.” The specimens sent were Thysanurans
and an unknown species of Thrips. The latter were no doubt
the cause of the injuries. Mrs. Warren put slices of potato
around the plants and the insects collected on them in great
numbers. Probably the use of the potato as traps would be a
good way to destroy them.

BuFFALO CARPET BEETLE. (Anthrenus Scrophularie.)

Reported from Winthrop and Orono. Beetles in the house.
These beetles are attracted by flowers that are in bloom at the
time when they are on the wing, and they can be used as traps.
The following from the Thirteenth Report of the Entomologist
of the State of New York, page 359.

128 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

“Mr. M. B. Coombs of Utica, N. Y., writes, “My sister has
for several years kept a bed of small tulips for drawing the
beetles. They congregate almost entirely on the creamy or yel-
low shades. For about two weeks with a pair of tweezers she
picked out from them from two to three dozen on unfavorable
days, and nundreds on quiet sunny days.’ ”

May Beette. (Lachnosterna fusca.)

Mr. Kirk of Bar Harbor sent grubs of the above species and
wrote as follows: “They have worked under the surface of
the turf about two inches and eat everything before them. They
have killed outright about 15,000 square feet of my tennis court.
Most of the damage was done in July and August. I have had
the infested ground dug up and the insects picked out. I have
picked up more than a bushel.” We wrote Mr. Kirk, calling his
attention to the remedies usually applied for white grubs.

CucuMBER BEETLE. (Duabrotica vittaia.)

This beetle that usually confines itself to cucurbitaceous plants
was reported the past season as feeding on the buds of cultivated
asters.

Potato StaLK Borer. (Gortynia nitela.)

Continues to do some damage to potato plants.

SsLACKBERRY CANE Borer. (Oberea bimaculatzc. )

Reported from western Maine. Also abundant at Orono on
blackberries and raspberries.
STRAWBERRY WEEVIL. (Anthronomus signatus.)

Does some damage to strawberries. More common on wild
than on cultivated plants.

PEAR TREE Stuc. (Eriocampa cerasi.)

Reported as injuring the foliage of cherry trees.

129

YEAR.

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NOLES ON THE PEANTS OF Thby VeAk
F. L. Harvey.

Specimens of the plants mentioned below were examined dur-
ing the year. The weeds received agree well with weed seeds
found in seed offered for sale in Maine. Judging from increased
correspondence, farmers are awakening to the importance of bet-
ter seed and the necessity of carefully watching their fields to
prevent the introduction and spread of new weeds. A large
number of samples of seeds sold in Maine were examined the
past season and over sixty kinds of foreign seeds detected.

But few fungi were reported as doing damage the past sea3on.

HotityHock Rust. (Puccinia malvacearum.) This dis-
ease has established itself in Maine.

Potato Biicut. (Phytophthora infestans). Was quite bad
in some portions of Maine, but not so prevalent as in 1897.

Witp Pepper Grass. (Lepidium virginicum and apetalum.)
In newly seeded land. The clover seed sold in Maine contains
the seeds of these weeds.

Witp Turnip. (Brassica campestris.) Appeared in fields
sowed with western clover seed.

Witp Mustarp. (Simapis alba.) In land seeded with
western clover seed. This is not as common in Maine as sev-
eral other cruciferous weeds.

PurPLE Mirkwort. ‘(Polygala viridescens L.) Growing
along roadsides and in meadows. Not a bad weed.

RoucH Cinguerort. (Potentilla monspeliensis.) In newly
seeded land. The seeds of this plant are abundant in Timothy
seed sold in Maine.

BIENNIAL WorMwoop. (Artemesia biennis.) Dooryards
and waste places. Nota bad weed.

May WEeEpD. (Anthemis cotula.) Waste places and fields.
Abad weed. Found in Timothy seed.

9

132 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

ORANGE HAWKWEED. (Hieracium aurantiacum.) Reported
from several new localities.

Kinc-Devit WEED. (Hieracium prealtum.) Reported from
Albion, Vassalboro, Exeter Mills, Carmel and Litchfield. Mr.
H. K. Morrell writes as follows: “We found three patches of
this pest in the bog woods of Litchfield and pulled it allup. The
field formerly owned by Bartlett and Dennis in West Gardiner,
where it is said to have first made its appearance, is as yellow
as gold over the most of it. In a few days the seed will be
ripe enough to fly by the wind. The State should take charge of
such fields.” In the vicinity of Riverside, on the east side of the
Kennebec, this pest occurs on several farms. Exeter Mills
where it has been found this season by Mr. Josiah Eastman is in
Penobscot county, a long distance from other locations. Mr.
Roy H. Harvey collected specimens in July on the farm of Mr.
McLaughlin, two miles east of Carmel village. The locality is
fifteen miles west of Bangor. Mr. Morrell’s observations show
the plant will grow in Maine outside of the fields.

YeLLow Goat’s BEARD. (Tragopogon pratensis.) Nota
common weed in Maine, but Mr. H. E. Cook of Vassalboro says:
“There were thousands in an old field that I have recently come
into possession of.”

YELLOW Daisy. CONE FLOWER. (/tudbeckia hirta.) This
weed is abundant in Maine and is increasing. We found the
seed of it in Timothy seed samples examined this season.

CLoveR DoppER. (Cuscuta epithymum.) Seems to be on
the increase. The bunches of the parasite should be cut, dried
and burned. It seems to grow most in second crop clover.

GROUND CHERRY. (Physalis Virginiana.) Reported, but
not a common weed in Maine. Apparently not found in the
eastern part of the State.

WaTER HorEHOUND. (Lycopus Americanus.) A common
weed in low fields and grass lands.

Hemp NETtTLe. (Galeopsis Tetrahit.) A bad weed in gar-
dens, and rich soil in fields. Abundant in Maine.

ENGLISH PLANTAIN. (Plantago lanceolata.) The seeds of
this, also dooryard plantain and aristate plantain were found
abundantly in seed examined this season.

NOTES ON THE PLANTS OF THE YEAR. 133

RouGcH PIGweeD. (Amaranthus retroflexus.) A bad weed
in gardens and cultivated fields. Germinates late and will per-
fect its seeds after crops are laid by.

LAMB’s QUARTERS. PIGWEED. (Chenopodium album.) A
common weed along road sides, waste places, gardens and culti-
vated fields. Seed abundant in western seed.

POKE-WEED, PIGEON Berry. (Phytolacca decandra.) Not
abundant. Reported for the first time, this season. Growing in
a potato patch.

FRINGED BLAcK BINDWEED. (Polygonum clinode.) This
is a native bindweed that has been reported as a weed in newly
cleared lands.

Brack BINDWEED. (Polygonun convolvulus.) Common in
fields and gardens. Western seed contains it in abundance.

VIRGINIA THREE-SEEDED Mercury. (Acalypha Virginica.)
Is becoming a common weed in low damp lands. It is an annual,
and clean culture should eradicate it. It is native in low woods.

MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

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NOTES ON THE PLANTS OF THE YEAR.

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TUBERCULOSIS AND GElis SPAGION Ft:
Be ee RUSSEL

Since some years before 1886 until within two years, some of
the cattle kept on the College farm have been affected with
tuberculosis, whenever the College has kept any cattle. Before
1886, cattle occasionally died from this disease or in absence of
exact knowledge of their condition were sold for beef or other-
wise disposed of on account of age or unthriftiness.

Well bred young animals were sold to improve other herds
and sometimes carried tuberculosis with them. This is a very
common way of spreading tuberculosis, but with our present
knowledge, it ought to be very generally avoided.

In 1886, the College cattle were so badly diseased that it was
considered best to kill the entire herd, as at that time there was
no known means by which the diseased animals could be detected
with any certainty. After the herd was destroyed the barns
were disinfected with some care and no new stock was intro-
duced for about a year.

In 1889, considerable new stock was purchased from different
sources and in less than a year from the time they were pur-
chased, two of them were found to be diseased and were killed.
Again the barn was disinfected, but new cases of disease were
frequently being discovered in the herd. In 1892, tuberculin
became available for the detection of tuberculosis, and some time
before it was used in other parts of the State, we were conduct-
ing experiments to test its value.

In 1893, we had become convinced of the value of tuberculin
as a revealer of the presence of tuberculosis and took what was
then rather radical ground, and after testing every bovine on the
farm, down to the youngest calf, those that reacted to the test
were killed. This made a large hole in the herd and required
the sacrifice of some of the most valued animals, but we believe
the results have fully justified the course taken.

TUBERCULOSIS AND THE STATION HERD. 137

In order to meet the demands for dairy products it was con-
sidered necessary to replace the cows killed, and ordinary grade
and native cows that answered the requirements were purchased
from nearby sources. Every precaution was taken to procure
sound animals, and before they were introduced into the barns,
they successfully passed the tuberculin test, but as it was late in
the fall and the barn was full of hay and grain, it was not con-
sidered practicable to disinfect the barn. The lintel was disin-
fected but not the rest of the barn until the following summer.

During the winter of 1893 and 1894 and the following spring,
several cases of tuberculosis developed, some of them being cows
purchased the fall before, from healthy herds, and according
to every known test, healthy animals themselves. They must
have contracted the disease in the College barns. In the summer
of 1894, the barn was disinfected and since that time compara-
tively few cases of tuberculosis have been found, the last case
being discovered in the fall of 1897. In 1896, the barn was
again disinfected in a very thorough manner. Since then we
have found but two cases and each of them was discovered
before it was possible that they should have infected their sur-
roundings or other cattle. Since October 1897, no new case has
been discovered, although the entire herd was tested in 1897 and
again in 1898. We now feel justified in making the claim that
since October 1897, the herd has been entirely free from tubercu-
losis for perhaps the first time in its history, although we are
aware that it is possible that among the older animals there may
be one or two that have been infected for years and may develop
the disease at any time. The herd now numbers fifty-one head
of all ages, most of these bred on the farm.

Some mistakes have been made without doubt, and it was
unfortunate that means were not earlier discovered for accom-
plishing the end we have now reached, but if there has been any-
thing exceptional in our experience with tuberculosis, it con-
sists in the fact that in about three years’™time we have exter-
minated the seeds of the disease from a badly infected herd and
premises without sacrificing either to any great extent. Other
colleges and experiment stations situated as we were in 1894
have felt it necessary to destroy buildings and cattle and in one
instance, at least, import range cattle that it was assumed had

138 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

never been exposed to tuberculosis. In gciting rid of tubercu-
losis, we have used no means but what are at the command of
any stock owner. In the first place, we have not harbored dis-
eased cattle to serve as sources of contagion. As soon as their
condition has been discovered, they have been destroyed. Since
we have relied on the action of tuberculin, many animals that
were doing good work and were apparently well have been sacri-
ficed, but the autopsy has almost invariably justified the course
taken, and in pursuing this course, we have doubtless saved more
animals than we have destroyed. We have saved animals that
would have become diseased if infected animals had been allowed
to associate with them and infect their surroundings. The ani-
mals destroyed had been valuable, but the most skeptical in regard
to the danger of bovine tuberculosis would hesitate before paying
much for them with a full knowledge of their diseased condition.
No animals have ever been sold from the College herd for any
purpose that were even suspected of being diseased.

Tuberculin is not infallible by any means. Animals infected
with tuberculosis in which the disease is dormant, making no
progress for the time being, usually fail to react under the
tuberculin test, and again, many animals that do react are so
slightly diseased that it is possible or even probable that they
might be safely kept for some time, but we know of no way by
which these slightly diseased cattle can be distinguished from
those in which the disease is more advanced, so that they
would not be safe animals to keep. Again, the slightly diseased
animal may, nobody can tell how soon, become a dangerous ani-
mal to have in a herd. Our observation has been that when
cattle have tuberculosis in a sufficiently advanced stage so that
it can be detected by any other than the tuberculin test, their
days are usually numbered, they have already done their work
of spreading contagion, and it matters little whether they are
allowed to die from disease or are killed on the verge of the
grave.

In addition to getting rid of diseased cattle to avoid infection,
we have endeavored to get rid of the disease products that the
cattle have left in the barns. The only active cause m
the spread of tuberculosis is the tubercle bacillus. This germ
is given off through various channels from tuberculous cattle and

TUBERCULOSIS AND THE STATION HERD. 139

it is found in the barns the cattle have occupied, and it may lie
there for months after the cattle have been removed. That this
is no imaginary condition has been demonstrated many times by
finding this germ in the dust of buildings where tuberculous ani-
mals have been kept and testing its life on small animals to which
it has conveyed the disease.

We consider it quite as important to kill. these disease germs
as to kill the cattle that produce them. To kill the tubercle
bacilli left in the barn by the diseased cattle has been our object
in disinfecting the barns, and of course it has been necessary to
disinfect as often as the barns have become infected by diseased
cattle and no oftener. We shall not have occasion to disinfect
them again unless we have another case of tuberculosis that
makes sufficient progress before we discover it so that the germs
of the disease are given off and reinfect the barns. The prin-
ciple involved in the disinfection is to bring in contact with
the disease germs some substance that will kill them. We have
used for this purpose corrosive sublimate. In detail, the method
employed is as follows:

All the hay, grain and farming tools have been removed from
the barns, the only exception being the hoes, shovels and forks
that have to be used there. Every movable thing that has been
in the barn with the diseased cattle, or after the diseased cattle
were removed, before the barn was disinfected, was taken out,
or, 1f left in the barn, was disinfected the same as the barn itself.
Then with brooms all dust and dirt that could be moved, was
swept into the basement or out of doors into the sunlight. Then
with a hand pump mounted on a barrel, such a pump as is com-
monly used for sprayin~ orchards or potato fields, the disinfect-
ing solution was thrown with considerable force against every
ich of the wood wort -* the barn, into every crack and crevice
where dust, laden with disease germs, might lodge. We com-
menced in the roof and worked downward, making thorough
work of it as we went along. By using the pump we did not find
this a very expensive operation. Including the cost of the mate-
rial and the labor, the expense of cleaning and disinfecting a
barn 100x50 feet with 18 feet posts and basement, was about
$25.00. This did not include the cost of the pump which was
but little injured, and has before and since that time been used

140 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

for other purposes. The disinfecting solution was made by
dissolving one part, by weight, of corrosive sublimate in about
a thousand parts of water. The pump was mounted on a fifty
gallon barrel and we used a little more than a half pound of the
sublimate for a barrel of water. We bought the pulverized corro-
sive sublimate and dissolved it in hot water. It dissolves very
slowly in cold water. The sublimate and its solution should be
kept in glass or wooden vessels; it corrodes metal. The solution
is poisonous if taken in sufficient quantities, so it should never be
left uncovered where animals can get at it.

Another means that we have used in keeping our herd free
from tuberculosis has been the testing with tuberculin of all ani-
mals purchased. By this means we have avoided purchasing
diseased animals that were satisfactory in other respects, and if
we were to neglect this precaution, we might easily undo all that
we have accomplished. When we could do so conveniently, the
animals purchased have been tested before they were brought to
the farm. In other cases they have been tested here before they
were admitted to the barns with the other cattle. In two cases,
we have avoided introducing tuberculous cattle into the herd by
this very simple precaution.

SUMMARY.

The College herd of cattle has never, prior to 1897, for long
at a time, been entirely free from tuberculosis for nearly twenty
years.

The entire herd was killed once to get rid of the disease.

It was again introduced with cattle purchased; since 1894 we
have been making rapid progress in getting rid of the disease.

We have not been able to discover any cases for more than a
year and a half and believe the herd; numbering fifty-one head,
most of them bred on the farm, is now free from tuberculosis.

The herd has been freed from tuberculosis by first, killing all
the animals that reacted to tuberculin; second, thoroughly dis-
infecting the barns where tuberculous cattle had been kept;
third, carefully inspecting all cattle purchased into the herd.

The methods used for getting rid of tuberculosis are easily
available and not expensive.

SLSHN GUOOHUM IVOACIATIGNI
| ‘uoT}ISOd UL S}SON ‘peaAOUIOA SOU [Surg

A NEST BOX FOR KEEPING INDIVIDUAL EGG
RECORDS:

G. M. GoweELt.

Desiring to conduct experiments in breeding hens, we found it
necessary, first, to be able to determine the eggs produced by
each individual. Several appliances and patented devices were
examined, but all seemed open to the objection, that while they
might indicate to an extent the producer of the egg, the lack of
certainty would be so great as to render them of little value for
our purpose. We constructed a nest that proved so satisfactory,
that we placed fifty-two of them in the breedinghouse, where they
have been in use several months. They enable us to know the
eggs produced by each bird with certainty. The boxes are placed
four in a bank, and slide in and out like drawers and can be
carried away for cleaning if necessary. If desired, they could be
put on the floor or shelf by simply having a cover to each box.

Our breeding pens are ten by sixteen feet in size, and there
are twenty hens and a cockerel in each one. Four nests in each
pen have accommodated the birds by the attendant going through
the pens once an hour during that part of the day when the birds
were busiest. Earlier and later in the day, his visits have not
been so frequent. More nests in the pen would reduce the fre-
quency of his visits. To remove a hen, the nest is pulled part
way out and as it has no cover, she is readily lifted up and the
number on her leg band noted on the record sheet that hangs at
hand. After having been taken off a few times, they do not
object to being handled, the most of them remaining quiet, appar-
ently expecting to be picked up.

The nest box is very simple, inexpensive, easy to attend and
certain in its action. It is a box-like structure, without front
end or cover. It is 28 inches long, 13 inches wide and 13 inches
deep—inside measurements. A division board with a circular

142 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

opening 712 inches in diameter is placed across the box 12 inches
from the back end and 15 inches from the front end. The back
section is the nest proper. Instead of a close door at the en-
trance, a light frame of inch by inch and a half stuff is covered
with wire netting of one inch mesh. The door is ten and one-
half inches wide and ten inches high and does not fill the entire
entrance, a space of two and a half inches being left at the bot-
tom and one and a half inches at the top, with a good margin at
each side to avoid friction. If it filled the entire space it would
be clumsy in its action. It is hinged at the top and opens up
into the box. The hinges are placed on the front of the door
rather than at the center or back, the better to secure complete
closing action.

The trip consists of one piece of stiff wire about threc-six-
teenths of an inch in diameter and eighteen and one-half inches
long, bent as shown in the drawing. A piece of board six inches
wide and just long enough to reach
across the box inside is nailed flatwise
in front of the partition and one inch
below the top of the box, a space of
one-fourth of an inch being left be-
tween the edge of the board and the
partition. The purpose of this board
is only to support the trip wire in place.
The six-inch section of the trip wire
is placed across the board and the long
part of the wire slipped through the
quarter inch slot, and passed down
close to and in front of the center of
the seven and a half inch circular open-
ing. Small wire staples are driven
nearly down over the six-inch section of the trip wire into the
board so as to hold it in place and vet let it roll sidewise easily.

When the door is set, the half inch section of the wire marked
A comes under a hard wood peg or a tack with a large round
head, which is driven into the lower edge of the door frame. The
hen passes in through the circular opening and in doing sO
presses the wire to one side, and the trip slips from its connection
with the door. The door promptly swings down and fastens

EGG RECORDS. 143

itself in place by its lower edge striking the light end of a wooden
latch or lever pressing it down and slipping over it, the lever
immediately coming back into place and locking the door. The
latch is five inches long, one inch wide and a half inch thick, and
is fastened loosely one inch from its center to the side of the
box, so that the outer end is just inside of the door when it is
closed. The latch acts quickly enough to catch the door before
it rebounds. It was feared that the noise arising from the clos-
ing of the door might startle the hens, so instead of wooden
stops, pieces of old rubber belting were nailed at the outside
entrances for the door to strike against.

The double box with nest in the rear end is necessary, as when
a bird has laid and desires to leave the nest, she steps to the
front and remains there until released. With one section only,
she would be very likely to crush her egg by standing upon it.

One experiment which has been undertaken and which
requires a long period of time in preparation is the attempt to
establish families of hens that shall excel as egg producers. To
do this, reliance upon the laws of inheritance and transmission ~
must be coupled with selection. Selection will depend upon the
actual production of the birds taken for foundation stock. From
offspring of the foundation stock will be selected—by use of the
nest boxes—the greatest yielders of desirable eggs.

The male birds will be bred from dams of known capacity and
quality. Only by use of nest boxes and leg bands can we
expect to control the work. Two hundred and sixty females,
from three distinct breeds, are undergoing test for the foundation
stock. One year’s time will be required in the selection. From
among them it is hoped may be found a few birds that are suited
for the founding of the families. The breeds employed are
Barred Plymouth Rock, White Wyandotte and Light Weight
Light Brahma.

THE NUMBER OF LAYING HENS THAT CAN BE
PROEITABLY KEPT IN ONE PEN.

G. M. GoweELt.

To obtain data relative to the number of hens that can be
kept in a room of a given size, and the receipts from the same,
a test was made with fifteen pens of birds, of two breeds.

In the Station poultry building were fifteen pens, alike in
size and arrangement. Each pen was ten by sixteen feet on the
floor. It was five feet high at the back and eleven high at the
front. Each pen had the same amount of window surface in
. the south side. The roosts, gravel, bone and water dishes and
nests were arranged the same in all of the pens. The entire
floor space of one hundred and sixty feet was available to the
birds, as the walk was elevated above the floor so as not to
interfere with its use. Equal yard space was attached to each
room.

The birds employed were all of the same age—hatched May
2d—except those in pen No. 1 which were hatched April 16th.
Care was exercised in selecting, to have all of the birds in the
pens of a group as nearly alike in size, form and vigor as pos-
sible.

GROUP I.

Pen No. 1 had fifteen Brahma pullets.

Pen No. 2 had twenty Brahma pullets.
Pen No. 3 had twenty-five Brahma pullets.
Pen No. 4 had thirty Brahma pullets.

GROUP 2.
Pens Nos. 5, 6, 7, 8, were duplicates of Nos. I, 2, 3, and 4.

HENS. 145

GROUP 3.
Pen No. 9 had fifteen Barred Plymouth Rock pullets.
Pen No. 10 had twenty Barred Plymouth pullets.
Pen No. 11 had twenty-five Barred Plymouth pullets.
Pen No. 12 had thirty Barred Plymouth Rock pullets.

GROUP 4.

Pens Nos. 13, 14 and 15 were duplicates of Pens Nos. 9g, 10, II.

The birds in all the pens received the same quality of food.
All food was distributed among the pens of a single group in
proportion to the number of birds each one contained. The
birds in group No. 2 were not so well developed as those in
other groups and were fed according to their needs. All birds
in a single group were fed the same quantity. Uniform care
and treatment prevailed. Two birds were lost by accident
during the winter. A good supply of dry straw was kept on
the floors at all times, and the birds were induced to exercise
freely. The only lack of uniformity in conducting the test was
in group I, pen 1, where older birds were used than in other
pens, which results in a more favorable showing than can be
ascribed to numbers alone.

It was intended to carry the test through the year, but the
building was destroyed by fire early in May, thus terminating
the test at six months. For the purpose of this test only, it
may be that the period from November first to May first rep-
resents better the influence of the floor space than would be the
case when summer runs were added.

In examining the data, it should be remembered that each
group forms a test independent of other groups. This is
important as the birds in different groups are not alike, but all
the birds in pens comprising a single group are uniform.

The uniformity of the results in every group are such as lead
to the conclusion that as we increase the numbers of birds above
fifteen ona floor space of one hundred and sixty feet, the
egg yield diminishes as the number of birds increase. This
testimony is emphatic, as among the four groups there was not
a single exception to this conclusion.

146 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

The three tables which follow give the egg records for six
winter months.

YIELD OF EGGS DURING SIX WINTER MONTHS OF HENS KEPT
IN. FLOCKS OF 15, 20, 25, AND 30 COMPARED.

s S = £GGs YIELDED.
° Ss) a
hn eS = :
6 | S oS 5 a ; a :
m ~ = +5) 2 A = >
ele z z Z : E =
loca = 2 2 3 = 3 = a a
Si & Ss 5 5 = e 3S es = a
Rel az; Z Z a 5 ra 2 < = -y
(almeel 15 186 261 237 122 | 194| 260 1,260 84
[| 2| 2] ws] 25] 269| 14] 20) 288] 1274 63.7
The |
383 295} 104 o77 | 932 25 | 21| 381 1,370 A4.8
Wie 20 east 171 235 147] 255} 345 1,234 41.1
( 5 15 | 24 1510 IS 102 180 286 906 60.4
| eitG 20 66 207 224 127 204 | 36 1,154 57.7
24 |
| 7 25 55 148 233 114} 204) 298 1,052 42.1
ears 30 34 138 212 111 266 | 390 1,151 38.4
As 15 27 85 212 144| 240 299 1,007 67.1
| 10 20 95 160 206 174] 264 | 351 1,251 62.6
34 is
| 11 25 92 176 226 185 | 326 390 1,395 55.8
| |
fe Te 30 6 116 250 162} 344| 349 1,227 40.9
| |
(| 138 15 47 109 189 163 212 296 1,016 67.8
| | ne
42| 14 20 60 158 1s8 Tee | ate! 295 1,155 57-8
|
l| 25 72 153 190 76 | 395 433 1,319 52.8

The following table gives the total number of eggs produced
in all of the pens containing the same number of hens, and the
average yield of eggs per bird.

EGG YIELDS WHEN ALE PENS CONTAINING THE SAME
NUMBER OF BIRDS ARE COMBINED.

45 “birds, 15 in each pen gave 2,929 eggs. Per bird, 65.1.
80 birds, 20 in each pen gave 4,830 eggs. Per bird, 60.4.
100 birds, 25 in each pen gave 5,136 eggs. Per bird, 51.4.
go birds, 30 in each pen gave 3,612 eggs. Per bird, 40.1.

The table which follows shows the most profitable number of
hens in a flock in these experiments.

*The April hatched birds in Pen 1 not included in this table.

:

amet

ac

ee ee re

HENS. 147

AVERAGE NUMBER AND ESTIMATED NET PROFIT FROM HENS IN
FLOCKS OF 15, 20, 25, 830 BLRDS COMPARED.

S ; -
‘3 p= q rs
Sz ON, Siw e ares tS eZ a8
wo HORE HORE COlSGo | S2i sac og ne
on DanH oOo Om oO Pv ater, SDRAAVE = oD Pa
ro 2acd Qa oR AS OF OVO Bee Dic
an: gSnon ga2vs Snvaea lo a—) So tiaras
=) fit =mMoo 90'S Ssmo9o0d sEUSBH ORAD
Sao Bossa Saon Snsao SS eHud aEDO
Aaa Avco Avot PoTUN Pan sO Samo
*15 65.1 976 $19.52 $7.50 $12.02
20 60.4 1,208 24.16 10.00 14.16
25 51.4 1,284 25.64 12.50 13.14
30 40.1 1,203 24.06 | 15.00 9.06

*The April hatched hens in Pen 1 are not included in this table.

From the above table it will be observed that pens containing
twenty birds did not give as much profit per bird as did pens of
fifteen birds, but the pens containing twenty birds gave a greater
total net profit per pen than did those containing any greater
or less number of birds. Pens with twenty-five birds gave
slightly greater net returns than did the fifteen bird pens. The
pens that had thirty birds each gave very much less net returns
than did any of the others.

These tests show that when twenty birds were confined on
one hundred and sixty feet floor space, they yielded more profit
than did fifteen birds when kept in a similar room. This is a
matter of considerable consequence, for the cost of buildings,
for the proper housing of birds during the cold winters of our
climate is the greatest item of expense to which the poultryman
is subjected.

10

BUDD) IIB COIRIDS:.
G. M. GoweELt.

In the Station report for 1897, statements were given of the
yields of milk, fat and butter from each cow in the herd for the
year. As stated there, the purpose was to add to the limited
data so far accumulated bearing upon: the ratio of the decrease
of the milk flow from the time the cow is fresh until she is dry;
the changes of the per cent of fat from month to month; and the
milk and fat yields during the months following the act of
breeding.

During 1898 there were twenty-four cows and heifers in the
herd. As the animals are valuable for breeding purposes, they
were fed such quantities and qualities of foods as seemed best
for their welfare. The feeding has been with reference to indi-
vidual needs for the production of moderate quantities of milk
rather than forcing for large quantities.

From January first until June the animals of large capacities
received each day about fourteen pounds of hay, composed of
timothy, red top and alsike clover, and twenty-five pounds of
corn silage, turnips or mangolds, in connection with eight
pounds of concentrated food, consisting of equal weights of
wheat bran, corn meal, and gluten or cottonseed meal, mixed
together.

They were at pasture during June, July, August and part of
September. During the remainder of the year they were kept in
the barn and yards and fed as during the winter. Every night
throughout the summer they were put in the barn and fed green
oats, peas, corn or dry hay and silage when the grass in the
pastures was not sufficient for their needs. About the same
grain ration was given in the summer as in winter. Cows of
smaller capacities received less feed, and heifers, even if well
developed, were given diminished quantities of grain.

HERD RECORDS.

149

Animals when dry, or nearly so, received bran only as con-
centrated feed. By comparison with the records of last year
it will be noticed tht certain cows yielded less this year than then.
This is mostly accounted for by the difficulty in getting them
to breed regularly which made them strippers a greater pro-
portion of the year than in 1897. Discussion of these data will
not be undertaken until more results are secured and tabulated.

MADALENE.—Holstein and Jersey. Nine years old.

calve March 14, 1899.

YAINWRIAY oc nodooncogo0ad6nD00D00 00000
THQ IDE U BUY Fo oi o)ascls sisi vevajaieiavassicissaversteye(orcts

WetODETaeeueecine cle Sidbiciata ohete eitietotisinicferete
INOMEMUD ET! <\:...2/s'5,ciciarciesis sissisisiereiwleriane
IDE CEMPEW pie cicieieisielele gocoadadosocac

HUNTOON.—Holstein—full blood—not registered. Ten years old.

ry
see e eae

310.0

seen eee ee wees

Per cent Fat—

fat. lbs
4.0 34.80
4.2 39.31
4.3 36.63
4.8 38.01
4.2 27.97
3.8 21.96
4.0 15.28
4.0 12.40
226.36

Calved April 4, 1898—due to

er)

weet twee

ruary 1, 1897, and October 16, 1898.

Calved Feb -

1898.

JOIN se conaduposonscedneaenecoonabooton
ANE soo RoBBOsO Daa poDUeDUnO cnOnoD OE
September............. AOD COObOOUSE
WO CTOD Cliieajsecin ter ccceiee Soste senses
November oe .-
'DECeieall oie oUsBaadadadnonbonooeod eaters

Milk—
lbs.

fer)
—
Tor}
ao

-_
a
SS
ooo oooceoeco:e

Per cent Fat— Butter—
fat. lbs. lbs.
4.4 27.12 31.64
4.0 25.68 29.96
4.5 26.37 30.76
5.3 27.98 32.64
4.8 25.29 29.50
4.4 22.44 26.18
4.7 92.84 26.64
5.2 13.86 16.13
4.0 24.04 28.04
al 35.85 44.32
3.6 32.29 37.67
286.73 333.48

150 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

KATRINA.—Holstein Registry. Two years old. Calved February 20, 1899.
Out of herd December 1, 1898.

Milk— Per cent Fat— butter—

1898. lbs. fat. i lbs. lbs.
'

January .......- ~anccececcee Bods Baer StS 6 aed betas See | Saaccesessc ooo: eae
IMG RAT see cocbcecdeos tcoredsdtadics 103.0 3.4 3.67 | 4.28
PAPO seen Saesee cee cccecsadecerose st } 751.0 3-D 26.28 30-66
APNEA ee eae ee eae eens 589.0 3.3 7. 26.51
May ....--.-- Se pee eee ee | 646.0 3.4 21.96 25.62
TUN cee see ceoossiodeenecesoekdscedisaa} 630.0 | 377) 23.31 | 27.19
SWLY, <= eonenneome spacamentoococsse¢ 205 642.0 j 255 22.475 26.21
AUSUSE .-..-. 222-2 one nee new oene 517.0 i 3-3 7.06 19.90
September.......... ssocicscosescoots 506-0 3.4 7-20 | 20.06
OCtODET poe ease ce ecedes cawceas wewecen 431.0 4.6 22.12 | 25.80
NOVEMLDCE Sf ooo) oe eeanne serosa ee a2 420.0 3-8 15.96 18.62
December ee enee ase ele e eee nee leaepnebeeesee I sacet sens [Reese e cone ase seeewen

6,390.0 | 192.76 “| 294.85

CHESTER.—Grade Holstein. Six years old. Calved May 6, 1898—due to calve
April 21, 1899.

{ |
Milk— Per cent | Fat— | Butter—
1898. lbs. | fat. ibs. ibs.

