Pk RA; 7 eee: V7 Pap ug ye , y emit Aa a : si q. Palin eee eT i A SAGAS ahs aut Eas Or RAY © Pea Ete sCAN Mp S” FORTHE “OS PEOPLE “4 \N FOR EDVCATION © ka f &) BS < wn % SCIENCE x tA TWENTY-SECOND ‘ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Maine Agricultural Experiment Station ORONO, MAINE. 1900. STATE OF MAINE. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ORONO, MAINE. THE STATION COUNCIL. PRESIDENT GEORGE E. FELLOWS - ..- - - - +: : =: President DIRECTOR CHARLES D. Woops . .- .- .- - + + Secretary JOHN A. ROBERTS, Norway IRM Ch tice 6 CHaRLEs L. Jones, Corinna - - - - + + + ? Board of Trustees ALBERT J. DURGIN, Orono =f hepa: J AuGustus W. GILMAN, Foxcroft - - - Commissioner of Agriculture EUGENE H. Lipsy, Auburn bem browns - + + + State Grange CHARLES §8. Popk, Manchester - . . . State Pomological Society RUTILLUS ALDEN, Winthrop - - - - State Dairymen’s Association JAMES M. BARTLETT a Lucius H. MERRILL eT es eth Ni EREMONT De RUSSELL. ic) split erie ee Tosa Members WELTON M. Munson + gene of GILBERT M. GOWELL EpitH M. PatcH WARNER J. MORSE . THE STATION STAFF. CHARLES D. Woops . . Director JAMES M. BARTLETT 7 Lucius H. MERRILL HERMAN H. HANSON Loy ae temists +LEewis I. NURENBERG { *ARTHUR C. WHITTIER {JOANNA C. COLCORD ey ue 2) ea MeV CONAY IUG RIO Go So pe oo ole o 10 Waiannarian VWAEETONG ME MUNSON) ol) en ete cme Acrre Satya tae Pomologist GILBERT M. GOWELL BON ce Nae ae ac | Ponte Indesign WALTER ANDERSON site Mince Wap Sein matlan Tye oe eat RG EpitH M. PatcuH Entomologist “WARNER J. MORSE Oueogegicrn!, OM. oie Vegetable Pathologist *ROYDEN L. HAMMOND - + - +» ». Seed Analyst and Photographer ANNIE M. SNOW . . . - Clerk and Stenographer to the Director {BLANCHE F’. POOLER Stenographer Henry A. MILLETT Meteorological Observer and Janitor * Appointed July 1, 1906. 7 Resigned July 1, 1906. + Appointed Sept. 1, 1906. TABEE OF CONTENTS: nba. Tes, as PAGE MOC OHGROIMENERStALION ic) i nies whos Gia Moles acy tsiers a's tie) Dene agae alelemee II AN AUER OR OCOS 1 rates a te eee ic RN a Bare eh Md Se Je Ns Pee yee RS V ISTNGHRONF Carll OWES, APRN Saeed Rone ppm mah ch) ae ede aE Aone llare ey ea VIL Secuminsnecnoniy (ES tMLetit G25). . sracks doch sis ola ae eerie sae ieee rae I Clark Method of Growing Grass for Hay (Bulletin 1260).......... 25 Solminoculation for Legumes) (Bulletin 126)... 7.-.--+.-+..-4.-- 28 Fertilizer Experiment in Field Culture of Garden Peas (Bulletin TAD) ches oak of CME ERNIE PPR RES COP erate CA ene re a ENE on NO ae 30 Dalebordeaux tor Potato, Blight (Bulletim 126))2) 405-225 -..-2--- - 34 Co-operative Experiments with Alfalfa (Bulletin 126)............ 35 Home Mixed Fertilizers for Potatoes (Bulletin 136)............ AI Effect of the Ration on value of Manure (Bulletin 126)........... 45 Benuilizemsinspection: (Bulletiner27,)).. cee s0se cee es oe ee ee 49 OrerandpeNotess (Bulletin 128) ef Ss wend Gesae selcims « cele srdacine 65 Heedinem scien Inspections (Bulletins £20) hss sneeeee ee once eee 8I EGulinyebsperiments (Bulletin £30)! 2. ase. een... ee ec ce ee IOI Indian Corn as Food for Man (Bulletin 131).................... 133 Digestion Experiments with Chestnuts (Bulletin 131)............ 146 Plant Breeding in Relation to American Pomology (Bulletin 132) eee Rienilizeneimspection: (Bulletin) 133))mee see sees ede ee cinco sceeee 177 insecrsNotesstor 1900: (Bulletin 134) ay. 2.-.65- seers see as ne FeO Food Inspection—The Law of 1905 (Bulletin 135)............... 22 Food Standards adopted for Maine (Bulletin 135)............... 233 Bacnewseowders) (Bulletin: 126) See tcecs acide shee oss eee cee sass 249 SSO MCcom ED UletIMGT 36) cia assis eine e Wiese oa Elo eae kro sme ae se ales 255 Wierice ism Gulletiny 136): |. f42 wanectcharapaiersisrshe s erstasteclcje see setae eeser clare 276 Vhe Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any address in Maine. All requests should be sent to Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Maine. ANNOUNCEMENTS. THE AIM OF THE STATION. Every citizen of Maine concerned in agriculture has the right to apply to the Station for any assistance that comes within its province. It is the wish of the Trustees and Station Council that the Station be as widely useful as its resources will permit. In addition to its work of investigation, the Station is prepared to make chemical analyses of fertilizers, feeding stuffs, dairy products and other agricultural materials; to test seeds and creamery glassware; to identify grasses, weeds, injurious fungi and insects, etc. ; and to give information on agricultural matters of interest and advantage to the citizens of the State. All work proper to the Experiment Station and of public benefit will be done without charge. Work for the private use of individuals is charged for at the actual cost to the Station. The Station offers to do this work only as a matter of accommo- dation. Under no condition will the Station undertake analyses, the results of which cannot be published, if they prove of general interest. INSPECTIONS. The execution of the laws regulating the sale of food, com- mercial fertilizers, concentrated commercial feeding stuffs, and agricultural seeds, and the inspection of chemical glassware used by creameries is entrusted to the Director of the Station. The Station takes pains to obtain for analysis samples of all brands of fertilizers and feeding stuffs coming under the law. It also draws samples of agricultural seeds and foods in the hands of dealers. The co-operation of dealers and consumers is, how- ever, essential for the full and timely protection of their interests. Foods. Dealers and consumers are invited to send by pre- paid express original and unbroken packages of food materials on sale in Maine of whose purity they are for any reasons sus- vi MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1906. picious. As prompt free analysis will be made of such samples as circumstances will allow. Feeding Stuffs. ‘The Station will promptly analyze samples of feeding stuffs sold in Maine taken in accordance with direc- tions which will be furnished on application. The results will be reported without charge to interested parties. This applies to dealers and consumers alike. Commercial Fertilizers. It is difficult to draw accurate samples of commercial fertilizers. On this account it is only in rare instances that the Station undertakes analyses of fertilizers other than the samples collected by its representatives. In case there is special reason for an examination, the Station invites correspondence on the subject. Agricultural Seeds. Samples of agricultural seeds on sale in Maine, taken in accordance with directions which can be obtained on application to the Station, will be examined as promptly as possible and the results reported free of charge. In all cases samples should be accompanied by a full descrip- tion of the goods, including the name and address of the dealer and the sender. Small samples other than liquids can be for- warded by mail. Others should be forwarded by express, charges prepaid. ; STATION PUBLICATIONS. The station publishes several bulletins each year, covering in detail its expenses, operations, investigations and results. The bulletins are mailed free to all citizens who request them. The annual report is made up of the bulletins issued during the year. CORRESPONDENCE. As far as practicable, letters are answered the day they are received. Letters sent to individual officers are liable to remain unanswered, in case the officer addressed is absent. All com- munications should, therefore, be addressed to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Maine. The post-office, railroad station, freight, express and telegraph address is Orono, Maine. Visitors to the Station can take the electric cars at Bangor and Old Town. The Station is connected by telephone. a HISTORICAL NOTES. Vil HISTORICAL NOTES FOR 1906. THE ADAMS ACT. The Adams Act, which provides ultimately for the increased endowment of all the Hatch Experiment Stations by $15,000 per annum, was approved by the President March 16, 1906. The amount available for the fiscal year 1905-6 was $5000. The amount for the current fiscal year is $7000. This fund can be used only for “original investigations and experiments” and is not available for the general maintenance of the Experiment Station. At the April meeting of the Experiment Station Council, it was decided to devote the Adams fund for the present to the following lines of work,—studies upon the nutrition of man; investigations of orchard problems; a study of plant diseases ; and problems in breeding. CHANGES IN STAFF. As a result of the Adams Act, it became possible to change the appoinments of certain Station officers that have had part Col- lege and part Station work, so that their whole time can be given to Experiment Station work. Mr. L. H. Merrill, formerly chemist to the Station and Pro- fessor of Biological Chemsitry in the University, now devotes his whole time to the Nutrition Investigations. Dr. W. M. Munson, formerly Professor of Horticulture in the College of Agriculture, and Horticulturist to the Experiment Station, has been appointed Pomologist to the Station and now devotes his whole time to investigations relating to the orchard interests of the State. Mr. W. J. Morse, B. S., University of Vermont, 1808, assist- ant in botany at the Vermont Experiment Station since 1901, has been appointed Vegetable Pathologist and assumed his duties July 1. His work is the study of the plant diseases of Maine. Mr. L. I. Nurenburg resigned his position as assistant chem- ist in the Nurtition Investigations and Miss J. C. Colcord, B. S., in Chemistry, University of Maine 1906, has been appointed his successor. Vill MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1900. Mr. A. C. Whitney, B. S. in Chemistry, University of Maine, 1905, Was appointed July 1, assistant chemist in the inspection work. January 1, Miss B. G. Leeds resigned her position as Photo- erapher and Seed Analyst in the Station, and Mr. Roydon L. Hammond has been appointed her successor. HOLMES HALL. As described in the annual report for 1905, a north wing was added to Holmes Hall for the use of the College of Agriculture. With the increased appropriation, the Experiment Station needed added room, and the University has turned this wing over for the permanent use of the Station. The west room on the first floor of the north wing will be used for the work in breeding. The east room on that floor is used by the Vegetable Pathologist. A laboratory and incubator room for the Vegetable Pathologist has been fitted up in the northeast corner of the basement. The west room on the second floor is being used by the Ento- mologist and as a nucleus of a museum; and the east room on the second floor is occupied by the Pomologist. The former office of the Professor of Agriculture has been added to the general offices of the Experiment Station. The former office of the chemist has been changed into a nitrogen laboratory, and the office of the veterinarian is being changed into a chemical laboratory. viejo olelseieie loicisi Miicodollooes 1 ] Blood. Wal IDEKG YAS) altho) Soggco0oonuuGoDbdoosdosodal|. 2l)icmen|loos 1 5) 2! 6 1 WIMSLETGEAIMC OC eieiejecleicieicioeeleieicisisieleeieiele« Ndgsulleooallbos Scalto (Oiled GIOG casdco odansosneucosonanoodS Blosaallaodblladas|idace|loodollacaollosac MWeoscolloses WV AINE CNCLOC eaterereverslereloverarcielclelelelelejelalelevetersioleyje Beets Wo Goollbnaallocnalloccalloaselldaad|sosclldnoolloocs SINGS PIS ORTON sereiecieis:oreielsic sieieveleierelsieiciereyeletel SH IW Boas} IBY Biicccalloosolloose 1 SON Cl Grpeteteveteteroreieteloteteleletersloiclersisheleyeretaroteiefetolele UDescalissosileoos SO00 Wooo Mesac Woocs Pennsylvania persicaria .............. dooallooaclloacslloaoallocaotlascolloose Moccolloncslioace GOOSEN OO Le erercisieieleielolelole. clolaie/sieleiviclesieieisloie Sy] Bilsoas IWWeoos 4}... 2 \alarexeral Toni 0GXeX6l cob oogooboooGe8 dd0doondE| dono soculloood i MeL eecrere fy) PF icocelleoue HENGE! oascoobondaqausuoouDDDOOdCOODOOSlInagD omodlooasttaonallaocolloogallooe- IMlooogheose Avuben) oleh ses SoogugsadsaooounboedecoauDHllooee 1 1 ChYi@lathy, sasaooodsnoc baunodooboodbodeoooElluoan do00|lb000 Ml odeallocad|laacsloaaaiioogs Haves Night-flowering catchfly ..............|.... WW Pleicion A oasallacoalaco teint lsterste Wormseed mustard..................-. Bl Soaglaocollanoe adoullecon|lodos|lonos|laooe Seb loon RSS GRE eNorateteterelezsysisiotelstevaleveielershcrelels/erersicisre(ejelllcleravs acaniiodool| . dlilsane Wild turnip....... Alsons Wanoslleccc Wild peppergrass 2] enelilte 1 Gi GH al Black mustard ..............ceeeceseeeelenee sdonlloon Ilooonlloodo Weseallocoalléoaclloosallacec REMMI ACEC SS ererelelefeieierckeleleisierelelelelersia'eicvolsielsiel|(eiele ooodlloooallancalleaor AM Gagollododlloanc|lodeollaoce IMINO AES socooonoasbHoGbOoboOOUnUddaDOllddas Woodall’ Woaoall - Zi Wisscalloccalloscailoocs EAMETS MOEN oreo reiasescssrersieisicterelsvaysiersisivis sieiecew tillers eve | sisinvs AA seceste:|fotosce:|(alataser| (eistoteil aisralalltaevavallloreterei|leistecs MEANT FCPS NIL CS creleletersveloteicisicieveleleleleleleiareiels/slelel|isi=isisi|iaieis.s sooplisosallaaac Pleo lnanalloces|lsodolloaac Evening primrose ..........,...0.. 0000] weeleoee sodcllooculloooa WM eooclloocallobaallonaa|locc ESINTO RVC TA AMM re eversielelercleleveloleersvelveleveisicieieiel| sicvevei|ielelots poedllcaneanen 1D | iD seca lfor stare llepevevel| 'etaats WIN TORY Gonuosupbooboesooaoduanballdcualledan SAS SISE A SAE EAKN IGN e Gol tou oliaebnlldcoe Awned plantain................ cece eee Blsosollodoslocad|locealldooulldsac ayeucea yaiavel ieeses Dooryard plantain..,.................. GH EYloodel} Blooool! TE -IBlocaslloccsllsasallscas IRM OEMISS) 66 soosdopodadacobngdbg0dG000R0000 Ibid erarere Wy a IW Weoasllscac WN poaliS008 Rugel’s plantain ..............-20.. eee Thi Pleo sallaaoaliooge 4 50 llooeallaade Valerian .......... Geo doosuodosmooddoobus Uilooosilodoalloosollogasllocoallaooalloace Bosollacacllocos Ragweed........ BE EO MT SO Se RETESET ena TREE Sool lana wae ieee Nidan ood) coed! an ObxEN7® GIRNEN? ge ddoobocbnonssocdoadoDeDeoDllocuslloooc Socallscoollacoe Nissoolloacs scodlocaslooce PYG TL Oya CUE Siyieretctercialeveterarenctoistcteteveverciclsieterererell erevsiel|(eietetellferevelsifvereisiel|jaletste NO} Wossailoocsllocsallocos GMA WS SUM ereparelariaveioiereteleroieisicielelelelarcis’a\stelsteistall ictels dadallooas Whanoallocos 5008 Blobsallasacliocee Mayweed ............--.. So0000 gaceaadds DLo Ud ss sallsobel|looda Wosesilsces pocehagal lear : 8 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1906. Table showing the results of examination of seeds sent in to the Station in years 1902-5. Names of Weeds. NUMBER OF SAMPLES EXAMINED. WLESPIN SHOE iererotere le eiein/alolelvielolereiely isleveleverciereleretetale SIOMCLEMLCSCUC Kaceleretsierereleeioileieieierielsioccietslereieleieteter= GRESNWOREAT Farievilsiem sie aieictelelelerclolslerenielerelersjeretar ets Vealoniy wlep-ai ll Gap doocsoad0odo da sn00don0dG000C IBrhHICLe CIO) <5 o cocoguunadodonao6uG00G0000000N0000 PUN AOC Rae etelarsterere oysters ceiererofosels ofaterelsievereisieiateisislatelsiele VIGO NCL O Cech cyereleretel crererste-ictetsiel clefeloteisieterofetaveloteisiete te WU AchyeSHoMUIMDsealelerisicleisietislereisersistelereteicietcistsisierevele Sheep sorrel....... Eisjeleeveheleteveharaaereteleteieretcieersie(cietet> Sorrel sdcocgopoovasbounodgcndnsneseognaDOONEOOOS Buckwheat NoleleketeloieornvereertcteteteterarelereloleloiersisteheYfeces ONEKONIVS coggagoodpaban0aboob0D0NOGD000E aleleieicterers GO OSELOOieiarercleleteetereraleroisieleloteletn\elelsicloleisieietetelelclclers Nettie leaved goosefoot..................2-+- Chis WiGGal toobobcosudonbosoonecadoopoDnoDeT SDE ChWie COiietemtetevetelareisteleilerclelsielelsvereteletolersistaletare ETP WiE CO epteleleileteieieiersieteleteleieieloisicleieielelsieteveretaieleteveretere IPULST ANC mariretectiicleocisieeteeicctasiieictecsisiacvrercerie SUMMITS AV OLY aol /apeisleloicleleiereisicielelelelesictetsiovorelaiets DOOVVALGIp AM GAIN. eieie~\s}oreleleleleisielelete olsieleloietelereiste RU C125] AIG AUT eyoleseiercvoloeleloretciovelovcietetelerelelevereretelate AGW TCG] am HVIME Ss -i = | 2 al = S S m a 5 # = 5S S S 3 g Z < | Zi a oy = a Lbs. | Lbs.| Lbs.| Lbs. | Lbs. | Bbls. |Bbls. 1|Watson’s Improved............. 1,600 | 48 | 96 | 112 80 | 101 5 | seo. ANU C OD ncrerasieiieeceiyacitet 1,200 56 80 102 100 88 6 3)Watson’s TM PTOVEd sens cniee ec sie 2 1,250 37 75 87 62 71 11 | AVHOME MIKE 3B... . cc ccc eee 1,000 34 70 92 125 724 7 | 5) Watson’s Improved............. 1,250 37 75 87 62 93 5% 6|Home mixed 3A .... ..........- 1,000 | 27 | so 102 100 83 QE 7|Watson’s Improved............. 1,250 37 75 87 62 87 3 BlHome mixed 2.) -seths.- Jaq) J2: 1,200 | 56 | 80 | 102 | 100 | 8&7 5 | 9|Watson’s Improved............ 1,250 37 75 87 62 90 43 1OHome WMT Xe ices. sieisiclo1sjsiore oi 1,000 34 70 92 125 89 4 11;)Watson’s Improved............. 1,250 37 75 87 62 99 4 ADHOme Mixed’ a vAl eon wees clelccieeers 1,600 27 | 80 102 100 99 4h 13|Watson’s Improved............- 1,250 37 75 87 62 106 5 The irregularities of the yields on the first 4 plots can be explained by the differences in the character of the soil. Com- paring the yields on the home mixed plots with the average of the commercial fertilizer plots either side of the home mixed plots the following results are obtained: Formula No. 2,87 barrels; Watson’s Improved, 87 barrels. Formula No. 3, 81 barrels; Watson’s Improved, 88 barrels. Formula No. 3A, 91 barrels; Watson’s Improved, 96 barrels. It will be noted that the results on the whole are again lower with home mixed goods than with the commercial fertilizer. The results are not consistent, however, with each other, and no conclusive interpretation of the results are apparent. It is planned to continue the comparisons another season. PoibeeE PEC) OF THE RATION ON THE VALUE OF THE MANURE. J. M. Bartyerr. In digestion experiments with steers, where both the feces and the urine were saved, potash and phosphoric acid determinations as well as nitrogen were made in order that the fertilizing value of the manure from the different rations could be compared. It will be noticed that no figures are given in the table on page 46 for the percentages of potash found in the urine. The determina- tions were made, but owing to a probable error in calculating the results from the dry to the fresh bases, which at this time can- not be corrected, they are omitted. Other experiments show that the potash of the food is practically all given off in the excretions, so the figures given for potash in the urine are obtained by subtracting the potash of the feces from the total amount taken in the food. Only traces of phosphoric acid were found in the urine. In the first experiment with hay alone, more nitrogen was found in the excretions than was taken in the food. This discrepancy was probably due to insufficient nitrogen in the ration to main- tain the animals and they lost flesh, excreting some body nitrogen. Therefore the feces from this ration relatively con- tains more nitrogen and value higher than they should, for it is evident that the animals could not continue for any length of time to give off more nitrogen than they received. The results are given in the tables which follow. The first table on page 46 gives the weights of food eaten and feces and urine excreted for each animal for the five day that the experiment occupied and the second table contains the per- centages of fertilizing ingredients in both food and excreta. The tables on page 47 contain the amount of fertilizing ingredients excreted by each animal and the total amount of fertilizing ingredients in the food, feces and urine, also the percentages excreted. 46 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1906. The total weight of food eaten, and feces and urine excreted by each steer for five days. £ 2 : > ne | & Grams. istthy Cho eadacaneduaneuescnouadoodeouee 1 18148 ELA WAR LON CY erereseiele aiersieversieielclelatalelaletsieleletreisie 2 18148 Hay and spring wheat bran......... il 15875 Hay and spring wheat bran.......... 2 15875 Hay and winter wheat bran.......... 1 15375 Hay and winter wheat bran.......... 2 15875 Hay and cottonseed meal............. 1 18143 Hay and cottonseed meal............. 2 18143 a Que S Fe Grams. || Grams. Hoanobooud 7159 co00d00000 7133 6804 8786 6804 8485 6804 8256 6804 8256 4536 850] 4536 8501 Percentage of fertilizing material in the food, feces and urine. o BR = : Nitrogen. Ss, a Ds a om B ue oy FooD % % % % 17 EN Gaocoonobauboode qngeadogeuooGodoosodopsedeonudde ONTO wal ceesebeterstete 0.33 1.49 Spormbives VPectty ME adgooobouaspadoddnode GudeDDbDaS BAG \Gda0coa0C0 3.19 1.79 Winteriwheati Dram yr sieresicisrictrecelsere clei clevereielejelar> ZeOS Ae llolsesteieteretete 2.86 1.46 Cottonseed sme alesis cytears slelclevele cients tcletelelolerete Wass Nooundodvod 3.10 1.94 FECES AND URINE. Feces Urine Feces. | Feces. ETS eM OME aa aytesereisietee sleistsionieieielsiciatees sie Steer 1 1.34 0.59 0.58 0.59 I Ch ONO Neha bsadseeneadoopadesbonnodsnbodon Steer 2 1.25 0.59 0.64 0.48 Hay and spring wheat bran............. Steer 1 1.47 0.97 2.83 1.69 Hay and spring wheat bran............. Steer 2 1.51 6.86 2.49 1.17 Hay and winter wheat bran ............ Steer 1 1.45 1.16 2.32 1.74 Hay and winter wheat bran ............ Steer 2 1.48 0.75 2.26 1.29 Hay and cottonseed...................... Steer 1 1.80 1.87 1.94 0.98 Hay and cottonseed...........-.....eeees Steer 2 1.81 1.48 1.57 1.04 NN a FIELD EXPERIMENTS. 47 Fertilizing elements excreted by each steer for five days. NITROGEN. © POTASH. eit (out eal ec ty gee Grams.| Grams.| Grams.| Grams. | Grams. lay POMC cca dcies one .....Steer 1 95.9 100.1 41.5 42.2 228.1 Rieny GUGMWG). GoduoobooonoADOONUS Steer 2 89.2 102.5 45.6 34.2 236.1 Hay and spring wheat bran, Steer 1 129.1 153.1 248.6 148.5 209.9 Hay and springwheat bran, Steer 2} 128.2 153.3 211.3 99.3 259.1 Hay and winter wheat bran, Steer 1 119.7 129.1 191.5 143.7 192.2 Hay and winter wheat bran, Steer 2 122.2 126.9 186.6 106.5 229.4 Hay and cottonseed meal...Steer 1 153.0 261.3 164.9 83.3 275.0 Hay and cottonseed meal...Steer 2 154.6 246.5 134.1 88.8 269.5 Fertilizing elements in food and the average amount excreted for each experiment. Five days. AMOUNT IN AMOUNT PER CENT Foon. EXCRETED. EXCRETED. : ie} 5 ro ce (=| lal gq = [=| -_ oO . (2) . (2) aA a z| % a Es 20 a One lipany itl ares all mun lauren |i exe tao Ian tal fo) < Fa S) = fal ° = fe o} “a a fo) = =| Z oy Oy Zi fu oy A Ay Gms.\/Gms./Gms./Gms./Gms./@ms.| % % lsiehy HIOMOs4oqndoudn0nbonapaddadcaoddoe 143.3) 59.9} 270.3] 193.9] 43.6] 270.3} 1385.3} 71.8 Hay and spring wheat bran......... 306.4) 269.6) 358.4) 276.4) 229.2) 358.4) 89.2) 85.3 HayjZand winter wheat bran......... 300.9) 248.3] 335.9} 254.0) 189.1) 335.9) 84.4) 77. Hay and cottonseed meal, 8 to 2....| 482.6] 200.5) 358.3) 407.7| 149.5) 358.3) 84.7) 74.6 In the table that follows there are given the values of the fertilizing constituents of the total excreta in each experiment and of the resulting manure from 100 pounds of each feed, provided both the solid and liquid excreta are saved. In the calculations the values for the same materials assumed for com- mercial fertilizers in 1904 are used. 48 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1906. The money value of the fertilizing elements excreted for each experiment. 5 = 2 (2 | 30 2. a is S Ds es 3 t= os aad od a 2D o ° Z he oy = Cents. | Cents. | Cents. | Cents. WEL ay aloes oes aU eek lac wate a me 5.36 .39 2.98 8.63 Hay and spring wheat bran ..............-..000- 10.40 2.08 3.95 16.38 Hay and winter wheat bran ...../...........+66- 9.52 1.67 3.70 14.89 Hay, AndicGOtbOnSeed: MICA aie ecrcisicr-lc eto si eielele ele 7 15.30 1.32 3.95 20.57 HMI EL INR Goh oosmdosaoadounouncosoodadsaddpoccaooac 13.50 98 7.45 21.93 LOO DS SPLIN Swe Ah DAM se ieleiclerclieincleclecieiceieiele = 37.80 11.91 8.93 58.64 100 lbs. winter wheat bran ............-...2-.s006 31.90 8.85 7.27 48.02 LOO Ibs COttonseed MEA oy. iccie ee weicleiseleieie viele 99.40 9.30 9.60 118.30 The figures given in the above tables furnish results which are instructive and may be of considerable value to the farmer. In feeding animals or buying feeds, one is very likely to consider only the feeding or flesh forming value of the feeds, not taking into consideration their effect on the value of the manure pro- duced. When more manure is needed than can be made and the supply has to be frequently supplemented with commercial fertilizers, the purchase of high priced feeds rich in fertilizing material is oftentimes the most economical on account of the increased value of the manure they make. In the preceding table it will be seen that for every 100 pounds of cottonseed meal fed, about $1.18 worth of fertilizing material was given off in the excreta when everything is saved. Another important fact can be learned from the table on page 47 which shows the amount of fertilizing elements in both the solid and liquid excrements. It will be noticed that the larger part of the nitrogen, the most expensive element, and potash are given off in the urine, hence the importance of saving all of this most valuable part of the manure. Not only are other elements found in large quantities in the liquid, but they are in much more available form than in the solid. FERTILIZER INSPECTION. Cuas. D. Woops, Director. J. M. Barrierr, Chemist in Charge of Fertilizer Analysis. The law regulating the sale of commercial fertilizers in this State calls for two bulletins each year. The first of these con- tains the analyses of the samples received from the manufac- turer, guaranteed to represent, within reasonable limits, the goods to be placed upon the market later. The second bulletin contains the analyses of the samples collected in the open market by a representative of the Station. In the tables which follow the discussion there are given the results of the analyses of the manufacturers’ samples of licensed brands. The tables include all the brands which have been licensed to February 1, 1906. Dealers are cautioned against handling any brands not given in this list without first writing the Station. The figures which are given as the percentages of valuable ingredients guaranteed by the manufacturers are the minimum percentages of the guarantee. If, for instance, the guarantee is 2 to 3 per cent of nitrogen, it is evident that the dealer cannot be held to have agreed to furnish more than 2 per cent, and so this percentage is taken as actual guarantee. The figures under the head of “found” are those showing the actual composition of the samples. The chief use of fertilizers is to supply plant-food. It is good farming to make the most of the natural resources of the soil and of the manures produced on the farm, and to depend upon artificial fertilizers only to furnish what more is needed. It is not good economy to pay high prices for materials which the soil may itself yield, but it is good economy to supply the lack- ing ones in the cheapest way. The rule in the purchase of costly commercial fertilizers should be to select those that supply, in the best forms and at the lowest cost, the plant-food which the crop needs and the soil fails to furnish. Plants differ widely with respect to their capacities for gath- ering their food from soil and air; hence the proper fertilizer in a given case depends upon the crop as well as upon the soil. 5 50 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1906. The fertility of the soil would remain practically unchanged if all the ingredients removed in the various farm products were restored to the land. This may be accomplished by feeding the crops grown on the farm to animals, carefully saving the manure and returning it to the soil. If it is practicable to pursue a system of stock feeding in which those products of the farm which are comparatively poor in fertilizing constituents are exchanged in the market for feeding stuffs of high fertilizing value, the loss of soil fertility may be reduced to a minimum, or there may be an actual gain in fertility. CONSTITUENTS OF FERTILIZERS.