‘ ei ay Sf ta Se one ay hy PENA e Bedaaanias ‘ Ss F Foe 4, Van ma hah or LIBRARY OF THE ON My, BS FORTHE “> ay Z S$” PEOPLE ot FOR eo | S EDVCATION © © oan oA FOR : O, SCIENCE << Sey ya ee Om UES Te ee ee en Pane teenie SAP or Eokegy VIDE ciccererere . eee: Toe LIGRANLY | OF THE | 63.06 G4:/) : : AMERTCAN MUSEUM ¢ Mr } OF NATURAL HISTORY - TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE § 1 ; ORONO, MAINE ioe STATE OF MAINE. 1913 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ORONO, MAINE. Organization January to June, 1912. yo? OL 0. ag, ced THE STATION COUNCHE: PRESIDENT ROBERT J. ALEY, President DIRECTOR CHARLES D. WOODS, Secretary SAMUEL W. GOULD, Skowhegan, Committee of CHARLES L. JONES, Corinna, CC Board of Trustees JOHN P. BUCKLEY, Stroudwater, Commissioner of Agriculture BUGENE H. LIBBY, Auburn, State Grange ROBERT H. GARDINER, Canttines State Pomological Society RUTILLUS ALDEN, Winthrop, State Dairymen’s Association AND THE Heaps AND ASSOCIATES OF STATION DEPARTMENTS. THE STATION STAFE. CHARICE S DEN OODS oc, Ds Director eee are \ BUANCEE Fo POORER: Clerk and Stenographer | GEM M. COOMBS, Slenoorapien (RAYMOND PEARLY Pre 1}! Biologist MAYNIF R. CURTIS, A. M., Assistant BIOLOGY 4 CLARENCE W. BARBER, é Assistant WALTER ANDERSON, Poultryman (ees IL, Ly IRUS SILL, Computer “JAMES M. BARTLETT, M. S Chemist HERMAN H. HANSON, M. S., Associate (CIBUEIMUIES TE 1K 7 4 ALBERT (G) DURIGEN. Moss Assistant ALFRED Kk. BURKE, B. S., . Assistant | HARRY C. ALEXANDER, Laboratory Assistant ENTOMOL- { OSKAR A. JOHANNSEN, Pu. D., Entomologist OGY IDIMMEL IW, IPAINCIEL, IPist. 1D)... Associate | ANIEJIOIE, Wo a WERUUL IL, Laboratory Assistant PLANT WARNER J. MORSE, M. S., Pathologist Be CIRUAIRIV ISS) 15), ILS WIS) ese, 1B c= Associate PATHOLOGY Sate . VERNON FOLSOM, Laboratory Assistant HIGHMOOR (GEORGE A. YEATON, Orchardist FARM WELLINGTON SINCLATR, Superintendent ROYDEN L. HAMMOND, Seed Analyst and Photographer ELMER R. TOBRY, B. S., . Inspector ALBERT VERRIBE Ba S-. Inspector EDGAR WHITE, Inspector CHARLES S. INMAN, Assistant MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ORONO, MAINE. Organization July to December, 1912. THE STATION COUNCIL. PRESIDENT ROBERT J. ALEY, ~ President Die CLOR CHAREES) D! WOODS, Secretary JOHN M. OAK, B. S., Bangor, ai) Oe TIGRIS GHARLES L. JONES, Corinna, Bowman Pracices FREELAND JONES, LL. B., Bangor, OOBHINE ay JOHN P. BUCKLEY, Stroudwater, Cemmussioner of Agriculture BUGENE H. LIBBY, Auburn, - State Grange ROBERT H. GARDINER, Gardiner, Siate Pomological Society RUTILLUS ALDEN, Winthrop, State Dairyinens Association WILLIAM H. DAVIS, Augusta, Maine Livestock Breeders’ Association WILLIAM G. HUNTON, Readfield, Maine Seed Improvement Association Anp THE HEADS AND ASSOCIATES OF STATION DEPARTMENTS. AMRUE, GIA ION SS) IVANIENE. : ( (CIRDAIRIDIES) IDE WWOXOUBIS), iSics 1D): Director NEES = , ey | BLANCHE F. POOLER, Clerk and Stenographer | GEM M. COOMBS, Siranoonmmicr “RAYMOND PEARL, Pu. D. Biologist IMUANCININE, IR. (CIUIRAVINSS YAKS INI, Assistant BIOLOGY + CLARENCE W. BARBER, B. S., Assistant | WALTER ANDERSON, Poultryman ESTELLA MORRISON, Computer (JAMES M. BARTLETT, M. S, Chemie HERMAN H. HANSON, M. 5&S., Associate | ALBERT VERRILL, B. S., Assistant Gee RY )V PPWARD EB. SAWYER, B. S., Assistant HELEN W. AVERILL, B. S., Assistant | HARRY C. ALEXANDER, Laboratory Assistant ENTOMOL- ( EDITH M. PATCH, Pu. D., Entomologist OGY ) ALICE W. AVERILL, Laboratory Assistant - WARNER J. MORSE, Pu. D., Pathologist Mie oc: CHARLES E, LE Wis; Pr, DD. Associate di VERNON FOLSOM, Laboratory Assistant HIGHMOOR ( WELLINGTON SINCLAIR, Superintendent FARM | GEORGE A. YEATON, Orchardist ROYDEN L. HAMMOND, Seed Analyst and Photographer BLUMER R. TOBEY, B. S., Inspector EDGAR WHITE, Inspector CHARLES S. INMAN, Assistant = Zz Maine, ae een All requests should be sent to are ve) ie { heen: CONTENTS. PAGE YUN veins WMS RAMMEMEG, SNCS Nay il Stic 9 8.0 0-6 oI Ua ee ae PEA eee EMR PRA Re ee Vil Orchard Spraying Experiments (Bulletin ro8)................ I iwrchancdsNotes: (Bulletim 199)... ......2.25..%. setae Peete 33 ‘The Mycetophilidae of North America (Bulletin 200).......... 5 Spirit Gime Nirowsy Dtrery@Bulletin 201) aime... sss.) eo eee eu te 147 Aphid Pests of Maine (@Brullehine292)) sneer nga Scan sean 159 Food Plants of the Aphid (Bulletin 202).............. hack ata AD LETS iorecmom Psyilidae GBulletin 202). obit fee o ce cues ee ce eens 205 Elm Leaf Curl and Woolly Apple Aphid (Bulletin 203)........ 235 Siniolemeaives (Bulletin, 204) oo e..k i eee bs 259 Mode of Inheritance of Fecundity in Fowls (Bulletin 205)..... 283 Histology of the Oviduct of the Hen (Bulletin 206)............ 305 enemy \(Billetity 208). is ws cre cymeteere eel doe, coe t wrepeia (At ee 467 Report of Treasurer (Bulletin 208) ..... saleeaee Fe Rapa Sine EROS 469 S Index Gi IReposre iia (CBee Ze) po oasmoo de oosdooouoendeour 470 i ANNOUNCEMENTS: ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STATION. The Maine Fertilizer Control and Agricultural Experiment Station, established by Act of the Legislature approved March 3, 1885, began its work in April of that year in quarters fur- nished by the College. After the Station had existed for two years, Congress passed what is known as the Hatch Act, estab- lishing agricultural experiment stations in every state. ‘This grant was accepted by the Maine Legislature by an Act ap- proved March 16, 1887, which established the Maine Agricul- tural Experiment Station as a department of the University. The reorganization was effected in June, 1887, but work was not begun until February 16, 1888. In 1906 Congress passed the Adams Act for the further endowment of the stations estab- lished under the Hatch Act. The purpose of the experiment stations is defined in the Act of Congress establishing them as follows: “Tt shall be the object and duty of said experiment stations to conduct original researches or verify experiments on the physi- ology of plants and animals; the diseases to which they are sev- erally subject, with the remedies for the same; the chemical composition of useful plants at their different stages of growth; the comparative advantage of rotative cropping as pursued un- der a varying series of crops; the capacity of new plants or trees for acclimation; the analysis of soils and water; the chemical composition of manures, natural and artificial, with experi- ments designed to test their comparative effects on crops of different kinds; the adaptation and value of grasses and forage plants; the composition and digestibility of the different kinds of food for domestic animals; the scientific and economic ques- tions involved in the production of butter and cheese; and such other researches or experiments bearing directly on the agri- 4 A 4 a ANOUNCEMENTS. vil cultural industry of the United States as may in each case be deemed advisable, having due regard to the varying conditions and needs of the respective states or territories.” The work that the Experiment Station can undertake from the Aidams Act fund is more restricted and can “be applied only to paying the necessary expenses of conducting original researches or experiments bearing directly on the agricultural industry of the United States, having due regard to the vary- ing conditions and needs of the respective states and territories.” INVESTIGATIONS. The Station continues to restrict its work to a few important lines, believing that it is ‘better for the agriculture of the State to study thoroughly a few problems than-to spread over the whole field of agricultural science. It has continued to improve its facilities and segregate its work in such a way as to make it an effective agency for research in agriculture. Prominent among the lines of investigation are studies upon the food of man and animals, the diseases of plants and animals,. breeding of plants and animals, orchard and field experiments, poultry investigations, and entomological research. INSPECTIONS. The inspection of food and drugs, the inspection of fertilizers, the inspection of concentrated commercial feeding stuffs, the inspection of agricultural seeds, the inspection of fungicides and insécticides and the testing of the graduated glassware used in creameries, are entrusted to the Station through its director, who is responsible for the execution of the public laws relat- ing to these matters. The cost of the inspections is borne by fees and by a state appropriation, and the examination of chemical glassware by a charge for calibration. OFFICES AND LABORATORIES. The officers, laboratories and poultry plant of the Maine Agri- cultural Experiment Station are at the University of Maine, Orono. Orono is the freight, express, post, telegraph and tele- phone address for the offices and laboratories. vill MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Visitors to the Station will find it convenient to leave the steam cars at Bangor or Old Town, as the railway station at Orono is a mile from the University. Bangor and Old Town trolley cars pass-through the campus. They pass the railway station in Bangor 5 minutes after the hour and half hour, and the railway station in Old Town, 20 minutes after and 10 min- utes before the hour. HicHMoor Farm. Highmoor Farm, purchased by the State for the use of the Station, is located in the town of Monmouth, 24 miles from the Monmouth station and the same distance from the Leeds Junct:on station. It is on the Farmington branch of the Maine Central Railroad. A flag station, called Highmoor, is on the farm. Monmouth is the post, telegraph and telephone address for Highmoor Farm. Both Leeds Junction and Monmouth are freight and express addresses. Visitors are always welcome. Granges, Farmers’ Clubs and others desiring to visit Highmoor Farm are requested to ar- range dates in advance. ; THe AIM OF THE STATION. Every citizen of Maine concerned in agriculture has the right to apply to the Station for any assistance that comes within its province. It is the wish of the Trustees and Station Council that the Station be as widely useful as its resources will permit. In addition to its work of investigation, the Station is pre- pared to make chemical analyses of fertilizers, feeding stuffs, dairy products and other agricultural materials; to test seeds and creamery glassware; to identify grasses, weeds, injurious fungi and insects, etc.; and to give information on agricultural matters of interest and advantage to the citizens of the State. All work proper to the Experiment Station and of public benefit will be done without charge. Work for the private use of individuals is charged for at the actual cost to the Station. The Station offers to do this work only as a matter of accommo- dation. Under no condition will the Station undertake analyses, the results of which cannot be published, if they prove of gen- eral interest. PUBLICATIONS. iX CORRESPONDENCE. As far as practicable, letters are answered the day they are received. Letters sent to individual officers are liable to remain unanswered, in case the officer addressed is absent. All com- munications, should, therefore, be addressed to the Director or to the: Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Maine. PUBLICATIONS. The Station is organized so that the work of investigat'on is distinct from the work of inspection. ‘The results of investi- gation are published in the bulletins of the Station. These make up the annual report for the year. ‘whe results of the work of inspection are printed in publications known as Official Inspections. These are paged independently of the bulletins and are bound in with the annual report as an appendix thereto. Miscellaneous publications consisting of newspaper notices of bulletins, newspaper bulletins and circulars which are not paged consecutively and for the most part are mot included in the annual report are issued during the year. All the bulletins issued by the Station are sent to the names upon the official mailing list prepared by the Office of Experi- ment Stations, to all newspapers in Maine and to libraries and to agricultural exchanges. Bulletins which have to do with general agriculture and the Official Inspections which bear upon the feeding stuffs, fertilizer and seed inspections are sent to a general mailing list composed chiefly of farmers within the State. The publications having to do with the food and drug inspection are sent to a special list including all dealers in Maine and other citizens who request them. The annual report is sent to directors of experiment stations and to libraries. Copies of all publications are sent to the newspapers within the State and to the press on the exchange list outside of the State. BULLETINS ISSUED IN totz2. No. 168. Orchard Spraying Experiments. 32 pages, Ir illustrations. No. 199. Orchard Notes. 24 pages, 23 illustrations. No. 200. Fungus Cnats of North America, Part IV. 90 pages, 244 illustrations, No. 201. Spirit of Nitrous Ether. 12 pages, 1 illustration. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. . Notes. 06 pages, 179 illustrations. . 203. Elm .Leaf Curl and Woolly Apple Aphis. 24 pages, illustrations. . 204. Triplet Calves. 24 pages, 2 illustrations. . 205. Mode of Inheritance of Fecundity in the Domestic Fowl. 112 pages, 2 illustrations. . 206. Histology of Oviduct of Hen. 36 pages, 19 illustrations. . 207. Insect Notes for 1912. 36 pages, 16 illustrations. . 208. Finances, Meteorology, Index. 24 pages. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS ISSUED IN Tor. . 36. Seed Inspection. 12 pages. . 37. Carbonated Beverages, Ice Cream, Prosecutions. 12 pages. ., 38. Feeding Stuffs Inspection. 48 pages. . 39. Miscellaneous Foods, Prosecutions. 16 pages. . 40. Drug Inspection. 12 pages. . 41. Miscellaneous Foods. 16 pages. 2. Fertilizer Inspection. 40 pages. . 43. Clams, Oysters, Prosecutions. 8 pages. . 44. Creamery Sanitation, Creamery Inspection, Prosecutions. pages. . 45. Carbonated Beverages and Ice Cream. 12 pages. MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS ISSUED IN Tor: . 444. Notice of hearing. 1 page. . 445. List of Publications I91I. ‘1 page. . 446. Map of Highmoor Farm. . 447. Methods of Feeding Poultry. 4 pages. | . 448. Ege Records. I page. . 449. List of Registered Feeding Stuffs. 8 pages. . 450. Requirements under the law regulating the sale of apples. pages. . 451. Experiments at Highmoor Farm. 8 pages. . 452. Orchard Spraying Experiments notice. I page. . 453. Station Publications. 1 page. . 454. List of Publications. 1 page. 455. Oxchand Notes. 1 page: . 456. Orchard Spraying Experiments. I page. . 457. Orchard Notes. I page. 458. Notice of hearing. I page. : . 459. Elm Leaf Curl and Woolly Apple Aphis. 1 page. . 460. Requirements under feeding stuffs law. 8 pages. . 461. Available Bulletins. 4 pages. . 462. Station Publications. I page. . 463. Paints. 4 pages. . 202. Aphid Pests of Maine. Food Plants of the Aphids. Psyllid- 25 16 BIOLOGY PUBLICATIONS. xi BIOLOGY PUBLICATIONS 1o12. In the numbered series ot “Papers from the Biological Laboratory”: No. No. 33. Studies on the Physiology of Reproduction in the Domestic Fowl. V. Data Regarding the Physiology of the Oviduct. By Raymond Pearl and Maynie R. Curtis. Jour. Exper. Loo. Vol. 12; No. 1, pp. 99-132. . 34. A Case of Hypospadias in a Ram. By Raymond Pearl. Amer. Veterinary Review, Vol. XL., pp. 794-706. . 35. Further Notes Regarding Selection Index Numbers. By Raymond Pearl. Amer Nat. Vol. XLVL., pp. 302-307. . 36. Notes on the History of Barred Breeds of Poultry. By Ray- mond Pearl. Biological Bulletin, Vol. 22, pp. 297-308. . 37. The Mode of Inheritance of Fecundity in the Domestic Fowl. Bykaymond. Pearly “Jour Exper. Zool, Vel 13%) pp: 153-268. . 38. The Interstitial Cells and the Supposed Internal Secretion of the Chicken Testis. By Alice M: Boring. Biol. Bulli., Vol. XXIII, pp. 141-153. . 39. A Case of Triplet Calves, with some General Conadertivons Regarding Multiple Gestation in Normally Uniparous Animals. By Raymond Pearl. Me. Agr. Expt. Sta. Ann. Rpt. for 1912, pp. 259-282. 40. The Histology of the Oviduct of the Domestic Hen. By Frank M. Surface. Me. Agr. Expt. Stat. Ann. Rpt. for 1912, pp. 265-430, 5 plates. . 41. Fat Deposition in the Testis of the Domestic Fow\. By Ray- mond Pearl and Alice M. Boring, Science, N. §., Vol. XXXVI. pp. 833-835. Papers published but not in the numbered series. Methods of Feeding Poultry, Me. Agr. Expt. Stat Circular No. 447, pp. 1-4. The Inheritance of Fecundity. By Raymond Pearl. In “Problems in Problems in Tugenics. Papers Hee to First Interna- tional Eugenics Congress 1912,” pp. 47-57. (Also reprinted in Popular Science ‘Monthly, Vol. LXXXI, pp. 364-373). Genetics and Eugenics. A Consideration of the Relation of Animal Experimentation to Human Inheritance and Infant Conserva- tion. By Raymond Pearl. Eugenics Review, Vol. 3, pp. 335- 339. (Also printed in American Assoc. for Study and Preven- tion of Infant Mortality. Proceedings of the Second Meeting, pp. 129-132). The Secretory Activity of the Oviduct of the Domestic Fowl. By Raymond Pearl. Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci. IO1TI, pp. 29-34. The Mendelian Inheritance of Fecundity in the Domestic Fowl. By Raymond Pearl. Amer. Nat. Vol. XLVL., pp. 607-711. ENTOMOLOCICAL PAPERS FROM THE MAINE AGRICUL- No. TURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 51. Notes on Psyllidae: Livia. By Edith M. Patch. Psyche, . Vol. 10, pp. 5-8. X1i MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. The Fungus Gnats of North America. Part IV. (Conclu- sion). By O. A. Johannsen. Bulletin No. 200. Me. dNege. Wise), Sie No. 53.. Aphid Pests of Maine Part I. By Edith M. Patch. Bulletin No. 202. Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. pp. 150-178. No. oat iS) No. 54. Food Plant Catalogue of the Aphidae of the World. Part I. By Edith M. Patch. Bulletin No. 202. Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. pp. 170-214. No. 55. Notes on Psyllidae. By Edith M. Patch. Bulletin No. 202. Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. pp. 215-234. No. 56. Elm Leaf Curl and Woolly Aphid of the Apple. By Edith M. Patch. Science Vol. 36, pp. 30-31. No. 57. A Tertiary Fungus Gnat. By O. A. Johannsen. The American Journal of Science. Vol. 34. p. 140. No. 58. Elm Leaf Curl and Woolly Apple Aphid. By Edith M. Patch. Bulletin 203. Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. No. 59. Woolly Aphid Migration from Elm to Mountain Ash.- By Edith M. Patch. Journal Economie Ent., Vol. 5, p. 305. CHANGES IN STATION STAFF IN IQ12. April 1, Mr. Walter W. Bonns, ‘horticulturist to the Station, resigned to accept a position with the California Experiment Station. April 1, Alfred K. Burke, assistant chemist, resigned to accept a position in commercial work. July 1, Albert G. Durgin, assistant chemist to the Station, resigned to accept a position on the instruction force of the chemical department of the University of Maine. September 1, Dr. O. A. Johannsen, entomologist to the Sta- tion, resigned to accept a professorship at Cornell University. December 1, Mr. Albert Verrill, assistant chemist, resigned to accept a position in commercial work. January 1, Miss Sybil Russell was appointed as computer in the biological department for the first half of the year. July 1, Miss Estella Morrison was appointed computer in her place. April 1, Mr. George A. Yeaton was appointed orchardist. He served in that capacity until November 15, 1912. : June 1, Mr. Clarence W. Barber was appointed as assistant biologist. July 1, Mr. Edward FE. Sawyer and Miss Helen W. Averill were appointed as assistant chemists. December 1, Mr. Elmer R. Tobey was transferred from the position of inspector to assistant chemist. BULLETIN No. 198. ORCHARD SPRAIN Ga xP iE RM Nr Ss W. W. Bonns. INTRODUCTION. In 1909 the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station came into possession of Highmoor Farm at Monmouth, Maine, the purchase of which had been authorized by the State legislature for experimental work in orcharding and other crops. Such work was inaugurated in the spring of 1910.- Several experiments aiming at the solution of orchard problems were begun at this time. It is the purpose of this bulletin to record only the work and results so far obtained in the plots devoted to spraying experiments with fungicides and insecticides. It is not the purpose of the Station to plead for the estab- lishment and furtherance of spraying as a common orchard practice in Maine. ‘This must be emphasized by the State agents for agricultural education and extension. Spraying has long ago proved to be a profitable operation when intelligently and thoroughly conducted.* It remains for the experimenter in orchard work to concern himself, so far as spraying is con- cerned, solely with experiments that attack the problems aris- ing from and proceeding with the extension of the practice. Nevertheless the data resulting from a continued series of experiments along this line not only throw light upon the ques- fions asked therein, but incidently furnish to the observant orchardist comparative figures whereby he may determine for himself whether the spraying of apple orchards is a profitable operation. * For a concise account of an experiment dealing with this question see Farmers’ Bulletin 479, U. S. D. A., pp. 8-10. 2 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912. The results of the spraying experiments of the season of 1910 have already been published * and will be but briefly reviewed here. EXPERIMENTS (Al AiGHMOOK (FARM one “The experiment aimed at determining the following points: 1. The comparative efficiency of the lime-sulphur sprays and bordeaux mixture as fungicides, especially for apple scab. 2. A comparison of these sprays in regard to possible in- jury to foliage and fruit on a variety especially susceptible to spray injury—the Ben Davis. 3. The effectiveness of arsenate of lead in combination with lime-sulphur solutions. 4. ‘The relation of possible leaf and fruit injury to the com- bination of sulphur sprays with lead arsenate. .... 22). .\eeee An orchard of 140 Ben Davis trees from 20 to 25 years old, of fairly uniform size and condition, and promising a moderate yield per tree, was divided into 12 plots. Plot 1 contained 9 trees. ‘The remainder consisted of 12 each, excepting Plot 9, which contained 11.** The table on page 3 gives data of treatment: In making the self-boiled lime-sulphur, hot water was used and an attempt made to secure a large amount of sulphur in solution by making it in a small 10-gallon cask, conserving the heat by a covering during the process, and allowing it to stand for about 45 minutes before using. ‘The lime was high grade and quick acting. Sulphur flour was used. 7 The lime of the boiled concentrated spray was slaked with a thin paste made of the sulphur in hot water, more water being added up to a total volume of Io gallons. This volume was kept constant while the solution boiled for one hour. After cooling * Bonns, W. W., “Orchard Spraying Experiments,’ Bul. 189, Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., pp. 33-80, Pl. XII. Inasmuch as the size of the edition proved somewhat inadequate it has been considered desirable to brief- ly review the account of the work and the results contained therein. ** Two trees in Plot 12 were accidently sprayed on one side in the second application and were omitted from the final count. + It should be noted that the above method of making this mixture is in reality not the “self-boiled” preparation of Scott’s recommenda- tion, but an intensified modification, whereby more sulphur than Scott advises goes into solution. Concerning the self-hboiled mixture see Ap- pendix B of this bulletin, p. 32. ORCHARD SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS II. 3 and straining it showed a density indicated in the table and was used at the same dilution as the commercial solutions. Arsenate of lead was not added in any case until the time of application. ABE) Ip = Sad aw Amount Lrap B15) ese ARSENATE IN 50 ae be GaLLons WATER. o TREATMENT. | MANUFACTURED a e a “BY oS EE Second and 43 ae os First third ap- ©) i ES applica- |plications. a <3 <5 tion i Umermarredl 65. 6 olleeges ce Connon Oc eee eee ra eiepede Srelll cers Set caste alle crane ehereerete 2)Lime-sulphur...|/Niagara Sprayer Company...... 34 dies alse seteeuste alien Sian 3 lbs. 3) Lime-sulphur...)/B o wk er Insecti- ; cide Company..| 34 De corallst-usesteare | 2llbsis 22h 3 Ibs. 4)/Lime-sulphur.. .|Sterling Chemical Company...... Bail Lecallstysranmicciers PWNS ao05 3 lbs. 5|Lime-sulphur.. .|Grasselli Chemical : Company...... 33 Decals i cise seers QNDSissisie.s 3 lbs. 6) Lime-sulphur.. .|Jas. A. mlenehard i Company...-:.. 32 Ile tea GH eteAn hd tic BMWS goo 4 3 lbs. 7\\‘Sulfocide’’....|B. G. Pratt Co....| 40 Nery ae ae 2 Wess b a6 -|3 lbs. 8|Intensified Self ? Boiled Lime- : ; SKU SIoqUEPS G elee dene Inloranls) GK). 5 oH ollesooos 10 lbs. lime, : 10 lbs. sulphur..| 21bs..... 3 Ibs. 9/Boiled lime- ; Souja oqonD, Se ee Home made..... Bil 24 lbs. lime } i 5 lbs.sulphur f +) 2 lbs..... 3 lbs 10/Bordeaux mix- : GUI eerie ey 7 o. 3 Elomemmadieles sci al cn cdl. 4 lbs. copper ; sulphate..... Wold oval \3 lbs 4 lbs. lime | 11)Bordeaux mix- | USED clo cae Eomenmnadiennrn. allen) 3 lbs. copper ) SUL p hale emer men OS arenes |3 Ibs. 3 lbs. lime J SUM TTT OC) OMeen (re tester enees eek ons pills enter Plz setae, a AAunavereele ta] figredsl see e009 | Seta ereteyeve * The third application of ‘‘Sulfocide’’ was 3-16 gallon to 50 gallons water. { Boiled with a constant volume of 10 gallons water and used at same dilution as com- mercial concentrates. TIME OF APPLICATION. Owing to the nature of the experiment, a hand pump ee was used. ‘The applications, made with Mistry Jr. nozzle were exceedingly careful and thorough, and occurred on ie following dates: Ist. When fruit buds began to show pink, May 13 to 16. Pideeeweter the petals fell, June 7 to 9. Bode july 15 to 18.” * * Bonns, W. W. loc. cit. pp. 53-55. 4 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q12. Weather conditions at the time of the first and last applica- tions were favorable and remained so for some time thereafter. The second application was made during a period of extremely unsettled weather, with conditions most favorable for the pro- duction of spray injury, according to previous experiences with bordeaux. Showers were frequent and changes in temperature, humidity and sunshine intensity were great and sudden. RESULTS. In the course of the season, observations showed that injury to fruit and foliage occurred in varying degrees on all sprayed plots. On all the lime sulphur plots such injuries were negli- gible for practical purposes, compared with the markedly thrifty condition of the leaves and the fine appearance of the fruit. An unusual form of injury at the calyx or “bloom” end of the fruit was also noted and was ascribed to the lead arsenate in combination with the lime-sulphur solution. This, with the one exception to be noted, was also small enough in amount to be an unimportant factor. Only one of the proprietary sprays (advertised as a soluble sulphur and not a lime-sulphur solution), did very severe dam- age to leaves and fruit, and proved to be the one instance where injury was caused by each application. No differences great enough to indicate superiority were found among the several commercial lime-sulphur preparations, nor between them and the boiled home made solution. The in- tensified self-boiled mixture proved less effective as a fungicide. The concentrated lime-sulphur sprays in general showed su- periority over bordeaux mixture in regard to the absence of fruit and foliage injury and effectiveness in fungus control. The sole exception in the latter respect was the home boiled solution, and the slight difference here can be accounted for on other grounds. The conclusions drawn from this year’s results were pro- foundly affected by some unknown factor, generally ascribed to the weather, which produced severe russeting and malforma- tion of fruit on the unsprayed trees. Nevertheless, after taking this into account, the results tended to show the advantages of lime-sulphur sprays, commercial or home made, over bordeaux in a season which put all spray materials to a severe test. ORCHARD SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS II. 5 The insecticidal value of lead arsenate was found to be un- diminished when combined with lime-sulphur sprays. The following table gives the results of inspecting all the fruit. Each plot was examined for the scab fungus, (Venturia Pomi (Fr.) Wint.), which was the only one seen on the trees in this experiment; for insect injury indicated by curculio stings or wormy fruit; for calyx injury and for fruit deformity ‘caused either by natural agencies, spraying, or these factors combined. TABLE 2. > iol x ‘4 » ~ » ~ » TREATMENT. 2S S ga 52 5 > 8 3 ae SS 5 3 jo, | 2 es ° Oo =) og e phe) Be lees) sa | es | sa) 58 Ay ATA) 26 |aFa) aa] ao | BO ae ee | i i : ii@heckeaWmsprayed rss dss os. ||) 3,102) 58.34) 465) 196 ian oe. 13.79 2|Niagara Lime-sulphur.......... 34 | 7,736) 92.70) 7.29) 2.22) 1.75) 0.63 3|/Bowker Lime-sulphur.......... 34 5 ,040) 98.33) 6.66) 3.57) 1.07) 1.54 4\Sterling Lime-sulphur.......... 31 | 7,765) 89.96) 10.03) 1.37) 0.06) 0.81 5|Grasselli Lime-sulphur..........| 33 | 9,563) 88.53) 11.46) 1.81) 3.21) 0.53 6|Blanchard Lime-sulphur........ 32 7,699) 91.08} 8.91); 1.64) 0.61) 1.02 MErabtee SUItOCIMer it. sera ccs - | 40 3 660) 94.42) 5.57 44.397 0.16 8|Intensified Self Boiled Lime- | | STAM POLNUT MR eae ieirs Se ee Betieliatey sock PES sol see | 3,181} 84.59) 15.40) 2.13) 1.03) 1.03 9|Boiled Lime-sulohur............| 31 | 6 ,551| Sone Delany ele oil OO 9 melee: TOWBordeams4—4—50% 05 ck. e sess | een. ee He GIS) BCPA KG}, 710) Bo ooo a = Valk foil MUNBOLGealtxG—S—O0), oo. c ce ca ee |e ne on Sy PANS) | ts1a ROH! WZERORI| | tag 7AS)/ 55 oo 1.97 PA Check wUmMsSprayed! 5 fh... ce eee ele 6,092) 59.24) 40.75) 2.47)...... FBS) ~ * On sprayed plots 50 per cent. of respective amounts so slightly scabbed as to have fair market value. =- + Deformity and calyx injury sufficiently coincident to combine in one count. ' On sprayed plots practically all fruit under this heading (except Plots 1 and 12), was aajtited by the curculio and not by the codling moth. The latter was thoroughly con- trolled. In planning the experiment for 1911, consideration was given not only to the problems arising from the preceding results at Highmoor, but also to the facts elicited and the ques- tions arising from the recent work of other experiments in this field. In the course of a number of spraying exper:ments con- ducted in several sections of the country, the use of arsenate of lead alone as a spray material gave results worthy of note. It appeared from the work of Taylor * and Waite ** that * Taylor, E. P. “Spraying Peaches for Brown Rot.” Western Fruit Grower, Oct. 1909, pp. 20-21 and Feb. 1910, pp. 16-18. ; ** Waite, M. B., “Experiments on the Apple with Some New and Little-Known Fungicides.” U. S. D. A., Bur. Plant Industry. Circular £8 (1910). 6 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT SATION. -IQ12. lead arsenate had some fungicidal properties, or at least was capable of inhibiting fungus attack. Taylor came to this con- clusion from work done in Missouri peach orchards where the curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar, Herbst) and the brown rot. (Sclerotinia fructigena (Pers.) Schroet.) were very pernicious. In this instance the control of the rot is largely creJited as indirectly due to the insecticidal action of the spray in warding off the insect whose fruit punctures form sources of infection by the fungus. In another instance, however, reference is made to the absence of peach scab following the use of lead arsenate, and this is ascribed to its probable fungicidal prop- erties. 5 In Waite’s experiments in Virginia with apples, however, the action of lead arsenate is specifically recognized as fungicidal. Discussing the results obtained on the lead arsenate plot, the author states: “This spray gave excellent results, not only in its absence of injurious effects on the foliage and fruit but in DUCVEM EMO TTTAOLS PCUSeASeS is. aeeeet ar ere encom Further- more, the spraying seemed to protect the fruits from the fly- speck, the smut fungus, and the fruit spots, just:as in the case of the other mixtures.” * He concluded that “this insecticide seemed to possess con- siderable fungicidal value, though probably not enough to be depended upon for general use.” Wallace et al.** have also made extensive field and laboratory stud-es of the fungicidal value of spray mixtures, and :ncluded therein a test of the efficiency of lead arsenate diluted to spray- ing density, uncombined with other solutions. When so used it was found to reduce apple scab considerably. and in mild cases to control it fairly well. Better percentages of control were obta:ned under field conditions than in the laboratory studies, and in both kinds of tests the addition of lead arsenate to lime-sulphur solutions increased the fungicidal value of the latter. Such increase is regarded by Wallace as due more to * Waite, IM. BiMGe:ccity py 12: ** Wallace, E., Blodgett, F. M., and Hessler, L. R. “Studies: of the Fungicidal Value of Lime-Sulfur Preparations,” N. Y. (Cornell) Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 290 (1911). (Note—The author does not indicate in his report the specific organ- isms thus controlled. The lead arsenate in question was used at the dilution of 2 lbs. to 50 gallons.) ORCHARD SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS II. 7 the changes resulting from the chemical combination of the two substances than to the simple addition of the arsemate. In connection with the above experiment Wallace advances a theory accounting for the fungicidal action of the arsenate.. He suggests that such action may be due largely to physical rather than chemical causes. Assuming that the leaf has been well sprayed and is thoroughly coated with a thin layer of in- soluble arsenate, it would be possible for fungus spores to germinate in water on the leaf above this layer and still pre- vent the peretration of the germ tubes. This protective action might be reduced with the growth of the leaf, when the newer surfaces would be unprotected and the chances of infection greater. On this hypothesis reliance must be placed on a spray mate- rial actually preventing spore germination, rather than on one merely presenting obstacles to germ tube penetration. Other facts elicited by the work in question were the changes wrought in lime-sulphur used alone or with lead arsenate, in the presence of carbonic acid. This chemical compound is injected into the problem when the carbonic acid gas sprayer is used. It was found that under such conditions the soluble sul- phur was precipitated before its application, but the resulting products were no less effective than the solutions applied by means. other than the gas sprayer, after changes produced in them by exposure to the air had occurred. This appeared to. be true irrespective of the use of the gas sprayer with lime- sulphur alone, or combined with lead arsenate. It was ob- served, however, that with the use of the gas sprayer in apply- ing the two materials combined, arose the tendency to produce foliage injury, especially to the susceptible leaves of the peach. For the past two years the work at Highmoor in spraying experiments has of necessity been confined to trees of fairly uniform condition, bearing a reasonable crop. These condi- tions have limited the work to the Ben Davis variety. Although other standard kinds are growing in the Highmoor orchards they were either scattered in a way poorly adapted to experi- mental work, or their poor condition rendered them unsuitable material. It was therefore considered very desirable that trials along lines similar to those being conducted in the Station erchard should also be made on other varieties in other or- 8 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q12. chards. Cooperative work under the supervision of the Station horticulturist was therefore begun in three orchards in the near- by town of Greene, owned by Messrs. H. Philbrook, J. Coburn and H. Keyser respectively. The writer wishes at this time to express his appreciation of the interest shown and the aid fur- nished by these gentlemen. A discussion of the work and results obtained in the Greene orchards will be made separate ~ from the work at Highmoor. It is a well recognized fact that in using the lime-sulphur preparations instead of bordeaux mixture in orchard spraying we are substituting for a spray that at the time of application is insoluble, one that is soluble and more or less caustic in nature, according to the strength of the solution. The basis, therefore, for the proper use of lime-sulphur sprays has been the determination of the strength of the stock solution, and its dilution for use according to its density. Simple instruments | for this purpose and dilution tables graded for a scale of den- sities have been, and still are the only safe means of using lime-sulphur as a summer spray which, so far as known, wiil insure both fungicidal effectiveness and freedom from spray injury. Nevertheless it is a matter of practical interest and impor- tance to determine what may be the limits of dilution for a specific density, in regard to injury and to efficiency; in other words, can a solution of a known density be safely used at a reasonably greater strength than that indicated by its place in the dilution table, or can it be diluted beyond the amount indi- cated in the table, and still be an effective fungicide? EXPERIMENTS AT HIGHMOOR FARM, tort. The experiment for this year, therefore, in addition to se- curing further comparative notes on the effectiveness of lime- sulphur and bordeaux mixture, aimed at the accumulation of data bearing on the points discussed above. Both the lime-sulphur and the bordeaux preparations were home made. ‘The latter was of 3-3-50 strength and the lime- sulphur was made according to the boiled stock solution for- mula.* A reliable commercial brand of lead arsenate was used throughout. _* Explanation of bordeaux 3-3-50 and directions for making and diluting concentrated lime-sulphur solutions are given in the Appendix. ORCHARD SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS ILI. Yy The home made lime sulphur concentrate registered 27 de- grees Beaume density. This, according to Van Slyke et al.* should be used at a summer strength of 1 gallon to 29.5 gal- lons of water, or 1.69 gallons of concentrate for 50 gallons of spray. In the Highmoor experiment, therefore, 1 2-2 gallons was used upon the block to be sprayed with the recommended “standard” dilution. Two other blocks of equal size were sprayed with the same concentrate at dilutions of 2 gallons to 50 and 1 1-4 gallons to 50 respectively, or 20 percent stronger and 25 percent weaker,-respectively, than the standard given accorcing to the dilution tabie.** The remaining portions of the experimental plot were di- vided into three parts. Two of these were treated simply with arsenate of lead, at 2 and 4 pounds to 50 gallons of water, respectively; the other was sprayed with the 3-3-50 bordeaux mixture plus 2 lbs. of lead arsenate. The lime-sulphur solu- tions also included 2 lbs. of arsenate to 50 gallons of spray. All applications on all divisions of the plot were made with the Niagara carbonic acid gas sprayer. The same block of Ben Davis trees used in 1910 served for the work under discussion. It was divided and treated as indi- cated in the following figure. PLAN OF EXPERIMENT. | | oo OY O @ © OO} © Oxo O Oo | OO © 0 O ©) O O} @ o 02); 0 © OO C200 OO OO OO O O © MO OPO OO Ww O!/O O@ @ O © OO OO OO O20 OO @ m w | 0 0;0 O OOO) 0). 0 QY O)|@ OG © © OO} © @ ORONO On ONO ® O}]O © O @ OFM} OW Oo) Oa) Oy) MOO Ko or Ov) 0) 0) ORO Om Om On TONs O20 0). 020). 0) <0) 10) 0) 1/105 10) (OF OF 0) 0) 0) 10)7 0570 A | B C D Res SE asl A. Arsenate of Lead, 4 Ibs. to 50 gallons. B. Lime-sulphur, 2 to 50 gallons, +2 lbs. lead arsenate. C. Lime-sulphur, 13 to 50 gallons, +2 Ibs. lead arsenate. D. Lime-sulphur, 1} to 50 gallons, +2 lbs. lead arsenate. E. Lead Arsenate, 2 lbs. to 50 gallons. F. Bordeaux mixture, 3-3-50 +2 lbs. lead arsenate. * Van Slyke, L. L., Bosworth, A. \W., and Hedges, C. C. “Chemical Investigation of Best Cenditions for Making the T.ime-Sulphur Wash.” N. Y. (Cereva) Agr. Exp. Sta. Brl. 320, p. 438, Tab. XI. ** The third application was made from a fresh stock solution regis- tering 24 degrees Beaumé density, and was diluted on the above plan for the three blocks. IO MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI12. Time oF APPLICATION. The applications were made as aforesaid with the gas spray- er dt 100) 10) L2 seins e Mnesstmesmmk Weymaaclnie was thoroughly washed out between use on each plot. Friend, Mistry Jr. and Scientific nozzles were used during the several sprayings, which vccurred on the following dates: ist. May 12 and 13. Flower buds half grown and showing pink at tips. Leaves fairly well developed. 2nd. May 30. After petals had fallen. evcl, [rulhy GF eiacl ‘2, WEATHER CONDITIONS. In regard to absence of rain or excessive humidity, the con- ditions for spraying were excellent. The season was one of exceptional drought. “No rain fell from about April 1 until May 24. On May 29, one day preceding the second applica- tion, there was a precipitation of .2 inches. On July 6, again one day preceding the last application, .24 inches of rain fell. The first rain following the first application occurred 11 days afterward; following the second, 2 days thereafter, and 7 days after the final spraying. The small amount of rain preceding the last application occurred during periods of high tempera- ture. The third application was made during two days of a week of exceptional heat; the relation of such extreme temperatures to spraying and its effect on fruit will be discussed later. The following table gives the rainfall from the beginning of the record in April to the middle of the harvest. TABLE 3. Precipitation at Highmoor Farm. April 1-October I, 1912. Date. Inches. Date. Inches. Date. Inches. Maye 2a Me. oe 7 ul yes bee oo 05 j!Aug. 28,.29)...... 65 Miao? OE recttewa tats cee 2 Wulivem Speer 26 PAT OUI wee ese seee 17 Vunierel see wepanie soe Ais Wino? 2X0) nso ole oc AS ral Se pity si Ok. cece 1.26 TMC WHD Pee See era 1 oR liye Neen min eee 05 Sepiyt Ohne 14 Tune MUS ere te 1S) Nally PE Ag oan oaks 62) N|Septey 2) .4 serene 02 DUE WAL seers (XG idialhy, Bo oan doe oc 22D Septe22. 5h eee 47 JUIMe MD ne ema 07 deh: Bll Soon aeapor 40 Septs2o)--.. 2 seins 52 dheiovey IG. 5 Ma clalnto ax stil) Alber: Oy Ag oe elec | O4R Septe2vige nee 22 VU 8 a ae 03 /0|/Anie, 100 2 Es AG el Sepia 20meennem 65 OMe 2S eevee re cree OB WANES UWOoegenen ues | 36 Siti aen Gere serene SPAR IWAN bea ilfe ye Os Crean 99 TROUD race neuen 15.14 ANOUK? BS 0 oclmoa buts il Aug se SE Te Kk ee 30 | ORCHARD SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS, IT. Il The maximum and minimum shade temperatures of the weeks in which the spraying was done are here given in degrees Fahrenheit, the days of application being considered as the mid- dle of the week. This will indicate the conditions immediately before and after the operations. TABLE 4. First Application, May 12, 13, 1912. Maximum and Minimum Shade Temperatures May 10-16, Inclusive. May 10 Ii 12 13 14 15 16 Max. 7505) Ts 89 76 69 65 73 Min. 46 AO: nS 125 Sau es ae 51 TABLE 5. Second Application, May 30, 1912. Maximum and Minimum Shade Temperaturcs May 27-June 2, Inclusive. May 27: 229 Bor sary Pumice mame Max. Sy, 83 78 Gar aa ao eV iitsiten SOAS, Wihes 2 50 - 58 Ae 50 52 TABLE 6. Third Application July 7, 8, 1912. Maximum and Minimum Shade Temperatures July 4-10, Inclusive. July 4 5 G) . if 8 9 us) Max. HOR 93 99 86.5 SI 94.5 99 Min. 79 7 66 63 55 59 69 It is also desirable here to note the temperatures for the fol- lowing week of July 11-18 inclusive, given below, in the light of observations and deductions made from the experiment. TABLE 7. Maximum and Minimum Shade Temperatures, July II-17, 1912, Inclusive. July iit | WZ 12) 14 15 16 Vee. o7 Gasol we oz e8 79 56 Min. Fe 70 Olese mace 58 o7 62 {2 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2. The humidity records, owing to inaccuracies in ‘the self- recording hygrograph, are omitted. The precipitation and term- perature tables given above, when considered in relation to the dates of spray application, will show that atmospheric humid- ity may be considered a negligible factor. No dew formed in the night following the extremely hot days above recorded, so no consideration of lens action of in- tense light through drops of water need be included in a later discussion of fruit injury. RESULTS. Effect on Foliage. No injury whatever was noted on any of the trees in plots A to E, inclusive. The foliage, despite the unusually hot sum- mer, coupled with insufficient rain, was most thrifty in all respects. Especially noticeable was the growth not onlv of the foliage as a mass, but of the size of the individual leaves. Evidently neither the strength of spray applied nor the existing conditions at time of application affected the foliage of these plots in any perceptible way. In this connection it may be said that three or four trees in a row of about 20 Baldwins on the farm showed a moderate amount of leaf scorch. ‘These trees were sprayed with the same solution and at the same strength as block C in the ex- periment,—i. e. in dilution table proportions. The injury was mostly marginal, scattered and in no way serious. The re- mainder of this variety in this row showed no evidence of hay- ing been affected. Considering that the Baldwin is regarded as less susceptible to foliage spray injury than the Ben Davis of the experimental plot, and that stronger applications did not affect the foliage of the latter variety in any way, the injury to the few Baldwins in question may be accounted for on the ground of individual susceptibility. In plot F distinctly different results appeared. No spots that could be reasonably ascribed to bordeaux injury were in evidence up to the end of the second week in June. At that time the characteristic circular dead areas began to become noticeable * and increased very gradually throughout the sea- * See Fig. 47, Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 180. ‘i ‘ ORCHARD SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS II. 13. son up to the middle of July. By August 11 the leaf injury on this plot, although by no means comparable with that of the preceding year, was still considerable in amount, and some yel- ‘lowing and leaf fall had already occurred. The occurrence and development of this leaf injury when viewed in relation to Table 3 clearly shows the well estab- lished connection between bordeaux injury and rainy weather. Effect on Fruit. On June 1, about.two weeks after the second application,. several of the small fruits on trees in plot B appeared distinctly russeted. None were found at that time in plots A, C, D, and EK. In plot F very early stages of bordeaux injury flecks were beginning. to show. Following the rains of the first two weeks in June there appeared to be evidence of a slight increase in russeting in all plots. Here again none of this was sufficient in amount to be a serious matter from the commercial standpoint, even in a large orchard, as the data will show. A few rare instances occurred in all the plots where the apples were not only rus- seted, but the russeted surfaces were grotesquely distorted with irregular, corrugated and warty projections. So far as such malformations are concerned, it may be said that in no con- ceivable way can they be reasonably made to appear related to spray injury. Such malformation was entirely different in appearance from that accompanying the russeted fruit on the trees sprayed with lime-sulphur' in the preceding year’s work. As might be expected, the injury to fruit of plot F increased with the rainfall of the two months preceding harvest. The injury this year, however, was characterized less by the well known bordeaux russeting than by an increased amount of the earlier stages of injury, so that at picking time the fruit ap- peared to be either well. mottled with dull brown flecks a few millimeters in diameter, or speckled with minute dots. This gave to the fruit a general soiled, dull brown hue. The coloring of the fruit from this plot, aside from the effect just noted, was far below that of the apples on any of the others. This is noteworthy in view of the fact that the seasonal conditions were such that apples everywhere in this State, regardless of treatment or lack thereof, were of especi2'- ty fine color. 14 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q12. The fruit of the other experimental plots, benefited by the rains of later summer and the prolonged periods of sunshine, grew to unusual size for the variety and was of exceptionally high quality and color. The harvest occurred the third week in September. In examining the fruits of all these plots it was found im- practicable, on account of the presence of a crop far beyond the anticipated yield, together with lack of storage facilities, to set aside and examine individually each fruit from the entire experiment. The three smaller plots were examined in full. Of the three large plots B, C and D, one-half the number of barrels from each was selected at random, and thoroughly examined for the points indicated in the following table. it will be seen that the number counted in these three plots is roughly 50 percent of the totals and is a reliable index of the general run in each plot. Insect Injury. Under the column “stung” are included apples stung by the curculio and fruits affected by some factor which caused isolated wart-like developments, sometimes rus- seted and sometimes entirely smooth. ‘The cause of this de- formity is not known,—at least it has not yet been proved to be of insect origin. ‘There also exists the possibility that some of the stings and “dimples” produced are the work of the tar- nished plant bug (Lygus pratensis), or some insects similarly affecting the fruit; but as no definite data regarding the pres- ence of these insects in the orchards is available, all such de- formed fruits. have been included in the column for wormy apples. In connection with this it may be stated that at High- moor the curculio-injured apples constituted not more than half of the respective percents in the column. ‘Thorough cultivation is proving highly effective in reducing the injury from these beetles. Gee Leaf and bud eating insects were not numerous after the first application in any of the orchards, being well controlled by the arsenate of lead. The browntail moth (Huproctis chrysorrhea), became much in evidence during the summer, but so far has done no damage in the orchard worthy of note. The tent-caterpillar (Clislocampa americana) was very preva- lent in the vicinity of Highmoor and did great damage to ad- jacent property, but none to the Station orchards. Fig. 4 Calyx injury on Ben Davis ORCHARD SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS II. 15 Of the small number of fruits classed as “wormy” practi- cally none from the experimental plots were affected by the codling moth (Carpocapsa pomonella). The fruit so recorded had the appearance of having been attacked from the outside by some insect, but the injury itself was not sufficiently charac- teristic to enable the Station entomologists to determine thie cause, sitice no insect was caught at work. These “worm holes” were in the nature of feeding punctures,—small, round perforations of the skin about the size of a pin head. The in- jury was little more than skin deep; no great cavity had been eaten beneath the skin. There was no trace of insect life in such apples when examined, and little that is definite can be stated regarding the cause of this trouble. ‘Thus far it is, as indicated in the table, of very slight importance. In regard to codling moth in all the orchards at Highmoor it may be stated that of the large crop of 2450 barrels not enough fruit attacked by this insect was found to fill 2 barrels. Fungus Control. It will also be noted that apple scab was found on but one of all the fruits examined. A conservative estimate places the amount of scabby fruit in the Highmoor crop of 1911 at less than 500 fruits out of the crop previously mentioned. The chief cause for the absence of fungi will be discussed later. Sunscaid.* An unusual factor in the growing season of IQII was the intense heat wave lasting from July 4 to 13 (sée tables 6 and 7), coupled with clear skies and intense sunlight. As a result of these almost phenomenal conditions, fruit was sun- burned or scalded on the trees. ‘The surfaces affected, in tine case of small green Baldwin apples at Highmoor, turned a light tan brown; the epidermis became wilted and wrinkled (Figs. 1 and 2), and the tissues below discolored and shriveled (Fig. 3). On Ben Davis and Greening fruit less wilting or shrinking of skin and softening of tissues was observed in early stages. The first indication of injury was a yellowish brown wash sometimes tinged with’ red, of fairly well defined area, although the margin was not in every case definite (Fig. 7). Later in the season the color of such areas took on a darker, blackened hue with more definite outline, and as the expansion due to * This term is not to be confused with a winter injury of the same name affecting trunk and limbs. 16 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q1[2. growth of the adjacent healthy tissue continued, it ultimately tore apart the dead areas and prominent splits or clefts ap- peared (Figs. 5 and 6). The discussion of sunscald and spraying is considered later. The table on page 17 gives the data according to the respect- ive observations. DISCUSSION. Calyx Injury. Only one instance of the calyx injury ob- served quite generally in last year’s plots was found the past summer. This was seen in a few fruits of one or two Ben Davis trees belonging to another experiment, and which are and have been in sod for an unknown period. In this soil en- vironment they have been naturally quite unthrifty, with poor and small amount of foliage. Their fruits in I9Q1I were re- markable for small size. Fully fifty percent were no larger than the larger crab varieties. (Fig. 4). The fact that such injury was confined to these few unthrifty trees, whereas none whatever was to be seen during the season on several thousand trees of the same variety in vigorous con- dition; and the further fact that the trees showing such injury last year were in that year experiencing their first season of renovation, and were to a large degree bearing good fruit in 1910 more in spite of preceding neglect than as the result of any direct response to that year’s treatment, raises the question whether or not such calyx injury was not indirectly due as much to the lack of vigor as indicated by the tissues of the fruit, as to the caustic action of the spray. In a discussion of this calyx injury in an earlier publication * the writer attributed it largely to chemical reaction between the lead arsenate and lime-sulphur when combined. It has been found that such combination tends to release arsenic in soluble form, and this would in itself furnish the grounds for an ex- planation of such injury. The fact, however, that the same spray materials were used this year, would present the same conditions, so far as forma- tion of soluble arsenic is concerned. Furthermore, on the basis of Wallace’s results, previously mentioned, we might expect a more serious injury when lime-sulphur and lead arsenate were *Buk 1890, Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. (1911). Fig. 5 Sunscald on Greening. Sprayed once, before buds opened. Fig. 6 Sunscald on unsprayed Ben Davis. U7) ORCHARD SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS II. 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IQ12. applied with the carbonic acid gas sprayer, as in the work of the past season. On the contrary, no such effect was noted at Highmoor or in one of the cooperative experiments where a like sprayer and the same ingredients were used. In the present state of knowl- edge we may therefore admit the possible presence of soluble arsenic in the lme-sulphur-lead arsenate combination and still suggest as a plausible explanation of calyx or similar injuries the strength of such soluble arsenic in relation to the health of the tree, as indicated by its physiological resistance expressed in the apple tissues at time of spraying. ° Effectiveness in Fungus Control. No conclusions can prop- erly be made from this season’s work, either in regard to the relative effectiveness of the several lime-sulphur sprays in various dilutions or the comparative efficiency of them and bordeaux mixture. The cause of this is the unusually hot, dry summer, preceded by a very warm dry spring. Under condi- tions such as these the spores of fungi parasitic to the apple could neither germinate to any degree nor make much growth after germination. This is shown by the presence of only one scabby apple in the entire experiment. For the fruit grower such a season adverse to the dissemina- tion and propagation of fungi is a great boon. To the worker in experiments with fungicides the contrary is true, for with- out the presence of parasites in considerable amount the experi- ment fails utterly in this respect. Fungicidal Efficiency of Lead Arsenate. ‘The explanation just given holds here for lack of data on this point. Work of this nature must be repeated until a sufficient number of sea- sons with conditions favorable for the accumulation of experi- mental data have passed. In this respect the work of 1911 well demonstrates the futility of making well defined deductions from the results of one or a few years’ work. Relation of Russeting to Lime-Sulphur. Nothing in the results of this year indicates any relation between the small amount of russeting found on the several plots and the nature of the spray applied. The table of results shows that the plot sprayed with lime-sulphur at dilution-table strength yielded practically the same percent of russeted apples as the plot sprayed with a strength 20 percent stronger than the table Fig. 7 Sunscald on Ben Davis, showing relation of sunscald to exposure. ORCHARD SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS II. Igy recommends. Again, arsenate of lead used at the rate of 2 Ibs. to 50 gals. yielded double the percentage of russeted apples when compared with the plot sprayed with 4 lbs. to 50 gals. A fair percent of the russeted apples in the several plots, with the exception of plot F, were affected to a degree no greater than is frequently found on unsprayed trees. We are here again confronted with the question of physical and natural causes vs. chemical ones in attempting a solution of this ques- tion of russeting. This point will again be referred to. Lime-Sulphur Plus Lead Arsenate Applied with the Gas Sprayer. If any conclusions might legitimately be drawn from the results obtained this year it would appear that the effect of carbonic acid gas upon the spray was, when the latter was applied in fair weather, entirely negligible. Fortunately this is not a critical question, as it seems that the gas sprayer for sev- eral reasons is being increasingly supplanted by other power machines. Sunscald. ‘That the injury so designated was in reality a scald produced by sunlight, there is no room for doubt. In the first place, it was, with practically no exceptions, found only on fruit upon the south and southern sides of the trees, and in general only where such fruit because of its relation to adja- cent foliage was directly exposed to the sun. (Fig 7). Second- ly, the injury on such apples was always confined to the sur- faces exposed to light at the hottest periods of the day. As previously stated, no lens action of intense sunlight through drops of dew can here account for any such injury, owing as aforesaid to the absence of dew formation at this period and to the great areas of the injured surfaces. Relation of Spraying to Heat. Did spraying during this season bear any relation to the primary nature of the injury? This question is readily ‘disposed of. Fruit on trees that have never been sprayed exhibited the characteristic burned surfaces. Trees on Highmoor Farm that received only the first applica- tion showed no injury to fruit until after the hot weather, when typical sunscald was found. Did spraying affect the extent or degree of injury? This seems to be a debatable point. In order to obtain the views of 20 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q12. other observers, the writer sent a circular letter to Station botanists, horticulturists or pathologists of the several apple growing states that had been subjected to the heat wave of July. Practically every reply confirmed the Maine experience in regard to the injury, its relation to the side of tree and fruit exposure, and all were unanimous in crediting the injury to sun and heat. Some also included drought as a factor. In regard, however, to the relation of spraying to sunscald of fruit, these observers are of divided opinion. Of 12 replies 8 state that spraying during the heated term increased the de- gree of damage. The others consider the injury due to sunburn pure and simple. The writer inclines to the belief of the majority of his cor- respondents, to the extent that spraying during the hot weather appeared to imcrease the severity where injured areas were present before this last spray was applicd. Whether or not the chemical nature of the spray has any influence in raising the degree of injury produced is still an open question. As the data for 1911 shows, the amount of scald varied directly with the strength of lime-sulphur spray used. On the other hand the injury on the lead arsenate plots, although considerably less in amount, was qualitatively equally serious, as Figs. 8 and 9 indicate. Unsprayed trees suffered no greater injury than shown in Figs. 5 and 6. The distinguishing characteristics of spray injury as separate from sunscald, given by one of the aforementioned correspond- ‘ents who attributes the injury of the past season entirely to sunscald, tends to confirm our opinion as just stated. His statement is as follows: “The sunscald with us (fruit of apple), appeared as discol- ored sunken spots or maculations with a sharply defined mar- gin. In the case of spray injury the tissues are never sunken, nor is the margin well defined, and the epidermis is scurfy, not smooth as in the case of sunscald. The epidermal tissues are brown and the discoloration more marked immediately beneath the epidermis in the case of sunscald, but in the case of spray injury they present no abnormal appearance.” An examination of Figs. 5 and 6 and Figs. 10 and 11 will lead ~ one to conclude that if such distinctions hold, we have in the il- lustrations just referred to, sunscald as evidenced by the discol- ored, more or less sunken spots with rather well defined mar- Figs. 8and 9 Ben Davis, sprayed with arsenate of lead. Injury confined to sunscalded areas. ORCHARD SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS II. 21 gins; in addition, the epidermis is scurfy, which, according to our correspondent, is a sure sign of spray injury. Further- more, our observations in 1910 as well as in the past season showed that the tissues beneath the epidermis became discolored and depressed as well from spray injury alone as from che sun- scald of the past summer. In comparing the amount of scald on trees sprayed with lime-sulphur and bordeaux mixture, it is seen that the percent of injury in the latter plots is very small indeed. ‘This is in accord with the consensus of observation of other men. In short, while lime-sulphur ‘inflicted a very moderate percent of damage in connection with the sunscald, bordeaux seemed to effect far less; and the same holds true for lead arsenate when used alone. The degrce of injury, however, was as severe on the two last named as on the lime-sulphur plots. The most feasible explanation of the past season’s fruit injury (except, of course, the well known bordeaux injury) 1s, in the writer’s opinion, that which regards the spray as an injury producer only on those tissues already affected by sun- scald. ‘This may be accounted for, according to the results at Highmoor Farm and at Greene, by the fact that on trees sub- jected to the first application only, (Fig. 5) and on unsprayed trees observed elsewhere, (Fig. 6) the injury, while sufficient to throw the fruit out of market class, was nevertheless much less accentuated than the scalded spots on fruit sprayed during the extreme heat. The chief point to be emphasized is, that the excessive injury upon the sprayed fruit was distinctly confined to the previously or contemporaneously sunscalded areas. Figs. 10 and 11 show two extremes of injury on sunscalded apples from the lime- sulphur plots, selected from a series of photographs showing gradations in order of severity. Figs. 8 and 9 illustrate similar injury on fruit sprayed with lead arsenate alone. COOPERATIVE EXPERIMENTS AT GREENE. The Philbrook Orchard. This is a Baldwin orchard pastured to sheep. The trees are fairly high headed, and give evidence of being in tolerably good condition. Judicious pruning might well be carried out here, for some of the trees had too much growth in the center of their tons. 22 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q12. The material used was supplied by the Station and consisted of the lime-sulphur concentrate and arsenate of lead used in the first two sprayings at Highmoor. It was, therefore, used at the same dilution as in plot C (p. 9). This also holds true for the other experimental plots in Greene. The first application on May 16 occurred before blossoming, although closer to that period than would generally be recom- mended. ‘Two or three days earlier would have been more seasonable, had conditions permitted. No damage, howeve1, resulted to the buds just ready to open. The second applica- tion was on May 31 and the third on June 16. The spraying in this experiment could not be carried on under circumstances approaching ideal conditions. Power was obtained from the ordinary hand-pump barrel sprayer, and the short spray rods and hose did not permit easy access to the large trees or allow such effective work as was desired. Results. No spray injury was noted in this orchard at any time during the season. ‘The same conditions that made for healthy foliage and clean fruit at Highmoor obtaineu here. Some slight insect injury was noted, and this was more severe on the unsprayed than on the sprayed trees. On the former browntails were decidedly in evidence. A very slight amount of scalded fruit was first noted on August 30. This orchard, as well as the next one to be con- sidered, was markedly free from this injury. This is doubtless due to the fact that the tops were fairly dense and the fruit well protected from the sun. The data for this orchard was taken under handicaps; no assistance was available to the writer, owing to the great scar- city of labor at this particular time. In view of this fact, and of the absence of scab and sunscald, coupled. with the limited amount of time, indicative rather than exact data had to be taken. For this over 2000 apples from the sprayed plot and an almost equal number from the unsprayed trees were selected at random from different parts of the barrels. These were examined solely for insect injury. The results as given in the combined tables for the codpera- tive work (p. 25) will show a ratio of sprayed to unsprayed fruit of 9 to 24 percent respectively. The percent of the sprayed fruit is higher than need be, even considering the pos- Fig. 10 Ben Davis ; sunscald, followed by lime-sulphur spray. Initial stage. Fig. 11 Ben Davis. Similar injury of greater degree. | ORCHARD SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS II. 23 sible errors in methods of examination. It could doubtless have been reduced two-thirds with adequate equipment and more open growth of tree. The Coburn Orchard. Here were selected 12 scattered trees of four varieties,—-4 ‘McIntosh, 3 Baldwin, 3 Greening and 2 Ben Davis. With the exception of 2 McIntosh trees standing in the corner of an oat field, the trees were in sod. The applications here also were made with a hand pump, but with longer leads of hose and longer spray rods than in the case aforementioned. ‘The barrel was mounted on a stone boat, which allowed a closer approach to the trees, and the applica- tions were in consequence somewhat more satisfactory than in the Philbrook plot. The application before petal fall had to be omitted here, as the period of bloom was too near at hand to warrant risk of injury to the flowers. The first application, therefore, was after petal fall, on May 31. The second and last was on June 16. . Results. No spray injury to foliage or fruit was observed during several inspections throughout the season. A very moderate amount of sunscald was noted on Baldwin and Green-- ing apples and considerably less on McIntosh and Ben Davis. On August 30 the fruit in general was excellent in appear- ance ; foliage likewise, except that there was increasing evidence of the blister mite (Eriophyes sp.). On one or two fruits of McIntosh, an exceptionally susceptible variety, scab was noted in small amount. The Keyser Orchard. | Twenty-four vigorous bearing trees in two rows of 12 trees each were here selected, consisting of 19 Baldwins, 3 Green- ings, and 2 Ben Davis. The aisle between these rows had been used as a garden and cultivated for 7 years; the bounding aisles had been cultivated every other year during the same period -and seeded to clover. The year of the experiment the entire block was plowed about June 1 and cultivated up to July 6. The first application occurred on May 31, as here also the early spraying before buds opened had to be omitted. Both this application, as well.as the last on July 21 were made with 24 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q12. the Niagara carbonic acid gas sprayer and were very thorough in every respect. The weather during these and all other applications in the Greene orchards was favorable. As the town is only 6 miles from Highmoor, the conditions described for the latter locality will apply fairly well for the cooperative work. Results. By July 21 considerable sunscald had been pro- duced. This was common to all trees, irrespective of the nature of the spray. Aside from the 24 trees in question, the rest of Mr. Keyser’s orchards had been treated with the insoluble lead arsenate alone. Unsprayed orchards in the vicinity showed injury of similar nature and of equal amount. The foliage here, as in all other plots considered in this bulie- tin, was most excellent. Scab was practically absent and the same was true of chewing insects. No ill effect of the spray itself was found either on fruit or leaves. The adhesive power of the mixture was here, and tn all the experiments under discussion, excellent. The table on page 25 indicates the results. The same state- ment regarding the curculio-injured and the “wormy” fruits in the table of the Highmoor results (pp. 14 and 15) holds true ~ here, except that the wormy apples in the Philbrook plot con- sisted almost entirely of injury done by the codling moth and other chewing insects. In the case of both Mr. Coburn’s and Mr. Keyser’s plots the conditions allowed for a full count of all the fruit on the trees. : Discussion. The results of the three plots at Greene may be briefly considered as a whole. As at Highmoor, we have this year learned nothing regarding the efficiency of lime-sulphur as a fungicide, since the development of fungi was practically prevented by weather conditions. The use of a gas sprayer in making the applications pro- duced no injury that could in any way be ascribed to it. Where sunscald occurred, the injury was increased by later applications, irrespective of their chemical nature. No foliage injury occurred from the use of lime-sulphur and lead arsenate combined. Russeting in all these plots was so utterly insignificant :n amount as well as degree that whether the few cases were due to natural agents or to spraying is totally immaterial, so far as the production of high grade fruit is concerned. “ORCHARD SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS II. "GG osed deS pIvYIIO Sty} UIOIJ BYEp JO uoljeurldxe 10g “peyunod sejddv jo Jequinyy x AUN LEASE £5 06 cpg PoMexceuinl geo) cee ame O'S L6¥ ee eee eee er ew ewe ewe pnoovoo0 ane *peAvidg *990° é COD OOOO 67 Oo bo Moro 5 UIMp[eg ZI Pr Ono OO “yoorqyyg G0 Pol TO iz eV 6€0' T oT L6G SST |egg's F68° &G GUS e290 GG GIT T'0 9 6°€ 9LT 60 GI 9° €T |009 UL Sh terrae | alee eect einige ope WOH ON G7 TO at 60°0 Z 6°E £66 9G | 961 €°6 £69 |688" 2 ete UNM ee HOMO ID) 5] = = 60 GG VG COP 6°0 68 OTL |P66, \0€0 6 ade tee Sas rN ie UIMPl[Gd €} = = 0 v GG 8L GW | 4 9° FF |89E T |P90° & ee pec a ate SIAR Uog Z| uinqoy 10°0 9 9°0 90€ LG Oras ie | Se | 9ST T O'9T |STZ' 2 /€96' LF PG) | T8200, = = ae) 68T SG | 861 I GG GrO T 9°GI |196 ¢ TO OE a line vetmmnt enh ceehiee ceeeteaieas UIMpled 61. 10 9 GG GIL OG 18 61 $8 PSs |629'T LEENA cee ene ates needs aes SUIUIEIY) ¢) = F G0 g Zia Gé G0 Or 168 |82Z SSOmM ht ete aod sae 2) SWWAGKGT WEEE Go Toshoy - — — ! | —— - ‘quad Jag) iequinN|"}ue0 Jag| Jequinyy|"yued Jag, JequinN]|"yUe. Jaq) Jequinyy|*}ue0 Jog) Jequinyy| ‘seydde . ; jo ‘Saauy, Jo “duvHOUG, Seis nay ae i ace Sa Joquin Ny ALGIUVA GNV UoaWaAN *RAGVOG “daLassoy “KINO AA “daatvog “ONOLG ‘T161 ‘squaunsadxy aaynsadooy fo vjvq \ ‘6 WIGV I, 20 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2. As in Table 8, the number of fruits indicated in the “Stung” column includes all apples with wart-like deformities, the cause of which is not known. The apparently numerically large number of “wormy” Bald- wins in Mr. Keyser’s plot is not so great as it appears,—being but 2 percent. Here also, as at Highmoor, very few “wormy” apples were caused by the codling moth. The same statements made regarding such fruit in the discussion of the Highmoor TEsmlts (pp. 4 ands) hold utorttaisncase- The scab on Mr. Coburn’s McIntosh apples undoubtedly de- veloped in storage during the damp weather intervening be- tween harvesting and sorting. But few infections of the fun- gus were observed on the trees and the above is the only rea- sonable explanation of its increase. CoNCLUSIONS. Regarding the several experiments as a whole, it is evident that the observations group themselves into two general divis- ions; one associated with a certain unusual, or perhaps we may say abnormal factor, distinctly associated with one seasonal period. To this factor, i. e., excessive heat, may be ascribed certain definite effects. The other observations are associated with climatic condi- tions, the effects of which can only be considered to advantage on the normal or average results of many years. One year. will vary from another in its total precipitation or in the relative times of the rainy periods, and upon such conditions the great prevalence or comparative absence of parasitic fungi may rest. Another year may be unfavorable to fungous epidemics and at the same time bring an invasion of insect pests. Again, these two groups of orchard enemies may combine forces, or on the other hand, the seasonal conditions may coincide with the presence of inhibitive factors to result in the absence of both fungus and insect injury to any practical degree. This last named condition seems to have existed during the past season. Hence there is no data of any great value for estimating the fungicidal or insecticidal value of the sprays. In the case of fruit russeting, none of the percentages from any plots are high and all are so nearly alike that no deductions are warranted. The relation of lime-sulphur injury to strength ‘ORCHARD SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS II. 27 of solution is not indicated in any way. Again, if the same percent of injury can be secured from both the lime-sulphur- lead arsenate combination (plot E,), and the insoluble arsenate ised alone (plot E,); and if a double dose of arsenate (4. é., ‘4 lbs. to 50 gals.) used alone produces injury half as great as the 2 to 50 formula, it is difficult to point out any results that may well be attributed to chemical action. Furthermore, the gas sprayer cannot well be held accountable for the results on the lime-sulphur plots at Highmoor, since these are contradicted by the results in the Keyser orchard at Greene, where the nature of the application was identical. _ The following facts must also be kept in mind. The russet- ing in 1911 was in large measure no more severe than the “natural” russeting found on unsprayed trees. The weather conditions, according to past experiences, were adverse to the production of russeting; nevertheless, in a season almost ideal for the development of fine fruit, the bordeaux mixture was still able to effect a very high percent of injury (Table 8). The cause of the latter is well known to be indirectly due to meteorological factors acting upon the insoluble spray. Why may not such factors, if they are able to effect bordeaux injury in a comparatively favorable season, produce sorme damage to fruit otherwise treated? It would at least seem probable that if the sprays themselves (not including bordeaux) were pri- marily responsible, that some indication would have shown itself in the form of leaf injury on the plot treated with lime- sulphur solution 20 percent in excess of the recommended strength. In general, then, we are led to the same conclusions published in last year’s bulletin on this point,*—namely that spray iniury may be, and very likely is, due as much to a physical. factor, i. e., the application of a mist or spray to growing plant tissues under extreme, or some now undetermined, but unfavorable, meteorological conditions, as to any chemical action of the material used. Certain it is that spraying should be avoided if possible during such extreme heat as was experienced in Maine in July. 197t. Fruit growers must not be discouraged by the above state- ment into abandoning spraying operations. Granting the great- * Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 180, p. 60. 28 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912. est amount of injury obtained under the conditions of 1911, it is seen that from the commercial standpoint the injury is alto- gether negligible in comparison with the advantages of annual crops of clean, worm-free fruit. Spray applications must, of course, be made at fairly definite, and in some instances at very definite, periods of the season. At times of unsettled weather or during very hot periods the orchardist must exer- cise his judgment with a view to applying his spray at an opportune time both in regard to making it effective and at the same time to avoid all possible ill effects that might be induced by unfavorable weather. It is unlikely that a heat wave of such severity as that of last summer will be known in Maine for many years,—perhaps decades. Hence this question of sunscald in relation to spray injury will prove to be more a matter of scientific interest than a practical obstacle to the fruit grower. It is probable that with the highest of summer temperatures common to this State experiments with the spray pump can be made which will throw some light upon the relation of physical to chemicai factors in this problem. APPENDIX. A.—EXPRESSING INGREDIENTS IN SPRAY FORMULAS. In discussing spraying experiments it is customary for au- thors to indicate the proportions of the materials used in a definite order. In general, the formulas for bordeaux mixture are given in the following order: Copper sulphate in pounds, lime in pounds, and the volume to which the ingredients are to be diluted with water, in gallons. Sometimes the amount of lead arsenate is inserted between the figure representing lime and that indicating final volume. For example: 3-3-50 bordeaux mixture means that 3 pounds copper sulphate and 3 pounds of stone lime are used 'to make a spray solution of 50 gallons. 3-3-2-50 means that 2 pounds of lead arsenate have been added to the bordeaux of the strength indicated, after said mixture has been made and is ready to be applied. A similar rule applies to the formulas for making the horne boiled concentrated stock solution of lime-sulphur. In this ORCHARD SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS II. 29) case, however, authors differ in the order of stating the ingre- dient amounts. Some give sulphur in pounds, lime in pounds, and dilution volume in that order. Others reverse the order of lime and sulphur weights. In practically all cases the order of ingredients in the formula is stated by the author. Lead arsenate may be inserted in the lime-sulphur formulas as indicated in the example for bordeaux mixture. In diluting the stock solution of lime-sulphur, either for a dormant spray or for summer use, the number of gallons ees cedes the total volume of mixtures ready for use. Thus, 13-50 indicates 1# gallons of concentrate diluted with water 6 a volume of 50 gallons. . B. Directions For MAKING CONCENTRATED LIME-SULPHUR SOLUTIONS. The directions given in former publications of this Station for the preparation of the stock solution have been superseded by the more recent chemical investigations referred to in this. bulletin. The formula recommended is as follows: ‘StrOuie: Unga ae ciety oN Anas caaee oa Ne aR 40 Ibs. “SUI DIANE CAE i a GP ciate a pk a eC 80 lbs. Wiener sufficient to make...:.:.:... Bee ie 50 gals. Larger or smaller amounts can be made by multiplying or dividing respectively these quantities. The lime must be of high grade, not less than go percent pure; no lime should be used that contains more than 5 percent of magnesium oxide. The sulphur should also be high-grade, either in the form of flowers of sulphur or sulphur flour. Do not use ground brimstone. Place lime in the cooker. Make a thin paste of the sul- phur with hot water and note the amount of water so used. Slake the lime with this paste, taking care neither to drown nor burn the lime in the process. Add water sufficient to make a total of 50 gallons. Bring to the boiling point, and boil vigor- ously for 1 hour, stirring frequently. Before boiling begins the volume of liquid should be deter- mined by a measuring stick. As the mixture boils, some of the water will evaporate. It is, therefore, necessary to determine the loss at short intervals by means of the stick and to add 30 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2. water up to the original volume. If this is attended to fre- quently the water can be added without stopping the boiling of the liquid to any extent. At the end of the hour the solution should be allowed to set- tle and should then be dipped out and strained through a fine | sieve into a barrel or other container. Its density should not be determined while hot. The surface of the liquid should be protected from the air by a layer of heavy mineral oil. By putting a spigot in the lower end of one of the staves the liquid can be drawn off from time to time, its surface will remain protected and no oil wiil go into the diluted spray. Stock solutions made and protected in this way can be put up in considerable amount in the months preceding the spraying season. } The most convenient vessel in which to make the concentrate is some form of iron stock feed cooker. Such vessels are made in various capacities. "The size of cooker to be used should have a volume somewhat greater than the amount of concentrate to be made at one boiling; that is, a 50 gallon vessel will prob- ably not hold 50 gallons of spray mixture, owing to the lime and sulphur present in addition to the volume of water. A cooker of about 35 or 60 gallons capacity should be large enough to make a stock of 25 or 50 gallons respectively. Tis process is simple and “requires but’ littl jexpementce: After one or two batches have been made, it will be found that if directions have been followed, the density of the several batches will not vary beyond a degree Beaumé, and frequentiy less. There should be the very slightest amount of sediment in the cooker after the liquid has been removed. For very extensive spray operations in large orchards the concentrate can be made in larger amounts than 50 gallons at a time. This is not recommended, however, for the average Maine fruit grower. Directions for making the self-boiled lime-sulphur mixture are not given. This preparation has in practically all cases been found to have much less fungicidal value and to be far less adhesive than the boiled solution. Directions for making it may be found on pp. 385-386 of Bulletin 185 of this Station. ORCHARD SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS II. 31 C.—DILuTion oF Lime-SULPHUR CONCENTRATED SOLUTIONS. Although fairly well understood, it is advisable to emphasize the fact that concentrated lime-sulphur sprays, commercial or home made, cannot be used with success by guess-work dilt- tions. The density of the concentrate must be determined by a hydrometer and the dilutions made according to the reading of the instrument and the dilution table. Since the publication of the dilution tables in the bulletins of this Station in recent years, additional work has been done elsewhere relating to the chemistry of the lime-sulphur com- pounds and the most economical and effective dilutions to use. The table * on p. 32 is recommended. The figures in paren- theses are the number of gallons for the respective densities, determined to the hundredth part of a gallon. The numbers in heavier type are the practical amounts to use. . In practice, then, the first step is to determine the density with the hydrometer. Knowing the density, the table shows the amount necessary per 50 gallons of spray. ‘Next, find the weight of a gallon of concentrate; then figure out the weight of the respective fraction shown in the table. The height of this latter amount of liquid can then be marked on a measuring stick. ‘This, of course, need be done only once for each stock of concentrate. For example, with a stock solution reading 31° Beaumeé, having made a measuring stick showing the height in the meas- ure of 2-5 of a gallon, it is only necessary for summer spraying to pour I 2-5 gallons of the concentrate into a mixing barrel or barrel pump of 50 gallons capacity, fill with water and stir. Greater amounts are of course made in proportion. Do not add arsenate of lead in any case until ready to apply the spray. It should be thoroughly stirred into the solution. 2 or 3 pounds to 50 gallons is considered sufficient. It should be thoroughly mixed with a few gallons of the water that go to make the total volumé of spray so that it may be in a finely divided state and pass readily through the sieve. * Based on Table XI, Bul: 329, N. Y. (Geneva) Agr. Exp. Sta. 32 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. ‘TABLE IO. Stock Solutions. Gallons of solution in 50 gallons 1A Hydrometer reading. of spray. (To be used when Gallons of solution in 50 gallons. Density of solutions | trees are not in leaf; for aphid | of spray. (Summer spray; for in degrees Beaumé. eggs and scale insects.) - | seab and other fungi.) 36 5.6 (5.55) il Gel) 35 37) (Bo 7A) 1.2 (5) 34 6.1 (6.06) Wee (1.20) 33 6.3 (6.25) 1.3 (1.25) 32 6.7 (6.66) (3) isos 31 6.9 (6.89) t4) ese) 30 7.4 (7.40) 1.5 (1.46) 29 Aad (69) 15> (552). 28 8.3 (8.33) 1.7 (1.61) 27 8.7 (8.69) 1.8 (1.79) 26 9.5 (9.52) 1.8 (1.80) 25 10.0 (10.00) 12 O59?) 24 11.1 (Lit ia) 2.1 (2.06) 23 11.8 (11.76) 2.2 (2.19) 22 (16358) (11335583) 2.4 (2.35) 21 ; 14.3 (14.28) P44h5) (2.58) 20 15.4 (15.38) 47, (Bat) 19 16.7 (16.66) 2.9 (2.94) 18 18.2 (18.18) ayl (G2) 17 20.0 (20.00) Bee) (@}58'3)) 16 2222222) 3.6 (3.57) 15 25.0 (25.00) 3.9 (8.92) BULLETIN No, 199. ORCHARD) NODES: W. W. Bonns. INTRODUCTION. From 1891 to 1907 the results of the experimental work in pomology obtained by the late Dr. W. M. Munson were for the most part published by the Station from time to time under the title “Orchard Notes.” From 1907 to 1909 the Station carried on no investigations upon orchard problems. The present accumulation of data on orchard management, together with notes of pomological inter- est, is the first publication under the old title since the re-es- tablishment of work in orcharding in 1909. The change in personnel that becomes effective April I, 1912, makes it ad- visable to publish at this time the observations of the past two years on orcharding.* Previous to 1909 the experimental work in pomology was carried on under considerable handicap. On account of soil and climatic conditions, the location of the Station at Orono is not favorable for experimental studies with the varieties of fruit grown in the apple sections of the State. Hence such work was of necessity much restricted and dependent upon the gencrosity of individuals sufficiently interested in the pomologi- cal development of the State to place part of their orchards at the disposal of the Station. *The accounts of the spraying experiments in 1910 and 1g11 have been published separately (Bulletins 189 and 108 of this Station) and no discussion thereof will herein be given. 34 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQIi2. Under such conditions valuable and interesting data was obtained. At the same time it was clearly recognized that the prime requisite for the accumulation of data on orchard man- agement and for the proper attack of scientific orchard prob- lems, upon the solution of which depend the fundamental practices of pomology, was the use of land for orchards for a continuous, indefinite period. Such work could only be suc- cessfully prosecuted by this Station in the Maine apple region in orchards under State ownership. The legislative appropriation and subsequent purchase of Highmoor Farm, Monmouth, in 1909 met the necessary condi- tions in regard to ownership. The condition of the trees, how- ever, at the time the Station assumed control in the summer of that year was such that only a small part of the orchards was suitable for any real work of investigation. It was there- fore imperative that the orchards as a whole be brought into vigorous: condition before they could be regarded as proper media for experimental work. The need for restoration as a prerequisite for experimentation is obvious from a considera- tion of the orchard conditions in the fall of 19009. CoNDITION OF HIGHMOOR ORCHARDS, 1909. The orchards at Highmoor Farm, consisting originally of 5000 trees, were set out about 25 years previous to the above date. No records are available giving data upon the exact _year of planting, the number of each variety set, the replacing of the original trees or the subsequent treatment of the or- chards. The trees received indifferent, if any, treatment at times, according to the ideas of the several owners who pre- ceded the Station. Some plots were evidently fertilized oc- casionally with barnyard manure, but there is no evidence that any system of intelligent orchard management had been fol- lowed and no attempt had been made to handle the trees by up to date horticultural practices up to the time the Station came into possession. On the contrary, persistent neglect seems to have been the case for many years. The number of trees in the orchards proper in the fall of 1909 was a little over 3100, set 25 by 25 feet apart. With the exception of a small block of about two score trees near the farm buildings, which will not be considered, and a scattering ‘puey Aq poayeo -Ipur jurod 9A0qe spuayxo YJMOI [BUOSeIG “TIO ‘Ge A[n{ ‘prieyoIQ UIMpleg Ul so1y, sunoX “C1 “SI ORCHARD NOTES. 35 of odd varieties along the roads and in pasture fields, these trees were grouped in five large blocks; one consisted chiefly of Baldwin trees, another of Baldwin and Ben Davis with the admixture of a few Russet, Greening, Mann and Tolman Sweet. The remaining three divisions were practically solid blocks of Ben Davis. According to their composition these orchards are known as the Baldwin, Mixed and Ben Davis Number 1, 2, and 2 respectively. All of the orchards were at the time of purchase covered with a thick sod of witch grass. The Baldwin orchard was in the very poorest condition of all. ‘The trees averaged about 10 feet in height and 4 inches in diameter. The heads were high and scant, had very little and poor foliage, bore practically no fruit and appeared to be very badly starved. (Fig. 12) In addition to injury by borers, mice and fungi, the trees had several tires in the past been severely damaged by fires in the orchard grass. The Mixed orchard ranked nearly with the Baldwin in its unsatisfactory condition. ‘The trees were somewhat lower, with an average diameter a little greater than the Baldwin plot. The foliage was also somewhat more abundant, but the trees as a whole indicated great lack of vigor and many were beyond profitable renovation. Ben Davis No. 1 comprised the greatest number of trees in any one plot, and although in quite unsatisfactory state when the farm was purchased, was in a general condition that prom- ised response to good handling. ‘The trees were mostly well formed, quite uniform, about 15 feet high and 6 inches in diameter, excepting those of more recent planting. The foliage in 1¢09 was moderate, but not normal in amount or color and suffered a severe attack of fungus leaf spot. Ben Davis No. 2 was in by far the thriftiest stete of all the orchards. ‘The trees were well headed, averaged about 20 feet in height and about 7 inches in diameter. The foliage in 1909 was fair in amount, although not normal in appearance. ‘This orchard had in the past received more attention in the way of plowing and manuring than the others, and at one time had been used as a sheep pasture. ‘These facts account in a large measure for its superior condition. This was the plot reserved for experimental work. 36 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. —IQI2. Ben Davis No. 3 gave little promise. This orchard was younger than any of the others, as the trees replaced those originally set which were destroyed by mice, fires in the orchard grass and by lack of drainage, as this was one of the few blocks where water had a tendency to stand. Nearly all the trees were small, lacked vigor, and in many cases were not well rooted. Little was to be expected from this block. The age and size of the trees varied in nearly all blocks, according as new trees supplanted those destroyed by various agencies. ‘This fact, together with the years of neglect and lack of plant food, made it difficult to more than guess at the age of the trees on the basis of size. With the exception of Ben Davis No. 2, already noted, the general condition of the trees was extremely bad. ‘The vast majority had never known a pruning knife; fully 75 percent on a general average, had been and were being injured to varying degrees by apple tree borers and girdled by field mice. ‘The damage inflicted by the latter and by insects such as the codling moth, leaf curler, case bearers, tent caterpillars and curculio was very great, and fungus parasites such as leaf spots and scab reduced the vitality of the foliage and damaged the fruit. In addition, the bark of a great number of trees was badly encrusted with growths of lichen. Aside from the injuries due to living organisms, nearly all the trees showed marked symptoms of lack of plant food. The foliage was notably scant and deficient in healthy green color. Some trees of about two inches in diameter and not over five feet high bore small unmarketable apples,—an indication that injury to the food supply channels had shortened life and abnormally hastened maturity. The continued existence of a thick grass sod had checked the tendency to deep root growth and had reduced the moisture of the soil. The trees were in consequence shallcw rooted and not equipped to withstand a season of drought to best advantage. Only one plot, Ben Davis No. 2, bore fruit to any extent in 1909, although the trees bloomed more or less abundantly in nearly all parts of the orchards. The harvest yielded but 200 barrels, of which only 90 could be packed for market. In general, then, it may be said that the orchards at the time they came under Station control were in notably bad condition. ORCHARD NOTES. ey Some trees were damaged beyond hope of repair. Others were in doubtful shape, indicating but a chance of response to good treatment. The rest, so far as surface indications war- ranted, were capable of being brought into thrifty profitable condition by proper methods of orchard renovation. Table 11 indicates the condition in the several plots. i MATRILIS. Et, Survey of Orchards, September 19090. Toran NUMBER IN Number To BE REMOVED. Poor ConpDITION. Puor. Acres.* of \ trees. z Number. | Per cent. | Number. | Per cent. IBalciwarivi cc. 2. 6.4 447 149 BS} 083 276 Gla PMc ites trata os Tene 514 105 20.4 304 59.1 Ben Davis, No. 1 | 17.8 Zoo 152 12.3 230 18.6 Ben Davis, No. 2.| 7.6 529 By 7.9 71 13.4 Ben Davis, No. 3.| 6.0 418 156 37.5 244 58.3 Mota sw 45.2 3,141 | 599 19.0 iL aS 35.8 * Acreage estimated’on basis of trees existing and not on actual area covered by orchard. The survey on which the above table is based was made in the fall of the year. Little could be done in the months that preceded in the way of renovation work, as the farm did not come into Station control until midsummer. Nevertheless an attempt was made to check the ravages of insects and fungi by Spraying with bordeaux mixture and lead arsenate. About the last of June the trees received a moderate application of chemical fertilizer containing the three necessary elements, nitrogen, phosphorus and potash, at the rate of 300 lbs. per acre. Apparently the witch grass received all the benefit from this, judging by its thrifty condition in September of that year. The trees had to all appearances profited nothing. In the fall of this year (1909) the orchards received their first pruning. The immense amount of intertwined growth that formed the tops of the trees made necessary a plan of pruning somewhat different than is uusually conducted annually in an orchard in thrifty condition. Had all the wood been removed that season that was necessary for the proper shaping and thinning out of each tree, the result would have been a stimulus 38 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q12. to wood growth that would doubtless have delayed the produc- tion of fruit for several years. It was, therefore, decided to extend over a period of at least three seasons pruning that might properly have been done at that time, thus gradually shaping the trees to the desired form and at the same time allowing greater opportunity for the formation of fruit buds by avoiding undue vegetative stimulus. RENOVATION WoRK IQIO-I1. It was not until the spring of 1910 that general renovation work was started. This included thorough cultivation from early spring until the end of July, the application at plowing time of lime at the rate of 1ooo lbs. per acre, followed shortly thereafter by 1500 lbs. per acre of high grade complete chemical fertilizer of 3.3-10-7 formula.* Applications of insecticides and fungicides in the form of lead arsenate and bordeaux mixture were made at the proper times. At the close of culti- vation cover crops of vetch or rye were sown, except in one orchard where weeds were allowed to form the winter cover. Twice during this season each tree was carefully examined for borers. Notable improvement was shown as the result of the first year’s work. The large Ben Davis No. 1 showed marked response to treatment and gave promise of good fruit produc- tion the next season. Ben Davis No. 2 was as a whole in good condition and superior to all other blocks. Ben Davis No. 3 showed a scattering of thrifty trees; the remainder were removed, as their size, condition and lack of response to treat- ment rendered them useless for any future experimental work. For the same reasons it was necessary to remove the orchard of mixed varieties almost in its entirety. So shallow rooted were the trees in this block that practically all were pulled up with their roots with one pair of horses. In many cases the roots ran for 15 to 20 feet from the trunk within 8 inches of the soil surface. The Baldwin orchard had been reserved in the spring of 1910 for a purely practical renovation experiment, and in the fall of that year this block was squared up into definite shape * A fertilizer containing 3.3 percent of nitrogen, 10 percent of avail- able phosphorie acid and 7 percent of potash. os lie oe ORCHARD NOTES. 39 for that purpose. On account of its extremely poor condition in 1909 this block showed less marked improvement at the end of one year’s treatment than did the others. The season of 1911 repeated the general operations of 1910 in the several non-experimental blocks, with one or two excep- tions; no lime was applied and the amount of fertilizer used per acre was 1000 lbs. of 4-8-7 composition. Lime-sulphur was used as the fungicidal spray in all the orchards in place of bordeaux mixture. Lead arsenate was added as usual to the former to control leaf and fruit destroying insects. The close of the growing season and the subsequent harvest of the past fall gave results that not only were satisfactory to the Station but should be of interest to fruit growers in the state who are confronted with the problem of orchard renova- tion. The Baldwin orchard, apparently in hopeless condition two years previous, has made remarkable progress. (Fig. 13). The trees are fast becoming firmly rooted; the wood growth aver- aged about 12 inches, the foliage was especially noteworthy for its dark healthy color, great mass and size of leaves and the persistence with which it adhered. Although killed by frost, the foliage in this orchard was still on the trees, not in isolated patches, but as a mass, up to the first of December. No great amount of fruit was borne here; this was to be expected in view of its former condition. Nevertheless, the larger trees averaged in a number of cases 2 or 3 barrels of large, well colored fruit per tree. Ben Davis No. 1 has in two seasons been transformed from an unprofitable unthrifty block into a vigorous, bearing orchard, -and is now in condition to be used for experimental purposes. The foliage, wood growth, yield and character of fruit left nothing to be desired. Ben Davis No. 2 (omitting certain experimental plots to be considered later) increased in general thrift, and more than doubled its fruit production over the preceding year. Similar improvement occurred in Ben Davis No. 3 and the trees not in orchard blocks. The necessary removal in 1910 of the greater part of the block of mixed varieties, the shaping up of the Baldwin orchard and the weeding out of the hopeless trees in Ben Davis No. 3 40 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI12. reduced the total orchard area given in Table 11 to 33 acres,— making, with the addition of the eee trees, a total of about 2300 in the fall of 1911. A comparison of the yields (Tables 12 and 13) from 1909 to 1911 inclusive emphasizes the progress more concretely. TABLE 12. Annual Yields, 1909-19TT. Number of trees Total yield in Year (approximate). barrels. Marketable. 1909 3,100 200 ; 90 1910 2 ,300 350 275 1911 2,300 2 ,450 2 ,336* * Consisting of 2,006 barrels of Fancy and No. 1 grades and 330 barrels No. 2 grade. TABLE 13. Annual Yields by Orchards. 1910. 1911 Baldwin Baldwins. ("100 Wayans 154 Ben Davis, No. 1 | Ben Davis, NO PL 2-59. ieee coe 1 ,600 Ben Davis, No. 3 | a NER 3 oa Bea Davisy None sae aH Scattering Scattering Ben Davis, No. 2. 204) BenDavis NOs 22 se oe ee 465 OLA eke okse ea rey ocr ane ena as 350) AD Ottallie's mse aoe ere ee ee 2 ,450 The foregoing account of the conditions existing at Highmoor three years ago and of the results since obtained has been made with recognition of the fact that the work so far described has had in itself nothing of experimental nature. Such work was simply a matter of necessity, being incidental to the establish- ment of the necessary conditions requisite for experimental plots. On the other hand, while the function of the Station lies in general outside the sphere of purely demonstration work, these results, secondary as they are from the experimental point of view, have value in indicating the possibilities of this kind of ORCHARD NOTES. 41 work in the neglected orchards throughout the state. What has been done in the Station orchards can be accomplished elsewhere with equal success by the use of a proportionate amount of intelligently applied effort and judicious expenditure. The latest available census statistics (1900) on apple pro- duction show that of the nine states (Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey and: Pennsylvania) comprising the North Atlantic Division of the United States, Maine ranks third in the total number of apple trees and seventh in the yield of fruit. In the average number of trees per farm Maine ranks first (104.7), while on the score of yield in bushels per farm this State comes last with a record of 35.6 bushels. While it may be reasonably expected that the census figures of 1910 may show an increase of yield per tree for this State, it must be recogniged that the two fundamental problems of the Maine orchardist needing immediate attack are economic. ‘They are (I) increase in. the production per unit, and (2) improvement in quality of product. These are problems in orchard management,. involving the factors of soil manipulation, fertilizers and insect and fungus control. As previously stated, the experiments dealing with control of parasites have recently been published by this Station, and the present discussion is confined to the experimental results obtained to date along the other lines. Of the several million apple trees in this state not over 5 percent, as a conservative estimate, are subject to any regular system of cultivation. Perhaps 25 percent are standing in land pastured to animals,—generally sheep or hogs. The remainder stand in grass, with occasional or no applications of either organic or inorganic fertilizers. Since these are without doubt the chief conditions relating to the low unit production in this State, they were utilized as the basis for the experimental work begun in 1910. EXPERIMENTAL WORK, IQIO-IQII. As stated above, the experimental work up to the present has of necessity been confined to the one block of trees whose average condition and comparative uniformity, together with the prospect of moderate fruit yield, warranted its use for such 42 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 19gi2. purpeses. Ben Davis orchard No. 2 was divided in the spring of 1910 as follows: Spraying experiments with fungi- Cidessand! msechicidesier arms e412 OOnackes.: (I4@Orttees) ms Sheep pasturage experiment ...... et@. nets: BCH Oe nee PloshPAsiuraser experiment ane ae TRO VBE (MTG) Ahan Sodplopnn( Checks) ean meran ene O.7 1) GMO «ees Oreaniemertlizersexperimenvyaenn: Eu GS pees Mose 9). ihorganmie ferbillizer rexperinneiitys se inl O74) Bevan (7 oneetan) Ao all ate Apa aca eed time eh anane het te 7.12 ‘acres, \( AQ, trees) eas The arrangement of the plots is indicated in the following diagram. 00 looo0000 QODDIOQOOOOO OQOOCOO | OOOQOOCOO0O QO0O 9900000 OOCOOO00000! OOO HOOOO 5 0200000 OOd| OO OOO VS!VOOSS p/ 02900000000) O OO0|OOCOOCIOO OO000DOO00000 OQOOOOCA OO _O OOOOOCD|IO00000 OOOOOQOO|OO OO elerolerelexolexolererere) 00000000; exe) 299009001I009000000 OO00ClI0000! COOO OOODDDOQOOOOOTDOO0O0000G|IO000 looo0d OOCOOOODOCODOAOOODOODOOOOE|O OOO 299090900009000900/0900900990000000000 09900000009 0000090000900000000000 OXOKeLOLOlOlOlelelererelelelelelelelelelelele.elereele.elerele) SLOLOLOLOLOLSLOLOlelOlOlolololololerelelerele elelelele) elelelele ODCDDOOODDOOOOOO0O DOOOODIOO0O jOO00O 000000000000000000000 0000000000000 OODDDDDDDOOOOOODDDODOD OOD 0000000000 Diagram of Experiments, Ben Davis Orchard No. 2, 1910-1g11. Diagram. A.—Spraying experiments. B.—Sheep pasturage experiments. C.—Hog pasturage experiments. D.—Sod plot (check). E.—Organic fertilizer experiment. F.—Inorganic fertilizer experiment. * The number of trees in this plot was later reduced to 37 by omitting - 32 trees adjoining the organic fertilizer plot. **Tree acreage here given is less than that given in Table 11, p. 37, owing to removal of 34 trees. ‘OI6I “© 390 ‘q Jo[q Ul seeiy, “SI ‘“SIy Conlon 45 NEYO) “Gl Moar Wis Seep ole Ssicgp — a ee eS eo Re ee Trees in) Plot A; Oct. 3; 1910: Eien 07, ECs 1 ORCHARD NOTES. 43 Treatment 1910. All six plots were pruned according to the need of each tree and all except A were thoroughly sprayed three times during the season with bordeaux mixture and !ead arsenate. Plot A was treated with lime-sulphur and bordeaux according to the experiments described in the publications referred to. Plots A and F received an application of chemical fertilizer of 3.3-10-7 formula at the rate of 1500 lbs. per acre. Plot E received 6 cords of barnyard manure. No fertilizer was applied to Plots B, C and D during this season. B and C were fenced and 5 sheep and 5 brood sows were turned into the respective plots about the first of May. Sod was broken in A, E and F about the last week in April, and cultivation was continued throughout the season up to August 1. Then winter vetch was sown in these three plots as a cover crop. The animals in the two plots were removed at the close of harvest. Treatment r9r1r. ‘Treatment was identical with that of the preceding year, except that all plots, with the omission of E, received 1000 lbs. of chemical fertilizer of 4-8-7 composition. Lime-sulphur and lead arsenate were the spray materials used. General Notes. Comparative and specific data are given in tables to follow. In general the results so far obtained seem to indicate most strikingly that the chief factor accountable for low production per tree is the lack of cultivation. It must be remembered that in 1909 the condition of all the trees in this entire experimental orchard, even making due al- lowance for the few cases of difference in size and age, was not uniform. However, the trees showed no greater differences in vigor or lack thereof than would be observed in any block of trees planted presumably at one time, and having experienced the same treatment or neglect for an indefinite period; and this, of course, holds true for their condition in the spring of 1910. By the close of the season, however, the difference in amount and color of foliage between the cultivated and the uncultivated divisions was significant. The yield of fruit, although com- paratively small for the entire orchard, showed notable plot differences, wherevew, the size of trees allowed a fair basis of comparison. The foliage in Plots B, C and D withstood the dry summer of 1910 poorly. Disregarding the early leaf yellowing, for which bordeaux spray injury may have been accountable, the leaves 44 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. - IQi2. were light in color and small. Lack of vigor and vastly insuf- ficient growth were everywhere evident in the sheep, hog and sod plots. Defoliation began early and before harvest the appearance of the trees was that indicated in Figs. 15 and 16. In Plots A, EF and F the reverse of the above conditions obtained. Foliage was dark green, abundant (Fig. 17) and adhered until frost killed it. No noteworthy differences in this respect were seen between the three plots under ‘cultivation nor between the two pastured to animals. Plot D was in poorer condition, however, than either B or C. The fruit yield, as will be seen later, showed equally strikingly differences. In 1911, as already noted, it was decided to topdress the uncultivated plots to see if the plant food so applied would show any effect. No decided improvement resulted. The foli- age in plots B, C and D was again far inferior in amount, color and size of leaves to that of A, E or F. A few isolated instances occurred in plot C where a tree was prominent among its neighbors for increased vigor. Such were trees around which the hogs had done enough rooting to destroy the sod entirely, and in a way had performed the work of cultivation. It is worthy of note that practically all of the trees in all the non-cultivated divisions that showed any noticeable improve- ment were on the boundary row of their respective plots,—i. e. one-fourth of their root systems, theoretically, had felt the stimulus of cultivation. Much of the inhibition to growth of trees in sod is of course accounted for by lack of needed water. The grass roots absorb the greater part of the available surface soil moisture before the latter has time to reach the lower soil. This moisture is lost through the processes of growth, and the soil water from the greater depths is drawn up by physical forces and likewise dissipated through the grass growth. To a small extent this competition for water between grass and tree roots was reduced in the uncultivated plots in these experiments. The sheep kept the grass well cropped, and the hogs, although they rooted very unevenly, did in a measure check the growth of grass. On the sod plot an attempt was made to conserve soil moisture and check the sod growth by cutting the grass at intervals and leaving it to form a mulch. In none of these divisions, however, was there any observable benefit. th ORCHARD NOTES. 45 RESULTS. Notes on the several points presented in the following tables have been made for each tree during the past two seasons. The data is of necessity governed by a personal factor, as must be the case when classifications are made, as they had to be in this work, by general observations. For example, a “showy” bloom in the eyes of one man would appear to be only “full” to another. Nevertheless the data are fairly comparable, since results for both seasons are from the notes of one observer. Plot A is used as the cultivated plot in these tables as a basis for comparison with B, C and D because of the more uniform size of the trees and the relation of the plots in the orchard (see Fig. 14). The rows in B, C and D are simply the exten- sions of the respective rows in A. TABLE 14. Size of Trees. 1910. 1911. { : = 25 eS é aE) eS) 3 ae) BAe TS ee a BONE | Sey We ars 34 Or) i= os ze og OF o= iS ee ie oD HS BS = E Fy 20 HS 5 Se Az a2 ae | oe Sie Pe) ey eae | rome TEOMA SBS) Mls oaT GPs o130e io SSeeiil i sie 9.3 ise tete 76 51.3 42.1 6.5 | 74 Boe 41.8 5.4 (Cee 76 | 36.8 | 55.2 ites, MP Way IE SOL A aa ae iD ies Pa enas- 6g eee) eso. 37 Yas. 64] 18-0) lyaD.4 | | | One tree, it will be noted, was removed at the close of I9I0. The great percentage of the trees in all plots are medium or large and of commercial bearing age. In plot D the percent of small trees exceeds that of medium ones. 46 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2. TABLE 15. Degree of Bloom. TOTO 1911. | me) we) ae me) 43 ae) wey 15 2 3 aE) are B SOE alate ees Be Wa | Set Waa [os : oF S) O.n oe o¢ @ iS) Se .oO.5 or O46 2 Bo] so | eS | be | BS |bSi5g | 5S | be | Bs ct Aare ae fat fe) Nau SAN fateh [Nitocris |) fon fe| |] ou || et, gi ie eaieersal Ba oom Rone | Ao) ONT | 1.4| 25.1] 30.9] 35.9| 6.4 Beek anak - OP. | GH | 1.8 |= |= 1.3) 10.8} 68.8] 18.9 Cig ea = 90.7 | 2 Bo Was | = 5:2| 15.7 70) eames Die ee =| 754.0" |13.5)21.6 |10.8 | = 2 | 5.4, 62.1] 32.4 It will be noted here that the bloom was excellent in 1910, much better, indeed, than in 1911. The flower buds of the former year had of course been formed before the Station acquired the orchards. It is not given for comparison with the bloom of 1911; the noteworthy comparison is that between the above table and those following, showing the percent of fruit actually set, and the yields of the plots. TABLE 16. Fruit Set. 1910. 1911. = i | 5 3 | ase < ; ‘ pda Pa » »~ ~a Pa » ~ Be BE lg fk ee eee : : oF 3.5 ons og | og O.m oO. © 3 S HS aig) HO wo | Hs ae 21) P| aS o5 oe oS as) 05 oe oO o6 Ay Ais Os Ay a Ais | As | As Aa Ag WAGs Eat PAs A A7.1 27.8 Prats) | 23} 0) 53.9 a2 DG Biome 43.4 ol od) Dao eG) = 6.7 54.0 39.1 Coes | a ete | peieo Sree) HIE fone 18:4 | 71,0 || oee | Dates 16.2 32.4 | 35.1 16.2 | = 10.8 59.4 29.7 | ORCHARD NOTES. 47 TABLE 17. Vield in Barrels and Relative Gain or Loss. 1910. 1911. Number | Number | Per cent. || Number | Number | Per cent. Plot. of of of of of fo) Per cent. gain trees. barrels. total. trees. barrels. total. jor loss in 1911. A 140 121.25 (oron 139 254.50 81.66 (Gain, 109.89 Been 76 25.00 Lele 74 13.40 4.30 |Loss, 46.40 C al 76 9.00 5.44 76 32.18 10.32 |Gain, 257.55 D | 37 10.00 6.05 37 iLL ates 3.70 |Gain, 15.40 Motel. «s+. 165.25 Total... 311.62 * Of this yield 7.54 barrels were picked from 11 trees bordering on Plot E, and there- fore partially subjected to influence of cultivation. TABLE 18. Vield per Tree. 1910. 1911. Plot Barrels. Barrels. Gain or loss. EAs ool nO DEES eee 0.86 | 1.838 Gain, 0.97 barrels. 13... ee 0.32 | 0.18 Ios}, Ooi °e CO... 4b SAR 0.11 | 0.42 Gain, O91 1D). 6 Oe eee 0.27 0.31 Gain, 0.04 be TABLE 19. Yield per Tree, Discarding all Non-Bearing Trees. 1910. | 1911. Plot ‘ Barrels. Barrels. Gain or loss. J 2h Sis pC 0.89 1.94 Gain, 1.05 barrels. 1B. cc citer aie ene 0.33 0.29 Loss, 0.04 eae (Ga ghee OE V2 0.50 Gain, 0.38 sigs 1D oa ae 0.32 0.44 | Gain, 0.12 cn 48 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Igi2. A comparison of Tables 15 and 16 indicates a very good bloom in 1910 for all trees except the sod plot. Of this bloom, con- sidering the relatively small percent of fruits that are formed in proportion to the number of blossoms on any tree, it may be said that the fruit set (Table 16) for that year was fairly good in the first three plots. In fact plot B promised at fruit setting time to equal, if not exceed, A in proportionate yield. Table 17, however, shows the contrary to be true. Of all four plots, the one that received cultivation and available plant food early in the season was the only one in which the trees could not only set fruit, but could to a reasonable degree carry, develop and mature it. In the uncultivated plots the dropping of the fruits at an early date after setting accounts largely for the discrepancy between set and yield. The food reserve was not sufficient to carry the fruit through the season. The trees under cultivation were sufficiently stimulated to action to perform the necessary functions for fruit. development. The bloom of 1911 was far below that of the preceding year in abundance (Table 15). Likewise the fruit set was greatly reduced in all plots, except the cultivated one, where it was slightly better. Bearing in mind, however, that plot A yielded in 1910 almost three-fourths of the entire crop from this orchard, it might reasonably have been expected that B, C and D would increase their proportional yields and that A’s yield might prove proportionally smaller than in 1910. Nevertheless, Table 17 shows a total yield almost double that of the preceding year, for four-fifths of which A is again responsible. Of the three uncultivated plots, D made a fair percentage gain in yield over the preceding year and B suffered loss, but C was the only uncultivated plot to show a high percentage increase in its contribution to the total yield of 1911, compared with the proportion it formed of the 1910 crop. The percentage gain, moreover, must be considered in relation to the size of the crops in the two years. Table 18 shows the relative yield per tree with respective gain or loss in barrels. This is based on the total number of trees per plot. Table 19 shows similar data, omitting in every case the trees that failed to bear fruit; i. e., the data in this table show the comparative yield per bearing tree. Both of these tables show that the normal yield of fruit, even from the culti- q f Fi) - ORCHARD NOTES. 