Sa ie ceescceesebosecomceccoose 77-6 5.1 24.35 28.40
February -.-.-.--.-.- 2 sSoscc6 sostece 418.0 4.5 18.81 | 21.94
LPR Deo meceinsing sec coanoc (cert c ee 328.0 4.7 15.41 17.97
SAEs eee ae Cees 149.0 4.6 6-8 | 7.99
LIER) cecteccdeesns Ce pecoeeccossessacse 75-0 4.8 22.80 26.60
UL Ge sec tossstacsee cece tecees SR SmICH 690.0 4.5 21.05 | 24.55
Vuilyssteee eos hens ea epee ens 661.0 3.5 3.13 | 26.98
AUB Soe le acs areres Soke waseeee | 504.0 4.9 | 24.69 28.80
September 454.0 4.4 | 21.29 | 24.83
October 420.0 57) | 23.94 27.93
November... 430.0 4.3) | 5 549. 3 21.57
Decemneee ee eee eee eee 420.0 5.6 | 24.36. | 28.37

5,456.6 ee ey en 285.93

FATA MIE.—Holstein—not registered. Eight yearsold. Calved May 27, 1888—due
to calve April 19, 1899.

| Mik— Percent! Fat— | Butter—
1898. | lbs. fat. lbs lbs
J J
|
January......... 2 ABYSS 400.6 3.6 14.42 | 16.82
MEPraary so sess eo ee ene ecnee | 335-0 3.8 12.53 | 14.61
Li Rigg tes) caste = code acdscoceeconsoct 154.0 } 3.8 5.85 | 6.82
Asi ssc @ -nescccccenmescnnss|-co-an--sec0- Bectessorsd |pssie seeds: |-eeceneecee-
Li Ey coc coaececcocsmncccacet toccsctce 151.0 | 3.6 5.43 | 6.33
UT seneecacose apote ce ceneacescesse =| 1,058.0 | 3-8 40.20 ] 45.90
SITY ieccoecoacisnsemasancogtcon cieosgse 1,130.0 2.0 33.90 } 39.55
AMISISb ii 5.50 sdesa= s-cescecs dos-teees $37.0 | 3.2 26.78 | 31.24
SS) OT PR cee seeceooretos sosceoe soe) 992.0 3.0 29.76 | 34.72
OCLOREEF so aee an eae eee 752.0 4.0 30.08 | 35.09
November..... : =| 730.0 3.3 24.09 | 28.10
IPGUSTN DEP +2252 se5c6 Sesccoce cece 651.0 4.3 29.29 34.17
7,190.6 252.33 294.35

im

HERD RECORDS.

ISI

MARIE.—No. 3434 M.S. J. H. Book. Two years old April 4, 1898. Calved March 17,
1898—due to calve March 12, 1899.

Milk—
1898. lbs

BU SUTL UAV 10/0) ole)elele\cielniale alcinlevalatenstene eve ateia’si|| stare wretelciptehensienne
ING NEE A oo Séeigoanondoandad ndocoedaeNlladooocowo\ nocd
IVC iielsleisiale/cicle slels oseons godcodéoasede 151.0
AMDIBIW 5 odnoano anpucogdocandSboooado00d 530.0
WISI soaddodgdeannSacoaenadandee doce 558.0
ANTAGh A SadadadcooocoDneoodadoon monadads 550.0
MUU aetetetsteletctereialsicelesisietatarerstetelevoieistersisietetae 472.0
ANTES so no Gdoudsndn SoBboocoodCOODONS 189.0
September......... S606 60006 donodadus 274.0
(CHWS OOP sononanoadaodoaosnaaqda ooBddae 234.0
INOMEMUD OM ericlelelateeieiaieiviciwici<isisielleleteleleiaic 210.0
December ........... Hhemooodod Gonode 201.0

3,369.0

PANSY.—Jersey—not registered. Eight years old.

Per cent
fal.

Or OU HH
CWN WP Re POO

ealve April 1, 1899.

Fat— Butter—
lbs lbs.
6.04 7.04
24.38 28.44
24.53 28.61
22/555 26.30
20.7 24.22
8.31 9.69
11.78 13.7
12.16 14.18
9.03 10.53
10.05 11.72
149.59 174.47

Milk— Per cent Fat— Butter—
1898. lbs. fat. lbs. lbs.

LINUL AUN irs stalcteiarsitste slate <isiseicioeie Soca000 99.0 4.2 4.15 4.86
IMEOPDRVAY cagad0oc0n Sb0ddnOOOdDDHonASNl| GagacdoCoogaHlladasaosodSddll coocHpoodeS ancljoooasagcooo C
HVAC Tiere re ravayatareizus mfctissafste sis eters) cietesetere valeis) =). War svaveteite eiepetere ca/s | iste ereraterete/ereve ail eieiaie.« etaicie eters acllecocunoocode
PAM OTA Uieleeivicicicie.e pamsogba0000 bo o200000 503.0 4.2 21.12 24.64
WISI? 23 doooageguoamad dodansoed niclelaicieielc 754.0 4.4 33-17 38.70
June ...... poodode8n Saddon0000 Co000 900 720.0 5.0 36.00 42.00
dit h\yseseseneodede 732.0 4.6 33.67 39.28
August ........... 571.0 4.5 25.69 29.97
September 576.0 4.5 25.92 30.24
October............ 452.0 5.8 27.95 32.61
November 435.0 5.8 25.23 29.43
December 356.0 5.7 20.29 23.67

6,119.0 253.19 295.38

ORLETTA .—No. 1734, M.S. J. H. Book. Eleven years old.

1897—due to calve April 30, 1899.

Calved November 6,

SM eR ENOL Use teteteeletelsioteleleleYels]~elelelsiotatelelelayalelet=
ING DEUETAY sssqcanodooudcadade0 concodd
March.......... see eee e ence etree eens

August. sosoaqdoc0050¢
September........... sodeocedocaadaor
October...........- mtateleloistalaioteratsetatatetots
NOVEM CT a! (aie /niel=ic alala\sisiele clere sles elelavere
December ....... Rielaiclelalelefsieteteistatetstatolats

Milk—
lbs.

626.8
590.0
531.0
488.0
514.0
495.0
544.0
644.0
468.0
423.0
390.0
390.0

6,043.8

Per cent
fat.

OLD? OF HR OF O01 On OT He
OOS OO OD Oo HO Co Co 1 OD

Fat—
lbs.

28.83

152 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

TULIP.—No. 2501 M. S.J. H. Book. Six years old. Calved Jan. 31, 1898 and due
to calve April 1, 1899.

] | if
| Milk— | Percent) Fat | Butter—
1898. lbs. fat. lbs. | lbs.

JARMAN Y .ccnsen sane oa oaae sees coneece| wesecnnee-nes kenensesnace HAAR BASF Ber soncccine
REDINALY sonnssunene een cnee serene nee $26.0 | 4.9 | 40.47 47.21
Maren ects one cene ap agec Rnceeo otto: 57.0 | 5.0 47.85 55.82
ADs a ease dese anne ae ssoonece cette: 793.0 | 5.2 41.23 48.10
Lo 5 a ee, Sa a I 790.0 |} 5.1 40.29 47.00
JUNC SH esccesc privspmcakasscaue ARR EICecic 660.0 | 5.0 33.00 | 38.50
DUNG oo vse snes cape cae swastesenennr as } 612.0 | 4.4 26.92 | 31.40
WNC Ti 1 =| eee ee ee es See | 490.0 | 5.1 JA.99 | 29.15
September. ........-..-- sok vicwedeeeee | 499.0 | 4.8 B95 | 27.94
Ogtaber 50 ick cs sh ace peace 442.0 6.0 26.52 | 30.94
INTEL NG es Be oroneecoesssccocemocaos j 401.0 6.0 24.06 } 28.07
DDAVSIN TEE = pc seceacsecce oscneecnees) 400.0 | 5.6 22.40 26.13

| eee ree |

6,870.0 | 351.72 410.34

RUTH.—No. 2369 M. S. J. H. Book. Six yearsold. Calved December 4, 1897 and
October 28, 1598.

;
| Milk— Per cent | Fat— | Butter.
1898. | lbs. fat. lbs. lbs.

Ents eee eae Biers Se ee pene ee eee ae |e 41.56
February .-.... nc ocecococesisecsoscens | 811.0 | 4.1 33.25 38.79
March: i522: 5.25 ec nee eeosce-ne eRe 720) | 4.3 | 31.04 36.21
April -.-..-. ARP R CCAR ORR SOacne aoc 675-0 4.2 | 28.35 33.07
Mayon. sco. siceecases I rye eee 620.0 | 4.4 27.28 31.82
ATING 20 se cccecn toc see nosccetoeecececoe | 585.0 | 4.9 | 28.66 33.44
ATU? seep nse 8 He Be ene | 504.0 | 4.8 | 24.19 28.22
dNTPETT ieee sera oee Eee aon: 352.0 | 5.2 } 18.30 21.35
September........ ese aiacslecrre secoce | |
October ............ -Sseacecce sececce | | }
November ....... ocee -esceccesesnnans | 930-0 | 4.4 40.92 47.74
WECEMPEY-os.0---ssases se cecte re ccsc | 938.0 4.3 40.33 } 47.05

| 6,885.2 307.94 359.25

|

CHERRY 2d.—No. 3030 M.8.J.H.B. Six years old. Calved February 9, 1898, due
to calve April 15, 1899.

i | |
Milk— | Percent | Fat— | Butter—

1898. lbs fat. lbs. lbs.
CARWALY) oo anno nse ane aacen eee i 271.1 6.2 16.30 19.60
BEBINATY eee a pee eeee ee spseses soote 283.0 5.6 15.84 18.48
March...... Sateaess easter eses Bo babe } 528-0 5-3 27-92 32.64
Apeiliete ate cogsccones conceee: | 458.0 i a} 25-19 29.38
MY cones ooo) 6 Oe Set wcrsiseca enews | 430.0 Fea | 22.7: 26.58
SUNC} So cccn sacs a 460.0 5-2 | 23.92 27.90
FET b 7 ees Sa sake Beh Att Se 459.0 4.6 | 22.11 25.7
aii ee ere ee ee 409.0 5.0 20.45 23.85
September =... 2o-ee-s-<0seenensonsnt } 436.0 4.2 18.31 21.36
Uri Wie Aan eee ae As Seater i 360.0 6.0 21.60 25.20
NOVEMIDCE 2 22. s bees ence men eae aoe | 320.0 5.2 | 16.64 19.41
DECEnMiNeT eo ccres voces tesseces sees 341.0 5.2 | (EVE 26.68
4,755.1 249.36 290.87

HERD RECORDS.

153

LOBLITOP.—No. 1874 M.S.J. H. Book. Eleven years old. Calved October 14,

1897 and December 30, 1899.

Milk— Per cent Fat— Butter—
1899. lbs. fat. lbs. lbs.

DISNOEN AY ooopondacosnaroubcoue eoeGoneT 518.8 4.6 23.86 27.83
Me Wnuaiye co ecececetels jocoonaddscadoos 545.0 4.4 23.98 27.97
IMiarehi evince ceonene “SOGnD0000 oDOaG00N 447.0 4.4 19.66 22.93
JASPUALewicleec slolelatettnislsicioterstoteisieiieeraetaters 584.0 4.3 25.11 29.29
Myer atciarcis starocisiciomtars miaicisictaion eerste sine 580.0 4.4 25.52 29.77
ORIN O ele Sajeiciionmeneee ceases ot ondaaon 585.0 5.2 30.42 35.49
Ubi by GonngacaGnand ob Oomeiae Hamre taer 616.0 4.0) 24.64 28.74
August..... 30 481.0 4.3 20.68 24.12
September. ne sooanoone 513.0 4.0 20.52 23.94
October tees aceite cesses oles 50000 440.0 5.8 25.52 29.77
November: -ssecesecene bog00nds 50000 480.0 5.6 32.48 37.89
December ........ HemaooRadnoSedcdodS 465.0 5.2 24.18 28.21

6,254.8 296.57 345.95
BUTTERCUP.—Jersey—full blood—not registered. Six years old. Calved May

26, 1898—due to ealve April 15, 1899.
Milk— Per cent Fat— Butter—
1898. lbs. fat. lbs. lbs.

January..... FOG 500.2 6.2 31.01 36.17
February 458.0 6.0 27.48 32.06
March ..... einer Serene sieiniotcle iets cmoterertslé 400.0 6.2 24.80 28.93
JNM osc60oe © sco00000 GoaneE oncocoad 328.0 6.2 20.33 23.71
il hy Gosopeooe mroteletaleetaterteretente ocoD oD0ced 68.0 5.8 3.94 4.59
JUNE ... cece SnooCot, BoDEOGo CONE TADOdS 568.0 aya 29.98 34.97
aN sosocnaoee siotiandibja sian te ele erstseede 833.0 4.4 36.65 42.75
AF 50 Gh sop od Dae dobOOCHOO00n> 5 oo000S00 630.0 4.9 30.87 35.99
September .........c0 oacacsdoogenne 567.0 4.8 27.01 31.51
October........ Srawotele svarsisleretarteateeeyerereie 486.0 6.6 32.07 37.41
November ....... SoonGesDCood, acosace 511.0 5.6 28.61 33.37
December .......... poocebs cocanodes 490.0 6.4 31.36 36.58

5,862.0 324.11 378.04

CHERRY.—No. 3029 M.53.J.H. Book. Nine years old. Calved August 20, 1897—due

to calve November 12, 1899.

U
Milk— Per cent Fat— Butter—
1898. lbs. fat. lbs. lbs.

UATALL INV rotcleietolafomtereietalsiatonerettarsictarete 20 347.5 Dee 18.07 21.08
February ......... DOCG DOOCODDWIO00O 345.0 Dei 17.59 20.52
IGA N cospqaooonoacoaoanacac cacdoonace 349.0 5.0 17.45 20.35
ANOBII Saansanodpcom0s0n005 Gooodence 280.0 5.8 16.24 18.94
WIERY sS5ogcacloor afolkntolatatstetsiclaletelaterselatetelatay= 311.0 Zi 17.62 20.55
MELLO vetiie stare /elalsisisicrereone latcicisisioieietsiateicrerstelers 377.0 5.6 21.11 24.96
UGK, 56 papcodobaddioudcoon codbaneoADOdS 338.0 5.4 18.25 21.29
PMA AES Uietetstotelaleloenteisisteteraiaatstelolsieletel ctetorets 328.0 5.0 16.40 19.13
SE PLM DCI eisciielmeleicis elalcateeieisrelats 346.0 4.4 15.22 17.75
ChE IDIOES Ho, cospanacooordosucoucoaoCKsnG 297.0 6.3 18.71 21.82
WOVGIMIDEM's). jae aeiaceceomanensecenite sien 320.0 5.2 16.64 19.41
WEEEMIDEI ec ciicaccisiccincciessicisiicicicetee 310.0 5.9 18.29 21.33

3,948.5 211.59 247.13

154

ROSE—No. 1802 M.S. J. H. Book. Eleven years old.

MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

Calved November 16, 1897

and due to calve March 20, 1899.

1898.

Milk—
lbs.

January .....-. o000000 sooC0DDadCDNS
February

Ceecceees se eae eee eeace
erece
seer ce ecco secsseecees
se were ores cesecesesccesetesscs cose
eoceessisces

eececcseeseese se

September. ..... be LEE jo0000009
October

sececccces

sa cceeeeccns

505.6
495.0
476.0
591.0
486.0
505.0
567.0
486.0
441.0
370.0
380.0
387.0

5,740.6

Per cent | Fat— Butter—
fat. | lbs. lbs.
4.6 23.25 27.12
4.6 92.77 26.56
5.0 23.80 27.76
4.9 28.95 BR zz
5.1 24.78 28.91
5.0 25.25 29.45
4.4 24.94 29.09
4.9 23.81 27.77
4.2 18.52 21.60
5.7 21.09 24.93
4.9 18.62 21.72
5.5 21.28 25.16
277.06 323.84

HOPE—No. 2368 M.S. J. H. Book. Seven years old.

Calved October 28, 1897, and

due to calve March 16, 1899.

1898.

UAV CNTER ATG noG0000 conDCOROGD0000 00.900000
February
March
April

August 5
SEM UCI Clyraelelatelatetstelelelsietersieleletereels 900
October
November

December .

eccescce

oe. c ee cesccesese ceeces

Peete weer eee ere se escese

ADLE—Jersey—High grade.

Milk—
lbs.

568.1
503.0
466.0
425.0
291.0
475.0
472.0
360.0
396.0
283.0
242.0

70.0

4,681.1

Five years old.

May 10, 1899.

Per cent Fat— Butter—
fat. Ibs. lbs.
5.0 28.45 33.13
4.6 23.13 26.98
5.4 25.16 29.35
Den 24.12 25.14
5.6 16.29 18.99
5.3 25.17 29.36
6.7 31.62 36.89
5.1 18.36 21.42
4.4 17.42 20.32
5.5 15.56 13.15
5.2 12.58 14.67
6.2 10.54 12.29
245.40 289.69

Calved May 12, 1898, due to calve

1898.

January ..
February

eccceccees ee eeecesesesoece

see ccccccosceeseasce esse eeee

sewer ee cecess es esseesseesereoscese
eee caseccese es ee esecsessaeesesese:
(eee eeesccee cocccess eeeessewocees

September. .......... Sele ai ejeletn ate iefetere
October........ Abocbdondoouobodas noaos
NOME MID Or) eas obeeletslalasicleleletsiets ciste
December . .........0000 podo odoonoda

Milk— Per cent Fat— Butter—
lbs. fat. Ibs. lbs.
245.5 6.0 14.79 17.25
137.0 5.6 7.67 8.94

Tae ae a Ban udeaee goragors [ithe
810.0 Del: 41.31 48.19
769.0 5.2 40.68 47.46
661.0 4.3 28.42 33.15
569.0 5.0 28.45 33.19
530.0 6.8 36.04 42.04
480.0 oP? 24.96 99.12
456.0 6.1 27.81 32.44

5,111.5 272.78 318.20

HERD RECORDS.

LOTTI E.—No. 1751, M.S. J. H. Book.

Eleven years old.

and October 14, 1898.

155

Calved October 31, 1896,

Milk— Per cent Fat— Butter—
1898. lbs. fat. lbs. lbs
AUEVINUL A Victatetaletalelsintetelenterciet=t=tare afatiaoieyetaleys 322.9 6.4 20.66 24.10
ING OMTEVAL Dao oboscocHMnCoostiagenndee0 297.0 6.0 17.82 20.79
WATE) eGdoduo0e85) nos0GanoHcoBUacdoOD 312.0 6.2 19.34 22.56
PAYS IRIs teyoreicle/siaveisinre Meee netetete sieicisenateietels 307-0 6.5 19.95 23.27
Ey qgonoede Maleltaleieteieteciatiate slemisteieietstic 219.0 6.0 13.14 15.33
UULING rateteravetelelersieras aratatalatelatatstevekatoiateltetet=tais 180.0 6.2 11.16 13.02
ADIT annd5000bo0KcandgbUaonUncaeDDGdd a0 171.0 5.0 8.55 9.97
PANEL ESULS Gietatetateleletetctattustelele(aielsieie eleveLetctelatetevel| @'eleielatateletefatelel=iat|alnleletetajotstelotetst| (a\etelelaleteta etptatatote| | ataisiarateleie erate
SEV POMMID | s: </<()elalaraietais eir.e\cle as rle}aielaln/<le|=ll\n\=\e\s]elale\sleieisinie(-\|{ele/=|e/s)e/=/e\e1e(=\elle =(a\=\2 Seis) | aelelelele)ofeleheiers
(OHS) 510)" caoseabe non. IpHeSe amon sense 448.0 5.0 22.40 26.32
NOVEMDED 6.50 o cis civic ces cece eee ne 740.0 4.0 29.60 34.53
December ............2..-+-- cescecee 660.0 5.0 33.00 38.50
3,656.9 195.62 299.39
DUDLEY.—Jersey—High grade. Hight years old. Calved September 8, 1898.
Milk— Per cent Fat— Butter—
1898. lbs. fat. lbs. lbs.

RUAIULT UIE ailererslatoieleloletetntalelelevaleteteteretateatetatalere 489.8 4.9 24.00 28.00
NOMENA GoccddoeoucooanasodoccanbooS 489.0 5.0 24.45 28.52
466.0 5.8 27.12 31.64
404.0 4.2 16.96 19.79
388.0 4.6 17.84 2u.82
370.0 4.9 18.13 21.15
364.0 5.0 18.20 21.23

JAMDEAEN GO oongdadecdoaaaucocopouGadGoDe IaodoGes 7O00 col cooonecddod botorocooscdde lid jJoonsensrae
WE DUCIMD Clverslelecietelceesieicaieiteenieiecieicte 440.0 3.2 14.08 16.42
October ......... soogocmscs00 a0aneason 601.0 5.5 33.05 38.55
IIGAVOMN EL oscons0on0ccb0b0000D0dODObE 570.0 5.4 30.78 39.91
December ......... dodonncpsccosc0ac 615.0 5.2 31.98 37.31
5,196.8 256.59 299.34

TURNER.—Jersey—High grade.

ealve April 9, 1899.

Eight years old. Calved October 21, 1897, due to

Milk— Per cent Fat— Butter—
1898. lbs. fat. lbs. lbs.

VEUEEV AYES otooncabe dobosetoososconas 606.9 4.4 26.70 31.15
LIGONTEV RY Geecononoonenonodo0nD so0on00 533.0 3.4 18.12 21.14
Mfimenicericietesisisisaie'cis 5 eile 511.0 4.6 23.50 27.41
PAGED Tail Genayatatevetateravaletererattetaceeletatereretio ain cisis¥s 405.0 3.4 IB WT 16.06
WIEN sodanboanaumooccespoGso0d moe JOnee 435.0 4.0 * 17.40 20.30
June....... mlalelarsriatetelalelaleloleleieiaaistereteverate 450.0 4.4 19.80 23.10
MUD LVaavevatavateisiats oieistetelsietslalevalaiataiwaratettatetsieter= 441.0 3.6 15.87 18.51
JNUWYEWIEN Gs aoooguDoGaDoed0G sopo00D da0000 256.0 4.7 12.03 14.03
September.......... anteleiatatetelspeletererelor 270.0 3.6 9.72 11.34
OGIO) XE Sb onodoondn coddcpooddd-0c00KE 210.0 3.3 6.93 8.08
November .......-..0- p05. da0doosa0an0 80.0 3.0 2.40 2.80
VE COMUD SL a clotatcieeioietsiele dnleaisiarelelareaielaieie | teleiererareiaiaiete aiate | sleeye steletetats iall ntetaratere eteieieieivies| | ltelsialsieievsiaiete

4,197.9 166.24 193.92

156 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

LOWELL.—Native. Ten years old.

Calved September 10, 1898.

Milk— Per cent Fat— Butter—
1898. lbs. fat. ibs. lbs.
|
January............ 900040000 oob0000% 545.7 4.6 25.10 29.26
MO DUTY! sie eee loesatle ais Hevea ce 533.0 3.1 16.52 19.27
i 5.0 25 50 29.75
4.8 22.84 26.64
5.0 21.15 24.47
Dee 20.28 22.66
3.5 12.77 14.89
September...........-.sec0e. « ooc0000 6 3.5 21.00 24.05
October nye SPAS a ees 820.0 4.4 36 08 42.09
INO /GHINOX2) 2 Goonnanocoodsgonoeqbonooods 720.0 4.0 28.80 33.60:
DECEMDEN\. jesecwielsels'> cistelslclcrsieieisvelele 700.0 4.8 33.60 39.20
6,082.7 263.84 306.90
FERRY.—Native. Eight years old. Calved September 20, 1897.
Milk— Per cent | Fat— | Butter—
1898. lbs. fat. | lbs | Ibs.
i}
AMWAY Cr eietaiiave domestic sieisisieeeurcinielveie 477.2 4.4 20.99 24.48.
BOD EMATYiie)t)<)ttirs sence eit ences 486.0 4.2 20.41 23.81
Mla ieyc,clssistsenncleisteeidesiciee bacoos 498.0 4.0 19.92 23.24.
LTS GeaggoGos OO onocacd poogoc0e coocG 456.0 4.6 20.97 24.46
ANVRS eereveies avsaraaratataleleietolecateloeie eisai 404.0 4.5 18.18 21.21
AbhiSsneesacboosdoosoondocdeatc secaueas 385.0 4.7 18.09 21.10
Uitlky Sacsooos ob00n0000 66 BabdOOuKIOODON 427.0 4.3 18.36 21.42
PANS be eres ese eI aN 0 387.0 4.4 17.02 19.85.
September. (Sold Sept. 1st) ;
October....... po0Gb code tebaccosaacas
November........ we. bioresests ueocKbocG 00
IDG Sc cusocouoco00 os b0000000000 bosoooecaccont
LINCOLN.—Native. Seven years old. Calved October, 1898.
Milk— | Per cent Fat— Butter—
1898. Ibs. fat. lbs. lbs.
VERMEER AY 6 G50dd060 cunodobor doe Googade 613.3 4.5 27.959 32.18
THOMA: ‘S oondcogasondons6ocoGeoados 676.0 4.4 30.42 35.49
MU at CL easel ts eve varetercte haretalsloveisatetelelarinrersisle 657.0 4.8 31.53 36.78
ZAM TUL is ssa ereyoraie/eieiave ohaieynioiereiereiereloie olugeteieysiar 623.0 4.9 30.52 35.60
IMaiyarerernisroisyslsialeiere ney aiatotal svovevevetetateletetererets 594.0 5.0 29.70 34.65
dnlsyyooveaneododononcnsnnaceaone p000000 577.0 5.2 29.90 34.88.
DUN yae arses fs iste oeeras ta Teete ate ts eruerolet steerer 420.0 4.9 20.58 24.01
August...... poddoodaD|G00000 DOCCODOS 248.0 4.9 12.15 14.17
SETH XS elesubsons obs seodbboousaaliGadobcooc. coodilonduc oupddollade labs covabobllsboobuodgcce
OCetober ee yee cee lsesicciae 0600 60000000 501.0 4.9 24.54 28.63
INOWEMIDET) Aijeescteveisierstes -.e/sle\cloletere boc 725.0 4.0 29.00 33-83
JOKeKsr days ibis adogadag coouboaGouonoGS 808.0 4.6 37.16 43.35
6,441.3 303.09 353.57

HERD RECORDS. 157

TOPSEY.—Native. Two years old in February, 1898. Calved December 1, 1897.

| Milk— Per cent Fat— | Butter—
1898. | lbs. | fat. lbs. | lbs.

AMM ALY cicteleicicinsieleniste 607.0 4.6 27.92 32.57
February 603.0 3.8 22.91 26.72
March... 654.0 4.4 28.77 33.56
LN Ta cain Sonn adosetecsbbas Codaonobros 523.0 4.0 20.92 24.40
BAY so¢ooouccconccenadosoboose cas siciave 476.0 4.3 20.46 23.87
VEIN soonccsedesacoposticoocndes noooot 530.0 4.5 23.85 27.82
TDI socasconooesan AGOCUCODOCECIECCOOG 2 478.0 4.2 20.07 23.41
JURE Nfo | cscacaenon-nodboobe S00. 000 ake 382.0 4.3 16.42 19.15-
September ........ .... 55058 candcage 239.0 4.5 10.7 12.54
October ...... coosoooa acces dé Mievaleleiae | ssoleletajeteteteteterstsye\| are SosuveCcUd |badaods. 54505 |bondscccocce
MOWED sosesodsseo0. | sdanbabullatocodscogedag| GoarmasonHad |donbaasesarco S00. -cccso: -
DeEcemDpeL ce acccccces BOSCO OOD neocon boobenc noceadn Score msoneae Gosooncareoocd Goosedaccac=
4,492.0 192.07 228.04

A COMPARISON OF LARGE AND SMALL RADISH
SEED.

W. M. Munson and L. J. SHEPARD.

In the spring of 1898 one of the students in horticulture, Mr.
EK. R. Mansfield, in studying the influence of the size of seed
upon germination, obtained some very striking results. These
results confirm the work of previous years and are in line with

those published by Galloway and others,* but the details may be
of interest at this time.

First Trial: From a packet of Scarlet Globe Radish seed
were chosen one hundred of the smallest seeds, as nearly uni-
form in size as possible; likewise one hundred uniformly large
seed. These were planted side by side in a seed-flat. When
the resulting plants were about two to three inches high, forty-
four average plants from each lot were transplanted to a bench
where they grew, under like conditions, till maturity.

The following table shows concisely the results obtained :

YIELD OF RADISHES FROM LARGE AND SMALL SEEDS COMPARED.

z 2
i On ec “ & 2
H a = a) a2 =) ar
3j oO .. oe os ) S co ars
Size of seed. aa a2 Bich PS) 3 icin oe oe
| eq [=| ‘
aa Ob are Bon re _,9o# ei)
= eS} 2s = Xe) Ke) oe) So) Leal oll el
5S CO Bus 5a6 Dus VD6 Od'5
Zo & E &p Ava Ana a a On won
S |
IDES), Ga seada aoBooRGoeE 44 1,300 35) 7 79.6 15.9 4.5
nls Gagacssaoqoeadéeb 44 931 22 17 350.0 38.6 11.4

The number of first-class roots from the large seed was about
thirty per cent greater than from the small, while the weight
of the crop exceeded the other by about one-third.

* Year Book, U.S. Dept. of Ag. 1896, pp. 92, and 305.

LARGE AND SMALL RADISH SEED. 159

Second Trial: The difference in favor of the selected large
seeds in the first trial was so striking that the work was repeated
upon a larger scale the present year. The variety chosen for
this purpose was “Non Plus Ultra,” an early turnip-shaped
sort which we have found specially good for forcing. The
seeds were sown in six rows and at the end of two weeks the
plants were thinned to eighteen in each row. Owing to the
dark weather, many of these plants “damped off” after the thin-
ning, hence a difference in the numbers, considered in the table.
The following results were obtained:

Number of seeds planted, 300 each, large and small. Weight
of large seed, 4.19 grams. Weight of small seed, 1.78 grams.
Time from planting to harvesting, seven weeks. “Temperature
of house, 45°-60°.

YIELD OF RADISHES FROM LARGE AND SMALL SEEDS COMPARED.

m F 2 - ws
=] mm 4 — > .
> n® Oa os One one
o ae ~@B nH? n 2 Sore
Size. me | See | es os om | sag | as”
sao | O55 | 29H | Cao ae o 9s SOL
re ee || BSS. sie Bis) eel Veena
os eee) Ses 226 Eu SHR DH
els Aoo Zar Anz Zo a2 eae)
IVP -oconea5on00 196 87 53 22 10 63.2 71.4
SeNW scoocaoasoon 197 98 13 75 10 *LS.2 159

*[he very low percentage of first-class roots is due to immaturity, rather than
to other inferiority.

There was practically no difference in the total germination
of the two lots, though in both cases the per cent of germination
was low. At the time of harvesting there were sixty-three per
cent of the roots, from large seed which were strictly first-class,
as opposed to thirteen per cent from the small seed.

Third Trial: At the same time that the preceding work was
being carried on, another lot of seed, of both sizes, was planted
upon a bench which was used for testing the value of sub-water-
ing. As before there was some trouble with damping off after
the plants were thinned. The results are detailed below:

Number of seeds of each kind 200. Weight of large seed
2.8 grams. Weight of small’ seed 1.2 grams. Time from

planting to harvesting, seven weeks. Temperature of house,
45°-60°.

160 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

YIELD OF RADISHES FROM LARGE AND SMALL SEEDS COMPARED.

second-class
(by
i.)

second-class
roots

roots,
Per cent of

Total number
of plants used,
Number of
first-class
Number of
Weight of
first-class
roots

Weight of
--Grams,

Per cent of
first-class
roots by
number,
first-class

roots.
Grams.

roots
weigh

uw
S
oO
Total
germination.

i]
re
it)
=F
eo
~y
i
BoE
)
©
(—)

g
re
8

As in the previous instance, the percentage of germination
was low (sixty-three per cent), but was about uniform in the
two lots. The number of first-class roots from the large seed
exceeded that from the small seed by about twenty-eight per
cent. In weight about the same difference was obtained.

Conclusions: From the above, it is evident that plants from
large seed grow larger and mature earlier, than those from
small seed. Inasmuch as the cost of seed is slight as compared
with the cost oi labor and fuel, and in view of the importance of
having the crop ready ior market in the shortest possible time,
the gardener can well afford to sift the seed before plant-
ing and discard all which is small and inferior. For the
purpose of sifting, common wire cloth which is used for win-
dow screens (1-12 inch mesh) will answer; though a screen
with 1-10 inch mesh is better, as many of the small seeds will
not readily pass through the window screen.

THE EFFECT OF SUB-WATERING RADISHES.
W. M. Munson and L. J. SHEPARD.

Much has been said and written upon the subject of “sub-
watering” or “sub-irrigation” in greenhouses. The present
paper simply details the experience of the writers in growing
radishes by the new method and by the ordinary method of
surface watering.

The method usually employed, in sub-watering greenhouse
benches, is to provide a water-tight bottom and run one or more
lines of tile or perforated iron pipe underneath the soil. The
method employed in the first trial noted below was suggested
by Professor Woods, and consists of a line of 2-inch drain
pipe, cemented at the joints and closed at the ends, as seen in
the cut. The water for the soil must pass through the porous
sides of the tile.

First Trial: A quantity of seeds carefully selected as to size
and quality, were planted on the lower bench in the house
devoted to lettuce and radishes. When the plants were two
weeks old they were thinned to about 1% inches. After thin-
ning, some of the plants damped off, so that the total number in
the two lots is not the same. The percentages, however, are
not affected.

The following table shows concisely the results obtained :

YIELD OF RADISHES FROM SUB-WATERED AND SURFACE-WATERED
BENCHES COMPARED.