* The only ingredients of plant-food which we ordinarily need to consider in fertilizers are potash, lime, sulphuric acid, phos- phoric acid, and nitrogen. The available supply of sulphuric acid and lime is often insufficient ; hence one reason for the good effect so often observed from the application of lime, and of plaster, which is a compound of lime and sulphuric acid. The remaining substances, nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash, are the most important ingredients of our common commercial fer- tilizers, both because of their scarcity in the soil and their high cost. It is in supplying these that phosphates, bone manures, potash salts, guano, nitrate of soda, and most other commercial fertilizers are chiefly useful. The term “form” as applied to a fertilizing constituent has reference to its combination or association with other constit- uents which may be useful, though not necessarily so. The form of the constituent, too, has an important bearing upon its availability, and hence upon its usefulness as plant food. Many materials containing the essential elements are practically worth- less as sources of plant food because the form is not right; the plants are unable to extract them from their combinations ; they are “unavailable.” In many of these materials the forms may be changed by proper treatment, in which case they become val- uable not because the element itself is changed, but because it then exists in such form as readily to feed the plant. Nitrogen is the most expensive of the three essential fertiliz- ing elements. It exists in three different forms, organic nitro- gen, ammonia and nitrate. * Warmers’ Bulletin 44 of the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, ‘‘Commercial Fertilizers, Composition and Use,” can be had free by applying to your Congressman. FERTILIZER INSPECTION. 51 Organic nitrogen exists in combination with others elements either as vegetable or animal matter. All materials containing organic nitrogen are valuable in proportion to their rapidity of decay, because change of form must take place before the nitro- gen can serve as food. Organic nitrogen differs in availability not only according to the kind of material which supplies it, but according to the treatment it receives. The nitrogen in the tables of analyses marked “insoluble in water” is organic nitro- gen. Nitrogen as ammonia usually exists in commercial manures in the form of sulphate of ammonia and is more readily available than organic nitrogen. While nitrogen in the form of ammonia is extremely soluble in water, it is not readily removed from the soil by leaching, as it is held by the organic compounds of the soil. Nitrogen -as nitrate exists in commercial products chiefly as nitrate of soda. Nitrogen in this form is directly and imme- diately available, no further changes being necessary. It is completely soluble in water, and diffuses readily throughout the soil. It differs from the ammonia compounds in forming no insoluble compounds with soil constituents and may be lost by leaching. The “nitrogen soluble in water” of the tables includes both the nitrogen as ammonia and as nitrate. Phosphoric acid is derived from materials called phosphates, in which it may exist in combination with lime, iron, or alumina as phosphates of lime, iron or alumina. Phosphate of lime is the form most largely used as a source of phosphoric acid. Phosphoric acid occurs in fertilizers in three forms: That solu- ble in water and readily taken up by plants; that insoluble in water, but still readily used by plants, also known as “reverted ;” and that soluble only in strong acids and consequently very slowly used by the plant. The “soluble” and “reverted ” together constitute the “available” phosphoric acid. The phos- phoric acid in natural or untreated phosphates is insoluble in water, and not readily available to plants. If it is combined with organic substance, as in animal bone, the rate of decay is more rapid than if with purely mineral substances. The insol- uble phosphates may be converted into soluble forms by treat- ment with strong acids. Such products are known as acid phosphates or superphosphates. The “insoluble phosphoric acid” of a high cost commercial fertilizer has little or no value to 52 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1900. the purchaser because at the usual rate of application the quan- tity is too small to have any perceptible effect upon the crop, and because its presence in the fertilizer excludes an equal amount of more needful and valuable constituents. Potash in commercial fertilizers exists chiefly as muriates and sulphates. With potash the form does not exert so great an influence upon availability as is the case with nitrogen and phos- phoric acid. All forms are freely soluble in water, and are believed to be nearly if not quite equally available as food. The form of the potash has an important influence upon the quality of certain crops. For example, the results of experiments seem to indicate that the quality of tobacco, potatoes, and certain other crops is unfavorably influenced by the use of muriate of potash, while the same crops show a superior quality if mate- rials free from chlorides have been used as the source of potash. VALUATION OF FERTILIZERS. The agricultural value of any fertilizing constituent is measured by the value of the increase of the crop produced by its use, and is, of course, a variable factor, depending upon the availability of the constituent, and the value of the crop produced. The form of the materials used must be carefully considered in the use of manures. Slow-acting materials cannot be expected to give profitable returns upon quick growing crops, nor expensive materials profitable returns when used for crops of relatively low value. The agricultural value is distinct from what is termed “com- mercial value,” or cost in market. This value is determined by market and trade conditions, as cost of production of the crude material, methods of manipulation required, etc. Since there is no strict relation between agricultural and commercial or market value, it may happen that an element in its most availa- able form, and under ordinary conditions of high agricultural value, costs less in market than the same element in less avail- able forms and of a lower agricultural value. The commercial value has reference to the material as an article of commerce, hence commercial ratings of various fertilizers have reference to their relative cost and are used largely as a means by which the different materials may be compared. The commercial valuation of a fertilizer consists in calculating the retail trade-value or cash-cost at freight centers (in raw , ' FERTILIZER INSPECTION. 53 material of good quality) of an amount of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash equal to that contained in one ton of the fer- tilizer. Plaster, lime, stable manure and nearly all of the less expensive fertilizers have variable prices, which bear no close relation to their chemical composition, but guanos, superphos- phates, and similar articles, for which $20 to $45 per ton are paid, depend for their trade value exclusively on the sub- stances, nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash, which are com- paratively costly and steady in price. The trade-value per pound of these ingredients is reckoned from the current market prices of the standard articles which furnish them to commerce. The consumer, in estimating the reasonable price to pay for high-grade fertilizers, should add to the trade-value of the above-named ingredients a suitable margin for the expenses of manufacture, etc., and for the convenience or other advantage incidental to their use. TRADE VALUES OF FERTILIZING INGREDIENTS. Cents per pound INTROS ha OS Creer I Meter oe en enna 07/ MIMD TAT OTA SALES Ns cyita Seales specie omen oeeedel = 17 Organic nitrogen in dry and fine ground fish, meat and blood, and in mixed fertilizers. . 18% inne: boneyand\tankacen nse eEi 18 in coarse bone and tankage....... 13 PMoOspaomeracids water-soluble jycuse aye sey users ae 4% Glirate-SOl til eens renaeiesctsReee alte 4 of fine ground bone and tankage.... 4 of coarse bone and tankage........ 3 of cotten seed meal, castor pomace, aT) ASHES / ODS ae neo ooo Aan Dee ees HON SCO COO HHH CoM HUES See armas Faeceee Sas Ses Pomc Se ase Owe AnD ORE onrF HOO ES fe DO i=erer} ee eeee soeeee Total. Guaranteed. coe ro Go Go wo S oe paw ore pos C2 et — to) oot nore ows lores AS} Od] neo Mors bo OD Go ml — S iy) bo bo OO bo bho Coe bo Lo) mee bo bobo b- 9 et won ecce eel eeeece weceeeleosece Soluble. Sro1o1r forlorn KS) | ooo I ot seers olen Se=0 mneine ica) ou Por WORD ASW aN S for) ples, 1906. PHOSPHORIC ACID. POTASH. Available.| Total. aay J og 3 : 3 ® o 3 eile i ar tie TaN Sie tess aI ie H 5 eo oS GS a U2} S o 6 ‘=| H q ra) =| H > 5 5 3 5S a 5 3 o q (e) {=| [o} f=} (e) =] eH RN wtp IP ids Ie feet tds a | & % % % % % % % % 3.20 9.00] 6.28] 6.00] 8.28|...... 10.04| 16.00 2.21] 2.83] 6.52| 7.00] 9.35|...... 7.60| 7.00 4.18] 3.64} 9.52) 11.00] 13.16] 12.00|| 2.49] 2.00 2.08] 2.721 7.57| 8.00] 10.29| 9.001] 6.52] 7.00 3.19| 2.44] 6.78| 6.00] 9.22] 7.00|| 11.20 10.00 2.55| 2.56] 9.60 8.00 11.16] 10.00|| 2.01) 1.50 2.35] 1.55} 8.28] §8.00| 9.83] 10.00]! 2.32! 2.00 3.15] 1.38] 8.56| 7.00| 9.94| 8.00|| 1.49! 1.00 1.89] 2.67| 7.74| 8.00] 10.41| 10.00|| 3.13) 3.00 0.79| 2.48] 6.21] 6.00/ 8.69] 8.0u|| 4.96] 5.00 9.54] 3.25} 9.16] 9.00] 12.41| 11.00|| 2.34| 2.00 2.39| 3.59| 9.06/ 9.00 12.65) 11.00|| 2.34| 2.00 2.39] 3.32] 7.81| 8.00] 11.13] 10.00|| 1.85| 1.50 2.80] 2.42] 8.73] 8.00| 11.15| 10.00|| 2.57! 2.00 2.74 1.48| 7.98| 7.00/ 9.46] 8.00|| 1.59] 1.00 3.01 1.96, 8.21] 8.00) 10.17| 9.00)| 7.43! 7.00 2.67| 1.47| 8.38] 8.00] 9.85] 10.00|| 2.12! 2.00 1.98| 2.74] 7.90} 8.00] 10.64] 10.00|| 3.30] 3.00 3.03| 3.49] 6.99] 6.00| 10.48] 8.00|] 5.59/ 5.¢0 2.87| 2.60] 8.37| 8.00] 10.97| 10.00|| 2.30) 2.00 2.11] 2.69] 7.74] x.00| 10.43| 9.00|| 6.74! 7.00 1.74| 2.73] 7.80| 8.00] 10.53| 10.00|| 3.17| 3.00 2.89] 1.27] 8.68] 8.00] 9.95] 10.00|| 2.20| 2.00 2.35| 2.62} 9.52/ 8.00| 12.14] 10.00|| 2.03) 1.50 1.95] 2.07} 6.26] 6.00| 8.33| 7.00|| 9.55] 10.00 3.33| 2.03] 8.50| 8.00] 10.53|...... 6.61] 6.00 3.65| 3.87| 8.17| 8.00] 12.04|...... 2.26] 1.50 4.28] 1.79] 11.82] 11.00] 13.61|...... 2.03) 2.00 2.411 2.50/ 8.28] 8.00] 10.78I...... 7.411 7.00 3.70) 2.47] 8.52| 8.00] 10.99|...... 2.12] 2.00 2.07| 2.68} 8.05] 8.00] 10.73]...... 3.34| 3.00 3.29| 2.34] 7.13] 6.00] 9.47|...... 10.80] 10.00 3.00] 2.49] 9.22] 8.00] 11.71) 10.00|| 2.28] 2.00 4.17| 2.33] 10.30] 8.00] 12:63] 10.00|| 3.38| 3.00 2.98| 2.53] 8.40] 8.00] 10.93] 10.00|| 2.53/ 2.00 2.56] 3.18] 7.86] 8.00] 11.04] 10.00|| 1.89| 1.50 1.90] 2.48} 6.88] 7.00] 9.36] 8.00|] 7.16] 7.00 Hsia ail ST SO (A lg 25.31| 22.80||......|-.06 5.16| 0.97} 7.69] 5.00| 8.66] 6.00|| 3.56] 2.00 2.42| 3.05] 7.59] 8.00] 10.64|...... 4.73] 4.00 6.88| 4.08] 10.99] 11.00] 15.07|...... 2.15] 2.00 3.25| 1.86] 8.12| 6.00] 9.98|...... 10.64] 10.00 4.60| 2.35} 9.62] 8.00] 11.9s...... 2.26] 1.50 2.31| 2.76] 8.23] 8.00] 10.99|...... 3.37| 3.00 2.27| 2.56] 8.14] 8.00] 10.70|...... 7.57| 7.00 56 Station number. 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 1060 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067 1068 1069 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1086 1087 1088 1089 1090 1091 1092 1093 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1906. Descriptive List of Manufacturers’ Samples, 1906. Manufacturer, place of business and brand. High(Grade) Mertilizer swath 107% Potashee-r-tn.--6--0-1-/-n see eee eee eee EEeeriee High Grade!Sulpiiatelof Potashinesecnecnn ccc ce: deine cni-ceisee ie eee oeee eee tee mee rine Ss LazarettorvAroostook Potato Guanomnensecceeee cece ence cen eee eee EEE Eee EEErens WaZaretto|COrn: Guano eo isiye cee seit sine aeerla ese ale sia sisisiote ote eee EEE EEE Mazaretto Hip h Grade) Potato Manuress accesses. scinmee cence eee een eeneren WazarettohropelleriPotato GuanOmeen cece dee eee ee Lee eee EEE EEE EEerre Lazaretto Special Potato Manure MuriateloffPotashia.cescneescceeces NIGTATCTOL SOG vee cists cis's oieiers 0/0 dle sie wisislaicle pore sisitis diclelalureysiveiersinee eels dee e OE CRC EOE EEE ObFis? Potato Mert Zend: .. 30. «ni oe ieee eects Packer:siUmMiON High Grade wariccslecieiccisetciesiesiclste eleleienlereis -eiieens eee eee CEE re Blan Sup Sr phosphate jartarrojeyets/-leieieteiels/clejei-\vieleleleleleolsieloteliavsiasaca\-/el-lsieisiet-l at eee eee eee Quinnipise Climax Phosphate forall Crops <0. 