isinnas xe As a . SAN Tyas) Sa erst pA xe Sy FOR THE Se PEOPLE ~4 FOR cm Z EDVCATION O FOR D : SCIENCE x MITH: & REID, “Boek Gind arS.—- A any tae Veen TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT f / 4 Mame Avricuttural Experiment Station ORONO, MAINE. 1905. AUGUSTA KENNEBEC JOURNAL PRINT MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ORONO, MAINE. THE STATION COUNCIL. PRESIDENT GEORGE E. FELLOWS - - - - - - - -: + President DIRECTOR CHARLES D. Woops = iu DOR + + + Secretary JOHN A. ROBERTS, Norway CHARLES L. Jones, Corinna ALBERT J. DURGIN, Orono - . - AuGustTus W. GILMAN, Foxcroft EUGENE H. Lippy, Auburn CHARLES S. POPE, Manchester RUTILLUs ALDEN, Winthrop JAMES M. BARTLETT Lucius H. MERRILL FREMONT L. RUSSELL . WELTON M. MuNsON Ginserr MAIGOWEEE.: (-) 4.6 aa Oa | EpDITH M. Patcu Committee of | Board of Trustees Commissioner of Agriculture . - State Grange State Pomological Society State Dairymen’s Association i | | Members t of the Station Stajf | J THE STATION STAFF. CHARLES Ds- WOODS) 093). 0s "Emcee ee En ee. a Director JaMEs M. BARTLETT 2 Soe } Lucius H. MERRILL - i Heemwan H:.cHANSON =. os -.: 2 - = “S05 eee CREa anes *SANFORD C. DINSMORE +Lewis I. NURENBERG J FREMONT L. RUSSELL WELTON M. Munson ater Veterinarian ze ive Horticulturist GILBERT M. GOWELL WALTER ANDERSON EpItH M. PATcH ZBESSIE G. TOWER - ANNIE M. SNOW Henry A. MILLETT = Resigned June 30, 1905. 7 Appointed October 20, 1905. I Appointed September 1, 1905. ) j Poultry Investigations Fnaeta Entomologist Microscopist and Photographer Clerk and Stenographer Meteorological Observer and Janitor | | TABLE OF CONTENTS. gap boo Ge ih MB HicetSROL Che SEATON tesairesocie ore cones Sas Aichi eign oe wis -abetaieze oye teas PATITIO UIT CELILETIES HIER rele codee ate one ole e ecate sitter elonerctelevers es MEN EIN SEO RI CAlMETIO LES tae Rey ae once tere Tene cease tes ota eicie Cede voe tate) lsvertetorel svoror aletoter 1s Rotting of Potatoes due to late Blight (Bulletin 112)............ Experiments with dry Bordeaux (Bulletin 112)................. Soluble Bordeaux for Potato Blight (Bulletin r12).............. Experiments with Potatoes on home mixed Fertilizers (Bulletin LIAL te ote aentoe Geis Oe Oa OE SO OECD ODOR OA BiniG. Te eee aE Summary of Experiments in Practical Horticulture (Bulletin 113) Red Clover from various Sources (Bulletin 113)................ Fertilizer Inspection—Manufacturers Samples (Bulletin 114).,.. Beedine Stilts, inspection «CBulletinmenhs)): 9. sss aecte riety po sie es «os Low grade and high grade Cottonseed Meal compared (Bulletin TsTiG Eee Meat avant ee oe ch ERNE eerste let Sootater neehaes (ore wen alone custo a es) See ares Bood) Inspection——Waw y(Bulletin’ 116) ce. oe tec ne eee ees one Food Inspection—Standards (Bulletin 116).................0000- Poultry. Experunents: @Balletin Li7)ie.6 2.2 ose cihs fate able oe ins Cae Ccrealebnods = (CBillepmneditO) see cies oo ts ae sore ons ws eh taro de See Food Inspection—Baking Powders (Bulletin 119)................ Food Inspection—Vinegars (Bulletin 119)..............220eeeees Fertilizer Inspection—Station Samples (Bulletin 120)............ Cottoay Grass/Seale. (Bulletint in) cee a ots ances, fata ees he Experiments in Orchard Culture (Bulletin 122).................. Slaw penny werowi Girdler iCbilletiny F22))\ace> cece ociees os ocean insect Notes: tor the viear @sulletinet23)) asc essceeen es ore os oeeee Meteorological Observations (Bulletin 124)..................... iRepore of the Ureastrer (bulletins 124)\ossee.-s. Jeeta sods sen eee lidextomreportrorelOO5) (btilletinin24))ins secieiciels aie neler Index for Annual Reports 1tgo01-1905 (Bulletin 124).............. PAGE The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any BLLSET in Maine. All requests should be sent to ~ Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Maine. ANNOUNCEMENTS. THE AIM OF THE STATION. Every citizen of Maine concerned in agriculture has the right to apply to the Station for any assistance that comes within its province. It is the wish of the Trustees and Station Council that the Station be as widely useful as its resources will permit. In addition to its work of investigation, the Station is prepared to make chemical analyses of fertilizers, feeding stuffs, dairy products and other agricultural materials; to test seeds and creamery glass-ware; to identify grasses, weeds, injurious fungi and insects, etc.; and to give information on agricultural matters of interest and advantage to the citizens of the State. All work proper to the Experiment Station and of public benefit will be done without charge. Work for the private use of individuals is charged for at the actual cost to the Station. The Station offers to do this work only as a matter of accommo- dation. Under no condition will the Station undertake analyses, the results of which cannot be published, if they prove of general interest. INSPECTIONS. The execution of the laws regulating the sale of food, com- mercial fertilizers, concentrated commercial feeding stuffs, and agricultural seeds, and the inspection of chemical glassware used by creameries is entrusted to the Director of the Station. The Station takes pains to obtain for analysis samples of all brands of fertilizers and feeding stuffs coming under the law. It also draws samples of agricultural seeds and foods in the hands of dealers. The co-operation of dealers and consumers is, how- ever, essential for the full and timely protection of their interests. Foods. Dealers and consumers are invited to send by pre- paid express original and unbroken packages of food materials on sale in Maine of whose purity they are for any reasons sus- vi MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. picious. As prompt free analysis will be made of such samples as circumstances will allow. Feeding Stutfs. The Station will promptly analyze samples of feeding stuffs sold in Maine taken in accordance with direc- tions which will be furnished on application. The results will be reported without charge to interested parties. This applies to dealers and consumers alike. Commercial Fertilizers. It is difficult to draw accurate samples of commercial fertilizers. On this account it is only in rare instances that the Station undertakes analyses of fertilizers other than the samples collected by its representatives. In case there is special reason for an examination, the Station invites correspondence on the subject. Agricultural Seeds. Samplesof agricultural seeds on sale in Maine, taken in accordance with directions which can be obtained on application to the Station, will be examined as promptly as possible and the results reported free of charge. In all cases samples should be accompanied by a full descrip- tion of the goods, including the name and address of the dealer and the sender. Small samples other than liquids can be for- warded by mail. Others should be forwarded by express, charges prepaid. STATION PUBLICATIONS. The Station publishes several bulletins each year, covering in detail its expenses, operations, investigations and results. The bulletins are mailed free to all citizens who request them. The annual report is made up of the bulletins issued during the year. CORRESPONDENCE. As far as practicable, letters are answered the day they are received. Letters sent to individual officers are liable to remain unanswered, in case the officer addressed is absent. All com- munications should, therefore, be addressed to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Maine. The post office, railroad station, freight, express and telegraph address is Orono, Maine. Visitors to the Station can take the electric cars at Bangor and Old Town. The Station is connected by telephone. HISTORICAL NOTES. vii HISTORICAL, NOTES FOR 10905: FOOD AND SEED LEGISLATION. The legislature of 1905 passed a pure food law and supple- mented the law regulating the sale of agricultural seeds. The director of the Station is the executive officer of both of these controls. The details of the food legislation is given on pages 77 and following of this report. A bulletin on seed inspection is in preparation and will be published early in 1906. CHANGES OF STAFF. Mr. S. C. Dinsmore resigned as assistant chemist in June, 1905, to accept an appointment with the Nevada Experiment Station. Mr. Lewis I. Nurenburg, B. S., Harvard, 1905, has been appointed in his place. Miss Bessie G. Leeds, B. A., University of Minnesota, 1905, was appointed September 1 as a general assistant. Miss Leeds will do the photographic work of the Station and will assist in the analyses of foods and seeds. THE INCUBATOR HOUSE. The Station, as described on pages 105 and following of this report, is unusually well equipped along the lines of poultry investigation, with the exception that the rooms used for incu- bation work were unsatisfactory. An incubator house 31 x 31 feet, was erected in the fall of 1905. The building is one story in height with a good attic, and airy basement. The basement is used for the incubators and is supplied with 18 machines having a capacity of 6480 eggs. Two flues provide ample ven- tilation. The remainder of the building is finished as a tene- ment for the poultry man. NOTES ON THE ROTTING:-OF POTATOES DUE TO THE LATE BLIGHT FUNGUS. (Phytophthora infestans.) Cuas. D. Woops. During the past few years, in connection with experiments at this Station, considerable data have accumulated on the rotting of potatoes due to the fungus that produces the late blight. Such as are believed to be of general interest are here reported. ROTTING IN THE CELLAR DUE TO PREVIOUS INFECTION. In 1902 a three-acre field of Green Mountain potatoes, which had been sprayed several times during the growing season and which had been kept practically free from the late blight, was harvested before the tops were dead, and stored in one bin in a cool cellar. The day of digging was warm and rather muggy. The tubers were fairly well dried off, however, before being put in the cellar. The following days were unusually warm for the season. At harvest there was very little evidence of rot. Per- haps there was one bushel of discolored potatoes in 100, but no really rotten potatoes were found. Early in November it was noticed the potatoes were rotting badly. They were carefully assorted and it was found that fully one-third of the crop was more or less affected with rot due to late blight. As there were so few affected potatoes at harvest, and so much rot had developed in a few weeks, it was thought possible that the sound potatoes were infested after digging. To test this, two barrels of sound potatoes were selected at the time of assorting in November, and to each peck of sound tubers two potatoes showing unquestionable signs of incipient rot were added. To learn if the treatment of the tubers with different substances would tend to decrease the amount of infection, five lots of two barrels each of selected tubers were treated with (1) flowers of sulphur, (2) copper sulphate, (3) air slacked lime, 3 2 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I905. (4) Bordeaux mixture, and (5) a 3 per cent solution of formal- dehyde. The 12 barrels were kept in the cellar until April. There was very little further rot in either the untreated or the treated barrels of potatoes. On the whole, about go per cent of the tubers were still perfectly sound and free from discoloration. This seemed to justify the conclusion, which other tests have confirmed, that the danger of the transmission of rot due to the fungus which produces the late blight from one affected potato to another is remote. In this, as in other instances, the rot undoubtedly resulted from infection in the field. As the tops were kept green by the application of Bordeaux mixture and there were so little signs of the presence of the blight, the infec- tion could hardly have been through the vines. ‘The field was heavily dressed with stable manure only a short time before planting. There is little doubt that the fungus was carried to the field in the manure and that the tubers were directly infected, while the tops escaped the attack. This is in accord with the common experience so often noted before the use of Bordeaux mixture, that potatoes were more subject to blight and subse- quent rot when grown on manure than on chemicals, or without the application of fertilizer of any kind. From the results of the experiments that follow, it is doubtful if there would have been anything like this loss from rot in the cellar, if the potatoes had been allowed to remain a few days in the ground after the tops had ripened, or after they had been killed by frost. EFFECT OF TIME OF DIGGING UPON SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT OF ROT. In 1903 a variety test was conducted to study the differences in a few varieties in their abilities to resist blight. These results were given in detail in Bulletin 98 of this Station. Advantage was taken of this experiment to study the keeping qualities of the potatoes, comparing different varieties, sprayed with unsprayed, and early with late dug potatoes. At the distance these potatoes were planted and with a uniform stand, fifty-five hills almost exactly represents 1-300 acre. The yields at the time of digging are given in the following table. NOTES ON THE ROTTING OF POTATOES. 3 Vields from fifty-five hills of ten varieties potatoes at time of digging. UNSPRAYED. SPRAYED. Variety Date of | ! | | p | : harvesting. | «¢ Se, 5 co) Di = Sa|/Sa}ea|Sa|sa] ga Clay a) oes) eS) Wey ae Barly, Michigan... --<0..-i----.. Septastcaasscces 55 19 4 78 3 if (Hin G oocuneconaa 52 21 7 78 ] 7 PAV. EVR Crs 5 srcrelaraioteyayaiaravcva(s eyaywia all afelers ccieve sinalecctetoe ate 54 20 6 78 2 7 BOWE Clierettenilsscinicisteldeinls cieisinetesece iS) 0) Tits 45 33 6 60 12 8 OCEwimeseele seracisi= 59 28 5 57 1] 1 IMVIGRENE@) bag Jo oop doacon00 0028 loopoadoapee0c0000u 52 31 6 59 Al oanade HarlyaOhio ens ee eee eee Sept. @.......... 18} 40 5| 49] 22 6 (OVS is ff ooascodcund 32 38 3 68 16 8 ASV, OL VES Oe telarstelekalstaley verersievessyovevetel| (ere rere sieisteiareictersie ete 25 39 4 59 19 ai Gem of Aroostook .............. Septasmas cee 46 24 71 20 9 ONG Piooscodone 55 74 36 5 72 13 5 JMVCTENSTO SSdooneadoonocudaasnollbooomndodsoobuuont 60 30 5 72 7 7 Trish Cobbler.................... SepteSie- cere 95 20 9} 111 12 5 Odin tf Gaosoaannes 66 13 0 107 6 6 IANA ENS oboggddaomnouaeedesce||Gascanopmose ances 81 17 8} 109 9 6. Bulett’s Rust Proof............. Silt} pocaoosdoollobatoollosadcallscodnalladoooslloooudallaoncac OVGin Tf cacusocceas 81 1 7 GHlaccooc 6. Mill’s Mortgage Lifter......... SeptaShessnccccct 68 24 Ail etateistetel|lsretalerate||lsiateteteres (Oxi occu aoecnc 82 25 5 S2iecerte 3 PAS Vi CL AG Cire cre oia\efaveder = eral severe siete cel lcisyaleteis Geers a icis iio 75 25 5 SZ ieee 3 Green Mountain ................ Sept.8.......... 68 37 ‘Neonoanllooaoogllodoces OYetr, Y sosnsconess 84 18 5 153 1] 4 MAN OUA FCN eras! of tate iors a\chetslsia/erellonieals cisoeeleele octal 76 28 Wiocaonallodoodallaccn0s lethal 6 ononoonsadercaguenocodGans Sept. 8.......... 63 40 Ml Sa40a5||bobods|loonthe COXein tl acosadpoone 59 4] 6 105 20 U PAV CLAS Chr aisie ciate! seer tan esiee sist | oe eracicien martes 61 41 by aeeaGal caasalldoocac Maggie Murphy............ 2... Septaseec eee 55 28 "dIloaaoao|looocodlicootes OXhis WH navcsaccs00 51 52 2 87 14 22 TNA GUE) a eGo LO SB EE COOE HOO [RODS e Cree oe 538 40 Pape aod dedooe |loucods Average of 6 earlier varieties ./Sept.8.......... 52 27 5 74 13 7 Octiviice.- cerns 57 27 5 76 10 7 Average of 5 later varieties..../Sept.8......... 54 27 5 75 1] 7 (OXo ail SooecoaaLoo 71 27 5} = 104 9 6- *All discolored potatoes are here included: The potatoes as soon as dug were put in bags, and stored in a cool cellar, so as to be kept dry and not subject to heat. The very last of December and early in January the potatoes were carefully assorted, and any potatoes that showed the slightest indications of even incipient decay, were rejected. In this, as in all such work by the Station, many potatoes were rejected that in ordinary sorting would be sent to market. The pounds of apparently sound potatoes that were put into the cellar at the date of harvest, the pounds of sound potatoes that were found 4 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. about January 1 when the potatoes were next examined, and the percentage of potatoes that had remained sound, are given in the table which follows. Merchantable potatoes from fifty-five hills of nine varieties of potatoes at time of digging and after storing. WEIGHTS AND PER CENT MERCHANTABLE POTATOES. Date of Unsprayed. Sprayed. Variety. harvesting. : cc led eee te dal 8 Oo .| = o oO .| & o Bea eee as sats ad) = mn Cali n a) “s1/S2| a (4271|/S2] 2 Early Michigan................. S{210) 65) Gooubdcaod 55 27 50 78 51 66 (UXGGs Tf cododcccnoe 52 44 85 78 69 89 IstOnaele\Gagnoosbadouondaanoosodandaen Sept.8.......... 45 10 22 60 39 65 Os WF Gvoccoc0000 59 53 90 57 52 92 HarlysObiotienciecomccdscceeecse Septisin......s.- 18 11 61 49 36 73 OYeis Tibodosooauos 32 29 90 68 63 93 Gem of Aroostook.............. Septysii-cenn 46 10 22 71 26 54 OXT HY Gadoodonban 74 58 78 72 55 716 Irish Cobbler*............. spo dole eis tsig) o¢odaone 95 62 65} 111 72 64 Ox of nocosabae00 66 64 97 107 93 87 Mill’s Mortgage Lifter......... Sept. 8.......... 68 49 TAloacadlloacsdollooceds OxXK TT opobdoadoae 82 75 92 82 81 91 Green Mountain ................ Sept. 8.......... 68 35 BDI Acieraverel Searers tel tetoperetene (OY Yl oooasoonnde 84 80 95 153 130 85 LOY NHI \Gopaauenoecoodapsbeapondoos Sept. 8.......... 63 33 MA ocoocallooavon|locodes Octidiis.ceknesr 59 53 90 105 94 90 Maggie Murphy................. Sept.8.......... 55 9 WWlosdaaallaccodallocoods OCtadiawerimavtes 51 44 86 87 75 86 Average of 4 early varieties....|Sept.§5.......... 41 15 39 74 45 64 OCteiie here. 54 46 86 76 66 87 Average of 4 later varieties....|/Sept.8.......... 64 32 48 “li IpBeooolodooas Octet wi.ckeecese 69 63 91 104 95 90 Average of 8 varieties.......... Septe8ieh.cssca 54] 23 ASL eae eatel lems (OY fiGoapasodedn 62 5h 88)...... 79 88 * Omitted from averages. Experiments made at the Vermont Station* showed that in the case of potatoes dug every 12 days, August 25 to September 30 in 1902, and every 7 days, August 31 to September 28 in 1903, there was a much larger weight of potatoes still sound at the time of the later digging than from the earlier diggings. This is in accord with the experiments here reported, except that .* The relation of date of digging potatoes to the development of rot; L. R. Jones and W.J. Morse, Proceedings Society for Promotion of Agricultural Science, 1904 NOTES ON THE ROTTING OF POTATOES. 5 in the latter case the potatoes were subjected to the much severer test of three months storage. CONCLUSIONS. From experiments on the keeping of potatoes and upon the development of rot due to the late blight fungus, the following conclusions appear warranted: The infection of the potatoes with the fungus occurs chiefly, if not entirely, in the field before digging. The infection is usually the result of diseased vines. The disease is transmitted, in the majority of cases, not directly through the vine, but indirectly through the soil. Potatoes may be infected directly in the field from spores introduced in the manure, or from rotten potatoes spread upon or left in the land the preceding year. Jones and Morse* conclude that the mycelium which produces the rot normally passes into a dormant stage after infesting the potato, but that abnormal conditions of moisture or temperature may cause abnormal activity in the fungus, and hence the rotting of the tubers. Whatever may be the explanation, these experiments all agree in showing that, whether the vines have or have not been pro- tected with Bordeaux mixture, there is far less liability of loss from rotting in the cellar in the case of late dug potatoes. * Loc. cit. EXPERIMENTS WITH DRY BORDEAUX. Cuas. D. Woops. For a number of years dry Bordeaux has been upon the market. The best known is that made by Leggett and Brother, New York, and first sold under the trade name of fungiroid. This is made by using equal weights of lime and sulphate of copper. As used by us the past season, this dry Bordeaux carried practically the amount of copper claimed by the makers. It would therefore take 10 pounds of the dry Bordeaux mixture to furnish the same weight of copper as carried in 50 gallons of Bordeaux mixture prepared in accordance with the directions of this Station. Dry Bordeaux has been used successfully upon fruit trees, particularly in the middle west and southwest. Thus used it is greatly reduced with dry powdered lime. For potatoes the manufacturers recommend that it be reduced with one part of fine lime to 2 parts of dry Bordeaux. While it can be wet up and applied with a spray, it is designed to be used dry and applied with a powder gun. In some localities it is a difficult problem to obtain the needed water for spraying and this, because of the labor involved, is, at times, the most expensive part of spraying. For this reason it was deemed of value to test dry Bordeaux applied as a dust against the ordinary Bordeaux mixture applied as a spray. Since it would be impracticable to use it on a large field while the foliage was still wet from dew, it was in this test applied in bright sun with the tops perfectly dry and even when the wind was quite strong. If it would not protect under these condi- tions, however valuable it might be for the garden where it can be applied on vines wet from dew or rain, it would-be of no value for extended field use. THE EXPERIMENT. Two acres planted to Green Mountain potatoes, on the farm of John Watson, Houlton, were selected for the experiment. The field was planted about the twentieth of May and at the time it was selected there was a good even stand, and the field had EXPERIMENTS WITH DRY BORDEAUX. 7 been sprayed once, on June 28, with Bordeaux mixture and Paris green. One acre was dusted with 8 pounds of dry Bor- deaux mixture on the following dates: July 5, 13, 20 and 28; August 3, 10, 16, and 22. July 5 and 13, Paris green was used with the Bordeaux. At no time were there potato bugs of any amount on the vines, nor did the flea beetle do any appreciable damage. Late in August there were more plant lice than usual, but not enough to damage the vines at all seriously. During the growing season there was no appreciable difference in the appearance of the dusted from the sprayed, except the dusted were lighter in color and the vines were less broken in the latter part of the season by the man walking through than by the horses on the sprayer. The darker color of the sprayed acre was more conspicuous at a distance and was doubtless due to the adhering Bordeaux mixture. At digging, the vines were dead on both plots from frost. At no time was there blight of any amount upon either acre. The yields were as follows: Yield of potatoes upon one acre sprayed with regular Bor- deaux and a corresponding acre dusted with dry Bordeaux. The fungicides were applied nine times during the season. Large Small Rotten bbis.* bbls. _—bbis. ¢ Resilar bordeatx mixtures. --- 250. 122 17, none Dry sordeauxtmimtuhes. «404 ce eee ee 114 17 5 From the above results it would seem that the dry Bordeaux applied to dry vines is not effective in preventing blight and subsequent rot. It will be tested another season on damp vines to see if it is of value as a fungicide in garden culture of potatoes. A Kansas manufacturer of dusting apparatus claims that ready prepared Bordeaux mixture is inert and that satisfactory results can be obtained by dusting on a mixture of finely pulver- ized copper sulphate and lime. The claim is made that these materials react as soon as moistened by dew and that the Bor- deaux mixture thus freshly formed is as effective as the regular Bordeaux mixture applied as a spray. This will also be tested another season. * One barrel is 2} bushels or 165 pounds. ¢t All discolored potatoes are included under rotten. SOLUBLE BORDEAUX FOR POTATO BLIGHT. Cuas. D. Woops. In the preparation of Bordeaux mixture from slacked lime and sulphate of copper, a chemical change takes place whereby hydrate of copper and sulphate of lime (gypsum) are formed. Both of these materials are insoluble in water, and Bordeaux mixture consists of these materials mechanically suspended in water. ‘The gypsum is so heavy that, unless the mixture is kept thoroughly stirred, it will speedily separate out and bring down with it the lighter hydrate of copper. ‘This necessitates the use of an agitator, and much of the unsatisfactory work of the spray as applied by some of the outfits on the market is due to imperfect agitation. Commercial Bordeaux mixtures have been made in which part of the gypsum has been taken out. Such mixtures are more easily kept in suspension, but there has not been sufficient gain to compensate for the extra labor involved in the preparation of such Bordeaux mixtures. For many years it has been known that the addition of sugar would render the hydrate of copper soluble. If the sugar is added to the slacked lime and allowed to stand for some time before adding it to the sulphate of copper solution, hydrate of copper, soluble in water, with only a trace of gypsum results. Obviously Bordeaux in solution would present many desirable features. The director of the Wisconsin Experiment Station wrote that they were to experiment during the season of 1904 with such a Bordeaux mixture and invited the co-operation of this Station to test its efficacy upon potatoes in order that data might accumulate faster. Some of the possible merits of this new Bordeaux mixture were pointed out as follows: “Tt is believed, on account of the soluble condition of the copper hydrate in this preparation, that its efficiency as a fungi- cide will be much greater than in the ordinary Bordeaux mix- ture, and consequently that it may be diluted at least ten and SOLUBLE BORDEAUX FOR POTATO BLIGHT. 9 possibly fifty times and still protect plants from the ordinary fungus diseases. In addition to this advantage, the absence of solid particles permits the use of a much finer spray than is now employed, and it is evident that with a fine spray much more surface can be covered with the same amount of material. In these two ways it is hoped that the expense for the materials used in spraying may be greatly reduced.” The soluble Bordeaux used in the experiments here reported was prepared in accordance with the following directions fur- nished by Dr. S. M. Babcock, chemist to the Wisconsin Agricul- tural Experiment Station. PREPARATION OF SOLUBLE BORDEAUX. 1. Copper sulphate solution—Dissolve 1 ib. of copper sul- phate in 2 gallons of cold water. Will keep indefinitely. 2. Solution of sucrate of lime—Slake to tbs. fresh lime in 30 ibs. of water, strain the milk of lime through a wire strainer and add a solution of 25 ibs. of granulated sugar in 50 ibs. of water. Stir thoroughly at frequent intervals, and after two or three hours decant or siphon the clear liquid from the undissolved lime. The lime and sugar solution can be conveniently mixed in a revolving barrel churn. The quantities named are sufficient for about 8 gallons of standard solution of sucrate of lime. The solution will keep indefinitely if placed in well stoppered bottles, but if open to the air will gradually absorb carbonic acid gas and the lime will separate. After siphoning off the clear solution, the residue still contains some sugar which may be recovered by adding considerable water and allowing the residue to settle a second time. ‘The clear solution obtained may be used in place of an equal quantity of water in the preparation of the next lot. SOLUBLE BORDEAUX. Take equal parts of solution 1 and 2 and add three parts of water. Agitate until the copper hydrate which is at first precip- itated is entirely dissolved. Upon standing, a slight deposit of Io MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I905. gypsum is formed, leaving a deep blue solution of hydrate of copper. If desired, the spray may be applied immediately after preparation, as the small amount of finely divided gypsum will not interfere. Prepared in this manner, the solution contains about the same amount of copper hydrate as the ordinary Bor- deaux mixture. It may be diluted indefinitely with water with- out a precipitate forming. ‘The solution should be kept in well stoppered bottles and is best if used within 48 hours after preparation. In case complete solution of the copper hydrate is not obtained, add a little more of solution No. 2 of sucrate of lime. As pre- pared, the soluble Bordeaux is, because of the sugar, much more expensive than regular Bordeaux carrying the same amount of copper. In the experiments here reported the soluble Bordeaux carried about one-half, one-fourth and one-seventh as much copper as the usual mixture. The field of potatoes selected for the experiment was upon the farm of Mr. Clarence A. Powers, Maple Grove. It was planted to Green Mountains, and the rows were of such length that 12 rows made about an acre. ‘The rows ran east and west. The field was apparently quite uniform, and sloped slightly toward the south and east. The potatoes were liberally fertilized, and thoroughly cared for during the growing season. The soluble Bordeaux as well as the regular Bordeaux mixture was applied with a one-horse Getchell sprayer that was provided with a powerful pump and an agitator that kept the solutions thor- oughly stirred. Vermorel nozzles were used, so that with the pressure obtained the materials were all applied in a fine spray. The arrangement of plots and their treatment was as follows: Plot A. ‘Twelve rows (one acre) on south side of field, sprayed with regular Bordeaux mixture. Plot B. Twelve rows (one acre) next north were treated with soluble Bordeaux at such a rate that the copper applied at each application was equivalent to about 224 pounds of sulphate of copper to the acre. Plot C. Twelve rows (one acre) next north were treated with soluble Bordeaux equivalent to 1% pounds of sulphate of copper each application. SOLUBLE BORDEAUX FOR POTATO BLIGHT. II Plot D. Twelve rows (one acre) next north were treated with soluble Bordeaux equivalent to 24 pounds of sulphate of copper per acre each application. Plot E. Twelve rows (one acre) next north were sprayed with the regular Bordeaux mixture. DATES OF SPRAYING AND NOTES. July 8. (The soluble Bordeaux experiment had not at this time been plamned.) The whole field was sprayed with regular Bordeaux mixture. The plants were in early bloom. July 15. Plots A and E sprayed with 2-3 pound Paris green and 3 pounds lime. Plots B, C and D sprayed in both directions with soluble Bordeaux and 2-3 pound Paris green. July 22. Plots A and E sprayed in both directions with regular Bor- deaux mixture and 2-3 pound Paris green per acre. Other plots sprayed as the 15th. July 27. All plots sprayed on the 22d, except that no Paris green was used. July 29. All plots in fine shape. No signs of disease. August 5. Potatoes in full bloom. No signs of blight. Very few rumors of any blight in the county. August to. All plots sprayed as before, but without Paris green. August 13. Quite a few plant lice.on some plants on all the plots. August 20. Possibly a little blight on soluble Bordeaux plots. Plant lice are doing some damage. September 1. Quite a heavy frost. But little damage on this field. As will be observed from the notes, this field was sprayed only 4 times, or about half the number that is desirable. As it proved in this particular year, it was apparently sufficient to keep off blight and rot. At digging there was no sign of rot upon the potatoes from the plots treated with regular Bordeaux mixture. YIELDS. Through a misunderstanding, the potatoes on plot EK were dug in the absence of a Station representative, and while the yield was taken, it is so much larger than that on the other plots that it may have been an error. ‘There were so few small potatoes and practically no rotten ones that no separation was made in the field. Yield plot A, regular Bordeaux, 103 barrels. Yield plot B, soluble Bordeaux 224 pounds copper sulphate, 102 barrels. I2 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I905. Yield plot C, soluble Bordeaux 1% pounds copper sulphate, 97 barrels. Yield plot D, soluble Bordeaux 24 pound copper sulphate, gi barrels. Yield plot E, regular Bordeaux, 120 barrels.* The potatoes on plot D were smaller than on the other plots and the skins of many of them darkened somewhat, resembling rot. Still, only a very few were rotten. The experiments at the Wisconsin Station, through unavoid- able complications, were a failure. In experiments upon potatoes made at the New York (Geneva) Experiment Station in 1903 the yields per acre were as follows: Unsprayed, 107 bushels per acre ; soluble Bordeaux, 118 bushels per acre; soda Bordeaux mixture, 160 bushels per acre; regular Bordeaux mixture, 175 bushels per acre. CONCLUSIONS. The soluble Bordeaux of equal strength to regular Bordeaux mixture costs much more, both in materials and labor, than regu- lar Bordeaux mixture. The yields were smaller and the quality inferior from the plots sprayed with soluble Bordeaux. For both of these reasons its use is not recommended. * Yield not taken by a station officer. é EXPERIMENTS WITH POTATOES ON HOME MIXED FERTILIZERS. Cuas. D. Woops. In answer to numerous inquiries for a formula for potatoes in which tankage could be used, the following newspaper bulletin was sent out and generally printed in the papers of the State in the early spring. A crop of 300 bushels of potatoes removes from the soil about 55 pounds nitrogen, 25 pounds phosphoric acid and 85 pounds potash. A formula on this basis would carry five parts nitrogen, two parts phosphoric acid, and eight parts potash. In preparing a field for a crop, the needs of the soil to render it fertile are, however, of greater moment than the special needs of a particular crop. The results of numerous field experiments indicate that the potato does best in a soil abundantly supplied with all fertilizing elements. If a farmer has not experimented with his soil so as to know to what fertilizing elements it most readily and profitably responds, he must use a formula, and one carrying about 3 to 34 per cent nitrogen, 5 to 6 per cent available phosphoric acid, and 4 to 5 per cent potash will usually be found as profitable as any. Bearing in mind that there is no such thing as a “best” fertilizer and that different conditions make different demands, some such formula as the following can be satisfactorily used per acre until, by experimental knowledge of his own soil requirements, the individual farmer has learned a better one. One hundred pounds nitrate of soda, 200 pounds cottonseed meal, 500 pounds fine bone tankage, 400 pounds acid phosphate, and 200 pounds muriate, or perhaps better, sulphate, of potash. These goods are very concentrated and would probably be more evenly applied if mixed with 500 pounds dry loam, muck, or some similar fine material. This weight of materials would carry 62 pounds nitrogen, of which about two-fifths is water 14 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I905. soluble, 158 pounds phosphoric acid, of which two-thirds is avail- able, and 102 pounds potash. While the 100 pounds of available phosphoric acid in this formula is about four times the amount removed by the crop, the best experimental evidence indicates that a liberal application of available phosphoric acid is profitable for potatoes. Since phosphoric acid does not leach from the soil, the excess will be available for the following grain and grass crops. Following a crop of potatoes manured as above, usually a good crop of clover could be grown by the use of 200 pounds per acre of a complete fertilizer for a “starter,” and 200 pounds of muriate of potash. This last with the phosphoric acid left in the soil would furnish the needed minerals, and the clover would obtain its needed nitrogen from the air. . Nitrate of soda carries about 16 per cent nitrogen, all of which is water soluble. High grade cottonseed meal, carrying 43 per cent of protein, has about 7 per cent nitrogen, 2 per cent phos- phoric acid and 1 per cent potash. High grade finely ground bone tankage carries 5 to 6 per cent nitrogen, about one-third of which is water soluble, and about 15 per cent phosphoric acid, one-half of which is available. Muriate or sulphate of potash each carry about 50 per cent potash. As the result of correspondence on this subject, the writer assisted farmers in Brunswick, Houlton and Fort Fairfield in mixing goods for use with potatoes. The formula used at Brunswick was: Portland Rendering Company’s screened tank- age 500 pounds; cottonseed meal 200 pounds; nitrate of soda 100 pounds; acid phosphate 400 pounds; and sulphate of potash 200 pounds. This 1,400 pounds of materials carried nitrogen 55 pounds; available phosphoric acid 103 pounds; total phos- phoric acid 154 pounds; and potash 103 pounds. ‘The percent- age composition as found by analysis was water soluble nitrogen 1.39 per cent; insoluble nitrogen 2.52 per cent; total nitrogen 3.91 per cent; water soluble phosphoric acid 4.51 per cent; cit- rate soluble phosphoric acid 2.84 per cent, making the available phosphoric acid 7.35 per cent; insoluble phosphoric acid 3.67 per cent and total phosphoric acid 11.02 per cent; and potash 7.38 per cent. This was used by several farmers in Brunswick. The fields were not visited by the writer. Mr. W. S. Morrill, HOME MIXED FERTILIZERS. 15 Brunswick, who was especially interested in having the formula for his own use, wrote relative to the yields as follows: ‘The yield as compared with last year (1903) was light—on the whole about 50 per cent of that crop. This was due to the season and not the fertilizer. Only one (Mr. Hill) tried the home mixed in comparison with regular ready mixed goods. The difference between the two, while not very marked, was slightly in favor of the home mixed. All that used the formula are perfectly satis- fied with their crop, taking all things into consideration, and will surely use the home mixed goods next season.” Mr. J. W. West of Auburn used the home mixture and reports as follows: “It gives me pleasure to reply to your letter of the 19th inst., in regard to the “home mixed fertilizer” compounded by the formula that you published in the Station bulletin last spring. “T used 500 pounds bone tankage from the Portland Render- ing Company, 400 pounds plain phosphate, 200 pounds sulphate of potash, 200 pounds cottonseed meal, and 100 pounds nitrate of soda, thoroughly pulverized and mixed without any carrier. The materials cost at the average rate of about $1.50 per 100 pounds. “One-half ton of it was used for potatoes on five-eighths of an acre. The soil is a sandy loam, recently cleared and seeded to grass. A portion of the plat was a black loam and rather wet. It was broken up last fall and harrowed thoroughly with a spring tooth and disc harrow. About 500 pounds of the fer- tilizer were spread broadcast and harrowed in. The ground was then furrowed, and the balance scattered in the hill and mixed with the soil before dropping the seed. This was planted the last of May, using the Green Mountain and Carmen No. I varieties. They were sprayed three times with Bordeaux mixture and Paris green. ‘They should have been sprayed once or twice more to kill the bugs which were very plenty, but the press of other work prevented. The vines remained green until the heavy frosts in September. They were dug soon after, yielding 150 bushels full measure (or at the rate of 240 bushels to the acre). There was not over a bushel rotten at the time of digging, but they have rotted some since.” Mr. O. Y. Russell of Danforth used the home mixture and reports as follows. “The formula for potatoes, as I used it, was 16 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. 100 pounds nitrate of soda, 500 pounds bone tankage, 400 pounds acid phosphate, 200 pounds sulphate of potash, 200 pounds cottonseed meal. I planted four barrels of potatoes, and when I hoed them I estimated that nearly one-third of the seed did not come on account of the wet. I used 1,200 pounds of the mix- ture on the piece and I got 80 barrels of good ones, and Io bar- rels of small ones. I used no barn dressing. I broke up the piece late last fall. It has been down to grass about eight years, and cut about % ton to the acre last year. I did not use it in comparison with any other fertilizer, but I think it gave me bet- ter results than any other fertilizer I ever used. Several of my neighbors will use it next year.” Several others who used the formula made more or less com- plete reports to the Station. None of them seemed to have experienced any difficulty in the preparation and application of the home mixed goods. The nearest to a complaint as to the effect of the fertilizer was from a man who called the writer up by telephone at the time of digging and said “the potatoes are so large and the yield so great that the work of digging is greatly increased because of the fertilizer.” These cases are typical of the results obtained outside of Aroostook county. While the formula gave satisfaction, the writer believes that the modifications suggested on pages 140 to 143 of Bulletin 107 would in most instances be found advan- tageous. The materials for the home mixed goods used at Houlton and Fort Fairfield were bought at one time and were all mixed at Houlton. The formula was: Portland Rendering Company’s (rescreened) tankage 420 pounds; acid phosphate 400 pounds; cottonseed meal 200 pounds; sulphate of potash 200 pounds; and nitrate of soda 100 pounds. Analysis showed the mixed goods to have the following composition: Water soluble nitrogen 1.37 per cent; available nitrogen 2.72 per cent; total nitrogen 4.09 per cent; available phosphoric acid 7.01 per cent; total phosphoric acid 9.87 per cent; and potash 7.61 per cent. It was designed to apply this at the rate of the 1,320 pounds per acre, but it was actually used quite differently by the differ- ent co-operative experimenters. One acre or more was grown upon this formula by John Watson, Houlton, W. S. Blake, Houl- HOME MIXED FERTILIZERS. 17 ton, A. H. Porter, Houlton, E. L. Cleveland, Houlton, R. S. Hoyt, Fort Fairfield, C. A. Powers, Fort Fairfield, F. H. Haines, Fort Fairfield. The field at Mr. Watson’s was planted, grown and harvested under the oversight of the Station. Mr. Powers’ and Mr. Hoyt’s fields were frequently visited during the growing season and most of the harvesting was under the care of a member of the Station staff. The other fields were, as shown by the yields, well cared for and the data are believed to be accurate. The results at harvest, so far as returns have been obtained, and extracts from the notes taken at different times, follow. Beyond these data, the results are briefly discussed. At Mr. Watson’s, 3 acres were grown upon the home mixed in comparison with the same number of acres grown on Watson’s Improved High Grade Potato Manure. The whole formula (1320 pounds per acre) was used, about 1100 at time of plant- ing and the remainder at first cultivation, when the potatoes were breaking through the ground. About the same weight of Wat- son’s Improved High Grade Potato Manure was used, about 1200 pounds at planting and the remainder when the potatoes were breaking through the ground. The potatoes were well cared for during the season. They were sprayed 9 times with Bordeaux mixture, to which at the first 3 sprayings Paris green was added. The field was free from the potato bug, was not damaged by the flea beetle and only slightly by plant lice. There were no signs of blight and no rot at harvest. The whole field was too immature when killed by frost, and the home mixed plots were not as mature as the Watson Improved plots. The comparison would have been fairer if the field had been planted a fortnight earlier, or frost had held off longer. The potatoes on the home mixed plots were all smaller and less matured than on the Watson Improved plots. Each plot contained one acre. The details are given in the table on the top of page 18. 18 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. Vields of potatoes grown on home mixed fertilizers compared with a standard potato fertilizer. Home Mixed Fertilizer. BARRELS OF POTATOES. Large. Small. Total. Blotea. ceed th eieek te Eeie 109 15 124 BlObAg esos fe Soleo Sheba 2a eet IOI 20 121 lob ip eek sends aa. See ee ee 112 18 130 Averatec: sel. hice ea ee Ose 107 18 125 Watson’s Improved Manure. TEL (GES pees eet ee ih on par eter ie RON 118 15 133 IGERA, ogee gah A Mee ceca Pee eee 120 15 135 1 2) (Oya Sites Barca aa melon Rete Ie 122 17 139 DAN CLAP CLs iy Ee eo ea om ee 120 16 136 Mr. Blake grew 4 plots upon home mixed and 4 plots upon Watson’s Improved. The plots were 1-20 acre in area. On the home mixed the fertilizer was used at the rate of 975 pounds per acre and on the other plots Watson’s Improved was used at the rate of 1450 pounds per acre. The field was quite early planted, and the potatoes were well along when frost came. It was sprayed 5 times and was free from blight, and no rot. There were practically no small potatoes. The yield from the home mixed plots were, per acre, as fol- lows: 102, 107, 107, 109, average 106 barrels per acre. The yield from the Watson’s Improved plots were, per acre, as fol- lows: 107, III, III, 113, average 110% barrels per acre. Mr. Porter grew two acres on home mixed, using it at the rate of 1300 pounds per acre in the midst of a field of 27 acres planted with 1700 to 1800 pounds per acre of Watson’s Improved. The rows were 32 inches apart, and the plants 12 inches apart in the row. ‘The land was very uniform, was early planted, well culti- vated and kept free from weeds. It was sprayed 6times. There was no blight and no rot at digging. There were practically no small potatoes. The yield from the 27 acres was 3800 barrels or at the rate of a little over 140 barrels per acre. Mr. Porter did not measure the yield from the home mixed portions, but states that “there was no perceptible difference in appearance or yield.” HOME MIXED FERTILIZERS. 19 Mr. Powers at Maple Grove grew several acres on home mixed compared with Darling’s Blood, Bone and Potash. The plots alternated. On the home mixed there was used 960 pounds per acre, against 1,000 pounds of Darling’s. The yields from the home mixed plots ran from 115 to 123 barrels, with an average of 119. The yields from the two of the plots where’ Darling’s Blood, Bone and Potash were used were 118 and 119 barrels per acre. One plot ran considerably below this, but it was evidently due to the condition of the land. There was prac- tically no difference in the yield with the different fertilizers. The potatoes were quite early planted and while at the first kill- ing frost the home mixed were greener, they were sufficiently matured so as not to materially affect the yield or the appearance of the tubers. Mr. Hoyt at Maple Grove grew three acres, one each of White Elephant, Dakota Red, and Green Mountain, on home mixed fer- tilizer in a large field where Crocker’s fertilizer was used. The home mixed was applied at the rate of 975 pounds per acre, and the Crocker’s at the rate of 1000 pounds. The field was well cared for, including spraying. There was neither blight nor rust. The yields were as follows per acre: ( On home mixed, 96 barrels large, 8 barrels : camel, White Elephant { On Crocker’s, 100 barrels large and 6 barrels Ce simalle ; ( On home mixed, 118 barrels large, 9 barrels Tee mesial: Green Mountain 1 On Crocker’s, 124 barrels large, 10 barrels (ae smealle pon home mixed, 113 barrels large, 3 barrels small. Dakota Red On Crocker’s, 118 barrels large, and no \euuestaalile The potatoes were smaller on the home mixed and the vines were tenderer and were killed by frost earlier than on Crocker’s. CONCLUSIONS. In general, large crops were obtained on the home mixed goods. On early planted potatoes, and where the season was long enough for the crop grown on the home mixture to mature, the yields were as large as where the standard commercial fertil- 20 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I905. izers were liberally used. ‘The tops kept greener in color dur- ing the last half of the growing season with the home mixture. September 1, there was a severe frost all over Northern Maine. The late potatoes grown upon the home mixture had greener and more succulent vines than those upon the standard fertilizers and in consequence were damaged much more by the frost. In fact, the vines of the late planted potatoes on the home mixed goods were practically killed at this time, while the same varie- ties planted at the same time upon the standard potato fertilizer continued to grow after this frost. As a result, the potatoes were larger and better ripened with these than upon the home mixed plots. For quick maturing, the home mixed goods apparently carried too much slowly available nitrogen and too little available phosphoric acid—a condition that can be readily remedied in a formula. This is discussed on pages 140 to 143 of Bulletin 107 of this Station. SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTS IN PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE. W. M. Munson. In the horticultural work of the Experiment Station two dis- tinct lines are kept in view: a study of the principles and laws affecting plant growth; and practical investigations for immedi- ate guidance in the culture of fruits and vegetables. Mere variety testing, as such, has never occupied a leading place in the plan. To be of value, work must extend uninterruptedly over a series of years, and general principles can be established only after repeated efforts; so that immediate “practical” results are not always possible. The following notes represent, in brief, a summary of the more immediately practical phases of the work which has received attention, with references to the particular bulletin or annual report where the details are published in full. VEGETABILE GARDENING. Vegetable gardening, while not of the commercial importance - of some other lines of horticultural work in Maine, is neverthe- less of interest and direct value to every citizen of the State— whether farmer or laborer or professional man. The leading questions considered have to do with the tomato, cabbage, cauli- flower, egg plant, corn, radish and celery; also with the forcing of vegetables under glass. Tomato. With the tomato, the following questions were considered: The effect of trimming the vines; effect of bagging the fruit to produce early ripening; the effect of crossing; the cumulative effect of culture under glass. It was found that a chill to tomato plants after setting is not necessarily fatal to success, and that, other things being equal, the earliness and productiveness of tomatoes were in direct ratio 2 o 22 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I905. with the earliness of setting in the field. Unless conditions are very unfavorable, the plants should be in the field by June Ist. Trimming the plants after a part of the fruit had set, increased the yield by more than one-third. The results from bagging the fruit were in general of a negative character, but this treat- ment reduced the loss from rot. Crossing between small fruited plants of prolific habit and the ordinary large fruited type was found to be a promising method of securing a valuable type for localities where the season is short, and for securing a produc- tive sort for forcing under glass. The increase in yield of the Lorillard-Peach cross over that of the pure Lorillard was nearly 50 per cent. A derivative hybrid between Lorillard and Currant produced a type of special excellence for forcing. In some instances seed from plants grown under glass gave better results in house culture than did seed of the same variety grown in the field. Results were not uniform, however, and there appeared to be distinct varietal differences. (Reports for 1891-5.) Cabbage. Cabbage studies included investigations as to the importance of deep setting of the plants; the effect of trimming at the time of setting; the frequency of transplanting; the effect of mulching. Contrary to the general notion concerning the treatment of “leggy” plants, it was found that depth of setting had very little influence upon the size of the heads. Plants handled three or four times invariably gave better results than those handled once or twice before transfer to the field. Frequent transplanting increased the average size of the heads. Handling the plants in pots before setting in the field increased the percentage of marketable heads ; but trimming the plants at the time of setting appeared to be of no special importance. The practice of mulch- ing instead of cultivating was found to give very satisfactory results. (Reports for 1891-5.) Cauliflower. Work with the cauliflower included studies of the relative influence of pot and box culture of young plants; the effect of trimming at time of setting in the field; the effect of mulch as compared with frequent cultivation; a comparison of varieties. EXPERIMENTS IN PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE. 23 Plants handled in pots were kept at a more nearly uniform rate of growth, and produced a higher percentage of marketable heads; this difference in some cases amounting to 20 per cent. As a result of trimming it was found that there was practically no difference in earliness nor in size of head, while as a rule the per cent of heads formed was greater from plants not trimmed. In no case were as satisfactory results obtained from the mulch- ing as from frequent cultivation. Nearly all of the leading varieties have been grown, and it is evident that the cauliflower may be successfully cultivated in this region. The most valuable sorts are of the Dwarf Erfurt and Snowball types, with Algiers for late in the season. (Report for 1893 and Bulletin 10.) Egg Plant. Egg plant studies included methods of culture; varieties; and crossing. It was demonstrated that with careful treatment the egg plant may be successfully grown in central Maine, the most important requisites being: early sowing; vigorous plants; late removal to the field; warm, rich soil. Most of the well-known varieties are too late for this climate, but Early Dwarf Purple, Early Long Purple and Long White were satisfactory. Several crosses were made between white-fruited and black-fruited types. After four years of breeding it was found that no type sufficiently constant in color to be of value commercially was produced. There was, however, a marked increase in vigor and productiveness as a result of crossing. In the first generation the purple-fruited types seem stronger in their power to transmit color to the off- spring than do the white-fruited types; and this law appears to hold whether the purple type is used as the male or the female parent. In later generations the inherent strength of the white- fruited types appears stronger than in the first. In all cases the white-fruited types appear stronger than the purple in the power to transmit form and productiveness. (See Annual Reports, 1891-3.) Radish. With the radish, the principal questions considered have been, the relative value of large and small seed; the effect of sub- 24 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I905. watering in the greenhouse; the influence of different tempera- tures upon the period of maturity. Large seeds were found to produce from 30 to 50 per cent more first-class roots than did small seed from the same lot. Sub-watering produced 12 to 15 per cent more first-class radishes on a given section of the greenhouse bench than did surface- watering on an equal area of the same bench. There was a much greater loss from damping off on the surface-watered sec- tion. Contrary to the usual notion, the crop matured earlier, and was of better quality, when grown in the tomato house, with a night temperature of 60 degrees, than when grown at a lower temperature. (See Annual Report, 1898.) Celery. The work with celery was mainly in the way of demonstration, and for the purpose of calling attention to this very useful garden plant. The questions of soil, fertilizers, planting, handling, blanching and storing were considered. (See Annual Report 1897 and Bulletin 40.) WINTER GARDENING. Principles and methods of building, heating, and ventilating greenhouses, and of managing the more important crops grown under glass, were discussed. In brief, it may be said, constant watchfulness and the exercise of good judgment are of more importance than adherence to set rules. One good man with occasional help should be able to do all of the work in houses covering 4,000 square feet of ground surface. In general, solid beds are advocated for plants requiring no bottom heat, such as cauliflower, lettuce and radishes, while for semi-tropical plants, like melons, beans, and tomatoes, benches are preferred. For large commercial houses, steam is the best method of heating, but for smaller houses hot water is preferable. (Annual Report, 1896. ) ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. The ornamentation of rural homes is of the highest importance to the people of Maine, not only as a means of adding to the comfort and pleasure of home life, but as an attraction for the increasing number of summer visitors and as a means of enhanc- ing the value of the property. For this reason suggestions were EXPERIMENTS IN PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE. 25 made concerning the location of buildings ; construction of walks and drives; making of lawns; what, when and how to plant; native trees and shrubs valuable for planting; the best hardy sorts to get from nurseries; trees and shrubs tried and found wanting. (Annual Report 1897, and Bul. 42 and 46.) FRUIT GROWING. Fruit growing undoubtedly offers better opportunities than any other line of commercial horticulture in Maine, and its increasing importance demands more special attention on the part of the Experiment Station in the future. From the nature of the case, results are necessarily slow; but a large amount of work has been done, and partial reports have been made. Briefly summarized, the following statement indicates the nature and scope of this work: Since 1890 the Station has had under observation, both at the home orchard and in northern Maine, hardy fruits from Russia and from the Northwest. All of these varieties are hardy and most of them are productive; very few of them, however, are worthy of general dissemination in those parts of Maine where the well known varieties of English and American origin will thrive. In the extreme northern part of the State some of them are valuable, and a few are worthy of culture under any con- ditions. (See Annual Reports, 1891, ’92, ’96, and Bulletin 82.) Many fruits of unknown, or of doubtful value in this State, are sold by agents every year. For the information of growers, a catalogue of the leading sorts was prepared with a statement as to their character, quality and value for home use or for mar- ket, both for the northern and for the southern counties. (Annual Report 1893 and Bulletin 6.) For a study of the comparative effect of cultivation and mulching, as well as for experiments with fertilizers, a young orchard in Kennebec county was selected in 1898. In the same region an old orchard is the basis of work in orchard renovation ; and more recently another young orchard has been chosen for experiments in top-grafting. Studies in the use of cover crops are made in the Station orchard at Orono, and in orchards in other sections of the State. From data thus far published, it is found that, in the case of the Gravensteins, the number of trees producing some fruit was nearly 50 per cent greater on the culti- 26 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. vated than on the mulched land; while the average yield was as 72 and 59 respectively. The use of different forms of potash as a factor in preventing apple scab gave negative results, agreeing in the main with results published elsewhere. . In the work of orchard renovation, the effect of cultivation was visible a half mile distant, the foliage being large, dark and healthy, as compared with the small, pale, sickly leaves on the adjacent check trees. The plot receiving complete fertilizer presented the best appearances at the end of the growing season. (For details see Bulletin 89.) SPRAYING. Spraying with fungicides and insecticides has received consid- erable attention, especially in the years 1891-5. Among the questions studied are the following: ‘The effectiveness of the treatment in producing perfect fruit; the relative number of windfalls on sprayed and unsprayed trees; the preparation of spraying mixtures; the best time for spraying. All trees sprayed with arsenical poisons had a smaller per- centage of wormy fruit than did the unsprayed. Paris green was found less injurious to the foliage than was London purple or white arsenic. A mixture of one pound Paris green in 250 gallons of water was effective in reducing the amount of wormy fruit, but a stronger mixture (one pound to 100 gallons) was required to kill the tent caterpillar. The number of windfalls was greatly lessened by spraying with Paris green and the pro- portion of wormy fruit among the windfalls was also smaller from the sprayed trees. It was observed that most of the wormy fruits from sprayed trees are entered from the side or base, while in fruits from unsprayed trees the entrances at the calyx were largely in excess. Spraying three times with an ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate destroyed the apple scab fungus and resulted in saving 52 per cent of the crop, but the foliage and fruit were slightly injured. The most satis- factory and effective fungicide used was Bordeaux mixture and this is now generally used throughout the State. The effective- ness of Bordeaux mixture as a fungicide, and of Paris green as an insecticide for the orchard, was fully established by the work EXPERIMENTS IN PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE. 27 of the Station in 1891-3. (Reports for 1891-3, Bulletins 8 and 52; and How to Fight Apple Enemies.) THE BLUEBERRY. There are vast areas in Maine which, while bearing a consid- erable number of blueberry bushes and yielding a profitable return to the few people who make a practice of gathering the wild fruit, are not utilized as they might be. Systematic treat- ment in the way of burning, planting and managing might with profit be given to these lands and extended to other sections. Another phase of the subject which is worthy of careful atten- tion is that of domestication and the improvement of types by selection and crossing. ‘The fruit in its wild state is superior to that of most other small fruits, and is very susceptible to the influence of environment. Systematic experiments in this direc- tion are in progress at the Station. The most promising species for this work is the high-bush blueberry, Vaccinium corymbo- sum. (Report for 1898 and Bulletin 76.) PLANT BREEDING. The general question of the improvement of plants, or “plant breeding,” is a perennial one. Much of the work done at the Station has never been published, but certain phases have been touched upon. A general statement of the problem is given in the Annual Report for 1893. From evidence at hand it appears that the secondary results of crossing may be of fully as much importance as are directly inherited qualities. Among these secondary effects are: The possible immediate influence of pollen upon the mother plant; the stimulating effect of pollen upon the ovary; and the influ- ence of varying amounts of pollen. In a few important species there may be an immediate apparent effect of foreign pollen on the female organism of the current generation, but the greater portion of the food plants studied do not exhibit such effect. That pollen has a direct stimulating effect upon the ovary, independently of its action upon the ovules, seems a well estab- lished fact. Variations in the amount of pollen available may, to a large extent, determine the form and consequent value of the fruits of some species. (Annual Report 1892.) RED CLOVER FROM VARIOUS SOURCES. W. M. Muwson. During the seasons of 1902 and 1903 a cooperative study of red clover was made in connection with the United States Department of Agriculture. The object of this study was to determine, if possible, the best source from which to obtain seed for general farm purposes. To this end, seed obtained from various parts of the world, by the Department of Agriculture, was sent to this Station and careful notes were made as to rate and per cent of germination; date of blooming and consequent earliness of crop; date of cutting; yield per acre; general con- dition of the stand; and characteristics of the plants. GERMINATION TESTS. The sprouting of seeds in a “seed tester” or on blotting paper often gives erroneous impressions as to the real value of the seed. With this fact in mind, seeds of each lot were placed upon blot- ting paper under a bell jar, and two duplicate lots were planted in soil in the greenhouse. ‘The comparative results, as also the percentage of germination obtained in case of each at Washing- ton, before the seeds were sent out, are shown in the accompany- ing table. In many cases seed which showed a high percentage of sprout- ing when placed under favorable conditions, both at Washington and at the Experiment Station, did not possess sufficient vitality to insure a heavy stand of plants when covered with soil, a fact which would indicate the necessity of heavy seeding and of light covering in such instances. In most cases, the best results in the germination tests were obtained from seed grown in the higher regions of central Europe—though two lots of seed from Bohemia showed rather low vitality in the soil tests. ‘The most vigorous seeds seemed to be those from Upper Austria, Styria, Hungarian Transyl- so EXPERIMENTS IN PRACTICAI, HORTICULTURE. 