Ss : n :

HO Ss Get n x *

os So Cn roe zr) nev ne

— n MN € ~ nD Yn

aS 5 53 la a =aZs S a 80

Treatment. oS La Bieler Ore SS) De oa-3

o”g 2s 2° 5 ln 2; SOR; SICK

met =e => Hox g2 | ve

a5 BS Bg 2 Qi S35 Onh ES

4 0 ZX yA = Ann Ao (We) es
Sub-watered ...... 63.5 62 49 LSI ltetetciateret re 86.4
Surface-watered .. 65.3 87 55 22 10 63 71.9

162 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

There was little difference in the per cent of germination in
the two lots; but the plants which were sub-watered were supe-
rior to the others from the beginning. At the time of harvest-
ing, the number of first-class roots on the sub-watered section
exceeded that on the surface watered section by 15% ; while the
average weight was 14.5% greater. This difference is plainly
shown in the accompanying figure.

Second Trial: A second bench in the radish house was
divided into two sections, and the advantage of sub-watering
was demonstrated on a commercial scale. In this instance, the
arrangement for sub-watering was somewhat different than in
the previous one. The bottom and sides of the bed were coated
with Portland cement. On this was placed about two inches
of potsherds and broken brick, and then, after covering the brick
with some pieces of burlaps, the soil was put in place. As the
soil became dry, water was admitted through a pipe to the
stratum of potsherds. A glass indicator served to show the
height of the water. Each section of the bench was fourteen
feet eight inches long and twenty-eight inches wide. The seed
was planted in rows, eight inches apart, between rows of let-
tuce,—twenty-two rows in each lot.

There was little difference in germination of the two lots, but
very many more plants were lost by damping off on the sur-
face-watered section—a fact that partly accounts for the
difference in yield at harvest time.

The results at harvest were as follows:

YIELD OF RADISHES FROM SUB-WATERED AND SURFACE-WATERED
BENCHES COMPARED.

= |
A < c is i
su = = os g n Ss
oc 2 a is COR ble: = - 3S
ane ey Hos ~s ae 2a
= = = so sv
Treatment. 220 Flue ila Meera | TeV Ste ae)
= om i =aD2np apt m ape O OM
Sia Sesh ee72 mHeS =o. a *
BS BSS) | SESE eee Doe 5
725 ZLe |Z255 | BES Bas a=
|
{ |
} Grams. | Grams. |
Sub-watered ..... copcrecoss 28 212 | 242 | 3,752 2,590 | 46.7
Surface-watered ......... ae 13 118 | 228 1,498 1,750 | 34.1

*The reason for the very high percentuge of ‘‘second class and culls” is ex-
plained in the next table.

GREENHOUSE BENCH ARRANGED FOR SUB-WATERING.

A COMPARISON OF RADISHES FRCM SURFACE-WATERED AND
SUB-WATERED BENCHES.

SUB-WATERING RADISHES. 163

The sub-watered section yielded twice as many bunches of
marketable roots as did the other. The per cent of marketable
roots was much higher and the average size greater from the
sub-watered section. The difference in the yield of the two
sections was more than enough to make the difference between
profit and loss in growing the crop. »

As will be observed from the above table, more than half of
the roots are classified as “2d-class and culls.” It should be
said in explanation, that about half of the number so classed
were simply of small size; many of them were inferior or dis-
eased ; others were of good size and quality, but badly disfigured
by attacks of millipedes. The following table shows the relative
difference in this respect:

QUALITY OF RADISHES FROM SUB-WATERED AND SURFACE-WATERED
BENCHES COMPARED.

o o
Pr sf S = 4
Treatment. 5 S 3 2 % °
2 5 Be ae B
S 3 ea a 4
= Dn 2 fe Q po
Sub-watered:
INIT CTe sere ctetelsietsiaiere Addacedsoodsoood 232 119 77 6 63
Weight (in grams)......... BOC cacda 3,752 1,232 1,043 70 245
l
Surface-watered:
INMMHENNSIPG sopooacona 6 sbosannnodanOO0d 118 117 12 22 83
\WVGrislain (Ghat SNenTaE)) cioocagooosmadKKS 1,498 1,008 112 224 406

- The number of roots attacked by millipedes was much greater
on the sub-watered section—a significant fact in connection with
the control of this pest. It is also seen that the number of
diseased and inferior roots was much larger on the surface-
watered section. This, together with the fact previously noted,
that there was much more trouble from “damping off” on this
section is also significant. The injured roots were mostly of
marketable size but deformed,as shown in fig. 8, following p. 229.

Wi

THE BLUEBERRY IN MAINE.
W. M. Munson.

Authors have not made a very clear discrimination in the
vernacular names of the plants variously known as huckleberries
and blueberries. In New England, however, the term blueberry
is generally applied to various species of Vaccinium,—particu-
larly Vaccumum Pennsylvamcum, Lam., V. vacillans, Solander,
and V. Canadense, Kalm, which are not separated when har-
vested for market. V. corymbosum, L., is known as high bush

blueberry. Huckleberry, on the other hand, usually refers to _

species of Gaylussacia in which the seeds are large and prom-
inent—particularly G. dumosa T. & G. and G. resinosa, T. & G.
The terms whortleberry and bilberry, which are given prom-
inence in American references to plants of this class, are never
heard among the “common people.” The word huckleberry
does not occur in English works except those of recent date,
and there is no satisfactory explanation of the origin of the
word.*

SPECIES FOUND ON THE. BARRENS.

In the summer of 1898, in company with Professor Harvey,
the writer made an extended visit to the blueberry fields in the

vicinity of Cherryfield for the purpose of studying the different —

types found there. The following brief account of the species
found may be of interest in this connection:

* The term huckleberry is, according to W. R. Gerard (Trans. Mass. Hort. Society,
1890, p. 17), merely a corruption by the American colonists of hurtleberry, which
is simply a changed pronunciation of whortleberry, which again is a corruption
of myrtleberry (from Vaccinium myrtillus). The corruption from hurtleberry is
very easy by dropping the first7,i.e. hutleberry. Others derive the name whortle-
berry from the Anglo Saxon heort-berg, hart-berry, or as we would say deer-berry.
The question is discussed by Dr. E. Lewis Sturtevant, in the Transactions of the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society, 1890, p. 18.

a

——————

THE BLUEBERRY IN MAINE. 16

U1

DWARF OR LOW-BUSH BLUEBERRY.

1. Vaccinium Pennsylvamcum, Lam.

(Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum, Lam. Dict., 1, 72; Michx, F1.,
1, 223; Hook, Bot. Mag., t. 3434; Gray, Man. 6 ed., 312; Syn.
Fl., 2., 1, 22. Synonym, Vaccinium myrtilloides, Michx, 1. c.;
V. tenellum, Pursch, Fl. 1, 288, not Ait.; Bigel., Fl. Bost., 150.)

A low branching shrub, 6 inches to 2 feet high, with green,
warty but glabrous branches. Leaves oblong, or oblong-lance-
olate, green and glabrous on both sides or slightly pubescent on
the veins beneath, sharply serrulate, acute at both ends, 34 to
1¥% inches long, 44 to % inch wide; flowers few in the clusters,
longer than the very short pedicels; corolla oblong-campanulate,
slightly restricted at the throat, white or pinkish; berry blue
with more or less bloom, very sweet, ripening in July. Found
mostly on dry, rocky or sandy soil.

This species, commonly known as “Early Sweet’ or “Low
Sweet,” furnishes the greater part of the blueberries of our
market. The fruit is usually large, sweet, bluish-black
and covered with bloom. It varies greatly, however, in size,
form and color. The plant is of low habit and, on newly
burned areas, is very prolific. (Fig. 1 shows a blueberry
carpet of this species.) Old plants bear but few flowers or fruits
in a cluster, as already intimated, but plants one or two years
from the “burn,” usually send up a prominent spike, as shown
in fig. 3. The berries can thus be stripped off by the hand-
ful and gathered very rapidly.

2. Vaccinium vacillans, Solander.

A low, stiff, branching shrub with glabrous, warty, yellowish-
green branches; leaves obovate or oval, entire or minutely ser-
rulate, pale, glabrous on both sides or often glaucus beneath;
flowers bell-shaped or cylindrical, somewhat constricted at the
throat, pink. Dry places, especially in sandy soil. May-June.
Fruit ripe, July, August.

This species, often associated with V. Pennsylvanicum, is of
excellent quality and ripens somewhat later than the other. As
with V. Pennsylvanicum, the flowers are often racemose on
long naked branches. The species was seldom met in the
vicinity of Cherryfield, but is abundant in some parts of the
State. It is deserving of attempts at cultivation.

166 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

LOW BLACK BLUEBERRY.

3. Vacciunum mgrum, Britton, (Mem. Torr. Club, 5; 252,
1894). (Vaccimum Pennsylvamcum var. nigrum, Wood.).

“Similar to Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum and often growing
with it; 6 to 12 inches high, the twigs glabrous. Leaves oblong,
oblanceolate or obovate, acute at apex, narrowed or rounded at
the base, finely serrulate, very nearly sessile, %4 to I inch long,
Y% to % inch wide, glabrous on both sides, green above, pale
and glaucus beneath; flowers few in the clusters, longer than
their pedicels; corolla globose-ovoid, very little constricted at
the throat, white or cream color; berry black, without bloom,
about 4% inch in diameter.——Blooms earlier than VY. Pennsyl-
vanicum May. Fruit ripens in July.” Britton & Brown, Flora
oie North Wists plies 70:

This type (fig. 5) is not infrequent in the vicinity of Cherry-
field and is classed with the ordinary “Early Sweet.” It is
usually found in areas varying in extent from a few square feet
to several rods. Scattering bushes are also found mingled
with V. Pennsylvanicwm.

VELVET LEAF OR “SOUR TOP.”

4. Vaccinium Canadense, Richards. (Richards in Frank.
Jour 2) 12)(16093')) Hook His 2) 22-sand Bot Maceeta446-
Gray, Syn. Fl., 2, 1, 22). A low pubescent, branching shrub,
6 inches to 2 feet high. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate or
narrowly elliptic, pubescent, at least beneath, entire, I to 1%
inches long, %4 to % inch wide; flowers few, in clusters which
are sometimes numerous on naked branches, appearing with
the leaves; pedicels usually shorter than the flowers; corolla
oblong-campanulate, greenish white; berry blue, with bloom
(rarely white), moist places, May and June. Fruit ripe July
and August.

This species, usually more vigorous in habit than the pre-
ceding, grows more commonly in rather moist, rocky, not
swampy, localities. The firuit (fig. 4) is larger and more
acid than the other low forms (hence the popular name “Sour
Top’), and matures from one to three weeks later. It is not
so popular in the general market as is the first mentioned species,
but it is very prolific and its lateness in ripening is a point in
its favor.

THE BLUEBERRY IN MAINE, 167

HIGH-BUSH BLUEBERRY,

5. Vaccinium corymbosum, L.

(Vaccinium corymbosum L. Sp. Pl. 350, 1753. V. amanum,
Nit.) OGL sew) Lal 7oG))

Tall (5-10 feet), with minutely warty, greenish-brown
branches; leaves ovate, oval or oblong, short petioled; flowers,
appearing with the leaves, equal to or longer than the pedicels;
corolla cylindrical or slightly constricted at the throat, white or
pinkish; berry blue with a bloom. Exceedingly variable.
Swamps and moist woods, often extending to dry hillsides.

This species is very variable, not only in the habit of growth,
but in its blooming characters and fruit. Not infrequently
individual plants bear large quantities of fruit measuring 3 to
5g inch in diameter, while a black fruited variety, (var. atro-
coccum, Gray), has small, polished, black fruits, equally as good
as the other in flavor. The fact of variability renders this
species one of the most promising for cultivation. It flourishes
alike in the sunlight and in partial shade; on the dry upland and
in the swamp. It is also worthy of note that plants of similar
quality, both as to habit and size of fruit, are usually found
associated in groups—a fact which indicates that these charac-
teristics are probably transmitted by seed.

THE BLUEBERRY INDUSTRY.

The blueberry has been highly prized as an article of food
from the earliest colonial period. Up to the present time, how-
ever, practically no attention has been given to the cultivation
and systematic improvement of the fruit.

In many of the northern and eastern states there are thousands
of acres of land, utterly worthless for agricultural purposes,
which after the pine is removed, send up an abundant growth
of blueberry bushes, alders, poplars, grey birches, etc., and
which, by proper management may, it is believed, be made to
yield a handsome profit to their owners.

In the southeastern part of Maine, principally in Washington
county, there are about 150,000 acres known as the “blueberry
barrens.” This land lies chiefly in the townships of Cherryfield,
Columbia, Deblois, Beddington, and Numbers 18 and 19. Much
of this land was burned over by the Indians before the colonial

168 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

period and since the timber was removed from the remainder,
it too, has been repeatedly burned to keep down the growth of
birches, alders, etc. and to facilitate the harvesting of the fruit.

About 40,000 acres of the blueberry barrens belong to Mr.
William Freeman of Cherryfield, to whom, and to his son, Mr.
George G. Freeman, the writer is under obligation ior many
courtesies during his visits to the plains. Mr. Freeman’s
method of handling his blueberry lands may be taken as an
example of what may be done in developing the industry in
other sections. The plan is somewhat as follows:

The land is divided into several parts, each of which is leased
to some responsible party who assumes the whole care of burn-
ing over the land, keeping off trespassers, harvesting and mar-
keting the fruit. Mr. Freeman receives, as rental, one-half
cent per quart for all the fruit gathered.

The pickers receive one and a half to three cents per quart;
those who lease the land and haul the iruit to the canning fac-
tory, or to the station for shipment, one-half to one cent per
quart. The fruit is all canned or shipped by J. & E. A. Wyman,
who keep a record of the amount as it is brought in and pay
the royalty to Mr. Freeman, retaining for themselves whatever
profit there may be on the canned fruit.

Every year a certain section of each “lease” is burned over.
This burning must be done very early in the spring, before the
ground becomes dry; otherwise the fire goes too deep, the
humus is burned from the ground and most of the bushes are
killed. Many hundred acres on what should be the best part of
the “barrens” have thus been ruined. The method most com-
monly used in burning a given area, is for the operator to pass
around the section to be burned, dragging after him an ordinary
torch or a mill-lamp. He then retraces his steps and follows
over the burned area setting new fires in the portions which
have escaped, and back-firing if there is danger of spreading
unduly over areas which it is desired to leave unburned. A
device which was found in use by one party consists of a piece
of 34-inch gas-pipe bent at the end at an angle of about 60
degrees. The end opposite the bent portion is closed with a
cap or a plug, and in the other end, after filling the pipe with
kerosene, is placed a plug of cotton waste or tow. This device

|?

THE BLUEBERRY IN MAINE. 169

is regarded as superior to the lamp or torch as it is more easily
handled.

As already indicated, most of the fruit from the barrens is
taken to the factories for canning. Early in the season, how-
ever, before the factories are opened, a considerable amount is
shipped to Portland, Boston and other points for use while
fresh. This fruit is usually shipped in quart boxes—shown in
Toe

All of this early fruit is picked by hand, and only the ripe
fruit is gathered. Later in the season, particularly on “old
burns,” 7. ¢., on areas which will have to be burned over the next
year, the fruit is gathered with a “blueberry rake.” This is an
implement somewhat similar to the cranberry rake in use on
Cape Cod, and may be likened to a dust pan, the bottom of
which is composed of stiff parallel wire rods. The fruit may be
gathered much more quickly and more cheaply by means of the
rake. ‘The bushes are, however, seriously injured by the treat-
ment. In no case should the rake be used in gathering the high
bush blueberries.

The canning of blueberries is mainly in the hands of the fol-
lowing companies: J. & E. A. Wyman, Cherryfield; A. L.
Stewart, Cherryfield; the Columbia Falls Packing Company,
Columbia Falls; J. A. Coffin, Columbia Falls, and Burnham and
Morrill, Harrington. At the Wyman cannery, which has a
daily capacity of 600 bushels, the average annual output is about
8,300 cases of two dozen cans each; representing 6,250 bushels
of fresh fruit. The average price per case for the canned fruit
is $1.90. In other words, the value of the annual product of
this one factory is more than $10,000. The total canned prod-
uct of the blueberry barrens in 1898 was about 15,000 cases
valued at about $28,500. This was but little more than one-half
of the average season’s production, which is said to be not far
from 30,000 cases of twenty-four cans each.

POSSIBILITIES OF CULTURE.

The distribution of the blueberry is not confined to a few
thousand acres in Washington county, but all over the southern
and western parts of the State are vast areas which, while bear-
ing a considerable number of bushes and yielding a profitable
return to the few people who make a practice of gathering the

170 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

wild fruit, are not utilized as they might be. The systematic
treatment already described, might, with profit, be extended to
many parts of Franklin and Oxford counties as well.

There are also large areas, otherwise worthless, in the more
hilly sections, even in close proximity to natural growth of blue-
berry bushes, which might, apparently, be made to yield good
returns if in some way a growth of blueberries could be
started—either by setting bushes or by scattering seed. With
this end in view, arrangements were made 1n the spring of 1898,
with F. J. D. Barnjam of Carrabassett, to procure 1,000 bushes

from the neighboring hillsides and plant them in an old pasture |

where their development may be observed.
In August, 1897, while studying the types found upon the

plains near Cherryfield, the writer selected numerous specially -

promising clumps of bushes of the several species, and later
transferred them to the Station garden. These were given
thorough culture during the past season, and have made a good
growth. In August, 1898, more plants were selected, and in
October they were removed to the Station and planted with the
others. The two lots cover about one-eighth acre of land.

At the same time the bushes above mentioned were selected,
a quantity of the largest and best fruit from the best bushes was
gathered. This fruit was macerated and the seed sown with
the hope of raising some superior seedlings. These will be
grown in nursery rows and later transferred to the field.

In garden culture, but little has ever been done with the
blueberry. That very satisfactory results might, however, be
obtained, there is little doubt. The fruit in its wild state is far
superior to that of many other cultivated plants.

As already noted, the work is still in its infancy at the Sta-
tion. A few statements from others who have made the attempt
in previous years, may, however, be oi interest in this connec-

tion.

Edmund Hersey, Hingham, Mass.: “1 have for many years
been trying in a small way to find out what can be accomplished
in growing the high bush blueberry. My conclusions are

briefly: (1) It does not take kindly to garden cultivation; (2)
it is very difficult to propagate from the seed; (3) it is some-
what difficult to graft; but patience and a little of the “know

ee

gt gee

CARPET.

FIG. 1. A BLUEBERRY

FOR SHIPMENT.

FIG. 2. READY

+ > ae a =
=? :
cS 5 ra a

‘oe oa iy we

7. St ag =

= = ie
.
|
k; t
i
“ b)
‘
5
i
: i
§

ee

‘ ¥

4

\

*:

.

SHIMUTAAATA TO SUAIAL DNIGVAT Wwe
*UOULEG Hunab WMNMLWOID {| *G “OL “SPAUVC OLY ‘Osuapvun,) UNVWID A Ph OLA a | WUNIVUDALNSUW UNVULOOD | *8 “OL

THE BLUEBERRY IN MAINE, WE

how” will overcome all of these. If grown in the garden (1)
they must be on the north side of a board fence, or in the shade
of trees, and the ground must be mulched with leaves, or ever-
green boughs; (2) let the seed get fully ripe and drop, then
sow in a moist shady place; (3) graft small bushes at the sur-
face of the ground and cover most of the cion with moist earth.
I have succeeded in all of the above.”

W. D. Huntington, Lynn, Mass.: “I have been cultivating
blueberries in a small way for home use, and as an interesting
experiment, for ten or twelve years, and am fully convinced of
the possibilities of the venture commercially. The variety I
have succeeded best with is 7. Corymbosum, carefully selected.
My ground is a rocky, poor, upland soil, but the berries take on
an improved look and size, and the bushes are loaded down with
three or four times as much fruit as in the pastures or swamps,
and are 25 or 30 per cent larger. I should set them six feet
apart each way and give them clean culture. The plants are
greatly benefited by a mulch of strawy manure placed around
them in autumn and will not be injured by a large quantity.

“T have some seedlings in bearing, but they are not as good
as the parent plant and I have not sufficient room to grow large
quantities of them to get one rare plant. Have had many
berries 14 to 9-16 inches in diameter and a few 54. I would not
think a plant that did not have a few berries 14 inch in diameter,
worth cultivating. Some of my plants have borne 12 quart
boxes of berries in a season. These sold to our near neighbors
at 20 cents per box and they always ask for more.”

Benj. G. Smith, Cambridge, Mass.: “In.an amateur way I
have experimented with highbush blueberries for about twenty
years. I secured some of the largest and finest high-bush blue-
berries I have ever seen and planted the seeds, a few of which
vegetated the first year and more the second. I gave them per-
sonal attention and in three or four years they fruited and in a
year or two more abundantly.”

Mr. Smith found, as might be expected, that the seedlings
were quite variable, and few of them were equal in size to the
fruits from which the seed was taken. This variable character
is, however, one of the hopeful indications for the future of this
fruit.

=
NI
iS)

MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

SUMMARY.

1. In New England the term “Blueberry” is applied indis-
criminately to various species of Vaccinium, particularly to V.
Pennsylvanicum, Lam., V. vacillans, Solander, and V. Cana-
dense, Kalm. V. Corymbosum L., is known as the high bush
blueberry.

2. The species most commonly found are, in the order of
their commercial importance, Vaccimum Pennsylvanicum, Lam.,
V. Canadense, Kalm., V. corymbosum, L., V. nigrum, Britton,
and V. vacilans, Solander.

3. The “Blueberry Barrens” of Maine are mainly in Wash-
ington county and are about 150,000 acres in extent. There
are, however, many thousand acres in other parts of the State
that are, or might be made, profitable blueberry lands.

4. Blueberry lands that are treated systematically are usually
burned over every third year for the purpose of renewing the
bushes and of checking the growth of the alders, birches, etc.
Lands bearing the high bush blueberry are seldom burned over.

5. The Station is now making an effort to introduce several

b)

species into cultivation. This is done by transferring some of

the most productive and largest fruited plants to the garden,
and by growing seedlings from selected fruit.

6. The few attempts that have been made at garden culture
of the blueberry, indicate that, with care, satisfactory results.
may be obtained.

EXPERIMEN DS UPON THE, DIGESTIBIEIY OF
BREAD WITH MEN.

Cuas. D. Woops and L. H. MeErrixt.

In codperation with the Nutrition Division of the United
States Department of Agriculture, this Station is making inves-
tigations upon the nutritive value of wheat. While much study
has been given to this interesting field, very few results have
been obtained which are applicable to the conditions common in
this country. The European investigations have been made
with flours different from those in common use in America and
the breads have been made by methods unknown to bakers in
this land. The studies here reported are only a part of an inves-
tigation undertaken with the hope of accumulating data which
shall serve to answer the numerous questions arising as to the
effect of milling upon the nutritive value of the resulting flours.
The full account of these investigations will be given at a later
time in publications of the U. S. Department of Agriculture.
In the following pages there are given the results of the experi-
ments on the digestibility of different kinds of wheat flours.

Analyses of Foods and Feces.

The bread reserved for analysis was sliced and dried at a
temperature of about 60° C. The feces were dried on the tins
upon which they were deposited at 60° C. After removal from
the drying closets, the samples were allowed to stand for two
days exposed to the air of the sampling room. They were then
broken up in a mortar, ground in a mill so as to pass through a
sieve with round holes one-half millimeter in diameter, and bot-
tled for analysis.

Methods of Analyses.—These were the official methods of the
Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. In the ash
determinations of the flour and bread, it was found necessary
to exhaust the charred mass with hot water before the incinera-

174 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

tion could be completed. The ether extraction of the feces was
accomplished with considerable difficulty, the results not being
regarded as wholly satisfactory.

Heats of Combustion.—The heats of combustion of the food,
feces and urine were determined by burning in the bomb calori-
meter. The milk and urine were prepared for burning in the
following manner: A weighed filter block, previously dried for
two days over sulphuric acid, was placed in a platinum capsule

and saturated with the milk or urine. A second weighing gave.

the amount of the fluid added. The block was then placed in
a drying oven and dried at a temperature not exceeding 70° C. It
was again saturated and dried. The burning was accomplished
in the usual manner, the fuel value of the filter block itself, pre-
viously determined by burning similar blocks, being deducted
from the result. .

Description of Breads.—Nos. 6,001-5,006. White bread made
from Pillsbury’s Best Flour and raised with yeast from the
following recipe: Flour 900 grams, salt 12 grams, sugar 18
grams, lard 23 grams.

No. 6,007. Bread from bakery, made from Washburn’s best
flour, with yeast.

Nos. 6,034-6,037. Graham bread made from ground No. I
winter wheat and raised with baking powder, as follows: Flour
1,462 grams, sugar 9O grams, salt 50 grams, baking powder
32 grams.

Nos. 6,047-6,049. Entire wheat bread made from Franklin
Mills entire wheat flour, and raised with baking powder, the
same as Nos. 6,034-6,037.

Nos. 6,064, 6,065, 6,077, 6,078, 6,120. White bread made
from Pillsbury’s Best Flour. It was raised with yeast and was
cf excelient quality.

Nos. 6,086 and 6,087. Entire wheat bread made from Frank-
lin Mills entire wheat flour, with yeast. No white flour was
used.

Nos. 6,097 and 6,098. Graham bread made with yeast, with-
out addition of white flour, from a locally ground white winter
wheat graham flour.

The results of the analysis follow:

——————

DIGESTIBILITY

OF

PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION AND HEATS
OF FOOD MATERIALS, CALCULATED TO WATER CONTENT AT TIMES
THEY WERE USED IN THE DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS HERE REPORTED.

Laboratory
Number.

6001..
6002...
6003. .
6004. .
6005. .
6006. .
6007. .
6034...
6035. .
6036. .
6037..
6047...
6048...
6049...
6064...
6065. .
6077...
6078. .
6086. .
6087...
6097...
6098. .
6120..
6008. .
6009...
6010..
6011..
6032...
6033...
6046..

BREAD.

OF COMBUSTION

PER GRAM

Number
Experiment.

9-12
9-12
13-15

Material.

\AV UNE JOHREBKEL Goo gacosHa0 coos
White bread ........... 600000
\AVoutiye) LOMSENOL cascoonce acnoo0es
AV LOUES) LOHHEEKCL cab oodos GoooDd0n6
\WVPHE) TOLASEKGL ogg agancacosbo0ad
\ ALOT) LORECENGL S og 6ocadbecmo0das

Graham Ore alirererecelsclseicires

Entire wheat bread......... |

Entire wheat bread ........
Entire wheat bread ........
\AV domi JorReRKCl coqsoooobpaodbce
White bread ......... eeteletet= 30
White bread ...... 500 suosa000
MAHI TeM Oe Ad lencletctctelele)ievere po000
Entire wheat bread .........
Entire wheat bread .........
Graham bread .............+-
Graham bread ........ 6. do006
Whi Ge NDE Aen cicciciee calc eieiete
VEtillli<aaeatepeiatataicteisneystevatststeismctsiateeieters
NTE] lccoeratateteyetetetcrelatatelalatersteleieiielsteterer
WTS sco obacadone Goodboagaaabor
VI I<ai steyetetstetereleteeieleveralciajerelsteterciets
WOON oa cdoaone qadgaues sooudbo0

IVIGTIEastatatateiel alate tatateleterstiatsielsialetarels
Vir aiietarayeteiesctaciotalsiatetsietetetatets sietsiote

Water.

Nitrogen.

S

-39
-39

el ee ee ee ee |
wo
er)

ry
oo
bo

co |

Protein.

Jo} ive) Oo nx Jo} Jo) ie) lo 2) ios) ~~“
: : : . : 5 . . . .

Fat.

Carbo-

hydrates.

—

Ash.

eH Pe Se oe

ee

Deter-

Heats of com-

bustion.
mined.

176 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION AND HEATS OF COMBUSTION—CONCLUDED.

= A

n 1@

ee ae ef lee

§ A Ne Material. ra| ‘& ae
Haz | ze | ale: ol) eye lee soe | eet ei
Y' YW" Yo Y \\ Yo \ Yo | Gable
BOS Te IS=15|) MNT pee aor Felis cay Bed She 86.43 .55| 3.44] 4.00] 5.34] .79| 812
GOSG. | BIG=17| PeMGalits ese etee meee 87-20| .56| 3.50| 4.20| 4.41| .69| 728
6065!) CISL 17 | eo NDI seas ss. ce eee eee ee 86.S1| .59| 3.69] 4.20/ 4.60| .70| 799
Goplsall eal) MOU A aaobaen BER Us Rech. 86.72| .56| 3.50| 4.20] 4.88| .70| 752
GO792s | WISS19| asa kaa epee es eae ane nie ...-| 86-38] .53| 3-31] 4.25] 5.56] .50| 797
080-4) 913-19] Mal keeseeeeee PEA Mae ...| 86-84] .57| 3.56] 3.98| 5.08] .54| 774
G0Sste MOE OTP UMA ae cise cee asd ene ...-| 85-51-59} 3.69] 5.00] 5.15| 65/902
G0885| e20201l| MMallicse) epee es meee pe Ate 86.02} .57| 3-56] 5.00] 4.84] .58| 857
099532223 | PINE Weyer eevee. be eee eee aed 86.07) -58| 3.63) 4.60] 4.95] .75| 888
100579222288 Maree ee een Bere 36.88} .54| 3.38] 4.60] 4.52] .62| 814
(2V00 Val fy Wa NP Er =a pe enema nr nat 85.55, .58| 3.63| 5.40] 4.67| .75| 898
6067.-| 16-17| Butter........ ea bags ANE De 9.93} .21| 1.81] 85.00]...... 3-76) pues
GOSIe Al Sa19 MOB GLE tery ere acck enna Meee 11.44) .22| 1.38] 82.45].....- £53 \oaee
6090..| 20-21) Butter.......... death dealt See 13.04) 413-81 80.19\...-- 506 Meee ;
6107: |22-23|g Butlercssa seen ee ctee eeeeeee 13226) S|) A137 9h eee 6 e4s | eee
G22 otal er Butters. seen sens Ee ate 13.20/ .20| 1.25] 81.48|.....- ASNT eeeeee

DIGESTIBILITY OF BREAD. 7:

PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION AND HEATS OF COMBUSTION PER GRAM
OF DRY MATTER OF FOOD MATERIALS AND FECES IN THE DIGESTION
EXPERIMENTS HERE REPORTED.

i

p | # E

g a| y Material. = 2 B

ee » | % | %\|%| % | cu

6001... 1 Whiteybreaddarsiect ccmeiassccasdsece 2.20| 13.73} %.70| 82.48] 1.09) 4,444
6002..| 2 Waite libre a directs - tals (clesiets eicre ler 2.12 13.25] 2.57| 83.05) 1.13) 4,484
GOS eS. he Wihitebreadhs 4-4 dek.-ceee. ss 2.13) 13.29) 2.92] 81.80) 1.99 4,480
6004..) 4 | Wiaite joreadie assoc. sseceeeceees 2 13] 13.24] 2.64) 82.01] 2.11) 4,457
6005..| 5 Wiltitevbreadl..ceschmetssessasserae 2.07| 12.91] 4.51| 79.57| 3.01! 4,463
6006..| 6 | White bread ............0... sees 2.06) 12.89} 3.34] 80.S$| 2.89) 4,441
ROIool| CES) AMONG oer Gl cedeanaoeesecnaes doocoe 2.47 15.46| 1.31| 82.00| 1.23| 4,389
6034... 9 | Graham bread........ss000e0 ... | 2.25] 14.07] 1.79] 79.94 4.20 4,221
6035..| 10 | Graham bread .......-.0see-+s2e++- 2.27| 14.20] 1.81) 80.66 3.33] 4,263
6036..| il | Graham) bre adenrcessiemccierientiseres 2.24| 14.03} 1.85) 80.14] 3.98] 4,253
6037-.| 12 Graham bread ..... peleleislaleielelatstsietsis 2.18) 13.64; 2.01) 80.80} 3.55) 4,264
6047..| 13 | Entire wheat bread ...............- 2.34| 14.61) 73] 81.47| 3.19] 4,281
6048...) 14 Entire wheat bread .............. 2.34) 14.61 -73| 81.47} 3.19] 4,275
6049...) 15 Entire wheat bread .....«.........- 2.34) 14.61 -73) 81.47| 3.19) 4,266
6064..| 16 Wihiteybreadeerecemeeeicercecice veveee | 2.34) 14.64) 3.15) 80-13) 2.08) 4,545
6065..| 17 Wihite bred dh acc sumeaasac sods 2.35| 14.68) 2.99 30-26) 2.07| 4,538
6077.-| 18 Wihitie preadianssseeeeneceeeriectees 2.29] 14.32} 3.82| 79.70| 2.16) 4,541
6078..| 19 | White bread .............-- ees 2.30| 14.36| 3.67] 79.58] 2.39 4,533
6086 20 Entire wheat bread ............0.. 2.45) 15.30] 4.24] 78.17| 2 28| 4,636
6087..) 21 Entire wheat bread ............... | 2.43) 15.19) 4.38) 78.20) 2.24) 4,625
6097..| 22 | Graham bread........-. ey setae 1.98] 12-35| 5.14] 79.77| 2.74] 4,662
6098 23 Graham DLE AA acectelecisicercisemielesisisicl= 2.04) 12.77) 4.73) 79.96) 2.54) 4,557
6120 24 Wihitelbrea des sscceaecattecericenccn 2 34| 14.61] 2.17] 81.36] 1.86| 4,816
6020 1 MGCES)c1icssscasensusasscbasaessonees | 5 35 33.47| 12.86] 37 26) 16.411 6,074
6021 2 PECES cccyseecisc vedo lcuierseeeinssinineeses | 8.57) 53.67| 17.70) 18.29) 10.34) 5,950
6022 3 MECES siscncaseeenebeas oer ener ecteee| 5.96) 37 29) 14.25) 28.32) 20.21) 5,361
6023 4 MOC ES faciate.sacteioeis des Soulsenaten cess 8.83) 55.16) 14.69) 18 37) 11.75) 5,900
6024 5 IMS Coosacecdoocksbecaoosqccs sbore 6.35 39.69) 20.04) 25.89, 14.38) 5,800
6025 6 MOCES asnceacem se Sizlare aicwateiccs 2 4.82) 30 u 17.38) 29.97 22.51) 5,611
6026 7 IME CESta due suseactina non scincsnosemnene | 5.27) 32.91] 12.51 82.86) 21 72) 5,563

178 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION AND HEATS OF COMBUSTION—CONCLUDED.~

a = : \sa

= 5) cS; |2

2H) ue Material. a A Be one

42) 28 Z| a | é 8 | 2 ese

1 | j |
| % 1% | % | % | % | Cal
B02 eres: cece eee fue tte eee | 5.27] 82.93] 23.62] 22.46) 20.99) 5,424
6042..) 9 | Feces........0+- En cM Oe | 4.11] 25.69] 7 4 49.15,°17-42) 5,220.
BUS WD sl ieces aa eee at ees ers ore veces | 4.24] 26.52) 9.95) 44.58) 19.00) 4,613
6044..] 11 | Feces. .....sessssssssssssseeereee | 3-74] 28-40] 7-95] 48.19] 20.46| 4,890.
G05. 012 |Neces =. Peete ne .. seceeseeeee | 4.07| 25.44) 8.54] 44.56) 21.46) 4,654
6051..| 18 | Feces ........++-- EMM te pai 5.10) 81.88| 12.86| 35.35) 19.91) 5,400.
6052..| 14 | Feces........ Se cea ie weve | 4.10) 25.64) 8.52) 89.42, 26.43) 4,340
Gisde.| tin. Mite Reces teens oe kerf sesseceeees | 4-47] 27-91] 10.25] 38-18] 28.66) 4,736
6069..] 16 | Feces .....-...... Licks an bee | 440 27.52| 16.87| 31.70] 23.91] 5,758:
| |

6070..] 17 | Feces... ...sscesssscssscsesesseees+ | 4-87] 80-45] 27-42] 95.40] 16.78] 6,019.
6082..] 18 | FeceS.....cesseceeseceeceeeere seeeee| 8-94} 24.65] 12.95] 36.17| 26.98) 5,604
60ss..| 19 | Feces........ Reh se seed teeta 4.11| 25.70) 11.91] 39.55) 22.84) 6,082
Boats ed: Mewecesik.. (he, Cees te. / aes aly s+. | 4.48) 27.68| 15.52) 38.43] 18.37) 5,667
poed:.| Mea 1 hReces:<, We ew be. eevee: | 4.71] 29.46) 14.81} 40.71) 15.02] 5,866
6103..| 22 | Feces.......ce-ce0- esesecsessesess.| 8-40] 21.93] 9.14) 52.29] 17.84 5,085
6104.) 23 | Feces. .....----- eee seonetvsn | 3.78) 23.63] 8.41] 52.62) 15.34] 5,065
pines (noe WiMeces S. Uud.. Bele ratte es) | 3.01) 18.81 12.47 8.71 25.01) 5,844

DIGESTIBILITY OF BREAD. 179

DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS WITH PREAD,

The experiments here reported were made in 1896 and 1897.
The subjects were young men with vigorous appetites and
apparently normal digestion.