5-cc as-is eee Eee eee Quinwipiae CornyMiamMunre yer sereacisisieeieelcleleleliiois/ ileal vetraroieiekesielelpete ioe Tae erosion Quinnipiac MarketiGard en Manure eject cleoieicieiciole eee = leo eine eee eee Loe Quinnipiac MohawkyWertlizer..ccscisi\ccilcimecice lacie elena eee eee ErEre Quinnipiac PotatomMlanure eee. sow cclscileelieeeieeitaciis cic alee ae eee eRe EEE Ere Quinnipiac Rotato PE Mos PHate carers ii ciieleleileleleteleiei+ sielelol-'s)s (slelel-iel ol eiee eeie eeeeeetee Rexedyssarmenrsshriendetrersiccisctecctecncietccertect eres viete|eje'a/elelere eysterste see eee ore Reads POtato Manure: jererscisisiererelielssteletoialellereieiakelolelersieloisie okie dele sisiel ee eee eee Reads Practical Potato Specialise sill) piehilcieiciet eee ee eee ee Reads Standard SUperpnospwy ace dcr ciecleiclacisiceiie 1yaictcieinleteleisielstelciistatat che loleel terete ere Readis Sure Catch Mertiliz ere.) jayercicesersiaiclcleasieimjelersvelaye + ielsielaleitel-larhateiever steer Readismviezetableand Wane Mertilizers-i. i celee «sells slo cistelelelersleiclorareioeree eee eee SOlwblepexCi ni GiGuanOpocreciesieciliiiiecleis clone Slofehti/a Mtaja cle tities /ercielelein eye ncaa Ree are ae eee Standard A Brand...... ... oh bis vevnie.eia'e is topateis love evo rele tere tenons ncBeiie i coieketeyel 1 he an eee eee Standards BonerandPOta seis ccc ce weiss tactelaaiel hove seeee olotols hele oicte etc leaner aert ee tees Stan dara Mertilizersaccecttaeiciels stare criciveisetotereleiekerekelelote aneteleolatelese/eieieveloteiers tin icneteite eae eetenere Standard Guano tor ali Crops; josoee sce ciicieic -lasiseieiiciclerskelelelelistleekisie elo emetaeete Standard Special for POLALOCS cee con alelelsins-telerelolelelololelelolsieleleter-latele) siclale aier ieee teeters Williams and Clark’s Americus Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate........... Williams and Clark’s Americus Corn Phosphate...............-.+- Sie «| 61s) «[sle)meretsis Williams and Clark’s Americus High Grade SpeCial......ccecscceecereececeeseee FERTILIZER INSPECTION. 57 Analyses of M anufacturers’ Samples, 1906. Station number. NITROGEN. PHOSPHORIC ACID. POTASH. Total. Available. Total. q = Cann y= ioe DLO TN = ng om ~ ~ ~ Se } 2 | s Fs 5 Fs ees ia lo le ye |e le la | a lls ia Fates | lssiea oS 3 5 H =I bo) 3 or} a us) 3 25/55 q re a 3) ra rs | H = HH =| pomereiSiiale|/Ss\si/8)/8)se isis [o) - emer | cor iivox (pean | Sle | oe om | eo len I GS % % % % % % % % % % % 1.50) 1.03 -53} 2.40}| 5.82) 1.76) 2.63) 7.58) 6.00) 10.21) 7.00)| 10.44) 10.00 ocecoclleonsbolloogacsllsabsaulllodooballoosdoalldobasolleasacallsogannlloacoosllanconc 49.80) 48.00 0.19] 0.78) 0.97) 0.82]} 5.69) 3.36) 2.11] 9.05} 6.00) 11.16]...... 4.57| 4.00 0.95} 1.02) 1.97} 1.64!| 4.47) 3.20) 2.74] 7.67) 8.00} 10.41]...... 2.53] 2.00 1-21) 1.82) 3.03) 3:29)) 4.00) 1.96) 2.27) 5.90} 6.00) 8.17)...... 10.60} 10.00 0.70} 1.30) 2.00) 2.06]} 5.69) 2.56) 2.88) 8.25] 8.00) 11.13]...... 6.52) 6.00 1.69) 1.56) 3.25) 3.29]| 5.85] 2.27] 2.55] 8.12] 8.00) 10.67)...... 7.70| 7.00 souoos|loobuccllagasadlloudocalllbGooacllacdosadllegganallodooaallcodoonl\unoood||l-onacs 49.63) 50.00 MW pada Ital P4 Dict Gooocn|loododullasoussllosedoulladuc sallcndoodlloopadalllldasdsollaunsoc 1.74 2.32) 2.06]| 5.74) 2.28] 2.46) §.02] 8.00] 10.48) 10.00}} 3.05) 3.00 0.37} 0.78) 1.15} 1.03]| 5.95) 2.03] 2.83} 7.98! 8.00] 10.81] 10.00/} 2.01} 2.00 0.68) 1.38) 2.06; 2.06/| 6.94) 2.92) 2.43) 9.86] 8.00] 12.29) 10.00|| 2.16} 1.50 Jovoosllosscadtlocodcullogucoa 5.98} 4.81) 1.91] 10.79} 10.00) 12.70) 11.00|| 2.43] 2.00 0.42) 0.64) 1.06) 0.82)| 5.46) 3.01] 1.43] 8.47] 7.00] 9.90} 8.00|} 2.99) 1.00 2.13} 1.41) 3.54) 3.30); 5.15) 2.92) 2.14] 8.07) 8.00] 10.21] 9.00)! 7.18) 7.00 0.45} 0.80) 1.25] 1.03!) 5.53} 2.31) 2.73] 7.84] 8.00) 10.57] 10.00}| 2.14] 2.00 0.76} 1.34) 2.10) 2.06]! 5.69} 4.27] 2.70] 9.96] 8.00] 12.66] 10.00]; 3.15) 3.00 0.31} 2.10). 2.41] 2.47|| 5.64] 3.22] 3.46] 8.86] 9.00] 12.32)...... 1.91} 2.00 0.26] 1.47} 1.68) 1.25)| 4.65] 2.55) 2.15] 7.20] 6.00] 9.35]...... 3.59} 3.00 1.38] 1.16] 2.54] 2.47/| 5.58] 0.47! 2.06] 6.05! 6.00] 8.1JI...... 10.99) 10.00 1.75) 1.56) 3.31, 3.29|| 5.85) 2.41] 92.55! 8.26] 8.00] 10.81)...... 7.53| 7.00 0.96) 1.10} 2.06) 2.06!) 4.85) 3.16] 1.85]. 8.01] 8.00] 9.86]...... 6.54) 6.00 0.25) 0.96] 1.21) 0.82}| 6.05) 3.22! 1.46] 9.27] 8.00] 10.73)...... 5.04} 4.00 sna allooocsallscogdalloooscel|llcodsoallsesous 1.20) 10.92) 11.00) 12.12)...... 2.39} 2.00 cdaddellocoodallaosooc|lsudaas 10.21} 3.91] 1.30} 14.12] 14.00] 15.42] 15.00]||......}.....- 0.39} 1.06} 1.45) 1.03]/ 5.10) 8.54) 1.63] 8.64! 8.00] 10.27] 10.00|| 2.91) 2.00 0.67} 1.38] 2.05) 2.06]| 6.69) 2.63] 2.41] 9.32] 8.00] 11.73] 10.00|| 1.95) 1.50 2.19} 1.38) 3.58) 3.30]| 4.23) 4.67] 1.47} 8.90] 8 00} 10.37] 9.00}| 7.57; 7.00 0.03} 0.83) 0.86) 0.82}]| 2.60) 4.87] 3.86] 7.47] 7.00] 11.33] 8.00|| 1.58] 1.00 1.03) 1.50) 2.53) 2.50|| 2.55) 4.03} 3.06] 6.58] 6.00) 9.64] 8.00/| 5.15} 5.00 0.74; 1.30) 2.04) 2.06|| 5.61) 4.71) 2.36] 10.32] 8.00] 12.68] 10.00]| 3.34! 3.00 1.57; 0.62) 2.19) 2.06] 5.84! 2.08} 2.59] 7.92] 8.00) 10.51] 10.00|| 3.11} 3.00 2.23} 1.48] 3.71) 3.30/| 8.96) 2.13) 2.08] 6.09} 6.00] 8.17] 7.00|| 9.59) 10.00 0.42) 2.28) 2.70) 2.40)/ 4.59} 1.89} 1.25| 6.48] 6.00) 7.73] 7.00}| 10.94| 10.00 0.42} 0.74) 1.16} 0.82 1.64; 2.56) 1.99} 4.20) 4.00} 6.19) 5.00/} 8.03) 8.00 0.10) 0.94; 1.04) 0.82]! 5.87) 2.89} 2.23} 8.76) 8.00) 10.99] 10.00] 4.81} 4.00 coonsallaobeddl SBboeS onto 5.42) 3.90} 3.09) 9.32) 10.00) 12.41] 11.00|} 2.59) 2.00 0.32} 1.80) 2.12) 2.06!) 5.94) 2.25) 1.38] 8.29) 8.00! 9.67] 10.00} 6.35) 6.00 1.58} 0.80} 2.38} 2.06}! 5.18} 2.81] 3.01] 8.09} 8.00) 11.10] 10.00 1.89) 1.50 0.31; 0.90) 1.21) 0.82]} 3.64) 4.10) 2.08] 7.74) 7.00] 9.82 8.00 1.56} 1.00 sSo0eellhoos Balloaga validoadas 7.66} 2.60} 1.96] 10.26] 10.00) 12.22) 11.60/| 2.08} 2.00 2.40} 0.90) 3.30) 38.30)| 7.02} 1.99} 1.04) 8.81] 8.00} 9.85) 9.00|| 7.56} 7.00 1.60) 0.78] 2.38] 2.06]| 5.14) 2.41) 3.36] 7.55] 8.00) 10.91] 10.00|| 1.7 1.50 0.37) 0.70) 1.07] 1.03]| 5.31) 3.03] 1.44} 8.34] §.00| 9.74] 10.00]| 2.10} 2.00 1.68} 0.62) 2.30} 2.06]} 5.52) 2.22) 2.45) 8.04} 8.00) 10.49] 10.00|) 3.17) 3.00 } 1.40} 1.35) 2.75} 2.50)) 5.52} 2.65] 3.44) 8.17] 9.00] 11.61/ 11.00|| 2.78] 2.00 1.35) 0.76) 2.11) 2.06|| 5.58} 2.78] 3.04) 8.36] 8.00) 11.40] 10.00} 1.99) 1.50 2.36) 1.33) 3.69} 3.30]| 5.57) 2.56) 2.48) 8.13] 8.00) 10.61 9.00) 6.54} 7.00 ee MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1906. Descriptive List of Manufacturers’ Samples, 1906. Station number. Manufacturer, place of business and brand. 1137 1138 1141 BES SRS See oo Williams and Clark’s Americus Potato Manure.............seceecscceccncetesases Williams and Clark’s Royal Bone Phosphate for all Crops ...........sseeeeeerees ARMOUR FERTILIZER WORKS, BALTIMORE, MD. SPATE OLienbo le crepes steteieretoresciescietaterstermreletme otele ehetel siete oiereire eleis/eareie/ahelainimveielateleseate tate lore tse tetel cteareteie reste Bones | BlOOG | And! POtas hire. cceie clase ies tele orale aloiele wrote cieveleiaie olstelele re ciclo otoeete ee eter eee rer ree GPA (GLO WET a ielors csclere cise sisloorein we coieiele:ciopteterslors etelaje ares tleveve elelslaleieiele/ eee Dee epee ntetaebmetererere SQ EbighiGradeBOtato se. ci). cicierejelteieie cles veleteiate e etevbsote la o/orstels:cielalstelats tie of meoneie Per Teen totes earateterotelats Wiheat, (Cormvand i Oatercern icici rciie ce cnerhon ive ctelitere ereievenletatcrctellelele (olan letetetelstetetatetn ie tom atnereiate ists BOW KER FERTILIZER CO., BOSTON, MASS. Bowker’s) Boney BlOOd and BOtasheey cows selects eicleieletlolelcterelsrelevereetetere atte tate peterelaeteteteraters Bowlkcer?s) Bone andsPotash Square Bras ci-j0)oi2j21-\01\clasieisjose o oleleloveiiebelotichetsleleiotestalsls 3| BOWACET2S: COTM EHOSPNATE sel jajoe ceisiereic ore cleiercleleels elaleicielers ctareeleiel de Iniciar tele ee ene ietteretete Bowker’s'Harly LOtaboyManUTers «sicciececle cieles jeloicis(olele cieiseinl) welelelolelolchafersralstetatetatels dod Bowker’s Farm and Garden Phosphate .. BOWKER S)HTe ShiG round SON Cec crontctectorsiere clei relete eiateteebaee ete ete ele enemies Bowker?s Hl andeD rillsP NOs phate res caer 3 2 i) : ; ® 2 : = ? = ; z ect ers a a e 3 rd 8 3 B 3c 4 = OD q H ) Va =| a =| a =| a On] 5 e 2) > a 5 a 5 a 5 a ae| o 5 S ® a © 5 2) ra} S) =} ee] oO nN (oa fa Cy iG) fy iG) fy Oo % % % % % % % % % % % 0.60} 2.28) 2.06 6.17} 2.02} 2.48} 8.19] 8.00) 10.67) 10.00|} 3.28) 3.00 OFS2 lei ele Os: 5.47| 3.14) 2.55] 8.61] 8.00) 11.16} 10.00 2.59) 2.00 1.80] 3.20) 2.88 5.61} 1.95} 1.82] 7.56] 8.00) 9.38) 10.00 3.88] 4.00 MPA Cebay Z iil 6.67} 1.47] 1.01} 8.24] 8.00] 9.25) 10.00 5.40] 7.00 0.72 1.66} 1.65 5.61) 2.35) 1.26) 7.96) 8.00) 9.22) 10.00 2.51] 2.00 Wea) VANS AL eas 6.97) 1.36] 1.34) 8.33) 8.00) 9.67) 10.00 9.84} 10.00 0.60! 0.82} 0.82 5.04) 2.24) 2.02) 7.28) 7.00) 9:30) 9.00 1.24} 1.00 1.75} -3.36) 4.10 3.27) 4.83) 2.11} 8.10} 8.00) 10.21} 10.00]| 6.77) 7.00 0.81) 1.84) 1.65 1.04] 3.68) 7.10) 4.72) 6.00] 11.82) 7.00 2.34) 2.00 V4) W54\) 165 2.27) 5.90} 2.19) 8.17) 8.00] 10.36) 9.00 2.52) 2.00 1.95) 3.14) 3.29 3.01| 3.49) 2.23) 7.06) 7.00} 9.29) 8.00 ficsel) ou) 1.16) 1.68} 1.65]) 2.20) 6.62) 2.50) 8.92) 8.00} 11.42} 9.00 2.80} 2.00 DOGO | (BZA TIlE svetsiere l\Walevereve||(olerehorstall is mcaeniel lise eeetare TOLO9S T8200 |e 2 cecil sceece 1.73) 2.44) 2.47 3.27) 5.48) 2.76) 8.75) 9.00) 11.51) 10.00 2.16; 2.00 0.79) 2.38) 2.47 5.55) 2.12) 1.34) 7.67) 6.00} 9.01) 7.00 9.85) 10.00 vandob 0.90} 0.82 3.05) 1.93} 3.03) 4.98} 6.00} 8.01} 7.00 2.10} 2.00 0.74) 0.921 0.82 1.69] 6.43) 2.15] 8.12] 8.00; 10.27) 9.00]| 3.37) 3.00 U7 Bi) BBY ely 7.26] 2.32) 0.83] 9.58! 8.00] 10.41) 10.00 4.30) 4.00 1.18} 1.48] 1.65)) 2.28) 6.79) 2.31) 9.07) 9.00) 11.38] 10.00]} 2.32] 2.00 0.65) 1.00) 0.82 1.59] 4.82) 3.05) 6.21] 6.00} 9.26) 7.00 6.48} 6.00 Bratetarereit siete cletel|taveta ees 4.39) 5.30) 1.71; 9.69] 10.00} 11.40} 11.00}} 2.84) 2.00 0.72) 1.07) 0.82}| 4.93) 38.50) 2.42) 8.43) 9.00] 10.88! 10.00]| 2.37) 2.00 0.69) 0.86) 0.82 1.29] 3.92} 1.99] 5.21) 5.00} 7.20) 6.00}| 10.34} 10.00 1.09) 2.24) 2.50 5.34] 2.80} 1.67) 8.14} 8.00} 9.81] 12.00 4.17} 4.00 at sistarel liwteevavens USMisogcoclodoossllauooouiiocoowol! 1 CoON eadacoll ec Mesdssal! IPLO) 1.40! 3.33] 3.29]| 7.89) 2.30! 0.91! 10.19! 10.00} 11.10! 11.00 7.39! 7.00 1.88} 5.06} 4.94) 3.01} 2.69) 2.26) 5.70} 4.00) 7.96) 6.00}} 6.11) 6.00 1.88] 3.20) 3.29|| 2.57) 8.54) 2.27) 6.11) 6.00) 8.38} 7.00}| 10.34] 10.00 1.59) 2.38) 2.47 2.97) 2.88) 4.24) 5.85) 6.00) 10.09) 9.00)| 10.04} 10.00 0.62) 1.88) 1.65|)} 7.34) 1.19) 2.71) 8.53) 8.00} 11.24) 10.00}| 4.7 4.00 0.74; 1.34) 1.23)| 7.29) 2.77) 2.53! 9.46) 8.50) 12.01) 10.50}| 2.98) 2.50 0.80} 1.34) 1.23]) 6.30) 2.16] 2.49) 9.46) 8.50} 11.95) 10.50]| 3.08) 2.50 0.96) 2.41) 2.47)) 6 03) 1.97) 2.22) 8.00} 7.00} 10.22} 9.00)! 9.35} 8.00 0.73) 0.80) 0.80|} 6.73) 2.57) 2.81) 9.30) 8.50) 12.11]...... 2.28) 1.50 1.06} 2.08) 1.85|} 6.76) 2.26) 2.30) 9.02} 9.00) 11.32) 11.00 3.09} 2.25 0.92] 2.60) 2.40)) 7.15) 1.53} 2.76] 8.68} 8.00] 11.44! 10.00]} 6.48} 6.00 0.70} 1.33] 0.80|) 7.15) 2.42) 2.60} 9.57) 7.50} 12.17) 9.00]| 3.11) 3.00 0.66] 1.03) 0.80]} 6.09} 2.36} 2.78} 8.45] 7.50} 11.28} 9.00)| 3.28} 3.00 Slabatote arf etaverateys]| ole veterere 6.64] 3.96) 3.06) 10.55) 10.50) 18.61) 12.00}; 2.59) 2.00 1.07) 3.37) 3.30]| 7.59) 2.14) 1.77) 9.73) 9.00) 11.50} 10.00|| 6.74) 6.00 0.56} 1.19} 1.20]) 6.03) 2.50} 2.70) 8.53] 8.50} 11.23} 10.00]| 3.90) 2.00 2.12) 3.72) 3.29]| 9.14) 0.48) 0.76} 9.62} 8.00} 10.38} 9.00}| 9.09) 7.00 1.36] 2.94) 2.47|} 8.80} 1.08] 0.55} 9.88] 8.00) 10.43) 9.00)| 4.55) 4.00 1.27) 3.01) 3.00]| 4.29) 2.12) 4.02) 6.41] 6.00] 10.43) 7.00)|} 5.25) 5.00 *Sample received too late for analysis. 60 MAINE AGRICULTURAi, EXPERIMENT STATION. 1906. Descriptive List of Manufacturers’ Samples, 1906. Station number. 1150 1151 1152 Manufacturer, place of business and brand. LISTER’S AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL WORKS, NEWARK, N. J. Lister’s!Animal*Boneland! Potash tee se ovine cc seme thine ente eee rien LISTEL?S "BONES Mal eee Sele Sic tellove Mi us.e/o sessile aleis lole evelene diets ie ARE OEE CEE ree LAStEr?S OMEIGAAIS PE CLAM. iets ioieisietet hovel /ofollosalereleieralslole sve ols istelsleyeleietetere Stee eS ee CTE EEC: Lister’s!IPOtato Mame: a. Sosiclle oe issc ctetelerererieieiep tats Sula eictole afelee/aeleliete eee Ee RO eae eee Lister’s Special Potato Fertilizer.......... ivarbiele Se etal Ren ee RE RERE tats aero SoS eet Yl ister3s Success HELrtiliZersoeee cee eeenonc eect ee eccel ener ERE EEE EE EERE rere Hister?si0% Potato Growiereci cle ciielsclrleistslelolele ele olelelslelelaieicleisteciel elle ote eee eters NATIONAL FERTILIZER CO., BRIDGEPORT, CONN. Chittenden?s:\ComipletewROot: j:ir cis ieleleciere sioisleteioieresloleteiels eheteleicloleleini tee oe ee ete eerie Chittenden?s)Hxcelsior Potato Hertili Zen \.1.01. closers oteleieiolsisis/sletelelolelersteaisletieteteetetersetente 1153) Chittenden?s Eureka) Potato) Mertilizer oo... eee se esesce ccesee ene ee eee EEee eerie 1154 Chittenden’?s|\ Market Garden ice iitelaratspaioielere|neroeicreie cleletelcte /oseleleleiaioce Sie rae tokens NEW ENGLAND FERTILIZER CO., BOSTON, MASS. 1155|New, EnglandiComplete Manure pocceeescsen-meectees skh ecescer cece ee eer eerie 1156;New England Corn and Grain Fertilizer ............... ccc cececee cece cece eee set eens 1157 Newelneland Cornphhnosphatey er ecicieicietv-l-letcli-isleicteletetciciale/eleleielalerslete wefetaleietatete bers tate erate 1158|New England High Grade Potato Fertilizer .... .............cc.ececeenseeceocs ene 1159|New England High Grade Special with 10 Per Cent Potash ...................... 