49 vated plot, is much below the normal for trees of the size and > age under consideration. The significance of the results lies in the differences so far obtained, and the fact that but one year of cultivation has in the main, been responsible therefor. Whether the fertilizer applied in the uncultivated plots in 1911 will affect the fruit yield of the coming season remains to be determined. Certainly no obvious results were obtained in the way of wood growth or improved foliage, except in the isolated instances in plot C, already noted. The past season, although characterized by great drought during the greater part of the growing period, resulted never- theless in the production of large, well colored fruit. In this respect, relation of size to culture is indicated by Fig. 18 which shows the average size of apples from A, and Fig. 19, showing a similar average for D. ‘The fruits of B and C were on the average equal in size to the largest specimen shown in Fig. 19. Contrary to general rule, the cultivated plots produced fruit of higher color and finer finish than that from the other divisions. The observations and results of the last two years, therefore, point most decidedly to the conclusion that orchards in Maine with conditions similar or worse than those existing at High- moor in 1909 cannot be successfully rejuvenated by any system that does not involve the factor of cultivation. This is exposi- tion of no new doctrine. but the numerical data given above may serve to emphasize the fact that increased apple production in the immediate future depends on the rejuvenation of the existing trees of bearing age, and that no single factor of the several involved in.orchard management is so potent in bringing about the desired results as proper tillage. RESULTS FROM FERTILIZER PLO's. In view of the short existence of this experiment nothing can be said regarding the effect of the two forms of fertilizer in question. ‘The trees of both plots average closely in. point of vigor. The foliage of plot E was perhaps slightly darker and the annual growth somewhat greater the past season than in Plot F. The fruit yields from plots E and F have been meager com- pared with plot A. The results are also somewhat difficult to compare justly, owing to the considerable differences in the size of trees in the two plots. ‘1912. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 50 TABLE 20. Size of Trees. 1911. 1910. *yyeus “quad 10g 13.4 “uM peut “quod 19g “OSIV] “quod 19g 8.5 *s9014 JO a quin NI 82 70 “yeurs ‘qued 19g 13.4 30.5 “uIMTpeut “quod 19g 61.6 “OS18] ‘qued Jog 8.3 “se0r} JO raquinN HONG 72 Plot E contains on the percentage basis more than 5 times as many large trees as F, almost one-fourth less of medium size, and less than half as many classed as small. TABLE 21. Degree of Bloom. 1911. “ou0u "9U99 10 4.2 “quGos “que. 18g “un Tpeur “quad Jog 35.3 20.0 TINS *yuod 10g *£MOUS ‘quad 10g 1910. ‘9u0u *qued Jag “yueos “quad 19g “WINTpoeut quod 10g TIS *queo 10g *£MOYS “quod 10g Oleh TABLE 22. Fruit Set. TOT 1910. “9u0u “que0 Jag “100d jued 19g = UINTpeutL quod 10g ‘quepunqe “quod og ‘auo0u “quad Jog 3.6 “100d “quod 10g “UINTpeut quod Jaq yuepunqe ‘qued log “401d ‘II6I ‘V 10O[q ‘WNIY stAeq Uog JO aZIg I9seIDAY ‘QI “SI ate Re NG at a es) Pid rae nt, ‘t161 ‘q io[q ‘WIG stAeq vag Jo dzIg aSvisAy “61 “BI | hy ane ire ORCHARD NOTES. 51 Table 22 shows that here, as in the other plots already con- ‘sidered, the bloom was excellent in 1910. Fairly good percents of abundant and full sets were partially offset by the trees of medium or no set. Nevertheless the 1910 yield, indicated in the next table, is far below the amount reasonably anticipated from the respective set of fruit. On the other hand, the 1911 data of tables 21, 22, 23 and 24 ‘show a degree of bloom greatly reduced from that of the pre- ‘ceding year, a strikingly greater proportional set of fruit and an equally notable increase in the crop. It is well to here reiterate the point that however small the actual crop of fruit from these plots may be, it is the increased yield per tree and the percent of increase indicated in the fol- lowing tables that are full of meaning. The fact that these results have been obtained within the second season of the experiment gives the data an added significance. TABLE 23. Yield in Barrels, and Relative Gain. 1910. 1911. Plot Number of barrels. Number of barrels. |Per cent. gain in 1911. 1015 td Avot aR Rea 30 92.9 209.66 fo 1B Sea ee 9 59.7 563 .33 TABLE 24. Vield per Tree. 19106. | 1911. Number | Number || Number | Number Gain Plot of of , of of in Per cent. gain in 1911. trees. barrels. trees. barrels. barrels. 15) eam 82 0.36 82 cab ails? 0.77 113.88 Hoye aes 72 0.12 70 | 0.82 0.70 583 .33 52 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Igi2. POMOLOGICAL NOTES. A SvuccessFuL METHOD FoR EMASCULATING BLossom Bubs. Experiments in the artificial fecundation of pome fruits has. in all known instances been characterized by a surprisingly small percent of successes in proportion to the number of blos- soms pollinated. Allowing for poor technique in pollination or improper preservation of pollen, the success of such work has. seemed to the writer to depend to a large degree upon the manipulation of the blossom bud in castration. In the breeding work inaugurated last spring this question was considered as. one of the important points to be determined in developing a successful technique. The methods generally recommended by hontieulisteel experi- menters is to entirely remove the petals before castration, either by grasping them at the apex of the bud and pulling them off, or by cutting them away. In this manner greater freedom is obtained in removing the stamens. Such procedure would appear to be undesirable and not conducive to successful results. The method most likely to insure a fair degree of success would be, theoretically, one which combines the necessary emasculation with the minimum: disturbance to the organism. Removal of floral parts may be followed by results analagous to surgical shock in animals. In. addition, the removal of petals and stamens is doubtless fol- lowed by drying out processes at the points of severance. — The emasculation at this Station was therefore made without removal of either petals or filaments. The buds were carefully opened by prying apart and laying back the enfolded petals. The anthers were then removed with the minimum portion of filament by means of a small thin bladed scalpel with straight cutting edge tapering to an acute V. In this way buds measuring 7 mm. axially were castrated, and developed into full bloom in bags without suffering appar- ent disturbance from the emasculation process. Buds of more advanced stages were operated upon with greater rapidity and ease, with similar results. The fruits obtained in the crossing work of the past season, although comparatively few in number, all resulted from buds emasculated by the above method. No- fruits were set on blossoms whose petals were removed before castration. ORCHARD NOTES. 53 It is hoped that a repetition of the method, coupled with the scheme of pollen preservation suggested by Simon * will result in a larger percent of successful crosses than has heretofore been made. TERATOLOGY. The season of 1911 was most favorable to the production of apples of great size; hence it may be properly assumed that the climatic factors affecting rapidity of growth may have had some relation to the comparatively large number of abnormal fruits reported in various apple growing sections of the country. Figs. 20 and 21 show a double Baldwin apple found at High- moor during the past season. The two distinct calices (Fig. 20) would indicate a duplication of floral parts in the blossom. Fig. 21 illustrates the attachment to a common stem, and the normally developed seeds within the carpels of the two inde- pendent cores. The only tissues common to both individuals of this fruit pair are those of the stem, flesh and skin. Less common than double fruits is the abnormal development shown in Figs. 22 and 23. Apples exhibiting this unusual growth were found in surprisingly large numbers in orchards in Greene during the summer of 1911. They were about equally frequent on Baldwin and Greening; the illustrations are from one of the latter variety. Examinations of this outgrowth showed a striking resem- blance to a calyx.lobe. It was pubescent, of grayish brown color, triangular in form, the base developing from the skin, and the apex recurved. In most cases it was nearer the basin than the cavity, and the base of this so-called lobe was connected with the calyx cluster by a slight lineal depression or a light line of color in the skin. In the majority of such apples ex- amined there appeared to be but four normally developed calyx lobes in the basin of the fruit (Fig. 23),—a fact which inclines one to the belief that such growth is an abnormally located calyx lobe. The actual cause of this phenomenon rests on a morphological examination and the determination of the point of growth in the apple. *Simon, J.. Gartenwelt, 15 (1911), No. 7, “A New Method of Pre- serving Flower Pollen in a Viable Condition,” Abst., E. S. R. 24: 6, p. 543. 54 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQi2. WINTER INJURY. Following the winter of 1910-1911 a considerable amount of winter injury to the trunks of trees was noted in a number of localities in the several orchard divisions. This injury took the form of a severe loosening and splitting of the bark of the trunk; in the less serious cases longitudinal splits occurred, ex- tending through the living tissues to the wood. The bark im- mediately about these splits either stood free from the wood or else was very loosely attached thereto. These less severe cases healed to some degree during the past season, to the extent that loosely adhering bark became more firmly attached. In the great majority of cases the injury had been severe enough to cause complete sloughing of the injure tissues with the advent of warm weather, leaving the wood exposed. All gradations of the latter type of damage were found, from cases where a small area the size of a hand had been affected to a few extreme instances where the tree had been practically girdled for several feet from the ground. Treatment has been the same as that for removal of a dis- eased area,—namely, cutting away of all dead tissues, disinfect- ing the exposed surfaces and protecting them with a coat of paint. In this way, the greater part of the trees affected will doubtless heal over; those most severely damaged, however, give little hope of recovery. The cause of this kind of injury is not known with any cer- tainty, and the question calls for extended study. The com- mon assumption that the growth of the season preceding the winter in which the injury occurred had not sufficiently ripened before the advent of cold weather, does not apply here. The trees incurring the greatest damage made, on the whole, less wood growth than the vast majority that came through the win- ter unharmed. Neither can sunscald be held directly responsi- ble for the trouble, in view of the fact that the injury occurred as frequently upon the northern as upon the southern sides of the trees. In the absence of specific experiments bearing on this ques- tion, two factors would seem to have a relation to this type of winter injury. They are insufficient soil drainage and a sudden Fig. 21. Section Through Double Apple. i ae een ing Calyx Lobe. Skin Resembl fox c—) in Show , Greenin Fig. 22 and Fig. 23. ORCHARD NOTES. 55 temperature drop below the freezing point, following a period of warm weather. A significant fact is that the trees most severely affected were confined to a small group standing in a slight depression that serves as a drain for the slightly higher ground surrounding. The cases of lesser injury also indicate the probable relation of topography and consequent drainage to the injury. Land which collects a greater amount of soil moisture than neighbor- ing areas will, if said moisture is not excessive and other con- ditions are equal, tend to produce in trees growing therein a greater response to temperatures inducing plant activity. The records for the winter of 1910-1911 show that from January to the end of March several periods of temperatures high for those months were followed by sudden and rather great drops below the freezing point. The hypothesis is that the warm periods referred to induced considerable activity in some trees, so that when the temperature fell suddenly close to 30 degrees Fahr. cleavage of bark from wood occurred by the freezing of the water-containing tissues of the former. The trees responding most actively were those in locations of highest soil moisture content. Those in dryer soil responded slowly enough to suffer no damage. 56 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION: IQI2. ANNOUNCEMENT. There are three lines of apple studies that from the begin- ning have stood out as the important ones to be undertaken at Highmoor Farm. These are orchard management, investiga- tions upon apple enemies, and investigations in apple propaga- tion and growth. Orchard management covers such questions as cultivation, fertilization, pruning, cover crops, thinning of fruit and provectiony trom insects” and siumner.» “hese more practical questions call for the work of an experienced orchard- ist and one familiar with the grosser field experiments. The apple diseases require the expert scientist skilled in plant pa- thology. ‘To be of real permanent value these call for more than superficial investigation. Their study demands the expert. botanist to discover, classify, and learn the life habits of the low forms of plant life that cause the injuries. He must have knowledge and ability to study the differences between fungi that are accidentally present because of the damaged and dis- eased tissue and those that are the cause of the injury. He must have that intimate knowledge with plant physiology that makes it possible for him readily and surely to distinguish between normal and abnormal growth, between healthy and pathological tissues. ‘The work in propagation and growth de- mands the trained biologist. On the one hand the skill and knowledge requisite to the breeder of plants and on the other that of the biometrician who is trained to measure growth ac- curately. Orchard management demands the skilled operative, the other questions demand the highly trained scientific special- ists. During the past three years the work in orchard management has been under the control of the horticulturist and the studies upon apple enemies have been made in cooperation with the plant pathologist and those in breeding with the biologist. With the resignation of Mr. Bonns as horticulturist all of the apple work will be planned by a committee consisting of the director, the biologist and the plant pathologist. The details of the work will be carried out by and under the personal supervision of Mr. Yeaton who has been appointed orchardist. CHAS! DY WOODS: Director. BULLETIN No. 200. ite MYCE TOPHILIDAK OF NORTH AMERICA. Part IV (ConcLusIon )*. O. A. JOHANNSEN. The species of the genera belonging to Series I as well as the first 6 genera of Series II of the subfamily Mycetophilinae were described in Part III. In this paper the species of the remaining genera are characterized, as well as those of the sub- family Sciarinae. ‘The members of the former so far as known injure mushrooms only; the latter constitute the most important group so far as the agriculturist is concerned. Though occasionally reported as injuring mushrooms the members of the Sciarinae are not as a rule regarded as serious pests of the fleshy fungi, differing in this respect from the species of the other subfamilies. After partial decay of fun- gous growths, however, larve of Sciara are found in abund- ance, and it is this fact, which in some cases at least, has led observers and growers to attribute the destruction to these gnats when in all probability the injury was caused by species of Mycetophila, Exechia or Phorids. On the other hand there is no lack of evidence of the harm- ful character of some species of Sciarinae to seed corn, to pota- toes, to wheat, and to the roots of other plants. Professor Forbes in his 7th report refers to the injury which the larve do to seed corn, and in his 15th (pp. 95-98) notes the destruc- tion of cucumber plants by these pests. In an earlier report he mentions the occurrence of larve infesting the roots of grass. * Papers from the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Entomol- ogy No. 52. Parts I, II and III were published in Bulletins 172, 180 and 196 respectively. 58 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. | 1912: Florists look upon these little gnats with a suspicion which is more than justified, as the fact that the larve feed upon the tender roots of potted plants is well established. Sciara tritict is identified with an injury to the roots and stems of wheat, and it is probable that the damage caused by it or by some other member of this genus is far more widespread than is generally known owing to the insidiousness of its attack. In Bulletin 27, n. s. (U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. of Entomology) Mr. Chittenden cites several instances of damage occasione? by S. inconstans to peas growing in flower pots, and to lettuce, cucumbers, and carnations. The injury caued by S. mali is according to Fitch’s own account, secondary in its nature, the larve feeding on apples already affected by the Codling moth. It may be moreover only an accidental occurrence, as there is no record in entomological literature, as far as I know, of a similar attack. Benj. Walsh’s Grape Midge (First Ann. Rept. Ill. 21, 1867) belongs in the same category, it being a guest of more injurious species. Walsh and others have long ago suggested the possibility that the larvee of some species of Sciara are associated in some way with a sort of potato scab. The fact that the larve of these gnats are so abundant in barnyard manure and that scab is most prevalent on potatoes from fields which have been well fertilized has suggested the possibility of this relationship. Most significant in this connection is the account given by Dr. A. D. Hopkins of Puyxia (Epidapus) scabiei. Concerning this species he says: «l have observed-the larve.of a) Scar) andman Epidapus feeding on the living, healthy tissue of potato tubers, and have obtained conclusive evidence that they are capable of causing, and actually do cause, conditions which in one stage would be recognized as potato-scab and in a more advanced stage would be recognized as a form of potato-rot.” From the context of Mr. Hopkin’s article it is not necessarily inferred that he associates that form of potato scab caused by Oospora scabiei with the injury (or infection) produced by the insect. My own observations of the larve of Sciara confirm the statements made by some of the earlier writers. I have found larve in potatoes feeding on the sound tissue, on the roots-of various grasses and in tulip bulbs. In some preliminary experi- ments I failed to induce larve to attack a tuber with unbroken FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 59 skin, but more extensive trials may give different results. The cut surfaces of seed potatoes are readily attacked and the seed at times seriously damaged especially where the soil has been fertilized by barnyard manure. Other data along these lines are on hand and more experi- ments are contemplated, the results of which are to be pub- lished at a later date. Besides the acknowledgments already made in Part I, I wish to add that through the kindness of Mr. Fredr. Knab I have had the privilege of again examining the types in the U. S. National Museum. To Dr. EK. P. Felt J desire to express by obligations for the loan of type material of Felt’s and Lintner’s species. THE MYCETOPHILINAE (Concluded. ) 24. Genus Phronia Winnerts. Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. XIII. 857,. 1863. Lateral ocelli contiguous to the eye margin, the middle on: small, placed in a groove near the base of the frontal triangle; antenne in the male frequently, in the female, usually cylindri- cal. Legs slender, tibial sete delicate, fore tarsi of female sometimes incrassate. Costa produced, sometimes but very slightly, beyond tip of Rs; subcosta short, rarely half as long as the basal cell R, usually ending free, media forks distad of the base of Rs, rarely directly under it, cubitus forks distad of the fork of the media, its branches usually widely divergent; anal vein incomplete. _ The forking of the media distad of the base Rs and the slightly produced costa will distinguish this genus from Exechia. Table of Species. a. Costa produced about 1-3 of distance from Rs to Mi; Mass. 1. producta n. sp. aa. Costa produced less than 1-5 of distance from Rs to Mi. b. Fore tarsal joints 2-4 not distinctly swollen beneath. c. Hind coxz, and usually middle coxe also, fuscous, hypopygium black (Fig. 25). 2. imsulsa n. sp. ec. All coxz yellowish. d. Western or middle western species, 60 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912. e. Males; hypopygium with globose terminal appendages. f. Brown species (Fig. 26). 3. venusta n. Sp. ff. Thorax yellow with brown vitte. 7. incerta. ee. Females. f. Third antennal joints nearly three times as long as broad; abdomen uniformly fuscous. i 3. venusta, var. a. ff. Third antennal joint less than twice as long as broad, or otherwise distinct. @ Pleura iiscods,.o) Ds 3. venusta. _ gg. Pleura largely yellow; hind margin of abdominal tergites, yellow; Wyo. and B. C. 7. imeerta? dd. Eastern species; males. — e. Terminal lobes of hypopygium longer than basal seg- ment. 4. difficilis n. sp. ee. Terminal lobes of hypopygium shorter than basal segment. f. Hind femora tipped with brown; base of abdomen largely yellow; hypopygium with short broad forceps (Fig. 28). 5 similis n. sp. ff. Hind femora without conspicuous brown apices; hypopygium with more elongate forceps (Fig. 29). 6. yuSiica var. ae bb. Fore tarsal joints, 2-4, distinctly swollen beneath and broader than the metatarsus, apex of the latter enlarged; females. c. Western species; base of abdomen fuscous; Stanford Univ., (Cail. Fhronia sp. cc. Eastern species. d. Hind coxe yellow. 4, 5. difficilis, similis. dd. Hind coxe fuscous. 2. msulsa n. sp. - 1. Phroma producta n. sp. Male. Length 2mm. Head with antenna, fuscous, the face, palpi and scape reddish yellow; intermediate antennal joint. about 1.5 times as long as wide. Thorax reddish yellow witk three subconfluent- brown stripes; hairs pale, sete black; 4 scutellar sete. Abdomen yellow anteriorly with dorsal stripe and posterior segments blackish; hypopygium (Fig. 24) dark. Coxe and legs yellow, tips of hind femora and of tibize black- ish; tibial spurs and tarsi brown; fore metatarsus about 7-8 as long as tibia. Wings (Fig. 152) hyaline, tinged with yellow; halteres yellow. Brookline, Mass. (C.W.J.). Aug. 2. Phronia insulsa n. sp. Male. Length 2mm. Head and antenne fuscous, palpi and scape yellow. Thorax brown, the humeri and pleura yellowish brown; hairs yellow; sete brown to black, those of the scutel- - FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 6I lum 4 in number. Abdomen brown, apical segments, and hypopygium (Fig. 25) blackish. Legs and fore coxe yellow, the middle and hind coxz, tips of middle and hind femora and of tibie, dark brown; tibial spurs and tarsi brown. Wing (Fig. 153) hyaline, with a brownish tinge; halteres yellow. Female. Similar to the male in coloring. Fore metatarsus and tibia subequal; fore tarsal joints, 2-4 swollen beneath, tio of the 1st enlarged. R. I..and Ithaca, N. Y. March and Aug. Var. a. Female. Similar to the foregoing but only the 4th and tip of the third joint of fore tarsus distinctly swollen. ithaca N.Y’ 3. Phronia venusta n. sp. Male and female. Length 2.5 mm. Head and antenne brown; palpi and scape dusky yellow; intermediate antennat joints about twice as long as wide. Thorax brown, including hairs and sete; scutellum with 6 or more marginal sete. Abdomen brown, hairs pale; hypopygium (Fig. 26) yellow with blackish claspers. Coxe and legs yellow, tips of -middle and hind femora and tibiz slightly brownish, tibial spurs and tarsi brown; fore metatarsus about 1-16 shorter than the tibia. Wings (Fig. 154) yellowish hyaline; halteres yellow. Male, Vollmer, Ida! (J.M.A.) Sept.; female, Brookings, S. D. Var. a. Female. Similar to foregoing but thorax more yel- lowish with 3 subconfluent brown stripes. Antenne more elongate, third joint nearly 3 times as long as wide. Moscow Ida. (J.M.A.). 4. Phronia difficilis n. sp. Male. Length 2.5 mm. Head brownish; face, palpi and 3 to 4 basal joints of antennz yellow, remainder of antenne brown: intermediate segments about 1.5 times as long as wide. Thorax yellow, the center of the mesonotum, scutellum and metanotum from pale to dark brown; hairs yellow, setee brown; 4 marginal sete on scutellum. : Abdomen yellow, the dorsum of each sclerite with a brown triangle the base upon the posterior mar- gin, the fifth and sixth segments wholly blackish, hypopygium (Fig. 27) yellow, its hairs darker especially at the apex. Coxz and legs yellow, the tips of the hind femora and of hind tibize, and all the tibial spurs and tarsi, brown; fore metatarsus and tibia subequal in length. Wings (Fig. 155) yellowish hyaline; halteres yellow. Ithaca, N. Y. 2 specimens. 62 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. Female. Similar to the male in coloring but the abdomen is largely brown, the anterior margin of each sclerite and the anterior portion of the venter yellow. The tip of the metatar- sus and joints 2-4 of the fore tarsi swollen beneath. Ithaca, NEY. 5. Phronia similis n. sp. Male. Length 2.5 mm. Coloring as in the preceding species (Ee difficilis ) excepting that the pleura are brown, light brown in one specimen, darker in another, and that the dark triangles of the abdomen are larger. Hypopygium (Fig. 28, black, the appendages shorter than the basal sclerite. Wing, Fig. 156. Ithaca, N. Y. Sept. 2 specimens. The hypopygium resembles that of P. Taczanowsky Dad. It is barely possible that the females described under P. difficilis belong here. 6. Phronia rustica Winnertz. Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. XIII. 875. 1863. Male and female. Length 3-3.3 mm. Head brown, 3 or 4 basal joints of antertne, and palpi yellow; antennze of male about 1.5 times, of female about as long as head and thorax united. ‘Thorax brown, with ashy reflection, in teneral speci- mens the pleura are yellow; sete brownish. Abdomen brown with appressed pale hairs; hypopygium large, yellow, some- times darker apically. Coxe and legs yellow, tarsi brown; fore metatarsus at least as long as the tibia. . Wing brownish hya- line; halteres yellow. “Greenland.” Var. a. Differs in structure of the hypopygium (Fig. 29). ithaca, NY o5 Aue. 7. Phronia incerta Adams. Wash. Carnegie Inst. 67. 37. 1907. (Mycetophila). Male. Length 4 mm. Head dark brown, mouth parts and basal joints of antennz yellow. Thorax obscure yellow; mes- onotum with 2 V-shaped figures, one set within the other, resulting in fusion of the two lateral stripes posteriorly and with the median one between them being divided anteriorly. Scutellum and metanotum brown, former with an apical pair of bristles, mesonotum with short yellow pile laterally and FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. (oe black bristles. Abdomen obscure yellow, base of each seg- ment dark brown dorsally, on the posterior segment the color comes to encircle the segment; the short pile is black. Legs light yellow, tarsi becoming tinged with brown; beside the long apical bristles the middle and hind tibie have each a row of shorter bristles; anterior tarsi twice as long as their tibiz, middle tarsi 1.5 times as long and hind tarsi as long as their respective tibiz. Wuings hyaline; Rs and anterior branch of media divergent, furcation of media beyond base of Rs. Hal- teres light yellow. “Mayfield Cave, Ind.” An examination of the type specimen, which was sent to me by Dr. Adams, proves it to be a true Phronia, ‘The costa is but slightly produced beyond the tip of Rs. The hypopygium which is pale yellow, resembles that of P. venusta in the form of the terminal lobes but differs in having upon the inner side of each lobe near the tip a patch of short stout setee projecting dorsad. Female. A specimen from Selkirk Mts. B. C. and one from Wyoming may belong here. ‘They differ in not having the lateral stripes of the mesonotum fused posteriorly. 25. Genus Telmaphilus Becker. Mili, Zoolly Whos, Berd, IWS O77 Cos. With the characters of Phronia, differing only in having an elongate attenuated subcosta which ends free beyond the middle of the basal cell R and in having one or two dusky clouds upon the wing. Besides the two species assigned to this genus by Mr. Becker it is probable that the European species Phronic forcipula (var. hwmeralis) basalis and nitidiventris also belong Here: Table of species. a. Apical wing cloud wide, arising proximad of apex of Ri; Rs strongly bowed. Cal. I. tenebrosa. aa. Apical wing cloud narrow, arising at apex of Ri; Rs not strongly bowed (Fig. 158). N. H., N. Y. 2. nebulosa n. sp. 1. Telmaphilus tenebrosa Coquillett. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. VI. 170. 1904 (Phronia). Female. Length 2.5 mm. Black, the halteres and legs yel- low, the last 2 pairs of coxe, the hind edge of the front ones, a streak on under side of eacli femur near the base, the apices 64 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I012. of the hind femora, and the tarsi except their bases, brown. Third joint of antennz nearly twice as long as wide, the follow- ing joints becoming successively shorter to the fourteenth which is as wide as long; first joint slightly longer than wide, the second as wide as long. Body grayish pruinose, the hairs and bristles yellowish. Wings hyaline, the apex from a short dis- tance before the apex of R: to tip of Cue and a cloud below the latter, dark gray; Sc attenuated toward its apex, becoming obsolete slightly beyond middle of basal cell R, Rs strongly bowed toward R:; media forks at 1-3 of distance from the crossvein to the forking of the cubitus. “San M’ateo Co., Cal.” 2. Telmaphilus nebulosa ile, SPD. Male and female. Length 2.5. Similar to the lomeoiee but differing as follows: Underside of each femur without dark streak; apical wing cloud begins at the apex of R:; Rs not strongly bowed toward R: (Fig. 158); fore metatarsus and tibia subequal; hypopygium (Fig. 30) black. Hampton, N. H. (Qe Xo Sider), Ayomils Wemeresiy IN, WZ! vaAgoietill 26, Genus Erechia Winnertz. Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. XIII. 879. 1863. Lateral ocelli closely contiguous to the eye margin; middle ocellus, when present, placed in a groove on the front (Fig. 67 in Part I). Legs long and slender, fore metatarsus subequal or slightly longer than the tibia, rarely much shorter; tibial setae, delicate (Hig: 62, Part) 1); posterior basal seta orld coxe present. Subcostal vein very short, incomplete or ending in R:; costal vein does not extend beyond the tip of the radial sector; media fork proximad of the basal section of the radiai sector, or rarely directly under it; cubitus forks distad of the fork of the media; its branches widely divergent. The larve, which are frequently found in fungi, do not have transverse rows of ambulacral setule. Owing to the great similarity of the members of this genus, and the frequent though slight variation of the wing venatior and coloration in individuals of the same species as demon- strated in breeding experiments, | am only able to give a table to the males based largely upon the form of the hypopygie. For brevity the first segment of R: measured from the humera? crossvein is designated as a, the second segment, b. FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 6 Sal Table of species. Males. a. Curvature of Rs conspicuous, the ratio of the maximum normal of the chord to the chord itself 4.5% or more, and the ratio of 2) it) Dy (5) Ow less, b. Fore metatarsus 1.15 or more longer than the tibia. c. Curvature of Rs moderate (4.5%), fork of cubitus noticeably distad of base of Rs (Fig. 159); hypopygium with two of the 3 pairs of appendages each tipped with a black spine. ; I. perspicua n. sp. ec. Curvature of Rs 7.5% or over; fork of cubitus but slightly distad of base of Rs. d. Hind margins of abdominal segments yellow; hypopygium (Fig. 32). 2. umbratica. dd. Yellow marking of abdominal segments, when present, con- fined to the anterior margin; hypopygium (Fig. 33). 3. nugax Nn. Sp. bb. Fore metatarsus shorter than the tibia; hypopygium (Fig. 34). 4. nexa Nn. Sp. aa. Curvature of Rs not conspicuous, ratio of maximum normal of the chord to the chord 4% or less, and the ratio of a to b, .70 or more. b. Hind margins of abdominal segments yellow and the two larger pairs of appendages of hypopygium broad, lobular. c. Fore metatarsus over 1.25 tibia in length; curvature of Rs moderate (Fig. 163); hypopygium (Fig. 35). 5. abrupta n. sp. ec. Fore metatarsus less than 1.12 tibia in length, curvature of Rs slight (Fig. 164); hypopygium (Fig. 36). ; 6. canalicula n. sp. bb. Abdomen unicolored, black or yellow or hind margins of ab- dominal segments dark, or hypopygium of different structure. c. Yellow species, darker markings on thorax and abdomen pale brown. d. Each branch of longer forceps with curved branch on inner side (Fig. 39). 9. satiata n. sp. dd. Ventral sclerite of hypopygium, large, quadrangular (Fig. 38a). 8. quadrata n. sp. ec. Thoracic and abdominal markings dark brown. d. Fore metatarsus about 1-8 longer than the tibia; each limb of the longer forceps either with distinct branch near apex or wide lobe at base. e. Thorax and abdomen with considerable yellow. f. Smaller species, 3 mm in length; each limb of longer forceps with curved branch. on inner _ side; (Fig 30). 9. satiata n. sp. ff. Larger species, over 4 mm in length. g. Limbs of both forceps forked (Fig. 41). 10. nugatoria n. sp. 66 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912. ge, Longer forceps not forked at apex. h. Hypopygium as shown in figure. (Fig. 42). Il. nativa n. sp. hh. Hypopygium as shown in figure. (Fig. 43). 12. imterrupta. ee. Thorax, and abdomen largely, dark. f. Apex of limbs of one pair of forceps palmate with - sete, the other pair lobular (Fig. 44). 13. palmata n. sp. ff. Longer forceps with attenuated apices (Fig. 45). 14. fungorum. dd. Fore metatarsus not more than 1.1 longer and sometimes shorter than tibia; hypopygium various. e. Lateral sclerite of hypopygium with bent or curved sete, appendages short (Fig. 37). 7. cincimnata n. sp. ee. Without bent sete. f. Limbs of one pair of forceps at least, over I-3 as broad as long. eg. Both pairs of forceps with oval limbs; (Fig. 46) ; fore metatarsus about .9 as long as the tibia; cubitus forks very slightly distad of the base of Rs. 15. assidua n. sp. ge. One of the forceps with tapering apices; cubitus forks: noticeably distad of the base of Rs. h. Thorax yellow with brown dorsum; one pair of forceps oval but apex tapering (Fig. 47). 16. auxiliaria n. sp. hh. Thorax dark; broader forceps with spatulate limbs each with 2 stout mesad projecting sete (Fig. 48). 17. bellula n. sp. ff. Both forceps rather slender, at least apically. g. Postero-ventral angles of hypopygial sclerite with 1 to 3 strong sete, or a blunt process. h. A single blunt spine or process on each posterior ventral angle. i. A single long blunt spine on each postero- ventral angle (Fig. 49s) ; thorax and abdomen with yellow markings. 18. bella n. sp. ii. Postero-ventral angle produced into a slender . blunt process; thorax and abdomen dark. 27. analis. hh. One or more sete on the angles. i. Postero-lateral margins of hypopygial segment ciliate (Fig. 50); pleura in part yellow. 19. captiva n. sp. ii. Margin not distinctly ciliate; pleura brown. j. Postero-ventral angle each with a single seta; the broader forceps without tuft of sete on the preapical angle; (Fig. 51b). 20. absoluta n. sp. FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 67 jj. Postero-ventral angles each with several sete; the broader forceps with blunt apex and a tuft of setae on the preapical angle (ini, 52). 21. capillata n. sp. ee, Postero-ventral angles of hypopygial sclerite with- out several conspicuously strong setz or spines. h. One pair of the hypopygial appendages curved on apical third and conspicuously longer than the others. (Fig. 53); dark brown species. ; 22. obediens n. sp. hh.. Two pairs of appendages subequal in length. i. Appendages unusually slender; one pair blunt, each limb of the other pair with a long sub- basal branch (Fig. 54b); thorax brown: abdomen with yellow. 23. atinita i. Sp. ii. Appendages otherwise. j. The more slender forceps with several apical sete (Fig. 55); pleura in part yellow. 24. repanda n. sp. jj. Slender forceps without apical sete. k, Abdomen with yellow markings at base of venter; hypopygium (Fig. 56). 25. absurda n. sp. kk. Abdomen brown; hypopygium (Fig. 57). 26. casta n. sp. E. analis Coq. belongs to Mycothera. General description of Species of Exechia. The species described below, unless specifically stated to the contrary, possess the following characters in common: Head and antenne fuscous, the scape and base of the first flagellar joint and the palpi yellow. Dorsum of the thorax fuscous apparently consisting of 3 confluent stripes, leaving the humeri yellow; scutellum and metanotum fuscous; hairs pale, sete blackish; scutellum with 2 black sete. Dorsum of abdomen fuscous, hypopygium yellow. Coxe -and legs yellow, the tibia dusky yellow, spurs and tarsi infuscated. Subcosta short, ends free; venation as figured. MHalteres yellow. Although the ovipositor of the female offers good specific characters, descriptions are only given of those females which are definitely asso ciated with males. 1. ‘Exvechia perspicua n. sp. Male. Length 3.25 mm.’ Pleura brown. Abdomen brown, the posterior segments darker brown; appendages of the hy- popygium (Fig. 31) slender; terminal ventral sternites, paired, rectangular. Fore metatarsus over 1.15 the tibia in length. WVineedusky hyaline (Fig. 150). Sage. Creek, Wyo., (W.M.W.) Sept.; Orono, Me.! Oct. 68 MAINE AGRICULTURAL IWXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2. 2. E.xechia umbratica Aldrich. Annual Rept. Dept. Geol. Ind. XXI. 186. 1896. (Mycetophila). Pemale. Weneth 5.2 mm ;.wine 4.5 mam: 92 22 =) seal horas clay vellow, somewhat pruinose with white, dorsum somewhat infuscated and provided with numerous stout black hairs along the sides; scutellum and metanotum also brownish. Abdomen brown, compressed, the distal part of each segment with a lightem ning, which, is) broaden) anderniedia a. 3...) 5) lneme front leg the entire tarsus is about 4 times the length of the tibia, in the middle leg 2.5 and in the hind leg 1.5 times. Wing tinged with yellow along the costa and to a less degree all over ine Byorczllolaglis —““Siniloy Carpe, alah: jfalhy.. Male and female. Like the female as described above, but dorsum with 3 subconfluent brownish stripes. Foremetatarsus nearly 1.5 the tibia in length. The longer appendages of tl: hypopygium broad, with a preapical angle (Fig. 32). Wing (CEG WEO). lisenrea IN, MW 3. Exechia nugax n. sp. Male. Length 5 mm. Pleura light brown, mesonotum a little darker, thoracic setee dark brown, humeri yellow. Abdo- men brown, on each side of segments 2 and 3 each with narrow yellow trianglé whose base rests upon the posterior margin of the segment; hypopygium yellow (Fig. 33). Wings hyaline, tinged with brown in the costal cell and in the forks of media and cubitus (Fig. 161). Fore metatarsus about 1.25 longer than the tibia. Rouville Co. Que.! Oct., Ithaca, N. Y. April. 4. Exechia nexra. n. sp. Male. Length 5 mm. Thorax reddish brown; abdomen brown, darker brown posteriorly, hind margins of segments 2-5 faintly dusky yellow; hypopygium yellow (Fig. 34). Fore- metatarsus and tibia subequal in length. Wings hyaline, tingea with brown (Fig. 162). Ithaca, N. Y. 5. Exechia abrupta n. sp. Male. Length 4 mm. Thoracic sete black; abdomen yellow, each segment with large, brown, dorsal triangle widest part on the anterior margin, on all segments, except I and 2, the ante. rior angles meeting on the venter, apex not reaching the pos- terior margin except on 5, 6 wholly brown; hypopygium yellow FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 69 (Fig. 35). Fore metatarsus about 1.3 tibia in length. Wings hyaline, tinged with yellow (Fig. 163). Ithaca, N. Y. | 6. Exechia canalicula n. sp. Male. Length 5 mm. Mesonotum with 3 wide brown stripes. humeri and space between the stripes yellow; scutellum, metanotum and pleura paler brown; sete black. Abdomen as in E. abrupta; hypopygium (Fig. 36) black. Fore metatarsus about 1.06 the tibia in length. Wings hyaline, yellow tinged Gaiewroa) N.C. N: J. July. Female. ‘The brown of the abdomen a little more extended, sixth segment also with yellow margin. N. C. 7. Exechia cincinnata n. sp. Male. Length 3-4 mm. Thorax brown, humeri yellow, sete blackish. Abdomen dark brown, each side of segments 2, 3 and 4 each with a yellow triangle one side of which rests on the anterior margin of the segment, the other meeting the side of the opposite triangle along the venter; hypopygium (Fig. 37) yellow, with strong, curved, brown hairs, hence the specific name. lore metatarsus very little longer than the tibia. Wing hyaline, tinged with yellow (Fig. 165). . Female. Sides of segment 5 also yellow. Orono, Maine! Oct.; Burlington, Vt., (C.W.J.) June; Mass., (C.W:J.), April, | June, Sapien Wee. slinnaca Ni) Yi. | The Orono specimens reared from Boletus granulatus. 8 Exechia quadrata n. sp. _ Male and female. Length 4.5 mm. Head, thorax and abdo- men yellow, the apical half of the antennz, center of the mesonotum, metanotum, and the posterior abdominal segment, usually more dusky yellow, hypopygium with a large quad- rangular ventral plate (Fig. 38a). Fore metatarsus about 1.10 longer than the tibia. Wings hyaline tinged with yellow (Fig. Mogyeeape May, N. J. (Viereck) Sept.; Price Co., Wis., (W.MIW.) Aug.; Ithaca, N. Y.! Aug. Hemlock Falls, N. J., (Weidt), Aug. 9. LExechia satiata n. sp. Male. Length 2.5 mm. Dorsum of thorax usually pale brown, pleura dusky yellow. Abdomen yellow, hind margins 70 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912. of the first 4 segments narrowly brown and the whole of 5 and 6 dark brown or black; hypopygium yellow (Figs. 39, 40) Fore metatarsus about 1.10 longer than the tibia. Wings hya- -line, tinged with yellow (Fig. 167). Female. Hind margins of all abdominal segments widely brown, produced forward on the median line. Ithaca, N. Y.. July, reared from a shelving mushroom. 10. Exechia nugatoria n. sp. Male. Length 4.5 mm. Pleura dusky yellow to light brown. Abdomen dark brown, venter of first 3 segments yellow, ex- tending up on the sides of the third segment; hypopygium yel-’° low (Fig. 41). Fore metatarsus about 1.15 longer than the tibia. Wings hyaline, tinged with yellow (Fig. 168). Kings- tomy aie Tess). Nov... Prices (Co.,) Vise <(CWeMEVY 2) Tihaca INS Yes imily Ate 11. Exvechia nativa n. sp. Male. Length 4.5 mm. Pleura brown, the abdomen as in £. nugatoria, but the anterior margin of the 4 segments on each side with oval yellow spot; hypopygium yellow (Fig. 42). Fore metatarsus about 1.15 longer than the tibia. Wings hyaline, tinged with yellow (Fig. 169). Orono, Me.! Oct.; Ithaca, N. Y., Nov. Reared from Collybia sp.? Female. A specimen from Montpelier, Vt., (C.W.J.) June, which I believe belongs here, is similar to the male but each segment of the abdomen is widely margined with brown on sides and dorsum, produced forward on the median line. 12. Exechia interrupta Zetterstedt. Dept. Scand. XI.-4240. 1852. Male. Length 3.5-4 mm. Similar to E. nugatoria but the fourth segment is also largely yellow on the venter and sides. Hypopygium as figured (Fig. 43). Female. First and sixth abdominal segments dark brown, the intermediate segments with dark triangles, smallest on the fourth and fifth, caudal segments yellow. “Europe and Green- land.” N is FUNGUS GNATS DF NORTH AMERICA. 13. Exechia palmata n. sp. Male. Length 3.5 mm. ‘Thorax and abdomen dark brown; hypopygium yellowish (Fig. 44). Fore metatarsus about 1.10 longer than the tibia. Wings hyaline, tinged with brown (Fig. 170). Female. Anterior half of the sides of the intermediate abdominal segments yellow. Torrey’s Lake, Jackson Lake and Hunter's Creek! Wyo. (W.M.W.) Sept., Selkirk Mts., B. C (J.C.B.) July; Mt. Rainier, Wash (J.M.A.) Aug. 14. Exechia fungorum Degeer. as. Wily ia. joy 2a) mes en (gow). Male. Length 4 to 4.7 mm. Coloring as with &. palmata, a yellow humeral spot present, hypopygium dusky yellow (Fig. 45). Fore metatarsus about 1.15 longer than the tibia. Wing: hyaline, tinged with brown. Female. Similar to &. palmata in coloring, but yellow color- ing less extended. “Europe and Greenland.” 3 15. Exechia assidua n. sp. Male. Length 3.5 mm. Thorax brown, dorsum dark brown, humeri yellow, hairs yellow, sete black. Abdomen brown, anterior part of the venter a little paler, posterior segments almost black, hypopygium dusky yellow (Fig. 46). Fore metatarsus about .87 of the tibia. Wings hyaline, tinged with brown (Fig. 171). Female. A defective specimen from the same place, which may belong here, differs only in having fore metatarsus and tibia subequal, and in having the fork of the cubitus slightly monesdistad. Mt. .Constitution, Orcas, Id. Wash. (J].M.A.), July. 16, Ea«echia auxiliaria n. sp. Male. Length 2.5 mm. Dorsum of thorax brown; abdomen brown, the anterior part of the venter and the sides of segment 3, yellow; hypopygium (Fig. 47). Fore metatarsus about 1.95 longer than the tibia. Wings hyaline, tinged with yellow (iie172). Price Co., Wis. (W/M.W.), Aug., Ithaca, N. Y.! 17. Excchia bellula n. sp. Male. Length 2.5 mm. Similar to &. auwriliaria but with . 7/2 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912. brown pleura and with brown parts darker brown, posterior end of abdomen nearly black and different hypopygium (Fig. 48). Fore metatarsus and tibia subequal. Wings (Fig. 173) hyaline, tinged with brown. Female. Similar but the lower anterior part of the sides of the intermediate abdominal segments more or less yellow. Orono, Me. Nov. 18. E-xechia bella n. sp. Male. Length 2.5 mm. Thorax brown, humeri yellow, abdo- men brown, the anterior part of the venter, yellow, this color extending well up the sides on segments 3 and 4, thus resem- bling E. interrupta; hypopygium yellow (Fig. 49). Fore meta- tarsus about 1.06 longer than the tibia. Wings hyaline tinged withsyellow), (Hig. 174.). Price (Co: Wis., (W-MEW: ues Ihdaeicalg INS YM 19. Exechia captiva n. sp. Male. Length 2.5 mm. Similar to &. bella in coloring bet differs in having more yellow upon the pleura and none on the sides of abdominal segment 4; hypopygium also differs (Fig. 50). Fore metatarsus and tibia about I.04 longer than the tibia. Wings hyaline, tinged with yellow (Fig. 175). Cape May, N. Js! (Wiereck) Sept.; Burlington, Vt, (C.W_ ja) ides Boston, Mass. (C.W.J5). septa; Ni EH: Cuewy 20. Exechia absoluta n. sp. Male. Length 3.5 mm. Thorax brown, sides lighter brown, humeri yellow. Abdomen dark brown, the venter of the first 3 segments narrowly, an indistinct spot on each side of segment 2 and a larger, more distinct one on sides of 3, yellow ; hypopyg- ium yellow (Fig. 51). Fore metatarsus and tibia subequal. Wings hyaline, tinged with brown (Fig. 176). Rouville Co., Que.; Orono, Me.! Oct. Reared from Boletus granulatus. Female. Like the male but with broad dark brown or black- ish margins on each segment produced along the median line, thus leaving the venter and triangular spots on the sides, yellow Ihedngice INI \e3 ee S.UDY CGAL Ae) 3" New Haven ieee (Viereck), Rinction, Ne ee CCWal FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 73, 21. Ewxecha capillata n. sp. Male. Length 3.5 mm. Thorax and abdomen dark brown, humeri and small spot on venter of segments 2 and 3 faintly yellow; hypopygium yellow (Fig. 52). Fore metatarsus and tibia subequal in length. Wings hyaline, tinged with brown. Gite" 177 ). | Female. Like the male but venter yellow, this color extend- ing up on the sides along anterior margin of each segment. Kingston, R. I. (J.B.), May; Dinwiddie Creek and Torrey’s Wale, Wyo. (W.MiW) Sept.; Stanford Univ., Cal. (J.M.A.) Feb. ; Ithaca, N. Y.! May, Sept. Bred from Collybia dryophila. 22. Exechia obediens n. sp. Male. Length 3.5 mm. “Thorax and abdomen brown; hy- popygium dusky yellow (Fig. 53). Fore metatarsus about 1.04 longer than the tibia. Wing hyaline, tinged with brown (Fig. ieee aiond) Unive Cj IMVAy)\) eb.) Berkeley. Cal. CW.M.W.) March. 23. Eaxechia ativita n. sp. Male. Length 3.5 mm. ‘Thorax and abdomen brown, latera! margins of the mesonotum paler, posterior end of abdomen darker brown, humeri and venter and sides of segment 2 and 3. yellow; hypopygium dusky yellow (Fig. 54). Fore metatarsus and tibia subequal in length. Wings hyaline, tinged with brown (Fig. 179). se Female. Like the male but venter yellow, this color extend- ing up on the sides along anterior margin of each segment. Wis., SrevEWe) Ate; kl (J-B.), Nov.; Ithaca, N.Y. Aug.: Orono, Me., Noy.; Forest Hill, N. J.; (Weidt), Apr., Nov. 24. Exechia repanda n. sp. Male. Length 3 mm. The mesonotum, scutellum and metanotum brown, the humeri, pleura and lateral margins of the mesonotum yellow. Abdomen dark brown; the venter of segments I, 2 and 3, the posterior part of the sides of 2, the greater part of the sides of 3, and hypopygium (Fig. 55) yel- low. Fore metatarsus but little if any longer than the tibia. Wings hyaline, tinged with brown (Fig. 180). Ithaca, N. Y.! Aug. Female. Like the male but with abdomen like that of the female of £. atirita. Boston, Mass., (C.W.J.). Sept. 2 74. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912. 25. Execma absurda n. sp. Male. Length 3 mm. Thorax brown, pleura a little paler brown, humeri yellow. Abdomen dark brown, the venter of segment 2, venter and sides of 3, and hypopygium yellow (Fig..56). Fore metatarsus about 1.1 longer than the tibia. Wing hyaline, tinged with brown (Fig. 181). Ithaca, N. Y.! and Orono, Me. Nov. 26. Exvechia casta n. sp. Male. Length 3.5 mm. ‘Thorax and abdomen brown, the latter darker brown, humeri yellow; hypopygium yellow (Fig. 57). Fore metatarsus about .95 as long as the tibia. Wings hyaline tinged with brown (Fig. 182). Female. Like the male but the anterior margin of each seg ment on the venter and sides sometimes faintly tinged with yellow. Black Rock Creek, Dubois,! Dinwiddie Creek, Hunt- rs Creek, Wyoming (W.M.W), Sept. 27. E-xechia analis Adams. Wash. Carnegie Inst. Pub. 67. 37..1907. (Mvcetophila.). Male. Length 4 mm. Head brownish black, mouth parts and basal joints of antennz yellow, remaining joints of antennz light brown. Thorax brownish black, lateral margins of mes- onotum and pleura brownish-yellow, mesonotum with short yellow pile and black bristly hairs, the latter distributed along the sides; scutellum with an apical pair of strong bristles. Abdomen brownish-black, apex yellow, with short yellow pile. Coxz yellow, femora light yellow, tibia and rarsi becoming darker distally ; the front tibiz without bristles except the apica! ones, the second are provided with a row of indistinct setulz and the hind tibia have rather strong bristles; front tarsi a little over twice as long as front tibiz; middle tarsi above twice as long as middle tibiz, hind tarsi 1.5 times as long as their tibie. Wings nearly hyaline, Rs and anterior branch of media divergent distally, furcation of media in front of base of Rs, furcation of cubitus considerably posterior to it. Halteres light yellow. “Mayfield Cave, Ind.” The type specimen, which was sent to me by Dr. Adams for examination, has an hypopygium resembling that of E&. attrita, the longer process very similar to that shown in fig. 54, but FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 75 the postero-ventral angles of the hypopygial sclerite are pro- duced almost as far as the tips of the articulated processes in the form of slender, blunt almost spine-like lobes, in &. analis. 27. Genus Dynatosoma Winnertz. Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. XIII, 947, 1863. Front broad, anterior margin not produced into a triangle, vertex high; ocelli usually 2 in number, large; the middle one, when present, very minute; Thorax pubescent, margins setose. scutellum semicircular with setose margin. Legs stout, hind femora each usually with 3 ranges of stout sete on extensor surface. Costa not extended beyond tip of Rs; subcosta nearly half as long as the basal cell R and ends in R:; branches of the cubitus widely divergent; first anal long but incomplete, strong. Table of Species. a. Cubitus forks distad of the basal section of the radial sector; wing with distinct spots; 3 ranges of sete on each hind tibia. b. Thorax largely and abdomen, fuscous; hypopygium (Fig. 58). I. nigrina Nn. Sp. bb. Thorax largely and basal portion at least of abdomen, yellow, hypopygium (Fig. 59). 2. fulvida. aa. Cubitus forks proximad of the base of radial sector; wing un- spotted; 2 ranges of sete on each hind tibia. b. Thorax black. 3. thoracica. bb. Thorax fulvous. 4. placida n. sp. 1. Dynatosoma mgrina n. sp. Male. Length 5 mm. Head fuscous, antennze subfuscous basal 3 or 4 joints and palpi yellowish. Thorax fuscous, the narrow posterior angles of the mesonotum and the humeri, widely, reddish yellow; hairs and sete yellow. Abdomen blackish, the hind margins of the segments narrowly and indis- tinctly, yellow; hairs, appressed, yellow ; hypopygium (PI. 7, fig. 19, Genera Insectorum, Fasc. 93) and (Fig. 58). Coxe yellow, middle and hind ones each with an oval black spot near the apex on the outer side; femora and tibiz, yellow, the bases of all and the apices of middle and hind femora, black, tip of hind tibia black; tarsi brownish. Wing grayish hyaline, marked with a large brown central spot, a preapical fascia and a faint grayish apical margin (Fig. 183). Halteres yellow. Mass, 76 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. E912. 2. Dynatosoma fulvida Coquillett. Canad) ni OOO Vio 18057 Male. Length 4.5 mm. to 7mm. Head dusky yellowish with darker transverse fascia, or wholly brown, antennz subfuscous, 4 or 5 basal joints and palpi yellowish. ‘Thorax reddish yellow, hairs yellow, sete reddish yellow to brown. Abdomen reddish yellow, the 3 posterior segments largely subshining blackish with yellow margins; hypopygium (Fig. 59). Coxe and legs yellow, the tarsi and the tips of the hind femora brownish. Wings grayish hyaline, marked with a large brown central spot, a preapical fascia and a fainter grayish apical margin (Fig. 184). Halteres yellow. Capens, Me. (C.W.J.), July; Friday Harbor, Washington (J.M.A.), May; Ithaca, N. Y. — Female. Similar to the male, but the abdomen with less dark coloring, in 2 specimens wholly reddish yellow. Selkirk Mts. (C.B); Piday arbor, Washineton)(() eA). Mayas iit IN, Nie, ia. 3. Dynatosoma thoracica Coquillett. Proc) Urs, Nat, Mus XOX1IE 508" 1901. Male and female. Length 4 to 5 mm. Head black, upper part of face, base of antennz and the mouth parts yellow. thorax and scutellum black, subopaque; abdomen dark brown, the first 4 segments partly or wholly reddish yellow; legs: yel- low, tarsi brownish, anterior tibiz each bearing about 4 down- wardly directed spines at apex of outer side, the anterior spine the longest, nearly half as long as the tibial spur; many of the lateral bristles of middle and hind tibia much longer than greatest diameter of the tibiae, those on inner side of the middle tibize shorter than greatest-diameter of the latter; wings grayish hyaline, tinged with yellowish along the costa, cubitus forking about opposite the crossvein. Halteres yellow. “Ul., N. H.” An examination of the type shows that there are 2 ranges 9% setze on each hind tibia. 4. Dynatosoma placida n. sp. Male. Length 5.5 mm. Head fulvous, frontal groove dusky, ocelli 2, face and palpi pale yellow, antennz fuscous, 4 or 5 basal joints yellowish, seta on the upper eye margin, brown. Thorax fulvous, mesonotum with 3 indistinct pale brown vitte, setee pale brown; pleura, scutellum, and metanotum yellow: So a ie FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. Vy) scutellar setee brown. Abdomen fulvous, shining, each segment with a brown triangular “saddle,” broadest posteriorly, indi;- tinctly divided along the median line; hypopygium shining fulvous, prominent, superior claspers slender, curved, each with curved black spine at the tip and a long stout subapical seta. Coxe and legs yellow, tarsi darker, hind tibie each with 2 ranges of sete. Wings yellow hyaline, veins fulvous (Fig. Baeeeccacicy, Ont, (MC, Van, Duzee), july. 28. Genus Opistholoba Mik. Wiene imi Zeit X87, 189m Ocelli three, laterals contiguous to the eye margin, middle one very minute; hypopygium very large and conspicuous, much broader than the abdominal segments, husk-like (Fig. 60). Ventral posterior margin of the sixth abdominal segment in the female provided with a row of long sete which project beyond the tip of the abdomen. In other respects like Mycetophila. Opistholoba ocellata Johannsen. Genera Insectorum, Fasc. 93, 126. 1909. Male. Length 3 mm. Head shining black, antennz fuscous, 4 or 5 basal joints and the palpi yellow. Thorax and abdomen deep brown or black; large quadrangular spot on each humerus, a minute spot on each posterior angle of the mesonotum, and the large hypopygium, yellow. Hypopygium when seen from the side, subtriangular, folded under the abdomen, nearly reaching the middle of the fourth abdominal segment (Fig. 60. See also pl. 7, fig. 18, Genera Insectorum, Fasc. 93). Coxe and legs yellow, the tarsi slightly darker, tips of hind femora blackish; middle tibize each with one short and two long setee on the flexor surface. Wings grayish hyaline, with a central spot and a short preapical fascia, cubitus forks slightly proximad of the fork of the media (Fig. 185). Halteres yel- low. Ithaca, N. Y. May. Aug. 29. Genus Epicypta Winnertz. Verh. Zool-bot. Ges. Wien. XIII. go9, 1863. Head round, flattened in front, the anterior margin of the thorax produced over it; front broad, its anterior margin pro- 78 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912. duced into a triangle which descends to the base of the antenne ; ocelli small, laterals contiguous to the eye margin, the middle one minute, placed in a groove at the base of the frontal tri- angle. Legs strong, with tibial sete which on the hind legs are noticeably longer than the diameter of the tibia at the widest part. Costa more or less produced beyond the tip of Rs: fork of the cubitus under or proximad of the fork of the media, the angle at the base very acute, the branches slightly diverging, anal strong but incomplete. Table of Species. a. Wings unspotted, hyaline. b. Cubitus forks proximad of the prominal end of the crossvein by the length of this vein. c. Humeri dusky yellow; costa produced. I. pulicaria. ec. Humeri black; middle ocellus absent; costa produced but little if at all. Mycetophila anomala n. sp. bb. Cubitus forks under the crossvein. Mycetophila vitrea. aa. Wing marked with brown. b. Mesonotum shining, unicolored, blackish; a single spot on the wing. 2. punctum. bb. Mesonotum yellowish with 3 dark subconfluent stripes, or some- times confluent, leaving only the humeri and anterior margin yellow; wing with central spot and broad preapical spot which may be rather faint, rarely wanting. 3. trinotata. 1. Epicypta pulicaria Loew. Berlin, Bit, Zentschr Xu ior Sho: Female. Length 2.5 mm. Black, moderately shining, clothed with short appressed dusky pile. Head black, palpi yellow. antennee fuscous, the scape and the immediate base of the flagellum reddish. Coxz and legs pale yellow, the tibial spurs and the fore tarsi fuscous, the other tarsi subfuscous; middle tibize each with 2 setz on flexor surface. Wings yellowish gray hyaline, the costal cell and part of cell R: yellowish. Halteres viellowiaem (eae After examining the type at Cambridge, I may add that the humeri are dusky yellow, R: and Rs curved parallel to the costa, the cell between quite narrow, cubitus forks the length of the crossvein proximad of the proximal end of the latter. FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 79 2. Epicypta punctum Stannius. Observ, de Myc. 16. 1831 (Mycetophila). Male and female. Length 3 mm. Head black, subshining, antenna brown, scape, at least the second joint, and the palpi reddish yellow, hairs yellowish. Thorax and abdomen brown- ish black with appressed yellow hairs, hypopygium dusky yel- -lowish; longer hairs at. the bases of the wings and the 4 scutellar sete, black. Coxz and legs reddish yellow, tips of hind femora, the spurs and the tarsi brown; middle tibiz each with 1 shorter and 2 longer sete on the flexor surface; fore metatarsus very slightly shorter than the tibia, subequal in the female; the entire tarsus about 2.4 the tibia in length; soles of the 2-4 fore tarsal joints slightly swollen in the female. Wing hyaline, tinged with brownish yellow, with a brownish centra! spot; costa noticeably produced beyond the tip of Rs; the base of Rs, the forks of media and cubitus nearly equidistant froni the base of the wing, or the last very slightly proximad; second anal long, though incomplete, somewhat curved up at the end. Halteres yellow. “Europe and N. J.” Auburndale, Mass. (C.W.J.) Aug. 3. Enpicypta trinotata Staeger. < Kroyer: ‘Tidsskr. 242. 1840 (Mvycetophila): Male and female. Length 3 mm: Head and antenne brown, scape and palpi yellow, hairs yellow. Mesonotum reddish yel- low with 3 subconfluent brown stripes, or in the male, brown, with only yellow humeri, pleura and metanotum brown, scutel- lum brown in the male, yellow with brown lateral spots in the female, sete black, hairs appressed, yellow. Abdomen dark brown with appressed yellow hair, hypopygium yellowish (Fig. 61). Coxz and legs yellow, hind margins and tips of hind femora, the spurs and the tarsi brown; fore metatarsus and tibia subequal in length, the entire tarsus about 2.2 ionger than the tibia, middle tibiz each with a short and 2 long sete on flexor surface. Wings yellowish hyaline, with a brown central spot, an elongate pale brownish preapical cloud, a pale brown spot behind the fork of the cubitus, and a yellow costal cell (Fig. 186). Excepting the central spot the markings are some- times quite faint. Halteres yellow. Mass., (W.M.W.); N. 80 MAINE AGRICUETURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQITZ- Adams, Mass: CCWaj.)e Janes i lthacas New: [anes area Kingsmere, Canada, (Dr. Hewitt). The Canadian specimen= were reared from Enteridium spendens. 30. Genus Mycothera Winnertz. Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien XIII. 913,. 1863. Front broad, its anterior margin produced -into a triang's the apex of which reaches to the base of the antennz; ocelli small, the laterals contiguous to the eye margin, the minute middle one placed in a groove at the base of the frontal triangle. Anal segments and forceps small. ‘Tibial sete strong, the middle tibia frequently with one or more on the flexor surface, fore metatarsus shorter than the tibia. Costa not produced beyond the tip of Rs, cubitus forks proximad, at, or distad of the base of Rs, the branches convergent or parallel toward their apices ‘The 3 ocelli distinguish this genus from Mycetophila, the con- verging or parallel branches of the cubitus separate it from Epicvpta. “The larvee live in decaying wood and fungi. Table of Species. a. Cubitus forks as far distad of the crossvein as. the length of the cell Cun. b. Thorax black; wings hyaline, with a brown fascia which fills apex of cell R: and crosses Rs. i) analis: bb. Thorax brownish or yellowish; hypopygium (Fig. 62). 2. paula. aa. Cubitus forks proximad, under, or but slightly distad of the fork ~ of the media. b. Cubitus forks distinctly proximad of the proximal end of the crossvein; middle tibia with 2 or 3 sete on the flexor surface; apical wing cloud diffuse; abdomen reddish, indistinctly fasciate. | 25 parudoxa neesp: bb. Cubitus forks only slightly proximad, at, or distad of the proxi- mal end of the crossvein. c. Preapical wing cloud diffuse, its margin ill defined or want- ing; or if more distinct, then middle tibia each with 1 sete on flexor surface. d. Middle tibiz each with two or three sete on flexor sur- face; females. 4. Mycothera sp. dd. Middle tibiz each with o or I seta on flexor surface. e. Thorax reddish or reddish brown with sub fucous dor- sum; abdomen reddish brown indistinctly fasciate. f. No apical wing cloud; hypopygium (Fis. 64). 5. mitis n. sp. FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. SI ff. With diffuse apical wing cloud; hypopygium (Fig. 65). 6. recta n. Sp. ee. Dark: brown or blackish species; hypopygium (Fig. 66). f. Wing with hyaline spot under Rs (Fig. 191). 7. fenestrata. ff. Wing not marked thus. 7a. var. praenubila n. var. ec. Preapical wine cloud sharply defined with an anterior spur which fills out the apex of cell Ri; middle tibia each with 2 or 3 sete on flexor surface. 8. impellans n. sp. 1. Mycothera analis Coquillett. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXIII. 508, 1901. (Bxechia). Male. Length 2 mm. Head black, tha face, mouth parts and base of antennze yellow; thorax black slightly polished, a small triangular yellow spot below the humeri; abdomen dark brown, the third and fourth segments, except hind margin of the latter, yellow; legs yellow, the broad apices of hind femora dark brown, tarsi brownish yellow; wings hyaline, a brown facia fills the apex of celi R: and crosses cell aS “Delaware WategiGap, No ].* 2. Mycothera paula Loew. Bering E mt Aciscim OM 1514) 1860%. trifasciata Coq. Invert. Pacifica I. 18. 1904. (Mycetophila). Male and female. Length 2.2-2.5 mm. Head fuscous, an- tenne brown, the 3 or 4 basal joints and the palpi yellow. Mesonotum reddish brown, opaque, the front and lateral mar- gins and front angles yellow; hairs yellow, sete brown; scutel- lum yellow, pleura and metanotum brown. Abdomen black, genitalia (Fig. 62) yellow. Legs yellow, tips of hind femora, of middle and hind tibiz, and the larger part of the tarsi, brown; middle tibize each with 2 sete on flexor surface. Wing grayish hyaline with 3 brown fasciz (Fig. 187). Halteres yel- low. I have seen the types of has and trifasciata, and they oo not appear to differ. “Middle States,” “Stanford Univ., Cal.; Carbondale Landing, Columbia eee Bes a CBP ye ithaca, Premeenuc:, Oct. ; Brookside . J. (Weidt) 1, fe 82 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9O22. 3. Mycothera paradoxa n. sp. Female. Length 3 mm. Head and antenne dark brown, the scape and palpi yellow. ‘Thorax reddish yellow, dorsum with faint indication of 3 dark stripes, the scutellum, center of metanotum and the lower margin of the pleura, brown; hairs yellow; setee blackish. Abdomen reddish yellow, each segment with a broad, indistinct, subfucous transverse fascia; ovipositor yellow (Fig. 63). Coxe and legs yellow, tarsi brown; middle tibiae each with 2 or 3 sete on the flexor surface. Wings gray- ish hyaline, with a central spot and a diffuse preapical cloud: cubitus forks distinctly proximad of the proximal end of the crossvein (Fig. 188). Halteres yellow. Ithaca, N. Y. 4. Mycothera sp. Female. Length 3 mm. Thorax and abdomen brown, humeri yellow. Cubitus forks about under the fork of the media. In other respects like M. paradoxa. Black Rock Creek; Wyo, Price (Cor, Wiss) (W MEW.) Ithaca, Nay Yeas: In one N. Y. specimen the thorax is yellow with 3 distinct . brown stripes, and the apical wing cloud faint, in another the apical wing cloud is entirely wanting. 5. Mycothera mutis n. sp. Male. Length 3 mm. Head and antenne brown, scape and palpi yellow. ‘Thorax reddish brown, the center of the mesono- tum, scutellum and metanotum fuscous, humeri yellowish, sete black. Abdomen dark reddish brown, hind margin of each tergite indistinctly yellow, venter and hypopygium yellow (Fig. 64). Coxe and legs yellow, tarsi brown; middle tibize each with a single seta on flexor surface. Wing hyaline, central spot pale brown, no preapical cloud (Fig. 189). Halteres yel- low. Wisconsin, July. 6. Mycothera recta n. sp. Male. Length 3 mm. Head and thorax brown, scape and palpi yellow. ‘Thorax reddish brown, the center of the mesono- tum, the scutellum and metanotum brownish, humeri yellow, setee black. Abdomen dark reddish brown, darker posteriorly. hind margins of segments and venter indistinctly yellowish, hypopygium dusky yellow (Fig. 65). Coxe and legs yellow, tarsi and tips of hind femora brown; middle tibiz each with FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 83 a single seta on flexor surface. Wing hyaline, central spot and diffuse preapical cloud pale brown (Fig. 190). Halteres yellow. iitaea, Ne. (Aue. )). Female. A female from the same locality with dark brown thorax, yellow humeri, brown abdomen with yellow venter and yellow margins on the tergites, may belong here. 7. Mycothera fenestrata Coquillett. Inv. Pacifica, I. 19. 1905 (Mycetophila). Male. Length 3 mm. Head, antennz, thorax and abdome: dark brown, scape, palpi, humeri and hypopygium (Fig. 66) dusky yellow. Coxz and legs yellow, the tarsi, tips of coxe, of middle and hind tibiz and of hind femora brownish, middle tibize each with one seta on the flexor surface. Wings hyalitie with a brown spot over the crosvein, apical third of wing smoky less distinct posteriorly, a clear spot behind Rs below tip of Ri (Fig. 191). Halteres yellow. Buffalo, N. Y.; Moscow, Id. GelivAs) =< Stantord: Unive, Cal.” 7a. Mvycothera fenestrata, var. praenubila n. vat. Male. Only the anterior part of the preapical wing cloud is distinct, the wing marks appearing as in M. recta. Female. ‘Thorax more reddish brown, with dark vitte feebly indicated. Friday Harbor, Wash. (J.M.A.); Price Co., Wis. GWEMEW.)); Alabama; Ithaca, N. Y., Forest Hill; N. J.! (Weidt), April. 8. Mycothera wmpellans n. sp. Male. Length 2.5-3 mm. Head and antenne dark brown, the scape and palpi yellow. ‘Thorax brownish; the mesonotum, scutellum and metanotum fuscous, sete brown. Abdomen brownish, each tergite darker posteriorly, but the extreme mar- gin and the venter pale; hypopygium yellow (Fig. 67). Coxe and legs yellow, tarsi and tips of hind femora, brown; middle tibia with 2 or 3 sete on flexor surface. Wings hyaline, a brown central spot, and a brown sharply defined preapica, spot, a spur of which is produced into the tip of cell R:; apicai margin of wing very faintly smoky (Fig. 192). Halteres. yel- low. Female similar, but abdomen more uniformly brown. Mt. Ranier, Longmire’s Spring, Wash. (J.M.A.) July, Aug.; 84 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. . 1912. North Mt., Pa., North Adams, Mass., (C.W.J.) June; Laval- lette, N. J., (Vierick) May; Ithaca, N. Y.! August. Var. a. Kemale’ Wength 3.77 mm. Thorax dark brown: humeri and lateral margins of the mesonotum reddish yellow; abdomen blackish. Mt. Constitution, Orcas, Id. Wash.., (Cp Mbva jelly 31. Genus Mycetophila Meigen, Illiger’s Mag. Il. 263, 1803; Klass, I, 90, 1804. Fungiwora Meigen, Nouv. Class. 16. 1800, (without type). Head placed low on the thorax so that in profile it makes a continuous curve with the thorax, ocelli 2, placed close to the eye margin. Legs stout, tibial setae stout, those of the hind legs longer than the greatest diameter of the tibia. Costa not produced; subcosta short, incomplete; cubitus forks nearly under the fork of the media, its branches nearly parallel apical- ly; anal vein incomplete. The larve, which are commonly found in decaying wood and in fungi, possess transverse rows of microscopic ambulacral setule upon the margins of the seg- ments of the venter. The following table should be considered only as a guide; and if a specimen be found which cannot be placed, it must not be assumed undescribed without making a careful study of the hypopygium, the most reliable single character. Color anc wing markings, and possibly even the number of the sete of the ntiddle tibia are subject to occasional variation. Table of Species. a. Three ranges of sete on the extensor surface of the hind tibia, and with 2 or more sete on flexor surface of middle tibia. b. Wing without a distinct cloud, though the petiole of the media itself may be darkened. c. Thorax subopaque, humeri and posterior lateral angles yellow; female. I. exstincta. ce. Thorax shining black; hypopygium (Fig. 69). 2. jucunda Nn. sp. bb. Wing with distinct spots or cloud. c. Wing with a single spot which covers the crossvein. d. With 2 sete on flexor surface of middle tibia; hypopygium (Fig. 70). 3. perita n. Sp. dd. With 3 sete on flexor surface of middle tibie; hypopygium (Fig. 68). 1. exstincta. FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 85 ec. Wing with preapical cloud or fascia in addition to the central spot. d. Scutellum black, humeri yellow; females. e. Preapical wing cloud does not reach vein Mu. A M. sp. ee. Preapical wing cloud crosses Mz. 5. M. sp. oy dd. Robust species with scutellum largely yellow. e. Cubital cell broad, branches of Cu slightly divergent. : 6. procera. ee. ‘Cubital cell. moderate (Fig. 196), branches of Cu sub- parallel apically. f. Wing with about 4 spots; one on each of M and Cu; hypopygium (Fig. 71). 7. fastosa n. sp. ff. No. distinct spots on media and cubitus; female. Savile spe aa. Two ranges of sets on extensor surface of each hind tibia. b. With no setz on flexor surface of middle tibie. c. Wing immaculate; last joint of palpus spatulate; hypopygium Gio 72))r 9. punctata. ec. With wing spots. d. With but a central wing spot. e. Thorax dark brown, with not more than 4 fine sete near apex of hind tibia on inner lateral side; hypopygium CES, 73). 10. falcata n. sp. ee. Reddish brown or yellow thorax; 5 or more fine sete on inner lateral side of hind tibia apically. f. Thorax yellow; apically half of inner lateral side of hind tibia ciliate; hypopygium (Fig. 74). 11. mutica. ff. Thorax reddish brown, brown dorsum and pleura; hypopygium (Fig. 75). Ila mutica var. a. dd. With 2 wing spots; branches of the cubitus slightly diverg- ent; hypopygium (Fig. 76). 12. lenis n. sp. bb. With one or more sete on flexor surface of middle tibia. ce. With but-one seta on flexor surface of middle tibia. d. Wing without distinct spot. 17. dolosa. dd. Wing with one or more spots. e. Wing with discal spot and a preapical cloud which does not pass the media. 13. monochaeta. ee. The apex of the wing more or less clouded, or other spots present. f. Apex of wing brown, an oval hyaline spot below Rs. Mycothera fenestrata. ff. Apex not distinctly clouded, a spot on cell Mz. dis- tinctly separated from the preapical spot. 15. quatuornotata. ec. With 2 or more sete on flexor surface of middle tibia. d. Wing without distinct spots. e. With a distinct thickening of the apical half of the basal section of the media; fore metatarsus longer than its tibia, St. Vincent Isl. 16. nodulosa. 86 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q12. ee. Wing not so marked. f. Mesonotum opaque dark brown. St. Vincent Isl. 17. dolosa. ff. Mesonotum polished black, branches of cubitus diverg- ing. g. Cubitus forks under the crossvein. 18. wvitirea. - ge. Cubitus forks proximad of the proximal end of the crossvein. 19. anomala n. Sp. dd. Wing with one or more spots. e. Wing with only one spot which covers the crossvein. f. Fore metatarsus longer than its tibia; mesonotum yellowish red. St. Vincent Isl. 20. imsipiens. ff. Fore metatarsus not longer or shorter than the tibia. g. Thorax and abdomen blackish; length 2.3 mm; hypopygium (Fig. 78). 21. bipunctata. eg. Thorax shining brown, lateral margins and a spot on center of scutellum yellow; length 3.7 mm. 22. inculta. ee. Wing with 2 or more spots or clouds. f. Abdomen yellowish, intermediate segments each with a large blackish spot on each side leaving a median yellow stripe; sofmetimes largely black with only a narrow median vitta; thorax with 3 subconfluent stripes, scutellum yellow. eg. Superior forceps of hypopygium rather broad and short, with a blunt black spine (Fig. 80). 23. scalaris. eg. Superior forceps somewhat elongate (Fig. 82). 23a. scalaris vat. a. ff. Abdomen not marked thus. g. Tibial spurs whitish abruptly tipped with black; - thorax reddish yellow, moderately shining with 3 dark stripes; besides the central spot a series of 3 spots on the wing forming an irregular pre- apical fascia. 34. sigmoides. gg. Tibial spurs not distinctly black tipped. h. Middle tibiz each with 3 or 4 sete on flexor sur- face. i. Fore tarsi slightly swollen below, joints 2, 3 and 4 wider than tf. j. Ochraceous, shining, thorax with subconfluent dusky stripes; abdorninal segments with wide yellow posterior margins. 24. pinguis. jj. Dusky species, humeri yellow. k. Incisures of abdomen yellow; hypopygium (Fig. 81). 25. foecunda n. sp. kk. Abdomen wholly dark; hypopygium (Fig. Or). 26. imitator n. sp. we = we. FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 87 ii. Fore tarsi robust, but not swollen below. j. Preapical wing cloud arises at the costal mar- gin proximad of the tip of R.. k. Preapical wing cloud reaches apex of Rs. 1. Length 5 mm; hypopygium (Fig. 83). 27. perlonga n. sp. 1. Length 3 mm. 26. witator n. sp. kk. Preapical wing cloud does not reach apex of Rs; length 2.5 mm. 28. polita. jj. Preapical wing cloud does not cover tip of vein Ru. k. Hind margin of abdominal segments broadly and distinctly yellow. 20. fallax. kk. Hind margins of segments not broadly and distinctly yellow. 1. The superior forceps with about 6 blunt black spines and one longer curved one on each limb (Fig. 84). 30, PCCHG TH, 0: ll. The limbs of the forceps with fewer spines. : m. Preapical wing cloud produced to unite with a gray cloud on poste- rior margin; superior forceps with 3 or 4 blunt spines and a longer curved one (Fig. 85). 31. lassata n. sp. mm. Preapical wing cloud abbreviated; su- perior forceps with one short blunt spine on each limb. 32. lenta n. sp. hh. Middle tibiz each with 1 or 2 sete on flexor surface, rarely with an additional smaller one above. i. Fork of the cubitus noticeably retracted proxi- mad of the base of the crossvein; thorax red- dish, slightly darker dorsally, margins of abdominal segments broadly yellow; length 4 mim. 33. propinqua? ii. Fork of cubitus not retracted when thorax is. reddish. j. Species 4.5 mm long; preapical fascia extends to Ctx, apical wing cloud present; coxe and femora each with brownish spot; inner lateral side of hind tibiae each ciliate to near the middle; hypopygium (Fig. 87). 35. fatua n. sp. jj. Smaller species. 88 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. k. 'Cubitus forks slightly proximad of the proximal end of the crossvein; thorax and abdomen dull brown; hypopygium (Fig. 88). 36. edura n. sp. kk. ‘Cubitus forms under or distad of the fork of the media. 5 1. Preapical wing cloud diffuse, longitudinal in position, covers apices of veins Ri and Rs; hypopygium (Fis. 89). ' 37. exusta. N. Sp. 1]. Preapical wing cloud transverse in posi- tion, at least at proximal end. m. Preapical wing cloud reaches Me. n. Thorax reddish with brown vitte; preapical wing cloud reaches hind margin; hypopygium (Fig. 90). — 38. jugata n. sp. nn. Thorax dark brown, o. Wing cloud reaches hind margin ; scutellum dark brown; hypopy- gium (Fig. 91). 26. imitator ni. sp. oo. Wing cloud passes vein Me. p. Scutellum with yellow center and apex; hypopygium (Fig. 92). 20. extenta 1. sp. pp. Scutellum black. 40. M. sp. © mm. Preapical wing cloud does not reach vein Ms. ; n. Middle and hind coxe brown out- wardly; proximal end of preapi- cal cloud covers Ri, apex of wing with paler cloud; hypopygium it CE e163)) 41. edentula n. sp. nn. Middle and hind coxz yellow; pre- apical wing cloud smaller; apex of wing not clouded; posterior angles of thorax yellow. o. Scutellum yellow, sides darker. 42. trichonota. oo. Scutellum black. p. Fore tarsi swollen; preapical wing cloud oblique; hy- popygium (Fig. 94). 42a. trichonota var. a. pp. Fore tarsi not swollen; wing cloud broader; hypopygium (Fig, 05). 43. Socia n. sp. FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 89 AUXILIARY TABLE TO SPECIES OF MyYcCEToPHILA sens. lat. The species included in this table I cannot recognize. Some of them do not appear to belorg to the genus Mycetophila as now restricted. a. Wing with one or more spots. b. With a single spot which covers the crossvein. c. Head blackish, disk of thorax with 3 confluent blackish vitte. 44. discoidea. ec. Head and thorax clay yellow. 45. ichneumonea. bb. With 2 wing spots. ce. Head and thorax black; length 5 mm. 46. bifasciata ec. Head and thorax yellowish to brown. d. Length 2.5 mm; abdomen reddish brown. 47. parva. dd. Length 3 mm or over; abdomen reddish brown, segments with yellow margins. e. Preapical wing cloud broader but little longer than the central spot; halteres yellow; length 4 mm. 33. propinqua. ee. Preapical wing cloud much larger than the other. f. Halteres white; head brown; length 3.5 mm. 48. laeta. ff. Halteres and head tawny; length 3 mm. 49. contigua. aa. Wing unspotted. b. Head black, thorax tawny with 3 broad black stripes, abdomen wanting. ' 50. plebeia. bb. Otherwise. ce. Body brown, thorax with tawny stripe “forked in front on its hinder part,’ scutellum and breast yellow, abdomina:‘ segments yellow at base. 51. obscura. ec. Abdominal segments yellow at apex. d. Head brown, thorax ferruginous, reddish brown on disk. 52. despecta dd. Head and mesonotum dusky, (Allodia?). e. Halteres whitish, knob dusky before the tip. 53. nubilu. ee. Halteres yellowish white. 54. sericea. 1. Mvycetophila exstincta Loew. Beinn eZeitschir XM 1529) 1T86o: Female. Length 2.5 mm. Head fuscous, opaque, the face and mouth parts yellowish. Scape yellow, flagellum blackish. its base sometimes yellow. Thorax fuscous, subopaque, humeri and posterior angle, luteous. Scutellum wholly fuscous black. The first 5 abdominal segments fuscous, the venter and apex of the abdomen yellow. Coxe and legs pale yellow, the tip of the hind femora fuscous, tarsi subfuscous, middle tibize with 3 setee on flexor surface, tarsi slender, the hind metatarsus sub- equal in length to the remaining joints; wing vems luteous 3 go MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q12. with very indistinct spot on the petiole of the media. ‘There are 3 ranges of sete on the extensor surface of the hind tibia in the type specimen at Cambridge. “Middle States;” N. Adams, Mass. (CW) site: Male. Length 2.5 mm. Thorax brown, subshining, anterior lateral margins yellow; hairs yellowish, sete brown. Abdomen brown, venter yellowish; hypopygium with short, broad appen- dages (Fig. 68). Coxz and legs yellow, hind femora tipped with brown; fore metatarsus about .8 as long as the tibia; middle tibiz each with 3 sete on flexor surface, hind tibie each with 3 ranges of sete on extensor surface; hind metatarsus about 7-8 as long'as the remaining joints. Wing yellowisa hyaline, with rather indistinct central spot (Fig. 193). Haltere, yellow, Auburndale, Mass., (C.W.J.) Aug. 2. Mvycctophila jucunda n. sp. Male. Length 2.5 mm. Head shining black, scape, palpi and base of first flagellar joint yellow, flagellum fuscous. Thorax shining black, small post humeral depression yellow, hairs dusky yellow to brown, sete brown. Abdomen black; hypopygium small, globular (Fig. 69). Coxe and legs yellow, hind femora tipped: with black, fore metatarsus about .85 as long as its tibia; middle tibia with 3 sete on flexor surface; hind tibiz each with 3 ranges of sete on extensor surface, hind metatarsus about .8 as long as the remaining 4 joints. Wing yellowish hyaline, unmarked (Fig. 194). Halteres yel- lower ltlaca. Nea. Atietst= 3. Mvycetophila perita n. sp. Male. Length 3.0 mm--Head black; scape, basal joint ot flagellum and palpi yellow ; flagellum fuscous. ‘Thorax shining brownish black, the humeri widely and the posterior latera! angles narrowly yellow, hairs and sete brown; 4 scutellar sete. Abdomen brown, venter and the posterior margins of the inter- mediate segments on the sides, yellow; hypopygium with one pair of appendages elongate (Fig. 70). Cox and legs yellow; fore metatarsus about I-16 shorter than the tibia, middle tibize each with 2 setz on flexor surface, hind tibie each with 3 ranges on extensor surface. Wing yellowish hyaline, with cen- tral spot (Fig. 195). Milwaukee, Wis., (W.M.W.), June: Wild Cat Canyon, Costa Co., Cal. (J.C.B.) Nov.; Ithaca, N. Y.! July. FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. Ot 4. Mycetophila sp. Female. Length 3 mm. Resembles the foregoing, but th: yellow abdominal fasciz are wider, distinct also on the dorsum. The hind femora are broadly tipped with black, the fore metatarsus is about 3-4 the length of the tibia, middle tibiz each with 3 longer and one shorter sete on flexor surface; fore tarsal joints 2, 3, and 4 are much broader than 1. Wing with 2 distinct spots, the preapical spot fills apex of cell R: but does not reach vein M:. Eastport, Maine, July. 5. Mycetophila sp. Female. Length 2.5. Resembles No. 4 but the thorax 1s subopaque, abdomen is largely brown; the fore tarsi are not swollen, middle tibiz each with 3 sete on flexor surface, pre- apical wing spot is more slender and crosses Mz, and the fork of the cubitus is narrower. Price Co., Wis. (W.M.W.) August. 6. Mycetophila procera Loew. Male. Length 5 mm. Head dusky reddish yellow; antennz blackish, scape and base of flagellum luteous. Thorax luteous, with 3 dorsal stripes, the angles of the scutellum, pleural spots and the metanotum blackish; pile yellow, longer hairs and the setee black. Abdomen blackish, the posterior margin. of each segment narrowly, and the lateral margins widely yellow. Coxe and legs yellow, slender, tips of hind femora black, flexor surface of each middle tibia with 4 or 5 sete, tarsi long and slender, the metatarsus and the following joints of hind foot subequal. Besides the central spot there is a series of fuscous spots from the tip of cell R: across the wing, and the apical third of the posterior margin is gray; veins strong, the branches of the cubitus widely separated and slightly divergent. “New York.” There are three ranges of sete on the extensor surface of the hind tibiz in the type specimen. 7. Mycetophila fastosa. n. sp. Male. Length 4 mm. Head blackish, dusky yellow on the sides; scape, palpi, and base of flagellum yellowish, flagellum blackish. ‘Thorax subshining blackish, the wide humeral and posterior lateral angles, a spot in front of the scutellum, the scutellum, except the sides, yellow; hairs pale, sete black, Q2 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912. abdomen brownish black, anteriorly more brownish, anterior part of venter pale brown; hypopygium (Fig. 71). Coxe and legs yellow, the trochanters, a large spot on flexor surface near the base of all femora, tips of middle and hind femora and of middle and hind tibiz, blackish, tarsi brown; fore metatarsus about 1-16 shorter than the tibia, middle tibiz each with 2 setee on flexor surface; hind tibize each with 3 ranges of sete. Wing yellowish hyaline with central spot and several spots forming a broken preapical fascia (Fig. 196). Halteres yel- lows “Ithaca, SNe Ye! Female. Segments of abdomen narrowly margined with yel- low, with an indication of a median longitudinal stripe on seg- ment 2. Riverton, N. J., Delaware W. Gap, N. J. (C.W.].). 8. Mycetophila sp. Female. Length 3.5-4 mm. Similar to the foregoing but the preapical wing fascia is unbroken and does not reach Mu:. In an Ithaca, N. Y. specimen, the thorax is wholly shining black, the hind margins of the intermediate abdominal segments narrowly yellow and the fore tarsi slightly swollen. A specimen from Mt. Constitution, Washington, with wing marking as above is similar to M. fastosa but the disk of the thorax is brown. Another specimen from the same locality is similar to this but the narrow hind margins of the intermediate abdominal segments, the anterior part of the venter and narrow median dorsal stripes on segments 2 and 3 are yellow. 9. Mycetophila punctata Meigen. Syst. Besehr I, 264. 1818. Male and female. ‘Length 4 to 6 mm. Ochraceousemuse apical half of the antenne, the center of the mesonotum, the “saddles” of each abdominal tergite, and the tarsi usually dusky yellow or in occasional,. usually southern specimens, brownish; sometimes wholly yellow. Apical yoint of palpus oval (Fig. 55;) Plate 1, Part 1). Fore. metatarsus and sama subequal; no sete on flexor surface of middle tibiz, hind tibiz each with 2 ranges on extensor surface; both middle and hind tibiz each ciliate with a range of finer sete on inner lateral surface, which are uniform in size on hind tibize and extend to above the middle; hind coxz with a tuft of fine slightly FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 93 curved sete near the tip on the hinder wide; hypopygium (Fig. yeeeecen also) Pla 7, ne. 17, Genera Insectorum, Eases 92): Wing yellow tinged, without spots (Fig. 56, Plate I, Part I and Fig. 245, Part II1). Bred from several species of fleshy fungi. Our commonest species. Alab., Id., Mass., Maine, N. C., N. J.. ewer Penn, lex. Wis. Wyo. 10. Mycetophila falcata n. sp. Male and female. Length 2.5 mm. Head, thorax and abdo- men dark brown; scape, palpi, and hairs yellow, sete black: superior forceps of the hypopygium elongate, curved (Fig. 73) Coxze and legs yellow, tarsi brownish; fore metatarsus about 1-16 skorter than the tibia: middle tibiz without setze on flexor surface; hind tibie each with 2 ranges on extensor sur- face; hind metatarsus nearly .8 as long as all of remaining joints. Wings yellowish hyaline, with a central spot (Fig. 197). iaieres) yellow. Ithaca, N. Y=! A male specimen from Mt. Constitution, Id., differs in hav-— ing humeri and scutellum yellowish; a female from the same locality differs from the female from N. Y. only in being slightly paler brown. 11. Mvycetoplula mutica Loew. Berlin, lim, Zewselar, XML 152. 160. Female. Length 2.7 mm. Head reddish yellow, front sub- cinereous, face, mouth parts, scape and base of flagellum yellow; flagellum ‘brownish. ‘Thorax opaque reddish yellow, scutellum similarly colored. Abdomen fuscous, the sides of the last 4 segments widely yellowish. Coxe and legs pale yellow, tarsi slender, subfuscous, the fore tarsus twice as long as the tibia, the hind metatarsus a little longer than the remain- ing joints taken together; middle tibia without sete on flexor surface. Wing with a‘central spot. “Middle States.” Hind tibia each with 2 ranges of setz on extensor surface; inner lateral side ciliate to the middle. Male. Differs in having abdomen wholly brown; hypopyg- miiecnenn 74), IN. C. (W.B.); N.Y. Selkirk Mts., B. C., (ee on Wash. (joM.A.)>.Wis., and Wyo. (W.M.W.). Var. a. Differs in’ having disk of mesonotum brownish, a slight d:fference in the form of the inferior forceps (Fig. 75). a ee O4 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912. and in having fewer cilia on inner lateral side of hind tibia. Wash. (J.M.A.). 12. Mvycetophila lenis n. sp. ‘Male. Length 4 mm. Head brown, yellowish at the sides; scape, base of flagellum and palpi yellow, flagellum brown. Thorax yellow, a spot, 3 subconfluent vitte on dorsum, centet of the metanotum, and the pleura in part, brown; hairs pale, setae dark. Abdomen brown, the anterior margin of each seg- ment very narrowly, the posterior margin more widely and the venter, yellow; hypopygium (Fig. 76). Coxe and legs yellow, tips of middle and hind femora narrowly dark brown, tarsi brownish; fore metatarsus about 7-8 as long as the tibia; mid- dle tibize without sete on the flexor surface; hind tibie each with 2 ranges of sete on extensor surface; hind metatarsus about .9 as long as the remaining joints taken together. Wéing yellowish gray hyaline, with 2 large dark brown spots; branches of cubitus distinctly divergent (Fig. 198). Halteres yellow. Kastport, Maine, (C.W.J.), July. ’ 13. Mycetophila monochaeta Loew. Berl rave, Zesheselme, MOUS Wes, 1aa6), Male and female. Length 2.7-3 mm. Head fuscous black, opaque, mouth parts subfuscous, scape chiefly yellow, flagellum fuscous black, the base yellowish. ‘Thorax and abdomen fus- cous black, mesonotum opaque, sides pollinose, humeri some- times yellowish; genitalia pale. Coxe and legs pale yellow; middle tibiz each with one seta on flexor surface; hind meta- tarsus subequal in length to the remaining joints taken together. Wing cinereous with a central spot and a short preapical fascia. SDs Cx. 14. Mycetophila fenestrata Coquillett. An examination of the type in the National Museum shows that this species is a member of the genus Mycothera. See page 83 for the description. 15. Mycetophila quatuornotata Loew. Bering Eat Zettscarn ell wo77) 1 e6o) Female. Length 4.2 mm. Head dusky yellow, front largely fuscous; antennz fuscous black, scape and base of flagellum FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 95 yellow. Mesonotum yellowish with 3 broad black vitte dilated anteriorly; hairs yellowish, sete black; pleura and metanotum fuscous black; scutellum yellow, lateral angles blackish. Abdo- men fuscous black, moderately shining, the last segment except the base, the posterior margins of the remaining segments, a median stripe on segment 2 and the bases of 3 and 4 yellow: lamelle of the ovipositor ochraceous. Coxe and legs pale yel- low, tips of posterior femora black, flexor surface of each middle tibia with a single sete; hind metatarsus shorter than joints 2, 3 and 4 taken together. Central wing spot large’ preapical spot fills out the apex of cell R: from tip of vein Ru and reaches Cu interrupted over cell M:; a more or less dis- tinct gray cloud behind the cubitus opposite the central spot. “Maryland ;’ Hemlock Falls, N. J. June. 16. Mycetophila nodulosa Williston. Trans. Ent. Soc. London. 264. 1896. Male. Length 2.5 mm. Antennz brownish-yellow, the basil joints yellow; longer than the head and thorax together. Front and face light ochraceous yellow; palpi brown. Mesonotuni light ochraceous yellow, lightly white pruinose on the sides, and with blackish and yellow hair; pleura brownish-yellow. Abdomen reddish-brown; pubescence chiefly black. Legs yel- low, the coxze and femora light yellow, the broad hind femora at the tip brown. Front tibiz about 1-3 of the length of the tarsi and shorter than the metatarsi; middle tibiz with spines on the inner sidé; hind tibiz with 2 rows of spines on the outer side. Wings lightly tinged, the outer part of the first section of the media, the crossvein and the base of the second section of Rs thickened, forming a straight spindle-shaped mass. Pete viicent Isl.”’ 17. Mycetophila dolosa Williston. Trans. Ent. Soc. London. 264. 1896. Male. Length 2.5-3 mm. Antennze brown, somewhat com- pressed, the basal joints yellowish. Front and face brown, mesonotum dark brown, opaque, with a thin yellowish sheen in some reflections. Abdomen dark brown or black, the venter yellow. Pleura yellowish-brown. Coxze and legs light yellow the tarsi appearing blackish from the hair; front tibize less than 96 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912. half of the length of the tarsi and a little longer than the metatarsi; hind tibiz with 2 rows of spines on the outer side: middle tibize with spines on the inner side; hind nsetatarsi nearly as long as the following joints together. Wings tinged with browalislinye Sten Vincente lslee Mr. William R. Thompson who kindly examined the co-type (?) specimens in the St. Vincent collection at Cornell Univer Silty, WAGES

(Fig. 203). Halteres yellow. Selkirk Mts., B. C.! (J.C.B.) and Friday Harbor, Wash. (J.M.A.). 31. Mycetophila lassata n. sp. Male. Length 3.5 mm. Similar to M. pectita in coloring and structure, but differs in having the preapical wing cloud pro- duced covering the posterior apical margin of the wing (Fig. 204); and in the form of the hypopygium (Fig. 85). Felton, ae). c.B:) May: 102 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. UO) Ze 32. Mycetophila lenta n. sp. Male. Length 3.5 mm. Similar to M. pectita but differs in having the mesonotum subshining, and.in the form of the hypopygium (Fig. 86). The thorax of the Maine specimen is blackish with the humeri broadly yellow and with spots on - posterior angles of mesonotum, a spot in front of the scutellum and the center of the scutellum, yellow; wing as figured (Fig. 205). Price Co., Wis. (W.M:W:) Aug.; Orono, Maine! Oct: (Bred from Mushrooms) ; N. C. 33. Mycetophila propinqua Walker. List of Diptera, Brit. Mus. I. 96. 1848. Length 4mm. Head tawny, very thickly clothed with yellow hairs; palpi tawny; eyes black; feelers tawny, brown towards the tips; chest reddish tawny, with a short brown stripe on each side; hind chest pale tawny; its three reddish lobes cov- ered with a white bloom; abdomen reddish brown, clothed with yellow hairs; hind borders of the segments tawny; legs yellow; tips of the thighs tawny; shanks darker than the thighs; feet brown, tawny toward the base; wings pale tawny especially towards the fore border, and adorned with two brown bands, of which the one nearest the wing tip is continued along the fore border of the wing to the tip, and is a little broader, but hardly longer or more irregular than the other; veins tawny; poisers yellow. “Nova Scotia.” A temale specimen “irony N. Y: which) appears to bela species has 2 setee on flexor surface of each middle tibia and 2 ranges on extensor surface of each hind tibia. 34. Mycetophila sigmoides Loew. Berlin. Ent. Zeitschr. XIII. 156. 1869. Male. Length 4mm. Head yellowish, front darker, antennz fuscous black, the scape and the very base of the flagellum yellowish. Thorax yellowish moderately shining, mesonotum with 3 fuscous vitte; hairs yellowish, sete black; scutellum yellow, lateral angles fuscous, sete black; pleura with fuscous, metanotum wholly fuscous. Abdomen yellowish, the segments with fuscous markings, hypopygium small, yellow. Coxe and legs pale yellow; all femora with an oblong dark spot below, FUNCUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 103 near the base, apex of each hind femur black; middle tibize each with 2 or 3 sete on flexor surface; tibial spurs whitish dis- tinctly tipped with black; tarsi dusky; hind metatarsus about as long as the 3 following joints taken together. Wing with central spot with a preapical fascia formed of 3 fuscous spots arranged like the letter S, the first and largest extends from the apex of cell R: to vein Mx. “Middle States.” There are 2 ranges of sete on the extensor surface of the hind tibiz in the type specimen. 35. Mvycetophila fatua n. sp. Male. Length 4.5 mm. Head and antennz brown, the scape, palpi and very base of flagellum yellow. Thorax dull yeilow- ish, mesonotum with 3 subconfluent dull dark brown vitte, pleura, metanotum and sides of scutellum brown, setz black Abdomen dark brown, the intermediate segments with yellow hind margins; hypopygium (Fig. 87). Coxe and legs yellow- icpteiemcentral portion of the ‘coxe, flexor sutiace) of the femora near the base, tips of hind femora and of tibize and the apical part of the tarsi, brown, fore metatarsus about 7-8 as long as the tibia; middle tibiz each with 2 sete on flexor sur- face; hind tibiz each with 2 ranges on extensor surface; hind metatarsus 7-8 as long as the 4 remaining joints. Wings gray- ish hyaline, costal cell yellowish; with central spot, a large brown preapical more or less interrupted fascia, a faint cloud at apex of the wing and another behind the fork of the cubitus (Fig. 206). Halteres yellow. Moscow, Idaho (J.M.A.). Female. Similar, but thorax a little paler brown, and the preapical wing fascia’ more broadly interrupted in cell Mu. Vollmer, Idaho. 30. Mvycetophila edura n. sp. Male. Length 2.5 mm. Head and antenne grayish brown, the palpi, scape and base of flagellum yellow. Thorax and abdomen dark brown, subopaque, the humeri and the narrov: posterior angles of the mesonotum yellow, hairs yellow, seta: black; hypopygium (Fig. 88). Coxe and legs yellow, the ex- tensor surface of the hind femora and the tarsi brownish; fore metatarsus about .8 of tibia in length, middle tibie each with 2 sete on flexor surface, hind tibiz each with 2 ranges of sete on extensor surface, hind metatarsus about 1-16 shorter than 104. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q12. the 4 remaining joints. Wings grayish hyaline with central! spot and a preapical spot which reaches from apex of Rs to proximad of tip of R:, transversely not quite reaching M: (Clie, 207), lalaikveres s7elllomy Indnaica, IN. WZ! Female. A single specimen from Price Co., Wis. (W.M.W.) differs in having the dorsum of the thorax and base of the abdomen paler brown. 37. Mycetophila exusta n. sp. Male. Length 2 mm. Head and antenne brown, palpi, scape and base of flagellum yellow. horax brown, humeri yellow. Abdomen dark brown, hypopygium (Fig. 89). Coxe and legs yellow, tarsi darker, fore metatarsus about .8 as long as the tibia; middle tibiz each with 2 sete on flexor surface, hind tibiz each with 2 ranges of sete on extensor surface. Wings grayish hyaline with central spot and an elongate brown diffuse preapical spot longitudinal in posterior extending from tip of Rs to proximad of tip of R:; apical third of wing grayish with an oval hyaline spot below Rs (Fig. 208). Halteres yel- lowe) Maiss.) Jimmes id. ((j-MeA.) Sept. Cal GiCasn) eine Nov. This species is very similar to 1/ycothera fenestrata in wing markings. 38. Mycetophila jugata n. sp. Male. Length 3 mm. Head and antennz grayish brown, palpi, scape and base of first flagellar joint reddish yellow. Thorax reddish yellow, the 3 wide vitte of mesonotum, the pleura, and metanotum dark reddish brown, hairs yellow, sete black. Abdomen dark brown, hairs yellow, appressed, hypopygium (Fig. 90). Coxe and legs yellow, tips of hind femora blackish, tarsi dusky; fore metatarsus about .8 as long as the tibia; middle tibize each with 2 sete on flexor surface, hind tibiz each with 2 ranges of sete on extensor surface: hind metatarsus subequal in length to the 4 following joints taken together. Wings grayish hyaline with a large brown central spot, a large paler cloud opposite this behind the cubitus. a preapical fascia which extends from the costa to the hind margin of the wing where it is paler, constricted in the middle (Fig: 209). Halteres yellow. Felton, Calif. (].€.B.). FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 105, 39. Mycetophila extenta n. sp. Male and female. Length 3.5 mm. Head, antenne, thorax. and abdomen subshining fuscous, the scape, base of flagellum, palpi, humeri, center of scutellum and the hind angles of the mesonotum narrowly dusky yellowish; hairs pale, thoracic sete black; hypopygium (Fig. 92). Coxe and legs yellow, tips of hind femora black, tarsi dusky; fore metatarsus about 7-8 as long as the tibia; middle tibize each with 2 sete on flexor sur- face; hind tibize each with 2 ranges of setee on extensor surface; hind metatarsus nearly .8 as long as the 4 following joints taken together. Wing grayish hyaline, with central spot and a preapical arcuate fascia which extends from the tip of Rs to Mz, narrowest in cell M: (Fig. 210). Halteres yellow. Ithaca, Ree April. ‘ 40. Mycetophila n. sp. : Female. Length 3.5 mm. Similar to the foregoing, but thorax more shining, the paler parts lighter yellow, no yellow spot on the scutellum, venter yellowish, and HOM tarsi more distinctly swollen. N. Y., August. 41. Mycetophila edentula n. sp. . Male. Length 2.7 mm. Head, antennz, thorax and abdo- men fuscous, the scape, base of flagellum, palpi, small spot on humerus, dusky yellow; hypopygium (Fig. 93). Hairs pale. sete black. Legs and fore coxe yellow, middle and hind coxe fuscous outwardly, fore metatarsus less than .8 as long as the tibia; middle tibiz each with 2 sete on flexor surface; hind tibize each with 2 ranges of sete on extensor surface, hind metatarsus about 1-16 shorter than the following 4 joints taker: together. Wing grayish hyaline, with central spot, a preapicai fascia which fills apex of cell R: arising proximad of tip of veir R: and extends transversely slightly beyond vein M:; apex of wing margined with,gray (Fig. 211). MHalteres yellow. Sel- imme lts, Rogers pass, B. C.! (J.C.B.) July. Female. Fore coxe brown, otherwise as above. Hampton, Nimeieco. A. Shaw), Oct. 42. Mvycetophila trichonota Loew. Berlin. Ent. Zeitschr. XIII. 155. 1860. Male. Length 2.8 mm. Head fuscous, opaque, face, moutt parts, scape and base of flagellum yellowish, antenne fuscous 4 106 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2. black. Thorax fuscous black, subopaque, humeri, posterior angles, spot in front of scutellum, and the scutellum except the sides, luteous; hairs yellow, sete black. Abdomen fuscous black, the lateral and posterior margins of each segment except the first yellowish; the small hypopygium yellow. Coxe and legs pale yellow, tips of hind femora black; middle tibize each with 2 sete on flexor surface, hind metatarsus about equal to the following 4 joints taken together; tarsi more or less dusky. Wing with rather large central spot and a preapical fascia which extends from the tip of the cell R: obliquely proximad into cell Rs but not reaching vein M:; below this fascia the veins M: and Me are clouded with gray. “D.C.” ‘There are 2 ranges of sete on the extensor surface of each hind tibie in the type specimen. . Var. a. Male. ‘Vhorax subshining dark brown, scutellum wholly brown, fore tarsi slightly swollen, otherwise as above; hypopygium (Fig. 94). Ithaca, N. Y., July, August. 43. Mycetophila socia n. sp. Male and female. Length 3 mm. Thorax and abdomen sub- shining brownish black, humeri, posterior angles of mesonotum and narrow hind margins of the segments of the abdomen yel- low; hypopygium (Fig. 95). Fore metatarsus about 7-8 as long as the tibia; fore tarsi not swollen. Wing with brown central spot and an oval grayish preapical spot (Fig. 212). Otherwise as in M. trichonota. Ithaca, N. Y., August. 44. Mycetophila discoidea Say. Journal Ac.-Se: Phil. VI. 153, 1820. Thorax pale with a blackish disk, wings with a fuscous spot. Head blackish, antennze whitish, at tip blackish; thorax pale honey-yellow, disk blackish owing to 3 vitte of that color being confluent into one, wings hyaline, with a fuscous spot on the connecting nervures; tergum blackish, somewhat sericeous; poisers whitish; feet whitish, with blackish tarsi; abdomen whitish at base. Length more than 1-10 inch. Belongs to Meigen’s first division of the genus. Indiana. 45. Mycetophila ichneumonea Say. Journal Ac. Sc. Phil. JIT. 16. 1823. Female. Length 3 mm. Clay yellow, abdomen brown dorsally. Be- lorgs to Meigen’s first division. Antenne paler, head more dusky clay yellow. Mesonotum more dusky, pleura paler clay yellow. Segments | FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 107 2 to 4 of abdomen, brown above. Wing yellowish, crossveins broadly margined with brown. Legs pale clay yellow, tarsi brownish. “Pa.” 46. Mycetophila bifasciata Walker. List. of Dipt. I. 96. 1848. Head and chest black, clothed with short tawny down; eyes and feel- ers black, the latter ferruginous at the base; scutcheon ferruginous; abdomen brownish black; hind borders of the segments tawny; feet, thighs at the base and at the tips, and tips of the hind hips, brown; wings somewhat gray, clouded with brown below the for border about the middle and near the tip, which is also indistinct'y clouded with gray; veins brown; poisers tawny. Length of the body 5mm. St. Martin’s. Falls, Albany River, Hudson’s Bay. 47. Mycetophila parva Walker. Piston Diptaleo7 mere: Head brown; eyes black, palpi tawny; feelers brown; yellow at the base; chest reddish brown, varied with tawny on each side; breast vellow; abdomen reddish brown; hips and thighs yellow, tips of the latter brown; shanks dull tawny; feet brown; wings slightly gray, witn two brown spots beneath the fore border; the one nearest the tip of the wing is larger and more irregular than the other; -.veins brown, poisers yellow. Length of the body 25 mm. St. Martin’s Falls, Albany River, Hudson’s Bay. 48. Mycetophila laeta Walker. List. of Dipt. I. 97. 1848. Body’ thickly clothed with yellow hairs; head brown; eyes black: palpi tawny; feelers dull tawny yellow at the base; chest bright tawny: its hind part pale reddish brown and varied with yellow; abdomen reddish brown, with five yellow bands along the sutures of the segments; hips and thighs pale yellow; tips of hind thighs brown; shanks pale tawny; feet brown, wings slightly tawny, especially towards the fore border, and adorned with two brown bands of which the one nearest to the wing tip is much larger and more irregular than the others. Veins tawny; poisers white. Length of body 3.5 mm. Nova Scotia. AQ. Mvycetophila contigua. Walker. List. of Dipt. I. 96. 1848. Body clothed with short yellow hairs; head tawny; eyes black, palpi tawny; feelers brown, tawny at base; chest reddish brown, yellow or each side in front. Abdomen reddish brown; hind border of each segment pale yellow; legs pale yellow; tips of hind thighs brown; feet and tips of shanks dull tawny; wings pale tawny adorned with two brown bands, of which the one nearest to the wing tip is much longer and more irregular than the other; veins dark tawny; poisers bright tawny. Length of the body 3 mm. Nova Scotia. 108 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. 50. Mycetophila plebeia Walker. List of Dipt. I. too. 1848. Head black; palpi tawny; feelers black, yellow at the base; chest tawny with three broad black stripes which occupy nearly all the back and are united behind; the middle one is much in advance of the other two; abdomen wanting; hips and thighs pale yellow; shanks dull paie tawny; feet brown; wings slightly gray; veins brown; poisers yellow. Length of body 3.5 mm. St. Martin’s Falls, Albany River, Hudson’s Bay. 51. Mycetophila obscura Walker. List of Dipt. I. ror. 1848. Body brown; head yellow beneath; eyes black; palpi yellow; feelers brown, yellow at the base; chest with a tawny stripe forked in front on its hinder part; scutcheon and breast yellow; abdominal segments yellow at the base; legs yellow; hips very pale yellow; feet dull yellow: wings colourless; veins brown; poisers yellow. Length of the body 3mm. St. Martin’s Falls, Albany River, Hudson’s Bay. 52. Mycetophila despecta Walker. List of Dipt. I. tor. 1848. Head and palpi brown; eyes black; feelers brown, yellow at the base; chest ferruginous, reddish brown on the disk; abdomen brown; ventral segments and hind borders of dorsal segments ferruginous; legs yellow; feet brown; wings colourless; veins tawny; poisers yellow. Length ct body 3 mm. St. Martin’s Falls, Albany River, Hudson’s Bay. eae ealalliate TH | 53. Mycetophila nubila Say. Jourmal Ac Se. iPimil, Wi, we, 820) Dusky; wings immaculate; feet whitish. Inhabits Indiana. Body dusky, brownish; antenne first and second joints yellowish; wings hyaline; immaculate; poisers whitish, capitulum dusky before the tip; abdomen slender, gradually enlarging to the tip; tergum with the tips of the segments pale; anal segments pale; feet whitish, dusky towards the tips; spines 1-3 the length of the first tarsal joint. Length 3-20 inch. Belongs to Meigens 5th Division. 54. Mycetophila sericea Say. Long’s Exped. App. 365. 1824. Male and female. Length over 4 mm. Scape yellow, flagellum brown; palpi yellow. Head blackish with yellowish sheen. Pleura yel lowish, mesonotum fuscous with whitish silky sheen. Abdomen deep brown, posterior margins of the segments yellow broadened at the sides in the form of triangular spots. Wing slightly yellowish with brown veins. Course of veins as in Plate 9, Fig. 18, in Meigen’s Syst. Beschr. I. Halteres and legs pale yellowish with brown tarsi and spurs. “N. W. Terr.” Perhaps Allodia. FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 10g 32. Genus Sceptonia Winnertz. Verh. Zool.:-bot. Ges. Wien. XIII. . 1863. Front broad, the anterior margin produced into a triangle the apex of which reaches the base of the antenne; laterai ocelli contiguous to the eye margin, middle one minute, in a groove at the base of the triangle. Anterior margin of thorax produced over the head so that in profile making a continuous curve with the head. Legs strong, hind tibial sete longer than the greatest diameter of the tibia. The branches of the radius curved parallel to the costa, the cells between very narrow, the — costa therefore apparently produced beyond the tip of Rs; subcosta short; cubitus simple; anal long but incomplete. The farve are found in decaying wood and in fungi. Sceptonia ngra Meigen. Syst. Beschr. I. 270. 1818. (Mycetophila). Male and female. Length 2.2-2.5 mm. Head, thorax and abdomen shining black. Antennze brown, scape sometimes yel- lowish; palpi yellow. Hairs pale shimmering, sete dark. Hypopygium yellowish (Fig. 96). Coxe and legs yellowish, the bases of the hind coxe, the apical third of the hind femora, black; spurs and tarsi brown; fore metatarsus a fourth shorter, the entire tarsus about 2.3 longer than the tibia; middle tibiz each with a single minute seta on flexor surface. Wings hya- lne tinged with yellowish brown, with dusky yellow veins. (Fig. 213). Halteres yellowish. In an occasional specimen the base of the venter is obscurely yellowish. Selkirk. Mts., Dowie Creek atid Rogers Pass, B. C. (J.C.B.) July; Wis., (W.M.W.) ; Brookline, Miass. (C.W.J.) June; Ithaca, N. Y., Aug.; Orono, Me., Nov. . 33. Genus Zygomyia Winnertz. Wer. “Zool=pot. Ges. Wien. XIII. oor. 1863. Front broad, the anterior margin produced into a triangle which descends to the root of the antennz; lateral ocelli con- tiguous to the eye margin, the middle one minute, placed in a groove at the base of the frontal triangle. Legs strong, tibiz with strong sete, those of the hind tibiz longer than the great- est diameter of the tibia. Costa not produced, subcosta short, ending free; cubitus simple, anal vein incomplete. The larve live in decaying wood and in fungi. Il10 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. Table of species. a. Wing spotless. : I. ignobilis. aa. Wings marked with brown central spot and preapical cloud. b. Preapical fascia of wing distinctly crosses the media; length 2.5 mm. 2. ornat.. bb. Preapical cloud diffuse, its long axis parallel to the long axis of the wing; length 4 mm. ; 3. varia. I. Zygomyvia ignobilis Loew. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. XIII. 150. 1869. Male and female. Length 2.5 mm. Fuscous, subopaque, pile pale, appressed, setae black. Head black, antenne brown, scape dusky yellow. Hypopygium yellowish (Fig. 97). Coxz and legs yellow, hind margins and tips of hind femora brown to blackish; spurs and tarsi brown; middle tibize each with one small and one large seta on the flexor surface. Wéings grayish hyaline (Fig. 214). Halteres yellow. “Middle States ;’ Ithaca, INE: 2. Zygomma ornata Loew. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. XM 150-1860: Male and female. Length 2.2-2.55 mm. ‘Head blackishy antennee fuscous, scape, base of flagellum and palpi yellow; hairs pale. ‘Thorax and abdomen fuscous, opaque, pile pale, ' sete black; hypopygium yellowish (Fig. 98). Coxz and legs yellow, tips of middle and hind femora and hind tibiz, more or less dark brown, tarsi largely brown. Wing cinereous hyaline, yellowish toward the costa, a brown central spot, a preapical fascia, and a small less distinct spot behind the cubitus (Fig. 216). Halteres yellow. Wis.; Chicago, Ill, (W.M.W_)) Jame; Mie, ithaca, IN2 Vo Ave. 3. Lygomyia varia Staeger. Krojer: Tidskr. 266. 1840. (Mycetophila). Male and female. Length 3 mm. Head and antenne brown, scape and palpi usually yellow. Thorax and abdomen brown- ish black subopaque; humeri reddish yellow; hypopygium dusky ‘yellow; hairs brown with a yellowish tinge, appressed. Coxz and legs reddish or rusty yellow, the tarsi and spurs, the tips of the hind femora, the extensor surface of the last and a spot FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. Iil on the under side of the fore femur, brown; fore metatarsus about .88 as long, entire tarsus about 2.5 longer than the tibia. Wing more or less dusky yellow hyaline, with central spot and an elongate preapical cloud filling the apex of the cell R: and spreading out below it. Halteres yellow. “Hurope.’ A female specimen 4 mm. long from Capens, Me. (C.W.J.), July. I alls (S\(CleaUsgUNUas, (Exclusive of Arctic and Tropic species). _ In the literature on economic entomology there are numerous references to members of this subfamily, though in but few instances were the species known. Of the described North American species of Sciara, 16 are known to occur only in the Arctic region, 11 are from Mexico, the West Indies and Central America, and 32 are from the United States and Canada. Of the last only 15 are described in a recognizable manner. In view of our very imperfect knowledge of these gnats, an apology will be scarcely neces- sary for presenting this paper to economic . entomologists. Though over 25 new species are described, it is very probable that they represent but a tithe of those which may eventually be found in the United States. It is quite possible that some of the species described here as new may be the same as some of those named by Say, Walker, or Fitch, but to attempt to link them is quite useless as only a comparison with the type speci mens of these authors would lead to definite results. As far as I am aware, of these types, Walker’s only are in existence. The brief descriptions published by these authors are here reproduced for the sake of completeness. Some one else, pos- sessing greater perspicacity than I, may have better fortune in identifying them with the species they are supposed to desig- nate. In my previous papers on the Mycetophilidae I have included the few arctic and tropic species described from North America but in the present treatment of the Sciarinae I deem it ex- pedient to omit them, for none has been found in the material I have had the privilege of examining. _ In studying these flies it was found that balsam mounts were far superior to pinned specimens. It is desirable tu remove one wing and mount it under a separate cover glass, to insure its TIZ2 MAINE AGRICULTURAL HXPERIMENT STATION. I912. lying perfectly flat. The hypopygium, unless it 1s turned side- wise, should also be cut off and separately mounted. A iew color notes, describing palpi, halteres, thorax, and abdomet. are necessary, but they may be quite brief, the description not necessarily occupying more space than is found upon a micro - scope slide label. In the descriptions which follow it must be borne in mind that the body length given refers to dried speci- mens, balsam mounts and alcoholic specimens being about a third longer. The same caution must be observed in interpret- ing antennal lengths relative to that of the body; in drying, the antennz do not shrink proportionally to that of the body, or more particularly of the abdomen. In comparing dimensions, wing measurements, etc., of any specimen with the figures given it will be imperative to use a micrometer scale and not depend solely upon the eye to estimate proportions. Characters of the subfamily. Distinguished from the Mycetophilinae by the shorter coxee and by the wing venation the R-M crossvein being in the same right line with the second section of the radial sector, and the cubitus forking near the base of the wing. ; In a recent paper (Archiv f. Naturgeschichte, 1911) Pro- fessor Enderlein proposes a new arrangement of the genera based upon what appear to be good grounds. He separates the Mycetopmlide from the Sciaride upon the form of the eye. In the former the eye is oval, sometimes more or less emargi- nate, but not contiguous over the base of the antenne. In the Sciaride the eye posesses a slender process which passes over the base of the antenna meeting or nearly meeting the process from tke opposite eye, thus forming a yoke or bridge over the base of the scape. He divides the Sciarid@ into 2 subfamilies, the Lycortne (Sciarine) and the Lestremiine, the latter here- tofore having been considered a group under the Cecidomyiide. If this classification were adopted, of the following 10 genera, Proboleus, Manota and Pnyxia would find a place with the Mycetophiline, Zygoneura with Lestremine, and the remaining genera with the Sciarine. Table of North American Genera. a. Proboscis longer than the thorax. b. Wing venation defective, several veins detached at base. (See page 258 Part IIT) Probolaeus. FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. If E23 bb. Wing venation complete, no detached veins. 1. Eugnoriste. « aa. Proboscis not greatly prolonged. b. Wing venation defective, several veins detached at base. 2. Manota. bb. Wings when present with complete venation, no detached veins. c. Female wingless, in the male the media springs from the radius at an angle, the crossvein being obsolete (Fig. 264). ‘ 3. Puyeia . &. cc. Both sexes with wings; crossvein present. d. Wings very distinctly hairy; claws not denticulate. 4. Trichosia. dd. Wings with microscopic setule but not hairy. e. Antennal joints of the male pedicillate and -with whorls of hair; forks of media arcuate. 5. Zygoneura. ee. Antennal joints bare or with short hairs. f. Forks of media arcuate, and claws toothed. 6. Metangela. ff. Forks of media not arcuate, or if so, claws not toothea. g. Claws toothed. 7. Phorodonta. ee. Claws not toothed. h. Face strongly produced. 8. Rhynchosciara. hh. Face not produced. ° g. Sciara. 1. Genus Eugnoriste Coquillett. Proc. Wasi lnh Soc. ll 221-1300: Head, small, antennz filiform, pubescent, 16-jointed; pro boscis rigid, filiform, directed downward and backward, longer than the head, palpi 4-jointed, the first joint very short; 3 ocellii; eyes deeply emarginate. Wings bare, venation like Sclava (Fig. 253). Entire insect Sciara-like in appearance except for the elongate proboscis. Structure of eyes as in Sciara. Table of Species. a. Proboscis longer than the head and thorax. 1. occidental’s. aa. Proboscis slightly longer than the head, slender, horny. 2. brevirostris. 1. Eugnoriste occidentalis Coquillett. Pyoc, Wash, Pat. Soc. Ml) 321. 1896: Malevand Hemale, Length 2.5 to 3 mm. Head and thorax black, subshining, antennz, proboscis, palpi and halteres black- ish brown, abdomen dark brown; coxz and legs yellowish te brownish, tarsi darker; hypopygium (Fig. 138). Wings hya- Il4 MAINE AGRICULTURAL, EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912. line, veins brown (Fig. 253). “Las Cruces, N. M.” Moscow, Ide Mantiiastand ithaca Ney: 2. Eugnoriste brevirostris Coquillett. Proc. Wash, Ent. Soc. VI. 169, 1904. Female. Length 3.5 mm. Black, the stems of the halteres yellow. Head narrow and elongate, about 3 times as long as wide, proboscis slightly longer than the head, slender, horny, over 6 times as long as wide. Wings grayish, apex of R: a short distance before the forking of the media. “Halfway House, Pikes Peak, Col.” Sept. 2. Genus Manota Williston. Dipt Jorn ctw Vincente VWeela2oo) 1 Soo: Head flattened, placed rather high as regards the thorax; antenne situated high up, 16-jointed. Three ocelli, in a gently curved line, laterals remote from the eye margin; palpi 3 jointed, elongate. Dorsum of. thorax moderately convex, abdomen slender, flattened cylindrical. Coxe elongate. Wings longer than the abdomen; Sc vestigial; R: ends before the mid- dle of the wing; Rs not furcate; only apical parts of M: and M2 present, bases and petiole of M wanting ; costa far produced. M. defecta from the St. Vincent Isl. W. I. the only species. In Enderlein’s classification would be placed with the Mycetophulinae. 3 Genus Pnysxia n. gen. Eye widely separate, ommatidia prominent, few in number; ocelli 3, in a triangle on the vertex; proboscis small, obscure; antenne 16-jointed. Legs like Sciara, claws simple. Sexes dimorphic. Female wingless and without halteres, 40 omma- tidia in each eye; palpus consist apparently of but one cup shaped joint. Male with halteres and wings, the latter of 2 sizes, the majority of the individuals possessing very short wings which do not reach the 4th abdominal segment (Fig. 262); the remaining individuals with longer wings which ex- tend beyond the tip of the abdomen (Fig. 264) ; petiole of the media arises at the angle of the basal section of Rs, the cross- vein hence obliterated ; palpus with truncated tip, 2 or 3 jointed; ommatidia 50 to 75 in each eye. Hypopygium of the simple Sciarid type. Type species Pnyxia scabiei Hopkins. FUNGUS GNAIS OF NORTH AMERICA. 115, This genus also would be placed with the Mycetophilinae in the classification of Enderlein. Pnyxia scabiet Hopkins. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. III, 152. 1895 (Epidapus). Male. Length 1 to 1.5 mm. Antennz 3-4 the length of the body with short hairs. -Thorax and abdomen dusky; legs pale spurs short. Wings hyaline; venation similar in both the short and long winged forms (Figs. 262, 264). Hypopygium pubes- cent, claspers. simple (Fig. 136). Halteres long, knob dark, pedicel pale at base. Female. Length 1 to 2 mm. Color lighter than the male. Head dark, antennze about as long as the head and thorax. Ovipositor like that of Sciara, terminal joint oval. Dr. Hopkins reared this species in West Virginia from scabby and diseased potato tubers. He also observed the larve feeding on the healthy living tissue of the potato and states that they cause conditions which in one stage would be recognized as potato scab and in a more advanced stage be recognized as a form of potato rot. Specimens of this species were submitted to me for exami- nation by Professor H. A. Surface who stated that the larvee were found in Pennsylvania injuring peony bulbs. -I have also seen specimens from Rhinebeck, N. Y., and from Columbia, Mo., which were collected by Prof. C. R. Crosby in rubbish hile sifting for spiders. 4. Genus Trichosia Winnertz. Monogr. Sciarinen. 173, 1867. In structural characters similar to the genus Sciara, but differs in having the wing surface distinctly hairy instead of microscopic setulose. Trichosia hebes Loew. Berlin. Ent. Zeitschr. XIII.- 161. 1860. Female. Length 2.9 mm., wing 2.6 mm. Black including head; face, palpi, and antenne fuscous black, the base of the last paler. Mesonotum moderately shining, humeri yellowish. 116 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912. Abdomen blackish, including lamellz of ovipositor. Legs dusky yellowish, posterior tibize darker, tarsi fuscous black. Wings blackish, semihyaline, veins blackish; R: ends about opposite the base of cell M:. Halteres black with yellow pedicel. “N. Y.” Ithaca, N. Y. Also a single defective specimen which may belong here from Douglass Co., Kas. (E. S. Tucker). % 5. Genus Zygoneura Meigen. System. Beschr. VI. 304. 1830. In structural characters similar to Sciara but differs in hav- ing both forks of the media strongly arcuate so that the cell between is wider near the base than farther distad, widening again on the wing margin, in this respect resembling Metangela from which it differs in having simple tarsal claws and in the male with pedicellate antennal joints having whorls of hair. Zygoneura flavicoxa n. sp. Male. Length 1 mm: Head and thorax blackish brown, shining, abdomen brown, hypopygium darker brown; clasper (Fig. 99). Palpi yellow, antennz brown, the petiole of each joint nearly as long as the distal part, total length of antenna about 1-3 greater than the body, the hairs brown. Coxe and legs pale yellow, tarsi darker, hind tarsus less than 3-4, the metatarsus 3-8 as long as the tibia. Wing yellowish hyaline, veins yellowish brown; costa ends about 3-4 of the distance trom R's to’ Ma (Pig. 254). Hhaca, N. Y. ) 6. Genus Metangela Ritbsaamen. Berlin. Ent. Zeitschr. XX XIX. 19. 1894. In structural characters, including those of the wings and antennze, similar to the genus Sczara but differs in having both forks of the media strongly arcuate so that the cell between is wider near the base than at a point near the tip widening again on the wing margin. ‘Tarsal claws toothed. Metangela toxoneura Osten Sacken. Proc. Ent) Soc. Phil 165. 1862.0) ((Scrara). This species was later referred by Osten Sacken to Zvgoneura in spite of its Sciara-like antennz. Rittbsaamen suggests that it belongs to Metangela though the original description of the FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. Wy species does not mention the claws. I neglected to examine the type at Cambridge, Mass. Male and female. Length 3 to 4 mm. Black, including antenne, mouth and palpi; thorax shining, legs and fore coxe yellowish; wings of the male subhyaline, of the female tinged with black. “D.C.” Larve in cow dung. 7. Genus Phorodonta Coquillett. noc. Unis. Nate Mase: DOO lis Sos 1910: Odontonyx, Rubs. Berlin. Ent. Zeitschr. XX XIX. 19. 1894. _ Wings, proboscis, and antennz as in Sciara; claws elongate and distinctly toothed. Phorodonta mger Wiedemann. iDsoueia, Son, I wu wean (Sela). Male. Length 4.7mm. Black; the antenne alone in certain lights more grayish. “Ga. N. M., Mexico.” O. helveolus Riibs. is a Porto Rican species. | 8. Genus Rhynchosciara Rubsaamen. Berlin. Ent. Zeitschr. XXXIX. 19. 1894. Face produced snoutlike; proboscis with broad lamellz; eyes, antenne, and venation as in Sciara. Legs strong, claws simple, empodium and pulville present. This genus occurs in Mexico. g. Genus Sciava Meigen. Illiger’s Mag. II. 263, 1803. Lycoria Meigen, Nouv. Class. 1800 (without type). Head small; proboscis short; palpi 4-jointed, the first very _ short and not always distinctly differentiated from the second; antenne 2+-14-jointed; three ocelli, the laterals remote from the eye margin. Thorax moderately arched. Legs slender, tarsal claws not toothed. Wings microscopically setulose, not hairy (Figs. 218-252). Halteres present. Table of Species.* a. Large southern species, 6 mm. or more in length; males undescribed. b. Ri ends distad of the base of the fork of M; wing blackish (Fig. 218). I. picea. * This table is based in part on male characters, only a few well- defined species represented by females alone are included. By wing length is meant the distance from the humeral crossvein to the tip of the wing, measured parallel to the longitudinal axis. 118 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. bb. R, ends about opposite the base of the fork of M. 2. cingulata. aa. Medium or small species. : b. Costa, radius, media except sometimes the petiole, and cubitus of the wings distinctly though sparsely setose. c. Ri: ends noticeably proximad of the fork of M; small species. d. Petiole of the cubitus 1-8 as long as the basal section of M (Fig. 219); clasper (Fig: 100); N. Y. 3 vicina n. sp. dd. Petiole of the cubitus over half as long as the basal section of M (Fig. 220) ; clasper (Fig. 101); Cal. 4. dives n. sp. ec. R, ends about opposite or distad of the base of the fork of M; species 2.5 mm. or more in length. d. Petiole of the cubitus over 1-2 as long as the basal section of M. e. R: ends about opposite the forking of M (Fig. 221). 5. futilis n. sp. ee. R, ends distad of the forking of M (Fig. 266). 6. abdita n. sp. dd. Petiole of the cubitus less than I-4 as long as the basal section of M. e. Humeri, pleura in part and hypopygium (Fig. 103) more or less yellow; knob of halteres dark. 7. ochrolabis ee. Thorax and abdomen, black. f. Halteres and coxe yellow; claspers (Fig. 139). 8. habilis n. sp. ff. Halteres and coxe black; claspers (Fig. 104). a 9. sciophila bb. Media and cubitus without sete. c. Ri ends distad, or opposite (not more than 1-10 of wing length proximad) of the base of the fork of M, and base of Rs at or proximad of a point midway between the humeral crossvein and the tip of Rx. d. Thorax yellowish to rufous, coxze and femora dull yellow, claspers large, triangular (Fig. 111), hind tarsus 1-8 shorter than tibia. 10. fulvicauda. dd. Thorax dusky, claspers of different structure. e. Rs ends proximad of the tip of M.; halteres dark. f. Flagellar joints scarcely longer than broad; clasper with 2 median lobes (Fig. 109). 11. tridentata. ff. Intermediate flagellar joints over twice as long as broad; clasper without median lobes (Fig. 105). 12. munda n. sp. ee. Rs and M: end about equidistant from the base of the wing. f f. Ri ends distad of the forking of M; halteres dark. g. Mesal process of clasper robust (Fig. 106 m); wing (Fig. 225). 13. dux n. sp. gg. Mesal process of claspers slender (Fig. 107 m); wing (Fig. 226). 14. imitans n. Sp. ff. Ri ends about opposite the forking of M. FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. Ig g. Apical tooth of clasper placed near the mesal mar- gin of the apex (Fig. 115); species under 2.5 mm, halteres dusky yellow. 40. variams, var. C. . Apical tooth of clasper placed at apex (Fig. 108) or tooth wanting (Fig. 123). h. Halteres blackish; hind coxe and legs brownish; ~ claspers without apical tooth (Fig. 123); wing (Fig. 232). 23. jucunda n. sp. hh. Halteres and coxe yellowish; clasper with dis- tinct apical tooth (Fig. 108). . Petiole of cubitus about .6 as long as the basal section of M (Fig. 227). 15. prolifica. ii. Petiole of cubitus over .8 as long as the basa! acceson of M. j. Wing veins heavily shaded (Fig. 228). prolifica, var. a. ili} Wanee veins not shaded. prolifica, var b. ec. R; ends at least 1-16 of the wing length proximad of the fork- ing of M; the base of Rs is distad of the mid point between the humeral crossvein and the tip of Rx. d. Fulvouws mesonotum, abdomen more dusky; or reddish species. e. Dusky red species, female 4 mm. long, halteres white, male not described. 16. silvestrii. ee. Fulvous mesontum, abdomen more dusky; length 2 mm, or less. f. Clasper without strong spines at apex (Fig. 110); ti of Rs far remote from apex of wing (Fig: 229). 17. mellea n. sp ff. Clasper with one or more apical spines. M; less than .8 as long as the petiole of the media. 18. tritici. ge. M, over .9 as long as the petiole of the media (Fig. 265). 48. ocellaris. ‘dd. Black or fuscous species. e. Clasper with a mesal. articulated process (Fig. 112); Rs ends far remote from apex of wing (Fig. 230). 19. hastata n. sp. ee. Clasper without mesal articulated process. f. Hypopygium near its base with a patch or tuft of setee on the median ventral line Ghigsy ar7ay “nase 124); petiole of the cubitus under .6 as long as the basal section of M. g. Clasper with a terminal tooth. h. With about to sete in the basal median ventral patch of the hypopygium (Fig. 1174). 20. pauciseta. JQ 120, MATNE, AGRIGULTURA, EXPERIMENT SPATION- ~r@Qi2. hh. With ovcr 25 sete in this patch (Fig. 124). i. Abdoinen variable dark ochreous, palpi yellow: ish, anterior veins dark ochreous. 21. multiseta. ii. Abdomen variable dark brown; palpi brown, anterior veins nearly black. 22, agraria. eg. Clasper without terminal tooth (Fig. 123); the hy- popygium with the sete of the ventral median patch arranged in a transverse line (Fig. 1234) ; halteres black. 23. jucunda n. sp. ff. Hypopygium without a tuft of sete on the median ventral line near the base. g. Clasper with about 5 large subequal teeth or spines CHice. eile sn isho)ey h. Tip of Rs about .10 of wing length proximad of tip of M. and ending proximad of .85 of wing length (Fig. 239); palpi and halteres dark; mesonotum shining black. PLS, SD hh. Tip of Rs less remote from apex of wing; costa produced fully 3-4 of distance from tip of Rs to M:; coxze and halteres yellow. 25. mutua n. Sp. gg. Clasper of different structure. h. Petiole of cubitus short, less than half as long as basal section of M. i. Wing veins strongly marked; Rs ends distad 0: M:; costa produced about 1-2 of distance from Rs to M,; thorax shining. j. Halteres and coxe bright yellow. 35. nigricans n. sp. jj. Halteres fuscous, (Figs. 217, 260). 30. actuosa n. sp. ii. Costa produced over 1-2 distance from Rs tu M,, 1f not, then Rs ends proximad of tip of Mz. j. Clasper with several apical teeth or spines. k. Clasper short, curved, with several apical teeth (Fig. 114); Ri ends at about 1-3, length of wing; Rs and Mz end about equi-distant from base of wing (Fig. 234) ; halteres yellow. 26. nacta n. sp.. kk. Clasper with apical sete or spines (Fig. 133, 261). 1. R, ends near middle of wing; costa pro- duced over half way to M.. 46. coprophila. Il. Ri ends noticeably proximad of the mid- dle of the wing; costa produced scant half way from Rs to M,; (Fig. 267). 32. cucumeris n. sp. FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 121 jj. Clasper without any, or with only a single prominent apical or subapical tooth besides the sete; or if 2 or 3 smaller spines are present then tip of Rs is proximad of the tip of Mz. k. R, ends only slightly proximad of the fork- ing of M (Fig. 255); knob of halteres and coxe brownish; clasper (Fig. 115). 40. varians, vat ¢. kk. R, ends far proximad of the forking of M. 1. Clasper subglobular. m. Clasper subglobular, with the tooth subapical in position (Fig. 116) ; wing broad. BD. So SPs mm. Without subapical tooth. ; 28. lugens nN. sp. ll. Clasper more slender, wing narrow. m. Halteres yellow; Rs ends far proxi- mad of the tip of M2 (Fig. 241). 30. fatigans n. sp. (See S. sp. p. 144). mm. Halteres fuscous; Rs and M2 end about equidistant from base of wing (Fig. 250). 44. acuta n. sp. hh. Petiole of the cubitus at least half as long as the basal section of M. i. Rs ends proximad of .85 of the length of the wing. 3 j. Clasper with 2 strong apical spines (Fig. 118) ; wing veins strongly defined (Fig. 238); thorax shining black, 29. parilis n. sp. jj. Clasper and wing of different structure. k. Costa produced less than 2-3 of distance from Rs to Mn. 1. Wing narrow (Fig. 240); hypopygium (Fig. 120). 31. sativae n. sp. ll. Wing wider (Fig. 267); costa less pro- duced; hypopygium (Fig. 261). 32. cucumeris n. sp kk. Costa produced over 2-3 from Rs to Mx. 1. Clasper with 2 apical teeth (Fig. 121); petiole of cubitus about 3-4 as long as basal section of M; hind tarsus shorter than the tibia. OR. OS, GA ll. Clasper with a median process (Fig. 122); petiole of the cubitus about haif as long as the basal section of M (Fig. 242) ; hind tarsus and tibia subequal. 34. neglecta n. sp. Ol, [22 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. ii. Rs ends distad of .85 of wing length. j. Clasper with one prominent terminal or sub- terminal spine or tooth, or if several teeth are present, one is conspicuously larger than the others. <. Costa produced about 1-2 way from Rs to M,. 1. Halteres bright yellow; claspers (Fig. 125); wing CFig. 243). 35. Migricams Ni. Sp. ll. Halteres fuscous; wing (Fig. 217). 36. actuosa n. sp. klk. Costa produced over 1-2 way from Rs to Mi. 1. Costa produced over 3-4 way from Rs to M;. (Fig. 244); halteres yellow,. claspers (Fig. 126). 37. Sob fl. Costa produced less than .7 from Rs to M,. m. R, ends over I-5 of wing length prox- imad of the forking of the media (Fig. 245); halteres dark; clasper Cie, 127), 38. dolens n. sp. wii, Ri ends less than .15 of wing length proximad of forking of M. n. Apex of clasper with a number of spines of which one is somewhat larger than the others (Fig. 132). o. Halteres yellow; clasper ( Fig. 124). 30. diluta n. sp. oo. Halteres dark; clasper (Fig. 140). diluta var. a. nn. Spine of apex of clasper distinctly differentiated from the apical sete (Fig. 115); halteres yel- lowsnee o. Costa produced less than 5-8 of distance from Rs to M.. p. Hind tibia a little shorter than the tarsus; wing (Fig. 246). 40. varians n. sp. pp. Hind tibia and tarsus sub- equal in length. varians var a. oo. Costa produced over 2-3 of dis- tance from Rs to Mu. varians, var %. jj. Clasper with 2 or more prominent apical teeth, spines, or with strong sete. FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 123 k. Clasper with 2 or 3 apical or subapical spines; halteres black or brown. 1. Black species 3 mm. in length, with blackish legs, clasper subglobose (Fig. 128). 4I. scita n. sp. ll. Smaller species with yellow legs, clasper more slender. m. Spines of clasper short (Fig. 129) ; pleura reddish. 42. fumida n. sp. mm. Spines of clasper long (Fig. 130) ; pleura fuscous. 43. trivialis n. sp. kk. Clasper with 5 or more apical and sub- apical sete or spines. l. Apex of clasper with 6 or 8 sete of which one is somewhat set apart from the others (Fig. 137); halteres yellow; hind coxe dark; wing (Fig. 252). 45. wmpatiens n. sp. ll. Setee of apex of clasper subequal in Size. “m. Antennz of male less than 3-4 length of body in dried specimens; coxe yellowish. 46. coprophila. mm, Antenne of male over 3-4 of length of body in dried specimens; cox brownish, hind pair darker. 47. caldaria. Females may usually be traced by means of the key but to do so it will be necessary to follow out several branches of the dichotomic divisions. The females of the species pauciseta, multiseta, agraria, coprophila, caldaria, and varians all bear a close resemblance to each other; and are therefore separated with difficulty. Say’s, Walker’s and Fitch’s species are not included in the table. The descriptions of all are reproduced on page 138 and following. I. Sciara picea Rubsaamen. Dewi Hot. Leitscht, XXX 22) 180x: Female. Length 11 mm., wing 9 mm., antenne 4 mm. Head and thorax black, the latter slightly pruinose. Abdomen fuscous with broad orange colored lateral spots, posterior margins of the tergites narrowly yellow; all the parts fuscous. Costal cell of the wing broad, wing brown, costal, subcostal and cell R: darkest; subcosta ends free opposite base of Rs; R: ends some- what distad of the base of the fork of M; costa produced half way from Rs to M:; petiole of the cubitus very short. “Ga.” ‘Twelve specimens, from N. C., Ga., and Fla., are as described 124 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912. above with the following variations. R: in most of the speci- mens ends a little more distad and the costa is somewhat more produced (Fig. 218); the thorax is subshining, though also somewhat pruinose; the abdomen varies from wholly reddish, excepting the fuscous terminal joints, to a uniform fuscous, most of the specimens having the sides of the abdominal seg- ments more or less dusky red. Length 8 to 9 mm. (dried specimens), wing 8 mm. Only the costa and radius of the wing with sete. Ovipositor as figured (Fig. 143). 2. Sciara cingulata Rubsaamen. Berlin. Ent. Zeitschr. XX XIX. 31. 1894. Female. Length 7.25 mm.; wing 5.5 mm., antenne 3 mm. Mesonotum black polished; humeri and collar yellow; pleura yellowish brown, abdomen fuscous black, with orange colored lateral spots; segments with yellow posterior margins. Palpi, antennze, knobs of halteres, and tarsi brown; pedicel of halteres, coxee, femora, and tibiz yellow, trochanter black below. ‘The basal flagellar joints, twice, the more terminal joints thrice as long as broad. R: of the wing ends about opposite the base of the fork of the media; costa produced 2-3 of distance from Rs to M:; petiole of the cubitus shorter than the width of the costal cell (less than 1-2 as long as the basal section of M according to the author’s figure). Legs slender, setee of the tarsi strong; claws small. ‘Terminal lobe of ovipositor oval, 1-2 as long as the preceding joint. “Georgia.” 3. Sclara vicma n. sp. Male. Length 2.2 mm: .Head shining black, face dull, palpi and antennze fuscous, the last about as long as the body. Thorax including scutellum and metanotum shining black, pleura dull. Abdomen subshining black, sparsely black haired; hypopygium black, clasper (Fig. too). Coxe yellow, legs yellow, tarsi more brownish, trochanters black below; hind tarsus an eighth shorter than the tibia. Wing (Fig. 219) hyaline, anterior veins darker, longitudinal veins except subcosta and petiole of media sparsely setose. Halteres dark, petiole paler toward base. Ithaca, N. Y., June. oo FUNGUS GNA’IS OF NORTH AMERICA. 1A 4. clara dives n. sp. Male and female. Length 2mm. Head, thorax and abdomen subopaque fuscous black; palpi and antennze fuscous (apical joints lacking). Abdomen sparsely black haired; hypopygium dark, clasper (Fig. to1). Coxe and legs yellowish brown, tarsi darker, hind tibia and tarsus subequal in length. Wing hyaline (Fig. 220), anterior veitis brownish, longitudinal veins except subcosta and petiole of media sparsely setose. Halteres dark, petiole slightly paler towards base. Stanford Univ., Cal. CievinaA.)) Jan. | OCU GflalAS sa, S10. Male and female. Length 2.5-3.5 mm. Head subshining blackish, face and palpi reddish, 2 basal joints of antennze yel- lowish; flagellum dusky. Thorax subshining brownish black, numeri, scutellum, and pleura reddish brown. Abdomen dark brown venter a little paler; hypopygium yellow, clasper (Fig. 102). Coxz and legs yellow, tarsi darker, trochanters black below; hind tarsus nearly 1-4 shorter than the tibia. Wings hyaline (Fig. 221), anterior veins darker, longitudinal veins except subcosta and petiole of media sparsely setose. Halteres dusky yellow. Wis. (W.M.W.). 6. Sciara abdita n. sp. Male. Length 2.5 mm. Head, thorax and abdomen blackish, mesonotum subshining, humeri paler; palpi, antennz and _hal- teres fuscous; coxe and legs yellowish; tarsi darker; hypopyg- ium black, claspers subglobose with several apical spines which are not sharply differentiated from the apical sete (Fig. 258) ; antenne about 0.6 as long as the body. Wings hyaline, anterior veins brownish, all longitudinal veins except the subcosta, setose (Fig. 266). Kearney, Ont. (M. C. VanDuzee). 7. Sciara ochrolabis Loew. Berliner. Ent. Zeitschr. XIII. 160, 18609. Male. Length 2.5-3 mm. Head black, face more reddish, palpi fuscous, scape of antennz yellow, flagellum fuscous, nearly as long as the body. Mesonotum with 3 shining brownish black subconfluent stripes which in immature specimens may be red- dish, scutellum the color of the mesonotum; metanotum and pleura ranging from reddish yellow to reddish brown. Abdo- 120 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IOi2. men reddish brown, or more rarely subfuscous, apical segments fuscous; hypopygium very large, yellow, margin of clasper black (Fig. 103). 'Coxze and legs pale yellow, trochanter tipped with black, tarsi dusky. Wings subhyaline (Fig. 222), anterior veins dark; longitudinal veins except subcosta and petiole of the media, sparsely setose. Halteres black, petiole yellow. SPIN aie ee pelt alcany) No Ner uN Vis: Female. Colored like the male; though the abdomen is usual- ly somewhat darker; ovipositor dark (Fig. 145); antennz not elongate. Same localities. 8. Sciara habilis n. sp. Male and female. Length 3 to 4.5 mm. Black, thorax and abdomen subshining, with yellow hairs; antenne and palpi fuscous, antennze about half the length of the body in the male. Hypopygium dark, claspers (Fig. 139). Coxe and legs bright yellow; hind tibia and tarsi subequal, trochanters black below. Wings hyaline, all veins setose except subcosta, yellow (Fig. 256). Halteres yellow. Ithaca, N. Y.!, June; Black Mts., N. (Ca. (ANGIBe icine Ieaicaeyy, (Obatie. 9g. Sciara sciophila Loew. Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. XIII. 160, 1869. Male and female. Length 3.2-3.9 mm. Black including the palpi and knob of the halteres; thorax shining, humeri dusky yellow, coxze and legs pale yellow, trochanters and tarsi fuscous black, wings, semi-hyaline, “D. C.” Some males captured at Falls Church, Va. (Banks, Col.) agree with Loew’s extended description and with the type at Cambridge excepting that the antennz are wholly black includ- ing the second joint of the scape, the humeri are black, and the coxe and legs are dusky yellow. The longitudinal veins, ex- cepting the subcosta, are sparsely setose (Fig. 223). The hypopygium is large, subglobose, and black; clasper (Fig. 104). 10.. Sciara fulvicauda Felt. Repiotate Ent. Nee. xen 2275 e072 Male. Length 4mm. Face ochreous; vertex dark ochreous; scape of antenne yellow, flagellum dark ochreous with rather dense whitish pubescence barely as long as head and thorax; FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 127 palpi fuscous; dorsum of thorax yellowish to rufous, the scutel- lum of the metathorax with variuble dark stripes, in some speci- mens hardly discernible; pleura yellow; wings hyaline, anterior veins fuscous; knob of halteres fuscous with yellow tip, pedicel yellowish, tip of trochanter black; coxa and femur dull yellow; tibia darker; tarsi fuscous apically, abdomen fuscous except the yellow terminal segment bearing the large ochreous claspers which are tipped with fuscous (Fig. 111). Costa and radius with sete, Ri ends about opposite the fork of the media, the base of Rs proximad of the mid point between the humeral crossvein and the tip of Rs, Rs ends slightly proximad of the tip of M2; petiole of the cubitus less than half as long as the basal section of the media; cubitus produced over 3-4 of distance from tip of Rs to tip of M:. Reared from decaying blackberry Goons Atlantic Co., N. J.’ II. Sciara tridentata Riibsaamen. Gronlandische Mycetophiliden, etc. 107. 1808. validicornis Lundbeck. Dipt. Groenl. 1. 243. 1808. Male. Length 3 mm., wing 3.5 mm., antenna 1.5 mm. Shining black, lateral stripe of abdomen scarcely: paler; halteres and palpi fuscous. Flagellar joints scarcely longer than wide, except the last which is 1.5 as long as wide. R: ends about opposite the base of the fork of M, base of Rs arises a little distad of the mid point between humeral crossvein-and the tip of Ri; costa produced about half way from the tip of Rs to M:; petiole of cubitus somewhat shorter than basal section of the media. Clasper as figured (Fig. 109). “Green- land; Lowe Inlet, B. C.” 12. Sciara munda n. sp. Male. Length 3 mm. Black, antenne wholly, palpi, halteres and apical part of abdomen fuscous black, thorax subshining; base of abdomen brown; coxe and legs pale brown, tarsi darker; hind tibia and tarsi subequal. Hypopygium black, clasper (Fig. 105). Wings subhyaline, veins strong (Fig. 224). Friday Harbor, Washington (J.M.A.). 13. Sciara dux n. sp. Male. Length 2.5 mm. Black, thorax shining, second joint of scape, petiole of halteres, coxe and legs yellow, tarsi dusky ; 128 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2. hind tibia and tarsi subequal. Hypopygium black, subglobose, clasper (Fig. 106). Wings grayish hyaline, anterior veins dark (Fig. 225). Wis.! (W.M.W.). Female. Length 4 mm. Colored like the male but the an- terior cells of the wing more smoky. Ithaca, N. Y. June. 14. Sciara imitans n. sp. Male. Length 2.8 mm. Black, thorax shining, fore coxe yellowish, hind coxz and legs brownish, tarsi darker; hind tibia and tarsi subequal, antennz about half the length of body. Hypopygium black, robust, subglobose, clasper (Fig. 107). Wings grayish hyaline, anterior veins dark (Fig. 226). Resem- bles S. dux but differs chiefly in the form of the mesal process of the claspers. Friday Harbor, Wash. (J.M.A.) May. 15. Sciara prolifica Felt. Rept. State Ent. N. Y. XII. 226. 1897. Male. Length 2.8mm. Black, subopaque, the scape and the dorsal ‘surface of the prominent hypopygium dusky yellow; clasper (Fig. 108) ; antennz about 1-2 the length of the body; the narrow hind margins of the abdominal tergites sometimes distinctly cinereous; halteres, coxze and legs yellow, the hind coxze and tarsi more dusky; trochanters black. Wings grayish hyaline, the veins fuscous (Fig. 227). Id., Wash., (J. M. A.). Indagiea, IN Se | The type specimens (balsam mounts) are 4.4 mm. long. According to Dr. Felt’s description the knob of the halteres are fuscous and coxz and legs are darker, otherwise there are no differences. Female. Like the male but slightly larger. “Mass.” Var. a. Male. As above with the wings more heavily shaded (Fig. 228) and petiole of the cubitus over .8 as long as the basal section of M. Ithaca, N. Y. . Var. b. Male and female. Cubitus like in Var. a, otherwise agi tay the ray picalivanmetye os Dy. Callen (pivie Acw) a alee olllen (jee ie Selkirk) Mts. 3BMC: (CB). 16. Sciara silvestrii Kieffer. Bol. Lab. Zool. Scuola d’Agr. Portici IV. 327, 1910. Female. Length 4 mm. Dusky red, antenne brown, legs — FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 129 pale brown, halteres white. Wings like those of S$. Zealandica but the tip of R: ends at the middle of the wing which is much nearer the tip of Rs than to the base of wing, tip of Rs more proximad than the tip of Me, the costa ends 4 to 5 times nearer the tip of M: thanto Rs. Tarsi with short sete below. Lamelle of the ovipositor 2 to 3 times as long as broad, “N. Y.” The S. sealandica here referred to has a venation strongly resem- bling the wing of S. coprophila (Fig. 236), but differs in having R: ending more proximad than in S. coprophila, and in the cubitus forking, distad of the base of the petiole of the media. The latter condition is rare and if true also for S. silvestrii would make it readily recognizable. 17. Sciara melica n. sp. , Male. Length 2 mm. Honey yellow; the vertex, the ab- domen and tarsi pale brown, the flagellum of antenna fuscous, eyes black; hypopygium pale, clasper (Fig. 110). Wing hya- line, anterior veins dusky (Fig. 229). Salineville, Ohio. 18. Sciara triticr Coquillett. Insect Wire VIE MAOSs 1805: Male. Length 1.8 mm. Antennz two-thirds as long as the body, black, the first 2 joints fulvous; head black, the face fulvous; palpi brown. ‘Thorax dorsally fulvous, the pleura brownish, marked on the lowest third with a whitish vitta, also with a whitish spot below the humerus. Abdomen reddish- brown, clasper with several short claw-like processes on the apical third of the inner side and at the tip (resembling Fig. 120). Legs testaceous. Wings grayish hyaline, venation re- sembling that of Sciara neglecta shown in Fig, 242, but in S. tritici M: is .78 as long as the petiole of the media and the cell Ri narrower toward the apex. MHalteres yellow, the knob brownish. Female. Length 2.5 mm. Same as the male except that the antennze are only half as long as the body. The last joint of the ovipositor is slightly lorger than wide. This species is injurious to wheat, its larve feeding on the roots and mining in the stems. 130 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. 19. Sciara hasiata n. sp. Male and female. Length 1.5mm. Shining black, scape and flagellum of antennz and palpi fuscous; hypopygium dark, clasper (Fig. 112). Coxze and legs dusky yellow, tarsi darker, hind tibia and tarsus subequal, trochanter black. Wings (Fig. 230), hyaline, veins fuscous. Halteres brownish. Tompkins Come Vee cies) illive 20. Sciara pauciscta Felt. Repieotaten eutniNe ye clio o7 eT Sor- Male. Length 2 mm. Black, thorax subshining; antennz and palpi fuscous; hypopygium dark, clasper (Fig. 117). Antenne nearly as long as the body. Coxe and legs yellowish, trochanters black below, tarsi fuscous, hind tibia and tarsi sub- equal. ‘Wings hyaline, anterior veins fuscous (Fig. 231). Halteres fuscous with yellowish petiole. Female. Like the male in coloring; antennze about half the length of the body. Ovipositor (Fig. 141). Both sexes from Grand Forks, B. CC, (Dr. Hewitt); Ithaca, Nv Yi, july. Oe: Claremont, Cal. (Prof. Baker). The Ithaca specimens were reared from gooseberries, the Canadian specimens from decay- ing choke cherries, those from California, from orange or lemon twigs. Co-type specimens (balsam mount) kindly loaned by Dr. elt imeasures/2:75 mm: “IN. J.70) Reared” trom, decayaue potatoes. 21. Sciara multiscta Felt. Repts stave: Hata Na ne, SGU e22 305m agr. Male. Length 2.5 mm. Closely resembles the foregoing in structural characters but differs in having a larger number of setee (over 25) in the patch stiuated on the middle of the dorsal surface of the hypopygium near its base (Fig. 124). In color it differs in being lighter, the abdomen variable dark ochreous, palpi yellowish and anterior wing veins dark ochreous. Female. Similar in color; length 3 mm. Reared from mush- rooms by Drea ano matinee Ne FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. I31 22. Sciaia agraria Felt. Mepis potate Ewes Ng XCM 225; 1897. Male. Length 2.5 mm. In all structural characters like S. multiseta, sete in dorsal patch of the hypopygium over 25 in number. In coloring like S. pawciseta. Female. Similar but slightly larger. “Numerous in mush- moompycellar, Albany, IN. Y.” 23. Sciara jucunda n. sp. Male. Length 2.5mm. Black, including antennz, palpi, and _halteres; mesonotum subopaque. Antenna about 1-2 as long as the body. Hypopygium black, near its base with a small median dorsal lobe margined with sete (Fig. 123a); clasper without apical tooth (Fig. 123). Coxe, dusky yellow, hind pair brown, legs dusky yellow to brownish, tarsi darker; hind tarsus but little longer than the tibia. Wings grayish hyaline; veins brown, Erenwely marked (Fig. 222). Halteres tuscous, pedicel paler mecorc Mimeston, kel! (IB); ithaca, N.Y, June-Aug., Niagara Falls, N. Y. ; Female. Length 3 mm. Colored like the male, but anterior cells of the wing more smoky. Wisconsin and Ithaca, N. Y. Dh AS COOTRO SOS. Male. Length 1.2 mm. Black, thorax shining, hypopygium dark, clasper (Fig. 119). Antenne broken, basa joint and palpi black. Coxe fuscous, legs brownish, tarsi darker; hind tarsus shorter than the tibia. Wings hyaline (Fig. 239). iditenes euscous, Mingston, Rk. Li. (}Be): 25. Sciara mutua n. sp. Male. Length 2mm. Head and antennz fuscous, scape and 2 basal joints of flagellum yellow; antenna about 3-4 the length of the body. Thorax and abdomen reddish brown, subshining, mesonotum, scutellum and metanotum subfuscous. Hypopyg- ium yellowish to dusky, clasper (Fig. 113). Coxe and legs yellow, tarsi darker, trochanters black below, hind tarsus 1-16 shorter than the tibia. Wings hyaline, veins subfuscous (Fig. Zee mealteres yellow. Uthaca, N.Y. junes Naivans, N.Y. 132 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. 26. Sciara nacta n. sp. Male and female. Length I mm. Fuscous, including an- tenne and palpi; thorax subshining, hypopygium dusky, clasper (Fig. 114). Coxe and legs dusky yellow, trochanters black below, tip of metatarsus and remaining tarsal joints fuscous; hind tibia .o5 longer than the tarsus. Wings hyaline, veins fuscous (Fig. 234). Halteres subfuscous. Ithaca, N. Y. 27. .Sciara Sp. Male. Length 2.5 mm. Fuscous, including antenne and palpi; thorax subshining ; hypopygium dark, clasper (Fig. 116). Coxee and legs yellowish, tarsi darker. Wings hyaline, veins dusky (Fig. 235). Halteres dusky yellow. Orono, Maine; June. 28) VS Glara lugens i. Sp. Male and female. Length 2.5 mm; antennz of male 2.2 mm; of female 1.3 mm. Black; thorax highly polished, abdomen subshining; antennz, palpi, halteres, and hypopygium fuscous, resembling that of S. jucunda but lacking the median ventral transverse row of sete; claspers subglobose resembling Fig. 123; coxe, and legs brown, tarsi darker; hind metatarsus 1-8 shorter than the tibia. Wing hyaline (Fig. 257). Reared from larve found in decaying wood. Orono, Maine. 29. Sciara parilis n. sp. Male. Length 2 mm. Shining black, palpi, halteres, and antennee fuscous, the last about 3-4 as long as the body, the intermediate joints of the flagellum robust, less than twice as long as broad. Coxze and legs pale brownish, fore coxe rather paler; hind tibia 1-16 longer than the tarsus. Wungs grayish hyaline, anterior veins fuscous (Fig. 238). Hypopygium dark, clasper (Fig. 118). Lawrence!, and Douglas Co., Kas. June- August. Female. Similar to the male in coloring; antenne shorter. ithaca Nee anclamsas: 30. Sciara fatigans n. sp. Male and female. Length 1 mm. Fuscous, thorax sub- shining, hypopygium dark, clasper (Fig. 135); antenna of the male long, more than .8 length of the body, fuscous; palpi yel- FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 2 low. Cox and legs yellow, tarsi darker. Wings hyaline, anterior veins brownish (Fig. 241). Halteres dusky yellow. Ithaca, N.Y. a1. Sciara@ sativae n. sp. Male. Length 1 mm. Fuscous, hypopygium dark, clasper (Fig. 120); antenna long, more than .8 length of the body, fuscous; palpi, cox, legs and halteres yellow, tarsi darker. Wings hyaline, petiole. of media and M: subequal in length (Fig. 240). Bred from wheat plant infested by Hessian flies. Wilson, Kas. (JT. J. Headlee). The larve are supposed to prey upon the puparia of the Hessian fly. 32. Sciara cucumeris n. sp. Male. Lengtho.8 mm. Black, mesonotum shining, abdomen sometimes fuscous; palpi, halteres and antennz fuscous, the last about 0.6 as long as the body; coxe and legs yellowish, the tarsi darker, hind tibia and tarsi subequal. Hypopygium dark, claspers resembling those of S. sativae but with 3 sub- equal apical spines (Fig. 261). Wings hyaline with dusky veins (Fig. 267). This species was bred from cucumbers, by Mr. EH. W. Gabourie, at Savanna, II]. Feb. 20. Be. SCNOIRON S05” Male. Length 1.2 mm. Head and antennz fuscous, palpi pale brown; antennz nearly 3-4 as long as body; thorax reddish, dorsum slightly darker with two oval fuscous marks, one over the base of each wing; abdomen fuscous, hypopygium dark, clasper (Fig. 121). Coxz and legs yellow, tarsi darker, hind tibia about .10 longer than the tarsus. Wings hyaline, veins _infuscated. Costa produced .8 of distance from tip of Rs to M:. Venation closely resembling Fig. 242 but with slightly longer petiole of the cubitus. Halteres infuscated, pedicel yel- low at base. Ithaca, N. Y., August. A specimen from Wisconsin differs in having the costa less produced. 34. Sciara neglecta n. sp. Male and female. Length 1 to 1.5 mm. Fuscous, including palpi, antennz, halteres and tarsi. Antennze of the male nearly 3-4 length of the body. Coxe and legs except tarsi, yellow; 134 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912. hind tibia and tarsus subequal. Hypopygium dark, clasper (Fig. 122). Wings hyaline (Fig. 242). Stanford Univ.!, Feb., ahah Ieevenne (Ennex ve. (Cal, (foil vaN)) lea 35. Sciara nigricans n. sp. Male and female. Length 2 mm. Shining black, mesonotum highly polished, hypopygium dark, clasper (Fig. 125). An- tennz fuscous, about 3-4 as long as the body in the male, palpi subfuscous. Coxe and legs pale yellow, tarsi fuscous. Wings grayish hyaline, vein dark, well marked (Fig. 243). Halteres pale yellow. Kingston, R. I.! (J.B.); Kas. (Tucker) ; Ithaca, N. Y. (May-Aug.) 36. Sciara actuosa n. sp. . Male and female. Length 1.5 mm. Black, shining, mesono- — tum highly polished, its longitudinal rows of pale setule con- spicuous; hypopygium dark, clasper suboval with strong termi- nal spine (Fig. 260), antennz fuscous with grayish pile, about 0.6 as long as the body in the male, but only about twice the longest diameter of the eye in length in the female. Palpi and halteres fuscous; coxe and legs yellowish brown, tarsi darker, hind tarsi about 1-5 shorter than the tibia. Wings hyaline, anterior veins dark brown (Fig. 217). Niagara Falls (M. C. Vans Dizes) Och: ithaca: andwlneeysllem Nes Nanna) chy \e CV, SSH AO SIO Male. Length 2.2 mm. Head brown, palpi yellow, (antennze broken off). Thorax dusky yellowish, the mesonotum fuscous, subopaque. Abdomen dusky yellow, posterior margins of the segments more brownish; hypopygium yellowish, clasper (Fig. 126). Coxe and legs pale yellow, trochanters black below, tarsi broken. Wings hyaline, anterior veins dusky yellow (Fig. 244). Halteres yellow. Ithaca, N. Y. 38. Sciara dolens n. sp. Male. Length 1.2 mm. Black, mesonotum subshining; scape and palpi fuscous, flagellum broken; hypopygium dark, clasper (Fig. 127). Coxe and legs yellow, trochanters black below, hind tarsus 1-10 longer than the tibia, tarsi infuscated. Wings grayish hyaline, veins dark (Fig. 245). MHalteres fuscous with yellow pedicel. Tompkins Co., N. Y., June. . FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 1a 39. Sciara diluta n. sp. Male. Length 1.5 mm. Fuscous, including palpi and an- tenne ; mesonotum subopaque, antennz nearly 3-4 length of the body; hypopygium dark, clasper (Fig. 132). Coxe and legs pale brown, tarsi darker, hind tarsus slightly longer than the tibia Wings grayish hyaline, veins darker (Fig. 251). Halteres yellowish. Female. Colored as-the male; larger, halteres infuscated. Both sexes from Ithaca, N. Y., July. Var. a. Male. Similar but more blackish, halteres dark, and teeth of the claspers stronger (Fig. 140). Freeville, N. Y. 40. Sciara varians n. sp. Male and female. Length 2 mm. Fuscous black, including antennze and palpi; hairs of antennz, thorax and abdomen light gray ; thorax subshining; hypopygium dark, clasper (Fig. 115). Antenne about 2-3 as long as the body. Coxe and legs dusky yellow, hind pair more brownish, tarsi fuscous, hind tarsus .10 longer than the tibia. Wings grayish hyaline, anterior veins dark (Fig. 246). Halteres dusky yellowish. Lawrence, Kas. Var. a. Male. Similar to the above but smaller, R: ends more proximad; and tibia and tarsus subequal in length. Halteres yellow. Ithaca, N. Y. Var. b. Male and female. Similar to typical variety but the costa ends nearer M: and veins are heavier. Ithaca, N. Y. Var. c. Male and female. Similar to the typical variety but R: ends nearly opposite the base of the fork of M (Fig. 255). Moscow, Id. 41. Sciara scita n. sp. Male. Length 3 mm. Fuscous black, including palpi, antenne, halteres and legs; mesonotum subshining; hairs and spines brown, antennze about 2-3 as long as the body; claspers of hypopygium as figured (Fig. 128) ; hind tibia slightly longer than the tarsus. Wing brownish hyaline, veins black (Fig. 247). Newport, Oregon! (J.M.A.). Female. Antenne shorter, petiole of the cubitus a little shorter, and cell M: relatively narrower. Wash. 42. Sciara fumida n. sp. Male and female. Length 2.2 mm. Head and antennz fus- cous, the latter elongate, (apical joints broken), palpi fuscous. 136 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 10912. Thorax reddish, mesonotum, scutellum and metanotum fuscous, subopaque; humeri yellow. Abdomen and hypopygium fuscous, clasper { Fig. 129). Coxe and legs yellowish, tarsi brown, hind tibia 1-8 longer than the tarsus. Wings hyaline, anterior veins brown (Fig. 248). Halteres brownish, pedicel yellowish. Ithaca, N. Y., August. 43. Sciara trivialis n. sp. Male. Length 1.5 mm. Fuscous, including antenne, palpi and halteres. Antenne about 3-4 length of the body. Mesonotum subshining; hypopygium dark, clasper (Fig. 130). Coxze and legs yellow, tarsi darker, hind tarsus .8 as long as the tibia. Wings grayish hyaline, veins dark (Fig. 249). Ithaca, ING 5 JBoss Jeena) ING So OU IBN Ai SCUGK Ao) (OMEN Ms 310: Male and temales Wenerh 75mm) Black, Weadeeaaa mesonotum highly polished, the latter with the lines of paler hairs quite distinct, antennz, palpi and halteres fuscous, pedicel of the last yellowish at base; antennz over 3-4 length of the body in the male; hypopygium dark, clasper (Fig. 131). Coxe and legs pale brown to brown, hind coxe and tarsi darker, hind tibia and tarsi subequal. Wings hyaline, anterior veins brown (Fig. 250). Friday Harbor, Wash.!, and Moscow, Id. (J.M.A.), May; Lawrence, Kas. 45. Sciara impatiens n. sp. Male. Length 1.25 mm. Fuscous, including antenne which are less than 1-2 as long as the body, intermediate segments being but little longer than broad; palpi yellow. ‘Thorax sub- opaque; hypopygium dark, clasper (Fig. 137). Coxe and legs yellow, tarsi darker, hind tarsus slightly shorter than the tibia. Wings grayish hyaline, veins dark, strong (Fig. 252). Halteres fuscous. Bred:from larvee found in earth adhering to the roots of Impatiens. Wthaca, N. Y. 46. Sciara coprophila Lintner. Rept. State Enis, 2040) 1805. Male. Length 2.5 mm., slightly shorter in dried specimens. Head and thorax black, subshining, abdomen dark brown to FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 137 black, antennz, palpi and hypopygium fuscous, clasper (Fig. 133). Antenne less than 3-4 length of the body in dried speci- mens. Coxz and legs dusky yellow, tarsi darker, hind tibia and tarsi subequal. Wings grayish hyaline, veins dark (Fig. 236). Halteres brown with yellowish petiole. Female. Colored like the male, hind tarsus slightly shorter than the tibia, antenne about half the length of the body in dried specimens; lobes of the ovipositor dusky (Fig. 144). Both’ sexes, Montreal, Canada; Ithaca, N. Y.; Orono, Me. Larve in manure:. Treesbank, Manitoba (N. Criddle.) Var. a. Male and female. As above but petiole of the cubitus only .6 as long as the basal section of M, and halteres, cox and legs. brighter yellow. Ithaca, N. Y.; Black Mts., N. C. Gives). Nas and Col, (Glucker): On examination of a slide of type material proves my speci- mens to be this species. Dr. Lintner’s specimens were taken in a mushroom cellar at Albany, N. Y. 47. Sciara caldaria Lintner. RNepiqi States Ht nsOGn TOO5: Male. Length 2.5 mm. Head, thorax and abdomen black, the mesonotum shining; hypopygium black, in structure like the preceding species; antennz and palpi fuscous, the intermediate flagellar joints nearly 3 times as long as wide, antenna over 3-4 as long as the body in dried specimens. Coxe and legs brownish, the hind coxz and sometimes also hind femora, dark brown; tarsi fuscous; hind tibia and tarsi subequal. Wings grayish hyaline, veins dark. Halteres fuscous. Female. Similar to the male in coloring, antennz shorter; terminal lobe of the ovipositor more elongate than in S. copro- plula “Boise, Idaho.” Captured in a green house. An examination of a slide of the type material does not reveal any structural differences between this and the foregoing species, excepting that the antenne in this appears to be a trifle longer. Var. a. Similar to the above, but antennz distinctly longer than in S. coprophila and the anterior wing veins heavier (Fig. eo erlinaca, N.Y. 138 MAINE AGRICULTURAL, EXPERIMENT STATION. I0912. 48. Sciara ocellaris Comstock. Rept. of Comm. of Agr. 203. 1882. Male. Length 1.5 mm. Head black, antenne dark brown, basal joint light yellowish brown; pronotum light yellowish- brown; mesonotum yellowish brown in the center and darker at the edges; scutellum dusky brown; metathorax dark brown, almost black; abdomen with caudal portion of the segments, blackish, cephalic portions yellowish brown; clasper lighter brown. Poisers, with knob blackish, and base light brown. Tibiz and tarsi dusky brown; femora lighter; coxe still lighter. oN. Y:, D. €.* The figure given by the author ot the wane shows that this species is closely related to S. coprophila. An examination of the cotype material from the Cornell University collection shows that in structural characters includ- _ ing antennz and wing venation the species is closely related to S. coprophila from which it differs in color characters and in the structure of the clasper which has on the dorsal-mesal margin 2 or 3 strong sete in addition to the apical sete (Fig. 263). This species was formerly supposed to cause the ocellate spots on maple leaves which are now attributed to a Cecidomyiid. Specimens from Buffalo, and Lancaster, N. Y., collected by Mr. M. C. Van Duzee do not differ from the types (Fig. 265). The following descriptions by Say (Complete Writings I, Il), Walker (List. Dipt. Brit. Mus. I) and Fitch (Second Rept. 484-487) are too brief and general to permit of a recognition of the species. The dimen- sions given have all been reduced to the metric system. S.-abbreviata Walker. “Length 2mm. Body black; abdomen tawny; feelers piceous; thighs tawny; shanks and feet brown; wings colorless; veins pale brown; poisers tawny. Canada; N. J., N. H.” S. atrata Say. “Length less than 5 mm. Entirely deep black, polished, immaculate; wings dusky, iridescent; nervures dark fuscous; poisers black; thorax in a particular light somewhat pruinose; abdomen opaque, with short black hairs; spines of the tibia rather longer than the trans- verse diameter of the. tibia. ‘N. W. Terr.’ The nervures of the wings agree with those of S. Thomae.” SS. thomae has a venation of the type of S. picea but R: ends about opposite the forking of the media. S. dimidiata Say. “Female. Length less than 5 mm. Thorax pol- ished; wings fuliginous; costal margin blackish; middle nervure very distinct; poisers blackish; abdomen dull fulvous, with a few blackish hairs on the 3 basal joints, fourth a little darker; tip black; feet piceous black. Louisiana.” FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. . 139 S. exigua Say. “Male. Length 1.2mm. Black; thorax piceous at the anterior angles; poisers whitish at base; feet whitish, dusky at tip. Antenne fuscous, with dark gray hairs; wings a little dusky, nervures fuscous; poisers elongated whitish, capitulum fuscous; abdomen fus- cous, opaque. Female. A little larger with the base of the feet and of the poisers of a darker shade than those of the male. N. W. Terr.” S. exilis Say. “Male. Length .8 mm. Body dusky; antenne as long as the body; stethidium yellowish white; thorax blackish; wings dusky, apical forked nervure wide, the inferior portion hardly arquated; halteres subclavate, about half as long as the abdomen, a little dusky; abdomen a little hairy; feet pale. Indiana.” S. femorata Say. “Length less than 2.5 mm. Wings hyaline, nervures fuscous; poisers large; coxe and thighs pale or yellowish white; abdo- men dirty yellowish obscure, lateral margin and posterior margins of the segments blackish. Pa.” S. fraterna Say. “Female and male. Length 2.5 mm., male smaller. Deep black, polished; abdomen black-brown, opaque. Antenne dark fuscous, with dense grayish hair; eyes in contact above the antenne; thorax polished; wings dusky, pale yellowish at base; poisers with a yellowish scapus and fuscous capitulum; feet dusky towards the tip. N. W. Terr.” S. fuliginosa Fitch. “Length 4.55 mm. Black with blackish brown shanks and pale thighs, their haunches being commonly white. Its wings are semi-transparent and smoky. The 16 cylindrical joints of its antenne are more widely separated from each other by short intervening pedicles than inS. mah. N.Y¥.? oN. J.” S. inconstans Fitch. “Length 2 mm. Black with the thorax smooth and slightly shining, the thighs pale and whitish, and the wings pellucid and glassy with an iridescent violet and red reflection. N. Y.” The species identified with this in entomological literature and reported inomellieicy... Me, Neb. N: ji, Ne ¥., ©, Ottawa, Pa: and Va., is in all probability a composite; = S. prolifica + S. coprophila Whether either one is identical with S. inconstans is problematical, S. lurida Walker. (Dipt. Saund. 418). “Div. A, b. Meigen. VI. 305. Black. Abdomen piceous, tawny beneath. Legs tawny; tibie and tarsi brown. Wings brown; veins brown, tawny at the base. Halteres tawny. Length 4mm. U. S.” S. mali Fitch. “Length 3.7 mm to the tips of the wings. Head and thorax black. Abdomen dusky, almost black, with a bright yellow band at each of the sutures. Legs are black as are the antenne also, though of less deep tint than the head and thorax. Poisers dusky. Wings dull hyaline, tinged with smoky, and are a fourth longer than the abdomen. In the female the antennz are half the length of the body. N. Y.” Larve feed on apples following in the trail of the codling moth. I40 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI12. S. perpusilla Walker. “Length 1.5 mm. Body piceous, small and slender; feelers black; legs brown; thighs tawny; wings slightly gray; the costal veins dark brown, the rest paler and more slender; poisers tawny.” Canada. S. polita Say. “Female. Length less than 4 mm. Deep black, thorax and abdomen both highly polished. Body with numerous short hairs which are slightly sericeous; eyes without interval above the antenne; wings dusky, pale yellowish at base; poisers whitish; feet dusky towards the tip; coxz and thighs yellowish white. N. W. Terr.” S. punctata Walker. “Length 2.5 mm. Head black; feelers piceous; chest very dark piceous; abdomen dull red with a row of black spots on each side; legs tawny; wings gray; fore border veins dark brown, the rest aS usual paler and more slender; poisers tawny. North Amer.” S. robusta Walker. “Length 4 mm. Body black, stout, pubescent; a dark red line along each side; feelers black, robust; legs dark piceous, rather thick; wings black, as are also the veins and the poisers. Canada.” S. rotundipennis Macq. Dipt. Exot. I. 2, 178. 1838. “Female. Length 4.5 to 6 mm. Black, abdomen fuscous testaceous. Wings fuscous, ex- terior margin, rotund. Antenne with gray reflection. Cells C and Ri more brown than the others; basal section of Rs far remote from the base of cell M;. Carolina.” S. tilicola Loew. Mentioned in Professor Aldrich’s catalogue. This. is an European species not yet reported from North America. S. vulgaris Fitch. Length 2.5 to 3 mm. Black with blackish brown legs and pale thighs. Its poisers are whitish and its wings hyaline. The sides of its thorax below the wings are tinged with pale, and the abdomen with brown, rarely pale. N. Y., N. H.” Type and Paratype Specimens of New Species: The types and paratypes of the new species described in Parts I, II, III, and IV, of the “Fungus Gnats of North America” may be found in the collections noted below. The following abbreviations are used: J.M.A., (Prof. J. M. Aldrich’s collection) ; O.A.J., (My own collection) ; A.M.N.H., (American Museum of Natural History); B.S.N.H., (Bos- ton Society of Natural History); C.U., (Cornell University). The location of the type is given first, paratypes follow: Palaeoplatyura aldrichii, JMA; P. johnsonii, BSNH. Ceroplatus militaris, OAJ, BSNH. Apemon nigriventris, OAJ, CU. Platyura setiger, OAJ, JMA; P. mimula, OAJ, JMA. P. nigrita, JMA; P. moesta, JMA; P. moerens, OAJ, JMA; P. genualis, OAJ, AMNH; P. scapularis, OAJ, JMA. Macrocera geminata, OAJ, CU; M. formosa, var. indigena, OAJ, CU. Monoclona elegantula, OAJ, CU; M. furcata OAJ. Sciophila galbana, OAJ, JMA; var. germana, AMNH;: var. socia, BSNH; S. nugax, OAJ, AMNH; S. habilis, OAJ; S. incallida, OAJ, CU; S. hebes, OAJ, JMA; S. novata, OAJ, CU; S. impar, OAJ, AMNH, JMA; S. severa, OAJ; S. similis, OAJ. FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. I4I Paratina recurva, OAJ. Polylepta obediens, OAJ, AMNH, BSNH; P. nigellus, JMA. Diomonus magnificus, OAJ, CU, BSNH; D. pulcher, CU. Neoempheria macularis, OAJ, BSNH; N. impatiens, OAJ, JMA; N. indulgens, OAJ, CU, AMNH; N. illustris OAJ, CU. Mycomyia littoralis, var. frequens, OAJ, AMNH, CU; M. sequax, OAJ, CU; M. marginalis, OAJ; M. imitans, OAJ, CU. AMNH; M. maxima, OAJ, BSNH; M. sigma, AMNH; M. mendax, OAJ, JMA, CU; M. nugatoria, OAJ, AMNH; M. recurva, OAJ, AMNH; var. ‘chloratica, AMNH; M. incompta, OAJ, CU. Gnoriste macra, OAJ, AMNH. ' Neuratelia silvatica, OAJ; N. scitulaa BSNH, OAJ; N. eminens, JMA; N. desidiosa, BSNH. Leptomorphus ypsilon OAJ, CU. Boletna obscura, OAT, BSNH CU; By cincta, BSNE, 7 OA); B: melancholicaa OAJ, AMNH; B. imitator, JMA; B. gracilis, OAJ, AMNH; B. longicornis, JMA; B. notescens, OAJ, BSNH, JMA; B. sobria, OAJ, JMA; B. delicata, AMNH; B. obesula, OAJ; B. sedula, OAJ, JMA; B. nacta, OAJ, AMNH. Leia nigra, OAJ, JMA; L. plebeya, OAJ, JMA, AMNH; L. dryas, AMNH, OAJ. Phthinia curta, OAJ. Coelosia gracilis, OAJ, AMNH; C. lepida, AMNH, JMA; modesta, JMA, AMNH. Syntemna rejecta, BSNH; S. vittata var. fasciata, BSNH; S. sepa- tata, BSNH. Megophthalmidia occidentalis, OAJ, JMA. Anatella silvestris, OAJ. Docosia nigella, OAJ; D. nitida, OAJ, JMA. : dchonta cincta, BONE: Da -traneularis, OAI, ‘CU; TT. bellula, BSNH;; T. diffissa, OAJ, BSNH; T. patens, OAJ, CU. ‘Cordyla manca, OAJ; C. scita, OAJ, 'C. volucris, OAJ, CU; C. recens, OAJ, CU; C. neglecta, OAJ. Brachypeza bisignata, var. divergens, OAJ, BSNH. Rhymosia serripes, OAJ; R. inflata, OAJ, CU; R. imitator, OA,, AMNH, CU; R. akeleyi, AMNH, BSNH; R. captiosa, OAJ, BSNH; ‘R. diffissa, OAJ, JMA. Allodia bulbosa, OAJ, BSNH, CU; A. actvaria, OAJ. BSNH; A. falcata, OAJ, AMNH, JMA; A. elata, OAJ, BSNH; A. bella, CU; A. beata, OAJ, CU; A. callida, JMA, OAJ; A. delita, JMA, AMNH. Phronia producta, BSNH; P. insulsa, OAJ; P. venusta, OAJ, JMA; Eeedimeiis, OA), CU; P. similis, OAJ. Telmaphilus nebulosa, OAJ, BSNH. Exechia perspicua, OAJ, AMNH; E. nugax, OAJ; E. nexa, OAJ; E. abrupta, OAJ;.E. canalicula, OAJ, CU, JMA; E. cincinnata, OAj, EoNiiimeuU, EE quadrata, OAT, AMNH, BSNH, CU; E. satiata, OAT, CU. se. nugatoria, OAJ, AMNH; §. nativa, OAJ, CU; EB: palmata, OAJ, AMNH, JMA, CU; E. assidua, OAJ, JMA; E. auxiliaria, OAJ, AMNH,; E. bellula) OAJ, BSNH; E. bella, OAJ, AMNH;; E. captiva, 142 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPHRIMENDT SPATION. —-LQO12. OAJ, BSNH; E. absoluta, OAJ, JMA, BSNH; E. -capillata, OAJ, AMNH: E. obediens, JMA, AMNH; E. attrita, OAJ, AMNH, CU; E. repanda, OAJ, BSNH, CU; E. absurda, OAJ; E. casta, OAJ, AMNH. Dynatosoma nigrina, OAJ; D. placida, OAJ. Opistholoba ocellata, OAJ, CU. Mycothera paradoxa, OAJ; M. mitis, AMNH; M. recta, OAJ; M. var. praenubila, OAJ, AMNH, JMA; M. impellans, OAJ, BSNH, JMA. Mycetophila jucunda, OAJ; M. perita, OAJ, CU, AMNH; M. fastosa, OAJ; M. falcata, OAJ, JMA; M. lenis, OAJ; M. anomala, OAYJ, AMNH; M. foecunda, OAJ, AMNH, CU, JMA; M. imitator, OAJ, CU, AMNH; M. perlonga, OAJ; M. pectita, OAJ, JMA; M. lassata, CU; M. lenta, OAJ, AMNH; M. fatua, OAJ, JMA; M. edura, OA‘, AMNHE; M. exusta, OAJ, JMA, CU; M. jugata, OAJ; M. extenta, OAJ, CU; M. edentula, OAJ, BSNH: M. socia, OAJ, CU. _ Sciara. All types in my collection. Paratypes as follows: S. dives, JMA;; S. futilis, AMNH; S. imitans, JMA; S. hastata, CU; S. jucunda, CUES) tmutuas CUPMS. panics Es ISe il uckers) Sy nigricans) | CU bans Tucker; S. varians, JMA; S. trivialis, AMNH. Zygoneura flavicoxa, OAJ. In the body of the work the type locality is indicated by an exclama- tion point. Plate. Details of hypopygia. Dorsal aspect of left half unless otherwise noted. Abbreviations used the same as in Part III. Figs. 24 to 20, Phronia species; figs. 31 to 57 Exechia species. 24, P. producta x 170. 25, insulsa, x 75. 26, venusta, x 60. 27, difficilis, x 60. 28, similis, x 300. 29, rustica, var. a, x 60. 30, Telmaphilus nebulosa, x 85. 31, E. perspicua, x 60. 32, umbratica, x 35. 33, nugax, x 60. 34, nexa, x 60. 35, abruptu, x 35. 36, canalicula, x 35. 37, cincinnata, x 35. 38, quadrata, x 35. 39, Satiata, x 35. 40, ditto, va of apex of median margin. 41, nugatoria, X 35. 42, nativa, x 35. 43, interrupta, va of apex of median margin, after Lundstr6m. 44, palmata, x 60 va. 45, fungorum va, after Lund- strom. 46, assidua, x 45. 47, auxiliaria, x 60. 48, bellula, va, x 60. 40, bella, x 35. 50, captiva, x 35, right hand members. 51, absoluta, x 60, b is la of apex of b. 52, capillata, x 60, latero-dorsal aspect. 53, obediens, X 35. 54, attrita, x 35, b la of b. 55, repanda, x 60. 56, absurda, x 60. 57, casta, x 60. 58, Dynatosoma nigrina, la of forceps, x 35. 59, D. fulvida, la of forceps, x 35. 60, Opistholoba ocellata, la of forceps, x 30. 61, Epicypta trinotata, x 35. Plate. Details of hypopygia. Figs. 62 to 67 Mycothera; figs. 68 to 95 Mycetophila; fig. 96 Sceptonia; figs. 97 and 98 Zygomyia. 62, Mycothera paula, va, x 35. 63, paradoxa, la of ovipositor, x 60. 64, mitis, x 60, la. 65, recta, x 170, la. 66, fenestrata, x 85, da. 67, impellans, x 170, la. 68, Mycetophila exstincta, x 85. 60, gucunda, x 85, la. 70, perita, x 45, da, b’=b, x 85 la. 71, fastosa, x 60 da. 72, punctata forceps, x 60, da. 73, falcata, x 85, s, da, i, va. 74, mutica, x 60, s, da, i, va. 75, mutica var. a, x 85, va. 176, lenis, x 85,4, va, s, da. 77, anomala, x 35, dase FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 143 bipunctata, x 60, da. 79, inculta, x 60, s, ma, i, va. 80, scalaris, x 85, da. 81, foecunda, x 35, va, f is f enlarged, x 85. 82, scalaris, var. a, x 60 Ja. 83, perlonga, x 60, ma. 84, pectita, x 60, da. 85, lassata, x 60, da. 86, lenta, x 85, la. 87, fatwa, x 60, da. 88, edura, x 60, la. 80, exusta, x 60, i, va, Ss, da. 90, jugata, x 60, la. 91, imitator, x 60, la. 92, extenta, s, x 6o, da, i, x 60, ma. 93, edentula, x 85, la. 94, trichonota var. a, x 60, ma. 95, socia, x 85, la. 96, Sceptonia nigra, x 60, la. 97, Zygomyia ignobilis, x 170 ma. 98, Z. ornata, x 170, da. 990, Zygoneura flavicoxa, clasper, va. Plate. Claspers of hypopygia. Dorsal aspect unless otherwise stated. 100, Sciara vicina, x 75. 101, S. dives, x 150. 102, S. futilis, ventral aspect, x 55. 103, S. ochrolabis, x 55. 104, S. sciophila, x 55. 105, S. munda, Reise lOOnS. dua, x 55, ventral aspect. 107, S.) imitans, x 55. 108, S: prolifica, x 75. 100, S. tridentata, after Ribsaamen. 110, S. mellea, x 75. Tit, S. fulvicauda, x 30. 112, S. hastata, x 150. 113, S. mutua, x 75. Me SOCIO, x 150s 115, Ss Varians, x 100; T1O)..S. Sp, X 75: 117, S- pauciseta, x 150, I17a, sete. 118, S. parilis, x 100. 1109, S. sp., X 150. 120, Semagivae. <0 150, 121, S. sp. x LOO. 122) S. neglecta, x 150: 123, S- jucundd, x 75, 123a, sete; 124, S. multiseta, sete. 125, S. migricans, x (Een Se Sps, X- 100... 127, S. dolens, XS 100: 128,.S4 scita, x 75) 120, S: jumidG, x 150. 130, S. invialis, x Too. 131, S. acuta, x 150. 132,..S. diluta, x 150. 133, S. coprophila, x 150. 134, S. coprophila, var., x 150. 135, 9. fatigans, x. 190. 136, Pnyxia scabiei, x 275. 137, Sciara impatiens, x 150: 138, Eugnoriste occidentalis, x 75. 139, Sciara habilis, x 100. 140, S. diluta, var. a., x 150. : Ovipositors, lateral aspect. 141, Sciara pauciseta, x 55. 142, Eugnorisie occidentalis, x 55. 143, Sciara picea, x 30. 144, S. coprophila, x 55. 145, S. ochrolabis, x 30. Plate. Note. Figs. 146 to 151 represent wings of species of Allodia which are described in Part III. 146, Allodia falcata. 147, A. elata. 148, A. bella. 149, A. beata. 150, A. calhda. 151, A. delita. 152, Phronia producta. 153, P. msulsa. 154, P. venusta. 155, P. difficilis. 156, P. similis. 157, P. rustica, var. a. 158, Telmaphilus nebulosa. 150, Exechia perspicua. 160, EH. umbratica. 161,'E. nugax. 162, FE. nexa. 163, E. abrupta. 164, E. canalicula. 165, E. cincinnata. 166, E. quadrata. 167, E. satiata. 168, E. nugatoria. 169, &. nativa. 170, BE. palmata. 171, EB. assidua. 172, F. ausiliaria, 173, E. bellula. 174, E. bella. 175, E. captiva. 176, E. absoluta. 177, &. capillata. 178, E. obediens. 179, E. attrita. 180, E. repanda. 181, E. absurda. Plate. 182, Exechia casta, 183, Dynatosoma nigrina. 184, D. fulvida. 185, Opistholoba ocellata. 186, Epicypta trinotata. 187, Mycothera paula. 188, M. paradoxa. 189, M. mitis. 190, M. recta. 191, M. fenestrata. 192, M. impellans. 193, Mycetophila exstincta. 194, M. jucunda. 105, M. perita. 106, M. fastosa. 197, M. falcata. 198, M. lenis. 190, M. anomala. 200, M. foecunda. 201, M. imitator. 202, M. perlonga. 203, M. pectita. 204, M. lassata, 205, M. lenta. 206, M. fatua. 207, M. edura. 144. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I[Q12. 208, M: exusta. 200, M. jugata. 210, M. extenta. 211, M. edentula. 212, M. socia. 213, Sceptonia nigra. 214, Zygomyia ignobilis. 215, Dynatoso- ma placida. 216, Zygomyia ornata, 217, Sciara actuosa. Plate. Species of Sciara and Eugnoriste. 218, S. picea. 219, S. wicinu. 220, S: dives. 221, S. futilis. 222, S. ochrolabis. 223, S. sciophila. 224, S. munda. 225, S. dux. 226, S. imitans. - 227, S. prolifica. 228, S. prolifica, var. a. 229, S. mellea. 230, S. hastata. 231, S. pauciseta. 232, S. jucunda. 233, S. mutua. 234, S. nacta. 235, S. sp. 236, S. coprophila. 237, S. caldaria, var. a. 238, S. parilis. 239, S. sp. 240, S. sativae. 241, S. fatigans. 242, S. neglecta. 243, S. nigricans. 244, S. sp. 245, S. dolens. 246, S. varians. 247, S. scita. 248, S. fumida. 240, S. trivialis. 250, S. acuta. 251, S. diluta. 252, S. impatiens. 253, Eugnoriste occidentalis. Plate. 254, Zygoneura flavicoxa. 255, Sciara varians, var c. 256, Sciara habilis. 257, Sciara lugens. 258, Sciara abdita, hypopygium. 259, Sciara — coprophila, male. 260, Sciara actuosa. hypopygium. 261, Sciara cucumeris, hypopygium. 262, Pnyxia scabiei, short wing of male. 263, Sciara ocellaris, hypopygium. 264, Pnyxia scabiet, normal wing of male. 265, Sciara ocellaris. 266, Sciara abdita. 267, Sciara cucumeris. ADDENDA. Sciara hartu n. sp. Mr. Chas. A. Hart recently records (Forbes, 15th Rept. State Ent. Ill., pp. 95-8) a species of Sciara seriously injurious to cucumbers in forcing houses. At my request Mr. Hart kindly sent me a number of specimens taken at Morrison, Ill. These proved to differ from any of the species noted on the previous pages. This species somewhat re- sembles S. cucumeris but is more closely related to S. fatigans from which it differs in having .a wider wing, broader cell Ri, Rs less curved, ending a little more distad. The hypopygium differs in having apical hairs on the clasper more dense but apparently lacking the 2 smaller apical sete. Alcoholic specimens are dusky yellow, but in life they are probably more or less fuscous. Antennz of the male about ¥% the length of the body. Length (in alcohol) about 1.5 mm. One male and many female spec'mens. This species will find a place in the key with S. fatigans from which it may be distinguished by its venation. Quite recently a new genus belonging to the Mycetophiline has been described by Landrock (Wien. Ent. Zeit. XXX. 161) represented by an European species. It will fall in with Newuratelia in the dichotomic table in Genera Insectorum (Fasc. 93). It may be distinguished from that genus by the strongly produced costa ard the abserce of one of the anal veins. The generic name Meunieria proposed by me (Genera Insectorum, Fasc. 93, p. 87.) must be changed. It is already twice preoccupied. FUNGUS GNATS OF NORTH AMERICA. 145 INDEX TO GENERA. Parts I to IV, Funcus Gnats oF NortH AMERICA. Acnemia, 258 III. Allocotocera, 266 III. Allodia, 314 III. Anaclinia, 262 III. Anatella, 301 III. Apemon, 241 [. | Aphanizophleps, 322 III. Asindulum, 234 1. Azana, 260 III. Boletina, 267 III. Bolitophila, 218 I. Brachycampta, 314 III. Brachypeza, 308 III. Ceroplatus, 235 I. Cerotelion, 238 I. Coelosia, 292 III. Cordyla, 306 III. Diadocidia, 231 }. Diomonus, 153. II. Ditomyia, 227 I. Docosia, 299 III. Dynatosoma, 75 IV. Dziedzickia, 150 II. Ectrepesthoneura, .322 III. Empalia, 142 II. Empheria, 157 II. Epicypta, 77. IV. Epidapus, 115 IV. Eudicrana, 129 II. Eugnoriste, 113 IV. Euphrosyne, 265 {. Eurycera, 266 III. Eyxechia, 64 IV. Fungivora, 84 IV. Glaphyroptera, 278 III. Gnoriste, 256 ITI. Hadroneura, 152 II. Hertwigia, 150 II. Hesperinus, 220 I. Hesperodes, 241 I. Lasiosoma, 132 II. Leia, Meigen. 278 III. Leia, Winn. 260 III. Leiella, 322 III. Lejomya, 278 III. Leptomorpha, 264 III. “Lycoria, 117 1V. Macrocera, 265 I. Macroneura, 231 I. Manota, 114 IV. Megalopelma, 322 III. Megophthalmidia, 298 III. Mesochria, 321 II. Messala, 218 I. Metangela, 116 IV. Meumnieria, 144 IV. Monoclona, 128, 187 _ II. Mycetobia, 223 I. Mycetophaetus, 222 I. Mycetophila, 84 IV. Mycomya, 165, 188 IT. Mycothera, 80 IV. Neoempheria, 157 II. Neoglaphyroptera, 278 III. Neuratelia, 262 III. Neurocompsa, 322 III. Odontonyx, 117 IV. Odontopoda, 264 III. Opistholoba, 77. IV. Palaeoplatyura, 224 I. Paraneurotelia, 144 IV. Paraplatyura, 321 III. Paratinia, 144 II. Phorodonta, 117__ IV. 146 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Phronia, 59 IV. Phthinia, 290 III. Placoceratias, 321 III. Plastacephala, 322 III. Platurocypta, 322 III. Platyprosthiogne, 322 III. Pieiayunrgi, 246) Is gan Pleonazoneura, 322 III. Plesiastina, 228 1. IPagsaa, mid IW. Polylepta; 145, 1. Polyxena, 306 III. Probolaeus, 258 III. Rhymosia, 309 III. Rhynchosciara, 117 IV. Rondaniella, 260 IIT. INU, IQI2. Sackenia, 292 III. Sceptonia, 109 IV. Seigira, 117” WW. SS 13 Mls Bees VL scotella1g22) TIT Spodius, 220 I. Staegeria, 128 Il. Subfamilies, 216 I. Symmerus, 228 I. Syntemna, 295 III. Telmaphilus, 63 IV. (etraconeutay 130) Wee eaen eal Trichonta, 301 III. Trichosia, 115 IV. Zelmira, 246 1. Zygomyia, 109 IV. Zygoneura, 116 IV. Figs. 24 to 61. Details of hypopygia. 24 to 20, Phronia. 30, Telmaphilus. 31 to 57, Exechia. 58, 59, Dynatosoma. 60, Opistholoba. 61, Epicypta. ia Figs. 62 to 99. Details of hypopygia. 62 to 67, Mycothera. 68 to 95. Mycetophila. 96, Sceptonia. 97, 98, Zygomyia. 90, Zygoneura. al Figs. too to 140. Details of hypopygia. 141 to 145, ovipositors. Roonton 135, isclata: 139 to 141, Sciara. 136, Pnyxia. 142, Eugnoriste. 137, Sciara. 138, Eugnoriste. 143 to 145, Sciara. Faire RES TERRE ATI Figs. 146-151, Allodia. 152-157, Phronia. 158, Telmaphilus. 159-181, Exechia. 182, Exechia. 183, 184, Dynatosoma. 185, Opistholoba. 187-192, Mycothera. Zygomyia. 215, Dynatosoma. 193-212, Mycetophila. 217, Sciara. 186, I[picypta. 213, Sceptonia. 214, 216, 218 ; 219 220 Figs. 218-252, Sciara. 253, Eugnoriste. Fig. 254, Zygoneura. 255-257, Sciara. 258, Sciara, hypopyg. 259, Sciara, male. 260-261, Sciara, hypopygia. 262, Pnyxia scabiei, Short wing. 263,Sciara,hypopygium. 264, Pnyxia scabiei, long wing. 265-267, Sciara. BULLETIN 201. THE DETERIORATION AND ASSAY OF SPIRIT OF NITROUS ETHER. H. H. Hanson anp A. K. BURKE. Spirit of Nitrous Ether, commonly called Sweet Spirit of Nitre, an alcoholic solution of ethyl nitrite, has been for a cen- tury and a half, or more, a preparation of importance in medi- cine. Strictly speaking, the preparation as it is now made is somewhat different from the original Sweet Spirit of Nitre. Different methods have been’ used in its preparation and dif- ferent names have been applied to the product. At the present time it may be made in this country according to the method given in the eighth revision of the United States Pharmaco- poeia (1900), or it may be prepared by diluting concentrated nitrous ether which may be purchased for the purpose in small sealed tubes or bottles. . DETERIORATION. From the first it has been recognized as a very unstable com- pound, liable to deterioration and decomposition unless kept under the most favorable conditions. Upon standing, the ethyl nitrite (upon which this preparation is supposed to de- pend for its efficiency) gradually decreases in amount and, at the same time, undesirable compounds are, and even dangerous compounds may be, formed. The following list of possible decomposition products is taken from a well known authority ;* Aldehyde, paraldehyde, ethyl acetate, ethyl nitrate, nitrous acid,. acetic acid, ethyl oxide, ethyl formate, ethyl oxalate, cyanogen compounds, glyoxal, glyoxalic acid, oxalic acid, malic acid,. saccharic acid, and nitro ethane. In order to reduce the liabil-. ity of decomposition to the lowest degree the United States. Pharmacopoeia directs that the preparation be kept in “small,, well-stoppered, dark, amber-colored vials, in a cool place, remote from lights or fire.” In order to test the value of these directions three lots were prepared from tubes of concentrated * Allen’s Commercial Organic Analysis Vol. I, p. 194. 148 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q12. nitrous ether according to directions. These sampies were carefully tested and then stored as follows: Sample A was kept in a dark amber-colored bottle, full to the top, in the dark, in a refrigerator, strictly according to Pharmacopoeia direc- tions. Sample B was kept in an amber-colored bottle tightly corked with a cork stopper, at ordinary room temperature in a dark cupboard. The bottle was full at the beginning of the experiment. Sample C was kept in a green colored bottle in the same cupboard with B but the bottle was only half full at the beginning. These three experiments were not made at exactly the same time and the intervals between the different assays were not the same in the three different cases. From table 25 it will readily be seen, however, that sample A, kept strictly according to directions, remained for two months at exactly the same strength found by the first test and that during the next month it lost only 9.23 per cent of ethy! nitrite. This sample when made up carried 4.06 per cent, and at the end of go days 3.83 per cent of ethyl nitrite. In order that the conditions under which sample A was kept approximate as near as possible the conditions existing in a drug store, each time the sample was opened and assayed two or three ounces were turned out in imitation of a sale. Sample B was kept in an amber-colored bottle under the same conditions which surrounded A with the exception -that it was kept at ordinary room temperature. Results of the assay of this sample show that the decrease in strength began at once and that the decrease was steady but not rapid. The sample at the beginning contained 4.21 per cent ethyl nitrite. In seventy days the strength had dropped to 3.93 per cent, and in one hundred and sixty-six days to 3.80 per cent ethyl nitrite. Sample C, kept in a green bottle only half full, at room tem- perature, in the same closet with sample B, decreased in strength from 3.86 per cent at the beginning to 3.48 per cent of ethyl nitrite at the end of 170 days. The results are given in Table 25. Sample A was stored as the preparation should always be kept and the result indi- cates that under these favorable conditions sweet spirit of nitre will keep for several months practically uniform. Samples B and C were stored as stich material is often kept in drug SPIRIT OF NITROUS ETHER. I49 stores and the result shows that under such circumstances decomposition begins at once and steadily continues. It was not considered necessary to try samples kept under ex- tremely unfavorable conditions as it is well known that expos- ure to light, high temperature, and free access of air contribute to rapid deterioration. TABLE 25. Deterioration of Samples of Sweet Spirit of Nitre Stored under Different Conditions. SAMPLE A. Date oF TEST. Ree aa een C. Pare a Meee JOOS +S oes COO CIE — ; 55.9 4.06 — J fie) JIGS ee 13 55.9 4.06 0.00 Tile 44 55.8 4.06 0.00 Accs) Se 61 55.8 4.06 0.00 PATTOMIS GS) are os eos ; Uo 54.6 3.97 0.09 September 1........ | 90 52.7 3.83 0.23 SAMPLE B. prea aC) eee — — 4.21 — enh 7 | 8 54.9 3.99 0.22 Aj 30 | 42 54.7 3.98 0.23 hie ofr | 70 54.1 3.93 0.28 September 1........ | 166 52.3 3.80 0.41 SAMPLE C. | _ linn) Ieee — — 3.86 — Worrcp2 7.5... 11 49.9 3.63 0.23 Ooo 5 | 45 ' 49.4 3.59 0.27 Augast 4........... 141 | 48.3 3.51 0.35 AAV Gin 1S | sate alist 48.0 3.49 0.37 September 2........ 170 47.9 3.48 0.38 In Table 25 the first readings under samples B and C, 4.21 per cent and 3.86 per cent, may possibly be slightly high because these two samples, made from tubes of concentrated nitrous ether, were among the first investigated and it was 2 150 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912. shortly afterwards found that an analysis made immediately following the preparation of the sample might not give correct results unless unusual care had been observed in the mixing. This is a point of importance to the pharmacist as it indicates that the concentrated nitrous ether mixes but slowly with alcohol unless it is very thoroughly shaken. METHODS OF ANALYSIS. Three different methods of assaying spirit of nitrous ether have been proposed: that given in the seventh revision of the United States Pharmacopoeia, that given in the eighth revi- sion of the same publication, and a modification or combination of the two which may be found outlined in Schimpf’s Manuel of Volumetric Analysis.* These methods as given are as follows: Method of Assay According to Seventh Revision of the U. S: P: 1890, “lis Cc. of recently prepared Spirit of Nitrous Ether be introduced into a nitrometer, and followed, first, by to Ce. of potassium iodide T. S., and then by to Cc. of normal sulphuric acid, the volume of nitrogen dioxide generated at the ordinary indoor temperature (assumed to be at or near 25° C., or 77° F.) should not be less than 55 Cc. (correspond- ing to about 4 per cent of pure ethyl! nitrite).” Method of Assay According to the Eighth Revision of the U.S. P. tooo. “Transfer about 30 Gm. of the Spirit of Nitrous Ether, which has been previously shaken with 0.5 Gm. of potas- sium bicarbonate, to a tared 100 Cc. measuring flask, and weigh it accurately. Add sufficient alcohol to bring the volume to exactly too Cc., and mix thoroughly. Introduce into a nitro- meter (see Appendix, Gasometric Estimations) exactly 10 Cc. of the alcoholic solution, followed by to Cc. of potassium iodide T. S., and afterwards by 10 Cc. of normal sulphuric acid V. S. When the volume of gas has become constant (within 30 to 60 minutes), note the volume of gas collected. Multiply this volume in Cc. by 0.307, and divide the product by the original weight of the Spirit of Nitrous Ether. At standard tempera- ture and pressure the quotient will represent the percentage of * Fifth Edition, p. 683. SPIRIT OF NITROUS ETHER. © ; I5r ethyl nitrite in the liquid. The temperature correction is one- third of one per cent of the total percentage just found for each degree, additive if temperature is below, subtractive if howe 250°C. (77° He Ihe barometric correction is iour- thirtieths of one per cent for each millimeter, additive if above, subtractive if below, 760. When assayed according to the above method, Spirit of Nitrous Ether should yield not less than 4 per cent of ethyl ipeike. Schinp Method. This determination, which is to be con- ducted with a nitrometer, is outlined thus: “Open the stop- cock of the measuring tube, raise the control-tube, and pour into the latter a saturated solution of NaCl until the measuring tube, including the bore of the stop-cock, is completely filled. Then close the stop-cock and fix the control-tube at a lower level. Now introduce into the funnel at the top of the measur- ing tube a weighed quantity (about 4 ems. )* of spirit of nitrous ether; open the stop-cock, and allow the spirit to run into the nitrometer, being careful that no air enters at the same time. 10 Cc. of potassium iodid T. S. are now added in the same manner, and followed by 10 Cc. of normal sulphuric acid V. S. Effervescence takes place immediately, and after 30 to 60 min- utes, when the volume of gas becomes constant, the control- tube is lowered so as to make the level of the liquid in both tubes the same, and the volume of the gas in the graduated: tube read off. This volume, multiplied by 0.0030673 gm. gives the weight of ethyl nitrite in the spirit taken for analysis. The product multiplied by 100, and then divided by the weight of the spirit taken, gives the per cent of pure ethyl nitrite present.” Barometric and temperature corrections are to be made as usual. A method similar to the latter was tried several years ago by one of the authors upon the theory that it was more accurate than the old and certainly easier of manipulation than the new U. S. P. method. *TIt is convenient to take 5 Cc. accurately measured, and calculate its weight by multiplying by the specific gravity. I52 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2. In order to compare the accuracy of these three methods a large number of assays were made on samples of various ages and strengths and the results are given in Table 26. TABLE 20. Analysis of Sweet Spirit of Nitre by Three Methods. es ae Mopirizep METHOD. tale) Pro fi 24 2.4 rc) 2 : 22 2g e+ iS o ie SraTion le age as Eis Taney NuMBER. | “dq: Sat og aes) Shel ale BIS ASE Ran | 25. 3 2u 4 se ma. so i yy o oO ANS ANS aad Beg eis Tao ‘ae aS eS a2 5 aoe ® Bo Oi oS | BPS | @ba | aes | ase | wet | BS | Bea 10 ,525 - Aili BG) = - 4.2080 - 10 ,527 3.48 - 3.56 3.59 0.8225 4.1280 4.1125 10 ,529 4.02 3.97 4.12 4.12 0.8183 4.0855 4.0915 10 ,531 4.34 = 4.46 4.47 0.8163 4.1055 4.0815 10 ,535 2.46 = 52) 2.52 0.8224 4.1170 4.1120 10 ,538 3.06 = 3.16 3.16 0.8206 4.1060 4.1030 10 543 4.17 — 4.21 - = 4.1895 = 10 ,544 2.60 2.61 2.67 2.69 0.8177 4.1240 4.0885 10 ,547 3.34 3.14 Boo 3.40 0.8288 4.1820 4.1440 10 ,549 4.40 4.25 4.52 4.56 0.8133 4.1000 4.0665 10 ,550 3.81 3.50 3.94 3.96 0.8133 4.0810 4.0665 10 ,552 33552) 3.50 3.63 3.62 0.8217 4.0925 4.1085 10 ,560 A 4.59 4.48 4.71 4.74 0.8160 4.1110 4.0800 -10 ,560 B 4.50 4.56 4.62 4.64 0.8160 4.1040 4.0800 10 ,560 Cc - 4.47 — - 0.8160 = - 10 ,561 3.89 3.58 4.01 4.03 0.8141 4.1185 4.0705 10 ,562 4.10 3.81 4.20 22 0 8201 4.1280 4.1005 10 ,563 3.10 3.01 3.19 3.21 0.8152 4.0935 4.0760 10 ,568 A 4.07 4.02 4.20 4.24 0.8118 4.1025 4.0590 10 ,568 B 4.07 3.75) 4.19 4.23 0.8118 4.1040 4.0590 10 ,568 (8) 3.97 = 4.11 4.13 0.8118 4.0800 4.0590 10 ,568 D 4.07 - 4,22 4.23 0.8118 4.0730 4.0590 SPIRIT OF NITROUS ETHER. 153 Referring to table 26 it will be seen that the result obtained by the new United States Pharmacopoeia method is in every case the lowest, and that the result obtained by the modified method is in each case the highest, when compared with the re- sults by the other methods on the same sample. ‘That this difference represents an actual gain in accuracy for the modified method seers apparent when the work and results are carefully analyzed. The manner in which the determination is made by the modified method when absolute accuracy is desired is as fol- lows: ‘The nitrometer shown in the illustration, Fig. 268, is filled to the top of the stem of the thistle tube with a saturated salt solution, which is drawn down to the bottom of the ungrad- uated arm by means of the outlet tube at the bottom after the stop-cock at the top has been closed; thus leaving the graduated arm full but under reduced pressure. The bottle containing the sample is weighed and then five cubic centimeters are with- drawn in a pipette and the bottle again weighed. This five c. c. portion is placed in the thistle tube, drawn down, and washed in with a few drops of alcohol. Then in succession ten cubic centimeters of a ten per cent solution of potassium iodide and ten cubic centimeters of a five per cent solution of sulphuric acid are introduced in a like manner, taking care that no air is accidentally drawn in during the process. In order to obtain all of the five c. c. portion of the sweet spirit of nitre which was drawn from the bottle the potassium iodide solution is allowed to run through the pipette and wash out into the nitrometer every trace of the sample. Nitrogen dioxide gas, NO, is immediately formed, and, by means of the outlet tube at the bottom, the salt solution is drawn down so that the level of the liquid in the ungraduated branch is kept below that in the graduated. The reaction is rapid for the first two or three minutes and then procee’s slowly.for an indefinite period. ‘The process should be allowed to continue for one hour with fre- quent shaking and the volume of the gas is then read with the liquid in the two tubes at the same level. This volume multi- plied by 0.0030673, the product multiplied by 1too, and then divided by the weight of the sample taken, gives the per cent of ethyl nitrite present after the result is corrected for tempera- ture and pressure. 154. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI12. When the assay is carefully made by this method every ‘trace of the weighed sample is used and there is no chance for the escape of gas. That the result is more accurate than that obtained by the U. S. P. method of 1890 is evident from the fact that the sample is accurately weighed. Different samples vary in specific gravity as shown in Table 26 and, therefore, - if volume alone is considered, as in the old U. S. P. method, the result can not be absolutely correct unless by accident. It is of interest to compare the percentage of ethyl nitrite found when the weight obtained by difference, as above, is used as a basis and when the weight is calculated from the specific gravity. In the 19 results thus compared in Table 26 three are alike, the greatest difference is 0.04 per cent, and the average differ- ence is only 0.02 per cent. If the modified method is more accurate than thé old U. S. P. method a study of Table 26 will show that it is more accurate than the new U. S$. P. method, of 1900, as this gives the lowest average results of either of the three. Compared with the old U. S$. P. method the modified method gives results ranging higher from 0.03 per cent to 0.25 per cent. Compared with the new U.S. P. the modified method gives results ranging higher from 0.05 per cent to 0.47 per cent. Comparing the old and new U.S. P. methods it is found that in twenty cases the old method gives the highest results, the differences running from 0.02 per cent to 0.32 per cent; while in three cases the new method gives the highest, running however only from 0.or per cent to 0.06 per cent. The modified method gives uniform results when tried several times upon the same sample, while among the results obtained by the new U. S. P. method will often be found variations similar to that noted in Table 26 under sample number 10568, A and B. Compared with the new U. S. P. method the modified method is less expensive in both time and chemicals. In eliminating the shaking out with potassium bicarbonate no error is introduced because if absolute accuracy is required any free acid present may be washed into the nitro- meter with alcohol before it comes in contact with any reagent; while on the other hand the process is simplified thus reducing the chance for error or loss. That the use of potassium bicar- SPIRIT OF NITROUS ETHER. 155 bonate does not make any appreciable difference is shown in Table 27 which gives the results on the same samples, using the modified method, both with and without the reagent in question. It will be noted that in two cases slightly higher results were obtained when using the bicarbonate while in two other cases the reverse was true. ‘These differences, however, are so small that they might occur when the determinations were made as nearly alike as it is possible to duplicate, and indicate no advantage obtained by the use of potassium bicar- bonate. In these cases the shaking out was done directly in the sample bottle after the first determination had been made. TABLE 27. Analysis of Sweet Spirit of Nitre With and Without the Use of Potassium Bicarbonate. Eruyt Nitrite Founp. PER CEnt. NUMBER. Modified Method. Modified Method ‘ Using KHCO3 10 ,495 3.48 3.40 10 ,510 2.68 PS TA0) 10 ,563 2.96 3.03 10 ,579 4.46 4.44 The sentence quoted below from the Pharmacopoeia of 1900, and which appears also in the Schimpf Method, “when the vol- ume of gas has become constant (within thirty to sixty minutes) note the volume of gas collected” would lead one unfamiliar with this reaction to suppose that the volume of gas did become constant within an hour. As a matter of fact it very seldom or never does. Experiments were made to determine, if possi- ble, when the volume of gas did finally become con- Potmnanc also to determine, if possible, a factor which might be applied to correct for the volume of gas generated after the one hour period. Determinations were allowed to run for various periods up to three days and at the end of this 72 hours the volume of gas was still increas- ing very slowly. In Table 28 the results of these observations are given. In the second column is given the corrected reading taken after the hour period had elapsed and upon which was 156 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI2. calculated the assay of that particular sample. That the reac- tion was not complete, however, is shown by the series of second readings taken after periods ranging from 16 to 72 hours after the first reading. The differences between the two readings, while ranging from 0.2 to 2.2 cubic centimeters do not correspond to the differences in time. For example, one sample after standing 24 hours had increased 0.8 cubic centi- meter, while another sample after standing for the same period had increased 2.0 cubic centimeters. One sample standing 72 hours increased 2.2 cubic centimeters, while another for the same period increased only 1.3 cubic centimeters. This increase seemed never the same in any two cases and varied at different times during the periods themselves. The rate of increase depends on so many different factors, such as strength of the sample, its age, the amount of water present, compounds which may have been formed by decomposition, and not only the temperature and pressure at the time of beginning the experi- ment, but the variations while the test is being made, that it is impossible to apply any corrections and the best that can be done is to establish some uniform rule in regard to the time. One hour was finally adopted and if the apparatus is shaken several times during the interval so that the reagents are thor- oughly mixed, the gas generated in sixty minutes is near enough to the total amount for all practical purposes. TABLE 28. Variation in the Rate at Which Nitrogen Dioxide Gas is Liberated in the Analysis of Sweet Spirit of Nitre wnder Different Conditions. CoRRECTED READINGS, 2 G © TEMPERATURE, DEGREES C. & ta Time Difference, Elapsed— Cuct | . Hours. First Second Z First. Second. Reading. Reading. i | 1 55.9 56.1 16 0.2 21.0 20.0 2 55.5 56.4 17 0.9 23.5 « 2250 3 56.8 57.8 22 1.0 20.3 21.0 4 53.9 54.7 24 0.8 21.0 22.0 5 48.3 50.3 24 2.0 222 20.5 6 55.4 56.7 48 13} - 20.0 7 49.9 ol?) CT ae = 2280) 8 44.2 46.4 72 Ph 2 PUL i) 21.5 \ SPIRIT OF NITROUS ETHER. 157 SUMMARY. In conclusion emphasis should be given to four points which may be summarized as follows: t. When Sweet Spirit of Nitre is made from concentrated nitrous ether the product should be shaken for several minutes to insure thorough uniformity. 2. A sample of Sweet Spirit of Nitre kept strictly in ac- cord with Pharmacopoeia directions remained constant in strength for 60 days and deteriorated but slightly during the next 30 days. Under unfavorable conditions decomposition of samples began at once and steadily continued. 3. The Modified Method of analysis, as described in detail, gives more accurate results than either the old or the new Pharmacopoeia methods, and compared with the latter is more economical in time and reagents and is easier of manipulation, with less chance for error. For a quick method when extreme accuracy is not required the old U. S. P. method (1890) gives approximately correct results. 4. When determining the ethyl nitrite in sweet spirit of nitre by the liberation of nitrogen dioxide the volume of gas does not become constant in “from thirty to sixty minutes” as published directions would lead one to suppose, but increases slowly, and at a varying rate, which is influenced by numerous different conditions, sometimes at least, for several days. For this reason it is not practicable to attempt to obtain an abso- lutely constant volume, nor to apply a factor to correct for these last traces of gas, and a one hour period for the reaction to take place, with frequent shaking, may be used with practically correct results. 158 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912. APHID PESTS OF MAINE.* Eprtu M. Patcu. There are possibilities of control of certain species of plant lice or aphids by such methods as rotation of crops or the destruction of weeds which serve to maintain a species of aphids dangerous to neighboring crops; or the selection by the landscape gardener of ornamental shrubs and trees which are not susceptible to attacks of aphids common on native vegetation. In some cases circumventing the aphid by means of a knowledge of its food habits and migrations would be simpler and more effective than the direct methods of spraying which need to be repeated each year of attack. The ornamental cut leaf maple, for example, can be made immune from attacks of the woolly aphid common‘on the leaves of this tree, by the destruction of neighboring alders on which the migrants develop, and infestations of some Chermes galls so troublesome to ornamental spruces could be escaped by omitting the alternate host from the immediate landscape. But before advantage can be taken of these methods it is necessary to know the full food plant cycle. It happens of course that many species inhabiting plants of no economic value in themselves may be a distinct form of a species very injurious to a more valuable plant, and an economic review of even a local fauna can not omit the species from any native growth. The importance of securing authentic food plant records for the large family of insects under consideration is emphasized by the fact that some species feed exclusively on a single or a few closely allied plants while other have so wide a range that it requires the collections of many years to include them all. The reason for treating a local list of aphids with a view of the botanical sequence of the plants they infest is thus apparent *Papers from the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station: Ento- mology No. 53. 160 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. enough and needs no other explanation for the arrangement of the present paper. As a convenient bibliography, which at the same time throws into comparison collections from the same and related plants from other parts of the world, there is ap- pended a host plant catalogue of the aphids of the world cov- ering the corresponding group of plants. The plant lice included in this paper are those infesting the Ferns, Conifers, and Monocotyledons. FERNS. But one species on ferns has as yet been chanced upon in the Maine collection and that is Mastopoda pteridis Oestlund, a peculiar species with atrophied tarsi taken on brake fern (Pteris aquilina L,.) Aug. 6, 1906, near Orono. An account of. this collection is given in Bulletin No. 182 of this Station. CoNIFERS. Several genera of aphids occur upon Conifers in Maine and all are of economic importance. Of these Mindarus abietinus Koch is very troublesome upon the new tender growth of spruce and balsam fir in the spring of the year, producing a ruffled appearance of the needles on infested twigs. Aiccounts of this species are given in Bulletins 182 and 187. Seven species of Chermes are injurious to spruces, pines and larches in Maine. Chermes pinicorticis Fitch has been dubbed “Pine blight” by virtue of the white secretions of a colony on the bark of infested pine, and is a serious enemy to young white pines both in nursery stock and in the open. Chermes pinifoliae Fitch (abieticolens Thomas) causes a cone shaped gall on black spruce, the migrants from which seek the white pine and deposit eggs upon the leaves so that the nymphs have the tender new growth of white pine to feed upon. ‘They can be detected by the sickened appearance of the pine shoots and the flocculent secretion of the young Chermes when numerous. Chermes abietis Cholodkovsky inhabits the “pine-apple gall” of white and Norway spruces and is a common nuisance wherever these trees are used for ornamental purposes, for the affected branches become stunted and deformed. Chermes lariciatus Patch pro- duces a “pine-apple gall’”’ on white spruce very much like that of abietis though the needles are shorter and the gall has a general APHID PESTS OF MANE. 161 russet color. The migrants from this gall fly to the larch to deposit eggs and the young develop upon the larch. Chermes consolidatus Patch produces small pale pink or green galls on black spruce the migrants from which seek the larch as an alter- nate host. Chermes floccus Patch develops in galls on black and red spruce and migrates to the needles of the white pine to oviposit. Its food plants are thus the same as those of pinifoliae but both the galls and the insects are too distinct to be in any respect confused. Chermes similis Gillette, first described in Colorado, is found commonly on twigs of Norway, black, red, and white spruces in Maine, the infestation causing a scraggly appearance of the twig rather than a well defined gall. All these species are discussed and figured in Bulletin No. 173 of this Sta- tion. There was also a collection of Chermes (No. 111-09) taken on fir (A. balsamea Miil) the trunk of which was covered with flocculent patches like those of pimicorticis on white pine. ‘The collection comprised apterous females and their eggs and newly hatched nymphs, no winged forms being found. The third group of coniferous aphids has not been previously worked up for Maine. These belong to the genus Lachnus and allied genera. To Lachnus belong the giants of the Maine aphids and the colonies are frequently exceedingly abundant at Orono. In June 1904 a whole hillside was covered with honey- dew, the ground and the vegetation on it being sticky from the liquid dropped by Lachnus colonies feeding above. Much of this sweet liquid crystalized into whitish sugar so that the rocks in some places looked frosted. It was impossible to touch a branch without being heavily spattered with a shower of honey- dew. Although these aphids have not been so plentiful any year since, they have been present each season on pine, 1arch, fir and the spruces. Lachnus curvipes n. sp. Nos. 31-05; 92-08; 69-10. On Abies balsamea Mill. This distinctive species appears to be a not uncommon insect on the balsam fir in the vicinity of Orono. Apterous oviparous female. Head dark brown or blackish. Antenne yellowish brown hirsute. Prothorax black. ‘Thorax black and slightly pulverulent. Legs with femora yellowish brown, tibiz yellowish brown and distal tip black, tarsi black. Ist tibia straight and about 1.9 mm. long, 2nd tibia straight and oo) about 2.25 mm long, 3rd tibia conspicuously bowed and about 162 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. 4.2 mm long. ‘Tarsus with first joint elongate (0.15 mm at longest dimension) subequal to half of second joint (0.15 mm) and claws measuring about 0.1 mm. Abdomen black, hirsute, and caudad of cornicles with short heavy white flocculency. Cornicles black and tuberculate. This large form in life is conspicuous on account of the con- trast of the dull black abdomen cephalad the cornicles and the flocculency, thick but not long, caudad the cornicles.. They rest on four front legs and when disturbed wave the long bowed hind pair around in the air. They were abundant on branches of Abies balsamea Mill at Orono, Sept. 26, 1908 at which date many were in copulation. Specimens in the insectary deposited eggs on fir needles. The eggs are elongate, dark but covered with white pulverulency which gives them a gray appearance. They have a slight concavity on the side applied to the leaf. Alate male. Head black, slightly pulverulent. Antenne I, II, black; base of ILI pale, tip dusky; IV, V, VI dusky: Ill) 1vgM and VI tuberculate with very numerous sensoria. Fig. 270. III 0.55 mm;1V 0.3 mm; V 0.425 mm; VI 0.225 mm. ‘Total anten- nal length about 1.85 mm. Beak about 2.3 mm extending some- times beyond caudal tip of abdomen. Prothorax and thorax black, slightly pulverulent. Wing 4.2 mm long. M and branches of M all very slender and delicate; the other three veins are very dark and heavy, stigma dense and dark. (Figs. 300 and 301) Legs with yellowish brown femora; tibiz yellow at base, rest black; tarsi black, first joint elongate and subequal (at longest dimension) to half the second. Fig. 271. Abdomen black and slightly pulverulent, cornicles black and tuberculate. This form in life has a humpbacked appearance due to large thorax and relatively slender curving abdomen with convex dorsum and concave venter. Fig. 260. L. curvipes. Antenna of male, showing relative length of joints. APHID PESTS OF MAINE. — 163 Fig. 270. Antennal joint IV of male, showing sensoria. Fig. 271 Tarsus of male. Alate viviparous female. This form, together with nymphs, was collected at Orono, July 20, 1905, from Abies balsamea. The antenne is about 2.15 mm total length; III 09 mm; IV 0.325 mm; V 0.45 mm; VI 0.25 mm. III with about to large sensoria; IV with 3 sensoria in a row; V with terminal sen- sorium and one other; VI with large sensoria in a group. ‘The beak is about 2.53 mm long. The wing (Fig. 299) 1s about 5.75 mm long. The veins are heavy except M and branches which is very delicate as in the male. rete ° . = — 5 N= < Biss 272, = | Figs. 272, 273 and 274. .L. curvipes.. Antenna of alate viviparous female; and joints II] and VI greatly enlarged. Apterous viviparous female. A large colony of this form and nymphs was found on a young balsam fir about 1 1-2 inches in diameter. The size of the tree is given because this colony, unlike the others of this species collected at Orono, was on the trunk of the young tree one foot from the ground instead of the branches. The mature forms were dull black with dark reddish femora and black tibia. The newly dropped nymphs were pale red. da], = ead Fig. 275. L. curzipes. Antenna of apterous viviparous female. 164 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. Lachnus laricifex Fitch. What is apparently this spe- = ( Te cies of Fitch’s is not uncom- ( mon on the larch (L. laricina Koch) in Maine. Packard Fig. 276. Antennal joint VI of fore- (1890 ) quotes the original going figure. description and records scat- tered individuals from Augusta, Maine. No figures have been published for this larch aphid in America. Cholodkovsky (1899), however, figures a larch species, maculosus Cholodkovs- ky which is certainly closely allied to the Maine material and may perhaps be the same. Apterous viviparous female. Head dark brown. Beak ex- tends to about the middle of abdomen. Antennal total length about 1.2 min: llo46 mm; 1V 02 mm; V-0:26 mms Villon mm; 1V with one large circular sensorium at distal end; V with usual terminal sensorium and one other large circular sen- sorium near it; VI with group of sensoria. Prothorax and thorax dark brown with black markings. Head and thorax with white pulverulency both dorsally and ventrally. Femora dark, tibiz pale proximal end, distal dark; hind tibia slightly bowed; tarsi black. Tarsus with first joint elongate and subequal (at longest dimension) to half the second joint; hind tarsus includ- ing claw about 0.5 mm; first joint 0.15 mm; second exclusive of claw 0.32 mm. Abdomen sparsely hirsute, dark brown and slightly pulverulent ; there is a pale mid dorsal line, and the dor- sum is decorated with black spots and dots, and dark transverse markings, cornicles dark. This form and nymphs common along small twigs and on leaf tufts of larch. Fig. 277. L. laricifex. Antenna of apterous viviparous female. Alate viviparous female. I have no color description of the winged form but the bodies in balsam accord with those of the apterous female. The wing is better characterized by the pho- tograph, (Figs. 306 and 307), than by a description. The an- tennal measurements are,—I, 0.1 mm; II, 0.125 mm; III, 0.5 mim; IV, 0.225 mm; Vi, o:29mm> Vil; 125 mim: lL hassanewaen about 9 sensoria, IV has one near distal end, V has one besides APHID PESTS OF MAINE. ~ 165 the usual distal sensorium. (Fig. 278). Collection numbers 42-04; 9-05; 32-05; 3-08; 28-08; 27-09; 91-09; 55-I0. ‘Fig. 278. L. laricifex. Antenna of alate viviparous female. I have no authority for calling this species laricifex except that there is nothing in the description of Fitch or others to preclude its identity with that species, and the habitat and what habits are recorded for Jaricifex agree with this Maine species. There is, so far as 1 know, no authentic specimen of laricifex for comparison. ‘This species is not so strongly hirsute as curvipes, and the hind tibia is relatively shorter and but weakly bowed. The tarsi of these two species are much alike. eee oo Fig. 279. L. laricifex. Tarsus. Lachnus hyalinus Koch. A Lachnus common on Norway Spruce (Picea.abies) is apparently hyalinus Koch. It falls to that species in the key of Cholodkovsky (1898, p. 48 (650) ) ana the most striking characters,—long fine hairs of entire body, the unusual flocculence of entire dorsum, and the double row of dark dorsal “dots” on abdomen of the Maine species are in accord with the descriptions of Koch, Buckton (for macro- cephalus) and Cholodkoysky (1898). The Maine records for this species are given below. Fig. 280. L. hyalinus. Antenna of alate viviparous female. Alate viviparous female. WWead and thorax cinnamon brown. Dorsal lobes of thorax and ventral plate dark brown or black. Antenne hirsute with segments measuring—I, 0.06 mm; II, 166 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Igiz2. 0.075 mm; Ill, 0.39 mm; 1V, 0.16 mm; V, 0.2 mm; V1, 0.16 mm. III with about 4 sensoria in a row; IV with distal sen- sorium; V with 1 sensorium besides the usual distal one. (Fig. 280). Wings as shown in (Figs. 308 and 309). Legs hirsute. Tarsus with Ist joint not elongate, the longest dimension being 0.075 mm and 2nd joint exclusive of claw 0.36 mm. (Fig. 281). Abdomen hirsute, light brown,—paler than head and thorax. Cornicles tuberculate dark brown with varnished appearance. Body of recently molted individual is very densely. flocculent being covered with white “wool” from head to tip of abdomen. The costal edge of the deflexed: wings part this white substance on the abdomen so that there is a mid dorsal row of wool and two lateral rows, giving the body a three striped appearance. The flocculent matter rubs off from the older individuals so that they appear merely pulverulent. These were found on tender new growth of twig of Picea abies thickly packed among the new needles. This alate form was taken June 20, 1910; June 28, 1909; and July 12, 1906. The pupa is pulverulent and pale brown like the abdomen of the winged viviparous females. Cornicles darker than rest of abdomen. On dorsal abdomen 6 double rows of dark dots, (1. e. the wax pore plates), the sti row being on a line with the cornicles. a ae C Fig. 281 JL. hyalinus. Tarsus of alate viviparovs female. ; 7 Fig. Age, Ik. Jpanollannais. . Abdomen of apterous vivi- parous female, with wax- pore plates indicated. Apterous viviparous female. Head and prothorax and abdo- men medium brown, thorax and abdomen paler brown. Legs, antennze and entire body hirsute. Abdomen pulverulent, and with longitudinal row of 2 black spots per segment on each APHID PESTS OF MAINE. © 167 side of dorso-mesal area, and two extra ‘median ones on Ist abdominal segment. ‘These are the wax-pore plates. See Fig. 282, b being an enlargement of area a. Cornicles dark brown. These are found thickly packed in new growth with beaks in twig of Picea abies. Collection Nos.—71-06; 36-0y; 33-10. A small collection (33-11) of the same species was taken from Picea canadensis July 22, 1911. Lachnus strobi Fitch. Since 1904 numerous collections of this species have been made in the vicinity of Orono where it is very common on the white pine. Weed (1890) describes and figures the true sexes of strobi. The following account will give the substance of the Maine records. Apterous viviparous female. Entire body greenish black. Antennal measurements as follows: I, 0.08 mm; II, 0.06 mm; iio mim: 1V..o:13 mm; Vo O.175 mim; Vill o.16 mim) jx- cept for a sensorium on V there are no sensoria on antenna other than the usual distal ones of V and VII. (Fig 283). Eyes prominent. Beak extends nearly to middle of the abdo- men. Abdomen hirsute (hairs stiff), pulverulent on ventral surface. Cornicles black. The abdomen globular and glistening and bronzy. Fig. 283. Lachnus strobi. Antenna of apterous viviparous female. Alate viviparous female. A dark brown nearly black Lachnus with a whitish pulverulency on ventral surface and a “median whitish line, extending from front of head to cauda, which is interrupted in region of cornicles. ‘The cornicles are black and situated in a black patch with a cephalad and caudad margin of white spots which are conspicuous. ‘The white median line is sometimes broken into spots on the abdomen and sometimes rubbed off. ‘The antennal measurements are I, 0.08 iim o.06 mm; Il], 0.46 mm; IV, 0.17 mm; V, 0.2 mm; VI, 0.17 mm. III with about to sensoria in a row; IV with 2 sensoria; V with 1 besides the usual distal one. Fig. 284. The thoracic lobes are black. The wings with M very delicate and 168 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912. characterized as in Figs. 302 and 303. Pupa has same color markings as the alate female. Fig. 284. L. strobi. Antenna of alate viviparous female. The eggs of Lachnus strobi are very common on the white pine needles, where they occur in shining black rows. ‘Those observed in 1908 hatched about the middle of May. Different collections of this species have contained individuals which varied much in size but the antennal measurements given will indicate relative proportions. Hairs of antenne and legs are stiff, Lachnus pini Weed. The oviparous female of a Lachnus on Scotch Pine was described and figured by Weed (1890) as Lachnus pint l,. ‘The apterous and alate viviparous females of apparently the same species is common on Scotch Pine about Orono. This species seems in accord with Lachnus pinets Koch as discussed and figured by Cholodkovsky (1898) and may prove to be that cosmopolitan species. For the present it seems sufficient to link it with the records given by Weed. Fol- lowing is an account of the material taken in Maine. Apterous viviparous female. Head, thorax and abdomen of about uniform color, varying shades of brown according to length of time from molt. Dorsal and lateral head, thorax and abdomen finely peppered with black dots. The whole insect covered with tawny hair. The antennz with III pale, IV, V, VI darker to black. Measurements III, 0.625 mm; IV, 0.25 mm; V, 0.4 mm; VI, 0.23 mm. There are no sensoria except the usual distal ones of V and VI. The beak extends to middle of abdomen. The abdomen is hirsute, sometimes cinnamon brown, some- times reddish brown with a white pulverulency that gives a pinkish cast. There is less pulverulency at the caudal half and | it is most conspicuous along the mid dorsal area. ‘There are two longitudinal stripes of dark greenish bronze which some- times appear as longitudinal rows of dark bronze green patches along the margin of the whitened mid dorsal area. The abdo- mens of the older individuals have very bronzy reflections. The APHID PESTS OF MAINE. | 169 cornicles are varnished brown in color. The cauda is ringed at base with black. This collection (47-09) was made June 30, 1909. The empty shells of the winter eggs from which they had hatched were still attached to the needles of the Scotch Pine. (P. sylvestris). The newly dropped nymph is bright pale yellow on head and thorax and brownish yellow on abdomen. Antenne and legs are pellucid white with yellow joints. Alate viviparous female. ‘This form was collected June 30, 1909, and June 20, 1910. In coloration they resemble the apterous form. The wings are shown in Figs. 304 and 305. The pulverulent dorso-mesal area is whiter and often appears as transverse bands of white. The antennal measurements are iret m1), O10 mm Ill o.55 mm; (VY), 0.2 mim. Vi, O35 mimi: Mirsoe2scmm.) lil has saboun 7 sensoria im avrow. ©) 1,1 sensorium, V, 1 besides the usual distal one. Fig. 285. Fig. 285. L. pini. Antenna of alate viviparous female. Essigella californicus Essig. An alert linear little species was taken from Pinus strobus June 30, 19009, at Stillwater, Maine (46-09). Mr. Essig’s description of californicus which was received about that time showed so many resemblances to the Maine collection that Mr. Essig kindly sent me a good col- lection from California. The Maine material accords with that sent me from California. Fig. 286. &. californicus. Beak. Winged wwiparous form. Only one individual of this sort was obtained. Head light greenish brown with I and II of antenne concolorous. III, IV, and V were each pale at proxi- mal and dark at distal part. The antenna with but five joints and as figured by Essig. Eyes very red. Beak extends to caudal edge of dark brown heart-shaped plate of ventral thorax. Prothorax light greenish brown. Thorax green with lobes brown, and ventral plate dark brown, heart-shaped. Abdomen 17Q MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9OI2. light but vivid green and thickly speckled with fine dark dots. This specimen was bred from pupal nymph collected June 30. Pupa green with antennz and legs with dusky tips. Antenne with 5 joints, green at base but dusky over the rest. Beak ex- tends to 3rd coxa. About 12 transverse rows of fine dots on abdomen arranged as follows: Alternate rows of 8 dots, the 2 lateral ones largest and alternate rows of 4 subequal dots. eee } >. : A — Sai os ( pea oA AG (URC ie Go maiaae See (@itaaes Wouetse — ae a aie Fig. 287. &. californicus. Antenna of apterous viviparous female. Apterous viviparous female. Color about as in pupa. Beak reaches Ist abdominal segment. The beak of apterous and alate forms is the same characteristic shape, shown in figure 286. The antennz 5-jointed and usually with no sensoria, ex- cept the usual distal ones on the last and next to last joints. There was one exception in which III had a single large distal sensorium as shown in Fig. 287. The bases of the setal hairs on III and other segments frequently very distinct. The eyes of the embryos are very red and give the abdomen of the viviparous forms a red spotted appearance. MoNoCOTYLEDONS. The species of aphids infesting the monocotyledonous plants of Maine include several widely distributed pests, among which are the especially troublesome European Grain Louse migrating from grains to apple, the corn leaf aphis, and the practically omnivorous Myzus persicae. Others no less interesting though of less economic significance occur as is recorded in the follow ing discussion. Aphis abbreviata n. sp. Some leaves of water plantain which were brought in for the sake of a large colony of Rhopalosiphum nymphae proved to be colonized also by a little pale green Aphis. Alate viviparous female. Head and thorax black. Abdomen green. Antenna imbricated; III with from 8 to 12 large cir- cular sensoria extending along the whole length, TV with 3 to 6 APHID PESTS OF MAINE. 