The food eaten.—The experiments began in each case with
a supper of milk, with which each subject took six gelatine cap-
sules filled with lamp-black. For the two days following the
food consisted chiefly of the bread under investigation. Butter
was eaten with the bread, and the men were allowed milk and
coffee with sugar. On the morning following the second day
of the bread diet, the men again took lamp-black in capsules
and a breakfast of milk, no solid food being taken until noon.

No attempt was made to limit the amount of food taken.
The food of the men was kept separate. Whenever a new loaf
was needed, it was weighed and quartered, one quarter serving
for analysis. At the close of the experiment the food remaining
was weighed and the amount subtracted from that furnished.

Feces.—The feces were deposited in a line in large tins pro-
vided for the purpose. That coming from the milk taken at the
beginning and end of the experiment, being deeply colored by
the lamp-black, was for the most part readily separated from
ilie feces coming from the bread diet.

Urine.—As no marker can be used for urine, it was collected
for the two days of the bread diet, it being understood, of
course, that this does not correspond to the food taken during
that period.

The tables which follow give the details of the digestion
experiments, the table on page 193 containing a summary of the
results.

There is nothing in the table which requires explanation
unless it is the method of calculating the “per cent of energy
utilized.” This is the same as used at the Storrs (Conn.)
Experiment Station and is described in the report of that
Station for 1894,* from which the following is quoted.

“When protein is burned in the calorimeter it is completely
oxidized, the carbon being burned to carbon dioxide and the

* Fuel values of digested nutrients in experiments with sheep, W. O. Atwatar
and Chas. D. Woods.

12

180 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

hydrogen to water. The nitrogen is leit uncombined. When
protein is consumed in the body the oxidation.is not complete.
The nitrogen is leit in urea, uric acid and other allied com-
pounds, all of which contain carbon and hydrogen, together with
some oxygen. In estimating the actual fuel value of the
digested ingredients which an animal can utilize, allowance
must be made for these unconsumed residual products, which
are excreted by the kidneys. Urea is usually the most abundant
of these excretory products, and it is here assumed that all of
the nitrogen of the digested protein is excreted as urea. The
fuel value of urea as determined by Stohmann and Berthelot is
2.53 Calories per gram.

“The method used in the calculations here has been as follows:
Urea (CON.H,.) contains 46.67 per cent of nitrogen. Hence
nitrogen multiplied by the factor 2.143 equals urea. The pro-
tein as here estimated is the nitrogen multiplied by 6.25. Hence
dividing the protein by 6.25 and multiplying the quotient by
2.143 gives the equivalent urea. Assuming that all of the
digested protein is excreted as urea, the number of grams of
urea multiplied by 2.53 the fuel value of one gram of urea, gives
the total fuel value of the urea equivalent to the digested pro-
tein. But (protein divided by 6.25) X2.143 X2.53=protein X .87
This last expression, protein <.87, therefore, represents the fuel
value of the urea equivalent to the digestible protein.”

Combustions of urine have shown that the fuel value of the
organic matter of urine is higher than that of urea. When
sufficient data have accumulated to warrant its adoption, an-
other factor will need to be employed; until then it is probably
better to use that for urea. As the total fuel value of the urea
and other organic materials found in urine is small in compari- -
son with the fuel value of the food ingested, the error in the
assumption here involved is not a large one.

DIGESTIBILITY

OF BREAD.

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No. 1.

Kind of food, white bread.
Subject; H. B.S.

Weight (without clothes); at beginning 145 lbs., at end 147 Ibs.
Beef tea, coffee, tea and water were drunk with the bread ad libitum.

181

eS = =i
es $ | = | | Sz
See area eile |e [ees . (\SBa2
SS Bue] (52 | 32 a | 632 B |,ZES
Sasa =i oan mm aa | She Qn I2[soogc
425 S85) eho | Ao | aS O25 | <6 |25c0
1 u
| | |
6001 |White bread ......... 1,633 | 1,032.7 143.4 28.3 | 961.0 11.4 | 4,639
—| ———
POLAR ae eeciencciecies 1,633 | 1,032.7 143.4 28.3 861.0 11.4 | 4,639
RIAW || eies eee eeron sbeeeeeos | 5 aeeece | 32.6 Set. |e 5-0) |e an Gee ela
Amount digested ....| ....... | 1,000.1 130.3 | 23.3 846.5 5.0 | 4,461
Per cent digested ....| ceeeeees, 96.84 90.$7| 82.33 98.31) 43.86 |
Estimated heat of
combustion of urine)........ | cece cece e | eee eee | cee eeees eeeeeee seceeeees 113
Energy of food oxi-
dized in the body ..-|........ | sandooadod|looosac0s |rooca00C ecccccee |ecccce --| 4,348
Per cent energy util- |
ZOO cece ceeecene Recor pacuooEs God S0uGC0d| |obacaded bdeacacol bacccods s5os0co2 93.7
if
DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No. 2.
Kind of food; white bread.
Subject; H. B.S. (Same as No. 1).
Beef tea, coffee, tea, and water were drunk ad libitum.
= | aay
ene = ~ St ibe
=53 222) Soe | ee ao |asa| a |SSE8
ofa [woe] esse | 38 12 |SES] Ls |28e2
2es wae see os += Hos | as (SESS
2 = Og i wre = aS = lInees
sea =e ee eel am She Qa iSoog
Ha \EES | SEO as BS 1Os5 |] 45 [Rocd
: | | ‘|
6002 |White bread.......... 956 619.3 83.0 16.0 | 520.3 7.0 2,809
Potals. cee oe 956 | 619.3 | 33.0 | 16.0 | 520.3 7.0 | 2,809
SHUI-IL EEG as aonneesoondsosos| \Gods0000 27.8 16.6 DD 5-7 3-2 165
Amount digested wees eee nese 591.5 |. 66.4 10.5 514.6 3-8 2,644
\Per cent digested ....|........ 95.51 80.00 65.62 98.90 54.29
| |
|Estimated heat of |
| combustion of urine}.... ...|-....-...- |ewercccslecsccees logaccdos pcaLOooe 58
\Energy of food oxi- |
ized in thejbody ..|-----..-}ecssesccne| cocecee|ocese-s0] eae se-Jeve sees] 2,586

|
|Per cent energy util-
ized ..

Pete e wwe e eee es SHOE tees ee eeeseees seer eees seeesees

seen

wt eee

182 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 3.

Kind of food; white bread.
Subject; L. H. H.
Beef tea, coffee, tea and water were drunk ad libitum.

WEDIZEG Fas 2/50. tees sel sere ieerel| vole ce wince od casters

eee e eee | eee wees (eee eee

x rar Po | | =)
BS | Sale ple ea ae
APE, on == pes i 2 baba
=33| 25a | Ong | S5 | 35 | g8a| a \S2R2
S25] mSE| S28 | 26 | JE | e586) LE leese
S5a| Ota | ofn | Fe en |apn | DA 12608
Hea FES) EES | HE) |) (21S) || SAS) |) AS eee
]
6003 |White bread......... | 1,080.0) 691.3 93.8 20.6 576.9 14.1 3,160
| —S=———EEE
LUCE Conaccoeaoaess 1,080.0} 691.3 | 93.8 20.6 576.9 14.1 3,160
| | |
COZ | Hecesrene escent Naagosenn 37.5 | 17.5 6.7 13.3 9.5 213
2 ee |
|Amount digested ... | tees 653.8 76.3 13.9 563.6 4.6 2,947
Per cent digested ....|........ | 94.58 | 81-68 | 67-47 | 97-69] 32.62 |........
|
|Estimated heat — of)
combustion ofurine}........ |e eccceeee | ce eceee| sceeene:| cocceees Joooocco: 66
|Energy of food oxi-| | | | |
KPA ELENA TINE XO AA\| Seemann Gp eceooose leereseed |Secceced | -Sobosod bebsbone | 2881
| | |
‘Per cent energy util- |
izeudls Bese ee Tpabiies Nese ene LaReAcacaey RAmsscon| Iceman: Faaeeeaee Reeascre 91.2
| |
DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No. 4.
Kind of food; white bread.
Subject; I. W. F.
Beef tea, coffee, tea and water were drunk ad libitum.
| cor] Z | - |
eo Ca Sp eat n | Imag
Sia acs re [eal eae 3 Oo. 5 ernie
ES Fat WES alee | eat 2 |oe2 2 inEEE
Bae ogi | 328 | 2 | 12 |258| 22 lees
Sic Set | Sea rae ax | apn | 2H 12608
Pag SES HAS | =5 ee) Shale) <5 |S570
|
|
6004 |White bread..........| 1,063 | 689.5 93.3 18.6) 577-6 14.9 3,141
| | } t
Totalieerae seasscese||) (L069 689.5 93.3; 18.6] 577-6] 14.9| 3,141
6023 |Feces......... fase aes oe 36.8) 23-0. 621 7.7| 4.9] 205
; a Vermeer
|Amount digested.....|....... 652.7 70.3, 12.5) 569.9 10.0 2,936
|Per cent digested ....|...... ee 94.66 75-35, 67.20} 98.67) 67.11
| |
;Estimated heat of |
combustion of urine ........|-........- | dsepience | omatreiar | eas ns Pneeass 61
|Energy of food oxi-|
chvcsyolitny veers hyo leoasaccd song5onc0d Hasnaasalbans das||occ=c00 || sognese 2,875
Per cent energy
91.5
J

DIGESTIBILITY OF BREAD.

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No. 5.
Kind of food; white bread and milk.
Subject; L. H. H.
ay & aul
Pan 3 | Fs | 63
Oy Sa | 2 | z e520
359 Bia | Sea |, Sai 3 | aoa a I°fRo
522 woe | ase | 28 [6 |S28| 1s \22e8
eases Gas | =as o3 #3 |aeos | aa (SEs
Sag = ~ (o) Soh mH ae athe TD iat Loon
Han S56 | Hao (Wid) BS }Ochb | dé DMocd
6005 |White bread .......... 1,116.0 713.8 95.0 33.3 585-4 | 22.1 3,284
6008 |Milk........ aieelajenisiaistete 803.3 99.3 24.6 29.7 45.0 6.2 636
6009 |Milk C O00 927.0 114.7 31.9 Byrfele 45.7 7.0 741
“URGE SonoheoadodKs s00a9000 927.8 | 151.5 | 100.1 676.1 | 35.3 4,661
Hive! [NNEC cocacce0000005000 llsoncacas 44.2 20.5 10.4 13.4 7.5 113
Amount digested.....|........ 883.6 | 131.0 89.7 662.7 | 27.8 4,548
Per cent digested ... |........ 95.24 | 86.47 89.61 98.02) 78.75
Estimated heat of
combustion ofurine|........|. Sod000den looodavonl|looododcdlscasdadollaoguesac 114
Energy of food oxi-
dized in the body ..|....... etotaleletetete total | stele taietare ieloratatets| fefatelels\eret=| teleleletetels 4,434
Per cent energy util-
WARE oocnoncc0000c0090 Socansdlondonodouallooocaadel] aadoosac s060006 S000cea¢ 95.1
DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No. 6.
Kind of food; white bread and milk.
Subject; H. B.S.
= i Wise
b g I he)
oy tet
a8 fa | | 2.
sleet) oe Cre iz | cles 5 OR 4 S nm 2
Soo Sa Ong Rai] D Leo wi 5seE°
on woe | gos | Ss [68 |SEa| le |So5e
asa Sages | see os ee | aca | aia |saes
@sg al OBA mH om She @ = LSoa
Sea EES | Hao LS BS |Os6 |] 46 |Hocd
6006 |White bread ......... 977.0 632.3 83.9 21.8 | 526.6 18.9 2,892
OOS Man MU ireerorcpere ctoteteseteletevaierarers 1,390.5 171.8 42.5 51.4 Ti9 10.7 1,101
GOOS es | Mill karrepereretstsleteteeieleteteteratete 1,339.0 165.7 46.1 53.6 66.0 10.2 1,070
Total ......... S0000]|00 ocod 969.8 | 172.5 | 126.8 | 670.5 39.8 5,063
(Hip EGOS coadsoogde coaasas |lsobeac0. 40.7 15.9 9.1 15.7 11.9 236
Amount digested ....| .... . 92951 156.6 | 117.7 | 654.8 27.9 4827
Per cent digested ....|... .... 95.80 90.78 92.82 97.66 70.10
Estimated heat of
CON] DIAL A OLIN 5 So50q0olloadocanad ollooonocaalladoaonad|! Go Dosh||bodao0se 136
Energy of food oxi-
Chisel sth Was) Jovy palloce conolloagoooonanlloscatiagd|! ocouliocadgcdallaoo. coe 4,691
Per cent energy util.
WAG conoaboods goods |oco0be0, lAooboobas |laohonenallocdonsdu|ibocococsllooosonas 92.6

184

MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No. 7.

Kind of food; white bread and milk.
Subject; C. W.S.

of 2 i
Pp 8 3 2
3° eel ss | A =e.
aye oS = || oO. - [Sune
Eee Sra CHa aa a 682 D CB ES
efea 5) as S S Ss = Dee
Ee See | 222 | 32 | £2 |2e2| 28 (e288
== Sie am Ea) ae x rs)
Has BES| GBS | Ao | FO [O85 |] <5 [ESc5
6007 |White bread.........| 2,042 1,240.4 | 193.9 16.5 1,030.0} 15.5 5,509
6010 |Milk....... oda00000000 1,548 190.8 | 51.2 61.9 7i-7| 12.4 1,197
6011 |Milk........ aialelsislelcteinie 2,064 262.5 | 68.3 Carl 106.5) 15.7 1,666
“UMGUEM cooodcodeoode: llooobode 1,693.7 | 318.4 | 166.1 1,214.2) 43.6 §,372
6026 |Feces...... Bo00D0 Gacoa|aesccc0c 60.2 25.3 9.6 25.3| 16.7 342
|Amount digested ....|........ 1,633.5 | 288.1 | 156.5 1,188.9} 26.9 8,030
Per cent digested ....|....... 96.45) 91.93 | 94.22 97.91] 61.69 |........
Estimated heat of
COMMOTION OEIC ooopqadbooooeoods |lscoodcao||lbo0ds000 0055000 |k is elateratey= 251
Energy of food oxi-
GhYAZO! Tk THINKS IDOCNY collso5cc6ca|lboooccedcs lone socca|boooccae so000000]| Se05005 7,779
Per cent energy util-
WAR coocoocos ca00668 5 9000000|| soa0DCdOdallsac0Cc0n |boo5c06 |losoocgdn|locooocac 92.9
DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No. 8.
Kind of food; white bread and milk.
Subject; P. F. F.
= |
b 5 é ae
. “=
E9S Bea Sng | Sa a | ges a |SZES
oz aos SSE Os £S | 3 Qn
ees sae| Se | Ss Le Bee| ga lease
Hag BES | sao | &S | oO | S55] <5 Edd
6007 |White bread .......... 1,197.0 726.9 | 113.7 9.7 | 603.5 9.1 3,230
6010 |Milk.........-.cceccee-| 1,826.6 225.3 60.5 (Bscat 91.7 14.6 1,428
GOL Mialikyeirccitelcjeenocericcocel pl ec028 216.6 56.4 72.4 87.8 12.9 1,374
“MOL Seossomosose |loossodac 1,168.8 230.6 155.2 783.0 36.6 6,032
RIP NIECES coadonccadaoonccedloooocde 60.1 25.0 18.0 17.1 16.0 375
Amount digested ....|.... .. 1,108.7 205.6 137.2 756.9 20.6 5,657
Per cent digested ....|........ 94.86 | 89.16 | 88.40} 97.82 | 56.12
Estimated heat of
CONN MEH OM OTN Elacoodoon|laoq5c0 OoOl|,c00 co |laososcdailoosocccclladoos5o0 179
Energy of food oxi-
GIVAREL HO THUS [DOW HY o5|! coocasc|locasc0Gb0sllaconadan|loascanoc|loogadconllooosece 5,478

Per cent energy util-
ized

sees cece

seeeteee

DIGESTIBILITY OF BREAD. 185

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No. 9.

Kind of food; graham bread and milk.
Subject; C. W.S.

Laboratory
Number of
sample.

for)
&
rs

Graham bread .......
IWODNE sgogao vans seedaod
IN GID conobtpudooboncd0s0

IR ilsssonascgesse BOG
GOES secsos0ce Swecccces
Amount digested.....

Per cent digested ....
Estimated heat of

combustion of urine
Energy of food oxi-

Per cent energy

dized in the body...}.

material—

Weight food
Grams.

-seeeee

1,593.0) 1,096.3
2,218.8) 284.5
2,579.0; 340.1

2 | | a

i © } [=i

3 } | co
SH a eae 5 eee a
epee | we | | = Ane LA e200
Sas os Py) aoe oa SES=
OSm | an Sm aAe De |\Dooa
BRO Dias) qo Ss “45 |S0oc0O

|
161.0 20.5 914.8 | 48.0 4,830
76.3 88.8 119.4 | 16.2 1,826
85.4 | 101.8 152.9 | 19.1 2,112
LI20-9) |az2eu 2d) is SgekelySoso 8,768
126.6 39.4 11.9 75.3 | 26.7 637
1,594.3 | 283.3 | 199.2 {1,111.8 | 56.6 8,131
92.64 | 87.79 | 94.36 93.66) 67.95

HaseOnoO ||oopdacoe soovena|! cocoDce)} cooooes 247
aneocDoabd bocouces || Gooande ssdondlscnecose 7,884
pasosson||soocooad |loosocced |ssance edleanaccec 89.9

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No. 10.

Kind of food; graham bread and milk.
Subject; F. H. M.

Laboratory
number of
sample.

6043,

Amount digested.....

Per cent digested ....
Estimated heat of

dized in the body...
Per cent energy util-|
WAG coouasocces G5da5

| combustion of urine}.
\Energy of food oxi-

Weight food
material—
Grams.

eee eens

see eeee

Total organic

matter—
Grams.

93.33

Protein--

Grams.

i
S
oo
or

se eenee

a
: sea
12 [/osa! .4 lose
qo O55 <5 (S500
13.8 | 617.0 | 25.6 3,262
58.7 | 72.2 9.8 1,104
107.3 | 161.1 | 20.1 2,295
174.8 | 850.3 | 55.5 6,591
10.4 | 46.6 | 19.9 440
164.4 | 803.7 | 35.6 6,151
94.05 | 94.52 | 64.13
Soe eee eel aman 189
JoocRe SA SasocA aol baronet 5,962
Shoes Ace ne Bree 90.6

186

MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

DIGESTION

EXPERIMENT No. 11.

Kind of food; graham bread and milk.
Subject; C. D. H.

ai | So = |
P =) | § ES
2 Pees Bll =. 5 >) 2 Snae
259 Sra | Cnm Ea a | seg D ah =
622. eof! G38 | Sh | 18 | S28) 18 |eeae
26s Aaa | LSE ce ea jaca | Sa (Seiee
25 eSh| Of | RR ( BE | ape | 2a (2608
Aan SaD HAD aS Te) Ooa5 <5 jS90c0D
|
6036 |Graham bread........ 1,361.0 629.7 92-0 12.3 525.4 26.2 2,788
DGOS2/ AW Milka csecnees eee} 2,734-0 350.5 94.0 | 109.4 | 147.1 20.0 2,250
HSS) | [ite ose senoo ococsccos 2,889.6 | 381.1 95.6 | 114.1 71.4 21.4 2,367
AMO sopsscoccococellsnoonons | 1,361.3 281.6 235.8 843.9 67.6 7,404
BOLE ecesie eons eee lie: scseu| 79-6, | 2280 |> 728° | 47.0) | 19.8 391
Amount digested ....|........ 1,283.7 | 258.8 | 225.0 | 796.9 47.7 7,014
Per cent digested.....|........ 94.29 | 91.90 | 96.69 | 94.43 | 70.56
Estimated heat of
COMPU ONOMMUINE |e areteia4||-1srerorsielereletel| ererareyerereyl| heise etelere Sa'sierat | aso 225
Energy of food oxi- | |
dized in the body...| ....... Jpcococdosa|| eoossco: ledansenc|| oscdsse | oacosess 6,789
Per cent energy
Utilized. --. 66.6 Ae) 6209000 |loscasedoas||bo055005 | bocaeac Jooeeoose|| coozece 91.7
| |
DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No. 12
Kind of food; graham breac and milk.
Subject; P. F. F.
ei sera lS | al
oe Cc eS ae
5 el | = | 22
bala b = oo) 1k aa z SSEa
Soo aca | Cua a A ti Loa n arse)
gee mol | Gee | 2e [2 | S88] le |2ene
ene Sef) £2F ce SF | STS) FB [$255
a Sn Of mm am ay Td = Sea
aa6 FES | ee0 | AO | wo |O25| <5 Seo
i] |
6037 !Graham bread........ 1,326.0) 736.9 | 104.2 15.4 | 617.3 Died) or ean
G02) MAN 5 <eaaje teenie clare 2,165.2} 277.6 74.5 86-6 | 116.5 15-8 | 1,782
SUddie || Mol Key ssreratseatclaterstsiereietere 2,683.0 353.8 88.5 105.9 159.1 19.9 2,199
IUD soanaondonde odlesoscads 1,568.3 267-5 207.9 892.9 62.8 7,238
GOLD ME CES Marin .al-jerctetaistet era erser | eterciestel= 105.6 34.2 11.5 59.9 28.9 541
Amount digested ....|........ 1,262.7 233.3 196.4 $33.0 33.9 6,697
Per cent digested ....|........ 92.28 §7-22 94.47 | 93.29 53.98
Estimated heat of
combustion ofurine| ......|....... 565) costes Ilschoceas]|| abaseds||-ssssnot 203
Energy of food oxi-
dizedhinithelbodyin|\-cescess| essere reall eee cera [ereveretsvore'at | iestelteret= 6,494
Per cent energy util-
AZO ab sein ose ete elec |psceere 2 .0\e\|| = 0 0\0(a/e/slele/-|\-/n\e\ewisie/e||=\0\n'= eie'e oi] e/eiwiele'siejel «0 \s\ela a\e!= 89.9

DIGESTIBILITY OF BREAD.

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No. 13.
Kind of food; entire wheat bread.
Subject; C. W.S.
(ie eS | | ey
Bs SS | | | 33
So SC mew see © me ese . |Snaz
Soo pepsi, | ey ||| Peco D 225 m |~382
ofa wok | sae 25 16 | Sha] |e |225e
Sis oas| 232 | o2 | 4a | aca, aa /S888
5S = One mR ae ae Dm VSo0a
Hee SES | e8S | aS | aS | OaS | <5 [8$c5
t | {
6047 |Entire wheat bread..| 1,579 | 883.3 133.4 6.7 743.2 29.1 3,895
BES. WOME 5 oosoondecosdonases 2,064 266.0 71.0 85.6 109.4 | 14.9 1,692
6057 |Milk........ = soooscosas 2,274 | 290.6 78.2 91.0 121.4 | 18.0 1,847
LOIN shmedanddaoas |locedacad | 1,439.9 | 282.6 183.3 | 974.0 62.0 7,434
(ANH! | eGESt S SaSoas6 osoeososl! Goosud 77.4 30.8 12.4 34.2 19.2 424
Amount digested ....|........ | 1,362.5 | 251.8 | 170.9 | 939.8 | 42.8 7,010
|
Per cent digested....|........ 94.62 | 89.10 | 93.23 | 96.49 69.03
Estimated heat of |
combustion ofurine)........).....-...- Gamersens lose anes Banooacd |).fa ci stoters 219
Energy of food oxi- |
QUPAREL TA NG) |aelohy Sallsgoacscallsao5q Go50)| 6 dascq| soconos loo stocsn||Scogdoon 6,791
Per cent energy util-
WAR bsronsooscne coosad |osaeasodlosoosscoec cocabooa! ceodeds]! a6. s0cd\locos cass 91.4
| |
DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No. 14.
Kind of food; entire wheat bread.
Subject; P. F. F.
= = ra
> S = c=]
=o = = ov
Sts f. | u g =5i2
Zoo Son | YHa a a Aea ey |i fa SE
see won| g2e | Ss [8 | S82) le |8256
SEE Sas | =3e8 os 2s HOS | 2a |SEae
S54) Se oss = a ahs ai ISSR
AaG | Fee BEG | a6 | HS |Oad | <0 [Sco
| | |
6048 |Entire wheat bread..| 1,949.0 | 1,180.0 171.0 8.2 950.8 37.3 | 4,989
6046 |Milk.......... somcoose!) ZARA | 385.8 103.0 124.2 158.6 21.6 2,454
GOD Tia WU Kaleniec ic ieisia= cecceccce- 2,585.0 330.3 88.9 103.4 138.0 | 20.4 2,100
EE |
LOE Sossoosmaqado|laca odo} TESS 362.9 235.8 |1247.4 79.3 | 9,543
6052 |Feces......... scosedoa|issosce¢ 55.8 23.3 6.5 26.0 20.0 | 295
Amount digested ....)........ 1,790.3 | 339.6 | 229.3 |1921.4 | 59.3 9,248
Per cent digested’....|........ | 96.98 | 98.58 | 97.24 | 97.91 | 74.78
Estimated heat of
COMbustion Of ULINE]....... |e. eeeee| eee eeeele-eceoes [ie atercinniet fle misie' wee 296
Energy of food oxi-
ERASE! TEN TIVES VOC Sollogosocad |soadeaos = loosadaod) bodecdag lsode cass Nocesoocs 8,952
Per cent energy util-) |
BROAN Cec Scher stle an tenee | ldbidkebiacer ae eeaion cull Lamenees pamera ne «ban eaeeee | 93.8
|

I

8

Co

MAINE

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No. 15.

Kind of food; entire wheat bread.
Subject; A. Bb. O.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

i) 1
oc = -1
> = ad
Se el hs, ! i ee
Sue x x | ee 5) . (Snan
Foo SED Cnn an a Leo mn \Ssse
S25 wos | eae | 26] 1s | See) 1a eee
ES ASS | 226 og 2s | moe Ga |seiee
ast OS = Seis = au Zp NH |D5o'S
AEG SES | SES | as | eS |Osd |] 45 [Sco
6049 |Entire wheat bread..| 1,600.0} 923.8 139.0 6.9 717.9 | 30.2 4,093
6046 |Milk.......... mayaresvelaets 2,373.6} 305.9 81.6 | 98.5 125.8 | 17.1 1,946
GOS Ta ||MOM erreleers cilia ies eee.| 2,585.0} 330.3 88.9 | 103.4 138.0 | 20.4 2,100
Totalencceses santas | neeeeewls 1,560.0 309.5 | 208.8 |1,041.7 | 67.7 8,139
6053 |Feces..........- coccoocllascocoue 60.0 22.5 8.1 29.4 | 18.6 320
Amount digested ...|........ 1,500.0 287.0 | 200.7 |1,012.3 49.1 7,819
Per cent digested ....|....... 96.15 92.73) 96.12 97.18) 72.53
Estimated heat of
COME DCN PHODI\N Soness 321] sgooeonca lboonooadl| aaccoocdloascaccall sausecs 250
Energy of food oxi-
qizedhnithebodiyaer| Peace cece |aeiree meee eter selector sol] cogccas |snood00 7,569
Per cent energy util-
WAR lag29925555 00000 00el| os0n400 |-coogs0a00l| ca0e scedlcoos So0ddlloao9 pacollisaccoce 93..0
DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 16.
Kind of food; white bread with milk, butter and sugar.
Subject; A.J. P.
Weight (without clothes); at beginning 136.9 lbs., at end 136.3 lbs.
a = al
> = S he]
a © a | oo
= e e j et 5D | ; # wSs n
Eee Sia | Sea | Ba ¢ | oe] 4 |aeee
526 woe | gfe | $e 2 |S85| le |228
gas PES | eS | aS | wo | S55] «5 [eScod
6064 |White bread.......... 1,328.6) 806.1 | 120.5 25.9 | 659.7 17.1 4,744
GOGG ae MaKe acre clererloloieieie sefnicte 800.0 96.9 28.0 33.6 35.3 Bi) 582
GOGS2 MGs coc cries creuceiere) wicietere 1,800.0 224.8 66.4 75.6 82.8 12.6 1,438
GOT ca MT Keni setewicieicis se saleieicree 1,200.0 151.0 42.0 50.4 58.6 8.4 902
6067) ||Bitler cc cecwcele scines . 185.0% 159.7 2.4 GFE Nodadc0ss 7.0 1,476
SUSAL Ey. hacej-sicieiere seeers 53.0 GBM) leousabos|bobadoas EBAY jl sousouse 2
Total ete sisteisvens efasieil| Setaresieiae 1,491.5 259.3 342.8 889.4 50.6 9,353
6069) ‘ME COSy.632)5 se :cinchy tec crete tielnneens 26.0 9.4 5.8 10.8 8.1 196
Amount digested ....|........ 1,465.5 | 249.9 | 337.0. | 878.6 42.5 9,157
Per cent digested ....|........ 98-26 | 96-31 | 98-31 | 98:79 | 83.99
Estimated heat of
COMPUStOMOLUMINE [Masser lesieeierelereiellceelecle wal tava pa tetelevedll Siatetetelelerel | esavaverosyers 217
Energy of food oxi.
ObVARO! MINE OOK cal|acoacsod|| c6odeoase |looacoconlloccodcdall aaadnae |boosoao- 8,940
Per cent energy util-
WAR! Gdowosacs Soabond ||'osd0000 |loac000000 llocbonbccllanooadcdloscoddacl! aocdo0e 95.6

Kind of food;
Subject;
Weight (without clothes); at beginning 165.4 lbs., at end 164.2 lbs.

DIGESTIBILITY OF BREAD.