1160 1161 1162 1163 New Eneland’Potato Mertilizerie-.ccceedceeierce cece cet ec ee eee Eeeeeee News bn slandvBotatoiG rowielercccvclicicicsie cecidelerclelercracie seve rane) tee tcet ae etrteiet bas News England) MarketiGard en Mamures crests ll ieieiateeeiieibietle lets ee rs New, EnelanadiSuperphosphatercencncw- oo ricc reliance rile nieh ee eeneer errr OLDS & WHIPPLE, HARTFORD, CONN. 11G4|) (al (6B) S H o vA S oH =I ~ = a Bo | O45 =} 3 5 5 ° 5 a 5 a 5 3 oe |4e}] 0 5 S ® a S = iS 5 ° 5 oF | ee | & oO Rn a} na fy o fy Oo fy dy % % | % % % % % % % % To_ 0.97; 2.91) 3.88) 3.30)) 5.90) 3.75) 1.50) 9.65) 7.00) 11.15) 9.50)| 9.36) 9.50 0.96] 3.22) 4.18) 3.70|} 6.33) 2.62) 3.14) 8.95|) 7.00) 12.09) 9.00]| 8.39) 8.50 0.79| 1.55) 2.34) 2.00}| 5.25} 5.17) 2.65) 10.42} 8.00) 13.07) 10.00)| 5.06) 5.00 0.56; 1.82) 2.38) 2.10)) 6.14) 2.70) 3.28] 8.84) 9.00) 12.12) 12.00]| 4.11) 2.25 RerePyetel | sietetelcicl| aie celeisicilieretcis, evs 16.86) 0.95} 0.80) 17.81] 16.00} 18.61] 17.00/|......|.....- 0.92}. 0.08) 1.00} 1.05}; 7.11) 1.44) 0.45) 8.55} 6.00} 9.00] 7.00]| 4.97] 4.00 0.14} 0.44) 0.57) 0.85}) 6.62) 0.89) 5.46} 7.51} 6.00) 12.97) 9.00)| 3.32) 3.00 coodoslleaadodlleopocallaadoca | lacaoca looses! Naoson neooae locaccd lbsocacdallostaus 53.20) 50.00 UD EOS |eetelelels USE EU Wo Aao al sooocd lobepoallobodan| |ihooad socseallansooal |ladoooe|| Gace 1.54) 0.38) 1.92} 1.85]) 6.86} 1.14) 38.50) 8.00} 7.00] 11.50) 8.00]| 4.37) 3.00 1.33] 0.58} 1.91) 2.00)} 4.63}- 1.66) 4.54) 6.29) 7.00) 10.83} 8.00}| 9.83) 8.00 1 O3s |e l= Oi7)| une oi Olina 7 O0)||| ererereyeralletersctene 3.76| 4.29} 3.00} 8.05} 7.00}| 10.05) 8.00 0.35} 0.41) 0.76) 0.40]| 7.30) 2.73] 1.04! 10.03] 7.00) 11.07} 8.00); 3.05] 2.00 Reepaterel | etevetoierail uisievaiete Oi Wille eo eal loadosollbooeoallagdaodl | asUUlsoaeaally ldilisacaool|: LOL) 0.70} 2.32) 3.02) 3.38]| 4.43) 1.55] 38.14) 5.98] 8.00] 9.12] 10.00]| 8.55} 8.00 0.52) 1.32; 1.87) 1.66 5.55) 1.71) 1.51) 7.26) 8.00} §&.77) 9.00}| 2.47} 2.00 0.52) 1.24) 1.76) 1.66}} 6.16) 1.71] 1.64) 7.87] 9.00} 8.51] 10.0@]} 4.16] 4.00 0.71; 1.92) 2.63) 2.56]| 4.26] 1.20) 2.70) 5.46} 8.00} 8.16] 10.00|| 6.23) 6.00 0.68} 2.62) 3.30) 3.33/| 4.12) 1.99} 3.70) 6.11} 7.00} 8.87] 8&.00|| 10.62) 10.00 0.86} 1.46) 2.32} 2.46)| 7.85) 1.34) 0.94) 9.19] 9.00} 10.13] 10.00|| 4.56) 4.00 0.73) 0.94; 1.67) 1.64]| 5.26) 2.76) 1.79} 8.02} 8.00} 9.81] 9.00]| 3.20) 3.00 0.34] 0.50} 0.84) 0.82}) 5.22) 1.76] 1.32) 6.98] 7.00) 3.30} 8.00}; 1.18] 1.00 0.54) 1.08} 1.62) 1.64)) 7.11) 1.65} 1.02) 8.76} 9.00} 9.78] 10.00|}| 2.14) 2.00 0.35) 0.77) 1.12) 1.28] 6.03) 1.12} 0.66) 7.15] 7.00) 7.81} 8.00} 2.11) 2.00 0.56} 0.96) 1.52) 1.64] 4.52) 2.34) 1.40) 6.89] 7.00} 8.29) §.00|| 4.24) 4.00 1.31} 1.16) 2.47) 2.46]| 5.66) 2.49] 1.71] 8.15] 8.00} 9.86} 9.00]| 6.35) 6.00 2.52} 1.28] 3.80) 3.69]} 5.60} 1.98} 1.30) 7.58] 7.00} §.88] 8.00;| 10.23] 10.00 * Sample received too late for analysis. 64. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1906. RULE FOR CALCULATING VALUATION OF FERTILIZERS. The commercial valuation will be accurate enough as a means of comparison if the following rule is adopted: Multiply 3.5 by the percentage of nitrogen. Multiply 0.8 by the percentage of available phosphoric acid. Multiply 0.4 by the percentage of insoluble phosphoric acid. Multiply 1.0 by the percentage of potash. The sum of these four products will be the commercial valua- tion per ton on the basis taken. Illustration. ‘The table of analyses shows a certain fertilizer to have the following composition: Nitrogen 2.00 per cent; Available phosphoric acid 8.50 per cent; Insoluble phosphoric acid 3.50 per cent; Potash 3.25 per cent. The valuation in this case will be computed thus: Nitrogen, BU 5x2 400) $7 00 Available phosphoric acid, 38) SX Go GOy : 6 80 Insoluble phosphoric acid, OWA Gish 50: I 40 Potash, HOP 2h25. 2025 Valuation per ton, $18 45 Since this rule assumes all the nitrogen to be organic and all the potash to be in the form of the sulphate, it is evident that the valuations thus calculated must not be taken as the only guide in the choice of a fertilizer. At best the valuations can only serve to show the approximate cost of the several ingredients contained in the fertilizer in question. In every case the farmer should consider the needs of his soil before he begins to consider the cost. In many instances a little careful experimenting will show him that materials containing either nitrogen, potash, or phos- phoric acid alone will serve his purpose as fully as a “ complete fertilizer,” in which he must pay for all three constituents, whether needed or not. ‘eZ ased aag (2) worner psourjequn ue Jo aye oy, “1 os ORCHARD NOTES. W. M. Munson. The fact that the apple grows in many parts of the State as though it were indigenous and that orchards will exist and bear a partial crop of fruit though seriously neglected, is responsible for much of the ill-treatment so common to the orchards of Maine. There is little doubt, however, that a well managed orchard is a most valuable farm property, and one of the surest sources of income. For many years the Experiment Station has devoted a large amount of attention to the orchard industry, as evidenced by its publications on this important subject. It is the purpose of the present bulletin to report recent observa- tions and experiments upon successful orchard management. Notes ON SPRAYING. 5) “Watch and spray,” as well as “ cultivate and feed,’ must be the motto of the successful orchardist. The importance of watchfulness, and the direct value of spraying, as a means of holding in check insect and fungous enemies of the orchard, have been repeatedly urged by this Experiment Station * and in so far as suggestions made have been followed, the results obtained by the fruit-growers of the State have been satisfactory. By the work of this Station it has been shown beyond doubt that, by spraying at the proper time, and in the proper manner, the canker worm, tent caterpillar and forest caterpillar may be held in check; that the “apple worm” or codling moth may be controlled; that scale insects may be destroyed; that the green aphis or plant louse may be killed; that apple scab, cracking of pears, and rotting of plums may be very greatly reduced ;—and still spraying is not a common practice among the fruit-growers of Maine! * Repts. Maine Expt. Sta. 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894; Buls. 8, 52, 56. 6 66 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1900. With the great orchardists of New York, Michigan and the Pacific slope, spraying is just as much a part of the regular work of fruit growing as is pruning, or even harvesting. No live orchardist of California or Oregon would think of omitting the five or six treatments with Bordeaux mixture and Paris green, or with kerosene emulsion or resin wash, as the case might demand, any more than he would omit frequent cultivation or irrigation. It is because of this thoroughness in the production of fruit, as well as in grading and packing, that the fruit growers ef the northwest are able to send their fruit across the continent and so nearly control the local eastern markets. REASON FOR SPRAYING. The leaves of plants have two functions essential to life and health. They act, in a measure, as both lungs and stomach for the plant. Consequently if they are destroyed or diseased, the whole plant suffers; the crop of fruit is lessened; and the vitality of the plant is weakened. It is for this reason that spraying is of importance, even in those seasons when there is no fruit. Spraying is an insurance and not a remedy, and there should be a definite purpose in view for every application. Specific directions for controlling the leading insect and fungous enemies of the orchard are given in “ How to Fight Apple Enemies,” published by this Experiment Station and sent free to any one requesting it. RESULTS OF SPRAYING. In a recent canvas of the orchards of Wayne and Orleans counties, New York, by Dr. George F. Warren,* it was found that in Wayne county, of 66 sprayed orchards, representing 626 acres, the yield in 1903 was at the rate of 280 bushels per acre; while 107 unsprayed orchards, covering 673 acres, yielded at the rate of 253 bushels per acre. For the sprayed fruit the average price per barrel was $2.02; while for the unsprayed fruit the price was but $1.80. * Bul. 226, 227, Cornell Univ. Expt. Sta. ORCHARD NOTES. 67 Of 179 orchards canvassed in Orleans county the following report was made: Yields and incomes from orchards sprayed different numbers of times. YIELDS. 3 INCOMES. Su 7s eel ge ie n =) bs n A Hi 4 © 2 ag rg a © 2 How treated. ge Be a, S|] 64 gs 2. 2S 5 ga Ho | on, =m aa Ao | 00° 52 55 LS 68 5° 55 25 Ao Ze tna ho Zo Zs 45 | MUSEU SIT AVE Clisreleyeielele\ ois i-in1e/«)e\e/0/0101« 43 381.0 328 66 54 449.5 $103 Sprayed once................ 33 352.0 346 74 30 316.0 139 Sprayed twice............... 70 701.0 374 78 64 644.0 143 Sprayed three times ........ 27 247.5 414 87 25 236.5 184 Sprayed four times.......... 6 43.0 569 77 6 43.0 211 The significance of the figures given is so obvious that com- ment is unnecessary, except that they corroborate in full the experience of those who have practiced similar treatment in this State. THE MENACE OF THE CATERPILLAR. The approach of the gypsy moth and the brown-tail, has stirred the people of Maine to such an extent as to insure active steps for the control of these pests. Every year, however, trees are defoliated by canker worm, forest caterpillar, tent caterpillar, and similar enemies, with little attempt on the part of growers to protect themselves from damage. It is well understood that the forest caterpillar appears in destructive numbers at more or less irregular intervals; only to disappear again, after ruining many orchards and defoliating hundreds of thousands of forest trees. This disappearance is caused by the rapid increase of natural parasites. With the destruction of the caterpillars, the parasites die, and so there is an alternation in the period when there are many and when there are few of these pests. The last serious invasion of the forest caterpillar was in 1897 and 1898, when whole orchards were swept as if by fire for two successive seasons. The results were naturally disastrous. It is now nearly time for a return of this caterpillar and the enter- prising orchardist will be ready to meet it. 68 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1906. That the pest may be held in check was plainly demonstrated by the work of the Station during the last invasion. A large orchard of Baldwins which was sprayed with Paris green when the caterpillars first appeared and twice afterwards, was almost free from injury, while adjoining trees, not sprayed, were com- pletely defoliated, and never recovered from the injury. The accompanying cuts represent the condition of the two orchards late in June. _ Similar results have repeatedly been obtained in fighting the canker worm. It is highly important, however, that, for either of these pests, spraying be done just as soon as the leaves begin to unfold, and again in about a week or ten days. After the larve become half grown, spraying is not always effective. Another precautionary measure to be borne in mind, in deal- ing with the forest caterpillar, is to prevent migration from tree to tree, and from forest trees to the orchard trees. This may be effected by placing a band of tarred paper about the trunk of the tree and smearing this with a thick coating of equal parts of lard and sulphur. It is very important that this mixture be not placed directly on the bark of the tree, as injury almost invari- ably results. The method here noted was used with remarkable success in the orchards above mentioned. ‘The caterpillars gathered by the hundred beneath the band, but would not cross the line, and were readily disposed of by means of a swab dipped in a very strong solution of washing powder. The masses of caterpillars upon the limbs were destroyed in the same way; those that escaped by dropping to the ground being stopped by the bands, and then killed as above. OYSTER-SHELL BARK LOUSE. An insect which is nearly as destructive as the dreaded San Jose scale, is annually doing thousands of dollars worth of dam- age in the State without the slightest notice on the part of farmer or fruit grower. This insect—the oyster-shell bark louse—is so familiar, and yet so inconspicuous, that it is usually overlooked. The insect is fully described in Bulletin 56 of this Station, to which the reader is referred. It frequently is the unsuspected cause of the stunted, sickly appearance of certain trees to be found in almost every orchard. The mature form, shown in vd i : ; e Fe A ; i : 1 : 7 ; 7 ¥ re i 4 hes { . pala ¢ é ‘A i a aI | : if : ; 2 ee : ; A } ‘ = é f d eins fe 4 ‘ ’ é < Ay .. os rane ? 2 a ‘ x . c - 7 : he a ‘ he 2 7 j 7 F ‘ % : t 2. ; y = x = fe ~ - ie ‘ ‘ ry 9 =) 3 Xe >. “ > ‘ K Pci c q % ~ ’ - a “, . — = a ! - - . - o ~ ve if ah na ee “ oe ean ; ing SF ¢ oe ; ie Jeers ; : ; BaD, : zi sr - 3 ‘ = be 1 "4 Pe = ts ~ 7 3 J 4 . q * 7 “ ~ Figure 2. The menace of the caterpillar—Trees not sprayed. See page 67. Figure 3. The menace of the caterpillar.—Result of spraying with arsenical poisons. See page 67. ™ ORCHARD NOTES. 