29 vania, and Russia; while one lot from England and that from Denmark were specially low in vitality. Seed from Brittany showed a high percentage of germination (sprouting) at Wash- ington, but was rather low both in the blotting paper and in the soil tests at the Station. Of the American seed tested, that from Ohio and Illinois were, in this trial, the strongest. Results of Germination Tests. 4 rey 2 4 ) n n =| go ag ao (eK) loe-:} ° ow 5 Se Ba Be Be oe Source of Seed. 2a WO 2 een eaa 2nd aga asec Sci. ag - 38 oge | Sse | oss | o8s 8 A Ae 3S a rc) Alle bah a 45 Bae | oho | See | ome USOT OOo on sodeucoupedded coodoceboadouds boar 89 90 41 30 MOQES| MEMMNESSE OC eierecreretalelesotelcre is + fslelevere slo eieieiae 89 93 40 = LOSQO WMTSSOUTT 255; s:) ia) mM om] <>) ids) & S a S "0 lo "0 % 0 | % | % | G 0 "0 % | % ean ee on ak 6.27 Cai 2.60} 10.78] 11.00 ie 00 2.01; 2.00 1.06} 2.40) 3.46] 3.30]) 65.36) 3.32) 1.51) 8.68) §8.CO| 10.19) 9.00|] 6.91) 7.60 1.99] 1.31) 3.30) 3.30]| 3.59) 38.19) 2.44) 6.78) 6.00) 9.22] 7.00}| 11.20) 10.00 0.66] 1.42) 2.08} 2.06]} 7.05) 2.55) 2.56) 9.60] &.00) 12.16) 10.00|} 2.01); 1.50 0.11} 1.06) 1.17); 1.03]| 5.93] 2.35) 1.55) 8.28) 8.00] 9.83) 10.00|} 2.32) 2.00 0.40) 0.64) 1.04) 0.82}| 5.41) 3.15) 1.38) 8.456) 7.00) 9.94) 8.00 1.49} 1.00 0.77| 1.22) 1.99} 2.06)} 5.74) 4.74) 2.54) 10.48) 8.00} 13.02) 10.00)| 3.1 3.00 0.81} 1.58] 2.39} 2.50)| 2.89) 3.80) 38.18) 6.69) 6.00} 9.87) 8.00]| 5.15) 5.00 1.10} 1.36) 2.46) 2.50}] 6.74) 3.16) 1.80} 9.90) 9.00} 11.70) 11.00}| 2.68) 2.00 1.14) 1.32} 2.46) 2.50!) 7.26} 3.08) 1.80} 10.34) 9.00) 12.14) 11.00|/ 2.35) 2.00 0.62} 1.40) 2.02} 2.06)| 7.21] 2.42) 2.36) 2.63) 8.00} 11.99) 10.00]| 1.95) 1.50 0.43) 0.74) 1.45) 1.03;| 5.93] 2.80) 2.42) 8.73) §.00} 11.15] 10.00]| 2.57) 2.00 0.40) 0.68} 1.08) 0.82]} 5.24) 2.74) 1.48) 7.98] 7.00) 9.46) 8.00]; 1.59) 1.00 1.88} 1.52) 3.40} 38.30}} 5.20) 3.01) 1.96} 8.21) 8.00} 10.17) 9.00|| 7.43) 7.00 0.43) 0.68} 1.11) 1.03]| 5.71) 2.67] 1.47) 8.38] 8.00} 9.85] 10.00/) 2.12) 2.00 0.91} 1.03} 1.94] 2.06}} 6.49) 5.31] 0.40} 11.80} 8.00) 12.20] 10.00|| 3.35) 3.00 0.56} 2.11) 2.67} 2.50)| 3.96) 3.03) 3.49} 6.99; 6.00} 10.48] 8.00|| 5.59) 5.00 0.34) 0.72) 1.06] 1.03]| 5.50) 2.87) 2.60) §.37] 8.00) 10.97) 10.00/| 2.30) 2.00 2.02) 1.21) 3.23) 38.30] 4.96) 3.41] 2.27) 8.37] 8.00) 10.64) 9.00]| 7.53) 7.00 0.62} 1.34) 1.96] 2.06]} 5.95) 3.99) 2.74) 9.94) 8.00} 12.68) 10.U0}| 3.03) 3.00 0.11} 1.06) 1.17) 1.03}) 5.79) 2.89) 1.27] §.68} 8.00} 9.95) 10.00}| 2.20) 2.00 0.66) 1.40) 2.06) 2.06} 7.17) 2.35) 2.62) 9.52) 8.00) 12.14) 10.00|| 2.03) 1.50 1.34| 1.72) 3.06} 3.30]} 3.84) 2.33) 2.11} 6.17} 6.00} 8.28) 7.00}| 10.19} 10.00 0.81; 1.29) 2.10} 2.06)} 5.17) 3.33) 2.03} §&.50} 8.00} 10.53)...... 6.61] 6.00 0.26] 2.06) 2.32} 2.06)| 4.52) 3.65) 3.87) 8.17] 8.0} 12.04]...... 2.26) 1.50 eraratelstel|fareietetens| iat eteteletel |letocetetete 7.54) 4.28) 1.79] 11.82) 11.00) 13.61]...... 2.03] 2.00 0.23) 1.14) 1.37) 1.03)} 4.82) 3.70) 2.47) §.52] 8.00} 10.99)...... 2.12) 2.00 1.10} 1.10) ©2.20) 2.06]) 5.98; 2.07} 2.68} 8.05) §&.00| 10.73)...... 3.34| 3.00 2.01; 1.30) 3.31] 3.29]| 3.84) 3.29) 2.34) 7.13) 6.00} 9.47)...... 10.80! 10.00 0.03) 1.23) 1.26) 1.03]} 6.22) 3.00) 2.49} 9.22) §&.00) 11.71] 10.00]| 2.28) 2.00 0.72) 1.34) 2.06} 2.06||} 6.13) 4.17] 2.33) 10.30] 8.00) 12.63) 10.00|| 3.38) 3.00 0.44) 0.72) 1.16) 1.03]| 5.42) 2.98] 2.53) 8.40) 8.00) 10.93) 10.00)} 2.53) 2.00 0.56! 1.38) 1.94) 2.06]} 7.01{ 2.38) 2.55) 9.39] 8.00) 11.94) 10.00]} 2.35) 1.50 2.26] 1.64) 3.90} 4.10); 2.81) 4.44) 2.40| 7.25) 7.00) 9.65) 8.00]| 7.41) 7.00 eieiare ate vooosnlloosooall-- ata) lllosounclloonanallanaaea|looanaailoaodonlocaaael! Pill Maaesaaliadance 4.44) 0.08} 4.52) 3.91 1.03) 5.16 -97| 7.69} 5.00) 8.66) 6.00]} 3.56) 2.00 * * 1.10} 0.82}| 0.69} 9.25) 2.26) 9.94) 8.00) 12.20]...... 4.72) 4.00 Jondod|lboocpollosoous|ladoane 4.11} 6.88) 4.08] 10.99) 11.00} 15.07|...... 2.15) 2.00 2.38] 1.00) 3.88] 3.29]) 4.87) 3.25) 1.86} 8.12} 6.00) 9.98]...... 10.64} 10.00 0.42) 1.84) 2.26) 2.06))} 5.02} 4.60) 2.35) 9.62) 8.00} 11.98]...... 2.26) 1.50 0.85] 1.23) 2.08) 2.06]) 5.92) 2.31) 2.76) 8.23) 8.00} 10.99)...... 3.37; 3.00 1.50) 1.03} 2.53) 2.40}) 5.82) 1.76] 2.63) 7.58) 6.00) 10.21 7.00/] 10.44) 10.00 mialotafetel | (olelatetarel |tetstetaretell ateveratetel ||iterersteree’lictetereterell teratereratel| (eletenelelai|leleraieteial|(eterercierall(ateleistere 49.80) 48.00 0.19} 0.78) 0.97} 0.82 5.69} 3.36 ell} 9.05) 8.00] 11.16)...... 4.57) 4.00 0.95) 1.02) 1.97) 1.64 4.4 3.20} 2.74) 7.67) 8.00} 10.41)...... |} 2.638) 2.00 * Undetermined. 46 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. Descriptive List of Manufacturers’ Samples, 1905. Manufacturer, place of business and brand. Station number. 20049 Lazaretto High Grade Potato Guano ...............22-22c0eeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeee 20050) Lazaretto Propeller Potato Guano...-...----.----.------+-+--2022-+ see ee eee e nese 20051) Lazaretto Wheat, Oats and Clover Fertilizer........... ...22.-0..2sccccescecus 20052 Muriate of Potash 20055|Otis* Seeding Down Fertilizer.............-.--........ 208-2. oct hs. St eee 2Sse Ofis? Superphosphate o.2 2-2. 3 ess Se aan ceo ores chee be oboe ee =o ee eh. aeeeeee 20057|Pacific Dissolved Bone and Potash.....-...------------20--eeeeeee cee er cecesee-- 20058, Pacific Grass and Grain Fertilizer ..............-2-2---2--2--22eeeeeeeeee-ceereeee 20059, Pacific High Grade General Fertilizer. ........ 2.2... -cse0-ssec ccs nccsesccccncens 20060) Pacific Nobsque Guano -.--.----------...----. 32. bobesceeenen 20064|Packers Union Gardeners Complete Manure ..................------+------+---- 20065) Packers Union Potato Manure ....-. 2... 22.2--2-22s0- scene eee eee cence seen enece 20066) Packers Union Universal Fertilizer ............------- 0.2020 -leceesne eee ceneee-s 20067|Packers Union Wheat, Oats and Clover Fertilizer ..........-......-..-.---.-.-- 20068) Pisin Superphosphate.. 5.5. | 1s) bievalofobllaelsto) larvae eters Bowker’s Farm and warden Phosphate ......................- JbaoDE ee COLoOMmONOS Bowker’s Fresh GrounG: Bone! 2... 2205 i <<. sie eleisicla vic eleiniclaieeleso « sfolelareio. sveiaieta oleetolenie re BowKerts Hill and Drill Phosphate .............2.02ccccescccccscncccccccccscccace Bowker’s Market Garden Fertilizer............. 02... ccc ee cece eee e ence enceeeeeees BOWwKErS Potash Bone) 52d slate steve dis cisteie staveyere) eretaceiorsha, 4180 (eléie nto te sso ve foyer Aetelos GONE Bowker’s Potash or Staple Phosphate............-.cccccc ccc eeeeececeeeceerereees Bowker’s Potato and Vegetable Fertilizer.............ccccceeecccscceseceseeeees Bowker’s Potato and Vegetable Phosphate............-:..sceecesecetecccceeees Bowker’s Six Per Cent Potato Fertilizer. .............. ccc cee ee cece eee e cece eens Bowker’s Superpnosphate with Potash for Grass and Grain...................- Bowker’s Sure Crop !PHOspHate © . 225) 2.< slo sieve = vieinyoinin wlelel onic vielele cle oiclelsietsl> «ic bieeists ele Bowker’s Tenvb er Cen ty Mian trea elarelolorete etek oie -letolere «+1 sye?oievols/ sta © c\a\eistale rote olslatsteeaetay = MonticelloiGranze Chemicals ene a. eee eee retiree -el ile oleertel- inl reieteale Stockbridge Special Manures (for Corn, etc., Class D 107) .............+--.2000: Stockbridge Special Manures (for Grass, etc., Class F 56) .........-..++--e-000: Stockbridge Special Manures io Potatoes, etc., Class D610).................. Stockbridge Special Manures (for Seeding Down, etc., Class C 6]0)............ EK. FRANK COE CO., NEW YORK CITY, N. Y. . Frank Coe’s Celebrated Special Potato Fertilizer.............:eeeeeeeeeeeee . Frank Coe’s Columbian Corn Fertilizer .............cccccc cece ccc eeceeeenvers . Frank Coe’s Columbian Potato Fertilizer.................... hoa dab bieligeutrne . Frank Coe’s Excelsior Potato Fertilizer..............:ce ccc ee eee c cence cece cree . Frank Coe’s Grass and Grain SpeCial........2..... cece cece cee e cece eeteeeeeenee . Frank Coe’s High Grade Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate .............. . Frank Coe’s High Grade Potato Fertilizer.........-.....ccescerceseeeerceeees . Frank Coe’s New Englander Corn Fertilizer.............. cc ceecceeceeeceeeees . Frank Coe’s New Englander Special Potato Fertilizer ....... enagonooaccoooe . Frank Coe’s Prize Brand Grain and Grass Fertilizer .............2-+sseeeees . Frank Coe’s Red Brand Excelsior Guan0 ..........c cece eee cece cece cece ereeee . Frank Coe’s Standard Grade Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate.......... JOHN WATSON COMPANY, HOULTON, ME. Watson’s Improved High Grade Potato Manure .........csceeceeeee ree ceeeeenes LISTER’S AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL WORKs, NEWARK, N.J. MisterisvAmimaAly Bone ance OLASL ae cveyart ert alei-teleisieiale)s/aketetetefalel ahs Uatalotahelele\elatate lal Ble Lister’s High Grade Special for Spring Crops ............. cece eeeececenceceeees PAster:siOneida Special yore teeter iene valete oieloretvetolareialaver-val= (alate otetslalatotel al llaveretets evelaleleteretnvetare BES See Fee Pee LiSter2S POtAto: Mam Ure ere GE oF istees heisoph eroratos sare rohoies chs stevstoy ai abe Bralate ese ets leroy e eR EELS Wisters Specialicorn WMertilizerss sees eee eee eee icoeiietelereciecerr reer Listers: Special Potato! Mertili Zena) wv) -leicieists oie etole i= 1- -tehstel~ «2 oyolsieielaistele sia)a\-lalslsieye¥ele MISTETAS SUCCESS MELE MIZE eit tae ote otetaelaietsteh he (vdeo Tatalo)o) levetofotoloieteteveterolereteintetever NATIONAL FERTILIZER CU., BRIDGEPORT, CONN. Chittenden7si€omplevpe Oo tee sales a iato\ol-)o)oatsloteiola\olotolelels)-ieietele tain lel eletotele\e)2> 28s S88 $88 888 SSS SSS SES SBS S'S SSS SSS : BitS To — | peyequBreny Sor 0920 Serr 2590 PHS CAD SER SSCS Gin SAR ASS + FiHwW on on » SAO AAG dee mean Sh SnS ONS Dm AON eo non 4+ won Oo Te) © Nor ADS BSS AWK AQH Ro ESS ASE ABS aa Son &S 4H5 ce KO al oS": Ios y punoy SsHS GH HRD SSH BHS FOR EHO HAD SAN HAR BAR fF ARS ae Ow ree ae re ree ae re ew eer rere eee ree ree re Q D a Ses Saooomec i —i— a —l—l— nn — ir S ic a) Bee gees rr 28S S388 SSS SSS SSS SBS SBE DSH BOD S&S S55 S S$5 SS . WS AA ae ROE aoe. ee ee ee ee USE Saar anes ASS AS 4 3 pooyuBreny So0 mw POO OHH GOD WHI HOS HHH POH Her SBN © QHr O OD WS = o "= ont IGI=D AOE HAM VHD 4 g SON Or~i90 ON © Dawn Db of SOF a is oth $3 CoS m6S ASH AAS Roe BSS SRS SR BLS Bb ASA 6 On Om ola punoy Sodno ceo Dt-# DAD OFH HHS WOH WAG HAG WAW SCBH BD OHH D OD WO ie] fy Bon MO 222 SSn SHR S5a SNS oBS AAS ©€S2 Sree sS SER aD aD = a See OS RHO HOM SEeH SOR AN rid6t ADS KS ce Oo oH a S 5 5 5 s 4 mats 5 g eTqnjfosuy Sara aa AnD ACA MAA Ae AAD AAA AAA Aaa maa A aaa A aA AA ou MOS aa RAR QRH NOS NSS SAD Aro wise RAS SHS |S Har +a oeee WO HHS Or OHH ROM GHD AERA GON VHtHm SHH F a ~ ao F ee hor CR einai atin rp ett ager ean piouhe Ren Or ipo lies Cpe cools aS pe OANY Sess oe IDA CAO Hiss MAN AMA KHAN HAN BAA MAN FA ote Pan) ‘ +e 1S Rigit DOH ADMD AHH aeee AHS HMO HOD Han 2D ON DO ets 8A NIOS GAN HHS AMD SiKD MAM SEK AAS SHS GB HOH om 98Tqn[og Soa oa OIG AEA att BIS MAN FES CSOD EKO Oro tH Ons Neve) CHiN OA CON ALD AA ACD HOR Oem Fon oss Some ax eIOS ASH WHO DHS Hi DHA Sat GAN HHH WHH na S ca _ | peeyaBIeNyH S456 MAA ANS SCAR SHS Cam HMM BAA ASH 7100 oR 68 se 3 i - : Ta) =D DO AwtO SO —- Omm OOD ODHr HOH O-mmM --a Oo DoS x, & gee AOD RE HHM SIS HAG SAH HDHD WHS SHS HA a DoD g punog Soe MAA ANS CAR Fen CAM BMA FARR NON AN foR of — oO . g > Das oO oO > E00 1M ARS DNS AHS OMD NOOO se s AD A *10]BM ren ar Re: Sha SI SSH HHH SHH SES GES -5H as = Ur 9[qnjosuy SHcoa en MS? Sdn SHS Sain Ae SSS SSH SOS tnS 4 i) =a ON Hee 262 8:8 S82 wae es S52 Qe -22 oS +a oO "198M eae ee netiace UIST RSS Ot Oe antics | Mace GN ce WAS Sssbo BSA SBGe bal ur e[qnTos Sans HS! SHS SSS SiS SHA MIS HSS HOR FHSS HAS A co wan BE ELS Sad SHS SSL Son aw See HRS SAR HER Da os for} Sig ooo ooo SCS SCORN FEA FAs SSN AANA ON COC HH *19QUINU WOT}B}g ess S28 S85 S55 S55 SSS SES SSS SSS SSS SES S 55 Ss ARA AAN AAR AAA AAA AAA AAR AAR AAA AAN AAKN A aA AA 50 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I905. Descriptive List of Manufacturers’ Samples, 1905. Manufacturer, place of business and brand. Station number. NEW ENGLAND FERTILIZER CO., BOSTON, MASS. 20142;|New England Complete Manure ..............scccceccesccees cosseevees ersterey eters 20143|New England Corn and Grain Fertilizer............... 0 cece cece ence nent eeseeees 20144|New England Corn Phosphate.............. cece cece eee e cere ese ence enc cneesecees 20145|New England High Grade Potato Fertilizer.... ....... 20146|New England Hign Grade Special (with 10% potash) . 20147|New England Potato Fertilizer............cccese cece cece nec e cece eee eeeteneserees 20148)New England Superphosphate ............ 02 ccc ccc e cence cece eee n tence nreneseens THE PARMENTER & POLSEY FERTILIZER CU., PEABODY, MAss. 20149 (AVA Brana) MeMtiiZ Ory ste. ele ololer-telelelel-leleleletoe:<)aletersielel= ol-leietes otal ledstelets ole leyoerefotedeteteteteteretereretere 20150} Aroostook Special Fertilizer ............ sbooandAbaccedoooubdGoDaaD oD oboboeaODOSUOE ZOU Muri ate OL ye OCA SNH aces ope) ac5 ches xe claret tece arenas sh elore ae oes iototd atoyeterela ieee alts le evelevebenev cl nchauhes fee 20152 |INItVAte OLS OGM a. dks re elec sie whic syterevelnce chehass ste;s. eles = (einicteeelsrcis/eselelprotin,o:cishelelers etteretene claro 20153) PB GE Bin | GVO WOT arcing ales. o tel eistereratatererabnsialteeit wiapebatetaiais:siddieua tre ordietele ne eee ee 20154 PA GAP. Potato Greil Zerit S 5 3 5 3 5 a Ss 6S a 3 5 5 Wa) ) = ° el) = ° = mn |nel|eae] & O n aa = fy S a oO Sy cj | N Ya NW Yay | Yo Goth Goll oe % | % 20142 a in es fos 6-76 1.79} 1.24) 8.55) 8.00) 9.79) 9.00|| 7.56) 7.00 20143} 0.44) 0.76) 1.20) 1.22|) 5.66) 1.40} 0.55) 7.06) 7.00! 7.61) 8$.00]} 2.05) 2.00 20144) 0.76} 1.02} 1.78} 1.64]| 3.85} 4.93] 1.33] 8.78) 8.00] 10.11] 9.00|| 3.23) 3.00 20145; 1.28) 1.20) 2.48) 2.46]| 5.65| 2.38) 2.16) 8.03} 8.00) 10.19} 9.00}| 6.18) 6.00 20146} 2.32) 1.40) 3.72) 8.69)| 5 38] 38.53) 1.17) 8.91) 7.00) 9.08) 8.00|| 10.54) 10.00 20147) 0.88) 0.88) 1.76] 1.64)| 3.46) 4.89] 0.98) 8.35 7.00) 9.33) 8.00}| 4.28) 4.00 20148; 1.24) 1.24) 2.48) 2.46] 7.58} 1.63) 1.05) 9.21 20149) 2.93) 0.92) 3.85] 4.10]] 2.81) 4.75) 0.64; 7.56 Be 2.49} 1.16) 3.65; 3.70|| 4.33) 3.21) 0.66) 7.54 - 20 osooealloesodolloscade Sopsaalildooaallocoucallocadaatica donollasooaa | 20152} 15.42)...... TCO IGECMGocsoalldsonéallschvcciiaococs j 20153) 0.59) 0.61) 1.20) 0.82)| 3.30) 4.45) 4.32) 7.75) 7.00) 12.07) 8.00|| 2.70} 2.00 20154) 1.00) 0.84) 1.84) 1.64|/ 2.36) 5.15) 0.99) 7.51 6.00) 8.50) 7.00|| 6.91) 6.00 20155) 0.21) 2.08) 2.29) 2.47/| 3.81) 4.21) 1.38) 8.02} 8.00) 9.46) 9.00|/ 4.19] 4.00 2OISG rete aiailicsesierc DESO EAT ete ieteiarel|loiele Scélloqonaallocaoae ET) PAVE ETP SAM loocooslloonose 20157} 1.69) 1.2y} 2.98] 3.29|| 4.21] 4.27) 1.29] 8.48] 8.00] 9.77) 9.00|| 7.4 7.00 20158} 1.01) 0.79) 1.80) 1.64!| 3.80; 3.54) 1.15] 7.34) 7.00] 8.49) 8.00|] 2.60) 2.50 20159) 2.69] 3.43] 6.12] 5.30]|......|..0-.- Lay) GE Sesilyy ee eee sonoilocona- 20160} 1.06} 1.08} 2.14) 2.05|| 7.73) 1.13] 4.30) 8.86} 8.00] 13.16]...... 6.15) 6.00 20161) 3.39) 0.76) 4.15} 3.29]| 6.83} 1.11) 0.87] 8.00} 8.00] 8.87]...... 11.55} 10.00 20162} 0.18} 1.34) 1.52) 1.00|| 1.96} 5.32) 4.93) 7.29) 7.00} 12.22) 9.00|]| 2.11] 2.00 20163| 0.97) 2.91) 3.88) 3.30)| 5.90} 3.75) 1.50) 9.65) 7.00} 11.15) 9.50|| 9.36] 9.50 20164; 0.96) 3.22) 4.18] 3.70|| 6.33] 2.62) 3.14] 8.95) 7.00] 12.09] 9.00/| 8.39] 8.50 20165}. 0.52) 1.72) 2.24) 2.00|] 5.31] 4.03) 4.14] 9.34] §.50| 13.48] 10.50!] 3.33] 3.00 20166] 0.79} 1.55) 2.34) 2.00|) 5.25) 5.17) 2.65) 10.42! 8.00| 13.07] 10.00|| 5.06) 5.00 20167; 0.56) 1.82) 2.38} 2.10]! 6.14] 2.70} 3.28) 8.84! 9.00) 12.12) 12.0@|/ 4.11) 2.25 ZOLGS | eer siae'|isteecaete | cate tess eeeeee|| 16.86] 9.95] 0.80} 17.81] 16.00] 18.61] 17.00]||......].. soce 20169) 0.92} 0.08) 1.00} 1.05]} 7.11) 1.44] 0.45) 8.55) 6.00| 9.00) 7.00]| 4.97! 4.00 20171) 0.13) 0.44) 0.57) 0.85] 6.62) 0.89) 5.46) 7.51) 6.00) 12.97! 9.00]| 3.32) 3.60 ZOLA iseees sacood|in2code agooacdl|llaccods oonods Stovelorate’|lotersiore sil catetetete'| steraterayat| tere rerereia 53.20} 50 00 AOUTS | BUG s BS | Frarocaye ce | ek DS |e A 0 | | erepere retest atevee ve teal ec rateratend (areatee el ate tate tes edt etre ete eters | ieeepeve | eet 20174) 1.54) 0.38) 1.92) 1.85]| 6.86] 1.14! 3.50] 8.00} 7.00] 11.50! 8.00|| 4.37/ 3.00 20175} 1.33} 0.58) 1.91) 2.00]| 4.63) 1.66] 4.54) 6.29] 7.00] 10.83) 8.00|| 9.83, 8.00 20176) 0.45) 0.75) 1.20) 0.85]| 3.94] 6.20) 2.76] 10.14} 5.00] 12.90] §.00/|......|...... POLAT O3|) TOT]! ISL} 7 OOllincteces lsc ce 3.76] 4.29) 3.00) 8.05) 7.00)| 10.05) 8.00 20178} 0.35} 0.41) 0.76) 0.40|| 7.30} 2.73} 1.04! 10.03) 7.00] 11.07) 8.00]! 3.05] 2.00 20179) 0.70} 2.32) 3.02] 3.33|| 4.43) 1.55} 3.14] 5.98] 8.00] 9.12) 10.00/| 8.55) 8.00 20180) 0.52) 1.32) 1.87) 1.66]| 5.55} 1.71] 1.51) 7.26] 8.00} 8.77] 9.00|| 2.47} 2.00 20181) 0.52) 1.24) 1.76) 1.66|| 6.16) 1.71] 1.64) 7.87] 9.00} 8.51/ 10.00|| 4.16) 4.00 20182} 0.71) 1.92) 2.63) 2.50]} 4.26] 1.20] 2.70) 5.46] 8.00} 8.16] 10.00} 6.23) 6.00 20183) 0.68) 2.62) 3.30| 8.33]/ 4.12) 1.99) 3.70) 6.11] 7.00} §.87| 8.00)! 10.62) 10.00 PADIS SAcos| lagoaadloacned seeces 10.43} 2.38) 1.58) 12.81] 12.00] 14.39}...... tga fees 52° MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. Descriptive List of Manufacturers’ Samples, 1905. Manufacturer, place of business and brand. Station number. 20185 | Switt?s Lowell Animal Brand) spy. -j1 cc «cere cs sles oles sieleie/sle.clcleietelejoln’ stele lee etetoe 20194|Swift’s Lowell Potato Phosphate 20195|Swift’s Superior Fertilizer with 10% Potash .................cccceccseeeececceeee d Analyses of Manufacturers’ Samples, 1905. NITROGEN. PHOSPHORIC ACID. POTASH. E Total. Available.| Total. : : 3 Z Z Z A |e |2 ie ie 3 $ 2 tee best lies = i) 3 2 = 8 “3 | 5 =| = |23/55| 2 | & Fe alld ep a occstred steele tie sland ee eae a eS Ve 3S 5 > 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 S |Ss|2s] 6 5 GC 2 Z 5 5 S 5 9 = ea) oes ae ay io) a) ia onl x id) Fy ds) co 2) % %o | To ¥() %_| To | % % | % | % | % % | % 20185] —.86| 1.46) 2.32} 2.46|| 7.85] 1.34] 0.94] 9.19] 9.00] 10.13| 10.00|| 4.55] 4.00 20186} 0.73] 0.94} 1.67] 1.64|| 5.26] 2.76] 1.79] 8.02] 8.00] 9.81] 9.00|| 3.20) 3.00 20187| 0.34] 0.50/ 0.84] 0.82|| 5.22] 1.76] 1.32] 6.98] 7.00] 8.30] 8.00|| 1.18] 1.00 90188] 0.54} 1.08| 1.62] 1.64|) 7.11| 1.65] 1.02] 8.76| 9.00] 9.78] 10.00|| 2.14) 2.00 20189] 0.35} 0.77| 1.12) 1.23|/ 6.03] 1.12] 0.66] 7.15} 7.00) 7.81] 8.00|] 2.11] 2.00 BOTS( keep eal een BUST) DAG tel iapise |e ea ol used 92,.86|| 2200|||. 2e.0-|- seen PEt apace a doen Reon Bete ccl| Ancora ones iocdecl ah sae aia CMe ber Ae BAC me 50.48] 50 00. 20192] 15.34|...... 15284 | 15500) tse sereate Leelee te] ssisleaes | sekioal |: eked | esata ee eel Pe 20193} 0.56] 0.96] 1.52) 1.64|| 4.55/ 2.34) 1.40] 6.89] 7.00] 8.29} 8.00|| 4.24] 4.00 20194} 1.31] 1.16) 2.47] 2.46|| 5.66] 2.49] 1.71] 8.15] 8.00] 9.86] 9.00|| 6.35] 6.00 20195] 2.52} 1.28] 3.80] 3.69/) 5.60] 1.98] 1.30] 7.58/ 7.00] 8.88} 8.00/| 10.23/ 10.00. FEEDING STUFF INSPECTION. Cuas. D. Woops, Director. J. M. Bartiert, Chemist in charge of feeding stuff analyses. CHIEF REQUIREMENTS OF THE LAw. The points of the law of most interest both to the dealer and consumer concisely stated, follow. Kinds of Feed Exempt Under the Law. ‘The law applies to all feeding stuffs except the following: hays and straws; whole seeds, meals, brans and middlings of wheat, rye, barley, oats, Indian corn, buckwheat and broom corn, sold separately ; wheat bran and middlings mixed together and pure grains ground together. Kinds of Feed Coming within the Law. The principal feeds coming under the provisions of the law are linseed meals, cotton- seed meals, cottonseed feeds, pea meals, cocoanut meals, gluten meals, gluten feeds, maize feeds, starch feeds, sugar feeds, dried brewers’ grains, dried distillers’ grains, malt sprouts, hominy feeds, cerealine feeds, rice meals, oat feeds, corn and oat chops, corn and oat feeds, corn bran, ground beef or fish scraps, condi- mental foods, poultry foods, stock foods, patented proprietary and trade-marked stock and poultry foods, mixed feeds other than those composed solely of wheat bran and middlings mixed together or pure grains ground together, and all other materials of similar nature. The Brand. Each package of feeding stuffs coming within the law shall bear, conspicuously printed, the following state- ments: The number of net pounds contained in the package. The name or trade-mark under which it is sold. The name of the manufacturer or shipper. The place of manufacture. 5 54 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I905. The place of business of manufacturer or shipper. The percentage of crude protein. The percentage of crude fat. The Adulteration of Feeding Stuffs. If any foreign sub- stances are added to whole or ground grain or wheat offals, the true mixture must be plainly marked upon the packages. Duties of the Director. The Director shall in person or by deputy analyze at least one sample of each feeding stuff coming within the requirements of the law, and publish the results with such additional information as circumstances advise. He shall report all violations of the law to the Commissioner of Agricul- ture. Penalties. The sale or offering for sale of feeding stuffs not properly branded, or containing a smaller percentage of protein and fat than are guaranteed, or of adulterated feeding stuffs, is punishable by a fine not exceeding 100 dollars for the first, and $200 for each subsequent offense. THE RESULTS OF THE INSPECTION FOR 1904-5. The last bulletin on feeding stuff inspection was published in April, 1904. It contained the results of a large number of analyses of feeding stuffs collected in different parts of the State. The present year more attention has been paid to the inspection and less to analyses. A station chemist, experienced in feeding stuff analyses, has visited the chief dealers four times during the season. Samples have been drawn so that at least one sam- ple has been taken of all goods found that come under the requirements of the law. Beyond that, the chief duties of the inspector have been to see that the provisions of the law were being complied with, and to carefully examine the stock in the hands of the dealers for adulterated or falsely branded goods. In no season in the seven years that the law has been in effect has the market been so free from poor goods. The following table gives the results of the dnalyses. The results are discussed on page 59 and following. FEEDING STUFF INSPECTION. 55 Analyses of Samples. PROTEIN. FAT. > oO | (ie ulk = Le | | 2) O) 5 Name of Feed and Manufacturer or Shipper. a5 ed 1+ | ons =| uo} 8 a 8 cs 5 | 5 o 5 =~) moO gao; no = Be) Se oa) aa bes Sal} Ga|/ ma! oS] w WottoniSEed! Meal Taye Bes cee ctele ict cs siecesiccics ciel JEtMene) HM voybbeibayes (Clos Ss .Ganudodcoddbooosobaduccodad 45.44 | 43-00) 8.20 | 9.00 | 10758 Crescent Cotton Seed Meal................--.000e Crescent Cotton Oil Co., Memphis............ } 43.06 | 48.00 | 11.07 | 9.00 | 10747 (| 41.50 | 43.00 | 10.00 9.00 | 10723 Dixie Brand Cotton Seed Meal.................... 40.56 | 43.00 - 9.00 | 10738 Humphreys, Goodwin & Co................... ice #300 - an noe Eagle Brand Cotton Seed Meal ................... Zz W. A. Kaiser & Co., Memphis................. } 42.25 | 43.00 | 10.31 | 9.00 | 10765 Green Diamond Brand, Cotton Seed Meal....... 42.18 | 43.00 | 6.26 9.00 | 10694 ChapintaiComSt WVOuisse satis eee 42.10 | 43.00 - 9.00 | 10718 (| 40.88 | 48.00 - 9.00 | 10632 40.00 | 43.00 - 9.00 | 10633 Horse Shoe Brand Cotton Seed Mea]............. 42.25 | 43.00 - 9.00 | 10634 Hugh Petette & Co., Memphis................. rae 200 Ae a0 10588 { 40.00 | 43.00} — | 9.00 | 10637 (| 46.38 | 40.00 - 8.50 | 10634 | | 42.63 | 40.00 - 8.50 | 10644 Indian Brand Cotton Seed Meal................ -- 3 | 46.31 | 40.00 - 8.50 | 10649 National Cotton Seed Products Co., Memipizie) rae a - ae ed PE Q TUN rey ayore eyeveraya ercie ty otis tesecelovede folate ciaccielalsnieterncreroerore fe 5 - a (| 38.00 | 40.00 8.52 8.50 | 10713 Magnolia Brand Cotton Seed Meal............... ” Chasis Cox ks Combostonl eee nee } 42.50 | 43.00 | 8.95 | 9.00 | 10753 Old Gold Cotton Seed Meal...............0ee cece rae fice Shee an ee DHS UnCh Mem phismeccerciesccienisisecesenine 42.38 43.00 a 9.00 10796 Owl Brand Cotton Seed Meal..................... 46.13 | 43.00 ee 9.00 | 10675 46.06 | 43.00 8.92 9.00 | 10689 SAV AERO G Gas © Oi ce ivererae smperershsiecr ares siaratercie a avails 40.50 | 41.00 i 7:00 | 10800 Phenix Cotton Seed Meal ....................... A 42.63 | 43.00 | 8.17 9.00 | 10759 Pee Marshalls vAlg En th aacidcstscieicc ie cieicica ceicisinrere 40.31 | 43.00 - 9.00 | 10751 Prime Cotton: Seed Meal iseccec, «ccc ceecocee le { 41.50 | 43.00 - 9.00 | 10658 American Cotton) Oil'COe nc... sas selecsee cle 43.88 | 43.00 8.52 9.00 | 10682 Prime Cotton Seeds Me alee c.sceccsicccee ce acivince eae Lats 1D Lapel heels Ag Ol Gad5n de" doadueocapoooccdaeued } 43.75 | 43.00 | 8.87 | 9.00 | 10755 Prime Cotton Seed! Meal! sae ecick cis « dace vsreseites : Xe lids BIG Oohals\ OK) Go oeagontocdeooaseuoEebedanoan { ALE) g le Ss 3 9.00 | 10798 Prime Cottonseed Meal ow. aseckcseesccce cece ccs en ray 8.45 a0 ear Hunter Bros. Milling Co....................45. 40.00 | 43.00 i 9.00 | 10795 PrimelCotton Seed Measles... socks ce cdeece cena = — IMCKellar BrOste nce sche eee eee oon } 43.56 | 43.00 9.67) 9.00) 10697 Prime Cotton Seed Meal.................eeeeeeeees = De US OD OL Ge) COM eee ents cisen Sareea neona } 45.56 | 43.00 | 8.27 | 9.00 | 10768 56 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. Analyses of Samples. PROTEIN. | Fat. 7 a has are © SS) 5 Name of Feed and Manufacturer or Shipper. | = Ss 2 2s A |) 33] so| gs] 38] o =| 35 Se 1 da1 3 £2| 52| &8| oa] a j | | [ (| 43.25 | 43.00 - | 9.00} 10631 43.63 | 43.00} - 9.00 | 10638 43.13 | 43.00| - | 9.00 | 10639 42.50 | 43.00 - | 9.00 | 10640 Star Brand Cotton Seed Meal................0005- ate laren to fee eee Sledge & Wells Co., Memphis...............-. 41.75 | 43.00| - | 9.00] 10740 39.25 | 43.00 | 11.07 | 9.00 | 10763 41.63 | 43.00) - 9.00 10786 41.63 | 43.00) - 9.00 | 10787 (| 42.38 43.00 - | §.00 | 10788 Southern Beauty Cotton Seed Meal.............. {| 41.19 | 43.00} - 9.00 | 10716 J. G. Falis & Co., Memphis.................... /| 41.44 | 43.00 | 11.32 9.00 | 10729 Sunny South Cotton Seed Meal................... aoe : Pie | = Sledge & Wells Co., Memphis ................. 1| FE 25 ee ee Chicago Gluten Meal...... nugncassenssoscctocuaaes j a | | | Glucose Sugar Refining Co.................... ) | 34-88 | 28-00 | 3.12)| 3.00 IGS | Gluten! Meal. Mr. 25 2 so tab ae steeic Bees et Jaen ke \ } : often! Grain Co. s. oF. 6 WAS .L Eee cect cuasocaes | SERED) |e far), ge Ln | i | f 40.06 | - 6.27 | - | 10657 eGiutes Monies: 10a bse aon cee, See ae as eae Ty lakaen gees ERVEOnIMTINe OO). ce ence «eee eae eee | | 41.88 e = in | 10673 (| 45-88] - - | = | 10679 | | | Buftalo Ginten! Peedi. e522 esse eos see esse eee {| 22.63 | 28.00 | 2.44 | 3.00 | 10684 Glucose Sugar Refining Uo...... Soo asasgeeniede (| 20.63 | 28.00; - | 3.00 | 16799 | | | Continental Gluten Feed .......................... { 31.35 | 35.00 - 12.50 | 10744 Continental Cereal! ©o 22 s~5- <1. oes os eseece / | 34.06 | 35.00 | 12.68 | 13.00 | 10760 Globe Gluten Feed.............. 1 as Nn RAS eT eat bao ING we OFlGG mCOse COle ts eeeiee ere nase ee } 27.00 | 27.00 2.45 | 3.38 | 10754 | l | e SEA a A See cee Ea pee} - | - | - | 10858 [sire tin TIES (OD) pepe son aoacaoonooseccoseoe bcos | 98194] | ee 2 10663 Pea ete pcg ek: ee ey ee ( cur.at | 27.00 s.e2| 7.50 | 1070 Huron Miln2 Cocos eee eee ees esse U 27.56 | 27.00 ie 7.50 | 10758 | PeksnGlntem M6CGs es cee stace nance se Seon eeee foc | a Illinois Sugar Refining Co.. ...............+. 25-1 | 28-00 5-81 a cet Wer Gluten Weed ca. oem. = eis cece vols semen sete § | 27.13 | 28.00 | 3.85 2.96 1077: St. Louis Syrup and Preserving Co........... (| 24.69 28.00 - | 2.96 | 10779 | Warner Ginter Weed: .- far noseecs se: e-cseasae: | Ape are seks 0 AE Warner Sugar Refining Co .................... | 24.13 | 97.50 | 3.35 3.00 | 10764 Green Oval Old Process Linseed Oil Meal....... file eel | Flint Milling Co., Milwaukee and Buffalo... / | 32-00 | 32-00 | 1260). 3:00 See i i * See discussion page 61. Swift Lowell Fertilizer Co FEEDING STUFF INSPECTION. 57 Analyses of Samples. PROTEIN. FAT. Hi oO | | a 3 Sale Name of Feed and Manufacturer or Shipper. | 4 2s }o fs q Lol) ao | 38 a6 8 f=) HO so mS) = Bn Su Be Sa | 3 S 5 Ba) On|} sa| oa| & Lonbaysyexersl ONC M ICES Scipcangeoacchodsds bogoodoudoodododc ~ American Linseed Co:.... -...0.......2..... ; 37.88 | 38.00 | 2.47 | 1.00 | 10695 OlGUETOcessi OMe alee eterelalalelcleleleseticlelakelsiaickerserevelere : : American Linseed Co.............-.........6 1 35.38 | 382.00 | 7.40 | 5.00 | 10692 Old Process Ground Linseed Cake.............-. { 35.56 | 32.00 | 9.17 | 5.50 | 10712 Midland Linseed Co .............--.:.eeeeeeeee 81.13 | 32.00 | 8.62 | 5.00 | 10748 OIGUETOCESS OUI aleeetererelelaleercleisielemicleeleleteiie eh ster elele Metygar Linseed Oil Co...................04-. } 81-38 |, 82-005) 7.72), 5.00) |) 10727 Wi SCL OUMSEM EOD. Sacsiteiotncsicetsieleeos on s\nvienciemiastedes j | 32.38 | 31.00 | 8.97 | 7.50 | 10693 Milwaukee Elevator Co..............cceeeeeeee (| 30.88 | 31.06 | 5.03 | 7.50 | 10717 Blatchford’s Sugar and Flax Seed................ § - bs J. W. Boswell, Waukegan .............. .ee.0 1 27.94 | 28.25 | 10.93 | 11.25 | 10725 10652 PAST XG HN HIG Siereteratanetepetyaretsleielareimicielelslalelevetelsieicisteravoletersvarersiere 10708 Chapin Co., Boston. 10743 10793 LAIHES LUGWIRED.<5 cdo ongdopounopncebooanacedoomcsponooodS ‘ J. W. Biles Go., Cincinnati ............00cs } | 31-68 | 33.00 | 12.16 | 11.00 | 10687 Dirigo High Grade Corn Grains .................. } 31.75 | 33.00 | 11.03 | 11.00 | 10731 Peoria Distillers’ Dried Grain ................ ... : Aumeri can Millim se | COs sk ceteicisic ciel cis viiaine ei «icielnlere } 37.38 | 33.00 | 11.72 | 11.00 | 10702 (UMIOMMGMATMS ech cinciteratnieicssneiosiser erties crus. c eens 22.38 | 24.00 - 7.00 | 10615 Ji. Wie Biles) Co.) CincCinnatine. ces ces se scee « +e 24.75 | 24.00 | 7.78 |, 7.00 | 10686 ALTE OUT SPEC Ole S CLAP Sielalelalelele elsteletelstelelelsicieielalei-teisisielete = Armour Fertilizer Works..................... } 45.88 m 42.95 5 10749 IBC ELIS CLAP Sepieteyertelereietelelersieleinicicielersistaieteteleiciarsaisietsrerercter Portland Rendering Co.............6......06. } 44.63 | 40.00 | 17.37 | 15.00 | 10794 Bowker’s Animal Meal ..................0..eeeeees lias Bowker Comboston ett. henner ) | 43-88 | 80.00 | 11.76 | 5.00 | 10721 Bowker’s Fresh Ground Beef Scrap.............. IBOWiKOL OOM sari scear e BeLee te, { 52.19 | 30.00 | 13.40 | 20.00 | 10699 Bradley’s Superior Meat Meal.............. ..... i American Agricultural Chemical Co......... } 42.50 | 30.00 | 10.65 | 8.00 | 10757 Brande VBC CHS CLAD waters city clsleciaineloie eicieislole sicisieieyelevare Swift Lowell Fertilizer Co....0000000020000, {| 50.00} - ‘ - | 10629 Brookside Farm Ground Bone and Serap........ 7 n Seto Nash Brewer ccna eae ante culos sees } 38.69 | 39.10 | 32.67 | 35.67 | 10734 DO WLS BECL SCLADs 5 (aerssereie siciereisisiejelorsis wleloisipareieievelaverere : Jobn C. Dow Co., Boston...... SP AMES RL ai 44.35 | 30.00 | 19.20 | 15.00 | 10732 Swift’s Lowell Bone and Meat MGA: dnyeitoisee { 37.00 | 40.00 | 11.97 | 8.00 | 10724 58 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Analyses of Samples. PROTEIN. 1 ! Ke) a 2° Name of Feed and Manufacturer or Shipper. eS Ses 33] 35 i=) ° 65 | BS =o oa IpisG) Oise O pel Wee ako o5 he se cceoocecnsceS- { 7.50 Great Western Cereal Co................-....- Hiees mmpire Stock Feel .cescsos eee ee ceelse cece | g.44 Empire Mills, Olean, N. Y.................+--- 8.00 HX CelIsiGE SLGCk NCCU cs pak serie amie ao uise icles sie oe 8.63 ; Great Western Cereal Co...........-..-....--. 2 Gee’s Extra Fancy Sharps Middlings............ 12.38 GeeiGrann Con Manntencee. ress rice seco etme = ar 13.56 ISSKeMIS SEOCKs Meede cseesenee> cise esi eicice os 8.69 WB. Haskell & COoccssic cecsccsscevccsneseses } i H-O €o/'s Horse Reed ..2...2 225-22. eee een conene { 12.31 H-O'Co!, Buitalowc: 20 ise occ eacetobs sesels scice ae Hominyseed eect rece crete ek op ceca coeeccnr 5] 9.75 Chins) Ms Coxs BOs se oeeceseteee reece cnoeree / =i ie iaieriiiy 1 oeeG beds Ss etb ate pease codded JOSE UASEne = Bnirerm Hunt COs tess nee eens ee nee { 10.75 Saki, Ponlirys oGds.2s.0rs: Peete ee eet ee Isaac C. Stetson, Damariscotta................ { 21.12 New England Stock Feed............-..-ssceceeeee = Cora Milla Phutialo -cccce he ccc ec ei setees } | 10.06 Brotena Dairy MCCG*: .. ccs sc esc cc ce. ace concise z IDE ELS) < sso esssosocscsoecassscosesecede sess } 20.38 Schumacher’s Stock Feed .............--.--------- 12.38 Americdn Cereal Co ............-2000-e-ceeeees : Victor Corn and Oat Feed....................+.--- ) gts American Cereal CO! cecescc ccncess ce cneccerees f eid Wi OR EMECH cote ce otcicoc cece oes acceeeesicnmccces AIMETICAN GETCR! CO-cecesre cs cece beneee et eneee Worthmore Hominy Feed.............2.--sseeeee- Chas. M. Cox Co., Boston Acme Feed .............. Acme Milling Co. Heéca Mlonr:.- ccoceesecces coh eon descesciaccncesic cscs Brooks WvyatOniOe,. oc. ccc coscsussere jneeotee ene 10.50 1905. FAT. A o « Oo. lg | 22 sO 20 a ° =o SH Sn co er) i 2 | Oa, 4.20 4.00 | 4.08 | 2.97 | 3.65 2.97 | 5.22 | 4.20 | 2.17 2.07 | - 2.07 4.09 6.25 5.05 4.50 6.32 | 7.50 | 8.65 7.70 4.68 - 4.15 4.00 3.89 | - 3.44 5.00 3.28} 4.00 2.41 | 2.75 | 6.35 7.50 4.65 =i 6] y . | 5.233, - | 3.91 - Bids itso 2 | | Station number. * Manufacturer’s sample. FEEDING STUFF INSPECTION. 59 Analyses of Samples. PROTEIN. FAT. . 3 Taal We re ~ g , 5 2 5 Name of Feed and Manufacturer or Shipper. | Be Ae | 3 Be =} Sel set cel aol [= >) xo £° xO = 63 | 53| 85| 53] s aa | 62] a) O&| wo Golden Ball Mixed MEed\ ec... cess ce ces ciceec ct § rs A ab fi =, Lawrenceberg Roller Mills, Indiana......... 15.63 10787 Mibagsl Wee coosscngencoudpauvocanmopousssuUOOs coder (1) 46 si . = Huron Milling’ Go isis h Ok eek eeu }| 12-06 | - 10735 WUEREG! INGE locoagaasseaeconsoddooUuOBadaDoNsCbBadeE = ~ Ohio CerealkCons cee eee { | 15.50) - "7 LOGO Wibe aa! WV lonccasnnooonssrooesacooonns ARoOC De AeHBOS B = Lawrenceberg Roller Mills, Indiana......... } 16.40 im F 10720 Mixed bran an GS ROLES sje cleave (oc)elaicl cist veistefere = stale ~ Farmers Milling Co...................ceceee | PRR lions ite - | 10676 iReerless Mixedyh ee dl \:jra-jciselelex cites siete tae aisle | bene - - - eae | 1o. = = = ia Pillsbury’s Daisy Feed Flour.................... { 20.78 - - - 10630 \/ Girne gh' ib- A. Waller & Co., Henderson, Ky......... .... { 10.88 ia 2.30 e 10677 indiana Mixed Needs tacicns ve cits nacisteie nee sccte steels } 11.00 - 3.07 - 16s 11.38 - - - 17 PETSCY, MIxeGH MOOG. accsigs cee snes sascieceeacleseect = Kentucky Mallina, Compass ts eee eee nee | 10.63 | 11.00 | 3.00} 3.00 | 10733 DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS OF ANALYSES. With so limited an amount of money as the State appropriates for the purpose of the inspection of the sale of feeding stuffs, it is not possible to make in any given year as exhaustive a study, either in the field or the laboratory, as is desirable. From the standpoint of the average purchaser of commercial feeding stuffs in this State, protein is the most important constituent, and is always determined in all samples collected. In at least one sam- ple of each brand collected, the fat (ether extract) is deter- mined. In special cases further studies, particularly of the 60 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. amount of crude fiber, are made. An extensive study of low grade compared with high grade cottonseed meal has been made, and is reported on pages 71-76 beyond. More and more the jobbers of feeding stuffs are looking to the Station for its opinion on new feeds, and the result has been that during the past year an increasing number of samples have come from the large handlers of feeding stuffs, who wished to learn the chem- ical analysis of new goods before deciding whether they would handle them or not. In this way the consumer is getting a pro- tection that a few years ago would have seemed impossible. COTTONSEED MEAL (ANALYSES PAGES 55 AND 56.) Cottonseed meal is a by-product from the manufacture of cottonseed oil. Aiter the cotton has been taken from the seed in the cotton gin, the remaining down or “linters,” and the hard black seed coats or hulls are removed by machinery. What remains of the seed is cooked, and the oil expressed by high pressure. The resulting cottonseed cake is ground into the bright yellow cottonseed meal of commerce. Such a meal carries from 40 to 50 per cent protein. The shippers of cottonseed meal for the most part guarantee 43 per cent protein and g per cent fat. According to the classifi- cation of the Cotton Seed Crushers’ Association, “prime” cotton- seed meal from the Gulf States must carry not less than 7%4 per cent ammonia. As 8 per cent ammonia is equivalent to only 41.19 per cent protein, it is evident that the minimum guarantee is placed higher by the shippers than the association calls for in prime meal. Hence a meal that carries 41 per cent protein is “prime” in the trade sense, but is below the guarantee usually placed upon cottonseed meal sold in Maine. The National Cotton Seed Products Company are putting a guarantee of 41 per cent protein and 8.50 per cent fat on their Indian brand cottonseed meal and F. W. Brode are at least occasionally putting a guarantee of 41 per cent protein and 7 per cent fat on their Owl brand. Both of these meals are on the average as good as any sold in the State and it would probably be much better if the other companies doing business in the State were to lower guarantees for protein to the standard of the Cotton Seed Crushers’ Association. . FEEDING STUFF INSPECTION. 61 While the cottonseed meal sold in the State has for the most part been of good quality, the number of samples that have run above 43 per cent have been less than they were a few years ago. The Star brand cottonseed meal of the Sledge & Wells Com- pany, that a year ago was running poor, has this season been as high in protein content as most other brands. While half of the samples of this brand carried a trifle over 43 per cent pro- tein, a guarantee of 41 per cent would have placed their goods above criticism so far as protein content is concerned. The Dixie brand of Humphreys, Goodwin and Co., the Eagle brand of W. A. Kaiser and Co., the Green Diamond brand of Chapin & Co., the Horse Shoe brand of Hugh Petette and Co., the Magnolia brand of Chas. M. Cox and Co., two of the three samples of the Old Gold brand of T. H. Bunch, the Phoenix brand, D. L. Marshall, agent, and Southern Beauty brand of J. G. Falls & Co., and the prime cottonseed meal of A. R. Hopkins and Co., and Hunter Bros. Milling Co., were below 43 per cent in protein. All these brands would better be guaran- teed 41 per cent protein and 8 per cent fat. One sample of low grade cottonseed meal, Sunny South brand of Sledge and Wells, was found in the hands of a small retailer. ‘Lhis carried 22.56 per cent protein and 5.90 per cent fat witha guarantee of 25 per cent protein and 6 per cent fat. GLUTEN MEALS AND FEEDS (ANALYSES PAGE 56.) Gluten meals and gluten feeds are by-products left in the manufacture of starch and glucose from Indian corn. Gluten feeds differ from gluten meals in that they contain a good deal of the corn bran, and hence relatively less of protein, fat and digestible carbo-hydrates, and more of the indigestible woody fiber. Gluten products continue to be the most unsatisfactory of any concentrated feeds on the market. This is partly because dif- ferent lots of the same brand vary somewhat in composition, but is chiefly because certain companies persist in putting a guarantee upon their goods that the goods do not come up to in any instance. ‘This trouble is general throughout the New Eng- land States. The Glucose Sugar Refining Company is perhaps the worst offender, but the Continental Cereal Company, the 62 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. Illinois Sugar Refining Company, and the Warner Sugar Refin- ing Co., are also makers of brands whose guarantees must be discounted. The single sample examined of the Globe gluten feed of the New York Glucose Company, and two of the samples of the Jinks gluten feed of the Huron Milling Co., were up to their guarantee of 27 per cent protein. ‘Twenty-five per cent protein and 3 per cent fat is about all that a gluten feed can be counted upon as carrying. Five samples of gluten meal and three samples of gluten feed from one car shipped by the Huron Milling Company were received from the state agents. The goods were exceedingly variable, the meal carrying from about 34 to 46 per cent protein, and the feed from about 24 to 29 per cent protein. It was said in explanation that the company were experimenting with new machinery and methods of separation. One sample of Jinks gluten feed made by the same company sent in by a corres- pondent ran exceptionally low in protein. As two samples collected by the Station representative were well up in protein content, it would seem there must be some explanation, such as faulty sampling, to account for this abnormal specimen. LINSEED MEAL (ANALYSES PAGES 56 AND 57.) Linseed meal is made by grinding flax seed from which the oil has been more or less completely removed. “Old process” meal is made from oil cake, from which as much as possible of the oil has been removed by pressure. In the “new process” the oil is extracted by the use of naphtha. Old process meal carries more fat and less protein than new process. Because of the method of manufacture, new process meal is somewhat more uniform in composition. Most of the oil meal was up to its guarantee in protein. No evidence of any adulteration of this class of feeds was found. Because of the relatively lower price, linseed meal is coming into quite general use again. VISCID OIL MEAL (ANALYSES PAGE 57.) Oil meal is quite a common trade name for old process linseed meal, and for this reason the use of the term as part of the name of a product made from other materials is to be deprecated. FEEDING STUFF INSPECTION. 63 Two samples of these goods were examined. The manufac- turers submitted for analysis a sample of Viscid Oil Meal which we examined with the following results. NWALGR Ete cstere Masta recale cea oe dixie! a ey ees 7.98 per cent. ING IDe Ue roe MAST eae 8 ote om «tines 6.58 3 EGOLCUMN eee ohatlcia erie mecca ease rag 30.88 i (S56 eS TOYS) A Rae i Ry 11.86 a iNatroger-inee Extract. so. 5 5.6 aces os 37.67 ‘, ELEY ai olen da tatu dh ie bal sei Nc Sed 5.03 r About the same time (December, 1904) a sample was taken from stock by the inspector. This sample carried 32.38 per cent protein and 8.97 per cent fat. From the chemical composition the goods seem to have a good feeding value. The taste is (to a man) very unpleasant and it would seem doubtful if cattle would eat it readily. A feeding test would be necessary to answer the question as to its feeding value. Unless it could be bought for a much lower price than good oil meal, it would seem to be a good feed to let alone, for the present. DISTILLERS’ GRAINS (ANALYSES PAGE 57.) Dried distillers’ grains resemble in composition the gluten feeds. They are, however, much more bulky. They are derived chiefly from corn from which the starch is removed by fermentation. A feeding experiment conducted at this Station* showed these grains to be a valuable source of protein. — Four brands of these grains are now offered in Maine. Ajax Flakes of Chapin & Co., are guaranteed 34 per cent protein and 12 per cent fat, the three other brands are guaranteed 33 per cent protein and 11 per cent fat. The protein of the Ajax Flakes, Biles Fourex and Dirigo High Grade Corn Grains run a little below their guarantees. It would more nearly corres- pond to fact if these brands were all guaranteed 31 per cent protein, for that is about all the consumer can count upen from them. The one sample examined of the Peoria Distillers’ Dried Grains carried the phenomenal amount of 37.38 per cent pro- * Bulletin 92, page 65. 64. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. tein. After the high protein content of this sample was ascer- tained, it has not been practicable to procure a sample from another shipment to see if this was accidental or if it regularly carries this large amount of protein. The goods have not been reported by other New England stations. UNION GRAINS (ANALYSES PAGE 57.) Union grains are a ready made mixture, carrying for the most part the protein and fat according to the guarantee. They are based upon a feeding experiment with Holstein cattle in which Biles Fourex was fed in combination with wheat bran, gluten feed, ground corn, ground oats, and oil meal. For the farmer who must buy all his feeds, Union grains at a fair price would probably prove profitable. As a rule, oats and corn are profit- able for cows when the feeds are home grown and expensive feeds to purchase. A feeding test at this Station with Union grains is reported in Bulletin 106. MEAT MEALS AND GROUND SCRAPS (ANALYSES PAGE 57.) The meat meals and ground beef scraps are used chiefly for feeding poultry, and while they are very generally distributed, it is probable that the sales are not large as compared with other materials coming under the feeding stuffs law. The guarantees placed upon the goods are only a very general guide to the actual composition. While all the brands are quite irregular in composition, some uniformly run higher in protein than others. MISCELLANEOUS FEEDING STUFFS (ANALYSES PAGE 58.) The use of the various oat feeds, corn chops, corn and oat feeds and similar offals by themselves, or blended with concen- trated feeds, still continues. They vary in composition from the straight oat hull refuse, with less than 6 per cent protein, to blends that carry from 15 to 18 per cent protein. For the most part these goods are fairly well up to their guarantees. No fault can be found with the manufacturer ior desiring to sell these waste products. They make few claims for nutrients which the goods do not actually carry. The feeder has himself to blame if, with barns filled with hay, corn fodder and silage, he buys this class of feeds low in protein, instead oi those high ee ee FEEDING STUFF INSPECTION. 65 in protein. An oat feed with 6 per cent protein is a little better feed and is somewhat better digested than oat straw with the same protein content. It is finely ground and saves some work in mastication for the animal that eats it. This class of goods carries from I2 to 17 per cent of indigestible woody fiber. Gee’s extra fancy sharps middlings are made from wheat refuses and the weed seeds removed in cleaning wheat before milling. They are not sold at such prices as to invite their use in preference to the materials they more or less resemble in protein content. The sample of Joko poultry food was sent fo1 analysis by the maker; at that time it was not on the market. Protena Dairy feed, made by the Purina Mills, is a new feed- ing stuff introduced late in the winter. Norton-Chapman Company of Portland are the State agents. They use as a basis in its manufacture, alfalfa meal “specially milled from the leaves and upper tendrils of the plants; with this we combine natural grains and concentrated feeds in such proportion as to give us a ration analyzing about as follows: 20.0 per cent protein, 3.5 per cent fat, 50.0 per cent carbohydrates.” The sample sent to us by the State agent analyzed as follows: AAS a aA aR SOR RT ent Shear Oe 6.85 per cent. DENIS) SOPERGEN eae ae Pe A a Tee ERY 7.59 i TESTE) lp ROE Re ee CERN i be Re ae a 20.38 u Cede teh a ns sass ete Ae va eee 18.87 ie INItTOSen=inecvexthact 2... 