171 sensoria in a row, V with 2 or fewer sensoria besides the termi- nal one. Antennal total length about 1 mm; III, 0.22; IV, 0.175 mm; V, 0.125; VI, base 0.1 mm; spur, 0.25 mm. Pro- thoracic tubercles present. Wing about 2 mm long. Fig. 311. Cornicle imbricated, 0.2 mm; tarsus, 0.075 mm; cauda, 0.19 mm. Total body length about 1.25 mm. Figs. 289 and 290. Apterous viviparous female. A pale green form. Antenne imbricated. No sensoria except usual terminal ones of V and VI. Total antennal length about 1 mm. III, 0.2 mm; IV, 0.15 mm; V,0.15 mm; VI base, 0.1 mm; spur, 0.26 mm, Fig. 288. _ Figs. 288, 2890, 290. A. abbreviata. The pupz of this collection were pale green with pale brown wing pads. The nymphs were pale green. Cotypes collected on Alisma Plantago-aquatica. Sept. 14, 1910, at Orono, Maine, by W. C. Woods. No. 423-10. Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae Linn. Several collections of this semi-aquatic species have been made at Orono from Alisma Plantago-aquatica by W. C. Woods. On July 14, 1909, No. 66-09 collection comprised apterous viviparous females, nymphs and pupze from ventral leaf and crowded along blossom stalk. The big apterous viviparous females had very globular abdo- mens, dark olive green and mottled with greenish black. The collection 95-09 made July 20, 1909 contained alate as well as apterous viviparous females. Collection 122-10 taken Sept. 14, 1910, comprised alate and apterous viviparous females, nymphs and pupe. These were all dark brownish green, the pupe and apterous forms having a conspicuous white pulverulent bloom on ventral thorax. The alate viviparous form of this collection had a total body length of 2 mm and a wing 3.25 mm long, the cornicle was 0.425 mm long and the tarsus 0.150 mm. ‘The cornicle (Fig. 291) is gently incrassate and the sparse and nar- row imbrications have a fine saw-toothed edge. The prothoracic tubercle is distinct and two pairs of abdominal tubercles can be found as shown by Jackson (1908). ‘The imbricated an- tenna of the alate viviparous female (Fig. 292) has a total 172 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2. length of about 1.75 mm. III is 0.4 mm with 17 more or less distinct but not very large sensoria. IV is 0.275 mm with 1 to 3 sensoria. V, 0.25 mm with usually no sensoria except the terminal one. For wing see Fig. 315. These Maine collections of this species accord for the most part with Jackson’s drawings and account of Aphis aquaticus Jackson except that they run a little larger. Fig. 292. R. nymphaeae. Antenna of alate viviparous female. Siphocoryne avenae (Fab.) The European Grain Louse was abundant in the Station Insectary upon oats and barley the winter of rt9g09-1910. No. I-10 was an Insectary collection, Jan. 5, 1910, comprising apterous and alate viviparous females and pupe. ‘This species also occurs in the apple in Maine. Fig. 310 gives a photograph of the wing. Sanderson (19o01b 13th Ann. Rept. Delaware Col. Agr. Exp. Sta.) and Pergande (1904a Bul. 44 Div. of Ent., U. S. Dept. of Agr.) give figures, descriptions and discussions of this species which characterize it so well that further description is unnecessary here. Collection 120-10 from leaf blades of cultivated corn at Orono, Maine, Sept. 14, 1910, comprised apterous and alate viviparous females, nymphs and pupz of this species. Avenae has sometimes considerably affected the wheat crops of Illinois, Minnesota and other wheat growing localities. It has been considered in Canada one of the chief insect enemies of the wheat. Concerning the habits of this species Thomas in his Third Report (1879 p. 53) says “When the .winter wheat appears above the ground in the fall, it passes from its hiding place at this time, wherever that may be, probably in the same way that it does from the winter wheat to the spring wheat and oats in the spring, that is by the winged individuals. “Here they work upon the leaves and stalks singly, while the weather is not too cold, but when winter appears they move APHID PESTS OF MAINE. 17/3) down towards the ground, some of them at least, entering the soil and feeding upon the sap of the roots. At any rate, I find the apterous ones at this time working upon the roots, but at the same time I find a winged individual above ground. I have also observed them heretofore at the root of the wheat, late in the winter, while snow was on the ground; and what somewhat surprised me, I found them busy at work under the snow, and the apterous females bearing well formed larve. I am, there fore, led to believe that in this latitude the species passes the winter in other than the egg state. This will also, probably, be found true wherever winter wheat is grown.” - Aphis maidis Fitch. A badly infested lot of blades were sent to the Station from Cumberland Mills, Maine, Sept. 7, 1g08, with the comment that the aphids were covering “every stalk of Kaffir, Broom Corn and Sugar Cane. Very few on other corn.” This collection (75-08) comprised both apterous and alate viviparous females and nymphs on Sugar Cane (Saccharum officinarum ). A large collection (107-06) of this corn leaf aphis was made at Orono from field corn (Zea Mays) Aug. 30, 1906. Con- Gemminertiis species Mr. Davis’ (lech: Ser. No. 12, Part VILL, Bur. of Ent. p. 140) states “Aphis maitdis has always been con- sidered more or less injurious to corn, sorghum, and broom corn, although it seldom becomes seriously so. In some cases, however, it injures the corn ears by sucking the sap’ from the silk and killing it, thus preventing fertilization of the kernels. Only rarely, however, does it stunt the growth of the plant, at least in Illinois, the reason probably being that in this State the aphid does not commence its attacks upon the plant until the last part of June or the first of July, at which time the plant is strong enough to withstand the drain made upon its sap supply by the aphis. This aphis sometimes does consider- able injury to the quality of the brush of broom corn by dis- coloring it, the discoloration being ‘due to a bacterial affection following upon the plant-louse punctures’ (Forbes). “This aphis has a very wide distribution, being found in all parts of the United States where corn is grown; that is, from Maine to California and Texas. Prof. F. M. Webster has reported finding it on sorghum in Australia, where, he says, it is sometimes quite obnoxious, and in a recent circular he says that ‘the insect is also known from Japan.’ ” 174. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. Myzus persicae Sulzer. On Dec. 6, 1911, a chrysanthemum heavily infested with this species of aphid was brought into the Station Insectary. Migrants from this colonized both young apple trees and sweet corn, abundantly accepting both for the winter months. This species has been so admirably figured by Miss Palmer (Gillette and Taylor 1908) that the Maine collec- tions need no further illustrations for identification. Probably no aphid has a wider range of food plants than persicae and it is often a very serious pest. . Sipha glyceriae (Kaltenbach) Pass. The collection (29-08) of this remarkable aphid on rushes, Juncus sp., in Maine has been figured and discussed previously in Bulletin No. 182 of this Station. . Neoprociphilus attenuatus (Osborn and Sirrine). A col- lection (58-05) from Smilax herbacea made at Levant, Maine, Aug. 26, 1905, comprised winged and apterous viviparous females, nymphs and apterous oviparous females. This mate- rial was determined by Mr. Pergande as Pemphigus attenuatus and accords with the general account given by Osborn and Sirrine (1893). ‘There are discrepancies in the measurements— that for joint I of the antennz of the alate viviaprous form should probably read .05 mm instead of .5 mm as printed in Insect Life and quoted by Jackson (1908). A second collection (121-09) was made from Smilax near Orono, Sept. 23, 1909. It is with some misgivings that I erect a genus for this single species. Of the five genera of the Tribe Pemphigina recognized by Tullgren (1909) attenuatus falls nearest to Prociphilus Koch but the antennal secondary sensoria would exclude it from that genus. I lack at present material suitable for an adequate study of the wax-pores; and the stem- mother from which Tullgren deduces certain generic characters,. I have not collected. The fact that this is the only example of the Pemphigina which has been recorded for the Liliaceae lends strength to a generic separation of the insect and a more detailed study of the species will doubtless show more accurately its affinities and distinctive characters. Neoprociphilus, new genus. Alate viviparous female with the sensoria of III, IV and V broadly eliptical in shape. VI long with very short spur. Wings extending far beyond the stigma APHID PESTS OF MAINE. 175 and Rs very long and only slightly curved, M is not branched. Young nymphs with 5-jointed antenna and large wax-pore plates on head, thorax and abdomen. Minute oviparous female beakless and with a 5-jointed antenna. Type: Pemphigus attenuatus Osborn and Sirrine. Neoprociphilus attenuatus. This species appears to be more generalized than other known Pemphigina by virtue of the broadly elliptical sensoria of the antenna. Fig. 293. Neoprociphilus attenuatus. Antenna of alate viviparous female. The alate viviparous female with the antennal joints measur- meapour: [0.15 mm; Il, 022 mm; Ill, 0.6mm; 1V, 0.5 mm; VY, 0.55 mm; VI, 0.68 mm including spur which: extends only about 0.08 mm. III, IV, V and VI being approximately sub- equal; and II subequal to 1-2 Ill. III with about 14 large broadly eliptical sensoria in a row on one side of segment and extending the whole length of segment except basal 1-4; IV with 4 or 5 similar sensoria on distal 2-3; V with 4 large sen- soria on distal 1-2. V and VI with dentate imbrications. Body length about 3 mm and wing expanse about Io mm. Wings are shown in Fig. 314. Fig. 294. N. attenuatus. Antenna of nymph. Osborn and Sirrine give brief description of nymphs under caption ““Apterous males or larvee(?)” ‘The stout beak extend- ing nearly to tip of abdomen clearly indicates the nymph rather than one of the true sexes. The young nymphs are linear and well supplied with large wax-pore plates on head, (Fig. 295) thorax and abdomen. They have a 5-jointed antennz. 2 176 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ) 2 i] 9 Fig. 206. Oviparous female. This yellowish form is about 1.4 mm in length. It is beakless and the antenna is 5-jointed. Fig. 206. Apterous viviparous female. Large dark form about 4.6 mm in length, and as woolly as Pemphigus tessellata. Antennze with I ‘subequal to 1-2) bh: Wl subequaletolne2 Uist Se eaay en approximately subequal. Aphis gladioli Felt. Collection 84a-c8 made from stalk of Gladiolus Orono, Sept. 15, 1908, comprised alate viviparous - females of this species which accords in every detail with named examples of gladioli Felt given me by Dr. EF. P. Felt. Concerning the life history of this species Dr. Felt says (24th Report of the New York State Entomologist) ; “Gladioli bulbs are kept by growers in large ware houses, the temperature being maintained at about 40 degrees throughout the winter. Tliis insect is evidently unable to breed under these conditions. As spring advances and the house begins to warm up in March, the aphids appear in large numbers, reproducing so abundantly that the window frames and sills may become literally covered with wings and bodies of plant lice. It is comparatively easy, in a bacly infested house, to sweep up a gill of wings and exuvie from under one window. This plant louse multiplies freely upon the bulbs, usually being massed around the origin of the roots. and sometimes nearly covering the entire under surface. Breeding evidently continues from some time in March until July,. with the production of numerous winged individuals the latter part of July, at least in the case of bulbs submitted for examination, though winged females undoubtedly cecur earlier in the season under warehouse conditions. By APHID PESTS OF MAINE. We July 28 winged females had entirely disappeared in our breed- ing cages, though young were still numerous on the bulbs; later, all disappeared. An investigation about the middle of August resulted in finding no living aphids in the storage warehouse or upon the plants in the field. It is stated that when digging in October a few plant lice may be found upon the bulbs. These evidently remain in a dormant condition till the house warms up in the spring as described above.” Aphis rumicis Linn. Collection 84-08 made from stalk of Gladiolus Orono, Sept. 15, 1908, comprised apterous and alate viviparous females and pupz of this general feeder. It can be distinguished from gladioli which is apparently closely allied by the following structural differences. Rwumicis is a much larger species and the lateral tubercle of prothorax, and first abdominal segment (Fig. 297) and the lateral one between cornicle and cauda, are very large and pronounced, while in gladioli these are relatively small though distinct. The cornicle and antenne of rumicis are figured by Gillette (1910, p. 406) and accord in essentials with those from the Gladiolus though Fig. 298 is given for the slight variation. It will be noticed that while basal VI of gladioli is nearly subequal to V and IV-+-V are shorter than IT!, neither being equal to 1-2 III; in rwmicis basal VI is subequal to 1-2 V and [V+ are longer than III, each being longer than 1-2 ITI. II and IV in gladioli both bear more sensoria than rumicis. Figs. 312-313 give the wing of this col- lection. The following notes on rumicis (84-08) from Gladiolus are copied from my record sheets: Alate viviparous female. Head black, antennal measure- ments—I, 0.1 mm; II, 0.1 mm; III, 0.35 mm; IV, 0.2 mm; V. 0.225 mm; VI, base 0.13 mm; spur, 0.35 mm. III with about 18 large sensoria, [V with 3 or less and V with none except distal one. The prothorax is shiny black with very prominent lateral tubercle. Thorax shiny black, veins of wings dark and slender. Abdomen blackish green with black intersegmental lines, and with irregular large black lateral spots on 2nd, 3rd and 4th segments; Ist with large lateral tubercle like that of prothorax and a similar one between cornicle and cauda. Corni- cles black and shaped as in Gillette’s figure (1910, p. 406). Cauda black at tip, base greenish brown. Wings are shown in ree? atid 313. « 178 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI12. Apterous viviparous female. Head, thorax and abdomen black. Abdomen with white transverse pulverulent dorsal patches,—a pair to each of 3 or 4 segments. Cauda black at tip, brown at base. Cornicles black. Pupe. Wead and prothorax black,—lateral tubercles present. Thorax pale to dusky. Abdomen black with white pulverulent transverse dorsal patches,—about 3 pairs cephalad cornicles and 2 lines caudad cornicles. Structurally Aphis cookii Essig (Essig I91Ic) comes very close to this species. . Fig. 298. A. rumicis. Antenna of alate viviparous female. Macrosiphum solanifolii Ashmead. Collection 85-08 taken at Orono, Sept. 5, 1908, from stalk of Gladiolus comprised alate and apterous females which I am unable to separate from solanifolu from potato and take to be the same species. Col- lection 20-05 taken from cultivated Jris July 6, 1905 contained apterous females and nymphs of this species. Bulletins No. 147 and No. t90 of this Station are devoted to solanifoli, a species frequently troublesome in the large potato fields of Maine and in certain localities in Canada. ExpLANATION oF ApHip Winc PLATE. Fig. 299 Lachnus curvipes, alate viviparous female; Figs. 300 and 301, L. curvipes, male; Figs. 302 and 303 L. strobi; Figs. 304 and 305 L. pini; Figs. 306 and 307 L. laricifex; Figs. 308 and 309 L. hyalinus; Fig. 310 Siphocoryne avene; Fig. 311 Aphis abbreviata; Figs. 312 and 313 A. rumicis; Fig. 314 Neoprociphilus attenuatus; Fig. 315 Rhopalosi- phum nymphe. ; FOOD PLANT CATALOGUE OF THE APHIDAEK OF THE WORLD. LEVANTE Le (A Bibliographical Appendix to Aphid Pests of Maine.) EpitH M. ParcuH. This catalogue aims to be a host plant bibliography rather than an Aphid bibliography. It maintains a systematic sequence of the families of host plants, but it is neither systematic nor critical from the aphid -standpoint. It does not reflect the opinion of the compiler as to the validity of any aphid species; it merely selects such references as appealed to her as initially desirable in case a given species is to be worked up systematically or monographically. By “initially desirable” is not necessarily meant the best descriptions. In many cases it includes references to these; in many, however, it includes references to appar- ent contradictions and confused situations. The synonomies given are those recorded by the publication quoted whether written in 1912 or one hundred years ago, but no attempt has been made to give the complete synomony and the original sources must be consulted for this. It would be a mistake for any one to expect more of this List than a record of what species of aphid have been reported on each species of plant with reference to the authority for the statement,—for that is all the List aims to do. Whether either the aphid or the plant is correctly determined or not has been no concern of the compiler. For it is the purpose of the catalogue to reflect the recorded condition of things, to show up the confusion and involved synonymy, and to expose the tangle which must be left to the mono- graphing systematist to clear up. JE UIMI NIC ISAM EL Sy, FUNGUS. F. Sp. Schizoneura corni Fab. Williams, 1891, p. 11. Schizoneura fungicola (Walsh). ‘Thomas, 1879, p. 14r. Toxoptera graminum Rondari. Hunter, 1909, p. 103. * Papers from the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station: Ento- mology No. 54. 180 “MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912. POLY PODIACH AK. a Ek Naga Alvi ACROSTICHUM. A. reticulatum Kaufl. Idiopterus nephrelepidis Davis. Essig, 1911b, p. 541. Macrosiphum kirkaldyi. Fullaway, 1909, p. 23. ADIANTUM. Maidenhair. A. pedatum L. Aphis adianti Oestlund. O6cestlund, 1887, p. 66. CYSTOPTERIS. Bladder Fern. C. montana (Lam.) Bernh. Amphorophora ampullata Buckton. Lichtenstein, La Flore. Rhopalosiphum staphyleae Koch? Buckton, 1, p. 188. NEPHROLEPIS. N. exaltata. Sword-fern. Idiopterus nephrelepidis Davis. Davis, 1909c, p. 199. Essig, 1911b, p. 541. ONOCLEA. Q. struthiopteris L. Ostrich Fern. Rhopalosiphum ampullata (Buckton). Oecestlund, 1887, p. 77. PTERIS. Brake. © P. aquilina 1, Common Brake. Aphis (Adactynus) pteris-aquilinoides Rafinesque. Rafinesque, 1817. Mastopoda pteridis Oestlund. Oecstlund, 1887, p. 40. ; Mastopoda pteridis Oestlund. Patch, ro1ob, p. 246. MARSILEACKAE, MARSILEA. M. quadrifolia L. Rhopalosiphum nymphacae (Linn.) Koch (A. butomi Schrank) (R. najadum Koch). Passerini, 1863, p. 21. M. vestita Hook and Grey. Myzus persicae Sulzer. Gillette and Taylor, 1908, p. 36. SAV DN TEACH Ave: SALVINIA. S. natans L. Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (Linn) Koch (A. butomi Schrank) (R. najadum Koch). Passerini, 1863, p. 21. FOOD PLANTS OF THE APHIDS: ISI PINACE AE PINE HAMIL Ya ABIES. Fir. A. balsamea Mill. Balsam or Balm-of-Gilead Fir. Aphrastasia pectinatae (Chol.) CB. (Chermes pectinatae Chol. 1888) (coccineus Chol. 1889 nec. Ratz 1843) (Dreyfusia pectinatae Chol. CB 1907-08). Borner, 1908a, p. 211. Borner, 1909a, p. 502. Chermes coccineus Chol. ‘Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 22. Chermes sp. Patch, 1912Cc. Lachnus curvipes Patch. Patch 1912c. Mindarus abietinus Koch. Nusslin, 1910, p. 408. Mindarus abietinus Koch (? Schizoneura obliqua Chol.) Tullgren, 1900, p. OI. Mindarus abietinus Koch. Patch, 1orob, p. 243. Pemphigus poschingeri Holzner. Zodlogical Record, 1874, p. 486. A. concolor Lindl. Lachnus abietis Fitch. Davidson, 1909, p. 299. Mindarus ALES Koch (? Soniesnrni obliqua Chol.) Tullgren, 1900, p. 61. A. fraseri Lindl. Pemphigus poschingeri Holzner. Zoological Record, 1874, p. 486. A. grandis Ljindl.. Lachnus occidentalis Davidson. Davidson, 1900, p. 300. A. nobilis Lindl. Chermes piceae Ratz. Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 27. Dreyfusia niisslini CB. (Chermes funitectus Chldk. 1907 nec Dreyfus 1888) (nordmannianae Eckstein 1890) (? obtec- tus Ratz. 1844) (piceae Nusslin, and CB 1908). Borner, 1908b, p. 742. Dreyfusia piceae Ratz. (Chermes piceae Dreyfus 1888, Niisslin Zl, 1Db) (var. bouvieri Chldk 1903). Borner, 1908b, Pp. 745. A. Nordmanniana Spach, Chermes piceae Ratz “provisionally determined.” Felt, 1910, p. 343. Dreyfusia niisslini CB. (Chermes funitectus Chldk. 1907 nec Dreyfus 1888) (nordmannianae Eckstein 1890) (? obtec- tus Ratz 1844) (piceae Nutsslin, and CB 1908). Borner, 1908b, p. 742. Dreyfusia piceae Ratz. (Chermes piceae Dreyfus 1888, Niisslin a. p.) (var. bouvieri Chldk 1903). Borner, 1908b, D. 745. Mindarus abietinus Koch. Ntsslin, 1910, p. 408. A. pectinata DC. Chermes piceae Ratz. Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 26. Dreyfusia niisslini CB. (Chermes funitectus Chldk. 1907 nec. Dreyfus 1888) (nordmannianae Eckstein 1890) (? obtec- tus Ratz, 1844). (piceae Niisslin, and CB, 1908). Boérner, 1908b, p. 742. {82 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9i2. Dreyfusia piceae Ratz. (Chermes piceae Dreyfus 1888, Niisslin a. p.) (var. bouvier1 Chldk. 1903). Borner, 1908b, p. 745. Lachnus pichtae Mordwilko. Mordwilko, 1899, p. 407. A. sibirica Ledeb. Aphrastasia pectinatae (Chol.) CB (Chermes pectinatae Chol. 1888) (Coccineus Chol. 1889 nec. Ratz 1843) (Dreyfusia pectinatae (Chol) CB. 1907- 08). Borner, 1908a, p. 211. Borner, 1909, p. 502. Chermes coccineus Chol. Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 22. Lachnus abieticola Chol. Cholodkovsky, 1890, p. 470. Mindarus abietinus Koch. Nutsslin, 1910, p. 408. A. Webbiana Lindl. Chermes himalayensis Stebbing. (Ch. abietis Buckton Ind. Mus. Not. 3, pp. 5, 54.) (Ch. abietis-piceae Stebbing) Stebbing, 1910, p. 99. Dreyfusia abietis-piceae Stebbing. Borner, 1908a, p. 211. A. sp. Prociphilus bumeliae Schrank. (poschingeri Holzner in part) “auf der Edeltanne.”’ Nusslin, r9roa, p. 204. Prociphilus nidificus Low. (poschingeri Holzner in part) Nusslin, 1910a, p. 203. Schizoneura costata Hartig. Hartig, 1841, p. 367. “auf der Rothtanne.” CEDRUS. C. Libani Barrel. (Larix Cedrus). Aphs sejuncta Walker. Walker, 1848c, p. 2247. CRYPTOMERIA, C, sp. Lachis greeni Schouteden. Schouteden, 1905, p. 184. CUPRESSUS. C. sempervirens L. La.huis cuvpressi Buckton. Cholcdkovsky, 1910, p. 148. JUNIPERUS. Juniper. J. communis |, Common Juniper. Aphis incerta Walker. Walker, 1840c, p. 45. Aphis indecisa Walker. Walker, 1849c, p. 45. Lachnus juniperi (Fab.). Buckton, 3, p. 45. Lachnus juniperi (DeGeer) Kalt. Passerini, 1863, p. 65. Lachnus juniperinus Mordwilko. Mordwilko, 1890, p. 407. LARIX. Larch. L. europaea DC. (L. decidua). (Pinus Larix). (L. communis). Anisophleba hamadryas Koch. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 702, and Koch, Pp. 320. FOOD PLANTS OF THE APHIDS. 183 Aphis laricis Walker. WKaltenbach, 1874, p. 7032. Aphis tenuior Walker. Walker, 1840c, p. 49. Chermes abictis 1, Dreytus. (geniculatus Ratz. 1843) (apponicus . Chidk. 1889) (laricis Hartig 1837) (pini, piceae Gleditsch 1774) (strobilobius Blochmann 1887) (viridis Chldk. 1895). Borner, 1908a, p. 207. Chermes laricis Hartig. Buckton 4, p. 34. Cholodkovskya viridana (Chol.) CB. (Chermes viridanus Chidk. 1896) (? Pineus viridanus CB. 1907-08). Borner, - 19C9a, p. 490. , ? Cnaphalodes affinis Borner. Borner, 1908a, p. 211. Cnaphalodes lapponicus (Chol.) (Chermes). Borner, 190ga, p. 555. Cnaphalodes strobilobius (Kalt) CB. (laricis Vallot 1836) (hamadryas Koch 1857) ((abietis 1) 1761) (atratus Buckton 1883) (coccineus Ratz 1843) (geniculatus Ratz 1843) (lapponicus Chlidk 1889 vat. praecox Chlidk. 1894 var. tardus Chidk. 1895) (lariceti Altum 1889) (pini, piceae et abietis Gleditsch 1774) Borner, 1908a, p. 208. Lachnus maculosus Cholodkovsky. Schouteden, 1906a, p. 204. Lachnus pinicolus Kalt. Buckton, 3, p. 53. Pineus (?) viridanus (Chlidk.) CB. (? orientalis Chldk 1904). Borner 1908a, p. 208. L. laricina Koch. (americana). American Larch, Tamarack, Hackma- tack. Chermes consolidatus Patch. Patch, 1g09d, p. 307. Chermes lariciatus Patch. Patch, 1909d, p. 307. Chermes laricifoliae Fitch. Patch, 19009d, p. 206. Lachnus laricifex Fitch. Oecestlund, 1887, p. 32. Patch, r912c. L. sibirica Ledeb. ; Chermes wviridulus Cholodkovsky. Cholodkovsky, ro11, p. 175. Lachnus maculosus Cholodkovsky. ‘Cholodkovsky, 1899, p. 469. L. sp. : Anisophleba hamadryas Koch. Koch, p. 320. Chermes strobilobius Kalt. Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 13. (var. tardoides Chd.) Cholodkovsky, 1911, pp. 174, 175. Chermes viridanus Chol. Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 10. Chermes viridis Ratz (laricis Hartig). Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 7. Lachnus laricis Koch. Koch, p. 242. Periphyllus laricae Haliday. Zoological Record, 1868, p. 416. PICEA. Spruce. P. Abies (L.) Karst, (excelsa Link) (Pinus abies) (Abies excelsa) (Abies picea) Norway Spruce. - Aphis abietaria Walker. Walker, 1852, p. 1035. (Host not recorded. Name indicates same host as abietis Walker.) Aphis abictina Walker. Buckton, 2, p. 44. Walker, 1849a, p. 301. Theobald, 1911-12. 184 ~-MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912. Aphis abietis Walker. Walker, 1848b, p. 100. Aphrastasia pectinatae (Chol.) CB. (Chermes pectinatae Chol. 1888) (coccineus Chol. 1889 nec Ratz 1843) (Dreyfusia pectinatae (Chol.) CB 1907-08) Borner, 1908a, p. 211. Borner, 1900, p. 502. Chermes abietis L. Dreyfus (geniculatus Ratz 1843) (lapponicus ‘Chidk. 1889) (laricis Hartig 1837) (pini, piceae Gleditsch 1774) (strobilobius Blochmann 1887) (viridis Chldk. 1895) (“Picea excelsa u s w.’). Borner, 1908a, p. 211. : Chermes abietis Cholodkovsky.. Patch, 1909d, p. 307. Chermes-Dreyfusia funitectus Dreyfus (nec Chldk. 1907) Borner, 1908a, p. 207. (?) Chermes-Dreyfusia piceae Ratz. (funitectus Chldk. nec Dreyfus) (nordmannianae Eckstein) (piceae var bouvieri Chldk.) (? obtectus Ratz). Borner, 1908a, p. 211. Chermes similis Gillette. Patch, 1900d, p. 307. Cnaphalodes affinis CB. Borner, 1908a, p. 21T. Cnaphalodes strobilobius (Kalt.) CB. Claricis Vallot 1836) (hamadryas Koch) 1857)" (abtetiss L; 1761) “(atrarmis Buckton, 1883) (coccineus Ratz 1843) (geniculatus Ratz 1843) (lapponicus Chldk. 1889, var. praecox Chlidk. 1894, var. tardus Chidk. 1895) (lariceti Altum 1889) (pini, piceae et abietis Gleditsch 1774) Borner, + 1OC8a, wp. woz, Lachnus bogdanowi Mordwilko. Mordwilko, 1899, p. 404. Lachnus fasciatus (farinosus Cholodk.) Mordwilko, 1800, p. 404. Lachnus fasciatus Burm. (A. costata Zetterstedt?). Kaltenbach, 1843, p. 160. Lachnus flavus Mordwilko. Mordwilko, 1800, p. 404. Lachnus grossus Kaltenbach. Mordwilko, 1899, p. 405. Lachnus hyalinus och. Patch, 1912c. Lachnus macrocephalus Buckton. (hyaiinus Koch?). Buckton, 3, p. 50. Lachnus piceae Walk. (L. grossus Kalt.) (A. piceae Panzer). Buck- HOw, 3, Ws SS. Lachnus piceae (Walker). Mordwilko, 1890, p. 405. Lachnus piceicola Cholodk. Mordwilko, 1899, p. 406. Lachnus piceicola Cholodkovsky. Schouteden r1906a, p. 207. Lachnus pinicola (Walker) Kalt. (piniphila Ratz) Passerini, 1863, p. 65. Lachnus pinicola (hyalinus Koch and Cholodk.). Mordwilko, 1899, Pp. 405. Lachnus pinicola Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1843, p. 155. Lachnus roboris (Linn) (. fasciatus Burm.) (Cinara roboris Curtis). Kaltenbach, 1843, p. 149. (See also Buckton 3, D738") FOOD PLANTS OF THE APHIDS. 185 Lachnus viridescens Cholodkovsky. -Schouteden, 1906a, p. 217. Myzus abietinus Walker. Mordwilko, 1899, p. 404. Pineus pint (L,. Macqu.) CB. (Anisophleba pini Koch 1857) (? Chermes obtectus Ratz 1844) (orientalis Dreyfus 1888). Borner, 1908a, p. 211. Pineus sibiricus (Chldk.) CB. (Chermes cembrae Chldk. 1888) Borner, 1908a, p. 211. Pineus strobi var. pineoides (Chldk.) CB. Borner, 1908a, p. 187. Pineus? viridanus (Chlidk). (“? Picea excelsa”) Borner, 1908a, p. 211. P. canadensis ( Mill.) B. S. P. (alba Link). White or Cat Spruce. Chermes abietis Chol. Patch, 1909d, p. 307. Chermes lariciatus Patch. Patch, 1909d, p. 307. Chermes similis Gillette. Patch, 1909d, p. 307. _Cnaphalodes strobilobius (Kalt.) Borner, 1908a, p. 210. Lachnus abietis Fitch. Williams, 1801, p. 24. Mindarus abietinus Koch. Patch, 1900d, p. 243. Mindarus obliquus Chol. Niisslin, 1910, p. 408. Pineus strob1 (Htg.). (“? Picea alba’) Borner, 1908a, p. 21T. P. Engelmanni Engelm. Chermes cooleyi Gillette. Gillette, 1907b, p. 8. Cnaphalodes strobilobius (Kalt.) CB. Borner, 1908a, p. 210. Gillettea cooleyi (Gillette) CB. Borner, 1909a, p. 504. P. mariana B. S. P. (nigra Link) (Abies nigra). Black or Bog Spruce. Chermes consolidatus Patch. Patch, 1900d, p. 307. Chermes floccus Patch. Patch tgogd, p. 307. Chermes pinifoliae Fitch. (abieticolens Thomas). Patch, rgo9d, p. 306. Chermes similis Gillette. Patch, 1909d, p. 307. Lachnus abietis Fitch. ‘Thomas 1879, p. 117. P. Morinda Link. Chermes himalayensis Stebbing. (Ch. abietis Buckton Ind. Mus. Not. 3 pp. 5, 54) (Ch. abietis-piceae Stebbing.) Stebbing, 1910, p. 99. Dreyfusia abietis-piceae Stebbing. Borner, 1908a, p. 21. P. orientalis Carr. Adelges orientalis Mordwilko. Schouteden, 1906a, p. I01. Adelges sibiricus Cholodkovsky. Schouteden, 1906a, p. 192. Chermes orientalis Dreyfus. Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 30. Cnaphalodes strobilobius (Kait.) Borner, 1908a, p. 210. ; Pineus pini (L. Macqu.) CB. (Anisophleba pini Koch 1857 (? Chermes obtectus Ratz 1844) (orientalis Dreyfus 1888). Borner, 1908a, p. 211. P. pungens Engelm (parryana) Chermes cooleyi Gillette. Gillette, 1907b, p. 5. Chermes cooleyi var. coweni Gillette. Gillette, 1907b, p. 11. Chermes montanus Gillette. Gillette, 1907b, p. 14. Chermes similis Gillette. Gillette, 1907b, p. 16. Cnaphalodes strobilobius (Kalt.). Borner, 1908a, p. 210. P. rubra Dietr. Red Spruce. Chermes consolidatus Patch. Patch, 1909d, p. 307. 186 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. Chermes Chermes Chermes floccus Patch. Patch, r900d, p. 307. pinifoliae Fitch (abieticolens Thomas). Patch, 1909d, p. 306. similis Gillette. Patch, 1909d, p. 307. iP. sitchensis Trauty. Cnaphalodes strobilobius (Kalt.). Borner, 1908a, p. 210. P. sp. Aphis abietina Walker. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 703. Calobates rhizomae Hartig. Judeich-Nitsche, 1895, p. 1357. Chermes Chermes ‘Chermes Chermes Chermes Chermes Chermes Chermes ‘Chermes Cherimes ‘Chermes Chermes abietis Linn (Adelges gallarum abietis Haliday). Del Guercio, 1900, p. 82. abietis Kalt. Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 9. abietis-laricis. Experiment Station Record 1894-5, p. 567. coccineus ‘Chol. Cholodkovsky, 1908, p. 6093. - coccineus Chol. Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 21. funitectus Dreyfus. Cholodkovsky, 1908, p. 603. funitectus Dreyfus. Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 24. lapponicus Chol. Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 17. piceae Ratz. Cholodkovsky, 1908, p. 693. sibiricus Chol. Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 27. strobilobius Kalt. Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 13. (var tardoides Chol.) Cholodkovsky, 1911, pp. 174, 175. viridis Ratz. (laricis Hartig). Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 3. Cnaphalodes lapponicus (Chol.) (Chermes). Borner, 1909a, p. 555. Lachnus Lachnus Lachnus Lachnus Lachnus Lachnus Lachnus Lachnus fasciatus Burm. (? A. costata Zett.) Kaltenbach, 1843, p. 237. fasciatus Kalt. (Aphis costata Zett.). Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 702. grossa Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 702. hyalinus Koch. Koch, p. 2309. pimicola Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 702. subterraneus Hartig. Judeich-Nitsche, 1805, p. 1357. viridescens Cholodkovsky. Mordwilko, 1899, p. 406. sp. (near agilis Kalt.) Gillette, 19009a, p. 385. Pemphigus (Rhizomaria) piceae Hartig. Tullgren, 1909, p. 141. P. abies. PINUS. Pine. See Picea abies. P. Cembra L,. Chermes sibiricus Chol. Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 27. Pineus sibiricus (Chol.) CB. (Chermes cembrae Chol. 1888) Borner, 1908a, p. 211. P. contorta Dougl. (murrayana). Chermes coloradensis Cillette. Gillette, 1907b, p. 16. Pineus pini (L. Macqu.) ‘CB. (Anisophleba pini Koch 1857). (? Chermes obtectus Ratz. 1844) (orientalis Dreyfus 1888). Borner, 1908a, p. 172. P. divaricata Dum.-Cours (Banksiana Lamb.) Pineus pint (lL. Macqu.) CB. (Anisophleba pini Koch 1857) (? Chermes obtectus Ratz 1844) (orientalis Dreyfus 1888). Borner, 1g08a, p. 172. P. echinata Mill. (itis). Yellow Pine. FOOD PLANTS OF THE APHIDS. | 187 Aphis marginipennis Haldeman. Hunter, 1901, p. I01. P. edulis Engelm. Pifion pine. Chermes coloradensis Gillette. Gillette, 1907b, p. 17. P. halepensis Mill. (abchasica) Pineus laevis (Mskl.)? Borner, 1908a, p. 211. Schisolachnus agilis Kalt. Mordwilko, 1909, p. 93. P. insignis Dougl. (radiata). Lachnus pini-radiatae Davidson. Davidson, 1900, p. 299. Mindarus (Schizoneura) pinicola (Thomas). Clarke, 1903, p. 248. Pineus lacvis (Mskl.)? Borner, 1908a, p. 211. P. Larix L. See Larix europaea. P. Laricio Poir (Austriaca) (nigricans) Austrian pine. Chermes pinicorticis Fitch. Storment, 1895 and 1896, Appendix, p. III. Schizoneura fuliginosa Buckton. (? A. pini maritimae Dufour) Buck- TOMS np OF. P. montana Mill. (pumilio). Chermes pini Koch. Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 31. Pineus pim (LL. Macqu.) CB. (Anisophleba pini Koch 1857) (?Chermes obtectus Ratz 1844) (orientalis Dreyfus. 1888). Borner, 1908a, p. 206. P. palustris Mill. (australis) Southern pine. Lachnus australi Ashmead. Ashmead, 1881, p. 68. P. pinaster Ait. (maritima). Chermes pinicorticis Fitch. Davidson, 1900, p. 299. (identity doubtful ?) Lachnus tomentosus DeGeer (pineti Fab.) (piniphila Ratzeburg) Schouteden, 1906a, p. 207. P. pinea L. Pineus pim (LL. .Macqu.) CB. (Anisophleba- pini Koch 1857) (? Chermes obtectus Ratz 1844) Gorienals Dreyfus. 1888) Borner, 1908a, p. 211. P. ponderosa Dougl. (scopulorum) Bull pine. Yellow pine. Chermes coloradensis Gillette. Gillette, 1907b, p. 16. Lachnus flocculosa Williams. Williams, 1891, p. 20. Lachnus pini Linn. Cowen, 1895, p. 117. Lachnus ponderosae Williams. Williams, 1910 (1911), p. 24. Schizoneura pinicola Thomas. Williams, 1801, p. 20. P. Pumilio Haenke (uliginosa) Anisophleba pint Koch. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 702. P. pyrenaica Lapeyr. Schizoneura fuliginosa Buckton. (Aphis pini maritimae Dufour). Buckton, 3, p. 07. P. strobus, L. White pine. Chermes floccus Patch. Patch, 1909d, p. 307. Chermes orientalis Dreyfus. Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 31. Chermes pinicorticis Fitch. Patch, 1909d, p. 303. Chermes pinifoliae Fitch (abieticolens Thomas) Patch, 1900d, p. ae Essigella californicus Essig. Patch, 1912c. Lachnus fasciatus Burmeister (A. costata Zetterstedt?). Kaltenbach, 1843, p. 160. “188 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 10912. Lachnus rileyi Williams. Williams, 1910 (1911), p. 24. Lachnus strobi Fitch. Weed, 1800, p. 116. Patch, 1912¢c. Mindarus abietinus Koch (Schizoneura pinicola Thos.). Patch, r9r1ob, D, ZA2. Pineus strobi (Hartig) CB. (Adelges corticalis Hardy 1850). (?Chermaphis pini var. laevis Maskell 1885) (pinicorticis Shimer 1865) (pinifoliae ‘Shimer not Fitch, see Patch r909d, p. 304.) (Coccus pini- corticis Fitch 1856.) Borner, 1908a, p. 21T. (Schizoneura) pinicola Thos. On roots. Felt, 1909, p. 80. Schizoneura strobi Fitch. Thomas, 1870, p. 140. (Genus?) P. sylvestris L. Scotch Pine. Chermes corticalis Kalt. WKaltenbach, 1874, p. 702. Chermes corticalis Kalt. (strobi Hartig?) (piceae (?) Ratz). Buck- ton 4, p. 24. ; Chermes orientalis Dreyfus. Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 3I. Chermes pini Koch. Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 31. Chermes pini Koch? (Anisophleba pini Koch). Buckton, 4, p. 4f. Chermes pinicorticis Fitch. Storment, 1895, and 1896. Appendix, i» JUL, Glyphina pilosa Bick. Buckton, 4, p. 16. Lachnus agilis Kalt. (A. agilis Walker). Buckton, 3, p. 47. Lachnus fasciatus Burm. (A. costata Zetterstedt?). Kaltenbach, 1843, p. 160. Lachnus fasciatus Burm. Burmeister, 1835, p. 93. Lachnus hyperophilus Koch. Koch, p. 232 (Fohre). Lachnus maculosus Cholodkovsky. Schouteden, 1906a, p. 204. Lachnus nudus DeGeer. Schouteden, 1906a, p. 205. Lachnus pineti (Schizoneura fulignosa Buckton?). Mordwilko, 1890, p. 398. Lachnus pineti Koch (pineus Mordwilko) (piniphila Ratzeburg) Schouteden, 1906a, p. 207. Lachnus pineti (Fab.) (A. tomentosa pini DeGeer). Kaltenbach, 1843, p. 162. Lachnus pim (Linn) Kalt. (A. nuda pini DeGeer) (Pintyaphis Amyot). Buckton, 3, p. 50. Lachnus pini Linn. Weed, 1800, p. 118. Patch, 1o12c. Lachnus pimicolus Kalt. Buckton, 3, p. 53. Lachnus rileyi Williams. Williams, 1910 (1911), p. 24. ' Lachnus roboris (Linn) (1. fasciatus Burm.) (Cinara roboris Curtis). Kaltenbach, 1843, p. 149. (See also Buckton, 3; De 7aV is Lachnus taeniatus Koch. Koch, p. 241 (Fohre). Lachnus taeniatus Koch (?pinicola Walker). (cembrae Cholod- kovsky). Schoutenden, 1906a, p. 207. ‘Lachnus tomentosus DeGeer. (pineti Fab.) (piniphila Ratzeburg) Schouteden, 1906a, p. 207. Pineus laevis (Mskl.)? Borner, 1908, p. 211 (? sylvestris). FOOD PLANTS OF THE APHIDS. 189 Pineus pimi (lL. Macqu.) CB. (Anisophleba pini Koch, 1857). : - (? Chermes obtectus Ratz 1844) (orientalis Dreyfus 1888). Borner, 1908a, p. 200. Rhizobius pini Burmeister. Kaltenbach, 1843, p. 208. Schizoneura fuliginosa (? A. pini maritimae Dufour). Buckton, 3, p. 97. Pr. Sp. Aphis pilicornis Hartig. Hartig, 1841, p. 3690. “Auf der Fichte.” Aphis? pinicolens Fitch. Thomas, 1879, p. 102. Chaitophorus pinicolens (Fitch). Hunter, tgo1, p. 88. Essigella (Lachnus) californicus (Essig). Del Guercio. Essig, 1909, Dp. 74. Holzneria (Pemphigus) poschingeri (Holzner) Licht. Lichtenstein, La Flore. Lachnus agilis Kalt. Gillette, 19c9a, p. 385. Lachnus curtipilosus Mordwilko. Mordwilko, 1899, p. 300. Lachnus pineus Mordwilko. Mordwilko, 1899, pp. 359, 309. Lachnus pinihabitans Mordwilko. Mordwilko, 1809, pp. 48, 3909.. Lachnus taeniatoides. Mordwilko, 1809, pp. 316, 526 and 300. Lachnus sp. Gillette. Gillette, 1909a, p. 385. Pemphigus degeeri, Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1843, p. 186. PSEUDOTSUGA. P. Douglasii Carr (mucronata). Red fir. Chermes cooleyi Gillette. Gillette, 1907b, p. 6. Chermes cooleyi var. coweni Gillette. Gillette, 1907b, p. 10. Chermes coweni Cillette. Davidson, 1909, p. 200. TAXUS. Yew. T. baccata L,. Irish Yew. : Chermes taxi Buckton. Buckton, 1886, p. 327. Schouteden 1906c, p. (6). 35. a Coccid according to Cholodkovsky.” THUJA. Arbor vitae. T. occidentalis L., “Arbor vitae. White Cedar. Lachnus juniperi Degeer. Essig, r91tb, p. 543. TSUGA. Hemlock. T. canadensis (L.) Carr (Abies canadensis Michx). Chermes-Dreyfusia funitectus Dreyfus (nec Chldk. 1907). Borner, 1908a, p. 207. Chermes funitectus Dreyfus. Cholodkovsky, 1907, p. 24. TYPHACEAEF. CAT-TAIL FAMILY. TYPHA. (Thypha.) Cat-tail Flag. T. angustifolia L. Mygus persicae Pass. Passerini Flora. T. latifolia L. (major). Common Cat-tail. I9Q MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. TOU2- Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (1) Koch (A. butomi. Schrank) (R. najadum Koch). Passerini, 1863, p. 21. T. shuttleworthii Koch. Myzus persicae Pass. Passerini Flora. SPARGANIACEAE. BUR-REED FAMILY. SPARGANIUM. Bur-reed. S. ramosum Curt. : Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (.) Koch. (A. butomi Schrank) (R. najadum Koch). Passerini, 1863, p. 21. NAJADACEAE. PONDWEED FAMILY. NAJAS. Naiad. N. flexilis (Willd) Rostk. & Schmidt. (Naias flexilis). Rhopalosiphum nymphacae (Linn.). Williams, 1891, p. 18. POTAMOGETON. Pondweed. P. natans. Rhopalosiphum nymphacae (Linn.) Koch. Buckton, 2, p. 13. P. sp. Rhopalosiphum najadum Koch. Koch, p. 45. ALISMACKAR, WATER-PLANTAIN BAMILY- ALISMA. Water Plantain. A. plantago-aquatica L. Aphis abbreviata Patch. Patch, I912c. Rhopalosiphum nympheae (Linn.). Buckton, 2, p. 13. Patch, 1912¢. Rhopalosiphum nymphacae (L.) Koch. (A. butomi Schrank) (R. | najadum Koch). Passerini, 1863, p. 21. Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae 1,. (Rh. alismae Koch in litt.). Koch, p. 26. BUTOMUS. B. umbellatus. ib Rhopalosiphum nymphacae (Linn.) Koch. Buckton, 2, p. 13. B. sp. : Rhopalosiphum butomi Schrank. Lichtenstein, La Flore. SAGITTARIA, Arrow-head. S. latifelia Willd (variabilis Eng.) Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae Linn. 1910a, p. 245. (Aphis aquaticus Jackson). Davis, FOOD PLANTS OF THE APHIDS. IQI HYDROCHARITACEAR. FROG’S BIT FAMILY. HYDROCHARIS. H. Morsus-ranae L. Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (Linn.) Koch. Buckton, 2, p. 13. ELODEA. Water-weed. E. canadensis Michx. (Philotria canadense). Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae Linn. (Aphis aquaticus Jackson). Davis 1g10a, p. 245. PHILOTRIA. See Elodea. GRAMINEAE. GRASS FAMILY. Agropyron. A. glaucum. Colorado Blue-stem. Brachycolus tritici Gillette. Gillette, ror1b, p. 441. Chaitophorus agropyronensis Gillette. Gillette, 1911Ib, p. 443. AGROSTIS. Bent Grass. A, plumosa. Tetraneura graminis Monell. Patch, 1910a, p. 210. A. alba L. Fiorin or White Bent Grass (vulgaris Thurb, Red Top). Brachycolus stellariae Hardy. (holci Hardy). Schouteden, 1906a, Dy Zia) Macrosiphum cerealis (Kalt.); Pergande, 1904a, p. 20. Siphonophora avenae Fab. Williams, 1891, p. 3) AIRA (in part). See Deschampsia. ALOPECURUS. Foxtail Grass. G. geniculatus L. Floating Foxtail Grass. Toxoptera graminum Rondani. Hunter, 1909, p. 102. ANDROPOGON. Beard Grass. A, furcatus Muhl. Schizgoneura corni Fab. (S. venusta Pass.) (FE. cornicola Walsh) (E. fungicola Walsh )(S. panicola Thomas). Hunter, 1901, p. 81. A. sorghum. Toxoptera graminum Rondani. Hunter, 1900, p. 102. ANTHOXANTHUM. Sweet Vernal Grass. A. odoratum L. Sipha graminis Kaltenbach. Schouteden, 1906a, p. 212. ARRHENATHERUM. Oat Grass. A. elatius (I,) Beauv. (Avena elatior). ‘Tall Oat Grass. Toxoptera graminum Rondani. Hunter, 1909, p. 102. 3 192 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912. ARUNDO. A. Donax L. Giant Reed. Aphis donacis Pass. Ferrari, 1872, p. 72. A. phragmitis. See Phragmites communis. A, sp. Aphis arundinis Fab. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 765. Callipterus arundicolens Clarke. Clarke, 1903, p. 249. AVENA.,. Oat. A. elatior. See Arrhenatherum elatius. A. fatua L. Aphis evenae Fab. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 735. Aphis cerealis Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 753. Chaitophorus solicivora Pass. Ferrari, 1872, p. 76. Siphonophora granaria (Kirby)-(A. avenae Fab?) (A. hordei Kyber) (A. cerealis Kalt.) (Bromaphis Amyot) (S. cerealis Koch). Buckton, 1, p. 116. Toxoptera graminum Rondani. Macchiati, 1883, p. 237. A. pratensis L. Geoica carnosa Buckton. Schouteden, 1902, p. 140. A. sativa L. (Oats). Amycla fuscifrons Koch. Koch, p. 302. Aphis cerealis Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 753. Macrosiphum cerealis (Kalt.). Pergande, 1904a, p. 20. Macrosiphum granaria Buckton (avenae Thos. in part). Pergande, 1904a, p. 15. Macrosiphum trifoli Pergande. Pergande, 1904a, p. 21. Pemphigus boyeri Pass. (Amycla fuscifrons Koch.) Ferrari, 1872, Ds OB Pemphigus fuscifrons Koch. Buckton, 3, p. IIS. Sipha avenae Del Guercio.. Del Guercio, 1900, p. 116. Sipha (Chaitophorus) flava Forbes. Davis, t909b, p. 157. Sipha maydis Pass. Ferrari, 1872, p. 78. Siphocoryne avenae (Fab.) (mali Fitch) (avenae Fitch) (prunifoliae Fitch) (annuae Oestl.) (fitchii Sanderson) (Siphonophora avenae Thos. in part). Per- gande, tg9o4a, p. 8. Patch, 1912c. Siphonophora cerealis Koch (Aphis cerealis Kalt.) (A. avenae Walker non Schrank). Passerini, 1863, p. 12. Siphonophora granaria Kirby. Buckton, 1, p. 116. Toxoptera graminum R. (Pass.). Hunter, 1909, p. 102. A. strigosa Schreb. ‘ Aphis cerealis Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 753. A. sp. Amycla (Aphis) fuscifrons Koch. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 757. Aphis avena, Linn. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 756. Aphis dirhoda Walker. Walker, 18409a, p. 43. Sipha (Aphis) graminis Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 757. Siphonophora avenae Walker. Lichtenstein, La Flore. Toxoptera graminum Rondani. Buckton, 3, p. 135. FOOD PLANTS OF THE APHIDS. 193 BAMBUSA, B, arundinacea Willd. Oregma bumbusae Buckton. Schouteden, 1905, p. 187. BROMUS. (Ceratochloa) Brome Grass. B. arenarius Labill. (australis). Schizoneura venusta Pass. Passerini, 1863, p. 60. B. hordeaceus L. Soft Chess. Aphis cerealis Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 745. B. maximus Df. ; Toxoptera graminum Rondani. Macchiati, 1883, p. 237. B. mollis L. ; Pentaphis pawlowae Mordwilko. Mordwilko, 18090, p. 83. Siphonophora granaria (Kirby) (avenae Fab?) (hordei Kyber) (cerealis Kalt.) (Bromaphis Amyot). Buckton, I, p. 116. Mipeopiera. ¢ gramimum Rondani. Hunter, 1909, p. 102. B. racemosus L. Siphocoryne avenae (Fab.) (mali Fitch) (prunifoliae Fitch) (avenae Fitch) (annuae Oestl.) (fitchii Sanderson) Siphonophora avenae Thos. in part). Per- gande, 1904a, p. 9. B. secalinus t Cheat or Chess. Apmis cerealis Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874; p. 753. Macrosiphum cerealis (Kalt.). Pergande, 1904a, p. 20. Siphonophora avenae Fab. Williams, 1801, p. 13. B. unioloides H. B. (Ceratochloa australis) (Schraderi). Schizoneura venusta Pass. Passerini, 1860, p. 38. Siphocoryne avenae (Fab.) (mali Fitch) (prunifoliae Fitch) (avenae Fitch) (annuae Oestl.) (fitchii .Sanderson) (Siphonophora avenae Thos. in part). Per- gande, 1904a, p. 8. B. sp. Aphis dirhoda Walker. Walker, 1849a, p. 43. Aploneura lentisci Pass. Lichtenstein, La Flore. Schizoneura fodicus Buckton. Buckton, 3, p. 96. CALAMAGROSTIS. Reed Bent Grass. C. epigeios Roth. Ayalopterus arundinis (Fab.) Koch. (A. pruni Walker partim). Passerini, 1863, p. 27. CHAETOCHLOA. C, glauca. See Setaria glauca. COIX. C. Lacryma-Jobi L,. Pemphigus boyert Pass. (A. radicum Boyer) (Amycla fuscifrons Koch). Passerini, 1863, p. 74. 194 MAINE AGRICULTURAL KXPERIMENT STATION. I9QT2. Pemphigus fuscifrons Koch (Amycla fuscifrons Koch) (P. boyeri Pass.) (P. zeae maidis Low?) (A. radicum Boyer?) Buckton, 3, p. 116. Tychae setariae Pass. Passerini, 1863, p. 82. CYNODON. Bermuda Grass. C. Dactylon Pers. 3 Pemphigus boyeri Pass. (Amycla fuscifrons Koch). Ferrari, 1872, p. 83. Pemphigus zeae maidis Dufour (A. radicum Boyer) (P. boyeri Pass.) (A. fuscifrons Koch) (Endeis bella Koch?) (Endeis rorea Koch) Macchiati, 1883, p. 265. Sipha avenae Del Guercio. Del. Guercio, 1900, p. 116. Tetraneura ulmi De Geer (Pemphigus fuscifrons Buckton) (P.. sac- charata Del Guercio). Del Guercio, 1900, p. 93. Tychea trivialis Pass. Passerini, 1860, p. 40. DACTYLIS. Orchard Grass. D. glomerata L. Aphis cerealis Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 750. Chaitophorus salicivora Pass. Ferrari, 1872, p. 76. Hyalopterus dactylidis Hayhurst. Hayhurst, tooga, p. 107. Macrosiphum cerealis (Kalt.). Pergande, 1904a, p. 20. Siphocoryne avenae (Fab.) (mali Fitch) (prunifoliae Fitch) (avenae Fitch) (annuae Oestl.) (fitchii Sanderson) (Siphonophora avenae Thos. in part). Per- gande, 1904a, p. 8. Siphonophora granaria (Kirby) Koch. (avenae Fab?) (hordei Kyber) (cerealis Kalt.) (Bromaphis Amyot). Buckton, I, p. 116. : Toxoptera graminum Rondani. Hunter, 1909, p. 102. D. sp, Aphis dirhoda Walker. Walker, 1849a, p. 40. DANTHONIA. Wild Oat Grass. D, airoides Nees. DENDROCALAMUS. D. giganteus Munro. Oregma bambusae Buckton. Schouteden, 1905, p. 187. DESCHAMPSIA. D. ambigua Beauv. (Aira caespitosa). Tetraneura graminis Monell. Williams, 1801, p. 13. D, caespitosa (1,) Beauv. (Aira caespitosa). Tetraneura graminis Monell. Patch, 1910a, p. 210. Tetraneura ulmi De Geer. Cholodkovsky, 1880, p. 474. D. flexuosa (L.) (Aira flexuosa). Common Hair Grass. FOOD PLANTS OF THE APHIDS. 195 Forda viridana Buckton. Buckton, 4, p. 86. Sipha berlesei Del Guercio. Schouteden, 1906a, p. 212. DIGITARIA. Finger Grass. D. filiformis (L.) Koeler. Pentaphis trivialis Passerini. Schouteden, 1906a, p. 193. D. humifusa Pers. (Panicum glabrum). Pemphigus boyert Pass. (Aphis radicum Boyer). .Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 768. Schizoneura corni Fab. (S. graminis Del Guercio). Del Guercio, 1900, p. 103. Schizoneura panicola Thomas. Thomas, 1879, p. 138. Schizoneura venusta Pass. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 768. Tychea panici Thomas. Thomas, 1879, p. 170. Tychea setariae Pass. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 768. D. sanguinalis (L.) Scop. (Panicum sanguinale) (Syntherisma san- guinalis). Crab Grass. Aphis (Siphocoryne) avenae Fab. (mali Fitch) (prunifoliae Fitch) Z (avenae Fitch) (annuae Oestl.) (fitchit Sanderson) (Siphonophora avenae Thos. in part). Pergande, 1904a, p. 8. Aphis maidis Fitch. Davis, 1909b, p. 145. Sipha “Chaitophorus) flava Forbes. Davis, t909b, p. 157. Toxoptera graminum Rondani. Hunter, 1900, p. 102.° Aphis padi Kalt. (A. avenae Fab. Kalt.) Mordwilko, 1897, p. 283. ECHINOCHLOA. E. Crus-galli (L.) (crus-corvi) (Panicum crus-galli L.) Barnyard Grass. ; Aphis annuae Oestlund. Williams, 1891, p. 13. Aphis maidis Fitch. Davis, 1999b, p. 145. Aphis setariae Thomas. Gillette and Taylor, 1908, p. 42. Geoica squamosa Hart. Hart, 1891 and 1892, p. 100. Pemphigus boyeri Pass. (Amycla fuscifrons Koch). Ferrari, 1872, Pp: 82. Schizoneura corni Fab. (S. venusta Pass.) (FE. fungicola Walsh) (E. cornicola Walsh) (S. panicola Thomas). Hunter, r901, p. 81. Williams, 1910 (I9QII). p. 19. Schizoneura corni Fab. (S. graminis Del Guercio). Del Guercio. fon) io) Schizoneura corni Fab. (S. graminis Del Guercio). Del Guercio, 190C, p. 103. Sipha (Chaitophorus) flava Forbes. Davis, 1909b, p. 157. Siphonophora setariae Thomas (Siphonophora panicola Thomas) Thomas, 1878, p. 6. Tetraneura ulmi De Geer (Pemphigus fuscifrons Buckton) (P. sac- charata Del Cuercio) Del Guercio, 1900, p. 93. 196 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. ELEUSINE. Goose Grass. E. Indica Caertn. Aphis setariae Thomas. Sanborn, 1910, p. 6. Rhizobius eleusinis ‘Thomas. Thomas, 1878, p. 15. ELYMUS. Wild Rye. E arenarius L. ; Hyalopterus arundinis (Fab.) Koch (A. pruni Walker partim) Passerini, 1863, p. 27. Hyalopterus pruni (Fab.) Koch. (Walker partim). Passerini, 1863, DM. 272 E. canadensis L. Myzocallis (?) sp. Osborn. Osborn, 1892, p. 120. E. geniculatus. Aphis padi Kalt. (A. avenae Fab. Kalt.). Mordwilko, 1897, p. 283. E. virginicus L., Macrosiphum cerealis (Kalt.). Pergande, 1904a, p. 20. Macrosiphum granaria Buckton (avenae Thos. in part). Pergande, TOOAAse oss. ERAGROSTIS. E, megastachya Link (major Host.). Colopha ulmicola (Fitch) (eragrostidis Middleton). Patch, r1g10, p. - BOE Pemphigus boyert Pass. (A. radicum Boyer) (Amycla fuscifrons Koch). Passerini, 1863, p. 74. Pemphigus caerulescens Pass. Passerini, 1863, p. 74. Schizoneura corni Fab. S. graminis Del Guercio). Del Guercio, 1900, Deloss ; Schizoneura venusta Pass. Passerini, 1860, p. 38. Tychea eragrostidis Pass. Passerini, 1860, p. 30. E, minor Host. (poaeoides). Colopha eragrostidis Middleton. Williams, 1891, p. 13. E. pectinacea Michx. Schizoneura panicola Thomas. Oestlund, 1887, p. 29. E. sp. Pemphigus fuscifrons (Koch) (P. boyeri Pass.) (P. zeae maidis Low?) (A. radicum Boyer?). Buckton, 3, p. 116. FESTUCA. Fescue Grass. F. elatior L. Taller or Meadow Fescue. Tychea trivialis Pass. Passerini, 1860, p. 40. F. ovina L. (duriuscula L.) Sheep’s Fescue. Forda formicaria Heyden (Rhizoterus vacca Hartig). Passerini, 1863, p. 79. Paracletus cimiciformis Heyden. Buckton, 3, p. 67. Tychea trivialis Pass. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 753. FOOD PLANTS OF THE APHIDS. 197 GLYCERIA. Manna Grass. G. (Poa) aquatica L. Sipha glyceriae Kaltenbach. Theobald, 1911-12. G. distans Wahlenb. Dryopeia (endeis) rosea Koch. Schouteden, 1906a, p. 193. G. fluitans (L.) R. Br. Sipha glyceriae (Kalt.) Pass. Passerini, Flora. Siphonophora granaria (Kirby) (avenae Fab?) (hordei Kyber) (cerealis Kalt.) (Bromaphis Amyot). Buckton® 1, ps 110: G. nervata (Willd) (Panicularia nervata). Fowl Meadow Grass. Amphorophora howardiu Wilson. Wilson, 1911, p. 59. HIEROCHLOE. Holy Grass. H. australis Roem. (Holcus australis). Schizoneura venusta Pass. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 768. HOCCUS. H. mollis L. Aphis holci Ferrari. Ferrari, 1872, p. 63. Brachycolus stellariae Hardy (holci Hardy). Buckton, 2, p. 148. Forda formicaria Heyden (Rhizoterus vacca Hartig). Buckton 4, p. 84. Siphonophora cerealis Kalt. Ferrari, 1872, p. 56. H, sp. sci Aphis dirhoda Walker. Walker, 1849a, p. 43. Aphis cerealis Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 758. Brachycolus stelleriae Hardy. (holci Hardy). Schouteden, 1906a, p. 212. Sipha maidis Pass. Lichtenstein, La Flore. Sipha schoutedeni Del Guercio. Schouteden, 1906a, p. 212. Siphonophora granaria (Kirby) (avenae Fab?) (hordei Kyber) (cerealis Kalt.) (Bromaphis Amyot). Buckton, I, p. 116. HORDEUM. Barley. H. distichon L. Aphis avenae Fab. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 735. H. jubatum L. Squirrel-tail Grass. Siphonophora avenae Fab. Williams, 1891, p. 13. . Schizoneura corni?!(Fab.). Williams, 1801, p. 13. H. murinum L, Aphis cerealis Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 753. Sipha elegans Del Guercio. Siphonophora cerealis Kalt. Ferrari, 1872, p. 56. Siphonophora granaria (Kirby) (avenae Fab?) (hordei Kyber) cerealis Kalt.) (Bromaphis Amyot) Buckton, I, p. 116. 198 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. Toxoptera graminum Rondani. Hunter, 1900, p. 102. H. vulgare L. (sativum). Aphis avenae Fab: Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 735. Aphis maidis Fitch. Davis, 1909b, p. 145. Brachycolus korotnevi Mordwilko. Cholodkovsky, 1910, p. 147. Siphocoryne avenae (Fab.) Patch, 1912c. Siphonophora granaria (Kirby) (avenae Fab?) (hordei Kyber) (cerealis Kalt.) (Bromaphis Amyot). Buckton, I, p. 116. H. sp. Aphis dirhoda Walker. Walker, 1849a, p. 43. Endeis (Aphis) bella Koch. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 735. Sipha maidis Pass: Lichtenstein, La Flore. KOELERIA. K. cristata L. Aphis padi Kalt. (A. avenae Fab. Kalt.). Mordwilko, 1897, p. 283. LEERSIA. Cut-grass. L. oryzoides Sw. (Oryza clandestina). Rice Cut-grass. Sipha glyceriae (Kalt.) Pass. Passerini, 1863, p. 63. L. virginica Willd. White Grass. Tetraneura graminis Monell. Patch, 1910a, p. 210. LEPTOCHLOA. L, filiformis Beauv. Aphis maidi-radicis Forbes. Vickery, 1910, p. IOt. LOLIUM. Darnel. L. multiflorum Lam. Italian Rye Grass. Sipha maydis Pass. Macchiati, 1883, p. 261. L. perenne L. Common Darnel, Perennial Ray or Rye Grass. Pemphigus boyert Pass. (Amycla fuscifrons Koch). Ferrari, 1872, p. 83. Pemphigus Zeae maidis Dufour (A. radicum Boyer) (P. boyeri Pass.) (A. fuscifrons Koch) (Endeis bella Koch?) (Endeis rorea Koch) Macchiati, 1883, p. 265. Sipha (Aphis) maydis Pass. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 768. Toxoptera graminum Rondani. Hunter, 1909, p. 102. L. temulentum 1. Bearded Darnel. Sipha maydis Pass. Passerini, 1860, p. 38. L. sp. Brachycclus korotnewi Mordwilko. Mcrdwilko, 1899, p. 350. Pemphigus (Amycla) fuscifrons (Koch) (boyeri Pass.) (zeae maidis Low?) (A. radicum Boyer?) Buckton, 3, p. 116. FOOD PLANTS OF THE APHIDS: 199 MELICA. Melic Grass. M. baulimi All. Auct. Pedem. Aphis padi Kalt. (A. avenae Fab., Kalt.). Mordwilko, 1897, p. 283. M. penicillaris Boiss. & Bal. Aphis padi Kalt. (A. avenae Fab., Kalt.) Mordwilko, 1897, p. 283. MUHLENBERGIA. M. racemosa Michx. Schigoneura corni Fab. (S. venusta Pass.) (FE. fungicola Walsh) (E.-cornicola Walsh) (S. panicola Thomas). Hunter, rool, p. 8&1. M. Schreberi Gmelin. Drop-seed, Nimble Will. Aphis setariae Thomas. Sanborn, 1910, p. 6. ORYZA. O. sativa L. (montana). Pemphigus boyert Pass. (A. radicum Boyer) (Amycla fuscifrons Koch). Passerini, 1863, p. 74. Sipha glyceriae (Kalt.) Pass. Passerini, 1863, p. 63. Tetraneura ulmi DeGeer (Pemphigus fuscifrons Buckton) (P. sac- charata Del Guercio). Del Guercio, 1900, p. 93. Tychea setuosa Pass. Buckton, 4, p. 88. O, sp. Pemphigus (Amycla) fuscifrons Koch. (P. boyeri Pass.) (zeae maidis Low?) (A. radicum Boyer?). Buckton, 3, p. 116. PANICULARIA. P, nervata. See Glyceria nervata. ; PANICUM. Panic Grass. (In Part See Digitaria.) P, capillare L. Old-witch Grass. : Schigoneura corni Fab. (S. venusta Pass.) (KE. fungicola Walsh) (E. cornicola Walsh) (S. panicola Thomas). Hunter, 1901, p. 81. . Crus-galli. See Echinochloa Crus-galli (L,.). . glabrum Gaud. See Digiaria humifusa Pers. . glaucum. See Setaria glauca. polyanthes Schultes. Aphis setariae Thomas. Sanborn, 1910, p. 6. P. proliferum’ Lam. Aphis seturiae Thomas. Gillette and Taylor, 1908, p. 42. Aphis setariae (Thomas) (Siphonophora setariae Thomas) (S. pani- cola Thomas). Monell, 1879, p. 23. Rhizobius spicatus Hart. Hart, 1891 and 1802, p. 105. Schizoneura corni Fab. Williams, 1801, p. 13. P. sanguinale L. Aphis setariae Thos. Sanborn, 1010, p. 6. Schizoneura corni Fab. (S. venusta Pass.) (E. fungicola Walsh) (FE. cornicola Walsh) (S. panicola Thomas). Hunter, 1901, p. 8r. 0 0 0 U 200 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQt2. P. sp. Aphis maidi-radicis Forbes. Davis, 1909b, p. 124. Colopha ulmicola (Fitch) (eragrostidis Middleton). Patch, 1910a, p. 205. Pemphigus (Amycla) fuscifrons. Koch (boy«r: Pass.) (zeae maidis Low?) (A. radicum Boyer?) Buckton, 3, p. 116. Schizoneura panicola Vhos. Hart, 1891 and 1802, p. 87. Sipha (chaitophorus) flava Forbes. Davis, 1909b, p. 157. Siphonophora panicola Thomas. Thomas, 1878, p. 6. Trama erigeronensis Thos. (Tychea radicola Oestlund). Hart, 1891) and 1892, p. 93. Tychea panici Thomas. Thomas, 1879, p. 138. PHALARIS. Canary Grass. P, arundinacea L. Reed Canary Grass. Aphis glyceriae Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 751. Aphis lonicerae Sieb. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 406. P. canariensis L. Siphonophora avenae Fab. Williams, 1891, p. 13. PHLEUM. P, pratense L. Timothy, Herd’s Grass. Sipha (Chaitophorus) flava Forbes. Davis, 1909b, p. 157. Siphocoryne avenae (Fab.) (mali Fitch) (prunifoliae Fitch) (avenae ‘ Fitch) (annuae Oestl.) (fitchii Sanderson) (Siphonophora avenae Thos. in part). Per- gande, 1904a, p. 8. PHRAGMITES. Reed. P. communis L, Trin. (Phragmites Phragmites) (Arundo phragmites). -Hyalopterus arundinis (Fab.) Koch (A. phragmitidicola Oestl.) Oest- lund, 1887, p. 48. Hyalopterus arundinis (Fab.) (pruni Fab.) Osborn-Sirrine, 1893, p. 236. Hyalopterus arundinis (Fab.) Koch (A. calamaphis Amyot). Buckton, Zep. D2! PHYLLOSTACHYS. P. sp. Aphis bambusae Fullaway “on bamboo (Phyllostachys?).”’ Fullaway, 1900, p. 36. POA. Meadow Grass. P, annua 1. Low Spear Grass. Aphis annuae Oestlund. Oestlund, 1887, p. 66. Aphis glyceria Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 751. Aphis padi Kalt. (A. avenae Fab., Kalt.). Mordwilko, 1897, p. 282. FOOD PLANTS OF THE APHIDS. - 201 Endeis pellucida Buckton. Buckton, 4, p. of. Rhizobius poae Buckton. Buckton, 4, p. 93. Rhizobius poae Thomas. ‘Thomas, 1879, p. 167. Rhizobius poae Thomas. Davis, 1910, p. 408. Siphonophora avenae Fab. Williams, 1891, p. 13. Siphonophora longipennis Buckton. Buckton, 1, p. 148. Siphonophora poae Macchiati. Del Guercio, 1900, p. 164. Tychea eragrostidis Buckton. Buckton, 4, p. 80. P. compressa L. Canada Blue Grass, Wire Grass. Aphis setariae Thomas. ‘Sanborn, 1010, p. 6. Rhopalosiphum dianthi var. poae Williams. Williams, 1891, p. 7. Siphocoryne avenae (Fab.) (mali Fitch) (prunifoliae Fitch) (avenae Fitch) (annuae Oestl.) (fitchii Sanderson) (Siphonophora avenae Thos. in part). Per- gande, 1904a, p. 8. P. megastachya. See Eragrostis. P. pratensis L. June Grass, Spear Grass, Kentucky Blue Grass. Forda formicaria Heyden (Rhizoterus vacca Hartig). Passerini, 1863, p: 79. Forda occidentalis Hart. Hunter, 1901, p. 69 Geoica squamosa Hart. Hunter, 1901, p. 76 Macrosiphum cerealis (Kalt.). Pergande, 1904a, p. zo. Pemphigus boyert Pass. Amycla fuscifrons Koch). Ferrari, 1872, p. 83. Rhopalosiphum poae Gillette. Gillette, 1908a, p. 61. Siphocoryne avenae (Fab.) (mali Fitch) (prunifoliae Fitch) (avenae Fitch) (annuae O6estl.) (fitchii Sanderson) (Siphonophora avenae Thos. in part). Per- gande, 1904a, p. 8. Toxoptera graminum Rondani. Hunter, 1900, p. 103. P. trivialis L. Rough-stalked Meadow Grass. Aphis padi Kalt. (A. avenae Fab., Kalt.). Mordwilko, 1897, p. 282. Tychea trivialis Pass. Passerini, 1860, p. 4o. P. sp. . Aphis dirhoda Walker. Walker, 1849a, p. 43. Aphis poae Hardy. Walker, 1852, p. 1038. Myzus persicae Sulzer. Gillette and Taylor, 1908, p. 35. Rhopalosiphum dianthi var poae Williams. Williams, 1910 (1011), p. 70. Schigoneura venusta Pass. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 753. Sipha (Chaitophorus) flava Forbes. Davis, 1909b, p. 157. Siphonophora granaria (Kirby) (avenae Fab?) (hordei Kyber) : (cerealis Kalt.) (Bromaphis Amyot). Buckton, I, p. 116. SACCHARUM. S. officinarum L. Sugar Cane. Aphis adusta Zehntner. Zodlogical Record, 1808, p. 269. Aphis maidis Fitch. Patch, 1912c. 202 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, Igi2. Aphis sacchari Zehntner. Fullaway, 1900, p. 35. Tetraneura lucifuga Zehntner. Jahresbericht Pflanzenkrankheiten, IQOI (1903), p. 220. S. sp. Oregma (Ceratovacuna) lanigera Zehntner. Schouteden, 1905, p. 184. SECALE., S. cereale L. Rye. Aphis dirhoda Walker. Walker, 1849a, p. 43. Macrosiphum cerealis (Kalt.). Pergande, r1904a, p. 20. Siphocoryne avenae (Fab.) (avenae Fitch) (mali Fitch) (prunifoliae Fitch) (annuae Oestl.) (fitchii Sanderson) (Siphonophora avenae Thos. in part). Per- gande, 1904a, p. 8. Siphonophora granaria (Kirby) (avenae Fab?) (hordei Kyber) (cerealis Kalt.) (Bromaphis Amyot). Buckton, I, p. 116. Toxoptera graminum Rondani. Hunter, 1909, p. 103. SETARIA. Bristly Foxtail Grass. S. glauca Beauv. (Panicum glaucum) (Chaetochloa glauca). Foxtail, ‘Pigeon Grass. Aphis maidis-radicis Forbes. Davis, t9o9b, p. 124. Aphis maidis Fitch: Davis, 1909b, p. 145. Aphis (Siphonophora) setariae Thomas. Gillette and Taylor, 1908, sy we: Schizoneura corni Fab. (S. graminis Del Guercio). Del Guercio, 1900, p. 103. Schizoneura panicola Thomas. Oestlund, 1887, p. 20. Schizoneura venusta Pass. Passerini, 1860, p. 38. Sipha (Chaitophorus) flava Forbes. Davis, 1909b, p. 157. Tychea eragrostidis Pass. Buckton, 4, p. 89. Tychea panici Thomas. (Schizoneura?). Hunter, Igor, p. 60. Tychea‘setariae Pass. Passerini, 1863, p. 82. S. italica Beauv. (Setaria germanica). Aphis maidis-radicis Forbes. Davis, 1909b, p. 124. Schizoneura corni Fab. (S.graminis Del Guercio). Del Guercio,1goo, p. 103. . Schizoneura venusta Pass. Passerini, 1860, p. 38. S. viridis L. Green Foxtail, Bottle Grass. Aphis maidi-radicis Forbes. Davis, 1909b, p. 124. Aphis maidis Fitch. Williams, 1891, p. 14. Aphis setariae (Thomas). Williams, 1891, p. 14. Macrosiphum cerealis (Kalt.). Pergande, 1904a, p. 20. Schizoneura corm Fab. (S. graminis Del Guercio). Del Guercio, 1900, p. 103. Schizoneura corni (Fab.) (S. venusta Pass.) (E. fungicola Walsh) (E. cornicola Walsh) (S. panicola Thomas). Hunter, roor, p. 81. ie FOOD PLANTS OF THE APHIDS. 203 Schizoneura venusta Pass. Ferrari, 1872, p. 82. Tychea setariae Pass. Passerini, 1860, p. 40. S. sp. : Tetraneura rubra Licht. (“nach Mordwilko identisch mit Pemphigus Zeae-maydis Boyer”). Cholodkovsky, 1910, p. 149. SORGHUM. S. Dora Griseb. Aphis maidi-radicis Forbes. Davis, r909b, p. 124. Aphis maidis Fitch. Davis, 1909b, p. 145. Sipha (Chaitophorus) flava Forbes. Davis, 1909b, p. 157. S. halepense L,. (glycychylum). Johnson Grass. Aphis avenae Fab. Passerini, 1863, p. 35. Pemphigus boyert Pass. (A. radicum Boyer) (Amycla fuscifrons Koch). Passerini, 1863, p. 74. Sipha maydis Pass. Passerini, 1860, p. 38. Tetraneura ulmi De Geer (Pemphigus fuscifrons Buckton) (P. sac- charata Del Guercio). Del Guercio, 1900, p. 93. S. saccharatum. Aphis avenae Fab. Passerini, 1863, p. 35. Aphis maidi-radicis Forbes. Davis, 1909b, p. 124. Aphis maidis Fitch. Davis, 1909b, p. 145. Pemphigus boyeri Pass. (A. radicum Boyer) (Amycla fuscifrons Koch). Passerini, 1863, p. 74. Sipha (Chaitophorus) flava Forbes. Davis, 1909b, p. 157. Sipha maydis Pass. Passerini, 1860, p. 38. Siphonophora caianensis Del Guercio. Del Guercio, 1900, p. 167. Tetraneura ulmi De Geer (Pemphigus fuscifrons Buckton) (P. sac- charata Del Guercio). Del Guercio, I900, p. 93. S. vulgare Pers. Broom Corn. Aphis avenae Fab. Passerini, 1863, p. 35. Pemphigus boyeri Pass. (A. radicum Boyer) (Amycla fuscifrons Koch). Passerini, 1863, p. 74. Tetraneura ulmi De Geer (Pemphigus fuscifrons Buckton) (P. sac- charata Del Guercio). Del Guercio, 1900, p. 93. S. sp. Aphis sorghella Schouteden. Zodlogical Record, 1906, p. 423. Aphis sorghi Theobald. Zodlogical Record, 1904, p. 337. Pemphigus fuscifrons (Koch) (P. boyeri Pass.) (zeae maidis Low?) (A. radicum Boyer?). Buckton, 3, p. 116. Schizoneura panicola Thomas. Hart, 1891 and 1802, p. 87. Toxoptera graminum Rondani. Buckton, 3, p. 135. SPARTINA. Cord Grass. S. cynosuroides Willd. Salt Reed Grass. Schizoneura corni Fab. S. venusta Pass.) (E. fungicola Walsh) (panicola Thomas). Hunter, rg9o1, p. 81. S. patens (Ait.) (juncea Willd). 204. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. Aphis laburmi Kalt. Ferrari, 1872, p. 71. Aphis medicaginis Koch. Ferrari, 1872, p. 68. SYNTHERISMA. S. sanguinalis. See Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. TRIDENS, T. seslerioides (Lichex) Nash. Aphis setariae Thos. Sanborn, 1910, p. 6. TRIODIA. T. seslerioides Benth. (Tricuspis seslerioides Torr). Hyalopterus dactylidis Hayhurst. Hayhurst, 1909a, p. 107. TRITICUM. T. dicoccum Schrank. Aphis padi Kalt. (A. avenae Fab., Kalt.). Mordwilko, 1897, p. 283. T. repens L. Forda formicaria Heyden. Buckton, 4, p. 85. Toxoptera graminum Rondani.: Hunter, 1909, p. 102. T. sativum Lam. Wheat. Macrosiphum avenivorum Kirkaldy. (S. granaria Buckton). Kirkaldy, 1905a, p. 132. Myszus persicae Sulzer. Gillette and Taylor, 1908, p. 35. Siphonophora granaria (Kirby) (avenae Fab?) (hordei Kyber) (A. cerealis Kalt.) (Bramaphis Amyot). Buckton, I, p. 176. T. Spelta L. Sipha maydis Pass. Passerini, 1860, p. 38. Toxoptera graninum Rondani. Hunter, 1909, p. 102. T. villosum P. B. Toxoptera graminum Rondani. Macchiati, 1883, p. 237. T. vulgare Vill. Aphis cerealis Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 753. Brachycolus korotnevi Mordwilko. Cholodkovsky, 1910, p. 147. Macrosiphum cerealis (Kalt.). Pergande, 1904a, p. 20. Macrosiphum granaria (Buckton) (avenae Thos. in part.) Pergande, 1904a, p. I5. Macrosiphum trifoli Pergande. Pergande, 1904, p. 21. Schizoneura venusta Pass. Passerini, 1863, p. 60. Siphocoryne avenae (Fab.) (avenae Fitch) (fali Fitch) (prunifoliae Fitch) (annuae Oestl. (fitchii Sanderson) (Siphonophora avenae Thos. in part). Per- gande, 1904a, p. 8. Siphonophora cerealis Koch (Aphis cerealis Kalt.) (A. avenae Walker mon Schrank). Passerini, 1863, p. 12. Toxoptera graminum Rondani. Hunter, 1900, p. 102. Tychea trivialis Pass. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 753. FOOD PLANTS OF THE APHIDS, 205 T. sp. Aphis cerealis Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 744. Aphis dirroda Walker . Walker, 1849a, p. 43. Aphis glyceriae Walt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 744. Aphis maidi-radicis. Forbes. Davis, 1909b, p. 124. Aphis mali Linn. Williams, 1891, p. 26. Aphis sp. Walliams, 1801, p. 20. ; Brachycolus tritici Gillette. Davis, 1910b, p. 414. Callipterus sp. Williams, 1891, p. 26. Colopha rossica Chol.. Cholodkovsky, 1897, pp. 1-3. Endeis bella Koch. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 744. Megoura sp. Williams, 1891, p. 26. Khopalosiphum sp. Wiailliams, 1891, p. 26. _Sipha (Chatophorus) flava Forbes. Davis, 1909b, p. 157. Toxares sp. Williams, 1891, p. 27. Tychea eragrostidis' Pass. Lichtenstein, La Flore. Tychea amycli Koch. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 744. ZEA. Z. Mays L. Maize. Indian Corn. Aphis maidi-radicis Forbes. Davis, 1909b, p. 124. Aphis maidis Fitch. Davis, 1909b, p. 145. Patch, 1o12c. Aphis papaveris Fab. (A. fabae Scopoli) (A. aparines Schrank). Passerini, 1863, p. 46. Aphis zeae Bonafous. Lichtenstein, 1885. Forda occidentalis Hart. Hart, 1891 and 1892, p. 95. Geoica squamosa Hart. Hart, 1891 and 1892, p. 99. Mysus persicae Sulzer. Gillette and Taylor, 1908, p. 35. Patch, 1912c. Pemphigus boyert Pass. (A. radicum Boyer) (Amycla fuscifrons Koch). Passerini, 1863, p. 76. : Pemphigus (Amycla) fuscifrons (Koch) (P. boyeri Pass.) (P. zeae maidis Low?) CAS rachieniin | Boyer?). Buckton, 3, p. 116. | Rhigobius spicatus Hart. Hart, r891 and 1892, p. 104. | Rhopalosiphum diantri (Schrank). Williams, 1891, p. 9. Sipha (Chaitophorus) flava Forbes. Davis, 1909b, p. 157. | ' Sipha maydis Pass. Ferrari, 1872, p. 78. Tetraneura ulmi De Geer (Coccus zeae maydis Dufour) (Pemphigus fuscifrons Buckton) (P. saccharata Del Guercio). Del Guercio, 1900, p. 93. Toxoptera graminum Rondani. Hunter, 1909, p. 102. Trama erigeronensis Thos. (Tychea radicola Oestlund). Hart, 1801 and 1892, p. 93. Tychea brevicornis Hart. Hart, 1891 and 1802, f£. 97. Tychea setariae. Pass. Passerini, 1860, p. 40. GRAMINEAE. G. sp. Atheroides serrulatus Haliday. Haliday, 1839, p. 180. Forda formicaria Heyden (vacca Hartig). Schouteden, 1906a, p. 193. 206 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Igi2. Forda formicaria Kalt. Koch, p. 300. Forda marginata Koch. Koch, p. 311. Paracletus cimiciformis Heyden. Schouteden, 1906a, p. 200. Schizoneura corni var. venusta Passerini. Schouteden, 1902, p. 137. Siphonophora dirhoda Walker. ‘Theobald, 1911, p. 17. ? Tetraneura coerulescens Pass. Schouteden, 1902, p. 138. Tetraneura setariae Passerini. Schouteden, 1902, p. 138. Tychea gramims Koch. Koch, p. 208. CYPBRACEAE,.. SEDGE. FAMILY.) CAREX. Sedge. C. arenaria Linn. Aphis bufo Walker. Walker, 1848b, p. 46. C. dioica L. Endeis formicina Buckton. Buckton, 4, p. 91. C, Nebraskensis. Brachycolus ballu Gillette. Gillette, 1908a, p. 67. Gillette, 1900c, p. 119. C. pseudocyperus L. Aphis caricis Schouteden. Schouteden, 1906a, p. 218. C. sp. Callipterus flabellus Sanborn. Gillette, 1909c, p. 120. Carolinaia caricis Wilson. Wilson, 1911, p. 62. Forda formicaria Heyden. Schouteden, 1902, p. 137. Toxoptera caricis Fullaway. Fullaway, 1909, p. 33. CYPERUS. Galingale. C. laevigatus L. (distachyos). Aphis papaveris Fab. Macchiati, 1883, p. 256. Aphis polyanthis Sulzer (A. tuberosae Boyer). Macchiati, 1883, p. 256. C. rotundus L. Nut Grass. Aphis papaveris Fab. Macchiati, 1883, p. 256. Myzocallis cyperis Macchiati. Macchiati, 1883, p. 259. C. virens Michx. Geoica cyperi Schouteden. Schouteden, 1902, p. 138. C. sp. Aphis cyperi Walker. Walker, 1848b, p. 45. ERIOPHORUM. Cotton Grass. E. vaginatum L, HAyalopterus eriophori (Walker) Haliday. Buckton, 2, p. 117. SCIRPUS. Bulrush. S. cernuus Vahl. (Savii). Toxoptera scirpi Pass. Macchiati, 1883, p. 237. S. lacustris L. Toxoptera scirpi Pass. Passerini, 1874, p. TI. FOOD PLANTS OF THE APHIDS. 207 PALMAE. CALAMUS. C. sp- Cerataphis lataniae Lichtenstein. Lichtenstein, La Flore. LATANIA. L. Commersonii J. F. Gmel. (borbonica) (rubra). Cerataphis lataniae Licht. (Coccus? lataniae Boisduval 1867) . (Boisduvalia lataniae Signoret 1868) (Aste- rolecanium orchidearum Westwood 1879) (Ceratovacuna brasiliensis Hempel, 1901). Embleton, 1903, p. OI. PRITCHARDIA. P. sp. Cerataphis lataniae (Boisd.) Licht. Fullaway, 1909, p. 46. ARACEAE. ARUM FAMILY. ACORUS. Sweet Flag. A. Calamus L. ; Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (\.) Koch. (A. butomi Schrank) (R. najadus Koch). Passerini, 1863, p. 21. AMORPHOPHALLUS. A. sp. Siphonophora circumflexus Buckton. Lichtenstein, Flore Supplement. ARUM. A. esculentum Linn. See Colocasia antiquorum. A. italicum Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (linn) Koch. Macchiati, 1883, p. 233. A. sp. Siphono phora circumflexa Buckton. ‘Theobald, 1911, p. 17. CALADIUM. See Colocasia. CALLA. Water Arum. C. Indica. Rhopalosiphum dianthi (Schrank) (R. callae Koch. in litt.) Koch, Pp. 43. Cc. sp. Siphonophora malvae Mosley. Lichtenstein, Flore Supplement. | COLOCASIA. C. Antiquorum (esculenta) Schott. Aphis gossypii Glover. Fullaway, 1900, p. 40. Aphis malvae (Walker). Williams, 1801, p. 8. Rhopalosiphum dianthi (Schrank). Williams, 1801, p. 8. 4 208 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. RICHARDIA. R. Africana Kunth (Aethiopica). Calla Lily. Myzus persicae Sulzer. Gillette and ‘Taylor, 1908, p. 35. Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae Linn. Davis, 1910a, p. 245. R. sp. Rhopalosiphum dianthi Schrank. Williams, 1801, p. 8. LEMNAICEAE. DUCKWEED FAMILY. ‘ LEMNA. Duckweed. L. gibba L. Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (Linn.) Koch. Buckton, 2, p. 13. L. minor L. Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae Linn. Williams, 1801, p. Io. L. polyrrhiza Linn. Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae ih Williams, 1891, p. 10. L. sp. Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae Linn. (Aphis aquaticus Jackson). Davis, 1910a, p. 245. PONTEDERIACEHAE. PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY. PONTEDERIA. Pickerel-weed. P. sp. Rhopalosiphum nymphae Linn. Lichtenstein, Flore Supplement. JUNCACH AE. RUSE HANEY: JUNCUS. Rush. J. articulatus L, Atheroides hirtellus Haliday. Haliday, 1839, p. 180. J. lampocarpus Ehrh. (lamprocarpus). Aphis glyceriae Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 751. J. sp. Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae Linn. Williams, 1801, p. 16. Sipha glyceriae (Kalt.). Patch, 191ob, p. 242. LUZULA. Wood Rush. L. albida DC. Aphis luzulae Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 726. PICEACHAE eile) EeAIVEIIE NY. ALLIUM. Onion. A. sp. Aphis allii Licht. (ined.). Lichtenstein, La Flore. ASPARAGUS. A. Officinalis L. Garden Asparagus. Aphis indistincta Walker. Walker, 1840c, p. 46. FOOD PLANTS OF THE APHIDS. 209 Aphis rumicis Linn. (? aquilegiae nigra Kittel) (atriplicis Fabricius) (armata Hausman) (aparines Schrank) (dahliae Mosley) (evonymi Fabricius) (fabae . Scopoli) (hortensis Fabricius) (papaveris Fabricius) (? solani Kittel) (thlaspeos Schrank). Schouteden, 1906a, Mee 227 Rhopalosiphum dianthi (Schk.). Williams, 1801, p. 5. A. plumosus Baker. Myzus achyrantes Monell. Sanborn, 1904, p. 71. A. sp. i Aphis papaveris Fab. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 723. Myzus mahaleb (Boyer) (Phorodon humuli var. mahaleb Buckton) (Ph. mahaleb Monell) (? Siphonoprora eis Monell). Hunter, 1901, p. 108. Myzus persicae Sulzer. Gillette and Taylor, 1908, p. 35. FUNKIA. F. subcordata Spreng. Aphis polyanthis Sulzer. (A. tuberosae Boyer). Passerini, 1863, p. 41. HEMEROCALLIS. Day Lily. H. sp. Aphis sambuci Auct. Kalt. Ferrari, 1872, p. 71. HYACINTHUS. H. orientalis L. Rhopalosiphum dianthi (Schrank) Koch. (persicae, Puceron du pecher Morren) (rapae Curtis, floris rapae Curtis, dubia? Curtis) (vastator Smee) (persicaecola Boisduval) (per- sicae Pass. not Sulzer, not Boyer, not IAN Ne IBIS Worel, A, io, 7% Rhopalosiphum persicae (Sulzer) Pass. (A. dianthi Schrank) (A. vulgaris. Kyber) (A. rapae Curtis) (A. dubia Curtis) (A. vastator Smee). Passerini, 1863, p. 20. LILIUM. Lily. L. candidum L. Aplus lilicola Williams. Williams, 1910 (1011), p. 44. Myzus persicae Sulzer. Gillette and Taylor, 1908, p. 35. L. sp. Aphis lilii Licht. (ined.). Lichtenstein, La Flore. Rhopalosiphum dianthi (Schrank). Williams, 1801, p. 16. Siphonophora lilii Monell. Comstock, 1879 (1880), p. 221. RUSCUS. R. androgynus. See Semele androgyna. 210 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Igi2. SEMELE. S. androgyna Kunth. (Ruscus androgynus). Aplus dianthi Schrank. Walker, 1850a, p. 3094. SMILAX. Green Brier. S. herbacea 1. Carrion flower. Pemphigus attenuatus Osborn (Lachnus smilacis Williams.) Wil- liams, IQIO, p. 25. S. rotundifolia 1. Common Green Brier. Horse Brier. Neoprociphilus attenuatus (Osborn & Sirrine). Patch, 1912c. TULIPA. T. Gesneriana L. Rhopalosiphum dianthi (Schrank). Williams, 1891, p. 25. Rhopalosiphum tulipae Thomas. ‘Thomas, 1879, p. 8o. Siphonophora tulipae Monell. Williams, 1891, p. 25. T. sp. Aphis tulipae Boyer. Lichtenstein, La Flore. Macrosiphum tulipae Monell. Davidson, 1910, p. 380. Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Gillette and Taylor, 1908, p. 35. Rhopalosiphum dianthi (Schrank) Koch (persicae, Puceron du pecher Morren) (rapae Curtis) (A. floris rapae Curtis) (dubia? Curtis) (persicaecola Boisduval) (Rh. persicae Pass.). Buckton, 2, p. 17. Rhopalosiphum persicae (Sulzer) Pass. (A. dianthi Schrank) (A. vulgaris Kyber) (A. rapae Curtis) (A. dubia Curt.) (A: vastator Smee). Passerini, 1863, p. 20. VERATRUM. False Hellebore. V. album L. Aphis veratri Walker. Walker, 1852, p. 1041. V. Californicum Durand. Aphis veratri Cowen. Cowen, 1805, p. 122. V. sp. Aphis veratri Cowen. Cockerell, 1903b, p. 114. Aphis veratri Walker. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 710. YUCCA. Bear Grass. Y. glauca Nutt. (angustifolia). ‘Aphis yuccae Cowen (yuccicola Williams?). ‘Cowen, 1895, p. 122. Aphis yuccicola Williams. Williams, 1910 (1911), D. 62. Y, ‘Sp: Aphis yuccae Licht. (ined.). Lichtenstein, La Fiore. Myzus roseum Macchiati. Lichtenstein, Flore Supplement. Myzus rubrum Macchiati. Del Guercio, 1900, p. 151. Macchiati, 1883, p. 236. FOOD PLANTS OF THE APHIDS. 211 ZYGADENUS. Z. Nuttallii Coult. Nectarophora martini Cockerell. Cockerell, 1903a, p. 170. LILIACEAE. L. sp. Aphis sinensis Del Guercio. “Sopra un Giglio della China non ancora classificato.” Del Guercio, 1900, p. 137. DIOSCOREACEAE. YAM FAMILY. DIOSCOREA. Yam. D. bulbifera IT, Air (Aero) Potato. Aphis minuta Wilson. Wilson, 1911, p. 60. AMARYLLIDACEAE. AIMARYLLIS FAMILY. AGAVE. American Aloe. A. sp. Aphis sambuci Auct. Kalt. Ferrafi, 1872, p. 71. NARCISSUS, N. sp. Aphis diantht Schrank. Walker, 1850a, p. 304. ‘ Rhopalosiphum persicae Sulzer. Lichtenstein, La Flore. POLIANTHES. P. tuberosa L. ‘T'uberose. Aphis polyanthis Sulzer. (A. tuberosae Boyer). Passerini,°1863, p. 41. Rhopalosiphum diantht (Schrank). Williams, 1801, p. 25. UR IGS AVC IS ANS, IURURS) JEWAIIEIUE NO CROCUS. C. sp. Rhopalosiphum dianthi (Schrank) Koch (persicae, Puceron du pecher, Morren) (rapae Curtis) (A. floris rapae Curtis) (dubia? Curtis): (vastator Smee) (persicaecola Boisdu: Wald), ibiereleionm, 2, qos. ah Rhopalosiphum persicae Sulzer. Lichtenstein, Flore Supplement. GLADIOLUS, G. dubius Eckl. Rhopalosiphum persicae (Sulzer) Pass. (A. dianthi Schrank) (A. vulgaris: Kyber) (A. rapae Curtis) (A. dubia Curt.) (A. vastator Smee). Pas- serini, 1863, p. 21. 212 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Igi2. G. sp. Aphis gladioli Felt. Felt, 1908 (1909), p. 19. Patch, 1912c. Aphis rumicis Linn. Patch, 1912c. Macrosiphum solanifolii Ashmead. Patch, 1912¢c. Myzus achryrantes Monell. Sanborn, 1904, p. 7I. IRIS. Fleur-de-lis. . florentina L,. Aphis iridis Del Guercio. (A. cirsii? Pass.) (A. candicans Pass?) Del Guercio, 1900, p. 120. - ; . pumila L,. Rhopalosiphum dianthi (Schrank). Williams, 1801, p. 16. I. sp. Macrosiphum solanifolu Ashmead. Patch, 1912c. SPIRAXIS. S. sp. sae ; Siphonophora circumflexa Buckton.. Buckton, 1, p. 131. MUSACEAE. MUSA. M. Ensete J. F. Gmel. Aphis musae Schouteden. Schouteden, 1906a, p. 223. M. sapientum [, Banana. Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel. Wilson, 1909b, p. 346. CANNACEAE. CANNA. C. indica L. Rhopalosiphum dianthi (Schr.) Koch (persicae Puceron du’ pecher Morren) (rapae Curtis, floris rapae Cur- tis, dubia Curtis?) (vastator Smee) (persicaecola Boisduval) (R. persicae Pass.). Buckton, 2, p. 17. ORCHIDACEAE. ORCHIS FAIMILY. CATTLEYA. C. Loddigesii Lindl. (Harrisoniana). Cerataphis lataniae Licht. (Coccus? lataniae Boisduval 1867) (Bois- duvalia lataniae Signoret 1868) (Asteroleca- nium orchidearum Westwood 1879) (Ceratova- cuna brasiliensis Hempel 1901). Embleton, 1903, Di 945° =: COELIA. C. albiflora, Cerataphis lataniae Licht. (Coccus? lataniae Boisduval 1867) (Bois- duvalia lataniae Signoret 1868) (Asteroleca- nium orchidearum Westwood, 1879) (Ceratova- cuna brasiliensis Hempel, 1901). Emble- ton, 1903, p. 94. FOOD PLANTS OF THE APHIDS. 213 CORALLORHIZA. Coral Root. C. multiflora Nutt. Nectarophora corallorhizae Cockerell.. Cockerell, 1903a, p. 167. CYPRIPEDIUM. Lady’s Slipper. C, sp. Cerataphis lataniae Licht. (Coccus?_lataniae Boisduval, 1867) (Bois- duvalia lataniae Signoret, 1868) (Asterolecan- ium. orchidearum Westwood, 1879) (Ceratova- cuna brasiliensis Hempel, 1901). Embleton, 1903, p. 92. DENDROBIUM. D. sp. Cerataphis lataniae Licht. (Coccus? lataniae Boisduval, 1867) (Bois- duvalia lataniae Signoret, 1868) (Asterolecan- ium orchidearum Westwood, 1879) (Ceratova- cuna brasiliensis Hempel, 1901). Embleton, 1903, p: 92. EPIDENDRUM. Ex Sp: Cerataphis lataniae Licht. (Coccus? lataniae Boisduval, 1867). (Bois- duvalia lataniae Signoret, 1868) (Asterolecan- ium orchidearum Westwood, 1879) (Ceratova- cuna brasiliensis Hempel, 1901). Embleton, 1903, Pp. 94. OPHRYS. QO. aranifera Huds. Myzus cerasi Fab. Macchiati, 1883, p. 234. ; SOBRAL.JIA. S. sp. Cerataphis lataniae Licht. (Coccus? lataniae Boisduval, 1867) (Bois- duvalia lataniae Signoret, 1868) (Asterolecan- ium orchidearum Westwood, 1879) (Ceratova- cuna brasiliensis Hempel, ro901). Embleton, 1903, p. 92. ORCHIDACEAE. O. sp. Siphonophora lutea Buckton. Buckton, 1, p. 120. PIPERAICEAE. PEPPER FAMILY. SAURURUS. Lizard’s Tail. S. cernuus L. Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (.) Koch (A. butomi Schrank) (R. najadum Koch). Passerini, 1863, p. 21. 214 MAINE AGRICULTURAI, EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI12. ADDENDA. The succeeding Parts of this Food Plant List are ready for press and will be published from time to time as opportunity offers. At their con- clusion will be given the Bibliography of all references indicated, a Plant Index including genera and common names, and an Aphid Index arranged alphabetically according to the specific names which will serve as a check list to the Aphids of the World. NOTES ON PSYLLIDAE:* Eprta M. Patcu. The present paper is a record of species many of which have been kindly lent me for study. For the most part the available data are very meagre and for this reason the accession num- bers are usually given together with what collection notes have ‘been preserved, in the hope that more biological information may be added by others. . Detailed descriptions have been avoided as the distinguishing characters are shown more clearly in the illustrations. Lot 1339 includes those specimens lent by Cornell University ; Lot 1347, by Doctor C. Gordon Hewitt; Lot 1348, by Professor ‘C. P. Gillette; Lot 1440, by Doctor W. E.. Britton. APHALARA. Very little biological information concerning the species Aphalara in this country seems to be available. It is possible that when more collections of the nymphal stages have been made with the accompanying host plant data the species will be more easily defined. But at present from large series of speci- mens in several widely separated collections it has not been apparent to me in all cases which variations are of specific and which of individual significance. The shape of the wing from elongate to rotundiform; the breadth of the arch of Cu; the length of the branches of M; the presence, absence or degree ot wing maculation; the length of the caudal segment of the female; all these are certainly subject to much individual varia- tion in closely allied species and the resulting confusion indi- cates that systematic work with this group should be undertaken only when a background of ecological data is at hand. * Papers from the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station: Ento- mology, No. 55. 216 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12: A few species are placed on a dependable footing, however. Mally separated a Rumex species from a Polygonum species (1894-95) and gave characteristic figures of immature stages as well as excellent figures of the wings which clearly distin- guish the two species he discusses. In order to avoid reverting to previous mix-ups including these species, I have chosen to attempt to trace them no farther back than Mally’s paper. | Aphalara polygoni Mally (Foerster ?)- On October 18, 1911, large numbers of nymphs and adults were found on Polygonum along the Stillwater river at Orono. The nymphs were most numerous at the leaf axle. Many of the pupze present molted after they were collected so that bred material was obtained. Both the nymphs and adult specimens accord exactly with the Polygonum species figured by Mally. Votre4t Sub Higtnes:370, 470nsacy anc aay. . | Crawford (1911) follows Loew in his synonomy for the Polygonum of Foerster. Material already determined as:calthae in the collections I have worked over I have left as such with due respect for that determination. Enough variation is pres- ent, however, among these specimens to make me hesitate in absence of authentic host plant data to merge the polygon of Mally with them. Figures 364,:378,. 382, and 384, represent named “calthae” from the Colorado collection, Lot 1348 Sub 53, and Sub 47. LITERATURE. 1894 (95) Mally, C. W. . Psyllidae found at Ames, Iowa. Proc. lowa Acad: of Sc. Voll Plate XV Pigs) 1.2) 2) Plates avails Figs. 3. IQII Crawford, D. L.’ American Psyllidae IV. ‘Pomona Journal of Entomology, Vol: III, p. 495. - Aphalara nubifera sp. nov. Ten specimens are at hand with data “Ft Collins Col., 6-13-99. Foothills, C. P. G. On Sisymbriwm canescens, caus- ing abnormal development of foliage in dense mass.’ ‘This collection can be separated from the polygoni by slight differ- ences only for the two are certainly very closely ailied. The head and genitalia of both sexes resemble those of polygomni, though there are distinctions. The forceps of the male are PSYLLID NOTES. 2177, longer and the smaller of the two terminal tooth-like projections is at a slightly greater distance from the tip in nubifera and the female genital segment is relatively longer, the lower plate being subequal to the two preceding segments while in polygon it is subequal to but the one preceding segment. The wing of nubifera is broader than that of polygon1 and the cloudiness of the wings is differently disposed. Lot 1348 Sub 48. Figure 369. — ~ Aphalara runucis Mally. omis4n Sub 6 was collected at St Louis, Mo, Sept. 22, tg1t, by Mr. J: T. Monell who says of them;—“On Rumez, the broad leaved common one, I found a colony curling the leaves longitudinally into a pseudogall which ened scarlet— from these I reared a few which T mail to you.” This species is closely allied to those developing on Polygo- num and Sisymbrium, Mally’s description and figures definitely and sufficiently characterize the nymphs. ‘The specific charac- ters of the wing and forceps are shown in figures 372 and 377. LITERATURE. 1894 (795) Mally, C. W. -Psyllidae found at Ames, Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. of Sc., Vol. II, p. 166. A. exilis Web. and Mohr., var, rumicis, var Nov. z TOLL +> Crawford, D. L.: American Psyllidae TV. Pomona Journal _ of Entomology, Vol. III, p. 496. A. calthae muaculipennis Loew. _Aphalara picta Zetterstedt. A large species with wing 3.55 mm. long in the Colorado collection I take to be picta as figured by Crawford (1911). Figures 380, and 388 represent the forceps and the caudal segment of the female. Lot 1348 Sub 29. LITERATURE. 1911 Crawford. Pomona Journal of Entomology, Vol. III, p. sor. Aphalara fasctpennis sp. nov. Collections from Canada and New York are at hand of a beautiful species which comes close to picta. ‘The genitalia of both sexes resemble picta closely. The abdomen of the male is 218 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Igi2. constricted just cephalad the genital segment which is large and prominent; the forceps are long and from the lateral aspect are spatulate and attenuate at base; the lateral arms are long and tapering. The wing is broad and rotund and is decorated with a dusky band. Figure 366. Lot 1347 Sub. 30 includes 21 specimens with data “Ottawa, Ont. 7-VI-1903 B. Meadow— W. Metcalfe,” and 3 specimens with data “27-VI-1903, W. Metcalfe.” Lot 1339 and Sub. 24 includes 3 males with data “17-20 June, 1904. Mud Creek, Tompkins Co., N. Y.” The early stages are not known and the food plant is not recorded. Aphaiara artemisiae angustipennis Crawford. This species as it exists in collections has a puzzling range of variation which biological data may sometime help to clear up. Fgures 363, 375, 376, and 386 are pone lave: of appar- ently pica details. LITERATURE. 19It Crawford, D. L. Pomona Journal of Entomology, Vol. III, p. 490. Aphalara communis Crawford. Figures 365, 374, and 389 show a species as maddening in its elastic variations as artemisiae. ‘This is close to veaziei Patch and biological data are needed to put on a satisfactory basis either many closely allied species or a few species with a broad and catholic taste in variation. Aphalara sp. Figures 371 and 390 represent collections with rotundiform wings that merge by gentle degrees too nearly with the com- munis group to deal with in the absence of biological informa- tion. Aphalara sp. In the other direction traveling toward narrow winged speci- mens with long branches of M and Cu is a series which also is too flexible to separate satisfactorily and treat until ecological information is forth coming An extreme of this series is rep- resented by figures 367, 373 and 381. PSYLLID NOTES. 219 Aphalara nebulosa americana Crawford. This pretty winged species is easily distinguished from the other species of the genus mentioned in this paper by the lateral arms of the male genitalia. Figures 368 and 385 represent de- tails of Lot 1348 Sub 65 with data “Colo. 2204. 7-4-96. Larimer Comac. P. G.” LITERATURE. i9git Crawford, D. L. Ponent Journal of Entomology, Vol. III, p. 503. PsyLia. Psylla annuiata Fitch The “Annulated Psylla” of Fitch can not possibly be a vari- ety of carpini. ‘The most conspicuous characteristic of this straw-yellow species on maple is the ringed appearance of the black and yellow antennae. ‘The original description is certainly meagre but applies perfectly so far as it goes to this common maple species and not to the species occuring on horn beam. A large collection from Rock maple 4cer saccharum Marsh was made at Middletown, Conn., in May, 1911. The nymphs were sometimes on the upper side of leaf but occurred most numer- ously on the under side of the leaves and are nearly a leaf green in color. They were collected at various times from May 17-31. The adults are paler than the nymphs and were abundant May 30-31. Me. 1345 Sub 2. Numerous nymphs, pupe and adults, collected by Mr. William C. Woods at Middletown, Conn., from Rock Maple, Acer saccharum Marsh. Figs. 395, 411, 421. Me. 1347. Sub 29. One male with data “Ottawa, Ont. 14-VI-1903. W. Metcalfe.” Me. 1347. Sub 4o. Fourteen specimens with data “Ottawa, Ont. 14-VIII-1904. W. Metcalfe, B. Meadow, Maple, and one specimen with data “Ottawa, Ont. I-VII-1904. W. Metcalfe.” LITERATURE. 1851 Fitch, Asa. Catalogue, with references and descriptions of the insects collected and arranged for the State Cabinet of Natural ‘History. “Annulated Psylla, *P. annulata. Straw-yellow; legs white; elytra hyaline, nerves straw yellow; antenne black, basal half straw-yellow annulated with black. Length, 0.15. Occurs on the sugar-maple. No. 834, male; 835, female.” 220 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. 1881 Ashmead, Wm. H. Can. Ent. Vol. 13, p. 222. Listed. 1890 Packard, A. S. Forest Insects, p. 417. Listed. tO Riley; C. V. in Lintner IX, p. 411, “Probable var. carpini.” 1804 Mally, C..W.. Pro. Iowa Acad, Sc., Vol. 2, p. 153. Listed. Fig. 4, Plate 16. 1906 Felt, E. P. Woodland Trees II, p. 728. 1909 (710) Smith, J. B: ‘Insects of N. J., p. 109. Listed. Psylla negundims Mally. This species is certainly closely allied to annulata Fitch and the differential characters seem difficult to define. Mally, how- ever, does not mention nor figure the antennal stripes charac- teristic of annulata as being present in negundinis and the pinned material in the collections at hand ofthis species do not show annulated antennae. Figures 393, 409, and 420 Pe the head, wing and forceps of this species. Me. 1339 Sub 46. Two specimens with data “Colo. 1605. Cornell U. Lot. 157. Sub 35. Received by exchange from Carl F. Baker.” Me. 1348 Sub 11. One female with data “Colo. 1981. 9-2-95. Ft. Col- lins C. P. G.,” and one female with data “Colo. 1760, 9- 26- MoVMMG. 182" iE, Ft. Collins, on Box Elder.” ‘Me. 1348 Sub 18. Five specimens with data “Colo. 1979. 9-31-95 Ft. Collins C. P. G. on Box Elder,’ and one specimen with data “Colo. 1769. 9-26-94. C. F. B. Ft. Collins. On Box Elder.” Me. 1348 Sub 24. One male with data “Colo. 1915. 7-5-94. Santa Fe. N. M., T. D. A. Cockerell.” LITERATURE. 1894 (1895) Mally, C. W. Proc. Acad. of Sci., Vol. 2, p. 155. Psylla breviaia n. sp. Three females with data “Ottawa, Ont. Dows Swamp. 14- V1-1903 W. Metcalfe” comprise Me. 1347 Sub 36. The host- plant is not yet known. This species comes close to annulata and negundinis both in wing and cauda of female. The antennae are short, joints 3 to Io inclusive being subequal to width of cephalic aspect of head across the eyes. The frontal cones are rather straight at their medial margin but curved along the lateral edge. The head, wing and cauda are given in figures 397, 405, and 424, and will serve to make the species recognizable until enough ecological information is obtained to make this species deserving of more attention. PSYLLID NOTES. 221 Psylla gillettt n. sp. Psylla gilletti Riley, MS. seems to be well represented in collections though not accompanied by ecological data. The wing is characterized by the short acute stigma, the distinct heavy dark spot between tip of clavits and margin of wing, and the four distinct linear dark marginal dashes as indicated in Fig. 396. The head of the female is well represented in Fig. 414. The female cauda (Fig. 428) is rather heavy and about subequal in length to the two preceding segments ‘The male forceps (Fig. 422) end in two short rather blunt protections and the terminal inner setal spines are strong and stiff. Me. 1339 Sub 42. One specimen with data “Colo. 1456. Cornell U. Lot 157. Sub 33. .Psylla ribis Riley MS. Received by exchange from Carl F. Baker.” ia Me. 1348 Sub 6. One female with data “Psylla gilletti Riley MS. Colo. 1887, 6-11-95. Ft. Collins, C. P. G.” One female with data “Colo. 2078, 4-22-96, C. P. G. Ft. Collins.” ) aur Me. 1348 Sub 20. One specimen with data “Onagra Ks, 5-26-92, C. P. G. Trinidad, Colo. Psylla gilletti Riley, MS.” One specimen with data “464 Onagra Ks. 5-27-92, C. F. B:’ One specimen with data “Colo. 427. 5-19-92 Soldier Canyon, Colo. C. P. G.” One specimen with data “Col. Ac. Cat. 28. Mrs. P. Gillette, Ft. Collins.” Twenty-two speci- mens with data “Colo. 2075 4-22-96. C. P. G. Horse tooth Gulch (near Ft. Collins) Bloom of Salix.” One specimen with data “Colo. 1887. 6-11-95 Ft. Collins. C. P. G.” Two specimens with data “Colo. 2078. 4-22-06 C. P. G. Ft. Collins. Two specimens with data “Colo. 2195. 7-4-96 Larimer County C. P. G. One specimen with data “Colo. 2006. 5-9-96. Dixon Canyon (near Ft. Collins) C. P. G.” One specimen with data “Colo. 2805. 10-22-97, Belvue, Colo. Emma Gillette.” One speci- men with data “Colo. 2138. 6-15-96 ‘Camp Carter, Colo. C. P. G. One specimen with data “Colo. 2094. 5-7-96 Howes Gulch (near Ft. Collins) C. P. G.” One specimen with data “Ft. Collins, Colo. 6-17-99 E. D. Ball, Horsetooth Gulch.” Psylla pyricola. This economic species was present in large number in 1910 upon pear in Camden, Maine. The leaves were badly discol- ored. Figures 398 and 434 show the wing and male cauda of this insect. Me. 1326 Sub 4. LITERATURE (for America). 1884 Riley, C. V. Pro. Biol. Soc. Wash. Vol. 2. 1892 Slingerland, M. V. Bul. Cornell Univ. No. 44. 1893 Riley and Howard Insect Life, Vol. 5, p. 226. 1893 Lintner oth Rept. p. 317. 222 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I0Q12. 1894 (‘95) Mally Proc. Iowa Acad.’ Sci. Vol. 2, p. 153, Listed. 1895 iMisyelawc (C. Ibs “Ty S, IDE Ag 8 18, Cire, INO. 7% 1806 Smith, J. B. Economic Entomology, p. 137. 1909 (1910) Smith, J. B. Insects of New Jersey, p. 109. Listed. IQII Patch edith Moy Me Agr sh xp. (stay Bole No: 187, spine Recorded for Maine. Psylla ribis n. sp. Psylla ribis Riley, MS. is a species existing numerously in collections under its manuscript name. The wing (Fig. 392) 1s. immaculate and the vein and stigma rather heavy. The head (Fig. 407) is with prominent eyes, moderately long antennz and the cones subequal in length to the third antennal segment. The caudal segment of female (Fig. 430) is thick at base and about equal in length to the other abdominal segments. ‘The upper plate is straight along dorsal line and is much longer than the lower plate. The male forceps (Fig. 417) are erect and simple with hairs very short, sparse and inconspicuous. There seem to be no food plant records available but the name is suggestive. . Me. 1348 Sub 7. . One specimen with ‘“‘Psylla ribis Riley, MS. Colo. ° 1550.” ie 1348 Sub 25. Specimens with data “Marsll. Pas. Col. 8-27-90.” “Fit. Collins, Col. 4-21-99,” “Colo. 2074,” “Colo. 2094,” “Colo. 2204.” Psylla brevistigmata n. sp. Two specimens in the Cornell collection which bears data Alta Meadows Seq. Nat. Park, Cal. 19 July 1907. Gocomie J.C. Bradley,” seem distinctive enough to describe as new. The cauda (Fig. 427) is about the length of two preceding segments. The upper plate is thickly armed with short stout conical setule and scattered with a few long sete. The facial cones are swollen at base and very divergent with rounded tips. Fig. 413. The broad wings are pale with pale shading (not heavy) along tips of veins. The stigma is broad‘at proximal edge but narrows suddenly and acutely as is shown in Fig. 399. Me. 1339 Sub 31. Psylla hartigii Flor? A species common on birch (Betula populifolia) in the vicin- - ity of Orono comes too near to hartigii Flor as characterized by Sule (1910) to descibe as new. Me. 1340 Sub 1 comprised PSYLLID NOTES. 223 2 females collected from birch June 15, 1911; Lot 1340 Sub 2 comprised 4 males and 20 females collected from birch July 1, 1911; Lot 1340 Sub 7 was a collection of 2 females taken with P. striata on birch June 25, 1910. The antenna is conspicuously shorter than in galeaformis; and the wings are yellow. The caudal segment of female is much like galeaformis except for the constant downward curve of the long upper plate. Figs. 394, 408, 423, 429, 432, and 433, sufficiently characterize this species to prevent its confusion with other birch psyllids in this country. The nymphs were not taken. LITERATURE. 1910 Sule, Dr. Karel. Prispevky Ku Poz nani Psyll. Tab. XII. Psylla cerasi n. sp. ; A species new to this country and for which I can find no place in European records, was taken on September 14, 1911, at Stillwater, Me., on wild cherry. Psyllid eggs, probably of this species were found on the same date tucked between leaf bud and twig of the same little tree. This brilliant species had dorsal head ond thorax rosy, dorsal abdomen almost vermillion, a ‘black spot on dorsum of Ist abdominal segment, 5 vivid black transverse bands across the abdominal dorsum, the last coming just cephalad the genital segment. Antennal joints I, II, III rosy, rest black. Eyes bright black and bulging to width of thorax or slightly more. Wings clear and a little brownish. Ventral body pale. A female distended with eggs had a total length, exclusive of wings and antenne, of 3.8mm. The wing (Fig. 400) with M and Rs approximating to give a pinched appearance. Wing without stigma. Head (Fig. 412) with large triangular facial cones rather acute at tip. Antennal length more than 2 1-2 times the breadth of head. The caudal segment (Fig. 431) with upper plate armed with large short blunt setule which give it a dis- tinctly noduled appearance. Me. 1341 Sub 4. Psylla coryli n. sp. A species under the manuscript name of Psylla coryli Riley, MS. is sufficiently characterized by distinct large tooth-like projections on the inner side of the male forceps (Fig. 419) to = =) 224 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. TOL2-. distinguish it from any other described species of America. The wing (Fig. 391) is heavily veined and darkly shaded especially near the veins. The head (Fig. 406) is probably better char- acterized by the accompanying illustration than ‘by a description. Me. 1348 Sub. 61 with data “Colo. 1114.” PACHYPSYLLA. It is with reluctance that I name as new species of this group but without a certainty of linking them with the galls described by Riley it is apparently the only thing to do with collection specimens. The figures will characterize these species it is hoped, and later biological data will probably be forthcoming to throw a light on the synonomy. Pachypsylla C. mammae Riley seems to be common in collections. This species has been figured in detail by Stough (1910) so that nothing except a wing (Fig. 401) is given here, for the sake of comparison with the other species. Pachypsvlla tridentata n. sp. A species easily characterized from other described species by the wings is here described as new. The wings (Fig. 402) have a row of irregular dark spots extending across the veins on distal third of wing. The branches of M and the approx: mate branch of the Cu are tipped with an angular mark which gives the wing the appearance of being decorated with three tridents. The head (Fig. 415) is characteristic of the genus with rounded lobes and short, stout antenne. "The female cauda (Fig. 425) is long and stout and is subequal in length to the four preceding segments. The male cauda (Fig. 437) is pre- ceded by a short constriction. The forceps are shown in Fig. 418. Me. 1339 Sub 4o is a single specimen from the Cornell collection and Me. 1348 Sub 67 comprises 4 specimens with data “Colo. 2049, 3-4-96. Canon City, Colo. From galls on Celtis.” Pachypsylla dubia n. sp. Specimens from Celtis galls in the Cornell collection agree with the description of C. gemma so far as the shape of the wing goes, but that species is characterized by Riley as having wings “uniformly immaculate’ which precludes the finely but densely PSYLLID NOTES. 225 mottled wing of dubia (Fig. 404). The head (Fig. 416) has the broad rounded lobes and short antennae of the allied speci- mens. Pachypsylla pallida n. sp. Material bearing the data “Arizona C. U. Lot 34; Cornell U. Lot 45 Sub 469” is apparently a new Pachypsylla. The wing (Fig. 403) 1s wide at the basal third and broad for its length. It is more or less shaded especially at the distal marginal band, proximad which is a pale path extending transversely across the wing. From the form of both the wing and the head this species seems allied to dubia though easily distinguishable from it and the female cauda is also similar. The antenna is sub- equal in length to the width of the head across the eyes. The cones are broad and thick and bluntly rounded. (Fig. 410.) Me. 1339 Sub 51. Me. 1339 Sub 55 and 56. TRIOZINAE. Trioza aylmeriae sp. nov. This species is easily distinguished from previously described members of this genus in America. The head (Fig, 330) is of an ordinary Jrioza type with large divergent cones rather acutely rounded apically. The wing (Fig. 316) measures about 3 mm. in length, and is rather evenly elongate with tip rounded. They are clear and unmarked except for the three marginal spots common for this genus. The branches of M and Cu are relatively long. The female caudal segment (Figs. 343 and 346) is large and _the slender tip of the upper plate extends beyond the lower plate. The lateral arms of the male catida (Fig. 345) are con~’ spicuously long and heavily supplied with long sete. The forceps are enlarged and blunt at the tip (Fig 344), Lot 1347 Sub 19. Eleven specimens with data, “Bilberry. Aylmer, Ottawa, Ont. 20-V 1906 W. Metcalfe.” Trioza collaris Crawford. Vat 1348 Sub 74. A Single female with data “Ariz. 2217, 5-20-96 Dr. R. E. Knize, Tuscon,” is apparently collaris Craw- ford. The cauda is shown in Fig. 358 and the wing is not dis- 226 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912. tinguishable from that of Jongistylus which is shown in Fig. 320. It measures about 3.5 mm. LITERATURE. 1910 Crawford, D. lL. American Psyllidae I, p. 2209. 1910 Crawford, D. L. American Psyllidae II, p. 347. to1t Crawford, D. L. American Psyllidae III, p. 435. Trioza diospyri (Ashmead). ‘The head, wing and female cauda of this species are shown in Figs. 331, 318, and 357. The wing is clear with the veins slender and distinct. It measures about 3.8 mm. ‘The three marginal dashes are especially narrow. Lot 1339 Sub 47. One male and one female with the data “Trioza diospyra Le Baron? River Des Peres, St. Louis, Mo. June-2) 77. Persimmon, “Cornell (Ul Wot. 625. Collectediain; Theo. Pergande and determined by Uhler. Given J. H. C. by Pergande.” LITERATURE. 1881 Ashmead, Wm. H. Canadian Entomologist. Vol 13, p. 222. Psylla diospyri. 1894 (95) Mally, C. W. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Sciences. Vol. 2, p. 154. Trioza diospyri Ashmead, listed. 1909 (710) Smith, J. B. Insects of New Jersey, p. 110, listed. IQIO Crawford, D. L. American Psyllidae II, p. 352. YTrioza diospyrt Ashmead (latipennis Crawtord.) Trioza dubia sp. nov. Lot 1339 Sub 17. Two females and one male with data “S. Krancisco dunes, Cali mi Nov. 1907. Bradley” Lotuagqusus Io. One female lent by Cornell University with data “Berkeley, Call cuNoyecGa le Ca otadteyen The name of this species indicates the amount known con- cerning it at time of description. ‘The wing measures about 2.75 mm in length. It is clear and unmarked except for the three marginal dashes common in this genus. The venation as shown in Fig. 319 is much like that of mara. ‘The head with moderately long dark facial cones contiguous in basal two- thirds, cistal third divergent, subacute at tip, is of the same gereral type as maura. The caudal segment of male has long slender forceps strongly curved cephalad when viewed laterally. PSYLLID NOTES. i 227 The chief character separating these specimens from the spcies to which it seems to be very closely allied is the female cauda which terminates in a subacute tip, as shown in Fig. 352. There is a distinct downward curve of the distal portion of the upper plate. Trioza forcipula sp. nov. This species, like dubia, is apparently closely allied to maura. The head (Fig. 338) with moderately long dark cones subacute at tip, and the wings (Fig. 317) are especially like those of that species. Wing length about 2.75 mm. ‘The female cauda (Fig. 355) is distinctive, both upper and lower plates being rather broad and elongate. ‘The upper plate has a downward curve. The male (Figs. 342 and 350) has the forceps strongly bowed in caudal aspect with tip ending rather bluntly and highly chitinized. The inner surface is supplied with long but not comparatively heavy sete, the terminal group, however, are stiff and approximate. Lot 1339 Sub 21. One female with data “Ithaca, N. Y. 16 May 1900.” Lot 1347 Sub 22. One male and one female with data “Hull, Ottawa, Ont. 17-V-1903, W. Metcalfe.” Two males with data “Hull, Ottawa, Ont. 26-VII-1903, W. Metcalfe.” One female with data “Ottawa, Ont. 17-V-1903, W. Metcalfe.’ One female with data. “Ottawa, Ont. 29-V-1904, W. Metcalfe.” One female with data, “Elm, Ottawa, Ont. 5-VI-1904, W. Metcalfe.” Lot 1348 Sub 72. Seven specimens with data “Ft. Collins, Col. 5- 12-99, E.. D. Ball.” Trioza longistylus Crawford. This species is closely allied to collaris and in some characters hardly to be distinguished from it. Figs. 320 and 361 show the wing and female cauda. ‘The wing of specimens at hand is about 3.45 mm long. The forceps of the male cauda are from the lateral aspect, long and slender and rather strongly curved cephalad. On the inner surface are two longitudinal ridges, one bearing relatively few pointed setz and the other thickly set with several irregular rows of large flat blade-like sete. Lot 1339 Sub 14:. One female with data “S. Francisco dunes, Cal. Nov. 11, 1907, Bradley.” Lot 1339 Sub 15. Two males and one female with data “Felton, St. Cruz Mts., Cal. 15-19, May, ’07. 300-500 ft. Bradley.” 228 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQgt2. Lot 1339 Sub 16. One female with data “Blue Lake, Hmbldt (Cox Call July 20-27, 1907, Bradley.” LITERATURE. 1910 Crawford, D. L. American Psyllidae IL, {De 2RB- 1911 Crawford, D. L. American Psyllidae III, p. 43a. eo Trioza marginata Crawford. The head and female cauda of this species come. exceedingly close to T. maura. The length of branches of M and Cu are different and a smoky caudal margin of the wing further char- acterizes this species. ‘he wing specimen at hand is 2.85 mm long. Figs. 321, 332, and 360. Lot 1348 Sub. 75. Two females with data “Ariz. 2217. 5-20-96. Tus- con, Ariz. R. E. Kinze.” LITERATURE. 1910 Crawford, D. L. American Psyllidae I, p. 232. 1910 Crawford, D. L. American Psyllidae II, p. 356. Trioza maura Foerster? Twelve collections are either maura Foerster as figured by Sule 1911 or remarkably close to that species. Included here are pale specimens with white faces and cones which are easily separated from black coned specimens in the collection by color characters, but as they show no specific structural differences I am of the opinion that the paler individuals are teneral and that the darker ones are those with a more mature coloring. Wing measures about 2.85 mm in length. Figs. 322, 323, 337, 349, 351, 359. Fig. 322 is a wing taken from a specimen with black cones and Fig. 323 from one with white cones. Lot 1339 Sub 18. One female with data “Mesa Grande Russian R. Cal. 30 Sept. ’06. J. C. Bradley.” Lot. 1339 Sub 20. One female with data “Algonquin, Ill. 12 July £895.” Lot 1348 Sub 38. Six specimens with data “Colo. 2220. 8-6-96. Ft. Collins C. P. G. Caught flying around light.” Five specimens with data “Colo. 2199. 7-8-96, Larimer Co. C. P. G.” Lot 1348 Sub 76. Two females with data “Colo. 1680. Trioza striola Foerster.” One female with data “Colo. 1681, 7-13-94. Steamboat Springs. C. F. Baker. On willow.” Lot 1348 Sub 77. One specimen with data “det. C. V. R. Colo. 1733. 7-12-04, C P. G. Estes Park, Colo:” Lot 1348 Sub 78. Eight specimens with data “Colo. 2176. 7-18-96 Denver, C. P. G.” 5 PSYLLID NOTES. 220 Lot 1348 Sub 79. Five specimens with data “Colo. 2173. 7-18-96. Denver, Colo. C. P. G. On willow. Trioza near albiventris.’” The facial cones of this lot were white. Lot 1348 Sub 80. Two specimens with data “Colo. 2173. 7-18-96 Denver, Colo. C. P. G. On willow.” ‘The face and facial cones of this lot were black. Lot 1348 Sub 81. Seven specimens with data “Colo. 2785. 9-25-97. New Windsor, Colo. C. P. G.. Taken in sweeping wet ground.” Cones and face black in this lot. Lot 1348 Sub 82. Two specimens with data “Colo. 2785. 9-25-97 New Windsor, Colo. C. P. G. Taken in sweeping ground.” Cones white. Lot 1348 Sub 83. Seven specimens with data “Colo. 2767. 8-15-97 Ft. Collins, C. P. G. On willow.” Jet black head, and dorsal thorax. LITERATURE. Toit Sulc, Dr. Karel. Monographia Generis Trioza Foerster. Part II, p. 10. Trioza quadripunctata Crawford. Photographs of this species are given in BUSS, BAA, BAB. BAZ. and 353. The most striking feature is the heavy maculation of the wing at the three marginal dashes and at tip of clavus. As the species is pale in color these dark spots are particularly conspicuous. The cephalic margin of wing is strongly bowed. The wing.of specimen at hand is about 2.25 mm long. Lot 1342 Sub 3. Four specimens (male and female) given mesovevin, J. |. Davis with data “Ft. Collins, Colo. 11, Nov. 1910 collected from common nettle Urtica, by Profi. C. P. Gillette.” Lot 1348 Sub 21. Six specimens with data “Boulder.” Lot 1348 Sub 71. One specimen with data “Ft. Collins, Col. 5-12-99, CD) Ball.” Lot 1348 Sub 86. One specimen with data “Colo. 2248. 8-12-06. Palmer Lake, Colo. C. P. G. Lot 1348 Sub 88. Probably this species, though dashes are not as heavy as usual. One female with data “Colo. 2220. 8-6-96 Ft. Collins. C. P. G. caught flying around light.” LITERATURE. 1910. ~Crawtord, D. L. American Psyllidae I, p. 233. Ioit Crawford, D. L. American Psyllidae III, p. 433. Trioza stylifera sp. nov. The yellow wing of this species is broadly and bluntly round- § ) My ed and the heavy veins of an ordinary Trioza type of branching as shown in Fig. 325. It measures about 2.4 mm in length. The 230 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI12. cones are moderately long and rather bluntly pointed, and divergent. The cuticular thickenings of the frontal plates from the middle ocellus to eye are flat and scale-like (Figs. 344 and 335). The female cauda (Fig. 356) is relatively long and acutely pointed. ‘The upper plate extends a bit beyond the ovipositor and is slender at tip. The male cauda is characterized by the peculiar forceps, the distal part of each arm being broad, thick, hollowed, and hood-shaped. This aspect is shown in Fig. 262. | Lot 1347 Sub 20. Six specimens with data “Brockville, Ont. W. Metcalfe. Oct. 25, 1903; Oct. 29, 1903; Nov. 1, 1903; Nov. 15, 1903.” ‘Lot 1348 Sub 85. One female without data. Trioza tripunctata (Fitch). This beautiful species has attracted some attention on account of its conspicuous occurrence on blackberry bushes. Photo- graphs of the head and wing are given in Figs. 326 and 336. The wing is about 3 mm long. Lot 1342 Sub 2. Nymphs and pupz pellucid and yellowish. Head and prothorax deeper yellow than other parts. Eyes dark red. Mesothorax and metathorax sometimes clear pale green. Wing pads and abdomen pale. In flocculent white fluff on ventral surface of blackberry leaf. Collection at Orono, Maine, Aug. 31, 1911, comprised both nymphs and imagoes. Lot 1342 Sub 4. Pupz and imagoes collected at Sebago Lake, Maine, Aug. 19, 1904, from wild blackberry bushes. ; Lot 1339 Subs I and 2. Two named specimens received from Doc- tor Felt with data “Wot 125: Karner, No Y. Apmil-is; ao02,) eee: Coll.” Lot 1339 Sub 13. Specimens with data “Adiron, Mts. Axton, N. Y. 12-22 June, 1901. Cornell U. Lot. 235 Sub 34.” Nineteen pinned speci- mens with data Sea Cliff, L. 1.7 Lot 1339 Sub 41. One specimen with data “Uhler Nov. 77, D. C. on Pine, Mar. 16, 73. Cornell U. Lot 62. Collected by Theo. Pergande in D. C. and determined by Uhler. Given J. H. C. by Pergande.” LITERATURE. 1851 Fitch, Asa. Catalogue Psylla tripunctata. 1869 Walsh and Riley. Am. Ent. Vol. i, p. 225. Psylla rubt. 1879 Thomas, C. 3rd Rept. p. 17 account after Walsh and Riley. 1880 Fuller, A. S. Am. Ent. Vol. 3, p. 62. Psylla rubi. 1880 Riley, ©. V. Am. Ent Vol. 3, p. 625 “foot notes 2sala tripunctata Fitch (P. rubi.) PSYLLID NOTES. . 231 1884 Riley, C. V. Pro. Biol. Soc. Wash. Vol. 2. Trioza tripunc- tata Fitch (rubi Walsh and Riley.) 1890 Packard, A. S. Forest Insects, p. 805. Reference to Riley (1880). 1894 (’95) Mally, Proc. Iowa Acad. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 154. Trioza tripunc- tata (Phylloplecta tripunctata? ) 1900 Lugger, Otto. Report p. 141. Mention. 1909 (710) Smith, J. B. Insects of New Jersey, p. 110. Listed. 1910 Crawford, D. L. American Psyllidae I, pp. 231 and 232. IQII Crawford, D. L. American Psyllidae III, p. 430. Allotrioza arbolensis (Crawford). Lot 1348 Sub 16. Three specimens with data “Colo. 2294. 8-22-96 Cimarron, Colo.,’ I think to be arbolensis.. Figs. 327 and 339. The wing measures 3.4 mm. LITERATURE. to1t Crawford, D. L. American Psyllidae III, p. 444. Neotriozella ottawanensis sp. nov. A species with wings like laticeps Crawford and cones like mmaculata Crawford and evidently exceedingly close to those species. ‘Thorax red in pinned specimens and narrower than head with eyes. Long slender tapering cones not divergent in pinned specimens but approximate to tip. They spread by pressure in balsam mounts (Fig. 341). The female cauda (Fig. 354) is long and tapering at distal end. The upper plate extends beyond other parts. The male forceps (Fig. 348) have clavate arms blunt at distal part. The wing (Fig. 328) measures 2.5 mm in length. Paratrioza cockerelli (Sulc). This species has been well described and figured by Sulc, and is receiving economic attention in Colorado. Figures of head and wing 329 and 340 are given here with accession numbers of the material at hand merely by way of including this species. Lot 1348 Sub 5. Specimens with data “Ft. Collins, Col. 7-30-06 Pota- toes,’ “Ft. Collins, Col. 10-2-06 Potatoes. Collected by S. A. Johnson,” “Ft. Collins, Col. 3-24-09 Pepper. Breeding Cage A.” Lot 1348 Sub 23. ‘Thirteen specimens with data “Colo. 2256,” three specimens with data “Colo. 2786,” one specimen with data “Colo. 2787.” 6 232 1909 IQII IQII MAINE AGRICULTURAL, EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI12. LITERATURE. Sulc, Dr. Karel. Casopisu (Ceske) Spolecosti Entomologicke, p. 102. Trioza cockerelli. Remniond, 1D. 0, Ametcan PsrlRiae TL a a Bossier cockerellht. Johnson, S. Arthur. News Notes. The Tomato Psyllid. PSYLLID NOTES. 233 EXPLANATION OF FIGURES. The photomicrographs were taken by Mr. Royden Hammond from. balsam mounts prepared for study. The frontal cones are in some cases spread apart more in these mounts than in pinned specimens or in life; and, as is evident enough, in order to bring the cones into correct focus, the occipital aspect is. sometimes brought into view where the prepara- tion is particularly transparent. Biesesno. lrioza aylmeriae. Fig. 317. 2. forcipulas Bie, 318) 7: diespym. Eig, 310. I. dubia. Fig, 320. I. longistylus. Fig. 321. T. marginata. Figs. 322 and 323. T. maura? Fig. 324. T. quadripunctata. Fig, 325. T. stylifera. Fig. 326. T. tripunctata. Fig. 327. Allotrioza arbolensis. Fig. 328. Neotriozella ottawanensis. Fig. 329. Paratrioza cockerelli. Fig. 330. Trioza aylmeriae. Fig. 331. T. diospyri. Fig. 332. T. margi- nata. Fig. 333. T. quadripunctata. Figs 334 and 335. T. stylifera. Fig. Scone tipmmetata. Pic, 337. I. maurae Kis. 338) 1 torcipula, Fig. 339. Allotrioza arbolensis. Fig. 340. Paratrioza cockerelli. Fig. 341. Neotriozella ottawanensis. Fig. 342. Trioza forcipula. Figs. 343-346. T. aylmeriae. Fig. 347. T. quadripunctata. Fig. 348. N. ottawanensis. Fig. 349. T. maura? Fig. 350. T. forcipula. Fig. 351. T. maura? Fig. 352. T. dubia. Fig. 353. T. quadripunctata. Fig. 354. N. ottawanensis. Fig. 355. T. forcipula. Fig. 356. T. stylifera. Fig. 357. T. diospyri. Fig. 358. T. collaris. Fig. 359. IT. maura? Fig. 360. T. marginata. Fig. 361. T. longistylus. Fig. 362. T. stylifera. Fig. 363, A. artemisiae angustipennis, Lot 1348-41; Fig. 364, A. ealthae? Lot 1348-53; Fig. 365, A. communis, 1348-39b; Fig. 366, A. fascipennis, Lot 1339-24; Fig. 367, A. sp. Lot 1347-39; Fig. 368, A. nebulosa americana, Lot 1348-65; Fig. 360, A. nubifera, Lot 1348-48; Fig. Wile apolvconin lor is4i-7-) Mic 371, A. sp. Lot 1347-38) Kies 372) A. rumicis, Lot 1341-6; Fig. 373, A. sp., Lot 1347-39; Fig. 374, A. com- munis, Lot- 1347-37; Figs. 375 and 376, A. angustipennis, Lot 1347-24; Hie e77.0N. rumicis, Wot 1341-6; Big. 378, A. calthae? Lot 1348-53; Fig. 379, A. polygoni, Lot 1341-7; Fig. 380, A. picta, Lot 1348-20. Fig. 381, A. sp., Lot 1347-39; Fig. 382, A. calthae? Lot 1348-53; Fig. 383, A. polygoni, Lot 1341-7; Fig. 384, A. calthae? Lot 1348-47; Fig. 385, A. nebulosa americana, Lot 1348-65; Fig. 386, A. angustipennis, Lot 1348-41 ; Fig. 387, A. polygoni, Lot 1341-7; Fig. 388, A. picta, Lot 1348-29; Fig. 389, A. communis, Lot 1347-32b; Fig. 390, A. sp., Lot 1347-38. Fig. 301, Psylla coryli, Lot 1348-61; Fig. 392, P. ribis, Lot 1348-25; Fig. 393, P. negundinis, Lot 1348-11; Fig. 304, P. hartigii, Lot 1340-2; Fig. 395, P. annulata, Lot 1345-2; Fig. 396, P. gilletti, Lot 1348-20; Fig. 397, P. breviata, Lot 1347-36; Fig. 308, P. pyricola, Lot 1326-4; Fig. 234 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI12. 