69 figure 5, may very readily be seen where the foliage is off. Every young orchard should be examined early in the spring and, if found infested, should be thoroughly treated with caustic soda or some other strong alkali. The eggs of this insect hatch in June, or early in July, and the little lice travel rapidly over the surface of the young wood and the fruit until they find a satisfactory feeding ground, when they insert their beaks and begin their campaign against the life of the tree. Figure 4 shows the young lice, natural size, early in July. Spraying the trees thoroughly with kerosene emulsion when the lice are in the migratory stage, as described in “ How to Fight Apple Enemies,” has in every instance, at the Station, been effective in controlling this pest. APPLE SCAB. Another ever present, and very generally neglected, pest of the orchard is the fungus disease, apple scab, or “black spot” as it is sometimes called. This disease, figure 8, has been so frequently described as to be perfectly familiar. As shown in former reports of this Station,* spraying is effective in securing a crop of fruit relatively free from this disease, even in those seasons when the scab is most prevalent. For several years the conditions in most parts of Maine have been such that the fruit has been relatively free from scab, and as a result many growers who took up the practice of spraying some years ago, have gradually ceased to spray. It should be said, however, that this neglect is wholly comparable to the neg- lect which permits the lapse of a fire insurance policy. It may be unnecessary to spray to secure a crop of fair fruit one year, or even two or three years in succession; but when the unfavor- able season does come, if spraying has been neglected, there is frequently a needless loss of several hundred barrels of fruit in orchards of average size. ; As a result of the studies above mentioned + the fact was clearly demonstrated that, in a bad season, there was a difference of 50 per cent in the amount of perfect fruit upon sprayed and unsprayed trees; the best results being obtained from the use * Ann. Rpt. Maine Expt. Sta. 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894. } See details and summary, Rpt. Maine Expt. Sta., 1893, 125-128. 7O MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1906. of Bordeaux mixture. In other words, trees not sprayed gave on three successive years 4.1, .9, and 38.2 per cent of the fruit free from scab; while the same years an equal number of trees sprayed with eau celeste (copper sulphate, carbonate of soda and ammonia) gave 57.8, 30.1 and 72.8 per cent respectively. The third year Bordeaux mixture was used and gave still better _ results—79.9 per cent of the fruit being free from scab. From these, and similar results obtained all over the country, it is evident that spraying has ceased to be an experiment as a means of controlling certain orchard diseases. The results above cited have been repeatedly confirmed both at this Station aiid elsewhere. Reference is made to the subject at this time only to emphasize the importance of using precautionary measures. Even though there be no crop of fruit, the increased vigor of the trees as a result of clean healthy foliage, will far more than repay the cost of spraying. This spraying with Bordeaux mixture should be done first before the buds burst, and again immediately after the blossoms fall, if but two treat- ments are to be given. If the season is very wet, however, at least four treatments at intervals of two or three weeks are found to be advantageous. PINK ROT. In 1902 a comparatively new fungous disease made its appear- ance to a very destructive extent in western New York. This disease, known as “Pink Rot,’ because of its pinkish, mildew- like appearance, had long been known to botanists but only, or mainly, as a saprophyte, or fungus which grows on dead or decaying matter. It did not come under the writer’s personal observation until the present season; although said to have been destructive to stored apples in Maine in 1902. The appearance of this trouble is well shown in figure 9, from a photograph of fameuse apples grown at the Station the past year. The best description of the trouble, with a full account of its life history, is given by Eustace in Bulletin 227 of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station. The disease attacks the fruit on the scab spots, where it appears like a pinkish mildew. Later in the season, the spots become brown, sunken and rotten. If badly attacked the whole fruit soon decays. Because of its appearance only on the scab spots, many have regarded it as simply another form of the ORCHARD NOTES. 71 apple scab. Others have referred to it as a parasite on the scab fungus. Eustace maintains, however, that “there is absolutely no connection between the two. ‘The only part that the scab had in the matter was that it ruptured the epidermis (skin) of the apple, thus making an entrance for this fungus to grow into the tissue and cause the rot.” A distinctive characteristic of this disease is that the decayed spots are rather dry and corky, and not very deep. Apples thus affected might, in some cases, be used for evaporating, as the diseased portion could be removed in paring; but because of the bitter character of the rot, affected fruit would be worthless for cider. The disease is specially destructive to stored fruit, the “sweating ” of the fruit furnishing just the right conditions for its rapid development. Eustace reports that: “It was notice- able that the fruit in the bottom of large bins, such as are used about cider mills and drying houses, would become one mass of decay if allowed to remain there longer than a few days.” * It was in stored fruit that the loss before mentioned occurred in Maine. As is well known, the “scab” is ever with us, and growers have become accustomed to its disfiguring presence; but with the advent of this destructive secondary enemy, the impor- tance of warding off the attack of both becomes imperative. Thorough spraying with Bordeaux mixture is the only safe means of preventing this trouble. 3 EFFECT OF AN UNBALANCED RATION? In 1904 an obscure disease affected the fruit of certain trees in the orchard of Mr. Chas. S. Pope, Manchester. No similar trouble had ever come under the notice of the writer and this note is made simply as a matter of record. A careful study of the cause of the condition described is being carried on at the present time. : In August, when about the size of walnuts, the fruits began to crack and to drop. Marked indentations, somewhat similar to those made by curculio, were abundant. No evidence of insect work could be discovered, however. When the fruit was opened, the tissue under the indented parts was found to be dry * Bul. 227, N. Y. Expt. Sta., 373. 72 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1900. and brown. Most of the fruit ceased to grow, and by the first of September the larger part of it was on the ground; though early in.the season all the trees were well loaded. ‘The leaves, however, appeared perfectly healthy. At the time of harvesting, October 10, most of the trees had lost all of their fruit. Such as remained on some of the trees was, for the most part, small and deformed. Some of the fruit, however, was of medium size with one side cracked as in figure 1, and a small portion was without marked blemish. In all cases, however, the texture of the fruit was soft and spongy,—about as might be expected in April or May. The surface of the fruits was also characteristic, there being numerous minute elevations or “ pimples,’ corresponding to the grayish dots on the fruit. This feature is shown in figure I, and was so noticeable that the workmen spoke of it in handling the fruit after removal to the cellar. Though a small portion of the fruit was on the trees at harvest time, it dropped so easily that no attempt was made to save it for packing. The slightest jarring of the limbs would cause it to fall. The reason for the condition above indicated is, as already noted, very obscure. A careful microscopic examination was made without finding evidence of any fungous enemy, even in the brown dry tissue above mentioned. It was then observed that the condition existed only with certain trees included in a fertilizer experiment in which an excess of available nitrogen is applied every year. The first tree noticed was in the plat receiving nitrate of soda and acid phosphate, and later it was found that every tree on this plat, as also on the adjoining plat which received nitrate only, was affected as described. In one or two instances check trees which adjoined the nitrate plat, and received no direct application of fertilizer, showed a tendency in this direction. None of the other trees in the whole orchard, however, gave the least indication of the trouble. A fertilizer plat on which were muriate of potash and acid phosphate, and another on which was muriate only, separated from the first by only a single row of trees, were entirely free from the disease. The supposition was therefore made that the trouble was physiological and due to the excessive amount of available nitrogen and the lack of potash. Of course this is a matter of conjecture and can be settled only by definite and careful experi- ment. d ORCHARD NOTES. We. In partial support of the supposition adopted, is the report of Mr. P. L. Ricker of the U. S. Department of Agriculture to whom specimens of fruit and leaves were sent. Knowing noth- ing of the conditions under which the trees were growing, Mr. Ricker reports: * “I can make out no signs of any fungus mycelium in the apple. ‘There is a little ordinary mould around one of the holes in the apple, but not in condition to determine. It is not connected with the disease of the apple—if it can be so called. The main trouble seems to be from the bites of curculio. *x * * The apples have been in a moist chamber ever since they came but no fungus has developed yet. There is a little core rot in some of them, the cause of which is not definitely known, but it is physiological and supposed to be due to some trouble in nutrition, or perhaps some root trouble. This, how- ever, can only be determined by examining the roots and the conditions under which the tree was growing. There are none of the fungous diseases on the leaves, either. * * * Of course none of the physiological diseases can be determined from samples of the plants sent. A careful study of them in their natural surroundings is necessary, with, perhaps, experi- ments looking towards the improvement of soil conditions.” The outcome of a further study of this problem may be of much interest and some importance in connection with the rational fertilization of orchards. WINTER INJURIES TO TREES. The injuries to trees during winter, in Maine, are usually due to the freezing of buds or young wood, and to girdling by mice. Both classes of injury have been emphasized by the severe winters of the past two or three years. FREEZING. The winters of 1903-4 and of 1904-5 were exceptionally severe in Maine, and as a result many complaints were made that the apple orchards had suffered more than for the previous twenty years. An explanation of this condition is not difficult; and a partial remedy is easily applied. More important than a remedy, however, is an awakening to the need of using measures which will prevent a recurrence of the trouble in the future. * Personal letter to the writer Oct. 21, 1904. 74. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1906. There is little doubt that, to a large extent, the injury noted was due to the full crop of fruit borne in 1904, immediately following a trying season, and succeeded by a particularly severe winter. In the early part of the season of 1903, there was a very slight rainfall. This drought was followed late in the season by excessive rains which caused a full development of fruit buds and late growth of wood. ‘Though the trees did not appear to suffer much after the trying winter which followed, they were doubtless considerably weakened, and the heavy loads of fruit borne in the next season left them in an exhausted con- dition before the second severe winter came on. From the first, the winter of 1904-5 was trying. In December there were twenty-six mornings when the mercury went to zero or below, and several times during the winter 20° to 30° below zero were reached. Asa (probable) result of these conditions, the trees suffered as indicated. In almost every case coming under the writer's observation, the trees which suffered most were those which bore a full crop the previous year. The injury was manifested by the killing of the smaller limbs, and in many cases by the death of the whole tree. The central portions of the tops of many Gravenstein trees were ruined. Many Baldwin tops were thinned. So far as observed, how- ever, there was not a marked difference in the destruction of nursery grown Baldwins as compared with those top-worked on seedling stocks; although it is commonly supposed that the trunk of the Baldwin is tender.* Trees which had been well cultivated and fertilized, if allowed to overbear were, in many cases, ruined. One Baldwin tree which bore 8% barrels of fruit in 1904 (see figure 10, Bul. 122) was practically ruined. There is little doubt that had one-half of the fruit been removed from such trees early in the summer, less trouble would have been experienced. In neglected orchards, or in many cases where good thrifty orchards were left in sod, the injured trees continued to deteri- orate, and many died later in the season. In those cases where the land was plowed and fertilized, however, the trees started a new growth of vigorous shoots near the base of the main limbs, and it will be possible to build a new top on such. ~ *In Bulletin 269,N. Y. Agr. Expt. Sta., page 336, Eustace reports that in 1903 young nursery trees of Baldwin are very susceptible to injury by cold; and Baldwin and Gravenstein are reported as injured most by some New York growers. Mr. F. H. Morse of Oxford County, Me., reports injury to the Baldwin trunks in winter of 1904.5. ORCHARD NOTES. 