456-4 sais 42.46 a EA Eerrem tne sent iit nek eka eager heen falls toon 2S 3.85 £ The Station arranged to make a feeding test with these goods, but was unable to do so the present season because of their fail- ure to arrive in Bangor until so late in the year that it was feared that climatic causes would tend to make the results of a feeding trial uncertain. Two samples of a “stock food” (not a condimental food) to be offered in the State were submitted by a jobbing house for examination. They analyzed as follows: Sample 10774 Sample 10785 Partai eae Lass tee 7.63 Fay Bat: engi”, Dense cio ake aa RuO7 Cride fiber wee heen a Se 9.90 9.60 Nitrocen=tree extract’... Avenue 3.85 66 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. These were a mixture of oat feed and hominy chop and were highly recommended by the manufacturers. In the letter reporting the results of the analyses, it was stated, “so far as its protein content is concerned, it has about the same feeding value as corn stalks. I do not believe it is the kind of feed that should be furnished to Maine feeders. For the most part, they can grow all of the feeds low in protein on their own farms, and when they purchase they should buy the concentrates that are high in protein.” The goods were not offered in the State, so far as the writers know. WHEAT BRAN AND MIDDLINGS (ANALYSES PAGE 59.) Only a few samples of the refuses from the milling of wheat were examined, and these for the most part were sent in by correspondents. Several of the brands have run much lower in protein than in years past. This was particularly true of the so-called mixed feed of the Huron Milling Company, which was found to carry only 12.06 per cent protein. It is not a mixed feed in the usual sense of the word, but was bran and apparently carried nothing but wheat bran. This particular sample was carefully examined under the miscroscope and was found to be free from foreign admixtures. Its crude fiber, 8.18 per cent, is about the average of that of winter wheat brans: The feed flour of the Brooks-Evaton Company is unusually low in protein, but we found no evidence in the sample submitted of adultera- tion. ADULTERATED MIXED FEED (ANALYSES PAGE 50.) In the fall of 1899 the State was flooded with low grade adul- terated wheat brans and mixed feeds. Because of the publicity given to this class of goods and the co-operation of the best of the large dealers, they have quite largely disappeared, or else are sold under a proper guarantee. Three brands of this class of goods were found in the State this year. The Jersey mixed feed of the Kentucky Milling Company is guaranteed to carry II per cent protein and 3 per cent fat, while the sample exam- ined carried only 10.63 per cent protein and 3 per cent fat. The Blue Grass mixed feed of A. Walls & Co., Henderson, Ky., was sent to us by a correspondent. This was without guaran- FEEDING STUFF INSPECTION. 67 tee; it carried 10.88 per cent protein, 2.30 per cent fat, and 15.80 per cent crude fiber. This is a mixture of winter wheat bran, middlings and cob meal. Of the Indiana mixed feed, two samples were obtained from the same car, one of which carried II per cent and the other 11.38 per cent protein and 3.07 per cent fat. The crude fiber in one of these samples was 16.40 and in the other 12.80 per cent. This, in composition and make-up, was very similar to the Blue Grass mixed feed containing wheat bran, middlings, and cob meal. If these goods are to be sold in Maine, they must not only carry the guarantee or percentage of protein and fat, but under section 32, chapter 39, of the Revised Statutes, defining the adulteration of mixed feeds, it is necessary to state the character of the admixture. It is to be hoped that the consumers will be so alive to their own interests that they will not purchase this class of feeds, no matter at what price they may be offered. There is so much profit in selling ground corn cobs, broom corn and other valueless materials at the price of wheat bran, that the consumer must ever be on the watch against this fraud. The safest thing is to buy only well known reliable brands of this class of goods. If consumers will see to it that all of this class of feeds which they buy carries the name of the miller, there will be little likelihood of their being defrauded. In case of any doubt, any resident of Maine is invited to mail a sample to the Station. An analysis will be made and the results reported promptly without charge. CORN MEAL, The corn meal sold in the State is very largely locally ground and the Station inspector does not sample it. This year, because of two complaints, a special examination was made in two sec- tions of the State. In December, while at Lewiston, it was reported to the inspec- tor that a firm in Augusta was grinding corn bran with their corn and thus making a low grade of corn meal, which they were putting on the market at the regular price of good corn meal. The same report was heard from a dealer in Augusta when the inspector reacher that city. The inspector took two samples of 68 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. corn meal ground by the suspected firm. They analyzed as follows: Sample No. 10,714 carried 9.38 per cent protein and 2.97 per cent fiber; sample No. 10,715 carried 9.50 per cent protein and 3.43 per cent fiber. If enough corn bran had been added to have made it any object to use it for the purpose of adulteration, the crude fiber would have been much higher and the protein lower than the results of the analyses show. The average of 77 samples of corn meal show it to carry 9.2 per cent protein, and 2 per cent crude fiber. The fiber in the samples drawn at Augusta are somewhat higher than this average, but are no higher than samples of straight corn meal sometimes run. In February a dealer in Oxford county wrote as follows: “There is a lot of corn meal shipped into this section that I have to compete with from which a part is bolted out and sold as “bolted” or “granulated” meal. The residue that is sold here as “meal” can, of course, be sold cheaper than anyone can who puts in the whole corn into the meal as I do.” On our request this correspondent sent a sample of his own meal and of the suspected meal. The analyses were made at once and were reported as follows: “The two samples of corn meal which you sent us analyzed as follows: Suspected meal, Straight meal, per cent. per cent. Water time items 15.64 17.25 REGLeI I tae be ae 8.36 8.06 Crudetiher 2) 27) ee ae 2.41 2.18 Put upon the water free basis your meal would carry 9.74 per cent protein and the other 9.88 per cent. The fiber in yout meal would be 2.64 per cent and the other 2.85. If these two samples of meal had been submitted to us without an explan- atory letter, I should have written that they were practically alike in composition, but that the suspected one was a trifle the better, because of its lower water content and consequent larger content of dry matter.” In both of these cases there was no chemical evidence that the meals were not straight goods, and they had as high feeding value as the average corn meal. FEEDING STUFF INSPECTION. 69 CONDIMENTAL FOODS. This subject is an old one and were it not for the large profits in the sale of these mixtures and the credulity of the race as regards nostrums, they would have long since disappeared from the markets. At more or less irregular intervals something has arisen to call for renewed attention to this class of usually harm- less but expensive materials. The whole subject was tersely stated in the first report of this Station.* “The foods have no greater nutritive value than the feeding stuffs from which they are made. The small quantities of fenugreek and sulphur are utterly valueless to a well animal and are a poor reliance as a means of curing a sick one.” This opinion was restated in 1895} in a more ample form. In 1896 a feeding experiment was made in which a herd of 5 cows were fed alternately for nine weeks with and without con- dimental food.t This experiment showed a slight falling off in milk production in the periods that the condimental food was used. In 1902 it seemed necessary to again refer to these arti- cles,§ and now because of two samples submitted by a dealer, who stated that his customers were dissatisfied, and wanted their money back in accordance with the agreement on the package, it becomes necessary to again take up this rather threadbare subject. Strangely enough, 20 years ago it was the requested analyses of a stock food and of an egg producer that lead to the writing of the sentence above quoted. The Security Poultry Food and Egg Maker, Albuminized, and the Security Stock Food, Glutenized, here reported, are with some minor changes the same as the Imperial Egg Food, The Continental Food and the English Patent Food of two decades ago. The analyses of these modern marvels correspond as nearly to the analysis of wheat bran as did their precursors. If it were not for the sobering effects of the thought of the credulity and gullibility of the public exhibited by the continued expenditure for these materials, it would be difficult to treat the matter seriously. For men to pay at the rate of $200 a ton for wheat bran to which *Rep. Maine Station 1885, pages 52 and 53. ft Bul. 20, Maine Station. t Rep. Maine Station 1896, pages 51-55. § Bul. 80, Maine Station, pages 62-63. 7O MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q05. has been added charcoal, cayenne, rosin, salt, copperas, sulphur, gentian, Venetian red and possibly a few other materials of like nature, seems so much of a joke that it is not easy to appreciate the seriousness of the situation. The Security Stock Food Glu- tenized, that will prevent or overcome all the ills that horse, cow, cattle, colt, sheep, or hog flesh is heir to, differs from Security Poultry Food, Albuminized, which is invaluable for young chicks, ducks, turkeys and geese, by not containing charcoal. A correspondent claimed that the United Breeders Dairy Food, made by the United Breeders Company of America, was locally sold as a food and not as a medicine. It was accordingly sampled and analyzed. It does not claim to be a food in the usual sense of that word, but is “a tonic for purifying the blood.” The manufacturers use ground linseed as a basis, instead of wheat bran, the foundation of the two other condimental foods here reported upon. It contains in addition to the flax seed the usual “simples,” such as fenugreek, sulphur, charcoal, common salt, Epsom salts, etc. The analyses of the three condimental foods follow: | as == 2 ie ] o 8 : | pos | 228. SEE —o=a | aeod ous? he eh Ben (ice | 2ao8 5252 FUN SERN o> coe ae cine es oan ce nine oUsiice oe owen noha sere erseels 7-26 5.70 8.23 Gi eee pes acco ucucenen wnapeatabeweccmtuswepniqn davewe -| 25.42 31.18 13.68 IPTORCIM ee oe cee ace tebb ewan scebe cemp o dob ccialcicemesise & 11.88 11.88 26.63 Fiber and charcoal...... vouwivcedscebwsceatmessopecees 8.50 5.53 18.70 Witrogen free extract ......---:--2222-----sseee-seeeee 36.63 35.91 25.15 Miner CRESTRON: so sc5 oe ac oe ce Saac cme ewer pecescccceweesn= 10.01 8.80 7.61 LOW GRADE AND HIGH GRADE COTTONSEED MEAL COMPARED. J. M. Barrett. The work here reported was undertaken in order to compare the value of the low grade cottonseed meals, which are some- times found on the market, with that of high grade goods, and to point out to the consumer the desirability and economy of purchasing only the best of this class of foods. Cottonseed meal is a highly nitrogenous feed, manufactured from the decorticated seed in the cotton growing regions of the South. The best meal is of a light yellow color, quite free from lint and hulls, and has a fine nutty flavor.* COTTONSEED MEAI, AS A FEED. Cottonseed meal has been extensively fed to cows in the New England States for the past 20 years and stands pre-eminent among nitrogenous feeds as the most economical source of pro- tein. Practical experience, supplemented by carefully con- ducted experiments, both in the United States and Europe, has demonstrated the high feeding value of this material for all kinds of farm animals, with the possible exception of horses, calves and pigs. Its value for producing meat, milk and butter have long been established. It is the most highly nitrogenous of the feed stuffs on the market, and is, therefore, the most economical for balancing rations of feeds deficient in protein, such as corn silage, timothy hay, corn meal, etc. The price has advanced considerably of late years, owing partly to its more extensive use in the South and West for fattening steers, and partly to the advance in price of other feed stuffs. *For a full description of the process of manufacture of cottonseed meal see Farmers Bulletin No. 36 of the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, which can be obtained free from Members of Congress. 72 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. EFFECT ON THE HEALTH OF ANIMALS. The injurious effects of feeding cottonseed meal to pigs and calves have been observed and the cause has been made a sub- ject of careful investigation. It is still an open question whether the injurious principle is an original constituent of the cotton- seed products, whether it is developed as the result of decom- position before feeding or of a change within the animal body. There is always danger of injurious or poisonous principles being produced in materials rich in protein when they undergo fermentation, and on this account fermented materials of high nitrogen content should be avoided. All experience goes to show that fresh cottonseed meal can De safely ied to beef cattle, milch cows, and sheep, but on account of its extreme richness it should be used only in connec- tion with less concentrated feeds and should never be fed in large quantities. ‘Two to 4 pounds per day, ied with silage or bran and corn meal, is as much as a milch cow should receive. FERTILIZING VALUE. Cottonseed meal is used quite extensively in some sections of the country as a fertilizer. A good grade meal will carry about 6.8 per cent nitrogen, 2.9 per cent phosphoric acid and 1.8 per cent potash. Based upon the valuations that will be used by New Engiand experiment stations in 1905 ior computing the value of commercial fertilizers, a meal analyzing as above will be worth about $29 a ton as a fertilizer. Notwithstanding its high value when used directly in this way, it will usually be found more economical to use it as a ieed ior stock and to apply the resulting manure to the land. When thus used, from 80 to Q5 per cent of the nitrogen and phosphoric acid and practically all of the potash will be contained in the manure. HOW CAN THE FARMER DISTINGUISH BETWEEN COOD AND POOR MEAL? As the demand increases and the price advances, the tempta- tion to adulterate or put inierior goods on the market becomes greater. Consequently from time to time there appear in our eastern markets inierior lots oi cottonseed meals, and probably COTTONSEED MEALS COMPARED. 73 many more would be found if the inspection laws did not drive them out. In spite of the laws, occasionally bad lots may appear, and it is essential that the farmer should be able in a measure to tell the quality of goods himself. The first thing for him to look for is the guarantee tag, required by law, giving the name of the manufacturer and composition of the goods. A first-class cottonseed meal should contain over 40 per cent protein and about 9 per cent fat. It should be a light yellow color. If it is dark in color with many fine black specks, it indicates that ground hulls have been added. If it is a rusty brown color, it indicates that the meal is old or the material has at some time undergone fermentation. Such meals are not safe to use. The texture of the meal should be about the same as finely ground corn meal, and it should be practically free from cotton lint. The presence and amount of lint can be determined by sifting a portion in a flour or meal sieve. The cotton fiber will remain in the sieve. The lint and hulls are also quite easily detected by stirring the meal up with water. Put one teaspoonful in half a glass of water, mix thoroughly and allow the mixture to stand a few minutes to settle. The black hulls will be found on the bottom and can be seen through the glass. The good meal will be in the next layer and the lint on top. A first-class meal should show only a few black hulls and scarcely any lint. An expert can judge very well of the quality of cottonseed meal by means of tasting. The best fresh meals have a very ag-eeable nutty flavor not found in inferior goods. The pres- ence of much fiber is readily noted by the sense of touch in the mouth. ‘The absence of the nutty flavor and the presence of a rancid taste indicates that the meal is old. DIFFERENT GRADES OF COTTONSEED MEAL. Roughly speaking, the meals which are in the market can be divided into four groups. A. The high grade meal, carrying 43 or more per cent pro- tein ; bright yellow in appearance, free from cotton and hull, and with a sweet nutty flavor. B. A dark colored cottonseed meal, analyzing not very dif- ferently from the preceding, but made from seed that has under- gone more or less fermentation. 74. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. C. A medium grade goods which carries considerable cotton and some hull, very good in color, but of poor flavor. Such meal will usually carry about 35 per cent protein. D. A cottonseed meal of very good appearance, with the hulls and cotton so finely ground as not to be readily detected. This class is, however, lacking in the good flavor of high grade meals. Such meal will usually carry about 25 per cent protein and because of its good appearance is the most dangerous adulter- ated meal in the market. COMPOSITION OF THE COTTONSEED MEAL USED IN THIS EXPERIMENT. When this study was undertaken, the two grades of cotton- seed meal referred to as A and B in the preceding paragraph, were readily found. About this time a jobber received several car loads of a meal of “grade C” and because of its poor appear- ance sent samples to the Station for analysis. These goods proved so poor that they were shipped out of the State, but the jobber kindly furnished us with enough for the purpose of this investigation. It was only after considerable correspondence that we were able to obtain from a Massachusetts house enough of the poorest grade (“D’’) cottonseed meal for the experiments here reported. COMPOSITION OF THE COTTONSEED MEALS STUDIED. The description of the samples and the analyses of the four grades of cottonseed meal follow. Cottonseed meal A was prime meal in color, taste and compo- sition. Cottonseed meal B was of good texture and carried but little lint or hulls. It was, however, dark in color. This together with its higher water content indicates that it had undergone some, probably slight, fermentation. Cottonseed meal C was a medium grade goods with consid- erable lint and hulls. It was of good color, but poor flavor. Cottonseed meal D appeared at first glance to be fairly good. It was of good color and apparently contained but little lint or hulls. It was lacking in the nutty flavor of the high grade meals and was, as the analysis shows, very low grade goods. COTTONSEED MEALS COMPARED. 75 Composition of the samples of the four grades of cottonseed meal here reported upon. Sls olla Ian: a | ee | ee [=| ~ 92) 58 |18) 28 |e)8) sae luas $8| 25 |23| 2s | 28s | Sus gus “w2a| Fa |da] wea |oma| zoe lRoa, A--Very high grade ................ 4311 8.01 | 7.59 | 46.75 6.23 | 21.64 | 9.78 | B=—Darks COLOVEG a: ce cecieeleeisiole)-isiniel« 4423 12.72 | 7.05 | 42.50 7.67 14.64 | 8.62 C—Medium grade..................- 4424 11.60 | 6.50 | 34.13 13.58 19.83 | 8.90 D--Very low grade ................. 4425 9.52 | 4.70 | 23.81 | 21.438] 30.53) 6.20 As cottonseed meal is chiefly used in this State to supplement feeding stuffs poor in protein, this constituent is of the first importance. The very low grade meal (D) carried about one- half as much protein as the best grade. The uniform relation between the protein content of the meal and that of woody fiber is noteworthy ; as the crude fiber increases, the protein decreases. THE DIGESTIBILITY OF DIFFERENT GRADES OF COTTONSEED MEAL. The chemical analysis of a feeding stuff helps to an under- standing of its food value, but the real value is more clearly brought out by actual feeding trials. The four grades of meal were fed to sheep and their differences in digestibility and feed- ing values are shown in the tables which follow. The digestion coethicients obtained on the different grades of cottonseed meal with sheep. Bly eae lens ees ee §2| 88/888) 38 |el8|e38| ,8 Babes) Mee | Ss | Bea eee | ge nea lasse|Oosa|] aa |Onal|aoa!] Ha A--Very high grade .............. 4311 90.0 95.3 BEy8) lonodsoce 95.9 | 100 ISAO EWA OM ON cogusoducunangaanOne 4423 85.8 89.9 EPAPTbooAoods 94.7 97.2 C—Medium grade.......-......... 4424 73.0 78.0 83.6 43.5 82.1 | 94.6 D—Low grade............ alclotareyate lays 4425 61.4 64.1 72.6 37.8 67.8 90.1 76 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. Pounds of digestible nutrients in 100 pounds of the different grades of cottonseed meal and their comparative money values as @ source of protein. ! * 1 Oe) ~ 1 I fs}. 5 oO Oo} g . Ou . . ay ae eg 2S ee! 1S Eke) Pes | £5 | $95 | #6 | S8 One | as | 2a | Bia | Ps A—Very high grade.......-...-......eeeeeeee 80.4 39.0 20.8 9.78 | $1 40 B= POOL COOL a ererelele cielalelovel=leleliolelel=(elele) =i i\aler-1-1 te 12.2 35.0 13.9 8.4 1 25 (OH auiieyobhoipen) fe ¢eV6\e\seqcequnds osdoogedcoo50deD oe 63.9 28.5 16.3 7.3 1 02 IDG ON AGNES codcdeonoccbovabasanscocHnoGKuS 55.0 17.3 16.5 5.6 0 62 According to the analyses alone, the low grade goods would be worth about half as much as the high grade, but as a matter of fact they are worth less than half, for the reason that the pro- tein is of poorer quality and less digestible than that of the high grade goods. ‘The coefficients for the organic matter and pro- tein of the low grade goods are only 64.1 and 72.6 per cent respectively, while those of high grade are 95.3 and 83.3 per cent. The pounds of digestible protein in 100 pounds of the low grade goods is considerably less than half that of the high grade, and if the high grade meal is assumed to be worth $1.40 per I00 pounds on the basis of its digestible protein, 100 pounds of the low grade meal are worth only 62 cents. As the difference in price on the market for the different grades of goods is only slight, rarely more than one or two dollars per ton, the above results show how very necessary it is for a buyer of cottonseed meal to know the quality of the goods he is getting. To the ordinary observer meal classed as “D” would look nearly as good as that called “A.” The excess of hulls it contains are so finely ground that they do not show unless separated by mixing with water, so the color is very good and many buyers would be tempted to purchase it if the price were I0 or 15 cents a hun- dred lower than that of the high grade. Such figures as those of the tables are at least suggestive to the users of cottonseed meal. They point out the importance of care in the purchase and use of this class of goods and justify the feeding stuffs inspection laws which have almost entirely driven the lowest grades out of the State. FOOD INSPECTION. Cuas. D. Woops, Director. L. H. Merriti, Chemist in charge of food analysis. The legislature of 1905 enacted a law to regulate the sale and analysis of food. ‘This is, however, by no means the pioneer attempt in food legislation. Several years ago Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, North Carolina and other eastern states enacted laws looking to the prevention of adulteration of foods. Naturally many mistakes were made and these from time to time were corrected by special acts. Profit- ing by the experience of these eastern states, some states in the middle west, notably Ohio, Wisconsin, Kentucky and North Dakota, have since enacted laws which are simpler and yet more far reaching in their effects. In the last few years there has been a large amount of agita- tion looking toward national legislation to regulate the inter- state commerce as regards the purity of food. This discussion has crystalized into a bill, which has been before several Con- gresses, known as the Hepburn bill, because of its introduction by Senator Hepburn. Several moneyed trade interests have thus far prevented the passage of this national bill. Profiting by all this experience, the agricultural committee of the Maine legislature of 1905 discussed this matter, and formu-. lated a bill, which was introduced and after the customary hear- ing was reported unanimously and enacted. The text of the law follows. CHAPTER 68 OF THE LAWS OF 1905. An Act to Regulate the Sale and Analysis of Food. — Sec. I. It shall be unlawful for any person, persons or corporation within this state to manufacture for sale, to sell, or to offer or expose for sale any article of food which is adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of this act. 6 78 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. Sec. 2. The term food, as used in this act, shall include every article used for food or drink by man, horses or cattle. SEc. 3. For the purpose of this act an article of food shall be considered as adulterated or misbranded: First. If any substance or substances be mixed or packed with it so as to reduce or lower or injuriously affect its quality or strength. Second. If any inferior substance or substances be substi- tuted wholly or in part for this article. Third. If any necessary or valuable constituent of the article be wholly or in part abstracted. Fourth. If it be in imitation of, or sold under the name of another article. Fifth. If it be colored, coated, polished or powdered whereby damage is concealed, or if it be made to appear better or of greater value than it is. Sixth. If it contains poisonous ingredients, or if it contains any antiseptic or preservative not evident or not known to the purchaser. Seventh. If it consists wholly or in part of a diseased, filthy, decomposed or putrid animal or vegetable substance. EKightn. Ii the package or label shall have any statement purporting to name any ingredient or substance as not being contained in the article, which statement shall be untrue in any particular. Ninth. If the package or label shall bear any statement purporting to name the substance or substances of which the article is made, which statement shall not fully give the names of all substances contained therein. Tenth. If it be labeled or branded so as to deceive or mislead the purchaser in any particular. Provided, that any article of food which is adulterated within the meaning of this act, but which does not contain any poisonous or deleterious ingredient, may be manufactured or sold if the same shall be plainly labeled, branded or tagged so as to show the exact character thereof. Provided further, that nothing in this act shall be construed as requiring proprietors, manufacturers or sellers of proprietary foods which contain no unwholesome substances to disclose their trade formulas, except FOOD INSPECTION. 79 that in the case of baking powders each can or package shall be plainly labeled so as to show the acid salt or salts contained therein. Sec. 4. The director of the Maine Agricultural Experi- ment Station shall analyze, or cause to be analyzed, samples of articles of food on sale in Maine, suspected of being adul- terated, and at such times and to such extent as said director may determine. And said director, in person or by deputy, shall have free access at all reasonable hours to any place wherein articles of food are offered for sale, and upon tendering the market price of any such article may take from any person, persons or corporations samples for analysis. Sec. 5. The results of all analyses of articles of food made by said director shall be published by him in the bulletins or reports of the Experiment Station, together with the names of the persons from whom the samples were obtained, and the names of the manufacturers thereof. The said director may also adopt or fix standards of puritv, quality or strength when such standards are not specified or fixed by law and shall publish them, together with such other information concerning articles of food as may be of public benefit. Sec. 6. Whoever adulterates or misbrands any article of food as defined in this act, o° whoever sells, offers or exposes for sale any adulterated or misbranded article of food, shall be pun- ished by a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars for the first offense and not exceeding two hundred dollars for each subse- quent offense. Sec. 7. Whenever said director becomes cognizant of the violation of any of the provisions of this act, he shall report such violation to the commissioner of agriculture, and said commis- sioner shall prosecute the party or parties thus reported. Sec. 8. No action shall be maintained in any court in this state on account of any sale or other contract made in violation of this act. SEC. 9. Sections ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen and seventeen of chapter one hundred and twenty-nine of the revised statutes and all acts or parts of acts inconsistent herewith, are hereby repealed. SEC. 10. This act shall take effect when approved. Approved March 15, 1905. 80 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. Foop STANDARDS. It is from the nature of the case impracticable for a legisla- ture to establish food standards. ‘This is a matter that calls for careful research on the part of experts. It has, therefore, become customary, both in state and national legislation, to place the responsibility of the establishment of standards upon the executive officer. Section 5 of the above cited law empowers the Director of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station “to adopt or fix standards of purity, quality or strength when such standards are not specified or fixed by law and shall publish them, together with such other information concerning articles of food as may be of public benefit.” The Association of Official Agricultural Chemists of the United States has for some years been preparing definitions and schedules for such standards. The demand for these standards became so urgent as to lead Congress by an act approved June 3, 1902, to authorize the Secretary of Agriculture to co-operate with the above named association for the accomplishment of this work. Asa result, although the work is still incomplete, stand- ards for the more important food products have already been fixed and established by the Secretary of Agriculture, acting for the United States. PRINCIPLES ON WHICH THE STANDARDS ARE BASED. The general considerations which guided the committee of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists in preparing the standards for food products are thus stated by them: 1. The standards are expressed in the form of definitions, with or without accompanying specifications of limit in compo- sition. 2. The main classes of food articles are defined before the subordinate classes are considered. 3. The definitions are so framed as to exclude from the articles defined substances not included in the definitions. 4. The definitions include, where possible, those qualities which make the articles described wholesome for human food. 5. A term defined in any of the several schedules has the same meaning wherever else it is used in this report. FOOD INSPECTION. 8I 6. ‘The names of food products herein defined usually agree with existing American trade or manufacturing usage, but where such usage is not clearly established or where trade names con- fuse two or more articles for which specific designations are desirable, preference is given to one of the several trade names applied. 7. Standards are based upon data representing materials produced under American conditions and manufactured by American processes or representing such varieties of foreign articles as are chiefly imported for American use. 8. The standards fixed are such that a departure of the articles to which they apply, above the maximum or below the minimum limit prescribed, is evidence that such articles are of inferior or abnormal quality. g. The limits fixed as standard are not necessarily the extremes authentically recorded for the article in question, because such extremes are commonly due to abnormal conditions of production and are usually accompanied by marks of inferi- ority or abnormality readily perceived by the producer or manu- facturer. As empowered in Section 5, Chapter 68 of the laws of 1905, the Director of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station hereby adopts the following standards for purity of food prod- ucts together with their precedent definitions as the official standards of these food products for the State of Maine. These are the standards above referred to as fixed by the Secretary of Agriculture of the United States. I. ANIMAL PRODUCTS. | A. Meats AND THE PriIncIpAL MeEat PropDUCTs. a. MEATS. 1. Meat is any sound, dressed, and properly prepared edible part of animals in good health at the time of slaughter. The term “animals,” as herein used, includes not only mammals, but fish, fowl, crustaceans, mollusks, and all other animals used as food. 2. Fresh meat is meat from animals recently slaughtered or preserved only by refrigeration. 82 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I905. 3. Salted, pickled, and smoked meats are unmixed meats preserved by salt, sugar, vinegar, spices, or smoke, singly or in combination, whether in bulk or in packages. b. MANUFACTURED MEATS. 1. Manufactured meats are meats not included in paragraphs 2 and 3, whether simple or mixed, whole or comminuted, in bulk or packages, with or without the addition of salt, sugar, vinegar, spices, smoke, oils, or rendered fat. If they bear names descrip- tive of composition they correspond thereto and when bearing such descriptive names, if force or flavoring meats are tised, the kind and quantity thereof are made known. d. LARD. 1. Lard is the rendered fresh fat from slaughtered, healthy hogs, is free from rancidity, and contains not more than one (1) per cent of substances, other than fatty acids, not fat, necessarily incorporated therewith in the process of rendering. 2. Leaf lard is lard rendered at moderately high tempera~ tures from the internal fat of the abdomen of the hog, excluding that adherent to the intestines, and has an iodin number not greater than sixty (60). 3. Neutral lard is lard rendered at low temperatures. B. MitkK anpD rts Propucts.* Il. VEGETABLE, PRODUCTS. A. GRAIN PRODUCTS. (a) GRAINS AND MEALS. I. Grain is the fully matured, clean, sound, air-dry seed of wheat, maize, rice, oats, rye, buckwheat, barley, sorghum, millet, or spelt. 2. Meal is the sound product made by grinding grain. *The inspection of milk and other dairy products, and their imitations is intrusted by Chapter 39 of the Laws of 1905 to the Commissioner of Agriculture. The standard for milkis fixed by statute. Standards for other dairy products will be fixed by the Director of the Station on request from the Commissioner of Agriculture. a FOOD INSPECTION. 83 3. Flour is the fine, sound product made by bolting wheat meal and contains not more than thirteen and one-half (13.5) per cent of moisture, not less than one and twenty-five hun- dredths (1.25) per cent of nitrogen, not more than one (1.0) per cent of ash, and not more than fifty hundredths (0.50) pe1 cent of fiber. 4. Graham flour is unbolted wheat meal. 5. “Whole wheat flour,’ “entire wheat flour,’ improperly so called, is fine wheat meal from which a part of the bran has been removed. 6. Gluten flour is the product made from flour by the removal of starch and contains not less than five and six-tenths (5.6) per cent of nitrogen and not more than ten (10) per cent of moisture. 7. Maize meal, corn meal, or Indian corn meal is meal made from sound maize grain and contains not more than fourteen (14) per cent of moisture, not less than one and twelve hun- dredths (1.12) per cent of nitrogen, and not more than one and six-tenths (1.6) per cent of ash. 8. Rice is the hulled and polished grain of Oryza sativa. 9g. Oatmeal is meal made from hulled oats and contains not more than eight (8) per cent of moisture, not more than one and five-tenths (1.5) per cent of crude fiber, not less than two and twenty-four hundredths (2.24) per cent of nitrogen, and not more than two and two-tenths (2.2) per cent of ash. 10. Rye flour is the fine sound product made by bolting rye meal and contains not more than thirteen and one-half (13.5) per cent of moisture, not less than one and thirty-six hundredths (1.36) per cent of nitrogen, and not more than one and twenty- five hundredths (1.25) per cent of ash. 11. Buckwheat flour is bolted buckwheat meal and contains not more than twelve (12) per cent of moisture, not less than one and twenty-eight hundredths (1.28) per cent of nitrogen, and not more than one and seventy-five hundredths (1.75) per cent of ash. 84 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1605. C. SucGars AND RELATED SUBSTANCES a. SUGAR AND SUGAR PRODUCTS. Sugars. 1. Sugar is the product chemically known as sucrose (sac- charose) chiefly obtained from sugar cane, sugar beets, sorghum, maple, or palm. 2. Granulated, loaf, cut, milled, and powdered sugars are different forms of sugar and contain at least ninety-nine and five- tenths (99.5) per cent of sucrose. 3. Maple sugar is the solid product resulting from the evapo- ration of maple sap. 4. Massecuite, melada, mush sugar, and concrete are prod~ ucts made by evaporating the purified juice of a sugar-producing plant, or a solution of sugar, to a solid or semi-solid consistence in which the sugar chiefly exists in a crystalline state. Molasses and Refiners’ Sirup. 1. Molasses is the product left after separating the sugar from massecuite, melada, mush sugar, or concrete, and contains not more than twenty-five (25) per cent of water and not more than five (5) per cent of ash. 2. Refiners’ sirup (‘treacle’) is the residual liquid product obtained in the process of refining raw sugars and contains not more than twenty-five (25) per cent of water and not more than eight (8) per cent of ash. Siurups. I. Sirup is the product made by purifying and evaporating the juice of a sugar-producing plant without removing any of the- sugar and contains not more than thirty (30) per cent of water and not more than two and five-tenths (2.5) per cent of ash. 2. Sugar-cane sirup is sirup made by the evaporation of the juice of the sugar cane or by the solution of sugar-cane con- crete. 3. Sorghum sirup is sirup made by the evaporation of sor- ghum juice or by the solution of sorghum concrete. FOOD INSPECTION. i) Loa t 4. Maple sirup is sirup made by the evaporation of maple sap or by the solution of maple concrete. 5. Sugar sirup is sirup made by dissolving sugar to the con- sistence of a sirup. b. GLUCOSE PRODUCTS. I. Starch sugar is the solid product made by hydrolyzing starch or a starch-containing substance until the greater part of the starch is converted into dextrose. Starch sugar appears in commerce in two forms, anhydrous and hydrous. The former, crystallized without water of crystallization, contains not less than ninety-five (95) per cent of dextrose and not more than eight-tenths (0.8) per cent of ash. The latter, crystallized with water of crystallization, is of two varieties—70 sugar, also known as brewers’ sugar, contains not less than seventy (70) per cent of dextrose and not more than eight-tenths (0.8) per cent of ash; 80 sugar, climax or acme sugar, contains not less than eighty (80) per cent of dextrose and not more than one and one-half (1.5) per cent of ash. The ash of all these products consists almost entirely of chlorids and sulphates. 2. Glucose, mixing glucose, or confectioner’s glucose is a thick, sirupy, colorless product made by incompletely hydrelyzing starch, or a starch-containing substance, and decolorizing and evaporating the product. It varies in density from forty-one (41) to forty-five (45) degrees Baumé at a temperature of one hundred (100) degrees F. (37.7° C.), and conforms in density, within these limits, to the degree Baumé it is claimed to show, and for a density of forty-one (41) degrees Baumé contains not more than twenty-one (21) per cent and for a density of forty- five (45) degrees not more than fourteen (14) per cent of water. It contains on a basis of forty-one (41) degrees Baumé not more than one (1) per cent of ash, consisting chiefly of chlorids and sulphates. 3. Glucose sirup or corn sirup is glucose unmixed or mixed with sirup, molasses, or refiners’ sirup and contains not more than twenty-five (25) per cent of water and not more than three (3) per cent of ash. 86 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. G. CANDY. 1. Candy is a product made from a saccharine substance or substances with or without the addition of harmless coloring, flavoring, or filling materials and contains no terra alba, barytes, talc, chrome yellow, or other mineral substances, or poisonous colors or flavors, or other ingredients injurious to health. d. HONEY: 1. Honey is the nectar and saccharine exudations of plants gathered, modified, and stored in the comb by honey bees (Apis mellifica). It is laevo-rotatory, contains not more than twenty- five (25) per cent of water, not more than twenty-five hun- dredths (0.25) per cent of ash, and not more than eight (8) per cent of sucrose. 2. Comb honey is honey contained in the cells of comb. 3. Extracted honey is honey which has been separated irom the uncrushed comb by centrifugal force or gravity. 4. Strained honey is honey removed from the crushed comb by straining or other means. D. CONDIMENTS (EXCEPT VINEGAR). a. SPICES. I. Spices are aromatic vegetable substances used for the seasoning of food and from which no portion oi any volatile oil or other flavoring principle has been removed and which are sound and true to name. 2. Allspice or pimento is the dried fruit oi Pimenta pimenta (L.) Karst. and contains not less than eight (8) per cent of quercitannic acid ;* not more than six (6) per cent of total ash; not more than five-tenths (0.5) per cent of ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid, and not more than twenty-five (25) per cent of crude fiber. 3. Anise is the iruit of Punptnella anisum L. 4. Bay leaf is the dried leaf of Laurus nobilis L. 5. Capers are the flower buds of Capparis spinosa L,. 6. Caraway is the fruit of Carum carui L. * Calculated from the ictal oxygen absorbed by the aqueous extract. FOOD INSPECTION. 87 7. Red pepper is the red, dried ripe fruit of any species of Capsicum. 8. Cayenne pepper or cayenne is the dried ripe fruit of Cap- sicum frutescens L,., Capsicum baccatum L,., or some other small- fruited species of Capsicum, and contains not less than fifteen (15) per cent of nonvolatile ether extract; not more than six and five-tenths (6.5) per cent of total ash; not more than five- tenths (0.5) per cent of ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid; not more than one and five-tenths (1.5) per cent of starch, and not more than twenty-eight (28) per cent of crude fiber. g. Celery seed is the dried fruit of Apiwm graveolens L. 10. Cinnamon is the dried bark of any species of the genus Cinnamomum from which the outer layers may or may not have been removed. 11. True cinnamon is the dried inner bark of Cinnamomum seylanicum Breyne. 12. Cassia is the dried bark of various species of Cinnamo- mum, other than Cinnamomum szeylanicum, from which the outer layers may or may not have been removed. 13. Cassia buds are the dried immature fruit of species of Cinnamomum. 14. Ground cinnamon or ground cassia is a powder consist- ing of cinnamon, cassia, or cassia buds, or a mixture of these spices, and contains not more than eight (8) per cent of total ash and not more than two (2) per cent of sand. 15. Cloves are the dried flower buds of Caryophyllus aro- maticus L, which contain not more than five (5) per cent of clove stems; not'less than ten (10) per cent of volatile ether extract ; not less than twelve (12) per cent of quercitannic acid ;* not more than eight (8) per cent of total ash; not more than five-tenths (0.5) per cent of ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid, and not more than ten (10) per cent of crude fiber. 16. Coriander is the dried fruit of Coriandrum sativum L. 17. Cumin seed is the fruit of Cuminum cyminum L. 18. Dill seed is the fruit of Anethum graveolens L. 19. Fennel is the fruit of Faniculum feniculum (1.) Karst. 20. Ginger is the washed and dried or decorticated and dried thizome of Zingiber singiber (.) Karst. and contains not less * Calculated from the total oxygen absorbed by the aqueous extract. 88 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. than forty-two (42) per cent of starch, not more than eight (8) per cent of crude fiber, not more than eight (8) per cent of total ash, not more than one (1) per cent of lime, and not more than three (3) per cent of ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid. 21. Limed or bleached ginger is whole ginger coated with carbonate of lime and contains not more than ten (10) per cent of ash, not more than four (4) per cent of carbonate of lime, and conforms in other respects to the standard for ginger. 22. Horse-radish is the root of Roripa armoracia (1,.) Hitch- cock either by itself or ground and mixed with vinegar. 23. Mace is the dried arillus of Myristica fragrans Houttuyn and contains not less than twenty (20) nor more than thirty (30) per cent of nonvolatile ether extract, not more than three (3) per cent of total ash, not more than five-tenths (0.5) per cent of ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid, and not more than ten (10) per cent of crude fiber. 24. Macassar or Papua mace is the dried arillus of Wyristica argentea Warb. 25. Bombay mace is the dried arillus of Myristica malabarica Lamarck. 26. Marjoram is the leaf, flower, and branch of Majorana majorana (L,.) Karst. 27. Mustard seed is the seed of Sinapis alba L,. (white mus- tard), Brassica nigra (L.) Koch (black mustard), or Brassica quncea (1,.) Cosson (black or brown mustard). 28. Ground mustard is a powder made from mustard seed, with or without the removal of the hulls and a portion of the fixed oil, and contains not more than two and five-tenths (2.5) per cent of starch and not more than eight (8) per cent of total ash. 29. Nutmeg is the dried seed of Myristica fragrans Houttuyn deprived of its testa, with or without a thin coating of lime, and contains not less than twenty-five (25) per cent of nonvolatile ether extract, not more than five (5) per cent of total ash, not more than five-tenths (0.5) per cent of ash insoluble in hydro-- chloric acid, and not more than ten (10) per cent of crude fiber. 30. Macassar, Papua, male, or long nutmeg is the dried seed of Myristica argentea Warb. deprived of its testa. FOOD INSPECTION. 89 31. Paprica is the dried ripe fruit of Capsicum annuum L., or some other large-fruited species of Capsicum. 32. Black pepper is the dried immature berry of Piper nigrum 1, and contains not less than six (6) per cent of non- volatile ether extract, not less than twenty-five (25) per cent of starch, not more than seven (7) per cent of total ash, not more than two (2) per cent of ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid, and not more than fifteen (15) per cent of crude fiber. One hundred parts of the nonvolatile ether extract contain not less than three and one-quarter (3.25) parts of nitrogen. Ground black pepper is the product made by grinding the entire berry and contains the several parts of the berry in their normal proportions. 33. Long pepper is the dried fruit of Piper longum L. 34. White pepper is the dried mature berry of Piper nigrum L. from which the outer coating or the outer and inner coatings have been removed and contains not less than six (6) per cent of nonvolatile ether extract, not less than fifty (50) per cent of starch, not more than four (4) per cent of total ash, not more than five-tenths (0.5) per cent of ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid, and not more than five (5) per cent of crude fiber. One hundred parts of the non-volatile ether extract contain not less than four (4) parts of nitrogen. 35. Saffron is the dried stigma of Crocus sativus L, 36. Sage is the leaf of Salvia officinalis L. 37. Savory or summer savory is the leaf, blossom, and branch of Satureja hortensis L. 38. Thyme is the leaf and tip of blooming branches of Thymus vulgaris L. FE. BEVERAGES AND VINEGAR. c. COCOA AND COCOA PRODUCTS. 1. Cocoa beans are the seeds of the cacao tree, Theobroma cacao L,. 2. Cocoa nibs, or cracked cocoa is the roasted, broken cocoa bean freed from its shell or husk. 3. Chocolate, plain or bitter, or chocolate liquor, is the solid or plastic mass obtained by grinding cocoa nibs without the 90 #MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. removal of fat or other constituents except the germ, and con- tains not more than three (3) per cent of ash insoluble in water, three and fifty hundredths (3.50) per cent of crude fiber, and nine (9) per cent of starch, and not less than forty-five (45) per cent of cocoa fat. 4. Sweet chocolate and chocolate coatings are plain chocolate mixed with sugar (sucrose), with or without the addition of cocoa butter, spices, or other flavoring materials, and contain in the sugar- and fat-free residue no higher percentage of either ash, fiber, or starch than is found in the sugar- and fat-free residue of plain chocolate. 5. Cocoa or powdered cocoa is cocoa nibs, with or without the germ, deprived of a portion of its fat and finely pulverized, and contains percentages of ash, crude fiber, and starch corre- sponding to those in chocolate after correction for fat removed. 6. Sweet or sweetened cocoa is cocoa mixed with sugar (sucrose), and contains not more than sixty (60) per cent of sugar (sucrose), and in the sugar- and fat-free residue no higher percentage of either ash, crude fiber, or starch than is found in the sugar- and fat-free residue of plain chocolate. e. VINEGAR. 1. Vinegar, cider vinegar, or apple vinegar is the product made by the alcoholic and subsequent acetous fermentations of the juice of apples, is lavo-rotatory, and contains not less than four (4) grams of acetic acid, not less than one and six-tenths (1.6) grams of apple solids, and not less than twenty-five hun- dredths (0.25) gram of apple ash in one hundred (100) cubic centimeters. ‘The water-soluble ash from one hundred (100) cubic centimeters of the vinegar requires not less than thirty (30) cubic centimeters of decinormal acid to neutralize the acidity and contains not less than ten (10) Dee of phos: phoricracidu(e.@©=)), 2. Wine vinegar or grape vinegar is the product made by the alcoholic and subsequent acetous fermentations of the juice of grapes and contains, in one hundred (100) cubic centimeters, not less than four (4) grams of acetic acid, not less than one and four-tenths (1.4) grams of grape solids, and not less than thir- teen hundredths (0.13) gram of grape ash. weno FOOD INSPECTION. gI 3. Malt vinegar is the product made by the alcoholic and subsequent acetous fermentations, without distillation, of an infusion of barley malt or cereals whose starch has been con- verted by malt, and is dextro-rotatory and contains, in one hun- dred (100) cubic centimeters, not less than four (4) grams of acetic acid, not less than two (2) grams of solids, and not less than two-tenths (0.2) gram of ash. The water-soluble ash from one hundred (100) cubic centimeters of the vinegar requires not less than four (4) cubic centimeters of decinormal acid to neutralize its alkalinity and contains not less than nine (9) milli- grams of phosphoric acid (P,O;). 4. Sugar vinegar is the product made by the alcoholic and subsequent acetous fermentations of solutions of a sugar, sirup, molasses, or refiners’ sirup, and contains, in one hundred (100) cubic centimeters, not less than four (4) grams of acetic acid. 5. Glucose vinegar is the product made by the alcoholic and subsequent acetous fermentations of solutions of starch sugar, glucose, or glucose sirup, is dextro-rotatory, and contains, in one hundred (100) cubic centimeters, not less than four (4) grams of acetic acid. 6. Spirit vinegar, distilled vinegar, grain vinegar is the prod- uct made by the acetous fermentation of dilute distilled alcohol and contains, in one hundred (100) cubic centimeters, not less than four (4) grams of acetic acid. ANALYSIS OF FOOD PRODUCTS. The law regulating the sale and analysis of foods apparently contemplates two things: the proper and truthful branding of all articles of food, and the exclusion from the markets of deleterious food materials. The law does not seek to prevent the sale of any article of wholesome food; but in case a food material is other than it appears to be, it “shall be plainly labeled, branded or tagged so as to show the exact character thereof.” Broadly speaking, the adulterants of food are of two types: those which do not particularly affect the nutritive value of a food ; and those which either lower the nutritive value or actually add deleterious articles. The common adulterant of maple sugar is cane sugar, the sweetening quality of which 1s identical g2 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. with that of the maple. Molasses is often adulterated with glucose, a cheaper, and somewhat less sweet, but equally nutri- tious food material. Cottonseed oil is frequently sold for olive oil. The market price of such substituted commodities is below that of the article imitated. Such adulterations are frauds upon the pocket book. On the other hand, some baking powders contain alum. Sausages frequently carry borax. Ketchups usually contain questionable preservatives and coloring matters. Such adulterants are a greater or less menace to public health. Since the limited funds available for the analysis of foods makes it impossible to inspect them all, greater attention will be given to adulterations injurious to health than to those concerning the pocket book alone. Because of the expense involved it will.be impracticable for the inspector to visit any considerable number of the towns of the State. Dealers and consumers are invited to send by prepaid express original and unbroken packages of food materials on sale in Maine of whose purity they are for any reason suspicious. Such samples should be accompanied by a full description of the goods, including the name and address of the dealer and of the sender, together with other known data not given on the package. As prompt free analysis will be made of these samples as circumstances will allow. In case more samples are received than can be analyzed, preference will be given to the examination of food materials the purity of which affects the public health. POULTRY EXPERIMENTS. G. M. GoweEtt. [The poultry work of the Experiment Station was undertaken primarily to study breeding for egg production and has been in progress for several years. A year ago the Bureau of Animal Industry of the U. S. Department of Agriculture desired to cooperate in the work and is now contributing $1,000 per year to assist in the carrying forward of the breeding experiments. Considerable unpublished data from these experiments have accumulated, but it has been decided to hold this matter for another year before it is published, at which time it will probably be issued as a bulletin of the Bureau of Animal Industry. The following papers on poultry experiments have been pub- lished. With the exception of Bulletin 100, these are no longer available for distribution. Number of Laying Hens that can be profitably kept in one Pen, Annual Report for 1808. Feeding Chickens for Growth, Bulletin 64. Breeding for Egg Production, Bulletin 64. Feeding Chickens for Growth, Bulletin 79. Experiments in Incubation, Bulletin 70. Breeding for Egg Production, Bulletin 70. Breeding for Egg Production, Bulletin 93. Floor Space, etc., in relation to Egg Production, Bul- letin 93. Poultry Management as practiced at the Maine Station, Bulletin roo. This bulletin (117) presents some of the results of the breed- ing work and supplements Bulletin 100 by outlining the methods of housing and handling our stock that have been adopted since that bulletin was issued.—C. D. W.] 7 QA MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I905. INVESTIGATIONS RELATING TO BREEDING To INCREASE Ecc PRODUCTION IN HENs. SUMMARY OF RESULTS OBTAINED. In order to select good producing hens for foundation breed- ing stock, we constructed 52 trap nests and placed them in the laying pens where 140 April and May hatched pullets com- menced using them November 1, 1808. In one year forward from that date the 140 birds laid an average of 120 eggs each. Twenty-five laid over 160 each and 22 less than 100 each. Hen No. 36 laid 201 eggs; No. tor laid 204; and No. 286 laid 206 eggs. The eggs of No. 36 were light in color and she was therefore rejected as a breeder. At the commencement of the next breeding season,—1go00— Nos. tor and 286 were mated with males that were unrelated to them, or to each other. The cockerels raised irom the eggs of these two birds were the first males produced for use in this work. In the early spring of 1901, several sons of hen No. 286, raised the previous year, were mated with the 24 two-year-old hens that laid 160 eggs and over, each, during 1899, and 25 others that laid 160 or over during the 1900 test. That season hen No. 303, who had laid 208 eggs during 1900, was bred to a son of 286. Hen No. 326 had laid 211 eggs during 1900 and she was bred to a son of No. 286 also. No. 318 had laid 237 good brown eggs in 1900. After she had laid 200 eggs the next dozen she laid weighed 1 ib. 1134 ounces. She was bred to a son of No. 101 that season. The sons of No. tot and 286 were in service only during the year Igor. During 1902 one hundred pullets were tested for additional foundation stock. They yielded an average of 132 eggs each. Twelve birds laid over 200 eggs each; the highest number being 251 eggs laid by hen No. 617. In the same pens were six others that laid only from 23 to 70 eggs each. Thirty-seven laid over 160 each. No hens were used as breeders that had not iaid 160 eggs, and all, as in the previous year, were bred to males whose dams had yielded over 200 eggs. Males were raised this year, (1902) for the male breeding pens oi the next year. irom hens No. 635, record 201 eggs, and } ‘hat POULTRY EXPERIMENTS. 