DIGESTION

B. R. M.

EXPERIMENT No.

lj.

white bread with milk, butter and sugar.

mat
p = S| et
ete 3 | = | ee
SS} 2) 5 Sa al } . |\OnnZ
Foo S20 Ong Ea D L2H D a8
cee wos | See | Se [8 |S8a| |e 56
SEs S338 | S33 eS | =8 | Hoe, os |e@g82
es56 See Oofx Sates om ahem Me |\YSOE
MED SEO BED Ud) ids) oad <5 [Ks7co
6065 |White bread ......... 1,642.2 | 1,006.4 | 150.9 30.7 | 824.8 21.2 4,664
(UGS hiGhileo eessndenanoaeuned 800.0 96.9 28.0 33.6 35.3 5.5 582
GUGS ig | Milllcececerereteletatoreleieieioleieiersist: 1,455.0 181.7 53.7 61.1 66.9 10.2 1,163
GOTT S| Min xcae yereters tole lo aicis)<jeleteieler= 800.0 100.6 28.0 33.6 39.0 5.6 602
6067 |Butter............ .. 259.6 224.0 3.4 IPMVAS || coccaoe 9.8 2,070
SUS Mi eeciettelewetleisic «..| 148.6 MS Wosocoaol! esoedat 148.6 co0000 592
LtOyF Baggooaodsodo |fsaqonsec 2,758.2 | 264.0 | 379.6 /1,114.6 52.3 9,673
6070 |Feces............. se600|boabdoce 61.9 22.6 20.4 18.9 12.4 447
Amount digested.....|........ 2,696.3 241.4 359.2 1,095.7 39.9 9,226
Per cent digested ....|........ 97.75 | 91.44 | 94.62 | 98.34 | 76.29
Estimated heat of
COMDUSTION OF ULINE]....ccee |pceeeccnee [eeeecces | eecce s00||Soocodadll acaqo0e 210
Energy of food oxi-
dized in the body ..|......0.|.scccoee- cooooca: S000d0|toooGaco Iacdoocs 9,016
Per cent energy util-
WAKO lsoegaooaon08 nco009 fo noadc0D |paonsosocolbooooace 5000 |lbooenc0s jocaspoac 93.2
DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No. 18.
Kind of food; white bread with milk, butter and sugar.
Subject; A.J. P.
Weight (without clothes); at beginning 134.5 lbs., at end 134.5 Ibs.
> = z et!
ES SI ie | Ss
=e Scalpel | Z SEea
SOO Sia | Cana | Sa oe | 2805 a |Ssee
628 mes | eek | 225) 18 Ieee | le lean
SEE Ose | £82 | SE | 2 | BES) ge |EESS
Hes FES | a85 | &S | &o 1685 | «5 (eScd
6077 |White bread.. -.-| 1,168.6 716.3 104.9 | 27.9 583.5 | 15.8 3,325
6079 ,200. 72.8 93.5 122.4 11.0 1,753
6080 57.0 63.7 81.3 5.6 1,238
6081 Pal) || IPANGZS Nonooodéee 6.9 1,133
sfafetatetotedl |iejatetsisterets MOAR loosoadoe 238
236.7 | 305.8 846.8 42.5 7,687
6082 10.9 er 15.9 11.5 247
Amount digested ....|........ 1,356.8 225.8 | 300.1 $30.9 | 30.8 7,440
Per cent digested ....|....... I7 «66 95.40) 98.12 98.13} 72.83
Estimated heat of
combustion of urine]........|..... soocall caacoce |! soocone andd0de||ooooode 196
Energy of food oxi-
dized in the body ..|........|....e.eee S0bdligocad coal Eaaadaaltoaoadids 7,244
Per cent energy
utilized ........ Ss00dl| G00 alotal | ietatel-ferersietat=| | Reteretateleleyl|(ciatetevetstels |imteretetate aq ssasace 94.2

190

MAINE AGRI

CULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

DIGESTION EXPFRIMENT No. 19.

Kind of food; white bread with milk, butter and sugar.
Subject; O. W. K.
Weight (without clothes); at beginning 135.1 1bs., at end 134 lbs.

* i] z | } el
se | Sh | cute Pade see
Foe Sra | Saa | Sa a ne czeS
cae won| Seek ist || {es & |s2ae
2S] sos SS Tomi Il a ae z=aos
es5| Oa = | OSs | eee De l9Gae
Asa SEO | SES BS | a <5 [SSe5D
| | | | 1
6078 | White bread .........| 1,137.6 | 692.7 | 102.0 26.0 17.0 3,218
UE) ttl oe Gsseae ososscase| 2,200.0 288-7 | 72-8 | 93.5 11.0 | 1,75
GOSU)) MiKo see ocese cco eceee 1,600.0 202.0 57-0 | 63.7 8.6 | 1,238
GOsts)||Butterin..--secste acces «-| 135-6] 113-7 19 aS 6.4 | 1,040
Sugar.. ..... oe Seecsses | 80.4 | 80.4 |.-.----- |--e-e-e-] 80-4 |...... 321
DUN sosoccsesccsc: loosoace | 1,377-5 | 233.7 | 295.0 43.0 7,570
: |
Als53° WOES) cogSossccns coscossdlenosses S| 52.4 TORS le S35) 9.6 242
Amount digested ....)........ 1,345.1 | 222.9 290.0 34.4 | 7,328
Per cent digested .... ........ 7-65 | 95-36 | 98.0 80.00
\Estimated heat of | }
| GOP On SES [os seas) |osso2ss255||soscssea | Sasoscc|essesse ||scocos-+ 194
Energy of food oxi- |
Gizeuhinsehe mod yie-| pores | = eee = ee | eee fe loococose +. | 7,134
Per cent energy util- }
ZOO) os Soerseccewascnes|| erie e |) ae seseces eee eee | 94.2
| |
DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No. 20.
Kind of food; entire wheat bread with milk, butter and sugar.
Subject; A.J. P.
Weight (without clothes); at beginning 133.4 Ibs., at end 134.7 lbs.

a eee | ved
=. = | 2 | fer:
=sS = | = ] co
age T= | sSea
Eee |/ena| o | 3 c| @ |{ seo
On =} | S05 = 1 {= hes ==
ee Sas| 2 | =3 | 42 |g238
ai SEO | =S | <5 [Beco

j J
6086 |Entire wheat bread... 1,247.6) 751.7 | 117.6 32-7 | 601.4 | 17.5 | 3,567
GOSS |MANE (occ. secs = cccme 1,500.0 207.6 50-4 79-0 | 17-2 9.8 | 309
GUSO en Malka nee ee oon eee 545.0 73-0 19.4 27.2 | 26.4 3-1 | 467
G80) || Butter! -5.5ocnscnaee 248.8, 201.5 OM 995 alleeee ee i148 | 1,866
SJE SS Soe odosesenosde TOS26)'0 GIOS=Gonleae ete aac ce 1 A092G eeee se a4 437
| |
A Rr ase oondocose| | oscnae= 1,343.4 | 194.4 | 234.4 | 814.6 45.2 7,690
] | |
HIM | MED aaGesocsoccepsbo | |eaotesc 43.3 14.7 $.2 20.4 9-5 | 301
Amount digested ....|....... 1,300.1 | 179.7 | 326.2 | 794.2 | 35.4 7,389
Per cent digested ......... | 96.77 | 90.38] 97.54] 97.49] 78.32
|/Estimated heat of
| combustion ofurine........ ep aserrre \sestees uxeas eae loesoees: | 156
|Energy of food oxi- | |
dized in the bo@y .. ....... | Suvseccuellieb se scelssecaen |leesscece esaabse eee)
|Per cent energy util-
WARES sssoscccssoosts | stsdbeos |sestosgeces]) soscece|/csscesce! ssote7 |soncses 95.3

DIGESTIBILITY OF BREAD.
DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No. 21.

Kind of food; entire wheat bread, with milk, butter and sugar.
Subject; O. W. K.
Weight (without clothes); at beginning 135.5 lbs; at end 135.1 Ibs.

1gI

Laboratory
number of

6092

Laboratory
number of

sample.

6103

sample.

S Sr 6 a ee
| = 20 | fh) 2 aoe Sy
| 24 = Ea j | a Sat a |-Ze°
® = Be [2 |ea8| Le \e236
2 S A Bye al sero are
= = o a5 |}O25) <5 |Bosd
Entire wheat bread..| 1,210 4 723-9 112-5 32.5 5738.9 16.6 3,424
Min Kotetacisieicle sisiels eaietalavatate | 1,500.0 207.6 5.4 79.0 71-2 9.8 1,353
Ww a6 Sonasncsosdoocads || 445.0 73-0 19.4 27.2 26.4 } 3.1 467
NIKE 6500003 agDboadO} 267.6 216.5 2.2 QVAIG \leaessid ee 15.9 2,008
Sug ayeemete serleisen ee | 184.8 LBLES Ml csisseiser padcooae 1840S) seeeece 737
MUO aesnocoocodo 5 l|.coaoneo || Ue ies! 189.5 349.3 | 867.3 45.4 7,989
ING ee sob6ndooonsamoaod |lbcccdaoc 36.6 12.4 7-0 | 17.2 8.2 275
Amount digested.....).......-. 1,369.5 iiifel! | 342.3 850.1 37-2 7,714
Per cent digested ....)........ 97.39 93.46 98.00 | 98.02 81.91
Estimated heat of
GOI OL DBM AGkSaall Gadsccese ||lcooooonalloaorcaued |laoocsascll apnedds 154
Energy of food oxi-
Glvasolatninevenlorerohy Bollesocasao seonecanbs | cacsued |bococd alel | nroteteraiaterel ltstorsinvorete 7,560
Per cent energy |
CAVA! G56G5060 acodod04||co00 Boaellas sondern || socgconlleoaassoa|| adcoooe jscoooses 94.7
|
DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No. 22.
Kind of food; graham bread, with milk, butter and sugar.
Subject; A.J. P.
Weight (without clothes), at beginning 136.1 1bs., at end 135.7 lbs.
is | 2 | ea)
Ss S | So
So.) fi. zZ er
Ban | Sue Sa a Lon Di 2 s|<
mos | ses og (6 | 888 le |Bane
sole S55 Se 5 = ao IlSso00
See | £38 oe Son ASE Ee ees
BEG | aes | F< Bo |O50| <5 [BESS
Graham bread ....... 1,584.1 892.4 113.3 47.1 732.0 25.0 4,180
MK orc tie ros ccision cat's 1,200.0 158.2 43.6 55.2 59.4 | 9.0 1,065
WHNEe ogacuna Godocoous 1,000.0 125.0 33.8 46.0 45.2 6.2 814
|B KE Poe eueaoocoooo[s 189.5 152.4 z.1 150.3 jrsee cee | 12.3 1,410
SIUEAW ES ooagdocs0000n0aC 102.0 WPA Wes adocllocadscoc LOZ O Ma lsicictercratars 407
MO GAM vector Socncc 1,430.0 192.8 298.6 938.6 52.5 7,876
HeCes min telecast satel detente: 9105) |) 2325.0 |9 10st lo ae9) | dos 558
- |
Amount digested ....|........ 1,338.5 169.3 288.5 880.7 33-2 7,318
Per cent digested ....|........ 93.60 | 87.81 | 96.62 | 93.83 | 63.24
Estimated ‘heat of
Goyrnjos(aronCoimvbsh 2) |ooogasballasoacconec|Inoos coollone scod! scnccosallsccor Aas 147
Energy of food oxi-
Obtain ave rere hy i56lloqosagod| loon Oo Gonalincospedd lacocace |iGoonacad|| Goxccéc 7,171
Per cent energy util-
WANG baodacousaasaoneal cooooD ||| oféanodpullsdcseddéal| aadcoca|lsccctee I\oo0ccg08 91.0

192

MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

DIGESTION

EXPERIMENT No. 23.

Kind of food; graham bread, with milk, butter and sugar.
Subject; O. W. K.

Weight (without clothes) ;

at beginning, 136.2 lbs., at end, 136 lbs.

= zal
Bs ei |S l Cee
Se Se ela 3 case
Soe Sra Cua Aa a et} on |~5s2
Cee DI | Sse | Se [8 |S#8|_18 |224e6
aps Sea) 223 Sa Ue aea lseia iGese
Ss5a ae CSA me ae 3p De |\O5OR
Haa S85) e85 | GS | ad |OS5 | 45 [Sco
6098 |Graham bread........ 1,200.0} 679.8 89.1 33 0 | 557.7 17.6 3,178
6099 Mil a odgoDoUdEEas HOAse 1,400.0 184.5 50.8 64.4 69.3 10.5 1,243
GUND ibMes Socnoocossscqson¢ 1,076.0 134.5 36.4 49.5 45.6 6.7 876
GIO utters csaeee coado9 201.4 161.7 223 Tae eeadbon 13.0 1,495
SEE Rogdeca soosaqouo0DE 185.0 IGMAD™ lbooaoacolbaa0gco0 USO) |) escoges 735
OCA v bisc GeeciasiOdlac neste 1,345.5 178.6 306.3 860.6 47.8 7,530
GLOL a | MECESAy recom poem a oeeeee 78.8 22.0 7.58 49.0 14.3 472
Amount digested.....|........ 1,266.7 | 156.6 | 298.5 | 811.6 33.5 7,058
Per cent digested ....| ....... 94.14 87.68 | 97.45 94.31 70.08
Kstimated heat of;
COMPUSELON OMULINE |Soe eyeyeere|| reieisieeler= tele | eiete rs ieterete|| etetevelavor'd | leierels atelier 155
Energy of food oxi-
CUI sin TANS. loo sallssadncoeootosooccllsanedosd| padqeds llesodocdsllsoccsece 6,903
Per cent energy util-)
nA So SaneanEOnbOO0d booncnae| | Geaube orca | con detellbacaces) besiaaseellloacece oe 91.7
DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No. 24.
Kind of food; white bread, with milk, butter and sugar.
Subject; O. W. K.
Weight (without clothes); at beginning 147.6 lbs., at end, 1447 lbs.
2 Ealge
Pe 8 1 = ! a¢
ee Se ia z SES ai
Zoo Sea | Ona | Ba a | aoa a | 382
e258. mo dae ce |S e ias se Se] nee ie
QEs 383 | 248 os 2s | HSS | Se (S855
Sse Sa ofa BA eey Si axe ae |S55e
Hes SES | Seo | ad | aso hoad |=ae) ipso
6120 |White bread .......... 568.0 344.8 51.5 76 285.9 6.5 1,595
3 a ee ha bulla oS Soanedaoacne ac 1,629.6 223.3 59.2 88.0 76.1 12.2 1,463
6122 50 ) 56.0 25 More, eoosca 2.8 516
EN |loooccaes|| acaosas ANG. lacotccac 125
664.3 111.3 150.8 402.2 21.5 3,699
KoA E WINGS! Sosaqcadone deo. |lsasacoce 9.3 2.4 1.5 5.4 3.1 50
Amount digested.....|..... ---| 655.0 | 108.9 | 149.3 | 396.8 18.4 3,649
Per cent digested ...-]........ 98.60 97.84 99.00 98.66 85.58
Estimated heat of 2
combustion of urine]....... |.........-| 06. Saco||s90000 Balbosbooan laooocass 95
Energy of food oxi- =
CHAEC| TiN WAS TCCRY sal] co0sn00 | cdacac006||bosecnas||eoqedad4|| sccpade |leosacace 3,554
Per cent energy util-
WARE GS ooooocoonaboes6e || coducos |laodbaaaoa |losnoadcal|acospadsllecaasavel| coosaoc 96.1

Number of
experiment

bo

DIGESTIBILITY OF BREAD. 193
SUMMARY OF DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS.
AVAILABILITY OF NUTRIENTS AND HEATS OF COMBUSTION.
g E us
Kinds of Food. 8 oe = é Bie a
Nn BA oN = o <q |=S5c6
% LON PONTOON EN
\WMauy® lORRGENE! oo pocoGnagadsooDoNSacE H.B.S.| 96-8 | 90.9 82.3 | 98.3 | 43.9 | 93.7
\A/iivt® OREEGL G5506G0 Sao00 HUOndOKS H. B.S.| 95.5 | 380.0 | 65.6 | 98.9 | 54.3 | 92.4
\AV LOO) LONEGENG! Goopooseeecacboooanoss L. H. H.| 94.6 | 81.7 | 67.5 | 97-7 | 32-6 | 91.2
\WAMINTS LONERKOl Gosgaoee Gudonoo esoce Me Violas i| Sebo 75.4 | 67.2 | 98.7 | 67-1 91.5
White bread, average............ 4 95.4 §2.0 | 70.7 | 98.4 | 49.5 92.2
White bread and milk.......... L.H.H.| 95-2 -| 86.5 | 89.6 | 98.0 | 78.8 | 95.1
White bread and milk.......... 185 1835 Sin] Ghyetsh |] Gets) |} Sek |) iret || 7Porl |) es
White bread and milk.......... COWS: |) 96-9) | S59 | 9402) 09729) | 61-7 |) 9229
White bread and milk........... P.F.F.| 94.9 | 89.2 | 88.4 | 97.8 | 56.1 | 90.8
White bread and milk.......... A.J.P.| 98.3 | 96.3 | 98.3 | 98.8 | 84.0 | 95.6
White bread and milk ........... B.R.M.| 97-8 | 91.4 | 94.6 | 98.3 | 76.3 |. 93.2
White bread and milk.......... IN Uy We) Ono |) Gait! |) Getll |] Ghdail |) Wastes |) Beker
White bread and milk ........... O. W.K.| 97-7 | 95.4 | 98.3 | 98-1 | 80.0 | 94.2
White bread and milk.......... O. W. K.| 98.6 | 97-8 | 99.0 | 98.7 | 85-6 | 96.1
White bread and milk, average. 9 96-9 | 92.8 | 94.8 | 98.2 | 73.9 ( 93.9
Graham bread and milk........ C. W.S.| 92-6 | 87.8 | 94.4 | 93.7 | 68.0 | 89.9
Graham bread and milk. F. H.M.) 93.3 | 88.7 | 94.1 | 94.5 | 64.1 | 90.6
Graham bread and milk. ....... C.D. H.| 94.3 | 91.9 | 96.7 | 94.4 | 70.6 | 91.7
Graham bread and milk......-.. P.F.F.| 92-3 | 87.2 | 94.5 | 93.3 | 54.0 | 89.9
Graham bread and milk. ....... A.J.P.| 93-6 | 87.8 | 96.6 | 93.8 | 63-2 | 91.0
Graham bread and milk......... O.W. K.| 94-1 | 87-7 | 97-5 || 943°] 70-1 | 91-7
Graham bread and milk,average 6 93-4 | 58.5 | 95.6 | 94.0 | 65 0 | 90.8
Entire wheat bread and milk...| C. W.S.| 94.6 | 89.1 | 93.2 | 96.5 | 69.0 | 91.4
Entire wheat bread and milk...| P. F. F.| 97.0 | 93.6 | 97.2 | 97.9 | 74.5 | 93.8
Entire wheat bread and milk...| A. B.O.| 96.2 | 92.7 | 96.1 | 97.2 | 72.5 | 93.0
Entire wheat bread and milk...| A.J. P.| 96.8 | 90.4 | 97.5 97.5 | 78-3 | 95.3
Entire wheat bread and milk...| O. W. K.| 97.4 | 93.5 | 98.0 | 98.0 | 81.9 | 94.7
Entire wheat bread and milk ay. 5 | 96.4 | 91.9 | 96.4 | 97-4 75.3 | 93.6
|

IQ4 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

THE INCOME AND OUTGO OF NITROGEN IN THESE
EXPERIMENTS.

As previously stated, the urine was collected for each experi-
ment beginning with the morning of the first day and ending
with the evening of the third day. The amount passed on ris-
ing (about 7 A. M.) in the morning of the first day was not
kept and that of the morning of the third day was included with
the amount collected.

The weights of the urine, the percentage of nitrogen, weight
of nitrogen, heats of combustion per gram, and total heats of
combustion are given below. The balance of the income and
outgo of nitrogen are given on the opposite page.

WEIGHT OF NITROGEN IN THE URINE FOR EACH EXPERIMENT—

TWO DAYS.

Heats of combus_
> tion, determined.
5 o : om.

Number 2 ie a fs
experiment. =e Sie Bp = d
oe we LE 22 = S
ce 55 5s 3s ale =
= Ss Sis Ss Q op SS
Grams. | Grams.
6012 2,142 1.81 38.77
6013 1,550 1.20 18.60
6014 1,545 1.30 20.08
6015 1,509 1.53 23.09
6016 1,443 1.84 26.55
6017 2,279 1.23 28.03
6018 2,505 1.68 42.08
6019 2,550 1.39 39.44
6038 1,408 1.22 17.18
6039 5,488 129) 45.00
6040 2,433 0.87 21.17
6041 . 2,745 1.00 27.45
6054 2,334 1.33 31.04
6055 2,046 1.38 28.23
6056 3,450 1.14 39.33
6072 2,749 1.42 39.04 eg 244.7
6073 2,208 1.69 37.31 127 280.4
6084 2,322 1.54 35.76 114 264.7
6085 2,530 We25 31.62 87 220.1
6093 2,042 1.40 28.59 107 218.5
6094 2,086 1.46 | 30.46 119 248.2
6105 2,723 1.10 | 29.95 76 206.9
6106 2,259 1.22 27.56 82 185.2
6125 1,529 1.58 24.16 131 200.3

DIGESTIBILITY OF BREAD.

195

BALANCE OF INCOME AND OUTGO OF NITROGEN—TWO DAYS.

Number.

I oadeague0cuboK00r
IW aonacaccoascooaes

13

INCOME. OUTGO.

23 o3 og 2 ot |
EIS a a 6 faa
za Za Zia = A tos
Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams.
22.9 2.1 38.8 40.9 —18.0
13.3 2.7 18.6 21.3 —8.0
15.0 3.3 20.1 23.4 —8.4
14.9 3-7 23.1 26.8 —11.9
24.2 3.3 26.6 29.9 —5.7
27.6 2.5 28.0 30.5 —2.9
50.1 4.0 42.1 46.1 +4.0
36.9 4.0 35.4 39.4 —2.5
51.6 6.3 17.2 23.5 428.1
39.1 4.4 45.0 49.4 —10.3
45.0 3.7 21.2 24.9 —+20.1
42.8 5.5 27.5 33.0 +9.8
45.2 4.9 31.0 35.9 +9.3
58.1 3.7 28.2 31.9 +16.2
49.5 3.6 39.3 42.9 +6.6
41.5 1.5 39 0 40.5 +1.0
42.2 3.6 37-3 40.9 +1.3
37.9 leg 35.8 37.5 +0.4
37.4 1.7 31.6 33-3 +4.1
31.1 2.4 28.6 31.0 +0.1
30.3 2.2 30.5 32.7 —2.4
30.8 3.5 30.0 33.8 —3.0
28.6 3.5 27.6 31.1 —2.5
17.8 4 24.2 24.6 —6.8

Protein,

gain-+
loss—.

Of Ga Ow GS

SAA a

Or

1

. .
ey Ll

to to

i

or

Ta DIGEST BiEiyalOr Bik AlD»
Cuas. D. Woops and L. H. MErr1xt.

The experiments here reported were undertaken for the pur-
pose of ascertaining the comparative digestibility of breads from
ordinary bread flour, graham flour and so-called entire wheat
flour. Preliminary experiments made by one of us in 1894 had
shown that, for (See digestion experiments 1 to 5 and g pp.
168 to 170, Report Storrs [Conn.] Experiment Station for 1896)
the subject there used, neither bread nor milk when eaten sepa-
rately were as completely digested as when bread and milk
were eaten together. The experiments here reported show that
bread and milk are more completely digested than bread alone,
(compare experiments I to 4 and 5 to 8, 16 to Ig in table on
p. 193). In the comparative experiments here reported, the
breads were not eaten alone, but were taken with milk, butter
and sugar. To reduce the results obtained in this mixed diet
to the breads alone necessitated the use of more or less arbitrary
factors for the food materials eaten with the bread.

After a careful study of the results of digestion experiments
made in this country and Germany, the following factors (per-
centages of availability) were assumed in calculating the results
here reported to bread alone.

Protein. Fats. Carbo-
hydrates.
% % [0
INTE Se GD ie ce cae Be AN SPS CO 98 99 98
BUttER A. sien sc ateie mio ce een a: -- 99 --
Siar hives ie SIs waive rans ea neemeatate -- -- 98

The application of these factors to other experiments, as well
as these here reported upon, seemed to give results that indicate
that these are the approximate percentages of availability for the
nutrients of these food materials. These applications to the
figures obtained in the digestion experiments reported on pages

DIGESTIBILITY OF BREAD.

197

183-192 will be readily understood,and are given in the following

tables.

results:

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No. 5.

The table on page 207 contains a summary of the

NUTRIENTS DIGESTED AND ENERGY UTILIZED FROM WHITE BREAD.

|

G)E a i Sa | a8e¢
Grams. Grams. | Grams. |Calories.
6008 |Milk, not digested .................-. 49 -30 5 ‘
6009 |Milk, not digested ............. noc -64 -37 91 11
Feces from the above . ............- 1.13 -67 1.81 20
6024) |Meces, totale. ce cscccee. malaise tetereistalsters 20.50 10.40 13.40 113'
Feces from white bread ............. 19.37 9.73 11.59 93
Nutrients in white bread............ 95.00 33.30 585.40 3,284
Ainount of nutrients digested...... 75.63 23.57 573-81 3,191
Per cent of nutrients digested...... 79.61 70.78 98.C2 96.95
DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No. 6.
NUTRIENTS DIGESTED AND ENERGY UTILIZED FROM WHITE BREAD.
as & be | Se
QZ, my a Os Hoc
Grams. Grams. | Grams. |Calories.
6008 |Milk, not digested ........... dacacoae 85 -51 1.56 16
6009 |Milk, not digested ........csenseesee c -92 54 1.32 15
Feces from the above...............- ie 1.77 1.05 2.88 31
GQVAy INGORE HOLMEN Gogpaccoccon6ace DhocgcoDb0Gc 15.90 9.10 15.70 236
Feces from white bread ......... sees 14.13 8.05 12.52 205
Nutrients in white bread.......... s¢ 83.90 21.80 526.60 2,892
Amount of nutrients digested ..... 69.77 13275 513.78 2,687
Per cent of nutrients digested...... 83.16 63.07 97.56 92.90

198

MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No.

~

de

NUTRIENTS DIGESTED AND ENERGY UTILIZED FROM WHITE BREAD.

a
-
z Af a #
So & ie
62 2 Ee
ae ¢5) Pe me
os a a a>
ec = = (Sye
| Grams. Grams. | Grams
6010 |Milk, not digested .......... s2osesoor -02 a2 | 1.55
|
6011 |Milk, not digested . ........... ..... 1.37 -88 | 2.13 24
Feces from the above ....... --.-..-- 2.39 1.50 3.68 42
GGL Recent total ees ee cess eee ee eter eseee 25.30 9.60 | 25.30 342
Feces from white bread............- 22.91 8.10 | 21.62 300
Nutrients in white bread .....,..-..- 193.90 16.50 | 1,030.00 5,909
} |
Amount of nutrients digested ...... 170.99 8.40 | 1,008.38 5,209
Per cent of nutrients digested...... 88.15 50.91 | 97.90 94.55
DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No. 8.
NUTRIENTS DIGESTED AND ENERGY UTILIZED FROM WHITE BREAD.
P: z=
So. PA woe
Ee E .2 | Cae
52 3 || Hae
es S = Be | S22
as = = = Daz
AZ, Bi = Of | BSc
Grams. Grams. | Grams. |Calories.
6010 Milk, not digested..... Sonontos 2anDoc 1.21 73 1.83 21
6011 | Milk, not digested .- ............-se0-- 1.13 -12 1.76 20
Feces from the above....... Bioiontaisisie 2.34 1.45 3.59 41
6027 |Feces, total .......... Sscocposenres aot 25.00 18.00 17.10 375
Feces froin white bread ............. 22.66 16.55 13.51 334
Nutrients in white bread............ 113.70 9.7 603.50 3,230
Amount of nutrients digested ...... Wes ersoancaaces 589.99 2,896
Per cent of nutrients digested ...... SOOT eremaeceries 97.76 89.67

DIGESTIBILITY OF BREAD.

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No. 9.

199

NUTRIENTS DIGESTED AND ENERGY UTILIZED FROM GRAHAM BREAD.

25 e een ead
Sa 5 : 22 | 253
ae di & | 62 | 583
Grams. Grams. | Grams. |Calories.
6032 |Milk, not digested ........... Senos 1.53 -89 2.39 26
Us7p! 1.02 3.06 32
Feces from the above............000- 3.24 1.91 5.45 58
(HUB) OGRE GOS codsnoooacseoscdoacdco0dRs 39.40 11.90 75.30 637
Feces from graham bread. ......... 36.16 "9.99 69.85 579
i Nutrients in graham bread.......-... 161.00 20.50 914.80 4,830
Amount of nutrients digested ..... 124.84 10.51 844.95 4,251
Per cent of nutrients digested...... 77.54 51.27 92.36 86.02
DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No. 10.
NUTRIENTS DIGESTED AND ENERGY UTILIZED FROM GRAHAM BREAD.
ze & 2 | Sag
EE ae ec:
Grams. Grams. | Grams. |Calories.
6032 | Milk, not digested........ SesecoocG0s -92 54 1.44 16
6033 |Milk, not digested...............- 1.80 1.07 3.22 33
Feces from the above.............+.. 2.72 1.61 4.66 49
6043 |Feces, total........... sooo ooccoesooc sic 27.70 10.40 46.60 440
Feces from graham bread..... 600050 24.98 8.79 41.94 391
Nutrients in graham bread ......... 108.50 13.80 617.00 3,262
Amount of nutrients digested...... 83.52 5.01 575.06 2,87
Per cent of nutrients digested...... 76.98 36.30 93.19 93.67

200 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No. 11.
NUTRIENTS DIGESTED AND ENERGY UTILIZED FROM GRAHAM BREAD.

Ae = 2 of | ae
Grams. Grams. | Grams. |Calories.

6032 |Milk, not digested..................-. 1.88 1.09 2s B
6033 Milk, not digested..... nfoletofettotelererereretete 1.91 1.14 3.43 35
Feces from the above......sseereeeee 3-79 2.23 6.37 68
GOS Me ces totally ae cereccelcicesectovemieiete sellers 22.80 7.80 47.00 391
Feces from graham bread .......... 19.01 5.57 40.63 323
Nutrients in graham bread.......... 92.00 12.30 525.40 2,788
Amount of nutrients digested ...... 72.99 6.73 484.77 2,465
Per cent of nutrients digested...... 79.34 54.72 92.27 88.40

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No. 12.
NUTRIENTS DIGESTED AND ENERGY UTILIZED FROM GRAHAM BREAD.

o2 g Se este Ss

=i a oF=| Zod
Grams. Grams. |Grams. |Calories.
6032 |Milk, not digested. .......... so0s00c. 87 2.33 26
6033 | Milk, not digested ................0-- 1.78 1.06 3.18 33
Feces from the above .......... soose 3-27 1.93 5.51 59
6045 |Feces, total .........-..00. sogoao920ee0 34.20 11.50 59.90 541
Feces from graham bread.......... 30.93 9.57 54.39 482
\Nutrients in graham bread ......... 104.20 15.40 617.30 3,257
Amount of nutrients digested ...... 73.27 5.83 562.91 2,775
70.32 37.86 91.19 85.22

|Per cent of nutrients digested .....

DIGESTIBILITY OF BREAD. 201

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No. 13.

NUTRIENTS DIGESTED AND ENERGY UTILIZED FROM ENTIRE WHEAT BREAD.

b b=
5 ‘ oo
5 n ean A
25 3 3 | 322
oa 3 ce | 255
aa to) + Fis Se =
Ss P 3 a ve
wa ca ce os | soe.
Grams. Grams. | Grams. |Calories.
6046 |Milk, not digested ..........s00...08- 1.42 86 2.19 25
6057. |Milk, not digested ...............000. 1.56 -91 2.43 27
Feces from the above ........... - 300 2.98 1.77 4.62 52
CODE He Ces wmtO lalla paicisisicletsieacisiecciner scodoD00n0 30.80 12.40 34.20 424
Feces from entire wheat bread..... 27.82 10.63 29.58 372
Nutrients in entire wheat bread.... 133.40 6.70 743.20 3,895
Amount of nutrients digested...... 105.58 |..cecccccees| 713.62 3,523
Per cent of nutrients digested...... Gels pcoogono000d 96.02 90.44
DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No. 14.
NUTRIENTS DIGESTED AND ENERGY UTILIZED FROM ENTIRE WHEAT BREAD
be Ey
6 n Ca = =
a3 es eM Cee
S2 s gE | 225
cE E 2 am | S53
ed Aa ee Os HoT
Grams. Grams. | Grams. |Calories.
6046" |) Milk; NOt GISeSted ese cei cceceacics. 2.06 1.24 3.17 36
6057 |Milk, not digested ...... sacoo00b0R0 co 1.78 1.03 2.76 31
Feces from the above...... d0 96005000 3.84 2.27 5.93 67
6052 |Feces, total....... aleystoievaishenreiceeiarcieeiaies 23.30 6.50 26.00 295
Feces from entire wheat bread..... 19.46 4.23 20.07 228
Nutrients in entire wheat bread.... 171.00 8.20 950.80 4,989
Amount of nutrients digested ...... 151.54 3.97 930.73 4,761
Per cent of nutrients digested...... 88.60 48.41 97.89 95.45

202 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No. 15.