399, P. brevistigmata, Lot 1339-31; Fig. 4oo, P. cerasi, Lot 1341-4; Fig. 401, Pachypsylla mammae, Lot 1339-53; Fig. 402, P. tridentata, Lot 1339-40; Fig. 403, P. pallida, Lot 1339-51; Fig. 404, P. dubia, Lot 1339-56. Fig. 405, Psylla breviata; Fig. 406, P. coryli; Fig. 407, P. ribis; Fig. 408, P. hartigii; Fig. 409, P. negundinis; Fig. 410, P. pallida; Fig. 411, P. annulata; Fig. 412, P. cerasi; Fig. 413, P. brevistigmata; Fig. 414, FE’. gilletti; Fig. 415, Pachypsylla tridentata; Fig. 416, Pachypsylla dubia; Fig. 417, Psylla ribis; Fig. 418, Pachypsylla tridentata; Fig. 419, Psylla coryli; Fig. 420, P. negundinis; Fig. 421, P. annulata; Fig. 422, P. gil- letti; Fig. 423, P. hartigii. i Fig. 424, Psylla breviata; Fig. 425, Pachypsylla tridentata; Fig. 426, Pachypsylla dubia; Fig. 427, Pachypsylia brevistigmata; Fig. 428, Psylla gilletti; Fig. 429, P. hartigii; Fig. 430, P. ribis; Fig. 431, P. cerasi; Figs. 432 and 433, P. hartigii; Fig. 434, P. pyricola; Figs. 435 and 436, Pachypsylla dubia; Fig. 437, P. tridentata. 390 Rs BULLETIN No. 203. PEM bE Ar TOURL AND WOOLLY APPLE APHID* Epitu M. Patcu. The dual personality of certain aphid species is a condition which, before it is detected, betrays the economic entomologist into many futile combative attempts; but on the other hand the same duality may reveal, when once discovered, the most vul- nerable point of attack. It is not necessary to go out of our own state for illustrations. ‘The discovery that Chermes abieti- colens Thomas 1879 which makes cone-like galls on black and red spruce is the same species as Chermes pinifoliae Fitch 1858,** which lays eggs on new growth white pine for progeny that render the pine shoots weakened and unthrifty, gives the landscape gardener his clue. If he treasures the beauty of a group of white pines he would do well to exclude red and black spruces from the vicinity, or conversely if he wishes to grow black spruces with normal branches it is an indiscretion to place them near white pines. Again, when once it was ascertained that the common Alder Blight, Pemphigus tessellata Fitch 1851, was masquerading on the maple (Acer saccharium L.— dasycarpum Ehrh. and cultivated varieties) as Pemphigus acerifolu Riley 1879,* the owner of ornamental cut leaved maples had a theretofore unsuspected means of protecting their foliage by the control of the pest on its alternate food plant, the alder, which in many circumstances is an easy point of control. The economic application of the case in hand is apparently as direct and simple as the two just cited and since we are here concerned with one of the most serious of the apple tree pests, * Papers from the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station: Entomol- ogy No. 58. ** Bulletin 173 Maine Agricultural Experiment Station. 7 Entomological News, 1908, p. 484; Journal of Economic Entomology 1909, Vol. II, p. 35; Bulletin No. 195 Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., Feb. 13, 1912. 236 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1QT2. the significance of the recent discovery * that the elm leaf curl harbors the “wolf in sheep’s clothing” is an important factor to be taken into consideration in dealing with the woolly aphid of the apple. While working over some elm aphides several winters ago I found that I was unable to separate on structural characters certain collections of Schigoneura americana (causing and in- habiting elm leaf curl) from certain collections of Schizoneura lanigera (the troublesome woolly aphid of the apple). Collec- tions could be selected which showed apparently significant antennal differences but others could be selected which could only be separated by reference to the tree from which they had been taken. Notice in this connection antennal figures 449 to 459. (Asa study of the antennal variation in 1,000 individuals of this species is nearly ready for press, further discussion of this point is not necessary here.) This circumstance brought no real conviction, for lanigera (described in 1802) has been under economic surveillance for more than roo years and Riley (1879) gives descriptions of seven consecutive generations of americana, from the stem mother to the true sexes inclusive, all on the elm. On the other hand spring and return migrants of americana had been re- corded from the widely separated localities of Idaho (Aldrich Ig01), Kansas (Sanborn 1904) and Maine (Patch 1910) and their summer residence was still a mystery. Moreover- the overwintering of lanigera on the apple roots was, though con- fusing, no argument against another host for the winter egg, for, as was shown for the Alder Blight, the all year presence of apterous forms on the alder was coincident with a migration to the maple for the deposition of the true sexes and the winter eggs. (Bulletin No. 195 of this Station). - Field observations were made during two seasons with this problem in mind but brought no solution, the summer occur- ence of rileyi which I consider to be an elm bark form of americana (See Me. Sta. Bul. 181, p. 237) complicated the situation, while the fact that both hosts were under out door conditions, not easy of control, left too much room for doubt. This past winter, however, material under control conditions was secured by raising seedling apples in the greenhouse where * Science, Vol. 36, p. 30. “Elm Leaf Curl.and Woolly Aphid of the Apple.” ee SS ee BUM LEAR ‘CURL AND WOOLLY APPLE APHID. Zev7 infestation from the woolly aphid was rendered impossible. Leaf curl from elm with pupae and alate forms were secured from the south some time before material at the same stage would be available here, and migration tests were made. The winged forms from the elm were caged over seedling apples, and their progeny, growing along creases where the thin bark is scaling back, in the axils of the leaves and on exposed roots of the apple seedlings, covered by typical flocculent white: secretion, are unmistakably the woolly aphid of the apple. (Fig. 448). The colony in the figure just cited was started May 12-13, ‘by migrants from elm leaf curl. ‘Their progeny thrived from the first and the photograph was taken May 209, the day on which the first apterous generation on the apple began to give birth to young. On part of the seedlings similar tests were unsuccessful, the nymphs dying very soon or in one case after about two weeks tardy growth. ‘This was probably due to aphid resistant seedlings, the ap- ples from which the seeds were planted being from several differ- ent varieties, and as is well known all apples are not alike susceptible to attacks from the woolly aphid. Hasits. . The woolly aphid occurs upon the apple as a bark feeder and is found upon branches, roots, and tender places on the trunk. These insects are covered by a white flocculent waxy secretion given off as fine filaments through pores in the skin and their colonies are thus readily detected by the masses of white “wool” which renders them Fig. 438. Bark. colonies R sib of Woolly Aphid onapple. conspicuous. (Figs. 438 and 448.) (From Alwood.) On the roots its attacks induce enlargements or galls or swellings, and in the creases of these 238 IMUNIEN GT, ANCE IVIL ANOTRUAIE, 1ESCETIRIOW UE INO SIONS | INOW). malformations the root form occurs in clustered masses. The in- jury to the trees is due both to the sucking up and exhaustion of the vital plant juices and to the poisoning of the parts attacked, as indicated by the consequent abnormal growths. Fig. 4309. The damage is particularly — seri- ous in the case of nursery stock and young trees and is less often impor- tant after the tree has once become well established and of some size. Where this insect is abundant all the roots of a young tree to the depth of a foot or so become clubbed and knotted by the gowth of hard fibrous enlarge- ments with the results in a year or two of the dy- Fig, 439. Crown and root of young apple 3 tree. showing characteristic swellings or ing of the rootlets galls produced by the root lice. (From and their ultimate Alwocd.) decomposition with attendant disappearance of the galls and also of the lice, so that after this stage is reached the cause of the injury is often obscure. . On the trunks the presence of the lice results in the roughen- ing of the bark or a granulated condition which is particularly noticeable about the collar and at the forks of ‘branches or on the fresh growth around the scars caused by pruning, which latter is a favorite location. On the water shoots, they collect particularly in the axils of the leaves, often eventually causing them to fall, and on the tender growth of the stems. The damage above ground, though commonly insignificant, is useful ELM LEAF CURI, AND WOOLLY APPLE APHID. 226 as an indication of the probable existence of the lice on the roots. A badly attacked tree assumes a sickly appearance and does not make satisfactory growth, and the leaves become dull and yellowish, and even if not killed outright it is so weakened that it becomes especially subject to the attacks of borers and other insect enemies. The common forms both on the roots and above ground are wingless lice, not exceeding one-tenth of an inch in length, of a reddish-brown color, and abundantly covered, especially in those above ground, with a flocculent waxy secretion. (Fig. 441.) In autumn, among the wingless ones, winged females, Fig. 440, appear in abundance. They are little, clear-winged, gnat- Fig. 440. Fig. 441. Woolly Aphid. Winged and wingless forms. Greatly enlarged. (From Marlatt.) like objects, greenish-brown, almost ‘black in color, with the body covered with more or less of the cottony secretion. ‘These are the fall or return migrants that seek the elm bark to give birth to the generation of true sexes,—minute wingless, beak- less creatures, the female of which deposits a single “winter egg” within a crevice of the elm bark. On the elm the stem mother, which hatches from the over- wintering eggs sheltered in rough crevices of the bark, appears early in the spring and may be found in Maine before the mid- dle of May stationed on the partly opened leaf buds. By the last of May the earliest of these wingless stem mothers (Fig. 443) are mature and found in the leaf curl (Fig. 442) or 240, MAINE AGRICULTURAL, EP XPEREMIENT (STAiMON =) i@ie2: rosette (Fig. 462, when a group of terminal leaves are affected ) which they cause, producing the next generation, which are also wingless. : In the summer great numbers of winged individuals are de- veloped. From the fact that Riley recorded 7 consecutive genera- tions on elm and the occurence of what seems to be the elm bark feeding generations of the same species (known as rileyi) during the summer on tender elm bark, it would seem either that the migration from the elm leaves of these summer migrants Fig. 442. Elm leaf curl, in which the alate spring migrants develop ‘ before taking flight to apple bark. is partly to apple bark and partly to elm bark or that elm bark colonies as well as leaf curl may be established by the first or second apterous generations. Such a life cycle is indicated in the accompanying table. This does not account for the genera- tions resulting from the overwintering forms on the apple roots as their sequence yet remains to be studied. The fall migration of the woolly aphid from apple and the mountain ash I have observed but I have not yet from observation linked it with the true sexes on elm. ‘That inference, however, from the evidence of the spring migration to apple is unmistakable. There are still several important details to be worked out for the woolly aphid of the apple and elm. Whether the elm bark ELM LEAF CURL AND WOOLLY APPLE APHID. 2AT colonies are originated by the stem mother, or by migrants from the leaf curl or both; whether the mid June (in Maine) winged forms from the elm bark colonies migrate to apple or scatter to other elm bark, or both; the significance of the difference in antennal types of migrants from elm leaf curl (Figs. 451, 452, 454, and 458), whether indicating locality or conditional varia~' tion; and complete sequence upon each food plant ;—are subjects for further study. These points can for the most part be watched only with colonies upon seedling stock of the food plants in confinement under such conditions that perfect control of the material can be secured. While I have further work along these lines already under way, some of the problems will need extended observa- tions and it ‘has seemed desirable not to wait until all tangles are straightened out before publishing the main fact of the migration test from elm leaf curl to apple bark as this point has an important bearing for young trees in nurseries and new orchards and the economic significance of the migration data will not, so far as can be anticipated, be influenced by further detailed study of the different generations. Tue Sprinc MicRATION. The fact of the migration from elm leaf to apple and moun- tain ash under normal out of door conditions was established during the summer of 1912. ‘The migrants from the elm leaves settle on the under side of the apple leaves of water shoots and there produce nymphs which seek the stem at leaf axils and there congregate in woolly masses. The mountain ashes (Pyris americana and introduced species) are favorite summer hosts in Maine. From one native mountain ash at Orono more than 400 such migrants were removed July 2 to July 12 from the ventral surface of the leaves, and about 150 thriving clusters of woolly aphid nymphs, the immediate progeny of these migrants, were established on the shoots of this single tree.* In this connection it may be of interest to record a forced migration test. On June 21, tg12, I placed several hundred elm * A more detailed account of this occurrence is to be published in the October issue of the Journal of Economic Entomology. 242 MAINE AGRICULTURAL, EXPERIMENT STATION. I912. leaf migrants at the base of water shoots of an uninfested mountain ash on the Campus. As the migrants are much more docile about sundown than earlier in the day this was done about 7 P. M. They moved but little, most of them creeping to the ventral side of a leaf and remaining there; and during the night producing nymphs which sought the leaf axils of the water shoots so that by the afternoon of June 22, the tiny nymphs had already fed enough and secreted enough white wax to give the typical “woolly” appearance to the young colonies. These and the progeny thrived on the mountain ash in a perfectly normal way. SEQUENCE OF GENERATIONS. DESCRIPTIVE. Egg 0.5 mm. long, gamboge-. yellow, inclining to brown in color, with no especial external sculpture. In crevices under elm bark. Stem mother: Pale yellowish- red, with black members when first hatched; the red deepening and becoming purplish or livid with age. When mature, aver- aging 3.5 mm. in length, globose or pyriform, with subobsolete Fig. 443. Stem mother. honey-tubes and six dorsal rows (From Riley.) of darker piliferous and tuber- culous spots. Antenna 5-jointed, joint 3 more than equaling 4 and 5 together in length. Causing and inhabiting elm leaf curl. Second generation. Apterous viviparous forms which do not become so large as the stem mother. The antenna is normally 6-jointed (Fig. 461). Inhabiting leaf curl and giving birth to migrants. Third generation. Winged viviparous female: Body dusky, the abdomen slightly reddish; legs either dusky or yellowish red. Antenne as long as head and thorax together, dusky, rarely yellowish, not pilose, but with a few short setous points; 6-jointed. The annulation of the joints in different collections and from different localities varies greatly. Figs 451, 452, 454, ELM LEAF CURL AND WOOLLY APPLE APHID. 243 and 458, cover the ordinary range. The absolute size of this generation is subject to considerable variation. These develop within and mi- erate from the elm leaf curl, and settling on apple produce young which inhabit ap- ple. Fourth genera- ton. ‘That from the first winged females: Differs from the preced- Fig. 444. Third generation. cocacaa ale ee (From Riley.) muscis being mitch, fom sie, The antenne have 6 joints, with no annulated constrictions. The color is sometimes decidedly orange. When newly hatched, the thickened end of the promuscis often extends one-half the length of the body beyond caudal extremity. It is born with an enveloping pellicle or pseudovum, and though of a bright red with pale legs at first soon becomes brownish, with dark mem- bers. Deposited on apple by the spring migrants and developing there in flocculent masses. Fig. 448. When mature, if the colony is crowded, some of the individuals move to a new cite on the apple bark before giving birth to the nymphs which settle near and establish thus new colonies. In other cases the nymphs themselves scatter to new cites. Fifth generation. ‘The second apterous generation on apple bark. Practically like the fourth generation. Sixth? generation. From about the first of September until frost the winged fall migrants develop in the woolly colonies on apple, mountain ash, and Crataegus whence they migrate to elm bark to deposit their progeny, the true sexes. Figs. 455, 456, 457 and 459 give the antennz of the fall migrant. Together with these in the same woolly colonies develop apterous viviparous females that give birth to nymphs which seek the roots of the trees and hibernate there, surviving the winter if the conditions are favorable. ZAA MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1OU2: True sexual individuals: Born within an egg-like pellicle; the antennee 5-jointed, with the joints subequal. Orange in color. i] Undergoing one molt, and then being at once distinguished from i the other forms by the brighter orange-yellow color, the rudi- | mentary mouth, the more simple eyes (composed of three facets), by the shorter, 5-jointed antennz, the joints subequal in length, by the shorter legs, with smaller claws to the tarsi, and more distinct terminal capitate hairs or pulvilli. he skin is transparent, the body filled more or less with fatty globules. The female is nearly pyriform, and averages 0.4 mm. in length. A single egg is visible through the translucent skin and occupies nearly the whole of the body. The male is narrower and smaller. Figs. 446 and 447: i This generation seems to have no object in life except the i deposition of eggs, since they can not eat or fly. The eggs are 55> ! placed in the deepest crevices of the bark, especially those that | are tangential to the tree, and are not easy to find. The small lice perish after depositing eggs leaving only the latter to sur- vive the winter. Economic StTatTus.* The danger from the woolly aphid is greatest to nursery stock and young orchards. Mr. Marlatt (Journal of Economic Ento- mology, Vol. 4. pp. 116-117) in recording the use of American- grown apple seedlings says:—‘“Mr. F. W. Watson, of Topeka, “Mr. W. S. Griesa, proprietor of Mt. Hope Nurseries, Lawrence, Kan., has established the Griesa Research Fellowship in Entomology in memory of his father, the late A. C. Griesa. In establishing this fel- lowship it was the wish of the founder that the holder should devote himself to a fundamental investigation of one of the several entomolo- gical problems ever present with nurserymen. “Upon consultation, it was decided to select for the theme of this research the Woolly Aphis. Mr. H. W. Lohrenz, A. B., McPherson College, and a graduate student at the University of Kansas, was elected by the regents of the university to this fellowship. “The purpose of this research is, after careful experimentation in remedy and prevention, and investigation into the life cycle of this Aphis, to devise a practical means whereby nurserymen can properly deal with this economic problem in such a way as to eliminate the losses now attending the existence of this insect on nursery stock. x * FS * * Es x 2 * * “Tt is worthy of note as showing the interest of nurserymen generally in foundations of this nature that the Western Nurserymen’s Associa- tion, an organization of nurserymen of the Middle Western States, passed resolutions commending the founder of this fellowship for the es he has instituted.’ Journal of Economic Entomology. Val. 4, p. 16. ELM LEAF CURL AND WOOLLY APPLE APHID. 245, Kans., in an article in the National Nurseryman for January, IQIO, p. 437, on “American-grown Apple Seedlings,” states that from twenty to forty million of American-grown apple seedlings are used in this country every year, the production of about a dozen nursery firms. The bulk of the seed used comes from France, and therefore is of the same stock as the imported French seedlings.” Mr. Lohrenz (1911) in recording observations on two-year- old nursery stock made at three nurseries containing respectively about 30,000; 45,000; and 300,c00 trees, states that he found Momma pcr Celt HO 25 per cent Of the trees imitested by the woolly aphid. Fig. 445. Fore wing of migrant from elm leaf curi to apple. Third ‘ Generation. In circular No. 20, Bureau of Entomology, U. $. Department of Agriculture (revised edition 1908) the woolly aphid of the apple is characterized as “one of the worst enemies of the apple.” Mr. Alwood (1904) of the Virginia State Crop Pest Commis- sion in his excellent account of this insect states “On nursery stock the woolly aphis is a most serious pest, and under some circumstances it ruins a large percentage of the apple trees in the nursery.” On page 5 of Bulletin 133 of the Colorado Experiment Sta- tion the following statement is made: “If Colorado orchardists should vote their opinion as to what ought to be called the worst orchard pest in the state, it is very | 246 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912. doubtful whether the codling moth, or the woolly aphis, would carry off the honors.” Although it would be easy to compile testimony of .this char- acter against the woolly aphid as an enemy to young apple trees from numerous and widely separated parts of our country, they would be chiefly a repetition of what has already been said. ~ That the elm leaf curl renders the foliage of this stately tree unsightly during years of heavy infestations is well enough known in all parts of the country where the American elm is grown. ‘Professor Gillette (Journ. Ec. Ent: Vol. 2, p. 356) Female. Fig. 446 and Fig. 447. Mature sexual individuals of the Woolly Aphid,—the oviparous female and male. (From Alwood. states of this insect,—‘This louse is a real pest upon white elm nearly everywhere that this tree is grown in Colorado.” In Montana where the white elm (Ulmus americana) is being established as a shade tree the insects of the elm leaf curl have taken up their abode but have found no cordial welcome for Professor Cooley says of them (Cooley 1904, p. 44). “Altogether they are a decidedly obnoxious pest. Not only do they distinctly injure the trees but they dishgure them as well and furnish an attraction for ants, flies and other insects which visit them for the sweet liquid.” ELM LEAF CURL AND WOOLLY APPLE APHID. 247 LIFE CYCLE OF WOOLLY APHID OF APPLE. ELM: Primary Host. APPLE: Alternate Host. EGGS. NYMPHS. (Under bark all winter) (From hibernating forms on roots, etc.) migrating to trunk or branches in early spring. STE M- MOTHER. (first generation in leaf curl. Apterous viviparous females). SECOND GENERATION. SEVERAL GENERATIONS. (apterous viviparous females ——_————. in leaf curl). SPRING MIGRANTS: Migrate to apple. . . “> (third generation. Alate viviparous). FOURTH GENERATION. (apterous viviparous females). SUMMER GENERATIONS. ON ELM BARK. FIFTH GENERATION. (apterous viviparous females). Migrate to elm <— . . . FALL, MIGRANTS. APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS —___-—_- PARTHENOGENETIC Alate viviparous FEMALES, mature in parthenogenetic Sept.-Oct. females, mature ——__—_—_—_—_. Sept.-Oct. sexuparae. APTEROUS OVIPAROUS FEMALES AND APTEROUS MALES. HIBERNATING FORMS EGGS. ON APPLE ROOT. (under bark all winter). 248 MAINE AGRICULTURAI, EXPERIMENT STATION. TQ12. PREVENTIVE AND REMEDIAL MEASURES. The foregoing account of the habits and characteristics of the woolly aphid will suggest certain measures to control it. The protection of seedling apples from infestation by the woolly aphid while still in the nursery has heretofore been an exceedingly difficult matter it would seem from the amount of infested stuff that is yearly condemned. But with the knowledge that the source of danger lies in the migrants from the pre- viously unsuspected elm curl, it is seen to be possible to control the nursery stock by establishing nurseries at a safe distance from susceptible elm trees or clearing out the elms from the vicinity of large nurseries. As there are many places in the country where the elm is not at all abundant this would often be entirely practicable and where so wauld be the simplest and most effective method of protection. As it is the seedling trees that are most susceptible to injury and when attacked most seriously damaged by the woolly aphid a method of protection for the young trees while in the nursery is the most desirable. The raising of the elms and apples in the same nursery is thus seen to be a hazardous proceeding and should be avoided. Again young orchards of clean stock set in parts of the coun- try where the elm is not grown should be successfully protected by excluding elms from the choice of shade trees. Indeed, the matter of alternate hosts of the aphid enemies concerned should always be borne in mind in planning the trees for an estate, and only one of the two hosts necessary for the life cycle of a migratory aphid planted, where the pest is a serious one. It is desirable that data concerning the relative susceptibility of different varieties of apple should be accumulated with a view to using the more resistant for root stock, if otherwise practi- cable. In dealing with infested apple trees the aphid masses on trunk and branch present no especial difficulty, and can be very readily exterminated by the use of any of the washes recommended for plant-lice, such as tobacco decoction, kerosene emulsion, a strong soap wash (Formulas a, b, c, d), the only care necessary being to see that the wash is put on with sufficient force and thorough- ness to penetrate the covering and protecting cottony secretion. If the wash be applied warm, its penetration will be consider- ably increased. BEAL LEAD CURLY AND! WOOLLY AR PIVE, (AP ELI: 249 The much more important root feeders, however, are more difficult to reach and exterminate. ‘The common recommenda- tions are of applications of strong soap or tobacco washes to the soil about the crown, or soot, ashes, or tobacco dust buried about the roots; also similarly employed are lime and gas-lime. Badly infested nursery stock should be destroyed, since it would be worth little even with the aphides removed. Proper cultural methods can hardly be overestimated in their value as a protection of young trees. as neglected orchards not only suffer heavily but serve as a breeding ground, dangerous to the neighboring trees. Formuzta A—Tosacco D&cocTIon. iisbaccop stems oF tobacco Gust. ha...) 2 pounds AWAY HES iP LN aero See rea ROE ea RN te a 4 gallons ‘Put the tobacco in the water, enough to cover, which may be either cold or hot. Place over the fire and when the water has reached the boiling point, remove some of the fire and allow the water to simply simmer for fully one hour, when the liquid is ready to be drained off, diluted to the above proportions and applied. Boiling violently drives off the nicotine. Ves If whole-leaf tobacco is used, prepare as above, using one pound of tobacco fo each four gallons of water. No lime or other alkaline substance should be added to the tobacco while cooking. Apply at once, or within a few days after making if possible. ‘ (Certain reliable extracts such as “Black Leaf,’ “Black Leaf 4o,’ and “Nikoteen” are on the market and can be secured through local drug- gists. (The Black Leaf preparations are manufactured by The Ken- tucky Tobacco Product Company, Louisville, Ky., and are carried by the Collins Hardware Company, 97 Friend St., Boston, Mass. Nikoteen -is manufactured by The Nicotine Manufacturing Company, St. Louis, Mo., and can be secured from Joseph Brick & Sons, 47-54 N. Market St., Boston, Mass.). Directions for use come with the products. There is nothing to do in the preparation of these extracts except to stir the contents of the can before pouring owt any quantity for dilution. In most cases one gallon of the Black Leaf will be found sufficient for each seventy gal- lons of water. But if in the treatment of any louse this does not seem sufficient it may be used in preparation of one gallon to sixty or sixty- five gallons of water. Careful sprayers have usually succeeded in killing plant lice with this preparation in the proportion of one gallon to each one-hundred gallons of water. Thoroughness of application is of as much importance as the strength of the material used. 250, MATIN AGRICUL DUNAI EX PRIVEE ING SS PADTTON:) LOZ: Nikoteen is a more concentrated abstract, I part being used with from 400 to 600 parts of water. Black Leaf 40 is a concentrated solution of nicotine-sulphate and is widely and successfully used in large western orchards, at the rate of I part to 700 or 900 parts of water. It is the common practice to add soap,—whale oil soap or wood laun- dry soap at the rate of 2 bars to 50 gallons. This is to lessen the formation of drops, causing the spray to cover surfaces more in the form of thin film Better success is obtained by some by using a little lime instead of soap, the inert solid in suspension aiding the extract to “wet” and “stick” to the bodies of the aphides. For this purpose 1 pound of stone lime, slaked and strained into 50 gallons of tobacco extract as prepared for application, is sufficient. Formuta B.—Krrosens EMULSION. bande 3S @apemrtctnc slenereeeratae er horecn eer cea Sara I-2 pound Boulimors WVWiaiber. o caly eects resume cael rs catsuit 1 gallon TCT OSCIMOM Arete teescaneet dete e tegstovame quater te Oenale eee IRR 2 gallons To prepare, dissolve one-half pound of soap in one gallon of soft water by boiling; when well dissolved and still boiling hot, remove from the fire and add two gallons of kerosene, and agitate at once as briskly as possible. The emulsion is more readily made if the kerosene first be heated by immersing the vessel containing it in a larger vessel of boiling water. Never heat the kerosene over a direct fire. If large quantities are being made, a good way to emulsify is to use a force pump and spraying nozzle and pump the mixture as forcefully as possible back into the vessel containing it. If the emulsion is prop- erly formed, the whole mass will appear much like whipped cream and will mix readily in water without a film of oil rising to the top. As soon as emulsified, add twenty-seven gallons of water and use at once. This will make thirty gallons of the mixture, and such an emul- sion will be one-fifteenth oil (or a 7 per cent emulsion). This is the strength ordinarily used for the destruction of insects upon plants. For larger or smaller quantities, prepare in the same proportions. Sometimes the emulsion is not perfect and a little oil rises to the top. In such cases, if the last in the barrel or tank is pumped out upon the foliage, it is likely to burn it. So it is advisable, unless the emulsion is of good quality, to throw out the last few gallons, making no use of it. It is best to dilute and apply kerosene emulsion as soon as it is pre- pared. Avoid using alkali or any hard water in making the emulsion, as it will cause the oil to separate and rise to the top. Any clean, soft water will usually give good results. FormMuLA C.—MzIscisyE OILS. There are several miscible oils upon the market which may be added directly to water forming a milky emulsion at once. In the preparation of any of these, such as “Scalecide,” or “Target Brand Scale Destroyer” BLM LEAP CURL AND WOOLLY APPLE APHID. 251 or “Killoscale,” add the oil directly to the water with a little stirring. One gallon of the miscible oil in 30 to 50 gallons of water will make a mixture, which in most cases will be strong enough to kill plant lice, if thoroughly applied. FormMuLA D.—WHALE-oIL or FISH-oIL SOAPS. The so-called whale-oil or fish-oil soaps which are quite extensively used for the destruction of plant lice, will usually be effective if thor- oughly applied in the proportion of one pound of the soap to each six or eight gallons of water. There are numerous brands of these soaps upon the market. Among those that have been used quite successfully are Good’s Whale-Oil Soap and Bowker’s Tree Soap. In recent years tobacco extracts have rapidly taken the place of other remedies for aphides, and well informed apple growers are using them almost to the exclusion of other insecticides. It should be remembered that this is a contact insecticide and kills only the insects actually touched. It is, therefore, necessary to be very thorough in the spraying. tO 252 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1OI2. InsEct ENEMIES OF THE WooL_Ly APHID. So far as the natural enemies of this pest are concerned its residence in the elm leaf curl is a vulnerable period strongly sub- ject to attack. Very abundant in Maine working on the aphides while in the elm leaf curl are a predaceous capsid; (Campto- brochis nitens), flocculent larvee of a Coccinellid and syrphus maggots. So numerous are all these insects in certain years that it has sometimes been difficult for me to secure enough of this aphid for experimental purposes,—a search through many emptied leaf curls being necessary before aphides could be found. In other parts of the country also this aphid is preyed upon while in the elm leaf curl and frequently the only living arrivals in material sent me from other states has been the predaceous insects within the leaf curl. Riley (1879) records as follows:—“Among the more promi- nent of the natural enemies of this species I have noticed, of Coleoptera, Coccinella 9-notata, Coccinella sanguinea (munda) Say, Hippodamia convergens, and several species of Scymnus. I also found feeding upon them the perfect beetle of Podabrus modestus, and the Hemipterous Cyliocoris scutellatus Uhler, and Capsus linearis Beauv. A Lepidopterous inquiline, name- ly, the larva of Semasia prunivora Walsh is also quite common within the curled leaves, feeding both on the lice and on the substance of the leaf. A large green Syrphus larva and several Chrysopa larve also prey upon them.” While on the apples the woolly aphid is subject to the attacks of a number of insect enemies, those recorded by Marlatt (1897) including “the parasitic chalcis fly, Aphelinus mali Haldemann, and the larva of a syrphus fly, Pipiza radicum Walsh and Riley, and also the larva and adult of several species of lady birds, the larve of lace-wing flies, and spiders, etc. In the East a very small brown species of ladybird, Scymnus cervicalis Muls., is often present in some numbers, and the common nine-spotted ladybird, Coccinella 9-notata Hbst., is also an active enemy of the woolly aphid. ELM LEAP CURL, AND WOOLLY APPLE APHID. 253 “The most active natural enemies of the woolly aphis in Colorado have been predaceous insects. We have reared no parasite from it, but, Aug. 21, 1908, Mr. L. C. Bragg brought into my office a female Aphelinus mali busily ovipositing in apterous females of this louse. Among the Coccinellids, Hip- podamia convergens is by far the most abundant destroyer of this louse both upon the eastern and western slopes of the mountains. Mr. EF. P.-Taylor also took H. sinuata, Coccinella g-notata, C. monticola and C. transversalis feeding on this louse in the orchards about Grand Junction, and we have noted H. transveralis, C o-notata, C. monticoia, C frigida, and C. 5- notata (transversalis and transversoguttata) feeding upon it in eastern Colorado. “Mr. Taylor also reared two syrphus flies at Grand Junction on this louse, namely, Catabomba pyrastri Linn, and Eupeodes volucris O. S. “Lace-wing flies are also very destructive to Schizoneura lamigera in Colorado, and especially wpon the western slope in the Grand Valley, where Mr. Taylor concluded that they did more than all else to subdue the unusually severe outbreak of this louse in that valley during the early summer of 1907. The Capsid, Camptobrochus nebulosus Uhl, we have found a com- mon feeder upon this and some other plant lice in Colorado.” (Gillette 1908). Foop PLAN'S. Crataegus Crus-galli (lucida). Schizoneura crataegi Oestlund. Davis, IQIO, p. 412. Crataegus punctata Jacq. Schizoneura crataegi Oestlund. Oestlund, 1887, p. 28. (Now considered lanigera by Professor Oest- lund). Crataegus tomentosus L. ‘Schizonewra crataegi Oestlund. Williams, IQIO, p. 20. Crataegus sp. Schizoneura lanigera. Patch, 19124, p. 236. Pyrus malus L. Schizoneura lanigera Hausmann. Alwood, 1904. Gil- lette and Taylor, 1908, p. 28. Pyrus sitchensis. Schizoneura lanigera. Patch, 1912a, p. 236. (Also on two other cultivated species of mountain ash). Ulmus americana L. Schizoneura americana. Riley and Schizoneura rileyi Thomas (Ericsoma ulmi Riley). Patch, 1910a. Wil- liams, IQIO. 254 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 10912. Ulmus campestris L. Schizoneura ulmi . (americana Riley). Gillette, 1909, p. 356. * * * eo Se * * * * * * Bs Bs 3k 2 + « se BS BS *K * Ulmus campestris L. Schigoneura ulyni (Linn). (A. foliorum De Geer) (S. americana Riley?) Buckton, Vol. 3, pp. 98, 100. Ulmus sp. Schizoneura ulmi Linn (fodiens Buckton) Tullgren, 1900. _ —p. 169. : Ribes sp. Schizoneura ulmi Linn. (fodiens Buckton) ‘Tullgren, 1909, p. 1609. TILA IEAM (CUIRIL, ~ AVINID) WWYWKOOILILAY AIPIRALAR, ZIP IBID), 255 SYNONYMY AND LITERATURE. A complete bibliography for this species is not desirable here as the accounts which throw original light upon the life his- tory would be lost in a mass of publications compiled for eco- nomic purposes. 1802. 1841. 1841. 1851. 1856. 1858. 1862. 1860. T8609. _ 1879. 1870. Aphis lanigera, Hatsmann, Beitrage zu den materialien fur eine kunftige Bearbeitung der Blattlause. Illigers Magazine. T. I. Coccus mali. Bingley (Thomas 1870, p. 126). Eriosoma mali. (Leach MSS.) Samouelle. (Thomas, 1870, p. 126). Myzoxylus mali. Blot. (Thomas, 1879, p. 126). Eriosoma (Aphis) lanigera, Harris. Report on the Insects of of Mass. injurious to vegetation, p. 103. Schizoneura lanigera, Hartig, Germar’s Zeit. Ent. III, p. 350. Eriosoma pyri, Fitch. Fourth Report of the N. Y. State Cabinet of Nat!-Hist., A. D. 1851, p. 68. Pemphigus pyri. Fitch. First Report on the Noxious, Beneficial and other Insects of the State of New York, p. 5. An account of the work upon the roots and a description of the young nymph and winged individuals, the latter evidently either with abnormal venation or an accidental migrant. of a different species as this form is described with the venation of a Pem- phigus. Pemphigus americanus? Walker. List of the specimens of Homopterous Insects in the collection of the British Museum. Eriosoma (Aphis) lanigera, Harris. Insects Injurious to Vege- tation, p. 242. Eriosoma (Pemphigus) pyri, Riley. Insects of Missouri I, p. 118. Economic account of work on apple roots. Eriosoma ulmi, Riley. Insects of Missouri I, p. 123. Descrip- tion of winged forms and nymphs, and account of work on elm bark. Schizoneura americana, Riley. Bul. U. S. Geol. and Geograph. survey, Vol. V, No. I, pp. 4-9 and Plate I and Fig. 2. Descrip- tion of seven generations on elm, with an account of the work on elm. Schizgoneura americana, Thomas, (III), Report of the State Entomologist ;Ill. VIII, p. 202. Quotes Riley’s description of seven generations, and concludes (p. 204): “This as admitted by Professor Riley is very closely allied to Schizoneura ulmi, Linn, and it is doubtful whether it should be considered as dis- tinct.” 1876-1879. Schizoneura rileyi, Thomas. Trans. Ill. Hort. Soc.,. 1876, p. 191; id. Rept. Ent. Ill. 8: 136, 137, 1879, nom. nov. for Eriosoma ulmi Riley. Systematic discussion and descrip- tion of work. Description of insect quoted from Riley. 1900. 1901. IQOT. 1902. 1902. 1904. 1904. 1904. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912. Schizoneura lanigera, Thomas, III. Report of the State Ento- mologist Ill. VIII, p. 126. Important historical discussion. Schizoneura ulmi, Linn., Thomas (III) Rept. of the State. Ent. THN, WIE, jo, 240. Schizoneura rileyi, Forbes. Rept. Ent. Ill. 14: 114. Schizoneura americana, Oestlund, O. W. Aphid. Minn. p. 27. Description of winged form and pseudo gall. : Schizoneura crataegi, Oestlund. Aphid. Minn. p. 27. Descrip- tion of winged form and account of attack on Crataegus punc- tata. (Now considered to be the same as lanigera by Pro- fessor Oestlund.) Schizoneura rileyi, Lintner. 3rd Report, p. 125. Schizoneura rileyi, Packard. Fifth Rept. U. S. Entom. Com. Wash. Original description of insect quoted. Schizoneura americana, Packard. Fifth Rept. U. S. Entom. Com. p. 279. Extract from Riley Bul. U. S. Geol. and Geograph. Survey, Vol. V, No. 1. Schizoneura americana, Gillette, C. P. Bul. Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agric. 9 (n. s.) : 78-79. Description of work. Schizoneura lanigera, Marlatt, C. L. ‘Circ. 20, Second Ser., Div. of Ent. Schizoneura americana, Gillette, C. P. Bul. A. E. S. Colo. 47: 35-36. Account of work. Economic treatment. Fig. 32 photo of work. (1900). Schizoneura americana, Harvey. Bul. Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. No. 61. Indem. Ann. Rept. of Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. for 1900, p- 32. Mentioned as abundant. Photograph of leaf curl. Schigoneura americana, Lugger. Bul. No. 69. Minn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Id. 6th Ann. Rept. St. Ent. of the St. Exp. Sta. Univ. of Minn. pp. 168, 169. Fig. 148 after Riley. Schizoneura americana, Aldrich. Idaho Agric. Exp. Sta. core Bul. 26, pp. 20-22. Records summer and fall (return) migra- tion and describes true sexes. Suggests that alternate host plant may be grass. Schizoneura rileyi, Hunter. Aphid. of N. A., p. 84. Bibliography in part. Schizoneura americana, Weed, C. M. Bul. No. 90. N. H. Agr. Exp. Sta. p. 37. Brief account and photograph of curled leaf. Schizoneura americana, Cook, M. T. Galls and Insects Produc- ing Them. Ohio Naturalist. Vol. II, No. 7, p. 265 and Fig. 12. Discussion of structure of gall. Schizoneura americana, Sanborn, ‘C. E. Kansas Aphid. pp. 25-26, Plate VI, Fig. 37. Description of winged form and record of migration from elm. Schizoneura lanigera, Sanborn, C. E. Kansas Aphid, pp. 26-27. Tenia a6, Schizoneura americana, Cook, M. T. Galls and Insects Pro- ducing Them. The Ohio Naturalist, Vol. IV,.No. 6. 1904. . 1904. 1905. 1905. 1907. 1908. 1908. 1909. ELM LEAF CURL AND WOOLLY APPLE APHID. 257 Schigoneura lanigera, Alwood, Wm. B. Circular in Relation to Some Injurious Insects and Plant Diseases. Special Bulletin (C. P. C. 45), Va. Exp. Sta. An excellent account of the insect and its work, with figures. A study of the true sexes in confinement is recorded followed by this significant statement : “We have not thus far been able to trace the migrant forms accurately, and watch the development of their young in normal situations. They behave in a very aberrant manner, and we are led to doubt the statements that their young are deposited in old colonies among the agamic forms. Definite search has not revealed them, nor have we been able to find the sexual egg in these old colonies. It is possible that there is here an unsettled problem which may have important bearing upon the distribution of the species.” Schizoneura americana, Cooley, R. A. toth Ann. Rept. Mont. Agr. Exp. Sta. pp. 43-45. Records this insect as a decidedly obnoxious pest in some parts of Montana on Ulmus americana. Schizoneura americana, Felt, E. P. N. Y. St. Mus. Memoir 8: pp. 172, 177-178. Description of leaf curl, and life history adapted from Riley. Schizoneura rileyi, Felt, KE. P. N. Y. St. Mus. Memoir 8: pp. 172, 192. Brief description of work and remedies. Schizoneura lanigera, Smith, R. I. Bul. 23, Ga. State Board of Ent. An account after Alwood, with original photographs of work. : Schizoneura lanigera, Gillette and Taylor. A Few Orchard Plant Lice. Bul. 133, Agr. Exp. Sta. of the Colorado Agr. College, pp. 5-23. Ecological and economic. account with original fig- ures. Schizoneura lanigera, Gillette, C. P. Journal of Economic Ento- mology, Vol. 1, pp. 306-308. Of the migrants and true sexes he writes: “We have had no trouble to get the alate females to deposit the true sexual forms in confinement. We have been utterly unable to keep these alate females upon the apple trees to deposit their young. They seem possessed of a con- trolling instinct to get away from the tree, so that the sexual forms have always been deposited upon the walls of the breed- ig cages. . . . . Since writing the above, I have suc- ceeded in obtaining numerous examples of light orange yellow sexual females and the smaller dusky brown males, and a few yellow eggs upon leaves and bark of twigs that had been en- closed six weeks before in small cheese cloth sacks in the orchard.” Schizoneura rileyi, Gillette, C. P. Journal Ec. Ent. Vol. 2, p. 357. Suggests that it may be same species as Schizoneura ulmi (americana). “Of common occurrence at Fort Collins and other places in Colorado. 258 Igoo. 1909. IQIO. IQIO. IQI0. -IQIO. IQIO. IQIO. IQI0, 1909. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I012. Schizaneura lanigera, Gillette, C. P. Journal Ec. Ent. Vol. 2, p. 356 and Fig. 15. “This is one of the most serious and generally distributed insect pests of apple orchards in Colorado. Schizoneura ulnu L. (americana Riley) Gillette, C. P. Journal Ee. Ent. Vol. 2, p. 356 and Fig. 16. “This louse is a real pest upon white elm nearly everywhere that this tree is grown in Colorado.” f Davis, J. J. A List of the Aphididae of Illinois with notes on some of the species. Jour. of Ec. Ent. Vol. 3, p. 412. Schizoneura americana. “Not infrequently injuriously abundant.” Schizoneura crataegi. “A serious pest of the hawthorns used in ornamental plantings in Chicago.” Schizoneura americana, Patch, Edith M. Gall Aphids of the Elm. Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 181, pp. 223-235. Schizoneura rileyi. Patch, Edith M. Gall Aphids of the Elm. Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. No. 181, pp. 235-238. Schizoneura americana. Williams, T. A. The Aphididae of Nebraska, p. 16. Schizoneura crataegi. Williams, T. A. The Aphididae of Nebraska, p. 10. Schizoneura lanigera. Williams, T. A. The Aphididae of Ne- braska, p. 20. Mere mention. Schizoneura rileyi.. Williams, T. A. The Aphididae of Nebraska, pp. 20-21. “It causes a curling of the leaves similar to S, americana, but the galls can be readily distinguished as those of this species are much more tightly curled than those of S. americana. This latter species is often to be found on the same tree. They can be easily separated, as they differ in size, antennae, venation and other minor points.” Schizoneura lanigera. Lohrenz, H. W. Jour. Ec. Ent. Vol. 4, pp. 162-170. Ecological and economic study. — Schizoneura lanigera. In Bul. No. 195 Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. Re- corded on Crataegus and three species of mountain ash. Schizoneura lanigera (americana). Patch, Edith M. Science, Vol. 36, p. 30. Progeny of spring migrants from elm reared on apple. ok 7K ok K m * 7 OK *k ES * ok ok ES ok ok * *K ok * * If the elm species of America and Europe are the same, this insect will revert to Schizoneura ulmi L. (lanigera Hausmann) and according to European Aphidists ulmi migrates to the roots of currant for the summer generations where it was described by Buckton as Schizoneura fodiens. Are there two species in Europe known as ulmi, one migrating to currant and the other to apple? Schizoneura ulmi L. (S. fodiens Buckton). Tullgren. Aphi- dologische Studien, pp. 163-160. : Fig. 448. Seedling apple photographed May 29, 1912, to show colony of woolly aphids which are the progeny of migrants from elm leaf curl received from the south May 12, 1912. pow ANANE EYETV Nt A. eh y fe us tin Gp. INIA Aittere pee ah Wt ate OTS, i pe aS ee Beda We oo Pe ochaes | j Sat 3 eae és Fig. 449, Schizoneura ulm7z. Spring migrant (Tullgren 1909). Fig. 450. S.u/mz. Fall migrant (Tullgren 1909). Fig. 451. S. americana (Riley 1879). Fig. 452. S. americana and Fig. 453 S. vileyi (Patch 1910). Fig. 454. S. wlmiand Fig. 455 S. /anigera (Gillette 1909). Fig. 456 S. lanigera (Alwood 1904). Fig. 457 S. danigera (Marlatt 1897). Fig. 458 S. americana and Fig. 459 S. lanigeva (Sanborn 1904). Fig. 460 S. rileyi and Fig. 461 S. americana, apterous viviparous forms. (Patch 1910). hee - nes! = Fig. 462. Terminal leaf curl or rosette of elm leaves. The habitat of the stem mother, the second generation, and the third generation previous to their migration. BULLETIN No. 204. Peels) OF TRIPLET (CALVES: Wilh SOME GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING MiMietlPin CkS PATION IN NORMALLY UNIPAROUS ANIMALS? By RAyMonpD PEARL. INTRODUCTION. some five years ago the writer became interested in the general subject of the occurrence of multiple gestation in animals normally bearing but one young at a birth, through having his attention called to a case of triplet calves. A brief preliminary notice of the case was published at the time.” It was then intended immediately to follow this note with a more detailed discussion of the case. As material was collected in the preparation of that paper, however, it soon became evi- dent that such cases of multiple pregnancy presented a number of features of interest in connection with certain general prob- lems of biology. As time went on it seemed desirable to extend the scope of the inquiry. Accordingly I have been collecting notes and data on the general subject during the past four years. It seems desirable now to put some of these notes to- gether for publication. There are four general biological problems to which cases of multiple gestation relate and upon which we may reason- *Papers from the Biological Laboratory of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, No. 30. "Pearl, R. A Case of Triplet Calves with Peculiar Color Inheritance. Science, N. S. Vol. 26, p. 760, 1907. 260 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Igi2. ably expect light to be thrown by the analysis of such cases. These problems may be briefly designated as follows: The physiological problem. The problem of sex determination. The problem of secondary sexual characters. fe po Certain problems of inheritance. The mere fact of the occurrence of multiple pregnancies in forms normally bearing but one young at a time presents a deeply interesting problem in the physiology of reproduction. It means that the reproductive mechanism is not functioning in the normal or usual manner. But just where and what is the change from normal? Is the occurrence of twins and trip- lets due to a departure from the normal in the functioning of.- the ovary, or of the tubes and uterus? Or in a word what is the physiological basis of the occurrence of multiple gestation? It is, of course, an observation as old as history itself, that in the great majority (if not all) mammals where one young at a birth is the normal condition multiple gestations occasionally occur. Even in man, nearly the slowest in rate of reproduc- tion of all mammals, there are occasionally as many as 4, 5, or 6 young at a single birth.’ Yet in spite of the fact that the phenomenon: of multiple pregnancy is so well known, data are wanting as to the under- lying physiological causes upon which such occurrences depend. It is not to the point to contend that normally uniparous ani- mals showing an occasional multiple gestation are descendants (in the course of evolution) from forms normally multiparous, and that the occurrence of multiple gestations now is an “an- cestral reminiscence’. This may all be true but it tells us noth- "It is not necessary to cite the literature on this subject here m extenso. I merely give, by way of illustration for those who may be curious about the matter, a few references from recent literature. Wilkins, S. V., Birth of Quadruplets Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc. Vol. 49, P. 43, 1907. Berheim, A., Quintuplets. New York Med. Jour. Oct. 22, 1904, pp. (of reprint) 1-6. Miknovski, Yu. I., [Quintuplets] J. akush i jensk. boliez., St. Peters- burg. Vol. 22, pp. 79-85. 1908. Wickersheimer, E., Une observation inédite de grossesse sextuple. Bull. soc. d’obst. de Paris. T. xii, p. 320, 1900: TRIPLET CALVES. 261 ing about the physiological causes which determine that in the breeding history of a particular individual, twins are born at, let us say, the fourth pregnancy, while from all other pregnan- cies in the life of the animal only single young come. From whatever angle we approach the matter it is clear that there must be a definite (and presumably determinable) set of causes in the physiology of either the ovaries or Fallopian tubes and uterus, or both which leads to the production of twins. In the hope of getting light on this problem the collection of the most complete information possible in regard to multiple gesta- tion in normally uniparous forms is to be desired. This is a matter in which stock breeders may give valuable aid. 2. The problem of sex determination is one very much in the foreground of biological interest at this time. ‘The work of the last 10 years seems to have made some really definite progress towards the final solution of the problem. A number of different lines of research just now being prosecuted vigor- ously all lead to the same general view as to the basis of the causation of sex. In the first place the cytological researches of McClung, Wilson, Stevens and Morgan,’ and others indicate that in many forms of life, at least, there are constant and char- acteristic differences between the sexes in respect to the num- ber, form and size of the chromosomes and that further the behavior of the chromosomes of the reproductive cells during their maturation and fertilization is of the sort which would be expected to occur if, in the first place, sex were inherited and, in the second place, this inheritance were controiled by certain of the chromosomes. Supplementirg this cytological evidence and leading to the same conclusion that sex is a definitely in- “herited character, are the experimental researches in which sex is shown to behave in the same manner that structural char- “It is not necessary to cite in detail here references to all papers of the workers in this field. An extensive bibliography is given in Morgan, T. H., “A Biological and Cytological Study of Sex Determination in Phylloxetans and Aphids.” Jour. Exper. Zool. Vol. vii, pp. 230-352, 1909. Summary accounts of the cytological work on sex determination are to be found in Wilson, E. B. “Recent Researches on the Determi nation and Heredity of Sex,’ Science, N. S. Vol. 29, p. 53, 1909 and in Doncaster, L., “Recent Work on the Determination of Sex.” Science Progress, No. 13, pp. 90-104, July 1909. See also the more recent summary by Professor Wilson, “The Sex Chromosomes,’ Arch. mik. Anat. Bd. 77, pp. 249-271, I9OII. 262 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQT2. acters do in Mendelian crossings. As pioneer work in this field stand the brilliant experiments of Doncaster and Raynor with Abraxas, those of Bateson and Punnett with the silky fowl, and those of Miss Durham on canaries.” More recently sex-limited inheritance (in which sex behaves as a Mendelian character) has been further studied in fowls by Goodale, Hagedoorn, Sturtevant and others.* The same type of inheritance has been shown by Morgan’ to hold for a number of characters in the pomace fly, Droso- phila. The evidence, now considerable in amount, from both the cy- tological and experimental lines of investigation, indicates clear- ly that sex determination is not, as it was long supposed to be, primarily an epigenetic phenomenon. Rather does it appear chat the sex of the individual, into which a particular pair of united germ cells will develop, is definitely and unalterably fixed in the hereditary constitution of these germ cells them- selves. In view of these well established conclusions the facts regarding the distribution of sex in cases of multiple gestation take on a peculiar interest. It has long been a well known statistical fact that the sex ratios of offspring resulting from multiple gestation in animals normally uniparous present dis- tinct deviations from the normal. Thus it has recently been shown by Nichols,*® after careful analysis of the available sta- "References to this earlier work are given in Bateson, W., Mendelian Principles of Heredity, Cambridge, 1900, pp. 174-188. *Goodale, H. D. Sex and its Relation to the Barring Factor in Poul- try. Science, N. S. Vol. 29, No. 756, pp. 1104, 1105, 1900. Hagedoorn, A. L., Mendelian Inheritance of Sex. Roux’s Archiv. Bd. 28, PP. 1-34. IQCO. Pearl, R. and Surface, F. M. On the Inheritance of the Barred Color Pattern in Poultry. Roux’s Archiv. Bd. 30. pp. 45-61, 1910. Studies on Hybrid Poultry. Rept. Maine Experiment Station, 1910, pp. 84-116. —_—_—__— Further data regarding the Inheritance of the Barred Color Pattern. Science, N. S. Vol. 32, pp. 870-874, I9I0. "Morgan, T. H. Sex Iimited Inheritance in Drosophila. Science, IN, Ss WoL 37, TONG: ; An Attempt to Analyze the Constitution of the Chromosomes on the Basis of Sex-Limited Inheritance in Drosophila. Jour. Exper. Zool. Vol. 11, 1911. Also a number of other papers on this subject. *Nichols, J. B. The Numerical Proportions of the Sexes at Birth. Mem. Amer. Anthropol. Assoc. Vol. I, Part 4, pp. 249-300, 1907. “TRIPLET CALVES. 263 tistics for man, that here the number of sons for a thousand daughters drops from 1057 for single births to 548 for quadruple births. That this decline is progressive is shown by the table given by this author (Joc. cit. p. 298) which is here reproduced. Number of Sons for 1000 Daughters. Sage lowes sosnes Scie RUA he, Co iecrs eee nan eR GeO WE Deira 1057 Tria loins) “5500460 pe ee Rn cesley 9 ic eRe SRM ee A Ce eS 1043 ‘“Tistisile picid eto enena ere cera tncete clear rat aren ev nE eee 1007 @Owadriuple births 4500.60: SiS A oe oer uae iva: ae aatn tats 548 such a preponderance of females in multiple births is not confined to the human species. The same thing is true of mul- tiple births in sheep and other usually uniparous animals. ‘The obvious explanation which suggests itself to account for these deviating ratios is a prenatal mortality which is differential in respect to sex. It is well known, from statistical studies of the matter in man, that the prenatal rate of mortality is greater for males than for females. If, as seems reasonable a priort, the conditions of foetal existence become more severe as the number of young borne in the uterus at the same time increases, any inherent differences in respect to foetal mortality rate be- tween males and females might be expected to be accentuated by these conditions. ‘The figures quotéd from Nichols show exactly the trend which would be expected if there were an increasing proportion of deaths of male embryos with multiple gestations of advancing order. ‘There are, however, certain facts which make it very doubtful indeed whether any sig- nificant portion of the observed disturbances in the sex ratio in multiple gestations are due to differential prenatal mortality. In the first place the same change in the sex-ratio is observed in multiple gestations in domestic animals where the prenatal mortality is insignificant in amount. In the second place the known facts regarding the distribution of the sexes in multiple births do not accord: with the sex-differential prenatal mortality hypothesis. The preponderance of females is not the only disturbance of the normal single birth sex ratios which occurs in multiple gestations. Another, and probably even more significant devia- tion is that which concerns the distribution of individuals of the two sexes in the sets of offspring born together. If indi- 264 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQIz2. viduals born as twins, for example, exhibited the same distribu- tion in respect to sex as do random pairs of individuals born singly, it would be expected that twins would show the follow- ing sex relations. Sex of twins: 6d eis e¢ Frequency of occurrence: Weer ts Actually multiple births in man and the domestic mammals show nothing of the kind. For example, Nichols (Joc. cit.) gives the following figures for human twins. Sex of twins: 3d Com Se Observed frequency of occurrence: 234,497 : 264,008 : 210,312 Expected frequency if the distribu- tion of sex within the pair was a random one: 170,476.75 : 358,053.50 : 170,476.75 A discussion of this curious phenomenon of sex distribution will. be published in a later paper. In addition to such disturbances of the sex ratio there also occur in connection with multiple gestation cases of apparently incomplete sex determination, such as those leading to the production of so-called “free-martins.” . 3. Mention has been made of free-martins. Not only do these animals furnish interesting data in regard to the deter- mination of primary but also of secondary sexual characters. In many cases free-martins have been considered to be herma- phrodites, on the basis of their external appearance. In other cases such individuals are notably feminine in their characteris- tics, so much so indeed as to be used for show or demonstra- tion purposes because they are so typical of the females of the race. A classical example of this kind is found in the Short Horn breed in the case of the famous “White Heifer that Trav- 9 elled. *For an account of this animal see Sanders, A. H., “Short-Horn Cattle.’ Second Edition, Chicago, 1901, pp. 41 and 42. This account is evidently copied, almost verbatim, from that given in Allen, L. F., “History of the Short-Horn Cattle. Their Origin, Progress and Pres- ent Conditions.” Buffalo. (publ. by the Author). 1872. p. 52. This “White heifer,’ which was widely exhibited about 1806 as a typical specimen of the breed, was a free-martin. She was one of a pair of twins of which the other was a bull, and she herself did not breed. She was a very heavy animal, her weight at slaughtering having been esti- mated to be not less than 2300 lbs. The picture of this White Heifer” given by Sanders (loc. cit.), presumably copied from some contem- porary print, shows her to have been typically feminine in appearance. This agrees with the statements regarding this specimen which have come down to us. TRIPLET CALVES. 265 The relation between primary and secondary sexual character in these free-martins obviously presents a problem of consider- able interest. 4. Cases of multiple gestation present two interesting prob- lems in inheritance. One of these concerns the degree to which a tendency toward multiple gestation in a normally uniparous form may be inherited. Are the offspring of a mother having this tendency likely to show it also? Comparatively little detailed work has been done upon this subject though a gen- eral impression appears to prevail that such tendencies are inherited. Thus Wilder” says regarding one particular sort of multiple gestation, viz., the production of duplicate twins. (loc. cit. p. 368:) “As the tendency to produce duplicate twins and other sorts of abnormal cosmobia seems inherent in certain orgauisms, and to be transmitted by heredity, it is quite possible that we may be able to breed certain of the viable forms.” There have been a few detailed studies on the inheritance of the tendency towards multiple pregnancies. In man Weinberg” and Oliver” have recently investigated the influence of heredi- ty on twin bearing. Weinberg’s paper is by far the most thorough study of the subject which has yet appeared. From a careful analysis of copious statistics he concludes that the tendency towards multiple pregnancies is inherited in Mendelian fashion, this character apparently behaving as a recessive. He regards heredity as having a greater influence in the production of multiple gestation than any other one factor. It was found impossible to account satisfactorily for the facts on the dssump- tion of blending inheritance. While any single external factor certainly has less influence than heredity in causing multiple gestation, still the sum total of all such external influences must outweigh heredity in affecting observed variations in the num- outweigh heredity in bringing about observed variations in the “Wilder, H. H. The Morphology of Cosmobia; Speculations con- cerning the Significance of Certain Types of Monsters. Amer. Jour. of Anat., Vol. 8, pp. 355-440, 1908. “Weinberg, W. Die Anlage zur Mehrlingsgeburt beim Menschen und ihre Vererbung. Arch. f. Rass. u. Gesellsch. Biol. Bd. 6, pp. 322- 339, 470-482, 609-630. 1900. *Oliver, James. The Hereditary Tendency to Twinning, with some Observations concerning the Theory of Heredity generally. Part I. Eugenics Rev. Vol. IV, pp. 39-53, 1912. 266 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912. number of young per birth in the breeding history of the same individual female, unless one is prepared to assume a very com- plicated mechanism of heredity for this character. The relation of heredity to multiple gestation in man has also been discussed by Wakley,” Lop,” Naegeli-Akerblom,” and Rosenfeld” particularly, and by a number of other medical and | and anthropological writers incidentally. An interesting case of apparent inheritance of a tendency to twin bearing in cattle has recently been reported by Went- worth.” The family of cattle concerned has been bred on an old farm near Cocheco, New Hampshire. “The foundress of the family was a grade Holstein cow, herself a twin about seven years old. She has been on the farm ever since she was dropped and has given birth to seven calves. Her first service was to a Guernsey bull and resulted in a pair of yellow and white heifers one of which is now in the herd. Her second mating to a red Shorthorn bul! resulted in a single black and white bull calf that was vealed. An Ayrshire bull sired her third calves, twin black and white bulls, but neither of these were good enough to raise. Her fourth service was to a Holstein bull and from it she produced twin black and white heifers that promise well as milkers.” “The yellow and white twin first produced by the old cow is now four years old and has twice borne twins. To an Ayrshire bull she produced a pair of yellow and white bull calves that early went to the butcher, and to a Holstein bull she gave birth to twin black and white heifers last December.” The further collection of accurate data bearing upon this question of the inheritance of a tendency to multiple gestation is greatly to be desired. Data on a second problem in inheritance.are presented by cases of multiple gestation, namely that of the limits of heredi- *Wakley, Thomas. The Influence of Inheritance on the .Tendency to have Twins. Lancet, 1895, Vol. II, pp. 1289-1290. “Lop. Quelques chiffres sur l’hérédité de la grossesse jumellaire, Congrés périodique de gyn. obstétr. et de pédiatrie. Marseille, 1899. *Naegeli-Akerblom. Die Geminitat in ihren erblichen Beziehungen, Virchow’s Arch. Bd. 170, 1902. *Rosenfeld. Zur Frage der vererblichen Anlage zur Mehrlingsge- burten. Zeitschr. f. Geburtsh. u. Gynak. Bd. 50, 1903. “Wentworth, E. N. Twins in Three Generations.. Breeder’s Gazette, Vol. Ixii, p. 133, July 24, 1012. ; TRIPLET CALVES. 207 tary control. An important question in all such cases concerns the germinal genesis of the individuals included in the multi- ple pregnancy. Did the individuals thus growing together in the uterus arise from the separated blastomeres of a single ovum, or from several distinct ova? In most cases the only data which can be obtained on this matter arise from an exami- nation of the external somatic characters of the individuals con- cerned to see whether or not they are identical. It should be understood that the preceding, somewhat de- tailed, statement of the more important general biological prob- lems to which cases of multiple gestation relate, is made for ‘purposes of general orientation in regard to specific data dis- cussed in this paper. It is also hoped that it may serve to indi- cate the kind of information that it is desirable to have recorded by those who may chance to be able to observe cases of multiple birth in the domestic animals. It is evident from the discussion given above that cases of this sort have significance for the biol- ogist and the stockbreeder quite beyond the merely casual curi- osity which they excite as “freak”? occurrences. From the standpoint of the practical breeder it is highly important that the phenomenon of multiple gestation in normally uniparous animals be carefully studied. Any definite and heritable in- crease in the fecundity and fertility of the domestic animals, if it can be gained withcut loss of other desirable qualities, is greatly to be desired. Cases of multiple gestation are the “‘fa- vorable variations’ which must serve as the foundations for the creation of more fertile breeds and races. What may be accomplished in this direction has been splendidly demonstrated by the work of Dr. Alexander Graham Bell with sheep (see footnote p. 275). Finally it should be said that this general introduction is dis- tinctly not to be regarded as a statement of problems which are to be definitely and completely solved by the data presented in this paper. 268 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q12. DESCRIPTION OF A CASE OF [TRIPLET CALVES. This study has to do with a family of triplet calves” born near Waldoboro, Maine in 1907. The facts regarding the birth and subsequent history of these calves are as follows: I. Birth. The birth of the triplet calves occurred at Mr. L. A. Starrett’s farm during the forenoon of June 20, 1907. There were present two other witnesses besides Mr. Starrett. On account of the previous breeding behavior of the mother of these calves (cf. p. 276 infra) there was thought to be consider- able likelihood of a multiple birth in this case, and the cow was closely watched as the time of parturition approached. - No exact record was kept as to the time taken in the parturition ~ of these triplets, but it occupied several hours. ‘There was a rest for a considerable time after the birth of the first two of the calves. The parturition was natural no aid in delivery being necessary. The birth order was 9: 6: @. 2. Description of Calves. As has been indicated two of the calves were females and one a male. They were stated to have been small at birth (as would of course be expected), but en- tirely normal in appearance and in activity. Unfortunately no record was made of the weights of the individuals at birth. so that it is impossible to determine how much below the average ‘size for single calves these were. It is certain however, that while each individual was noticeably smaller than a normal single calf the aggregate weight at birth of the triplets was much above that of a normal single calf. All existing evidence regarding cases of multiple birth in species where unit births are normal points to the conclusion that while there is a reduc- tion of size of individuals in the multiple births this reduc- tion is not proportionate to the number of individuals. Thus it has been shown by Mumford” that in the case of sheep the “The writer is under great obligation to Mr. James S$. Walter of Waldoboro, Maine, the second owner of these calves, and to Mr. L. A. Starrett of Pleasant Point, Maine, who was the original owner, for the aid which they have freely and kindly given in this work. “Mumford, F. B. Breeding Experiments with Sheep. I. Some Factors Influencing the Weight of Lambs at Birth. II. Milk and Food Records of Ewes. Missouri Agr. Expt. Stat. Bull. 53, pp. 167-188. root. TRIPLET CALVES. 269 average birth weight of single lambs (of both sexes taken together) is 7.8 lbs. while the average birth weight of twin lambs is reduced’ only to 7.07 Ibs. Vierodt” gives for the normal weight of the new-born human infant in round num- bers 3250 gm. and for the weight of a single twin (regardless Of Sex) 2501 gm. (Fesser’s data) or 2185 gm. (Recht’s data). Again to consider multiple gestations of higher order, Wilking (loc. cit.)gives the following birth weight” for his case of quadruplets . Birth order and sex Weight TT) GO oe INRA pce atin pm es gl ab a OC RT ER 1347 gm Dae Dad ratte RRS acd OREN ANS cn rk eA cg A 127 Bas hey So aI Neh ROME Re ns OSI 3) 12-0 te OE meg. AWA O RE TS Cuan tb ire POLYM Ca tal er Tay pea DOLE erie RT a, naeyay © sR tre ipney ate: St shut» EEN ance ne Mie Ia ADIGE UR aAp cele tne Ramey Corresponding data for Bernheim’s (Joc. cit) case of quin- tuplets are: Birth order and sex Weight te oar eae eit sce ae PN Sore aN CRC OR Gan hdl Se fe 1814 gm Bh GAN Ga Te OSES tie ar ae iets EN Jee Sa a oP ha NO2S mas Bo Gh RG aes aR OSE Ie AUR Le Ome Lh OP aL Ta Bee Marat 1oASs ™ Ber (Ge ae MEN ANE PT AINE er pee OS a ITAOD, x eles MANORS 1928 “ hs Gy Maer AUR MNe AIS ce NR ci 9 RU ALN BRU CA Wtaie ace aR AD ie ees 2268 “ 9866 “ In these cases the single individual is obviously heavier than it should be if it were to be strictly proportional inversely to the number of young born together. In the case of the quin- tuplets the total weight is more than 3 times that for a normal single birth infant, as given by Vierordt. Similar relations hold for multiple births in cattle. In an in- teresting paper based on. data taken from the Simmenthal Herd Book Strebel” gives the following data: Meer DiGi Wiel Sit Gye CALVES! ei 4 ci nly sclera a aces 44 kg. e is ‘ QT) cre Ske geamtegsn' gciartichc.c.cte'c 40 si a ENVALTUS A na taietse otek Nhs [auto eee Ho) *Tierordt, H. Anatomische, Physiologische und Physikalische Daten und Tabellen zum Gebrauche fiir Mediziner. Dritte Auflage. Jena (Fischer) 1906. pp. vi. and 616. “T have transferred the weights as given in the original in pounds and ounces to grams in this and the Bernheim quintuplet case, in order to make the figures more readily comparable with that from Vierordt for the single birth. "Strebel, Die Tauglichkeit von Zwillingskalbern zur Zucht. Deutsche Landw. Presse, Jahrg. xxxvl, No. 84, pp. 897, 808, 1909. 270 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. This author further states that in cases of twins of opposite sex the male individual weighed at birth from 5 to 13 kg. more than the female. i The triplet calves here under discussion grew and developed in an entirely normal fashion. They were seen by the writer in October, 1907, and at that time were not individually much under sized. In a letter dated February 3, 1908, Mr. Walter states that the calves were weighed January 14, 1908, with the following results: Individual Weight Cee pet a NN oH oF le RD taNe heh WS Nae reseed E 304 lbs LO Re es oP IP op, Bee ge om Pee ni ee Pen ty MMT UR Us aN ncea C Bagfey EI Si Meat ETN PE CRU Mi aN ay AL OE Oty ARM aul 250 The close similarity of the two heifers in weight at this age is noteworthy. Commenting on the condition of the calves at the time of this weighing Mr. Walter says: “Farmers admit they are more [= larger] than the average calf about here. They are not fat but in good condition.” In a letter of November 17, 1908, Mr. Walter estimates the weight of the three animals to be at that time between 1400 and 1500 pounds. The two heifers of the triplets were killed and used for beef early in April, 1910. They weighed about 1000 Ibs. Mr. Walter stated that the bull was considerably larger than the heifers, but was unable to give the exact weight. The only detailed statement I have been able to find in the literature regarding the growth of triplet calves is that of Weathers This is as follows (Joc. cit.): “On September 23, 1883, my three-quarter grade Short-horn cow dropped three male calves from a very fine registered Short-horn bull. When six months old the three weighed 940 lbs; at nine months 1680 Ibs, and when yearlings, even 2200 lbs., and had nothing but ordinary tame pasture since May to, 1884.” These are rather meager data but it is of some interest to compare them with figures for the normal growth of Short- horn cattle. Such data have been given by Meek.” ‘This author 7 eathers, F. F. [Growth of Triplet Calves.] Breeder’s Gazette, Vol. 6, p. 600, 1884. Meek, A. Growth of the Farm Ungulates. I. Approach from a Study of the External Characters. Veterinarian, Vol. LXXIV (XLVII ~ Fourth Series) pp. 121-126. Igor. TRIPLET CALVES. 271 has prepared a table (Joc cit. pp. 122, 123) showing the weight of Short-horn cattle at various stages from birth up to 3 years. and 176 days for males and 7 years and 58 days for females. In this table the bulls and steers are lumped together, and the weights of cows are given in another column. L,eathers (Joc. cit.) gives the weight of his triplet calves at three ages; namely six months, nine months and one year. From data given in the column headed “Bulls and Steers’ in Meek’s table I have en- deavored to calculate the weight of normal (i. e., single lirth’ Short-horn cattle at the same ages. As a necessary consequence of the method of collection Meek’s data represent rather uneven intervals in age. The best it seems possible to do from this table in approximating normal mean weights of Short-horn males at the three specified ages is to take the records closest (on either side) to the required number of days and average the weights given for those ages. The table gives the weights of four individuals ranging in age from 173 to 201 days Two of these irdividuals were 176 days old, one 173 days and the other 201 days. Averaging these four together to get an approxima- tion to the normal mean weight at six months (180 days) of age, the result is 351.5 pounds. Similarly the table gives the weights of five individuals ranging in age from 265 days to 292 days. Averaging these together to get an approximation to the mean weight for age nine months (270 days) I get 505.6 pounds. The weights given range from 486 to 540 pounds. Finally to get an approximation to the normal weights of Short-horn males one year of age I have averaged together the weights of six individuals in the table ranging in age from 350 days to 1 year and 13 days. The weights of these individu- als range from 672 pounds to 718 pounds and the average weight is 698.2 pounds. Putting all these data together for comparison with the figures of Leathers for the triplets we have the result shown in the following table. The figures tabled for the triplets are the mean weight per individual at each age, obtained by dividing the value given by leathers by 3 in each case.” 272 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI12. Weight of Calves in Pounds. Normal Triplet AGE | Short-horn | Short—horn | Males. (Meek) Males. (Leathers) Sixaemonthseass sree eat ee eee | 351.5 | 313.3 | INT op Spies tly MAN se can teRee St Aa | 505.6 | 560.0 cDomelive yan eee ey homey Cha ee | 698.3. 4 740.0 From these figures it is to be noted in the first place that although the triplet calves were at six months of age some 38 pounds below the normal in weight, by the time they had reached the age of nine months the mean weight per individual of the triplets was not only equal to the normal weight for Short-horn calves of the same age, but exceeded it by about 55 _pounds. About this same degree of excess in weight was main- tained during the next three months so that at one year of age the mean weight per individual of the triplets was 42 pounds above the normal as determined from Meek’s data. It appears then in the case of triplets, just as is known to obtain with twins, that while the individuals start their free life at a lower weight than is normal for single animals yet this defect 1s compensated for in the subsequent growth. By the time the adult condition is reached there is no difference in regard to size relations be- tween the individuals which originate from multiple and those which originate from single pregnancies. These facts seem to me to be of considerable interest in con- nection with the dynamical hypothesis regarding growth recent- ly published by Hatai.” It is to be presumed that in the case of twins coming from two ova the original endowment of the fertilized egg in respect to “potential growth energy” is the same as in the case of a single offspring. Further, at the end of the growth process both the twins and the single individual attain the same bodily size (or volume). But the curve of growth up to the time of birth must be considerably different in the case of the twin individuals from what it is in the single individual. During this period do the twins “grow at maximum >Hatai, S. An Interpretation of Growth Curves from a Dynamical Standpoint. Anat. Record, Vol. 5, pp. 373-382. 1911. _ TRIPLET CALVES. 273 rate with least loss. of growth energy?” This point would seem well worth investigation in the light of Hatai’s valuable hypothesis. It can, of course, be tested, as he has pointed out, by finding whether a logarithmic curve will fit the observed growth during the prenatal life of the twins. If so the hypothe- sis will be satisfied. Still more interesting in the same connection is the case of enzygotic twins, where the two individuals originate from the same fertilized ovum. Such twins, so far as may be judged from the meager evidence available, grow to the same end adult size as individuals each developing from a single ovum and occupying the uterus alone during gestation. But if this is so it seems to raise a difficulty respecting the original endow- ment of potential growth energy in the fertilized egg cell from which the enzygotic twins arose. Did this fertilized egg have _ twice the usual amount of potential growth energy? If net, what is the source of the additional supply which makes each of the enzygotic twins go on growing to normal full adult size? It seems certain that the study of the growth, both prenatal and postnatal, of multiple young in animals normally bearing but a single offspring at a time, cannot fail to yield results of funda- mental importance to the analysis of the normal physiology, of growth. We may turn next to a description of the color characteris- tics of the triplet calves. The three individuals were not all alike in color. The two females were very nearly alike but not absolutely identical. The male calf was quite different in color and color pattern from his two sisters. The general character- istics of the triplets in respect to color pattern are shown in figures 448 and 449. It is unfortunate that the photographs from which these figures are reproduced were not better. but they were the best it was possible to obtain. The male was a typical Guernsey in respect to coat color and showed a very close approximation to the precise color pattern exhibited by his mother. The color of that part of his coat bearing pigmented hairs was a light yellowish fawn of the sort frequently seen in Guernseys and exactly the same as that of his mother. The similarity in color pattern between the male calf and his mother is shown in Fig. 448. The mother had a white triangle on the forehead like that of the bull calf; in the same 274 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q12. position and of relatively the same size. She also had on the right hind quarter a splash of white similar to that which is shown on the flank of the calf in Fig. 448. The ccat color of this bull calf did not change substantially during life. Both of the heifers of the triplets were typical Herefords, both as to color coat and to color pattern. ‘The hair on the pig- mented portions of the body was red in color. Both individuals showed the white face which is typical for Herefords. One of these heifers resembled her sire very closely in respect to de- tails of color pattern. Although in Figures 448 and 449 these two heifers look very much alike, as a matter of fact they were not absolutely identical in respect to color pattern. Particular attention was paid to this point in studying these calves because of the possibility, if not probability, that the two females might be identical or enzygotic twins; that is that they might have arisen from the two first blastomeres of a single egg. Whether or not this was the case, at any rate the two individuals were not absolutely identical, quantitatively, in respect to color pat- tern. The coat color of the heifers darkened considerably dur- ing their lives. This darkening was not equally great in amount in both cases. In a letter of January 10, i910, Mr. Walter had the following to say in regard to the condition of the triplets in respect to coat color at that time when they were nearly 3 years old. “One (of the heifers) is red and a perfect beauty. The other just a little taller, shades on the brown. Still they look very much alike. The bull is a typical Guernsey, larger than the heifers, well made and getting fine stock.” Externally the triplets gave no evidence of any abnormality or defect in the sexual organs. ‘The bull was typically mascu- line in appearance and the heifers typically feminine. There was nothing whatever in the appearance of the heifers to sug- gest hermaphroditism. The bearing of this statement will be apparent when the breeding history of the triplets is com- pleted. 3. Description of Parents of Triplets. The sire of these triplets was a grade Hereford showing the white face and body of nearly solid color typical for that breed. In his ancestry there was said to be a small admixture of Holstein “blood.” Presumably in consequence of this arose the fact that his coat Fig. 449. Photograph of triplet calves. Male calf in middle. TRIPLET CALVES. 275 was black instead of dark red as is usual for the pure bred Hereford. He was an ordinary bull presenting no noteworthy characteristics of any kind. The owner stated to the writer that this bull had usually been prepotent in the matter of mark- ing his calves. What this presumably meant, however, was that the calves of his get were in most cases white faced. This is probably to be regarded merely as an expression of the fact that Hereford white face is dominant in the Mendelian sense over most other types of coloration of the head region found in Ceintll Samy ) The sire was a relatively voung bull. Particular inquiry was made when he was examined as to whether he had been known to get twin or triplet calves with relatively high frequency. The owner stated that this was distinctly not the case; that during the period this bull had been heading his herd twin calves had occurred, but not more frequently than was in gen- eral to be expected in breeding an equal number of cows. I was not able to obtain a photograph of the sire. The dam of the triplets was a grade Guernsey, in conforma- tion and color typical of the breed. She was born in 1900, and was, therefore, about 7 years old at the time the triplets were born. She bore her first calf when 2 years old. Her color was a light yellowish fawn splashed with white. She had a white triangle on the forehead and bands of white over the shoulders and rump. She was not a large cow even for a Guernsey. Some idea of her general conformation and color pattern may be gained from Fig. 448. Mr. Walter purchased the cow after acquiring the calves and states that she has proved to be a very good cow from the milking standpoint. It is of interest to note that this cow has two posterior, very small, supernumerary mammae. It is, of course, impossible to say whether this occurrence of supernumerary mammae is directly connected with the high degree of fecundity exhibited by this cow (see next section), but this may fairly be regarded as probably the case because of the fact that these two things are known to be associated in other forms. For example this is so in the sheep which Dr. Alexander Graham Bell” is breeding *Cf. Spillman, W. J. Report of Committee on Hybridizing Animals. Rept. Amer. Breeder’s Assoc. Vol. III, pp. 184-180, 1907. “Bell. A. G. Sheep-Breeding Experiments on Beinn Breagh. Science. N. S. Vol. 36, pp. 378-384. 1912. 2 276 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI2. for increased fecundity at Beinn Breagh, Nova Scotia. Other examples of the same relationship might be cited. TABLE I. Breeding History of Dam of Triplets. Sex or Caves. | | Number |__ Rie Bee neces tee YEAR | BuLu of | - REMARKS. | calves | ot 2 1902 \Grade “Durham ’”2*.| 1 = 1 Calf like mother in color | on@lemas 10b 5 canoes | | and color pattern. | | | 1903 Grade®Jersey: dark) 1) eel 1'\Calf black; white spot on =red*body, black! | forehead, white on end . head and shoul-| of tail. Kept 3 years . ders. | | | | and then killed. 1904 ““Mongrel Jers ey) 1 - 1 Calf resembled sire. Light and Durham.’’ | color. 1905 Grade ‘‘Durham’’: 2 1 1\Calves red; premature red and white. birth in pasture, 1 dead when found. Other killed. 1906 Grade _ Holstein: 2 2 - Calves black with white black. | patches. Like father. Born dead. 1907 ia rade Hereford: 3 Ih 2) Present case. | black, white face.) | | 1909? |Registered ‘‘D ur-| a = 1Calf had head and neck hapa 4 Bates | | red with white star in strain. | face; body mixed with = | | red but mostly white. | | | 1910 (Grade Guernsey:) Bi 1 2)}Premature birth by two | the bull used in | months. Thought to this case was the, | | have been caused by | og member of the) | cow falling on ice. All | set of triplets de-, | | 8 calves alike in color scribed in this) | | and color pattern. paper. | | [ Rotalsievaleretnc eee eee | 14) 5 9 28°*Durham’’ in this part of the country means actually Short-horn. 2°Calf born March 21, 1909. Calves born in February, 1910. 4. Breeding Record of Dam. The complete breeding his- tory of the mother of these triplet calves is given in Table 1. TRIPLET CALVES. 277. From this table the following points are to be noted :— (a) During the life time of this cow she has been eight times pregnant. From these pregnancies there have been born 14 calves. This is certainly an unusually high, though by no means unique, degree of fecundity. It is an average produc- tion of one and three-quarters young per birth over the whole breeding life of the mother up to 1910. In the literature of stock-breeding there are many records of cases of high fecundity in cattle. It is unnecessary to attempt any extensive review of these cases here. Of continuous high fecundity the following” case is of interest: A grade cow bore and raised 9 calves within 36 months. She had twins three times in succession, and in the next pregnancy triplets. The first twins were dropped in January 1876, and the triplets in December 1878. ‘This gave an average of 2.25 young per birth. The highest continued record of fecundity for a cow which has come to my notice is that given by McGillivray in his “Manual of. Veterinary Science and Practice’ (1857) and later copied in many other veterinary works. The cow was of “the black polled breed” and is said to have been“‘small.” Her breeding record was as follows: Year Number of calves at a birth. TOS aie eh eae ee een 1—This was the cow’s first calf. MSA Ra sR eR Es ge a 3—All lived to adult age. RAB aa olen eee ees Sua Site alee 4—One died. (Seven calves in one year). SAT a ROA Tae ee 2—Lived to maturity. FLL ode RE a ap te 3—Lived to maturity. TSAO Sah Aes eaceata dee ete 6—AIl died prematurely. MOAR M eee vaitMeNeys As whe. ae: 2—Came to maturity. LAS Set a ee alta, Cate ars 4 slkonieallierutene nected hile: 25—Mean number per birth = 3.125 (b) As regards the sex distribution of the offspring there is evidently a preponderance of females, taking the wlfole breed- ing life of the dam together. As the data are more carefully studied, however, it becomes apparent that the preponderance of females is a phenomenon due to the single rather than to the multiple births. lf the four multiple gestations in the life of this cow be taken together (that is, the pregnancies terminating in 1905, *National Live Stock Jour. Vol. 10, p. 163, 1879. 278 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I012. 1906, 1907 and 1910) it appears that of the Io young born from these four pregnancies, 5 were males and 5 were appar- ently females. That is to say, they were females so far as external sexual characters were concerned. It is a curious fact that in all of the single births which this cow had the offspring were females. Whether this is merely a coincidence or has some deeper significance with reference to sex determination — 1s not apparent. (c) During the breeding history of this cow there has ap- parently been a steady increase in her rate of fecundity. The first three pregnancies resulted in single offspring, then came in succession two pairs of twins followed by triplets, and then, with a single pregnancy between another set of triplets. This would seem to indicate that as this cow is successively bred her tendency towards multiple gestation comes more and more into expression. (d) The breeding history of this cow indicates that she has a definite and innate constitutional tendency towards multiple gestation, not due primarily to the action of external circum- stances. If a normally uniparous animal has multiple births more than two or three times out of every ten births it is good evidence that the occurrence of such multiple gestation is not fortuitous but rests on an innate physiological tendency of the individual. In the present case there are four multiple births out of eight pregnancies. If there had been triplets but once in the breeding history of this cow, the occurrence might very well have been taken to be accidental. It 1s apparent. however, that for some reason this cow possesses a definite tendency to bear more than one young per birth. The tendency towards multiple gestation in this case cannot be due to rich or forced feeding. Neither of the two men who have owned the cow during her: life have ever fed her heavy or rich rations. On the contrary she has been nourished during the greater part of her life on a relatively small amount of grain and a large amount of roughage. (e) It is interesting to note that the sire of the last set of triplets (these born in 1910) was the male member of the for- mer set of triplets borne by the same cow. It is in many ways TRIPLET CALVES. 279 unfortunate that this last set of triplets was born prematurely. There would otherwise have been an excellent opportunity in this experiment of breeding the son back to the dam, when the son was a member of one set of triplets and the dam evidently had a definite and innate tendency towards multiple gestation, to get some interesting data in regard to the inheri- tance of this tendency towards high fecundity. 5. Lhe breeding record of the triplets. The breeding rec- ords and sexual behavior of the individuals resulting from multiple gestation in cattle are of interest because of the fact of the occurrence of free-martins (infertile females) in the case of twin calves. Is the sterility and malformed or infantile condition of the genitalia in the free-martin casually related to ‘the fact of multiple gestation, or do these things depend upon other and unrelated causes? Any information regarding the breeding behavior of individuals arising from muitiple gesta- tions is welcome in this connection. ‘The writer asked Mr. Walter the owner of the calves here described, to pay par- ticular attention, to the sexual behavior of these triplets. This was done. As has already been implied in what has gone before the male individual of the triplets was entirely functional sexually. He was used in service locally; got good calves; and apparently got as high a proportion of calves as would be expected from a bull of his age. In regard to the sexual his- tory of the female individuals of the triplets, Mr. Walter has the fellowing to say in a letter dated April 11, 1910. After not- ing the fact that these two supposed heifers had been killed and sold in the village market he says:—‘Neither of them had ever Deen in heat and the man that dressed them said that they would never have bred.” In earlier letters Mr. Walter on several occasions said that these calves never showed the slight- est signs of being in heat. From the account given by the butcher who killed these animals” it appears probable (though, of course, too much weight cannot be put upon such informa- tion) that in both individuals the conditions were such as have been described for many free-martins. Neither uterus or tubes were recognized but the vagina apparently ended at its anterior “Unfortunately it was not possible for the writer to be present at this time. ; 280 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2. end as a blind sack. Although detailed anatomical data are lacking, there can be little doubt, I believe, because of both the physiological fact of absence of oestrus and the lack (?) or minute, infantile condition of uterus and Fallopian tubes, that these two supposed female individuals were really free-martins. 6. Color Inheritance in the Triplets. ‘The coat color and pattern exhibited by these triplets are matters of considerable interest. The essential points in regard to color inheritance in this case are: (a) That the two females were not at all like the male in either color or pattern. ‘They were of the Hereford type of color and pattern, while the bull was of the Guernsey color and pattern. : (b) While the two females were in general alike in coat color and pattern they were very far from being identical. Es- pecially as they grew older they came to differ quite consider- ably in color. From the beginning they were distinctly differ- ent in pattern. The sire and dam of these triplets were both grade animals of very mixed ancestry. This makes impossible any attempt to interpret precisely the color inheritance. It is possible, however. by making one or two not improbable assumptions to reach a simple Mendelian interpretation” of the inheritance of color and color pattern in these triplets. Such an interpretation can be, of course, only hypothetical, but it is not without interest. The most striking difference between the sire and dam in regard to color pattern is that the sire had the Here- ford white face, and the dam did not. ‘The Hereford white face is known to be dominant over colored face. From the data regarding the breeding of the sire it is reasonable to suppose that he was heterozygous with reference both to head pattern, and to coat color (cf. p. 274 supra). ‘The case re- garding the dam is not so clear. From the meager data available in regard to her calves born before the present trip- lets (vide Table 1.) it seems probable that with regard to “The essential features of this interpretation were first suggested to the writer by Mr. W. J. Spillman, in the course cf some correspond- ence in regard to the case. TRIPLET CALVES. 281 head pattern she is homozygous for the absence of white face. Let us assume this to be the case, and also assume’ that she is heterozygous, with reference to body color, the Guernsey fawn being the assumed dominant over red. Then we may suppose the male of the triplets to be a homo- zygous recessive with reference to colored face, and a hetero- zygous dominant in respect to body color (Guernsey). The females of the triplets on this assumption would be heterozy- gous with reference to face pattern (the dominant white face showing) and pure recessives relative to body color. The only way, of course, to have tested the validity of these assumptions would have been to have bred the triplets and examined their progeny. While the male was bred back to his dam, I was not able to get any information as to the color or pattern of the progeny except that all were alike in these respects. This would be expected on the hypothesis made so far as face color is concerned since the son and his dam were supposed pure reces- Sives with reference to. colored face. In regard to body color the case is more difficult but it is useless to speculate in the ab- sence of more detailed data regarding the offspring. SUMMARY. In the introductory portion of this paper there is presented a discussion of the general biological problems on which cases of multiple gestation in normally uniparous animals bear. The essential purpose of this discussion is to suggest points on which information should be collected by those having an opportunity to observe such cases. ‘These are: (a) The physiology of multiple gestation. (b) The determination of sex. Young from multiple gesta- tions in normally uniparous animals exhibit marked and regular deviations from the sex ratios observed in single births of the some species. This fact is of significance in connection with the question of the degree to which sex determination is an epi- genetic phenomenon. ek is difficult to get data to test this assumption because of the rarity with which pure Guernseys and pure Shorthorns or Herefords are cross-bred. 282 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. (c) The development of secondary sexual charactecs. (a) The inheritance of fecundity and fertility. It is well established that a tendency to multiple gestation in normally uniparous forms may be inherited, and may be made the basis of building up gnore fertile strains or breeds. . The «iiscussion of problems is followed by a detailed descrip- tion of a case of triplet calves, borne by a cow apparently having an innate inherited tendency towards multiple gestation. The triplets were the progeny of a grade Guernsey cow that produced 14 calves in her first eight pregnancies, bearing trip- lets twice, twins twice, and single young four times. The growth of multiple as compared with single young is discussed with reference to certain general laws of growth. The triplets described consisted of two females and one male. — ‘Ihe latter was sexually normal in every particular, and was used in service, getting normal offspring. The females never came in heat and probably were free-martins. In color and pattern inheritance the triplets exhibited the fol- lowing peculiarities: The male was typically a Guernsey, re- sembling closely his dam. The females were of quite different color and pattern, resembling more closely their sire, a grade Hereford. A possible Mendelian interpretation of these facts is discussed. BULLETIN No. 205. THE MODE OF INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY THE DOMESTIC FOWL’ RAYMOND PEARL, CoNTENTS Hitrrtstacon Cs otal OTe peyieteeey cs ae a ar stats ee crs NaN Ree Genet Han StU ULL ph BigQlocicale analysis: ob tielcharactem nectmaditiva 5.4 saan eee ace: Iie aiagiiomancall ozs Ol weCwINGhny gosccecceodceeenoceucouacs The imechanism of the inheritance of fecundity .............. - Observed types of winter egg production ................. SMO LEM ATI AY SIS! Waeyr MVR ce paeciale sinc Aan gry at etme a ag miabysis Of the experimental data’ ......4.. 05-02 6. 008 ean fasts Barneal Velhianaoihaa |seevelc mame laborers Ue hanin tied 4 bam eeecon ene UA ane Matings of Barred Plymouth Rock males of class 7 ...... Summary and discussion of matings of class 7 Barred Ply- LING Ube VO. Cie ale Speraupata tare olny eiacns os cate tt i erase eit Matings of Barred Plymouth Rock males of class 4 ...... Summary of results of matings of class 4 males .......... Matings of Barred Plymouth Rock males of class 3 ...... Matings of Barred Plymouth Rock males of class 2 ...... Summary of results of all matings of class 2 males ...... Matings of a Barred Plymouth Rock male of class 8 ..... Matings of a Barred Plymouth Rock male of class I ..... [Dona ORCI CAGES. = pisieiikc Ginia cig MODI SE nerortin oat oO ear oS Summary of results of all pure Barred Rock matings ........ Cogmsneelndian Game matines sos acelin cas veces oho Matings of a Cornish Indian Game male of class 2....... Matings of a Cornish Indian Game male of class 3 ....... Summary of results of Cornish Indian Game matings ......... Reciprocal crosses of Barred Plymouth Rocks and Cornish In- IN 284 285 295 302 302 304 208 313 314 328 332 336 337 340 342 344 345 346 348 349 350 351 352 *Papers from the Biological’ Laboratory of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station No. 37. An abstract of this paper was presented at the meeting of the American Society of Naturalists in Princeton, N. J., December, 1911. The present paper was first published in the Journal of Experimental Zodlogy, Vol. 13, No. 2, August 1912, pp. 153-268. 284 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912. dianyiGamess Eh ieeneration ase ee ft eee eee eee 352 Matings of Barred Plymouth Rock males and Cornish In- diane Games females") heen ee sae ek ae eee eee ae 353 Matings of Cornish Indian Game males and Barred Ply- mouthoRochwsremallesy/sacisene nee ae en eee eee 354 SUtmmaty .OL meee Taciitines) eur smear einen eran eel ance 358 Matings of the second cross-bred (F:) generation ........... 358 Meatinesmot an oeisi70 swith sheriale sims ene eens 361 Marengo Ss ommeh fice se77/anviiliitely aekennicll Ccmunen apiece ara an eee 363 Matings of F, ¢ 576 with Barred Plymouth Rock females 364 Matings of F, 3 576 with Cornish Indian Game females 365 Matings of F, ¢ 577 with Barred Plymouth females .... 366 Matings of F, 6 577 with Cornish Indian Game females 366 Matings of Barred Plymouth Rock males with Barred F; PSAs) AE Av acaeters oracs ashe uetiine Ae aloe Maas eee 307 Matings of Barred Pigment Rock males with Black Fi SIAN SS ye ae tece nN er tls set fe) SE DOOR St clan NUL Oe DU any Dae 370 Matings of Cornish Indian Game males with Black and ; IBenrineral 18) ieee 455 0ncano0ce Be INE SER ha bee A eh ea 373 Sioigmaneiny eliml GhiSeblsiiGil Gir sosuMlES Gey so5k eso bandoed sce Daa a Bio os 377 MieyractsmandetheimeintenpaRevamomn aici eee eee aa Ie 382 Possibleaxenittcisnies oases ete ne caireranichs cartels, Ree ae 382 Selectionsprobl emacs cern veces oss ae ee eee Ona kate aa 387 PreEpOLEMeyaen icin. @ Wie Crete ohare eA cee Ra: cece Sa 390 DneSpraencall beanie ror mimeseuGeSUltsi see aic iT nar arenes 301 Witeratiine Mette aii: ce eae A hc oe eT ee eine cee een nee 302 INTRODUCTION During the course of an investigation into the inheritance of fecundity in the domestic fowl, which has now involved thirteen generations and several thousand individuals, and has occupied the major portion of the writer’s time during the past five years, two definite and clear-cut results have come to light.’ These are: First: that the record of egg production or fecundity of a hen is not of itself a criterion of any value whatsoever from which to predict the probable egg production of her female progeny. An analysis of the records of production of large numbers of birds shows beyond any possibility of doubt that, in general, there is no correlation between the egg production of individuals and either their ancestors or their progeny. *For a complete list to date of the publications, in which the results of the investigation referred to have appeared, see the bibliography at the end of this paper. Throughout this paper numbers in parentheses refer to titles in the bibliography. INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 285 Second: that, notwithstanding the fact just mentioned, fecun- dity is, in some manner or other, inherited in the domestic fowl. This must clearly be so, to mention but a single reason, because it has been possible to isolate and propagate from a mixed flock ‘pedigree lines’ or strains of birds which breed true, generation after generation, to definite degrees of fecundity. Some of these lines breed true to a high condition or degree of the char- acter fecundity ; others to a low state or degree of this character. ‘Definite as these results are they give no clue as to how fecundity is inherited; what the mechanism is. Plate (43) has recently said: “Das Ziel der Erblichkeitsforschung muss die Aufstellung von ‘Erbformeln’ ftir alle untersuchten Merkmale sein.” This expresses the case precisely. "To determine the ‘Erbformeln’ of fowls with respect to fecundity has been the goal towards which every part of the present investigation has been directed and urged. It is believed that a first approxima- tion to the solution of the problem has now been reached. While there remain obscure points still to be cleared up, yet the results now in hand appear to indicate pretty clearly the general character of the mechanism of the inheritance of fecundity, and to show what lines further investigation of the problem may most profitably take. It is the purpose of this paper to present an account of the results mentioned. In doing this it will be necessary to bring forward evidence of several distinct sorts, anatomical and physiological as well as genetic. Only by approaching this problem of the inheritance of fecund- ity from all angles has it been possible to gain that understand- ing of the character itself which, in this instance certainly, is absolutely essential to a correct interpretation of any results respecting its inheritance. BIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CHARACTER FECUNDITY At the outstart it will be well to understand clearly what is meant by the term fecundity as here used. In a former paper (34) the terms ‘fecundity’ and ‘fertility’ were defined as fol- lows, and have been used as there defined throughout the course of the investigation: We would suggest that the term ‘fecundity’ be used only to designate the innate potential reproductive capacity of the in- dividual organism, as denoted by its ability to form and sepa- 286 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912. rate from the body mature germ cells. Fecundity in the female will depend upon the production of ova and in the male upon the production of spermatozoa. In mammals it will obviously be very difficult, if not impossible, to get reliable quantitative data regarding pure fecundity. On the other hand we would suggest that the term ‘fertility’ be used to designate the total actual reproductive capacity of pairs of organisms, male and female, as expressed by their ability when mated together to produce (i. e., bring to birth) individual offspring. Fertility, according to this view, depends upon and includes fecundity, but also a great number of other factors in addition. Clearly it is fertility rather than fecundity which is measured in statistics of birth of mammals. Taking fecundity as above defined it is obviously a character depending upon the interaction of several factors. In the first place the number of ova separated from the body by a hen must _ depend, in part at least, upon an anatomical basis, namely, the number of ova present in the ovary and available for discharge. Further there must be involved a series of physiological factors. The mere presence of an anatomically normal reproductive sys- tem, including a normal ovary with a full complement of ova, and a normal oviduct, is not enough to insure that a hen shall lay eggs, that is, exhibit actual as well as potential fecundity. While comparatively very rare, cases do occur in which a bird possesses a perfect ovary and perfect oviduct and is in all other respects entirely normal and healthy, yet never lays even a sin- ele egg in her life time. Such cases as these prove (a) that what we may call the anatomical factor is not alone sufficient to insure that potential fecundity shall become actual, and (0) that the anatomical and physiological factors are distinct, in the sense that the normal existence of one in an individual does not necessarily imply the co-existence of the other in the same individual. . A case of this kind is found in hen no. 8051 hatched March 29, 1909, and killed for autopsy record August 24, 1911. This bird had the secondary sexual characters of the female per- fectly developed, and was entirely normal in other respects (body weight, 2366 grams). This bird never laid an egg during its life. The ovary was normal (fig. 450) and was of about the size proper to a fully developed pullet just reaching the point of beginning to deposit yolk rapidly in certain oocytes in preparation for laying. While counts were not made this ovary INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 287 appeared to carry a normal number of oocytes. In general it was anatomically normal, but physiologically in the state of de- velopment appropriate to a five or six months old pullet just about to lay. The same was true of the oviduct. In this case the physiological factor or factors necessary to the bringing about of ovulation were simply totally lacking, in an otherwise perfectly normal bird. Some other cases demonstrating the same thing might be cited from our records, but this will suffice for present purposes. Turning now to the physiological factors involved in fecun- dity it would appear that there are at least two such factors or Fig. 450. Photograph (about twice natural size) of ovary of hen No. 8051. Note the presence of a large number of odcytes; none of which is enlarging in preparation for laying. See text for further ex- planation. groups of factors. The first of these may be designated as the ‘normal ovulation’ factor. By this is meant the complex of physiological conditions which taken together determine the laying of about such a number of eggs as represents the normal reproductive activity of the wild Gallus bankiva. Under condi- tions of domestication the activity of this normal ovulation factor will mean the production of more eggs than under wild conditions. Continued egg production involves certain definite and rather severe metabolic demands, which under wild condi- 288 MAINE AGRICULTURAI, EXPERIMENT STATION. I0912. tions will not always, or even often be met. Further, as has been especially emphasized by Herrick (18, 19, and other pa- pers), egg laying in wild birds is simply one phase of a cyclical process. If the cycle is not disturbed in any way the egg pro- duction is simply the minimum required for the perpetuation of the race. If, however, the cycle is disturbed, as for example, by the eggs being removed from the nest as fast as they are laid, a very considerable increase in the total number of. eggs pro- duced will result. This, of course, is what happens under do- mestication. What an effect in increasing the actual expressed fecundity of a wild bird the simple removal of eggs as fast as they are laid may have, may be illustrated by three cases from the literature. Austin (1) shows that whereas the wild Mallard duck in a state of nature lays only 12 to 18 eggs in the year, it will lay from 80 to too if they are removed as fast as laid and the bird is kept confined in a pen at night. Hanke (16) by regularly removing the eggs got 48 in succession from a common wryneck (Inyx torquilla’). Wenzel (53) in the same way brought a house sparrow’s productivity up to 51 eggs. With the domesticated Gallus the ‘normal ovulation’ factor may be taken as inducing a production of anything up to from forty to eighty eggs in a year, this production being spread over the period of from sometime in February to September or Octo- ber. In this physiological complex are involved the elaboration and deposition of yolks, the rapid growth of a few o6cytes just preceding ovulation, ovulation itself, the activation of the ovi- duct, etc. The details of some of the processes involved have been described elsewhere (cf. Rubaschkin (44), Sonnenbrodt (48), Pearl and Curtis (33) and Pearl and Suriace (37)) and do not concern us here. ‘The essential point to be noted is that in this normal ovulation factor we are dealing with the basic physiological processes of normal ‘unimproved’ laying. To make a normal laying hen it is necessary to have present both the anatomical basis discussed above and the physiological basis, which has been designated the normal ovulation factor. It is a fact well known to poultrymen, and one capable of *T give this scientific name with much hesitation, not knowing what pranks the rule of priority or other nomenclatorial disturbers of the peace may have played with it in recent years. In any event the common name will quite sufficiently indicate what bird it is that is here under discussion. INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL, 289 easy observation and confirmation, that different breeds and strains of poultry differ widely in their laying capacity. In say- ing this the writer would not be understood to affirm that a definite degree of fecundity is a fixed and unalterable charac- teristic of any particular breed. The history of breeds shows very clearly that certain breeds now notably poor in laying, qualities were once particularly good. One of the best exam- ples of this is the Polish fowl. But, in spite of this, inheritable breed and strain differences in fecundity exist, and probably always have existed. Such inheritable differences are indepen- dent of feeding or any other environmental factors. Thus the strain of Cornish Indian Games with which I have worked are poor layers, regardless of how they are fed or handled. This is merely a statement of particular fact; it does not imply that there may not exist other strains of Cornish Indian Games that are good layers. The difference between this strain of Cornish Indian Games and Barred Plymouth Rocks, when kept under the same condi- tions and managed in the same way, is shown in tables 1 and 2, which give the frequency distributions and constants respec- tively, for flocks of these breeds kept at the Maine Station. The birds included in table 1 were all pullets, hatched at approxi- mately the same time, and reared, housed, fed and cared for in all respects similarly. The Plymouth Rock distribution includes birds of both high and low fecundity strains. The low produc- ing birds lower the mean in what is really an unfair manner, so far as concerns breed comparisons. The point is that, in the work of the Station, low-producing lines have been propagated for experimental purposes to a much greater extent than would be the case in purely random breeding of the Maine Station’s stock of the Barred Plymouth Rock breed. To make a perfectly just comparison between Cornish Indian Games and Barred Rocks, the strains of the latter deliberately bred for low egg production should be excluded. It has, however, in the present case been deemed best to take the whole flock of Barred Rock pullets for the laying year 1910-11, without any selection. ‘The comparison is sufficiently striking even on this basis. 