95 No. 676, record 209 eggs. The eggs from both of these hens were very large and dark brown. ‘They were mated to sons of No. 303 and 318 before spoken of. Males for the pullet breed- ing pens of the next year were bred from other matings of hens, that had produced 200 eggs, with males whose mothers had yielded over 200. That year (1902-3) we were crowded for room and could accommodate only 53 pullets for testing. They were the first pullets that we tested that were sired by males bred from 200 ege producing hens and show the first results of the breeding practiced. They had been laying quite heavily out on their summer range during September and October, although they were not hatched until April and May. ‘The 53 birds laid 7,952 eges in the year forward from November Ist, a little better than 150 eggs each. Could they have been in quarters where their eges could have been traced to them a month earlier, when they were laying so well, they would have shown a better year’s work, as the twelfth month of their testing was really the thirteenth month of their laying, and the record sheets show it to be nearly bare of eggs. As it was, however, seven of the 53 show records of from 201 to 240 eggs each in the year, and 23 of the 53 laid over 160 eggs each. i During the breeding season of 1903, hens No. 1,001, record Big esos Non 1,003, record 24o,egcs: No, 1,005, record 222 eggs and No. 1,140, record 211 eggs, were bred to male birds raised the year before whose dams had yielded over 220 eggs each, for the purpose of procuring males, for the male breeding pens of 1904. All pullets raised that year (1903) were, as in the preceding three years, out of hens that had laid over 150 eggs in a year, and they had the advantage over their predecessors, in that their dams and maternal grand dams were sired by males whose mothers had yielded 200 eggs, or over, as they themselves also were. That year (1903-4) 160 pullets were tested in the trap nests. They laid 21,202 eggs; an average of 132 each. Forty-four laid over 160 eggs each; 8 laid 200 or over, viz. 200-205-210-217-220- 221-222 and 225 each. We have not to seek far for an expla- 96 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I905. nation for the lower average yield than that of the last preced- ing year. The pullets were hatched in April and May, and thinking to have them mostly in readiness for laying early in November, we fed-them rather more beef scrap than usual dur- ing the growing season, while they were out on the range, and before we were aware of their development they were laying,—in August. They were nearly all laying heavily during September, October and November. ‘They were splendid birds, but almost every one of them moulted, completely, in December, and we got very few eggs from them for more than two months. The most of the eggs secured from them were laid after the middle of January. Could they have commenced laying in October and continued for a year, moulting would probably have been avoided and the showing would have been much better. The breeding season of 1904 opened with 170 yearling hens in our houses that had laid above 160 eggs each the year before; 80 pullets and hens whose mothers had laid over 200 eggs per year; and 28 hens that had themselves laid over 200 eggs per year. These birds were in 24 different pens and they were bred to selected cockerels whose mothers had yielded above 200 large brown eggs per year. Among the pullets tested during the last preceding year (1903) were found the following; No. 263a yielded 220 eggs; No. 225a, 220 eggs; No. 222a, 221 eggs; No. 224a, 222 eggs; No. 205a, 225 eggs. These birds were bred during 1904 to cockerels raised in 1903 from heavy producing mothers whose other sons were never used in our breeding operations. The mating of these five pairs of birds was to secure cockerels for our next year breeding operations. At the usual time for the commencement of the yearly test of 1904, viz. October 30, we had 300 good pullets that were laying well out on the range. The construction of the building being erected for their quarters was interfered with by a question of labor, over which we had no control, and they remained out in their small summer homes during a wet, cold fall and early win- ter, until December sixth, when they were moved in. ‘This more than a month’s delay and exposure cut into the year’s work heavily and the average production of the 300 birds was reduced to 131 eggs each during a little less than eleven months. Eight POULTRY EXPERIMENTS. 97 birds yielded above 200 eggs each before the close of the follow- ing October. All of the breeding females we are now carrying are tested hens that have laid from 160 to 251 eggs ina year; and 150 pullets and hens whose mothers produced 200, or over, eggs per year. All males used in breeding these two classes since I9goI had mothers that had laid 20 or more eggs in a year. This season (1905) six hundred pullets out of hens that have laid above 160 eggs per year, and whose fathers, grandfathers and great grandfathers were out of hens that yielded above 200 eggs per year are being tested by the trap nests for additional breeding stock. All of the mothers of these pullets had iathers and grandfathers that had 200 egg producing mothers. The stock is strong and vigorous and but few chickens that hatch are lost. The hardihood of the stock is shown by the fact that many cockerels have been sold to farmers and poultrymen in and out of the State during the past two years and this fall many of them have ordered again, with the frequent comment that their pullets are laying earlier in the season and giving bet- ter eggs than they have ever done before. The numbers of the breeding stock now secured makes prac- ticable the avoidance of in-breeding and this is strictly guarded against, as it is doubtful if the inbred hen has sufficient constitu- tion to enable her to withstand the demands of heavy egg yield- ing. During only one season, have birds as closely related as first cousins been bred together. Line breeding is followed, the matings now being only with distantly related birds. These breeding investigations have now been in progress for six years. The first year was consumed in testing pullets to find foundation stock. [The second year cockerels were raised from the large laying hens for future breeding, and the third year, the first lots of pullets were raised from the selected stock; so that we have only the last three years in which to note results and these three years can only show the first changes that have taken place. The stock that we commenced with was well bred, as flocks generally go. The hens were averaging about 120 good brown eggs a year, and had been doing so for several years. ‘Three years ago they averaged 150 eggs and the last two years, with the great setbacks caused as above indicated, which was no 98 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. fault of the stock, the average was 131% eggs. It must be borne in mind that 1902 was the first year we had pullets from the 200 egg stock to collect eggs from. In the records, only the eggs laid in the nests are accounted for. Had those found on the floor been reckoned in, the average per bird would have been slightly increased. As the housing, treatment and food, have been as nearly alike as we could make them during the last five years, there seems to be reason for assuming that the flock yields of 1902, 1903 and 1904 over those of previous years are the results of the breeding practiced. Sufficient time has not yet elapsed since beginning these breed- ing tests to establish claims of increased productiveness, but the outlook is certainly very encouraging. The plans on which we are working are based on every-day common sense. We are rejecting the drones and breeding producers together to secure producers. It is known that the laws of inheritance and transmission are as true with birds as with cattle, sheep and horses, and when we consider the wonder- ful changes that have been made in the form, feather and egg production of hens since their domestication commenced, there is ample reason for assuming that a higher average egg produc- tion than the present can be secured, by breeding only from those birds that are themselves great producers. The purposes of this work should not be misunderstood ;—we are not trying to breed stock that shall average to yield 200 eggs per year. If the average yield of the hens of the breed should be increased to the extent of a dozen eggs per bird, the value of the work would be many times its cost. OTHER METHODS OF SELECTING BREEDING STOCK. During last August we found 29 of the pullets that were hatched the first of April, were laying in the brooder houses out on the range. ‘They were carried into the laying houses, banded and given access to trap nests. They were given our usual treatment and feed and we commenced keeping records with them September first and will continue doing so through the year. POULTRY EXPERIMENTS. 99 On April 30 the 29 birds had laid 3,317 eggs. Their individ- ual records were as follows, viz. 95, 93, 91, 133, 115, 58, 102, PAG ai3@, TOO) "70; 95, l04y LOLN 110, 27 140, (68) 10701 34,9120, 135, 135, 136, 125, 130, 164, 86, 133. The average number to each bird was practically 115. We have no special market for our eggs as we need to use them in large numbers in experi- mental work when occasions require. At the prices which we received from the commission house in Boston for eggs sent there from September to April the 3,317 above mentioned would have returned $87.57, an average of $3.01 per bird for the eight months’ work. The above is not cited as phenomenal work, but it is better than our birds average when all of them are accounted for. These 29 were not the only promising pullets we had, but they were all there were in that division. What returns they will make during the four months that remain from April to the close of August can not be learned until the year’s work ends, which with them will be August 31. While the egg yields of this group of birds were very satis- factory, the money returns from them were particularly so, for the reason that they did their work during that part of the year when prices were highest. We are making our selections of breeding stock by aid of the reliable data secured by the use of trap tests. It is only investi- gators and occasional poultrymen who can afford the equipment and expense of operating trap nests. Every poultryman can, however, by closely observing his young stock during autumn, select the pullets that are commencing or preparing to lay and secure a pen of birds for the next season’s breeding, that have the function of egg production so strongly developed in them that they give evidence of it by the early exercise of that func- tion. Of course not all prospective layers prove satisfactory; some are not able to stand the demands of heavy work and so lay irregularly or fall out altogether. In this group of 29 birds, four proved to be low producers and should be rejected as breeders. Four others yielded from 90 to 100, but as the work was done during the time when the products were valuable they are worth breeding from. Six others yielded from 100 to 114 during the same period and they are still more valuable. Fif- 100 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. teen of this group of 29, selected in the field, laid from 115 to 164 each. Although there are some poor yielders in this pen of 29, it is probable that as a lot they average considerably better than the whole flock from which they were selected. The small num- ber of unprofitable birds and the large proportion of good ones would warrant the method of selection as the best, when trap nests, or equally reliable methods of selection are not practicable. Early maturity in pullets is generally accompanied by physical vigor and when the function of such birds is to produce eggs, and they give evidence of it, they are certainly the best of their tace to breed winter egg producers from, if we accept past expe- riences in breeding as our guides. The records of a full year’s laying in trap nests would be better as that would enable the rejection of all poor workers; and as the birds would not be bred from until the year following, they would be more mature and the chicks would be larger when hatched and wouid develop into larger birds at maturity than they would if their mothers were doing their first year’s laying. The differences in size from these causes, have been very notice- able in our work. Poultry men are generally desirous of securing as many well bred pullets as possible and so use yearling hens as breeders, in addition to their two-year-olds. The work done by pullets from September to February or March is pretty good indication of their usefulness and their eggs are available for breeding during the pullet year. While the chickens from such eggs are not generally as large at maturity as those from older hens, we have not been able to discover any lack of constitution or vigor in them, and know no reasons why they are not desirable as workers. THE PEDIGREE CHARTS. In order to make clear our methods of breeding and register- ing, there are appended hereto two pedigree charts which illus- trate the breeding of the two classes of birds which we designate as “registered” and “unregistered.” We do not use these terms with reference to purity of blood, for ours is one of the oldest of the families of Barred Plymouth Rocks, having been bred by POULTRY EXPERIMENTS. IOI the writer for 25 years from the best Barred Rock stock which was procurable at the time of starting. Every one of our birds is pure blooded in the same sense that all registered cattle, horses, sheep and swine are pure, and every one of our hens is numbered with duplicate bands, and individual book accounts are kept with each, whether she produces much or little. The same is true of all males so far as purity of blood is concerned. In our work the term “registered” is used solely with reference to performance, which in work with Jersey or Holstein cattle would mean registered in the “advanced registries’ of those breeds. We have registered no female unless she had laid 200 or more eggs during the first 12 months forward from the day on which she laid her first egg. We have registered none of her daughters unless they themselves had laid at least 200 eggs per year. We register all of the sons of registered hens, and desig- nate them as registered males. ‘They are no better bred than their own sisters which we reject from registry when they do not prove to be heavy performers. Were there some practicable means by which we could determine the ability of the male to transmit to his offspring the high egg producing function of his dam, we would apply the same rigid rule of selection to him that we do to his sisters. There was no reason why we should select 200 as the number of eggs necessary to entitle a bird to advanced registration. It is a high record—much higher probably than large flocks will ever be made to average, in our time. Perhaps we might have taken 190 or 210 with equal propriety,—just as horse men might have selected some other time than 2.30 by which to determine a standard horse. The unregistered cockerels and pullets are as well bred on their fathers’ side as the registered ones are, but, while the reg- istered onés have dams that produced 200 eggs or over, the mothers of the unregistered ones laid from 150 to 199 eggs in their first laying year. It is among these unregistered pullets that we have found the most of the 200 egg producers who are each year added to the foundation breeding stock. 102 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I905. The charts shown are only given as examples of the breeding. In the male breeding pens nearly 30 different hens are employed this year, which give as many different pedigrees. In the unregistered female breeding pens are several hundred breeding hens, each giving pedigrees to their progeny. In the chart illustrating the breeding of the registered males, it is shown that his mother and her mother were both producers of over 200 eggs. We have two other similar instances where the daughters of 200 egg producers are themselves 200 egg producers. This has not generally been so, probably because the hen that laid heavily one year did not commence laying until so late the following year that their pullets came into laying too late in the year to make great records for themselves. Several hundreds of the unregistered cockerels have for each of the last three years been sold to poultrymen and farmers and a great deal of commenda- tion has been expressed relative to the benefits derived from their use in securing earlier and increased egg yields. The first chart shows the breeding of the registered males that were raised in the present breeding year of 1905. The registered males are designated by numbers. It will be noted that the mother and the grandmother of the registered males are registered birds in the sense in which we use the word, the mother having yielded 203 and the grandmother 213 eggs in their first laying years. Beyond that, while the birds are pure bred, we do not know their breeding except that their mothers laid not less than 150 and not more than 199 eggs in their first laying years. The breeding of the unregistered maies and females raised in 1905 differs from the registered in that none of the mothers have laid: over 199 eggs in their first laying year. POULTRY EXPERIMENTS. 103 Diagram illustrating breeding of registered males raised in 1905. ie 44 (No. 41 No. 303 } ( } No. 18 ( No. 52 | No. 326 No. 1003} (211) (240) 4 No. 21 Ove tae (150-199) | No. — \ (150-199) (No. 3044 (No.17 No. 40 ] No. 318 ( Gan) (No. 61 } No. 2 | No. 635 (HN) WS ——— (No. 2054. j (150-199) (225) 3 (No. 17 | (No. 36, 37,1 No. 31¢ \No.— _ | 38 or 39. (237) (150-199) & {No. 24 oO. ——_ Sesietered (150 to 199) 4 hoes — males | (150-199) ealned in 4 rx 17 , (No. 40 ) No. 318 j (287) (No. 51 ies [ No. 24 | LNo. 6385 3 @0D) yiNo.—— ! (150-199) (No. 166 4 (No. 18 | (No. 52, 58, ) No. 326 (No. 1003 54 or 55 (211) (240) (4 0. 21 ' No. _ 4 (150-199) 4 No. — (No. 520, L (150-199) (203) (No. 44 (No. 41 ’ No. 303 l ee) ( No. 62 (No. (No. 676 ( 09); Nos No. 1001 } l (150-199) (218) No. 24 | (No. 45, 46,4 No. 318 No. — d 47o0r48 | (237) (150-199) | (No. 13 (\, ——— (150-199) 1 No. — { (150-199) eee ee ee ae ee sewer eee eee eee ee ed The figures in brackets below or at the right of the number of the hen indicate the egg yield for the first laying year 104 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. Diagram illustrating breeding of unregistered males and females raised in (No. 66 No. 1003 (240) N oO. (150-199) > i) i) rm 7 — SS HF Unregis- tered males and females¢ raised in 1905. | (No. 51 | (No. 159 | | No. 1003 | { (240) No. — (150- | L 199) + | ( No. 62 | wo. — | (150-1994 N oOo. —— | (150-199) The figures in brackets below or at the right of the number of the hen the egg yield for the first laying year. 1905. ( No. 44 (No. 41 4 No. 303 2 L (208) iNo.676 ‘[ No. 29 Ci ae aD \ (150-199 ( No. 18 ! | No.52 4 No. 326 } L @in (Nowe (No. 21 (450-199) {yo ( (150-199) [ No. 17 (No.40 4 No. 318 Z {__ (237) | No. 635 ea 24 ( (201) No. — L (450-199) j No. 17 (No. 36, 37, No. 318 | 38or 39 | N@ay ne i Miexcnee (180-199) <5, \ (150-199) (No. 17 No. 40 * No. 318 (__ (287) i No.635 —*{ No. 24 We CONIA as ea oie t (150-199) (No. 18 (No. 52, 58, 2 | 540r 55 lersene } (211) ipNowe (No. 21 L (180-199) {yo | (150-199) (No. 44 fa 41 + No. 303 ! L_ G08) |No.e76 —‘{ No. 29 ING Yee Nore \ (150-199) [ No. 24 (No. 45, 46, 2 | into cey | aes Q (237) Neen Noms L (150-199) {yo (150-199) Ce Cs sneer ree eeee seen ewer ee ceee sete ee eee e eens eee eee eee eee SC on a ney eee e tee tence eee eee e ee tween eee CC ne Ce nn a i sett twee ewe ene weet eee tee ees (Weeerekicrer cree | 286 (206) indicate POULTRY EXPERIMENTS. 105 Sizes oF Frocxs, Rooms AND INDIVIDUAL FLoor SPACES. We are now using three large laying and breeding houses, and a smaller curtain front building known as the “Pioneer House.” House No. 1 is 16 feet wide and 150 feet long. This house is warmed by hot water and is always kept above the freezing point by the use of about four tons of coal each year. It has been in use seven years and the birds occupying it have laid well, and been in good health, but have not had as good color and were not as vigorous as their mates in the open front houses. The pens in this house are 10 by 16 feet in size and have been occupied by 20 hens, and during the breeding seasons generally by one or two males in addition. -House No. 2 is two years old. It is 12 feet wide and 150 feet long. Aside from the Pioneer House, this is the first curtain front elevated roosting closet house we built. It is fully described in Bulletin too. The pens in this house are 12 by 20 feet in size and each one contains 50 hens, besides the cockerels at breeding time, which gives four and four-fifths square feet of floor space to each hen. House No. 3 was constructed last fall. It is 16 feet wide and 120 feet long. It is of the same style as No. 2 except that it is wider. There are four pens in the building, each 16 feet wide and 30 feet long. Two of the pens are arranged for 100 hens each, and two of them for 150 each. We have now used the Pioneer house four years with 50 pullets in it each year, the No. 2 house two years with 300 pullets each year and the No. 3 house one year. Besides these three houses, we have had the use of another house of the open front style of construction for three years with about 200 year- ling, breeding hens in it each year. These curtain front houses have all proved eminently satisfac- tory. Not acase of colds or snuffles has developed from sleep- ing in the warm elevated closets, with their cloth fronts, and then going directly down into the cold room, onto the dry straw, and spending the day in the open air. The egg yields per bird have been as good in these houses as in the warmed one. The purposes of the different sizes of rooms and flocks is to compare the results of the welfare and egg yields of the birds under the different conditions. 106 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. . The conditions that were laid down years ago and accepted as imperative, that hens could only be kept profitably as layers in flocks not greater than 15, with allowances of at least Io square feet of floor space per bird, required large space for small numbers of birds and was expensive. The small pen, even though sparsely populated, means close confinement to the occupants. Ii one hen was confined and compelled to remain on the generous allotment of a square yard, life would be very unsatisfactory to her. But give her 25 square yards of floor room to roam over at will and she will be happy, although she may meet 49 neighbors in her wanderings, and divide the room with them, yet the allotment to each individual is reduced to one- hali a square yard. The seven pens in House No. 2 each have 240 surface feet of floor and the 50 pullets in each pen averaged 150 eggs last year. The pullets this year, in the same pens, appear to be doing equally well. In House No. 3 the pens are twice as large as those of No. 2, containing 480 square feet. In the first pen 100 pullets are kept, having four and eight-tenths square feet of floor per bird, just the same allotment as is given in the pens of 50 birds, in the No. 2 house. Some of the questions which it is hoped to get light upon by these comparisons are: Does the larger room have advantages over the smaller one when both are equally densely populated, by giving greater opportunities and ireedom to the birds? Are there disadvantages when the numbers of birds in the flock are increased, the proportioned floor space per bird remaining the same. Should the tests indicate that the greater liberties of the larger pens are advantageous, the question arises: are the advantages such that the number of birds in the large pens can be increased and the ratio of egg production be maintained, or; how far can the net profit from the pens be increased by increas- ing the number of birds in each pen, although the average egg yield be diminished by the denser population? In House No. 3, pen No. 3 is a duplicate of pen No. 1 in size and construction, and in it 150 pullets were wintered. The floor allotment per bird in this flock is three and one-fifth square feet. Three roosts instead of two were required ior the POULTRY EXPERIMENTS. 107 increased number of birds. The wider floor of the elevated closet makes the daily cleaning of the platforms, proportion- ately, a little greater, but not much so, as the roosts are elevated by a single rope pulley. Although the cubic feet of air space per bird was the same in the flocks of 50, 100 and 150, the cloth covered fronts of the closets where 100 or 150 roosted were of the same size and it was very evident early in the winter that the supply of fresh air to the largest flock was not sufficient. It was not practicable to materially increase the cloth surface and allow more air to filter in, so three openings were made in the upper part of the curtain frame through which better ventilation could be secured. The openings were six inches wide and 30 inches long with wooden shutters provided for them. ‘The shutters were kept entirely open into the outer room, during mild nights, but when high winds prevailed and the temperature fell to 10 or 30 degrees below zero, the openings were partially closed, but never more than half so. The walls of the elevated closet are packed with sawdust four inches in thickness, and the curtains fit very closely, leaving very small cracks. The ten ounce duck of which the curtains are made is not oiled, as was the case with those in the originai house built by us. The supply of fresh air was mostly admitted through the cloth, while the worn out air passed off through the openings above. By this arrangement the birds were not in drafts or currents or air. Where three roosts are arranged abreast, instead of two, the openings are absolutely essential and for smaller flocks they are convenient during the mild nights, especially towards spring. The health of the birds in this flock of 150 in comparison with those in the flock of roo, in like sized pens, was apparently as good. In the pens of 50, 100, and 150 birds, the proportional losses did not materially differ, being very small in all pens. It is yet too early to draw conclusions from the results as we have only the data of one year from November to June to com- pare. Next year we expect to have seven pens of 50 pullets each with floor space of 4.8 square feet per bird, and two pens of 100 birds each, with floor space of 4.8 feet per bird to compare with 10S MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I905. them. Also two pens of 150 birds each with floor space of 3.2 feet per bird to compare with the flocks of 100 birds above mentioned. With pens of the same style and arrangement and birds of our own raising, matched in age, development and breed, and with the same system of feeding and attendance, information should be secured regarding the sizes of rooms and numbers in flocks which may be of incalculable value to the poultry indus- try of the country. FEEDING THE HENS. For 25 years we have been at work with the same family of Barred Plymouth Rocks and have learned several ways to feed and handle them to secure eggs, and to avoid the losses which are so common to mature hens of that breed, from over fatness. Other methods of feeding may be as good or even better. While it is true that only the full fed hen can lay to the limit of her capacity, it is equally true that full feeding of the Plymouth Rocks, unless correctly done, results disastrously. Several years ago we gave up the morning mash and fed it late in the afternoon with far better results than when fed in the morning. ‘The full meal in the morning had produced laziness, fatness and soft shelled eggs in our Plymouth Rocks, but these bad conditions and results were not encountered when the birds were required to eat slowly, and exercise by digging the hard grains out of the straw bedding. The birds were fed throughout the year daily as follows: Each pen of 22 received one pint of wheat in the deep litter early in the morning. At 9.30 A. M. one-half pint of oats was fed to them in the same way. At 1 P. M. one-half pint of cracked corn was given in the litter as before. At 3 P. M. in winter and 4 P. M. in summer they were given all the mash they would eat up clean in half an hour. The mash was made of the following mixture of meals: 200 fbs. wheat bran; Ioo fbs. corn meal; 100 ths. wheat middlings; 100 ibs. linseed meal; 100 fbs. gluten meal; 100 tbs. beef scrap. The mash contained one- fourth of its bulk of clover leaves and heads obtained from the feeding floor in the cattle barn. The clover was covered with hot water and allowed to stand for three or four hours. The POULTRY EXPERIMENTS. 109 mash was made quite dry, and rubbed down with the shovel in mixing, so that the pieces of clover were separated and covered with the meal. Cracked bone, oyster shell, clean grit, and water were before them all of the time. Two large mangolds were fed to the birds in each pen daily in winter. They were stuck onto large nails which were partly driven into the wall a foot and a half above the floor. Very few soft shelled eggs were laid and so far as known, not an egg has been eaten by the hens dur- ing the last five years. The records of several years’ feeding show that from 50 to 55 pounds of the dry meals, not including the clover leaves of which the mash was made up, were eaten by each hen per year. The quantity of grain fed in the litter was the same every day, winter or summer. ‘The quantity of mash was variable, being all they would eat in an hour at the close of the day. They ate more in cold than in warm weather; also considerably more when they were laying heavily than when they were yielding few eggs. The feeding above described was with hens in a house kept warm enough by hot water pipes, so that the temperature was above the freezing point at all times. The amount of food required by the birds kept in this house for several years was always less during the winter season, than where birds were kept in the colder houses. In addition to the 50 to 55 fbs. of mash, the hens in this house have averaged each year 18.2 tbs. wheat; 6.4 tbs. cracked corn; 5.8 tbs. of oats; 5.9 tbs. oyster shell; 3.2 ths. dry poultry bone; 2.9 tbs. mica grit; and 4o tbs. mangolds. The straw for litter has averaged 36 tbs. per bird. The birds fed and housed as above described have averaged laying about 150 eggs each. CRACKED CORN AND BEEF SCRAP SUBSTITUTE FOR THE MOIST MASH. Last year 300 April and May hatched pullets were put in six pens in the open front house and the birds in all pens were selected so as to have the lots equal in quality. One hundred and fifty of the birds were fed on dry grains in the litter during 8 IIo MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. the day and a full feed of moist mash was given towards even- ing. ‘The mash was made as above described. The other 150 birds were fed the same quantities and kinds of dry grains in the litter, but instead of moist mash they were given all they would eat of dry cracked corn in troughs at evening. Dry beef scraps were kept within their reach at all times. Both lots were constantly supplied with oyster shell, dry crushed bone, and mica crystal grit. Mangolds were fed through the winter and when the runs were bare in summer, other green food was supplied. The materials used by each lot during the full year average per bird as follows: Pounds of dry grain, straw, mangolds, etc., per bird for one year. Lot 1 with mash—Mash, 53.3 pounds; wheat, 23.8 pourids; cracked corn in litter, 7.7 pounds; oats, 6.9 pounds; oyster shell, 8.5 pounds; bone, 4.4 pounds; grit, 4.2 pounds; beef scrap, —; mangolds, 40 pounds; straw, 36 pounds. Lot 2 without mash—Cracked corn, 45.4 pounds; wheat, 23.8 pounds; cracked corn in litter, 7.7 pounds; oats, 6.9 pounds; oyster shell, 4.4 pounds; bone, 1.7 pounds; grit, 2.9 pounds; beef scrap, 14.7 pounds ; mangolds, 40 pounds; straw, 36 pounds. Cost of food and straw, Lot 1, $1.73; Lot 2, $1.69. Cost of food without mangolds, Lot 1, $1.48; Lot 2, $1.43. Eggs yielded, Lot 1, 151; Lot 2, 149. Comparisons of the costs of the two rations and the egg yields of the birds fed upon them do not show very great advantages of one ration over the other. There were no marked differences in the appearances and health of the birds in the two lots. They were in good general health, aside from the difficulties that arise when birds are induced to overload their crops aiter a period of partial fasting. The free use of cracked corn cheapened the cost of the ration, and the egg yield was not depressed suffi- ciently to indicate that that ration was faulty in its production. When compared with the food required to feed a hen a year in the warmed house, which was about 95 pounds, the 109 pounds used in this test is an increase of nearly I5 per cent. OO I EE POULTRY EXPERIMENTS, Liat E As the birds in each house laid about the same number of eggs, it seems reasonable to suppose that the excess of food was needed for maintenance in the colder house, where the birds were in out-of-door temperature during the most of the day time throughout the year. Although as many eggs were yielded by the birds eating less food in the warmed house, the greater vigor and less losses among birds in the open-front house more than compensated for the excess cost of maintenance. In Lot 2, where the birds helped themselves at will to beef scrap, they ate of it on the average, 14.7 tbs. during the year; while in Lot 1 each bird received 8.7 tbs. of the scrap in the mash. This leaves a difference of 6 ths. in the amount of animal food consumed by individuals in the two lots. Was this differ- ence supplied by the materials rich in vegetable protein which made up a part of the mash, viz., the linseed and gluten meals? It will also be noticed that the quantity of oyster shell, bone and grit eaten by the birds having a constant supply of beef scrap was markedly less than when the supply of scrap was limited to that contained in the mash. DRY FEEDING. On the first of last November we began feeding 550 April and May hatched pullets wholly on dry food. They were in the curtain-front houses with warm elevated roosting closets and in flocks of 50, 100 and 150. At five o’clock in the morning the flocks of 50 birds were given two quarts of cracked corn; at half past ten o'clock they had one quart of wheat and one quart of oats. This dry material was all spread on the litter on the floor but was not raked in. Along one side of the pens were feed troughs with slatted fronts, in which was kept a supply of the dry material of which the moist mash, before described, was composed. ‘These troughs were never allowed to remain empty when the supply was exhausted. The dry mash was constantly within the reach of all birds and they helped themselves at will. Oyster shell, dry cracked bone, grit and charcoal were accessible at all times. A moderate supply of raw mangolds and plenty of clean warm water was furnished them. When they were first put upon this ration they were not acquainted with the dry mix- II2 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ05. ture in the troughs and ate of it sparingly, but in three or four days they were using as much of it as at any later time until they got to laying heavily. When the feeds of cracked corn, wheat and oats were given, the birds were always ready and anxious for them and would scratch in the litter for the very last kernel before going to the troughs where an abundance of food was in store. It was very evident that they liked the broken and whole grains better than the mixture of the fine materials; yet they by no means disliked it, for they helped themselves to it,—a mouth- ful or two at a time—whenever they seemed to need it, and never went to bed with empty crops so far as we could discover. They apparently did not like it well enough to gorge themselves with it, and sit down, loaf, get over fat and lay soft shelled eggs, as is so commonly the case with Plymouth Rocks when they are given warm morning mashes in troughs. Some of the advantages of this method of feeding are that the mash is put in the troughs at any convenient time, only guarding against an exhaustion of the supply, and the entire avoidance of the mobbing that always occurs at trough feeding when that is made a meal of the day, whether it be at morning or evening. There are no tailings to be gathered up or wasted as is common when a full meal of mash is given at night. The labor is very much less, enabling a person to care for more birds than when the regular evening meal is given. We cannot give the results of a full year’s feeding in this way, as we have practiced it only from the first of last November to the close of June. The number of hens lost during the winter has been less than ever before, even when they were kept in the same style of houses. We can ascribe this to no other cause than that the birds did not overload with food at any time. We have never had so many eggs laid during the winter months by a like number of hens, but that may be due to better breeding, or to the open-front houses which the birds occupied. During the 31 days of March the 550 birds consumed on the average, per bird, the following materials, viz.: Cracked corn, 2 tbs.; wheat, 1.09 fbs.; oats, .81 tbs.; mash, 5.68 tbs.; shell, .52 tbs.; bone, .25 tbs.; grit, .31 fbs.; mangolds, 3.30 ibs. POULTRY EXPERIMENTS. as During the months when they were not laying so heavily the consumption of mash was but about four pounds and the demands for shell, bone and grit were less. It will be noticed that the proportion of wheat fed was less than in any former ration we have fed and that the cracked corn was increased, thus cheapening the ration. The average yields of the 550 hens during March was 20.4 eggs per bird. The whole number of eggs laid by them during the six months from November tst to April 30 was 42,126, an average of 76 per bird. It must be borne in mind that these birds were not selected but were the whole number of chickens reared last year. FEEDING THE CHICKENS. We used to bake bread* for the young chicks but have aban- doned the practice, not because there is anything better for them, but we believe the work involved in preparing it is not necessary. Infertile eggs are boiled for half an hour and then grcund in an ordinary meat chopper, shells included, and mixed with about six times their bulk of rolled oats, by rubbing both together, enough to break the egg into small pieces. This mixture is the feed for two or three days until the little things have learned how to eat. It is fed sparingly, in the litter and sand on the brooder floor. About the third day we commence to feed a mixture of hard, fine broken grains, i. e., cracked corn, wheat, millet and pinhead oats as soon as the birds can see to eat in the mornings. ‘This is fed in the litter, being careful to limit the quantity so they shall be hungry at ten o’clock. We have used several of the prepared dry chick foods and like them when they are made of good clean grains and do not contain grit. The grit and charcoal can be supplied at less cost and must be freely provided. At ten o’clock the rolled oats and egg mixture is fed, in tin plates, with low rims. After they have had the food before them five minutes the dishes are removed and they have nothing to lunch on except a little of the fine broken grain which they * Bulletin 100 this station, page 8. II4 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. £905. scratch for. At 1 o’clock the hard grains are again fed as in the morning and at 4.30 to 5 o'clock they are fed on the rolled oats and egg mixture, giving all they will eat until dark. When they are about three weeks old the rolled oats and egg mixture is gradually displaced by a mixture made up of two parts by weight of good clean bran, 2 parts corn meal, 1 part middlings or Red Dog flour, 1 part linseed meal and 1 part fine beei scrap. This mixture is moistened just enough with water so that it is not sticky but will crumble when a handiul is squeezed and then released. The birds are developed far enough by this time so that the tin plates are discarded for light flat troughs with low sides. The hard broken grains may be safely used all the way along and the fine meals left out, but the chicks do not grow so fast as when the mash is fed. There seems to be least danger from bowel looseness when the dry grains only are fed and it is very essential that the mash be dry enough to crumble in order to avoid that difficulty. Young chicks like the moist mash better than though it was not moistened and will eat more of it. There is no danger from the free use of the properly made mash, twice a day, and being already ground the young birds can eat and digest more of it than when the food is all coarse. This is a very important fact and should be taken advantage of at the time when the young things are most susceptible to rapid growth. But the development must be moderate during the first few weeks. The digestive organs must be kept in normal cendition by the partial use of hard foods and the gizzard must not be deprived of its legitimate work and allowed to become weak by disuse. By the middle of June the chickens that were hatched in April are being fed on cracked corn, wheat and the mash. At about that time the portable houses with their contents of chickens are drawn irom their winter locations out to an open hayfield where the crop has been harvested and the grass is short and green. Until last season we had continued feeding two feeds of cracked corn and wheat and two of mash daily as long as the birds remained in the field. Last June we had 1,400 chickens well started and we changed the plan of ieeding by keeping cracked corn, wheat, and beef scrap, in separate slatted troughs POULTRY EXPERIMENTS, II5 where they could help themselves whenever they desired to do so. Not more than one-fourth of the grain was wheat for the pullets, while in the cockerel division nothing but cracked corn and beef scrap were fed. Grit, bone and oyster shell were always supplied. There were no regular hours for feeding, but care was taken that the troughs were never empty. The results were satisfactory. The labor of feeding was far less than that required by any other method we have followed. The birds did not hang around the troughs and over-eat, but helped themselves—a little at a time—and ranged off, hunting or playing and coming back again when so.inclined to the food supply at the troughs. There was no rushing or crowding about the attendant as is usual at feeding time where large numbers are kept together. While the birds liked the beef scrap they did not over-eat of it. During the range season—from June to the close of October— the birds ate just about one pound of the scrap to ten pounds of the cracked corn and wheat. They had opportunity to balance their rations to suit themselves by having the two classes of food to select from always at hand. It would seem that we had not been far wrong in our previous feeding, as the birds used just about the same relative amounts of scrap to other food, when they had liberty to do so, that we had formerly mixed in for them. We are not able to say whether this method is more or less “expensive of material, than when we fed the four feeds each day at regular hours. As near as we could calculate, there were no appreciable differences. The birds did well under this treatment. The cockerels were well developed and we never raised a better lot of pullets. The first egg was laid when the oldest pullets were four months and ten days old. For the last six years the pullets have been from four months and ten days to four months and twenty days old when the first eggs were found. This year we shall make another change by adding dry mash to the menu,—having a trough of that material beside the ones containing beef scrap and cracked corn. The difficulty of keeping the food clean and dry during continued exposure is nearly overcome by using troughs with slatted sides and broad, detachable roofs. We make them from 116 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. six to ten feet long, with the sides five inches high. The lath slats are two inches apart and the troughs are sixteen inches high from floor to roof. The roofs project about two inches at the sides and effectually keep out the rain except when high winds pre- vail. The roof is very easily removed by lifting one end and sliding it endwise on the opposite gable end on which it rests. The trough can then be filled and the roof drawn back into place without lifting it. This arrangement is the best of anything we have found for saving food from waste and keeping it in good condition. When dry mash is used in it there is considerable waste by the finer parts being blown away. When used for that purpose it is necessary to put it in a sheltered place out of the high winds. CEREAL FOODS. ily H. Meee [In co-operation with the Office of Experiment Stations of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, the Maine and Minnesota Experiment Stations have,during the past ten years, made special studies on the composition and digestibility of cereal foods. The technical results thus obtained are published chiefly in the bulle- tins of the Office of Experiment Stations. .This Station has pub- lished two bulletins upon the composition of the breakfast cereal foods that were found in the Maine markets. In the present bulletin Professor Merrill presents many of the general results which have been obtained in the course of this work. While the results of these investigations have been freely used in this bulletin, yet for purposes of definite illustration he has drawn chiefly upon the analyses and digestion experiments made at this Station—C. D. W.] Few phases of our modern civilization furnish a more curious and interesting study than the rapid increase in the number and variety of our foods. Among the causes that have contrib- uted to this development may be mentioned: The extension of our commerce, which has placed a constantly increasing range of food materials within our reach; the efforts of our national gov- ernment, which is actively engaged in the introduction of new food plants, and the production of new varieties of old types; the ingenuity of manufacturers, who have been quick to see that their sales must depend to a great extent upon the variety and attractiveness of their output; and in no slight degree, to an increased knowledge of the functions of food—i. e., the demands of the body, and the methods by which these demands may be met. ‘To these causes may also be added a more or less artificial 118 MAINE AGRICULTUAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I905. demand, encouraged and stimulated by persistent advertising, for foods which may be quickly and easily digested. Perhaps it is a natural outcome of the strenuous age in which we live that the average business man is reluctant to devote the proper time and attention to his meals, with the result that dyspepsia in its. various forms has become alarmingly prevalent. There has thus arisen a class of food products whose chief claim upon our attention is their alleged readiness to “slip into the tissues” of the consumer without the usual tax upon the digestive organs. Just now we are passing through what might very properly be called the epoch of cereal breakfast foods. Never in our his- tory have the cereal foods occupied so prominent a place in our dietaries. Twenty-five years ago practically the only cereal foods to be found upon our American market were wheat flour, corn meal, hominy, and hulled corn. Wheat and oat meals had been introduced by our Irish and Scotch immigrants, but their use was far from general. Barley, rye and rice were used only to a very limited extent. Today a half-hour’s canvass of the . shops of our large towns or cities would reveal fifty or more preparations of these cereals, most of which present special claims to our attention. Scarcely a week passes that does not see some new cereal claimant to the public favor and the iist has. grown to embarrassing proportions. Few of the brands appear to be long-lived and it is safe to say that of those on sale today fully one-half will disappear within three years or will survive only on the top shelf of the country grocery, a food for worms rather than for man. A class of foods that has come to occupy so prominent a place in our dietaries certainly deserves more than a passing consid- eration. Many of these preparations have been analyzed at this Station and the results published in Bulletins 55* and 84. It is proposed here to study these foods from a more general stand- point. To do this, we must take into consideration not only their chemical composition, but their palatability, digestibility, ease of preparation, relative cost, the claims made for them, and the extent to which these claims are made good. * Bulletin 55 is no longer avuilable. CEREAL FOODS. 119 CLASSIFICATION. Notwithstanding the large number and variety of the cereal breakfast foods, the most of them fall readily into one of three groups. In the first of these may be placed those which are prepared by simply grinding the decorticated grain. The sec- ond group includes those which have been steamed or otherwise partially cooked, and then ground or rolled. The third group includes all those preparations which have been acted upon by malt, by the action of which a portion of the starch has under- gone a chemical change. The earliest of these foods to come into general use in this country were of the first class, oats being the most widely con- sumed. While the old fashioned oatmeal found favor with many, there is reason to believe that it was not always welcomed, and in the memories of many of us the morning bowl of “oat- meal mush” went far to temper the joys of childhood. Although the dish possessed many. virtues that seemed to adapt it pecu- liarly to the needs of growing children, the results of its enforced use were not always happy, and it can scarcely be regretted that it has been so largely supplanted by other preparations of oats, wheat, or corn, some form of which is quite sure to appeal to the palate and furnish a pleasing variety. The use of coarsely ground, uncooked wheat, does not seem to have become so gen- eral. Corn meal, however, has been widely used, and hominy continues in public favor. Following the manufacture of the uncooked cereal meals came the foods of the second group, especially the so-called “rolled” oats and wheats. By far the larger part of the breakfast foods consumed today are of this class. The superiority of these goods over those formerly in use is easily demonstrated and will be referred to later. It is claimed that the malted preparations represent a still greater advance in the perfection of these foods. The methods employed in their manufacture vary somewhat, but they are all based upon the same principle. Barley malt is mixed with the cereal under conditions favorable to the action of the ferment present, the result being that a portion of the starch is converted into a soluble form. i20 MAINE AGRICULTUAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. Some of the cereal foods are fully cooked and may be eaten dry without further preparation, or, as many prefer, with the addition of cream and sugar. In a few cases the manufacturers cater still farther to the popular taste by wetting the cereal with a salted or sweetened solution, after which it is again dried and slightly browned. Within a few years a statement has been quite generally circulated that certain foods of this class contain arsenic. Compounds of arsenic are not uncommon in soils; and since plants are unable to exclude many salts which occur dis- solved in the water of the soil, it may be readily believed that arsenic may thus find its way into growing crops. The amount of this element which can accumulate in the cereal grains by nat- ural methods is, however, too small to excite our apprehension. On the other hand it is difficult to conceive any motive which should lead to its intentional introduction. The writer has examined a number oi samples of goods which for some reason had fallen under suspicion, using the most delicate tests, but always with negative results. COMPOSITION. Tne value oi any food must depend primarily upon the kind and amount which they contain of certain proximate principles which experience has taught us are absolutely essential to the maintenance of life and health. The composition oi these foods is, therefore, a matter of great importance. The accompanying table gives the average composition of those preparations of corn, oats and wheat which have been collected in Maine markets and analyzed at this Station. For purposes of comparison there is given in the same table the composition of three kinds of flour, all prepared from the same hard spring wheat. The terms employed here for the most part require no explana- tion. For the benefit of non-scientific readers a few words regarding the “heat of combustion” may not be out of place.* One very important function of food is to supply energy to the body, where it is developed in the form of muscular activity, body heat, and probably in mental processes also. It may be stated in a general way that the energy furnished the body by *The reader is referred to Farmers’ Bulletin No. 142, U. S. Dept. Agriculture The Principles of Nutrition and Nutritive Value of Food. CEREAL FOODS. 121 the digested portion of our food is believed to be proportional to the heat produced when an equivalent amount of these foods is burned in the laboratory under such conditions that the heat can be accurately measured. We know that this is not quite true of protein; yet the difference between the physiological and the physical fuel values of this class of bodies is so slight that the latter, which is readily obtained by laboratory methods, serves as a very useful index of the energy-producing power of our foods. The method employed for determining the heat of combustion consists in burning a carefully weighed portion of the food examined and measuring the heat produced. The unit of meas- urement is the calorie—the amount of heat that will raise one kilogram (about two and one-fifth pounds) through one degree Centigrade; or, what amounts to nearly the same thing, one pound of water through four degrees Fahrenheit. Other things being equal, then, the food product yielding the highest heat of combustion will, if digested, yield the greatest amount of energy in the body. Average composition of cereal breakfast preparations compared with wheat flour variously milled. n oO - . S ro | 2s : z 2 32 : a 2 $3 2p ® 2 iS) " Se Bg See eee ee ele 5¢ a 3 CS D 26 a = oy ca 3) anor dagdtdEdoD cosodomene 4 Ser) ay (23) 2 | 94.4 Granulated corn meal, mixed diet............. 2 97.2 89.0 96.9 with a simple diet.... SoS 4 97.2 82.3 95.9 DIONE) 56s. a nc skews « clowiteeiacek 4 - 73.2 | 93.1 An inspection of the table shows that where the cereals were used with a mixed diet, they had but little apparent effect upon the digestibility of the total food. As regards the digestibility of the total organic matter, the corn products made a very favor- able showing. At the same time a larger proportion of the energy of the food was utilized by the body than where the wheat and oat products were used. On the other hand, the use of the corn foods seemed to depress the digestibility of the apse of the total food. When the simple diet was used, the corn products again made a favorable showing as regards both total organic matter and energy, least favorable of all, however, in digestibility of pro- tein. If we value these foods in proportion to the digestibility of their protein when used with a mixed diet, we must place rolled wheat first and the corn products last. When the digesti- bility of the cereals alone is calculated, more striking results are obtained. It will be noticed that the rolled wheat now ranks CEREAL FOODS. I2G first, not only in the digestibility of the total organic matter, but also with respect to the protein. The rolled oats rank next, and the corn preparations and shredded wheat the lowest of all. One of the most noticeable differences in these cereal foods is found in the digestibility of the protein when the cereal is eaten with a simple diet. This difference is most marked in the various wheat products, especially when the results are calcu- lated to the cereal alone. Thus, while the protein of rolled wheat is 85 per cent digestible, that of Force and Grape-Nuts is 76.1 per cent, and that of Shredded Whole Wheat only 57.7 per cent. It is not claimed that the results given in the table for the cereal alone exactly represent the proportion of these foods which becomes available to the body when they are eaten under ordinary conditions. No one subsists on thes= cereals alone, and the conditions are therefore abnormal and the results exagger- ated. It is fair to assume—and the assumption is quite in accordance with the results of other experiments recorded else- where—that most articles of food are more fully digested when eaten with a mixed diet than when eaten alone. On the other hand, there can be no doubt that these figures correctly indicate the relative digestibility of the foods studied. The brands named were chosen for these experiments merely because they were well known articles and representative of the groups indi- cated. McGill found (see table, p. 125) that the rolled wheat which he examined contained only 2.6 per cent dextrin, while Force and Grape-Nuts contained 14.5 and 24.9 per cent respectively. These facts suggest that the processes to which these latter prod- ucts have been submitted to render the starch soluble have at the same time diminished the digestibility of the protein. This conclusicn seems to be confirmed by Snyder iu a study upon the comparative digestibility of bread and toast.