75 Those orchards which were not pruned last spring should be treated at once; all dead wood being removed and injured branches being shortened, to give the new wood a chance to develop. In many cases, too, if a vigorous growth was made last season, cions may be set which will aid in re-forming a good top. To prevent future injury in this way, avoid allowing the trees to be over loaded with fruit. The fact that as many barrels of fruit may be secured, with much less strain on the vitality of the trees, as a result of systematic thinning, has been fully demon- strated; and the price received for such thinned fruit will usually be enough higher to pay cost of labor. In fact the fruit must be harvested at some time, and it is wiser to remove wormy and deformed fruit in August, rather than in October. Proper cultivation and feeding will go far toward putting trees in condition to withstand a severe winter; but in no case should cultivation be continued later than August Ist to 1oth. A cover crop of some kind sown at the time of last cultivation will often aid in checking late growth of trees. Young trees which fail to mature their wood before cold weather, frequently suffer. Such trees should have the young wood pinched back about the time of the first frost,—about the middle of September at Orono; two weeks later in the southern part of the State. MICE. More complaint as to winter injury by mice was heard during the past season, than since 1891. Whole orchards of bearing age were ruined. ‘The attention of the writer was called to trees ten inches in diameter which were almost completely girdled. This condition was of course due to the very severe winter with the prevailing deep snows from early December till late in March. While so much trouble may not be experienced again for some years, it is liable to occur at any time; and the careful orchardist will not only repair past injuries but,-as far as pos- sible, prevent future ones. Any ordinary case of girdling by mice may easily be repaired by “bridge grafting.” This consists simply in trimming the edges of the mangled bark back to where it is firm and healthy, and inserting cions at intervals of an inch or two around the girdled portion. This is done by raising the bark, both above 76 MAINE AGRICULTURAI, EXPERIMENT STATION. 1906. and below the girdle, with the point of a knife, and putting under it the end of a cion which has previously been made wedge shaped at each end. The cion must be fresh, vigorous, young wood and may be of the same tree, or of any other variety. When finished the work will be as indicated in figure 6. To prevent drying of the wood, and of the edges of the bark before the cions unite, it is well to cover the injured part with a plastic made of clay and cow dung, and cover the whole with a piece of burlap,—as an old fertilizer sack. A tree nearly a foot in diameter was treated by the writer as described last spring, and every cion united and made a good growth during the summer. Figure 7 shows a pear tree about thirty years old that was bridge grafted when young. It is now more than a foot in diameter and bears well every year. Better than repair, however, is the prevention of injury to a young orchard. ‘This may easily be accomplished by the use of some protective covering’ at the base of the tree. The most common materials used are wire screen, tarred paper, and wood veneer. The protectors should be about two feet high, otherwise they are not always effective. ‘They should also be pressed into the ground so that mice cannot crawl under. ‘The first cost of the Wire screen is greater than that of the others, but as it lasts several years, and requires no attention after the first putting on, the cost is more than balanced by reduced amount of labor.. The practice at the Station has been to get a roll of 3-foot wire cloth and cut it into strips two feet long. These strips would then make four protectors, each nine inches wide. There is an advantage in using 2-foot wire, if available, because of the selvage ends, and the reduced amount of cutting required. These strips are put loosely about the tree and held in place with small annealed wire at top, middle, and bottom. The strips of tarred pap2r are put on in the same way as the wire cloth, and usually held in place with pieces of twine. It is very important, however, that the paper be removed in the spring, as otherwise the trees are in danger of scalding. The “material for protecting 400 young trees with wire last year, cost $7.50. Tarred paper for an equal number cost 84 cents,—refuse binding twine being used as tying material. The time required for applying was about the same in each case. Next spring, | Figure 4. . Figure 5. Oyster-shell bark-louse,—just hatched. Oyster-shell bark-louse,—mature form. See page 69. See page 60. Figure 6. Figure 7. Bridge-grafting of a girdled tree. Saved by bridge-grafting. See page 76. See page 76. ORCHARD NOTES. 77 * however, the paper must be removed, only to be renewed the following winter, while no further attention need be given the wire. Strips of wood veneer, costing $5.00 per thousand, are largely used in the western states. About 200 of them were used in comparison with the other materials named. Very little time is required for applying them, as no tying is needed, but the work must be done before freezing weather comes, or many of them will crack and be worthless. Another protective measure which has been used with satis- factory results is the tramping of the snow about the bases of the trees after a heavy storm. This make a wall of ice which serves as a barrier. If, after tramping, a covering or mulch of stable manure is applied, there is less probability that further tramping will be needed. Still another, and cheaper, method of protection, is to apply a coat of paint to the tree. Many fear the effect of the paint, but if pure materials are used no ill effect appears to follow. On nursery trees at the Station, white lead, zinc white, and a special preparation, “ Tanglefoot,’ have been used. While it cannot definitely be said that any of these keep the mice away—since none of the other trees in the nursery have suffered—no injury to the trees has in any case resulted. SUGGESTIONS AS TO HANDLING FRUIT. Just when and how to pick fruit depends largely upon the kind of fruit, the distance it must be shipped, and the demands of the market supplied. If one is delivering fruit directly to the consumer, and catering to a so called “fancy market,” he must see that the produce is in the very finest desert condition, and fully ripe before picking. Consumers of such fruit are always willing to pay an extra price for the advantage of having it in the highest state of perfection. The process of ripening is incipient breaking down of plant tissue, and there is no well marked distinction between “ green- ness,’ “ripeness” and “decay.” One stage passes into the other insensibly, and it may be seen that the riper the fruit the sooner the breaking down of the tissues (in other words decay) may be expected. Fruits that are picked when very green or immature will not break down so quickly as those that are 78 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1906. farther advanced. As a rule, however, such fruits never reach the most edible stage, and they frequently shrivel and become unmarketable. Many of the peaches brought into the markets of Maine are, because of too early picking, totally unfit for use, but we eat them,—and some call them good. Some of the winter apples, like Roxbury Russet, and Ben Davis, if harvested too early, will shrivel and become practically worthless before spring. - The precise stage at which fruit may be most advantageously harvested is a matter which each grower must decide for himself, in accordance with the conditions of his market. Some success- ful orchardists depend upon Williams’ Favorite as their chief market apple, allowing the fruit to ripen on the tree and market- ing only choice dessert specimens. Naturally such a course would be possible only when there is a good local market. It may be superfluous to suggest how to pick fruit. Never- theless this is one of the most important factors in the successful handling of the product. The hiring of cheap laborers for picking is of doubtful economy, although for many kinds of work such laborers, who will do as told, are valuable help, even though not familiar with the details of the business.. In general, however, the picker should understand the importance of his work, and should bear in mind the fact that every evidence of handling detracts from the market value of the fruit. There is a general notion that any one can pick apples, but such is not the case; and every year large amounts of fruit are lost and many trees permanently injured by careless. or ignorant pickers. During the past season some of the Tolmans and Alexanders in the Station orchards were rendered almost unsaleable because the pickers grasped the fruit so firmly as to leave an imprint of every finger on the apple. It is, perhaps, unnecessary to urge that usually the apple is not ready for harvest until it will part readily from the fruit spur. The fruit should never be pressed with thumb and fingers, or thrown into a basket or bag. All fruit should be handled as carefully as would be necessary with eggs. During the last apple harvest, in spite of the high price of fruit, the writer saw a prominent farmer carefully hand pick his Baldwins and Greenings and then pour them into fertilizer sacks to carry to the cellar. Nor, strange to say, is this unusual with ORCHARD NOTES. 79 many farmers who grow a few apples as a side issue. Almost every day, otherwise good fruit is brought to market in this careless manner. It is frequently the man who handles fruit in this way who complains that fruit growing is not a profitable feature of his farm work. Pears are frequently injured by being left on the trees too long. These should be gathered just as soon as they will part from the tree readily, and should be ripened in a cool, dark place. In the case of winter pears, the usual guide for harvesting is the time when the pears begin to drop. SUGGESTIONS ON PRUNING. Intelligent pruning at the right time is absolutely essential to the production of the best fruit. An unpruned tree may, in many instances, produce a larger number of apples than an adjacent pruned tree; but the percentage of merchantable fruit will invariably be smaller. Small apples contain just as many seeds as large ones, and therefore make practically as great demands on the store of plant food. They do not, however, fill the basket, nor the pocketbook, so rapidly as the others. The amount of pruning necessary depends largely upon the location and exposure of the orchard. Trees on a warm, south- ern slope, freely exposed to the winds, require much less pruning than do those in a cool, sheltered location which is lacking in sunshine. Plenty of light is essential to the production of highly colored fruit. It is desirable that trees should be pruned intelligently from the time they are set, but old trees may often be given a new lease of life by judicious management. If the trees have been long neglected and require heavy pruning, do not remove all of the wood the first year. Removal of a portion of the top, thus distributing the food gathered by the roots to a smaller number of branches, tends to produce rapid growth and a renewed vigor of the tree. The removal of too much at one time, will start the growth of water-sprouts and defeat the very purpose in view. The best time for pruning is on warm days from January to May. More can be accomplished in the longer days of March, April and May, but many prefer to go through the orchard on the crust of a deep snow. The time of year when the cut is 80 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1900. made has little effect on the readiness with which the wound heals, but more care is necessary to prevent injury to trees pruned when the wood is frozen. A wound made by removing a limb heals best if the cut is made close to the trunk or branch. A stub two or three inches long does not heal, and becomes a lodging place for spores of fungi and bacteria which cause decay and death of the tree. The splitting down of large limbs may often be avoided when pruning, by sawing in from the under side first; but in every case, see that the wound is left clean and smooth. Wounds should also be covered immediately with a coat of paint, shellac, o1 grafting wax to keep out the moisture and the spores before mentioned. Figure 8. Apple Scab. See page 60. Figure 9. Pink Rot. See page 70. FEEDING STUFF INSPECTION. Cuas. D. Woops, Director. J. M. Bartierr, Chemist in charge of inspection analyses. CHIEF REQUIREMENTS OF THE Law. The points of the law of most interest both to the dealer and consumer concisely stated, follow. Kinds of Feed Exempt Under the Law. ‘The law applies to all feeding stuffs except the following: hays and straws; whole seeds, meals, brans and middlings of wheat, rye, barley, oats, Indian corn, buckwheat and broom corn, sold separately; wheat bran and middlings mixed together and pure grains ground together. Kinds of Feed Coming within the Law. ‘The principal feeds coming under the provisions of the law are linseed meals, cotton- seed meals, cottonseed feeds, pea meals, cocoanut meals, gluten meals, gluten feeds, maize feeds, starch feeds, sugar feeds, dried -brewer’s grains, dried distiller’s grains, malt sprouts, hominy feeds, cerealine feeds, rice meals, oat feeds, corn and oat chops, corn and oat feeds, corn bran, ground beef or fish scraps, foods, poultry foods, stock foods, patented, proprietary and trade mark stock and poultry foods, mixed feeds other than those composed solely of wheat bran and middlings mixed together or pure grains ground together, and all other materials of similar nature. The Brand. Each package of feeding stuffs coming within the law shall bear, conspicuously printed, the following state- ments: The number of net pounds contained in the package. The name or trade mark under which it is sold. The name of the manufacturer or shipper. The place of manufacture. The place of business of manufacturer or shipper. The percentage of crude protein. The percentage of crude fat. The Adulteration of Feeding Stuffs. If any foreign sub- stances are added to whole or ground grain or wheat offals, the true mixture must be plainly marked upon the packages. 