NUTRIENTS DIGESTED AND ENERGY UTILIZED FROM ENTIRE WHEAT BREAD.

25 s 2 oe:
=a ce = oF =| Hoe
| Grams Grams. | Grams. |Calories.
6046 |Milk, not digested ........... scceneos 1.63 -99 2.52
6057 \Milk, not digested ..... soodoceescsces 1.7 1.03 | 2.76 31 j
\Peces frOM THE ADOVE ~ occ ese -%- 3.41 irene 5.28 59
BUGS) NEES, EDEN Cocco osdscons socno2e0000s¢ 22.50 8.10 29.40 320
Feces from entire wheat bread..... 49.69 he seloay 4.12 261
Nutrients in entire wheat bread.... 139.00 6.90 777-90 4,093
|Amount of nutrients digested ...... 119.91 -82 753.78 3.832
Per cent of nutrients digested...... 86.27 10.43 96.90 93 .62
DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No. 16.
NUTRIENTS DIGESTED AND ENERGY UTILIZED FROM WHITE BREAD.
on ra mee
z3 : 65 | EEE
ar a = .oF= | ot
| | Grams. Grams. | Grams. \Calories:
6066 | Milk, not digested.................00. -56 34 71 9
6068 Milk, NOUGIZCSICE pe eeseeseee aie ee | 1.33 -76 1.66 21
6071 Milk, Motidigesteds-. c=. 7-2-1 ee | «84 -50 1.17 14
6067 |Botter, not digested......... sotossso -05 Usgi/ fj sssooesse: 15
\Sugar, not digested ............ Sos scoussoceses|/oosesescescs 1.06 4
Feces from the above .......e.eeeee 2.78 S47 4.60 63
6069 | |Feves; total. .0.-..c-00sloccteceoeess | 9.40 5.80 | 10.80 196
\Feces from white bread....... ese 6.62 2.63 6.20 133
Nutrients in white bread....... =525 | 120.50 25.90 659.70 4,7.
|Amount of nutrients digested ......| 113.88 23.27 653.50 4,611
Per cent of nutrients digested...... 94.51 89.85 99.06 97.18
{ |

DIGESTIBILITY OF BREAD. 203
DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No. 17.
NUTRIENTS DIGESTED AND ENERGY UTILIZED FROM WHITE BREAD.

B a

zs : ge | aff

4a oy fy on dod
6066 |Milk, not digested...................- ores cae ae yaa s
6068 |Milk, not digested........... onoapsons 1.07 -6] 1.34 17
6071 |Milk, not digested ...... ........c.00- -56 34 -78 9
6067 |Butter, not digested ........ aalelatelavatele -07 PPL Negoaa760 - 21
Sugar, not Gigested ........ ccccccccciececccsccccs|ovcsceecee= 2.97 12
Feces from the above................ 3.26 3.50 5.80 65
6070 |Feces, total...... Salers eisia wire steysta eve tara erste 22.60 20.40 18.90 447
Feces from white bread...... onoooas 19.34 16.90 13.10 379
Nutrients in white bread............ 150.90 30.70 824.80 4,664
Amount of nutrients digested ...... 131.56 13.80 811.70 4,285
Per cent of nutrients digested...... 87.18 44.95 98.41 91.86

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No. 18.
NUTRIENTS DIGESTED AND ENERGY UTILIZED FROM WHITE BREAD.

25 g noes

ee 3 Se | 286

a5 é : Be | 283

aa oy Ey og Hos
Grams. Grams. | Grams. |Calories-
6079 |Milk, not digested .......... Soccacad. 1.56 94 2.45 27
6080 |Milk, not digested ........ secdooondas 1.14 64 1.63 19
6081 |Butter, not digested ................. -04 WS esas cere 11
Sugar, not digested ............ sosdallacadascocaod|sabnap0n00n6 1.19 5
Feces from the above ................ 2.74 2.79 5.27 62
6082 |Feces, total........... ocadoacocaoonede 10.90 5.70 15.90 247
Feces from white bread............. 8.16 2.91 10.63 185
Nutrients in white bread......... sed 104.90 27.90 583.50 3,325
Amount of nutrients digested ...... 96.74 24.99 572.87 3,140
Per cent of nutrients digested ...... 92.22 89.57 98.18 93.17

204 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No. 19.
NUTRIENTS DIGESTED AND ENERGY UTILIZED FROM WHITE BREAD.
b Be
3. : ; aa
is E 2 | Sag
o8 g Se | 220
a5 e A AS | Bae
Se a fe 64 | W8e
Grams. Grams. | Grams. (Calories.
6079 |Milk, not digested .......... fotokertetetstere 1.56 94 2.465 27
6080 |Milk, not digested ...... oos0ac0b0d0 1.14 64 1.63 19
6081 |Butter, not digested................. 04 Ws} oaoad00c 56 11
Sugar, not digested ............ Bbaboulsddcondeados| pasedadcccoas 1.61 7
Feces from the above ........ poada00 2.74 2.70 5.69 64
GOSS HMECES LOLA yy areistelel clerelolelelsicleleiel es/slalelelers 10.80 5.00 16.60 242
Feces from white bread....... no0000 8.06 2.30 10.91 178
Nutrients in white bread............ 102.00 26.00 564.70 3,218
Amount of nutrients digested...... 93.94 23.70 553.79 3,040
Per cent of nutrients digested...... 92.10 91.15 98.07 97.85
DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No. 20.
NUTRIENTS DIGESTED AND ENERGY UTILIZED FROM ENTIRE WHEAT BREAD.
b as
23 g ve | C2 a
oe © Se Rox
a) 5 QQ =|
Ho} | (o) ~ Ho S g &
as a 3 SP S50
Hq 4 fy Og Lod
Grams. Grams. | Grams. | Calories
6088 |Milk, not digested .........secseeess- 1.11 +75 He
6089 |Milk, not digested ............... 5000 +39 27 -53 7
6090 |Butter, not digested ......... ....... 04 WSS I Goo0005000 18
Sugar, not digested ........ w.cscccecs[ecerececoees| -eeerece 900 2.19 8
Feces from the above ......... pa0000 1.54 2.98 4.26 52
GODT Re ces totale ements eiecierieicieit 14.70 8.20 20.40 301
Feces from entire wheat bread..... 13.16 5.22 16.14 249
Nutrients in entire bread............ 117.60 32.70 601.40 3,567
Amount of nutrients digested...... 104.44 27.48 585.26 3,018
Per cent of nutrients digested...... 88.81 84.04 97.31 96.85

DIGESTIBILITY OF BREAD. 205

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No. 21.

NUTRIENTS DIGESTED AND ENERGY UTILIZED FROM ENTIRE WHEAT BREAD.

. matee
rf: d 2 | &3¢
2: : 2 ze lies
we q am OR HSc
Grams. Grams. | Grams. |Calories-
6088 |Milk, not digested ............sse00e- 1.11 -75 1.54 19
6089 |Milk, not digested ................... 39 27 53 7
‘6090 |Butter, not digested ............ elaterels 04 Zoi ON visteteler dieiatals 20
Sugar, not digested ........ aiclclesiasate\ereilll cisteleisicrersisiare.llbeistereieysiotareierers 3.70 15
Feces from the above ...........00 1.54 3.17 5.77 61
6092 |Feces, total............ piaietotstatetetaletetel sors 12.40 7.00 17.20 275
Feces from entire wheat bread..... 10.86 | 3.88 11.43 214
Nutrients in entire wheat bread.... 112.50 32.50 578.90 3,424
Amount of nutrients digested...... 101.64 28.67 567.47 3,210
Per cent of nutrients digested...... 90.35 88.22 98.03 93.77
DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No. 22.
NUTRIENTS DIGESTED AND ENERGY UTILIZED FROM GRAHAM BREAD.
e aE
re : g | 332
62 3 os | ZF
ee E : ao | 833
pee oo fy Og Hoc
6099 |Milk, not digested.......... ..e-s00.- ana Brees Minar G hearer
6100 |Milk, not digested........c..0 .0--cee- 68 46 -90 12
6107 | Butter, not digested..... poopaccD00006 04 ADO leeyeccoteteias 14
Sugar, not digested ............... aveta| | tetevetatatstatetetated | hteteteretelstatetstste 2.04 8
Feces from the above.......csceccce. 1.59 2.51 4.13 ae
CLO sa ME COS LO Lallucteentelonte|siaialsisielslevsistersststelstslals 23.50 10.10 57.90 558
Feces from graham bread......e.... 21.91 7.59 Deel 509
Nutrients in graham bread..... aciobe 113.30 47.10 732.00 4,180
Amount of nutrients digested....... 91.39 39.51 678.23 3,671
Per cent of nutrients digested..... 80.66 83.89 92.65 87.82

206 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No. 23.
NUTRIENTS DIGESTED AND ENERGY UTILIZED FROM GRAHAM BREAD.
Z | n Be
: Grams. Grams. | Grams. |Calories-
6099 |Milk, not digested ........... nooSSoRs 1.02 64 1.39 17
6100 |Milk, not digested ......... Scocosases 73 -50 =97 13-
6107 |Butter, not digested................. -05 1.49 socos: 15
Sugar, not digested .............000. = \boecsos 6600|| cosodasace: | 3.7 15
\Feces froin the above....ssecseeeeeee 1.80 2.73 | 6.06 60:
6104" Feces) total (eres: ssencccsestvecece es = 22.00 | 7-80 49.00 472
|Feces from graham bread........... 20.20 | 5.07 | 42.94 412
Nutrients in graham bread ......... 89.10 33.00 | 557-70 3,178
Amount of nutrients digested ...... 68.90 27.93 515.76 2,766.
|Per cent of nutrients digested...... 77-33 84.64 92.48 87.02

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT No. 24.

NUTRIENTS DIGESTED AND ENERGY UTILIZED FROM WHITE BREAD.

Laboratory

number.

"6124

S

= :

iS =

or =

: | Grams. | Grams.
| Milk, not digested ............. sence 1.18 88
|

|Butter, not digested ................. 02 | 55
ISHzar non dic estedersensaeeeseceebel| essence oes Depress Sor
|Feces from the above..... SBE OBE SSe 1.20 | 1.43
lHecesntotaltesss see ee peeeeece bad aes 2.40 | 1.50
Feces from white bread...... oan aes 1.20 | .07
Nutrients in white bread............ 51.30 | 7.60
Amount of nutrients digested ...... 50.10 | 7.58
Per cent of nutrients digested ...... 97-66 | 99.08

hydrates.

Carbo-

Heats of
combustion,
determined

Grams. |Calories.

—-

COMPARISON OF NUTRIENTS DIGESTED
BREADS MADE FROM

DIGESTIBILITY OF BREAD.

AND ENTIRE WHEAT FLOUR.

ORDINARY

AND

ENERGY

UTILIZED
BREAD FLOUR, GRAHAM FLOUR,

207

THE RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENTS WITH BREAD AND MILK CALCULATED TO
BREAD ALONE.

IN

g F
S5 E
a5 2 ; g 2 | Sa
Se Kinds of Food. Subject. 3 BE zs =
a3. 5 “3 ao | 32
By a | « | 52 | a8

| % | & | bm | %

1 |IMWAaieey ome Nol EMKoheE) Gonsng5 sooconoS 1865 J85 lagoon! BIDE 82.3 98.3 93.7
PaaWehitebreadialOme) -ercrjceic/jnlassele\- 18h, 18445 Sisocaaoce 80.0 65.6 98.9 92.4
5) alam [ORE EU AMY EW) Googcda5 coaaboe Is JBI LET Soopass 81.7 67.5 97.7 91.2
4 |White bread alone ................ Ma \iVo 1 Goodosa 75.4 67.2 98.7 91.5
Average of four experiments ....|................ 82.0 70.7 98.4 92:2

GH) \WVleuline lovcexel eyevel vervillke —oGoqga5ccd We BIEL SoGnson|| THES 70.8 98.0 97.0
6 |White bread and milk............ lla 1845S). go00c08 83.2 63.1 97.6 92.9
7 |White bread and milk ............ Gy \h¥o'S 5 c00b0n 88.2 50.9 97.9 94.6
8 |White bread and milk ............ Jaa Weoacscaal| SWall | oconons 97.8 89.7
16 |White bread and milk ........ socali#\odo IPaoonaace 94.5 90.0 99.1 97-2
17 |White bread and milk............ 1B 18 WL oaodoe 87.2 45.0 98.4 92.0
1s |White bread and milk ............ No Us I oencoase 92.2 89.6 938.2 93.2
19 |White bread and milk ..... sao0sdo [KOs Vi%o lS csaasa 92.1 91.2 98.1 97.9
DAME WLLbe Dre AG! ard MI Kats rcleeiciclcleletele)| el WWie Eero ofe<\e1s 97.7 99.1 98.9 98.7
Average of nine experiments....|.. aleielelolohetetelelststats $8.3 66.6 98.2 94.8

9 |Graham bread and milk ......... CW Sieeeree 77.5 51.3 92.4 86.0
10 Graham bread and milk......... LNG BIG ISL oaanacs 77.0 36.3 93.2 93.7
11 |Graham bread and milk.........;|C.D.H...... 79.3 54.7 92.3 88.4
12 |Graham bread and milk..........)P.F. F ....... 70.3 37.9 91.2 85.2
92 |Graham bread and milk..........jA.J. P........ $0.7 83.9 92.7 87.8
23 |Graham bread and milk.......... De \i¥q lita conde 17-3 $4.6 92-5. : 87.0
Average of six experiments .....|........seseee- 77.0 58.1 92.4 88.0

13 |Entire wheat bread and milk ...-/C. W.S ......- Te Ilacnoace 96.0 90.4
i4 |Entire wheat bread and milk..../P. F. F....... 88.6 43.4 97.9 95.5
15 |Entire wheat bread and milk....|/A. B. O........| 86.2 10.4 96.9 93.6
20 |Entire wheat bread and milk..../A.J. P....... 88.5 84.0 97.3 96.9
21 |Entire wheat bread and milk....|0. W. K...... 90.4 | 38.2 | 98.0 93.8
Average of five experiments ....]..........2e00 86.6 46.2 97.2 94.0

THE ACQUISITION OF ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN_
SOIL INOCULATION.

W. M. Munson.

The remarkable results obtained at the Alabama Experiment
Station* from the inoculation of sterile soils with tubercles from:
various leguminous species, and with nitragin, were referred to
by the writer in the last report of this Station.; With the pur-
pose of verifying this work and of comparing several of the
“nitragin” cultures with each other and with tubercles from.
various species of legumes, a series of inoculation experiments
was undertaken in the greenhouse during the past season.

For all the work a sterile, sandy subsoil was used. This soil
was sterilized once by being placed in a tight box in which was
a coil of perforated steam pipe. Steam, at 10 pounds pressure,
was passed through the coil for one hour, thus maintaining a
temperature of about 200 degrees F. Just before use the soil
was again sterilized, for one to one and one-half hours, on three
successive days. On these occasions the steam was at 80
pounds pressure. The pots used were all sterilized by steaming
for one hour on three successive days and the house was thor-
oughly sprayed with corrosive sublimate before the pots were
put in place. Throughout the test, the water given to the plants.
was boiled for one to one and one-half hours, on three succes-
sive days, before use. Each six-inch pot was given 6.2 grams.
of complete fertilizer which was first carefully sterilized.

The seed was in all cases soaked for one and one-half hours.
in corrosive sublimate (I gram to I quart water), placed in a
sterilized germinatort and moistened with sterilized water.

* Bull. 87 Alabama Experiment Station, 466.
7 Rep. Maine Experiment Station, 1897, 130.
i The germinator consisted of folds of asbestos cloth which were passe@

through a flame and then placed in a “Geneva tester” which had been similarly
treated.

SOIL INOCULATION. 209

The plants used in the work included red clover, pea, bean,
vetch, and soja bean. The results obtained with each are
detailed below:

RED CLOVER.

The seeds were treated as above described. After four days,
when the sprouts were 4% to 3 inch long, those which were
to be grown with nitragin were immersed in a diluted culture
of the species desired (I c. c. nitragin to 20 c. c. distilled water),
after which they were planted 44-inch deep in the sterilized soil,
in 6-inch pots. In the soil inoculated with tubercles, instead of
nitragin, the tubercles were placed, two or three together,
yY-inch deep by each seed. Eight seeds were planted in each
pot, and when the plants were well started they were thinned to
five in each. The pots were placed on a bench in the green-
house and a night temperature of 50° was maintained.

In this trial 3 pots were planted without treatment, 3 were
given clover nitragin as above; 3 pea nitragin; 3 lupine nitra-
gin; 3 tubercles of Swainsona galegifolia and 3 tubercles of
horse bean (Vicia Faba).

At this writing the plants present no marked differences.

PEA.

Preliminary treatment of soil and seed as for clover. The
plants were thinned to four in each pot when about three inches
high. The crop was harvested when in full bloom, as the plants
were all attacked with mildew and were losing their foliage.

The results are given in tabular form on the following page.

210 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

THE GROWTH OF PEAS ON INOCULATED SOIL.

= = % =
oa =} KS) a
zB = a 20
_ o = |
es eae a g2
Treatment. $2 22 os PE Remarks:
BijRmil<i Bl
Check. |
JET HINOe I) hose oreacenoodns 6.0} 5.2 | 5.6 Well developed tubercles
| were found in all of the
LE(OTF IN(OK Poondaacncos acess) O-2)| Daa | Dil |) 0-61) 258) |) POts:
LEQ SOs Gin6 concososa nanod |: fal) 4.9 | 5.5
Pea nitragin. |
124015). (OF Inpeaaacnoaceaee | 6.0] 5.9] 5.9 |} Tubercles rather more
numerous than in the
OGINOs 2 atatersiclevel=(alorolereiers |} 6.1 4.4 5.0 5.5 238 check.
THOR Ob Bor sseoenanacasoc 6-10) Al7 |)5-5))| :
Lupine nitragin.
PONG Meee nconcccea || (6333) Bar GL Tubercles well developed,
mostly near surface of
POnNOnesee cere eee ee 6.3 | 5.0| 5.6} 5.7 | 301| pots and near where seed
was planted.
IPOt NOs oes soocod| Boil |) 4) B45
Clover nitragin.
TEIN Gs Usoseoc sooonocods| (863.)|" Bc) | 6.2 As in the preceding and
more abundant.
OG IN Os rete etleisiataiatare pl) (ets) 4.8 5.8 eo 273
Pot No.3. ..... serci= siarele 6-5 | 4.2] 5.6
Swainsona tubercles.
LEE O- Uno nosaseasescsac irs} |) CEI | ot Root growth less vigorous
than in any of the preced-
LEG ENO Moc ncnacoscaccne: 6.2 | 4.8] 5.3} 5.0] 266} ing. Tubercles few and
small.
IPOUINO NS sete leis wee | Dei) 4edi|| Aaa)
Horse vean tubercles.
OLIN lees sisi Boo oll) ehemh Ze)el Ze57/ General condition as in
S the last.
LPOG Nh Yh cohoconcn cuoose 5.5 | 4.1 4.7 | 4.8] 210
Pou Noraius.lecesece: bal 65:8) We2 |e ae

SOIL INOCULATION. 211

The highest plants and the heaviest crop were attained from
the seeds treated with lupine nitragin. Pea nitragin had no
appreciable effect. The pots given tubercles of swainsona and
of horse bean, were both inferior to those receiving no germs;
but in the pots receiving no germs, tubercles were found, so
that there must have been some source of infection,—possibly
the drip from the roof.

In general, the differences with the different cultures were
so slight as to be unappreciable, and were not greater than those
found in the different pots receiving no germs.

VETCH.

Treated in every way as were peas and clover. When just
beginning to bloom, the plants were harvested. The results
were, in every way, comparable to those from the pea, detailed
above. In no case were there sufficient differences to indicate
even a possible advantage from the use of the germ culture.

BEAN.

The remarks concerning the vetch will apply with equal force
to the bean. With the bean, however, there was no evidence
of tubercles in any of the pots. It should be said that the beans
were kept in the same house with the other plants, and it is
possible the unfavorable temperature may have affected the
results.

A duplicate lot, started a month later, was allowed to come to
maturity before harvesting. The plants were yellow and
showed lack of vigor, because of low temperature. There was,
however, no appreciable difference in the size or appearance of
the various lots. It is worthy of note that the plants in one
pot inoculated with horse bean tubercles produced small spher-
ical tubercles, about the size of a sweet pea seed. Every plant,
in soil inoculated with swainsona, produced tubercles, and those
in two of the pots given lupine nitragin. Plants from soil
inoculated with clover nitragin, pea nitragin, and from the
uninoculated soil produced no tubercles.

14

212 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

SOJA BEAN.

The soja bean plants were small and weak in every instance
and in no case were tubercles found except upon one plant from
soil inoculated with soja bean tubercles. (The tubercles used
were from last year’s crop and were so dry it was feared they
would be of little value.) There was no noticeable difference
in the size and vigor of any of the plants.

GENERAL CONCLUSION.

The experiments thus far carried on at this Station do not
justify the recommendation of germ cultures for leguminous
crops. In no case did the culture of the specific germ of any
given species give better results than did a culture of a nearly
related type, and in most cases plants from untreated pots were
equally as vigorous and as heavy as were those from inoculated
soil.

SKIMMED MILK VS. WATER IN BREAD MAKING.
Caass D> aWoons) and i:wee Merrion:

At the dairy meeting of the Board of Agriculture in 1897 one
of us presented a paper* in which emphasis was put upon the
importance of skimmed milk as food from which the following
is quoted.

“The value of skimmed milk as food on the farm is not gener-
ally appreciated. Taken by itself, it is rather ‘thin’ and, as people
say, “does not stay by.’”’ The reason for this is simple; one
has to drink a large quantity to get the needed nourishment, and
further it is so readily disposed of that it does not satisfy the
sense of hunger. But when eaten with bread, or used in cook-
ing, it is a food material the value of which is not at all appre-
ciated by the farmer. A pound of lean beef contains about .180
pounds of flesh formers, and has a fuel value of 870 calories.
Two quarts and a half, or five pounds, of skimmed milk will
furnish the same amount of flesh formers, and have nearly the
same fuel value as a pound of round steak. Two quarts of
skimmed milk have a greater nutritive value than a quart of
oysters; the skimmed milk has .14 pounds of flesh formers, and
a fuel value of 680 calories, while the oysters contain only .12
pounds of flesh formers, and have a fuel value of 470 calories.

A few of the ways in which skimmed milk may be used in
cooking are as follows: In the preparation of soups such as
potato, celery, tomato, green pea, and green corn soups; fish,
lobster, clam and oyster chowders, visques and stews, skimmed
milk will equally well replace the whole milk that the directions
for preparing usually call for.

Skimmed milk makes as good white soups as whole milk.
Bread mixed with skimmed milk is more nutritious than that
made with water. All kinds of quick biscuit, griddle cakes, etc.,

*“Dairy}Products Compared with other Food Materials,’ Chas. D. Woods, Agri-
culture of Maine, 1897, pp. 216-238.

214 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

can be made with skimmed as well as with whole milk. In
most kind of cake, skimmed milk will be found a perfect sub-
stitute for whole milk. If the skimmed milk is sour, so much
the better for cake and quick bread making, as only half the
cream of tartar called for in the recipe will be needed.

Sweet skimmed milk can be used to advantage in making
rice and Indian puddings, custards, squash and pumpkin pies
and the like, in the preparation of chocolate or cocoa as a drink,
in the making of sherbets and other ices, and in dozens of other
ways which will readily occur to housekeepers.”

The statement “Bread mixed with skimmed milk is more
nutritious than that made with water” was made from a knowl-
edge of the composition of skimmed milk and without exact
experimental data. The premium list of the British Dairy
Farmers’ Association includes prizes for bread made with
skimmed milk instead of water. Two comparisons of the chem-
ical composition of bread made with water and skimmed milk
were the only analyses found. These were as follows:

COMPOSITION OF THE DRY MATTER OF WATER BREAD AND SKIMMED
MILK BREAD EXHIBITED AT THE BRITISH DAIRY FARMERS’ ASSO-—
CIATION AT LONDON.

In DRY MATTER
| ae fas
a | 98 =
| S aa2 2
(pares eee) sri |
Leo | SS ioe
| && | ose | <5
| | |
Water bread ............-. ...sse-e-eees |} 60.64 | 12.05 | -20 | 87-27 | 48.
Water bread .....2...--.--20-2sescc0---- 62.80 | 15-43 | -29 | 82-37 1.91
! |
AVETATE s0c5.cebsor son) sors eaee seeeeenea|eousceoees | 13.74 | 25 | $4.82 | 1.19
|
Nai nread ee sen ne- essen eens noeceeaae= 61-36 | 14-98 | “83 | 83-73 46
Mali Drea Geno as-t nan peeeearaamcne 69.56 | 14.72 1.15 | 80.97 3.16.
|
LIGETI Ee oe sesbe ss seo secosscede soseetes |sscnsssose | 14.8 | -99 $2.33 1.88
I |

There was nothing to show that the same flour was used in
the different samples and indeed from the analyses it would
seem as though the different breads must have been made from
different flours. It will be noticed that the protein in the second.

a lt ee

a

r
|
4
|
4

SKIMMED MILK IN BREAD MAKING. 215
water bread was higher than in either of the skimmed milk
breads, and, as the results of our investigations show, this could
not be true if the same kind of flour was used in making the
skimmed milk bread. The marked higher percentages of fat
must be accounted for by the addition of shortening or by the
milk being only partly skimmed.

The practice of using skimmed milk in the making of bread
is said to be quite prevalent in some sections. That the custom
does not become more general must be due to a lack of appre-
ciation of the greater food value of skimmed milk bread. In
the belief that its employment in bread making is to be encour-
aged, and for the purpose of calling attention to the readiness
with which bread may be improved, the work reported below
was planned and executed.

In each of the three experiments four double loaves of bread
were made, two with and two without skimmed milk. The
work was done by a practical bread maker, who worked from
her own formulas, no conditions being imposed except that milk
should be used in one case and water in the other. The mate-
rials used were portioned out by the eye alone, but were weighed
before being used. As the tables indicate, the amounts of the
ingredients used varied widely, but probably no more than in
ordinary practice.

WEIGHT OF MATERIALS USED IN THE BREAD.
Water Bread. Skimmed Milk Bread.
Number | Number | Number Number | Number | Number
6115. 6118. 6190. 6116. 6119. 6191.

Grams.* Grams. Grams. Grams Grams. Grams.
IMCs cocono6ode 782 876 1,287 752 886 1,241
SEI Sorigtio saonoo< 8 9 10 9 15 10
Sugar tteeeeeee 31 24 25 26 26 25
Wena codsangsce 14 21 15 10 23 15
MEI Wenocooacdsoe 4 4 5 4 4 5

* One ounce equals 28.35 grams. One hundred grams equal 3.5 ounces.

The bread was mixed in the early evening and baked the next
morning. On each occasion the milk bread rose slowly, requir-
ing two or three hours more time than the other. The water

216 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

made a somewhat whiter and lighter loaf than the milk. All
the bread showed a fairly uniform texture, and would have
been accepted anywhere as a very good bread.

The loaves were cut up, dried at 50 to 70° C, ground and
analyzed by the methods of the Association of Official Agricul-
tural Chemists. The results of the analyses follow:

COMPOSITION OF FRESH BREAD.

f |

2. Sie

Ze Kind of bread. 12 |a

== | | <= =

6115 |Water bread. ............+-- 40.40] 8.97| 1.13) 48.50, 91] 2,683|| 1.43) 49.41

611s. |Water bread. ......... ns--s-| 40.07] 8-81] 1.05} 49.12} 95] 9,704|| 1.41) 49.89

6190 | Water bread..........0-2..-. | 37.84] 9.02] 1-63] 51-35] -76|........ || 1.44) 52.16
Average Sas hacunee ane doce cone | 39-44] 3.93 1.07| 49.69] -87|........ 1.43, 50.48

6116 |Skimmed milk bread. .....| 39.66. 9.34 19] 48.58) 1.17] 2,668) 1.57) 49.47

6119 |Skimmed milk bread....... 38.63, 9.80| 1.10) 48.85) 1.62} 2,752] 1.57] 49.7

6191 |Skimmed milk bread.......| 35-62| 10.29) .98) 52.02) 1.08)........ 1.64) 52.96
Average... ..ss00- ves csese| 87-97] 9.98] -94| 49.92] 1.29)......2-|| 1.59) 50-72

COMPOSITION OF WATER-FREE BREAD.

In Dry MATTER.

£ ‘ Kind of bread.

Se | |

6115 |Water bread .........2...... 59.60 15.05, 1.90) $1.52] 1.53] 4,502) 2.41) $2.84

6li8 |Water bread........ .......- 59.93 14.70] 1.75| 1.97] 1-58] 4,511) 2.85) $3.27 |

6190 | Water bread............2.2- 62.16 14.50) 1.67] 82.60] 1-23) ........ 2.32) 33.88 |
Average = & 2-5-2 haus. 60.56) 14.75] iff|(82-03|) 4-4 oe 2.36) §3.33

116 Skimmed milk bread....... 60.84) 16.31) 1.25| $0.50] 1.94) 4,493 2.61, 51.93

119 |Skimmed milk bread ...... 61.37| 15-97| 1.80] 79-57) 2.65, 4,456, 2.55) 81.00

6191 Skimmed milk bread....... 64.38| 15.97| 1.21| 81-13] 1.69] ......- 2.55) $2.56
AVerage........-s- Sen eee 62.03) 16.05} 1.42] $0.40) 2-09] .......- 2.57, $1.83

* Assuming protein = NX5.7.

SKIMMED MILK IN BREAD MAKING,

207,

A comparison of the average composition of the water-free
breads shows that the most important difference is in the
amounts of protein which they contain, the milk bread contain-
ing about one-eleventh more protein than the water bread.

THE DIGESTIBILITY OF SKIMMED MILK BREAD.

Rehsteiner and Spirig * have made the only experiments upon
the digestibility of skimmed milk bread by the natural method
which have come to our notice. In two tests of three days each
with a diet of skimmed milk bread, butter and tea they obtained
the following results:

NUTRIENTS CONSUMED AND EXCRETED IN THE FECES.

Dry mat- Carbo-
ter— Nitrogen-- Fat— hydrates—
Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams.
No. 1
Hin, KO CClessdaauvoceoaccooAcas 1,779.81 39.245 333.36 1,098.42
lhal nxe(eXe Rompapachooonoaeeecdc 52.66 2.33 Abie welsielacisieste ecco
No. 2:
Ibn WoVoye 6 Saaqnnacsagceaccoaddas 1,533.00 34.32 267.39 960.99
TA ECE Ser aiaieresofeiatcieisiersielarsrereverctet= 58.90 3.84 Boil dicisodooonsdAad .
DIGESTION COEFFICIENTS OF SKIMMED MILK BREAD AS FOUND BY
REHSTEINER AND SPIRIG.
| Dry matter. Nitrogen. | Fat.
4UGRIE Ml ongoad edddsbonoco0GdO00dG0 coOBHOnOODE 97 94 98
HICSS UD eo: <tc n/ove) ova lera(cicrs\a(orcievevatisieisfersrsiscals: sie laraie 96 92 93

These figures are lower than we have found for bread with a
mixed diet, but as noted cn p. 196 in this report, we have
found bread when eaten alone not as completely digested as
when eaten with other food.

Artificial digestion experiments with pepsin solution were
used with two lots of the breads here reported upon and no
practical difference in the digestibility of the protein was found.
The results follow:

*Corbl. Schweizer Aerzte, 25, pp. 705-710.

218 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

DIGESTIBILITY OF THE PROTEIN OF WATER BREAD AND SKIMMED
MILK BREAD IN PEPSIN SOLUTION.

Lab. No. % digested.
6,115 Water Bread, 95.62
6,118 Water Bread, 93-79
Average, 94.70
6,116 Milk Bread, Aa so
6,119 Milk Bread, 94.10
Average, 94.21
CONCLUSION.

Skimmed milk bread contains more protein (muscle iorming
fcod) than water bread.

Skimmed milk bread is as completely digested as water bread.
The use of skimmed milk in bread making utilizes a valuable
waste product of the dairy.

POLLINATION AND FERTILIZATION OF
FLOWERS.*

W. M. Munson.

Several years ago the writer undertook the study of some of
the problems connected with the pollination of flowers, and
some of the results obtained were published in the report of this
Station for 1892. Since that time the pressure of other duties
has crowded the work out, but it is now thought possible to
make a somewhat systematic study of the subject, and the pres-
ent paper is designed to touch upon a few of the more salient
points and bring together data for work during the ensuing
year, rather than to treat any one subject exhaustively.

The peculiar situation of the male sexual element at some
distance from the female, and the interposition of a mass of
tissue through which the former must penetrate, suggest many
problems relative to the coming together of these before and
after actual coalescense. The first part of these notes will treat
of the histological aspect of the case; the second is a summary
of previous work attempted by the writer.

NOTES ON FERTILIZATION.

THE PASSAGE OF THE MALE NUCLEUS FROM POLLEN-GRAIN
TO EMBRYO SAC.

On the Character of the Pollen-Grain: It is unnecessary at
this time to consider the size, form and external markings of the
pollen of different species. But, in general, a pollen grain con-
tains, besides the large asexual vegetative nucleus of the cell, a
smaller generative nucleus, and a certain amount of nutritive
material—starch, maltose, etc.,—together with diastase and
invertase necessary in rendering the latter elements available.