* He found that the toasting of bread “changes the form and solu- bility of the nutrients, particularly of the carbohydrates, to a much greater extent than it does the percentage amounts. Dur- * Minnesota Expt. Station, Bul. 74, p. 166. 130 MAINE AGRICULTUAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I905. ing the toasting process, a portion of the starch was changed to dextrin, a soluble carbohydrate. The proteid compounds also suffered changes in composition, but opposite in character from the carbohydrates ; tests showed that the proteids were rendered less soluble, while the carbohydrates were rendered more soluble.” Further confirmation is found in the work of Colby of the California Experiment Station upon toasted bread. He found that “brown toast made at 170° shows a sudden large increase of soluble matter, more than doubling that obtained at 150°. But there is at the same time a notable decrease in the amount of soluble nitrogenous matter as compared with the extract from the raw bread.”* While differences in the treatment may account for variations in the digestibility of the protein of the wheat products, 1t throws no light upon the difference noticed in the digestibility of the pro- teids of the various grains. These may be due to intrinsic dif- ferences in the nature of the proteids themselves. Gudemanj found that the raw cereals, if sufficiently cooked, were as quickly digested as the best malted cereals, more quickly than the prepared cereals and a large majority of the so-called malted cereals. CLAIMS OF MANUFACTURERS. The claims made for some of the cereal foods are so absurd that any mention of them seems almost superfluous. It may be said in general that there is but little waste or indigestible matter in the decorticated kernel of our cereal grains. Beyond the removal of the outer coatings and the expulsion of a possible excess of waiter, little or nothing can be done to condense them. There is no mysterious alchemy known to millers whereby the cereal grains may acquire the marvelous nutritive qualities ascribed to many of them. The various methods by which they are prepared may render the starch more soluble or convert it into other and more soluble forms. Whether at the same time the foods gain in digestibility is another question which has been already discussed. a=: + California Expt. Station, Rept. 1901-3, p. 101. {7 Journal Am. Chem. Soc., 26 (194), p. 323. 4 CEREAL FOODS. 131 The advocates of these foods lay much stress upon the large amount of mineral constituents (ash) which they are said to contain, and which are so largely lacking in white flour. Phos- phorus is formed in the brain and other tissues ; phosphorus and lime are especially abundant in the bones; iron occurs in the hemoglobin of the blood. These elements are much more abun- dant in the seed coverings and in the germ of the cereal grains than in the endosperm. ‘The oat and wheat breakfast foods con- tain from 114 to 2 per cent of ash constituents, graham flour carries an equally large amount, while patent flour contains only about one-half of one per cent. Hence it is said that we should eat the coarser flours; or, if we persist in eating bread of patent flour, we should supplement our diet by the use of cereal break- fast foods. If there is any force in this argument, it lies in these two assumptions: First, that white flour as now milled no longer contains enough ash constituents to satisfy the needs of the body. Second, that bread flour and the cereal breakfast foods are the enly sources from which the body may derive mineral matters. In point of fact, an average diet, even though it does not include coarse flour and cereal breakfast foods, probably carries the mir- eral salts in quantities largely in excess of our needs. While the modern methods of milling cereal breakfast foods have changed the mechanical condition of the cereal, and in many cases the form of the carbohydrates as well, yet the actual nutri- tive value is for the most part a characteristic of the cereal itself, and is changed but little by its method of preparation. Com- parisons made by thegStorrs Experiment Station* showed that the average of 26 analyses of several different brands of rolled oats was almost exactly the same as that of 18 analyses of old fashioned oatmeal. It has been claimed that cooked or partially cooked cereals possess superior keeping qualities. If this be true, it is probably due to the sterilizing effect of the heat employed in their prepa- ration and the greater dryness of the product. *Storrs.(Conn.) Expt. Station, 16th Annual Report (1904), p. 122. 132 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. COST. Although these foods differ greatly in composition, we find an even greater difference in cost. Of the rolled oats examined, the prices range from 4 to 7.8 cents per pound. The rolled and partially cooked wheats range from 4 to 9.8 cents. But it is in the malted and otherwise “predigested” foods that we find the widest variation, the price running in one instance to 27.2 cents per pound, and in other cases from 13 to 22 cents. Some of the standard preparations of rolled oats and wheat, of known excellence, may be obtained in bulk. When purchased from reliable dealers who are handling large quantities and whose stock is consequently frequently renewed, such gocds are not only fresh, but, next to white flour, they are among our most economical foods. ‘These cereals may often be purchased at 4 cents a pound, or even at a less rate. The same goods put up in pasteboard cartons retail for 2 or 3 cents more per pound. The investigations made at this station have thus far failed to discover any fixed relation between price and nutritive value. It is only fair to add, however, that, whatever the relative food values of malted and unmalted foods, the cost of the former to the manufacturer is greater, and the increased price is to this extent justified. The following table gives the cost of wheat, oats, and corn breakfast foods purchased in packages, excluding the uncooked and malted oat and wheat foods. Maximum, minimum and average cost per pound of wheat, oat, and corn breakfast foods purchased in packages. = PRICE PER POUND. | | | | | | | = S «# | ne Kind of cereal. = 18 2 22) ste ell) cies i 23, aH | Eo Ls EE ae | ee a | So! le =o Za =O =O <9 | DLA 9 SCA te Ee Se AAA, ee See ee Ril ere ee MAL are lea | 11.4 4.9 | 7.8 VP ORER oc s ek oc ais MPa REE ee cee ny te RE ERE Seer ee es Pei 4.1 6.0 | | TOR srinnecic ss asnancecanctncrone sceatodntoccen cent aeelcce ss | 9.2 4.1 | 5.5 * Including only the hominies. a CEREAL FOODS. 133 RELATIVE ECONOMY. To find the relative economy of these goods, their cost should be considered in connection with their composition. By means of the data given in the tables on pages 121 and 132 it is easy to calculate the amount of nutrients which can be purchased for a given sum in any of these goods. ‘This is done in the table below. Pounds of nutrients and number of calories to be purchased for one dollar at the average price per pound, POUNDS OF NUTRIENTS TO BE ne PURCHASED FOR ONE DOLLAR. RD a (om aw He: a SE EEE = SS H ° of | on ; a 3 Lon =| ot wo | S2o| € Be o = qu a i Bye 4 Feo} Seuss | acu ae ie seule aes fed) i] <2 | 485 of es oes q | ag Cents lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. Cal. Rolled Wheat ............... 7.8 12.8 1.54 24 9.57 18 40.3 OWSAIORESS ciscce Cetes sees 6.0 16.7 2.79 -90 11.64 -30 72.0 POU i ee lsisreoeeleeziele oS ereyets 5.5 18.2 1.56 oils 14.50 -05 70.2 Patents OmEyacire cre teste creletrelers oe 28.6 3.98 -40 20.82 14 113.2 At the prices given, flour is by far the most economical of the above named foods. It should be remembered, however, that few articles of food can compare with white flour in this respect. When it is possible to purchase rolled oats and wheat in bulk at prices scarcely exceeding one-half those given above, it will be found that they compare very favorably with flour as far as price is concerned, and present the double advantage of variety and ease of preparation. ‘The latter consideration is one that should not be lost sight of. When it is found necessary to maintain a fire for the sole purpose of cooking food, the cost of preparation is largely increased and the consumer can readily afford to pay a reasonably higher price for goods the use of which will lighten his labors or effect a saving of fuel. 134 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9g05. COOKING. Too much cannot be said in favor of thorough cooking. The hominies and old fashioned oatmeals should be cooked an hour at least. It is asserted that some of the rolled products may be thoroughly prepared in from 10 to 20 minutes. In most cases it will be found advisable to use more time. Snyder attributes the difficulty in digesting imperfectly cooked oatmeal to “the large amounts of glutinous material which surround the starch grains and prevent their disintegration. When thoroughly cooked, the protecting action of the mucilagenous proteid mate- rial is overcome, and the compound starch granules are suffi- ciently disintegrated to allow the digestion juices to act.”* The increased digestibility of fully cooked cereals he believes to be due largely to a physical change in the carbohydrates which ren- ders them more susceptible to the action of the digestive solvents. In the digestion experiments carried on in the laboratories of this Station, the rolled oats and wheats were cooked 45 minutes in double boilers. SUMMARY. In selecting a cereal breakfast food the consumer may be guided by the claims of the manufacturers ; by the chemical com- position, as ascertained by a disinterested chemist ; by the digesti- bility as determined by experimentation; by cost; by taste; by economy ; or by their observed effect upon the individual. Claims.—The claims printed upon the outside of the package are unfortunately not always to be relied upon. In some instances there can be but little doubt that they are intended to deceive the purchaser. In other cases the claims made are so reckless as to lead to a suspicion that their author was not familiar with the terms employed. Such claims are less harm- ful because less likely to deceive. The consumer has no diffi- ‘culty in detecting the falsity of many of the statements made, and should be cautious in accepting those which appear too extraordinary. Chenucal Composition.—The chemical composition furnishes a more reliable guide, but should be considered in connection with digestibility and cost. Too much reliance should not be * Minnesota Expt. Station, Bul. 74, p. 153. By CEREAL FOODS. 135 placed upon a single analysis, since wide variations have been observed in the composition of two or more samples of the same brand. The differences in composition between foods of the three common cereals, wheat, oats and corn, are sufficiently con- stant and furnish reliable evidence. Digestibility—Digestibility is of no less importance than com- position. In the digestion experiments made upon human sub- jects the rolled wheat seemed to be somewhat more digestible than the rolled oats, and so far as relates to protein, the most valuable constituents, both rolled oats and rolled wheat are superior to corn. ‘The attempt to increase the digestibility of starch seems to have had a contrary effect upon the protein. Cost.—The corn products are the cheapest of these foods, the hominies examined costing on the average 514 cents a pound. The rolled oats cost on the average 6 cents and the rolled and granulated wheats (partially cooked preparations) 734 cents. Taste.—A food should never be selected by taste alone, since a very inferior article may be so disguised as to prove acceptable to the palate. At the same time, palatability is a quality which should not be overlooked, since it seems to have some effect upon digestibility and also upon the amount eaten. It seems espe- cially desirable that such foods as experience and a mature judg- ment have shown to be most fitting should appeal directly to the palate of the child. With the great variety of products now available, there should be little difficulty in finding a food which should be at once palatable, nutritious, and digestible. Economy.—Economy in the use of a cereal food invclves a consideration of several qualities. It by no means follows that the cheapest food is the most economical. The best food is that which for a given sum supplies the largest amount of digestible nutrients in a palatable form. Individual Peculiarities —Except in a very general way it is impossible to predict the choice of these foods to be made by the individual, or the effects of their use. Individual tastes are exceedingly capricious. In a family of four the writer has recently found three cereal foods served at the same meal. Cases frequently arise in which it is found necessary to discontinue the use of a food which has proved palatable. A food which dis- agrees with the consumer is not cheap at any price. FOOD INSPECTION. Cuas. D. Woops, Director. L. H. Merritu, Chemist in charge of food analysis. The law regulating the sale and analysis of foods, enacted by the legislature of Maine in 1905, apparently contemplates two. things; the proper and truthful branding of all articles of food, and the exclusion from the markets of deleterious food materials. The law does not seek to prevent the sale of any article of whole- some food, but in case a food material is other than it appears. to be, it “shall be plainly labeled, branded or tagged so as to show the exact character thereof.” Bulletin 116 of this Station contains the full text of the law and food standards so far as they have been fixed for Maine. Copies of this bulletin may be had on application to the Station. BAKING POWDERS. As baking powders are the only food material mentioned by name in the law, it was decided to include them in the first trip of the inspector in order to see in how far the powders offered for sale in the State conformed to the requirements of the law, which demands that such powders “ shall be plainly labeled so as to show the acid salt or salts contained therein.” As is pointed out on page 139 beyond, all three classes of baking powder leave objectionable residues in the resulting breads, and there is great dispute as to which are the least objectionable. The food law of this State does not attempt to in any way answer the question as to which is best. They are all put on the same footing of correctly stating the source of the acid constit- uent. A baking powder is adulterated under the law only when the label does not truthfully name the kind of acid salt it con- tains; when it is falsely labeled in any particular; when it contains useless, inert foreign matter, mineral or otherwise. FOOD INSPECTION, 137 There are practically three classes of baking powders on the market, differing chiefly in the source of the acid. Tartrate powders, in which the acid is either cream of tartar (bi-tartrate of soda) or tartaric acid. Phosphate powders, in which calcium or sodium acid phos- phate is the acid constituent. Alum powders, in which the acid constituent is the sulphate of aluminum as it occurs in the various alums. There are of course many complex baking powders on the market which are made up of mixtures of two or more of the three classes above named. Of these mixtures, phosphate-alum powders are the most common. Indeed, phosphate-alum pow- ders are far more common than straight alum powders. Whether the acid principle be tartaric acid, calcium phosphate or aluminum sulphate, there is always a residual product which is undesirable as a food.* Cream of tartar powders leave a residue of Rochelle salt, the active principle of Seidlitz powders; tartaric acid powders leave a residue of sodium tartrate; phos- phate powders leave a residue of sodium and calcium phosphates ; and alum powders leave a residue of ammonium, potassium or sodium sulphate, in accordance with the kind of alum used. The residues of the phosphate-alum powders differ somewhat from those of either alum or phosphate powders and vary with the proportion of the different acid constituents used. When the ingredients are properly proportioned in the baking powder, neither alum or alum phosphate powders leave any considerable amount of alum in the resulting bread or cake. The per cent of available carbonic acid gas furnished by the different classes of baking powders is, according to Wiley,f as follows: Cream of tartar baking powder, 12 per cent available carbonic acid gas. Phosphate baking powder, 13.0 per cent available carbonic acid gas. Alum baking powder, 8.1 per cent available carbonic acid gas, * Many people seem to believe that the chemicals used in baking powders com} pletely or nearly completely disappear. Cream of tartar baking powders belong to one of the best classes and yet, according to Wiley, the amount of Rochelle salt forined as a residue from a teaspoonful and a half of a cream of tartar baking powder equals that of one Seidlitz powder. +The figures are quoted from Bul. 12 of Div. of Chemistry, U.S. Dept. of Agr. 138 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. Phosphate-alum powder, 10.4 per cent available carbonic gas. The alum powders would require a half more than the tartrate or phosphate powders to produce the same leavening effect. There are however very few straight alum powders on the market. Because of the greater leavening effect of the mixed powders and the supposed less harmiul residues, nearly all the alum now used is in the phosphate-alum powders. The samples here collected and reported upon have not been tested for strength, but merely for correctness of labeling. Many of the less common brands were found by correspondence with the manufacturers to be three or more years old. Naturally such powders would not be nearly as effective as leavening agents as when they were fresher. As soon as it is possible to do so with the limited funds at our disposal, new samples will be tested for strength. The manufacturers so far as heard from are ready and anxious to conform to the law. The makers of mixed powders are apparently as desirous of selling their goods on what they claim to be their merits as are the makers of tartrate or phosphate powders. The list of the brands collected and comments follow. CREAM OF TARTAR AND TARTARIC ACID POWDERS. 7009. Cleveland Superior Baking Powder, made by Cleve- land Baking Powder Co., N. ¥. Purchased from A. A. Gilbert, Orono, March, 1905. Intincan. Price per can 25 cents. Cost of powder 3.1 cents per ounce. “A pure cream of tartar powder.” “Free from alum, ammonia, lime or othet adulterant.” The acid salt is correctly named. 7012. Cream Baking Powder, made by Price Baking Powder Company, New York and Chicago. Purchased from W. L. Wilson & Co., Portland, April, 1905. In tin. Price per can 30 cents. Cost per ounce 1.8 cents. “A pure cream of tartar powder.” “Free from aluminum, ammonia, lime or any other adulterant.” The acid salt is correctly named. 7017. Mrs. Lincoln’s Baking Powder, made by Mrs. Lincoln Baking Powder Company, Boston, Mass. Purchased from F. E. Plummer, Portland, April, 1905. In tin. Price per can 15 cents. Cost per ounce, 4 cents. The label states it to be a cream of tartar baking powder. The acid salt is correctly named. FOOD INSPECTION. 139 7033. Plume Baking Powder, made by Plume Baking Pow- der Co., Malden, Mass. Purchased from Andrews & Harrigan, Biddeford, April, 1905. Intin. Price per can 40 cents. Cost per ounce 2.5 cents. ‘The label states that it is a cream of tartar and tartaric acid powder. The acid salt is correctly named. 7022. Royal Baking Powder, made by Royal Baking Powder Company, New Jersey. Purchased from J. C. Norton & Co., Bangor, April, 1905. Intin. Price per can 25 cents. Cost per ounce 3.1 cents. The label states it to be a cream of tartar and tartaric acid powder. The acid salt is correctly named. 7021. Schulling’s Best Baking Powder, made by A. Schilling & Co., San Francisco, Calif. Purchased from Morrill and Ross, Portland: April; 19054) In\ tin. | Price per can 25, cents: ‘Cost per ounce 1.8 cents. The acid salt was not named on the label. The company state that these were old goods and that all goods now sent out are labeled cream of tartar baking powder. The acid salt is as claimed. 7020. Shaw’s Baking Powder, Geo. C. Shaw and Co., Port- land. Purchased from Geo. C. Shaw & Co., Portland, April, 1905. In tin. Price per can 43 cents. Cost per ounce 2.6 cents. The package bears two certificates of analyses which state it to be a cream of tartar baking powder. The acid salt is correctly named. 7011. Slade’s Congress Yeast Powder, made by D. & L. Slade Co., Boston, Mass. Purchased from W. L, Wilson and Co> Portland’ April, 1905. Im tin: , Price peri.can 35" cents: Cost per ounce 2.1 cents. ‘“ Cream of tartar baking powder.” The acid salt is correctly named. 7023. Solar Baking Powder, made by Fidelity Manufactur- ing Co., N. Y. Purchased from A. A. Gilbert, Orono, April, 1905. In tin. Price per can 25 cents. Cost per ounce 2.6 cents. “ Made of absolutely pure cream of tartar.” The acid salt is correctly named. 7024. Wilde's Baking Powder, made by Samuel Wilde & Sons, N. Y. Purchased from A. A. Gilbert, Orono, April, 1905. In tin. Price per can 50 cents. Cost per ounce 2.6 cents. No statement on label as to nature of acid salt, and the company when written to did not reply. It is a cream of tartar powder. I40 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. PHOSPHATE POWDERS. 7010. Boston Baking Powder, made by Boston Baking Pow- der Co., Boston, Mass. Purchased from W. lL. Wilson & Co., Portland) April, 9054 sinvdiin.) Price per can) rolcents. Cost per ounce 1.3 cents. ‘The label did not state the nature of the acid salt. The company write that all goods hereafter sent into the State will bear their formula. It is a straight phosphate powder. 7015. Horsford’s Self Raising Bread Preparation, made by Rumford Chemical Works, Providence, R. I. Purchased from W. L. Wilson & Co., Portland, April, 1905. In paper. Price per package 20 cents. Cost per ounce 1.7 cents. The label states that it is a phosphate powder. ‘The acid salt is correctly named. 7008. Rumford Baking Powder, made by Rumford Chemical Works, Providence, R. I. Purchased from A. A. Gilbert, Orono, pMiarch, Moos. Wnitia | erica pemican 2 5yecntsumCost per ounce 3.1 cents. “A strictly pure phosphate powder.” The acid salt is correctly named. ALUM POWDER. 7031. J.C. Grant's Bon Bon Baking Powder, made by J. C. Grant Chemical Co., East St. Louis, Ill. Purchased from John F, Hannaway, Biddeford, April, 1905. In tin. Price per can 1o cents. Cost per ounce .7 cents. The label states that the powder is made from “double sulphate of sodium and alum- inum.” The claim that it is an alum powder is correct. PHOSPHATE-ALUM POWDERS. 7030. Biskit Baking Powder, made by Biskit Baking Powder Company, Boston, Mass. Purchased from J. L. Sullivan and Sons, Biddeford, April, 1905. In tin. Price per can Io cents. Cost per ounce 2.5 cents. ‘The label states that the powder con- tains calcium phosphate and alumina sulphate. The acid salts are correctly named. 7013. Davis O. K. Baking Powder, made by R. B. Davis, New York, and Hoboken, N. J. Purchased from F. E. Plum- mer, Portland, April, 1905. In tin. Price per can 20 cents. Cost per ounce 2.6 cents. The label on this can did not state the acid Pa FOOD INSPECTION. 144 salt. On the labels now used this powder is stated to contain acid phosphate and sodium aluminic sulphate. The acid salts are correctly named on the new label. 7034. Diamond Baking Powder, made by J. Smith Brock way & Co., Boston. Purchased from S. L. Somerville, Houlton, April, 1905. In tin. Price per can 50 cents. Cost per ounce 3.2 cents. The label did not state the nature of the acid salt. The labels now used state that the powder contains phosphate and basic alumina sulphate. The acid salts are correctly named on the new label. ~ 7014. Grand Union Tea Company Baking Powder, made by the Grand Union Tea Company, Brooklyn, N. Y. Purchased from the Grand Union Tea Company, Portland, April, 1905. In tin. Price per can 50 cents. Cost per ounce 2.8 cents. The label did not state the nature of the acid salts. The label now in use states that the powder contains acid phosphate and cal- cined aluminum sulphate. The acid salts are correctly named on the new label. 7016. J.C. Baking Powder, made by Jacques Manufacturing Company, Chicago, New York and Kansas City. Purchased from Morrill and Ross, Portland, April, 1905. In tin. Price per can 25 cents. Cost per ounce 0.9 cents. The label did not state the acid salt. The label now used states that the powder contains calcium acid phosphate and basic aluminum sulphate. The acid salts are correctly named on the new label. 7032. Pilgrim Baking Powder, made by Pilgrim Baking Powder Co., Boston, Mass. Obtained from Murphy Bros., Biddeford, April, 1905. Intin. Price not given. The Pilgrim Baking Powder is no longer made. The Puritan Baking Pow- der Company are their successors and make an alum-phosphate powder. The label on this powder states that it contains acid phosphate and basic alumina sulphate. 7019. Reliable Baking Powder, put up for Boston Tea and Butter Co., Portland. Purchased from Boston Tea and Butter Co., Portland, April, 1905. In tin: Price per can 25 cents. Cost per ounce 2.8 cents. The label did not state the nature of the acid salt. The company write that all goods hereafter will be labeled in accordance with the requirements of the law. It is an acid phosphate and alum powder. 10 342 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. TARTRATE-PHOSPHATE POWDERS. 7018. Purity Baking Powder, made by Purity Baking Powder Company, Boston. Purchased from Boston Tea and Butter Store, Portland, April, 1905. In tin. Price per can 30 cents. Cost per ounce 1.7 cents. The label states that the powder contains cream of tartar and phosphate of calcium. The acid salts are correctly named. 7035. Ihe Pure Baking Powder, made by the Pure Baking Powder Company, Albany, N. Y. Purchased from Fisher and Crocker, Bangor, April, 1905. In tin. Price per can Io cents. Cost per ounce 3.2 cents. The label states it to be a pure cream of tartar baking powder. This is false as it also contains acid phosphate. TARTRATE-ALUM-ACID-PHOSPHATE POWDER. 7238. Superb Baking Powder, made by Hudson Valley Preserving Co., Glens Falls, N. Y. Purchased from W. J. Elbridge, Foxcroft. In tin. Price per can 8 cents. Cost per ounce 2 cents. “An absolutely pure compound being wholly composed of chemically pure cream of tartar and bicarbonate of soda with the addition of a little starch or flour.” The label is false in that while the powder contains some tartaric acid it also carries alum and acid phosphate. VINEGARS. When alcohol is placed under favorable conditions it takes up oxygen from the air and is converted into acetic acid,—the acid that gives the sour taste to vinegar. Whatever the source of the vinegar, and however it is made, the acetic acid is the same. When a fruit juice, such as cider, is allowed to ferment, its sugar is changed into alcohol by natural yeast-like ferments that are in the juices. Under the influence of another organism that is always present in old vinegar and in “ mother of vinegar,” this alcohol is changed into acetic acid. In the old process of vinegar making, which is still followed by many farmers, the apple cider is put into barrels with open bungs and kept in a warm cellar or other suitable place until both the alcoholic and acetic fermentations have taken place. This is a slow process and two or three years are needed to complete it. The addition —" Pesnhircabsals FOOD INSPECTION. 143 of old vinegar or mother of vinegar hastens the process some- what. While some vinegar is still made in this way, the quick process, used first for malt and distilled vinegars, is now gen- erally employed by manufacturers of cider vinegar. In this process the fermented cider or other alcoholic solution is made to pass slowly through beech shavings which have been previ- ously saturated with old vinegar, and at the same time a current of air is forced through the shavings. The shavings are used to increase the surface exposed to the air. Beech is commonly employed because it is an odorless and tasteless wood. Under proper conditions two or three days are sufficient to complete the process. Besides acetic acid, vinegar always contains more or less of other substances which vary widely with the source from which the vinegar was made. It is because of these foreign matters, characteristic of vinegar of the same kind, that it is possible for the chemist to quite readily distinguish one variety of vinegar from another. The sour taste of a vinegar is due to its acetic acid, the other flavors are due to foreign matters in solution. The standards which have been adopted take these other foreign matters into account. The following standards for vinegars were adopted and pub- lished as directed by law in May, 1905. VINEGAR STANDARDS OF MAINE. 1. Vinegar, cider vinegar, or apple vinegar is the product made by the alcoholic and subsequent acetous fermentations of the juice of apples, is levo-rotatory, and contains not less than four (4) grams of acetic acid, not less than one and six-tenths (1.6) grams of apple solids, and not less than twenty-five hun- dredths (0.25) gram of apple ash in one hundred (100) cubic centimeters. The water-soluble ash from one hundred (100) cubic centimeters of the vinegar requires not less than thirty (30) cubic centimeters of decinormal acid to neutralize the acidity and contains not less than ten (10) milligrams of phos- phoric acid (P,O,). 2. Wine vinegar or grape vinegar is the product made by the alcoholic and subsequent acetous fermentations of the juice of grapes and contains, in one hundred (100) cubic centimeters, not less than four (4) grams of acetic acid, not less than one and 144 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I905. four-tenths (1.4) grams of grape solids, and not less than thir- teen hundredths (0.13) gram of grape ash. 3. Malt vinegar is the product made by the alcoholic and subsequent acetous fermentations, without distillation, of an infusion of barley malt or cereals whose starch has been con- verted by malt, and is dextro-rotatory and contains, in one hun- dred (100) cubic centimeters, not less than four (4) grams of acetic acid, not less than two (2) grams of solids, and not less than two-tenths (0.2) gram of ash. The water-soluble ash from one hundred (100) cubic centimeters of the vinegar requires not less than four (4) cubic centimeters of decinormal acid to neutralize its alkalinity and contains not less than nine (g) milli- grams of phosphoric acid (P,O,). 4. Sugar vimegar is the product made by the alcoholic and subsequent acetous fermentations of solutions of a sugar, sirup, molasses, or refiners’ sirup, and contains, in one hundred (100) cubic centimeters, not less than four (4) grams of acetic acid. 5. Glucose vinegar is the product made by the alcoholic and subsequent acetous fermentations of solutions of starch sugar, glucose, or glucose sirup, is dextro-rotatory, and contains, in one hundred (100) cubic centimeters, not less than four (4) grams of acetic acid. 6. Spirit vinegar, distilled vinegar, grain vinegar is the prod- uct made by the acetous fermentations of dilute distilled alcohol and contains, in one hundred (100) cubic centimeters, not less than four (4) grams of acetic acid. INTERPRETATION OF THE LAW. While there have been no court decisions in Maine, the execu- tive officer will, until he is better informed, be guided by the following statements in the enforcement of the law concerning vinegar. The standards above named, adopted under section 5 of the law, are part of the pure food law. The word vinegar, as defined in section 1 of the stasis unless otherwise qualified, always means cider vinegar. To sell anything else than cider vinegar when vinegar is asked for, is prohibited by the law. No vinegar whether cider or otherwise, carrying less than 4 per cent of acetic acid, can legally be sold unless the per cent of acid is stated on the package. FOOD INSPECTION. 145 The use of the trade term “white wine vinegar” defined in section 2 of the standards is an adulteration unless the vinegar thus designated is made from grapes. The vinegars commonly called white wine vinegars should be labeled white vinegar, distilled; pickling vinegar, distilled; spirit vinegar; grain vine- gar; or some such term that clearly states the nature of the goods. Distilled vinegars colored so as to resemble cider vinegar must carry a statement showing that they are colored. In case caramel (burnt sugar) is the coloring matter, the exact nature of the coloring matter need not be stated. Thus “ distilled vinegar, colored”? would come within the requirements of the law. In case a dealer furnishes a customer with vinegar other than ‘cider vinegar, or one that carries less than 4 per cent acetic acid, he must so notify the purchaser. Failure to do so is a violation of the law, and bills therefor are uncollectable (section 8 of law). RESULT OF THE INSPECTION. Samples of vinegar were taken from the stock of retail dealers in several cities and large towns in the State in the months of May and August, 1905. These vinegars were exam- ined for total acidity, volatile acids, total solids and ash. The nature of the solids and ash were not studied, except in a few special instances. For this reason it may be that an occasional sample of vinegar has been passed as a straight cider vinegar when it was adulterated. Ordinary adulterations would be detected by the methods employed by us. A skillful adultera- tion might have escaped detection. : It is gratifying to note that while there were low grade imitation vinegars on the market, no harmful ingredients were found. The fraud in every case was upon the pocket-book rather than upon the health of the consumer. It is likewise gratifying that the makers and handlers of vine- gar in the State are in apparent sympathy with the purpose of the law and desire to meet its requirements. The results of the analyses are given in the table which follows. 146 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. Description and results of analyses of samples of different kinds of vinegars collected in Maine in the spring and fall of 1905. Description*. Remarks. Number. CIDER VINEGARS. 7059|A. H. Black, West Sidney. : W. P. Stewart & Co., Waterville, April, 1905........... 7289|A. H. Black, West Sidney. Edson Locke, Augusta, August, 1905................+-. 7295|A. H. Black, West Sidney. G. E. Barrows, Waterville, August, 1905 .............. 7261|Eastern Tea & Grocery Co., Bath, August, 1905. The barrel was labeled ‘pure cider vinegar” but did not carry the name of the maker. It appears to be a dilute cider vinegar, such as would result from adding a third or more water to a good > WDC cog sceso00 ssecagbposcosososrannsDoOSDCODSCDdODC 7046|John Cassidy Co., Bangor. S. H. Robinson & Son, Bangor, April, 1905........... 7242|John Cassidy Co., Bangor. Robert Hickson & Son, Bangor, August, 1905 ......... 7244| John Cassidy Co., Bangor. R. B. Blair, Brewer, August, 1905............<.-+-+-+e0- 7271|E. Clifford & Co., Portland. Nealley & Miller, Lewiston, August, 1905.............. 7036|Chas. F. Dearth, Foxcroft. Fred T. Hall & Co., Bangor, April, 1905 ................ 7042/Chas. F. Dearth, Foxeroft. J.C. Norton & Co., Bangor, April, 1905................. 7053|Chas. F. Dearth, Foxcroft. WessHamim, Foxcroft; Aprils 190Djcltecleoc cic -1= efoielclnielelatele 7247|Chas. F. Dearth, Foxcroft. Harlow Bros., Brewer, August, 1905 ..........0.-.2000- 7074|A. B. Donald. A. P. Conant & Co., Lewiston, April, 1905. Probably a pure cider vinegar, though rather poorly TPG ec odo so opooenEDDsoonuasncoobpobaoscooucesnsooRoadac 7281\J. B. Donald, Portland. G. E. Whitehouse, Brunswick, August, 1905........... 7047| Duffy Cider Co., Rochester, N. Y. F. H. Drummond, Bangor, May, 1905..... ........e00e: 7293| Duffy Cider Co., Rochester, N. Y. Percival Bros., Augusta, August, 1905..............--- 7055| E. G. Flanders, Sangerville. Warren & Dyer, Dover, May, 1905. Probably a poorly made straight cider vinegar...... * When two names are given, the first is that of the manufacturer. is that of taking the sample Cost per gallon. Total acids. 20) 3.03 25} 4.10 25) 4.00 18} 3.47 Volatile acids. Total solids. o ~1 rs _ =I for} 3.20) 3.69 Ash. ol 232: 48° - 29 -oF Bit -39 The date teat ee le a eR OK mm AS” Ere) ee SaaS FOOD INSPECTION. 147 Descriptions and analyses of vinegars collected in 1905. g ; S S = ; = nD Soules) > | ca || aS ra Description, Remarks. a 15) o S © 4 a = 7) 2 a _ = com a H accede atc. Z iS) al > a <4 - 7277|Fuller & Holmes Co., Augusta. % % Webber & Hewett, Augusta, August, 1905. Probably a rather poorly made cider vinegar........ 34 7041|*Gold Medal.”?” Haynes-Piper Co., Boston. J.C. Norton & Co., Bangor, May, 1905.................- -36 7241| Holly Mills, Genesee Fruit Co., Holly, N. Y. Gallagher Bros., Bangor, August, 1905.............-+-- 47 7037|H. J. Heinz Co., Pittsburg, Pa. James H. Snow & Co., Bangor, May, 1905.............. 3 7256|H. J. Heinz Co., Pittsburg, Pa. J. H. Snow & Co., Bangor, August, 1905................ 42 7257|H. J. Heinz Co., Pittsburg, Pa. Walter S. Russell, Bath, August, 1905................... 2. 36 7282|H. J. Heinz Co., Pittsburg, Pa. HH. T. Mason, Brunswick, August, 1905..,........ ..... 3% 7286|/H. J. Heinz Co., Pittsburg, Pa. H. E. Emmons, Brunswick, August, 1905.............. -41 7291|F. L. Hewins, East Winthrop. E. W. Church, Augusta, August, 1905. Probably an imperfectly fermented cider vinegar... 45 7060|W. S. Hunnewell, China. Geo. A. Kennison, Waterville, May, 1905.............. -3D 7297|W. S. Hunnewell, China. Geo. A. Kennison, Waterville, August, 1905........... -33 7058|J. A. Jenkins, Lambs Corner. H. C. Haskell, Waterville, May, 1905...............00-. 37 7294|J. A. Jenkins, Lambs Corner. E. M. Jepson, Waterville, August, 1905,...............- 35 7296|J. A. Jenkins, Lambs Corner. C. E. Mathews, Waterville, August, 1905............... aby 7265| Pettingill, Limington. Wm. Milliken & Co., Portland, August, 1905........... 44 7288|H. S. Melcher Co., Portland. f. M. Alexander, Brunswick, August, 1905............. 34 7054| Daniel Page, Dover. 2 Fred Palmer, Dover, May, 1905............scscescosceee tle 52 7068) EK. D. Pettingill Bros., Portland. Morrill & Ross, Portland, May, 1905..................:- ou 7270|E. L. Pettingill Sons Co., Portland. seannell & Roche, Lewiston, August, 1905............. -27 7064|J. F. Pillsbury. Geo. C. Shaw Co., Portland, May, 1905.................. 48 7268|Steadman, Hawkes & Co., Portland. Ames & Merrill, Lewiston, August, 1905 .............. 25 148 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. Descriptions and analyses of vinegars collected in 1905. - 4S : ee eile ae | ¢f]/e|] H Description. Remarks. i 8 2 3 a a cool ~~ — z2)2/2/4 lo} ° nD A iS) = > = 4 cts.| % | % | % |\% 7075|Maker unknown. Bowker & Scott, Lewiston, May, 1905..............0-5- 20| 4.85) 4.78) 1.29) .24 7069/T witchell-Champlin Co., Portland. EF, E: Plumer, Portland, May, 1905.2... .2.ccccsccerns nae 25) 4.73) 4.68) 1.80) .29 7262|‘‘Hatchet brand.” Twitchell-Champlin Co., Portland. A. F. Williams, Bath, August, 1905.............+..s00-- 20) 5.03) 4.96) 1.82) .29 7287|‘‘Hatchet brand.” Twitchell-Champlin Co., Portland C. A. Pierce & Son, Brunswick, August, 1905.......... 24) 4.85) 4.84) 1.81) .29 7079|Fred Vickery, East Auburn. Jobn Callahan, Auburn, May, 1905.............. ss... 20} 3.97) 3.82) 2.52) .40 7273|J. P. Vickery, East Auburn. C. H. Libby & Co., Lewiston, August, 1905. If a cider vinegar it has apparently been reduced SWHL CH WDD ED eisicrorersiale(everete sisin’e eisreioicynicis ie wlaic eieipiaie ecynievatsieletebelete 20! 3.70) 3-64) 1.23) .12 7063|‘‘Domestic vinegar.” Maker unknown. W. L. Wilson & Co., Portland, May, 1905............... 20} 6.09} 6.08) 1.88) .36 7070|**‘Domestic vinegar.” Maker unknown. A. M. Hanniford, Portland, May, 1905. Hither a very poorly fermented or, what is more probable, a watered Vinegar........... ..csesecccnces 18} 2.30} 2.20) 1.79) .37 7266|‘‘Domestic vineyar.” Maker unknown. Jobn W. Deering & Son, Portland, August, 1905. A rather poorly fermented cider vinezar...... ...... 25} 3.50) 3.48) 2.27] .25 7299|‘*‘Marvel brand.” Maker’s name illegible on barrel. Chas. Pomeleau, Waterville, August, 1905............. 25} 4.47) 4.44) 1.65] .28 MALT VINEGARS. 7057|H. J. Heinz Co., Pittsburg, Pa. Warren & Dyer, Dover, May, 1905............... ss... 25] 5.10); 4.76) 1.89) .24 7066/H. J. Heinz Co., Pittsburg, Pa. Geo. C. Shaw Co., Portland, May, 1905 ................. 60} 6.13} 5.70) 2.84) .31 7067|H. J. Heinz Co., Pittsburg, Pa. He He Vierrills Portland) Mays 1 90a ere -ecetieteierieiclelelelelerelere 25| 4.73] 4.28) 2.24) .23 7245|H. J. Heinz Co., Pittsburg, Pa. Harlow Bros., Brewer, AuguSf, 1905..........0+--seeees 25) 4.70| 4.37) 1.97) .22 7259|H. J. Heinz Co., Pittsburg, Pa. Walter S. Russell, Bath, August, 1905.................. 25) 4.87) 4.52) 2.10) .30 7264|H. J. Heinz Co., Pittsburg, Pa. Geo. C. Shaw & Co., Portland, August, 1905...... aateate 60} 5.38} 5.04) 2.65) .22 7274|H. J. Heinz Co., Pittsburg, Pa. Atwood Market Co., Lewiston, August, 1905.......... 25| 4.76) 4.32) 2.60) .43 7292|H. J. Heinz Co., Pittsburg, Pa. G. W. Wadleigh, Augusta, August, 1905 ..............- 30| 4.80) 4.48) 2.03) .29 DISTILLED VINEGARS. NOT COLORED. 7040|E. EH. Clifford & Co., Portland. Brennen & Curran, Bangor, May, 1905. Branded and sold as white wine vinegar ..... ....... 25) 3.79) 3.31 -10] .03 FOOD INSPECTION. 149 Descriptions and analyses of vinegars collected in 1905. s : 2/181 . L osaee s/ 2) 2/8 K Description. Remarks. Fa 3 2 $ Q a} . = = ; 3 2 & ls. | Seis zy. iS) 'S > a |oeF|SE| & | roe eae eevee lige Whores le icy hoes os cc i} i] lo % “) % % % % % % % % 20217 ce pace ie EN 6.17| 4.52) 1.72] 10.69] 11.00] 12.41) 12.00|| 1.95 20218} 1.59} 1.42! 3.01/ 3.30|| 5.55; 2.59) 1.70] 8.14] 8.00] 9.84! 9.00|| 6.87| 7 20450} 0.94| 2.16] 3.10] 3.30|| 4.26] 3.22] 4.03] 7.47| 8.00] 11.55| 9.00|| 6.97| 7 20219| 1.40] 1.95; 3.38] 3.30|| 3.08] 1.93] 2.65] 5.01/ 6.00] 7.66] 7.00|| 9.46! 10 20451 1.70| 1.56] 3.26] 3.30|] 4.27/ 1.85| 1.63] 6.12] 6.00] 7.75] 7.00|| 9.86] 10 20220| 0.87| 1.24) 2.11] 2.06|| 4.47| 3.58| 3.13] 8.05! 8.00] 11.18] 10.00|| 1.87| 1.5 20221 0.54) 0.56] 1.10] 1.03/| 4.80] 3.62| 2.51) 8.42! 8.00] 10.93] 10.00|| 2.36) 2 20222) 0.38| 0.72| 1.10] 0.82|| 4.32} 2.18] 2.03] 6.50] 7.00] 8.53] 8.00|| 1.27) 1 20223| 0.98} 0.98} 1.96] 2.06|| 3.92] 3.88] 2.83/ 7.74| 8.00] 10.57| 10.00|| 3.41) 3 20224) 1.20/ 1.22] 2.42) 2.50]/ 4.10] 3.30) 2.70) 7.40] 6.00] 10.10] 8.00|| 5.54] 5 20452) 1.40) 1.30] 2.70] 2.50|) 3.29] 2.99] 2.73] 6.28] 6.00] 9.01| 8.00|| 4.98) 5 20225| 1.07| 1.30] 2.37] 2.50|| 7.30] 1.74) 2.81) 9.04) 9.00] 11.85] 11.00|| 2.37] 2 20453] 0.92| 1.38} 2.30] 2.50|| 5.45} 2.89 3.96] 8.34! 9.00] 12.80] 11.00|| 2.03] 2 20226) 1.11] 1.26] 2.37] 2.50]) 7.51] 2.57| 1.79] 10.08] 9.00] 11.87| 11.00]| 2.53) 2 20454| 1.00| 1.28] 2.28] 2.50]| 5.93] 2.78] 2.90) 8.71/ 9.00] 11.61] 11.00|| 2.14) 2 20227| 1.12/ 0.94] 2.06] 2.06|| 4.08] 3.66] 3.44] 7.74/ 8.00] 11.18] 10.00|/ 2.12] 1.5 20455| 0.88] 0.94] 1.82} 2.06|| 6.03] 2.61] 2.48] 8.64] 8.00] 11.12] 10.00|| 1.72] 1.5 20228| 0.23} 0.78] 1.01] 1.03]| 4.96] 3.24| 1.51] 8.20] 8.00! 9.71] 10.u0|| 1.89] 2 20456| 0.32} 0.80] 1.12] 1.03]| 5.55] 2.43; 1.38] 8.08] 8.00] 9.46] 10.00|| 1.72] 2 20226] 0.38} 0.68] 1.06| 0.82|} 3.59] 2.70] 2.32] 6.29] 7.00] 8.61| 8.00|| 1.43] 1 20230] 1.88] 1.36] 3.24) 3.30] 5.49] 1.56] 3.13] 7.05/ 8.00] 10.18} 9.00|| 6.64) 7 20231) 0.64) 0.96] 1.00] 1.03]! 5.33] 2.33) 1.91| 7.66) §.00] 9.57] 10.00]| 1.80) 2 20457| 0.32] 0.86] 1.18] 1.03|| 5.47| 2.66] 1.61/ 8.13] 8.00] 9.74| 10.00]| 1.76) 2 20232] 0.90| 1.20] 2.10] 2.06]| 4.63] 3.46] 2.36] 8.09] 8.00) 10.45] 10.00]; 2.90) 3 20458} 0.92| 1.04 1.96] 2.u6]} 5.68] 2.48] 2.93] 8.16] 8.00| 11.09) 10.00|| 3.09] 3 20233} 1.32} 1.26] 2.58) 2.50)| 4.94; 1.33] 2.85) 6.27|. 6.00; 9.12) 8.00 5.62] 5 20234) 0.68] 0.32] 1.00] 1.03)! 4.86] 4.90| 0.45] 9.76] 8.00] 10.21] 10.00|| 2.18) 2 20235| 1.81} 1.26] 3.07| 3.30/| 4.86] 1.48] 4.25] 6.34] 8.00] 10.59] 9.00|| 6.62] 7 20236] 0.81) 1.14] 1.95] 2.06/| 6.30] 1.72] 1.99] 9.02) 8.00) 11.01/ 10.00); 2.99] 3 20459/ 1.28] 0.80) 2.08/ 2.06] 4.63) 3.86| 3.39] 8.49/ 8.00) 11.88] 10.00], 3.05] 3 perl eae llndaade DS OS ereg steal fetatecge el aiscueeal ps aero S00 yebaee ns 10.00]|...... 2 20238] 0.56] 1.10] 1.66] 2.06|| 5.87| 2.46] 2.36] 8.33] 8.00] 10.69] 10.00)| 1.49] 1.5 20460] 1.04] 0.72] 1.76] 2.06|| 4.13] 3.80| 2.72/ 7.93] 8.00] 10.65] 10.00]; 1.87] 1.5 20239] 2.00] 1.26} 3.26] 3.30|| 3.38] 2.32| 2.79] 5.70] 6.00] 8.49] 7.00|| 10.79] 10 20240] 1.06] 0.96] 2.02} 2.06|| 3.83] 3.37) 3.57| 7.20/ 8.00] 10.77]...... 6.06] 6 20461| 1.04] 0.96] 2.00] 2.06|| 5.47| 2.63| 3.29] 7.70| 8.00] 10.99]...... 5.85} 6 | 20241} 1.02] 0.96] 1.98] 2.06|| 5.94) 2.30] 3.06] 8.04} 8.00] 11.10)...... 1.71) 1.5 20462| 0.74] 0.88} 1.72] 2.06|| 4.07| 2.69| 3.53! 6.76] 8.CO| 10.99]...... | 1.80] 1.5 Yip. levine etter ere aera [cba 4.26] 6.50| 2.13] 10.76] 11.00] 12.89]...... 2.18) 2 BOAGSllsaeseal suercuedl tanec es lonsece 4.63| 4.39] 3.10] 9.02] 11.00] 12.12]...... 2.03} 2 20243} 0.54; 0.46) 1.00] 1.03|| 5.25] 2.46] 2.42! 7.71] 8.00] 10.13]|...... 2.25] 2 20464 0.40} 0.86] 1.26] 1.03]| 5.65) 2.58] 1.42/ 8.23| 8.00] 9.65|...... 1.72] 2 20244| 0.52| 1.34] 1.86] 2.06|| 4.59/ 3.49] 3.23] 8.08] 8.00] 11.31|...... 3.02] 3 20465} 0.50| 1.72) 2.22] 2.06|| 5.65] 2.42} 3.13] 8.07] 8.00] 11.20]...... 2.93] 3 20245] 1.50| 1.86] 3.36] 3.29|| 4.66] 2.81] 1.70] 7.47| 6.00] 9-.17]...... 7.30) 10 156 Station number. 20466 20246 20247 20467 20248 20249 20468 20250 20251 20252 20253 20469 20254 20470 20255 20471 20256 20472 20257 20473 20258 20474 20259 20260 20261 20262 20263 20264 20265 20266 20267 20268 20269 20270 20271 20272 20273 20475 20274 20476 20275 20276 20477 20277 20278 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. Descriptive List of Station Samples, 1905. Manufacturer, place of business and brand. CrocKkers Special LoOtatouManure les cesecilelcleeseiselsrisicleiciesisiaiela/eeierorsiit pelea ctereteets Cumberland Guano for All Crops ....... cc cece cece eee ee ces aS Cumberland Potato Fertilizer.............. Bhar evo pasatepttesate sinveialevais ielaieie sisal elee were eee Cumberland Potato Fertilizer............ AraoenapoIadoOeonopooDOnangON-bN00 onC007 Cumberland Seeding Down Manure .............cce cece cece ee ec eect e ree censece Cumberland Superphosphate..............e2seeeeeeeees BaP OAOBOOROOES 50000-7000 Cumberland Superphos plate’ atyecrecictitateeloicetecricielotversiels /eteteleletes=lalotetalanraretetovorstatatetateyels : Darlings Blood SBone aAnagyEOLashiscccriiee cect ns csleeleri cieieleraalertore aleiete aioe lereieete Mine GrounGiBonerssacmscee ecco cieleeiaicieietseteiniersiectelelelerarsinlels(eresiafatn statcieie te rlneioistetetarats Grassandyb awn oprDressin pier cr. caeeiee slelereiaitialele ie ciate eieisieileteioiieieieieeleistele eicialsteits : Great BasterniGeneraliMertiliz enc c.pcyern=-iclers ctei=leistelelolelols stale «ier =) strieveie/niete s}otaia ofevedetatele GreathasterniGeneraliMertilizerin eesace oes steele lasers nieleoe ie =eiieeiele tetas Great Eastern Grass and Oats Fertilizer ........ 2.0... cece cece cece et ce eee eereces Great Eastern Grass and Oats Fertilizer ..........0..-c0-sccececcsessencccccacess Great Eastern High Grade Potato Manure .............0ceccresececccccnreccsaces Great Eastern High Grade Potato Manure ..............ccccrcecercccccccvsscesee GreatmasternsNorthern Corn Speers cect clei ciieielselaieeiaioie stele la lctete tiers stelotaiete Great) HastermeNorthern CorniSpecral tee cereals cleserial-le er netaiel ole slaleietal sleet ioiaieieieteloeiere Great MasternyP 0 tatow Mam cre ieee oye efevereterer= tale oleate te Tordol=le velo eai= elelateleisielaletetelemiorsiataets GreatihWasternyBotato Manure yercciac cena et icenteincbielee els citar ie ome tiore -elerecleleiareiees HishiGrade sulphate orRotashtere-ceraeiesrisicrrimeristeltteraiscitesies leer ricer HighiGrade sulphate ote Oras lect teiiect ce cise slirerre rieietactetei itr eet alee azarettorAToostook Potato’ Gam Ol eer serials cites leterelaterslaterataieleeletaieteieareleietetsers aieesietera Eazaretio orniGuanOneuee scsi riccicicittecietisecicnisisciceltetelericieisiete rire ler taeenes LazarettoiGishi Grade Potato Guan Opecun-sctens-eticeiecenicce-eaiee ieee ener azaretto-eropellersrotato Guan nrerr eeccs y-isciiieacteideleeieeae ieee ieee Lazaretto Wheat, Oats and Clover Fertilizer .............cccccccccsscccccce sees Muria ter OLR. basa sjeereter-\erra cries stale oisiniclaveteicls ever tal cialeve srapereiole =ieialeraravelelcleie fore ovatalete ioe lel shsiatete Nitrate of Soda............. eee tre lnta cvs leyoPacd bic eseieve 5S ercte le Sire etstale bisie Hote cala os aretolsyole’e-eleteeee Ofis*Rotatonerbhilizens.-eree rere reccriccilsaistericiecicicicciictencessicencte reece eecett Otis’ Seeding Down Fertilizer OtISHSUP!SEPNOS PH Ate ya are ewer er ie olcte ele larecsioailesiYoe eeiatelateveletidete aveietotete steveleleieterelereiatestaets PAcine Dissolved BOE AnGUP OLAS eeieeris-risieisiniceeieioiele) “lalla iS 3 3 3 3 3 3 re) ° q ° 5 (o) >) q {o} ° ° mn |ne|] ae | ic} n (4 fa iy o i ic) fy id) lo % % % % % % % % % % % % 20466 (bs 1.48] 3.09] 3.29|| 4.23] 9.37] 1.53! 6.60] 6.00] 8.13)...... 9.52] 10 20246} 0.70| 0.70 1.40] 1.03|| 3.91| 3.99] 2.93| 7.90] 8.00] 10.83] 10.00|| 2.05 20247; 0.86] 1.08| 1.94| 2.06|| 5.26/ 2.901 2.97| 8.16] 8.00] 11.13] 10.00|| 3.05| 3 20467| 0.78] 1.38] 2.16] 2.06|| 4.85] 3.02] 3.02] 7.87/ 8.00] 10.89] 10.00|| 3.18] 3 20248] 0.32| 0.84| 1.16] 1.03|| 5.02/ 3.03| 1.89] 8.05] 8.00] 9.94| 10.00|| 2.16] 2 20249| 0.66] 1.10| 1.76| 2.06|| 6.32] 0.94| 2.39] 7.26] 8.00] 10.65| 10.00|| 1.47| 1.5 20463| 1.20] 0.86| 2.06] 2.06|| 3.94) 3.42] 3.53! 7.36] 8.00] 10.89] 10.00|| 1.62] 1.5 20250| 1.67| 2.10] 3.77| 4.10|| 3.73] 2.22| 3.32) 5.95] 7.00| 9.27| 8.00|| 6.70] 7 BOSS eee a lee TA eh Bee ge PAO a nies Sal akan al oat a WP PACH Bape ebeen 20252| 4.80| 0.00| 4.80/ 3.91|| 1.04] 3.82] 1.79] 4.86] 5.00/ 6.65| 6.00|| 3.32] 2 20253| 0.60| 0.24| 0.84/ 0.82|| 4.16] 1.69) 3.10| 5.85] 8.00| 8.95]...... 3.94| 4 20469| 0.63| 0.16] 0.79] 0.82|| 4.26] 2.42| 3.29] 6.68] 8.00| 9.97]...... 3.92| 4 QOR5A logo salharahath aaees ecae 5.50| 3.97| 2.25| 9.47] 11.00] 11.79|...... 2.35] 2 QOLT0 laa eal aie nallacceeihre set 4.27| 6.38] 2.00| 10.65] 11.00] 12.65|...... 2.03] 2 20255| 1.64! 1.58] 3.22! 3.29|| 2.70] 3.30/ 1.40] 6.00/ 6.00| 7.40]...... 10.02] 10 20471} 1.64] 1.56] 3.20] 3.29|| 4.59] 2.28) 1.44] 6.87] 6.00] 8.31).... 9.42] 10 20256] 0.96} 0.98| 1.94 2.06|| 5.28] 2.32| 3.64| 7.60] 5.00| 11.24|...... 1.78] 1.5 20472| 1.12] 1.04| 2.16] 2.06|| 4.86| 2.88| 3.11| 7.74] 8.00] 10.s5|...... 1.85] 1.5 20257; 0.59] 1.40| 1.99] 2.06|| 4.59/ 2.97| 3.92] 7.56] 8.00| 11.48)...... 3.18] 3 20473; 0.80] 1.42| %.22| 2.06|| 5.25] 2.39| 2.97| 7.64] 8.00] 10.61|...... 3.18| 3 20258] 1.09] 1.16] 2.25} 2.40|| 2.44] 2.97| 2.45] 5.41| 6.00| 7.86] 7.00|| 9.96] 10 20474| 1.24) i.48| 2.72| 2.40] 3.14] 2.69] 1.94] 5.83] 6.00| 7.77/ 7.00|| 9.40] 10 BORDA eva dale eats |ce mage cea male paki Seales Janae ea NSM Ra all) Ba 48.60] 48 20260| 0.56] 0.28) 0.84) 0.82|| 4.39] 2.64) 2.48] 7.03] 8.00] 9.51]...... 4.11| 4 20261} 0.82| 1.46] 2.28] 1.64|| 4.74] 1.74) 2.95] 7.48] 8.00] 10.43/...... 2.37| 2 20262| 1.76] 1.26 3.02} 3.29|| 2.55] 2.45) 2.5x| 5.00/ 6.00| 7.58|...... 10.13] 10 20263] 0.83| 0.90} 1.73| 2.06|| 4.18] 4.14| 3.87| 8.32/ 8.00] 12.19]...... 5.81| 6 BOA eres alee lesaeealaseeds 5.47| 2.61) 2.18} 8.08} 11.00] 11.26]...... 2.03| 2 DOIGH| Vestas lec ua ales ka walle FMM Se Upc n ae mls dav RNs Nemes oleae na (Reet Sts 50.00| 50 0266 leans naloncnen TGERO| TS AGO Ils Sos eae au lin amin aR RIERA Ae Siete ice Sali angerga Rea 20267; 0.97| 1.10| 2.07} 2.06|| 3.14] 4.06] 3.52} 7.20| 8.00) 10.72/ 10.00|| 3.05] 3 20268] 0.46] 0.64; 1.10| 1.03|| 3.43) 4.03] 2.54| 7.46] 8.00] 10.00] 10.00|| 2.14) 2 20269| 1.04/ 1.02] 2.06] 2.06|| 3.48] 3.94] 3.79] 7.42/ 8.00] 11.21] 10.00|| 1.78! 1.6 TVD eee Ae arte [aise ae 5.28] 3.65] 2.95} 8.93] 10.00] 11.88] 11.00|| 2.00] 2 20271| 0.30| 0.52| 0.82] 0.82|| 5.30] 2.64| 1.49] 7.94] 7.00 9.43! 8.00|| 1.92] 1 20272} 1.83] 1.26| 3.09] 3.30|| 4.53] 6.70| 3.23] 7.23] 8.00| 10.46] 9.00|| 7.33] 7 20273; 0.20| 0.84] 1.04| 1.03]/ 5.36] 2.65| 1.40] 8.01/ 8.00] 9.41/ 10.00|| 1.85] 2 20475| 0.38] 0.78] 1.16] 1.03|| 3.48] 3.50| 2.72] 6.98| 8.00/ 9.70| 10.00|| 2.07| 2 20274] 1.11| 0.84| 1.95] 2.06|| 4.99] .64| 2.42] 7.63] 8.00] 10.05] 10.00|| 3.28] 3 20476| 0.74] 1.22! 1.96] 2.06|| 5.33] 2.49| 3.04] 7.82| 8.00] 10.86| 10.00|/ 3.11] 3 20275; 1.16] 1.20| 2.36] 2.47|| 7.10] 1.84| 2.30] 8.94] 9.00! 11.24/...... 2.35] 2 20276} 0.50| 0.88| 1.38} 1.25|/ 3.00] 2.41| 2.36] 5.41| 6.00| 7.77/...... 8.78] 38 20477| 0.62] 0.52/ 1.14) 1.25|/ 4.31! 2.46] 2.93] 6.77| 6.00| 9.70/...... 3.82] 3 20277; 0.91| 1.34| 2.25] 2.47|| 2.921 2.56] 2.56] 5.48| 6.00| 8.04|...... 8.65] 10 20278} 0.76] 1.16) 1.92] 0.82|| 6.17| 2.04] 2.22] 8.21/ 8.00| 10.43)...... 5.44| 4 158 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I905. Descriptive List of Station Samples, 1905. Manufacturer, place of business and brand. Station number. 20279 Packers Union Universal Fertilizer ...... Sete ass Seen nee sais aan oe oe 20478)Packers Union Universal Fertilizer ---..--.-..-------+-ssceecccuceeeeesscensssene 20479 Packers Union Wheat, Oats and Clover Hertilzer Se eS SII SOTTO IOI ee 2 20231|Fiain Superphosphnates scccc 2. cease oie e so oceee soe se selee = citi sis ssa paes comics ooo 20282/Quinnipiac Climax Phosphate for All Crope......._.......000--2-2-e-eeeeee eces 20480 Quinnipiac Climax Phosphate for All Crops............ 2c cece cece cece cece scene 20283 |Quinnipiac Corn Manure .......22.-..0.ccscc cece een eesee cer ese- ni 5525555555255¢222 AAS Guinnipiane Corn Manure. co.cc vee c ess oasis e seine cose sei tea clea eee eee ee oe eee 20284/Quinnipiac Market Garden Manure ................2-20eseceeeeeeee pono soa 525 o- 20285| Quinnipiac Mohawk: Mertilizer.< 2 oo 2csc.<.sc0sns soos ec secwe sce cscs see see see 20286 | Oninnipine Potato | Manure <2 scon cs osncs coe aacisaes oc cen vow seme ons tee oe eee ~2Si\Quinnipine Potato Phosphate =. 2-2 2:25. so < sane coe aoa eee = seas eee ees 20299| Standard Wertlizer. -.c 27 ccs sees coe < awison cian owen aes oes a= see eee bees aes eee 20484|Standard Fertilizer. .........-...ccecseseeeeceeeees EAS OBO DAO DOC ODE AOU OODOASOR o> 20300/ Standard Guano tor All Crops -:-<5:-- ss<-c---<0 9 5 3 5 a || 5 os S |63 | 33 S 5 cS o S ° 5 S 5 S 5 m |me|ee] & o n cc = fy () fy Oo ic S lo % % % % % % % % % % % | % 20279| 0.55) 0.14) 0.69] 0.82]| 4.24) 2.39) 2.14) 6.63) 8.00] 8.77)]...... 4.17| 4 QOATS rere | ttercicitall ates caleteietee 4.35| 2.388) 2.90) 6.73] 8.00) 9.63)...... 3.98] 4 DOZBO|Wrovcistecedictswieieesleletersterel| lever warste 4.16} 6.31} 2.31} 10.47] 11.00) 12.78)]...... 2.10) 2 UNA Sgoaollecpeoollacosonllooauan 6.59] 3.90} 1.43] 10.49] 11.00) 12.22)...... 1.80} 2 ZOZSU Pa eererel| creleracl Wersteiclsratlios siecete We18| 5522)! \2-65| 12240) 14500) TS S03 |< ciel ce nisillc vee o> 20282} 0.24) 0.92) 1.16) 1.03 1.71) 4.42} 3.60) 6.13) 8.00) 11.02] 10.00 DAG) 2 20480) 0.26) 0.84) 1.10) 1.03); 5.41) 2.78] 1.54) 8.19) 8.60] 9.73] 1.00)} 1.78) 2 20283} 0.71) 1.04] 1.75) 2.06 5.93] 2.45) 2.54) 8.48) 8.00} 11.02) 10.00 Depe8]) eh 20481} 0.98; 1.00} 1.98) 2.06)| 4.78) 2.84} 38.23) 7.62} 8.00) 10.85) 10.00}} 1.58) 1.5 20284; 2.99) 1.15) 3.17) 3.30 4.63] 4.55) 1.62) 9.18] §S.00} 10.80) 9.00 6.48) 7 20285: 0.38) 0.50} 0.88) 0.82 4.88] 1.92] 3.37) 6.80; 7.00) 9.17} 8.00 1.29) 1 20286} 0.96) 1.60) 2.56) 2.50) 4.64] 1.49) 3.28} 6.13) 6.001 9.41) 8.00)] 5.25) 5 20287) 1.05) 1.04) 2.09) 2.06)} 5.18) 2.40} 2.74) 7.58] 8.00) 10.32) 10.00}| 2.80) 3 20288; 0.86) 1.24) 2.10) 2.06 6.01} 2.04) 3.27) 8.05] 8.00} 13.32) 10.00 3.03) 3 20289) 2.04) 1.28) 38°32! 3.30|| 3.65) 1.43] 3.04) 5.08] 6.00} 8.12} 7.00]; 11.68} 10 20290} 1.06) 1.36) 2.42) 2.40)| 2.84) 2.54) 2.08) 5.38; 6.00) 7.46) 7.(0)| 9.48) 10 20291) 0.78) 0.74| 1.52] 0.82 1.23). 2.98; 1.91). 4.21; 4.00) 6.12} 5.00}; 8.01) 8 20292} 0.62} 0.64; 1.26} 0.82|| 3.96) 2.83) 3.56) 6.79} 8.U0| 10.35) 10.00)| 4.17) 4 20482! 0.52) 0.34} 0.86) 0.82|| 4.83) 2.66) 2.72} 7.49) 8.00] 10.21) 10.00); 3.90) 4 DODDS cletorstare|lolew eine fener elelllesiste oe 4.26) 6.20} 2.27) 10.46] 10.00) 12.73) 11.00 2.08) 2 20294) 1.02} 0.78} 1.80) 2.06); 4.86] 2.62} 2.92) 7.48! 8.00) 10.40) 10.00]| 6.12) 6 20483) 1.07) 0.86) 1.93) 2.06|| 4.63) 2.63! 3.51) 7.26} 8.00] 10.77] 10.00}; 6.00) 6 20295) 1.04) 1.22) 2.26) 2.06 5.18) 2.99) 2.88) 8.17] 8.00} 11.05) 10.00 Lelie 20296} 0.60} 0.80) 1.40; 0.82)| 4.58) 1.76) 2.03] 6.34! 7.00] 8.37} 8.00|} 2.20) 1 OLYSiipsaoes laabooc| wooden ladados 6.95} 1.88] 2.67] 8.83} 10.00) 11.50} 11.00}| 2.07) 2 20298; 1.80) 1.40) 3.20) 3.30 6.33} 1.57) 1.62) 7.90} 8.00} 9.52) 9.00 6.45| 7 20299; 0.91; 0.96) 1.87} 2.06]| 5.23) 2.12) 2.87) 7.35} 8.00] 10.22) 10.00/| 1.80) 1.5 20484) 0.76} 1.12) 1.88} 2.06]| 6.57} 2.22) 2.74) 8.79) 8.00} 11.53) 10.00/| 1.66) 1.5 20800) 0.42) 0.74) 1.16) 1.03 4.31] 3.32] 2.64] 7.63} 8.00] 10.27] 10.00 2.08} 2 20485) 0.26} 0.80) 1.06) 1.03] 5.45} 2.81} 1.31] §.26| 8.00] 9.57) 10.00)) 1.72) 2 20301} 0.49) 1.56} 2.05) 2.06]| 4.83) 2.97) 3.11] 7.80} 8.00} 10.91] 10.00} 2.93) 3 20486) 0.76) 1.18} 1.94) 2.06 5.65] 2.24) 3.37) 7.89} 8.00) 11.26) 10.00 2.95) 3 20302} 1.21) 1.16) 2.37) 2.50|] 6.70) 2.16} 2.37] 8.86} 9.00] 11.23) 11.00)|} 1.97) 2 DOES arc crcorelleibers ecellta sinieeete PEDO |\Weratarererel tcreteraverd liessetetere: leicieesiere SEO0 |S etiaicls LE O0||Roeee 2 20303) 1.14) 0.82) 1.96) 2.06]| 5.31) 3.01) 3.32) §.32) 8.00] 10.64] 10.00 1.58] 1.5 20488] 1.00) 0.82) 1.82) 2.06]| 4.71) 4.31) 2.70) 9.02} 8.00] 11.72] 10.00|} 1.62] 1.5 20304; 1.28) 1.78) 3.06} 3.30|} 3.99) 2.81) 3.06) 6.80} 8.00) 9.86} 9.00|| 6.87] 7 20305) 0.98] 1.10} 2.08) 2.06 4.58] 3.03) 3.04] 7.61] 8.00] 10.65} 16.00 2.93| 3 20489} 0.73) 1.18) 1.91) 2.06]| 5.42) 2.40! 