290 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IG12. TABLE 1 Frequency distribution of winter egg production of the Barred Plymouth Rock and Cornish Indian Game breeds BarRRED PiyMouTH Rocks Layine/CornisH INDIAN Games LAYING THE SG dei THE SPECIFIED NUMBER OF Eaes. SPECIFIED NUMBER oFr Eacs. WINTER PE- | RIOD Absolute number|Per cent. of flock/Absolute number/Per cent. of flock 0-5 43 14.4 32 48.5 6-11 22 7.4 Be Psiomt 12-17 28 9.4 9 13.6 18-23 19 6.3 6 9.1 24-29 25 | 8.4 7 10.6 SO) | 26 8.7 1 5 36-41 | 19 6.4 3 4.5 42-47 | 27 9.0 48-53 | 16 5.4 54-59 21 7.0 60-65 14 4.7 66-71 | 10 3.3 TOUTE | 9 3.0 78-83 | 3 1.0 84-89 | 3 1.0 90-95 0 96-101 8 2.6 102-107 0 108-113 4 1.3 114-119 | 2 0.7 Total. . .| 299 100.0 66 9-1) From tables 1 and 2 it will be noted that: 1. The mean winter production of the Cornish Indian Games is less than one-third that of the general flock of Barred Plymouth Rocks, under uniform environmental conditions. 2. The winter production of the Games is considerably less than a fourth of that of the high producing lines of the Barred Rocks. 3. ‘The variabilities in both cases are high, but relatively not significantly different. It is of interest to note that the obsery- ed coefficients of variation for winter production here given are of the same order of magnitude as the mean coefficients for the laying of the four winter months, November, December, Janu- a . Barred Plymouth Rock: INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 291 ary and February. Taking the mean of the coefficients of varia- ation for these four months as given by Pearl and Surface (37, table 5, p. 96) we get 95.15. TABLE 2 Constants for variation in winter egg production of the Barred Plymouth Rock and Cornish Indian Game breeds Standard de- Coefficient of BREED ; Mean viation Variation Eggs Eggs iPor eo fh. Barred Plymouth Rock....... 36.35 + 1.04 26.69 + 0.74 73.42 + 2.92 Cornish Indian Game.........| 11.64 + 0.88 10.61 + 0.62 | 91.15 + 8.73 Differences................ +24.71 + 1.36 | +16.08 + 0.97 7.733 se ©) il All High Lines in 1908-091. . 54.16 All High Lines in 1909-101. . 47.57 All High Lines in 1910-11!.. 50.58 1 Figures taken from Pearl (28). The inferiority in egg production of the Cornish Indian Games is most strikingly shown by the integral curves from table 1. In table 3 the integral curves are given (in inversed form) for the winter production of Barred Rock and Cornish fowls. The data of table 3 are shown graphically in figure 45r. This diagram is to be read in the following manner. The percentages of the flock laying a specified number of eggs are plotted on the abscissal axis. The different egg productions are plotted as ordinates. From the diagram it appears (for exam- ple) that whereas 47 out of every 100 birds in the Barred Rock flock each produced 35 or more eggs in the winter period, only 4 and a fraction birds out of every 100 in the Cornish Indian Game flock were able to produce as many eggs as this—35—in the same period. : Now in individuals which are high layers, and have this char- acteristic in hereditary form, there must be involved some fur- ther physiological factor in addition to the normal ovulation factor already discussed. An analysis of extensive statistics has shown (36, 37) that high fecundity represents essentially an addition of two definite seasonal, laying cycles to the basic, nor- 2902 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9gt2. AB IU IB Showing the percentage of the whole flock producing in the winter period more than certain specified numbers of eggs, in the case (a) of Barred Plymouth Rocks and (b) of Cornish Indian Games THe IypicaTepD PERCENTAGE OF THE FLock /|Barred Plymouth! Cornish Indian PRODUCES IN THE WINTER PERIOD Rock Game GHOTMMOTEKE LAS ok eve atta eerie my aA ee ec deen eran 85.6 51.5 1D OMIA GHGS 23S soe bss cboedane fd eee Se Int dt 78.2 39.4 TS HOTMIMOTECRCE ES pence er mre LUE MEAL A earl a3 eam eee 68.8 25.8 JAC OTAMOREKC EAS Monro N ae hus meee ion rab agen ln ue ueM TT 62.5 16.7 SOLOTHMOLELE LLG) esc ee eee ikea ieee cra 54.1 6.1 SOLOTEMOLCHCL LS Meier ee ary ine Uni ook ea tial arya fan | 45.4 4.6 ADROLMMOTOICL ES) a 5 takes etadiatre Wevaeu ee eben eae 39.0 O) ANS) ONp MNONRey GUS. ho w Masa po BUS Ooo od Rha oes he 30.0 | 0 HAL OLIN OLE CELE SE Rat ENTE ea pee her ee ere | 24.6 0 GOKOTAIMONeTES SSL MMe lees ea nie a ken ee eet 17.6 0) GGroTAMOTeqEL SS ete ye cee teen tac eee Ue eases 12.9 0 M2TOLMMOTCKCLES aces tact tya eee o isteteuateareie eure 9.6 10) (EnOLAMIORE CLAS are epee ce ae eae est ee cheney aecon ate 6.6 0 SATO LEIMONCLOCL.OSt ir we Mice r aearomn an ae rcce tL Lenn earl 5.6 (0) OOWorsmMorever ash ener ren ee ee 2 | 4.6 (0) QGVOTAIM OLCLEL Satay ne hea: per ces be eee can ee Reales 2.0 (0) HOP VOLLIMOREs CLAS aed saan eran asthe tee ash oi ceenene | 2.0 0 UOSTORAMOTE (ELLs Pa wy sueais clone eure moines eusiiaies len] 0.7 0 A OTATMOTECL OS ei ere cneeet dts crane ion es cans teyeesaem elicas 0.7 _ 0 UD OWOTAMOTE CLES cine: e rdsu eee esas, Aeon eres 0 0 mal reproduction cycle. ‘These added periods of productivity are what may be called (cf. 37, 28, 30) the winter cycle and the summer cycle. The winter cycle is the more important of these. It is the best practical measure of relative fecundity which we have and has been used as the chief unit of fecundity in these studies. It constitutes a distinct and definite entity in fecundity curves. ‘The existence of this added fecundity, in high laying birds must depend upon some additional physiolog- ical factor or mechanism besides that which suffices for the normal reproductive egg production. Given the basic anatomi- cal and physiological factors the bird only lays a large number of eggs if an additional factor is present. As to the nature of this physiological mechanism we can only — speculate. It probably involves fundamentally such matters as ise) 10) | 9 INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. #0 See eee = \ KR N S 0 ele L | eal & © : ‘oe zi sper tes s ey = Ge 4 & s 3) = 40 t A = et — ae ae £9 i We a ae NG oof oe pea _— o—_ a > a eae = See ee =a a on s — ——— — — E GO 60 1 70 69 50 vO JO 20 10 Qo PER CENT. PROBUCING INZICATED NUNBER OCF E66S OR 1 ORE Fig. 451. Integral curves of winter ege pro duction of Barred Plymouth Rock and Cornish Indian Game pullets. Solid line—Barred Plymouth Rocks. Broken line—Cornish Indian Games. 2904 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ 2. more perfect metabolism, including the distribution of substance and energy to the ovary, on which very heavy demands are laid in a high fecundity record. Immediately it involves a control of the process by which the supply of oocytes on the ovary in the final stages of rapid growth by yolk deposition is kept at a rela- tively high level for long periods of time. Sonnenbrodt’s (48) work suggests that the interstitial cells of the ovary may be connected with the process. Thus he says (loc. cit., p. 421): “Bei alteren Huhnern findet man die Zwischenzellen immer noch, und besonders in der Nahe der Gefasse. Sie liegen hier gruppen-und nesterweise zwischen den Follikeln und vor allem ‘ auch in den Stielen der grésseren Follikel, immer dort, wo beson- ders starke Blutzufuhr giinstige Ernahrungsbedingungen bietet.” It is quite conceivable that the presence of numerous inter- ‘stitial cells on the stalks of the follicles of rapidly growing oocytes is a cause of the rapid growth rather than an effect, as Sonnenbrodt suggests. The whole subject of the intimate phy- ‘siology of the ovary needs more study. Whatever the precise nature of the factor under discussion, which is a matter for future investigation. the main points which appear clear at present are that: (a) high fecundity rep- resents a definite addition to the normal egg production suffi- cient in amount for purposes of reproduction. This added fe- cundity has been shown (cf. 28, 30) to be definitely inherited in certain cases at least and may be regarded as dependent on or determined by some physiological factor or complex of factors not present in birds which exhibit a low degree of fecundity.’ * My italics —R. P. *> Throughout this discussion it is presumed that the reader will under- stand without repeated specific statements that attention was paid to en- vironmental factors in the experimental work. That is, when the state- ment is made that one bird or set of birds exhibits high fecundity and another low fecundity it is to be understood that both sets were hatched, reared, fed and cared for in all respects in as nearly precisely the same way as is possible, considering that fowls are, in some degree, free agents and cannot be absolutely controlled. The extent both in time and space, and the manifoldness in respect to method, of the experiments upon which this discussion is based are so great and the checks on this point have been so numerous as to make it quite certain that the results are not influenced by a differential effect of the environment, arising from individual preferences of birds for particular sorts of food, or other similar peculiarities of behavior. When a result is stated to be due to inheritance the reader may. assume, even though a specific statement is not made to that effect, that careful, critical consideration has been -given to possible environmental influences. ” INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 295 This physiological complex may be designated as the ‘excess production’ factor in fecundity. We may next consider in greater detail these factors influenc- ing fecundity, taking first The Anatomical Basis of Fecundity Since, as already pointed out, egg production obviously de- pends in part upon the presence of ova in a normal ovary, a question which demands-consideration is the following: To what extent are observed variations in fecundity (i. e., in the number of eggs laid) to be referred to anatomical differ- ences? In other words, does the ovary of a high producing hen, with for example, a winter record of from 75 to II5 eggs, contain a larger number of odcytes than does the ovary of a hen which is a poor producer, laying no eggs in the winter period and perhaps but Io or 15 eggs in the year? To get light upon this question the observations to be des- cribed have been made. The object was to arrive at as accurate a relative judgment as possible regarding the number of odcytes in the ovaries of different individual birds. It is, of course, impossible practically to determine accurately the total absolute number of odcytes in the ovary. What can be done, is to count the number of oocytes which are visible to the unaided eye. While such results do not tell us, nor enable us to estimate with great accuracy, the total number of oocytes in the ovary, they do nevertheless throw interesting and useful light on the question raised above. The counts of the visible odcytes for a number of birds are given in table 4. These counts were made at my suggestion by my assistant, Miss Maynie R. Curtis, to whose painstaking care and skill in carrying through the tedious business of counting it is a pleasure to acknowledge gratefully my indebtedness. Prof. W. F. Schoppe of the University of Maine is carrying this work forward and later we hope to be able to publish more extensive data. So far as I am aware the counts here given are the first attempt yet made at anything more than the roughest sort of a guess at the number of eggs in a bird’s ovary. While 290 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ1I2. these counts do not give the total numbers they do establish minimum values. A given ovary certainly does not carry any less than the number of visible ova. ‘A word should be said as to the method of making the counts, and the meaning of the subdivisions of the table. The counts were made in some cases on fresh, and in other cases on pre- served ovaries. There was found to be little difference in the two methods, as regards the ease and accuracy of counting. In making the counts small pieces of ovary were cut off, and teased apart with needles under water and the visible oocytes on the small fragments counted. In delimiting boundaries where a number of small oocytes were closely packed together, a hand lens was used. No odcyte was counted, however, which could not be seen with the unaided eye. In other words the lens was — not used to find odcytes which might otherwise be missed, but merely to aid in the dissecting of the material. In the oocyte counts given in the table it will be noted that these are grouped into four categories. ‘The first class includes ruptured follicles from which the ova have been discharged. A ruptured follicle which is large at the moment the ovum leaves it gradually shrinks in size and is more or less completely ab- sorbed. On the ovary of a hen which has laid, however, there will always be found a certain number of these discharged follicles not yet absorbed. When such follicles get very small it is exceedingly difficult to distinguish them from small odcytes (1. e., undischarged follicles). Undoubtedly there are errors in classification in this respect in the counts, but for present pur- poses this is nota matter of great importance. If the eye were sharp enough it might perhaps be possible to distinguish a rup- tured follicle for every egg which has ever been laid, since it is doubtful if the absorption is ever so complete as to leave abso- lutely no scar. It is of interest to note that in the counts there is a reasonably close relation between the follicle count and the record of eggs laid. The o6cytes proper are divided in the counting into three classes: those 1 cm. or over in diameter, those between 1 mm. and I cm. in diameter, and those less than 1 mm. in diameter. The first of these classes includes the large yolks nearly ready to leave the ovary and pass into the oviduct. They are in pro- 297 INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. pe] UeYM WO41puo0d SUIA] UI 4OU Spillg « “moron pod [8404 yy AT]BI14 -ovid yuesoider soinsy oy], “OT6T ‘T JoquieAoN 07 dn spai0der 94} Ynq ‘afI] IOJ Sp1OdeI BY} YOU 91B Sasevd BseY} UI Spxoded SSo oY, “Apnys Jussoid vy} Ul asn 10; S[BNPIATpUl pojsou-dv1y osey} our BABS ATpuTy AIOA OYM ‘AJISIOAIUA) [JOUIOH JO doIY “GY SOUIeL “Jog 0} po}qepul We T spAlq SULMOT[OF 9a14} 94} pUe SIq} 10g ; “uo1}diosqe jo ssed0id ul sy[OA g sapnyoul siqy, ; 98¢ \ShS 8& g é IT. AICNUB f'| « Pian ai, AM |e a ect uey veulny)| LT GOL J212 9€ € 6 | é Ege peewee Avenue ¢ : die” ae ee | ee uay vaulny)| OI 0006 (GL8T OL g \0¢ 901 |FST IT. ‘02 YOreW|OT, Te OI Al ee neg at gee sso) WT) TL GT OSST |SZST LOT 9 |#S ST |G OL, ‘GI AynL60, ‘1 ee P eee ouUIey) “Puy YsIUI0D | ZG can GIG. |\6c0% 08 ¢ |S 10 j OL, ‘G6 Toquia09 60, “FT SLU Geena SS uL0yseT SUGMIEESe (ST TOL (9291 \GL ¢ ia 0) Or |OT. “€T Toquia0ed |60, “1G ABI] "7" ULoyserT OUIUM ESPs |S1 GO9E 6LEE 80 T LIS GE 161 OL, ‘ST Joq1a9e|60, “Sz NAHE 8 Be eo 2 os UIOYSOT CHIU M|L90G {IT GSES OFIZ 1&Z $ GL -g 861 OT, ‘0G Jequtese(|60, ‘ST AGIA Sa eae eS guLoyseyT AY M|9FSE OL TEST \OFET GPL 161 TG 0 8B Ol, “2 AINE) 60, ‘O08 Youre] YOU “ATd pelieg|¢cr 6 QLGT ISGP 6 G FG ig 61 ih, “Zit YoreW OL, ‘61 Jog? “8S SS soo “Ald pee 0108 8 LOLS 16606 6F 9 LT 10 GT |TT., Wore OT, 1G aunt)" -" - yooy “ATd pemeg|6008 |Z F6LL SCL aig 9 &% 0 9T |I. « FG Youre |OL, *% SUNG rege ae oo “AId pereg/stos 9 9086 IG1G 6 L 6F KS re Il. (F [IdV/OT, (8% dy|" 9" 00M “Ald perteg|,9e1 |S PLT 960T 89 8 al g LT ily 2 YOUN OL, *Z eune)**"*** yooy “ATA poreg|/¢co0s F F16 ists) 69 G 8 0 L Il, ‘OT YoLvN|OL, ‘1 OUI eee yoo “Ald pemed|Osog ¢ 9991 96ST 1S | 2 a! 0 OT tile “OS YoIeW | OT, ‘3 SUNG ae yoo “ATq peed) 2TOS & sya 6FII eg | 6 \LT ig \OT iceSc yore OT, ‘T SUL faerie yoo “ATd peueg/1z0s I | | | | i S| Giz Ses | Se) eee | ate ce ao Sct eB < Bus. | Soa =n QF 09 <2 3 St ee oS 5 a a eae S, | oa ou — oO — a, eee pa R a a aS Sag Bae “aUTIIY, ALVG ‘ONIHOLVA, JO GiVd etciceree | -on; | “ON ay np E Bean Ssh Ws cS ons = PUG | esup ia 2 B 4 On a. = BS | © g 5 E me oe | | SDAL WUIDJAIID LO AD ay Ul SIINIOO IIOISiW2 A UnuU IY}? DUIM201 pig UiD}10 KAD20 ay, Wi SazkIO0 ajgisw2 fo 4a toy} bumoy, v FTIGVL 298 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. cess of rapid enlargement by the deposition of yolk. The next class includes those oocytes in which yolk deposition is started but is proceeding at a slow rate. It is from this class that the first class of rapidly growing yolks is constantly being recruited. Finally the “under Imm.” class represents the make-up of the bulk of the ovary. It will be understood that these size classes — are only roughly delimited, the diameter of each oocyte having been estimated but not carefully measured. ~ Columns in the table are devoted to “Total number of eggs laid in life” and “Winter production.” The first of these has no particular significance since obviously it depends on when the bird was killed in order to make the oocyte count. Winter production, however, represents a definite entity in fecundity as already pointed out above (p. 292).° Winter production records are directly comparable with one another. It is the inheritance of this fecundity unit that is primarily being studied in these investigations. . From this table a number of points are to be noted. In the first place it is clear that the number of visible odcytes in the ovary of a hen is very large; much larger, I think, than has generally been supposed. While to be sure there are for the most part only vague statements respecting this point in the literature, usually these statements are to the effect that the birds ovary contains ‘several hundred’ ova. ‘The only direct statement as to the actual: number of odcytes in a hen’s ovary which I have been able to find is given by Matthews Duncan (8) on the very dubious authority of Geyelin (11) to the following effect (loc. cit., p. 36): “It has been ascertained that the ova- rium of a fowl is composed of 600 ovula or eggs; therefore, a hen during the whole of her life cannot possibly lay more eggs than 600, which in a natural course are distributed over nine years in the following proportion.” This statement is followed by an utterly preposterous and presumably entirely imaginary table from Geyelin, supposed to show the laying of hens at different ages. How far from the truth the table is is indicated *For general discussion of “winter production” as a unit of fecun- dity, see (28), (30), (34), (37), (38). It comprises the egg production up to March 1 of the laying year. INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 299 by the fact that according to it the pullet year is the least pro- ductive of any of a hen’s life, save only for the ninth year when the last remnants of the original 600 eggs are being tar- dily and, one must suppose, sorrowfully ejaculated!" As a matter of fact repeated trap-nest and other tests in all parts of the world have shown again and again that, on the average, the pullet year is the most productive of a hen’s life. From the figures given in table 4 it is furthermore apparent that the absolute number of oocytes in the hen’s ovary is very much larger than the number of eggs which any hen ever lays. A record of 200 eggs in the year is a high record of fecundity ‘for the domestic fowl, though in exceptional cases it may go even a hundred eggs higher than this (cf. 29). “But even a 200- eggs record is only a little more than a tenth of the average total number of visible odcytes in a bird’s ovary, to say nothing of the probably much larger number of oocytes invisible to the unaided eye, but capable of growth and development. In other words it is quite evident from these figures that the po- tential ‘anatomical’ fecundity is very much higher than the actually realized fecundity. This is true even if we suppose the bird to be allowed to live until it dies a natural death. Ex- perience shows that birds which make a high fecundity record in the first year of their life, generally speaking, never do so thereafter. In general an examination of what long period records are available in the statistics of this Station, and also in the literature, indicates that probably only relatively few birds of the American or Asiatic breeds at least, would lay many more than 400 to 500 eggs in their natural life time, if they were allowed to live it out. Records of ‘10o00-egg’ birds “are in existence, but such birds are rare. One of the longest continuous egg records of an individual bird, which may be considered accurate, with which I am acquainted is that given by Handrik (15) (for a Leghorn). This bird was hatched in to01. Its egg record was as follows: ‘Tt is difficult to understand how so acute an investigator as F. H. A. Marshall could have been so imposed upon by this wonderful table of Geyelin’s as to republish it in his valuable and interesting book on the “Physiology of Reproduction.” ‘ 300 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Igt2. Calendar year . Eggs laid MOOD) 2 Pans « Wisakessae ous Nee Gate Sk tee Se es a ee 105 TOOB Cee areas Uap ae rs a oaNNA yc ta ra 163 1904. Sed ed Lane AEN ey ee GON eh EA 138 i KOVOL UMD pehiiey arena St Cap neal sea ito TRE aM lated Ar erly 159 EOOOIR CLG) Oh ay ae ce kataie Rah oan Sena ee Seether RN 160 TOO 7: 355 ice aap eS So eh eae ree amen Ra? 133 MOOS Sees ya! aan Satan ee er aly Ree oy eae RP III Geo ue) Mite lature terrae tinrs Wh Gost oe vacates ar karst oe 069 INSVIGT ACIS PET: ViCEti ile Cos yaks een) Leia tase ocean 138 3-7 Heier (17) gives a four-year record for a Braeke! hen, which is distinctly higher than would usually be obtained over so long a period. The figures are as follows: Laying Year Eggs laid Tires Veet aege it ates Oke Bn Seale SUEY ERS Sieh Esa 153 Secon sh ee tees tie ve nee SMG Un Se eae Rote ca ee aia 139 AU asi Legtaeree a Mase NEN ema ea a ep RAY wee 8 ae och 152 dRO\iRr ale seer aa, Str ROM MEMES Mona RUMEN er ty A 162 APO LAL Mier hd tate Sreweteatag A eto cach cate eae Bt uel a ee 606 PAWEhag en Peis year. sien an snsk gorsnuae ecg heels an Ree isn 12 In this connection the paper of Dackweiler (5) is of interest. Both of the cases here cited are of fowls of the Mediterranean type, in which the tendency to accumulate body fat with advanc- ing age is not marked. I know of no records comparing with these in extent for Plymouth Rocks or other American or Asi- atic breed. After two years the fecundity of Plymouth Rocks, in all cases which have been observed at the Maine Experiment Station, becomes greatly reduced. An examination of table 4 in detail indicates that there is no very close or definite relationship between the number of visible number of odcytes on the ovary and the winter production of a bird. Thus no. 1367 and no. 3546 each have about the same number of visible odcytes, yet one has a winter production record 18 times as great as the other. Again no. 71 with the extraordinarily high winter record of 106 eggs has only a little more than one-half as many visible odcytes as has no. 2067, whose winter production record is only 32 eggs. Again no. 71 with its 106 record has very nearly the same oocyte count as no. 8010 with a winter record of zero. In general it may be said that the present figures give no indication that there is any correlation between fecundity as measured by winter produc- tion, and the number of odcytes in the ovary. Of course, the INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWI,. 301 present statistics are meager. More ample figures are needed (and are being collected) from which to measure the correla- tion between actual and ‘anatomical’ fecundity. But the data now in hand, even at the very lowest valuation which may be placed upon them, indicate clearly, it seems to me, that there must be some other factor than the anatomical one involved in the existence of different degrees of actual fe- cundity in the domestic fowl. It clearly is the case from table 4 that when one bird has a winter record of twice what another bird has it is of because the first has twice as many oocytes in the ovary. On the contrary it appears that all birds have an anatomical endowment entirely sufficient for a very high degree of fecundity, and in point of fact quite equal to that possessed by birds which actually accomplish a high record of fecundity. Whether or not such high fecundity is actually realized evi- dently depends then upon the influence of additional factors beyond the anatomical basis. As has already been indicated in the preceding section it is reasonable to suppose that these factors are physiological in nature. “The record of hen no. 71 shows most clearly and distinctly the reason why.we must as- sume that there are definite physiological factors at work in determining relative degrees of fecundity, as measured by win- ter production. While there are no odcyte counts yet available for wild birds it is possible that when made they will show the same point as is here brought out, namely that there is no close or definite re- lation between the anatomical endowment and actually realized fecundity. In this connection a statement made by Jenner (20) a century and a quarter ago regarding the cuckoo is of interest. ‘He says: That the cuckow actually lays a great number of eggs, dis- section seems to prove very decisively. Upon a comparison I had an opportunity of making between the ovarium, or racemus vitellorum, of a female cuckow, killed just as she had begun to lay, and of a pullet killed in the same state, no cssential differ- ence appeared. ‘The uterus of each contained an egg perfectly formed and ready for exclusion; and the ovarium exhibited a large cluster of eggs, gradually advanced from a very diminu- tive size to the greatest the yolk acquires before it is received _ into the oviduct. ~ “Italics not in original. 302 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Igi2. The Mechanism of the Inheritance of Fecundity With so much by way of introduction we may proceed to the subject in hand, namely a detailed account of the manner in which fecundity is inherited. In this account for reasons which have been stated above, and in earlier papers on this subject, attention will be confined to winter egg production. A. Observed types of winter egg production. A study of numerous statistics shows that hens fall into three well defined classes in respect to winter production. These classes include (a) those birds which lay no eggs whatever in the winter period (up to March 1 of the laying year); (0) those that lay but have a production during the period of something under about 30 eggs; and finally (c) those whose production exceeds 30 eggs in the winter period.. The division point between classes (b) and (c) is not sharply defined in every case, but it is plainly (as will appear later) at about 30 eggs. Since in the analysis some fixed point must be taken for this boundary a production of 30 has been chosen for this purpose and will be used throughout. This is an arbitrary choice only in the sense that it is a convenient round number lying near where the biological division point falls, at least in the strains of domestic fowls used in these experiments. The analysis could doubtless be carried through nearly or quite as well by taking the division point at a production of 29 or 31, but 30 is a more convenient figure. In making the division of winter egg production into three groups it must be remembered that this is a character subject to purely somatic fluctuations and environmental influence. Al- lowance for these factors must be made in interpreting and clas. sifying results. In particular the following points must be kept in mind throughout. (1) A zero winter production may be due to genetic causes or to purely somatic (physiological) ones, and there is nothing in a single record of this sort, taken by itself, to indicate to which category it belongs. A bird may carry the factor or fac- tors for winter production, yet owing to purely physiological causes, such as a disturbance of metabolism, or of the ovary in respect to its physiology, or to disease, patent or obscure, it may never actually lay during the winter period. Usually it will be: possible to tell from other considerations than the record itself, whether a given zero record is ‘somatic’ or “genetic.’ hes” INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 303 (2) The upper limit of the winter period at March 1 is arbi- trary, and only approximately coincides with the biological .reality. Actually with most birds the spring or reproductive cycle of production (cf. 37) begins in the latter part of Febru- ary. In handling the material it has been found necessary (for reasons which will be obvious upon consideration of the mat- ter) to take a fixed date for the beginning of the spring cycle of laying and the ending of the winter cycle. The records of the Station prior to 1908 are tabulated only for months (the daily records unfortunately having been destroyed before I took charge of the work). and on this account it is necessary to take the working limit of the winter cycle at the end of a calen- der month. Since March 1 comes the nearest to the biological limit of any date which is also the beginning of a calendar month it has been chosen. The error introduced by taking this arbitrary date for a point which really shifts within rather narrow limits is, on the average, small. However, it must be recognized as a disturbing element in the individual case. Thus, some birds which really lack any genetic factor for winter production will begin to lay in the last days of February, and consequently on the arbitrary “March 1’ basis will actually be credited with a small winter production. This will tend to make the number of zero birds observed smailer than that expected on theory. (3) Owing to the factors of environmental influence and so- matic fluctuations it is difficult to classify birds in respect to fecundity, which have winter records near the boundary point, 30 eggs. Some birds bearing genes for a production of under 30 eggs will actually lay 31, or 32, or 33, etc. The point con- sidered under (2) again comes into play here. A bird may bear the genes for an “Under 30’ record, and actually make such a record during the true biological winter cycle or period. But if it begins the spring cycle early (i. e., before March 1) it gets credited on its winter: record with the eggs which it lays in the last days of February, but which biologically belong with the spring production, and in this way its apparent winter record becomes something over 30, while its real winter production was under 30. All these factors obscure and render difficult the critical clas- sification and interpretation of the results. Allowance must be made for their influence. 304 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Igi2. B. Symbolic analysis. After some consideration it has seemed advisable to undertake the presentation of what is at best a complicated matter in the following order. First a sym- . bolic analysis of the inheritance of winter egg production will be given. Then the actual statistics of production covering a period of four years will be given, and it will be shown that these objective data are in substantial accord with the symbolic account. ‘The facts can be presented in this way much more clearly and simply, than if the reverse order is followed. With- out the clue of the symbolic analysis to guide one through the maze of figures, one would be hopelessly lost. It scarcely needs to be said that while the order suggested seems undoubtedly the best for the presentation of the results, it 1s precisely the oppo- site of that by which the conclusions here set down were reached. Let us turn to the symbolic analysis. As has been pointed out already there are to be distinguished, on purely biological grouncs, three factors involved in fecundity in the female fowl. Aneseranc: (1) An anatomical factor. This is basic. It consists in the presence of a normal ovary, the primary organ of the female sex. In the following analysis a separate letter will not be used for the designation of this factor but instead it will be under- stood to be included in the letter denoting the presence of the female sex. That is, F will denote the presence of the female sex or its determiner, and the presence of the ovary. The letter f will denote presence of the male sex (the absence of the female sex determiner, from the symbolic standpoint) and the absence of an ovary. Obviously a separate letter is not needed for this ‘anatomical factor’ since the presence of an ovary is the objective criterion of the existence of the female sex, and its absence of the existence of the male sex. (2) The first production factor. This is the primary phy- siological factor which in coexistence with # makes the bird lay eggs during the winter period. Quantitatively it may be taken as determining a winter production of more than zero eggs and less than 30. The presence of this factor will be denoted by Li and its absence by (3) The second production factor. This is a second phy- siological factor, which in coexistence with F and J, leads to INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 305 high fecundity. The presence of this factor will be denoted by I, and its absence by 2. When / and lL: are present the addi- tion of 1; makes a winter production of over 30 eggs. If F is present and /: absent (/:) the presence of LZ: leads to a winter production of under 30 eggs. Thus either Zi or L2 alone makes a record of 30 eggs. They are independent determiners of this — degree of production. It should be pointed out, however, that in spite.of their equivalence in this regard, the factors [; and I, are not qualitatively the same. ‘That is, the increased pro- duction when 7: and J are both present, is not because there are present two ‘doses’ of the same determiner. The proof of this is found in the fact that when there are two ‘doses’ of Li present in a bird it does not make her a high producer. LL. may be considered an excess production factor, which erects a super- structure on the foundation furnished by Zs. In the absence of Ls Le lacks the foundation from which to start and hence only can build about as high as 21 would alone. One 2: cannot, how- ever, build a superstructure on another 2; nor can an J, build one on another £2. Of course it will be understood that with f (absence of female sex and ovary) these physiological fecundity factors [1 and LL: are simply latent. Using the letters in the manner defined above, and with the usual Mendelian method of writing gametic and zygotic formu- lae, the data indicate the existence of Barred Plymouth Rock and Cornish Indian Game males and females of the constitu- tions set forth below. The only point needing particular atten- tion in reference to these formulae is that the factor L. behaves in inheritance as a sex-limited character precisely like the barred color pattern of the Barred Rock (40, 41). In conse- quence gametes of the type FL: are never formed. Any gamete which bears F does not, under any circumstances, ever carry L:. It is not desirable to take the space to consider here all the consequences which flow from the circumstance of the high fe- cundity factor L. being a sex-limited character. These matters will be fully discussed farther on in the paper after the data themselves have been presented. Here it need only be said that since Lz is a sex-limited character corresponding in behavior to the barred color pattern, it means that ¢ ¢ may be formed with any combination of the factors 1 and L:, whereas @ @ which bear L. at all, must be heterozygotic in respect to it. Females 306 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9gi2. may, however, be either homozygotic or heterozygotic in respect to Ls, it not being a sex-limited character, and hence not in any way coupled with or repelled by the factor F. ‘That the female fowl is heterozygotic in respect to the sex factor was suggested by Spillman (50, 51) and has been demonstrated by the experi- mental studies of Bateson (3), Goodale (12, 13), Hagedoorn (14), Sturtevant (51) and Pearl and Surface (40, 41). Tables 5 to § inclusive show the constitution in respect to fe- cundity of males and females of the breeds used in this work, as indicated by the results obtained from breeding experiments. These constitutions represent the ‘Erbformeln which flow from the facts, and, in determination of their adequacy, are to be tested against the facts. In these tables the columns headed “Gametes produced’ have been made up in accord with the gen- eral Mendelian principle that in gametogenesis all possible com- TABLE 5 Constitution of Barred Plymouth Rock males in respect to fecundity | CLaAss | Zygote Gametes Produced 1 | fIrL2 . fIiLe a flrlLe 2 file . flaile fInLe, flile 3 | flnL2 . flle, fLiL2, flLe 4 flale . fule fliLe, flale, fue, flls 5 | flale . flale Tale 6 flals . flile flale, flile 7 | fale . fue 1Le 8 | flLe . file ful, flile 9 | fale . flils flile ; TABLE 6 Constitution of Barred Plymouth Rock females in respect to fecundity a = l = ————— —————— ————— = — | |Probable Winter Egg f-Bearing F-Bearing Production of 2 of Cass Zygote | (@ Producing) | (2 Producing) Indicated Zygotie ~ | Gametes | Gametes Constitution 1 flil2 . Fhile flrLe, fiL2! Flas. FLils Over 30 eggs 2 finke.FInl2 | fine FIle Over 30 eggs 3 | flnle . Flile | fale, flile Plile. FLale Under 30 eggs 4 | flale . FDils | file EF Inle Under 30 eggs 5 | fle .Fhle | flhle Fhile Zero eges 6 | file. Fhls | f lle Flile | Under 30 eggs | 1 The reason that gametes of the type fLil2 and flilz are not formed here will be evident on consideration. Since no gametes of type /L2 can, by hypothesis, be formed this im- lies that an interchange of the factors L2 and lz between I’ and f gametes cannot occur. he experimental proof of the truth of this conviction has been furnished in the case of the inheritance of the barred color pattern. ‘ INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 307 binations of the factors present will be formed, within the bounds of any limitation which may be imposed by such phe- nomena as coupling, repulsion or linkage. ‘The limitation of these possibilities in the present instance has been set forth above: it consists simply in the fact that / and /,. are never / SPABIUIS) 7 Constitution of Cornish Indian Game males in respect to fecundily Cass | Zygote | Gametes Produced. | Ke 1 | file . fLale | fLale 2 | flies © flit | Fae fll 3 f lle. f hile | hile | TABLE 8 Constitution of Cornish Indian Game females in respect to fecundity | Prebele Winter Egg ; f-Bearing F-Bearing Production @ of _ Crass Zygote (Oo) Producing) (2 Producing) |- Indicated Zygotic Gametes Gametes Constitution | | | 1 flnlz . FInle | fLile | FIle Under 30 eggs 2 f lle . Fale | f hile, flale | FIle, Flile Under 30 eggs 3 flake . Fhe | flake. flile Fhlz, FIle | Under 30 eggs 4 f hie . Fle | f hie Flils Zero eggs Tt will be noted that C. I. G. @ classes 2 and 3 are gametically identical. Both are left in the table, however, since the whole table is so short that no confusion can be caused, and this ‘example may make clear to some readers the nature of the compression (by omission of duplicate classes) which was practised in tables 5 and 6. borne in the same gamete. It should be said that these tables do not show at all the proportions in which the several gametic types might be expected to occur. Further all duplicates have _ been omitted, so that only the different possible types are shown in these tables. It will be noted from table 6 that two classes of females (1 and 2) carry both 1: and L and hence are to be expected, on the hypothesis developed, to be high layers. One class (class 5) carries neither 21 nor IJ, and hence should make zero winter records. It should be said that observations indicate that while such class 5 birds occur with expected frequency, they usually do not produce any offspring. A zero winter layer usually gets very few:chicks of any kind and almost never has any adult 2 progeny. : 308 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.» 1@12: Turning our attention to the Cornish Indian Games, we have the gametic constitutions set forth in tables 7 and 8. The only special point to be noted here is that the factor 7. does not appear at all in either males or females. All the evidence indi- cates that in the strain of Cornish Indian Games used in these experiments, this excess production factor I: is entirely absent (cf. in this connection tables 1, 2 and 3, supra). We may next consider the theoretical results which would be expected to follow the mating in all possible combinations of birds of the constitutions set forth above. In doing this account will be taken of female progeny only, for the sake of simplicity, saving of space, and because we are here concerned only with actual fecundity as expressed in the female. Anyone who de- sires can easily work out the $ constitutions for himself. -Ta- bles 9g and 10 give the expected numbers of female progeny — from each mating, on the assumption of uniform fertility throughout. It will be seen that some odd ratios should appear. It should be pointed out that while, for the sake of complete- ness, the result of every possible mating is carried out in table 9 on an assumption of equal fertility for all matings, this by no means accords with actual fact. Certain of the matings would not in practice get any offspring at all. This applies also to table 10. This point wil! be made clear in connection with the application of the theoretical frequencies to the observed data. It will not be necessary in the table for Cornish Indian Games to present the theoretical frequencies in such detail. Only totals and ratios will be given. From table to it will be seen that no high layers are to be expected from pure Cornish Game matings and that further the proportion of zero layers is relatively high. ANALYSIS OF THE EXPERIMENTAL DATA In this section the actual results in respect to fecundity will be compared with the theoretical expectations. There will be presented first the data respecting the matings of Barred Rock males and females (pure B.P.R. matings); second the data respecting matings of Cornish Indian Game males and females (pure C.I.G. matings); and finally the 7; and /: matings of Barred Plymouth Rocks and Cornish Indian Games crossed reciprocally. INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 399 TABLE 9 Showing the theoretical expectation in respect to the fecundity of the daughters from all possible matings of Barred Plymouth Hones imter se Marines. | Exprcrep DisTRIBUTION OF FrcunDITyY AMONG | © PROGENY OF THE DESIGNATED MaTING. ‘Daughters with) Daughters with Daughters with a) a winter + a winter B.P.R.o of class B. P. R. 9 of class) winter production | productiongof*| production of | over 30 eggs under 80_eggs | zero eggs | ; | il ‘1 to 6 inclusive | 32 1 el All classes |Ratio = (eT x00 Rew D Ram eli raw ea aernin o ae Palas [ey Tes 2 2 2) 2 aX 3 4) 4 2B 4 2 2 ) 5 2 2 2 6 2, 2 2 All classes Totals = 16| 16 | 2 || All classes Ratio = Sane 1 a) ) 3 SEI EN iG Sie eS 3 | 2 4 3 3 6 2 a) 4 4 3 5 2 2 3 6 Z 2 3 | All classes Totals = 24 8 | Se All classes |Ratio = Peo hae Rr eens Ze cy Tage eres AL Mah tae ei 4 2 2) 2 | 4 3 3 4 1 4 4 2} 2 4 5 1| 2 | 1 4 6 1 2 1 4 All classes |Totals = 12) 16 | 4 a Bee: | All classes [Ravioll= 3 Rete A leer ; a 5 [1 to 6 inclusive — | 5 32 aie Sy earenel| All classes Ratio = CO) ae (a RO a Ca al 1 ats |e URae aA a lite ane Gh ee ein Re ae 6 2 | 4 6 3 6 2 6 4 | 4 6 5 2 2 6 ji 6 2 2 6 | All classes Motals)= 24 8 6 | All classes Ratio = CO) fie petit eae ta Poe 6 . a aply ay SER gal is acl Oa Rae De 7 1 4 4 7 2 4 7 3 4 4 7 4 4 7 5 | 4 ta /6 4 7 All classes |Totals = 16 16 ] is 7 All classes [Ratio = ill aa Lace 0 3 Tacit cay lane Dl Pere see ements | 00a ORT nS 8 F 2 2 8 3 2 4 2 8 4 9] 2 8 5 2 2 8 | 6 | 2 | 2 8 | All classes |Totals = 8} 16 8 8 | All classes |Ratio = 1 2 1 | 310 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. TABLE 9—Continued IQI2. MaATINGs. | | Eee DISTRIBUTION OF FRcUNDITY AMONG © PROGENY OF THE DESIGNATED MATING. | Daughters with a | Dameiiens with)/Daughters with 18}, Jeo Re ot of class B. P. R. @ of class) winter produciion a winter a winter over 30 eggs | production of | production of under 30 eggs | zero eggs 9 1 | 4 4 9 2 4 9 | 3 4 4 9 + 4 9 5 | 4 9 6 | 4 9 All classes |Totals = ke 16 | 16 9 | All classes [Ratio = 0| 1 | i All classes “Allclasses |Grand ; ve at Total = 120] 160 40 All classes All classes |Ratio = 3) 4 1 | Since the actual breeding operations were carried out in ad- vance of any understanding of the mechanism of the inheritance of fecundity the matings were substantially at random so far as concerns fecundity factors. As a consequence not all possible gametic pairings have been made, while for certain combinations a relatively large number of offspring are available. Enough of the possible gametic combinations have, however, been made with Barred Rocks to show clearly how fecundity is inherited. A word should be said in regard to the number of offspring TABLE Io Showing the theoretical expectation in respect to the fecundity of the daughters from ail possible matings of Cornish Indian Games inter se EXPECTED DISTRIBUTION OF FECUNDITY AMONG MATING © PROGENY OF THE DESIGNATED MATING Daughters with|Daughters with Daughters with a a winter a winter C. I. G. & of class|C. I. G. 9 of class| winter record of record of record of over 30 eggs under 30 eggs zero eggs ay , anal 1 | 1 to 4 inclusive | 12 il | All classes Ratio = (0) il 0 2 1 to 4 inclusive |Totals | 9 3 2 | All classes Ratio = 0| 3 1 3 1 to 4 inclusive |Totals | 6 6 3 All classes Ratio = a0 lease ree sil Allclasses | ‘Allelasses |Grand totals | 27 9 Ratio = Cc 3 1 INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. Sle from the different matings. The writer would, of course, be glad if records were at hand for a large number of progeny for every mating made. There are, however, practical difficulties. in the matter. The Maine Agricultural Experiment Station poultry plant has accommodations for only about 600 adult pullets per annum in spite of the fact that it is one of the largest purely experimental poultry plants in the country.’ Now taking all the experiments tggether there are made: about 300 separate matings each year. It is simple arithmetic to show that under the circumstances, if all matings were equally represented, only two pullets from each mating could be tested as to fecundity. "AS a matter of fact all matings are not equally represented. Some yield either no chickens, or too few to insure the develop- ment of adult daughters. The aim has always been in this work to put into the laying house for trap-nest records of fecundity as many daughters from each one of as many matings as possi- ble. Of course, only healthy, normal. well developed pullets can be used in the work, since any other sort could not be de- pended upon to give reliable normal results as to fecundity. This means that, under the prevailing climatic conditions here, only pullets hatched between a rather narrow range of dates (April 1 to June 1) can: be used in the fecundity. Those hatched at other seasons will not give normal results. Altogether it will be seen that the character fecundity in fowls is not one which lends itself readily to treatment in large masses of figures, desirable as such might theoretically be. The case is very different from the study of the inheritance of plumage colors in poultry, for example, where both sexes are available for record and the records may be made while the chicks are relatively young (or in some cases even unhatched) and before they have time to die. If all students of the inheritance of pig- mentation in poultry had been obliged to keep, house, and feed every bird which was to furnish any record whatever. until approximately one‘and a half years after hatching, and could have got records even then only from one sex (both of which conditions obtain in the study of fecundity), it is plain that their "There are hatched annually on this plant from 3500 to 4000 chicks, and facilities for handling adult stock make it possible to accommodate over winter about 1000 birds of all sorts, including adult pullets, hens and male birds. 312 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912; recorded numbers would have fallen very far below those which they have actually, and most fortunately for the good of biology, been able to obtain. The foregoing remarks are not in any sense intended as an apologia for the statistical portion of this paper, because in the opinion of the writer, who is thoroughly acquainted with the practical difficulties which beset the study of inheritance of fe- cundity, no apology is needed. The data here presented are about as extensive as it is practically possible to obtain in an interval of time and with an experimental equipment equal to what has been available in the present investigation. It is hoped, however, that what has been said may help the reader, who may not be practically familiar with the rearing and trap-nesting of large numbers of fowls, to understand the reason why more extensive data are not forthcoming in this paper. In every case where the number of birds to a family was too small to warrant any conclusion this fact is particularly noted. ‘The data for these small families are not suppressed, however, but are in most instances separately tabulated. One convention which is used throughout in the tabulation of the material should be explained. Jn case a bird has a winter ege record of exactly 30 eggs, she evidently falls on the boun- dary line between the two fecundity classes already discussed and defined (p. 302). The number of such cases is not large, but in order to be perfectly impartial in their treatment it was decided to split such a bird in two, in a metaphorical sense, and credit one-half of her to the ‘Over 30’ winter fecundity class, and the other half to the ‘Under 30’ class. ‘This explains the fractional records which occasionally appear among the fre- quencies in what follows, and which might otherwise puzzle one used to thinking of a hen as an individual unit, at least during the fecund portion of her existence. In calculating the mean winter production (in eggs) of the several classes these few birds with records of exactly 30 eggs have been omitted alto- gether. There are obviously two equally fair ways of dealing with them in getting these averages. One is to include each one in both ‘over’ and ‘under’ classes; the other is to include each one in neither class. ‘The latter alternative is adopted be- cause simpler. INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. | Bue Barred PuymMoutH Rock MATINGs The data will be presented for each gametic constitution separately. The analysis indicates that out of the 9 theoretically possible types of male Barred Rocks shown in table 5 only six have actually ever been used in the breeding pens. ‘These six classes of males represented in the data are classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 7 and 8. . : In any particular case it is practicable to determine the gam- etic constitution of a male bird in respect to fecundity only through an examination of the records of his daughters. ‘To distinguish different gametic types of males through analysis of the male progeny, while theoretically simply, is practically not feasible while any other investigations are going on. In order to determine the gametic constitution in regard to fecundity of the cockerels from a particular mating it would be necessary to rear to maturity a reasonable number (5 to 10) of these males, and then a year from the time they were hatched to mate each of them with a number of females, and rear to maturity and trap-nest for a year a number (3 to 10 for example) of pullets ' grown from each of the matings of each of the cockerels. Then from the trap-nest records of these pullets it would be possible to conclude as to what was their grandfather’s gametic constitu- tion respecting fecundity. It is evident that relatively enormous experimental resources would be required to carry this out on even a very modest scale. Further the end would scarcely justi- fy the means from either a practical or theoretical standpoint, since the theoretically expected gametic types of males can be readily obtained and their pedigrees will enable one to analyze fully the gametic factors and reactions involved in their produc- - tion. Throughout the paper, then, conclusions will be drawn as to gametic constitution of parents from an analysis of the female progeny only. The reason why the other three classes of males (5, 6 and 9) are not represented in the matings is to be found in the method of selective breeding practised during the time in which the statistics here analyzed were collected. The chance of using in a breeding pen males of any of these types was small when the selection was carried on in the way that it was. This point will be more fully discussed farther on in the paper. 314 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2. Matings of Barred Plymouth Rock males of class” 7 Males of class 7, having a gametic constitution file. flilz, were used more often than any other sort in the pure Barred Rock matings. They are homozygous with reference to the ab- sence of the first production factor LZ, and the presence of the second or excess production factor J. A reference to table 9 shows that there should be no zero winter producers among their progeny. ‘The proportions of high and poor layers in the progeny depend upon the nature of the female with which the male is bred. For convenience the matings of each individual male will be discussed separately. B.P.R. 8 553. Indicated gametic constitution = fiz. fhL:. This male was hatched in the spring of 1908 and used as a breeder in the season of 1909. His successful ‘pure’ matings (i. e., those with B.P.R. females which produced adult female progeny) were as follows: Matings: A. With 6 2 @ indicated to be of class 2=fL,L.. Flal. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Observed mass Hiner aes 15 0 ) IER NAGY Bal na ta peneicla Neve Areata 15 O (0) Mean winter production of 2 2 ion eachesinedl CASS csanso0000 51.33 eges B. With 3 2 @ indicated to be of class t =: file. Fl, 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Obsemved meyer cere nae deere fe 6: Q fo) IDES UGH ATL Umm tere inl Obed 7.5 75 O Mean winter production of 2 2 war ihmahreecl GSS so0c000sKe 55.50 eggs 13.56 eggs C. With 2 2 2 indicated to be of class 4 = flil,, FL:ls. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero @bsenvedr ety kos nmi cevcn sak 4 ) (0) EGP CCLEd 4a eee CL 4 0 O Mean winter production of 2 9 ial ThaCheaeG! ClESS Sb5enneo0¢ 390.75 eggs ” The ‘class’ numbers throughout refer to the arbitrary designations given in tables 5 to 10 inclusive. INHERITANCE OF PECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 315 All 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero @nsenviedites. uaa emt. ei 25 9 fe) LES DOCG ds leer utenti Bie tarenee 26.5 5 (6) Mean winter production ...... 50.48 eggs 13.56 eggs The agreement between observation and expectation here is as close as could be expected considering the numbers involved. Further it is evident fromthe mean production of the d wghters falling in the several classes that the “Over 30’ and ‘Under 30’ classes are perfectly distinct in respect to degree of fecundity. The ‘Over 30’ birds produced on the average, nearly four times as many eggs in the winter period as the “Under 30’ birds. B.P.R. 6 567. Indicated gametic constitution = fll». fle. This male was used in the breeding season of 1gio and sired a fairly large number of chicks of which the adult daughters appear below. He was hatched in the spring of 1900. Matings: A. With 5 2 2 indicated to be of class 1 = fL,L,. Fhb. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Olcemyedieg: os cates eh coas 3 Oz oO IESE DOCUAG MOR ee trae ates eet rie 8.5 5 6) ‘Mean winter production of 2 9 momimcicated class. fe. .... <4. 57.28 e ges 14.78 eggs B. With 3 9 2 indicated to be of class 2 = fL.L». Fly). 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Obsenvedius. hscuselN nhc swcees 12 2 WBA CN Bian aie eysigieveie ce 22s 46.8 T4 0 0 Mean winter production of ? ? iimdicated class’ j......-,- 55.83 eggs 22.00 eggs C. With 2 2 9 indicated to be of class 6 = f1,L.. Fhl.. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero (OLS) 0CGl ee nee 12 32 oO IESE OCHA, WA) eee Ge EO O 5 (a) Mean winter production of ? @ imeimGicated class ........-. 48.00 eges 14.00 eges 316 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. All 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Observed’ eincci eh em ames 21 15 (0) EG PECLOd sures ent eae eee 22.5 13.5 0 Mean winter production ...... 55.65 eggs 15.64 eggs It will be noted that there are two exceptions in these matings. A class 7 6 X class 2 @ should give only daughters in the ‘Over 30’ class. Two out of the 14 adult progeny from matings of this type laid fewer than 30 eggs in the winter period. The record of one of these two was 28 eggs. There is no doubt that this bird was a somatic variation belonging gametically to the ‘Over 30’ class (cf. p. 302). In general it is obvious that the agreement between observation and expectation here is very satisfactory. Further the difference in average winter produc- tion of the birds in the “Over 30’ and ‘Under 30’ classes is so great as to leave no doubt of the real distinctness of these classes in respect to fecundity. B.P.R. 8 562. Indicated gametic constitution = fliL:. flL:. This male got comparatively few adult daughters. He was ised during only one breeding season (that of 1910), having been hatched in the spring of 1900. Matings: A. With 4 2 9 indicated to be of class 1 = fL:L..FI,l,. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero @bsenvedPe woes vn eee 5 6 (0) POG (Pn pass oes OE 5:5 5.5 0 ~ Mean winter production of 2 @ Ou saelicaec! CASS socoseceoc 42.40 eges 11.67 eggs B. With 2 2 @ indicated to be of class 2 = fL,L.. Fhl.,. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Observed ayia ace een ac 8 e) fo) LEAD CCE UR PR ee eS eee Tete oes 8 O (0) Mean winter production of 2 @ of indicated class .......... 70.00 eggs All 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Observiedouayaeaew ae aoe 13 6 (0) IBC ANAC la aa NRA Gc Se IA 13.5 5.5 (0) Mean winter production ...... 59.38 eggs 11.67 eggs INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 317 In spite of the comparatively small number of individuals here, the evidence of segregation of high and low fecundity in accordance with gametic expectation is clear and indubitable. B.P.R. 8 552. Indicated gametic constitution = fll». flLe. This male was used as a breeder during two seasons (1909 and 1910). He was hatched in the spring of 1908. His sisters were very poor winter layers, as shown by the following table. = Winter production ; as pullets Sisters of 3 552 Eggs FE 184 16 E 220 6 1 ee a Meammwititer production Ofcfamily.5it soc. 0) SH. an dek ose 9.67 The mother of 6 552 ( 9 D725) was a good layer with a win- ter record of 61 eggs. From her he evidently got an LL factor which his sisters could not acquire in this way. The father was heterozygous relative to 1, (belonging to class 4) and the only one of his adult progeny from the mating with ¢ D725 to bear lL, happened to be the ¢ 552 here under discussion. In the following account of ¢ 552’s breeding history the progeny in both of the years in which he was used in the pens are taken together. There is no reason why the two years should be dealt ‘with separately. Matings: A. With 4 2 2 indicated to be of class 2 = fliL,. FLiylp. 2 Progeny Winter Production: ~ - Over 30 Under 30 Zero ONS SHV) voy ome icse wip eed ele vt 11g z Oo PI CGIAC met, oe oa ee aben s 12 0 (o) Mean winter production of 2? 2 imeancicated class... .....!5«. 48.27 eggs B. With to 2 9 indicated to be of class 1 = fL,L,. Fl,l:. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Oper MMs tes es, eh sis eee a a 17 15 ‘ 2 LEE ATL 17 I7 O Mean winter production of 2 @ MeImcCAted class ..)o.-..+-- 54.71 eggs 12.47 eggs O eggs 318 MAINE, AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI2. C. With 3 2 2 indicated to be of class 3 = flul.. Fl). 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Obseeved 2a Oa e tas ok 2 I oO ERE ECT CCN eat tl Manco ta io thet r.5 7.5 a) Mean winter production of 2 2 hm shaehiceheeG! CASS 5 odosshsuc 35.50 eggs 22.00 eggs Winter Production: Qver 30 Under 30 Zero Obsenved te Aki sonar 303 163 2 EOP OGLE US ton Mate ease Nene 30.5 18.5 O Mean winter production ...... 51.07 eggs 13.06 eggs 0 eggs In this case the two zero birds are without much question to be reckoned as somatic rather than genetic zeros. Unfortu- nately neither of these birds were bred, so that precise infor- mation on the point is lacking. Assuming this to be the case the agreement between observation and expectation in the large progeny is perfect. The matings under C got so few @ pro- geny as to be without significance one way or the other. The mean winter productions again show the distinctness of the separation between the ‘Over 30’ and ‘Under 30’ fecundity classes. B.P.R. 6 554. Indicated constitution = fhle. fliLe. This bird, like 3g 552 was used in the breeding pens two years. He was hatched in 1908 and bred in each of the two following years. His breeding history was as follows: Matings: A. With 8 @ Q indicated to be of class 1 = fL,L.. Fhl.. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Ower 30 Under 30 Zero Obsenvediti a nee ean 12 2 I IDES VOGAL) Weienis a SER A ao: St 12.5 12.5 fo) Mean winter production of 2 @ ean rhaGlicenteel CIS 5 scncebace 47.67 eggs 15.58 egesoO eggs INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 319 B. With 3 @ @ indicated to be of class 2 = fhLL,. Fi,i.. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero @bsemved iy ass a tutees eeoee 8 0) 0 IBERDACHAGNaR eS raeo aoe Een 8 0 ) Mean winter production of ° @ inluiindieated (class = wu... o.- 59.00 eggs C. With 2 2 2 indicated to be of class 6 = fLL,. Fl,i,. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero I@ era dinat spay aicths az esa 0) 3 0) JE 6 NOCTURNE ee O 3 O : Mean winter production of 2 ? impumaicated Glass) 2... 5.24. - 20.33 eggs All 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero @bsenvedarte: eis cae 20 15 I JES DOCHGUN Slee Get NaC ORC ICES 20.5 15.5 a) Mean winter poduction ...... 52.20 eggs 16.53 eggs 0 eggs Barring the single bird with a zero record the agreement be- tween observation and expectation here is perfect. This excep- tion was a late” hatched bird (June 2, 1910). It laid an egg on May 1, 1911, of its pullet year, and died from a combination of pulmonary and intestinal difficulties on May 22. Under these circumstances it obviously carries little weight as an exception to expectation on a gametic basis. B.P.R. & 564. Indicated constitution = fll. fliL:. This bird was hatched in 1909 and used in the breeding season of r9ro, with the following results: “It must always be remembered that ‘late’ is relative. Under our conditions of climate, etc., at Orono, June 2 represents very late hatch- ing for birds which are to be used in fecundity work. The cold weather comes on so early in the fall and is so severe that any bird not fully developed by the middle of October or the first of November at the latest is likely to remain permanently stunted. The first of June repre- sents about the latest possible limit of hatching for fecundity work under these conditions. 320 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912. Matings: A. With 6 2 2 indicated to be of class 1 = fL,L,. Fhi,. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Obsenviedier wi krak er nied ) 10 2 IEE ANAGG I Rea toto a eee ere ete 10.5 - 10.5 ) Mean winter production of 2 @ im machieaned CIEISS o5c000n00 64.44 eggs 10.80 eges 0 eggs B. With 3°92 ¢ indicated to be of class 3 = fib. Fi L.. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under BO ZERO Obsérvedty ws nat en ens 2 2 = 9 > IER RTAD As BR APR cel eee a 2 2 Mean winter production of 2 2 iin iaglicawecl CASS s2.c0ec056 54.50 eggs 26.50 eggs Cy Wath ae 2indicated! tosbesor class 6)— fink. Bille 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Olesenvedl\ soo vagensundea.d se 0) 2 0) UEDA GEC UN Sisto? Mak arses as Sane 0) 2 0 Mean winter production of ? @ tal imchicawecl CASS 5 os50c00c¢ 4.00 eggs All 9 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Obsenvedsae secre ee II ral. 2 BER WAGUAI he eres Mia clea oekoe one 12.5 14.5 (o} Mean winter poduction ...... 62.64 eggs 18.85 eges 0 eggs The families are small in this case. From both these pure Barred Rock and the cross matings in which @ 564 entered, however, there can be no doubt that he is a class 7 male. The two zero birds are to be reckoned as ‘somatic zeros’ rather than gametic. Both began laying at the very beginning of the spring period, and made records which indicated to one familiar with this sort of material that they belonged genetically in the ‘Under 30’ class and only by accident failed to lay some eggs during the winter period. INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 3 aig 6) OSs indicated constitution == fills fll: This bird was purchased in January, 1908, from Gardner & Dunning, a then well-known firm of Barred Rock breeders of Auburn, N. Y. Nothing was known of this bird’s previous his- tory or pedigree. The bird was hatched in the spring of 1907, and used in our breeding pens in 1908 and 1909. In 1908 he failed to get any adult daughters. This, however, was not the fault of the bird, but of the conditions under which the breeding had to be done that year (cf. Pearl and Surface 35). From the records of the daughters of ¢ 58 obtained in 1909 and exhibit- ed below it appears clear that he was a class 7 male. The breeding history is as follows: Matings: A. With 9 2 @ indicated to be of class 1 = fL:L.. Fhh. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Wlsetvied env tse ee te eas 10 13 I ELSE DCCHCD Mey ee area rear 12 Te fo) Mean winter ege production of Secoimmmadicared class! <1... 52.22 eggs 17.25 eggs Oeggs b. With 4 2 2 indicated to be of class 6 = fl,L,. Fl,h. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 ' Zero Observed ye. .2iee jas ance an (0) 5 0 IE SE NACIIOG a et ree Ae eer ee ) 5 ) Mean winter ege production of 2 D iva inalieeneal CRISS ehac056 15.80 eggs All 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero (Oloseiedlh Mgne ames accee-oolaiee 10 18 I LE SECC ARE tA eNO ane a I2 m7 O Mean winter production ...... 52.22 eggs 16.82 eges 0 eggs The single zero bird here (? F158) cannot fairly be regard- ed as a non-conformable case because of the following history. She was hatched March 30, 1909. She never laid an egg and died May 23, 1910. Autopsy showed the ovary and oviduct to be in an infantile condition. The ovary weighed 1 gram and the oviduct 2 grams. The ovary showed no oocytes enlarged by 322 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. yolk deposition or enlarging. There was no evidence that the ovary had ever shown the slightest trace of functional activity. But a normal bird hatched in March will exhibit signs of ova- rian activity before May of the following year, even though she belongs genetically to the ‘Zero’ class in respect to winter pro- duction and does not lay. While the autopsy showed no ob- vious lesion of ovary or oviduct, this by no means proves that there may not have been present some deep-seated functional derangement. B.P.R. 6 573. Indicated constitution = fiL2flL>. This bird was used in the breeding season of 1910, having been hatched in t909. He proved not to be all that might be de- sired as a breeder, being somewhat lacking in vigor of constitu- tion. Partly on this account, he got comparatively few adult daughters, as indicated in the following breeding history. Matings: A. With 5 9 @ indicated to be of class 1 = fLiL.. Fl,h. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero WBDSeRVe Ce fe BaG hae canes AB 63 O EEDCGTCO mn ee recat 5.5 5.5 ) Mean winter production of 2 @ in indicated class .......... 47.50 eggs 15.67 eges B. With 2 9 2 indicated to be of class 2 = flile. Flils. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Obsenvedie wean sae: A e) (o) IBEANACHEE) . tacice cicuicee concrerae 2 De a) O Mean winter production of 2 2 in indicated class .... -.... 4Q.25 eggs C. With 1 9 indicated to be of class 3 = flab. Fhi.. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Observed ayaa cuete ee eres B I I TED CCLEE | come moe Heke ae 2 2 0) Mean winter production of 2? @ a). naGieanweGl CIAISS 5520000050 55-50 eggs 16.00 eggs 0 eggs INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL, 323 All 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zera Observed races. cates ie 108 73 1! TEL AUGINA GI 0 Ger Ei he Sone DAR IT.5 7.5 0 Mean winter production ...... 49.80 eggs 15.71 eggs 0 eggs The zero bird here is an exception for which no apparent ex- planation is forthcoming. She was not pathological. She was however a June hatched bird. Unfortunately she was not bred, and therefore it is not possible to be sure of her gametic con- stitution. In spite of the fact that the total number of progeny here is small, there is little doubt of the correctness of the clas- sification. _ The mean productions for birds in the ‘Over 30’ class in the several matings are comparatively a little lower than those of the progeny of other class 7 males. It is interesting to specu- late as to whether this may be connected with the lack of great vigor on the part of the sire. No data are available from which to get critical evidence on this point. B.P.R. 8 56. Indicated constitution = fhL». fll. This bird was purchased in January, 1908, from Mr. C. H. Welles of Stratford, Conn. It came from a strain of Barred Rocks well known in the show-room, but not specially bred for egg production. This fact is of interest in connection with the breeding history of the bird, which indicates clearly that he was homozygous with respect to Ll», The result shows, in other words, that a male Barred Rock from a strain bred purely for the fancy may still carry in pure form the factor for high egg production. This male bird (56) was bred two seasons (1908 and Igo9). The first year he got but very few adult. daughters, owing to the unfavorable conditions under which all the breeding had to be done in 1908 (ci. Pearl and Surface 35.) In 1909 the results were better. The adult daughters from both seasons are taken together in the following breeding history. 324 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1OT2: Matings: A. With 5 2 @ indicated to be of class 2 = fEsL.. FL, 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30. Under 30 Zero @bsenveda howtos Wie ee 7 e) fe) EP EGLCO) mane nea One a ee vy. oy ) Mean winter production of 2 ¢ shal abaceh CenreGh IEISS. shah oes a2 54.57 eggs B. With 4 2 9 indicated to be of class 3 = flul;. Flys. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Obgervedsimn tts cetectaoet tnt: 9 4 =18) POG PEGLCUN mirennp eae Cena ear ay: 6.5 6.5 o Mean winter production of 2 ? thal shalGhkernierel CIRISS “Sh ooaseose 56.80 eggs 19.50 eggs C. With 2 2 ¢ indicated to be of class 6 = flL. Fhie. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Observedia: wees, Sula came ) 3 fo) BCCI EEA aA ts ae ) 3 O Mean winter production of 2 ? im dmdicated=class ..220.5.55 13.67: eggs All 2 Progeny Winter Production: “ Over 30 Under 30 Zero Observed iawn cs cnc te 16 7 fo) EVO BOGTC Oder eS Ap eae Ah ie Osi ane 13.5 9.5 (6) Mean winter production ...... 55.87 eggs 17.00 eggs O eggs The agreement between observation and expectation here is satisfactory, excepting the case of the class 3 females. There the deviation from the expected half is wide, but the numbers involvel are small. The behavior of 8 56 with class 2 and class 6 females gives clear indication of his gametic constitution. B.P.R. 8 563. Indicated constitution = fle. fll. This bird was hatched in 1909 and used as a breeder in 1910. He was an exceptionally fine, vigorous bird. The breeding his- tory is as follows: INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMES‘TIC FOWL. 325 Matimgs: A. With 6 2 @ indicated to be of class 1 = fliLs. Fh. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Osenvedive wives wake. 6 Pca) Il LI I IE LENO WAG betes RR I et OO Oe TI.5 TT.5 ) Mean winter production of 2 2 iim rankalncanecl CASS Secon ncce 64.09 eggs 17.91 eggs 0 eggs Bee Witt 5 2) Ovimdieated to. be ot class 2)—= flak, FEA. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Cleon vedere. er einr net clean 18 es 0 [EAGUCO) RAR ate ie heen 19 a) ) Mean winter production of 2 2 iim im@lieaieGl ClSS .ceccancce 63.56 eggs 1.00 eges - All 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 - Zero @bserveds ie actus loess 29 12 vat BET OCU) Semen ane in Rae se 30.5 TG O Mean winter production ...... 63.76 eggs 16.50 eves Oc gz Aside from the two outstanding exceptions the agreement between observation and expectation is excellent. From the records available there is no evident explanation for the two exceptions (the ‘Zero’ bird in the A matings, and the “Under 30’ bird in the B matings). Neither of the birds were bred, and hence no help is to be had from the progeny in explaining them. It is reasonable to suppose that the observed records for these birds are somatic fluctuations, but this cannot be demon- strated now. This case illustrates an unavoidable difficulty which attends that method of work which first collects data at random and without any theoretical guide, and then later under- takes their analysis. If one had been carrying on the breeding in the present case under the guidance of the hypothesis as to the mechanism of the inheritance of fecundity now under dis- cussion, obviously many matings which actually were not car- -ried out would have been made to test out somatically excep- tional individuals and so learn their gametic constitution. 326 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. B.P.R. D31. Indicated constitution = file. fhe. This rather remarkable bird was used as a breeder for three successive years, and then retired merely because no more of his progeny were needed, and not for any evident diminution of vigor on his part. This bird was first bred as a cockerel in the spring of 1908 (hatched in 1907). All that was known of his ancestry was that he was the son of a hen that had laid 200 or more eggs in her pullet year. Some notion of the vigor of ¢ D3r as a breeder may be gained from the fact that, taking all three seasons together and including all parts of the breeding season in each year, 89.4 per cent of all the eggs laid by hens mated with him were fertile. This is an extraordinarily high record considering all the circumstances, and particularly the seasonal and housing conditions. So far as concerns adult. daughters the breeding history of this bird is as follows: Matings: A. With o 9 §& indicated to be of class pa EO TIE Uilo, j 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero WDseie dey eee a ies eh pees 102 IIz 0) TE POGIGE a menom acces Hit IT 0 Mean winter production of 2 2 im immaliceuecl CIASS 555555050" 48.40 e@es 15.73 eggs B. With 8 2 @ indicated to be of class 2 = fL,L, FLil,. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero @bservcdawiie cer, sinner mey. 27% 23 Oo TRAN ABIC ON Mei hh ALE Bek, rele 30 0 O Mean winter production of 2 @ ha hnGlneaytecl CASS cesbocpoec 54.96 eggs 17.00 eggs <. With & 9 @ indicated to be of class 3 = fLil, Fil. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30. Under 30 Zero @Olsenviedaterotcae esis eee 14. 15 I EPS DCCLEO- aoe ides Pe ee 15 5 0 Mean winter production of 2 2 imal emGlieaNNEG! CIAISS oosscncce oe 41.93 eggs 12.20 eges O eggs INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 327 é D. With 1 Puindicated?to be or class 4°== FLL. FE, h. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Wbsenvedian sn) i. ce Meade s: 5 (0) I MG DEGLEW ere wid (ARs ee O.: 9) (6) Mean winter production of 2 2 vom smayabreehverl GIISS Sonaaoouse 30.40 ege’s 0 eggs. All 2 Progeny Winter Production: . Over 30 Under 30 Zero @senvedies ag 1a aewioe ates 57 20 2 PSP OGHE Wao) ae letars ig alas be 62 26 ) Mean winter production ...... 48.16 eggs 13.81 eges 0 eggs Besides the families noted above 6 D31 got one adult daugh- ter by each of two other females. Both these daughters had a winter record of zero eggs and were apparently pathological. In any event it was impossible to form any judgment as to their gametic constitution or that of their dams. The general agreement between observation and expectation in this large progeny group is clear. The apparent exceptions. to gametic expectation need some discussion. In the B matings (class 2 2 2) the record shows 2 1-2 in the ‘Under 30’ class where none is expected. Actually out of the 30 individuals from these matings only one daughter laid fewer than 30 eggs in the winter period. ‘There were, however, 3 individuals which laid exactly 30 eggs in this period. .So, in accordance with the con- vention adopted at the beginning, the record of 2 1-2 is made up as follows: 1 + 1-2 + 1-2 + 1-2 = 21-2. The one bird under 30 with a record of 17 eggs was late hatched and proba- bly represented a somatic fluctuation. This bird was bred, but unfortunately got no offspring. Her eggs were nearly all fer- tile but the embryos died during incubation. Of the two birds ‘with a zero winter record it may be said that one (E96) was pathological, and on that account failed to lay. The autopsy on this bird, which died April 13, t909, showed that it must have been functionally deranged for a long time preceding death. Yet there was clear evidence of functional activation of ovary and oviduct at some time before death. In this case the bird without question carried either J; or Le (or 328 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912. possibly both) and the reproductive system started to function in the normal way and bring to somatic expression these gametic factors. But before this could be done the diseased condition of the organs brought the bird as a whole into such a condition of reduced vitality that egg production was impossible. The other bird’s zero record is probably a somatic fluctuation from an “Under 30’ hereditary constitution. She began laying very shortly after the end of the winter period. It is of interest to note that the mean winter productions are relatively rather low for the ‘Over 30’ classes in all matings. The contrast between 8 D31 progeny and that of 4 563 (vide supra) in this respect is striking. ‘This matter will be discussed in detail later. Summary and discussion of matings of class 7 Barred Ply- mouth Rock males. Having now presented in detail the evi-— dence respecting the matings of class'7 males with various types of females it is desirable to. collect and summarize this material. In tables 11 to 16 inclusive are given the assembled results of all matings of certain particular types. It will be understood that these are all pure Barred Rock matings and represent the summation of the data previously given. These tables give the total numbers of different males and females from which data were obtained in each class of matings, as well as the classifica- tion of the adult female progeny in respect to fecundity. TABLE 11 Showing the results of all matings of class 736 56 & class 12 Q HER Viele <2 Paes ED NuMBER OF INDIVID- UALS INVOLVED IN WINTER EGG PRODUCTION OF ADULT DAUGHTERS. Matines or Tuts Type Total acult 9 ohesl 22 Class Over 30 | Under 30 Zero offspring 10 75 Observed 924 1034 7 203 Expected 101.5 101.6 0 Mean winter egg production of all daughters in designated class....|54.19 eggs|15.52 eggs 0 eggs INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 329 TABLE 12 Showing the results of all matings of class 7 8 36 X class 229 jtiila = jill 2x pllgil ali NUMBER OF INDIVID- UALS INVOLVED IN WINTER HaG PRODUCTION OF ADULT DAUGHTERS Marines or Tuts Typn Total adult 2 olen ole) Class Over 30 | Under 30 Zero offspring : ! : 9 38 Observed 111 6 0) | iy Expected HY 0 0 daughters in designated class... .|56.47 eggs|20.33 eggs | ‘Mean winter ege production of all | TABLE 13 Showing the results of all matings of class 7 6 5 X class 3 2@ fll, . fll. X fll . Ful, NUMBER OF INDIVID- : UALS INVOLVED IN WINTER EaG PropucTION oF ADULT DAUGHTERS Matines or Tuts Typr Total adult @ lotlet eee) Class Over 30 | Under 30 Zero offspring 5 19 Observed 29 PAB 2) 54 Expected a7 a7 0 Mean winter production of all daughters in designated class......|47.93 eggs|15.30 eggs 0 eggs TABLE 14 Showing the results of all matings of class 7 6 6 X class 4 Q fll, . fl.Lz X flil, . Flib NUMBER OF INDIVID- UALS INVOLVED IN WINTER HGG PRopuUCTION oF ADULT DAUGHTERS Marines or THis Type f Total adult 2 fotot lone) Class Over 30 | Under 30 Zero offspring 2 3 Observed 9 | 0) 1 10 Expected 10 | 0 0 Mean winter egg production of all daughters in designated class... ./39.56 eggs O eggs 330 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. ABER AIS Showing the results of all matings of class 7 3 3 X class 62 @ flile . fhle X flle . Fl NuMBER OF INDIvID- UALS INVOLVED IN WINTER EGG PRODUCTION oF ADULT DAUGHTERS Matines or Tuis Typr = Total adult ? lotto 22 Class |} Over 30 | Under 30 Zero | offspring | 5 11 | Observed 14 164 (0) 18 | Expected 0 18 @ Mean winter egg production of all daughters in designated class... .|48.00 eggs'|14.44 eggs 1 The record of the single ‘‘Over 30’’ bird. TABLE 16 Showing the results of all matings of class 7 6 3 with all classes of 2 2 General Summary NUMBER OF INDIVID- UALS INVOLVED IN WINTER Eae@ PRopuCcTION OF ADULT DAUGHTERS Matines oF Tuts Typr : |Total adult 2 lotot oe) Class Over 30 Under 30 Zero offspring 11 146 Observed 243.0 149.0 10 | 402 Expected 256.6 146.6 0 Mean winter egg production of all daughters in designated class....]53.67 eggs|15.37 eggs 0 eggs From these tables the following points would appear to be. definitely established : 1. The numbers of different individuals used as parents in these matings and also the numbers of adult daughters obtained from them are great enough to give an adequate test of the hy- pothesis under discussion. In other words, we are not dealing here with the results of a few matings, and a small offspring series. One hundred and forty-six separate and distinct mat- ings to test out males of one gametic constitution must be re- garded as an adequate number. INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. Be 2. The evidence for a definite and clean-cut segregation of high fecundity and low fecundity in gametogenesis is clear and indubitable. ‘The expected proportions of high producers and low producers are closely realized in all the different types of matings. 3. Furthermore, the mean egg productions of the birds in the several gametic classes are widely separated, showing that the segregation is of perfectly distinct physiological entities. Refined biometric tests are not necessary to show that the birds carrying high fecundity hereditarily lay more than those with low fecundity hereditary factors. The birds in the ‘Over 30’ class have average winter productions from three to five times ' greater than those of birds belonging to the ‘Under 30’ class. 4. The agreement between observation and expectation for the several types of mating is as close as could be expected considering the nature of the material. The only discrepancy of note is caused by the ro birds with zero records, where none are expected. In the detailed discussions in connection with each mating it has been shown, however, that nearly all of these 10 cases, when studied individually, have a physiological expla- nation, which makes it impossible to regard them as real excep- tions to the gametic expectations. A determination might be made of the ‘goodness of fit’ of theory to observation by Pear- son’s (42) method, were it not for the fact that that method cannot be applied to cases like the present.” Q “The difficulty lies in the fact that Pearson’s test depends upon a variable (m,—m' >)? } oe My where mm, is the theoretical frequency and m’, the observed. Now ob- viously in any distribution where one my, is zero, the value of X.: must be infinity, whatever may be the values of the other m,’s or m’,’s. That is, if the theoretically expected frequency on any base element is nu- merically zero the probability against the whole curve becomes infinite. Thus, for example, suppose a system of frequencies like the following, a type which is continually arising in Mendelian work. CLLRS. ele tle ee A er a NS T 2 3 4 5 Theoretically expected frequency... 505 827 68 0 06 Actually observed frequency ...... 504 828 67 Tt Now, it does not need a mathematical measure of any kind to tell one that in this case the theoretical and actual distributions are in very close agreement. Yet, because the theoretical frequency on class 4 is zero, the probability by Pearson’s test is literally infinite against the observed distribution being regarded as a random sample of a population distributed in accordance with the theoretical frequencies. Pearson 4 332 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2. Further discussion of various points brought out by these tables is deferred to a later section of the paper. Matings of Barred Plymouth Rock males of class 4. Males of class 4 have a gametic constitution flal.. fli. ‘hat is, they are heterozygous with respect to both fecundity factors. Among the progeny are to be expected high, low and zero winter layers. Four male birds of this genotypic constitu- tion have been used-in the breeding experiments. Their records follow. B.PR. 6 569. Indicated constitution = fLsle. fli. This male was hatched in 1909, and bred the following year. His breeding history was as follows: Matings: A. With 1 ¢ indicated to be of class 2 = fL,L, FL,h. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Observed Matin i tetanus . Bho crip 0 o) EGP COCLGU eas See ES Se if I O Mean winter ege production of Ce Venndicatedsclass esse eae 67.00 eggs B. With 4 2 2? indicated to be of class 6 = fLL.. Fhl,. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero @bsenvediyan oun reeken nce, 2 6 3 JEW Dh Lata Merten eal 2p SO LAYS gh 2.75 5.5 2.75 Mean winter production of 2 2 im mm@licaned! Class 2.5 2560+ 75.00 eggs 7.33 eggs 0 egEs (loc. cit., p. 164, footnote) had indeed himself noted what is essentially this same difficulty in using the test on ordinary frequency distributions. The point noted obviously limits greatly the applicability of Pearson’s test, and in a most unfortunate direction. Tests of goodness of fit are much needed in Mendelian work. But it is just here that classes where the theoretical frequency is zero often occur. To determine the proba- ble error of the individual frequency in measuring the goodness of fit of Mendelian observation and theory, as was first practised by Weldon (52) and later by Johannsen (21) and by Mendelian workers generally, does not appear to the writer to be an altogether sound procedure. It fails to take account of the correlations in errors amongst the several frequencies. Yet these are just as important and just as certainly ex- istent in a Mendelian ‘category’ type of distribution as 1n the ordinary variation polygon of a continuously variable character. This point I have alluded to elsewhere recently (Pearl, 32). Pearson’s test covers this point, and were it not for the other difficulty noted above would be be much more widely useful in Mendelian work than is actually the case. INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 333 C. With 4 9 @ indicated to be of class 1 = fL,l,. Fils. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero (CIDS STATE EE a ae meena hice 53 63 I | BEPOMALR EE I SAREE Hee 49 6.5 1.6 Mean winter production of 2 2 iin incicanedl CIASS sncoocoaes 44.60 eggs 8.00 eggs 0 eggs ID Vitihnes 2S mdicated to be or class:A — jl, Beal. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero @bsenviedee rhe tng aah yeecee 3 3 (0) EMIS IIC ELE ON Anon eta fehl a2 seo 3 © ) Mean winter ege production of Ceo F in indicated class... ..-- 45.33 eZZs 7.33 eggs 0 eggs All 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Olservede srt ey ale 123 153 4 IBA SODNOCTIAO) ices Cope reel ae iE TT.05 in 4.35 Mean winter production ...... 53.58 eggs 7.60 eggs 0 eggs The agreement between observation and expectation is plainly very close here. The three fecundity classes are represented and in proportions as near to those indicated by hypothesis as could be expected, considering the numbers involved. B.P.R. 8 566. Indicated constitution = fl:Lo. flils. This bird was used in the breeding pen in the season of 1910, having been hatched in the spring of the previous year. His sire was 6 D556, a class 4 male to be taken up later, and his dam a class 2 female. His breeding history was as follows: Matings: A. With 5 OF indicated to beotclass © == plye. we ule 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero le uVCU mmvini ckeie ats ccs noe 4 8 2 [BS 9OCHECE RARSN OO RE Ee 5.2 7 1.8 Mean winter ege production of PPminiadicated: class) .4..... 35.00 eggs 20.50 eges 0 eggs 334 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912. Bu Wath 612 2 indicated tomberoh class12 = flybar le 1,. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero ObsenviedP ete et ke oe Wea, 9 6 ) IDEA NAR ATI eres nh 3 Mun ote ia Ri eles 7.5 ) Mean winter eges production of Se bbl ihaxahieaweGl CIA cose site 50.44 eggs 11.83 eggs O eggs All 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero @bsenvediy ats ee eae: cee 12 14 2 EE DOCHE Une tia Re aarti ey estes TEU, T4.5 8 Mean winter production ...... 45.69 eggs 16.70 eggs 0 eggs Here again the agreement between observation and expecta-_ tion is very close, quite as close as could be expected with the numbers involved. The mean production of the 4 birds in the “Over 30’ class in the A matings is low. BP.R. § D35. Indicated constitution = fLils. fli. This bird was one of the original males with which the pres- ent breeding experiments were started in t908. ‘The only thing known about his ancestry is that he was the son of a hen laying 200 or more eggs in the year. He got only a small adult female progeny, and was used as a breeder only one year. His breeding record follows. Matings: A. With 4 9° 9 indicated to be of class 1 = fL,L.. Fhi,. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Observieduastsestas waceeeen he F 3 5 I VEER NACUAG a “An eho aNG Obes MC EE 34° 4.5 ie Mean winter production of 2? @ i nGlicatieel CASS oocoscanoe 58.67 eggs 15.20 eggs O eggs B. With 2 2 9 indicated to be of class 3 = flil. Fhh. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Observed wee ee eer en Wee 2 5 (0) ISGRNGGHOON: shee Cla dh Golee wind ten ob 2.6 3.5 0.9 Mean winter production of 2 @ im shoalteanieal CASS ooo oaanovc 37.50 eggs 14.60 eggs INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 335 Cee Wirien se nidicated to bevot class) 40— 72h. FLL. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero @rSetwedinres scp eee 2 2 (0) of BEDOCHG| eta em oe sata 2 Zz 0 Mean winter production of 2 2 nm taghicaieél CASS sonceoococ 40.50 eggs 23.00 eges All 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero ODSetvied iy ante ot) washes 7 12 I IELEDOCUAG has Se Oe PP ee as 8 10) 2 Mean winter production ...... 47.43 eggs 16.25 eges 0 eggs _ While the families in this case are small, the evidence of seg- regation in about the expected proportions is clear. B.P.R. 8 556. Indicated constitution = fl:Ls. fhi.. This male was hatched in 1908 and used in the breeding pens in 1909. He proved a good breeder and got a fairly large num- ber of adult daughters which were tested in respect to fecundity in the laying year 1909-10. As noted above he was the sire of class 4 ¢ 566. ‘The breeding history of ¢ 556 follows. Matimgs:.A. With 4 Q 9 indicated to be of class 1 = fL,L,. Fil. ? Progeny Winter Production; Over 30 Under 30 Zero Wsenvied: shoes ce chews 8% 10% 4 FEE VACUOCM CO OE 8.6 I.5 2 Mean winter egg production of all daughters in indicated CAS GMa a Weiss RMes cig Suen ecietets 43.75 eggs 19.60 eggs 0 eggs V. With 9 2 2 indicated to be of class 2 = fL,L,. FL,I.. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Clo Se CI IRRS a Teer Ae 10z 102 ) Ic DGSHGG) Ms BORE PR Oe 10.5 10.5 O Mean winter egg production of all daughters in indicated SEIS: eat Se Oe ate oN 47.00 eggs 10.60 eggs 3360 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ1i2. All 2° Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Obsenviedas sisciew a min eee se 19 Bi 4 HE DEGLOU Le my Met Pe nae 19.1 Be 2.9 Mean winter production ...... 46.00 eggs 10.60 eggs 0 eggs The agreement here between observation and expectation is indeed remarkably close, and with a fairly large progeny. Summary of results of all matings of class 4 males. Pro- ceeding as before we may bring together here the results for each particular gametic combination taking all individuals to- gether. While class 4 males were not used as often in these experiments as those of class 7, still the numbers involved are sufficiently large to give quite definite evidence regarding the segregation of fecundity factors. TABILIE, 107 Showing the results of all matings of class 4 6 3 X& class 1 ¢ & ee : Pll x Se PGE NuMBER oF INDIVID- UALS INVOLVED IN WINTER HGG PRODUCTION OF DAUGHTERS Matines or Tuts Typr | 'Total adult 2 cho foRe) Class Over 30 | Under 30 Zero | progeny | | iit | | Observed 21 ae 8 59 Hea | Expected 22.1 | 29.5 Volt Mean winter egg production of all) | | Q- © in indicated class.......... 48.85 eggs 16.34 eggs) » 0 eggs) TABLE 18 Showing the results of all matings of class 436 3 X class 2 2 9 FLL. . flsl2 x fLiLe : JBibalb, NuMBER OF INDIVID- UALS INVOLVED IN WINTER EaGc PRODUCTION OF DAUGHTERS Marines or Tuts Typr |Total adult 2 Je oxo) Class Over 30 | Under 30 | Zero | progeny | 3 16 | Observed 21 16.5 0 38 Expected 19 19 0 | Mean winter production of all 92) | inbindicated classe jms ere tll oease eggs|16.69 eggs | \ INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. Bez TABLE 19 Saacving the results of all matings of ClaSS 4) or class 4-2) 2 FLL, _ fll <. fla. FLL NuMBER OF INDIVID- UALS INVOLVED IN WINTER Eca@ PRopucTION OF DAUGHTERS Matines or Tots Typr | | | Total adult Q fotoh ieXe) | Class - | Over 30 | Under 30 Zero progeny i} | | 2 + Observed 5 5 0 10 Expected 5 5 0 Mean winter production of all @ Q| in indicated class..... iolaaioia soe 43.40 eggs'13.60 eggs | TABLE 20 Showing the results of all matings of class 4 36 & X all classes of 2 @ General Summary Number oF INDIVID-_ : UALS INVOLVED IN Winter EaG PRopucTION OF DAUGHTERS MatTines or THis Typr | | ‘Total adult 2 loot | exe) | Class | Over 30 | Under 30 | Zero | progeny 4 43 | Observed 514 | 624 - 11 125 Expected 61.45 | 62.5 11.05 | | Mean winter production of all 2 9} | imuinaveated Class!\....). 26-202 - 47.94 eggs)15.34 eggs| 0 eggs) No closer agreement between observation and expectation than is here shown could be expected. The results of the mat- ings discussed in this section confirm completely the general con- clusions reached above from an examination of the matings of class 7 males. Matinas of Barred Plymouth Rock males of class 3. Males of this class have a gametic constitution fli: fll. That is, they are homozygous with respect to the second, or ex- cess, production factor, and heterozygous with respect to the first. Two males of this type were used in the experiments. B.P.R. 8 65. Indicated constitution = flils. fhe This male was purchased in 1908 from Mr. Wesley B. Bar- ton, Dalton, Mass. Nothing is known of his breeding so far as 338 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912. concerns fecundity, but in all probability no particular effort towards breeding for high egg productiveness had ever been made in the stock from which he came. He was bred as a cockerel in the season of 1908 with the results set forth below. Matings: A. With 1 2 indicated to be of class 1 = fL,L.. Fl. ¢ Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 20 Zero Observes Novite kell whee: FG T I A DESIRE orien sn ea ema ree AO 6.75 2.25 0) Mean winter production of all Oy ini aindicated classy ses. 53.00 eggs 19.00 eggs O eggs B. With 1 @ indicated to be of class 6 = f1,L.. Flys. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Observed) ea tue Oe 2 et (0) EMG DCCIEOasreta Nee ean er ea DiS yn a GnG O Mean winter production of all SQ iim iiaaliomied, CASS 5.4565 37.00 eges 18.67 eggs All 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Obsenvicdeamaesae cen arisen 9 4 I EVA D CGC Ute wae ate en ha ees ona 9.25 4.75 6) Mean winter production ...... 49.44 eges 18.75 eggs Oeggs In this case, while the number of successful matings was small, the families were relatively large. In the case of 2 366, set down here as probably of class 6, it should be said that this conclusion as to her gametic constitution is reached from a study of her daughters’ and granddaughters’ behavior. Her own win- ter egg record was 33, which on this view is regarded as a somatic fluctuation from the Zi (Under 30) class. B.P.R. ¢ 68. Indicated constitution = fl.ls. fll. As in the case of ¢ 65 nothing is known regarding the breeding of this bird, it having been purchased from Mr. Geo. W. Hillson, of Amenia, N. Y., early in 1908. It was bred as a cockerel the same season. The only matings to get adult daugh- ters were those with class 1 females. The breeding history is as follows: INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 339 Matings: A. With 4 9 9 indicated to be of class 1 = fL,0e2. Flik. All 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero @serere clip ae re tekraicl ccm teny since e 13 5 2 LEE NACHEGH aay oe RIN ere Li rah T5 5 ) Mean winter production of all Pecein indicated classes: ssa: 50.00 eggs 25.20 eggs 0 eggs The facts regarding the two zero birds here are of interest. According to theory no bird of this class should appear from any of these matings. One of these zero birds, E1g2, laid her first egg March 4, 1909, and proved thereafter, during the re- productive period (March 1 to June 1) to be a fairly good layer, with a total production for the period of 51 eggs. Her laying during this and the subsequent summer period both 1n respect to its amount and its distribution, impresses one as like that of a bird carrying J. rather than like that of a ‘gen- etic’ zero winter layer lacking this factor. [ am of the opinion that this was the case. This bird, on such a view, would repre- sent an extreme physiological variant in respect te the beginning of laying. While apparently bearing L, this factor did not come to expression until much later than under normal circumstances. The other zero bird was pathological in respect to her repro- ductive organs. She never laid an egg and died July 16, 1900. The autopsy record is as follows, plainly showing that the zero record of this bird cannot be taken as any indication whatever of her gametic constitution in respect to fecundity. Autopsy of E 318, July 16, 19009. Body weight, 1730 grams. Hatched March 31, 1908. Oviduct small: parts of it contained masses of hard- ened secretion. Ovary with no large odcytes. One small yolk resorb- ‘ing. Body cavity filled with masses of hard yolk enclosed in peritoneal sacs. Some of these masses were small and attached to mesentery. Some were large. A large mass filled the dorsal part of body cavity on left side pushing over by a neck and connected by this with a similar mass on right side. This was partly hollow and in the cavity the sur- face was covered with a fruiting ‘fungus resembling Penicillium. The peritoneum covering the masses of hard yolk formed adhesions with the viscera so that the intestine and oviduct were a bundle of adhesions clinging to these yolk masses. It is only possible to summarize separately class 3 ¢ matings for class 1 females. his is done in table 21. 340 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Ig t2. TABLE 21 Showing the results of all matings of class 3 6 3 X class r 2 Q FLL. . flLL. X FLL, . Fhi, NuMBER OF INDIVID- UALS INVOLVED IN WinteR EaG Propuctrion oF DAUGHTERS Matines oF Tuts Tyrer | Total adult 2 oles 2° Class | Over 30 | Under 30 Zero | progeny 2 5 Observed 20 | 6 3 29 | Expected BLS | 7.25 0 Mean winter production of all 9 2 ria Thavelneeyieel CSIs 560560000 565 56.90 eggs|24.17 eggs O eggs TABLE 22 Showing the results of all matings of class 3 3 & with 2 & of all classes NuMBER OF INDIvID- UALS INVOLVED IN WiInTER Eae PrRopucrion OF DAUGHTERS Matines or Tuts Typr : Total adult @ loket RON ri Class Over 30 Under 30 Zero offspring 2 6 Observed 22 9 3 34 Expected 24.25 DWH 0 Mean winter production of all 2 @ | rin, roaveliesuneel GIES 5,555 555040gb ue 55.09 eggs/22.33 eggs O eggs All matings of class 3 males are summarizeca in table 22. The evidence for the segregation of high and low fecundity, as measured by winter egg production is quite as clear from the matings of class 3 ¢ é as from those of class 7 or class 4 3 6 previously considered. ; Matings of Barred Plymouth Rock males of class 2. Four males of this class were used in the experiments. None of them got a large number of adult daughters. It will be noted from table 9 that males of this class (gametic formula fils. fale) should produce daughters with winter records ‘Over 30’ and ‘Under 30’ in equal numbers regardless of the type of females with which the mating is made. The only basis for classifying the females in such matings is then the breeding behavior of their progeny, and particularly their daughters. INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 341 B.P.R. 8 32. Indicated constitution = fils. lal: This male was hatched from Station stock in the spring of 1907 and bred in 1908. Nothing is known of his ancestry except that his mother was a ‘200-egg’ hen. His breeding history follows: Matimys: A. With 2 2 9 indicated to be of class 1 = fL,L,.. Fhh. ° Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero @irsenvie deve cee stays rvs es ee 4 3 O BEC OCHEE ETO Nigra Bea nas ee 3.5 3.5 O Mean winter production of all Pe tneimcicated Classen er. 52.50 eggs 14.33 eggs (BPR. 6 57. Indicated constituion = fliLs fla. This male was purchased from Pine Top Poultry Farm, Hart- wood, N. Y. in 1908 and bred as a cockerel that year. Matings: A. With 2 2 @ indicated to be of class < = fL,L,. FL,h. = 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero @losetve diiiae fm. eentahsanens 2 I (9) Ec hacicih Gate ee eee Th 7s fo) Mean winter production of all : : Pain indicated class: <5... 38.00 eggs 24.00 eggs B. With 2 2 2 indicated to be of class 3 = fL,),. Fills. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero OjSemnvedie ane it ee 4 3 oO IESE DOCUGT Fame toe O en Oe 3.5 3.5 O Mean winter production of all 2 © ia siaahieanedl CASS seu5oe 62.75 eggs 23.00 eggs All 2? Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero ‘CLIDSICTAY GIG len eee Eee ea 6 4 0) IED OCUGGIIT Soe ORation iale nic 5 5 fo) Mean winter production of all 2 2 in indicated class ...... 54.50 ees 23.25 eggs 342 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912. Baie dé M7.) lndicatedaconstinution:——) yj aliss jae This cockerel was hatched in 1907 from a .‘200-egg’ mother and was bred in the spring of 1908. Matings: A. With 2 2 @ indicated to be of class 3 = fLib. Fil. Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero ODS Ere Cie iene, sede one 3 3 (e) BER DAC ZO ASB alg au fis berHine 3 Pl 8 O Mean winter production of all 2 2 in indicated class ...... 47.00 eggs 12.33 eggs B.P.R. 6 70. ‘This cockerel was purchased from Mr. M. L. Chapman, Farmington, Conn., and used in the breeding season of 1908. Nothing is known if his previous history. Matings: A. With 3 @ 2 indicated to be of class 2 = fL,L,. FL,l. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Observed iermewse sce ee at 4 5 0) IDEA NAGHEGS oro A ess eLeea Sei aelat 4.5 4.5 O Mean winter production of all CeO Pinenncicakedaelassy meer 68.25 eggs 19.00 eggs ‘Bee Wathe2eeeeeincicated tobe voneclass 3p—=syleqlewe ler ¢ Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero OPservedainw soe cescaee opetens 2 I ) J DEPT OICUEO MI Raa Aire oye Othe 1.5 Tage a) Mean winter production of all © 2 in indicated class ....-.. 51.50 eggs 25.00 eggs All 9 Progeny. Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Observed ernie sae ators sence 6 6 9) EMA DOGT EON ae Cant By Sen eee dante 6 6 O Mean winter production ...... 62.67 eggs 20.00 eggs Summary of results of all matings of class 2 maies. he summarized results of the above matings are set forth in table 22 INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 343 TABLE 23 Showing the results of all matings of class 2 6 3 X class 2 2 9 Flas. fla << fLsL.. FLLL NuMBER OF INDIVID- WINTER EGG PRopuUCTION OF DAUGHTERS UALS INVOLVED IN Matines or Tuts Typr Total adult 2 lotto °° Class Over 30 | Under 30 Zero progeny 2 5 Observed 6 6 (0) 12 Expected 6 6 Mean_winter egg production of all ; © @ in indicated class.......... 58.17 eggs/19.83 eggs TABLE 24 Showing the results of all matings of class 26 6 X class 3 2 9 peglha ° foLoalls << eile . lbs NuMBER or INDIVID- UALS INVOLVED IN _ WINTER EGG PRoDUCTION OF DAUGHTERS Matines or Tuts Typr Total adult 9 loflot oe} Class Over 30 Under 30 Zero progeny 3 6 Observed 9 7 0 16 Expected 8 8 0 ! Mean winter production of all 2 9 in indicated class.........:..... 55.00 eggs/18.71 eggs TABLE 25 Showing the results of all matings of class 2 6 3 X all classes of 2 2 NUMBER OF INDIVID- UALS INVOLVED IN WINTER EGG PRODUCTION OF DAUGHTERS Matines or THis Typr Total adult 2 foot | °° Class Over 30 | Under 30 Zero progeny at x! th hese ee 4 13 Observed 19 16 (0) 35 Expected UH 17.6 0 ! — — Mean winter production of all 9 9 in indicated class........... ..../55.47 eggs|/18.31 eggs 344 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I012. It is clear that the four class 2 males produced a progeny generation, which, though relatively small in absolute numbers, agrees very closely in respect to its gametic distribution with the expected results. Matings of a Barred Plymouth Rock male of class 8. Males of class 8 are homozygous with respect to the absence of the nrst production factor, and heterozygous for the second, their gametic formula being fhL:. fll... But one bird of this type was used in the experiments. B.P.R. & 26. Indicated constitution = fhle flik. This was one of the original stock in 1908. Nothing further is known of his breeding than that he was the son of a bird that had laid 200 or more eggs in her pullet year. His dam must have been of class 1, since a class 2 9 could not produce a class 8 6. Male 26 was bred as a cockerel in 1908 with the follow- ing results: Matings: A. With 2 2 9 indicated to be of class 1 = fL,L. fh. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 -Under 30 Zero @bsenviedittansacwcnen matte 23 Oz 5 ERA AGE COkeMn. tartrate tens ah 4.25 8.5 4.25 Mean winter production of all 2 © im inmmalieeeecl CASS 5.5¢55000s 35.00 9.890 eggs 0 eggs B. With 5 2 2 indicated to be of class 4 = fl. FL,I.. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 20 Under 30 Zero Obsenviedvr Nays i. 4 seated er. 6 Or). (0) EP CCUCO MER a viieciats sear t erste 6) 6 O Mean winter productions of all © 2 im indicated class! 2-...- 69.00 eggs 15.83 eggs All 2 Progeny. Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Observiedliieetvrn. «enn nome 83 i5z 5 ILA AGU OMNIA Olttcnd Olotia UeteIIo OS Ue 10.25 14.5 4.25 Mean winter production ...... 60.50 eggs 12.26 eggs 0 eggs INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 345 One of the five females (2 397) of class 4 actually laid 31 eggs in her winter period and hence was literally an ‘Over 30’ bird. There can be no doubt, however, that this record is merely a fluctuation, and that 2 307 is really a class 4 bird of the constitution indicated. ‘This is shown by her progeny. Matings of a Barred Plymouth Rock male of class 1. Males of class 1 are extremely interesting both from the theoretical and the practical standpoint, since they are homozygous with respect to the presence of both fecundity factors. In conse- quence, all the daughters of any male of this class, regardless of the females with which he is mated, should be high producers. In the course of the experiments here under discussion only one male of this type has been used in the breeding pens, and owing to an unfortunate accident he was available for breeding only during a single season. This 4 no. 550 was a remarkably fine and vigorous bird. He was easily the best bird, in respect to all fancy and utility points, out of the hundreds of cockerels raised the same year. He produced by the mating of a class 3 ¢ (Gaye) pO00, supra) and a classa 9. That is, (G68) fLLe flies X fll, Fl, (@C161) v $550 flrls flaLs This is a particularly interesting pedigree to anyone acquaint- ed with the practical breeding and breeders of Barred Plymouth Rocks in this country, because, as already pointed out, 3 68 was purchased from Mr. G. W. Hillson, of Amenia, N. Y. Now it is generally supposed. and indeed has been stated by Mr. Hillson in his advertising, that his stock was founded from Mr. E. B. Thompson’s ‘Ringlet’ strain, a stock very well known for quality in color and barring, but not commonly believed to be of any particular value for utility purposes. Yet here we have produced from this strain a male bird of the highest pos- sible utility value, namely one that gets high-producing daugh- ters regularly and without fail, regardless of the females to which he may be mated. The breeding history of ¢ 550 is as follows: Matings: A. With 5% 9 9 indicated to be classes 1 or 2=fL,l2 Fly Onin, PL ls. 346 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. B. With 42 ¢ 9 indicated to be of classes 3, 4, or 6 = fL,b. Fil, or Pal, Ll, Oe alle, JEUbly. y All 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30. Under 30 Zero ODServiedint wea Metres cee 168 3 I TER DECI COON MAN way te hates eae Ones 18 ) O Mean winter production of all OPO in medicated class! 65 4. BINH egosiai wt | 0 eggs ‘See p. 312 for explanation of the convention of dividing the birds which lay exactly 30 eggs in the winter period. The one daughter (F379) with the zero record was evidently abnormal in respect to her reproductive organs. During the last days of September and early October she began and kept up for a period of over a week daily visits to the nest (cf. section on “Matings of Barred Plymouth Rock males with Barred F: females”) This is normally a sure indication of ap- proaching laying. Further, birds which begin in this way not only are precocious in laying but make high winter records. This bird, however, stopped at once, and neither visited a nest, nor laid until late the next spring and then laid only a few eggs. There is little doubt that in this case the hereditary basis for high production was present (L:L.) but failed of expression for purely physiological reasons. Unfortunately no post-mortem examination of this bird was made, the fact of her abnormality not having been recognized until too late to make such an exam- ination possible. It was unfortunate that ¢ 550 could not have been used dur- ing several breeding seasons. Even with the limited progeny actually available, however, the contrast between this bird and the others which have been discussed abeve is sufficiently strik- ing. Doubtful cases. In 1908 a Barred Plymouth Rock ¢ no. 61 was successfully mated with 3 9 9. ‘The winter production — records were as follows: Mothers winter production Daughters winter production COPD 79 oe endeneso I over 30 Owunder 30 © zero * © D168 Over 30 2 over 30 10 under 30 1 zero 2 Doo Under 30 2 over 20 5 under 30 © zero INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL, 347 The case is a difficult one, because of the behavior of certain of the daughters in subsequent matings. The most probable in- terpretation of the facts is that ¢ 61 belonged to class 4, and that D168 is a @ of class 1, but that in certain of her daugh- ters bearing L2, this character did not come to full expression, giving a winter record of under 30. ‘Three of the ro daughters of @ D168 recorded as “Under 30’ laid 25 or more eggs in the winter period. If we suppose these to be really L: birds, we should then have the following gametic distribution of 168’s daughters. Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero @bsenvedeer. ioe 5 7 I EM GCGLC Un Whe aie uses cite te 4.5 6.5 2 This is as closeas could be expected. Female Doo may be of either class 3 or 4. The data at hand do not enable one to determine with certainty between these possibilities. Female Dr57’s only daughter left no adult offspring, and therefore it is not possible to make any conjecture as to her constitution, beyond the fact that she was probably not of class I or 2. In the case of a number of males the families of adult daugh- ters obtained were so small in size as to make impossible any ac- curate determination of the gametic constitution of tle mothers used. All of these cases are here grouped together in one table. TABLE 26 Showing the results in respect to fecundity of daughters from pure Barred Rock matings in which the families were too small in size or number to permit classification as to gametic constitution | DauGHTERS’ WINTER PRODUCTION ot No. or 2 9 MatTEp pes ns one / Over 30 Under 30 Zero 60 5 6 4 1 16 2 4 1 0 5 2 3 1 0 11 14 14 11 | 1 527 5 4 4 0) 555 8 5 8 (0) 551 11 9 8 1 MOUSE. s/s! 47 45 eG 3 5 248 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912. It will be seen from this table that these families had on the average fewer than two adult daughters each, too small a num- ber with which to work. This makes clear again the difficulty with which one has always to contend in practice in work with fecundity, namely that of getting even reasonably large families of normal adu/t daughters. One hatches a large number of chicks in order to supply thieves, crows. rats, hawks, etc., and finally get a small number of adult females available for the study of fecundity. Fecundity in fowls is not, as has been pointed out before, in all respects an ideal character for the investigation of the laws of inheritance. Summary of results of all pure Barred Rock matings The data presented in detail in this section of the paper, which deals with the matings of Barred Plymouth Rock males and females inter se, would appear to demonstrate the following points. 1. ‘That there is a definite and clean-cut segregation (in the Mendelian sense) of high fecundity and low fecundity, the char- acter ‘fecundity’ being here measured by winter egg production. The mode of inheritance is such as to indicate that winter egg production depends upon two separately inherited physiological factors. The presence of both of these factors (L. and Lz) is essential to a high fecundity record. The second factor Le, without which high fecundity never appears is inherited in a sex-correlated manner, such that it is never borne in the same gamete that carries the female sex-factor F. 2. That the things segregated are perfectly definite and dis- tinct. This is shown by the mean or average production records of the birds falling into the several fecundity classes. The birds bearing the factors for high fecundity have mean winter produc- tion records ranging from two to five or six times as great as the mean production records of birds lacking these high fecun- dity factors. Such differences as these do not depend upon re- fined statistical analysis for their detection and appreciation. While by no means all the possible gametic combinations in respect to fecundity within the Barred Rock breed have yet been made, still the range covered by the data given above is fairly wide. All classes of females except the zero producers (class INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 349 5) have been repeatedly tested in the breeding pens in various different combinations. The zero winter producing females have been fairly often bred, but the difficulties of getting chick- ens hatched within the necessary time limits and in sufficient number to get adult daughters for fecundity work have been too great for the available resources. Of the nine possible types _ of males six have been tested in various combinations. It may fairly be said, I think, that in its range, its quality and its amount, the evidence from the pure Barred Rock matings, as set forth in the preceding sections, is sufficient alone to demon- strate the Mendelian inheritance of fecundity in the breed of fowls. If, however, the principles set forth above for Plymouth Rocks are true, they ought to apply, in general at least, to other breeds of fowls and to crosses, with, of course, possible limita- tions and modifications in particular instances. It is desirable, therefore, to examine the results regarding the inheritance of fecundity in other breeds and crosses. This we may proceed to do. Cormsh Indian Game matings The strain of Cornish Indian Game fowls used in these expe- riments is characterized, as has already been pointed out, by very poor egg production. There is no evidence that any of the individuals, either male or female, ever carry the second fecundity factor [.. These birds therefore represent the ex- treme condition in the wav of low fecundity as compared with the Barred Plymouth Rocks. The Cornish Indian Game is an old breed and if one may judge from poultrymen’s accounts, there certainly have existed in the past, and probably exist now strains of birds belonging to this breed which are fairly good layers. Such strains, which are in marked contrast to the one here used, undoubtedly carry in some combination, the second fecundity factor [,. There is nothing extraordinary, or contradictory to the results of the present paper, in such a fact (if it be a fact). Indeed it will be shown, in a later section of this paper, how it has been possi- ble experimentally to form synthetically high laying Game hens, 1.e., to put the factor ZL. into their hereditary constitution (cf. section on /: matings ). 350 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I09Q12. Owing to limitation of space and for other reasons it has not been possible to carry on the fecundity studies with this breed on anything like the same scale as with the Barred Rocks. Therefore the numbers here dealt with will be smaller than in _ the previous section. They will be sufficient, however, to indi- cate clearly the hereditary constitution of the material. Of the possible types of C.1.G. ¢ 4 in respect to fecundity as set forth in table 7, two (class 2 and class 3) have actually been used im pure Comushameavinesc(her CalkCn cia Clk Erno). Matings of a Cornish Indian Game male of class 2 (table 7). This ¢, no. 558, was hatched in the spring of 1908 and used to head a pure Cornish pen in 1909. His breeding record indicated that he was of class 2, with a constitution f/Jl. fli. His breed- ing history was as follows: ! Matings: A. With 5 2 9 indicated to be of class 1 (Tabie 8) = flik. FL yl, 9 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Observed ivy ee ae T 9 ) ERP COLGM aa na Maa ie eae 0 Ta (0) Mean winter production of au 2 2 in indicated class ...... 