*The basis of this paper was presented before the Society for the Promotion of
Agricultural Science at the Boston meeting, 1898.

220 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

In the Angiosperms the two nuclei are free in the general cell
of the grain, but in Gymnosperms there is a different condition.
In the latter as shown by Strasburger,* the pollen-grain, while
still in the anther, e. g. in Larix Europea, or after it reaches the
nucleus, as in Taxus, divides into several distinct cells. The
steps in this division are as follows: The undivided pollen-
grain first separates into a large and a smaller biconvex cell, the
latter being crowded against the side of the wall of the pollen-
grain. Soon another cell is cut off from the large one, and
pressed closely against the first, both being much flattened, then
a third much more strongly arched cell is cut off from the large
one. This third is placed over the other two, but instead of
flattening out, divides later into a small stalk cell (Stielzelle)
and a larger body cell. .

As a result of the above mentioned divisions of the pollen-
grains of Gymnosperms, we find then, at the time of pollina-
tion, three cells; the large cell which forms the pollen-tube, the
small stalk-cell, and the body cell, which later by division gives
rise to two cells containing the male nucleus.

On the Germination of Pollen and the Growth of the Pollen-
Tube: The first step of the coming together of the male and

the female elements is that of pollination, the conveyance of -

pollen from the anther to the stigma. The time intervening
between this transfer, and the actual process oi fertilization,
may vary from a few hours in some species, to many months in
others. According to Schleiden, Cereus grandiflorus, with a
style six inches long, requires but a few hours; Colchicum
autumnale, with a style 13 inches long, 12 hours; Pinus Sylves-
tris, almost as many months.

The fact that the pollen grain aiter falling upon the stigma,
gces through a process of germination, in its gross character-
istics comparable to that of a seed, has long been known. In
1871 this germination was careiully studied and demonstrated
by Van Tieghem,+ who compared the phenomenon to the germ-
ination of the spores oi lycopods and many ferns, the pollen-
tube corresponding to the prothallium of the latter.

*Strasburger. Befrucht bei den Phanerogamen, 2.

7 Van Tieghem: ‘‘ Recherches physiologique sur la vegetation du pollen,” etc.
Ann. des Sci. Nat., (Bot.) 5e Ser., Vol. 12, p. 312. (4871.)

POLLINATION AND FERTILIZATION OF FLOWERS. 221

As already suggested, the pollen-grain is provided with a
liberal supply of reserve food materials, which during the
process of germination are changed and made available for the
nutrition of the growing tube. Nor is this supply of food mate-
rials confined to the pollen-grain, for the connective tissue of the
style is also rich in starch, sugar, maltose, etc. The absence of
chlorophyll and the abundant supply of elaborated food mate-
rials in the connective tissue, render probable an extra-cellular
digestion, depending on the active presence of certain enzymes.
| It has repeatedly been shown that germinating pollen grains
have the power of reducing cane sugar,* while the pollen of
certain species growing in weak starch paste has been found to
liquify the paste and form maltose.t

J. R. Green of Kew,£ made an elaborate investigation of the
| subject in 1893-4. Nearly all pollen examined by him was
found to contain diastase. Among the genera named are
Lilium, Helleborus, Helianthus, Gladiolus, Anemone, Antir-
rhinum, Tropzolum, Pelargonium, Crocus, Brownea, Alnus,
Tulipa and Cliyia. Invertase was found in Helleborus, Nar-
cissus, Richardia, Lilium and Zamia. “During the germination
of the pollen, the quantity of both enzymes was found to be con-
siderably increased ; in some cases four or five fold.”’§

But what is the value of all this discussion concerning
enzymes? As we know, the tube must make its way to the
embryo sac by penetrating the intervening tissue. The enzymes
| appear to have the double office of dissolving the tissues in the
| vicinity of the tube, and of acting upon the nutritive materials
| as already suggested. The fact that in certain species the
pollen tube goes between the cells, burrowing through the mid-
dle lamella instead of penetrating the cell walls, has led to the
suggestion of a cytolytic enzyme, not yet demonstrated. Stras-
burger || mentions this point in connection with several genera
of Caryophylacee and Malvacee. The presumption in favor

*Van Tieghem: ‘Inversion du Sucre de Canne par le pollen,” Bul. Soc. Bot. de
Frence, Vol. 33, p. 216, 1884.

7 Strasburger: “Uber fraudartige Bestaubung.” Jabrb.f. Wiss. Bot., Vol. 17, p. M4,
| (1896).
tGreen: ‘On the germination of pollen and the nutrition of the pollen-tube.’
| Phil. Trans. Roy. Soe., 1894, p. 385.
§l.¢., p. 387; also abstract, Ann. of Bot., VIII, 226, (1894).
|| Strasburger: Befrucht beiden Phan. Cited by Green, l. ¢.

>

222 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

of this enzyme is supported by the discovery of such a one, ina
species of Botrytis, by Marshail Ward.*

It must not be understood, however, that the tube must always
experience difficulty in passing through the connectiye tissue,
since in some genera, especially in those of Liliacez, there is a
distinct central passage—the pollen-canal.7

In ihe growing pollen-tube of the Angiosperms the large
vegetative nucleus first pushes out and takes its position near the
end oi the tube. Later the smaller generative nucleus passes
by the former, after the growth of the tube is nearly completed,
and just before fertilization takes place, it divides into two. In
some instances a second division of one of these nuclei has been
observed, though as a rule only one of the nuclei is concerned in
fertilization. In some cases, however, as shown by Strasburger
to be true of Monoiropa Hypopiiis,z an oOsphere may be fertil-
ized by two male nuclei.

In general, the method oi fertilization of Gymosperms is not
essentially different irom that of Angiosperms, a fact first
pointed out by Belajeff§ in the case of Taxus baccata and later
confirmed by Strasburger || as the general ruie. In other words,
the nucleus of the pollen tube is asexual, and fertilization occurs
by the union of one of the nuclei of the two cells, resulting from
the division in the cell-group within the pollen-grain.

Previous to the work above cited, it had been supposed that
the nucleus of the pollen-tube was the male sexual nucleus, while
the cell-group in the pollen-grain was composed of asexual cells.
The misunderstanding concerning the nature of the cell-group
and the functions of the nuclei, arose from the erratic behavior
of the same in artificial cultures. In all artificial cultures, the
cells composing the group were found io retain their position in
the pollen grain, thus being unable to reach the odsphere; while
the nucleus of the poilen-tube being at the end of the tube,
would be in the natural position to fertilize the female nucleus.
Belajeff, however, in the work above cited, found that on the

* Marshall Ward: Ann. of Bot. II, 319, (485s).

This is particularly well shown in Yucca. SeeWebber, Am.Nat., XX VI, 774(1892) ;
also Riley, Yuccas and their Pollination. III Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard., pp. 93-158.

i Strasburger: Befrucht und Zellth, Taf. 1V, fig. 130; also referred to Bei. beiden
Pkan., 64.

§ Belajeii: Berichte der Deutschen bot. Geselish, Bd. 1X, 290, (1591).
|| Strasburger: Befrucht bei den Gymnospermen (1592).

POLLINATION AND FERTILIZATION OF FLOWERS. 223

nucellus the cells of the pollen of Gymnosperms behave differ-
ently.

The fertilization of Pinus sylvestris, as worked out by Dixon*
in Strasburger’s laboratory, may serve as an illustration. ‘In
this species about thirteen months intervene between the time of
pollination and that of fertilization.”+. In the ripe pollen-grains
are to be seen a small prothallium cell, (the last formed of the
cell group already described), and a large nucleus; the latter
passes into the pollen-tube which is formed immediately after
pollination. The tubes penetrate a short distance into the hard
brownish tissue at the top of the nucellus, where they remain
quiescert till the following spring, presenting the appearance
shown in fig. 1. Late in April the pollen-tube becomes filled
with starch, and the prothallium cell divides, as already noted,
into a small stalk-cell; the latter soon separating into two cells
of about equal size, the male sexual cells. About the same time
the wall of the stalk-cell is ruptured, and its nucleus follows the
two sexual cells into the pollen-tube.

The growth of the tubes through the brown tissue at the top
of the nucellus is very slow, and at this time the tube often
branches two or three times, as shown in the cut; eventually,
however, but one branch is continued. ‘The cells of this upper
part of the nucellus are relatively poor in starch contents, but
the tube is often gorged with starch and the action of the
enzymes is evident in the way in which the tubes penetrate the
neighboring cells, filling them with a brownish substance.

After leaving the brownish portion of the nucellus, the growth
of the tube through the thin walled tissue is comparatively very
rapid; the nuclei of the pollen-tube and of the stalk-cell begin to
degenerate, and in about ten days—about a month from the time
active growth of the tube commenced—the embryo sac was
fcund to have been reached, while in many cases, fertilization
had occurred. ‘When the pollen tube reaches the odsphere,”

says Dixon, “not only do the sexual nuclei pass into the latter,

* Dixon, H.H.; ‘Fertilization of Pinus sylvestris,” Ann. of Bot., VIII, 24, (1894).

+ This statement is made by Dixon, and is also given by Strasburger in several
of his works (See Practical Botany, p. 306, 2d Eng. Ed. by Hillhouse), but in the
work here detailed it would seem that the time is nearer 12 than 13 months. The
cones are said to be receptive about the end of May, and as shown by Dixon, fer-
tilization takes place about the same season of the year.

alee a Pl

224 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

but even the two asexual nuclei also. These nuclei persist for a
considerable time, and are to be found in the protoplasm of the
césphere after its nucleus has divided several times.” As before
stated, however, only one of the male nuclei fuses with the
female.

It is possible, as has been suggested, that the provision of
twe sexual nuclei is a condition handed down from the time
when pollen-tubes normally branched, and there was a proba-
bility of two branches reaching different odspheres. In Cupres-
sinez, according to Vines,* “one pollen-tube serves for the fertili-
zation of several female organs; consequently several male
gametes are produced, the first division of the generative nucleus
in the pollen-tube is followed by an aggregation of protoplasm
around each of the two new nuclei, so that two primordial cells
are formed. Nucleus division is repeated in the primordial cell
nearest the apex of the pollen-tube, without any corresponding
cell furmation, so that several nuclei are to be found in the
dilated apex of the pollen-tube; these, with a certain amount of
protoplasm, escape as gametes, and each fertilizes the odsphere
of an archegonium.”

At the time of fertilization the pollen-tube is perforated by a
distinct pit or perforation, first described by Hofmeister,y and
later by Strasburger.t The same phenomenon has been shown
te exist in certain of the Angiosperms, notably, Guetum Rum-
phianum and G. ovalifolium.§ Just before fertilization occurs,
radial strize extend from the nucleus of the odsphere into the
surrounding protoplasm; likewise from the male nucleus, this
phenomenon apparently preceding the re-adjustment of the
centrosomes in each case. Then, when the sexual pro-nuclei
unite, the new centrosomes formed lie in a plane perpendicular
to the longitudinal axis of the archegonium; the first division of
the odsphere occurring in a horizontal plane.

On the Method of Entering the Nucellus—One point of inter-
est in connection with the passage of the male element, is the

* Vines, S. H.: Physiology of plants, 616 (1886).

t Hofmeister: Pring. Jahrb. f. Wiss. Bot., Bd.1, p. 71.

{ Strasburger: Bef. bei den Coniferen, pp. 11-14 (1889).

§ Karsten: Cohn’s Beitrage zur Biologie der Pflanzen, Bd. VI, Heft 3, p. 367.
Cited by Dixon, op. cit.

a

POLLINATION AND FERTILIZATION OF FLOWERS. 225

point at which the pollen-tube reaches the nucellus. As is well
known, the normal point of entrance is the micropyle. It is an
interesting fact, however, that in some genera, the tube enters
through the chalazal region—a fact first pointed out by Treub
in the case of Casuarina.*

A similar phenomenon occurs in Betula, Alnus, Corylus, and
Carpinus as shown by Benson,f and in Juglans as shown by
Nawaschin.£ As yet, however, the subject has received but
little attention.

SOME SECONDARY EFFECTS OF POLLINATION.

While the primary object of all pollination is the production
of fertile seed, there are certain secondary effects which are of
interest to the botanist, and which may often be of great prac-
tical value. Some of these secondary results have been detailed
in. previous reports, but the work actually done here at the
Experiment Station may be summarized in this connection.

Iinmediate Effects of Pollen—Even before the sexual theory
regarding plant reproduction was commonly accepted, the ques-
tion of the immediate effect of pollen on the form and character
of the pistillate parent received attention from careful observers.
Early in the 18th century it was thought that the flavor and
keeping quality of apples might be changed at will by using dif-
ferent pollen. Bradley§ at that time stated that ‘if the Codlin
be impregnated with the farina of Pearmain, the fruit so impreg-
nated would last longer than usual and be of a sharper taste.’
From that time to the present there has been a sharp contro-
versy concerning this point. The writer’s work in this connec-
tion has been mainly confined to the Cucurbitaceze and Solanacee,
in which groups widely varying types have been crossed, but in
no instance has there been observed an immediate effect.

*Treub: “Sur les Casnarinées et leur place dans le systéme natural.” Ann. du
Jard. Bot. de Buitenzorg, x, 145-231. Cited by Benson, 1. c.

+ Benson, Miss M.: “Embryology of British Amentifere.’’ Trans. Linn. Soc.,
Sec. Ser., 3 (Bot.), 413, (1894).

¢ “Ein neues Beispeil der dialazogamie.” Botanisches Australblatt, Bd. 63, p.
353 (1895).

§ Bradley: “New improvements in planting and gardening,” p. 18, (7th ed., 1739).

226 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

The nature of cucurbitaceous plants is well adapted to show
the immediate effects of crossing, if such occur. In a mixed
plantation many of the flowers on any individual plant, when
left to natural processes, would necessarily receive pollen from:
very different sources. If, now, there were an immediate effect
of pollen, we should expect to find fruits of very different char-
acter on any vine. We should expect to find the evidences of
the pumpkin upon the fruits of squashes; of the melon upon
cucumbers ; of the different varieties of the several species upon
each other. Such is not the case, however. I have repeatedly
lookd for this foreign influence in the current generation, but
have never seen it; nor has such influence been observed when.
several flowers on the same plant were artifically crossed with
pollen from different varieties or species. This lack of foreign
influence was particularly well shown in crossing the field
pumpkin with the ornamental gourd. While, in the current
generation, all fruits were similar in form and size, the seedlings.
were exceedingly variable. Crozier* and Baileyt have repeat-
edly obtained like results.

In our work with tomatoes and egg plants, extending through
several years, there has, in no case, occurred an instance of the
immediate effect, other than alteration of form due to insufficient
pollen. The accompanying figures, used in a previous report,t.
show very clearly the entire absence of immediate effect when
some of the most violent crosses are made.

Fig. 3 represents the “Lorillard,” each fruit of which has.
been crossed by the “Currant,” (Lycopersicum esculentum X L.
Pimpinellifolium). The Lorillard is a smooth nearly spherical
variety of medium size, usually weighing from two to four
ounces. The Currant, (fig. 6,) is very different both in size
and habit. As will be observed, the fruit when crossed by the
Currant, is still in every respect typical of Lorillard. The off-
spring from this cross, however, show unmistakable evidences.
of the influence of the male parent, in the habit of the plants, in
the character of the foliage and flowers, and in the size and
character of the fruit.

* Ag. Sei. [, 227.
+ Bul. 25, Cornell Univ. Exp. Sta. 181 (Dec. 1892).
t Rep. Maine Exp. Sta. 1892, pp. 37, et seq.

PIG. 1. OVULE GF FINUS SYLVESTRIS, SHOWING THE GROWTH OF
THE POLLEN TUBES.

FIG. 2. A SEEDLESS EGG FRUIT.—NOT POLLINATED.

FIG. 3. “LORILLARD”’ X “CURRANT.”—NO IMMEDIATE
INFLUENCE OF POLLEN IS5 SHOWN.

FIG 4. BACH FLOWER WAS CROSSED WITH POLLEN FROM
A DIFFERENT SOURCE,

HIG. 5. SEEDLEIESS CUCUMBER.—NOT PCLLUINATED.

FIG. 6. THE CURRANT TOMATO. HiGw i= OEE ee PiINO:

(Selanum muricatum, Ait.)

ere Sty

BiG. s RADISHES ATTACKED BY MILLIPEDES.

See pages 118 and 163.

Sa

Ss

FIG. 9.

SEEDLESS LIMA BEAN—NATURAL

See page 228.

SIZE.

HIG. 102. SHOWING THE INFLUENCE OF AN EXCESS OF POL-
LEN AS COMPARED WITH A SMALL AMOUNT.

FIG. 11. CROSS SECTION OF FRUITS SHOWN IN FIGURE 1.

POLLINATION AND FERTILIZATION OF FLOWERS. 227

In another instance, figure 4, each of three flowers was
crossed with pollen from a different source. “The variety used
was the Lorillard. Number 1 received pollen of the same
jariety, number 2 was given pollen of the Currant, and number
3 from the Peach. As in the previous instance, there is no
apparent effect on the form of the fruit; and the seeds gave no
indication of different parentage—all were apparently typical
Lorillard seeds. In the offspring, the differences are marked.
The lines are sharply drawn between the crosses with Peach and
Currant, the influence of the respective male parents being very
evident, while the Lorillard cross is apparently unaffected by
either of the others; indicating that there was no error in the
operation, also that there has been no transfer of influence along
the short peduncles.”*

In an extended series of experiments with egg plants, con-
ducted for three consecutive years at the Cornell University
and the Maine Experiment Station, the most widely varying
types have been crossed. In no instance, however, has there
appeared an immediate effect of the male parent. ‘The little
Round White, when crossed with pollen from Black Pekin, dif-
fered in no respect from other fruits on the same plant. But
the offspring of this cross showed very marked variations. The
same facts were observed regarding several other crosses.7

Numerous instances have been reported in which the color of
flowers was apparently changed by the action of foreign pollen
the current season. Such an instance, however, has never come
under the observation of the writer, though numerous crosses
have been made with different varieties of Tropzolum, Fuchsia,
Silene, Phlox, Petunia, Pelargonium, and other ornamental
plants.

The statement made in the previous report upon this subject
still holds: “It would be unwise at the present time, to assert
that the directing influence of pollen does or does not as a rule
extend beyond the fertilization of the seed. It seems not
improbable that pollen from a vigorous plant may make an

* Rep. Maine Expt. Station, 1892. p. 39.

+ Bailey and Munson, Experiences with egg-plants, Bul. 26, Cornell Uniy. Exp.
Sta., p. 14; also Rep. Maine Exp. Sta., 1592, p. 81.

15

228 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

imprint of its character on the female organism, which shall be
different from that of a less vigorous male parent. It is prob-
able, however, that the vigor and inherent vitality of the plant
operated upon may determine whether this be manifested. Some
species show apparently unmistakable evidences of the influence
of foreign pollen,—this is notably true of peas and Indian corn.
On the other hand, cucurbitaceous and solanaceous plants seem
to resist all foreign influences; while rosaceous plants are in dis-
pute, with the weight of authority tending to show the absence
of immediate influence.” This point will be the subject of
special attention during the present year.

The Stumulating Influence of Pollen.—Focke says, “Pollen has
two actions on the female organs, one on the seeds and one in
exciting the growth of the fruit.”*

lt is a matter of common observation that, as a rule, when
pollination fails to result in fertilization, or when pollen is with-
held, not only the pistil withers, but the entire flower decays and
falls. Instances are not infrequent, however, which point to a
responsive action on the part of the pistil or other portions of
the flower receiving pollen, while from an insufficient quantity
of pollen, lack of affinity on the part of the species crossed, or
some other cause which remains to be determined, fertilization -
does not occur. Examples of this are specially common in all
of our cultivated fruits and vegetables, particularly garden
beans and in the English forcing cucumber, shown in figures Gg
and 5, respectively.

The pepino, Solanum muricatum, (fig. 7), 1s also a case in
point. This plant blooms profusely and, under proper condi-
tions, sets a considerable amount of fruit, which, however, is
invariably seedless. The writer has made repeated attempts to
cross this species with other solanums but thus far without
SUCCESS.

Since the work of Koelreuter in 1765,7 little has been done
toward determining the actual amount of pollen required for
the fertilization of any given species; but in our own work the
fact that the amount of pollen applied may have great practical
importance in determining form and size of the fruit, as well as

* Die Pflanzen mischlinge, 447.
+ Cited by Sachs, Hist. of Botany, 408.

POLLINATION AND FERTILIZATION OF FLOWERS. 229

the quantity, has been plainly and repeatedly demonstrated.
This fact, which is of special importance to the horticulturist,
is particularly well shown by the tomato as seen in figures 10
and 11. Upon the same cluster one flower was given a small
an‘ount of pollen—i1o to 20 grains—on one side of the stigma;
the other was given an excess, the stigma being well smeared.
This work was repeated many times and in each case the results
were the same. The fruit receiving an abundance of pollen
was of normal size and nearly symmetrical in form, while the
other was small anddeformed. Itwasfurther found that the posi-
tion of the flowers in the cluster has no influence in determining
this point.

As already intimated the above notes are given for the purpose
of briefly summarizing some of the more prominent features of
the subject heretofore considered at this Station, rather than as
a report of progress. The latter report will appear in bulletins
during the ensuing year. The points for special consideration
this year are: The growth of the pollen tube; a revision of the
list of species supposed to show immediate effects of pollen; the
stimulating action of pollen; the possibility of superfcetation.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

The observations summarized in the table on the following
page were made by members of the Station force. The instru-
ments employed are similar to those in use by the U. S. Weather
Bureau, and include: Wet and dry bulb thermometers; maxi-
mum and minimum thermometers; thermograph; rain-gauge;
self-recording anemometer; vane and barometer. Observations
at Orono were begun in 1869 and the almost unbroken record
now covers a period of thirty years.

The weather for 1898 was remarkable in but few particulars.
While January and April were cooler than the average, all the
other months were warmer than usual, the mean temperature
for the year being one and one-half degrees above the average.
April, which is here the driest month of the year as regards rain-
fall, was unusually wet, while May was remarkable for its small
rein-fall, less than one-third the average. The snow-fall for
January and February was nearly double the usual amount.
The hours of observation were 7 A. M., 2 P.-M., and g P. M.
Lat. 44°, 54’, 2”, N. Long, 68°, 40’, 11”, W. Elevation above
the sea, 150 feet.

231

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

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"868 AOA AAVINANS TVOIDOTOUNOU.LAIN

REPORT, OF DHE DREASURER:

Maine Agricultural Experiment Station in account with the United States

appropriation, 1897-8.

DR.

To receipts from the Treasurer of the United States as per appropria-
tion for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1898, as per act of Congress ap-

JORONVOG MIRON 2 WES cooacossn goncbanococsoHsanUONOOD ooCdDOEnOOHO-paD0000000 0
CR.
By salaries:
(a) Director and administration Officers. ..............200e $1,740 01
(b) Scientific staff....... Wefoisyelisyojs ove 0/5 dietclasafelearstlarsiets ecieis elaretsfetersiels 4,998 29
(c) Assistant to scientific staff........ ap00000000004 HooaaE Sood 1,125 85
(da) Special and temporary Services.....-............e0.- 5000 23 30
STO Ga ereteteteretelstetetevateieteteiaietetatetetetetslatevercisteratoteicietersts sooccoccgdedd podacdnaadss
Labor:
(a) Monthly employees...........-ccccccere sintointafeteravecloneereintetetie $920 00
(im) IDETIKy Gray OlOnyESSsaccqdac0e4 oscgsoaKgsHenaa000G00000 a=0a0006 381 27
ETL OG alllieretetatareretatere eeloipietstolelerereratecions platetatenetslafstetcvereleteretatereteteteteleiielaoteietetstemieisias
Publications:
()) kore TOA GOS s5560dc000 aoad0000 Ryojetorereteratelesisieteiciete aeleielciaenictercicle $158 50
(@o) Pe erintinova nr aiere POLED seeterssetetcisisnieceieisielenteletsielsiets sooooo00 -
(c) For envelopes for bulletins and reports............. 900¢ 217 37
(dq) Other expenses...... guognodoagdNse sanna0DDD0be popcgcco0Ne 3 85
PIO bet eepererneteteetetetetyeteteiereisiciotsieretereieielsieistatsieterstereteleteisiet= popoopedeccaoocdscoce
Postage and stationery ......... anoeagocondsds atajeieteleletioteisiercietots ctemiereieteletereatalersts
Mrevohitsan Que xspReSSipereterctetetel-telerels eat elelancincetove ay aleeistere(eyere Jodcossaae socooe eecce
Heat, light and water ..........cccccseeee spesooosodoooanoosO ater yeeteeeteeteatys

Chemical supplies:

(a) Chemicals'.......... saad adcadonbeebocoo0 KCC sooonaD08 geDdoaDS $275 85
(QD) OWASP SGOT oaong GeoonsdodosbbsoogooNGaGOODSSOdetOG0N0S oo 314 19

NO Gelierresrrereteteteretesetcnteterceteisisaleierereieieieteioeictelersterieversierererereieresiebets sooosccedes

Seeds, plants and sundry supplies:

(2) eters Grlibumallizeymeieererteietesiaticisetcte seieterelers peteletatetatetstetetotetetetatey= $66 65
(QD) MELO Tb Cully alepeererateretretetoietateesetreelateteteieteieielsteieteieieretelereretelelsistetetere 371 12
(@)) lskoyenonOANl 6 Gossdaous sieves aie tevarasete alalevecs ciotaleve retire eraslassiclotetataverse ante 46 15
(e) Miscellaneous .......... wrateiialere sis teletere aisle iste ipas ais |orels eiecre eiejevare vere 33 67

MO aliseereremteteletersicteiate afaYarotelelatetertetetcietetetelerete elaletetetateteletetatatelisletateteteiatetatatetetetetote

$15,000 00

1,301 27

380 02
430 63
253 70
742 60

590 04

517 59

=

REPORT OF THE TREASURER. 233
LNG (ial WASHES or oQ UR QU ACORORIOOCIODCOODULOOC OIC OCOOG: OACOR odara aCe Ga ner eanticd: $172 32
HIG: CUT ON SULTS rar Yalota rfotaietslaseloietetetauate\eiec noire etetetetpTstelsia ete cial eta aiotstey ate MtaiaTatate ete aieieteattatoe 455 70
SMALE IS aera rat (etel< ote1s1e/=]e/a\o\e)oie/o\eltofefeloteYstaletereleieisteleisiaierere atalate|areieibi plalate ataiata state aie tines tae 179 53
HoolswuMplenteEnts and! MACHIM OSV. \ci1ncelsietels sv sioreinle sa clelaislaleinlsieleisioteice ceieisinie ees 234 27
HUT RINUTIEN CUAVTE Clu LEN: DUDES s\stola(alefoyatatrinieratelcletelvie ele fatetatetsYatetelevtaielate taints etetayen metaratatme re eisie ree 295 79
Scientific apparatus.......... slnlateinceivivleloloiaisrainie eieictelele’cisteimersvecieieie se afsunteisies crateeclds 201 08
Live stock:
GPS UMAHIES! vertices on cote ences cece occ cleceseereseeens wrcrsesscnrscuecnse 250 02
Traveling expenses:
() Ln supervision) Of StAbiOM) swiOVessialccisisis -leleicies/sla\cloleie cies leas $104 99
(bd) In attending various meetings. .......0.00..sscresccnoes 60 00
ETO Dal evateraropetese\etelsistereioielelolestelelate/eterstatelete Bondo CoouDddcudioobede nodsdedenae 164 99
Contin SEntiexPENSES en), cele cies sisiciasisjesice icine Siatelelslalslalelstefataleleisi ete sda oonnod 193 00
Building and repairs: ;
(2D) ON Cire bouche: Sireyereteretereraratererateloteteveletayavetetstielelelsteleleioleletalereleletelsielsietcieietam eieisletete aD 750 00
BUN LeU UeteretetayetetereTel svete teisterelorcleveteretatntelaveleteteterteteralaisteteteimiota/atcte le iaiareialetst=relelerersters ale steierateraton $15,000 00

ISAIAH K. STETSON, Treasurer.

I, the undersigned, duly appointed Auditor of the Corporation, do hereby cer-
tify that I have examined the books of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1898; that I have found the same well kept
and classified as above, and that the receipts for the year from the Treasurer of
the United States are shown to have been $15,000.00, and the corresponding dis-
bursements, $15,000.00; for all of which proper vouchers are on file and have been
examined by me and found correct.

And I further certify that the expenditures have been solely for the purposes
set forth in the act of Congress approved March 2, 1887.

A. W. HARRIS, Auditor.

Maine Agricultural Experiment Station in account with Fertilizer Inspection
for the year ending December 31, 1898.

DR.
MOME CEU US LOGIC ENSESiereleleteisteeeteieminiebeisieieisiaiseie acta elateteistele levels see 2,010 00
Balance to account of 1899 ...........-00 eyetore etnveratateiecieis tas elelcicte 20 04 = =$2,535 04
CR.
By collection and analyses of samples........ sfetstotalersfetetetelotelelatatete $1,488 80
Hxecutive and OffGe EXPENSES » ... 22.00 ccseccer> ceccverses ne 700 00
Balance carried from 1897 account ............000 Deletetoteiaatste 346 24 = $2,535 04

Maine Agricultural Experiment Station in account with Feed Inspection for
the two years ending December 8], 1898.

DR.
MOVTECeIpES LOMAINSPECHON) FASS USOT. cre ccicivicivioiss«) enialeleln/e'-) ele e/olselae 31,834 66
Receipts for inspection tags, 1898 ........sseuwsccoees ataiefetstersts 1,541 02
Balance to account of 1899.......... plamolatcvetatetele(evelotsinietaleisistaleieinints 1,014 01 $4,589 69
CR.
By collection and analyses of Samnples..........05 eeeesreeseeees $1,921 82
ASST AG OLLI Otentcreeslateieraleleleiaieisieivielesiets + ODOM ASOOC énocue . 1,286 62
Executive and office expenses .............sceeee: S00060 0000 1,181 25 4,389 69

234 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

Maine Agricultural Experiment Station in account with Creamery Inspection
for the year ending December 31, 1898.

DR.

To funds for calibrating glassware. .......-... Soe eee eee 5 sos $92 07
CR.

By expense calibrating glassware.............eseeeeeeee nossa soos e2S5052 $92 07

Maine Agricultural Experiment Station in account with “General Account” for
the year ending June 30, 1898.

DR.

To balance from 1896-7.......... BSS SS OS nea CSO SRO SE SORE EOS $1,682 73

Sales of produce; CtG =~ ----2-.cc ccs se~ SeCHEL HoOoaEnbacUnSeacscs 1,158 35
269 49 $3,110 57
CR.