3.19) 7.82} 8.00] 11.01) 10.00|} 2.93) 3 20306} 0.28) 0.88) 1.16) 1.03]) 4.74) 3.14) 1.79] 7.88} 8.00] 9.67) 10.00}; 2.34) 2 20312} 1.84) 1.94) 3.88) 4.10]| 4.51) 1.59) 3.64] 6.10! 8.00] 9.74} 10.00|| 6.37) 7 20313} 0.74) 0.80) 1.54) 1.65 4.88] 1.92) 2.83) 6.80] 6.00} 9.63} 7.00 2.07) 2 20490} 0.24) 1.7&) 2.02} 1.65)] 5.18] 2.54) 1.47) 7.72) 6.00) 9.19} 7.00|} 1.95) 2 20314; 1.10) 0.84) 1.94) 1.65)} 2.92) 3.88} 2.90) 6.80} 8.00) 9.79) 9.00|| 2.45) 2 20491; 0.76) 1.02) 1.78) 1.65)} 6.35) 2.18! 3.00) &.53) 8.00) 11.53) $.00|} 2.30) 2 20315} 1.79) 1.26) 3.05] 3.29]| 5.28) 2.07] 2.49] 7.39) 7.00} 9.79] 8.00]| 6.72) 7 160 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I905. Descriptive List of Station Samples, 1905. Manufacturer, place of business and brand. Station number. 20492| BowKker’s Early Potato Manure.............0-+2.se0eeee-- 20316) BowKer’s Farm and Garden Phosphate... 20493, Bowker’s Farm and Garden Phosphate.......... aS Sg5S505 Ssessedsuasoosseset22227 2ot7| Bowker; S) Fresh Ground) BOC sco tse scaes ep aeniees ere ones cian es see aieisis sais = eee 20318) Bow kers Hill/and Drill Phosphate 5... ---arccescc esac cee oo eee ees cea enecceseeie 204494|Bowker’s Hill and Drill Phosphate .. <2 52.220. ccc ccc ncecccenensence sonscnanva 20319|\Bowker’s Market Garden Hertilizer soc cae cricicccsisian occisieoicte.s idem =e epeiicie nies 20495| BowkKer’s Market Garden Fertilizer .............200 c2cecccccscccccccccsccncevens 20520 |Bowkers Porash) BONG. oleae sues ne a elainicic ceire ise cence sae er > Senisioeniaee eee mae 20321) BowkKer’s Potash or Staple Phosphate .............--2--csecccccccccccesscccnees 20322} Bowker’s Potato and Vegetable Fertilizer 20496 Bow Ker’s Potato and Vegetable Fertilizer 20323) Bowker’s Potato and Vegetable Phosphate...............--.22.2+-eee-reees eee 20497, Bowker’s Potato and Vegetable Phosphate............2cc2ce-scceeeecccecscceses 20324| Bowker’s Six Per Cent Potato Fertilizer. ........2s.s-scceceececcessreeccecseeeee 20325) Bow ker’s Superphosphate with Potash for Grass and Grain................... 20326|bowkers sure CropjPhospnate....-5 05-52 neces saec cee one olen ee eee 20498) BowKer’s Sure Crop Phosphate ~....222205<-ccccccneccecacccesccawcncco-sss-camere 205271 |bOwkers TenjiPer Cent Manure... sa. s<-seer oe cle cerees seeeae > pee onl en see 20328 Monticello Grange Chemicals .............. Resa nie ocnienciaseites a7 Sanaa eee eee 20329|Special Potato Manure for the Grange ......-....--ccccsecsncesscccessenccee sane } 20330| Stockbridge Special Mamnures (for Corn, etc., Class D 107)...................--. 20331| Stockbridge Special Manures (for Grass, etc., Class F56)*.........-.....-.+---- 20332|Stockbridge Special Manures (for Potatoes, etc., Class D 610).................. 20499| Stockbridge Special Manures (for Potatoes, etc., Class D 610)..........--.---.- 20333| Stockbridge Specint Manures (for Seeding Down, ete., Class C 610)............ FRANK COE (O., NEW YORK CITY, N. Y. 20337|E. Frank Faery Celebrated Special Potato Pertilizer:. 6620.50.20. .2e oe 20328|E. Frank Coe’s Columbian Corn Fertilizer ..........-.-----ccccee- cece nee eeeeneee 20339|E. Frank Coe’s Columbian Potato Fertilizer................2 502 ceecceeeseceeee E . Frank Coe’s Excelsior Potato Fertilizer ............ 2.25.22. - sceneerscccnece . 20341|E. Frank Coe’s Grass and Grain Special................-.----+-----seeece eee e eee 20342|E. Frank Coe’s High Grade Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate soticsovesstot 20343|E. Frank Coe’s High Grade Potato Fertilizer ...............22ccccees eee eeeeees 20344, E. Frank Coe’s New Enelonder CorniMertilizetnn---=-- seo == eo ee oe eee 20345 E. Frank Coe’s New Englander Special Potato Wertilizer 2.2.02): eee 20346 E. Frank Coe’s Prize Brand Grain and Grass Fertilizer ............02.0-e0000: 20347|E. Frank Coe’s Red Brand Excelsior Guano .......--- seseee eee eee een eee neces 20348|E. Frank Coe’s Standard Grade Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate.......... | HUBBARD FERTILIZER CO., BALTIMORE, MD. 90559| Ab bard’s Bonejand: Blood sss cms. ee seer sien soe e eae See weet eee EEO 20353, Hubbard’s Farmer’s I. X. L. Superphosphate..........-....222eee eee eeweeeee eee PBS aa) PS) Le! | Sere ne 85 5B Se sess sn ee see se ssce sae: 20355; Hubbard’s Soluble Bone and Potasb.........2.2 20 2cc ces e cece ener cc eeenaccenceeces 20356, Hubbard’s Special Potato Compound ...-... .......seeeeeeeeeee 20357 Hubbard’s Trucker’s 5% Royal Seal Compound 22 20358, Hubbard’s Wheat Growers Jewel .........220c ccc ec cece ncn c ees csc cnssenccscsneeee I * Not found by the inspector. FERTILIZER INSPECTION. Analyses of Station Samples, 1905. 161 Station number. %o 20192 20316 20493 20317 20318 20494 20319 20495 20320 20321 20322 20496 20323 20497 20324 20325 20326 20498 20327 20328 20329 20330 20331 20332 20499 20333 20337 20338 20339 20340 203841 20342 20343 20344 20345 20346 20347 20348 20352 20353 20354 20355 20356 20357 20358 Soluble in water. NITROGEN. Total. 5 3 & Co) a2 : = el Ss 3 SOW Sy lee ao 5 3 me | be ib} 1.16] 2.21) 2.47 1.40| 2.34) 2.47 0.82' 1.02) 0.82 0.88] 1.04] 0.82 1.40] 2.15] 2.47 1.30) 2.20) 2.47 0.88] 1.98] 1.65 1.02] 1.80] 1.68 0.13] 0.82] 0.82 "0.56| 1.20] 0.82 0.92] 1.14] 0.82 0.40) 0.82] 0.82 1.12] 2.34] 2.50 0.58) 1.44) 1.50 1.70] 2.96] 3.29 Aatasalec echt 4.94 1.46] 3.18] 3.29 2.02) 3.22) 3.29 1.44| 3.10] 2.47 1.08) 2.04} 1.65 0.98] 1.64) 1.23 1.10] 1.80} 1.23 0.80] 2.68) 2.47 0.48} 1.08] 0.80 0.96| 2.42] 1.85 1.28] 2.70] 2.40 0.62) 1.48] 0.20 0.64) 1.521 0.80 “Lis °3.13] “3:36 0.82] 1.82] 1.26 1.08] 2.91] 3.29 0.74| 1.76! 1.65 0.82| 2.10] 2.47 ee ie a ed Soluble. seer Po a8 loons | oreo oo PR OOO Oe OD font i PHOSPHORIC ACID. POTASH Available. Total. alee : 3 3 | s Fd 3 5 © 2 3 = , = , q q 5) bey Ss Lo} a ko] 3 o ir) S H a m S u > D 5 Ss 5 S 5 S o ra ° eI ° 5 ° S io — ca ids} is) ie) cs S Yo | Yo |) YN Yo D_ | & % | % 2.24) 1.35) 58.41) 7.00) 9.76) 8.00!| 6.58] 7 4.11] 3.05} 6.87) 8.00} 9.92) 9.G0]| 2.18 2 2.41) 2.55) 35.36) 8.00) 10.91) 9.00}| 2.35 2 pcogad|loodocolanaccolloaccod ZAEGO | VSCO0|eeteteretetvelsiete ste 2.41) 8.01] 8.82} 9.00) 11.23) 10.00}; 2.30 2 2.92) 3.38) 8.90) 9.00] 12.28) 10.00}} 2.16 2 1.64) 2.23) 6.29} 6.00) 8.52) 7.00]| 9.38 10 1.97; 3.00; 5.13] 6.00] 8.13) 7.00|} 9.26 10 2.33) 1.48] 8.17) 6.00] 9.65) 7.00} 1.72 2 2.28] 1.26) 8.21; 8.00} 9.47; 9.00); 2.88] 3 1.31) 2.96) 7.69} 6.00) 10.65] 10.00!) 3.76) 4 2.82) 3.04) 8.59) 8.00) 11.63) 10 00); 5.44] 4 3.19] 3.36] 6.75} 9.00) 10.11] 10.00|| 2.05) 2 3.45} 2.59) 9.18) 9.00} 11.77] 10.00|| 2.24) 2 1.95| 3.04) 6.27) 6.00} 9.31) 7.00)| 5.671 6 4.18) 1.72} 10.35) 10.00} 12.07) 11.00|| 1.80} 2 2.05} 2.67) 7.30) 9.00) 9.97) 10.00}| 2.08) 2 2.42} 1.42) 8.31) 9.00} 9.73} 10.00|| 1.64) 2 3.01] 1.65) 5.53; 5.00} 7.18) 6.00}! 10.75) 10 2.37) 2.69) 8.16] 8.00} 10.85) 12.00]| 4.32) 4 4.52] 1.75} 9.08) 9.00} 10.83) 12.00}| 11.02) 12 4.93] 2.87) 10.54) 7.00) 13.41) 8.00|| 6.36) 7 Aaoddolinoe hod lanncrs #00 hee ce e|| GeO0! Ica) oO 2.06} 2.93) 5.22} 6.00) 8.15) 7.00}| 10.36) 10 1.52} 2.93) 4.84) 6.00) 7.77| 7.00|| 9.84] 10 2.66) 1.12) 7.76) 6.00} 8.88) 9.00}; 10.11) 10 0.08} 2.12) 7.32} 8.00) 9.44) 10.00)} 4.11) 4 0.49) 3.11} 7.30) 8.50} 10.41) 10.50)} 2.93) 2. 1.87) 2.19} 8.6:| 8.50| 10.81} 10.00}|} 2.70] 2. 0.95) 1.15) 6.84) 7.00} 7.99) 9.00}| 8.53) 8 1.86} 2.45] 8.99) 8.50; 11.47|...... 1.80} 1. 1.12] 2.36) 8.52) 9.00) 10.88] 11.00)} 2.59) 2. -79| 1.65} 8.05} 8.00) 9.78} 10.00); 6.02) 6 1.69} 2.30} 8.07) 7.50) 10.37) 9.00|| 3.17) 3 2.29) 2.641 6.96) 7.50: 9.60) 9.00}| 3.24) 3 3.36] 7.76) §.11) 10.50) 15.87) 12.00}| 2.01) 2 ).03) 2.40] 8.40! 9.00) 10.80] 10.00]} 5.94) 6 1.48] 2.55! 8.39) 8.50} 10.94) 10.00}} 2.22) 2 1.&9| 1.65} 7.97] 8.00) 9.62) 9.00|| 7.51) 7 4.22] 2.08) 7.52) 8.00} 9.60; 9.00]| 2.26] 2 1.50) 1.82} 7.72) 8.00} 9.54) 9.50}} 4.81) 4 6.65| 1.74] 10.49) 10.00} 12.23) 12.00)} 1.91} 2 2.16) 1.84] 8.00) 6.00} 9.84) 7.00}| 7.22) 10 1.02} 2.36) 5.93) 6.00] 8.29)...... 3.64) 5 3.92} 2.92) 8.40} 9.00) 11.82)...... 3.44) 2 162 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I905. Descriptive List of Station Samples, 1905. Manufacturer, place of business and brand. Station number. JOHN WATSON COMPANY, HOULTON, ME. 20362|Watson’s Improved High Grade Potato Manure ...........-...scceecsececsceees LISTER’S AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL “WORKS. NEWARK, N.J. 20363] Lister’s Animal Bone and Potash...........c.cececcecscccceecccceessccccccencsecs 20500| Lister’s Animal Bone and Potash ............ccccce cece cccce rs teseeeees seen see 20364| Lister’s High Grade Special for Spring Crops ...........c.scesseeenee seeee o0080 20501) Lister’s High Grade Special for Spring Crops .................e. cece eee c ene eeees 20365| Lister’s Oneida Special ............ceccceseetccseneee « Prof eters te tel Wa cerca Toreteh erate BOVZETStereSOwei day spe Cia lee ser relrctreretejeielelelatel-ieieieteteleietereloheialslarerversieleleisistsielelelststeleteheleleisieiersieiet= 20866) Lister’s Potato Manure ............ EEE COC OC IDO ORO INDUS DONE FDO omDonbeS Coad 20503 /IG1SFEL?S POtATO) Mi@IMUEE |2cye:5icicreicieieic che avorsic.n.0 te ovoiavose avelsis\e ainiele veverelate lave eleke rye stelolerersievornvelers 20367| Lister’s Special Corn Fertilizer ............ ccc cece cece e sree ese n eee rsncccsccsccoes 20368] Lister’s Special Potato Fertilizer .............cccece cece cece eee ence eee sees senceee 20504) Lister’s Special Potato Fertilizer .............cccccccecscccccssneccecssccsssvesces 20369 AISLELZS SUCCESS HELIA Ze Weeeetteetelel fetta) slaisieleteteleteisiersiclaieieielalsieioleteloie lac nicielaeteteteieieieleletete Z0D0S HAStET?SISUCCESSJHETLINT ZO me erettareteloeieiesiciolotcreleiereeieeieeteloretetets sicteleletelelere cielele ciereiieineeeeee NATIONAL FERTILIZER CO., BRIDGEPORT, CONN. 20373|Chittenden’s Complete Root ............sccrecccccccscacccccrersscssccesscccencces 2037/4 Chittendien?s) Market! Gard emer 2) ocr cis elie ieielelelelnlele # lelele clvlee)=\elaleieleais lalo elele « eielareleleiel= NEW ENGLAND FERTILIZER CO., BOSTON, MASS. 20376|New England Complete Manure .........cc.0 cee ec cece ese e eee ee tees eseseeseencees 20377|New England Corn and Grain Fertilizer ...................eeeeenee boncondoshooss 20378|New England Corn Phosphate ...........0..2ccceccs sec c tcc ccc erect erecscersccence 20379|New England High Grade Potato Fertilizer............. 2 ccc ccc cee tense eeccnceees 20380|New England High Grade Special (with 10% Potash) ............sseeweeceeeeees 20381|)New England Potato Fertilizer..............20ccee- cece cee c eee e cece eres sscscenes 20382)New England Superphosphate .............-ceccce cece eens cece eee ccec cee: wceceens OLDS AND WHIPPLE, HARTFORD, CONN. 20885|Kuretra Mertilizer cine aves scccteeios a cemrne niestee alone erate eee Ese na eis Set earner 20386|Excelsior Fertilizer THE PARMENTER & POLSEY FERTILIZER CO., PEABODY, MASS. 20389 |APAU BEAN AEH e LUIZ Otay trereicelsterelstelereteteetateletedsteteleteleveterstettaleletererstetclerorereieieteletelereleleretetetetata 20390) Aroostook Special Fertilizer, .............0ccecccccecccceeveccccseecrerssccconcens 2059] MuriateroryR OCRS IE cyieereetareiaislerctelelereleiaeislerstsioinicieleleleteleieiorelcielersiel=iavels(oleretataleietevelelolaletetereretavetets 20392 INIELALS OL SOMBRE ccveisielss avo eveinvelerersialeie rete rarsfelaleloreelepeveleetcletersisieielarsiavevenevsievareivele ist laievarste oeistererats 20393 |P& PA Grain Grower*ac chic ceietitewcnccenieecen nicer c ayatays (aieNeie tater vlc acverste eieteeeiere 20394) P28". Potato) Mert Zer iis ice icisveyecsicsaisss sieve io/ssvalalevaleyessie sis olelo/e el etese layers’ etaseletarelelerneieisyereters 20395|Plymouth Rock Brand Fertilizer...............ccccccseececeeneeeccecrertesscesens 20396 |[PUTE! GRO WMG! OMS s15s sis -o-.se ee maemo een meena sleet en cee eee ee eee OLDS AND WHIPPLE, HARTFORD, CONN. 20204|Hureka Wertilizer: 22.2 see. onc secs a ecle csi sioncin sine sales cemis ects cinieh cleieioan teneem me ee ite IPO Excelsior MeErhhiZers.ssncccte ca anak renee eee none pea ence isis piste cj bnew a seers SAGADAHOC FERTILIZER CO., BOWDOINHAM. 20206 (BONE SM CAN so ve sis.cis sialetote ic os mm le le rata = evminie oie oreo ais isl sie rai cll sia ie alale om ereiictele i oleate oa atopelater aati WHITMAN AND PRATT RENDERING CoO., LOWELL, MASS. 20207) Wihitman and Prati7s Corm Success’. --.- 26-22 ne- = =e oes aie oa seen eee 20208) Whitman and Pratt’s Potash Special........... 20.22.22 cc cn erence cen cececsensces 20209) Whitman and Pratt’s Vegetable Growe?..........2.220-eeceeee eer ee ees eereeceees Analyses of Manufacturers’ Samples Licensed After March I, 1905. l me | NITROGEN. i| PHOSPHORIC ACID. || Potas# 8s Total. | Available.| Total. | [ E E a 3 ¢ | 2 5 < 2 | : . c) ® | @ ae ee g Cielo e z © & Lae ee a |}o2./2 2 | s || Say Sle rie ie =e hinge a esd OA esa aa Sella Seales els Oa eon ee el a ei = | B21 O24 57S Sa oe eS | Sul Bel ta) Wa ae 8S |¢@s|2a1/1 6 s || > oI 2 ° = o = S 5 nm |_ne | oe] & S 2) = = = So = S = 5) | [ Sl fete Sm ey re cl Pi | %|%| %| %|% | HS|1% % | % 20197} 1.60) 2.12) 3.72) 3 29) 9.14) 0.48 0.76) 9.62| 8.00} 10.38} 9.00}} 9.03) 7 20198} 1.06) 0.90) 1.96) 1.65)) 7.35) 1.43) 0.96) 8.78) 8.00) 9.7 9.00)| 2.53) 2 20196} 1.58) 1.36] 2.94) 2.47|| 8.80) 1.08} 0.55) 9.88] 8.00} 10.43} 9.50|| 4.55) 4 2M Gs ecaecollaocesal daanns| leaasoe 5.98} 5.86) 0.78) 11.84) 10.00) 12.62) 12.00}; 2.24; 2 20200; 1.76; 2.00} 3.76) 3.29]! 7.38) oe 0.92) 7.72; 6.00) 8.64) 7.00|/ 10.60) 16 | | P1152 | (pee eee | Veit Ler 11.16] 3.54] 1.20} 14.70] 16.00] 15.90]......||...-.-|.....- RRB ego on | cose | comeed eae {ise ba prneee ES Peed aera Ie ees ee 48.6 | 48 20203} 16.00)...... 16200) th-6 lec Peo se [ea cane aes late nk [Enea ices | eee | | } | 20204; 1.22) 1.48) 2.7 | 2.50|| 7.86 1.76 1.05) 9.62 8.00} 10.67) 8.00} 6.18) 6 20205) 1.24) 2.16] 3.40) 3.3G)| 5.02} 1.26) 0.91) 6.28) 6.00) 7.19) 6.00 11.14 10 } | ] 20206} 0.68) 3.00} 3.68)......||......|...--- | sosoce | soccer | acocce 21.52)...... Wesercec tees 20207| 0.76] 1.14) 1.90] 1. | 4.99] 2.85) 6.34, 7.84) 8.00) 14.18] 10.00|| 3.07 3 20208; 0.70} 1.56) 2.26) 2.88)| 3.41) 2.87) 5.79| 6.28) 6.00) 12.07! §.00}| 10.36) 10 20209} 1.16) 2.56) 3.72 3.29) ae 3.20 Eee 8.62) 8.00) 14.16) 10 00) 8.84] 7 tHE COTLTONY GRASS) SCALE: Eriopeltis festuce (¥onsc.). Epita M. Patcu. Economic Significance-—Until recently the cottony grass scale has not seemed to merit treatment from the economic standpoint, for the experience of this insect since it was first observed in America had led to the conclusion that it would be an intermittent thing very quickly brought under control by natural agencies. During the summer of 1904, however, considerable consterna- tion was caused in several localities in Maine by the presence of the egg sacs of this scale in enormous numbers. From Sedg- wick and all along the Eggemoggin Reach; from the vicinity of Portland, especially at Gorham and Stroudwater; from Dresden and from Manchester, came persistent and alarmed reports. “My mowing lands look as though scattered with swollen rice grains,’ “A strange fungus has destroyed large plots in my grass lands,” “The hay fields look as if a slight shower of snow pellets had fallen over them,’ were among the descriptive comments. This infestation doubtless was not so sudden as it seemed. The scale is inconspicuous until the egg sac is secreted, thus for most of its life only a careful search would reveal its presence. The egg sacs themselves are only about one-fourth of an inch in length and these could be scattered along fence and road ways, over uncut grass near streams, unnoticed for years, and in view of the fact that comparatively few people are keen observers of little things not in their special line of interest, the statements that “we have never seen anything like this before,” do not necessarily signify that the creatures have not been breed- ing within stone’s throw for 40 years. However, the cottony grass scale is admirably fitted for rapid increase as the enormous 170 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I905. number of eggs in a sac (600 to 700), the lively disposition of the young scales and their ability to travel, and the fact that there are at least two broods a season, all indicate. The insidious approach of this insect may be illustrated by this experience. During the late summer and early fall of 1904 in the vicinity of Orono, careful searches were made for egg sacs Over large areas, some of which appeared to be entirely free from the scale and others attacked in an exceedingly scat- tering manner. This fall, 1905, the increase in the places of scattering infestation is very marked, and even over some areas apparently free last season the egg sacs are a common though not yet a conspicuous occurrence. In one Orono meadow which contained an infested plot last fall, the egg sacs have increased certainly one hundred fold in a year’s time. NATURAL CHECKS. Whether such increases are occasions for real alarm is a ques- tion involving a consideration of natural agencies as clfecks. Weather.—While the eggs within the sacs are safe in ordi- nary climatic conditions, the young larve, minute, delicate, and unprotected, must be largely dependent upon favorable condi- tions between the time of leaving the sac and settling upon a promising blade. A heavy rain at this time must undoubtedly beat down and destroy myriads of the little creatures. Rust.—In a meadow near Portland thickly infested with the scales, areas half a mile in length were observed to be attacked heavily by rust. This was the 25th of August, 1904, when many of the scales were from one to three weeks old. The situation of the rust spots along the leaf resembled so closely the position selected by the scales that it suggested the possibility of some relation between the rust and the scales. In view of the © fact that fungi are predisposed to attack parts of plants wounded by insects or in other ways, it seems legitimate to conclude that the grass rusts in scale infested meadows would be most likely to settle at places punctured by the scales. The development of rust could not but interfere with the scales upon the same leaf, and death of the scales result indirectly from the presence of the rust. It was an interesting, if not a significant circumstance, that in the Portland meadow the rust was much more conspic- es eee THE COTTONY GRASS SCALE, ZA uous in the places where there were most egg sacs of the grass scale and where the blades must have been freely punctured by the young scales. Yet on the blades most attacked by the rust no living scales remained. ‘There seemed to be no practical way of obtaining reliable data in this case, but there would be noth- ing extraordinary in a reduction of scales through the weaken- ing of the host plant by fungus agencies. Such a remedy, however, would prove a severe one for the hay crop. Predaceous Insects——Large numbers of fresh egg sacs were frequently observed (1904 and 1905) to be torn open near the end or at the side, and a considerable portion of the eggs in such cases would be missing. This seemed to be the work of some predaceous insects, but none were observed in the act. Overcrowding.—Sometimes more young scales than one leaf could possibly support are found crowded upon a single blade. In such cases death of some of the scales must result, or a dry- ing of the blade which would cause the death of all the scales upon it. Parasites—Nor are parasites lacking. For one test lot nearly two quarts of egg sacs were collected August I, 1904, in a meadow near Portland. On August 3, such numbers of the minute larve hatched and swarmed over the jars that it seemed improbable that parasites were present to any appreciable extent. Two days later, however, parasitic hymenoptera began to emerge. ‘There were more than 100 of these, among which a new species of Eunotus and a species of a new genus were about evenly represented, and there were a few of a new species of Microterys. About 30 parasitic dipterons, Leucopis nigricornis Egger., a European species, also emerged from this lot. Less than 150 parasites from many thousand sacs, however, would not mean an extended diminution of the scales for that genera- tion. The following year, 1905, about the middle of August, egg sacs were collected near Orono for greenhouse observations. These were too extensively parasited to yield a sufficient number of larve for the experiments planned. From 262 sacs collected about the same time from the Isle of Springs, 98 hymenopterous parasites emerged. No dipterous parasites appeared in this collection. 172 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. This will suffice to show that among the natural agencies that tend to check the increase of cottony grass scale, parasites are especially efficient. A list of the parasites reared during two years’ observation of Maine material is given on a subsequent page. NATURE OF INJURY. Like plant-lice and other hemipterous insects, scales weaken their host plant by piercing the tissues with their sharp pointed beaks and sucking the sap. Sometimes as many as 10 or 12 egg sacs are found attached to one blade, which means that for weeks, Io or 12 scales have been draining sap from that blade. Where the infestation is excessive the result is dead grass and brown plots here and there through the field. Where the infestation is less serious, it still means a shrinkage in the hay crop corresponding to the amount of grass which has been impoverished through the loss of sap. During 1904 and 1905 the places of worst infestation in certain Portland meadows were revealed by irregular brown areas of dead grass. REMEDIAL MEASURES. The point in regard to the life history of this insect which is most significant in view of remedial measures is that the scale passes the winter in the egg stage within the white egg sacs attached to the grass blades, well up above the ground. Thus a spring burning of the infested grass land will destroy the whole generation unhatched, without injury to the grass. In some instances this will mean a burning over of more than 50 acres, but in some the infestation is as yet restricted to spots a few rods square here and there in the meadows. It is advisable in districts where the scale has been especially conspicuous to burn the grass along roadsides and in neglected corners, either in the early spring or in the fall, so that such places will not serve as breeding places for the scale. It is not improbable that if the fields should be left to them- selves the parasites, or other natural agencies, would in time master the scales and the grass lands contain only scattered scales which would do practically no harm. As it is quite impossible to predict whether such an adjustment, were it to a A je Wee, THE COTTONY GRASS SCALE. 173 come about, would take 2 years or 20, it is certainly much safer to relieve the parasites of the responsibility and burn over the badly infested grass lands. Owners of grass lands can with comparative ease control the situation, and failure to destroy the pest is likely to place a heavy tax upon the hay crop in the infested districts. A practical demonstration of the worth of this remedial measure was given on Deer Isle last spring (1905). The meadows there had been seriously attacked by the grass scale for several years. During the summer of 1904 the hay crop was reckoned at a third less than the usual amount and the hay was reported to be inferior in quality. Several of the fields were burned over the following spring. Concerning this, one of the meadow owners writes about October twentieth, ““We have hardly seen a scale since burning the land last spring. The hay crop was unusually large and we think it did the land good to burn it over.” LIFE HISTORY NOTES. Description and Habits.—The white egg sacs, appearing like “a strange fungus” attached to grass blades, are what have attracted attention to the cottony grass scale. This is not a stage of progressive injury, but of quiescence. The eggs deposited by the fall brood of scales winter in the protective oval cases. ‘The active larvae emerge during the warm spring days and seek a suitable grass blade. That they are able to travel for a considerable distance at this time was proven by the sprightly journeys of these microscopic creatures in the labora- tory. In confinement as many as 50 have been observed to settle upon one grass blade. (Figures 2 and 3). In the field a single blade with 12 full sized egg sacs is sometimes found, though the number is usually much less. Probably more than 12 could scarcely mature upon one leaf, but 20 to 30 young scales to the blade were not at all an unfrequent occurrence in Portland meadows. Once accepting a favorable location, the young scale must abide by its decision, for after piercing the blade with its minute beak the insect becomes stationary, the legs atrophy and a little clear delicate scale rests flat upon the blade, continuously draining the plant of sap. The scales invariably settle head down the blade, sometimes on the under side but more frequently 174 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. on the upper surface. What the physiological effect would be of imbibing constantly for 6 to 11 weeks in this position might seem a trifle uncertain as a matter of conjecture, but it certainly works all right as a practical demonstration and when the time finally comes to secrete the egg sac, the advantages of this peculiar habit become evident. During July when the scale has attained full size, a snow white felty covering of curly filament #s secreted, fitting closely over the entire body. If the secretion is removed before the female has begun to deposit eggs a plump, smooth, oval, slightly pink, object is found to be quite filling the closed sac. When it begins to deposit eggs, the female scale pushes the anterior end of its body through the sac in front, breaking open the end pointed downward. Then slowly con- tracting as the eggs are laid, the scale becomes, by the time the sac is filled with eggs, a shrivelled helpless object already nearly dead. Sometimes it remains in the opening forming a plug for the sac, but more often it drops to the ground. The oval sac is usually slightly more than quarter of an inch in length. One fair sized sac contained 740 pinkish yellow eggs. The closed end being directed uppermost, the eggs are more thoroughly protected than otherwise would be the case. Enough filaments of the sac are scattered among the eggs to hold them in place. The eggs of this summer generation hatch in July and August, and the scales mature in the fall, secreting before winter (in October and early November for Maine) sacs in which the eggs remain until spring. The Male Scales——No adult males were captured during the two seasons. Three male pupze were found among 136 mounted scales taken from grass blades in Portland, August 17, 1904. The wing pads, antenne and legs were distinct in all. One was more nearly mature than the others and seemed about to emerge. Most of the female scales mounted at this time range from 134 to 3 millimeters. The male pupe are less than 1% millimeters long, while a fuil grown female scale often measures a little over 6 millimeters. The male scales would naturally be expected to appear before the females begin to secrete the cottony covering. Number of Generations —From the middle of July to August 4, 1904, freshly formed egg sacs as well as egg sacs from which _ ee SS —————————— eee THE COTTONY GRASS SCALE, 175 larve were emerging were collected in great numbers at Gorham, Portland, Dresden, and along the Eggemoggin Reach. From the middle of October to November 3, 1904, the females were observed to be secreting egg sacs and depositing eggs in fields near Orono, Portland, and’ Sedgwick, and unhatched egg sacs were gathered in Portland, November 22, 1904. Field data, and material sent to this station during 1904 were sufficient proofs of two generations, the first maturing and secreting egg sacs in July and the first of August, and the second depositing eggs (in sacs as before) during late October and early November. In this egg stage the insect winters, the young scales emerging in the spring. Life Cycle.-—On several occasions, from sacs gathered from different parts of large fields on the same day and kept in jars in the laboratory, all the larve emerged within a few days of each other. Thus it seemed probable that the life cycle was passed with considerable evenness and regularity. But this conclusion was contradicted by the circumstance that on August I-4, 1904, there were found, within a few feet of each other, sacs in which the eggs were not yet hatched, others from which larvee were emerging and scales of various sizes ranging appar- ently from one to three weeks in age. There was no way to tell from field observations as to the exact length of the scale life, so April 12, 1905, egg sacs were gathered for laboratory observations. Many of these were hatched April 28 and the larve were liberated upon transplanted June grass sod in the greenhouse. They settled upon the grass readily, over 50 placing themselves upon single blades in some cases.. In about two weeks when the scales were well estab- lished the sod was again transplanted to cold frames where the conditions were much as they would be in the open field. They were exposed to much cold weather and considerable rain. On July 12 nine plump sacs newly filled with eggs were picked. It had been 11 weeks from the hatching of the scale to the deposi- tion of eggs within the sac. Some of the scales in this lot were not so far advanced and had not begun to deposit eggs, although the scales were covered with a thin cottony secretion. An interesting check to these observations was found ina second lot which had developed in the greenhouse upon redtop. The newly hatched larve were liberated on June 16. On July 176 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. 19, they were secreting the white sacs and were as far advanced as the slower portion of the cold frame lot, which were 11 weeks old. As the foregoing observations show, the time required for development depends much upon the temperature, and it seems fair to conclude that a long hot season might give opportunity for 3 broods where the scales are favorably situated. A cold wet summer would probably preclude the development of more than two broods. ‘This seems to be the usual number for Maine, but with such circumstances as scales within a few feet of each other ranging from one day to at least a month in age it would be difficult to be sure that 3 generations were not a frequent occurrence in warm sunny fields. A simple test was made with 3 lots of eggs as to their power to withstand cold under unnatural conditions. On April 28, two sealed jars containing egg sacs from which the larve were beginning to emerge were placed in a refrig- erator. These were labeled No. 1 and No. 2. A third jar, No. 3, was filled the same day with egg sacs newly gathered which had not begun to hatch. These jars remained in the refrig- erator until June 6 when they were placed in the greenhouse. June 16 the eggs in jar No. 3 began to hatch. The larve were liberated among red-top upon which they settled. These developed, secreting egg sacs from the 1oth to the last of July. Seven weeks retardation by cold did not injure these eggs. The eggs in jars No. 1 and No. 2 subjected to the same treatment did not hatch. ‘These, however, were just on the point of hatching when they were placed in the refrigerator and were taken at an unfair advantage. KINDS OF GRASSES INFESTED. The egg sacs collected in Maine have been upon June grass, Poa pratensis, and red-top, Agrostis alba. Where specimens have been sent in on broken bits of grass, as is frequently the case, identification of the host was of course impossible; but so far as the observations of the past two seasons have gone, these are apparently the only two infested grasses yet reported for Maine. THE COTTONY GRASS SCALE. 77, PARASITES. A large number of egg sacs was collected from June grass in a meadow near Portland the first of August, 1904. For the most part the material was cut close to the sacs, with only a bit of the grass blade left attached. There was included, however, a little infested grass, cut stalk and all, a circumstance which will doubtless account for the presence (in the list appended) of Lasioptera and Isosoma, insects of grain, or grass-stalk inhab- iting proclivities. The single specimen of Eupelmus may not necessarily, therefore, have been parasitic upon the grass scale itself. Considering the fact that some species of Oscinis are stem maggots and that the larve of many species of the same genus are reported as preying upon Coccidae,* the economic position of the two specimens of this insect may also be open to question at present. The remaining species, however, are bred from egg sacs of Eriopeltis festuce. No. 11 and No. 12 were reared from material collected on Isle of Springs, August 9, 1905. These insects were submitted to Dr. L. O. Howard, chief of Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture, whose kindness in examining them makes this report possible. All of the Hymenoptera were examined by Dr. W. H. Ashmead, U. S. National Museum, to whom thanks is also due. The following insects are listed as Dr. Howard reported them, except for the addition of the number of specimens reared in each case. No. 1. Leucopis nigricornis Egger. 30 specimens. 2. Eunotus n. sp. 36 specimens. 3. New genus near Phaenodiscus in Mirini. 32 speci- mens. 4. Microterys n. sp. 4 specimens. 5. Probably males of No. 3. 18 specimens. 6. Lasioptera sp. 1 specimen. 7. Eupelmus sp. 1 specimen. 8. Isosoma sp. I specimen. 9g. Lasioptera sp. 1 specimen. 10. Oscinis sp. 2 specimens. 11. Eunotus n. sp. How. Many specimens. 12. Eunotus n. sp. How. Many specimens. *U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. of Ent., Bul. 32, p. 35. 178 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. BIBLIOGRAPHY. The published accounts of this insect are meagre, as little attention has been paid to it. An interesting popular description of Eriopeltis festuce given by Mr. E. A. Butler in Knowledge, July 2, 1894, p. 148, reads as follows: “This forms little compact oval tufts, like pieces of cotton wool, attached to the stems and blades of certain grasses, and there is certainly nothing whatever in their external appearance to suggest any connection with insects, unless, indeed, they might be cocoons of small ichneumon flies. But a close exam- ination, revealing a number of separate threads standing out in all directions, would soon dispel this idea, and would leave their real nature as problematic as ever. Though apparently not uncommon, they have not long been generally known in this country (England) having previously, no doubt, been over- looked, partly because of the little attention that was until recently paid to the Coccide, and partly because of the complete- ness of their disguise. They seem to have been first noticed in this country in 1856, when there is a reference to them in the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London; but that was soon forgotten, and they passed out of knowledge till 1885, when Mr. Q. C. Bignell again called attention to them.” Dr. James Fletcher, in his report of the Canadian Experi- mental Farms for 1895, (Ottawa, 1896) pp. 145-147, gives an account of an outbreak of the cottony grass scale with references to literature. Following are references to the Genus Eriopeltis as corrected by Mrs. C. H. Fernald from her catalogue * of the Coccidz of the World. GENUS ERIOPELTIS Sign. Type, lichtensteinii. Eriopeltis, Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., (5), i. p. 429 (1871): Ckll., Can. Ent. xxxi, p. 332 (1899). I. ERIOPELTIS BRACHYPODII Giard. Eriopeltis brachypodii Giard, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., (7), iii, p. excix (1893). * Mass. Experiment Station, Bulletin No. 88. THE COTTONY GRASS SCALE. 179 Eriopeltis brachypodii Butler, “Knowledge,” p. 148 (1894). Eriopeltis brachypodii Fletcher, Rep. Can. Exp. Farms, p. 146 (18096). Habitat.—France. On Brachypodium pinnatum. 2. ERIOPELTIS FESTUCZ (Fonsc.). Coccus festucee Fonsc., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., iv. p. 216 (1834). Coccus fectuess Malt, De Pilanz, p: 747 (1874): Eriopeltis festucee Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., (5), ix, p. 46 (1879). Eriopeltis ae Kiness Canes tits sooxtiihnp. 107. lOO): Eriopeltis festucee Butler, “ Knowledge,” p. 148 (1894). Eriopeltis festucee Fletcher, Rep. Can. Exp. Farms, p. 146 (1896). Habitat—Europe; Nova Scotia; Canada; Illinois; Indiana; Dakota. On Festuca cepitosa; F. phoenicioides. 3. ERIOPELTIS LICHTENSTEINII Sign. Eriopeltis festucaee Sign. (non Fonsc.) Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., (5), 1, p. 430 (1871). Eriopeltis lichtensteinii Sign., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., ( Be val, ps 607 (1876). Eriopeltis lichtensteinii Sign., Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., (5), vii, a xexexeyanl(O77/)s Eriopeltis festucee Sign., Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., (5), vii, p. xxxvi (1877). Eriopeltis festucee Bignell, The Entom., xviii, p. 286 (1885). Eriopeltis lichtensteinii Dougl., Ent. Mon. Mag., xxiv, p. 166 (1887). Kriopeltis lichtensteinii Newst., Ent. Mon. Mag., xxvii, p. 165 (1891). Habitat—France; Holland; England; Scotland. On Festuca spp. and other grasses. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Cottony Grass Scale. Eriopeliis jestuce (Fonsc.). Egg sacs on Red-top. Upper surface of June-grass blade. Enlarged. Showing the number and position of young scales on May 10, 1905, twelve days aiter the active larve were liberated in green- house. Under suriace of same blade on same date. Active larva x 120. Ventral view. Showing normal insect appendages. Young scale x 44. Weniral view. Scale taken August 17, t904. Showing atrophied condition of antennz and legs. Egg x &. Full grown female scale. Natural size. Removed from sac before any eggs were deposited. Pupa oi male scale x 55. Taken August 17, 1904. —— a Jee, i, TENGE, Fic. 4. Fie. 8. Fie. 6. . uF EXPERIMENTS IN ORCHARD CULTURE. SECOND REPORT.* W. M. Munson. It has been estimated that the average value of the fertilizing elements taken from an acre of soil by apple trees during the period of 20 years, counting in ten crops of fruit, is approxi- mately $377. Of this amount $147, or a little less than 39 per cent, is in the fruit; $160, or about 42 per cent, in the leaves; and $70, or about 19 per cent, in wood for the growth of the tree. The total amount of nitrogen, exclusive of that used in the growth of the trees, is about 1,300 pounds, of phosphoric acid 310 pounds, of potash 1,900 pounds per acre. “To restore the potash alone as above, and that used by the growth of the tree, it would require 21.7 tons of high grade ashes containing 5 per cent potash. To restore the nitrogen would require 16.2 tons of a commercial fertilizer containing 5 per cent nitrogen.’ + In view of these facts, and also of the large amounts of fertilizing elements removed by crops of hay or grain, or by pasturing the orchard without giving extra feed to the animals, it is not strange that many of the orchards of Maine are deteriorating. Of course, the fact should be taken into account that a portion of the material above referred to is returned to the soil in the way of fallen fruit and leaves and in the excrement of the animals, but with a liberal allowance for these returns the value of fertilizing elements actually removed from the soil during the period named will probably not fall short of $200, or $10 per acre per year.t As often urged in the publications of this Station, thorough tillage is one of the surest ways of rendering available the plant * First Report see Bulletin 89, 1903. +t Roberts, Bul. 103, Cornell Exp. Sta. {A recent valuable contribution to the literature of this subject is Bul. 265, N. Y Agr. Exp. Sta. (Geneva). 13 182 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. food which is naturally contained in the soil. It may be added that apple trees are well suited to abstract-this natural store of fertility; but there is a limit beyond which the tree cannot go without help. In studying the methods of fertilizing orchards, the same general principles will apply as in the management of other farm crops. The essential constituents must be the same; but unlike ordinary farm crops, orchard crops do not give an opportunity for rotation. A certain amount of nitrogen is essential to the vigorous foliage upon which depends the life of the tree. Potash also is important, not only because it constitutes a large part of the ash of iruit trees and more than half of the ash of the fruit itself, but also, as suggested by Voorhees, because it forms salts with the well known acids. Lime, as also pointed out by Voorhees, “seems to strengthen the stems and woody portion oi the tree, to shorten the period of growth and to hasten the time of ripening. Fruit trees growing on soils rich in lime show a stocky, sturdy, vigorous growth, and fruit ripens well; while those on soils which contain but little lime, particularly the clays, appear to have an extended period of growth, the result of which is that wood does not mature and the fruit does not ripen properly.” * CULTURE AND FERTILIZATION. In Bulletin 89, February, 1903, was published an outline of certain experiments relative to the culture and fertilization of orchards, together with such results as had been obtained. The work in question was conducted upon the farm of Mr. Chas. S. Pope, Manchester, Kennebec county, Maine. The interest evoked by these experiments, and the practical value of the demonstration of approved methods of treatment, have led to a considerable increase in the scope of the work and to the exten- sion of operations with other growers. As in the past, much credit should be given to Mr. Pope for his iaithiul and hearty cooperation. The present report extends and supplements the report in Bulletin 89, and as little repetition is made as is con- sistent with clearness. The comparative study of cultivation and mulch as treatment for a young bearing orchard is continued along the lines origin- * Trans. Mass. Hort. Soc’y, 1596. EXPERIMENTS IN ORCHARD CULTURE. 183 DIAGRAM OF THE ORCHARD. Culture Mulceh No tertibizer No rertilizer —_——-—--I]_ OO Z ‘S, 4 ih de 4J 4d @ @ @ e B e @ ®@ 5 é 7 eo 45 Jb 27 48 e >) @ ° ) e © @ (Z Gg F2 OM ain ida Pag hie aa eaalhi eile | Stable Commercial Commercial Sable MYanure fertilizer fervilizer Aan ure SS SSS, ee SSS Se SS 1a /4 Yea 76 IF If (BP J6 @ @ @ e @ ° ry e UG /E LE) 20 GH or OP 60 ® ) ) x ® ° @ Ef ALA 29 (Exes 6/ 62 67 64 @ @ @ ® @ e @ @ ao ZO Zi 2a 65 66 67 68 @ @ ° @ @ e A 29 OO F/ tae 62 7O 7/ 72 ® @ ° Cs) * 6 A e GF IZ FO JF6 UE V4 V{oE 76 ) ®@ ® @ x e @ @ Die IS FD ZO Ca 75 7? lox) @ @ @ x @ ° 8 @ Expianation of Diagram: The significance of the figures in the above diagram s as follows: @ = trees bearing in 1902; "= trees not bearing in 1902; x =vacancy: * = Bellflower tree; R = Roxbury Russet; B = Ben Davis. 184 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. ally planned. Forty trees are kept in cultivation and forty mulched; a part of each lot receiving complete fertilizer, part stable manure, and part no fertilizer of any kind. HISTORY OF THE ORCHARD SINCE 1902.* In 1902 no fertilizers were applied to any of the trees. The season was moist and the growth was satisfactory. In 1903 and 1904 the treatment was the same as in preceding years except that the fertilizer used carried 3 per cent nitrogen, 6 per cent phosphoric acid, and 8 per cent potash, and was applied broadcast at the rate of 750 pounds per acre. No stable manure was used in 1904. In 1905 two-thirds the usual amount of fertilizer was used; that is, 500 pounds was applied broadcast and a good applica- tion of stable manure was made to the trees usually receiving this material. A good crop of fruit has been taken from the orchard every year as shown by the tables included in this report, although there is a marked individuality in the trees as to amount and character of fruit. The weakness of seedling stocks, mentioned in Bulletin 89, has continued to manifest itself and several of the best trees have died, not because of injury to the Gravenstein or Tolman tops, but because of the inherently weak seedling trunks. This is a striking illustration of the advantage of using some well known, hardy, vigorous sort as the foundation of an orchard, rather than miscellaneous seedlings even though they be home grown. GROWTH AND CONDITION OF TREES. The accompanying table, compiled from field notes taken each year, will convey an exact account of the growth of the trees from year to year. Numbers 1-12 and 41-52 inclusive have received no fertilizer of any kind. But the first mentioned trees were cultivated, while the second were mulched, as shown in the diagram. Numbers 13-24 and 53-64 respectively are Tolman. The remainder are Gravenstein, with the exceptions noted in the column of “ Remarks,’ and numbers 42, 46, 50, 66, 70, 74 and 78, which are Tolman. * For a history of the orchard up to the close of 1902, see Bulletin 89. Number of tree. — SONAR Oe _ — EXPERIMENTS IN ORCHARD CULTURE. Annual Growth of Trees in Cultivated Area. 185 GROWTH IN INCHES.* 1902. | 1903. | 1904. | 1905. 6- 8| 4-6 4-6} 3-4 6- 8} 3-5 1-2 0 8-10} 5-7 2-3} 2-4 6- 8} 5-7} 3-5) 3-6 8-10} 6-8 4-6} 6-8 4-6] 1-2 0 0 8-10} 3-4 3-4) 1-3 10-14} 10-12 5-6; 8-10 8-10} 4-6 3-6} 3-6 10-12} 6-8 6-8) 8-10 6-8} 4-6 24) 2-4 10-12} 7-9] 5-7) 5-7 8-10) 4-6 4-6) 3-4 8-10) 8-10 5-6} 7-9 8-10} 5-7 1-2} 6-58 4-5} 8-10 7-9| 7-9 8-10} 6-8 4-6) 6-8 6- 8] 10-12 7| 9-10 6- 8) 4-6 2-3 0 8-10} 10-12 3-4} 5-8 10-12} 6-8 6-7} 8-12 6- 7} 4-6} 6-8) 8-10 6-8! 5-7) 45] 6-8 12/ 7-9) 4-5; 1-3 4-6} 6-8} 2-4, 1-3 6- 8} 4-6) 3-6) 4-6 6- 8) 3- 5}...... 0 - 10} 8-10} 3-6' 46 12) 6-8) 46 5-7 8} 3-5 —7| 1-3 10} 8-10) 3-6) 1-3 6- 8} 5-7 3} 6-5 8| 5-7) 4-6) 8-10 6- 8} 6-8 6} 6-8 7-8} 4-6) 46) 3-5 8} 6-8] 5-7} 6-8 Ce ee ee D> > 2 C1 Ol 1 OD CO HCO Remarks. Average growth in inches for four years. 6 |Hurt by cold, 1904-5. 4 |Hurt by cold, 1904-5—-nearly dead. 6 |In excellent condition. 64|In excellent condition. 8 |Top partly killed by cold, 1904-5. 2 |Nearly dead. 5 |Defective stock. -104|Injured a little in center of top. 7 |\Injured a little in center of top. 93|Vigorous; a good tree. 53|Defective stock. 9 |Vigorous, healthy; a fine tree. Average annual growth for the twelve trees. vie 6 63/ Vigorous. 9 |A very fine tree. 7 |Doing well. 8 |Doing well. § |Doing well. 9 4 8 9 ee Extra good tree. Defective stock. 3|Good tree. 3|Extra good—-both tree and fruit. sarees Dead. (Defective stock; died in 1903.) 8 -10 |Extra fine tree. 53- 7 |Good tree. 6 - § | Average annual-growth; eleven trees. 6 - 8 |Doing well. 5 - 7 |Doing well. § - 7 |Half of tree dying. Dying. Doing well. Nearly dead. Injured in 1904; may be saved. Good tree. Good tree. Half of tree dying; trunk defective. Half of tree dying; trunk defective. Doing well. Doing well. Pore) Ho be roy Hen eaCa ees CAC Good tree. podood Vacant. 5 - 7 |Average annual growth; fifteen trees. * Fractions less than 4 are disregarded. One-third of tree Roxbury Russet. Doing well. 186 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. Annual Growth of Trees in Mulched Area. Number of tree. GROWTH IN INCHES.* 1902. 1903. 8-10 1904. S 2. ge Soe of ne a 2 S Remarks. Gla 1805. |2-= 5 452 §-10|7 - 9 |Ben Davis. Doing well. 2- 4/4 - 6 2- 4/3 - 5 5- 7/5 - 7 a Ale = 2 Center of top dying; defective trunk. 2- 4/3 - 5 1- 3/3 - 5 4- 6|53- 7 1- 3|15- 3 |A weak tree. 2- 3/4 - 6 1- 3/2 - 3 |Half of top dying. 33- 53| Average annual growth; twelve trees. 4- 6/4 - 6 |Doing well. 1- 3/23- 4 |Defective at base. 4- 6/4 - 6 6- 8/63- 83 6- 8/63- 83 Bdifower Fine tree. Excellent fruit in 1904; none 3- 5/5 - 7 |Doing well. 3- 5/5 - 7 |Doing well. 4- 6/4 -6 3- 5/5 - 7 4- 6/4 -6 4- 6/6 - 8 |Particularly good tree. 4- 6|7 - 9 |Particularly good tree. 5 - 7 |Average annual growth; twelve trees. 3- 6/5 - 7 1- 3/2 -4 e aid - 5 Roxbury Russet. Good tree. Ate 6- 8)73- 93 Peliiower. Good crop of good fruit, both 1904 and 5. 8-10/63- 8 5- 7/4 - 6 |Roxbury Russet. 6- 8/6 - 8 |Doing well. gboocallao0050 Vacant. 1- 3/2 - 4 |Good tree; 43 bushels (Tolman), 1905. 8-10/7 - 8 |Fine tree; 9 bushels (Gravenstein), 1905. 6- 8/6 - 8 |Doing very well. 4- 6|534- 7 |T wo-thirds of tree dead. 6- 8/43- 64|Doing well. 8-10/7 - 9 |Fine tree; 8} bushels, 1905. 8-10|7 - 9 |Fine tree; 8% bushels, 1905. 53- 73| Average annual growth; fifteen trees. * Fractions less than 4 are disregarded. TERS EXPERIMENTS IN ORCHARD CULTURE. 187 Taking the orchard as a whole, there was an average annual growth of from three and one-half to eight inches. The unfer- tilized trees, in general, made less growth than did the fertilized trees, and the uncultivated than the cultivated. It is noticeable, however, that the Gravensteins which were mulched and fertil- ized averaged slightly better than those which were cultivated and fertilized. This is, no doubt, due to the partial killing of several of the trees on the cultivated ground. In nearly every case, however, it was the seedling stock which suffered and not the top, though of course the top soon followed. It is also true that the difference in elevation, if any, was in favor of the mulched trees; these being slightly lower, and possibly more moist. Such difference is very slight, however. In Bulletin 89 the following table was published with the note that: ‘ With a single exception, in which two trees had particu- larly good advantages, the growth on the mulched areas was less than on corresponding cultivated plats. On cultivated soil there was little increase in growth from the use of either manure or commercial fertilizer; while on the mulched land the growth was noticeably—two to five inches—greater as a result of adding plant food. These facts would indicate that there is enough plant food in the soil to produce a fairly satisfactory growth, if mechanical treatment is such as to render it available, and other plants are not allowed to rob the trees.” z 3 BR Eagar 8 3a j ent a-na O a 293 oO Variety. Treatment. San PNoH Bm ax BOR Eo 2 BORSA ode Oman Oo 8e Ee AES 5S ESD o8s o8ad On Om Cultivated ..... 74—93 (12 trees)| 7 —8 (8trees)| 83—9 (7 trees) Gravenstein... Mulched.. ..... 53—74 (9trees)| 7 —8%} (6 trees)! 10-12 (2 trees)* CULE VAC Cire -reie\ltaterayelelelnleieleletale sieeve. 63—8i (6 trees)| 7 —8} (6 trees) LYON TIN G68 cobde Mulched........ 23—41 (3 trees)| 64—8} (6trees)| 5 —6} (5 trees) * These‘trees were in a slight depression and next to the cultivated area. The record of succeeding years has justified the statement there made. For several years the unfertilized trees held their places both as to growth and as to yield, but during recent years the need of additional plant food has been manifest, even on the 188 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. cultivated areas. The average growth of the same trees for the past two years has been as follows: we |g eae = N = ¥ | = OH F 2S | a... ©0o a) Variety. Treatment. Sas SQ oH SagNn FOR Eons FOES 25% Seae | oS EE OSs SSak | BASS | 1904. | 1905 1904 | 1905 1904 1905 Cultivated....| 3 —43/ 3i-5| 4—54| 4-6 33—53| 4364 Gravenstein ... Mulched...... 33-53, 23-4) 54-73) 7-9) 2-4] 34-6 Cultivated’... 12.2 2 | OAR: 5363, 64-83] 3 —43| 5 —7 Tolman........ Mulched......| 33-5] 2-4! 43-6 | P= 66s oes These figures, when compared with the preceding table, indi- cate a decided falling off in the growth of the unfertilized trees, especially in the uncultivated plat. On the fertilized plats a part of this falling off in wood growth is of course due to the fact of the annual crops of fruit which have been produced. This reason is less applicable to the unfertilized trees, as they have borne less regularly. The low average growth of Graven- stein on the cultivated area as compared with the mulched trees, is due to the injury to some of the trees, as before mentioned. In the absence of injury, which was an individual matter, the cultivated trees made a larger growth than the others, as may be seen by referring to the tables on pages 185 and 186. THE QUESTION OF YIELDS. In 1902, the first bearing year of this young orchard, the following results—irrespective of fertilizers—were obtained: Gravenstein—Cultivated, 19 bearing trees, averaging .72 bbl. per tree; mulched, 14 bearing trees, averaging .59 bbl. per tree. Tolman—Cultivated, 9 bearing trees, averaging .44 bbl. per tree; mulched, 6 bearing trees, averaging .50 bbl. per tree. In case of the Gravenstein, there was a decided difference both in number of bearing trees and in average yield per tree in favor of cultivation. With the Tolman the difference was less marked. It is planned to keep an exact record of the yield of each tree in the orchard every year. By accident, however, the records of the Gravensteins were unsatisfactory for a part of the time, and there is given below only the record of the Tolmans. EXPERIMENTS IN ORCHARD CULTURE. 189 Cultivation vs. Mulch—Annual Yields. A CULTIVATED. 2a 20 se ei 1902. | 1903.* 1904. | 1905. | Remarks. Bush. Bush. 3.0 2.0 2.8 €.5 1.0 2.4 0.5 1.9 1.5 4.0 2.0 7.0 1.2 2-5 Ai 4.8 4.0 5.0|)Extra; both tree and fruit. acta wzereterstell ajetete otatelaretal | eietetnuteiorme Dead. ed | TMA GUND 2s Are ctoicrete'|isrcivie tieve ste 1.3 7.6 reales neh aoaoallacososbose 3 0 SHOTEMN! SepanellGooboadanc 18.4 43.7 MULCHED. melee les doo b onc laspuddGens 8 4.5 BAF or cheverarete 2 x/als «isve'arai| la tiaterersveierere 0 0.0 Bi ereretcGisiars, cod eisreinle | simieielowstelciore ie) 255 OG Berereicccieeseeer cial m ener oe 3.0 4.2 Gyitsinilleeseaedopal locoooosdsos Full...| Medium| Bellflower. (leaaasonacoppsDood nesdnaodad 5.0 2.5 D eerecyarae te ioisies icles ecient 1.8 a ter 60) Medinmiles2: ; hilitees dees 1.8 3.0 GI ire bhi brass soobllosononcens 2.6 2.2 G2 | aan seteiat to, mtomie at-llloinecte setae 1.0 3.2 GSMs adcoosadsllasceandooe oe 3.2 G2) Smaller ycrcieverevelell sere cleleamiete 68! 4.0 JieLEE Conon ponoepeoos 22.0 31.0 * By an accident the records of 1903 were rendered useless and are omitted. There was a fair crop on most of the trees. With the exception noted, the above trees are now all in prime bearing condition and yield satisfactory annual crops. In Bulle- tin 89 the statement was made that, “ With Tolman the number of bearing trees is greater by one-half on the cultivated area, but the average yield is slightly less. Most of the fruit on the cultivated area came from four trees; the remaining trees, in most cases, not having half a peck each.” The same general ratio existed for the next two years. In 1904 the total yield from eleven trees on the cultivated plat, as shown by the table, was 18.4 bushels, or an average of 1.7 bushels per tree; while on the mulched area, for the same number of trees, the total yield was 22 bushels, or an average of 2 bushels per tree. In 1905, however, the relative advantage of cultivation becomes evident when it appears that there is a total of 43.7 190 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. bushels, or an average of 4 bushels per tree on the cultivated trees, as compared with 31 bushels, or an average of 2.8 bushels per tree where mulching was used. By reference to the diagram of the orchard, page 183, it may be seen that much better returns have, as a rule, been obtained from those trees upon which stable manure has been used. For example, trees 13, 14,17, 18, 21 and 22, on the cultivated plat, received stable manure and produced an average of 2.7 bushels per tree in 1904, and 4.9 bushels in 1905; while the others, receiving commercial fertilizers, gave an average of .8 and 3.4 bushels for the two years respectively. On the mulched area similar results followed. Trees 55, 56, 59, 60, 63 and 64, received stable manure and gave an average of 2.1 and 3.1 bushels for the two years; while the other trees, receiving com- mercial fertilizer, yielded an average of 1.9 and 2.5 for the two years. These facts are given without further comment. Future management of the orchard will of course be governed by the lessons learned. THE POTASH ORCHARD. The study of the specific influence of different potash salts upon the apple is continued as in former years. The treatment is as detailed in Bulletin 89; but the need of additional nitrogen being evidenced by the growth of the trees, an application of 350 pounds per acre of nitrate of soda, and of about 650 pounds per acre of acid phosphate was made in 1904, besides the usual excessive application of potash salts. The season being very dry, the trees did not profit much by this application and it was repeated in 1905, with marked advantage. The severe winter of 1904-5 worked serious injury to some of the trees but as a result of the fertilizing and the cultivation given, most of them have started a vigorous new growth, and fruit buds are well developed for next year. Without going into details at this time, it may be said that there is no noticeable difference in the character of fruit or of the behaviour of the trees as a result of the form of potash used. The work will be continued further, however. ORCHARD RENOVATION. In 1902, because of the manifestly favorable results following the treatment given the orchards above referred to, one hundred EXPERIMENTS IN ORCHARD CULTURE. IQ! trees were set apart for specific experiments in the renovation of an old orchard. The trees in question were about thirty-five years old, planted on the western slope of a dry gravelly hillside. They were divided into six groups, with appropriate check trees, as indicated in the accompanying diagram. ORCHARD RENOVATION.