37.00 eggs 8.50 eges B. With 2 9 2 indicated to be of classes 2 or 3 = fll, FL,I. or fLih. Fils 9 Progeny _ Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Obsenveditepuciec. et nccvecumeress a) 5 3 IDERVOCTAG hese Ue On ao So O 6 2 Mean winter production of all 2 © isa shachieawedl ClAES .a.55¢ 8.00 eggs 0 eggs All 2 Progeny Winter Production ° Oucr 30 Under 30 Zero Observedves ee. eet wees I 14 3 TERT AenT AON Wns ss epee tare BEE 0) 16 2 Mean winter production ...... 37.06 8.36 eggs 0 eggs The one bird recorded here as ‘Over 30’ laid but 37 eggs. Her progeny show clearly and unmistakably that she did not bear Ls. That is to say, her record is a somatic fluctuation above the 30 limit, and has no gametic foundation. ‘The agreement be- INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 351 tween observation and expectation on a gametic basis is really perfect for mating A. ‘Taken as a whole the facts speak for themselves. ‘The contrast with the results of Barred Rock mat- ings is striking. Matings of a Cormsh Indian Game mule of class 3 (table 7). Male no. 578 was hatched in 1909 and used in the breeding pens the following year. His breeding record shows that he was homozygous with respect to the absence of both fecundity factors, having the constitution fll. fhl. He then belongs to class 3 of table 7. His breeding record is as follows: - Matings: A. With 4 2 indicated to be of classes 2 or 3 = fh . FLal or flals Fi,ls. 9 Progeny Winter Production: Over 20 Under 30 Zero @ setae disse aes cena el uel I 9 8 JPME DOCU NMEA Resa ede anata aint ) 9 9 Mean winter production of all 2 @ in indicated classes .... 39.00 eggs 13.1] eggs 0 eggs B. With r 2 indicated to be of class 4 = fi,l. Fil. 9 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero WW Served es Fe pies ny Rasta ae 0 (e) 4 [ESE DOGT At Meo Salts te e ) H Mean winter ege production of all 2 2 in indicated class ..... 0 eges All 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero inser veda: cs 5. ihe snooty I 0 T2 . LEE DOGO arte he eae ie ER i) 9 1? Mean winter production ...... 39.00 ges 13.1T eges Oeges Here again as in the previous case the single ‘Over 30’ record is a somatic fluctuation, without gametic significance. Leaving this cut of account, or rather putting it in the “Under 30’ class where it belongs, the agreement between observation and ex- pectation is very close. 252 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912, Summary of results of Cornsh Indian Game matings Summarizing all pure Cornish matings which invelved 2 3 ¢ amd 20 ¢ 2 (G.1.G. ¢ x CLG ©) we have the fcllowime results : All 2 Progeny. Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero @bservedin y Mae Ae eee 2 23 15 ECP CGLED tam ener UA Winey 0 25 TS Mean winter production ...... 38.00 eggs 10.22 eges 0 eggs Counting the two ‘Over 30’ records as somatic fluctuations belonging gametically to the ‘Under 30’ class the agreement be- tween observation and theory is perfect. This it is seen that the same hypothesis which has been shown te account for the inheritance of fecundity in the Barred Plymouth Rock breed characterized in general by relatively high egg production, also accounts perfectly for the inheritance of this character in the entirely unrelated Cornish Indian Game breed, which is charac- terized by relatively poor egg production. Reciprocal crosses of Barred Plymouth Rocks and Cornish In- dian Games. F1 generation In connection with studies of the inheritance of plumage patterns’ and colors extensive experiments in crossing these two breeds have been carried out (cf. 40, 41). The results of these experiments in respect to fecundity form a crucial test of the validity of the Mendelian interpretation of the data from pure races set forth in the preceding pages. If the interpretation which has been given is correct it should account for the obsery- ed results in the /1, /: and subsequent cross-bred generations. Should it fail when subjected to this test, it would necessitate its acceptance with great reservation, if at all, for the pure races. On the other hand, agreement of the results from these cross- bred matings with those obtained from the pure-bred would afford the strongest confirmation which it is possible experimen- tally to obtain of the essential soundness of the general conclu- sions reached. INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. Bo8 Matings of Barred Plymouth Rock males and Cornish Indias, Game females. ‘Two different males were used successfully” in matings of this sort. Both of these birds were of class 7, having the gametic constitution fiL:. file, One of them ( 8 554) was used in a number of pure B.P.R. matings with results already discussed in a previous section. Matings of B. P. R. -6 559. Indicated constitution = fly. fll. i Matings: A. With 9 Cornish 9 @ indicated to be of classes 2 or 3 PR or fll. Pll, @ Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 .Under 30 Zero Wisenvieds satan aatra ans ee 18 17 2 HEM VEGLEM: ye ak ela esscpo ies vee 18.5 18.5 ) Mean winter egg production of alll 2 2 ic iinGkicawe! Class 5. 46.38 eggs 15.00 eggs 0 eggs If we suppose the two zero birds to represent somatic fluctua- tions the agreement between observation and expectation is very close. Both these zero birds were late hatched and all the facts regarding them indicate that they carried /., but for phy- siological reasons did not bring it to expression. B. With 1 Cornish 2 indicated to be of class 1 = fll . (Iba. @ Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero @isenvedia snetecm, state ose 5 I ) VME GTCOs oa st hclas ci setcnsrueceke 6 0 6) Mean winter egg production of all 2 2 of indicated class .... 42.75 eges20 eggs There is little doubt about this mating being of the type indi- cated, in spite of the one bird laying ‘Under 30.’ Her winter record was 20 eggs and she was a late (June) hatched bird. She probably carried LZ, but this cannot be positively asserted because no male bird from her was mated. Only in this way could the point be settled. “7.e., got adult daughters. 354. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IOi2- All 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Observed sien apenas mnmE 23 18 2 EPPO ClO dS. a, cae es pane rey 24.5 18.5 0 Mean winter production ...... 46.09 eggs 15.22 eggs 0 eggs Matings of B.P.R. 8 554. This male has been shown above from his mating with Barred Rock females, to be of class 7 with the gametic constitution fhL», fll. He was successfully mated with one Cornish Indian Game @ of class 2. From this mating we have @ Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Olisenvedweny i eneyn ee oe en! I 3 (0) LEE INAG NEUSE aes toehen Teen kak age 2 2 0 Mean winter production ...:.. 49 19.33 eggso eggs Putting all the results together we have for all matings of DBI IRE (OV MC IG a he 9 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Observe dior teianmenen ian cn: 24 21 2 TPA PC CLO UES euch aati sneer c es 53 26.5 BO 6) Mean winter production ...... 46.22 eggs 15.86 eggs 0 eggs We see here the same agreement between observation and expectation which has appeared in the previous cases with pure matings. Attention may next be turned to the reciprocal cross. Matings of Cornish Indian Game males and Barred Plymouth Rock females. Four different Cornish males were used in these matings and got adult daughters. Their breeding histories fol- low. Matings of C..G. @ 558. This bird was used in pure Cornish matings and there shown to be of class 2 (C.I.G.) with constitu- tion fL,l. fll. His breeding history in producing F.. females was as follows: INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN* DOMESTIC FOWL. 355 Wonmosc oN. \Waithe2) B: Pick: 2 2 indicated to be of class 1 = £2£,2,. FI, @ Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero L@n Serviedss 2 lai cratmly oma A 14 2 IT SS DCU ee eee es AI SR Rec a) 15 5 Mean winter production of all 2 © ina iinchicawedl Class, 645500 51.75 eggs 15.70 eggs O eggs The four birds with ‘Over 30’ records are apparently out- standing exceptions. It should be noted that these birds came from mothers whose gametic constitution was of the general type Li. Lx, This would seem to suggest that in this case the presence of L, in the mother, even though it did not pass to tny of the F-bearing gametes, nevertheless in some manner or other modified the 1: in these gametes so that a higher produc- tion in the progeny resulted. In other words. these cases sug- gest ‘intra-zygotic influence’ of the gametic factors upon one another, such as is frequently suggested by the conditions ob- served in heterozygotes, and lately has been discussed by Daven- pommion7) and Wanehlin (23) The winter records ot these four birds are to be regarded as wide fluctuations, since when bred they gave no indications of carrying F2. B. With 1B. P. R. @ indicated to be of class 3 = fal. Fhh. @ Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero @servediows wr. ae weak nA etc a) 3) I BES DOCH: Mg geeks Ae io oe eOn O 3 I Mean winter production of 9 @ imnadiGated: classiest saci 4% 6.00 eggs 0 eggs All 2 Progeny. Winter Production: Over 20 Under 30 Zero (ID ASKS 4 17 3 [El 5 ECHO har Cee eee ee fo) 18 6 Mean winter production ...... 51.75 eges 14.00 eggs 0 eggs Matings of C1I.G. 8 557. Indicated constitution: class 3 WenLG: oO == fle. file. 350 MAINE AGRICULTURAL LXPERIMENT STATION. IQT2. Matings: A. With 6 B.P.R. & @ indicated to be of class 2 = fL,Ln. BIL. @ Progeny Winter Production: Quer 30 Under 30 Zero ODS er V.cclp wesc ene, ees oie 0) 17 fe) Neb NCTM HCH ms mane Ne APNE AUN ARNE 0 17 ) Mean winter production of 2 9 Hm timGbicawedl ClASS oooc050506 12.88 eggs Bay With) 1 BabaRe Ovindicared sone oteclasswi—— pn ayaa 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero @bsetaviedists) were och eater seg ) I (e) DEATH AGS lene Racin oR raze SE 0 it (6) Observed winter production ... 10 eggs © 9 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 3 Zero Observed Bem tee corte (0) 18 (0) BEE PACED so aeb5 0008s ac Fear Op cae col O Mean winter production ... 12.72 eggs The accordance between observations and expectation here is perfect. Maung of CI.G. 6 520. Indicated constitution: \ class72 Matings: A. With 1 9 indicated to be of class 1 = fL,L.. Fl. ~ 9g Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Obsenveditereaccaar ceria I I I IDES ABAD) Sn Go Betis a aera Gre aD ) 2.25 0.75 Observed winter production ... 46eggs 13 eggs oO eggs This mating by itself is, of course, without any particular sig- nificance. B. With 6 2 9 indicated to be of class 2 = fL,1.. FJ.,L. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 20 Zero Observed (x aes eee eae aie ae 5 12 (0) IER AG ACOM: cin Gea tots Ger aero 0 17 oO Mean winter productions of all © 2 in indicated class ....: xe: 41.60 eggs 11.07 eggs INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 257 Here, again, as in the case of ¢ 558 there are seen to be several birds with winter records of over 30 eggs, when none is expected. C. With 3 2 2 indicated to be of class 7 = FLL. FE Walla 2 Progeny Winter Production: : Over 3 Under 30 Zero Oibeereecln waaay teen cole I 3 2 [EPRAGICOI® A see ae ae ee 0 3 3 Mean winter production of all 2 © iim machen Class 55500 - 45 eggs 13.00eggs 0 eggs All 2 Progeny. Winter Production: Qver 30 Under 30 Zero Winservedi Naren. actus eysiet a 16 3 ESC DEGHAD ee Ske eae Eo 0) 22.25 3.75 Mean winter production ...... 42.71 eggs 12.00 eggs 0 eggs The seven birds with records “Over 30’ belong gametically to the “Under 30’ class, and their records are somatic fluctuations. This is shown both by their history and by their behavior in F2, all having been bred. oe Matings of C.I.G. & 578. This male has been shown from his matings with pure Cornish females to belong to class 3 of CLG. 3 8 (= fl. fle). His matings with Barred Rock fe- males are as follows: Matings: A. With 2 B.P.R. ¢ 2 indicated to be of class 2 = fL,Lo. Jee 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero O@bsenved’S 52.52. aces Sosice ee (a) 3 ) ACCC Mg os al ets ee hs es ) 3 ) Mean winter production of MATONAELS | sedan sca e elec seete ie 6.33 eggs B. With 1 @ indicated to be of class 4 = fll. FL jh. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Wace mviede vy os ch eich ecco wsiocs I 4 0) ERAN EGLG Up Roepe aatslsrei aves ete as 0 5 O Mean winter production of daughters in indicated class 42eggs 11.00 eggs Oeges 358 MAINE AGRICCL TURAL ESPERIM ENT SPATTON: IQ12. All 2 Progeny. Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30. Zero Ojnevereietalia costresg teen aeuahy alam i 7 (0) LEESON! Vane eia eluate. eee @ 8 0 Mean winter production ...... 42 eges 9.00 eggs There are no data from which to make sure whether the one bird with an ‘Over 30’ record represented a fluctuation from the “Under 30’ class. It probably did, but this cannot be positively asserted. Summary of all F: matings Putting together the results of the matings of all Cornish Indian Game males with Barred Rock females, we have for the actual observations : 2 Progeny—Raw Data Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Gn Sravie dite icee meus ena al 12 58 6 EDR GLCO eam tae SLI eT ss: 0 66.25 9.75 Mean winter production ...... 45.67 eggs 12.16 eggs 0 eggs In view of the fact that the 11 of the 12 birds with ‘Over 30’ records represent somatic fluctuations from the “Under 30’ class it is desirable to present another summary table in which the progeny are distributed in accordance with their garetic constitution. 2 Progeny on Gametic Basis Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero (LL) (Liles) (Lh) ODSeRvedi ot cis ee cate rs T 60 6 IPE DOCUAC ots SAG EOD. OQ) = 60.25 975 The contrast between these distributions and those of the reci- procal cross discussed before is very striking. Taken together these reciprocal crosses support strongly the general hypothesis of fecundity inheritance here being tested. Matings of the second cross-bred (F:\ generation The F: birds discussed in the preceding sections were mated in all possible ways inter se and with the parent forms. - The results of these matings will be discussed in the present section. INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWHE,. 359 At the outstart it should be noted that in spite of the fact that as many F. birds were hatched and reared as the available facilities would permit, nevertheless, the number of adult daugh- ters available for fecundity study is small in case of some of the matings. ‘There are several reasons for this. Besides the obvious one such as mortality, depredations of thieves, hawks, crows, rats and the like, there is another important but not so obvious one. This is the failure or great difficulty experienced in getting certain of the F: cross breds to grow into normal, full- sized, healthy adult birds. After rather wide experience in handling cross-bred chicks, | am convinced that certain gametic combinations which are to be expected on Mendelian theory, and can be produced in the expected numbers in the breeding pen,. are nevertheless physiologically abnormal or unsound. Such birds do not make a normal growth, but in spite of the best care and attention grow up into stunted weaklings, which always show, both in their structure and their physiological economy, the effect of this retarded, abnormal development. I am further convinced that this result is primarily due to the hereditary constitution of the individuals in question. Certain combina- tions of hereditary factors do not produce physiological sound. and vigorous zygotes. Of course, there is nothing novel in such a result. It is of a piece, for example, with the parts respecting the relation be- tween hereditary constitution and physiological vigor in maize, which have been so clearly set forth and analyzed by Shull (45, 40, 47) and East (9g). Other examples of the same phe- nomenon might be cited. ‘The whole phenomenon is precisely what would be expected from Johannsen’s general conception of inheritance and ontogeny (22). This relationship between hereditary constitution and physio- logical constitution or normality takes on particular significance when one is dealing with fecundity. As has been pointed out earlier in this paper: one cannot expect to get a normal somatic expression of the hereditary constitution in respect to fecundity unless the bird is a physiologically normal, well-developed indi- vidual. Stunted, under-developed, or physiologically unsound birds will lay but very few if any eggs, regardless of what fe- cundity factors it may carry. A marked difference is here ap- - parent between structural and physiological characters so far as 360 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912. the study of inheritance is concerned. A definite structure either is or is not present in the zygote, however weak physio- logically the individual may be. But if the general capability of an organism with respect to the transformation of matter and energy is markedly reduced, then all physiological charac- ters will be affected, and fail to reach complete normal expres- sion. In the study of cross-bred poultry I have found pure extract- ed whites from crosses involving originally two heavily pigment- ed parent races to be conspicuously good examples of the phe- nomenon under discussion. It is only very exceptionally, in my experience, that such white birds are physiologically normal. Indeed because of this fact it is only with the greatest difficulty, and after many failures, that I have been able to get such ex- tracted whites to breed, and thus form a pure white race. If the hens lay eggs, which some do not do, they are usually either infertile, or else all the embryos die at an early stage. These facts have some bearing on the popular belief of animal breed- ers that whites in general are delicate in constitution and hard to rear. This belief is so well known that it is not necessary to cite in detail references regarding it in the literature. As a consequence of the above considerations, I have felt justified in leaving out of account, or rather in considering apart from the others, a few of the F» individuals, in all some 7 out of over 200 F: birds all told. Jn each case these birds were physiologically abnormal, and obviously so to the most casual observer. The fact that they did not lay was no criterion what- soever of their hereditary constitution. In order that there might be no possibility of unfairly influencing ratios by leaving these birds out, the whole families (usually of two or three in- dividuals only) to which they belonged have heen rejected. As a matter of fact whenever one individual in a family is physio- logically abnormal in this way all the other members will usually show the same condition in greater or less degrees. In the Ff. generation following the reciprocal crossing of Barred Rocks and Cornish Indian Games there are a number of possible matings. The nature of these matings and the results as to color and pattern have been discussed in another place (41). That paper may be referred to in case one is not clear as INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 361 to the nature of the matings. The different matings will be dis- cussed in the following order. PC COUnOn I: PoRG di Cr Exe) x fa9 Olsbarred and non-barred. Pea wo acouron ClLGy 6 xX Buksken 9) 11.80 eggs 0 eggs The numbers here are too small to give definite results, but there is nothing incompatible in the observations, having regard to the smallness of the numbers, with what wou!d be expected. Matings of 6 Fi 557 with Barred Plymouth Rock females. There were three matings of this sort, but the families were all small. The females used were of class 2 (table 6). The results were as follows: : S Sy lila, tilelke << aplledee, TIE. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero (CII hoy i eran ues erat ea emia ee fo) I (0) COG SO) Eien yen see esi sereaon tans IZ Iz ) (a ey ara pte oagehe mie emer t I 2 to] Miotalobsenved eer -eece 23 | 43 oO UOuGl) CEPCCIed bedsoosssse 3.5 CHS O Mean winter production of 2 9 in mnGhicaiecl CIASS .sosaoc00e 35.00 eggs 11.25 eggs Again the numbers involved are too small to be of any par- ticular significance when taken by themselves. They are in conformity, however, with all the other data and therefore have cumulative value. Matings of Fi: 8 577 uwnth Cornish Indian Game females. Two matings only of this sort got adult female progeny. The / INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL, 367 families are small. The pure Cornish females used were of constitution flail. Fil. The results follow. Sh yi alles THEI ED SK ipbalbs, LENE Q Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero (CD TEU) Reis ara Reem ER PE (0) I I (2 TEAS) Te Ronee Me a le eee MR eee 0) 2 I dotalwobsenvedars anes ane o) 3 2 MOTO IM eM; PECTED ek ta rrcce 1.25 2.5 7.25 Mean winter production of 2 ? Aetnaicated classy y4.c5 sense 7.33 eggs Oeges Matings of Barred Plymouth Rock males with Barred /: fe- males. While several matings were made here they ali fell into one or the other of two gametic types. The Barred Rock males males used in these matings have, of course, already had their gametic constitutions determined through their matings with pure Barred Rock females. A. Type of mating: fll: file &K fll. Flal.. The results of this type of mating are shown in table 30. There are several poirts which need to be noted about this table. While in general it is apparent that the observed result falls out in fair accord with expectation, the three zero birds are outstanding exceptions. No zero birds should occur in any of these matings. A careful study of the individual cases, how- ever, indicates that only one of these apparent exceptions is really such. Two of these zero birds were very late hatched and began laying immediately after March 1, ie., just after the arbi- - trary point of ending the winter period. Their records during the spring period were such as to indicate that they bore the factor Z,, and not that they lacked it. The third zero bird (no. 558) was an extremely interesting case. Something was at fault physiologically with her reproductive organs, as a result of which she never laid an egg. However, she gave clear evi- dence that she bore the factor Z: (or J,2—-not both) gametically. This she did through her nesting records. For some years past records have been kept in this work not only of when a hen 368 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2. TABLE 30 Showing the results of mating class 2 B.P.R. 3 S with high laying Barred F, 2 @ MatTiIne OBSERVED WINTER PRODUCTION OF DAUGHTERS 1B}, 1B, 18 ey Barred Fi ° | Over 3 | Under 30 Zero | 552 424 3 5 0 554 87 0 4 0 563 412 7 1 0) 564 405 a 2 (0) 567 425 2 il 3 562 404. | 4 4 0 Motalwobsernvede sonics eee ree | 19% | 134 3 LNG IGN) IIEITAHA 5 Sao ano So as Fe | 18 | 18 0 Mean winter production........... | 57.16 eggs 12.69 eggs visited a nest and laid, but also when she visited a nest and did not lay. A large number of records have been accumulated of birds which go through the whole process of nesting and laying except that they do not discharge any eggs from the body. It was hoped to publish a paper on this subject, which throws tight on the problem of the physiology of egg producticn, before the present paper appeared. This has not been possible owing to pressure of other work, so it will be necessary to take a little space here to discuss certain phases of this subject. It has been shown: experimentally in the laboratory that if the oviduct of a normal healthy hen, with a normal ovary, is ligated, tran- sected or removed entirely, without injury to the ovary, such a bird goes regularly through the entire process of laying, save for the extrusion of an egg, which is physically impossible. The ‘n’ (nesting) record of such a bird is precisely like a normal egg record, showing the same phenomena of rhythm and cycles. Each day’s ‘n’ in the record of such a bird represents an egg” which she would have laid, had she been physically capable of so doing. Birds in which the oviduct is occluded through some diseased condition often behave in this manner. It may result from other abnormal conditions also. With this explanation, the following * Of course this does not mean that when a bird visits a nest twice in the same day she would have laid two eggs that day had she been nor- mal. Many laying birds have the habit of visiting the nest once or twice in the same day before actually laying. INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 369 record of 2 558, will be clear, it being understood that ‘n’ de- notes a visit to a nest and the performance of those acts char- acteristically associated with the laying of an egg, but without the extrusion of an actual egg. From this record taken in connection with other similar cases studied in his laboratory, there can be no doubt that @ 558 — belongs gametically in the class ‘Under 30.’ Another point is with reference to the mating ¢ 564 @ 405. The excess of ‘Over 30’ birds here is in part due to the fact that two birds, which have winter records respectively of 32 and 34 eggs and are almost certainly to be regarded as somatic fluctuations above the division point at 30 are included in the ‘Over 30’ class. Dec. | i Jono Feb_|[Inint Ifinin| a @ fal Inin( in Paar. Inin| Irfinininin! PMay_Iniaint| Inininin! PJuninin! (inint In! Pdui Inna Inininl || Paus-lol 1 taint Ina cininin Fig. 452. Nesting record of 2 558. ‘w’ denotes a visit to the trap- nest. * indicates that the bird visited a nest twice on the same day. B indicates that the bird became broody, and O that she ceased manifes- tations of broodiness. __ If the totals are modified in accordance with the above sug- gestion we get Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Observed: (euioaliiieal) ACI 178 173 I PIC CAG a a Se ee 18 18 ) Mean winter production ...... 60.00 eggs 15.40 eggs Oeges B. Type of mating: fluLe. flb or >< fLLe. Flale flak. fila 3/0 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912. Q Progeny Matine OBSERVED WINTER PRODUCTION70F DAUGHTERS 18, IP, IR. Gt | Barred FiQ Over 30 | Under 30 | Zero [ees eatis 566 419 | 2 | 3 | 1 Hecnected ini eer een eee 2 a5 3 0.76 Mean winter production....... 46.50 eggs 13.67 eggs 0 eggs While this single family is small the three classes expected are represented and in as near the right proportion as could be expected. Putting together all the results for B.P.R. @ 6 X Larred FP, 2 2 We ers @ Progeny Unmodified Data Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Observed oe Meantime ie oases 218 163 4 TGP CGLEU mga oe nen ents 20.25 2i 0.75 Data modified in accordance with physiological facts regarding indi- vidual birds Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero @bsenve diane eho ine 198 20% 2 TA PCCLED, Maan ee 20.25 2I 0.75 Matings of Barred Plymouth Rock males and Fi Black fe- males. A number of matings of this type were made, represent- ing several different gametic combinations. The following B.P.R. males were used in these matings. The class and gam- etic constitution given are those which have been brought out by the pure B.P.R. matings. Brrp No. Class (Table 5) Gametic Constitution ALE ec aye Sat n e fli. .flLs fInLe . f lle Of these males four, namely 552, 554. 573 and 564, were mated with females whose sire was C.I.G. 6 557. ‘These birds INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. B7aL all had the gametic constitution fhl. Flu, as shown in the sec- tion on the F: birds. The results of these matings are shown in table 31. The observed figures are a rather bad, though not an impos- sible, approximation to the expected Mendelian half. The means indicate, however, that there is a definite segregation of the two classes. It is possible that the discrepancy in the ratio finds its explanation in a difference in the potency or absolute fecundity value of the Cornish Indian Game J factor and the same factor in the Barred Plymouth Rock. TABLE 31 Showing the results of matings of the type B.R.P. & fll. . fil. SK INCI? 1, D ski . JRILele NuMBER OF INDIVID- ey UALS INVOLVED IN WINTER Ece PrRopucTION oF DauGHTERS I2 Marines or THis Typr ; Total adult Je oye) Class Over 30 | Under 30 Zero © progeny 4 4 Observed 5 14 0 19 Expected 9.6 9.5 0 Mean winter egg production of all © in indicated class.......... 37.00 eggs|11.14 eggs Two of the class 7 B.P.R. males (562 and 567) were mated with two F: blacks whose sire was C.I.G. 6 558. It has already been shown from the pure Cornish and /: matings that this Cornish ¢ 558 had the gametic constitution flal. fli, In -Tespect to fecundity his F. daughters in the ‘Under 30’ class were gametically of two types: viz., flak. Fhl, and flals. FLale. None of the second type were used in these matings. Only a small progeny resulted from the mating of the two females of the first type. The actua! results were as follows: 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero PSO ACC re icv Saati eee vie eles 2 4 fe) ESE NOCUBON” Bah EROCEA ECR RETR RECTOR 3 a fo) Mean winter egg production of all 2 9 in indicated class .. 38.00 eggs 8.5 eges 372 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2. B.P.R. 6 569 was mated With a black F: 2 sired by C.LG. 6 529. Only two daughters were obtained. Both made winter records under 30 eggs. The number of daughters is too small ot have any significance, or to make classification possible. Putting all the results together (with the exception of the two individuals just noted as not capable of classification) we have: F, 2 Progeny from matings of B.P.R. 6 3 < Black F, 22 Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero Observed eyes uae ene ere Wh 18 (0) ED COLA bent toca tc aa 12.5 ie ks O Mean winter production ...... 37.29 eggs 10.55 eggs There is clear evidence of segregation here but there is a de- fect in the observed numbers in the ‘Over 30’ class. After careful study of all the facts a possible explanation of this appears to me that the absolute degree of fecundity manifested somatically when L, is present in the gametes may be less if the TZ: comes from a Cornish Indian Game than if it comes from a Barred Plymouth Rock. In other words it appears to be the case that what may be called the absolute fecundity value or worth of La is different in these two breeds. An indication that this is the case is found in the following figures. In the case of pure C.I.G. matings the factor L: is not present. All females in the ‘Under 30’ class are therefore either Zi or Lil, in type. The mean winter production of all pure C.1.G. 2 2 in the ‘Under 30’ class is 10.22 eggs. The mean winter production of all pure B.P.R. ¢ 2 in the ‘Under 30’ class is 15.61 eggs. The probable errors in both cases are less than 1. Of course the ‘Under 30’ class in the case of B.P.R. 2 2 includes the following gametic types: Tah, Lils, hh, and Ll. The last two de not occur in the pure C.I.G.’s. Granting the greatest conceivable influence to this, it is still evident that the 7 factor of a Barred Rock prob- ably means a higher winter production than the 7: of a Cornish Game. But if this is true then plainly the division or upper limiting point for the low fecundity class should not be at 30 eges but at some lower point in the case of females bearing [1 from a Cornish Indian Game source. If it be kept at 30 eggs for all birds, and there is a difference in the absolute fecundity value of the factors, then plainly some birds will be put in the ‘ INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL, 27) low fecundity class, because of an. ‘Under 30’ record, although they really carry Lz and belong in the high fecundity class. Such a state of affairs would account for just such discrepancies as those observed in the matings under discussion. Matings of Cornish Indian Game males with Black and Barred F: females. Only one C.1.G. male was used in these F2 back-cross matings. This was C.I.G. ¢ 578. As wiil presently appear, it is to be regretted that other Game males were not used, because of certain peculiarities arising in the results of some of these matings. From pure Cornish and Fi matings ¢ 578 has been shown to have the gametic constitution flil:, flis. Male 578 was mated with 3 black Ff: females indicated to be of the type flil: Flt, with the following results: Matings: CG: 3 i Lyle if ll, X Fi 2 flal. FL, lb. 2 Progeny Winter Production: Over 30 Under 30 Zero O@seravecinae separa ger one eee I (9) I LE) AGU CO ss Vas Meee te ere) syne Bele 0 Tela O Mean winter production ...... 4I eggs 9.67 eggs 0 eggs It will be noted that the one “Over 30’ bird laid but 41 eggs. The record probably represents a fluctuation from the ‘Under 30 class. In general the agreement between observation and expectation is satisfactory. Turning to the matings of ¢ 678 with barred Ff: females we meet the only case in the whole investigation which is apparently unconformable. It will therefore be well to discuss it in detail. The facts are these: $8 578 was mated with four barred F. fe- males, of which three were in the ‘Over 30’ class and one was a poor layer. When mated with any of these three high laying birds one half of 578’s daughters should have been in the ‘Over 30’ and one-half in the ‘Under 30’ class. Mated with the poor layer only zero birds should have resulted. Nothing like this actually happened. ‘The observed outcome was that shown in the following table: Mating 699 (6578 & 2411) gave 13 adult daughters, with winter records as follows: 62, 60, 56, 32, | 30, | 28, 27, 26, 26, 7, 5, 5, 2. Mating 700 (8578 & 9422) gave 7 adult daughters with winter records as follows: 47, 47, 33, | 26, 19, 15, 9. 374 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Igi2. Mating 7or (3578 X 2414) gave § adult daughters with winter records as follows: | 23, 16, 5, 0, ©. Mating 702 (3 578 & § 423) gave 11 adult daughters with winter records as follows: 40, 34, | 28, 26, 21, 20, 20, 17, 15, 13, 10, 4. These records are characterized by four striking facts: (a) the large number of ‘Over 30’ records. when none is expected, (D) the large number of high ‘Under 30’ records, (c) the ab- sence except in one mating of zero records, and (d) the sharp break within the ‘Under 30’ class, especially to be noted in mat- ing 699, but also clear in each of the others. Now these four matings were remarkable in other respects than the egg records of the progeny. They gave an extraordi- narily high hatching record. This is shown in table 32. Considering that these figures include all eggs set during the whole hatching season it is evident that the record is relatively very high. In a former paper (30) I have shown (loc. cit., table B, p. 131) that for the high laying Barred Rock matings the mean percentage of fertile eggs was 80.7 per cent., while 55-1 per cent of the fertile eggs were hatched. [ven those TABLE 32 Showing the hatching records of & 578’s F: matings MatTiInG Eggs Set Eggs Infertile Eggs Fertile |Chicks Hatched 699 58 0 58 : 46 700 57 0 57 37 701 37 1 36 27 702 49 5 44 37 WNOWENS io can 5 201 6 195 147 Per cent. of eggs fertile = 97.01. Per cent. of fertile eggs hatched = 75.38. results could only be considered very good taking all the facts into consideration. These back-cross matings of ¢ 578 far sur- pass those records. One can only conclude that for some reason not apparent the matings 699 to 702 were physiologically extremely favorable. There seems to have been a what the breeders call a ‘nick’ here of unusual character. These matings were noticeable through- out the hatching season not only for the large number of the chicks produced, but also for their extra fine, vigorous charac- ter. The chick mortality from these matings was low. INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL, 375 As has been pointed out at the beginning of this section of the paper, there undoubtedly exist differences in what might be called physiological compatibility between fowls of different genotypic constitutions. Some concrete data regarding this have been published in a previous paper (39). More will be presented later. While some gametic combinations (at least at their first synthesis) lead to physiologically weak and abnormal individuals, others produce individuals which in vigor, rate of growth, etc., surpass the normal. This phenomenon is perhaps more clearly and strikingly shown in pre-natal mortality (em- bryos dead in shell) than by any other character in fow!s which can readily be measured. I hope shortly to publish a paper on this subject, and will only anticipate that paper here to the extent of saying that all the experience in this laboratory with cross-bred poultry agrees in showing that while there may be differences in the ease or success with which fertilization of the egg occurs in breed crosses, these are relatively unimportant as compared with the differential embryonic mortality. The proportion of embryos which start to develop, but lack the power to complete development is uniformly much greater for some hereditary combinations than for others, regardless of the particular individuals used as parents, and under uniform condi- tions of incubation and of housing and feeding the parent stock. It is in this direction that I am inclined to look for the explan- ation of the discordant results of 4 578’s matings with barred F: females. The records give one the impression that the poten- cy or absolute fecundity value of the several gametic factors had, because of the super-normal physiological condition, been bodily raised considerably above the normal for the strains used in these experiments. One cannot escape the feeling that all these birds were making higher records than individuals of the same gametic constitution but of more ordinary physiological character in general would have done. The scale of fecundity values has apparently shifted in an upward direction; in other words something similar to what occurs when two inbred strains of maize are crossed happened here. Along this line is the only explanation for the outcome of these four matings that I am able to suggest. It is quite possi- ble that it may have no bearing, and that the results are due to some peculiarity of gamete formation which can be suggested , 376 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2. by some one. Personally, however, I am more inclined to keep to the solid ground of the observed physiological peculiarities of tnese matings rather than to ‘juggle the genes.’ Even in the hands of an adept in this direction, which the writer cannot claim to be, the latter procedure runs some risk of taking one a great way from any solid ground of fact whatever. Regarding these four matings 699-702 the following facts are definitely known: 1. High fertility of eggs. . 2. Smallest embryonic (pre-natal) mortality of any particu- lar gametic combination yet experienced in the work of this la- boratory. 3. Great vigor and vitality of chicks at hatching and during growth. 4. Very low chick and adult mortality. 5. A higher egg production in practically all adult daughters than would be expected from the gametic constitutions per se of the parent forms, the latter being definitely known from their pedigrees and from their behavior (¢ 578), or that of their full sisters in other types of matings.. I cannot escape the conviction that in some way the first four of these facts are connected with the explanation of the fifth. There the matter must be left for the present. - This case points to the importance of the physiological study of individuals in genetic work involving crossing. .Only the most superficial aspects of this subject have ever been touched. The ‘increased vegetative vigor’ of first crosses is clear in some instances, but very far from being so in others, and nobody has ever shown by a clean-cut physiological investigation why or how the phenomenon occurs. Every breeder of experience knows that this is but one of many interesting and fundamen- tally significant physiological matters in connection with hy- bridizing and cross-breeding which need investigation. The animal breeder knows further that there are real objective phe- nomena, and not mere idle superstitions of the fancier at the basis of those things which the latter calls ‘nicking’ and “prepo- tency,’ for example. No doubt these things depend on simple INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. BTR genetic laws, but the point is that we do not now know scarcely anything definite (i.e., scientifically exact) about the phenomena, to say nothing of their underlying laws. The richness of the field which still remains quite unworked.on the purely physio- logical side of genetics is, I think, only appreciated by the ex- perienced breeder. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS THE FACTS AND THEIR INTERPRETATION In this paper is presented a detailed analysis and interpreta- tion of a rather extensive series of data regarding the inherit- ance of fecundity in the domestic fowl. The basic data are de- rived from trap-nest records extending over a period of years. They include records from (a) pure Barred Plymouth Rocks; (6) Cornish Indian Games; (c) the F: individuals obtained by reciprocally crossing these two breeds; and (d@) the F» individ- uals obtained by mating the F:’s inter se and back upon the par- ent forms in all possible combinations. The fully-pedigreed ma- terial made use of in this present paper includes something over a thousand adult females, each of which was trap-nested for at least one year, and many for a longer period. ‘This material covers four generations. The birds of the fifth generation have just completed their winter records at the time of writing. Be- sides this fully pedigreed material, the collection and study of which has occupied five years there was available as a founda- tion, without which the results discussed in this page could not have been reached, nine years of continuous trap-nest records for Barred Plymouth Rocks, involving thousands of birds, which had been subjected during this long period to mass selection for increased egg production. Altogether it may fairly be said that the material on which this paper is based is (a) large in amount, (b) extensive in character, and (c) in quality as accurate as it is humanly posst- ble to get records of the egg production of fowls (Pearl 31). On these accounts the facts presented are worthy of careful con- sideration, and have a permanent value quite apart from any interpretation which may be put upon them. 378 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912. The essential facts brought out in this study of fecundity appear to me to be the following: 1. The record of fecundity of a hen, taken by and of itself alone, gives no definite, reliable indication from which the pro- bable egg production of her daughters may be predicted. Fur- thermore mass selection on the basis of the fecundity records of females alone, even though long continued and stringent in char- acter, failed completely to produce any steady change in type in the direction of selection. 2. Fecundity must, however, be inherited since (a) there are widely distinct and permanent (under ordinary breeding) differences in respect of degree of fecundity between different standard breeds of fow!s commonly kept by poultrymen, and (b) a study of pedigree records of poultry at once discovers pedigree lines (in some measure inbred of course) in each of which a definite, particular degree of fecundity constantly reap- pears generation after generation, the ‘line’ thus “breeding true’ in this particular. With all birds (in which such a phenomenon as that noted under b occurs) kept under the same general en- vironmental conditions such a result can only mean that the character is in some manner inherited. The facts set forth in paragraphs 1 and 2 have been presented, and, I believe, fully substantiated by clean-cut and extensive evidence, in previous papers from this laboratory. In the pres- ent paper it is further shown that: 3. The basis for observed variations in fecundity is not ana- tomical. The number of visible oocytes on the ovary bears no definite or constant relation to the actually realized egg produc- tion. 4. ‘This can only mean that observed differences (variations ) in actual egg productions depend up on differences in the com- plex physiological mechanism concerned with the maturation of oocytes and ovulation. 5. A study of winter egg production (taken for practical purposes as that from the beginning of the laying year in the early fall to March 1) proves that this is the best available meas- ure of innate capacity in respect to fecundity, primarily because it represents the laying cycle in which the widest difference INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 379 exists between birds of high fecundity and those of low fecun- dity. 6. It is found to be the case that birds fall into three well- defined classes in respect to winter egg production. These in- clude (a) birds with high winter records, (0) birds with iow winter records, and (c) birds which do not lay at all in the winter period (as defined above). The division point between a and b for the Barred Plymouth Rock stock used in these experiments falls at a production of about 30 eggs. 7. There is a definite segregation in the Mendelian sense of ‘the female offspring in respect to these three fecundity divi- sions. 8. High fecundity may be inherited by daughters from their sire, independent of the dam. ‘This is proved by the numerous cases presented in the body of this paper where the same propor- tion of daughters of high fecundity are produced by the same sire, whether he is mated with dams of low or of high fecundity. 9. High fecundity is not inherited by daughters from their dam. This is proved by a number of distinct and independent - lines of evidence, of which the most important are: (a) contin- ued selection of highly fecund dams does not alter in any way the mean egg production of the daughters (26, 27, 28, 30, 34, 35, 30, 37); (&) the proportion of highly fecund daughters is the same whether the dam is of high or of low fecundity, pro- vided both are mated to the same male;" (c) the daughters of a highly fecund dam may show either high fecundity or low ‘fecundity, depending upon their sire; (d) the proportion of daughters of Jow fecundity is the same whether the dam is of high or of low fecundity provided both are mated to the same male. 10. A low degree of fecundity may be inherited by the daughters from either sire or dam or both. 11. The results respecting fecundity and its inheritance stated in paragraphs 3 to 10 inclusive are equally true for * This is true, of course, only for certain gametic types of low fecun- dity females, as will be clear to anyone who has studied the detailed evidence. This limitation, however, in nowise diminishes the force of this particular evidence in favor of the conclusion standing at the begin- ning of paragraph o. 7 280 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. Barred Plymouth Rocks, Cornish Indian Games, and all cross- bred combinations of these breeds in F: and F2." The above statements are of definite facts. supported by a mass of evidence. Their truth is objective and depends in no Way upon any theory of inheritance whatsoever. With this clearly in mind we may undertake their interpretation. It is believed that these general facts, and the detailed results on which they are based, are completely accounted for and find their correct interpretation in the simple Mendelian hypothesis respecting the inheritance of fecundity in the fowl, which was outlined at the beginning of this paper and has been checked against the detailed data from each mating. This hypcthesis involves the following points, each of which is supported by direct and pertinent evidence derived either from physiological. and statistical studies of fecundity, or from the detailed data respecting the mode of inheritance of this character. It is assumed in this hypothesis that: 1. ‘There are three distinct and separately inherited factors upon which fecundity in the female fowl depends. ' 2. The first of these factors (which may be called the ana- tomical) determines the presence of an ovary, the primary or- gan of the female sex. The letter F is used throughout to de- note the presence of this factor. 3. There are two physiological factors. ‘The first of these (denoted by I.) is the basic physiological factor, which when present alone in a zygote with F brings about a low degree of fecundity (winter record under 30 eggs). ‘This factor is under no limitations in gametogenesis but may be carried in any gamete, regardless of what other factors may be also present. 4. The second. physiological factor {denoted by J) when present in a zygote together with F and JL, leads to a ligh de- gree of fecundity (winter record over 30 eggs). When Jf: is absent, however, and /,. is present the zygote exhibits the same general degree of fecundity (under 30) which it would if La were present alone. ‘These two independent factors £1 and L: “And F;. It has not been thought wise to delay publication of this paper any longer in order to include the data for Fs. It may be said however that they are in full accord with those which have been obtained from earlier cross-bird generations and the parent forms. INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 281 must be present together to cause high fecundity, either of them alone, whether present in one or two ‘doses,’ causing the same degree of low fecundity. 5. Lhe second physiological factor L: behaves as a sex- limited (sex-correlated or sex-linked) character, in gametogene- sis, according to the following rule: the factor [;: is never borne in any gamete which also carries F. ‘That is to say, all females which bear L: ‘are heterozygous with reference to it. Any female may be either homozygous or heterozygous with respect to 11. Any male may be either homozygous or hetero- zygous with reference to either 2:1, 2 or both. How well this hypothesis agrees with the facts has been shown in detail in the preceding sections. By way of summary the following table shows the accord between observation and ex- pectation for all matings of each general type taken together. For reasons set forth below, the lumped figures do not give an TABI E33 Showing the observed and expected distributions of winter egg production for all matings taken together WINTER PRODUCTION OF DAUGHTERS Matine 3 Class Over 30 Under 30 Zero { Observed... . 3654 2594 31 AMIDE rea vs. Pe IR ss. |Hapected..... 881.456 267.28 It 5 830) Observed.... » 23 15 UMC lene CO. De. ' Gin Hxpected..... 0 25 15 i { Observed... . 36 79 8 ANITA 6 8 Gas OREM cag eee Hapected..... 26.5 88.75 O78 {jObserved.... ols 984 23 All #2 and back-crosses?.... | |Haxpected..... 68.60 96.00 15.40 co | 1 With exception of the matings of C. I. G. G\ 578 m Barred f/1 9 Q. Cf. p. 246. altogether fair estimate of the matter, but some sort of a sum- mary is necessary. , Considering the nature of the material and the character dealt with it can only be concluded that the agreement between observation and hypothesis is as close as could reasonably be ex- pected. ‘The chief point in regard to which there is a discrep- ancy is in the tendency, particularly noticeable in the B.P.R. X B.P.R. and the /. matings, for the observations to be in defect 382 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQT2. in the “Over 30’ class and in excess in the ‘Zero’ class. The ex- planation of this is undoubtedly, as has been pointed out in the body of the paper, to be found in disturbing physiological factors. The high producing hen, somewhat like the race horse, is a rather finely strung, delicate mechanism, which can be easily upset, and prevented from giving full normal expression to its inherited capacity in respect to fecundity. In order to forestall any possible change of manipulation of the data to support a particular hypothesis all of the figures (with the exception of 7 birds discussed on p. 360 and the Fe mating of ¢ 578) have been entered throughout exactly as they stood on the original books of record. ‘That is to say, some birds known to be physiologically abnormal or pathologi- cal have not been rejected, but have been entered in the tables. and then discussed in the accompanying text. Whether this is accounted a justifiable procedure or not will depend upon one’s point of view in some degree. ‘The investigator is usually ex- pected to reject abnormal material. But in view of the rather hysterical attacks upon geneticists and their method of work now becoming so fashionable in this country, if for no other reason, it seems best to follow the plan of publishing all the data. The opponents to the views which underlie the Mendelian inter- pretation here advanced are quite welcome to make as much capital as they are able to out of the discrepancies between ob- servation and theory in the several tables. It seems only fair, however, to ask that a judgment of the adequacy of the hypoth- esis be not formed from this summary table 23, but instead from the detailed data in the body of the paper. Possible criticisms In consideration of the fact that this paper constitutes one of the first attempts to apply a Mendelian interpretation to the facts regarding the inheritance of an economically productive charac- ter of an animal, and in view of the possible application of the results or the methods of this paper to other productive charac- ters of other organisms it is important to examine carefully and critically the nature of the evidence and the objections which may be brought against the conclusions. In the first place it is important to note once more that the data and their interpreta- INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 283 tion are kept separate throughout, and that the value of the former is not lessened if the latter is later found to be com- pletely invalid, or in need of modification. It is carcely neces- sary to say that the Mendelian hypothesis here presented is the only simple one which the writer has been able to discover, after over two years of study directed (whenever the time was availa- ble) towards this particular end, which is capable of account- ing satisfactorily for all the facts. Very many other Mendelian schemes for the inheritance of fecundity have been tested against the facts in the course of the work and discarded, one by one, because inadequate. Of course, it still remains quite possible, though perhaps not very probable, that there may be an even simpler hypothesis which will equally well or better ac- count for the facts. lf so, by all means let us have it. But in the meantime, it may be fairly be said, that the hypothesis here presented brings together under a few, symbolicaily simple, gen- eral statements a wide range of very diverse and complex facts of inheritance. The strongest general evidence that the Mendelian hypothesis here presented is at least a close approximation to the truth in respect to the inheritance of a fecundity in the fowl is found in the fact that it accounts equally well for so wide a range of diverse phenomena. In the two ‘pure’ parent races, one oi generally high and the other of generally low fecundity; the two reciprocal crosses; and the twelve different kinds of mat- ings in F:, we have a series of really independent measures of the validity of the hypothesis. It accords with the facts in all but one (the matings of C.I.G. ¢ 578 with Barred /: 9 @ ) of all of the different types of matings tested. The one excep- tion probably has a physiological explanation (pp 373-377). In view of these facts the cumulative probability that the hypothe- sis applied represents at least a reasonabie approximation to the true interpretation of the results becomes very great. A possible criticism of the whole method of this investigation might be found in reference to the measure of fecundity which has been used throughout, namely, the winter egg production. Regarding this matter it should be said that the very reason why winter ege production was adopted as the unit of measure in all of the fecundity work of this laboratory was because a thor- 384 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I0912. ough biometrical and physiological study of egg production in fowls howed beyond question that winter production was the best practicable index or measure of a fowl’s innate or constitu- tional capacity in respect of fecundity. The reasons for this conclusion have been set forth in this and former papers from the laboratory and need not be repeated im extenso here. ‘The most significant of them is that the differences in observed pro- duction between individuals of different innate fecundity capaci- ties are relatively greater in respect of winter productions than of any other time unit that can practically be employed in the measuring of this character. To suppose. however, that the re- sults set forth in this paper depend for their existence upon the use of this particular time period of production as a measure of fecundity has no warrant in fact. Precisely the same results (in principle) would be obtained if yearly production records were used in the analysis. During the whole of this work com- plete yearly records have been kept and have been studied. They show in every essential particular the same kind of results as those of this paper. There are objections to the use of the year as a unit of measure, however, which may not be obvious to one inexperienced in these matters. In the first place, it is very much more difficult to keep iarge flocks of hens in normal, and healthy physiological condition over a whole year period than over a shorter period. Again the risk of an accident (say the use of bad feed or something of the kind) occurring and up- setting the birds physiologically, and coincidently rendering their fecundity records abnormal and in greater or less degree use- less, is increased just in proportion as the time unit is increased. Further the year period includes as a too dominant feature, the spring egg production. The production during the months of March, April and May is practically worthless (and has long been so recognized by experienced poultrymen) as an index or measure of the true, inriate or constitutional fecundity capacity of the individual. During these months (in northern latitudes) all hens which are not diseased, malformed, infantile or senile, lay anywhere from ‘well’ to ‘very well.’ There is relatively lit- tle difference between the most and the least fecund at this season. This period is therefore worthless as a measure of fecundity, and its inclusion in any longer period makes that by so much the less valuable as a measure. INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 385 In view of all these considerations it seems certain that the results obtained are not open~to criticism on the ground of the time unit used as a measure of fecundity. Another matter which needs careful consideration is as to the possibility of unconscious bias having influenced the results themselves. In other words, to what extent does the personal equation factor enter into this fecundity work? It can be fairly said, | think, that there is less opportunity for unconscious bias to affect the results here than in genetic work on most other characters. The reason is because of the impersonal and objec- tive character of the original records in the case of fecundity. ‘The original trap-nest records on which this whole study is based were made by Mr. F. Walter Anderson. He had neither knowledge of, nor interest in, the use of which any particular record or set of records were to be put. He was solely concerned to make as accurate record as possible of the laying of each in- dividual hen. The system of record taking used is such that it was itapossible for him to have any notion of what the total pro- duction of any given bird up to a particular date had been. ‘The chance for bias or personal equation influencing results is ex- cluded when, as in the present case, one person makes the basic records, and has nothing whatever to do with their analysis, while another person analyzes the data but has nothing directly to do with their collection. Another safeguard on the results in this same direction, and also in another, is found in the fact that birds belonging to the same family (full sisters) were not given identifying numbers which would make it possible to be certain or even to surmise that they were sisters, without consultation of the pedigree records. ‘The numbering of the birds for identification each year was purely at random and without any regard whatsoever to relationship. Furthermore members of the same family were distributed at random through the different pens and houses. No attempt is ever made, from the day the chicks hatch, to keep the birds from one family together. Indeed it is important that they be scattered at random through the flock in order to insure uni- formity of average environmental conditions. The writer has no desire to generalize more widely from the facts set forth in this paper than the actual material experimen- 386 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI12. tally studied warrants. It must be recognized as possible, if not indeed probable, that other races or breeds of poultry than those used in the present experiments may show a somewhat different scheme of inheritance of fecundity. The directions in which de- viations from the plan here found to’ obtain may, at least a priori, most probably be expected are two. ‘These are: (a) differences in different breeds in respect to the absolute fecun- dity value or worth of the factors which determine the expres- sion of this character, and (b) gametic schemes which differ from those here found either in the direction of more or fewer distinct factors being concerned in the determination of fecun- dity, or in following a totally different type of germinal reac- tions. Regarding the first point it will be recalled that in several places in the body of the paper it has been suggested that the - absolute fecundity value (1.e., the degree of actual fecundity determined by the presence of the gametic factor) may differ for the factor Zs in the case of the Barred Rock as compared with the Cornish Indian Game breed. It is hoped later to take up a detailed study of this point, on the basis of the material here presented, and additional data now in process of collection. Wherever there is a difference in the absolute fecundity value of the LZ, factor, it means that the division point for the classifi- cation of winter productions should be taken at a point to corres- pond with the physiological facts. In this first study the division at 30 eggs has been found to accord sufficiently well for practical purposes with the actual facts. Similarly the absolute fecundity value of the excess production factor J: may be different in different breeds. In applying the results of this paper to the production statistics of other breeds of poultry the possibility of differences of the kind here suggested must always be kept in mind. The second point (the possibility of gametic schemes for fe- cundity differing qualitatively from that found in the present study) is one on which it is idle to speculate in advance of defi- nite investigations. I wish only to emphasize that nothing is further from my desire or intention than to assert before such investigations have been made that the results of the present study apply unmodified to all races of domestic poultry. INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 387 It cannot justly be urged against the conclusions of this study that the Mendelian hypothesis advanced to account for the results is so complicated, and involves the assumption of so many factors or stich complex interactions and limitations of factors, a to lose all significance. Asa matter of fact the whole Mendelian interpretation here set forth is an extremely simple one, involving essentially but two factors. This surely does not indicate excessive complication. To speak in mathematical terms, by way of illustration merely, it may fairiy be said, that the formula here used to ‘fit’ the data, has essentially the character of a true graduation formula. rather than that of an interpolation formula. The number of constants (here fac- tors) in the formula is certainly much !ess than the number of ordinates to be graduated. There is no assumption made in the present Mendelian inter- pretation which has not been fully demonstrated by experi- mental work to hold in other cases. That the expression of a character may be caused by the coincident presence of two (or more) separate factors, either of which alone is unable to bring it about, has been shown for beth plants* and animals by a whole series of studies in this field of biology during the last decade. To find examples one has only to turn to the standard hand-books summarizing Mendelian work, as for example those of Bateson and Baur. Again sex-linkage or correlation of char- acters in inheritance has been conclusively demonstrated for several characters in fowls by the careful and thorough experi- ments of a number of independent investigators. Finally it is to be noted that Bateson and Punnett (4) have recently shown that the inheritance of the peculiar pigmentation characterictic of the silky fowl follows a scheme which in its essentials is very similar to that here worked out for fecundity. The selection problem The results of-the present investigation have an interesting and significant bearing on the earlier selection experiments on fecundity at this Station. It is now quite plain that continued selection of highly fecund females alone could not even be ex- “ Particularly important here are the brilliant researches of Nilsson- Ehle (24, 25) on cereals, and of Baur (2) on Antirrhinum. 388 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912. pected to produce a definite and steady increase in average flock production. The gametic constitution of the male (in respect especially to the L: factor) plays so inmortant a part in deter- mining the fecundity of the daughters that any scheme of se- lection which left this out of account was really not ‘systematic’ at all but rather almost altogether haphazard. It has been re- peatedly shown in the body of the paper that the same propor- tion of daughters of high fecundity may be obtained from certain mothers of low fecundity as can from those of high fecundity, provided both sets of mothers are mated to males of the same gametic constitution. What gain is to be expected to accrue from selecting high laying mothers under such circumstances, at least so far as concerns the daughters ? ‘Selection’ to the breeder means really a system of breeding ‘Like produces like, and “breed the best to get the best; these epitomize the selection doctrine of breeding. It is the simplest system conceivable. But its sttccess as a system depends upon the existence of an equa! simplicity of the phenomena of inherit- ance. If the mating of two animals somatically a little larger than the average always got offspring somaticallv a little larger than the average, breeding would certainly offer the royal road to riches. But if, as a matter of fact, as in the present case, a character is not inherited in accordance with this beautiful and childishly simple scheme, but instead is inherited in accordance with an absolutely different plan, which is of such a nature that the application of the simple selection system of breeding could not possibly have any direct effect, it would seem idle to con- tinue to insist that the prolonged application of that system is bound to result in improvement. it seems to-me that it must be recognized frankly that wheth- er or not continued selection of somatic variations can be expect- ed to produce an effect on the race depends entirely on the mode of inheritance of the character selected. In other words, any systematic plan for the improvement of a race by breeding must be based and operated on a knowledge of the gametic condi- tion and behavior of the character in which improvement is sought rather than the somatic. Continued mass selection of somatic variations as a system of breeding, in contrast to an in- telligent plan based on a knowledge of the gametic basis of a character and how it is inherited, seems to me to be very mach INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL, 389 in the same case as a man who, finding himself imprisoned in a dungeon with a securely locked and very heavy and strong door with the key on the inside, proceeded to attempt to get out by beating and kicking against the door in blind fury, rather than take the trouble to find the location of the key and unlock the door. There is just a possibility that he could finally get out in a very few instances by the first method, but even in those cases he would be regarded by sensible men as rather a fool for his pains. Of course what has been said is not meant to imply that selec- tion on the basis of somatic conditions may not have a part in a well considered system of breeding for a particular end. In many cases it certainly will have. Thus in the case of fecundity in the fowls, selection of mothers on the basis of fecundity re- cords is essential in getting male birds homozygous with respect to L1 and L:. But the point which seems particularly clear in the light of the present results 1s that blind mass selection, on the basis of somatic characters only is essentially a haphazard system of breeding which may or may not be successful in changing the type in a particular case. ‘There is nothing in the method per se which insures such success, though that there is inherent potency in the method per se is precisely the burden of a very great proportion of the teaching of breeding (in whatever form that teaching is done) at the present time. It seems to me that it has never been demonstrated, up to the present time, that continued selection can do anything more than: 1. Isolate pure biotypes from a mixed population, which contains individuals of different hereditary constitution in re- spect to the character or characters considered. 2. Bring about, as a part of a logical system of breeding for a particular end, certain combinations of hereditary factors which would never ( or very rarely) have occurred in the ab- sence of such systematic selection; which combinations give rise to somatic types which may be quite different from the original types. In this way a real evolutionary change (i.e., the forma- tion of a race of qualitatively different hereditary constitution from anything existing before) may be brought about. ‘This can unquestionably be done for fecundity in the domestic fowl. 390 MAINE AGRICULTURAI, EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. But here ‘selection’ is simply one part of a system of breeding, which to be successful must be based on a definite knowledge of gametic as well as somatic conditions. It is very, very far re- moved from a blind “breeding of the best to the best to get the best.’ The latter plan alone may, as in the case of fecundity, fail absolutely to bring about any progressive change whatever. It has never yet been demonstrated, so far as I know, that the absolute somatic value of a particular hereditary factor or deter- minant (1.e., its power to cause a quantitatively definite degree of somatic development of a character) can be changed by se- lection on a somatic basis, however long continued. To deter- mine, by critical experiments which shall exclude beyond doubt or question such effects of selection as those noted under 1 and 2 above, whether the absolute somatic value of factors may be changed by selection, or in any other way, is one of the funda- mental problems of genetics. Prepotency One of the least understood phenomena in genetics is that which the practical breeder calls ‘prepotency.’ When the scien- tific student of genetics deals with the matter at all he is rather apt either to throw it over entirely as a ‘breeder’s superstition,’ or to take it as something ‘given’ to help him out of a difficulty in the interpretation of results which fail to conform to expec- tation. Some time a more searching investigation of this phe- nomenon must be made than is implied in either of these lines of procedure. In a former paper (27, p. 324), it was suggested that the evi- dence indicated, for certain productive characters at least, that hereditary high performance tended to behave as a Mendelian dominant to hereditary low performance. The following state- ment was then made: “Tf this suggestion is true it gives at once, I think, a possible clue to the explanation of a part at least of the known facts re- garding what is called prepotency in the practical breeding of domestic animals for performance. It is customary in practice to regard an animal as prepotent in breeding for performance when the progeny of that individual uniformily tend to resem- ble it closely in respect to the character bred for, regardless of the other parent in each mating. Let it now only be considered ¥ INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 390T that the great sire, say, of speed or of milk production belongs to a line having a high genotype with regard to those characters ; then it is to be expected, on the hypothesis under consideration, that his progeny will tend on the average to be like himself in performance regardless of what he is mated with, because any female to which he is mated will be either of a high genotype like himself or of a lower one. But if genotypic high perform- ance is dominant over genotypic lower performance, than ail the offspring in the first. generation must approximate to the high condition exemplified in the sire. But this is the very essence of what is called prepotency in actual breeding practice.” It seems to me that certain of the facts set forth in this paper give strong support to this view. A class1 B.P.R. $ (= fli. FLL.) will get all high producing daughters (barring physio- logical defects of development) regardless of the females to which he is mated. He will show all the objective phenomena of ‘prepotency. -B.P-R. 6 550 is an example of this. A class 7 B.P.R. male would, in breeders’ parlance, be regarded as less prepotent then a class 1 male, but, even so, more prepotent than the general run of the flock. The essential point here should not be misunderstood. It is not, of course, contended that simple Mendelian ‘dominance’ in general, and prepotency are the same thing. More than that is demanded. It is only suggested that a homozygous dominant individual, when high performance is dominant over low, has all the objective characteristics of a prepotent individual in the breeder’s sense. That this suggestion explains all the facts regarding prepo- tence is by no means asserted. It seems to me, however, that it does furnish the explanation for a part of the phenomena at least, and by so much helps towards a final solution, since it brings us nearer to the kernel of the problem. The practical bearing of these results To the practical poultryman the data and conclusions of this paper would appear to have some significance. They make it possible to outline a scheme of breeding for increased egg pro- duction which shall be intelligently directed towards the attain- ment of that end. This, however, is not the place to discuss such a scheme. That will be undertaken later in another place. 392 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912. IAMMEARVa ANON Ea: (CMM SID) (1) Austin, EF. H. 1908 Original laying capacity. Farm-pouliry (Boston), vol. 19, p. 347. : (2) Baur, E. soir Einfiihrung in die expetimentelle Vererbungs- lehre. Berlin, pp. 1-203. (3) Batkson, W. 19009 Mendel’s principles of heredity. Cambridge (Univ. Press), pp, xiv + 306. (4) Bateson, W. AND Punnert, R. C. 1011 The inheritance of the peculiar pigmentation of the silky fowl. Journal of Gen- etics. Vol. I, pp. 185-203. (5) DackweiLerR, W. 1009 Die Eintausend-Eier-Henne. Deutsche landwirt. Gefliigel-Zeitung. 12 Jahrg. Nr., pp. 534-535. (6) Davenport, C. B. 1909 Inheritance of characteristics in the domestic fowl. Carnegie Inst. Publ. 121, pp. 1-100. (7) 1910 The Imperfection of dominance and some of its consequences. Amer. Nat., vol 44, pp. 120-135. (8) Duncan, J. Marrugws 1871 Fecundity, fertility, sterility and allied topics. (Second edition.) New York, pp. xvi and 408. (9) East, E. M. 1009 The distinction between development and heredity in breeding. Amer. Nat., vol. 43. (20) Frorricke, K. 1009 Jahrbuch der Vogelkunde 1908. Stuttgart (Kosmos Verlag), pp. I-130. (11) Gryenin, Gro. Kennepy 1865 Poultry-breeding in a commer- cial point of view. London. (12) Gooparr, H. D. 1909 Sex and its relation to the barring factor in poultry. Science N. S., vol. 20, pp. 1004-1005. (13) 4 1910 Breeding experiments in poultry. Proc. Soc. Expt. Biol. Med., vol. 7, pp. 178-170. (14) Hacepoorn, A. L. 1009 Mendelian inheritance of sex. Arch. f, Entwicklungsmech. Bd. 28, pp. I-34. ; (15) HAnpriK, 1908 Anzeichen der Legetatigkeit. Deutsche land- wirt. Gefliigel-Zeitung, 12 Jahrg, Nr. 13, p. 202. (16) Hanke, 1908 Gefiederte Welt. Cited from Floricke (’10, p. 76). (17) Herr, Enizasrta 1909 Legetatigkeit. Deutsche landw. Ge- fligel-Zeitung. Jahrg. 12, p. 557. (18) Herrick, F. H. 1907 a Analysis of the cyclical instincts of birds. Science, N. S., vol. 25, pp. 725-726. (19 1907 b The blending and overlap of instincts. Ibid., pp. 781-782. (20) JENNER, Epwarp 1788 Observations on the natural history of the cuckow. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., Part Il, Art. 14. (25) INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 393 JOHANNSEN, W. 1009 Elemente der exakten Erblichkeitslehre Jena. 1911 The genotype conception of heredity. Amer. Nat., vol. 45, pp. 120-159. LaucHtin, H. H. tro11-1912 The inheritance of color in short- horn cattle. Amer. Nat., vol. 45, pp. 705-742, and vol. 46, pp. 1-28. Niisson-EHLE, H. 19090 Kreuzungsuntersuchungen an Hafer und Weizen. Lands Univ. Arsstkr., N. F., Afd. 2, Bd. 5, Nr. 2, pp. 1-122. 1911 Kreuzungsuntersuchungen an Hater und Weizen. 1, Wong: IBely %%, iio, wasVl, (26 Peart, R. 1910 The relation of the results obtained in breeding (33) (34) (35) (36) (37) poultry for increased egg production to the problem of selection. Rpt. 30th Meeting Soc. Proc. Agr. Sci., pp. (of reprint) 1-8. 1ot1 a Inheritance in ‘blood lines’ in breeding animals for performance, with special reference to the ‘200-eg¢" hen. Ann. Rpt. Amer. Breeders’ Assoc., vol. 6, pp. 317- 320. 19o11 b Inheritance of fecundity in the domestic fowl. Amer. Nat., vol. 45, pp. 321-345. I9Irl c Biometric arguments regarding the genotype concept. Amer. Naturalist, vol. 45, pp. 561-566. 191r d_ Breeding poultry for egg production. Me. Aer. Expt. Sta. Ann. Rept. for 1911, pp. 113-176. TOIr e On the accuracy of trap-nest records. Ibid., pp. 186-193. 1911 f The personal equation in breeding ex- periments involving certain characters of maize. Biol. Bulletin, vol. 21, pp. 3390-366: Preart, R. anp Curtis, M. R. 1912 Studies on the physiology of reproduction in the domestic fowl. V. Data regard- ing the physiology of the oviduct. Jour. Exp. Zo6l., vol. I2 pp. 99-132. PEARL, R., AND SurFacE, F. M. 19090 a Data on the inheritance of fecundity obtained from the records of egg produc- tion in the daughters of ‘200-ege’ hens. Me. Agr. Exp. Stat. Ann. Rpt. for 1900, pp. 49-84 (Bulletin 166). 1900 b Studies on the physiology of reproduction in the domestic fowl. IV Data on certain factors influenc- ing the fertility and hatching of eggs. Me. Agr. Exp. Stat. Ann. Rpt. for 1900, pp. 105-164. 1909 c A biometrical study of egg production in the domestic fowl. I. Variation in annual egg production. U. S. Dept., Agr. Bur. Anim. Ind. Bulletin 110, pp. 1-80. 1o1r A biometrical study of egg production in the do- mestic fowl. II. Seasonal distribution of egg produc- HOMMDIGun Part Lie pp. Si-170, 394. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q12. (38) 1909 d Is there a cumulative effect of selection? Data from the study cf fecundity in the domestic fowl. Zeitschr. find. Abst. u. Vererbungsl. Bd. 2, pp. 257-275. (39) 1910 a Studies on hybrid poultry. Maine Agr. Expt. Sta. Ann. Rot. for 1910, pp. 84-116 (pp. 100-106 deal with fecundity). (40) 1910 b On the inheritance of the barred color pattern in poultry. Arch. £ Entwicklungsmech. Bd. 30, pp. 45- 61, plates 2 and 3. (41) 1910 c Further data regarding the sex-limited inheri- tance of the barred color pattern in pou Science, N. S., vol. 32, pp. 870-874. (42) Prarson, K. 1900 On the criterion that a given system of deviations from the probable in the case of a correlated system of variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to have arisen from random sampling. Phil. Mag., Ser. 5, vol. 50, pp. 157-175. (43) Pirate L. 910 Vererbungslehre und Deszendenztheorie. Hert- wig Festschrift, Bd. 2, pp. 537-610. (44) RupBascHKin, W. 1907 Ueber das erste Auftreten und Witesre tion der Keimzellen bei Végelembryonen. Anat. Heften. Heft. 105, pp. 243-26T. (45) Suurt, G. H. 1908 a The composition of a field of maize. Rept. Amer. Breeders’ Assoc., vol. 4, pp, 206-301. (46) 1908 b A pure-line method in corn breeding. Ibid., vol. V, DD: 51-50. (47) . 1o1t Hybridization methods in corn breeding. Rept. Amer. Breeders’ Assoc., vol. 6, pp, 63-72. (48) SoNNENBRODT 1908 Die Wachstumsperiode der Oocyte des Huhnes. - Arch Mikr. Anat. u. Entwickl. Bd. 72, pp. 415-480. (49) SpinrnmMan, W. J. 1909a Spurious allelomorphism: Results of recent investigations. Amer. Nat., vol. 42, pp. 610-615. (50) 190¢ b Barring in Barred Plymouth Rocks. Poultry, vol. 5, pp. 7-8. (51) Sturtevant, A. H. 10911 Another sex-limited character in fowls. Science, N. S., vol. 33, pp. 337-338. ; (52) Wetpon, W. F. R. 1902 Mendel’s laws of alternative inherit- ance in peas. Biometrika, vol. 1, pp. 228-254. (53) WENZEL, 1908 Ornithologische Monatsschrift. Cited from Floericke (10, p. 76). BULLETIN No. 206. THE HISTOLOGY OF THE OVIDUCT OF THE : DOMESTIC HEN.* | FRANK M. SURFACE. CoNnTENTS Page Mimo GMCtOIN sss .6 sila Se ees Naan Cae se eat ee RON ir cee ARON Se UR 305 BN eticestaren Meer eel Ve tla Gist mrae otras ce cee ante ae ara eto en ED 308 General Account of the Structure of the Oviduct ................ 309 Inlisiolosay Gir ae ethane Nene no oeuedeoodsobedomoboovasn do oddou AOI Summary of Section on Histology of the Funnel ........... 409 Histology of the Albumen Secreting Région .............0.-.05- 409 Summary of Secticn on Albumen Region ........ Aye has 416 ele Sul Savaeo stele MS Thr TrMAA Se.) race Giese i atatralch a seas cost oiay ee aca uatiacy eh cheb thclpsexeysporsl A417 JANSHOLOBAT Ore dole hues bist aan etic ares a icons eae ical Gerri 419 Ibistollogay Ox Ela) Walenta eee arnsiries Gro eee ioc oa Gio cis cin cies 421 IDIGSMSSUCT ES Re ee ae ere HELaNeS a Bet ken Mae aE 422 Sina TEN ts eR are MT ae a dR 425 Hi eight MI Smet tate a Geen oneh orem icy alelaearesiemuace) euapedenes ares ality suche a clowsserens 427 IDES EFF OURONAL, OIE I BIER UM caress ree eRe See GRO eae near eae er nm ee 428 INTRODUCTION. More than half the weight of a normal hen’s egg is elaborated by the oviduct. At least three very distinct substances are formed by it. These are the albumen, the shell membrane and the calcareous shell. ,The albumen may be further subdivided into the thick and the thin albumen, while the chalaze are usually regarded as modifications of this same substance. ‘The shell membrane consists of two layers, an inner rather delicate Jayer and an outer thicker layer. These layers are separated at the large end of the egg, forming between them the so-called * Papers from the Biological Laboratory of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, No. 4o. 396 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912. air chamber. ‘The shell consists of several layers of which at least three may be distinguished; (1) the inner or mamillary layer, consisting of minute conical deposits of calcareous mate- rial; (2) the middle spongy layer which is composed of a com- paratively thick meshwork of fibers; (3) a delicate outer shell cuticle. In many eggs there is further deposited in the various shell layers, one or more coats of pigment. This brief statement of the more important substances formed by the oviduct serves to show the complexity of the physiological processes which occur within this organ. For some time past, this laboratory has been engaged, among other things, in a study of these physiological processes. To form a basis for further experimental work it has seemed necessary to gain a more thorough knowledge of the histological structure of the organ with which we are dealing. The present study is thus chiefly morphological. Some discussion of the probable physiological significance of the elements. described will be given in the latter part of the paper. In the main, however, these deductions must be supplemented and possibly corrected by later physiological experiments. The hen’s egg has been a classical object for the study of vertebrate embryology for the past century and a half. One would naturally expect that the formation of the egg itself would have attracted some attention during this long period. It is surprising, therefore, to find so few observations, either on the physiology of the process or on the morphology of the organs concerned. A few of the more important papers on these subjects are mentioned in the following paragraphs. The extensive work of Coste (’47 and ’49) is one of the earliest studies of these processes. He gives quite accurate and detailed observations on the physiology of the oviduct. He gave us our most complete account of the processes attending ovulation. He also records the observation of an egg in the upper part of the isthmus of which the lower end was covered with membrane while the upper end was naked. He also observed the formation of the shell. The articles of Merkel v. Hemsbach (’51) and Landois (’65) are chiefly interesting on account of the uniqueness of their views regarding shell. forma- tion. They believed that the shell membrane was a direct transformation of the muscular layers of the isthmus. One of HISTOLOGY OF THE OVIDUCT OF THE DOMESTIC HEN. 397 eae { the principal reasons for this view was the fact that the fibers of the membrane swell up and expand when treated with alkali and contract when immersed in acetic acid. In this action they appeared to them to resemble smooth muscle fibers. Nasse (62) and Blasius (767) pointed out the incorrectness of this view. Landois (’65) further believed that the mamillary layer of the shell consisted of the uterine glands which were cast off with each egg and then regenerated. He says (p. 4) “Nach meinen Untersuchung der Entwickelungsgeschichte der Schale im Ejleiter kann hierttber kein Zweifel mehr obwalten. Es sind die-Drtisen der Uterinschleimhaut, welche sich auf der Faserschichte der Eischale angesetzt haben.” ‘This theory was an attempt to bring the avian uterus into agreement with the known action of the mammalian uterus. Blasius (67) among others brought forward considerable evidence to refute this theory and to show that all the shell layers were secreted by the oviduct. Nathusius (68) believed that the egg membranes were or- ganic tissues and that the shell and its membranes were derived from an elaboration of the yolk membranes in which the cal- careous matter was deposited. Agassiz, Milne-Edwards, Blasius and others recorded observations which disproved this theory. The most important of the older works on the histology of the avian oviduct is that of Sacchi (’87). She studied in con- siderable detail the histology of the oviduct in both the active and inactive states. Many of the results of the present study are not in accord with Sacchi’s findings. These will be dis- cussed at the proper places in the following paper. Loos (’81) has also contributed a most excellent paper on the structure of the avian and amphibian oviduct. He was the first to point out the tubular nature of the albumen glands in certain birds (crow) and showed there that these had definite openings into the lumen of the duct. Giacomini (’93) has studied the histology of the oviduct in various birds, including the domestic hen. In certain respects this work is more thorough than any which precedes it. Quite recently Sturm (’10) has given an account of some of the more 398 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q12. important features of the histology of the hen’s oviduct and reviews some of the literature. Weidenfeld (’o5) has also studied the histology of the hen’s oviduct. Reference to these and other papers will be made at the appropriate places in the text. After the major portion of the present paper had been written, the writer received the recent paper by Béla (’10) relating to the structure and function of the oviduct in the domestic pigeon. Unfortunately this paper is published in Hungarian which the writer is unable to read. With the aid of a few German notes kindly supplied by Dr. Béla and a care- ful study of the figures the writer has been able to make out some of the more important conclusions of this excellent paper.. References to these points have been included in the following paper. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The material used in the present investigation consisted of the oviducts of Barred Plymouth Rock hens. All oviducts were taken from freshly killed healthy birds. The birds were selected so as to obtain oviducts in various stages, from that of actively laying birds to that of birds which had not laid for several weeks. Since the oviduct of a laying hen is a rather large organ, it was necessary in most cases, to fix only small pieces of the regions desired. In doing this the oviduct was removed from the hen, cut open along one side and spread out on a dis- secting board. A rough outline drawing (actual size) was then made showing the characteristic regions and their limits. Small pieces 5 to 10 mm. square were cut out at the points desired and their position accurately charted on the diagram. These small pieces were fixed, imbedded in paraffin and sectioned in . the usual manner. For fixation a variety of fluids were used, among which were Flemming’s chromo-aceto-osmic mixtures, Gilson’s mercuro- nitric solution, osmo-sublimate, sublimate-acetic and Zenker’s fluid. The Flemming and Gilson mixtures gave.uniformly the best results. Sections were cut from 5 to 7 mikrons thick. All staining was done on the slide. The most useful stains employed were the following: Heidenhain’s iron-alum-haematoxylin, Delafield’s HISTOLOCY OF THE OVIDUCT OF THE DOMESTIC HEN. 399 \ haematoxylin, Kresylichtviolett, Ehrlich-Biondi, safranin and gentian violet. Of these Heidenhain’s haematoxylin was by far the most useful. It is a pleasure to acknowledge my indebtedness to Miss Maynie R. Curtis, assistant in this department, for attending to the details of fixing, cutting and staining the sections used in this work. GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE Ovipuct. The oviduct cf a hen consists of five more or less clearly delimited regions. Beginning at the anterior end of the duct, these are ordinarily designated as (1) the funnel, (2) the albu- men secreting portion, (3) the isthmus, (4) the uterus or shell gland and (5) the vagina. The funnel, known in anatomical ‘terms as the ostium tubae abdominale, is a delicate thin walled portion lying immediately ventral to the ovary. Its anterior end is expanded into long lip like processes (fig. 453). The lips quickly converge to form a rather narrow, thin walled tube. In the functional oviduct the length of this tubular portion (fun- nel neck) is from 2 to 4 cms. The epithelium ‘on the wall of the funnel is folded into rather low longitudinal spiral ridges. These ridges, with more or less interruption are continuous throughout the oviduct (fig. 453). ‘They are greatly increased in height in the lower portions of the duct. Bésides these primary ridges the epithelium also forms smaller secondary folds. These secondary folds are best developed in the poste- rior portion of the funnel (cf. fig. 458). Their presence in other portions of the oviduct is somewhat obscured by the enormous development of the glands. As will be pointed out farther on these secondary folds bear important relations to ._ the large glands. The funnel region grades rather gradually into the albumen secreting portion. Figure 453 shows the region where this changes takes place. ‘There is no difficulty in distinguishing between the two regions. In the albumen portion the walls are much thicker and the longitudinal ridges are very much higher (fig. 454). This albumen portion is the longest of the five divisions. Its average length is about 42 centimeters in the functional oviduct. ‘The division between the albumen portion 400 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q12. and the isthmus is very sharply marked. As clearly shown in figure 455, the real limit of the two regions appears as a narrow line extending around the oviduct. However, for some distance on either side of this the character of the longitudinal ridges is quite different. In general appearance the isthmus resembles the albumen portion except that the ridges are not quite so high and the walls are more contracted forming a narrower portion of the duct. The isthmus in the laying hen measures on the average, about 12 cms. in length. The distinctive function of the isthmus is to secrete the shell membrane. The isthmus is continued without any clear line of demarca- tion into the expanded portion known as the uterus or shell gland. (fig. 456) As may be seen from figure 456, the charac- ter of the ridges is quite different in the uterus. They are more | numerous and are greatly broken up by transverse and diagonal folding. The walls of the uterus are not so thick as those of the two last mentioned regions. The length of this organ is also about 12 cms. ,The lower end is bounded by the large sphincter muscle. | | Saray . The vagina extends from this sphincter muscle to the cloacal wall. The walls of the vagina are very muscular. The epithelial folds are much smaller than in the preceding section. ‘The length of the vagina is between 12 and 13 centimeters. In a typical section of the oviduct wall, as for example the albumen secreting portion, we can distinguish the following seven layers of tissue (cf. fig. 462): (1) covering the outside of the duct there is a thin, serous, peritoneal membrane; (2) immediately inside of this is a layer of longitudinal muscle fibers. As was recently pointed out by Miss Curtis (’10) these muscle fibers arise from and are continuous with the muscula- ture of the dorsal and ventral ligaments of the oviduct. (3) Inside of these muscles is a layer of connective tissue in which the larger blood vessels are found. (4) Next there is a layer of circular muscle fibers, and (5) inside of this an inner layer of connective tissue. (6) In all parts of the oviduct except the funnel and vagina there is next a thick layer of convoluted tubular glands, and (7) finally inside of this glandular layer is the epithelium of the duct. HISTOLOGY OF THE OVIDUCT OF THE DOMESTIC HEN. AOT With this brief survey of the general anatomy of the oviduct we may next turn to the details of its histology. In doing this it will be advantageous to deal separately with the different regions of the oviduct. HIstoLocGy oF THE FUNNEL REGION. The extreme anterior portion of the oviduct is expanded into a long slit like opening: ‘The walls of this opening are known as the lips of the funnel. ‘They are continuous with the mesen- teries of the dorsal and ventral ligaments of the oviduct. From these expanded lips the oviduct quickly converges to a com- paratively narrow tube (fig. 453). This latter tubular por- tion is known as the funnel neck. In the laying hen it varies from 2 to 4 cms. in length.. The entire funnel portion is char- acterized by its very thin walls and its very low longitudinal ridges. On the outer edge of the funnel. lips the ridges are only slightly raised. They gradually increase in. height through- out the length of the funnel. At the transition from funnel to albumen portion they increase in height very rapidly. (Cf. fig. 453) The reason for this will be discussed in a later paragraph. Figure 457 shows under low magnification a transverse sec- tion of the wall of the funnel lips. It is thus from the extreme anterior part of the oviduct. To show the thinness of the walls in this region as compared with other portions of the oviduct, it is interesting to compare this figure with figures 462, 468 and 469. ‘These figures are all reproduced with the same magnifi- cation (i. e. x 30). From figure 457 we note the presence of the very low longitudinal ridges. The epithelium is further thrown into a number of secondary folds. The significance of these folds will be discussed shortly. From this same figure we may also note the presence of the outer layer of peritoneum and immediately above this a more or less definite layer of longitudinal muscles. Inside of this layer is the connective tissue with scattered bundles of muscle fibers. In this region of the oviduct the bundies of muscle fibers are scattered through the connective tissue and are not sharply separated into definite layers. Even here, however, the distinction between the outer longitudinal and the inner circular layer is: fairly clear and can be traced in the figure. The inner layer at this point runs some- 402 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI12. what diagonally with respect to the long axis of the oviduct. A little farther down the duct the fibers in this layer run around the oviduct at right angles to its long axis, i. e., become circular muscles.* The innermost layer of the oviduct is the epithelium. From it arise all the glands which have to do with the secretion of the various egg substances. In its embryological development, this epithelial layer has an origin very different from the other layers of the oviduct. The Anlage of the oviduct, known as the Mullerian duct, arises as a thickening along the Wolffian body just ventral to the gonad. This Miullerian duct is at first a solid cord of cells. It later acquires a lumen and grows posteriorly until it connects with the cloaca. At the time of this posterior growth mesenchyme cells migrate in from the surrounding tissue and form a layer. about the duct. From this layer of mesenchyme cells are devel- oped all the outer layers of the oviduct i. e. the muscles and connective tissue. On the other hand the epithelium and its derivatives, i. e., all glandular structures, are formed from the walls of the old Mullerian duct. Corresponding to this differ- ence in origin, the functions of the two sets of tissue are entirely different. ‘The epithelium is entirely concerned with secretion and ciliary movement while, as would be expected, the deriva- tives of the mesenchyme are concerned with supporting and muscular functions. . We will defer the description of the minute anatomy of the epithelium until we have examined the general relation of the layers in other parts of the funnel region. Figure 458 shows under low magnification a section from near the middle of the funnel. (Cf. fig. 453). The wall of the oviduct is of about the same thickness here as near the funnel mouth. (Fig. 457) ‘The same layers of tissue are present as in figure 457, but the muscles are arranged in more definite layers. The most marked difference in the two sections is in the height and arrangement of the longitudinal ridges. It is clear that these ridges are very much better developed in the middle of the funnel than nearer the mouth. These longitudinal * It is of importance to mention here that Sacchi says that the outer layer of muscles is circular and the inner layer longitudinal. This is certainly an error. The point will be discussed more thoroughly in a later section of this paper. HISTOLOGY OF THE OVIDUCT OF THE DOMESTIC HEN. 403 ridges gradually increase in height from the almost flat con- dition near the funnel mouth until they reach their greatest development in the albumen secreting region. (Cf. fig. 462). At the point of transition from funnel to albumen portion the increase in the height of the ridges is more sudden. (Fig. 453). The reason for this is seen if we compare figure 459 with figures 457 and 458. Figure 459 represents under medium magnification a section of the inner layer of the oviduct wall at the place where the funnel region passes into the albumen portion. In figures 457 and 458 we note that the cores of the longitudinal ridges are composed of connective tissue alone. In figure. 459, however, new structures appear in this connective tissue core. ‘These are sections of the tubular glands which will be described later. From this point the tubular glands increase rapidly in number and size towards the posterior region © of the oviduct. Figure 459 shows only the inner layers of the oviduct. The outer muscular and connective tissue layers here do not differ materially from those shown in figure 458. We may now return to an examination of the epithelium in the funnel region. Near the funnel mouth and over the upper portion of the funnel neck the epithelium consists of only a single layer of cells. These cells however, are of two distinct kinds: (1) ciliated cells and (2) non-ciliated gland cells. As shown in figures 457 and 458, the eptthelium in this region is thrown into a large number of small secondary folds. Over the: tops and sides of these folds there is a single layer of ciliated cells. At the bottom of the grooves thus formed occur groups of gland cells. Figure 460 shows one of these small glands together with the character of the epithelium over the folds. Figure 461 shows a larger and more typical gland from the same region. Both figures are from the same oviduct. As shown in the figures the ciliated cells are long and columnar in shape. The slightly oval nucleus lies well toward the outer distal end of the cell. Each cell bears a number of large, strong cilia. The non-ciliated gland cells are shorter, and as shown in figure 461 are usually more irregular in shape. These gland cells in the active oviduct stain much deeper than the ciliated cells. Especially is this true of the nuclei, many of which take a very dark haematoxylin stain. Figures 460 and 461 are both 404. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. drawn from an oviduct which was actively secreting albumen at the time the bird was killed. At that time there was an egg in the albumen secreting portion about 8 cm. from the funnel mouth. Consequently we may suppose that these gland cells had been emptied of their contents very, recently. In birds which have not laid for a day or two these cells take a much fainter stain. eee It will further be noted from figure 460 and 461 that the nuclei of these gland cells lie well towards the inner or proximal end of the cells. On the average these nuclei are considerably larger than those of the ciliated cells. This is perhaps partly accounted for by the larger volume of many of the gland cells. The shape of these invaginated glands varies considerably. Probably the chief factor in determining their shape is the mechanical one connected with the growth and the folding of the epithelium. However, the type of gland shown in figure 461 is much more common than any other. On the lateral sides of the gland the cells are much shorter while over the central portion they are larger, forming a kind of hump in the center of the gland pouch. ‘The cells in this central region are nearly the same length:as the ciliated cells in the adjoining ridges. These central cells also have much larger nuclei than the cells nearer the sides of the pouch. As noted above this is probably due to their larger volume. It also frequently happens in this type of gland that one or the other side the gland grows out into a rather long pouch or tube. This point is of interest in connection with the development of the tubular glands which will be described in the next section. Glands with other shapes also occur. One of these is shown in figure 460. No evidence is at hand to show that these latter glands differ from the ordinary type (fig. 461) in their his- tological structure. So far as I know all previous students of avian oviduct his- tology have stated that there are no glands in the funnel. Thus Sacchi says in describing the funnel (p. 297) “mancano affatto nelle pieghe le cellule di secrezione.” Sturm (’10) apparently on the authority of Weidenfeld (05) says “Der ‘Trichter sezerniert nicht.’ With this conclusion I must, most emphati- cally, disagree. The cells described in the preceding paragraph have every appearance of being gland cells. Further they are HISTOLOGY OF THE OVIDUCT OF THE DOMESTIC HEN. 405 found well out on the lips of the funnel. Figures 460 and 461 are both from sections of the funnel lips. The fact that there is no mass of glandular tissue beneath the epithelium such as occurs in other parts of the oviduct has probably led to the conclusion that there were no glandular structures present. However, as will be shown farther on in this paper, the glands found in the funnel region are very probably homologous with the larger glands occurring in other portions of the oviduct. Béla (’r0) evidently did not find any gland cells in the funnel region in the pigeon. His figures 1 and 2 fail to show any evi- dence of gland cells, although the character of the folds shown in his figure 1 is very similar to the condition found in the hen, (cf. my figure 457). As we pass posteriorly along the funnel from the mouth the character of the epithelium changes in many respects. We may next examine a section from near the middle of the funnel, i. e., corresponding to figure 458. Figure 463 shows a portion of this epithelium under medium magnification. As. stated before, the longitudinal ridges of the oviduct are much better developed here than nearer the mouth. The secondary folds of the epithelium are present as before. Collections of gland cells very similar to those found nearer the mouth of the fun- nel occur at the bottom of the grooves. ‘The chief difference here is in the character of the epithelium which covers the top and sides of the secondary folds. Figure 463 shows a section through the middle of one of these folds with a glandular - groove on either side. Portions of the adjoining folds show at the edges of the figure. The similarity of the glands to those described for the funnel mouth (fig. 461) is at once evident. As before short cells are arranged along the lateral edges of the groove, while longer cells form a hump in the center of the gland pouch. One difference is to be noted here, however. In the region of the longer gland cells, there is often a double row of nuclei. The row of nuclei nearer the outer or proximal end of the cells correspond in position and appear- ance to the gland cells on either side of the groove. ‘The sec- ond row of nuclei lie much nearer the periphery of the cells. Further examination shows that the cells in which these latter nuclei occur, i. e., those nearer the periphery, are ciliated. Between these ciliated cells occur the non-ciliated gland cells in which nuclei lie well towards the inner end of the cell. 406 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI12. Turning now to a consideration of the cells covering the tops and sides of these folds, a condition quite different from that near the mouth of the funnel is found. In the first place the shape of the folds, while often very irregular, (Cf. fig. 458) are in general roughly triangular. (Fig. 463) This makes rather deep pouches at the sides of the glandular grooves. It will be remembered that near the mouth, the epithelium over these folds consisted of a single layer of rather long ciliated cells. Only a single row of nuclei was present (Cf. figs. 460 and 461). Here, however, the condition is more complicated. Figure 463 shows that the nuclei are arranged more or less irregularly but that several] rows are present. Careful exami- nation shows that not all of these cells are ciliated. In none of the preparation of this region which I have ‘been able to obtain, do the cell boundaries come out distinctly. It is thus difficult to tell which cells are ciliated and which are not. By the examination of occasional sections in which some of the cell outlines are clear, it seems practically certain that the cells in which the nuclei lie well towards the periphery are ciliated. The cells with deeper lying nuclei on the other hand are non- ciliated gland cells. Except at the time these latter cells are actively discharging secretion their peripheral portion is very much compressed between the broader ciliated cells. This makes it very difficult to obtain good views of entire gland cells. Details regarding these epithelial gland cells will be dis- cussed later in connection with other regions of the oviduct, which are more favorable for their observation. When sections from this region of an active oviduct are stained with gentian violet or safranin the openings of the single celled glands described in the last paragraph take a much deeper stain than any other part of section. By this means it is pos- sible to study the distribution of these gland cells over the folds of the epithelium. Examination of such sections shows that the opening of the glands are in general much more numerous along the sides of the folds than over the middle. This is also borne out ‘by a study of the distribution of the deeper lying nuclei. Béla (10) (figure 4, plate 1.) shows these unicellular epithelial glands in the funnel neck of the pigeon. So far as HISTOLOGY OF THE OVIDUCT OF THE DOMESTIC HEN. 407 the writer is aware this is the first time that such glands have been noted in the funnel neck of an avian oviduct. We may pass now to a brief consideration of the epithelium in the region of the transition from funnel to albumen portion. Figure 459 shows under rather low magnification, a portion of the inner layers of the oviduct at this point. he most char- acteristic thing here is the appearance of sections of tubules lying in the connective tissue below the epithelium. This is the first appearance of what we may call the tubular glands. From this point posteriorly to the vagina they form the most important organ of secretion in the entire oviduct. At this point in the oviduct there are only a few tubules present. It thus presents an excellent place for the study of the origin of these structures, and of their relation to other glandular ele- ments of the oviduct. Figure 464 shows a small portion of the epithelium from this region of the oviduct. This figure shows the region between two of the secondary folds of the epithelium and thus corrésponds exactly to the glandular grooves found farther forward in the funnel. If we compare figure 464 with figures 460 and 461, the resemblance can be traced very easily. In the middle of figure 464 there is a group of ciliated cells with gland cells between (the lower row of gland cell nuclei can be seen here.) On either side of this ciliated area occur groups of shorter gland cells. No ciliated cells are present in these latter areas. On the left side in figure 464 this glandular area is greatly extended forming a long branched pouch of which only a portion is shown in the section represented. Now the central group of long cells corresponds to the group of long ciliated and glandular cells which form the raised portion in the center of the glandular groove in figure 462. The non- ciliated glandular areas on either side of this ciliated tuft cor- respond to the corners of the glandular groove in figure 461. In figure 464 it is seen that one of these corners is greatly ex- tended and enlarged’ to form a long pouch or tube. If the series of sections, from which this figure has been drawn, is followed through, it is seen that the other corner of the groove is also extended into a tubular structure. These tubular struc- tures are the beginnings of long convoluted tubular glands. These tubular glands form the most conspicuous part of the oviduct in the region between the funnel and vagina. They 408 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. reach their greatest development in the albumen portion where they are very much more numerous and very much longer than in the region under discussion. (Cf. fig. 462.) _ From the above description, it is clear that the tubular glands are homologous, anatomically at least, with the glandular grooves in the funnel region. These collections of gland cells are present even in the region of the funnel mouth. (Cf. fig. 461) As we pass back through the funnel they are still present but become somewhat better developed, larger and more numerous. The tendency to pouch out at the corners becomes more marked the farther one gets from the mouth. Finally at the beginning of the albumen secreting region the pouching is greatly increased and the first of the so-called tubular glands are found. ‘These glands will be discussed more in detail in connection with the albumen secreting portion. Also the dis- cussion of their possible function is deferred until all the ana- tomical facts are in hand. The character of the epithelium other than that of the tubular glands does not differ greatly from the epithelium in the middle of the funnel. The longitudinal ridges here are broader than farther forward in the funnel. ‘This can be seen from figure 453 also. by comparing figure 459 with figure 458, although these latter figures are drawn with different magnifications. The chief cause of this increase in width is found in the greater space taken up by the tubular glands. For this reason the secondary folds of the epithelium are forced farther apart and hence do not appear so numerous. Further, the develop- ment of the tubular glands give relief to growth forces in a downward direction, rather than a lateral one, hence the sec- ondary folds are not so clearly cut as in the earlier sections of the funnel (Cf. figs. 459 and 458). Now, as seen from figure 453 almost as much of the epithe- lial surface in the middle of the funnel is taken up by the glandular grooves as by the ciliated folds. With the broadening of the ridges at the beginning of the albumen portion, the glandular pouches are pushed farther apart, and hence more surface is devoted to the ciliated epithelium. Considering the increased glandular surface formed by the tubules it seems probable that this latter increases much more rapidly than the space devoted to the ciliated epithelium. HISTOLOGY OF THE OVIDUCT OF THE DOMESTIC HEN. 409 Just as in the section from the middle of the funnel the so- called ciliated epithelium here also contains unicellular glands. The arrangement of these is similar to that of those previously described. In figure 464 the ciliated epithelium contains two or more rows of nuclei. As before the outer smaller nuclei belong to the ciliated cells. Between these latter occur the gland cells with deeper. lying and usually larger nuclei. The special histological description of these cells will be given in connection with the albumen portion, where they also occur. SUMMARY OF SECTION ON HISTOLOGY OF THE FUNNEL. Six tissue layers are distinguished in the funnel walls. Two of these are muscular layers, an outer longitudinal and an inner circular layer. In the funnel region these layers consist for the most part, of scattered bundles of fibers. On either side of the inner layer of muscles is a layer of connective tissue. The lumen of the funnel is lined with ciliated, glandular epithelium. The outside of the oviduct is covered by a thin peritoneal layer. The inner surface of the oviduct is thrown into a large num- ber of primary longitudinal ridges. ‘The epithelium over these ridges still further forms secondary folds. ‘Three types of glands are described. ‘These are (1) the unicellular glands occurring between the ciliated cells in the epithelium. These glands are not found in the anterior half of the funnel. (2) The glandular grooves. ‘These are accumulations of gland cells at the bottom of the grooves between the secondary folds of the epithelium. ‘These are found in all portions of the funnel region except in the extreme posterior part. Here they are replaced by (3) the tubular glands. ‘These latter glands are undoubtedly homologous with the glandular grooves found far- ther forward. HistoLocy oF* THE ALBUMEN SECRETING REGION. That part of the oviduct lying between the funnel and the isthmus is ordinarily designated as the “albumen secreting por- tion.” While there is good reason to believe that the secretion of albumen is not confined to this region alone, nevertheless it is here that the major portion of this substance is formed. In the active oviduct of a Barred Plymouth Rock hen the albumen portion measures, on the average, nearly 42 cm. in length, or more than half the total length of the oviduct. 