By Salaries\.-.--<cec. S663 S205 So06sen CASecSoeneEeaseeseoasces 55555: $1,470 40
WiADOT 20- secenl eco sce weceeccece seocceceeeence sooosorce 5555000 jl Si
POSLaS 6 ane (Sta ONLY cosssssesecei see eec essa es ee reise 21 $35
Ereicht and lexpress.c sce ssccce sece. ccoe esc eee ce eeeacioeee 10 26
Chemical supplies..... SCE OOI HE CHE Oocrino SoBncUsosceSsosseo0o5 103 52
Seed, plants, and sundry supplies ...........-. saossecass 2555 121 42
Tools, implements and machinery.......... s5s055¢ soisises: 24 44
Kurniture and Gi xtuneS..<.sccsscctse accu scaveee tetera ete eee 51 77
Live stock........ aoc DooScosesebes sas noogasosotonaasasookgesde 9 S87
Local telephones)<..2-2. ceccccescuce Sa) odsooses sr acsosootesosr 76 47
Bmidines'And TEpPARiTS <..-cc.~-ceeoer esl cseaceseeee ee a 2saSsdoos 350 16

Balance to 1898-9 account ......... sesacsesaac5: Seace cn sdeuoS 795 54 3,110 57

PAGE

LANGA KA NEM ahaa bab (C2) Sea SlaG GAAS SO COE oetne us aceboe 133
PRCLOEPHUOSHUate Stil Mla timavelt CES rai lie ctoke ston ehecie sate stata eeetele eres 73
UNCKMOWLEASIMETILS I a cpeteutels touastars oie eercinislezeus; oliel sie iso ew epertorormtenetenetale 10
EMSOplilapmometarial cians cacryarcurerterccesetee oe otro talareker astern ere eioee 129
INTMAGATIEMS ORE LEON CXISH ook arerstave oxiaveeielare e Sietave ate Sasa ret Ie ie eee 133
/NiGiOEMCS IST S CO eaO OR AOD OS DAC PEO OS ORT hoe coos sore oe cic 7
ANIMES TIS COI Els Roar ROO GE SCORES COU DO SOTO OoE ae oa aaene 131
ANTINMREMEY SOTO MGIETHES G5 ocopoooGooU Ul dboo dD ooG0d con oocG S000NC 127
ASTI MGTONOMUS -SISMATUSN < <1 5.215 2 sigs aimyewsa era's spores BPetetele oelctale s eistela, « 128
PMPELALOUS MEPDELOTASS ea sre cre cele cine a eck ters oe eis as a letra ae el ete 134
Peep) Cuatil 1G G Ob. gi yes pycpatr sta ake .e, clos ca acs (a meas ratoteioeicual ave Gerster imam ete s 127
PN DEERE ap lit Swan meta yaiev ose sive nouenceth cae hare Serre Ieee perenne eT aera 125
tentycategnrillar 2 ......\stcrstockas Selo aronvncreton ou dcuasee eels 126

JRRSTOTS ER DOING, 6 Sa.c HARARE IG TA Ce ee Honine poe Dae oe 131
LNMMODDIIEHS TAUITTOSM, EXCTUMEMTOI Sogcqaocnoucednecoboaneodune 2038
HCAS COM INOCWIATEAY SOU cre crews ase vec tiers aevaiare eee mene iets Steusiee als 211
IBSAS A Movagn) Ebeleinte er Om BES ap Dota COME ee Op One Bete sic. 28
IBISmNaEM Morr oNy ONG Maceo ooo DOHC EMOTE COCONEO Cea ep E Oo doo oUaES 131
MALT eon a wy oN Help epeotonee eiees: ey RIGA eek Toledo elo aS chee RAP eh ata) cease oxo taaue 164
Bicchitoneplantinmon. shen eo sai ccs is he to eise eas ou a clow male ee tele 28
TEV Gi lb (Sh rieaien(Oee Ha S=1 0 [or eles i eeyere SONAR Benen EIDE! 0 OO cl ERROR ORC OOROA 128
a cksubincd weed urpe rc ne wars Sen ee a ree eit iore aries si chev 133
Blacchtordis; Cale Mealy Wie sore Raters e ceistere a Sarees 58
litte beryl athen Suecartactae eee eee ie ine oe ectalcis cs Osi Paes 167
CDN RE LES CaM sc.ois Eisisere casei Sa eercls Der On onc On meee b 169
dwarionlow=bushityypectios skaers vane hele ieee 165
1nVRedl ate] DYES Dh caer CR Rage Ta Lora 2° STS Se ee 167

Tholaie\ ary" RaGih igia Ge CARS ee OIReE Gos VEOH oon See 167

atte Vicari m Mmeens onder eke myer Ad oan gp Cl cus RA IRA 3 164

lewelac kere Rn erate cai et ea EiA sate cralote tural s ccle te 166

SOUT COP pc toia: stv tas <lloys av cversyaiegeiei sisi alerscvereiers afer Grae wsherdaeels 166
Speciesrfound ini Wiaine: Sa... scoes tains. oocleicotes commie 164

ViGIV Ct RICA teewccu se corso tats ce ts ta ieis eer aio ahtisiaclobicinee alone 166
Boxsexperinients: wit, phosphonic acid. =~. 0. mes <0-ce sense cess 64
ERAn SMA ALY GeGHnam eRe sc nope a oa etoiie aioli om cualdeaink Macao oe 33

PT ASSICanCAMIPESERIGE er yor taerreparm meats Sate Mites ols ie Gee ee ee 131

230 INDEX.

PAGE

Bread, analyses cis. osscje,.cme ata eens cs bin ae Oe Meee Sees 175, 214, 216
digestibility. ..- 2c. acced antes Caer eReeE not Ceee ee Eh eee 173. 196

entire? wheat, divestibility; .. sc ecsccreceeastescet ce sremee 193, 207
Sraham) digestibility” 2.22. vos ashes cee eee eee ee eee 193, 207
INGCCHIENES “USEO yc lec sven cece ceeees pete cee ereeemeres 215
mriicevyyith willcyey ers Sas able cine siete ek newbs cece eet 213

winte> divestibility.-. ccs cw core es occur ee ste eee Meehan 193, 207
Brown tailed moth ........... RCI ine Shain iret ee retekeee eae te 126
Bad MOMs yoo aes co aes ace osien eee ce see Oe eee ee Eee ee 125
Butialo\carpet hectle i ois3 205 coe sons cecea tec neo ecco corer 127
Butier:attected by food 22 o- secs cclesien sos mcleoe alk csee ee eee 07
ANALYSES Ge ccc cee caicoe ne See rios Ae ee eee eee 102, 105, 108
disestibilitys cece vont oe ee twee ie ts nie eee Ge eee 195
fapahected iby food) +02. 3225.52 cen eee eee ee eee eee 07
fatswanalyses SoG ansec ct esee sce e re oo ecco nee ee 102, 105, 108
hardness controlled) nigiwscoaes sos meee ee eee i ie
Caddice fy-simjutions Heecooss saesee soos dae heen see Boe ee eee eee 122
Gapsellai bursa=pastonis-...>-eecccc ces eee ee het et en ee et eee 134
Catalpalaniseran fe hece st ck eceess Pees ce meee eee see Cone eeee 130-
Gécropia emperor miGtli, i652 5. Sec ees eee ee EE eee I30
Chemical glassware used in creameries..............-..----000- 60-
Chenopodinmn-albnm soso uss across s ou copes we tone aCe 133
Chesinut: ‘for plantuie 3.0 dosacardccseseue beter ereh ister Cee 28-
Ghirysantheniamhy: 2 ¢ sei2c4 ce tc mene eee ne ches ea weaoe eee eee 127
Cinna arnndinacea cco. cows ee OOS = ee Oe Se EEE 735
Girate: soluble, phosphate 242556 soe ee hose ese sees eee 65
Glisiocanipa americanays J. oe asics Jeet ao cee Hee ere PO ee 126
Gloaded sulphur: britterily,.2 3.2 cence tec dae eon eee 130°
Glover doddeés oes. seed Secs Leet hace eect Sane eeeeher cere $9 132
onsnocilatedssoil cc eeecece csc ac ck eRe Eee Oe 209°
Combustion with calorimetercc oe hc deec kek cee dca toa ono eae 179
Gune HOWE occcle so se ello aie ois oe ae See ee ene ee eee 132
Gorrespondente tcc ceee tienes cube cabs cect te eee hee ee eee a
Coitonseed meal ...... EES OEE ee Ree RE perc ciaeons ne 54
Council: Stations»: feaasn capac sSeern selec nas aan ee Pee pate 6
Cows; dehomine ls sgacdysahd sss cade scene Sass see eee ee Iz
mdividualimllkirecords £.5.cc cece ee eee eck eee eee 148
tuberculosis anaes co. ce eck Cee ee ee ce OL Oe eee eee 136
Crosses of cucurbitaceous plants.......... oe Dias esse Bee eee 226
Solanaccons plantss. 2 sod sciesecen sees Se eoe eee eee 226

Cueamther hectle oc svseoooccorst adecasseaes ccehese emeoe eee Ae 128
Cnrrant flys 5s Jae meiocs anc cools a Soe roe cre cases see e eee 127
Guascuta ‘eprtliymunns ost tk. ceecas chee eeecacee ces fa A eee 132
Dehornine Cows se 22 shssc tec see en es ee Cele ee eee ee eee 13
eftect tipomaritil occa cee se cca ese eee 17

Diabrotica vithata Ps. cos. Ginsu cee ean aie Mee emote 128
Diaphoromerd- demoraia 15) ssasss soos Sho eee estes eee 125

INDEX. 237

PAGE
SSN RI Se MADE IITA: jot s, 4s. ues alos tesse etter ce ee osreb aco tou SRP ne ena ae 129
Disesttonsexperiiments’ ‘with SHEEP ies siceiaes verse «elvis se animiatsie elles 79
WIth tmerimeyetenil cre ete sie eta ete Manan Bere tere ee 173, 196
Di Meat Mtey Ol DECA A! s..'5 <5 alasateres malernelete draterais She cua erent taeatene 173, 196, 217
Disestinility Of bread, entine: wiheates so ace. scce eee eleneeitenne ieee 207
SHalarnay seer e at's lover sera ol enone toto 207
miadewatiimartlle ete s create reciente 217
WiC a eet ea cisruistg-steten dent aieverenereape state 207
Cleveland’ BilascaVicaleie wave ts ia selec Pa oeechs go
FS @WEtorseuPieedine saan ceive scenes Oe OE eee 89
Cathay Maa: ea anes cee ine cena AO eR eae 79
DISIMMECHOMCOIMDATIIS: ye ieae a akia a crv ericiekcia ale aR eo OG Lig ty/
ID TONE Oi GainySenadaeaabian thy obadsoooogcpobaaussouDuodsoouseoae 127
ID) GAT OVS ndine ts Adi aRinencniG ola DOU Cnet Ona bbe cape 165
Hoommecondsrormincividtialainemsp sei omc ciscieceiceicteeeote IAI
Ilka ikove, IEAM Abeta Aaah cond G cape mo Goo HAGE Gee Soe Ga UR CDEC 27,
Ei ods him Lamia ttay, Saya es toteheva on bee eecione aver steer coiels lacs octets 0.2 ere cateten derelerar eke 132
ntinenwiin eat oneadanadigestipilitvmsemeetcenice ae cieee cer 193, 207
Bnaymestin serminatine pollenierainsees. +s). + + colss acess helene es 221
Ep oclmramecan ad ensisy ai sresycy sor ace soc rer ter occ teonatonane atevle lols Aeros 127
EST OG ATTN A COMAG Teo ne sea ae sya tve Us a estsag Sartore aaa et Sa) aoe are 128
SEI OMM em Gna ChACAMy terri rene cro telernenes ted scaler aes airttions oho eicleeereeho ers 12
EM MrayATAUTS ep litl OC Cotman ey re erwis cpeiereeareecc arene aloe aves ees Gr siece aieyorov ar olerararere te 130
AMSA TUceT: WO eltlecrneteteiets keic a slo tik /ayapsneteere Newer sievolars ter eva hetero aoe rere 126
SUGDEN ON Ban) 27h o's cladiies MoMEOIOOIeIO OIE OIEInIOn aImoeian ec tion rom oo te 129
[Paiits Wes Xe axon aS Lelela bh aloe men ee RE Ces etna ie eae ng etre rr 114
ofemillke tatkecte dab yetoo dip sc secon sratvoin shaieraterie clzosenevocra ere II4
MECESepaiti alley SES: revseivevons Rc tncach retake lore eateeets lols) 5 etal iattabavererajeuey ance aveteneaters 72
MICO GH O Perna thei Overt wage acs siren ro cies fa cohers wel avast sions erelatereieiere e 179
IPGEGIE) ENTRIES ge caters galactic cial meee MeO ent ment ib CRE C ice een 34, 51
LOWANMEDEOLEUE ry eieneA eeu ae citer sete vate eee teva ioy « alerieromeretes cout 58
RieedinopstunsmanalliviseSu aerynysleraisront carats sta staverere aiciavel aucicroxe aelenniarehs 75
ISDE CELONNR ce eran stor Cleue arene ee isle: blake eee re eieneee 25, 48
INISMECHONMAWi ysis st Aalene ee imicloae aoe eile eres 48
LaWAWOD Etat Ole rietaractersns seit aatel oeaiowais ors omer eran 60
erGiliZeG pet ananiheesy cxoptaie. ace ne piermirae ehie elermieiols oracle reyersts 40
AAS PECELO MIM ep reese) ciate Soares Case Leave STR ete Gls ale Hote ante, Setoees 25
TH OICIOLOFED Mehiyr WIR Aeme its CANS ord cima G OOOO HG HO OO RG 38
INEGI VA AON OLE aBKONReIas O GAMA OR On GOR ORO Gn On BU een oem an oeee 219
TERS: Seaunaleret carry NG EN ae SUIT IA ee eR Ea Og 127
Flax meal, digestibility ......... SEU aevsteracaxeluinc RNeop ee tei tararensietee rath ook 90
i Ghuetes SALCLeMm Arr tepar tat ito olee wis evoktialeeietoreis ole lohavere’ a ove’ ove, Slovede owls atone 20
ING kalakei) eho MUTE) ere n.s con ao DO CIGCO CE OCD IOC OO Cee REC erate c 75
rime Ca] ACkaIDIITC Weed eee lonra i Sieh careless ora aiaie Girone. 1 aahnoie) aronein avers 133
Ealeopsisadetnakuitwerrwtren couse vow ete oh aloe lereiciece oie al te AG stn aide ovens 132
Germinatlonvon polleneeccsalsmom Soe ateo a Goose ecole ie clete sale 220
GlitenswemectitiponuDuttetinccs sae crcioera sire cee sae eve a claro avereiales 113

238 INDEX.

PAGE

Glaten meals: and teedsys sk .54 22 aks cles cet x a mee ets oe eters Site ones oer 56
Gly ceria Canadensis: #552.44,0h a4 b 5/5 bretsleve ota tale ts Sesion cm etter > 135
Goldsmithibectle: casa serena ice he eee oe oan s on eae ere 130
Gortyntawnitela 6254246 Sad eae ehawe sad Nee iecons cetoere teeters 128
Gooseberry span=woOnnis.n0h fot cee abe sonia as oteee tnle crete steve toreral 129
Graham) breads digestibilitys--2 soon. scence cere cles ni cheteneerere 193, 207
, Grirorebsva (el s(inin gutters tae D Reo rolas anther e eo ano OGG Ob 132
Grounds; Ormamentingt vvso Ness ese once ciee ects cnet eee 19
HeematopimusnetnyStennust aeeceeeeeeee onoee nero ree ee 125
FLeatSx Or COMDUStIOM see ieee meee Ott eee en ee een eeete 179
fein pimettl ew). is eevce ic wists ee enbieseie bere wie else eee ee neem eres 132
iblenssindividualtesosnecondSee eee e eer tere coer eee I4I
prontablemumber inione pety se se ewes eee eee eee 144
iFlerbaceous peneniialss er ayac seen caeeens ares Wane oie 31
Verd sReCObUS 2s ote eee eee etotele lee ate oe ee a Ce 148
Fieraciameaurantiactinass ae sree se eae eerie ecco 132
pPracaltu ma een Se SRO ONAL Nee ed eA or Ae eee 132
bish=bushwblitebernry act rctee ce tere eae ee ee ae eerie 167
Follynock ust age rts roe Be ee ee 131
IEE OElorses Heed digestibility se ee eee ee oe eee eee 88
Flop clover Ack Acne Mareeba ba ciate ae ae a nom Wier Rae ee eee 134
EHorndeumiyjubatiimy esos ks cee aa Nene eC eet ak ces 0 ane Se 135
Eiucleleh ericy Gh ie cee ey ere 8 ae Fire ete ctr SRE + foc ee a 164
Ply phantniakcumea 21s 8 ie merit ee cect od teeter tees re dy 129
Imocklation Of Soils tsk CAN Cee Meee tek Rear eR he AR SH Nee meee 208
IMSECTSNOL: THER EAT eee ee eee Lee EEE eee eee nee 125
iImspection; ‘chemicalselassware ae) eee ee ee ee eer 60
Feeding Shisha ase AAA oe oe eee ee eee ere 25, 48

PERtUIZE igs ARO tere Sto ee ee 25

[ire sca ir I 2d are ot Anes Poe Nc CIC ERA RUMI RA CCUG) EATCRC ARIES is Ges Geno 'C 49

[IS PECHONSEOE Re Ue ment nt eettet ree Sturn RIEU 02) EGO Ye Oe en ee 8, 38
INS PECLORS* SACO Oe RNa AN RRS SEMEN NG Ae EN ee ibe Ay eaten shee 50
iilstortensis +s Vusiegeek CE EVERY Sey AS C8 oe noe mee tet ore ae II0
VAG SAIS! ote ee ees Sn ci Ne chew ONE Bey Ane Mem te \enieer i an ONeRc I1Q
Jesontadessolancusstunntseee eee eee cr eas oe te nee OnIee 130
Kone zdevill weed teenies oh lee ease Gite irate pkuhn an meee 132
TEACHnOSTELAA HUSCAt Saee cite Ree en Re a Ua hy ate Mn 128
Amb SHQUartens 21d tas che eee Le Oe al An ae ee 133
BAW Sv Ae RR Ee Ue eeu Rew fot W Ae tet ae A AW SE ae)
Repidiunrapetaluimit Sooa cy ele es ae eee ae tone eee Soe ee 131
Wit cInielinmie es). 2 Choe eee Ee eee oe tee ee 131

ilae tor planting ct Sask hehe te ENS et RRL ete eee 29
Limnephiluss anpirious's. 25st oe eee ee ee eee 123
Emden. for (planting ti. Skene Pa Nee eae Oe hae ane Se ee 28
Terms eed ime aie sen eh URS ee Aa LS 56
ow. black bluehersy tas fo crate nen cess aL nea oe er rn 166

INDEX. 239
PAGE
PARIS HMDIUEDEDHY . «cs. s.</ayus cstoun® seven eevee ante y= clenmiavenele dts bias 165
HBV ARTY CO LTR ee sie5 258 acs) esos) sn: oy ok anayralaropavensn oreateve ta enslove ora e iaveie semmener eter ey anoheys 129
B.C PUM AUIAC Tl GATIUS) %-e:si's ocueyerere te) oleqetasousicie) ate levietovn, of koh ofa elopapeeene) e pzefns 132
Wines tiple pL CEA ays ia kos.8 5,0) snare re bucrenarenedeeeteretet ieee cite chew e eo emeEnet tical 126
Mier LeMOTAD IATL vas. coo aheves aot nblereral ater aise srs) none creer ev ere tebe Tolono. sveige 27
WiLaKe [DESUIGNS ar ueRIar ae Rotten chonicie Side aIcDeeE ooo bo cr cceboneaae 128
Mei Ninian amemrareerarro Goors oOo 4 cu ISL eul Gee eee atet nT Ca gC Ne Lame aa 131
IVMtelop outs OV IMIS. )40'4\. bea aersre erateerer cele s scales -\e/ tuheemstahe) eieeneeeire ni 130
lial llnaresss seh oe hay eR cIe oO oIOG DO Men MOCO Oo Aciono od co Daer 35
Mildew aterapepDernsesstcpuse na reanciereisicielsicatiiaxe susie (ore eee eae eral niserts 135
Mulikebneadsndisestibilitiyss << oy asnsracieres te ocrerce ccdiele cers oe ee ote 217
Ghisratal DIN Nac SEOMC MOM GOeod Goce Oo Oooo Mada aodo tec 196
Tee Nara!) lheadoval- aye OO AOR OREO Ooo Onna SG shoo aod s 114
rial Jopseekal snake abate a reorag AeA OCR OOReGOn Shae ko aao cae 213
INT yNaGlesy Aha EERO G ood ooeoa boos cocaene tomeraco ss doacoedde 118
HPONmra MISES ear. e an see mos cine & nes os Sa eke 118,163
MOCKHoran geBOnEplantin cus aereome rier eee cone eiae 30
WIG ACKOOUE), Sag ae ado G oo A DOMOO ao oO SO ot COON OO Os Sa OADDS 118
May tials ISM ONTO iITles se isieiela crseeer rors; ciaicreic: ROTOR OR ore 129
INESta boxe rihvens wvray pases aerareniserercr tara rite SOO cic nena cise 141
ING amernmens «Archean acl traieicraseyercuen beteiere aera aanaatraet cieetnabepePaaa anege 208
NitrocenatmosphenricracdtisitiOnmeaeemetereeeernrreteceeeere 208
balance in digestion experiments ..................-. 195
THOUL HUIKES dc oo OIG ORS EE ROR CIO D MCTRAcOOn oro chen Saeco tas 194
INIGHOOMINGS IEMCORHIENTIE, oo ooo ccnp svag0ednoGncssoKoubDOoEK coe aoOE 12
Ove sigs jo Ehahsboles occ oo co en ee OR DODO R I RCIan Bone AA can San 28
(ONE Ine ATEN SER. wlan dio. cow ens Goninon boo Den US One emer con aa oeaaoe 95
Cubjat ditherentistacesmrammirien: ca crv siors/cistorrererare eran tepete cs 93
digestibility easyer cis rons a oloeeie eke ais ona em eeeaoeters 79
Obeneasbinaia cule tare: otra scraper ei ctelonet a hokaters Haonstavarsstie taelvansnctevere | 128
CHalomeAsis. Comennnc! pepo Hoo bp COO OE OOD cin boo. oreo oem ceo dec 126
(OUMIGET SS SBRE Cha ae een Ine ce MRE eee <r. ee AE ce ee 6
OrnnanentaleplantsmonmeVlaine emer eee ee riceeerincecienicce seals 26
Onoamentinat homer orOumd Sy. i apace eye ois) ny one devsiaie <tefateicta eteyaes 19
Oram iawilawee diene jes cierto cee ioy elit cya ech ar at severe ekyoueteNe © 132
Orihomorplray enact liGuer woe) aacvsertor steelers cise otoaiarers « ciitekereheloestedsrene 120
@vysteroshrelliha nk OuSemyeriers cise cieiahre e aiecesisl ester Glolioce «) sinateveltetckeltedeveil 12
PENDS IRACAARAG Seay ECG G GER OD DS Re CRISIS ein Oc a ORIN S Onae Ane 10
PAmaTrclline mMMECHEIS s5o05dc0cc0ogoucdo ood oeoouadnadUoocoonOS 120
IDERNP [HAO- GUS? gts ara GOD DO OOM OIE CUI DET eC Doce UDCA LOO t cc 128
Reaskonmmocularedssomlime eg: cts ci oc ice Gia.s) ¥en niece o)elels «is etetatonestels 2
REPINO MG SVE OPIMTSMe OM LGUILG, e clece 3\5 5 sie ioe atelehelersieie aleve} edareyeaterayeys 228
Phosphates asedminy box expeniinlenmtSyrere cree oi) «tell erelstelel -)ele)= ivelelsrelele 66
Bhosphaxic acidsini box experiments ys «,./.\< -\1-,.+ 1c). = © cele etal etalon 64
IPR SHINS: Wirral), oohooddéogoo bdo unDdeuadcooac qo adeOnDUnGd 50. 132
hiyit@ platin@ raleimbestataSieia yoreters ekenes erst cress ats) =) tm tetebetokare roiohst afelntare etsatr= 131

240 INDEX.

PAGE
Phytolaccasdecandra-t.s5cct Stress took ee os Cee ee ee 133
Bre eon: DELEY 25s. 52 iutetaletuielaolsletstateioleicleta olan tea e EC EEE eee 133
Pig weeds seine is SEL S aL eres POEs eed seat oc Sc ner ene eS 133
Plantago!lancéolata: i. 5 hiseeciosec os te tee Reeeasaas tae ane eee 132
Plants: of Ge tyeat (niet. voce ese) letestdas Seana e driarae Saat ee 131
Pokeweethe i. fat tic SONA a Sahara Sereaeshe © Seo Dic SAO eee 133
Rollenigerminationy p26 ose. Savers ac el octane Sarees ene oe 220

{MIME AteLeHeCtS etait ola ost tet Ae ee ee 225
stimulating etiect 7s hce ches nae eee eee De eee ee ee 228
iPollen=erain.: character’. 22242 2.5062.00 5s kee eee Pee eee 219
Pollen-tubesstowth A/s5 es Aece 1a es cee eke a 2 ae ee Ae 220
Pollinationvand fertilization of HOwers se soso ee eee eee eee 219
secoudanyuetiects. ta ceeeteceeche nes eee eee 235

Poly desmus complanatis ey 2-122 ae fone eek ates Soe ee 118
MONMATIS HARE E Lee eo eRe Ree el 12 a) ye ape ee nee IIQ
Polycalayvintdescensute ae ae eee ne ose ee SER Ee 131
Polygonumyciinodesaseca ace sAsee Aon ee sae eee Oe 133
COnvOlyviUSiAs Jaa hesdsLaesie ete eee eeees ECan 133

hy dropiperoidesnj.e Anne eceeeeee cee eee Eee 135

Poly phemus mioltas. those to oe ho AAS as ae a ee ee oer eee 130

Poplar for planting 244424 dc casas oe soe aoe ae Ee 28
Potato blight, x26.) tae vee otc ae ae Oe eee ee ele e eee 131

stalle- borers Seni ois ae ee Se oe tee oe dh Ree 128

iPotentillatmonspeliensisi -%4% 226 sheesh bine eee ile he toto occ oe oe 131
iProteinior bread? digestibility sass o nae ao oe Ae eee ee eee 218
Publications received 3.2222 dz ec oh.cce oA Ba coe se 2 10

StatiOntei. Leeks vara ies bee eeen eee eas Toor 9

Piccitiea Mnalvaceariittierheieee Tonics kee eee Eee ee eee 131
icplermallow ort cise totes cate eet votes ee ok is fote Pee eee oe ee I31
Radishes, eftect. of large and small seed... ....)...2...55.-50 60006 6 158
SH WateDine. ciotok 7 cya creator ee ene ee 161
injuredsbysmuillipedes: ss. 542 5-452 once eae oon 118, 163
Rattle-snakerass 6452/5222 ncacc.ee ceca cic ee eens cee arene 135
Red humped applewworntee-a-- eee erence ote Cee Eee 126
Redonda) phosphates. 5.2263 8 ccad jo tcen ese sae he eee ee 66

Reverted phosphate: we i.1./- is otelem's oe rare dis tetelwave neal Meee ee 65
Rhagiiim sineatuim eis: 26a 5ee eermecla soe Gas ee Sele he eee Cen 130
ikabbed pine borers sec s.< 2) cose eae So sie cee Eee 130
Rough cemaqietoil tyayahs tac heres cao ee eee ee Eee 131
ROUGH (PIS Weed epeteetrc.s sh lee eietoees eerie eis oe eie reer Cetera OT 133
Rudbeckiaslanbtaw: -~Ssense sep cee ease cos eae cee eee eer 132
Saltmarsh cater pillamy evans ance ac eee eee ee Cee Eee 129
Satiiia iceCropiay.2 Aesics et sc oe see Gee et eee Oe ne Tee Cae 130
Sciara meconstansass es eka ie ae ee ee ete crete eens fee 127
Seed. testinngs 3-2 ee hao halk kt Naas ea NOt aids sts at as OE TEE 60
Sheep: digestion experiments! j.i4 aacn soe teen wo oe eeloe nel ee eae 79

SheephichkeAis ce aaceeetewtossiae Hilarie oie ois is ers IRE Ie PO Oe trae 130

INDEX. 241

PAGE
STEM liet MESMPUIGSE! 5 artis anes toversiekelerctorererersietevererwiererot ernie Jal «akan raters (oon 134
SMOnt=NOSCULOX=LOUSE. A ray ver eley avoh pater petal star eiaralaia> at ovat oie cheat eye ofeke 125
SHG UD Sama GGATCTLETUCY sata coin aletavetetateyaaiatereilo is voss%orevatofe onetime saeseie po crete 23

LOAD IDET es Gert ayonsys levehereyereTeNere lovers oy ehens ratte fare eeatteronctettetey aiehare 24, 26

STL A DASHA Al versus yey sscvenavaicnalereleveveyevetek hn oreaereiey oval sterner ote ehia Geko onstiots 6 131
Slenmimedtirithke rasa. LOO sivas leteseveretevelovereeiail oe ivielee lara cieieneoraonereterale 213
ANU DREAMT a Kat Owe, erevevenecraitetonetoieroleielaverey sleteentatneneterstere 213

Solin OC tilatl Onis he sisgeies, Src aherstes Wotan atone Sova om ape Rare ane RIN GEE 208
SOilsmesteniliZatlOml cto aicic shears eek srorein eles ele eae tatcto a et crater erate 208
SOije, DANS Oia, avorswllennal Sonll conosgodousovags0o0u0cb nou soUeKRDe 212
SOUP LOPAOLMSDSLTY. a 75 aichc wicusve eerie er acele luis eal oie aie hiehe tenes te teen ketene 166
SpiraeaehOruplanibim oy secs Mer cstenole rear beieik ae ladeers eondlis eistee bepress 29
Scuugrelotarl sorass, cass ote stsranersvd Biers owen wn la Aare Week aT Seats 135
SIGHT Sy PH Ota es cinta are crtORG Cher COA oO ERO Oe ISTO OIE OOS o berncie ¢ 6
SCAETOMMATINIE Ao an aweisereveiea enact aidaias sures doscelameh ategeee meet TNeTePe 8
Olin cil ea oe ian eevee stoner Salta eee alent oral Mere Oe ae rote 6
EStalblashitwents avs os coretiemuaiarvee mimes toncvers Rieke”. Rise torte |

ODES THA Sains ays rants ee Pa rouat maainoeeeaeere retort r ocnicksvartnetee are eet 7
MUDITCATIONSE Are asiercreny aloecroarat keer oe mete ee ete eerie 9

CURNIPMEN Sate ce CODA RA Oa Wee He BEA Ono aeocoees co acted Oly 6

SS braWieteny cWie Cwalllibcs wage ay sieticis yer sveronsratlaua rere Grohavehctauovane sleletcee eisite Stores 128
Sopowaterimosnradishes, eihectSee .acciyneeierrccine oe aeiees ack sete erate 161
Sir Sale i SESE lity amevenese atsds meni sei aretacs sieeve tnteas ical ee A hea eh areas oS 190
Swwainsona. rootutulbencles) ccc anc ae sscae eis cierto aera eee ese le 209
BNC leap Oly Plremitishernty an ckanve/s anete aera tev aioe ress eloieto. eet eeloe 130
‘Tiger syyellioxeuailll noisy 5 oaceoccccnudedono000G0Ddab00GKR0RC 130
PhomatOesy eXPeChiientspineChOSSINOMa aac eiteieeleieid celeicieiee cae e 226
MinAaSoOpo On PravenGisie mercies Kenslare osisvsciselsleleevelclsis atevolseteferaiters 132
Marchtastianttal: Tetker. Oi wretesies eccharcrsun alone: scsieYe neybicioisl aie Sreigoleloucieneter ene 5
MRS Stra Trani eMendt. avaramucrciteta ei volo se ayo eetronss Shavers Si snece autel sie teieselie sts 23
LON PA DIU AT baTe re Ah G6 bla aot OREO nIdG Oot oO Lid RAO Ce IOCe DOI 24, 27

wl raithi@ [ivtaraiescl vice Teh CLIT sees; ove cavers iais levaie cto 6 aii tavenevals) #1 a aiaiabe lover we aves 134
MbROMecamltinlag ar Mat ohsst once ra ake ease ianl TOR ERM eras cuidio way Nalsel hee 120
Mery PEtaMpPOmonrel lays eer secatatersiecd or oeencraiey ra averels ous @ lslateratoverevevale ace 127
siberclesnohleotiminoOtsmplantsmeereereeire eine siemiciceieice ce: 208
BGT E TCU untt Se winwata cams Accra rd cvs Am rein eee a aM corr os Ona ykl ay Sania eX 136
‘Wieloerenlloae ae tne, Siatitern 55 0g000 cdo coda ono occu bob abDOsoOObOC 136
UNECE slosera aie cecte ese hodio OER ENCES SOLE ae eI pein o Ce eee o Toes ene 180
(Wiinewhieatvolcombustionme sac imeriattsesierccrickciemcriae Gee ate 180
ha, Ghia nein GSVSIMNSIS Go oooonncoposacoepoDcKb obo UKeRE 194
Naceinmim Canadense usa cis csc salient on cciee os PERRI 166
COGVMDOSTIIME ee eee ee een ae Sane eciake 171

SOESARISNOME “oy eas eh anco es rear et ta ee ONERCIS rei ocho EE ERE See eee 166
RenmnsylvamiGuitny seen ceeeceiclieie a cherean arcicle creme actos « 165

NAIA Ree doa a So bos old Ob COO bom Scar Denner 165

WEAN ao Bonet Saino BONG HERE GI: Bolo in caren Gas ERG cen Cc ae eC eae 134
Onginoculatedksorliryjners cevmcarsainicioereictons eretems citksiasievs.s 211

242 INDEX.

, PAGE
Melvect ‘leat blucherty. <..).. 92.4 ,cmeaaseteasmis conse eee eee 166
Wiburanm gor planting 2 i565 aacanagen owes ee se selene ae eee 29
Wicia 'cracca ta 25. cs. .nscencasloseniantieemoeakh eae ce coe eee 134

Babassroot; tubercles): j¢2c0: cscre seme ce pee oe eee See 209
Marcia three-seeded mercttryy 2.525 lex cape nbkeoseeaeceeeseeee 133
Wralkingistick = ...2 2 eniJceon naan act ee oases seen Lee eee 125
Wiater horechound icc cccedasecescecincsian eee eee ee ete eae eee 132
Wired seeds tess coe eset goss Sec anewee cb cea eee 61
Wheat ‘ottals soldign(Mames.o-e ace coaeeeeseses ince ete eee =e 32-
Wiite bread; dipestibility. - 02-2) cc ches peer eee eee cee eee , 193. 207
White-marked tussock moth ......... ica wiakiaea ae onls oe eee 120,
Whortleherty, i sactcdsniccscde caceees ui ads coaee ene eee eeeee 164.
Wald omiustard) ee is: ect eee enc a aecneeencniassssecas Oren eee 131
Wild Save (emcee cteactometes Gace sade nace seu e see heres — 134.
Wild Penper Crass ic esico sc aen sce ce oe sconce niac cemecoeeee ce ee See 131
Walditienips eon eos se ciel ocisisicmineiene sic center neee eae eeeee 131
WV ood Seed Fass ccte asic ces sais dees Dace sc mee eels eee eee he 135
Wellowsdaisy iss sete oc onc eu ccc aceme tee bee eater epe ae 132
Wellow/soats i Deard cecateeee sce ac ameencce sone eee eT e Eee eee oer 132-
Achrarcater pillar ees fee ee ea eeeec ete ere eee ee eee 126-

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