—DIAGRAM OF THE ORCHARD. TREATMENT OF THE ORCHARD. The history of the orchard, as given in Bulletin 80, is as follows: “The soil is a light sandy loam, 6-8 inches deep, with gravelly or sandy subsoil. The trees were set in 1866-70 in a cultivated field which had previously produced corn, wheat, and Ig2 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I905. general farm crops; but after a very few years the orchard was used asa sheep pasture, the trees being frequently mulched while young. No further attention was given the trees, save an occasional slight pruning, until May, 1892, when the whole orchard received an application of bone and muriate of potash. The same summer hogs were turned in, and they thoroughly stirred the soil and started the trees into vigorous growth. A very large crop of fruit was produced in 1893 and again in 1896, but since that date the trees have done practically nothing. Since 1892 the orchard has received no treatment except spray- ing, until the present year when a portion of it, as indicated in the diagram, was thoroughly tilled and variously fertilized.” The fertilizers used in 1902, 1903 and 1904 were as follows: Plat 1—Muriate of potash 75 ibs; acid rock 75 tbs; nitrate of soda 50 ibs. Plat 2—Muriate of potash 75 ibs; acid rock 75 ibs. Plat 3—Nitrate of soda 50 ibs; acid rock 75 ibs. Plat 4—Acid rock 75 ibs. Plat 5—Muriate of potash 75 ibs. Plat 6—WNitrate of soda 50 ibs. In 1905 the same materials were used, but only two-thirds the amount of each. The orchard has been plowed every spring and harrowed at intervals during the summer. The effects of the culture and feeding are evident as far as the orchard can be seen from surrounding hilltops; and the satisfactory annual crops of fruit more than illustrate the practical importance of systematic orchard management. RESULTS OF TREATMENT. At the close of the first season’s treatment it was stated (see Bulletin 89, p. 19): “ As might be expected, the plat receiving a complete fertilizer presented the best appearance at the end of the growing season. The use of nitrogen alone increased the growth to a marked degree (though less than the complete fertilizer) but there was a noticeable lack of color in the fruit. Trees on the plat receiving acid rock alone, in general, seemed no better than the check trees which were cultivated but not fertilized. Potash alone, on the other hand, produced a distinct improvement.” EXPERIMENTS IN ORCHARD CULTURE. 193 These impressions have been confirmed by the work of suc- ceeding years, particularly as to the effect of the complete fertilizer and the nitrogen. The lack of color upon the fruit from trees receiving an excess of nitrogen is specially noticeable. In 1904 a very serious injury to both tree and fruit was appar- ently the result of a too free use of nitrogen, either alone or in the absence of potash. The foliage dropped, the fruit cracked, and much of it dropped, while the remainder was as soft and mealy in October as it should have been the following May. This is referred to in another connection. YIELD OF FRUIT—RENOVATED ORCHARD. Since the first year of treatment, this orchard has made a good growth and has yielded annual returns of fruit. Not every tree has borne every year, for there is a decided individuality among trees given precisely the same treatment ; but from the record of fruiting given below it is evident that the so-called “ off year”’ in case of the Baldwin is an unnecessary condition,—a condition which the up-to-date orchardist will not permit to exist. Without attempting to draw conclusions, at present, there are certain interesting facts brought out by the tables on pages 194 and 195. The best general results are seen to follow on plat 1, complete fertilizer; but there are notably good individual trees upon the other plats (see figure 10) and among the check trees. Taking at random some of the trees in the orchard, it will be seen that tree II in 1903 produced 4.5 barrels of fruit; in 1904, I barrel; in 1905, 2.8 barrels. Tree 25 produced 8.5, 4, and 5.8 barrels for the three years respectively. Tree 53 gave 5, 2.7 and 3.3 barrels, and so on. On the other hand, tree 43 has a record for the three years of 0, .7 ando. Tree 75 is gradually improving, the record for the three years being 0, .8 and 1 barrel, respectively. The check trees adjoining plats III and VI are noticeably productive; which fact may be due to sending their roots across into the adjacent plats. Certain of the trees have been indicated as being of specially good type; these are watched from year to year to see if the character is permanent. If so, these trees become specially valuable as a source from which to obtain cions in top-working a young orchard. These notes are to be regarded more as a report of progress than as data from which to draw definite conclusions. 194 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I905. Orchard Renovation—Annual Vield. YIELD PER TREE, IN BARRELS. Remarks. Plat and number of tree. 1903. 1904. 1905. QO me Co C9 POO SCHORR DC war * *Extra good fruit, 1905. _ on oO Pwwanwoww-, oonooonroongo Bm WORM Oh wo WOr Sonomnt]38 woo * is *e *Extra good fruit. * Hxtra good type. oo oo Pe Hoey seas ooo So * He no 0 o> IWSoe * mH >ror oH HH * xtra good type. Tree No. IV Shapes lpscg noob loonedcas Vacant. .4*|* Extra good type of frui * * Hxtra good type CO HE bo GO OTT bo CO Cote Syitee cisions AA WR Seo CWOoNHoOoOO HoworRNOoOS = DH Cor of OM oO oo oo oorceo Tree No. 71 { Nearly all the fruit on this plat dropped early, in 1904, remainder was soft and worthless asin April or May. HoOmnownrror ie.) - PP WN AOR DO cogmnocoooge eS eet oe SSS SS et, + PIR DOW bP oORS RPamnwNoacea-1kre ce ow Rm O10O 09 Hee O oOo eee e cee. EXPERIMENTS IN ORCHARD CULTURE. 195 Orchard Renovation—Annual Yield—Concluded. YIELD PER TREE, IN BARRELS. Remarks. 1903. 1904. 1905. Plat and number of tree. _ ~~ toe nr —) = 109 Lain! GEO aco Geo qoouocococ;coe * * Extra good type. * Extra good type. WO OVO STO OURS | on ea Sh ene i Me OO He CO rR CN 10D TIS oo i=) i Ba Mloeaaacdallseoootns| sootada Vacant. Almost dead. Plat V. Tree No. ‘46 . ores Lee lbenocodd lsbaoodne |temnacac Grayvenstein. AT 0 0 .9 |Tree broken; only one limb, extra fine fruit. Hie tulloanaged glocebaece la coopprid Gravenstein. DOT. ae alias wavestlavars clerecorsi ates teisrere ss Gravenstein. GO) Fier oae cea eels pezesavat| le toteteberarete Gravenstein. # Ca aonaoallooapecon so certaes Gravenstein. LOW i iheretetarecovarell oreieovosna | ercreesers lore Gravenstein. Plat VI. Tree No. LEY Wedeace La [eceeesecfaceees+-|Gravenstein. U0) Sel ameerre atl lose sniGal laesnesod Gravenstein. .6*|* Also .8 bbl. Starkey on portion of tree. {t Condition of this fruit similar to that of plat *Extra good fruit. * po oe moooco 196 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. THE FISHER FORMULA. In response to a demand for definite information as to the merits of a highly nitrogenous fertilizer made after what is known as the “ Fisher formula,” and used quite extensively in some parts of the State, a comparison of this fertilizer with one commonly recommended by the writer for orchard purposes has been undertaken. Briefly stated, the Fisher formula—so called because first suggested by Dr. Fisher of Massachusetts—is composed of about 8.6 per cent nitrogen, 3.3 per cent phosphoric acid and 11.9 per cent of potash, being made up as follows: Nitrate of soda, 350 tbs; sulphate of ammonia, 150 tbs; sulphate of potash, 230 tbs; acid phosphate, 200 tbs; kieserite, 50 tb. “ All to be thoroughly mixed and sown on the surface under the tree out a little further than the limbs extend, at the rate of ten pounds to a medium sized tree, from the first to the tenth of May, or as soon as the blossom buds begin to open.” Unquestionably this fertilizer produces a most vigorous growth, resulting in large, though not always well colored fruit, and on uncultivated land it is regarded with favor by many growers. For use in connection with the thorough cultivation now recommended, however, the percentage of nitrogen is too high for the best results. The Station formula contains about 3 per cent nitrogen, 5% per cent phosphoric acid and 8 per cent potash, being made up as follows: . 200 ibs nitrate of soda; 75 tbs sulphate of ammo- nia; 225 tbs muriate of potash; 500 ibs acid phosphate. The cost of this fertilizer is about $16 per 1,000 pounds; that of Fisher fertilizer about $21 per 1,000 pounds for the materials alone. . Twenty Baldwin and five Tolman trees are being used for the specific test of each of these formulas. The Baldwins are kept under cultivation; the Tolmans are in sod. The work has been in progress for two seasons, which time is of course not suffi- cient to warrant conclusions. It may be said, however, that both lots of trees have responded freely to the treatment, and yielded a good crop of fruit this year. The Baldwins were in an exhausted condition when the work was commenced, but all are now making a remarkably strong, vigorous growth, and promise EXPERIMENTS IN ORCHARD CULTURE. 197 well. It should be said, however, that as in the experiments first mentioned, the stirring of the soil, and the decay of the turf in case of the cultivated trees, obscures any specific differ- ence in the relative merits of the two formulas up to the present time. The following diagrams represent the orchards now under observation: FISHER FORMULA—DIAGRAM OF BALDWIN ORCHARD. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 O O a O el O CO O 9 10 rb 12 13 14 15 16 O O O O O O CO O 7 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 6 @ e e e ® e e 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 © © © © © O) © © 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 © © © © © © © © FISHER FORMULA—DIAGRAM OF TOLMAN ORCHARD. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gf . ° ° Oo Oo © : 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 e @ e © oO © e 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 x @ e @ oO . © e EXPLANATION oF DriacraAM. [J—Station formula; @—Fisher form- ula; ®—untreated tree; *—vacancy. 14 198 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I905. Tur Top-WorKING OF ORCHARDS. The experiments here noted include the relative value of cions from bearing trees of known value as compared with cions from miscellaneous sources; the actual commercial advantage, if any, of changing vigorous trees from Ben Davis to Baldwin, Sutton, Spitzenburg, or Jonathan; and incidentally the question as to the value of Ben Davis as a stock for top-working. PLAN OF WORK. Adjacent trees (three of each) were top-grafted April 8, 1904, with cions from nursery trees and from bearing trees, as shown by the map on page 199. ‘The “nursery cions” were obtained from H. $. Wiley, Cayuga, N. Y.; the “ fruiting tree cions,” from Geo. T. Powell, Ghent, N. Y. (except Baldwin which were from Mr. Pope’s orchard). As a check upon this work, and to see if it really pays to top-work a young orchard of this kind, four of the original Ben Davis trees are left (Nos. 7, 8, 26 and 27). ‘These are to be pruned and cared for the same as the top- worked trees. ‘ HISTORY AND CONDITIONS OF THE ORCHARD. The orchard was set (two-year-old trees) in May, 1890. The trees were cultivated the first year. After that, however, they were left in sod and hay was cut every year until 1902 when hogs were turned in for one season. No treatment of any kind was given in 1903, and a good crop of fruit was produced. Trees made an excellent growth in 1902 and 1903, and the north half of the orchard is in good condition. About the middle of the plat the water has stood some in winter and trees have suffered. With the exception of tree No. 14, the trees which were top- worked in 1904 were in good vigorous condition. 1904. Orchard plowed and cultivated during summer. Five hundred pounds of fertilizer analyzing about 3 per cent nitrogen, 6 per cent phosphoric acid, and 8 per cent potash. Photographs made at time of grafting. 1905. Treatment of previous year repeated. Superb growth,—15 to 24 inches. Photographs made October 23. Naturally conclusions are not yet drawn from this work. 199 EXPERIMENTS IN ORCHARD CULTURE. -uazyidg oy, 8& Lg LE 9¢ 9§ gg $g FL e 0g 08 e 67 e 8P | 6 $991} SULIVIG WOT, ‘MOI PAY} UT suUOTD Sing *S991} SULIvAq WOIfF MOI PUODIS dy} UL SUOTD [JB {S901} ATOSINU WO 919M MOI JSIY OY} Ul pasn suold [TV “AQUBIVA—y + BINquaz}Idg—O -ISIIO ‘SIAR, USG}—ge :SMO[[OF Sv ST WeISLIP OAOGL OY} UT SJoJOVILYD oY} JO soULIyTUSIS oY T, :WVYOVIG JO NOIMLWNV’IaxX’%] ‘ uvyyeuo(—,, ‘CUVHOYO GAMMOM-dOL LO Wvuovid :U0}J0S—_ ‘ UIMpleg— © &@ GP © g xa :S90t} [eu 02 68 200 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I905. KEEPING QUALITIES AS AFFECTED BY CULTURE. The influence of cultivation in an orchard, as affecting the keeping quality of the fruit, is a question of perennial interest. The Station has no facilities for conducting a satisfactory inquiry in this direction, but as bearing upon the subject several barrels of fruit were set aside in the winter of 1904-5 in Mr. Pope’s cellar, and were left until some time after the usual season for marketing. While conclusions can not be drawn from this test, certain indications may be suggestive. For the trial three barrels of Tolmans and four barrels of Baldwins were set aside. Of the Tolmans, one barrel each from sod and from cultivated land were taken, and one barrel was divided between the two. Of the Baldwins, two barrels were from trees in sod and two from adjacent cultivated trees. The fruit was sorted as for commercial purposes and the barrels were headed up and set in a very cool cellar, in a pou pctataee of 35 to 40 degrees Fahrenheit. On April 7 the Tolmans were examined and showed signs of breaking down. They were accordingly assorted and a record made of their condition. At this time the Baldwins showed no sign of breaking down, and they were left until May 10 before assorting. In each case the fruit was divided into three classes: (1) that which was perfectly sound; (2) slightly decayed, or “ specked,” including that form of breaking down commonly called “ scalding ;” (3) decayed or worthless fruit. The follow- ing table represents the exact condition of the fruit at the times indicated: n 2 Q = SS RS Sse | esi iI iol ~ g oH Hie a w l[eclHslS le Variety. Salo sioc Rae Og Remarks. galseolsasiss|. a BE|ssissl/ozZ|os AanAniAcib#a|kian Tolman No. 1 (SOG)........ 344] 102) 48) 494\69.6| ) Free from scald and of better color than No. 2 (Sod)........ 164] 27| 21) 212/77.4) | cultivated fruit—often with blush. No. 3 (cultivated) 314 140} 27) 481/65.3)A little scald. No. 4 (cultivated)| 222| 45] 15| 282|78.7)Much scald. Baldwin No. 1 (sod)........ 655} §3] 14] 752/87.1/Sod grown fruit scalded worse than the No. 2 (SOqd)........ 507} 196} 25] 758)66.9 other but was of better color. No. 3 (cultivated)| 438) 125} 120) 683)64.1 No. 4 (cultivated)| 361) 183} 51) 595)60.7 nS x ‘EXPERIMENTS IN ORCHARD CULTURE. 201 These figures seem to contradict, or at least to cast doubt upon the statement frequently made by some of the best writers upon fruit growing, viz.: ‘“ Apples grown in sod attain a higher color and keep longer than those grown under clean culture.” There is no uniformity in the results shown. For instance, of the Tolmans the barrel from sod land gave 69.6 per cent of sound fruit at the end of six months; while the corresponding barrel from cultivated land gave 65.3 per cent—a difference of only 20 apples in the barrel, and the actual number of worthless fruits was nearly double from the sod grown tree. Where the fruit was in the same barrel (numbers 2 and 4 of Tolman), the difference was I.3 per cent in favor of the cultivated fruit. Of the Baldwins, one barrel was decidedly better than all of the others, and both barrels from sod land gave a higher percentage than did those from cultivated land; but the difference between number 2 and numbers 3 and 4 was not greater than might be expected from fruit grown under the same conditions. Indeed not so great as the difference between numbers I and 2. The color of the fruit grown on sod was usually better than that from the cultivated trees; but the size of the other fruit was greater. In order to be of permanent value these tests should be made under the best conditions for a series of years, and with a wide range of varieties. CovER CROPS. While no data are to be reported at this time, the importance of a winter cover for orchard lands that are given clean culture during the summer should not be overlooked. In brief, the practice followed by the writer is to plow the orchard in May, cultivate freely and frequently until about the first to the tenth of August and at the last cultivation seed the ground with some crop which shall make an effective cover through the winter and during the period of freezing and thawing, the following spring. ADVANTAGES OF A COVER CROP. The advantages following the use of a cover crop may be summarized as follows: (1) The cover crop utilizes soluble fertilizers which would otherwise be wasted, and prevents washing of the land. (2) Adds humus to the soil. 202 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. (3) Protects roots during winter, and holds the snow. (4) Helps to dry out the soil in spring, thus permitting earlier working of the land. (5) In some cases adds directly to the store of nitrogen in the soil—as when leguminous crops are used. (6) Growth of trees late in the season is checked. KIND OF COVER CROP. What to sow for a cover crop depends largely upon soil and location. On good strong land, which is not specially in need of additional nitrogen, winter rye has proved the most satisfac- tory of anything tried at the Station. It germinates quickly, and even in cold seasons, when frosts come early, will form a very satisfactory mat before winter. On “thin” soils, however, rye does not stool freely and fails to make a good cover. Such soils also are usually in need of more nitrogen and will be benefited by the use of some leguminous crop like the vetches or mammoth clover. The ideal cover crop on such soils is winter vetch (Vicia villosa), sown as early as July 15. Within six weeks this plant develops nitrogen accumulating nodules and contributes directly to the fertility of the land. It is hardy and usually makes a good growth the following spring before time for plowing. Spring vetch (Vicia sativa), is another nitrogen gathering cover crop which makes a very vigorous growth in the fall, often forming a perfect mat a foot thick, when sown August I. It is apparently even more efficient than the winter vetch as a nitrogen gatherer, but it does not survive the winter; hence is not as valuable in preventing washing by the spring rains, and does not help dry out the land in spring. Mammoth clover must be sown as early as July 15 to produce sufficient growth to be of much value. As a rule the vetches are to be preferred. Other crops used at the Station for this purpose are peas, oats, and these two combined. All things considered, however, the first three mentioned are the most satisfactory. A WORD OF CAUTION. While in general the use of a cover crop in cultivated orchards is advantageous, there are cases where, if used injudiciously, it EXPERIMENTS IN ORCHARD CULTURE. 203 may be actually detrimental. One such case is the use of rye upon a soil naturally dry and gravelly ; especially if the crop is left late in spring before plowing under. This treatment may result in so drying the soil as to seriously interfere with the growth of the trees. On soils of the nature indicated, spring vetch or oats are always to be preferred unless the land is to be plowed promptly in the spring. ORCHARD WorK AT NEw GLOUCESTER. For the purpose of emphasizing the importance of rational treatment of orchard lands in other sections of the State, arrangements have been made with Mr. John W. True and Mr. Fred H. Chandler of New Gloucester to carry on certain cooper- ative experiments in the planting and management of orchards. The work in Mr. True’s orchard includes the use of cover crops and a comparison of the Fisher formula with the Station formula and with stable manure. For the latter work an orchard of Baldwins, set about 20 years and sadly in need of pruning, was selected. The orchard was pruned and plowed, and fertilizers were applied as follows: 4 rows were given stable manure; 5 rows Station fertilizer; 4 rows Fisher fertil- izer; with a check row between each two plats. For the study of cover crops, a two-acre orchard of Ben Davis and a one-acre orchard of Sutton, both just coming into bearing, are available. The crops thus far used are rye and winter vetch, but of course only a report of progress can as yet be made concerning either line of work indicated. The work in Mr. Chandler’s orchard contemplates a study of different methods of orchard treatment and some of the problems connected with the top-grafting of orchards. About eight acres of rolling land, in plain sight from the Maine Central Railroad station at New Gloucester, were fitted and planted to various trees in the spring of 1905. The land is mostly a strong loam, with heavier subsoil, and had been in hay for several years. The ground was plowed the first week in May and, after harrow- ing, the trees were set two rods apart each way. Between the first five rows, and alternating with the trees in those rows, (thus making a “ quincunx”’ planting) “fillers” of Wealthy were planted. In 1906 the planting of “fillers” will be extended. 204 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I905. Strong two-year old trees of the following varieties were used: Northern Spy, Ben Davis, Tolman, and Wealthy. Most of these, except the Wealthy “fillers,” will eventually be top- graited to Baldwin. Careful maps and records have been made and reports of progress will be made later. During the past season the orchard between the trees was planted to corn, peas and potatoes. It is designed to keep the greater part of the orchard under cultiva- tion each year. Fic. 9. In need of renovation—one-half barrel of fruit. Fic. 10. The result of renovation—eight barrels of fruit. (See page 193. STRAWBERRY CROWN GIRDLER. Otiorhynchus ovatus, Linn. Epitu M. Patcu. More than a little annoyance has been caused in the State by the strawberry crown girdler, a small, black, snout beetle, noticed in some localities especially for its habit of crowding into the house. : It was the protests of tried housekeepers that drew attention to the beetle last season. “ We have been overrun with these hateful pests.” “I killed more than 400 one evening in the front room.” “They travel all over the house and crawl from base- board to ceiling only to drop to the carpet and try it over and over again. They hide under any protection, carpet, clothing, bedding, and are a general nuisance.” Such reports came from Maysville Center, Houlton, Monson, North Wayne and Caribou during September, June and August. They seemed worthy of some attention and this season observations of the strawberry crown girdler were made with reference to the habit of crowd- ing into houses, habits of larva and adult, and remedial or protective measures. The beetles in the house with reference to their out-of- door habits. The troublesome habit this beetle has of crowd- ing into the house and getting into the way makes it an objection- able insect, although it does no real harm indoors. It feeds upon plants and is therefore, unlike the larder and carpet beetles, interested neither in the food supply of the household nor in clothing and carpets. For the past two years the beetles have occurred in great numbers about the first of June, lasting through that month, and have appeared again in August and September. The house which seems to be troubled most at North Wayne was built in 1822, and as might be expected had crevices near the foundation which offer attractions for insects in search of a hiding place. The beetles were most numerous 15 200 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. in the front room into which they crept through cracks near the base boards, though they entered the house also at the doorway under the screen. li they were content to be quiet after once find- ing a hiding place, their presence would be less objectionable, oiten unsuspected indeed, but their exasperating persistence in “ climbing over everything only to drop into everything else” as one housekeeper complained, entitles them to the rank of household pests. The house at North Wayne was not visited until June 27, 1905, and at this time the beetles were not numerous enough to give sufficient data as to the relation of their house infesting habits to their out-of-door movements. Farther north, how- ever, near Houlton July 5, ample opportunity for observation was afforded. A day’s search was made for the adult beetles out of doors. They were not found hiding under planks, stones or other objects in damp places, but in dry soil they were frequently dug up from among the roots of plants. Some of these were newly transformed from the pupal condition and would naturally be found under the surface where the larval period was passed, but others were well hardened specimens which seemed to have sought the roots irom above ground, very likely for the deposition of eggs. Toward the top oi a hill zlong a hot, dusty road more of the beetles were found during the day than elsewhere. The road was bordered by white clover, which may have been significant, for larve oi the beetles were found at the roots of this plant. The puzzling thing about the beetles here was the fact that they (ordinarily more active during the evening) were wandering restlessly across the road at mid day, under a scorching sun which they were evidently glad to avoid, for every time a leaf or chip was placed near these wanderers they crept under- neath and remained there. The question why, if they wanted shelter, they had not apparently found it before mid day, was unsolved until a horse and carriage passed, scattering dry layers of clay with which the road was well supplied at this place. Then disturbed beetles were seen everywhere poking out from crumbled clay bits and walking off in search of another nook in which to finish their nap. More than 200 beetles were captured easily after this disturbance before they had found satisfactory 7 STRAWBERRY CROWN GIRDLER AND OTHER INSECTS. 207 hiding places. Except when the beetles were moving it was difficult to see them, for though they are black they were too thoroughly dust covered to be detected readily in the roadway. Toward dusk the hill top road was again visited and this time the beetles were more numerous and more interested in their journey, for they had voluntarily quitted shelter, and were out for purposes of their own. Before dark, beetles were seen everywhere along places where they had been sought in vain during the day; fence rails, piles of sun heated stones, tree trunks, sides of sheds, came in for their share of the active beetles as well as doorway and window sill by which the creatures were entering the house. These out-of-door observations lead logically enough, it seems, to the conclusion that the house seeking habit of the strawberry crown girdler is merely an incident in the general trend of the movements of this beetle,—perhaps accident would be a more appropriate term from the beetle’s standpoint for the house proves a gigantic trap from which the beetles, in spite of restless and persistent climbing, find no means of egress. Like the old fashioned wire fly traps, the house is easier to enter from the foundation than to get out of at the ceiling. The beetles desire a dry shelter and find a building as acceptable as a clump of clay,—until they try to get out. The restless wanderings of these beetles in and out of the house is probably a necessary impulse for the spread of the species for, unlike many insects, they are incapable of flight and are doomed to walk the earth if the succeeding generations are to find new feeding grounds. It may not be entirely without interest to question whether the presence of these beetles in houses is augmented by lights as is frequently the case with insects most active at night. At North Wayne the room most troubled was the closed front room where no lights were taken during the evening except for a little while to collect the beetles. Yet in one evening over 400 were killed in this room. The foregoing discussion has a bearing upon two character- istics commonly accredited this beetle. It is spoken of as “ gregarious,” and its entrance into houses has been explained as “ hibernating.” 208 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. Certainly these beetles were not observed to show gregarious instincts in the sense of seeking the companionship of others of their kind, but wander about quite indifferent to the direction or destination of their kindred. Of course in places of concen- trated local infestation many beetles independently happen upon the same shelter. If the beetles were found in houses only in the fall their presence might seem a hibernation, but in Maine there are two times when they appear most abundantly,—during June and in August and September, and the June lot are as troublesome in the house as the fall beetles. These two marked periods might seem to indicate two annual broods, but it is difficult to obtain dependable evidence with an insect which is to be found as adults, pupz and larve of various sizes, from early June until fall, as is the case with this beetle in Maine. Peeding habits of larve. At North Wayne, late in June, a day was spent in search of larvz of the strawberry crown girdler. Close to the foundation of the house near the room most troubled by the adults, the roots of a grass, Poa cerotine, were found to be freely infested by nearly grown larve, and this grass had doubtless supplied a fair proportion oi the troublesome beetles. A few pupz and some newly developed adults, still brown in color, were iound among the roots with the larve. The main seat of action, however, seemed to be the strawberry bed. The weather had been wet and cold for some time, but in spite of that: there were conspicuous wilty places in the bed, here and there. The strawberry plants in these spots could be lifted from the ground with the slightest pull, for their roots were eaten through at a distance of two or three inches from the crown. The appropriateness of the popular name oi this beetle was thus approved for the strawberry crowns in this bed were certainly “ girdled.” . A space containing three square feet was selected at random from one of the wilted places in the bed. More than 200 nearly grown grubs, pupz, and ireshly developed adults of the girdler were found about the strawberry roots in this space, besides which there were one young cut worm and four Lachnosterna grubs under half size. How many more there would have been ii eight fat predaceous ground beetles had not been skirmishing STRAWBERRY CROWN GIRDLER AND OTHER INSECTS. 209 through these three square feet of infested soil is a question, depending for its solution upon the capacity of the beetles. It was not surprising to learn, one month later (July 28) that this strawberry bed was more than half dead. Near Houlton on the place where the beetles were most annoy- ing there was no strawberry bed, and a day was spent examining the roots of meadow plants, July 6, 1905. Larve and pupz of the girdler were found at the roots of wild strawberry, Timothy grass, June grass and white clover. Large potato fields were close at hand, but no signs of the crown girdler were found about potato vines which were dug up in various places in the field. Feeding experiments with adult beetles. Several hundred beetles taken near Houlton early in July were brought to the laboratory for the purpose of testing the range of their food plants. These were confined for three days at a time in bottles containing perfect leaves. The following list records such leaves (or flowers as indicated) as were found to be eaten to a greater or less extent during this time: Apple, cauliflower, red clover (blossom), red clover, woodbine, Tartarian honeysuckle, turnip, radish, white clover (blossom), white clover, rose (petal), oak, dandelion, lettuce, maple leaf, lawn grass, sorrel, timothy grass, basswood, raspberry, mulberry, spirea, currant, strawberry, rose, plantain, celery, mountain ash, Roman worm- wood, rhubarb, bean, nasturtium, wolf weed, nightshade, box elder, thistle, cottonwood, elm, geranium, flowering currant, dahlia, syringa, peony, blackberry, fall dandelion, asparagus, horse radish, pea, chickweed, wild cherry, gooseberry, birch, iris, willow, “ self heal.” While it is probable that beetles placed in confinement would eat some leaves which in the open they would avoid for other food, still the foregoing test bears out the reputation of this insect as a general feeder. ; REMEDIAL MEASURES. Arsenate of lead. ‘Two experiments were made with elm leaves (a favorite diet of the girdler) dipped in arsenate of lead, mixed at the rate of 4 pounds to 50 gallons of water. For the first, 42 well fed beetles were confined with a few poisoned leaves for two days, when 18 were dead and 24 still alive. For the second 210 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. test 40 beetles were kept without food for 7 days and then con- fined for 36 hours with poisoned elm leaves. At the end of this time 32 beetles were dead and 8 alive. These tests, especially the second, were arbitrary and unfair with respect to normal out-of-doors conditions because ordinarily the beetles would not be so hungry and there would be unsprayed food within travel- ing distance. The only significant fact concerned is if they eat sprayed plants they die. In this connection the experience in Montana * with new strawberry plants dipped in arsenate of lead is exceedingly interesting. It was found in that instance that the beetles avoided the sprayed leaves and began to feed upon the roots of the strawberry. In view of the great range of food plants accepted by the adult beetles there seems little help to be expected from the applica- tion of poison except as it might serve to a certain extent as a protection of valuable plants by causing the beetles to shun them. Mr. R. A. Cooley * concluded that where adult beetles attacked the leaves badly, spraying was better than no treatment and was worth the cost and trouble incurred. The injury to strawberry beds in Maine, however, has been (so far as known) by the grubs alone, working at the roots, and thus spraying, here, would be of no avail. Cultural means. The fact that grubs (larve) of the crown girdler were found during the past season at the roots of grasses, white clover, and wild strawberry merely confirms the evidence of other observers that the larva of this insect finds its natural food in roots of grasses and other meadow plants. Young strawberries set out on newly broken ground already infested with these grubs would of necessity be seriously attacked. Mr. R. A. Cooley says * in this connection, “The remedial measure that seems to promise most is so managing the soil that when it is desired to set out the field to strawberries the beetles will have been previously starved out.” He also cites the case of a Montana fruit grower who was so troubled by this insect that he abandoned strawberry growing entirely some years ago, using the land for other crops. Strawberry plants were started on this same place in the summer of 1904 and were not troubled at all by these beetles. * Montana Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 55. ee a ee lL — STRAWBERRY CROWN GIRDLER AND OTHER INSECTS. 211 This method is in accordance with preventive means com- monly accepted as the only practical way of combating other underground enemies, such as the white grub and the wire worm. No extended tests have been made in Maine as to what crops would be best adapted for this purpose. At Houlton, however, favorable opportunities for an observation were offered. Potato fields were at hand on newly broken ground adjoining meadows freely infested with grubs of the crown girdler. In two of these fields, the roots of potato vines variously situated were examined and in no case were larve of the crown girdler found. This, of course, is no positive indication that potato vines are never attacked by this insect, but the situation of the potato field was exactly such as would have proven the worst possible condition for a strawberry bed; and the apparent freedom of the field from the grubs certainly seems significant. In localities where the strawberry crown girdler is present to any marked extent, it wouid be unsafe to set strawberry plants in newly broken land. Some less susceptible crop (the potato would probably serve) should be used first, and the soil so thoroughly cultivated that grass or other weeds cannot remain as a bait for the beetles, or food for such larvez as chance to be already in the ground. : Repellents. As most of the complaints against this beetle in Maine were concerned with its entrance to houses, a few tests were made to see if camphor gum could be used successfully as a repellent to be placed at ctacks about baseboards or windows. Between 30 and 40 beetles were placed in a space 6 inches in diameter surrounded by a circle of powdered camphor gum piled about an inch high. The beetles seemed neither stunned nor excited, but walked about in the space and climbed over the camphor apparently indifferently for quarter of an hour when the beetles were taken and buried under a mound of the camphor gum and left for nearly two hours. Shortly after the camphor was removed, the beetles, deliberately stalked off, to all appear- ances as well as ever. The experiment was repeated with flowers of sulphur with precisely the same results. At Maysville Center where the beetles in troublesome numbers were entering a house under the baseboard, a liberal application of fresh pyrethrum powder was recommended. The report 212 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q05. came “‘ They do not seem affected one bit by insects powder. They walk right through it and do not mind it at all.” Probably all that can be done to guard against an invasion of the house is to stop the cracks with putty as far as possible and then philosophically to regard these beetles that get in as really harmless. It may be, too, that the beetles will not occur for many years in successsion in such large numbers in the places of worst infestation. At North Wayne about 18 years ago there was an outbreak of the same pest which overrun the house for two or three seasons, after which the trouble disappeared, not to come again in conspicuous numbers until the last few years. What natural agencies controlled the situation are quite a matter for surmise. SUMMARY. Out of doors. The strawberry crown girdler in the larval or grub stage feeds upon the roots of grasses and some other plants. Strawberries are especially susceptible to attack and should not be set in, or very near, soil infested by these grubs. The only known practical remedy is clean cultivation. The adult beetles feed upon the leaves of the strawberry and many other plants, and when they are numerous enough to cause much injury, arsenate of lead should be used as a spray. In the house. The presence of great numbers of the beetles in the house is annoying but need cause no real alarm, for they are bent upon no mischief either to persons, clothing or food supplies. Ordinary repellents seem to be or no avail, and prob- ably all that can be done to guard against them is to make the house as tight and beetle proof as possible. With this precau- tion such beetles as can not. be conveniently swept or gathered up, can be tolerated as harmless and transient guests. Fic. 11. Strawberry crown girdler. Adult x 8. Fic. 12. Strawberry crown girdler. Larva x 8, Fic. 13. Strawberry crown girdler. Pupa x 8. a ee Ee RT a ee a Ee a a INSECTS OF) TEs, Yon AIR: Epitu M. Patcu. Tussock moth. Cocoons of two species of tussock moth, Notolophus leucostigma and N. antiqua, were received in such numbers during the present year that it is simpler to give them single mention than to list each specimen sent for identification. Most of these cocoons were accompanied by the question “Is this the nest of the brown-tail moth?” In order that further confusion may be avoided to some extent at least, figures 14 and 15 are presented with this comment: ‘The winter nests of the brown-tail moth contain many tiny caterpillars, while the cocoons of the tussock moth are empty during the winter and those from which the females have emerged are covered by a mass of whitish eggs. These egg clusters should be collected and burned. : Red-humped catapillars. There were talso too many of the red-humped caterpillars, CEdemasia concinna, to list in the accompanying table. Between July 29 and October 28, 1905, 81 lots of these caterpillars were received for identification. As only 11 came last year, these insects seem to be on the increase at present. They undoubtedly did great damage in the State this season. Many orchardists reported that entire orchards of young trees were stripped of their foliage, except for the mid ribs of the leaves, before the presence of the pest had been dis- covered. They are not especially difficult to combat as the broods are gregarious and if found while the caterpillars are young the whole colony can usually be removed with ease. The fact that they come late in the season makes their attacks a surprise often- times. Arsenical sprays will kill them, but the presence of ripe fruit sometimes debars the use of poison. There is no difficulty in recognizing this peculiar caterpillar by its red head and con- spicuous red band about the body a short distance behind the head. See figure 16. 2A! MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I905. The yellow-necked caterpillar, Datana ministra, seems also to be increasing in this State. During August this species vied with the preceding in troubling orchardists. Means of combat- ing these two species are identical. See figure 19. Tent caterpillars. The unsightly webs of the tent caterpillar, Clisiocampa americana, which had not been numerous for several seasons, were present to a troublesome extent all over the State this spring. Stalk borer. In July and August the stalk borer, Papaipema nitella, caused complaint from several localities. The destruc- tion of a crop of sweet corn for two seasons was charged to its account near Gardiner. From Westbrook five specimens of this caterpillar were received with the report: ‘“ This pest is destroy- ing my raspberry, blackberry, currant, and gooseberry bushes, corn and dahlia stalks, potato vines and many other kinds of plants, by boring a hole into the plant, usually near the ground but sometimes as many as 30 inches above the surface of the ground, and then eating its way, usually up but sometimes down, until the plant is destroyed.” Cherry tortrix. An interesting communication from North Newry late in June gave a description of a “yellowish worm one and a quarter inches long, present by thousands in the grass in the meadow.” The owner of the meadow feared a “new grass pest.” When specimens were asked for, a mass of grass was sent which was webbed solidly together, and writhing with larve of the cherry tortrix, Cacecia cerasivorana. ‘They were not eating the grass and further inquiry elicited the information that they had stripped some wild cherry bushes on the meadow border and then had webbed the grass far into the meadow. About 9 cubic inches of the web was saved and the larve pupated, packing it full of pupal cells. On July 10, 119 fresh looking pupz were counted in this section. During the next few days many moths and a few ichneumons emerged. Brown egg- masses were deposited in thin, well varnished layers on the sides of the glass jars and upon leaves, by the imprisoned moths. Mourning cloak. Warve of the mourning cloak butterfly, Euvanessa antiopa, were reported in destructive numbers from several localities upon elm, willow and apple. Fully half of the caterpillars received at the Station (about 200) were parasited by tachina flies. See figure 20. a STRAWBERRY CROWN GIRDLER AND OTHER INSECTS. 215 Dotted geometer. Late in the summer larve of the chain dotted geometer, Cingilia catenaria, were plentiful upon sweet fern, and large swarms of these beautiful, smoky winged moths were common during the cool autumn days and evenings near Orono and Alfred. See figure 17. Snout beetle. At North Wayne in June an interesting look- ing bronze gray snout beetle was found in and about a house frequented by the strawberry crown girdler. More of this species were reported from North Wayne during September and one of the specimens was sent Dr. L. O. Howard, chief of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agricul- ture, for identification. Dr. Howard kindly replied that the specimen “ was identified by Mr. E. A. Schwarz as Sciaphilus muricatus, Fab. ‘This species is now referred to asperatus. A brief note on its occurrence in Maine with reference to other occurrences in this country is given on p. 272 of vol. VII of Insect Life. It is an introduced species, and some doubt has ‘been expressed by Mr. Schwarz as to its permanent location in ‘this country.” The reference to Insect Life reads as follows: “During September of the present year a correspondent at Bangor, Me., sent to this office a small lot of a European snout ‘beetle, Sciaphilus asperatus Bonsd. (muricatus Fab.), which has attracted some little attention in that city. Our correspondent informs us that the beetles gather on the fences, and ‘ getting on the top rail just cluster and keeping still seem to enjoy life.’ They have a singular habit of ‘piling up on each other in a straight line, many at once and in many small groups.’ They were not, however, observed to be copulating. This unusual gathering took place during the first of September and was preparatory to hibernation. “The first notice of the occurrence of this insect in North America is by Mr. Samuel Henshaw, published in 1888 in Psyche (vol. V, p. 137). The insect was collected at Brook- line, Mass., by Mr. F. C. Bowditch, on Populus balsamifera. In the Canadian Entomologist (vol. XXIII, pp. 23, 114, 1891) Mr. W. H. Harrington reports this species at Sydney, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. It was found in 1884 and 1890 and was mot uncommon. In the National Museum collection there are also specimens from Malden and one other locality in Massa- 216 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I905. chusetts, and Mr. M. L. Linell informs me that he has taken a specimen near Brooklyn, L. I. “It will be noticed that although the species was known to have been introduced at least ten years ago, that it is still limited to districts near the seashore. Like other allied wingless species. that have been introduced from Europe it will probably not extend its range much farther south, but will move gradually westward from the points where it has now established itself. It is acommon European species and is known to feed ona great variety of deciduous trees and shrubs, and though it is impossible to forecast the future it is not probable that it will ever be particularly injurious to cultivated plants in this country.—F. H. C.” As the foregoing account was written some ten years ago, data concerning this season’s collection in Maine may be of interest. On June 20, 1905, a correspondent wrote a vigorous protest against beetles in her house and stated “there are two kinds of bugs, but more of the black than the gray ones.” Both kinds were reported to have been very numerous for two years in June and again in the fall. Specimens accompanied the letter and the black ones proved to be the strawberry crown girdler, while the gray ones were the species recently identified by Mr. Schwarz as Sciaphilus asperatus Bonsd. (muricatus Fab.) At North Wayne on June 27 seven of this species were col- lected at dusk climbing the foundation of the house and a few more were taken inside the dwelling. Between 20 and 30 of these beetles were collected by the North Wayne correspondent September 11, and sent to the Station with the information: “I found all I send on my dahlia blossoms. There are none in the house now but I find them out of doors on ‘most everything though not very thick.” It would seem that this imported snout beetle has not yet lost its hold. No other specimens of Sciaphilus asperatus are recorded at the Station this season, except a single specimen collected at Orono, August 8, 1905. Rose chafer. On June 28, the vicinity of North Wayne and Kent’s Hill was observed to be invaded by the rose chafer, Macrodactylus subspinosus. Willows and alders had been eaten to the greatest extent, though wild blackberry bushes were Fic. 14. Nest of brown-tail moth, containing no eggs but many small caterpillars. i : | | | | : : | | 5 | wee i eas ise me Fic. 15. Cocoon, eggs and caterpillar of tussock moth. 4 .. | BES oe Fic. 16. Red-humped caterpillar. STRAWBERRY CROWN GIRDLER AND OTHER INSECTS. 217 stripped here and there. The rose bushes did not happen to be attacked badly at that date. One alder clump composed of five stems none of which was six feet high presented a peculiar appearance with every leaf skeletonized and dangling with pair- ing beetles. From this single clump 1,315 chafers were collected and then the task of clearing the bush was abandoned as hope- less. Twenty leaves were then picked at random and from one to three pairs of chafers were still clinging to each. About this time specimens of the rose chafer were received from Mt. Vernon with the complaint that some of the orchard trees were covered with them. Several apples about one inch in diameter, accompanying this communication, were tunnelled to the core by the chafers which were gorged and sticky with the repast. See figure 21. j A report from West Peru stated that a whole orchard had been stripped. Early in July from East Sumner a correspondent wrote that for three years the rose chafer had done great damage to orchards, berry bushes and gardens, “about ruining every- thing they touch.” Carpet beetle. Early in June carpet beetles, Anthrenus scrophularius, were seen commonly upon rhubarb and horse radish blossoms at Orono. June 9g, they seemed especially numerous and a half day’s collection was made from one rhubarb bed during which time 156 of these beetles were taken. As they were also on polliniferous flowers which are gathered for house decoration, it is advisable to be on the watch for these beetles in picking flowers in order to make sure that none are carried into the house in this way. The adult beetles are pollen eaters but the young, as is known well enough, are among the most troublesome of household pests. Flea beetle. About June 6, several species of flea beetles were much in evidence at Orono. The cucumber flea beetle, Epitrix cucumeris, had riddled the leaves of potato vines. A striped flea beetle, Phyllotreta vittata, was present especially on horse radish, and bronze flea beetles were conspicuous upon rhubarb and other plants. Wire worms. As the present season brought an unusual number of complaints against wire worms, the following state- ments in regard to these insects were published as a newspaper bulletin. . 218 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I905. Wireworms are slender grubs of yellowish white color and very hard bodies. They are the young (larve) of click-beetles, or snapping beetles, so called from the fact that when placed upon their backs they will suddenly bend the body and, with a sharp clicking sound, throw themselves a considerable distance into the air. They are among the most troublesome of crop pests and as they live underground it is difficult to combat them. At the New York, Cornell, Agricultural Experiment Station, exhaustive experiments covering a period of three years were made for the purpose of testing remedial measures. The state- ments here made are based largely upon the results of those experiments. Many methods that had previously been recom- mended for the destruction of these pests were found to be ineffi- cient. To cite but one example: It was found that the wire worms were still alive in soil to which salt enough had been applied to kill the vegetation. One method, especially approved, was fall. plowing. The explanation of the beneficial results that follow fall plowing is. believed to be found in the following facts. Wire worms live for at least three years in the worm or larval state. When the worms are full grown they change to soft white pupz during July. The pupal stage lasts only about three weeks, the insect assuming the adult form in August. But, strange to say, although the adult state is reached at this time, the insect remains in the cell in the ground till the following April or May, nearly a year. This period of quiescence is apparently neces- sary to the life of the beetle, for in every case where the soil was disturbed after the insects had transformed, the beetles perished. By fall plowing we can destroy the beetles in the soil and thus prevent their depositing eggs the following season. After plowing (at least six inches deep) the soil should be well pulver- ized and kept stirred so that the earthen cells of the pupz and adults may be destroyed. It will usually require at least three years to render the soil comparatively free from wire worms, as only the pupz and adults are killed, the young larve remain- ing uninjured. Nematode worm. late in November specimens of diseased gardenia from one of the nurseries in the State were received at this Station. The trouble seemed to be caused neither by insect or fungus attack and the material was sent to the United States STRAWBERRY CROWN GIRDLER AND OTHER INSECTS. 219 Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry, for exam- ination. Mr. C. O. Townsend, acting pathologist and physiolo- gist of that bureau, stated the trouble to be due to nematode worms. Although worms are not insects, the nature of their attack and the remedies applied bring them into a closer relation with work pertaining to insects than any other department of the Station, and a record of this case is included with notes on insects. As Mr. Townsend’s letter is of interest and as the preventa- tive means he recommended apply with equal force to millipedes, concerning which complaints from greenhouses frequently reach the station, the letter is quoted in full: “The swellings on the roots were caused by the root-knot nematode, Heterodera radicicola. These swellings, after the nematodes have reached maturity and laid their eggs, decay and bring about thus the death of the plant. They also reduce the vigor of the plant before the period of decay is reached by checking the water supply and diminishing the root growth. “There is no certain method known by which the nematodes. can be killed in the roots of this plant without injury to the plant itself. Experiments were conducted at Washington some years. ago with roses badly infested with nematodes, using a I-per cent solution of formalin. This proved effective in destroying the pests and, although it caused the shedding of the leaves, did not kill the rose plants. Whether similar treatment would be destructive to the gardenia plants or not can be determined only by experiment. The plants should be hardened off somewhat for a week or two before the experiment is made. “The trouble can be avoided by sterilizing the soil in which the plants are to grow and then using only such plants as are absolutely free from any signs of root-knot. This sterilization can best be effected, as described in bulletin No. 55 of the Hatch Experiment Station, by the use of live steam from a boiler with a pressure of 40 to 60 pounds. This is conducted through perforated pipes laid in the bottoms of the benches, the steam being passed into the soil until it has all been heated to the temperature of boiling water. This suffices to kill not only the nematodes but also various destructive fungi.” Tarnished plant bug. The tarnished plant bug was present in the usual numbers this season and during the spring caused 220 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q0O5. considerable injury to opening leaf and flower buds by punctur- . ing the buds, which resulted in deformed growth. Plant lice. Serious injuries were caused by plant lice in different parts of the State. Perhaps the most important of these this season were injuries to cucumber vines, several beds being entirely ruined. Where the plants were small enough, however, to cover, bisulphide of carbon was recommended and this treatment met with entire success. It is not a difficult remedy to apply and the gardeners who used it were pleased with the results. For the past two seasons enormous numbers of plant lice have appeared upon the potato vines near Houlton, working both on the stalks and on the under side of the flower leaves. As usual where plant lice are numerous, complaints against ants and lady beetles are frequent. “Ants have attacked our wood- bine and caused the leaves to wilt,” and specimens of lady beetles sent in with the report “ these are completely devastating cucum- ber patches,” or “ruining a small ash tree,’ are examples of this all too common mistake. When ants are seen running over plants it is usually for the purpose of sipping a sweet fluid exuded by the plant lice and not to injure the plant. It is especially unfortunate that larval lady beetles are not more generally recognized, because they are among the most active of the natural checks upon plant lice, devouring great numbers of them. Nearly 80 collections of plant lice were made during the summer, most of them near Orono. It was interesting to notice that though this family of insects was everywhere abundant the past two seasons the species most common in 1904 were not so much in evidence in 1905 as different species. A fuller and more definite record of this material is reserved for future discussion. The natural checks which seemed to be most effective in con- nection with the observed species of plant lice, were Syrphus flies, lady beetles, predaceous Capside, and parasites of the genus A phidius. Garden fiea. At the time garden plants were just starting, about the first of June, garden fleas, Smynthurus albamaculata Harvey, were to all appearances guilty of real havoc in Orono gardens. Myriads of the tiny creatures occurred on the tender Fic. 17. Chain-dotted geometer. Fic. 18. Hickory tiger moth. Fic. 19. Moth of yellow-necked caterpillar. STRAWBERRY CROWN GIRDLER AND OTHER INSECTS. 