7 82 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1906. Duties of the Director. ‘The Director shall in person or by deputy analyze at least one sample of each feeding stuff coming within the requirements of the law, and publish the results with such additional information as circumstances advise. He shall report all violations of the law to the Commissioner of Agricul- ture. Penalties. ‘The sale or offering for sale of feeding stuffs not properly branded, or containing a smaller percentage of protein and fat than are guaranteed, or of adulterated feeding stuffs, is punishable by a fine not exceeding $100 for the first, and $200 for each subsequent offense. RESULTS OF THE INSPECTIONS FOR 1905-6. The last bulletin on feeding stuff inspection was published in April, 1905. Prior to 1904 it had been the custom of the Station to collect a large number of samples of the feeding stuffs offered in the State for the purpose of analyses. With few exceptions the feeding stuffs are running fairly constant in composition, and for the past two years, greater attention has been paid to proper inspection than to the analyses. At least one sample has been drawn of each of the commercial feeding stuffs offered in the State, so far as they have been found by the inspector. In the parts of the State where the greater amount of feeding stuffs are used, four inspections have been made. There is an evident desire on the part of nearly all of the dealers, large and small, to conform to the requirements of the law, and with the single exception of mixed feeds (see discussion page 96), there is every reason to feel satisfied with the quality of the concentrated commercial feeding stuffs upon the market. Unless with the possible exception of a single jobbing house, all of the large handlers of feeds appear to be trying to do a perfectly square, legitimate business. There has been a very marked improvement in the quality of goods, and particularly in their uniformity, since the enactment of the feeding stuffs law eight years ago. Not only have the feeders a better understand- ing of the feeds they use but the dealers have become aware of the quality of their goods, and why feeding stuffs differ from one another in feeding value. The table on pages 83 to 88 gives the results of the analyses. FEEDING STUFF INSPECTION. Analyses of Samples. PROTEIN. FAT. 5 | | = rs) Z 8 vo o Name of Feed and Manufacturer or Shipper. 13 fs )s S33 5 so| ao| va| s3| § Bik||L net psiee f tes eos - s ~ S a 5 ~ aa | Oa| sa] Of] & ETM OUCOMISCCG MGA cc cieicec sce cclciee cl civeislcine 42.38 | 41.00 8.80 9.00 | 2068 AmMerlean! COLtOn Oil COl Ta -(. = .crcccscs caso 41.50 | 41.00 = 9.00 | 2212 IPE HOMESE EC NGO aisnisc vo. oe earncjsre vies loins SRN tens | BUMEENKGy SET Oll|COlcss.s..c06sfcdccccueeesces }| 41.88 | 98.61 | 8.68) - | 2187 Imperial Brand Prime Cotton Seed Meal...,,.. ans ee Gee ae ued C. A. Tindall & Co., Memphis, Tenn ......... 41.50 | 40.00 at 8.50 2189 Green Diamond Brand Cotton Seed Meal........ } 42.44 | 43.00 | 8.56 | 9.00} 2084 GTA Bo COs sie wissscisisrelsicis eid overs ieiatsrsieisisls einereu ones 41.13 | 41.00 - 9.00 | 2172 Magnolia Brand Cotton Seed Meal......... Priors | ics rae 3.38 acne Be CAS COA COs biiss io eed odoonecuonnaes So I eee : : o7k (| 41.50 | 43.00 - 9.00 2209 - 41.38 | 41.00 | 9.30] 9.00 | 2085 Bootie pouton Seed MIG ssosaossdcogo000d0en0000 ( 41.63 | 41.00 fd 9.06 | 2169 . e SLGALSLICIL sae e eee eee ee eee eee eee eee ee eeeeaeee ’ 4] 50 41.00 = 9.00 2126 42.25 | 41.00 9.03 7.60 2083 Owl Exsne Cotton SOECh MIA ocodsocasosasbnecnee 42.63 | 41.00 oe 7.00 | 2108 BEES LOG Ceeisteiavoie-oe ics sinc onleineis sisisisicie, elaielorare 42.75 | 41.00 = 7.00 | 2167 if 43.00 | 43.00 - 9.00 | 2067 ME OLEONESCCORMIC Ao 5) 5rai5\oye sisveyose/) an) i=) aD = 65| £3| 83| 28] 2 ovo sa|/ oa] Ba] OB] a Eagle Brand Cotton Seed Meal ................... 41.63 | 43.00 | 10.60 | 9.00 | 2014 Wie rAr Al SOLOrl© Ol teisiseteleleitslelercteiielefelalerererere 50000 40.06 | 43.00 - 9.00 2044 Battle Brand Prime Cotton Seed Meal..... Deelerers 43.00 | 43.00 | 7.60 | 9.00 |) 2134 wW.P. Battle & Co., Memphis, Tenn.......... 40.56 | 43.00 - 9.00 | 2213 Cottonseed Meals casas ue wes ee ee Gea HL z = Heats From correspondents, brands not given.... ( 9.95 ay a a 2111 (| 42.75 - = = | oxiil ¥*42.75 - - - 2015 ¥*40.69 - - - 2016 *42.25 - - - 2017 ¥*43.75 - - - 2018 *39.7 - - - 2030 *37.88 - - - 2031 WoOttoniSGedmMle allie criti etter etelstersiole eleletetelalcratererore 4 |*39.50 - - - 2032 Samples sent by jobbers to learn quality... poees ~ - - er 40.69 - - - 2 *24.50 = - = 2048 *25.19 - - - 2049 42.25 - - - 2111 42.13 - - - 2119 U| 41.26 - - - 2120 Glenwood Cotton Seed Feed.................0.008. 19.81 | 22.00 | 5.08 | 5.00 | 2174 IDS 1s Wile Waa MVE Oko) GadoooocodcbdncpudododddGogecdD 2a elon ee00 - 5.00 2183 Linseed Oil Meal «ss. ccecsessssessseesesescseeee eae acce | seed erican CEAUCO Naa temeacincn eine cetsenierr 36.38 | 36.00 | 2.30 | 1.00 | 2182 ALTOS) OnLNiICEW le Shodeoencsuccacs daononnoDdnnDod nod cb Milwaukee Hlevator CoO ............. eee ee eens { 28.81 | 31.00 | 11.63 | 7.50 | 2196 33.56 - - - 2050 Chicago Gluten Meal...........6.-seeeeeeeeeeee oe 1 39.88 | 38.00 | 2.45 | 3.00 | 2088 Glucose Sugar Refining CO..............0 eee 34.19 | 38.00 Bf 3-00 | 2168 ATU? (ENhnteaay Mitel Soocncadosonnnscouo0oDannHOO00aC \ a Huron Milling (Comer eee co eee eee j | 31.06 | 36.00 | 7.70} 5.00) 2095 GPS SOO ee verere stereo el arcsevore etores crete lokekevevelelerevepeterete cvelete rer: Shur 5p r ByiF ID OUSTAS LS COMM eee ec nee one eines Go oeeneee \ 22.69 | 26.50 | 3.30 | 3-40) 2ii8 Burttaloy Glntenshee die nnqcrieiteeirser tele toeleveeiloisteeeiciotel 23.69 | 25.00 | 2.70] 3.00) 2680 Glucose Sugar Refining Co.................... 25.00 | 25.00 - 3.00 2162 (| 28.56 | 27.00 - 7.50 26012 | | 27.25 | 27.00 - 7.50 2025 MEMES GIUtSNPME SG yretestereloeterslateleerelet-teiet=isieveteraietenetel-rs ! | 29.38 | 27.00 - 7.50 | 2036 lehyeoror i bil bbaye? (CKO) Goda0eccooaceocq0ccGaDoGdD0009 { 28.25 | 27.00 8.98 7.50 2070 | | 33.38 | 27.00 - 7.50 2127 (| 31.88 | 27.00 HB) 2175 Bay State Gluten Feed ................000-.0ce eens F m 5 fl TRS (e 0125 a gal OARS Cae ENE a May { 21.06 | 26.00 | 4.73) 3.00 | 2194 Tig e171 GlUteENyM CSG Were aie] tolelaloieiatelevelols oleic loielel-iiele G00E0 { 25.00 | 25.00 | 4.00] 2.75 | 2082 | St. Louis Syrup and Preserving Co ......... 25.63 | 25.00 = 2.75 | 2188 | *So far as known these goods were not sold in Maine. FEEDING STUFF INSPECTION. Analyses of Samples. 85 PROTEIN. FAT. 3 = . i) ro : . D o Name of Feed and Manufacturer or Shipper. [3 oes (4 S45 ill tefenie | mca ales f=) a) =a) a) Be | 2S )| es | 55 ao Oa mH oa WANE MAST Gal bOM MOOG eicicicseleicjole welsislele ole iviereie) levels 22.13 | 25.00 | 5.93 | 3.00 Warner Sugar Refining Co..................5. 23.19 | 25.00 - 3.00 KEINE MBE Gllimrascvareie cicsoisisictersiasiatele wise elemiclvieles see /ssina eres | #2756 2 a a Brand not known. Jobbers sample......... Anchor Distillers’ Grains................... beeeeee 16.00 t 5.88 t C. A. Krouse Grain Co., Milwaukee, Mich... 15.56 t - t ip = 9 Continental Gluten Feed..............ceseeseeeeee ot ee 23.00 14.538 ans Continental Cereal Co.......................-. 31.44 | 35.60 — | 12.50 34.00 | 34.00 | 13.40 | 12.00 28.58 | 34.00 - 12.00 34.25 | 33.00 | 11.65 | 11.00 382.19 | 33.00 - 11.60 Biles Ready Ration, Union Grains............... {| 24.63 | 24.00 | 7.23 7.00 CI PPAV View TIES AC. Oicierare cvereroresaisiciote iwiciessjepse ovolsiscsselarelersicies (| 22.81 | 24.00 - 7.00 MOT ass ESRD ailinv; Be Ges siesscccenciysiacieecaisinsieeiee cae PARMeTI Gam O Ene Ali© Olseciete ois cls. cess sreveis ceisler sivislence \ 14.19 | 16.00 3.24 3.00 MVM ASS SHETOUS eC) HE CG 15.5. cieiaisisiciele slelels s\eveieeaisieio eee ste anes AIMNOMICG MMI CETE All CO wcici-ciccis 0 o.cie core deaeleiels, eis e-ee\e { 11.00 | 11.90 2.84 3.00 SCHUMMACINEHS AS LOCK: HEC el-ricteejclelercis1-ielelejeicleicleieia fe j| 10.75 | 12.00) 5.18} 5.00 American Cereal Co.............. HobooggCCO RNS (| 11.75 | 12.00 - 4.00 UM KEE ATV IC Ase ieiscierech ncleee cee ieeigis cme entnetics = S American OGerenli CO ne neee ecenotene. | 15.75 | 14.00} 4.63 | 3.50 \WilCwore Conran Wg OMI Nola so geoonpoosdeboascneoneedde {| 8-50!) 9:00 | 4°85 || 4.00 FAMINE TIC AMINO CLE BL COMssjcs acleeisisissieicieiieniowen ces t{ 9.68 | 9.00 | - 4.00 | (| 15.13 | 16.50 S|) BoD) SUCRE ERD MIT Va HEC Oley <..) ais, josrsiseisie)sie civic | | 2 rS se: | c Y © 5 Name of Feed and Manufacturer or Shipper. 12 Cieg | B34) Os A i=] as fa) ==) q 6e| 53| oo] 2a| 8 fy 2 oa By Py oa N WarthimorenwihembpMeediccnere crcl astelceceieels \ Chast CoxmrAiremtsiereclertettarrelersieieeereleierreierete ) 16.00 | 17.00 | 4.65) 4.00 ENP UT OPC CU Wayererefererelelerotes tel eller Velelotersisieiaielereloeieteleretereterats 8.25 | 7.63 | 4.08 / 3.97 Mm pirep Maile yOVeanseNewvaccecteaisioerveleieleicieiereeiele (8.38 | 7.63 - 3.97 1 Sa pell Oyae WG conocgnonponsdooocopoudoduSDdOOdSeoN5 9.69 | 10.00 8.23 6.00 Flint Milling Co........... ietsisfolctesisrosisraioetainieeits 10.25 | 10.00 | 8.18] 6.00 Will canpBlenGecdiG rain Spam ctereteciacleleteliereristelistelersniol int Maio COME nea bone. eee 24.25 | 24.00 | 6.21) 7.00 POKOVEOUItryAHOOGrincjecer lle eeeicteicieerisicleisiersterals 5 Flint & Stetson, Damariscotta.......... ..... ! 21.88 | 21.00 6.53 4.50 BossiCormes OatpMee die cteriireteptrelewterelsicisielesitereiascrel= 7 Great Western Cereal Co...... HE Ge Bateadone } 7.94 | 9.00 | 4.05 | 4.00 LA Al OEMs csoosadacedooscocsogcccsc00g0nsd000K ; Great Western Cereal Co.............. eee eee 5.44 | 7.60 | 1.57] 2.80 Mon archiChopehe ed leyaceriemiveremicieveieieleteaieloleicieversieielelers 7 Husted Milling & Elevator Co ..........s000. }| 7.94 | 8.09) 4.00) 4.16 I= ORMOUSE MME iceiretelsvarciarietetolerotacietolstetereievere/atererettelors rere } 13.63 | 12.00 | 5.53 | 4.50 1S EO) Coon EEN on da oodcnonesanooubosHdoNO6GobS 13.63 | 12.00 - 4.50 New: Hnpland Stock Reed). c i.e sce oe cccieciscce ise HOlCOe ButRlON eek ene a aac USO UY ees | HI=OND Bit Arias sretetelereceleretetetera/avoloderetleretoro ieee lelevereiere = HZ OICo Buti elo mene ce cme eee ie sere eles 18.00 | 18.00 | 5.27 4.50 AER Mi bbayol INOCial, Sounodoncedeuouaacouos Db0GK00000 : Indiana Milling Co Bx 18-88 || 12-05) 3-85) 3-20 UnGdianay Mise deve e Girecet- peterveiciotelelelelisieieleleielcieisisisiere 12.25 - 4.30 = Unguaranteed. An adulterated bran........ 13.88 - | = - Darry~ Mic Cub SeGierseterelamatereicierettelelelcnersielsieleletrelsterele f Jennings & Fulton, Boston.................6.. } 11.18 | 12.05 | 3.00 | 3-20 Prorenay Wai ryaHee iscsi ciced cite ctoeisietelsereloreieiectelcise 17.38 | 20.00 | 4.72 | 3.50 lzebaines Wi GH e on odassonponDBGOOodeodORGoDm s00G0 17.25 | 20.00 | - 3.50 VictoriaiGhopeercviw amici rolciac ceiver cieristmrcten fears The Royce & Coon Grain Co .........--...000- 8.63 | 8.11 | 3.78 | 3.05 Stan dardeMid din SB eet emietekia cleo misireleiicleeye Wiashburn Crosby Olen sritericileveliciete sieielelseicieeers 17.19 | 18.00 | 6.36 | 4.00 (| 11.69 | 17.00 | 4.34] 3.00 Hammond Dairy, PeeGiecaccccesiecleisicicctscics secscle cre j 15.88 | 17.00 | 6.52 | 3.00 Western Grain Products Co................... \| 17.15 | 17.60 - 3.00 | 14.69 | 17.00 - 3.50 HASKeMSISCOCKPME CUE ye telerererer etolossisiclesevelsiclsieleveletatelsiers 9.25 | 10.00) 7.38 | 6.25 \iVolile LEE) <2) 05 C@nogocccsoasc00dun0000. 60000 9.25 | 10.00 - 6.25 Kaitiri@orneMie alliccurrileiittstcrlctietaeoisisicerecicloters S. W. Thaxter & Co., Portland ................ 10:38) 27S 0 ees FEEDING STUFF INSPECTION. Analyses of Samples. 87 PROTEIN. FAT. i | nee i=] =] A : Oo o 5 Name of Feed and Manufacturer or Shipper. | ns Qo; | as 25; Z aoo| 83| 08| § 3 8 =) HO =>) Ho = 53 | 53| 63| 53] 8 Ba| 6a| Ho] Sal w Corn meal......... sgqnadooqo9oDadenuecdoGOaNDG Onod J} 8.50 - - - 2129 Peres ETO LIC Ole iierlaieistelelolelersielsicleleiele/-lelelelee/eferelelol= || 8.56 - - 2130 Eroiel Witiine) Mike) LWKSol osogococodespoooenGonDOOdOdO 2 se a on° American Cereal CO ...... 2... c ce cree eee econ UE 2025 (| 16.56 - - - 2052 VV pu LT ara eM EXe CORTE © Cieterelo)eteieisfelcjelslelsieiele\elelelo\siclelele ) | 15.44 = - = 2096 PAIS HOCH ao bots Raletesisnrs)siclstelcioicicielersinereraie sielayaersisierere | 1G - - - sel Jing MBE boon, cose doncgn0Gn0codo0 oO doNdGHOONDGRONS 7 Re a ‘4 4 990; A.P. Moore Milling Co..........0.sc0..s0) } 17.56 2202 Extra Fine Winter Mixed Feed ........... ena rn x 2 x TGV TEROG) Agobeoseesa ES eRD OREN wooo adadcaaarte 16.75 2149 Vinee \VIN@a6 levels GnasaouoonboosgepougKuDbEGdObOr e ie a Dorr & King, Pittsfield......s.cc.0ccscssccueee }) 14.31 2112 (| 14.06 = = = 2024 = = = 902 Verio. Whoxecl I8eeCl csoscnoodpupn45o 0 b0DbUs000000 } ey 2 iz z= a rag VENDITA YC Oley veretatete » oveieie/eleie sieleisis eieis/leceteyereiele 17.63 = ones, 3s 2142 | 17.00 = Sul S| FBR SUNS aie Cv Mitexc© CISHLG Chie rerice. cls eye eialorotelsieie sieivie sisiecleeiciejers 15.88 - ~ - 2148 leiupaivere 1sWos hy bu bib rye! Cfo) eoGogdoooooouneooKGuouS | 15.75 = 2193 BV TRIEXCO CUBE Cl eterayeistarescleroieVete’s