221 young leaves of lettuce, beans, cucumbers and squash and other plants which were at the time quite free from other insect guests. They worked round cavities in the soft leaves (usually from the under side, but not infrequently from the upper) reaching into the soft tissues, but not piercing quite through both surfaces of the leaf. The plants attacked were much damaged. Apple maggot. ‘There seems little to be said about the apple maggot for 1905 except that there is no apparent change in the general situation. It is at least not increasing in extent of injury in Maine. | Brown-tail moth. By far the most serious insect problem for Maine at present is the brown-tail moth. An account of this destructive and distressing pest was published last year.* A discussion of the moth and a history of the campaign against it has recently been ably presented in Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture of Maine, Vol. IV, No. 4, as a report of Hon. A. W. Gilman, Commissioner of Agriculture, and Mr. E. F. Hitchings, Entomologist. It hardly seems necessary here, there- fore, to do more than touch upon the work of this Experiment Station in connection with the situation. Previous to the State appropriation for protection against insect ravages, the State Pomological Society expressed a helpful interest in the matter, and the Experiment Station worked in co-operation with the Commissioner of Agriculture in ascertaining the extent of infes- tation. ‘This co-operation was continued during the spring of 1905, the Station locating infested areas in the counties of York, Cumberland, Androscoggin, Sagadahoc, Kennebec, . Lincoln, Knox, Waldo, and Hancock. Station bulletins and other printed matter concerning the brown-tail moth and the danger involved were scattered broadcast over the State. Whenever the infestation was discovered, the town or local authorities earnestly used every means within their power to inform the people of the danger and incite them to the destruc- tion of the nests. So thoroughly was the work done that for the season just over, no appreciable loss has been experienced in Maine from the brown-tail moth and only a few cases of poison- ing have been reported. It is not to be understood, however, that anything approaching an extermination has taken place. Scattered nests in wild growths remained to form new centers * Me. Exp Sta., Bul. 108. _ 16 222 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I905. of infestation and alarming invasions of the winged moths from neighboring states occurred during the past summer. This year, no less than last, Maine is confronted with a serious menace to the orchard and woodlands, to the attraction of summer resorts, and to the health and comfort of the people; and the neglect of the situation now means a gigantic financial problem for later years to meet. Insect legislation. Until I905 no state appropriations had been made in Maine to provide for the protection of trees and shrubs from the introduction and ravages of dangerous insects and diseases. The alarming invasion of the brown-tail moth during 1903 and 1904 emphasized the need of legislation relating to such matters, and on February 28, 1905, a protection act was passed. This act provides for the inspection of nurseries in the State and of nursery stock shipped into the State, by a competent entomologist to be employed by the Commissioner of Agricul- ture; and places with the Commissioner of Agriculture the duty of making full investigations of any locality when the presence of the brown-tail or gypsy moths or other injurious insects or plant diseases may be suspected. A copy of this act may be procured by applying to the Com- missioner of Agriculture, Augusta, Me., in whose hands the matter rests. LIST OF INSECTS RECEIVED. A partial list of the insects received at this Station for identi- fication from January 1 to December I, 1905, is given on the following pages. 223 YCTS. 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MAINE AGRICULTURAI, EXPERIMENT STATION. 6 "BAIBY "BAIB] "BAIB] *BAIB] "SAIB] "BAIBV] "SAIBT ‘SAIBY "BSAIBT "BalByq|" "SAIB] "BAIB] ‘VAIB] "*BAIB] *VAIB] "BAIB] *VAIB] "MAIBVY] *BAIB] |: ‘WQPV *BAIBT] *VAIB] ‘ALOSINU UT OUMOS9[QNOI VAI] *AIOYVIOQB[ UL pa1Bsy cS UBlaA UdIpIBA IBoTjap UO 4Sodq,, ‘VaAlBy] *BAIB] *@AIBT] "BAIBT *VAIBY] “BAIB] ‘U10J JOOMS JNOQB Suldpy syjoW *SsnO.IUINU AIOA BAIB] “sno1duNnu ALBA BABY "sno.9dinu AIOA VAIBT] *SBAIBY "BAIBT] "SBAIBT ‘SyIBUOY Se a an ee ay “496 9907 Bead dered dee nr essere sesbiveedbad t +eeeeessqOsUY UWON teeeeeeee 1910 BSOY sreeeeeeees OTBABULIASG settee +++ -Q1OQ{BSSB A sete eeeee sees eng BqEs ““TJOMOT SBA tee eeeeeee eee qTQIOXOM ereeeseess prepay] Peete e sence BOTB AA sfreeerees grav WINES tet teeeeee ee DTOTLITB YA “7"** STB OLUBLIOI IW teteeeeeeeets TQUTPABH) teeeeeeerees DTOYOIT tees cnet eeeeeree OTT tt eeeeeeeeees WOBTIIBH Titi t) HOLMIOg qin0s ** ALTOy ****Q|nouUOW YIION “**-qqnowuoR 1.10N ee DIOMATBT WOR tereeeeees TOGIBEL ABA tet ee reese ee TQUIPIBH) tresssesss WOOIGISAM +s GOYXNg 189 M|" * yJO1OXO4 SOOUOOODOOOOOOUOn ¢-lib- 0O8P 16°63 86°63 LQ"08 *Arenues: se eeee tees . *SOTTUL UL PUTA JO JUBMLAAOUL [BIOT, teseeesreeeese dep Apnolo Jo toquMnnN ret eeeteeeeecees GABD TPB JO LOQUIUN theeeeeeseese eG CRD IBOTD JO LOQUINN ***"S1GO0A JE OJ [[BJ MOUS OSBIOA VY Peeeeeeeerroreres BOUOUT UT [TBI MOU TO ‘UT TO’ JO'Apoaacl [ITA SABp JO ‘ON “*s S1B0A JE LOT uoTeqdyooad uvdo WW *** S0U0UT UT UOTIBQIATIOAd [BIO *s1BOA 18 1OJ OANQBAOd U4 UBO teeeeeee reese sO rng ULOd ua) UBO TA rer eeeeseee es One Ad M104 ISO.MO7 teeeeeoeeoes OINGBIIAULOJ JSOUBLTT teeeeeereesereces TOVOMUOIBG UBOW tere eeeereeeees TOTOULOIB JBOMOT Pewee weer ee eeeene 1OJVOULOATq qsousiy ‘HOT}BIG JUOWMpISdxy OUTVYL OY} Je Opey SsuoT}eArIsqO ‘S06 WOU AUVWWAS IVIIVOIONOALAW al int sn Ph, 231 RVATIONS. 4 4 4 METEOROLOGICAL OBSI “nBeINg 107789 MS “N 9} Jo SUMoTIng A[YyQUOUL eYy UOJ PoTTduLOd sf 91QB1 9AOQB OY} ‘UOI}B]s OUOAG 9} WOIJ SZUtpBer Jo UOT}dooxa oq) (IM LP 0g 8G 00°F 29°0 cos 09°% 09°T AVE tteeeeesleneree selene CPT 9L°FE §=|86°S G6°% [¢'[ Z9°8E FPS oF P C60 09°83 00°% 0g°s 881 10°4E Ig" 80°F gL°0 OF SZ LPT ihe & LO'L 68 OF C6°% bY) 3 99° 99° Lo-§ 62°F 6 T veeeeesel ger 1S 06°0 99° TF UPS 09°F etl Fy os co°§ OLS LOT 06 8ST OFZ Ga 00°T OL FE ols c6°§ 8L°0 veeeeee sega 20° OFT 3° SE 69°% 89°% Fo L 1¥°SZ 6L°€ 08°s 8&0 L3°1§ 16°§ 66°F LPO teeeeecsleeeeeee sores 12°T €8° SP IZ P SPP 8é°T 89°61 card cI°€ LL’°0 LL’8¥ [9°L GOL 1) ira \o) > S Z ie) 5 oO ° S 5 =} < ° Saree ies MeN eaocs 90 SP HEY SOCIUSL AILAENGs Sircic tates s occa aoa aen ss oat ads 223 Ke evSotmelae tiitlilettttatay...s salenicts sacs ese jn.n gree Se aro bse tetas oedete 223 Sa 155 bratidsssm MPN CAiOtnn \ reat pie snippets, <= «lelselueleiac 166 CONSHEUMEMES Ty -cserscrertavalerere role oer tein chepaa stare or aiehotailcless 39 TESPE CM OM Mis crtes acaba aie const Baas nix Sera <6 37) 153 Fertilizers, analyses of manufacturers samples............... 45 SALANLees salidy COMPOSITION) .14.)222 5 dae, som 5s s/ainnie 166 homer xede OTe POLALOESnia. sss hallinta 13 SUTIN A COVa LIAS ees Ce A Dane eral creck onactor: ee 4l Bertilizine meredients. trade values... 0.) 6a nnn ness > o= eutele 42 EnshentormiulantoronchardsSp an ciieiaccicicme ci ee cele o sree. 196: lean eetlemacyeamicntasticioa ob mared wien tecl slate mori tie Ree eae eae 217 PIOUS average) COMPOSIEIOM a. \= pyar) slays avs) dolore aie oie © edecate galas eye 121 ROOMS SEAN CARO S a arareseynie' chet Sete sohote cunerinels evens cyt eus tata aalnks 83. Food and seed legislation inspection................+-.-+e-+: a7 a7 ER OMe eae oenere chee an hace EtoiRc et oC as orcad Bia ee Gif PLOGUCCS cata SIS\e\s rm ssseistar < evarens atelonevaue sis ters iaiareele nieve rs 6 QI Standards ocr wessercrtaeoa praise che pa iceM ec ueies sci dsiaachon char riege 80 animallsproductsy sees acces eee eee 81 DEVIERATES ae ae a err esie eee tree ooele ee 53 POROHIZED octaves crise storie wine eegesss tori saclote one eer reeerae 37, 153 30, ( 0 KS erie eae aso coms Rat 4 Sree a. rei MY aD AC Ae 77, 137 SOC St Siac restore ere ea reat otate eel Cae aerate aroma tee Pore vil Tosmoth wares eee te Seana dace teeestsdoccsodersscse 226 HG OS@mIa) Bese naire wpectete tame ree soos eerste pee an tae mae np 177 Heady. (ECE Set Ae tSe Ses ie Se cine ty Serene ne eer eye Sa are 223 Ward, AOOW StANGALAS 1h. eee a ace yale eee ie ee OO 82 NEA STOPEC Taw era ete ree aE nee eRe ien ee eee 177 Meairely splat hr rhditoe coo ono soe cists ors areranereeeereteriats eerie 224 Waw. tOOd inspections secs assis cron One Oe on ene eee ; 77 eeat-rollinw weevil tiiecc a tetos lercioca te aoa eee a ee 223 LES PEXUT ST gs San eR A Op Sree om ver ee ier ae ee EU oa he sl a nie Ta om och 227 Leucopis nigricornis, parasitic on grass scale................ 171, 177 imseed mica sere. eto ee aerate oe CE OE CE ee 62 EV S1IS PRALETISIS D mrae as tok ot eee Cae Bene ee TOES 228 INacrodactylussabspinosuss <.ce) series cise aetna eee sete eee 216, 223 Malt vinegarsanaly Sessa tocne ion sale ere cies Gitte eee ee 149 Maple spot “eall.oet tre ten in tag eee eee oes Oo ee 228 Wiediterrancan flour mottos 2s: a eat eee ae Boe eee 226 iNieals foodustandardst= en aatnet ona atte ose een err 83 Meat-mealstand ocoundyscraps. cance sen monels ae eee eee 64 Weats: food "stardacds:. 7. rar avcee cms oi care onine net eroe e 81 WetcorolosicaltobservatiGHs .- 0-2 oss ieee aoe Eee 220 Microterys; parasificiou erass, scale: 5....202 24212 ee oe eA UG/7/ 7 TEST Fa Gh: aS ae Se ee. INDEX. 239 PAGE MMOlaSSESs, TOM STANUAEES tas Sith cc ene dea ct ae ame oa tee ae ene 84 MIGHOMAMMUSAEILEIAtOL Ong teme eres die cesar cence ss cee eae 223 EOL DIGe COAG mer eee eh eine freien Monee. 6 hic sine artes we Sees Dante 227 IMOSSYArOSe allen ee ates carck ete acta e ee echtteae ot 228 NIGUEIINER CoA DEtteLYiorcisin coe cc ees nee Sane e ee are reas s 214, 224 Malchine vs."cultivatton or orchards: ... 02.0 ssci haces ccs mses 187 IMiytilas piss pomononuma sacs cece ce ctelccs eae settioetae ct see Grae. & 227 IN ema tO Ge AWOL Paco tne aoa tc Sete cers Mitre ie Seem cres cee iat ere nels 218 EV OLOOP MNS Ea a SSAC MR See cae oat nce eee eee titel 213, 227 HEMCOSLISINA Serer cit core isthe site aero e eee ot 213, 227 MOaicsipe ode see ees eate ss ARATE ORS eee ce hae set a Nee ees 228 rolled® average ‘compositions 722.7007 -06 heres eede etre. 121 Whlique panded leat rollers== Ja55e- sean a dee cee AR A 224 ROedemastacOnciiiass cae aoe re aa ee se 213, 227 HO) Gat USSOCEITIOLLIN Ne Aa wei go oe at ana Malem meeterieeree Pere 227 MO rchand! COVEEACLODSe nas sen ne tote Aaa ee aes eee 201 culture ‘expernnents= its... noise eee oe tee ees 181 FeReiizAatlOmas eases Teen eee ee aoa ee Eee 1$2 TENGVALION serene oes fae eae Pee eC ee eee 190 work in New ‘Gloucester ss 32. 4se Ser Ts one: 203 Wichards, «anntal-crowth oF tkeeS:. soe. i eee ee ee 185 cultivatedavsmimtiichin me kee oan sos aaa eee te 187 Pisher fonmtilacts ce chee 42 tot wee eee teed Se 196 LODEWOLKIN DY se caaae Saas t ae tee c Memento ee 198 Weoamenial saLdeniners Sisk s SSIES Pre ee oe eee ees 24 DRCIIS Han Rayne Mena eee eae ee Ire Paes cit t aera 177 HOLIOLhyHICHUS OVALHS ool cane eee osc ee RR SOT SA PESEM RD etree as 205, 223 Wy sterasnellascalen yas swe eta a eae an ee eee nee 227 iPapaipemamitellast as atc cace Ate ome Looe ee ed ae ee See 214, 224 FAIL POLY KELES! \oreac Aor re wrd Sa eek ae eae ee eee 225 ELIE ENTS eee ese relates cheaters ey eeavciatare cterabel oieiore crelavavelels eherersieit te site 225 PCAGISUGE coy ta NS So SAE eM WRAS SAN ARTE RN ESD Pa Ce A 228 Pediorce- charts poultry ess 255 IIe sere ccs ceo ee 100 CMAPS ACEHILOIL: S280 oH Awe c ate eae aaa eee one cee 227 PNOISS Meera ee ee ee ee ae 227 EESSClat ating he cae ae ee Oe ee ee eee 227 Pininpelyssacnemone joo droe ete oe coe eae calc se eee tree 225 Bhesphate-alum. bakine powders i250 io setae eke os wae hook eee I4I Dakine POWREESs oc Scene Hone eae ee I4I hy llodesnia amlencagars so eeccoa fon oe eee eS aoe oe ee 226 hv llotretasvitta tame tae ioe and ae ea ee eo eee 217 ehytopothorar imitestans <2 sec cece ee ets aaa She, Mae I ERiSSGIdeSStLODMr ace ee oe Loe ERT oe Re, A are Le 22% Ee laitte DECCCINN Fst a4 de) ta ees Sacee sl AoE cae eee cas eek G 27 [ee ee Sects eee ae tole ee Tae ee eC tee 220, 227 Gly PHM SHIN OLN dame sae oc cae aes Sa ee ae or ee ee eee 225 240 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q05. PAGE Rosashsaless eiech mpotuapples meee see eee aeeeeeeee tere 190 iRotato blichtsoluble Bordeatea tones: eee ae ie 8 EXPEFIMENES MM OOAN sy saeiec tee sind oo ons aan oe aero I late blight tunous.

ase serrate are eer ce 110 Di Metis) Mist sORsta sass eee ee eee 03 Grey she ed ai gre vase a ches ceeds aac rcsas aerate pete eco III CSR PROMUCHON shisa0% sos Sua irs ouikue ee aoa 94 EXPE GIMISMES bie rsrersistes oie oot oa eie i eceian ete arate, ore ee en eee 03 experiments in egg production............ meses) 04 Nnouses! sdetails: sian ws cctase nies or eae pera 105 MOObASPACE neces eke see Cees eee IER eee: 105 Ventilation aijaacees aac erie cee eer Eee 107 INANE Oh LeCGIN Gs aeen ron n oleae aegis oe age 108 pedisreeechantse osteo ese es eee 100 HELMS G ia Seo Se CUM EON OUD ES ARUDOCE OTERO OSCE OS UGC 100 Tesistenedtnales! a sccianasee ek eee ee eens 103 Sclechousor breedineustockear ener eee eae eee 08 SIZ CMOS OCS cenee can ents eee ete oreo It nes 105 ISCO nveL nea aInOblinycutone sie teerioe Cees Ghee Ce EE ee 225 Protenaydaihy teed... cveo. es tacts tensa ee ee 65 Psetdococcuseacenisis ota ce woe ore ee ee ee 227 IEA Ae hunter te or) F's (ST oe a AAO een Ae a SP re ae ee 226 Radishigexpeniinenits oe. icra arose Ie eee era 23 Raimibal lara (ialll cee eecr spre an ee No ea ee ee ey re 231 Red vclover pinomiuvaciOlsnSOUrces:....: -ace. eee eae ee 28 Redshumpedicaterpillars secre cee eee Eee Ee Oro: 213, 227 Renovation) of orchards: s. 2c cen nen eee ee eee ’02, 14 Ghicks: smethods of feeding 1.52.5 5225s aa2aeacd sane TOL ee 04,8 ELEATINIENE voce se cL CRAM RRR ene CE CCRR LOE LETTER ECE Ee 04,7 Chinch hug. description. 3504p tet r2 de eee 701, 182; 703, 41 enemies and /cheeks:. cece cs th <2 se eeeee en eee 03, 43 habits«. \.- Jc werneeeie eens ee On GReh iets meee 703, 42 imIMaine {5.).c5aa see ne ene dnd eaee. cee "03, 44 FEMeGIES (ob oa a A SA Ae eee ’OI, 183; 703, 45 Fesisiank. "POWELS» «eect ens tee teeth oo cae eee EEO 703, 48 Chocolate, food staudards:. ceeece ces te eee coe ae eee ”05, 90 Chrysochts RipEAtHS a2. soley ee eA ay) a ha a A ee 705, 223 Ghrysonicla mtlligtttiatai ces erccee eke cee cee ae eee ee eee 705, 223 Ghrysoniphalis: dictiospenml cocice cectncn. ick tae cbh eee Sees "05, 227 Gheysopa flee cce vedere cr ene henbuenkunencenthe ce Meee eee 704, 184 GHEYSOMTE aS chain code bere Rene eee eRER EOL EEERE Le eee *04, 179 Cider) vineoar, analyses i) pci erchiee weights 3202. kc ckce chun cee re eee *04, 60 Condensed: foods analyses:- -. 2c. aactcuee eee eee ee OT, IOT Condimental 4600S 2 0)\sien enolic esc nee ee ee ee *02, 62; "05, 69 Condiments, food.sfandards:.. - 22220 cL cee eee ee eee 705, 86 Coops’ vs. honse aud yard: ,. 5.4.22 Up eae Ce eee 02,9 INDEX. 249 ConscticgnsUNCOleGurrattsmaelatays aia dein etna lawl oa neh a due Haste.e "04, 184 COLT VR Y pe ree HEME Leeitc Tan one P SPN SES feRC RG chore Shale vakdeycueketehe (ates tardies aura trae "02, 130 AnidwOaturecd!) ANALYSES Watemrdelatatetcts Saseaeie eters ation! viele ewes OI, 31 breakfast foods, average composSition..............+.+0e ’02, 151 AVELAM!STCOStrats cis a vieusiard ctol Nea eee eer anese otal ’02, I5I LTO DS Heer ese eae Ne een reap aeiseter ea coda ena lg Wea SIC RAT RD wii aia. g ’o1, 38 PERtUIZereTOLMUlay Meyarciels «spicata vel etersr oie ein neces kala averard tare "04, 144 LOG eT MCOMPOSIPLON we mat Nerrea ce cies cialerienoaee ’04, 118, 188, 190 IMeals(COMPOSILION aoe oie ae eee Cae ’04, 188; 705, 121, 67 PLE PATALION Sua ees ere telat eee she sislrtves ct Soe Atos eee eto rotete ale, oh ’02, 140 STATE COMPOSIEl OMe hte lel eei aie lee eet ele ee eeinetetter ’04, 118, 188 GiSESti DINE y, sisjels wins eleyelsgcsveepetonnetermenakelemtar sete sheet eek e ’04, 119 LOR COWS) aclae b sitihisial Side ti det hav ateieel sh ofdterekera meats at olar tea eceits ’04, 122 Cottonyseedimeallls .semcreemeo ce. "01, 30; ’02, 560; 703,54; 704, 51; 705, 60 meal, analyses ’01, 27, 29; 02, 43; 703, 54; ’04, 39, 188; 05, 74 AS AN TEOM s's Sateecsnes, seated s emieresieeter eletemiets 105, 71 COMPOSILON yas eee eos Co eee eee 705, 74 ithe renntic nad esa aeyallsers cick orgeteiel sistecc ov aererdieraiers 05, 73 digestibility). sa mene eran iis cee aerate ae wae 05,75 disestibleaniinients, sos... aero ’05, 76 effect on) health of animalsy.. kee esas oe ee oe ’05, 72 hereilizingay Valea circ wires motets eteeats Sc "05, 72 Biol: grader Reve Cate ede cea eo ’03, 60 low grade ....... "OI, 180; 702, 217; *03, 60, 209; 705, 71 Cotionyetassescalen (sec (Grasspscale) be ase or me ee ’04, 183; 705, 169 TAPERS Cal Omi Aaa. Savi tilt 2 eeedes iene le MIO A eve aM 2 ’05, 227 Nu COVER ChOPGetOGROnChandSianwuvserocniia ae eine coe ’05, 201 Cowsy feedinsy experimmentsas uke) sidcvsysts ae ee eee rae eae Se eas oS ’04, 122 Creare oles: aan WeeN etic bicice Gul Eee Nera D cee et ee OI, 37 Cream chetat tate DAanlon DON Celi too iee eee kate Ce rue ee pee en an ’05, 130 Crioceris sASpAragiey. eae min see ae: echoes CORI SAREE act oe ’04, 184 Cross-fertilization of tomatoes and squashes................... ’o4, 81 Grossesaineciprocal, bibliography acne eee set soto eae ’04, 98 CEROLNOVAIAD bios me pMNNC ete OMe Ie MINED alba ots ts aT eis Upt oItec ae ne ’04, 184 lenichaywirenimnical css Le eto Ae clr iteat nme. cibrn . jcssce sok. kei de eee ee a tle eas ee 705, 224 Denimestes;landantusy sich ceehen Celene au aT nls pcDue arty e 3t. 04, 184 250 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I905. Wextriny in4ceteal, LoOdSS.4 4's. 0s ae inet eis 2 eR ee ’05, 126 Dretpadequatesy sect oe Oe oO ee See in SRS Ok SRS CEE ORR ER *OI, 105 Dietaries, Ametican and) Huropeanes:......feteeere eee arr "OI, 105 Divesfibility,of| cereal) foods. eh ees as. HBAS. PAE SRR ’05, 124 different breads y.. 2 -2acs. GR wee 04, 74 QabuPLOGUCtS peesaieen eek es Cee Re ete Cee BE eee 10128 Dicestiblenptrients, of) oat, products; <2. : isede.s4 AAR. Poet "OI, 24 PEOLEMN IT MLOUTS ss Se ao c.c sd Lie sim oS eT 04, 74 Digestion coefficients with sheep..............00c. ee eceeeeee ’04, 193, 190 With: StCeRSi sid.53c08 ees Aa oe ree "04, 195, 197 experiments with sheep and steers.................- 704, 185 Distilled vinegars yanalySestec. mee ssces Stns tee See ee ’05, 149 Distal rs: eran sy yore ivedik eke ea ele AO ’04, 56; 705, 63 Dogcdayicicad ager ne :4. aa GER ee wees comes OE LR ERE cere noe ’05, 228 Dory phora- clivicollis ee. -48. Ate tc RRR OOS. See ’04, 184 WottedFSeometernn sees se ee be Sac EBS ens er NOE a ee °05, 215 Dried Ne Ros 5S Fo Pa k.5 giau bis cara ates CEE as Se ROA OE ee aoe OI, 93 DON wily cides oe eae Re aes SRE TES SE ARR Se ce aes ’04, 180 Ducke éocsmanalyses mis. seers Peres ot coe ‘OI, 59 ye lmorass wanaly Sess ciciis-cssplets cua. Bate ee sie SRO 2 es ’or, 81 Heegeases light and wdagk.)) 5 5.c'24, 50-223 See ae 2 os OE ’02, 18 planEVEXperiments + Witlnsc64.co 5 oo oe RO ee Cees (05822 PROGUCHONP alee. et SoA Oo aslo MR fie eee 705, 94 breeding, for 2::.- tales. keeRee Fee: She: ’02, 26; 03, 69 HECORG SA Core thetars Si vaho on RAS oe oe epee aa ee 1G2).27, 33.37 KECORASHO OT dation |StOCKs 2524. shee eee See 03, 74 Ofppullets W1G0T=1902)4902 Je tne ee ee eee ee ’03, 71 SUUDSTIEUTES ems Sor oe re ee oa a a toe ee te aoe ee OI, 93 Hoge Satialy secret. -2 sionals Semel ehis je 8 ieee ee eee yk everett ’OI, OL CONLMBAME EOL Erb y tose cee oe eae oe nee cee Mee eee "02, 24 effects of teniperatur el Seana. base Set ee Ace ’02, 20 fentilify any oc sere ose Be sk ee Gee 102922 O32 O2 for ineubation,"ettecisyer light rand air-. 42.0256 14 ee ’o2, 18 PLEPALAMON MOLeAatalySiSasne aa eee eee eee "OI, 92 resting atten transiG.s AoE dead Ce Sere ne 02, 21 relationsoreshape topLlentility see ee eee eee "02, 25 tLeatinent DeLone sinc bation ee eee ae eee ee eae ’o2, 18 WEIS ibe te aeenty 5 cree tae a tie emer hay cabernet er on at he eae "OI, 90 AEG Tirrmgall Cat fy CUE EE. Eke ati eat me tO) BBS eth. et os ee ’05, 227 Fibpyoldgy ob Mleyrodes-e 64 5)c ts EER, JES, Pas 703, 126 ETE GE EM Cy MAL ONS terete tine CIs lee ee ena tee eee "OI, 100 Bnolishh Bucs Compoundeesa., sce ee eles fas noe pee. ‘02, 199 Entire wheat compared with straight and patent flour.......... ‘04, 69 LO Utz pec te Ree WM eis Pee ore Se iD Re eee ’04, 61, 66 bread?sdigestibility ic 52o55 c00.¢ of, Jes cee ee 04, 73 COMPOSITION Le oh Urea ee Se a elk ee ae 04,79 COST ee ieee ae a Uk SA UE Ae AE Se Sa de ee 04, 75 INDEX. 251 SE Mectiamicttetiinvella wartemte mame cist wets ck xtc oferateceutors et etraler aiate aie’ st¥) aie ’05, 226 MAG DORGAN SE tare neato the, iris slerrloveies s ateetet stn oy efara che otalalele ’04, 184 EPplLbiec CUICLIMGELIS ee steele + sietticeie ces dela tiara'e tntaterevainte'e Pelee, = ’05, 217 EV CIO CAT POL Ess Mintel IIIA ware 1c a= «couric ets iotelia x exalsto) dlayebsl alatetaliaicl sisal eas ’05, 228 REHOME CSM NLACHINIPOCIIO Mere rene ersicicieiere sic sie ster a) tate en aberenel ate toa ’05, 178 PESELICEEY ore oncaernsiL cate iatac na reieh teres el emee aereaTele ’04, 183; ’05, 169 PESEMCLE DIDILO MLA IVa atereleverere cine setare sieieie sishclel atelalsve! 2 ’05, 178 TrehtenSteiniir weve ecceoete race ecto stale elaine lel stele) otel s ’05, 179 SEU TIS CASA LETIARS atest welding cio oe seer on Eero retehatabele tava cfeleaccrst origi ’04, 180, 184 SHIGEO TMICHEYACKAGAT crvaisn ct arse cctce cece male oie rete ree mca cae are octane ’05, 224 SBupeniay Macheli, analysis OL iniiied ss cers certeiecia ce eres nite ’OI, 110 BUlttitacomes SSCaplia i. ccs svrcictwsis Notelcte ciel ae « tater shore teletteltetmctave lets ’05, 226 Btimotise parasitte, Onl) PLASS SCALE. wee aioe ec see oleic tetaleiees 705, 171, 177 MESTIDEIMTUS eon ere ele eee eee ee CeO eT: 105,177 JEDUU a1 TOV SIA G10 2 PUN OPM Net Alea et pir lauder bao in Pata tina peak erie cite ’05, 223 EMprOcticn ClinySOLtiocay ancient eee ’04, 154, 179, 182; 05, 221, 223 PEivanessapantionaens sera ere BOSD rin RA eH Ath ’04, 183; ’05, 214, 224 EXPeMimMents i Orchard «Culeite: ae cseanee tees cee tee cee ’05, 181 IESVECPCLATOR nce tee eta I Tee et ee TENET Mere 705, 223 Bre andeliony aaneencuen ctor ook ie tite ae ee es "03, 109 WIEDIRWOIIT sre ee eee ae osreeere ents creer eee ees 704, 163, 182; ’05, 226 INECESy SHEEP ACOMPOSIMOM tte coca eee eee eines ’04, 188, 189 Steehsy COMPOSIEOLLp meme ret cclere eater eee teats 704, 190, IOI = Raeal gel eh bibs cae ot Ata ae aes ARS lh ie Rea Aba Men ge uae ie ’04, 190 Gach GHOSTS VOIP ENON ile Cob anamondaccodadanbsaoedniccuaes 02,9 SUYSAIMS MES WHIM GOWS cocacoocnceconcousucousdanseede ’04, 122 Stifkcy analyses 7. ccm me aan 101, 27) (020437 04: 40105, 55 IMISPECHOl cai eee 1OT25 - 702) Ale) 04) 3u Ost ss JEN eM nIRRA ae Ei Ni a ool atin dae lb CM aoe ’OI, 25, 180 HECUIEMENES (Ol eae ere 102 Alle-OB be TES PRWiIUM sO mT Onn GrirciithG lene sere caee te ene ee a ee en "04, 124 Heed o MOM iia pLOLEITIN tune ee MS WERE Ahan eee ean ’02, 56 BECIEI ae STIDO OLE Cai ee ere aint cay een i Te Si NA Ate pee ’04, 182 Hehe AWiLe LOR COATS Nien Ste ON NE RD Nie tieh ene ’02, 214 ETUC Ol CSRS Ute nr NCL ERAGE iit Seats "02, 22; 03, 82 KRElALONMtO Shaper tee ae ace Nt ee eee 702, 25 COMET Ce MF PRS ee eee eee re "02, 24 MELUMIZaMOn TOL OnCHArds ae otha te | eee Neen Le eee es ’05, 182 AMON ae ne are ee ee REA CORT RT On ee ’04, 84 Fertilizer analyses ../... ’O1, 43, 163; ’02, 72, 162; ’03, 33, 95,3 ’04, 20, IOI; 05, 45, 155 Dratdsmnultiplicattoner jim trea eee eee a aes ’05, 166 CONStICTENtSNE awe nee 1025) 6710s) 27.5" (OA, 23," 05880 TOnti las areas PN AAS ke Se ene eye eReePe See Ruder ’04, 139 COPM MCS acre dyes ook ere ne eerste ete ’04, 144 DRASS trac mi areca et eee eee eee ’04, 145 HES HINE SU ah OMe SRS arc en oe wl 04, 148 OCHA GSH ee Etc Re COL tg mene mune nee ’03, 19 252 MAINE AGRICULTURAL: EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. ESIRUIhigere IWoNmANICUES,, {DOWRNWOES, gaoosoncacandocenudoonnnoonnooade ’04, 140% ATIVAN Sirs seem Sane ee. <5 css sede aN eter "03, 205 euaranteesy andmanaly:Sesmaanc celine ere ’02, 162, 168; ’05,166. Compared) eer ec eae er rare "OI, 170: IDVey au Vepcicdli. dod Meee Gere apt es AIR mes Batra US citron mm aae ern ’04, 129: TOU POLALOES\ cys e wens avg ssvere overs Suave areieye areeces 05, 13. meh ebIleneIee ) WAI GS ovoo000090050050¢ "04, 131 WII AUS 2 Cie hia acesnire erasers ole lu neeers eu opee see aeR ’04, 130: practicability; jk vea+ aero asco enraees 704, 132° TIME TEMES eo Aosta schetiesedasrsverennide op sregave loser te covtavavey scavemonecola tonatleKe "04, 134. INSPeCtion |. --. Ol,42, TOL; (O2105,053" ,03.25).03>. 04) 21.10% (05 7, ptas law, chief provisions........... OI, 48; ’02, 80; ’03, 40; 04, 36: HOLTON Hoe pee ou EO BOG On rome dad DoD ae ouaNS ’04, 151 LOTIMS MISE Nima rGet dei coms < 5)e vasauc rene de ai oranemsletire eeroreNeetere "03, 27 tiraiegsy altvartlO mi peusrete eysceue 1c -6:e eer auc Vom eueleneurele eorepecaepeucueoustens ’03, 102° ValtablOMmre ace cu cee seen arse eeine a ’02, 69; 703, 29; ’04,25; 05, 41 Hertilizinoa chen calls, show atOumllix sper sreiern en eer ee ee ’04, 139: ingredients, trade value ...... 702, 70; 703, 30; ’04, 26; 05, 42° MALATEIS, COMMDOSIEGM cooancougccsnng00000000b0000¢ ’04, 135 iMLOOtsManldustib blesses ee annie: 704, 138° mane! DI? CCDSn050050000000000000b0008 "04, 1377 FASO MOMCMASEINIS sooccocds0c0d0 00000000 ’04, 1360: Aiea eat tec acral c bora haye acre Saeed isdn Wine amet OE Min on an NU Ae Reena ’03, 167° SMHEAIe On Sawa Oi Cimon 5 5dnaccansdsoncenoda dns e 703, 157° DDIIS GA avs? make alib beta presi oe Raia nie Ag SAUNA: TUL C IES (he poet ce ORNs "02, 213 Hishenmonmtlattorlorehands Veen eee eee eee eee ’05, 190- IEG AAI COLIC sar acto wo tia eae nae Are see ete rica vate goes RA a ae ae ee 705, 217° Flour, amounts Minockoweal TiO WINE. oo 0bc0nsnngnanduounsobCe 03, 173: Cenc) COMMDOBUTON ooooccoccdcxsccde0ennbcneveDDCND 704, 71 CONSMMPLONMIiEtNemUMitedas tates Hanmer eR in meen 703, 146 ONLI; WNEAt SA Gis cccucduavs ou Sutin acai abe ee esec a eee ’04, OF Fark GEE GUSH OR ROU a Sere NE rep Uhr soa) ata nabe ey ea ’04, 66- STA DIT ge Sse aia a escsie Se ol steay Goueaene waco ee Ee ’04, 64. manlIS Gir AVROOSHOOK (OOWIMETs ooo ooccopnnocssavnessosoonce "03, 145 Sten an SN ya tos caescc uta taece saat raastnl och a tscaye eee ae cemeee Nay aa ’03, 150° LSOHDGRS, ATEAVEKS! GOVAIDOSINIGI 6. dc nan oacessaanooassa sn eodocosec ’05, 121 COMIPOSIG OMe Sloe test Mec otisr Liens ate Pree eee koe atone Te eaae 03,\ 147, 165 comparison of Maine and western grown.............. ’03, 146: HCG yay alt Sherehnna= rial syyevetn ectenenat orn EN Py cae oe eat eg er Oe ’05, 83. Ole MEOOStTOOKMCOUILY:. eye sian rece esti rere i aoe eee ’03, 145 ibalsitvo: teSts ky. cuheraky: ck vaitemeeeee ’03, 149. Prepare dipanallySesucmwictt ars cexceate mike RIE ee OI, 96- Food and seed legislation inspection..............-+--«se0+-+: 05, 77, 137 neKbVole" Evave Mot tian oieGi5 ous onmeenooocandaoleo deunneeas sdon ’02, 61 LAW sie: Sete eee tee chateee ahaL Cee ee La Mic esha ar eee 05, 77° imanrsadatly Mmeedsicketic:s cc eee aoa eevee wr ee a eA ee ’OI, 104 MACE GIAlS MATALV. SES scuttals ictelt cute tit Pacer al eae ie a ee ’or, 89: Boodunutnientsvand their TISESe ae ec .c clei melo) tara rilel Pier = aati 02, 55 DFOGUCES, ANALYSIS aici on wine oe ciele ws tie we ee Sinhciadiniadele emis 05, OI SUB AVAIA EAI ie aos ile RUIN aes BU eR A eC Ge Oc Are eae oom ’05, 80 AfieAl PHOUUGCES. «uve tes quiherie ya =bascisib:= time. 05, 81 BEVEL ARES ' ac oe ais cartels n dace 4) coe Tera miaaete ib cieania’s ’05, 89 AoE. oo nmeD ose pomeasdoer soqpaopobemec 705, 86 Derr cl ere tere ta ence slay cyclers choreal syopars Mey hoe oN 05, 82 aa cks Vice ee Ere reac iy MEE on I Oe Oe 05, 81 S\AICE ee earn ee EAE riage een Goce ae cers 705, 86 sugar and related substances............-.-..- 05, 84 wesetable ProduGhisns s..:cls., -ye-)ays ony cineineds see -,s ’05, 82 NAhaceial a PRIMER OC CROCMOONOUSE enor re can oeae 705, 90 OOMSH cereal) DLEAKEASE. cic quicise sore) sralnioto)eie olia)-V0 : centre se tar W Anon a enue cise Diener eel sm Arena haus "05, 224 (Gare ettnth eames aoa eee see oer ALAE e SET CNC Tene ae eV om eee Fae 705, 220 IPO PPE G ayers she eee siete eet hele cheetapae eeceakers Gia ne cakegevand Ore erst ’05, 227 Ceciseextratarcy Sharps muddlitese. os cscs oe eos atm. ace « ’05, 65 CGenmpoiltcakemarse. ct real yonrania ache oie er ee EN Eas Ol 37 EEL WENN SSSY 0 cs seo no ebonbooes Nogales boob be te ce amonae ’OI, 20 CC icmritasciya tly ta cbece, shes cise eh oa aave We raisy clove asain eas eet asa'=, ie ’05, 228 Widely DLL Gare re teers nricicin ac vornyere OS One hon Tc ae one 705, 228 Ginsemom rsa ata: ack ich ona oes secevaiaiaiai Be Gea cS AS 28 ee 7030 517 Classwanres fom mabcocis teste. es aoe scadentas Se OMe ene 703, 104 GlsGova Clb eWOilenmncts ceria ac ne AGG ae ee Ae gae ne ’04, 183 Glucese products: food, standards......--. cc}omdie seneecos: Ese » #O5 G5 Gluten. feeds analyS€S. us <<) .s COAL ATS OLA gu cets fie wea ayrnae tciees ciara dace eee STE TS ’02, 2143; ’03, 193 254 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. Gooseherties:, milena: ec ccye msc eceis sieve ate arave Ret ntete ene ceta ate te ’04, 210 Goose cers ‘analyses leet saee ec a ceeoes = cies wee tee eeeelereee ae OI, OI Grating apple wrelardss: ccc. + ce areal bie bie ape eler= ee 703, 21 Wax hO Witon Inakem eer meen ee anton tae Mee terete ere tetet cts 703, 23 Graham, Dread. mlimestiinilityse sec ce sence sacra coe oat tateteye nel ctatite 04, 73 {RYO OU eae pat heyy Oy Adare. ecetyN Bie eer aetna Beat WAI checeerenn 04, 64; 05, 122 COMPOSILIGM sere oe ate eee eee eee eee 04073 Crameprodicts, tood standardsye.2 onc. seeeeles emitter ated 705, 82 Ceapta PrOogeMerre cs scm cae mec este cee ee Herc cee e elname em tenia chalolieta 705, 224 TILES GF Pip a eR arta A aera ett Eat Pho RRS OO ’04, 183 Grassland, top dressing with ‘chemicalse.e2 sn... selene ’03, 107 Grassiscales thiligeay iy eas vec aes shrew Stans eaeenre a steke sc anclereye ’05, 178 COLEOTEY. Cee ee eee ae Ae Ee tte oh eter le eee ee enone 705, 169 description and habits=.4 Vane ace kee eee ’05, 173 economic significance ............. PAR? hey onahe ’05, 169 kindsor -orass) untested ss Ar sacs Aaenss oc cenes cies "05, 176 liteNeyelet Ns Ss Skis sShSee NEAL eee te see eee eee ete 705, 175 ltfeshistory nOteSiss ANT Aeee nee eae ce en ome re ’05, 173 MAbUITAINCHECKS) Nemec ties lee hee ee een ’05, 170 MALUITENOL Mj Uys ors Loe eee yee ea ee ’05, 172 MUMberomecnerationseece see ee eee cee eee ’05, 175 PARASILCS Meee Or Hat ne hehe AS Ste ae acne 105) 17 i, 17 PElAtiOnetOmnUster mers tee ate Teena ene crete ’05, 170 Hemnedialemeasunesy sc.cee cen ces eee ne ere i eelere ’05, 172 Crass) seedine formula tor fertilizers: ceces: 2. oceaaeeee ester ’04, 145 Lhitips: cisculatory systent- oc tae ce ene arise nance Sena ’02, III description 2 et Ses nec eee icc aoe ae ’02, 07 digestive: Systeme siaa er Ont nae ccroine stants ’02, 103 EXCHeElOnyeSVStElIN seo ieee eee eens ’02, 104 ENE tio tha hinty Cran ORTH A Lite Olan cine o ERS eRe ’02, 109 aiaviay WAS Nate Ss ae Saree LAUS AN Ge a ee ee ek ’02, IOT DERI tee eeiey bac enor eae ceain Oise nticor aia thao eiekteemeen Bley 6 ots ’02, 112 liteshistony: fee eP A RSF Ase e Ee ek Pe agen te oanens ’02, 100 IMOUtHEPAheSdses aes eae Mae heh UN Seas eee eae ’02, IOT musculanisystent * Last b0 cfs ea aetna ea acum 702, 105 MEEVOUSISY SEMAN soa se sre aN Sens ae ee ’02, 108 PUL Pa Brace ee nan ee RNC a Set a eRe Aa, 8 dA ans ’02, IOI REPpLOductiviersysStemlsansascacee eee ome eee ’02, I10 Respiratory: "Sy Stel iene cere eee ’02, IIT Salivary Glandsersse Panacea. teeta eeeeee ’02, 104 ERE ALMIOII EMME Se ee Ok eke teat ren A 2 AT ree ene ’02, 128 Craveustemm typesvorveneesen see ee one 03) 7 Crayon sols owe ava eae Lk UNO WA TAG Ok ARN Han neee onsen sk Stare "05, 224 Gleae tigerinorhsaaes CLC d ese a TNS BEM PED SRiN ee eee eae ’04, 182 Greenapple Veatatient eh ce ein eee eS ere eee ees 705, 224 ANOLON Uae Aone sare Pea bees Ose Bam SLUR a fe eis Berd ie ale a ’04, 183 Greens, dandelion, effects ‘of diggins.../).5..025...0...0- ee ee ’03, III Cuniea fowlexes minaly sess henna ee Meek enn eset Orme OI, OI INDEX. 255 \ CSTagihvirlol ls Rb aciod Onc ne AE UD DOR SOADECICO OEY © iobrrmcnonitar '04, 161 Helicicleamncue Levis teutilstxch cyte creveretooketais /enenci cue elor a) aleyreloln Westin! ie elelerepoe sretieys 04, 183 TSR OTe” GSS Wik Sic od bid Selene Soo edo ob DoanuocosUbodupub ORONO Dp obOM 04, 184 eASOdGta CAV idan tielatie viel eres clara) vate) «isienslel aime! ete isle ele lals ’04, 164; 95, 225 eiakitere wileal es bescobuas dobbs vob pb oan po voadgooloC on Uo dpm toe ‘05, 227 Hammiond’s Slug Shot......:...cscceeece cence ce teteccncecens ‘02, 201 jBlevatékanenial Savoglat sg Ne bebe oct Oooo een omidoo dint lisihisioa ob iooo.e 0% 182 Hawkweed, orange .,.......cccc cece neces cee ee eee e ee eeneerese 03, 114 Hlays. COmpoOSition 2.2... .5 05.5 cc sce ces ce sec cee seecensnacnes ’04, 188, 190 Haynes blue stem wheat. .........:ccceee cere seen rene eet eecees 03, 166 [Bi@aiihaentioaa bee beembbac plod ce ose caemuor pone cudcoobmoc cour 05; 123 [sis meUE OM MIS ede obs scone nb Heo cos Spec bouTuon cabo CoObeCICg oor 05, 224 Hens. See poultry. Delenmpnausess Curtain lcOmt ace ayers cles ce vierelelelater=/elale stelelntalel«Loge)oieinea 04, 14 ALON CE Mae te] erence peice Meatar sea kaa shel ora spe Pech ete aie ote Mey hs ’04, 12 WiaGITLe Gy Hare evens crsiatsisue overs aver eiereks is RAN AANA Cah Sate 04, II iNEhIbiHay BhrMobine le NST Gosmoueoonhabouasopunscupes 7 d00e 703, 202 CO OSiNeyN oGpobunwusdbonongc ono cuomLd HODES ’03, 200 NN TEMELAO iio Uceote odbnos onbeonoDe ober Oe ’03, 199 lense breediney tO ee PEOUUCEION. 28 vere els ele 4) le aie iele lee ldel ’02, 26 HEE CLT Omer ey sttierns Aore eect evaccretereeves a) oer clare ave) sferatete: lai cevencielageses "04, 19 GS tpaMGSC CONG CATS ail av AmOn erry atch tele) stele ebettate st steteteler ste 03, 74 NCCE Expense nocoeeeocono uu DAucou baw ocdoodcs 035771 TMATTA CAME Massena sie oke Neen oral ea rerster er oeletete ntoteucteN ese etcve.e ’04, I EVerbivonrouswladiyalbeetlenasy seiciie cere tee acieisrereinie rele Sc ead cdao ’04, 184 eterno dena nag creolau re ciirs mccslsre clans crerarelenel crateushenstelst sletateve oneray ohare ie ’05, 219 DISCUS Sabdantitiaysanalysis Ol LStlbece an aoe sltrccirer ierreio siete ’OI, 112 Eitckonyitigen-mOt Mee cele oias eich oye a SIE Ore SANE OO 704, 164; ’05, 225 Eigihmoradelcottonpseeduimealamesssmreeeniiee acacia cient: ’03, 60 { IBLiGiaeHthin AYCIFAIBERbiT dood 46 be Cobo benoo bea boobuadeubododode 03, 114 PLSA CUTIE sare y cies wae ay stetal a, greketecstay cra evete eres xrerseaeisrsrs ot arsteys 703, IIS iistonmealaclketchmonestatvionianrerrr eee cciceiiasieciiccce scenes 04 ix TOT SSNB CZ Clete lori tener yeasty an ry aeentey Sac arebnlniata Va eee OW auatane oat "04, Xil ASG UL espe Cece tes pear eae eel HES yeeh ca RB GO an eto 04, xil Hlonrenmixeds fenttlizenses sss racriare oreoeeislaie sree ciaeieie sere clone versie) vecils de ects ame e sense « 103,77 AVG CLG CHERSISH Enns Eel tre cin oy AeVeae oeactelemeir yas creel nae ictee: cd ieten sos ’05, 226 Ely plranitifacunean conser tele sesetcornie eerie geri a vee ’04, 163, 182; ’05, 226 Welnmetaiay © ttitlivg eee re vn ee ae eter coe ey academe ERODE clot cHeN STONT COG iste wiley ene ’04, 184 nn phovemients Of wheats secateninctnlae cule ome misckeuao woleletins ieee ’03, 179 imcome: anduonteon Of mitromtema nue esc cickrae eo eee eas veces. © 704, 205 IMctihanionsmexpeniin ents inlaws aetna ete are eee ae ’02, 18; ’03, 80 rcitba ton HOUSER, | costae ime aie ae rae thereat oa cide ’05, Vil TSPYSLwL OP LON RS Sates. MARE IGE ap REAP Fy ure ey Ent a ek I a 04,4 2560 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. faseetrenemics ot the potatOs 2: 222.25 25d eee eee ’or, 58 Neeris ta ti Oi en 2 tsi Gt etapa ache St Sn aay eee ene rete "05, 222 IISECHSH Ofetlie sVEAT: LOOM ayers os terete cbclata ayo Sere ete oes state fee mel te ares ’04, 179 HOO SNe cies vaysh sis eier ee Se eet ae sacra reei-netsaen oon "05, 213 ATSC CHICI GES aa fear ae ptteais 28) are ota aoe aint fa ete ayeeoote opiates AC eee ’03, 208 erect on quality Of potatoes. 2a. cm\-r et oe ee aie see ’02, 207 ia taV STO SS) aro Ae Oe Ane Dee See Raa ening ewer ’02, 205 TOT POLALOES peoPeya tee so as Siskeys e aaieiald otal aperesermtos ‘Ol, 177; 02107 MISBEELOUS Arte 2 a <)sca) ec tie ea cln eral a/npe-as a anerein cyte a. ye et cee ’05, 171, 177 Miaddlingsi*compositions pos. .tLee tee ee Le eb ero ’04, 189 LOS SHOR h OL TAR OR Pebe RR HO A MEE TR 703, 174 Mile eyieldtinmieeding experiments. ssc bees 2. oee : "04, 123, 126 Minett foray forage. Crop. koi athe bees bee Diok oe ek baie bs ’03, 207 Milling experiment with entire wheat flour...................- 04, 77 Wal Eh vila @erta nee Shae NeneRepL mene gunn tena 703, 164; ’04, 64 Mixed feeds sas ase enor steseca feos "OI, 38; 702,59; 03, 59; '04, 58; 05, 66 Wolassestoodsotandands sy. kml ee eee wes ’o5, 84 ISN PAN AT A ADS LN On ee kN pee See De ES "04, 57 Monohamimus: titilator ee. etn. alittle kldene eee oe" 05, 223 Mion oars: Scaler intra. Sars RR AN Lp tl Re Aw le Male yee ET ee ot te ta "05, 227 NOSSy; TOSCHSAILLR AREAL OM AMAR MAR eRe EE ABE ee tA OY 05, 228 Motitnine. cloak buttently...).).)i0oc.it ate ee eee ’04, 183; ’05, 214, 224 UIE oS Se a Oh Oh ee Sa A aA ALI a Ae Ae A OI, 71 BIVALVSESH Rite LRA Rk OME OA aC Rae A Ra RAE A Seis oer ete Ol, 73 ASIA AALS SLL Lhd lta PRONE SUN BAL Hcy hy MEETS OI, 75 OLSAMIGMNATECE DEE ED RED ORR meee yen ea OI, 75 258 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I905- Mulching, effect on growth of apple trees..............-...---- 03. & for apple trees and gooseberries...............---.-- ’04, 210 WS. Ciliivation Of Orchards... 42. 4)aistaciinre = hectares ’05, 187 Muriate of potash, top dressing for grass. .........--.+++2-+000> *03, 107 Masselk mind, analyses: ooo 5.)cc56\2'o6 = a6 0s o amateur ctaerernt *O1, 74 Moyislaspis: pamonornni: Sa.2e 5 < hace otetris =e <2 25 346458 ‘04, 183; *05, 227 Nematode wortt):. 3o.. 2s .se0e~ p56 5 cae cos - eeu sees saekipee te ’05, 218 AUISHD 2 hisiecis Ad sey acres os oer eiobscre Dees ee eee ’04, 181 MCS ES AREAGN AS Cie is cisie ap 32 sop es hersciixe css ee er pes ses eae eee ’04, 17 Newspaper bulletins ..............-.- "01, 177; 02,213; 03,205; 04, 200 Newspapers received by the Station............... ee ee ins & Witrares in ferilizers.: 206. a ods Sewes cd pacuee + oe eee ’03, 28 Nitrate of soda, top dressing for grass land...............--..- "03, 107 Nitrogen balance with sheep and sieers..............-.--:+--- *04, 205 forms ised an senlizers. . <2 .\020coscs cee oeeeeaeee ee ee ’04, 23 income and ouigo, sheep and steers.............-..-- *04, 205 im, teriilizers. 4 ceziec sha ose jens chide ose eek Ee *03, 27 in (tite, .sheep and Steers. . 2. .-2 5. ceeschieeee ier See *04, 200 loss) tahen MANNTe: 5.52 5-052 ccs 6c cere see meee - 793, 200 OFSAMIC 2325.5 oe cass nid aeicw Se cee eae oe ce SEA eel te es ore ee nae *OI, 15 iS ASE I AOUGCE oo ame oct eee nee see Seer OI, 9 SE ILAY tv racist Noein aie ea Pie as rere eee wee eee ’oI, 16 AS SHAME foes tie he cieo.s aicbe Hee De sas Mogae oe tke ooo ee *O1, 18 PAY DIOMNCES "ose solos mineom a eine see eRe Re ie ee "02, 59; 03, 65 RUNenCed Dy NUANNEC. 5 ce W..- oe oe ace cae ree eee One OI, 9 NENG PROWIaee cones eae et cee a ee Ee Oe Beene OI, 12 INDEX, 259 @Oatswmalted average COMPOSITOM: vx « + ccco.o'» «<0 rv eueuhs eri - sw laraibs ’05, 121 Golled) “Average COMPOSITION s 550 cc vec vic coerce eer sess am alee 705, 121 THe AtIIeEHtOleSSC Carrera practise wie «cients 6 Se ratn asa was 02, 212 Tele) PecAGhGian nuptie iar dasi dials a= algihisediedole «ae ol diapatvia are vee OI, 14 Mplrqwec banded leak TOM ete cere ccojsys)+ ojecera) aioe, oluio, fei vie 2 oreie era ataey = 705, 224 Giiddemasram Conciente raat aeiiiaie sell: ’04, 164, 179; 705, 213, 227 Oldmenssocke Moth ica ac ae loa a ecaieanictelken: apa aaa m coats ’04, 164; 705, 227 Opengtrontepoultry: HOUSE... ees ee ew ole tenis tore wah ee 103377 (Oyecire En davieetal -eeR AnD Ope Pe amUO ape se: Beet ase 15 bagrccd or ’03, 114 Orchard caterpillars. 1 wild, CHEEKY. 515 0 soc oleueetPayenae aekelany ai 04, 162 COM EE COPS sys cals eye eie ace) eieiGiia/eis. susie! sual'a or SP agsnoyeea Seino Heke °05, 201 CULES, EXPELIMEMtS | 2 /ac.ocictc e+ cys act aeeaneen aeons Se 103,05, Lom aire nl beA olay at MIEN IEEE 6 oe come OOO Orit oes Relate eee ’05, 182 Exdonalab chile! (eo tebhato Mon WAlceesapdadboad soe tes lcone: 0805 Th OICLLCLES MOE CIO Ton OOS OR OOD AERO bloc oto crate e 704, 153 MeEtHOUS OT IATESSIMG, <2 is sie A -tels slid ates oi open hteieomaiel AKO Re aKOWTIS RAE PORE ore GOH Oe Claciom coma deco Mieco cis colori c ’02, 81 TETOVALLON a Mevacitenc tai atucee acer aieioke ia evant abana eke ’03, 18; ’05, 190 Henita Cater pilates cies sercakee s.citiens ees a sect ays lreysusverensiel ovedalananeyauene "04, 162 yielduob. fruits cis 5 us acais, sions Seobepeteye iar ccopsgetoid tgp rese® cheek ’03, II OL einl ING wis GlOUCESLET) Vcc nach 2 hse oie ere a as 705, 203 OxchardssanntalnonowthOhitneeSaeaes ere ncr rer erent 705, 185 Cuiltivatedivsenmattlchteyjemcracrie acterieraetaimanrerre steers ’05, 187 Cmectsy Of potash “SALES. oc). emis doce doeer tics isk ae 03, 13 HE Chi eal THAevANGNRS. oodhooacscesuconacetcoaanace 03, 8 Bashir’ font la a. tvcta tei ccrcie oh once elk es ice ee Ra Mare ae 05, 196 form exp eminent ShiStOly eerie woe a ara eee Ope iL 1g) tOp=wWorkime. 46.\1.:5 oos)s, asiaeregtee te ere eee RPE 2 703, 20; 05, 198 Oreamemipocent mitertilizers: eee eee Eee 03, 27 Onnamental: cardenine::..0..cs\.e-<.- cae ee raya ase Onnn: seer 705, 24 OX SaTI GS. ete ree een oer CRN OTEe ic MEDIC eon nig omen caer ecerota | 105, 177 Osiouhynchiis Ovatus weasel eeera 4. OARIGAS (05, 205.229 @ystereshiellwscales ease ecseia cacao OR eVeients ’04, 183; ’05, 227 pallederitay veniatal tuusracsrscsrs occ iy eae tO ee EMRE Cer oe IR Eack er atthe "03, 121 Rani CAlceaMOUunssanialySeSienicis/ oh aici oe cae oI, 96 PAO tiAS Mex Coe CA bt Se asorvustomien<4 set eae eC nL eet ’04, 183 Papaipemiarenitellbayyeyss.<(rscviiecciers ae eve eIeT ere RSET sl ad cro en "05, 214, 222 RapitliOr polyenes ys ais esseusters tosis srais sicher eee ene Hee a aE ae 705, 225 (BLEIOHES Leo Gon COON Cama ooe | Omrdar ao Gurod som Canie 25 "05, 225 IPEiensy earcern ehacl [ereGleRbe Tomb HbIHOs ogac once doéncdbbcoucbooc oe Olly U7/7) FOIE POLALOESY steresc:larsibisccus a aietce tele alt oetet aces com eves aa tieehs 02, 197 DARL A AUN re aster tater ren acnuraana clam EMMIS Orono mcrae EO een "02, 197 cul aibteanl DYerln hee E TC anno oe cic GoM cee ere oS ’03, 180 IPG Etavalworteoloe hima ter mee aD Oe een Gee cd een UE Abe sere ’or, 18 HOM AT AlY SISe ts minnie crmrecter Tks he oma ta eae ER CUR ice He ‘or, 98 Ee Ceitga S11 Sab A trehs Magecevolch ate oreitec 1 5 ea nee LT SDMA Combe Sie oe: Soba n 705, 228 d PRET CE la Oe EN RRO oe IMO TSS Ge CO CIID EE arc ae ER RSELS ‘Ola 71 260 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I905. Pedigree ichartsspoultry*. ce eee cet ee ee ceo ee eon mEeen ’05, 100 PELE C ITS to es Shee oS Mere ots ere anaes Sk Ch ee RT A Re ’04, 180 polyturator ee ae ee cee ee ek tS SA eee een ee ’04, 184 Pemphigustacentoliee eee econ ee nek ch Re OR eee eeenee eee 705, 227 ILO hw eccohs CeCe ah ainor beeen cca rao ook "05, 227 HeSselatay teeters tr i letaleltts BASE reer PEPE 05227, Rersea. gtakissiniay sanlalysis Ol AhUib eens ete ncleetne eee eee 101, ETT Philampelus achemon ..... AWA RAO No i Ve RN 704, 183; 705, 225 Phosphate-alumebakineapowdersees-e eee ee eee ee eee eee eter eee ’05, 141 baking ‘powders: hisets Live keene eet et eee 705, I41 BhosphatessvanOussOninseap aot ere eee eee nee eee ECE een ’03, 28 Phosphoncaactdinrertilizenseeree ene ne eee eee eee 703, 28 ACIdSastOnims wiSed one teLntilIzenSene eee ee eee eee 704, 24 Phyllodesmasamericanary te. ses) vee tas oem eee eee henna "05, 226 Phyllotretanvittatare ts ts see week hey eke a ae tee 5 ect ne ene 705, 217 iBhytophthorasinrestans eee r eee eee eee eee eee CE nero 705, I IRieris tapos ie Pe seh SAREE nce Ca te ND Yn be kee A Ae ee ’04, 180 Bioneers oostinesclosetanouse eee eee eee ene eee ere ’04, 12 Pissordesvstrobitns ee ss See cee eRe eA ek Rae Coie ae ee EE eee ae 705, 223 Pine Cone lime for Bordeaux mixture...................200+- 703, 189 ilasinotus speciosus: 4h: i uke o 28s wen hee s Pa ee ee Se ed ’04, 180, 184 Blantibree ding Vee cc teen wae eee eo et eR ne ne bane pa ed fy eal 05, 27 NIC ON RGR re Cini erat PA Sense 6 88 7 yea AR eae "04, 183; 705, 220, 227 fooduinrsellsand Sodmesimee anette sere ee Sole. "04, 137 TEMoOved by CrOpSss ssst ees Re eee eee 704, 136 Plant=house Aleyrodes): #.42 eb ehs ot ate ese eee ee nee 703, 125 Plymouth Rock hens, egg production............... 102927 3353715 Ose Plums, varretres: tor centrall Maine.<2t101s.)1..\eel tee ee eee ’02, 216 Pollen impotent’ 238 soi ee Bee OSB e EEL eS he eee te ’04, 85 tubes, incomplete development) .c2+5022-2.mee ee eee ne 04, 85 Bollination Processi: cs teen ee ene Ce ee enter Re doen none eel 04, 82 Roly MMe mits iro bho. t ewe | ciatarietttotthe tlle ato eae ae ee "05, 225 Horthethia dispar ses ce ie kee oe eee eee eee "04, 161 iBotash) tertilizerssandcapple scabh:: > uscns teens ot eee eee 703, 16 ehectronvapplesnas:ss2 2 ina eee ee ee 703, 12 iMCOMMencialmentilizersae eee Eee eee eerie ae ’03, 28; 704, 24 MUTIate top stanessines TOL eTasse sss ase ns see eee ee eee ’03, 107 saltcseitecteuponvapplesemnes rn: searee Wae ne ee eens ’05, 190 Potato taplitsy Ove Aes ee tees dee Meee Non a oaths ae a elle Gil ie 704, 183 beetlesiporsons fore Aske hoses ee A "OI, 177 bitehiOr mol cite t GaAs Oe eee te dal 8 BEN RC "OI, 59 LESIStATICE CONis Se Ake eee eRe EES See ee eee ’03, 181 solublemBordeatxtiormeeeee eee eeeeen ne eae 2: 705, 8 enemies; how tomiehts.s 51st ces eme kak eke eee ee ’or, 58 EXperimentstin \1OO3+ sie et ae sn eee ee ee Bet ee os eee ee 703, 181 TI *LOOA Ceeewitie nye MA ANON RAE A & eke tie Sean ’05, I fertilizer formas: eae ee ws een el ak ee OA ee ak ’04, 140 home mixed; tconmposition” 472442 -+ 52s eete eee "04, 133 INDEX. 261 Potato Ansecticidessand ttineiCtdeStin ts 6.5. csr. cacclv ease cls aslar« ’02, 197 IETS WSINE AHENRO a5 006 CodemoUcoabOnaN cCObUoD DannoOBOS 705, I leafercliSeaseSeretemerettn citer cis teie ciate le eisiolctnrelateleustare ste wera eens ’o1, 60 rot, conditions favorable to development............... 05,5 developinemtmine Cellaniis Dias: sche ns dsb eteeclee sae 705, I CHECE OMstiINenOn CISPING 1s... sniss cosets ee eels ere ne sos 705, 2 rehaceANISOa, Eiger MEINE Goon bouco400n0G0n000r 705, 2 Gyo Ko phetora Rise Gis Teo OTL ORCRS OATES ICRC RRS Rea nC ier Ears ’OI, 50 yields with home mixed fertilizers...:.....:.....:...... ’05, 18 PoLatees wap plication Om iUneierdesn, mc. = sable te sealelh ela viene sl ole "OI, 52 Bopdeatixs treatment: wae cae Oe ene 705, 6 EXPEHMenLS with) HIMe1C1deSmae siya e erect ele ceieleee ’OI, 49 MOMmemimiece dmienilizeEsMlOotee ec ecmeteeceeseeae (05,014 x MeTIOUSHOfSPLAyAT Cayce seers alessio cit OI, 61 quality atkected: bya spraying s.s eases. se ean recs cae = ’02, 207 SP Lay eye] deans raya oisade wre ceeabity aes. ik conetelei aro ahve ers eh ohare 701, 55 VUTES Late tarsi oie Mea totecst ave: S Guero edaa sre msg a ccessle vm ai ais oho h oheye 703, 181 WAM, arava! INOGY HO) SOMEDS odo accsceud0UssnodG GDGBD G00 ’O1, 64 yieldromexpenimentplotsaneemaereeteeeecc ents ’02, 207, 208 Poulin wamormnts OF food -edtenn-cs snes at eee ee eon ook oe 705, IIO DWlletinseeSBROR nes ee elec eta ce aero re meets wre stehatere 705, 93 Giny.efee din ooh trends ween Me Re pera et cite Naytraua rere Raat 705, III ESSE MEOUUCHOME pert aeerniee Ny Sue nee eo a mero ratte a 705, 94 SRMEMMAMENIES: os Hescrree eee ee ea ee oe ete MES oe oer 705, 93 IMMA OOORANGSIOOLy ete eee cone 702, 9 LTO OD Meese pen nea ee ee ee ee as ’03, 69 dl CEE? DIROGIVENICIN cocovoondsaasoogacubene 705, 94 He © GLO SAS Ara eer se hhey tse tnt Oye te ne Re RPE con oy Eee Pee ’04, 19 house detallsiofhiconstnuctionye ee eeeee sete ee O35 akOS LOS IOUSES, COMBUEEHIOM oo enccoancocnu non cduoecdedsccc ’04, II, 13, 14 TOOLS PACE EAS teense Ooh CIE eee ee one eine te Tere 705, 105 VGIIGIL AEE OMS c-c.s< 5-2 Selene reas ee aie eee 705, 107 hoOusinomandnesornecondsase rye tei ere eine aes 408%, 977) MRAM AGS te ete sane Nahr ie eee ee ee ae ee ’04, I TMATNI C1 OL LCE CITIO) mune ergata eh ors nes oe hereon nee ’05, 108 Me diereewchaniSer qe see Nes eee Oe eee ene ee rahe ’05, 100 IHSreaisyeCesaCeXel suey 3 ch CoRR RO aes: Me eR nee RL REGAL 705, 100 HECISteLedamial EC et etivat ee ik Gee eee ae ne en eee 705, 103 Selechonmotanreemition SLO. veltinsetaemae nian ecie et: 705, 98 SIZEROMMOCKSe errs Leis hice un mere ee ae ete ae 705, 105 Via Smee yee TI Naas teket com nite rs: Seen ete ioe ee ’04, 16 Enepaedn notmEstsanaliySesus sweninc cca etek oe ee cnt bewesls ’OI, 96 Ee Ondet eatin OUliMerertet ata orators: tee ton either tate aco wes 0 704, 165, 182; 705, 225 PGOLeiy Coste neleedinioy SEUILSpeiae coe ces ciducae ce cules eee nek cee ’04, 50 ITU ATE LICATIN WHLEATS Meee Bicth ca,-15 4 tiesbrs se vale One sleds tote 703, 153 IPeOtenay Caivatee us tees loners aire tation Gate tas cee ba ble deecees 705, 65 SAU GOCOCCHISMACERISme ayer e isero he eiene cscs eco ebeeee 705, 227 19 262 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. Publications Sie occ he ee 705, 224 Samia cecropia ......: Fah Oa Cre EONS Cle 704, 165, 182; 705, 225 Santordwconn cocccods obaonsboesueDanonooonbooDoT 705, Vil SCCCmLOnimatiOtarste Seeens ais aie ales eos alan aaeinia Aine la gine ata 04, 82 Seedcentestaomavitita lative mine arrumin cas ine caren otc erae ono eienrerles ’04, 211 Seld-naismost Owns analy Sesinn.ciocc sacra aienaniaelane Meiac oe e sae ’OI, 96 SISTHVGD, GSIICERE SSPn oS 58h ats Isa Re Renan RU Se SIC Rte lr ena 705, 223 SOSHIIGENOM SES 5: Seg etre eatin a erent SI ane Pinger RA Eas OY rch ci Eee ’04, 183 Sheepratid: séaweedis innc52 cea Sh ee Saeaeed dnaaots res ae ee "01, 79 Sheep MCISestiOne CX PET MIEMES.. 575 5 sa viantemieet eA SI oe vain aro ee 704, 185 Silas, Conve, Coma NOC de ccocimoveocassuccoacooeach moonUdL ’04, 188 ReAminemeonn: 20) 1025204225) Ob eria Vesetableseardening (sn oocytes cy nee ee one ’05, 21 Velleda lappetanoth, ax. 6. 3.n (cine os 3s eee ee Be eee 05, 226 Vetchsand ‘oat tidy. sandy sists. es aoe gee ee eee aes "OI, 21 VetchPasua :coven Groped Atom o* seas. eee ee ee ee ’05, 202 Vainesar: food: Standards. cece nt ees oe tne) aoe ere ’05, 90 standards) for oMidin Gop eee ae ose Rl nee "05, 144 Witte ar she: erie eee ce are ee nie A Oe el cen 1G UP aa Ae 705, 143 cideranalyses eee ene en ee ee ree ane "05, 147 distilled> analysesin2 sono Sen ee "05, 147 intenpretavoOnvontheslaweere ee erect ens eee 705, 145 mMaltatialySes eens. sas ie eon Eee Ee oe ’05, 149 LEestiliz OF che MINnSPEChiONiacins ei Eee eee 705, 147 Viroinianitioer mobthinacnaces nce cost ote RE ete eee "05, 224 WViscidioilameal see ois ii ees 3.0 kere nee ee Ce Ne En ’05, 62 Witalttynot seeds ioxtncss aiek 2 outs tee nse © aoe Gene eae ’04, 211 Walnut, caterpillansen ce isa shan oe Se ee eee eee ’05, 226 Warmed*hottse fomshens2 eck. Pee ee ene ’04, II INDEX. 267 WV URLOR AST ALLINO foie Moret rarteait wa craiineue-tie, «a5 4 ole relarete Reriactae 03, 23 Weather neport: «seen oI, 189; ’02, 218; 03, 210; 04, 215; 705, 229 Wiel OF Goncanmprineal week, ooncao snogdddeooubeU dudb0eanEdC ’04, 60 Ni jellimanesmliitemwitteatanvsae crete orci se career cis caslste reer 703, 157, 165 Wiellemargized stussockamothseacimctmenieter oe elasere te ecm acre "04, 164 WWilteaite gee me eric Sain trotciots eich oe oasis iv boise AIS Mauntine eee AES 02, 131 AMiMnerniCEra, TOLMMDOSINOM 5 Go00cc0dcddbougucddousdduanesor 703, 153 DIEM Ste mice easton homeo e ale OS mere ee 03, 158, 169, 170 IDFA oc oo SOS OM HR aS TD ohn eee ERS Bees cs crete ne 04, 68 bran and middlings........ ’OI, 30; 02,50; 03,65; ’04, 58; ’05, 66 prealsiasterOOdSieaernc rs cisancete casio Sacra arte erae (OP) iB) 1 7/ breakdastetoods. average. COsts.cu. 2 ones eceeee sees 702, I5I COMPOSIb Onn eran Ae ie ne eee Irae ’04, 79, 188 CIKECER ONG lUM alee reiterates acute tale etrnremorevorsiaraie Systane ’03, 152 Gwece Cu CwemMse Ou ChwaIWe. cassccoocccodgnoudcooccooscce 703, 157 end Os pe tinal eyercperaeis see aie cea eal eine eewn STE yee ’04, 62 IHLLETa Ab acl OCR INNS CHONG SiC COT SOCIO OMG ees Rate Pr eee Geet ’03, 167 ILO UTR EMME, © rcyers eye rane ele reS aso PACES ST SG See ae ’04, O1 USOT So ae coo te ceo OTe TO Orne RAT OO Dees en Ce Rom eet ’04, 62 ard AcOmpOsitionmn mene Gs ser ee Oe nie OO me erae 04, 68 layne sl Mve eG terms etesces cae Gres a verions eh oxsesvel Mes evs chanel Oekere ’03, 166 , HAD) ORRON San Galleon’ wee cceib Pia ee cee ab. Beco a eee ae ee Oe oie HOSE O STINE) Laon ee heat cra ates Sein Sika che UIC Ee Oe oircknon aeIonae ’04, 61 IEW TOKOTBESIY ete Sc ce RAC RCE CI SITE Ore HR eat ES Ins 703, 157 WEnimne GiROWTiA, COWMMDOSMMOMs o soc 0c0ac000002coccsonnoc00T 703, 152 rane, ANVSARS COMMMORMOOIN. goaccccnsocaccacscccscancc 705, 121 muddlings, COMPpOSsitON .. +2266. 9: Us Sena epee ’04, I9I vO NIA REe > oe ers 0 dene SAS PR NERS ASOT eh RRS UIE EEOC CREO RR "04, 64 aanilhiner QOSMTMISMUS Ga donecesue suc boudaucoddanddde boa dc ’03, 164 Oily oda cwnae ab eos SOU Dab oO hoo Reena ma ae Hab aeioaS 701, 390 DREDETAWICIMS. CHIGSUSSHOM ooccoscccouncocaccusuusoccsouc?e ’02, 142 products, distribution of nitrogen and ash.............. ’04, 80 MOMIEG!, EVETEERS COMMBOSMBIOIN, co coo cab odooudc oud GaKC dons ’05, 121 SERCH Meanie em RTE oe Ln talcic or terncieioiene Aict orcvatetiarenae ’04, 63 WV ane Kal Ge StS Aas aencroiht cola recht a Bicone cn REA Coren SIDR 703, 157, 165 VILL Ce Mt SGttteaice eter vias ean ratyniecrh io sth ay'easiatis at onapom aiaicinel siete ’03, 168 Aas rims nkoKbhind doco d aoe Aco mate cee Solaereociood be 03%8073 Bvavel GMS: case dace wo ctaau Ames GGo.Cob ’04, 67 Wheats, composition of seed and progeny...............2e002: ’03, 161 Marnnrerandiawestenm compared sass ase coe ces ces decals 703, 1590 IMaine=srnhomlnwiestenmSceG meri sete ase cemicioes ce ceieie e ’03, 1590 MOGUMWIESLEIIN SLO Wii VAIS qaeimi sciences « cleats ’03, 160 Chi ANOORUCOS COLIN sooo Scones noo Don OUCCOECCUmOnD Onc 703, 145 of Maine and the Northwest, composition............. 703, 155 Of therNorthwest-onowneim Wiaines jaoecc..+ceese een 703, 156 VAbiicl tO Meine LOLEITIN COMPCHILemlyars saitias scl cieisls slelsele sale ae ’03, 153 Wihitesmeanrkedstussocks motheereaoeeee ca cces ce sss + 04, 164, 182; 705, 227 P10] C RAW C CV Marae Eater CT roe a orice io sisi atin aise hus 'erecw susieye 705, 223 268 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1905. WihtitemRasstanmw Meat Wy cs, sterovensistevckcn-coetere ke Os ae rien Ieee ’03, 168 Wyandotte hens, egg production.................... 702, 28, 34, 38 Whllow comer mallleyis juste eee ler tlaneiace ae trace ee RRR eae Ee are ’04, 180 WWistrate roar Cerin oye A i tte aehtycs Helen | a eels a as ae ’05, 24 witeat mixed feed, composition.............5+-.+.:+s.. 704, 188 WV ine AVVO TITAS Ae tye saree caspase Cis Ae peeve ena OLN MU en aeRO {als Bily), 22S WViOOdwashes) civ rtettate veces. kcal Uh oe cc. Sane UR yl etree Ce OR "oI, 66 Wroolliatelinatva plirsscy airy yl este, te chet yete Sep cS on TRA ree aa ’04, 183 lomsetorsthevapple is screen case eis (OM, Te (Os, 227 Wiiyanncloues, ‘imine, Ceree TECORG. sob o0c3n0c¢os0nbeon00 boadcucdods 03, 73 Neat a SwsrOrap Ol tty nite wack ease tare eee octet al eves aeorer eal degen eae ’04, 16 Welllony-mcekeal caeipilllat. o¢5ccc005250000000- PG RRS 705, 214, 226 Wellkosy plluinn TOMI, CHOSSESs aca don gan daccevuccudccouconegsbac ’04, 88 JOON UN Oh eT AN ED