410 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI2. As shown in figure 454, the longitudinal ridges are very high and broad in this part of the oviduct. A better idea of the development of these ridges can be obtained from figure 462. This figure is drawn with the same magnification as figures 457, 458, 468 and 469. It is seen at once that these ridges are much higher and broader here than in any other part of the oviduct. The major portion of this increase in the size of the ridges is due to the greater development of the tubular glands. These glands form a distinct tissue layer between the inner layer of connective tissue and the epithelium. The muscular layers in the albumen region are somewhat thicker and the bundles are much better segregated into definite — layers than in the funnel region. However, the musculature of this region is much less developed than in the parts of the oviduct posterior to it. This point is clearly seen by comparing figure 462 with figures 468, 469 and 473. The slow movement of the egg through this part of the duct is evidently associated with its weak musculature. As shown in transverse section (figure 462) the fibers in the outer layers of muscles, run in general in a longitudinal direc- tion through the oviduct, but at the same time they take a slightly spiral course. That the inner muscular layer runs in a circular direction is evident from figure 462. These sections have been cut very nearly transverse to the long axis of the oviduct. Consequently the long fibers seen in the inner mus- cular layer certainly run in a transverse or circular direction. The spiral course of the fibers in the outer muscular layer rather obscures the fact as to their essentially longitudinai nature. These same facts have been brought out by Miss Curtis (10) in connection with the study of the ligaments of the oviduct. She has shown by means of very careful dissec- tions that the outer muscular layer, which is continuous with the musculature of the ligaments, is longitudinal and that the inner layer consists of. circular fibers. These facts are opposed to Sacchi’s statement that the internal muscular layer is longt- tudinal and the outer circular. Sacchi says (p. 297) in regard to the funnel region, “L/’epithelio che le ricopere é pure cylin- drico e munito di ciglia; il connessivo € attraversato da vasi, e verso | ’esterno vi sono frammisti fasci muscolari longitudinali isolati, circondati da muscoli circolari e poi dal connessivo HISTOLOGY OF THE OVIDUCT OF THE DOMESTIC HEN. 4il esterno.” A similar statement regarding the musculature of the uterus is made on pages 299-300. There is no doubt but that Sacchi is wrong as to the essential nature of these muscular layers. Since it is in this region of the oviduct that the tubular glands reach their greatest development, it is thus a proper place to enter into a detailed description of their form and histology. The method of origin of these glands and their homology with certain epithelial structures of, the funnel has already been point- ed out (pp. 407-408). It has also been noted that the invagi- nated tubules follow very tortuous courses and often branch and rebranch so that it is very difficult to follow the course of a single tubule. In point of fact it is much easier to follow a tubule at the beginning of the albumen portion than at any other place in the oviduct. In the region of the oviduct repre- sented by figure 462, it is very difficult to follow individual tubules. For the purpose of learning something about the length and form of the tubules, several individual glands have been traced for some distance by making camera drawings from a series of sections. The only adequate method of ‘representing these tubules would be by wax plate reconstructions. The point in question, however, has not been deemed worth the time and labor required to make such a model. Figure 462 shows that there is a very large mass of tubules present. Examination of the sections shows that there are relatively few openings of these tubules into the lumen of the duct. From this evidence alone, we might conclude that each tubule must be of consid- erable length and consequently convoluted. The openings of the tubules are more numerous along the sides and near the bottom of the large ridges. ‘The positions of these openings are marked by small indentations of the epithelium. Several of these indentations can be seen in figure 462. These invaginations of the epithelium are of the nature of short ducts which corinect with the lumen of the tubule. Fig- ure 465 shows the opening of one of these tubules in the albu- men region. In many cases several tubules open through the same duct. Such a case is shown in figure 470 from the isthmus region. The tubular nature of these albumen secreting glands, and especially the presence of openings into the lumen of the ovi- 2 412 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI2. duct, seems never to have been clearly recognized in the case of the domestic fowl. Loos (’81) describes this condition very clearly for the oviduct of the crow (Corvus corone). He states that at the beginning of the breeding season the epithelium of the oviduct invaginates at many places. ‘These invaginations grow deeper into the connective tissue and form a tube. After this tube has reached the connective tissue septum it bends and grows in the opposite direction. These tubes often branch or follow a winding course. With regard to the fowl’s oviduct, Loos is not so clear. Other writers and particularly Sacchi (88) fail to recognize the openings of the tubules into the oviduct. Gadow (’91) in Bronn’s “Tierreichs,’ who follows Sacchi chiefly, makes the following statement (p. 845) “In jede Falte (of the mucosa) erstreckt sich ein centraler Stamm von Bindegewebe der Submucosa, welches sich dann peripherisch verastelt. Der Raum zwischen diesen Verastelungen ist mit zahlreichen, unregelmassig gelagerten, polyhedrischen Zellen erfullt welche zwischen sich kleine Massen von Fiweiss abson- dern. Die Oberflache der Falten tragt iberall hohe sehr regelmassige Cylinderzellen, durch welche dann die in der Tiefe secernirten Eiweisskliimpchen austreten und um die Eikugel abgelagert werden.” This statement which Sacchi also makes, viz., that the secre- tion from the deeper lying gland cells passes out through the epithelial cells, is most certainly in error. Further the gland cells beneath the epithelium are not “unregelmassig gelagert,” but are arranged very definitely into tubules as shown in figures 405, 471 and 472. Sacchi very probably saw the unicellular glands in the epithelium and believed that these were ducts passing the secretion from the deeper cells rather than being themselves secretory. _ Going back to the description of the tubules, we note from figure 465, that the lumen of the tubules are filled with a finely granular secretion. Further, the cells which form the walls of the tubules are also distended with a granular substance. With- in the cell the granules vary in size from those barely visible, and perhaps smaller, up to a few rather large granules. This represents the condition in that portion of an oviduct which is just beginning to pour out its secretion. Figure 465 is drawn from a section of the albumen region taken a few centimeters HISTOLOGY OF THE OVIDUCT OF THE DOMESTIC HEN. 413 in front of an advancing yolk. The small, very dark staining nuclei in these sections should be noted. If we examine a section of the oviduct which has just passed the active period of secretion we find the protoplasm still very finely granular. It now has an alveolar appearance. ‘This is shown in figure 471 which is taken from the isthmus. Similar appearances may also be found in the albumen region. If sections are cut from a region of the oviduct which would not normally secrete for several hours, the appearance of the cells is somewhat different. Here, as shown in figure 466, each cell contains several very large granules which take an intense haematoxylin stain. Around each of these granules is a light area which gives the appearance of a solution zone. The re- mainder of the cell cytoplasm is finely granular and often pre- sents an alveolar appearance. (cf. fig. 466). It should be said that I have never been able to obtain sections which show the condition just described (fig. 466) throughout the section. In all cases the first three or four cell layers beneath the epithelium present this appearance in great detail. Beyond this the granules begin to fade out until those cells towards the center of the ridges show no evidence of granules. I have attributed this condition to the action of the fixing fluids used. No attempt has been made to study in detail the origin and growth of the gland granules. ‘The observations reported in the above paragraphs have been made in the course of the study of the grosser histology. In general I think the changes under- gone by the granules in these glands can be said to resemble in many ways the changes described by Langley, EK. Muiller and others for the granules of the salivary and digestive glands. As shown in figure 462, there is a layer of connective tissue between the inner layer of muscles and the layer of tubular glands. This connective tissue extends into the center of each ridge forming a core. At the same time the connective tissue cells are found along ‘the walls of the tubules and often form a thin layer between the epithelium and the tubules beneath it. In figure 465 the gland cells are so distended with secretion that very few connective tissue cells can be seen. In figures 470 and 471, from the isthmus these cells are very evident. ‘he same conditions are found in the albumen region. ‘The connective tissue carries with it of course the smaller blood vessels. Ex- 414. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI12. amination of the sections show small capillaries running every- where between the tubules. We may next turn to a discussion of the epithelium. As stated on page 401, the epithelium of the funnel region con- sists of simple, ciliated, columnar cells. In all other portions of the oviduct however, there are two kinds of cells present in the epithelium. These are the ciliated cells and alternating with these are non-ciliated unicellular glands. So far as I know no one has hitherto pointed out the presence of these latter gland cells in the fowl’s oviduct. However, with good preparations there cannot be the slightest doubt of their presence. Béla (10) describes and figures these goblet cells in the oviduct of Columba, and Giacomini (’93) also described such mucine glands in the oviduct of certain birds. Figures 465 and 467 show the epithelial portion of an actively secreting oviduct. The distribution of these two kinds of cells is fairly even over the entire inner surface of the oviduct. In general the ciliated cells and the gland cells appear to alternate. At the point of invagination of the epithelium to form the short ducts to the tubules the unicellular glands appear larger and perhaps more numerous. This is shown somewhat indistinctly in figure 465. Many sections show this point more clearly. The ciliated cells are of the usual columnar type. Their gen- eral appearance can be seen in figure 467. They consist of finely granular protoplasm with a rather large, usually oval nucleus. ‘The nucleus nearly always lies about the middle of the cell or slightly towards its distal end. The distal end of the cell is armed with a large number of strong cilia. As shown in figure 465 and 467, these cells are much crowded out of shape by the great development of the gland cells. In figures 470 and 471 the gland cells are less distended and the ciliated cells pre- sent a more normal appearance. The epithelial gland cells are of the goblet (Becherzellen) type. As stated above, they alternate with the ciliated cells. The proximal portion of the cell in the actively secreting ovi- duct is finely granular while the more distal portion presents an alveolar structure. Whether the alveoli represent the gland granules or an intergranular network, I cannot say. These cells as shown in figures 465 and 467 have all the appearance of being distended with secretion. In most cases they have HISTOLOGY OF THE OVIDUCT OF THE DOMESTIC HEN, 415 crowded the ciliated cells to one side and have extended distally beyond the former limit of the epithelium. This is the stage immediately preceding secretion. In sections taken from an oviduct at the point where a yolk was descending, the secretion from these glands can often be seen pouring out in little streams from each cell. The nuclei of the gland cells are as a rule more nearly circular in outline than the nuclei of the ciliated cells. Further a very characteristic difference between the two kinds of cells is found in the position of the nucleus. The nuclei of the gland cells he well towards the proximal ends of the cells, while, as stated above, the ciliated cells have their nuclei towards the distal ends. (Cf. fig. 465, 467, 470, and 471). One point should be mentioned in regard to technique in studying these epithelial glands. While it is possible to demon- strate the presence of these glands in the sections of every active oviduct which I have examined, they do not show with the same distinctness in all cases. When these glands are not filled with secretion they are crowded back by the then larger ciliated cells. In such cases casual examination of the epithelium shows an almost completely ciliated surface. However the double row of nuclei are present and more careful study of the section has never failed to show the glands themselves. Further it is pos- sible to demonstrate their presence by methods of differential staining as given in a later paragraph. If, however, sections are taken from a region where these glands are filled with secretion, they form the most conspicuous part of the epithelium. ‘The sections which show these glands best have been obtained from oviducts in which the yolks had just passed the funnel region. In such an oviduct the albumen region is just on the point of extruding its secretion (cf. figs. 465 and 467). The question now arises as to whether the tubular glands, which are derivatives of the epithelium, differ in the character of their secretion from the goblet glands in the epithelium itself. It is conceivable of course, that the two sets of glands are really concerned in the secretion of the same substance, the only dif- ference being that the invaginated portions have lost the ciliated cells. On the other hand it is conceivable that the two sets of glands secrete entirely different substances, and that a proper mixture of the two are necessary to form the albumen as we know it. 416 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q12. While the final proof as to the identity on non-identity of the products of these glands must come from physiological experi- ments yet some evidence as to its nature can be gained from the morphology of the glands themselves. In the first place the appearance of the cytoplasm in the two sets of glands is differ- ent in all the sections which I have examined. In the tubular glands the protoplasm always consists of much coarser granules than are ever found in the epithelial cells. ‘The most important difference, however, is in their micro-chemical reactions to vari- ous stains. Very few of the stains which I have used stain the contents of these two sets of glands with the same intensity. In the case of Heidenhain’s iron-alum-haematoxylin alone, the cells of the tubular glands always take a much darker stain. The epithelial gland cells show a very slight haematoxylin stain, unless the whole section is very deeply colored.. Instead the epithelial cells have a yellow appearance with only the very small granules dark colored. If Bordeaux red is used as a counter stain this colors the cytoplasm of the tubular glands but unless very deeply stained it does not affect the epithelial glands at all. In Ehrlich-Biondi stain the granules of the tubules take a dark brownish red color while the granules of the epithelium are a yellowish red. In Kresylichtviolett the unicellular glands stain very dark purple and stand out plainly between the ciliated cells. On the other hand the tubular glands stain a very light violet. Likewise with safranin the unicellular glands take a very much deeper stain. The evidence at hand thus points to a difference in the function of these two sets of glands. The possible significance of these facts will be discussed in another place. (Cf. pp. 424-425). SUMMARY OF SECTION ON ALBUMEN REGION. The bundles of muscular fibers are more sharply segregated into definite layers than in the funnel. Compared with more posterior regions of the oviduct the musculature of this portion is very poorly developed. Evidence is given to show that con- trary to the statement of Sacchi and others, the outer muscular layer consists of longitudinal fibers while the inner layer con- tains circular fibers. ; The walls of the albumen region are much thicker than those of other parts of the oviduct. This increase in thickness is due HISTOLOGY OF THE OVIDUCT OF THE DOMESTIC HEN. A417 to the great development of the tubular glands. These glands are formed by invagination from the epithelium. Each gland is a long, convoluted and branched tubule which opens to the lumen of the oviduct by means of a short duct. The cells of these tubular glands are characterized by small very dark stain- ing nuclei which lie close to the basal walls of the cells. The protoplasm is very granular especially before secretion. After being emptied of its secretion, the cell has a more alveolar appearanice. The epithelium consists of two kinds of cells; (a) Ciliated cells and alternating with these (b) unicellular glands. Differ- ence in the appearance and staining reactions indicate that these unicellular glands secrete a different substance from that pro- duced by the cells of the tubular glands. Histo_ocy oF THE ISTHMUS. As stated on page 400 there is a very sharp line of demarca- tion between the albumen region and the isthmus. ‘Towards the posterior end of the albumen region the longitudinal ridges become much lower. (Fig. 455). On the isthmus side the ridges are also quite low for two or three centimeters. After that the ridges in the isthmus gradually become higher although they never reach the height or ‘breadth found in the albumen portion. The real division between these parts of the oviduct is a narrow line extending entirely around the duct. It is plainly visible in the fresh oviduct as a line of translucent tis- sue. (Fig. 455.) If we cut sections in such a way as to go through this division line, we find the reason for its appearance. Figure 469, repre- sents such a section. The albumen region is represented at the left of the figure and the isthmus at the right. It is seen at once that between these two regions the tubular glands are either entirely or partially lacking. It is this feature which causes the appearance of the line on the oviduct. The large mass of tubular glands in the ridges is replaced by connective tissue. ‘The epithelium presents the same appearance as in the albumen portion. Both the ciliated cells and the epithelial glands are present. It should be said that the section represented in figure 469 is cut very obliquely to the long axis of the oviduct. It thus hap- 418 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q12. pens that the muscular layers appear very much as in the trans- verse sections. . The histological structure of the isthmus proper is practically the same as that of the albumen region. Both sets of glands are present and have practically the same microscopic appear- ance as in the albumen portion. Figure 470 is drawn from a section in the middle of the isthmus. It will be noted that in the epithelium both the ciliated cells and the unicellular glands are present. These have the same appearance as in the albu- men region in a similar stage of physiological activity. The tubular glands do not form so thick a tissue layer here as in the albumen portion but in their microscopic appearance they are very similar in the two regions. From figure 470 we note the presence of the dark irregular nuclei lying near the basal walls of the cells. The cytoplasm in this section presents a somewhat more alveolar appearance than is shown in the figures from the albumen region. This is not a constant dif- ference. Either the granular or alveolar appearance may be found in either region depending perhaps on the state of phy- siological activity and also possibly upon the method of fixation. Although not shown in the figures it may be stated that the muscular layers, particularly the circular muscles, are somewhat thicker and better developed in the isthmus than in the albumen region. Corresponding to this the walls are firmer and more constricted than in the albumen region. This is no doubt asso- ciated with the shorter length of time required for the egg to traverse the isthmus. It: will be remembered that the distinctive function of the isthmus is to secrete the shell membrane (Membrana testacea). We have seen, however, that this region presents no visible differentiation which does not also occur in the albumen secret- ing portion of the duct. ‘This similarity in structure does not necessarily imply a similarity in physiological activity. It is quite conceivable that the glands in the isthmus secrete differ- ent substances from the similar glands in the upper portion of the oviduct. This question will be discussed more in detail after we have examined the structure of the uterus and vagina. a HISTOLOGY OF THE OVIDUCT OF THE DOMESTIC HEN. 419 HIsToLocy oF THE UTERUS. There is no clear dividing line between the isthmus and the uterus such as was described between the albumen portion and the isthmus (p. 400). Instead the isthmus passes gradually into the expanded uterus without any distinct break in the tissue layers. As is clearly shown in figure 456 the character of the longitudinal ridges in the uterus is quite different from that of the homologous structures in any other portion of the duct— in fact the ridges, as such, are lost and instead we find small leaf like folds of the epithelium. The immediate cause of this change in the character of the folds is probably a mechanical one connected with the greater amount of surface to be covered. If the same number (20 to 30) of ridges which are found in the albumen portion and the isthmus were continued over the expanded uterus they would lie rather far apart in this latter region. The branching of the ridges and the refolding of the intervening surface would account in some measure for the change in the character of the folds. There may also be some physiological reasons for this change since as we shall see the character of some of the glands in the uterus differ from what has been found in the other portions of the duct. As shown in figure 468 the same muscle layers are present in the uterus as in the more anterior regions. ‘These layers, particularly the outer, longitudinal muscles, are somewhat thicker and better developed than in the regions previously dis- cussed. However, there is but little difference in this respect between the isthmus and the uterus. The connective tissue layers present no change of any importance from the conditions found in the anterior regions. Under low magnification the cross section of the epithelial folds in the uterus do not differ essentially in appearance from those found in the isthmus. ‘The folds, however, are not so high and perhaps on the average con- tain a thicker layer of glandular tissue (tubular glands). ‘The epithelium covering these ridges presents the same general ap- pearance as that found in the isthmus and albumen portion. There is then no striking morphological differentiation in the appearance of the tissue layers of the uterus which wouid indi- cate its specific function of shell formation. ‘he same layer of tubular glands and as we shall see, the same ciliated, glandu- lar epithelium occurs here as elsewhere. If any morphological 420 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI12. differentiation is to be found it must be looked for in the minute histology of the glands. Under higher magnification it is clearly seen that the layer of gland tissue is composed of tubules very similar in shape and size to those seen in the earlier sections. Further search reveals the openings of these gland tubules through the epithelium (fig. 472). The openings of these glands appear to differ some- what from those found in the anterior regions, e. g. in the albu- men portion (cf. fig. 465). In the albumen region it appears as if the epithelium were invaginated to meet the gland tubules while in the uterus the gland cells appear to force their way through the epithelium with only a slight indentation of the latter. In the one case a short epithelial duct is formed, while in the other, the duct, if it may be so called, is composed of gland cells. I am not at all certain that any significance should be attached to this point but I have observed this difference very constantly in my sections. The chief difference in the appearance of the uterine glands is in the appearance of the gland cells themselves. A com- parison of figures 465 and 472 will make clear this difference between the albumen and uterine regions. Both figures are taken from active oviducts. In the active gland from the albu- men region the nucleus is small, dark staining and lies well towards the proximal end of the cell. In the uterus the cell nucleus is larger, more regular in shape and usually lies towards the center of the cell. The chromatin granules and nucleoli take on.a comparatively deep haematoxylin stain but the nucleus as a whole does not show the intense stain found in the albumen and isthmus regions. The cytoplasm in cells of the uterine tubular glands does not present the heavy granular appearance described for the albu- men portion. Instead these cells are diffusely granular in ap- pearance. The granules are all of small size and take a rather weak stain with haematoxylin. In some cells there is evidence of the clumping of these granules, especially towards the peri- phery of the cell. I am not sure that this is not an artifact due to the fixation. In actively secreting glands (fig. 472) this granular material can be seen lying outside the gland cells in the ducts and even in the lumen of the oviduct itself. HISTOLOGY OF THE OVIDUCT OF THE DOMESTIC HEN. 421 Turning now to the epithelium in the uterine region we find, as in the anterior parts of the oviduct, both the ciliated ceils and the unicellular glands. These present practically the same arrangement and appearance as in the previous sections. Ex- cept at their distal ends the cell boundaries of these epithelial cells are very difficult if not impossible to see. The basal por- tion of the epithelium appears as a syncytium. This appearance may be due to the technique employed. From the above description and figures it is clear that in the uterus the cells of the tubular glands have a somewhat different structure from the cells found in these glands in other regions of the duct. This difference in structure is undoubtedly asso- ciated with the particular function of shell secretion which is confined to the uterus. HIstoLocy OF. THE VAGINA. The posterior end of the uterus is marked by the strong sphincter muscle. ‘The contracted portion of the oviduct ex- tending from this sphincter muscle to the cloacal wall is known as the vagina. As shown in figure 456 its walls are much con- tracted. The inner surface is thrown into rather low longi- tudinal ridges which appear in general to be continuous with the folds in the uterus (fig. 456). The length of the vagina is, on the average, about 12 cm. in the laying hen. Figure 473 represents a cross section of the wall of the vagina under low magnification. The most striking character in this figure is the great development of the inner (circular) muscular layer. In the vagina this layer is several times thicker than in any other region of the oviduct. ‘The great develop- ment of this muscular layer is naturally associated with the need of expelling the egg which has acquired its full size and is now a firm object upon which the muscles can act. The outer longitudinal muscular layer consists of bundles of fibers scat- tered through the connective tissue. Compared with the circu- lar layer the longitudinal muscles are but poorly developed. The connective tissue layers are similar to those in other parts of the duct. As shown in figure 473, the longitudinal ridges in the vagina region are low and rather narrow. The cores of these ridges are filled with connective tissue and no layer of tubular glands is 422 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI12. present. ‘The epithelium covering these ridges is thrown into a large number of secondary folds. In figure 474, two of the secondary folds from the epithelium of the vagina are shown under higher magnification. From this figure we note: 1. The entire absence of any structures resembling the tubular glands. ‘The space beneath the epithelium is occupied by connective tissue (cf. fig. 473). 2. As in other parts of the oviduct, excepting the funnel, two kinds of cells occur in the epithelium, viz: the ciliated cells and the unicellular glands. 3 3. Both kinds of cells are very much narrower and especially over the crests of the folds they are longer than in many other regions of the oviduct. | 4. In the depressions between the folds the cells are shorter than elsewhere. At the bottom of these depressions there fre- quently appears to be an accumulation of gland cells. No evi- dence is at hand to show that these differ physiologically from the other gland cells in this region. _ The appearance of the unicellular glands in this region, es- pecially the narrowness of the cells, indicates that possibly they serve a different function than the similar cells in other parts of the oviduct. The function usually ascribed to the vagina is the production of the outer shell cuticle and a portion, at least, of the coloring matter of the shell. If this assumption is correct these sub- stances must be formed by the unicellular glands described above. It should also be stated that the walls of the cloaca contain glands. Whether these are concerned with the production of any egg substance or not has not been ascertained. DISCUSSION. It may not be out of place to discuss very briefly the possible significance of certain structures which have been described in the fowl’s oviduct. It must be remembered, however, that any deduction drawn from the morphology of these structures must be checked and possibly corrected by physiological studies. As noted on page 404 previous students of oviduct histology have failed to find evidence of glandular structures in the funnel HISTOLOGY OF THE OVIDUCT OF THE DOMESTIC HEN. 423 region. Consequently the funnel has been regarded as an organ for grasping the yolk at the time of ovulation but without any secretory function. In the present study we have been able to show that groups of gland cells occur at the base of the epithe- lial folds throughout the funnel region. We have further shown that structurally these glands of the funnel are homol- ogous with the tubular glands found in other parts of the oviduct. On the other hand the unicellular glands found in the epithelium of other parts of the duct do mot occur in the anterior part of the funnel. The presence of glands in the funnel leads, of course, to the presumption that this region secretes a portion of the substance enveloping the yolk. In the normal hen’s egg there is next to yolk a very thin layer of dense albuminous substance. ‘This is known as the chalaziferous layer and is continued at the poles of the egg into the familiar structures known as the chalagae. It thus appears not unlikely that the chalazae and their corres- ponding albuminous layer may be secreted in the funnel. I know of no instance in the literature where an egg has been observed in the funnel region before it has entered the albumen secreting portion. In the albumen secreting portion of the oviduct there are two sets of glands present, viz.: the tubular glands and the uni- cellular glands of the epithelium. As Pearl and Curtis (12) have shown, the albumen portion secretes only the dense albu- men. The outer layer of fluid albumen is not secreted in this region. Apparently both sets of glands take part in the forma- tion of this dense albumen. The distinctive function of the isthmus is to secrete the shell membrane. A very beautiful demonstration of this act was first described by Coste (’47). Coste described an egg, one end of which had just entered the isthmus. This end of the egg was covered with a thin iayer of membrane, while the end still in the albumen portion was naked. ‘This account of membrane formation has several times been confirmed in this laboratory, (Pearl and Curtis, 12). A further very interesting observa- tion is reported by Pearl and Curtis, viz.: that in the so-called albumen portion of the oviduct only about 4o per cent, by weight, of the total albumen is formed. During the passage of the egg through the isthmus it receives in addition to the shell membrane, 10 to 20 per cent more of the total albumen. It is 424 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912. thus clear that in addition to the shell membranes the glands of the isthmus must also secrete albumen. The present investigation has not revealed any visible his- tological difference between the glands of the albumen portion and those of the isthmus. The only differences to be noted are in the smaller volume of the tubular glands and the better development of the muscular layers in the isthmus. So far as the present investigation is concerned, no morphological dif- ference between either set of glands in this region and the cor- responding structures in the albumen region have been observed. The one fact of considerable interest, as pointed out below, is the distinct break in the layer of tubular glands between these two regions. The unicellular glands on the other hand are con- tinuous from one region to the other. Until the work of Pearl and Curtis it was believed that the only substance formed by the uterus was the calcareous shell. These authors have shown that in addition to this, from 30 to 40 per cent, by weight, of the albumen is added to the egg dur- ing its sojourn in the uterus. This thin albumen must pass through the shell and the membrane by osmosis. In the present paper it has been shown (p. 420) that the cells of the tubular glands of the uterus differ in appearance from the corresponding cells in other parts of the oviduct. It seems very probable then that the tubular glands are wholly concerned in the secretion of the shell and that the fluid albu- men is secreted by the unicellular glands. ‘The evidence for such an assertion is not complete but it accords with the facts so far observed. We have then in the uterus an observed differentiation of the cells of the tubular glands which corresponds to the dis- tinct differentiation in function, viz.: shell formation. On the other hand there is no visible differentiation of the unicellular epithelial glands in any portion of the oviduct with the possible exception of the vagina. We further know that two distinct substances are formed in the uterus, viz.: the calcareous shell and a large portion of the fluid albumen. On this basis of fact it is possible to offer the suggestion that throughout the oviduct, with the exception of the vagina, the unicellular glands are concerned in the production of a fluid or thin albumen. On this view the characteristic difference of each region of the HISTOLOGY OF THE OVIDUCT OF THE DOMESTIC HEN. 425 oviduct anterior to the vagina, is due the activity of the tubular glands. If we extend this idea to the isthmus we may suppose that the membrane is secreted by the tubular glands while the albumen is secreted by the unicellular glands. This is again in accord with the fact that there is an abrupt break in the tubular glands between the albumen portion and the isthmus while the uni- . cellular glands are continuous. The abruptness of the break in the tissue layer at this point corresponds very well with the abruptness in the change of function. Just as soon as the egg crosses the line between the albumen region and the isthmus the formation of membrane begins. In the albumen region it may be assumed that the tubular glands secrete a very dense albumen while the unicellular glands secrete a more fluid substance which perhaps serves to dilute the former to some extent. There are no observations to sup- port this view but it is not at variance with the facts so far observed. In the anterior part of the funnel region only the homologues of the tubular glands are present and here we have a dense membranous substance in the chalazae and their accompanying layer. In the vagina only unicellular epithelial glands are found. These differ somewhat in the form of cell and general appear- ance from unicellular glands in other parts of the oviduct. These are perhaps concerned in secreting the delicate outer shell cuticle and the coloring matter of the shell. In conclusion it must again be urged that the deductions in the above paragraphs are offered only as suggestions and that sufficient facts either to prove or disprove them are not at hand SUMMARY. 1. Two muscular layers, an outer longitudinal and an inner circular layer can be distinguished in all parts of the oviduct. 2. The inner surface of the oviduct is thrown into a num- ber of primary longitudinal ridges. The epithelium over these ridges forms secondary folds. In the uterus the ridges as such are lost and instead there are a number of leaf like folds of the inner surface. 3. Three types of glands are described: (1) Unicellular epithelial glands occurring between the ciliated cells in all parts 4260 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2. of the oviduct except the anterior portion of the funnel. (2) Glandular grooves. These are accumulations of gland cells at the bottom of the grooves between the secondary folds of the epithelium. ‘These are found only in the funnel region. But there they occur well towards the anterior end. The presence of glandular structures in the funnel region has not hitherto been recognized. (3) In all parts of the oviduct between the funnel and the vagina there is a thick layer of glands beneath the epithelium. I have called these tubular glands. They con- sist of long convoluted and branched tubules which open to the lumen of the oviduct by short epithelial ducts. These tubular glands are homologous, structurally at least, with the glandular grooves of the funnel. The tubular glands reach their greatest development in the albumen secreting region. Histologically the unicellular epithelial glands present a similar appearance in all parts of the oviduct except the vagina. In this latter region the cells are longer and much narrower and have a slightly different arrangement than in other parts of the oviduct. 4. The walls of the tubular glands consist of large gland cells which in the albumen portion and the isthmus of a laying hen have small, irregularly shaped, dark staining nuclei which lie well towards the basal ends of the cells. In these two regions the protoplasm of the cells consist of rather coarse granules which vary greatly in size. 5. The line of demarcation between the albumen regicn and the isthmus is characterized by the absence of these tubular glands in that region. The cells of the tubular glands in the albumen region and in the isthmus present the same histological appearance. 6. Inthe uterus the cells which form the tubular glands have a somewhat different appearance. ‘The nuclei of these cells are large with regular outlines and are situated near the center of the cells. The protoplasm is very finely granular and is quite different from the coarsely granular condition found in other parts of the oviduct. 7. The tubular glands or any homologous structures are entirely absent from the vagina. Only the unicellular epithelial glands occur here. 8. In the last section of the paper some suggestions are offered as to the probable function of the various glandular structures in the different parts of the oviduct. HISTOLOGY OF THE OVIDUCT OF THE DOMESTIC HEN. 427 LITERATURE. Béla, Hanké—1910—A MHazigalamb Petevezetékenek Szerkezete és Mukodése.-Allattani Kozlemények IX. Blasius, R.—1867—Ueber die Bildung, Structur und systematische Bedeutung der Eischale der Vogel. Zeit. f. wiss. Zodl. : Bd. 17, pp. 480-525. Coste, M.—1874—Histoire du développement des corps organisés. Tome I. Paris. Curtis, M. ‘R.—1910—The Ligaments of the Oviduct of the Domestic Fowl. Ann. Rept. Maine Agr. Exper. Stat. 1910, pp. I-20. Bulletin No. 176. | Gadow, H.—1891—Die Vogel in Bronn’s Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs. Bd. IV, p. 863 ff. Gipgomnini, E.—1893—Sull’ ovidutto dei Saurosidi. Monitore Zool. Ital. An. IV. pp. 202-265. Landois, H.—1865—Die Fierschalien der Vogel in histologischer und genetischer Beziehung, Zeit. f. wiss Zool. Bd. 15, pp. 1-31. 1884—Sind Eiweiss und Eischalle bei Vogeleiern peri- plastische oder exaplastische Gebilde.-Journal ornithol. Bd. 12, pp. 182-4. Loos, P. A.—1881-—Die ‘Fiweissdrtiisen der Amphibien und Vogel. Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. Bd. 35, pp. 478-504. Merckel v. Hemsbach.—1851—Die Bildung der fiir partielle Furchung bestimmten Eier der Vogel im Vergleiche mit den Graafischen Fcllikeln und der Decidua des Menschen.- Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. Bd. 3, p. 420. esse 1862" Inane. Dissert. Marburg, 1862. Nathusius, W. V.—1868—Ueber die Hiillen, welche den Dotters des Vogeleies umgeben. Zeitsch. wiss. Zool. XVIII, p. 225. 1893—Die Entwicklung von Schale und Schalenhaut des Huhnereis in Oviduct. Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. Bd. 55, pp. 576-84. Pearl, R. and \Curtis, M. R—1912—Studies on the Physiology of Repro- duction of the Domestic Fowl. V. Data Regarding the Physiology of the Oviduct. Journ. Exper. Zool. Vol. 12, Pp. 99-132. Rossi, Umberto—1895—Sulla Struttura dell’ Ovidutto del Geotriton i Fuscus. Publ. Istituto Anat. di Firenze, 1895. Sacchi, Maria—1887—\Contribuzione all’ istologia dell’ Ovidotto dei Sauropsidi. atti. della Soc. Ital. di Science not. Milano. Vol. 30, pp. 273-308. : Sturm—1910—Ulber Dottertumoren und Eikonkrement bei Hiihnern in ihren Beziehungen zu Eileiter und Ejierstock. Arch. f. wiss. u. pracht. Tierheilkunde. Bd. 36, pp. 177-208. Weidenfeld—1905—Verh. der ornithol. Gesellschaft, Bayern 1905, p. 112. 428 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2. DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES. Figures 457 to 474 were drawn with the aid of a camera lucida. All figures have been reduced one-half in reproduction. The approximate magnification of each figure, as reduced, is given below. The following characters have the same meaning in all the figures : O—Outer muscular layer. I—Inner muscular layer. T—Tubular glands. E—Unicellular epithelial glands. G—Glandular groove. © 3 HISTOLOGY OF THE OVIDUCT OF THE DOMESTIC HEN. 429 First Plate. Figure 453. Photograph of the funnel region of a functional oviduct showing the expanded lips, the thin walls with their small longitudinal spiral folds and the region of transition to the albumen region. x3. Figure 454. Photograph of a portion of the albumen secreting region showing the thick longitudinal folds. From the same oviduct as figure ASQ ues 5 Figure 455. Photograph from the same oviduct showing albumen por- tion above and isthmus below and also the line of demarcation between these two regions. x3. Figure 456. Photograph from the same oviduct showing the expanded uterus and the narrow vagina. x3. é Second Plate. Figure 457. Transverse section of the oviduct wall in the region of the funnel lips. x30. Figure 458. Transverse section of the oviduct wall in the region of the funnel neck showing primary and secondary folding of the epithe- lium. x 30. Figure 459. Transverse section from the region of transition from funnel to albumen-portion. Note the presence of a few tubular glands which are entirely absent in the region anterior to this. Muscular lay- ers are not shown. x60. Figure 460. Section of an epithelial gland from the ae region. (Cf. figure 462.) x600. Figure 461. Section of a typical gland from the funnel region. x6o0. Figure 462. Transverse section of the oviduct wall from the albu- men secreting region. Note the very thick layer of tubular glands. x3o. Third Plate. Figure 463. ‘Transverse section of the epithelium from the middle of the funnel region. Note pouch like glands from which the ciliated cells are absent except at the center. The epithelium over the ridges has sev- eral rows of nuclei. x300. Figure 464. Section of the epithelium from the region of transition from funnel to albumen portion, This section shows the formation of the tubular glands. x300. Figure 465. Section from the albumen portion showing the opening of a tubular gland, also the character of the gland cells and of the epithelium. From an actively secreting oviduct. x600. Figure 466. Gland cells from the tubular glands in the albumen region showing large dark staining granules. xrooo. Figure 467. Section of epithelium from the albumen region showing ciliated cells and unicellular glands. x1000. Figure 468. Transverse section of the wall of the uterus. x30. 430 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2, Fourth Plate. Figure 469. Oblique section through the line of: transition from albu- men portion to isthmus. Note the absence of all tubular glands along this line. At the left of the figure a portion of the albumen secreting region is shown and at the right a portion of the isthmus. x30. Fifth Plate. Figure 470. Section from actively secreting isthmus showing opening of tubules. x600. Figure 471. Section from isthmus showing gland cells and epithelium after the period of active secretion. x600. Figure 472. Section of the epithelium and opening of tubular gland from the uterus. x8oo. hs Figure 473. Transverse section through the wall of the vagina. x50. Figure 474. Section of the epithelium from the vagina showing the unicellular glands. x6o00. a. Se Se os — Sse = —— =e Se as ‘ Bo = So : ‘ Se = a: a 3 = we ee s - < om wit an a a seh teh gues BULLETIN No. 207. INSE Ci NOE S=nOR io 1:* O. A. JOHANNSEN. These notes are abstracts from our Station records for the present year. Though most of them deal with well known insects they are here presented because of their significance with reference to our local conditions. It is hoped that they may also contain sufficient new data upon habits and distribu- tion to be of interest to other entomologists. In some cases descriptions, figures, and remedial measures are given so that these notes may be of service to the general reader. The season just past has been in some ways of unusual ento- mological interest. The ravages of the spruce bud moth, the abundance of a spruce leaf miner and the occurrence of other spruce insects has turned much of the attention toward the conifers both native and those introduced for ofnamental purposes. ‘The increase of the gypsy moth area and the con- tinued spread of the browntail moth have given the emphasis of one more year’s experience with these two pests of para- mount importance. The season has been so favorable to the development of scale insects that even those species ordinarily little noticed have been conspicuous in many parts of the State. Fortunately correlated with the abundance of injurious species the insects of 1912 have included beneficial species in great numbers. The syrphus maggots and other predaceous insects, for instance, have practically exterminated many species of plantlice over large areas, and. parasites have been actively engaged in their natural welfare against the injurious caterpil- lars and other insects. * Papers from the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station: Entomol- ogy No. 61. 432 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. HOMOPTERA. SCALE INSECTS, PLANT LICE AND OTHER BUGS. Among the many insects which trouble the agriculturist, there is perhaps no one group which is more injurious than are the Coccidae or scale insects. In Maine there are a number of species but owing to their small size, and sombre coloring they are often passed unnoticed. ‘The increasing practice of spray- ing of orchard trees by our fruit growers will tend to check the spread of species already established and prevent new ones gaining a foot hold. As the insect has sucking mouth parts and lives upon the juices of the host plants, they must be fought by means of contact sprays, such as oil emulsions, whale oil soap, or lime-sulphur. ‘The last mentioned remedy used late in the winter as a dormant spray,* is especially recommended, for most of the species of scales mentioned in the following account. In the preparation of these insects for examination to deter- mine the species it is often necessary to remove them from the plant, treat them for a brief period in caustic potash, and after rinsing them in water, transfer them through several grades of alcohol, clearing in turpentine, or xylol, or other clearing fluid, and finally mounting on a glass slide in Canada balsam. Many of the scale insects are protected by a scale from which they must be removed before mounting them for examination. The scales which cover the insects in some species resemble each other so closely that the most experienced student of scale in- sects will not identify them without first making balsam mounts. It is therefore essential in the case of some of these species, as for example the San Jose scale, that judgment be suspended as to its identity until a thorough examination can be made. Aspidiotus ostreaeformis. EUROPEAN FRUIT SCALE. Curtis, Gardiner’s Chronicle III, p. 895, 1843. Newstead, Monogr. British Coccidae. I, p. go. Marlatt, Ul s: Dept. Acc. Div. Ent, Bule 20. pec * See “Apple Tree Insects of Maine,’ or “Apple Tree Disease,” for method of preparing these sprays. These bulletins may be obtained free of charge by residents of the State upon application to the Director, Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Maine. Both have been republished in the Report Agricultural Commissioner for 1910 under the title “Apple Tree Enemies of Maine.” INSECT NOTES FOR IQI2. 433 Scale of female. It is circular or broadly oval in outline, dark ashy gray in color with paler margin; sometimes the scale is nearly white. The exuvia is central or nearly so, dark brown, usually naked and glossy. Diameter 1-8 of an inch. “Adult female short ovate, almost circular, old specimens becoming chitinized; yellow or ochreous yellow. Parasitised examples broadly pyriform, inflated, usually bright orange brown, and highly chitinized. Rudimentary antenne a mere stump with a long stiff spine at the base. Rostral filaments scarcely longer than mentum. Free abdominal seg- ments, and margin in front with a few long hairs. Pygidium always with five groups of circumgenital glands, the anterior group consisting of from 5 to 8, the anterior laterals from 7 to 12, the posterior laterals from 5 to 16. The formula of twelve examples from a single colony on plum are given below: 5 i 5 6 5 6 C=) 5 C10 4 Ce 5 78 2. OD 2. CZ S10 66) O83 95 5 ein 6) 6 5 5 8 6 5 II—7 . g—-1I0 . 7-11. 8&8 . 12-12. 9Q—9 88 . 8 -I1 . I6—13 . I2—II . II—I4. II—9 “The subdorsal groups of tubular spinnerets, rather short, are con- nected with a double series of glands or pores. Extending from near the last marginal spine to the base of the pygidium on the dorsum is a series of, usually four, large circular pores. Vaginal opening central. Anal opening about midway between the former and the apex of the pygidium. Margin of pygidium with two pairs of lobes; median pair well developed, rounded, and notched at the sides; second pair broader than the former, but only about half the length, with the hind margin emarginate, or irregularly notched, forming a wavy outline; third pair obsolete. The first pair of plates are simple and spinelike; the second finely serrate; the first two beyond the second lobe simple or bifurcate; the third, usually, deeply and widely serrate. There are usually five long spines on either side—the first at the base of the anterior margin of the median lobes; the second and third, opposite, are attached to the base of the second lobe; the fourth and fifth considerably beyond, equi- distant from the second, and somewhat longer. The body-wall is con- siderably thickened and chitinized at the base of the plates. “The second-stage female possesses no ventral circumgenital glands; these organs are not developed until after the final moult. “Perfect male varying from ochreous to pale orange yellow. Apodema black, shining. Legs dusky with long sparse hairs. Eyes and ocelli black. Abdomen gradually becoming paler towards the extremity. Antennz of the same colour as the legs, having eight long clubbed hairs on the apical joint.” * * Newstead, Mongr. British ‘Coccidae I, pp. 100-102. A434. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQT2. Life listory. The winter is passed by partly grown indi- viduals which become mature early in the summer. The insect gives birth to living young which begin to appear soon after the maturity of the female. In this State they are apparently but one brooded. : This scale has been recorded from a number of different plants, among them, the apple, pear, plum, peach, cherry, birch, poplar, horse chestnut, basswood, alder, haw, maple, aspen, oak, A. ostree forms Fic. 475. etc. It has been reported in this country from Maine, New York, New Jersey, Michigan, Ohio, lowa, Idaho, California and several other states. In Maine it is most frequently found on large trees in old and neglected orchards, though we have records also of its occurrence on currant bushes. Specimens the past season were received from Brunswick, Millvale, Buck- field and W. Auburn. Remedies. Spraying with lime-sulphur late in the winter or early spring before the appearance of the leaves will control it. Aspidiotus permiciosus. r SAN JOSE SCALE. Comstock, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent. 1880, p. 304. Herrick. Technical Bul. 2, Miss. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1911. INSECT NOTES FOR 1912. 435 Scale of female. It is circular in outline, flat, with exuviae in the center surrounded by conspicuous concentric rings. Scale gray, except central part which varies from pale yellow to reddish yellow, or sometimes even black. Diameter about 1-16 of an inch. “Bemale. The body is nearly circular in outline and yellowish in color. There are two pairs of lobes with the median well developed. These appear to converge, are notched once on the lateral edges, rounded at the apices, and the thickened mesal margins extend cephalad and encircle the anal opening in a conspicuous manner. ‘The second lobes are smaller, converge toward the median, and are notched on the lateral Al pperinic1osus, Fic. 476. margins. There are two thickened processes between the median lobes and two surrounding each incision, the inner the larger. There are two pectine between the median lobes, very inconspicuous, two pectine in the first incision, three pectinee in the second incision, and three or more wide, fringed extensions of the pygidial margin laterad of the second incision. These extensions are very characteristic, in fact, are a diagnostic character. There is a spine on the lateral base of each lobe, one laterad of the second incision and one, one-half the distance to the penultimate segment. ‘There are, at least, three rows of dorsal pores although they are not prominent.” (Herrick). Life Mistory. ‘The winter is passed by this insect in a partly grown, dormant condition. On the approach of warm weather winged males and early in the summer the young appear, which are brought forth alive. In the latitude of Washington there are 4 or 5 generations, but farther north there are fewer. In parts of New York there are 3 generations. Owing to the few 436 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, IQI2. localities from which it has been recorded and the limited num- ber of observations made upon this species in Maine nothing can be said in regard to the number of generations occurring during a single season. ‘This insect occurs upon a large number of trees and shrubs in nearly every state in the Union. Speci- mens have been seen by the Entomologists of this Station from Limerick, West Baldwin, Wells, and Millvale. Remedies. Spraying with lime-sulphur late in the winter or early in the spring before the appearance of the leaves will con- trol the pest, provided the work be thoroughly done. Oil emulsions when applied by experienced men are also effective. Aulacaspis rosae. THE ROSE SCALE. Bouche, Naturg. Ins. p. 14, 1834. Herrick Tech. Bul. No. 2, Miss. Agr. Expt. Sta., 191T. “Scale of female. White, often with a yellowish tinge and circular or irregular when crowded. The light yellow exuvie are to one side of the center, in fact, quite near the edge. Diameter, 2 mm. to 3 mm. “Scale of male. It is long, white, and tricarinated. Length 1.25 mm. to I.4 mm. ‘ “Female. The body is long with the anterior end, consisting of head and thorax, large and wide. The abdomen is plainly segmented with the ends of the segments projecting and those of the two preceding the last bearing 8 to 10 gland spines. There are three pairs of lobes. The median lobes are large, approximate at base but diverge laterally. They are attached to the pygidium the whole length of their lateral margins and are serrate on the inner margins. The second and third lobes are lobulated, the inner lobule always the larger. Beyond the third lobes is a double lobe-like projection marking the projection of the second pair of projecting pores. There are three pairs of conspicuous project- ing pores with a single one between the median and second pairs of lobes. The plates are long and stout and situated as follows: one on the lateral base of each of the three pairs of lobes, one beyond the third pair of pores, and two usually, sometimes more, beyond the third pair of pores. There is a small seta on the median, second, and third lobes, and one just beyond the second and third pairs. of pores. The dorsal pores are in three rows. ‘The circumgenital pores were as follows in eight specimens: 15 18 12 8 16 15 17 C T4 24-24 21—23 - 23-—? 3I—28 27-26 25—24 24—27 22—24 20—19 24—20 27—22 25—26 2I1—22 23—25 26—29 2I—22 “The lateral groups are often practically continuous.” (Herrick 1911). INSECT NOTES FOR 1912. 437 Life history. In the south this species hibernates as an immature insect but in the latitude of New Jersey and north- ward it winters in the egg, which hatches on the approach of spring. The species is not limited to the rose but thrives on pear, strawberry, raspberry, blackberry, etc. In this State both raspberries and blackberries are the principal sufferers. The insect has a wide distribution extending from Canada to Florida and westward to California. Remedies. \f the old raspberry or blackberry canes are regu- larly cleared out in the fall or spring but little trouble will be experienced from this scale. Ine Alyy) Lepidosaphes ulm. OYSTER SHELL SCALE.. ILimigevenis, “Syst, INgity BGS OG i, Oe ASS, 17S. erick, Lech, Bul, No. 2, Miss. Aer, Exp. Sta., 1911. “Scale of female. The scale is dark colored, long, slender, often curved and usually widest’ at the posterior end. It is tough, composed ‘of concentric layers and thus resembles an oyster shell. The exuvie are yellowish or yellowish-brown and quite prominent. 2.5 mm. to 3 mm. in length. “Scale of male. It is like that of the female except smaller and the posterior part lifts up like a flap for the exit of the male when full grown. j “Female. Vhe body is long and slender with the abdominal segments prominent. The median lobes are wide and prominent, stand far apart and have their edges straight and parallel. The distal ends are round ard prominently notched on each side. ‘The mesal lobules of second lobes larger. The third lobes are rudimentary. The plates are long and pointed. There are two between each pair of lobes and two pairs beyond: the third lobes. There is a prominent marginal pore between 438 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, TO12, median and second lobes, two laterad of the third pair of plates, two iaterad of the fourth pair of plates and one laterad of the fifth pair of plates. There is a seta on each basal margin of the median lobes, one between the lobules of the second lobes, one just byond the first and second pairs of marginal pores, and one between the plates of the fifth pair. The dorsal pores. are as shown in figure 478. There are five groups of circumgenital pores as follows: 9 9 II 12 16—2I - 18—2I I5—16 17—I5 I5—I3 Q—II I4—1I5 1g —= 1a” (Herrick 1911) life history. ‘This insect has long been known in this country, though believed to be a native of Europe. In June the eggs, Fic. 478. which are found under the scale of the old female, hatch, the active young appearing as small specks which soon attach them- selves to new shoots by their beaks. The scale then begins to form gradually increasing in size. As with the Sam Jose scale the adult male is provided with both wings and legs. The scale occurs nearly everywhere in the United States as well as in other parts of the world, and may be found on a variety of plants. The apple, pear, plum, cherry, currant, wil- low, elm, birch, butternut, dogwood, ash, oak, linden, poplar, and rose being particularly affected. It is the most common scale on the apple in Maine. Remedies. As the insect winters in the egg stage it is quite resistant to sprays, yet experience has shown that when lime- INSECT NOTES FOR IQI2. 439 sulphur is used in early spring for several successive seasons the scales gradually decrease in number. Oijl emulsions and soap solutions are both to be recommended, when applied just aiter the eggs hatch, but precautions must be taken in spraying young trees with an oil emulsion to make the application in sun- shiny weather lest the trees be injured. Chionaspis furfura Fitch. THE SCURFY SCALE. Ieieln, 2yrcl IRejoo see, Ibas, IN, Mo 0) ASS, WSS, Cooley, Spec. Bul. Mass. Exp. Sta. p. 23, 1899. Herrick. Tech. Bul. No.,2. Miss. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1Q1T. “Scale of female. Usually grayish, often snow-white, and rather irregular in shape. Apt to enlarge just beyond second exuvium and bend to right or left. It is delicate in texture, flat and thin, and broad posteriorly. Length 2.6 mm. to 3.2 mm. “Scale of male. It is small, snowy-white, narrow, tricarinated, and usually straight. Length .7 mm. to I mm. “Female. There are three pairs of lobes, all of which are striated, especially the median ones. The median lobes are large, rounded, and entire. There is an oblique bar at the base of each and often an ellipti- cal, chitinous ring is seen at their inner mesal bases. The second lobes are divided, with the inner lobule the larger, and usually with its mesal margin more or less chitinized. “The third lobes are also divided but are eee small and often obsolete. The inner lobule, at least, is usually serrate. There is a seta on the lateral margins of the median lobes at their bases, one on the outer lobules of the second and third lobes, and one just beyond the second pair of marginal pores. The plates are as follows: 1, I, I, I, 4-9. The first plate is small and may be wanting, or at least is often missing. The circumgenital pores are as follows: 12 8 8 10 9 27—33 Byer, 20-22 30—2 22D 25—22 25—25 16—15 23—2 17—18” (Herrick 1011). “Remarks. ‘This species was found on apple in Mississippi and on Crataegus in Texas.” (Herrick 1911). life history. ‘The winter is passed in the egg underneath the scale of the female. As with the Oyster shell scale the young hatch in June and soon fix themselves by their beaks either upon the bark of the tree or upon the fruit. In the south it is stated to have 2 or 3 generations per season, but in the north there is but one generation. The species is said to occur in 440 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q12. Maine although no specimens have been seen by the Station Entomologists from any locality within the State. It occurs in many states in the Union as well as in New Brunswick, Ontario, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, so its presence in Maine would not be surprising. Its food plants are apple, pear, cherry, quince, crab, peach, black walnut, mountain ash, elm, currant, hawthorn, etc. — Remedies. Same as for the Oyster shell scale. iatnens Chionasp:s lintnert Comstock. LINTNER’S SCALE. (FIGS. 480 AND 486.) Comstock. Cornell Exp. Sta. I, p. 103, 1883. Cooley. Special Bul. Mass. Agr. College, p. 22, 1899. “Scale of female. Length 2.5-3.2 mm. (% inch). Decidedly broadened posteriorly, somewhat flattened, usually thin and flexible; dull dirty white or snow-white in color. Exuvie 1 mm. long, yellowish-brown. ae chhieaseconduextivialis) Semis lone: “Female. Median lobes obscurely pointed and faintly serrate. Second and third pairs with the inner lobule larger than the outer; faintly serrate. The gland-spines are long and slender and are arranged as follows: 1, 1-2, 2, I-3, 6-9. Second row of dorsal gland-orifices rep- resented by the anterior group consisting of 3-6 orifices. Third row with 4-6 orifices in the anterior and 5-7 in the posterior group. Fourth row with 6-8 orifices in the anterior and 8-10 in the posterior group. Median group of circumgenital gland-orifices, 11-19; anterior laterals, 25-42; posterior laterals, 19-28. “Scale of male. Length 8-1 mm. Parallel-sided, distinctly tri-cari- nate. Exuvia yellow or almost colorless, occupying about two-fifths of the length of the scale.” (Cooley 1899). This scale has been recorded from alder, willow, birch, dog- wood, shadbush. It occurs in eastern United States and L Canada, having been recorded from New York, Massachusetts, Maine, Prince Edward Island, and Quebec. The species was’ found on the gray birch at Orono, Me., in August 1910. INSECT NOTES FOR 1912. 441 Gossyparia spuria Modeer. THE ELM SCALE. (FIG. 500.) Modeer, Act. Goth. I, p. 43, 1778. Felt. Ins. Affecting Park and Woodland Trees. I, 203, 1905. Doten. Bul. No. 65. Agr. Expt. Sta. Univ. of Nevada, 1908. _ This scale is frequently mentioned in literature under the name of Gossyparia ulm. “Description. The adult females are by far the most conspicuous form of this insect. "hey may be seen clustered along the under side of the smaller limbs, usually beside a crack or crevice in the bark, and presenting a general resemblance to a growth of lichens. The full grown, viviparous females are about I-10 inch long just before giving birth to their young, oval in outline and with slightly pointed extremi- ties. Each is surrounded with a white, wooly secretion, which also extends partly over the insect arid thus renders its segmentation more apparent. i “The young are yellowish specks and may easily be recognized as they move over the younger limbs and leaves. They have an elongated, oval form, rounded anteriorly and tapering posteriorly to a pair of pointed processes, each bearing a long and a short seta. The body segments are marked by lateral spines and there is a row of six around the anterior border of the head and an irregular row down the middle of the back. The young soon become darker and finally assume a yellowish red color. The dorsum becomes covered with a spiny, wax secreting processes, and the general form of the young larva is retained. The antenna of the female ‘before impregnation is composed like that of the young, of 6 subequal segments, the second and third being the longest and the fourth and fifth shortest. The antenna of the imma- ture male has 6 nearly equal segments and a longer seventh. * * * The presence of the perfect insect within may be known by the two long, protruding anal filaments. The male is not seen without special search. It is a delicate, two winged, reddish insect with rather large antenne, and a pair of white anal filaments nearly twice the length of its body. It moves slowly over the limbs in a clumsy way, is not easily disturbed and rarely takes wing. A most interesting feature is the occurrence of two forms. The normal one has already been described, but 10 days earlier than its occurrence there may be found large num- bers of males which are characterized by the possession of wing pads but no wings. These are known,.as pseudimagos. ‘The reason for the existence of two forms of males is unknown.” (Felt 1905). life history. ‘The winter is passed as partly grown insects which are well protected by the waxy secretions. In the spring they become active and do the most damage. ‘The young, which are brought forth alive, make their appearance in midsummer, settling on the leaves from which they migrate at the approach 442 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQO12. of fall, to the twigs and trunk where they spend the winter. This insect has a wide distribution in the United States occur- ring both east and west of the Mississippi. ‘They were very abundant in the vicinity of Orono, Maine, last year (1912) being especially conspicuous during early summer upon the trunks around the pruning wounds of the American elms. Remedies. As for the Oyster shell scale. Phenacoccus acericola. MAPLE PHENACOCCUS. (FIC. 481.) ~ King. Canadian Entomologist. XXXIV, p. 211, 1902. Fic. 481. Phenacoccus acericola:. a=adult female, greatly enlarged; b=antenna of same still more enlarged; c=adult male, greatly enlarged; d=young larva, greaty enlarged; c=antenna of same still more enlarged. “(After Howard. Insect Life. 1804.7 : 237). Comstock. U.S. Dept. Agr. Rept. ’80, p. 345, 1881. (P. aceris). Felt. Insects Affecting Park and Woodland Trees, 182, 1905. “Our American species when seen on the leaves appear as an irregular oval cottony mass which adheres to anything touching it and resembles very much the cottony ovisac of a Pulvinaria.. The cottony material is about 6 mm. in diameter and covers the insect and her eggs. “Length of 2 about 5 mm. long, 3 broad, plump, light yellow. Boiled in caustic potash, they turn orange red. ‘The internal juice pressed out, the skin is colourless. The upper surface of the body is more or less covered with spinnerets and these are more dense at the posterior INSECT NOTES FOR IQI2. 443 extremity. The margin of the body has several groups of short spines. Antenne 9 jointed, measuring in microns. “Joints I. 2 B. 4. 5. 6. Te 8. 9. A, Ad, did, BOL AO BA RR AB OAL, AMA ns AAR BON AA BON 28. POR OA Joint 9 is longest, 3 and 5 equal, 6 and 8 usually equal, 1 and 2 and 3 are equal and longer than any of the next five joints. The last sending in the fall, when the leaves were found on the ground, had well advanced females with their abdomen well filled with eggs, and when cleared with potash they showed only an 8 jointed antenna as follows: “Touars (i) Ao, (2) Co, (@) ass (A) 724 (S)) 4a, (©) “os (|) 2 (GS) Cor Middle leg, coxa 120, femur and trochanter 240, tibia 200, tarsus 80. The legs are somewhat slender, and the claws are thin, sharp, thickened at the back, but not toothed as described by Prof. 'Comstock.” (King 1902). Life history. ‘The adult females occur on the leaves in sum- mer, and are about i-4 inch in length. The adults are concealed by an oval mass of powdery wax within which is the yellowish female and her eggs. The young usually remain on the leaf to feed. The males form oval cocoons under the bark of the tree. The adult females leave the leaves and wander about upon limbs or trunk and after pairing settle on the underside of the leaf, seldom crowding each other. The waxy secretion soon becomes very dense and eggs, which are very numerous, are pushed into it. In some states there may be 3 generations each year. ‘whe last generation passes the winter on the trunk. During the early summer of 1912 a number of the maples on the Campus of the University of Maine were found to have on the trunks under the rough bark large numbers of the wax covered gravid females, the young later appearing on the leaves. This insect has a wide distribution having been recorded in many of the northern states east of the Mississippi river. Its host plants are maple, hornbeam, lime, and ‘horse chestnut. Remedies. Controlled by the same methods as the Oyster shell scale. Phenacoccus dearnessi, King, Canadian Entomologist, XX XIII, p. 180, 1gor. “Sac white, the sac wholly covering the body. @ dark red-brown. Boiled in caustic potash the derm is colourless. Legs and mouth-parts ochreous. Antennz pale yellow, 9-jointed; 3 longest, although 2 + 3 are sometimes equal, 9 next and a little longer than 1, 5 + 8 next and 444. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2. equal, 6 + 7 are shortest and equal. The joints are quite variable in length, as will be seen from the following measurements: Tieruake ys Tye AR a Cot OG WG SESE 8 i kG) 40 56 60 28 44 36 36 32 60. Formula (39) 215 (67) 84. 32 20 28 28 32 52 “ (23) 9r5 (48) 2 (G7) AGL BOS Tea HI) 116i) Ale « Sho 3) “2 (230) CIS) Onna) 44 56 52 24 36 32 56 60 an 8-jointed form, hardly adult. Legs short, stout. Middle leg: coxa, 80; fem. with troch., 180; tibia, 116; tarsus, 72; claw, 24. Hind leg: coxa, 88; fem. with troch., 200; tibia, 148; tarsus, 84; claw 24. Scattered over the body are several long thin hairs and short thick spines. The gland-pits are not numerous, and are very small. Caudal tubercles, large, round, with two long sete, and several long thin hairs; the tubercles are well covered with short, stout, spear-shaped spines. Young larva: Antenne 6-jointed, measuring as follows: Joint—(1) 24. (2) 32. (3) 40. (4) 24. (5) 24. (6) 68” (King 1907). Life history. ‘The life history of this species resembles that of the foregoing. ‘The immature insects of both sexes hiber- nate under the rough bark of the host plant. In the early sum- mer the eggs are laid, the young soon migrating to the under surface of the leaves. This species has been recorded from the haw and the apple. On April 29, 1912, some twigs of the gooseberry infested with this species were received from Bruns- wick, Maine. The twigs were covered with the puparia of males which are small elongate, and felted, as well as a few females. ’ On May 4 to 6 the winged male adults appeared. On the 8th of May a few females were transferred from the drying goose- berry twig to the stem of a young currant bush growing indoors. One of the females (Fig. 490) laid eggs on June 11, numerous young soon appearing and settling on the underside of the leaves. Eggs from one of the other females were later also obtained some of which were transferred to young plants of apple, elm and maple, greenhouse grown. ‘The eggs soon hatched, the young settling upon the underside of the leaves and thriving as well as upon the original host. As the experi- ment was discontinued in September nothing can be said of the subsequent development. This insect has been found in a few northern states as well as in Canada. Remedies. Same methods as for preceding species. > a INSECT NOTES FOR IQI2. 445 Eulecanium corni. THE KUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM. Bouche. Stett. Hint. Zeit. V, p. 2908, 1844. Sanders. Journal Ec. Ent. pp. 428-447, II, 1909. The following names are all synonyms, according to Sanders: Adenostomae, armeniacum, assimile, aurantiacum, canadense, caryarum, cerasifex, coryli, corylifex, crawii, cyosbati, fitchii, fraxini, guinardi, juglandifex, kansasense, kingii, lintneri, maclurarum, mori, obtusum, pyri, rehi, ribis, robiniae, rosae, rugosum, tarsale, tibiae, vini, websteri. “This common species which occurs on so many of our economic and wild trees and shrubs, is quite convex in form with irregular, varying rugosities and pits in the hard brown derm of the adult, or dead female. Various fuscous transverse and longitudinal markings are evident on the young adult-female scale before oviposition in early summer. ‘These markings rapidly disappear at her death and darker brown suffuses the derm, leaving sometimes a trace of fuscous on the dorsum. “The cleared derm appears brownish, antenne 6 or 7-segmented, usually the latter; legs well developed, ordinary; anal plates heavily chitinized, together forming nearly a square; 6 large and 2 small hairs on the anal ring; marginal spines rather short and stout 18-24 mmm. in length; spiracular spines variable, rather slender, the shorter ones 30-40mmm. and the middle one 50-60 mmm. in length. The cleared derm shows extra heavy chitinization of the regions along the anterior margin extending inward toward ihe antenne, and also of the posterior lobes near the cleft. The characteristic general arrangement of the ‘many derm pores in very irregular, broken and interrupted radiating rows, is especially noticeable near the margin. In some specimens this character is not so marked.” (Sanders 1909). : This insect, if the above list of synonyms be accepted, occurs in many states on a very large number of shrubs, fruit and shade trees including the apple, plum, peach, apricot, pear, currant, blackberry, mulberry, sage, orange, elm, ash, locust, linden, maple, dogwood, etc. In Maine we have found it on elm, ash, maple, honey locust, apple, rose, and bitter sweet. Fig. 488 shows specimens of Lecanium collected on red ash, Orono, July 12. Remedies. ‘Thorough spraying with a crude oil or a distillate oil emulsion applied as a winter treatment. ‘The crude oil emulsion is prepared according to the following formula. (See Palecoert Vill. Bur. of Ent. U.S. Dept. Agr.) SNA GHG. 5 SU Oe re alll OnSa A eaeeeeee ee ee 8&6 INSIST, (S(O) ey ete eee Domi Ciswee rentals ree 10 ILS Sg eh ee LET SNORE oS GOR y aan ee pile deersmih, 2 446 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI2. About 20 gallons of the water were heated, and when this began to boil the dissolved soap and then the lye were added. ‘This mixture was then removed to the tank, and the rest of the water (66 gallons) added, making 86 gallons in all. The spray pump engine was then started and the crude oil slowly poured into the tank, the mixture being violently agitated by the tank agitator. A perfect emulsion resulted.” Pulvinaria vitis. (Fig. 489). Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. I, 741, 16, 1735. Newstead, Monog. Brit. Coccidae, Ii, p. 51, 1903. Pulvinaria innumerabilis of American authors is a synonym. “Female at period of parturition more or less cordate, narrowest in front, posterior extremity emarginate, anal cleft deep; transversely wrinkled and punctate; dorsum slightly ridged, and where the trans- verse wrinkles are deepest they often form conspicuous projections. Colour pale to dark chestnut-brown, with a median line of pale ochreous or brownish red. At the completion of the ovisac the extremities of the body curve upwards and inwards, the cephalic area only remaining attached to the food-plant. So much is the body wrinkled at this stage that the dermis has often the appearance of being deeply folded. After parturition the colour changes to a uniform pale or dark chestnut-brown,. and the dermis is slightly shining: Antenne normally of eight joints, but there are sometimes only seven. Formula 3, 4, 5, 2, 8, I (6, 7), or (3, 5), (2, 4), (6, 7), 8, 1. In all the specimens the second joint possesses a very long hair, and there is a slightly shorter one on the fifth joint, and on the terminal one are five or six. Legs ordinary; digitules to tarsus simple, those of the claw rather strongly dilated. Loop of rostrum scarcely reaching insertion of intermediate legs; mentum uni- articulate and small. Dermis with numerous ovate or approximately circular pores, and fine pentagonal tesselations, which usually disappear in boiling caustic potash. Marginal hairs small, slender, and generally curved. Stigmatic channel with minute circular spinnerets; marginal spines in a group of three, of which the centre one is much the longest and very slightly curved. Anal ring of eight hairs, enveloped, as in the genus Lecanium, in a thin and finely striate tube, which partly obscures. the hairs of the anal ring within. Anal lobes with several fine hairs at the apex. “The young adult female exactly resembles a Lecanium. Colour, under a lens, ochreous or dark yellow, rendered almost obscure by more or less confluent black spots; dorsum with a median ochreous or dull crimson band; to the naked eye the females appear dark smoky-brown in colour, with a faint olivaceous tinge, but the dorsal band is usually- distinct. “Larva with the antenne of six joints; formula (3, 6), 2 (1, 4, 5)- Legs ordinary. Anal ring with six hairs.” (Newstead 1903). INSECT NOTES FOR IQ12. ; 447 Life history. ‘The smaller twigs of maples or other trees are often covered on the underside with cottony masses which pro- trude from under a brownish scale. The female lays her eggs about midsummer, the young emerging from the cottony egg mass, establishing themselves along the veins on the underside of the leaves, or more rarely on the more tender twigs. In the autumn the insects migrate to the twigs before the leaves fall. The males die soon after mating; the females pass the winter on the underside of the twigs, and in the spring increase in size, secrete « large amount of honey dew which smears the leaves and everything beneath the infested trees. Later in the spring the insects begin to secrete the cottony matter in which the eggs are deposited. The insects are found in many parts of the United States and Canada. On June 27, 1912, specimens of females with the cottony egg mases were received on maple twigs from Mr. Jee stnke, ee, Maine. The host plants are maple, linden, sycamore, locust, sumac, beech, elm, oak, apple, pear, box elder, alder, hawthorn, grape, willow, and others. Remedies. As for the Oyster shell scale. TABLE GIVING THE DIFFERENTIAL CHARACTERS OF THE SCALE INsEcts DESCRIBED IN THE FOREGOING ACCOUNT. a. Posterior margin of the abdomen of the female with lobed or serrate pygidium (figs. 475-480) ; legs wanting in the adult. b. ‘Cover scale of female circular.- c. Exuviae nearly central. d. With circumgenital pores (fig 475). Aspidiotus ostreaeformis. dd. Without circumgenital pores (fig 476). Aspidiotus perniciosus. cc. Exuviae nearly marginal (fig. 477). dulacaspis rosae. bb. Female scale elongate or oval. c. Female scale‘rather narrow, often curved (fig. 478). Lepidosaphes ulmi. cc. Female scale oval, scarcely twice as long as wide. d. Median lobes of pygidium very broadly rounded at the extremities and set close together. (fig. 479). Chionaspis furfura. dd. Median lobes more spreading and indistinctly pointed. (Fig. 480). Chionaspis lintneri. 448 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912. aa. Abdomen of adult female without a pygidium. b. No anal cleft nor triangular plates at posterior end of abdomen of female; antenne and legs present in adult. c. Newly hatched nymphs with rows of dorsal spines, adult surrounded by cotton but dorsally naked. Gossyparia spuria. cc. Newly hatched nymphs without dorsal spines; antenne 9 jointed, 6 sete in anal ring. Phenacoccus. d. “Tibia nearly 3 times as long as the tarsi.” P. acericola. dd. “Tibia less than twice as long as the tarsi.” P. dearnessi. bb. Adult female with an anal cleft and triangular plates at posterior end of abdomen. c. Adult female is naked, more or less convex and hemispherical, scale-like, hard when mature. Eulecanium corni. ce. Secretion of female more. or less cottony, ovisac posterior and adherent to twig and leaf. Pulvinaria vitis. IPILAUNAD INCI, A phidae.* Among the most troublesome of the Aphides of the season were rather conspicuously those upon plum trees, currant bushes, apple trees, and elms. More detailed records of these either have been or will be given in other publications, but a few items seem to fall naturally into this bulletin. Especial preparations had been made for migration tests with Prociphilus venafuscus but only a few colonies on Fraxi- nus were found this season and those were too well attended by predaceous enemies to be profitable for experimental purposes. A few colonies of this species were also found upon Forsythia bushes on the campus. Spring migrants were placed upon Balsam Fir seedlings in pots and in one instance a few of the progeny stationed themselves upon exposed roots and fed, nor- mally secreting honeydew and white wax fora few days. These soon died and no conclusive data was obtained. Late in the season apterous aphides which I believe to be this species were abundant upon roots of young Balsam Firs near Orono but no pupze were found and no developing winged forms so that again the conclusive link was lacking. Aphis bakeri was taken on Crataegus in the spring and the progeny of the spring migrants responded properly to clover tests, maturing and producing there quite content. A colony of this species was brought into the Station on sweet peas. * Notes by Edith M. Patch, INSECT NOTES FOR IQ12. 440 This colony was on the stem near the ground and was only a few rods from Crataegus from which I had collected baker: in the spring. x It may not be out of place at this time to add an ecological note on Schizoneura lanigera in the form of a problem needing further study. That is what is the fate of such winter eggs of lanigera as are sometimes deposited on the bark of apple? That this question is of more biological than economic interest is shown by the significant wholesale flight of the sexuparae (fall migrants) away from Pyrus which provides for the nor- mal deposition of the true sexes and winter eggs on the true winter host with Janigera as is the case with other migratory aphides. But where woolly aphid colonies are very thick, sexes and the winter eggs are sometimes found upon the apple. ‘That such occurrences are accidental* seems not improbable but whether the emerging stem mothers of lamigera can develop on apple or other Pyrus and 1f so whether she is a bark feeder or whether she curls an apple leaf (as she would an elm leaf in her ordinary situation) and what the characters of her progeny are, seem to be few of the points which it would be of no slight viological interest to know. ok ok ok ok K ok *k 3K Although I have no observations to offer on the deposition of S. lamgera eggs on Pyrus, | have been more than a little inter- ested in accounts of such occurrences which have recently been sent me and also in the published records, the earliest of which, for this country at least, seems to be that in the Report of the Entomologist of the United States Department of Agriculture for the year 1879 by J. Henry Comstock. On page 259 of this Report Dr. L. O. Howard recorded his observations made in a little orchard of Russian apple trees then on the grounds of the *T have seen Prociphilus venafuscus fall migrants collect on both Ulmus and Pyrus sometimes in great numbers where they gave birth to true sexes and where winter eggs were deposited but so far as my observations have gone the spring stem mother develops only on Fraxinus and relatives (as Lilac and Forsythia) so that a deposition of the winter egg in any other situation than on the true winter host is apparently an accidental “error” on the part of the fall migrants which are responsible for the safe disposal of the true sexes on the appropriate winter host. 450 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1Q1I2. Department of Agriculture at Washington, his statement con- cerning the winter egg being as follows :— “The winter egg was found on several occasions during the winter in crevices of the bark over which a colony had been stationed during the summer. It was a rather long ovoid, measuring .322 mm. (.125 inch) in length and was very similar to the winter egg of Colopha ulmicola (Fitch), as described by Riley in Bulletin No. 1, Vol. V, Hayden’s Survey. “This egg was laid, as Professor Thomas supposes, by a wingless female, differing from the ordinary agamic form to a certain extent. These females we only know from finding their skins around the winter egg, since they often die without depositing it. The males we have not seen.” An attempt was made to include in the bibliography of Bul- letin 203 of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station refer- ences to all original observations on the Ulmus-Pyrus Schi- zoneuran but other omissions besides the interesting note just quoted may have occurred in which case addenda from any one noticing them woujd be very gratefully appreciated. LEPIDOPTERA. BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS. Euvanessa antiopa. THE YELLOW EDGE BUTTERFLY. Specimens of the larva of this insect were perhaps more frequently received for identification by the Station this year than any other single species, as it was unusually abundant in many parts of the State. The eggs are yellow with white ridges and are attached in masses encircling the twig. Such a mass was found near the swelling leaf bud of elm, May 11 at Orono. As a circular descriptive of this insect may be had upon application to the Station further details are here omitted. Ctenucha virgiica. THE VIRGINIA CTENUCHA. This beautiful little moth, with its blackish wings extending from I 3-4 inches to 2 inches, peacock blue body and red head makes it a conspicuous object (fig. 493.) It is not uncommon in Maine, and was unusually abundant this season. The larva somewhat resembles that of the spotted tiger moth, but like INSECT NOTES FOR IQI2. 451 other members of the family it feeds upon grasses and thus its habitat serves as a ready means of distinguishing it from the tiger caterpillars; and the characteristic hair tufts give good distinctive features if a careful examination is made. This insect ‘hibernates in the caterpillar stage and completes its growth in the spring. On May 2 a collection of these cater- pillars in their last instar was received at the Station (fig. 495). They were colored as follows: Body surface purplish black; no dorsal line present but subdorsal and lateral longitudinal line of yellowish white; head shining deep rich wine red with black face and jaws, prolegs reddish, matching head in color but not shining; true legs shining black; hair of 2nd and 3rd thoracic segments inclined down over head; hair of thorax and caudal 2 segments mixed black and white giving gray appear- ance; dorsal hair of abdominal segments, 1 to 8 inclusive, yel- low with a row of 8 black tufts. In confinement these caterpillars ate grass greedily, the first of them spinning a cocoon and pupating May 4-6, and the others following within a week. The cocoon is a loose oval case, composed almost entirely of the caterpillar hairs (fig. 494). The first moth emerged May 31 and the others emerged on and before June 3. Lot 1455. Hymenopterous parasites (Lot 1474) emerged from part of this lot on June 3. ; Euproctis chrysorrhoea. BROWNTAIL MOTH. As in former seasons many nests containing larve of this species were received for identification by the Station during the winter of 1911-12, but unlike those received in former years, many nests contained only or chiefly dead caterpillars. What caused the death of the insects has not been satisfactorily traced to any single cause which would explain all cases and it is possible that fungous disease, insect parasites, and climatic conditions each were responsible for part of the mortality. Nests from neighboring places would in one case contain dead caterpillars and in the next a fair percentage of live ones. All of the nests from one Orono orchard were examined and found to contain practically only dead caterpillars. Parasites emerged from part of these nests. 452 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912. Considering the fact that a single winter nest should contain from 150 to 350 or more hibernating larve the following record is of interest though it is incidental, as no attempt to canvas the State was made. Curiously the most northern nest received (Monson) contained only living caterpillars. Partial Record of Winter Nests Received Spring 1912. Monson, Piscataquis County. 6 nests, 700 larve alive. Cooper, Washington [County. I nest, Io larve alive. Bangor, Penobscot County. 8 nests. Most larve dead. Orono, Penobscot (County. Many nests (all from 1 orchard). All larve dead except a few and those were not vigorous. ~ : Walpole, Lincoln ‘County (ist sending). Many nests. Most larve dead. : Walpole, Lincoln (County (2nd sending). Many nests. Most larve alive. Auburn, Androscoggin County. 9 nests. Most larve dead. Wales, Androscoggin ‘County. 10 nests. All larve dead. Oxford, Oxford County. 1 nest. 8 larve alive. Freeport, ‘Cumberland County. 4 nests. Most larve dead. Brunswick, ‘Cumberland ‘County. Many nests. All larve alive. Berwick, York ‘County. Many nests. All larve alive. Porthetria dispar. GYPSY MOTH. This dreaded insect pest is making its way northward in the State and the egg masses are numerous this fall in the vicinity of Portland. TENT. CATERPILLARS. Malacosoma americana and disstria. Both the Orchard Tent and Forest Tent caterpillars were unusually numerous in many parts of the State this year. Both species did much damage to the foliage of apple trees, in neg- lected orchards, both not infrequently being found upon the same tree. The former species constructs large tent-like web nests to which they retire when not feeding. ‘The latter species do not make a tent but instead spin upon the trunk and larger branches of the tree they inhabit a delicate, and inconspicu- ous sheet of silk upon which they travel up and down. Both species deposit their eggs in the summer in a varnished mass in the form of a ring or belt about a twig. In this State INSECT NOTES FOR IQ12. 453 they remain until they hatch the following spring. They are exceedingly abundant the present season, on one small wild cherry tree at Orono several dozen of these egg masses were seen upon a single twig. Parasitic flies, Tachina mella, were bred from a number of the larvee of both species taken in the vicinity of Orono this summer. Descriptive circulars giving remedial measures for these two species are issued by the Maine Agricultural Experi- ment Station. Dioryctria abietella and Enarmonia youngana. In Insect Notes for 1911 (p. 233) mention was made of injury to red spruce cones by insects. Among the insects found in the cones were the larve of 2 species of ‘Tineid moths which were later reared and proved to be the above mentioned species. Lots 1303, 1386 Sub. 6. Peroma -ferrugana. BIRCH LEAF ROLLER. Schiffermueller, Syst. Verg. Wien. 128, 1776. Clemens. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, If], 576, 1864. (P. gallicolana)- “Fore wings dull ochreous or whitish tinted with ochreous. Near the middle of the costa is a semi-oval blackish-brown spot containing blackish dots, and sometimes a whitish spot on the costa. Along the interior edge of this costal spot are a few tufts, and near the base of the fold of the wing is a single black one. The costa near the base is slightly marked with blackish and the apical portion of the wing is clouded with reddish-ochreous-reddish. Hind wings shining, rather dark gray.” (Clemens). This common. European species which is also found in east- ern United States, has been rather abundant in the vicinity of Orono for several seasons. The larva constructs a loose tube of silk within the rolled up edge of a gray birch leaf similar to that shown in figure 180 of Packard’s Forest Insects (p. 507). In the leaf axils of the tree upon which the larve were found, occurred curious little tubular nests each containing a larva very similar if not identical with the above mentioned species. These tubes are constructed of silk and debris and extend down into the twig which is somewhat swelled at this point (fig. 482). Rubsaamen in the Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift (p. 62, 454, MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. Vol. 33, 1889) states that this tubular nest on the Birch is the work of P. ferrugana. lf there is no error in the identification it is probable that the larva spends its earlier life thus, and later becomes a leaf roller. As we failed to rear adults from this leaf axil inhabitant and did not observe whether the larva later left the tubes to become leaf rollers we cannot prove the iden- tity of the two forms. Our identification of the moth was con- firmed by Mr. August Busck of the National Museum. Lot. Nos. 1289, 1411, 1453. Fic. 482. Peronia ferrugana. -A larva forming on the alder a similar axil tube is also not uncommon at Orono, Maine. The twig is less swollen than in the case of the birch, though the projecting tube does not differ. Olethreutes albeolana. This species as well as an undetermined Eucosoma also con- struct tubes within the curled edge of gray birch leaves at Orono, Maine. Specimens determined by Mr. A. Busck of the National Museum. Lot 141Ia. Eulia quadrifasciana. This species was bred from a larva found under the bark of an apple tree at Orono, Maine. Lot 1252. INSECT NOTES FOR IQI2. 455 Apatela funerals. The red headed sooty black caterpillars, each segment with transversely elliptical pale yellow mark margined with orange, were found on the Campus at Orono, Aug. 1, feeding on Cornus stolonifera. Lot 1553. Tortrix ‘fumiferana (Spruce bud moth). Epinotia piceafoliana and Recurvaria piceaella. These Tortricids were bred from larvee found feeding upon . the leaves of red and white spruces, in the spring of 1912 at Orono and elsewhere. An account of their life history will be given in a later bulletin. HYMENOPTERA. A PARASITE OF THE BROWNTAIL MOTH. Monodontomerus aereus. (Chalcidae) Walker, Ent. Mag. Il, 158, 1834. Mayr, Verh. Zool. bot. Ges. Wien. XXIV, p. 71, 1874. L. O. Howard and W. F. Fiske Bul. 91, Bureau of Entomology, US), IDG Nee, Joy Bas. Aro sone. “Female. Bronze, somewhat shining, quasi squamose, pubescent. Mandibles reddish fuscous; eyes and ocelli reddish; antenne black, pubescent, first joint bronze; squamulze reddish fuscous. Abdomen a greenish bronze, smooth, apex sparsely pubescent, not longer than the thorax, apical segment bronzy; ovipositor red, scarcely exceeding half the length of the abdomen; tegmina black, pubescent. Legs reddish fuscous, pubescent; coxe and femora dusky greenish bronze; tarsi red, _ paler under the base, tip more dusky. Wings hyaline, iridescent; veins fuscous, stigma moderate in size. Length of body about 1-8 inch, wing about 3-16 inch.” (Walker). The occurrence of this parasite of the Browntail moth at Walpole, Maine, was noted in Insect Notes for 1911 (p. 243, Bul. 195, Maine Agr. Exp. Sta.). Other Maine localities from which the species has been taken either by us or by the repre- sentatives of the Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agri- culture, are Stroudwater, Leeds Center, Bridgton, Vassalboro, Richmond, Brunswick, Freeport, Poland, Gray, Windham, Portland, Sebago, Cornish, Wells, Berwick, York, and Kittery. 4560 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2. This species was imported from Europe and distributed in Massachusetts about 6 years ago by the entomologists engaged in the gypsy and browntail moth investigations. Since that time the insects have gradually spread until now it has a wide distribution in northern New England. The females (figs. 483 “and 499) have the habit of hibernating in the winter webs of the browntail moth, not attacking the caterpillar stage but are parasitic upon the browntail moth pup. Fic. 483. Monodontomerus aereus. Greatly en- larged. (After Howard and Fiske, 1911). As a period of about 2 months must elapse from the time of the escape of the parasites from the winter webs until the caterpillars of the browntail moth pupate, the little parasite must live in the open during the interval. There seems to be but one generation a year. ‘he female deposits her eggs in the browntail moth pupe in June, the developing young feed- ing internally. When mature they escape from the pupz, the females in the fall seeking shelter in the new winter nests of the young browntail moth caterpillars. Measures for protecting the parasite. ‘The present method of destroying the browntail moth nests in midwinter while effect've in killing the caterpillars, also destroys these parasites if present. A modification of this method could well be made by which the parasite is allowed to escape before the destruc- INSECT NOTES FOR 1912. 457 tion of the nests. As heretofore the nest should be removed from the orchard or shade trees during the winter but they should be held and kept under normal outdoor conditions until the first warm days of spring when both parasites and cater- pillars become active. As the parasite is the first to emerge from the nest, the nest could be destroyed as soon as the cater- pillars are seen to be actively congregating on the outside. The nests as soon as cut from the tree may be placed in a barrel or other receptacle, the outside of which, at some distance from the top edge, should be smeared with a band of tree tangle foot or some similar preparation so that if the caterjillars start to creep down the side they will be checked by the sticky sub- stance. ‘The parasite, a small shiny black 4-winged fly, about 3-16 of an inch in length, would fly off unharmed if the tangle foot is not placed too near the upper edge. It is suggested that these barrels be placed in the vicinity of wood lots in which browntail nests are still known to exist. The parasites would thus aid in reducing the infestation in the wood lands as well as being enabled to breed and spread. Pteromalus egregius. (Chalcidae) Forster, Beitr. Monogr. Pteromal. p. 22, 1841. PeOerowatrd and W. B. Biske. Bul. or Bar Ent. U.S. Dept. Ags. 1911. “Female. Dark green, scape at the base and the legs reddish yellow, femur dark green with yellow apex, the posterior tibiz brown in the middle. Propodeum shining, at the base coarsely punctate, on each side with an elongate furrow; the middle transversely depressed, and with a row of deep furrows, the apex smooth, transversely aciculate. Abdo- men green, with violet fascie. Length 1-8 inch.” (Forster). This little parasite of the browntail moth, also imported from Europe by the Entomologists of the U. S$. Dept. of Agriculture about 6 years ago has been gradually spreading northward. In IQII it was recorded by the government entomologists from Cumberland County, Maine. In March 1912, a number of specimens were obtained from winter nests which had been col- lected in an orchard at Orono, Maine. Fig. 4&4. The females of this species also enter the web nests of the browntail moth caterpillars, but unlike the Monodonotomerus they oviposit upon the caterpillars after these have become 458 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912. dormant. ‘The developing larve then feed externally upon the caterpillars, becoming full fed before cold weather sets in. Transformations are completed in the spring, the adults leav- ing the web nests 2 or 3 weeks after the caterpillars become active. Protection of the parasite. ‘I'he same means may be used as for Monodonotomerus only in this case the barrels should be left longer before destroying the webs of the browntail cater- p-llars. Pteromalus puparum. (Chalcidae) 3 This little parasite was reared in large numbers from chrys- alids of the yellow edge butterfly on several occasions during Fic. 484. Pteromalus egregius. Greatly enlarged. (After Howard and Fiske, 1911). July 1912. From a single chrysalid collected on the campus of the University of Maine, 87 specimens emerged. Lot 1516. Elachertes johannseni Crawford. , (Chalcidae) This species mentioned in Insect Notes for 1911 (p. 243, Bul. 195 Me. Agr. Exp. Sta.) under the title of Elachertes sp. has recently been described by Mr. J. C. Crawford in the Pro- ceedings of the U. S. National Museum, Vol. 43, p. 181, 1912. Habrobracon johannusem Viereck. (Braconidae) The species noted in Insect Notes for 1911 (p. 243, Bul. 195, Me. Agr. Exp. Sta.) under the name of Bracon sp. has recently INSECT NOTES FOR 1912. 459 been described by Mr. H. L. Viereck in the Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, Vol. 42, p. 622, 1912. ANT SWARMS. Some male and female winged ants were received from Squirrel Island Aug. 28 with the following account by the col- lector vit, Alex Doyle: “They invaded this island last Sunday. They seemed to come in numerous. different swarms from over the water,— from the east or northeast: Each swarm was so dense as to present the appearance at a distance of 1-2 to 3-4 mile of small clouds floating across a clear sky. They drifted by my house so floating across a clear sky. ‘They drifted by my house so thickly that by reaching out the hand or a cap from the piazza they could be captured, yet not one entered the piazza.” COMBO IBIRA. BEETLES. Haltica bimarginata. ALDER FLEA-BEETLE. Say. J@ulenall Pani, Ave; INat, Set, IDWS Wea, “Larva. Body somewhat flattened; head scarcely two-thirds as wide as the body in the middle; black, becoming brown in front near the jaws. Body livid brown above; the tubercles black; paler beneath; with three pairs of black jointed thoracic legs; no abdominal legs; but an anal prop-lee. The abdominal segments each with a transverse, oval- rounded, ventral, rough space forming a series of creeping tubercles, and in front on each segment is a transverse, oval, crescentic chitinous area bearing two piliferous tubercles; the back of each segment divided into two ridges, each bearing a row of six sharp tubercles, bearing short hairs; a single ventral row on each side of the ventral plate. Length 7 to Io mm. “Pupa. Body rather thick, white. Antenne passing around the bent knees (femero-tibial joints) of the first and second pair of legs, the end scarcely going beyond the middle of the body. Elytra with five or six rather deep longitudinal creases. The salient points of the body armed with piliferous warts. Abdominal tip square at the end, with a stout black spine projecting from each side. Length, 6 mm.” (Packard’s Forest Insects p. 631). “Adult. Oblong, subparallel. Above dark blue, moderately shining; under surface and legs blue-black, antenne piceous. Thorax wider than long, margins very narrow, the ante-basal depression deep, reach- 460 MAINE AGRICULTURAI, EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2. ing the sides and joining the marginal depression; surface distinctly alutaceous, sparsely punctate. Elytra wider at base than thorax, with a prominent fold extending from umbone to near apex; surface finely, rather sparsely and indistinctly punctate. Length 5-6 mm.” (Blatch- ley’s Coleoptera of Indiana). i We found this species very abundant during the past season at Orono, Castine and Monmouth, and it has also been reported from other localities. ‘The larvae were very numerous on the leaves of the alder (Alnus incana) during July about Orono, skeletonizing the leaves. Sometimes half a dozen larve were found at work upon a single leaf. ‘The insects pupate early in August, adults appearing during the first weeks of Septem- ber. The description of the larva given above, which was taken from Packard’s “Forest Insects,’ was evidently drawn up from alcoholic specimens. In life the ground color is dark brown, or sometimes almost black, with bluish black tubercles. WIRE WORMS IN CORN. Agriotes mancus. Sey, Obie, Tlatl; Ac Ne. (Se INL, tiga, 328, Comstock and Slingerland. Bul. 33, Ag. Exp. Sta. Cornell Inl@san, (Cena, laine, Well A, jo, ©, sy, Forbes, 18th Report, 1894. “Larva. ‘The newly hatched larve must be very small, and, according to European writers, they grow very slowly. The smallest larve of the wheat wireworms we have seen were about 4 mm. in length. All variations in size occur at the same time up to a full grown larva which measures from 16 mm. to 19 mm. The larve are quite slender cylindri- cal somewhat flattened on the venter, sparsely hairy, and of a waxy yellow color, lighter at the sutures. The anal segment tapers gradually to a subacute brown point, and bears on the dorsal aspect, near the cephalic border, two large conspicuous, brown eye-like depressions resembling the breathing pores. By these, the wheat wireworm of any size may be readily separated from any other species which we have found infesting fields.” (Comstock and Slingerland). Fig. 406. “Pupa. “Vhe pupa resembles the imago in many of its characters, being, however, about one-fourth longer, and in the abdominal region more slender, the only differences of moment being the following: “Thorax at each angle with a stout bristle-like appendage more slender towards the tip, about a sixteenth of an inch long. That at the anterior angle is supported on a small papilla, the posterior being pro- longed from the tip of the angle. Terminal abdominal segment above subquadrate, emarginate at tip, angles acute and divergent, beneath with deep sinuous groove on each side and a median shallower groove. INSECT NOTES FOR 1912. 4061 “Abdomen above and beneath of nine segments, the first very narrow, distinctly visible above, beneath visible only at the sides; second slightly broader, beneath nearly entirely concealed. The remaining segments are distinctly visible both above and beneath, the distal angles being slightly prominent, giving the sides of the abdomen a dentate appear- ance.” (Horn 1872). “Imago. Robust, color piceous to brown, elytra often paler, surface moderately pubescent. Head and thorax very convex, the mouth infe- rior, mandibles broad and chisel-shaped at tip; surface of head and thorax densely and coarsely punctate; striz of elytra deep, punctate, interspaces nearly flat, rugose, and punctulate, antennz and feet rufous. “Length 7-9 mm.” (Forbes, 1804). Fig. 408. iumlinsect Notes tor Tol (). 220)\Bulyio9s, Mey Aer Box SON LSREIATL IST eee ava ci ee cee ae eI aE 455 JES Saellllav ic CalhinconmenCerbice sm ctn aeatae teeter oi AIA roles a Ecos a 169 JB eileearaniiira ole aha aimee ain eee eens see tenn na Cohn DUAR RUN eee ta 445, 448 ea aMRCMA CT UASGIAM AL pies Si aun Nectes su Hapeieoned ye challtnon ayer sla eclsiens 454 MRO CMISMC MEY SOLTMOCAMs | cnc cayemuscencie ae eierats ee enh ma dies Line wees ASI AMO MEAT MEnT it) LECATIIUI esters eve ecco oe a oises were sialon ae 445 Salil CMa sears eaay ate Mise een) aan ala een aa 432 JESS gM SSSTiPANMTAOY Demme UNE eee ere a Mi Gu INaatnae me in Raa 450 PRECtIMGIyAMAMATOImICAls DASIS sero taceuAtacn me soils tee sa eae 205 biological analysis of the character ............. 285 inheritance of in the domestic fowl ......... Malis 283 in the domestic fowl, literature ................. 302 selection problem ........ 387 mechanism of inheritance of ...... BE ASEM LS ANI 302 (Roodeplant catalogue. of the Aphidaer. (i020). 0 2....58 00 179 recmantins: 1m multiple: sestation %. 400. acs sos. nae: : 264 Banediscontrol through spraying os.sa 20) es.) eens es 18 Gis. CeOMOMMNe irelAIWOINS | Golsgadeossodecoo ses cse4 us 57 TOI GKEDS WHO) anton Stolen wah A nance aa eae lethal Me 145 ONAN OVUM ATE TLGAN siaueats eo weithe es ovata. 7 ESV aye] OCA Hila aes ie eels OA Seats RRA atest a aaa ahi 4 142 IB7DES BING DAVIDES Gbacnascdoouacuvenonaees 140 Perm AMPA TO eh ix wiser dey sauenhcv sala hie Pavey a alalesrae rate temas welele ole 463 ARCA MIMoMIS MIG exsn TO: SeneGaii.. sais ae ccisiosiiclos head testo. 145 One® Njord: INIGinICH A Un bbaduobos iweb bobo on oor 57 PE OIA SPALL A slo ck pare a Sooke Peto M isa Harare Ga ek De aiamees A4t, 448 ETO SVR TTL OMI oy oy pT. tA rcs cue eateve Staite wrpivel Senbartoncchare cay atey che teseineeemelt 452 PEM ON GACOM|ORATITISEMI:. so. sw'sreats waa es pice ais sais G cache ne ees 458 BREN Mec MIAN NG OTT Atal assay eis!d\ sy eves sheteusieteiclausts aeyeia cage aaetad 450 Glensmexperiments in Dreeding 2... sleeve lee ce duktee ees wee 283 MSO LOS NiO Ee OMA CtCt: x iayeis aicyelsccceie ers a ier ale alearere:s 305 Highmoor Farm, acquirement by the Station ............ 34 OUChAnG Ex pPeLinlentsy sei srie ee eee. ok 1.33 MisiolMieymonethenovidiuct of they hem wateccn.csee. wae os 305 eMMEUUUME PME eM ey: -AgeOs y chet acd a's 0 Foe w elehe, x al agereevacerd inde dled dhs plate 432 MANE MOD Se OPA GUISia aM sasdvaa cde Seale seal aie neneccectabendvave: Wand avekatils 463 472) MAINE NGRICCE TOR MY) EXPERIMEN De SPAITOIN: =. TOT 2s PAGE PLymiemopiberairgi 0ot ieee tenn Sor ak ey: Vani emis Mec ge SOS a Nn ates A355. Lemponted/welhinai leas Win Cathe ta semi an tce ea Ng Ae ee eRe pee 463, Inheritance of fecundity in the domestic fowl .............. 233) DMSECH MOLES IMORW TOMA Vda ete pacer aaa eae see ey eee ng semen 431 IN@weer Oinchiindl, SxpermmMeMe cs 45 bbb eons ben becbecassageeseu 23 achat shale tirivad DESO is meee ets Uatosens sna Sa nai eau En ia 161 Hiay aul HL So Meats ost eta ee ER, a abt Rk esa en as Kia nag 165, Dear Pea eaxcety A NG EAN ARE i BNC piste OR a aA een 164. PDIUNT GANS go eS te il aaa SR Sa ee 168. SFO) BY Dak eae NUL Recah ea yeme ri sc Reeds a ACLS BOM seat: 167 eAGl Airsemaue ais Als WHMCS “oosegheeocs sea seu sv oeesaeuces 168 Hes Weprdoprenac inne. seve anmedae Ben eu Mk ART iM eo Ba cn ia a Ma eTEnNe RL ic 450: Wepidosa pres almmuty (au syc eee ote re Rane San acter em Urea baa aI NB AA, Lepunira CamaclenSis 2650555626 PUPP UMIEA AUG ie cece NMAC Ng Gl 463, Cimme=sulip luni meainGuemaSS ete lyre Yd WARN a OS 18: SOMMAONS, PrEPETAMIOM. S555 5044205 segs neas ase : 20- Tinian C1352 WSCA as Fyre ee ane CC AOS NRL La ave ate aN ales ene “440 Macrosiphum solanifoli .......... aA ete eA nD cane ee er 178 Malacosomialyaimlent canna gy tc sep ee raccy aint eae ieee aed 452 GS SETA aay ea ede Saito eich Nee sled aa ere ate ie 252 Ma mle apltenOCOCeiIsisdwecue emy aera eR enectiel oitsls soon eat eae ue Maines Oi Iara IPhvimenwtilty IN@CKS loocsoudsceuoeoupoaauee 313 (Corrmisiit Uimaliowm (Gaines ayo. codoes4cne esol ea eee 340: Meteorology) seh) Sone Mes Oe Meare Ne crane eee RAVE A bicad 407 PMowodontomers) aerens. -- 442 2ee sess ae Riveananbenlabn tees 455. IMUOrdaIS hind louie) oe 6c sii er cietiea stra gar aA ae Aare DGS: 450 Multiple gestation, physiological problem .................. 260 DEODMESAMNS iin TMIMeMAINCO’ ced ss elsad eae 265. production Of tree=martims 23.2.2: 264 Sex Gleierinaiienmom oho) scdcacks cane ony 261 MiycetophilidaevonrauNtonth -Amaeri@aleys. aspera citestieatsei sete, 57 Mv Geto pilalaiinaes has ietiay sbecerors 2s, cosa nas aeeagen es anon ger ea Se Dalen MLA 50: Myzus POUSICAED lacie) eaerye ouaees wane ack a 2 TS Gna ana a aeY ac ata eRe e 174 Nieopro cipliilinswacrenuatiisy ae were ese eke tee en aelenens 17A. : TWO STILTS ccna Ue ke Tea ale ater eco ein 174 Neotriozella ottawanensis ....... SRS RENT Ede Ben cncnitn 231 Nitrous ether, spirit Of..2...-24-- Pieters FHSAA AAT ee Mee ea ete ae a ecane a ea nO er Ue tea AUD 453 LAM EIMOGOCCSH YA CCEI CO as or acy niente Mites, RoE cpm ch ci ue War aya niele ps he 442, 148 : GEATMESSI Nain nIneuee ice hoplesmea aes Eat oa toca 443, 448 MN TOOKe OLGHATC EX PELINTENLS() seni ee bes se nese eee : 21 IP Taine TCS SERN PCr RE Sate ene ieee eC Tee Uo aU Li ong 448 mmm ortccdl MOLES svete wee eee ade oe we hea yen GO, JPOP ITM TtiRTeD | NGITVSY Da RO CN BSS ye Pee MEN RECN ea 452 EReNOKeINGye-tml-pheedile ROWS sxe kk eek i ee Nae 390 Prociphilus venafuscus ........ SAAR TUE Oh 2M Ue ben 448 LPggallilay » aint eg aa a ene ar ues hers ise cece OG NRE nse tee RS eu Na ov od 210, Iptgeavplec tects va MeN PORN RED recy aetna lent ital QnA ta sy rl Bau 220 IBN AYAUS Leste Mal al nAhaUG NG icc erie itl Sua A RD Ora a es ANC 222 (CEPAUSIL SNe NG NN ised tL Maat eee ane RA WP be ae aa 223 7 CIOVSE A gg R IIS FRR Hel GA eae a Sat Obey Ee Ny 223 oulettiics 2.2% CAD eat Ned ear Ghatce whet hana fund Pi ee Meer ia th Citab ey OE 221 Anguilla OO en al WATS REN AINE aly Sete ae avs 222 MEUEMT GATS Ys alae Gel nS set gta ee dt ke pa RC ae 220 [DIGIC aE aes cae nS ert et Jes A DAA SMR ey 221 eMC Ree ORES Olin aide semen neta ue elma A Oa ae i eS 275 Reem EMG ENCORE OTIS’ NH Nth he Sas oo Min la Les aS 457 {SHU C DI UlTan ens ACAD, en Seah arta oy cae Rule cps Pa Eee ays 458 Bambu meMMIT ATE PAIRS 2... a8 i ln Gersls skew etgie wsicraerley erate tovane ale 446 VR he DEEN: WARREN Gr cal te ah RRM Arn Sree 446, 448 ERC coimttnratat UIC ERE lila okie evnics ai, nuudteetne amis tee cea Pamala. Boat 455 Op akastpiatinn duyimphiaede™ 22220) Atkigeeans qetsetekis ie sduicee oar 171 TROIS SCAU. SSE ROI UA ORE ha RES ran as Pan tHE UE anal ae Salta Ce aI Ae I 430 Russetine of apples, relation to lime-sulphur ............... 18 Seu eve” SCT PRR ie leet Sete nea ir ne eR Oe, RE eee 43. DApenaawtndentata of... 22 SPIO eu SeN PaTA NU SRN ys ie oF ate dg 464 SucAuhe iimsic CS CSIR opie er Rte gto adie St FG ALI aan a ea 432 dliniememngnh elbianraKCuens: Syne gion eoweu sess ae. AAT, Schizoneura. See Woolly apple aphid ENING tel GUL cla renee MAS, rere ta SRI OMEN Sachem et 236 INT AIIGR ENE eee REP RN ROS Deh cl eR ey aa 236, 440 fo ein AE EG ROR OPS ly SU DOAN ta TR ae 111 {SYCWEL SM SICRUIET apo chee, ora e AAAS WAU hin ipa cH ea ere ene en eRe 430 A74 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Siphocoryne avenae Spirit of nitrous ether, determination Spray formulas tESEMOR CONMERS UA AR inne Ree a AE auc OP Layine,. Gea livse aay Uy ease eo eras ec eee uae ER PE PIMA SITES Neem ae cuagvnae aueeen a amen cin oe UU Elf Get Onrst Olla sep eters Caines ee an te ae effect One BCU Ny oben crn et ehe ect poems Mae HOKE Abas’ OOIMAROlb rss Gacicla conse ceagaswueae Gus MELO E Ss preparation sei eee ener mature SLOCKM SOlULLOTIS masta ae eur esieriens ee relation: tombeatin eo ee ee SDP WUC Sab cicl aro thae ys mga eee a ogee etteay Bk ace reer ges Eee GN Sunscald in orchards Ment caterpillars. es iG A aa tae Ne pea NUNN nee Te Mer At OOS ye MUST Sun Seis om upto ute re Mia Haun SENN Nel eo aa Bo chris ib iniheretia seus see tl Lak oer eter Rare pane ede nina ae iineasuneris srepOrt-o25 Wome abi ee ee roe soa eats Mirioza ary lime tia Cay Nore iB eh Nea aaa tane al a a er Calla Tas Meee COE CW SINS ea AA cae Wie sea pa e pMIN Ee saeen GOS pays th es eve Corie hr yaaa Cate aU ENG oe eagle RE a CCIE ONE aae tae eR ARUN x cena EN Sy Ree Ase css i aan cs KORG pulley Wea oar alee aa etal ciy Sn NORRIS oes al Neu NES Hae lomenistay itis pS eee Pte ee en ica oy NE ee Ra DRO op ae LANA Te OMe teal tem acterene ley pee ean eens d neha LRP Ue Aree eet A HIM AUH Ae aR! BGT EUHEUS NON a ee atv wee pA Panera ea Quadiripiiinctata tiara esc. holes Cio eee eee Strylaterpaul nen saneyatect eevee eases tence ace ane DUIS See ahaha tea aa Eth LTC Bala eee eee vate. Oherae ohetent (Aarates uae ate te an ue Sine en triplet eal eseen. ve owen ae aie CU anne eta gre a rane NAT OA TTA CUCM Claa steaks sens een ce sisee eaete reas aoe enn eos mere oe AUS rei claret late] YG) dle Peon ole neta earners heise Ne arcana nag eh dy Witmer imyiiry tO @mnclerds jYocaccccossceaunnunecsegauece WYAGPE EN VOMMS Tig Comins sl gmongeuadrucoscadnaacod Geert as ods Woolly apple aphid and elm leat curl) °5.52-2-:..-.- 42). SCOMOMMOE SHIBENS “Locenscscoscssadeoee hoods ap lambsigee eee nese sees tee ee Hat IES: A Sear hatte eeecres oie ext ator ae ines eran, IMSECL ceMEMMES nurs wove see ee ae 1PEEs Cy Clean. Meise reece ate eel een ane DIMMS jOMEAISUNSS 4 oa dodoqenaoscce sequence of generation ............. Soremales, maukeneeNoON Agsogoacedancoacuer synonymy and literature ............ Neyleborsy clits. tees hes ee eins eave a cee dance oe ee ae A eer Yellow Jedge sbuttertly. ne avn feet eee nae er CaCO iC Cie a CT TC ns SWCD ESP IIE, Ob sitters erate er eaeie we tet eae enn pen CC ed a method of analysis ............ ee se o. ee i) to OL is) iS) Yt ND Se) Bisson esr) by CON | i | | APPENDIX Official Inspections 36 to 45 CONTENTS Decade inspeetion: . 2. es. wi. Poe sass ob de CeCe Ce Carbonated Beverages, Ice Cream, Prosecutions.............. Feeding Stuffs Inspection............ Miscellaneous Foods, Prosecutions... . Meee Imspection: ..... 6. via dae ees Miscellaneous Foods.................. Fertilizer Inspection ................. Clams, Oysters, Prosecutions ........ Ce CC CC) Sewer eee eee eee see eee esos OC eee eee eee eco ee ee ee et eee eee eco rete eer eee ee eeeeee eee ere ee eo cee ert ese es coene Creamery Sanitation, Creamery Inspection, Prosecutions..... Carbonated Beverages and Ice Cream seer cee seee ec eoeree see toes . 36 . 37 . 88 . 39 . 40 . 41 . 42 - 43 . 44 . 45 Taio h ’ any ae Hi dens ere 3 Ne a Ay Pee ste) ina ra, Te Meee Reg Ny hoor + E ¥ a et iar ie, ed penn eal Paley bea ne al aD oa Probe hey reso Desay sehealireet alain ll Ta SULTANS Dy 7 4 \apeesayoae Poms td, latent ER an AN one else ad OR Sid dled Benn? Oat ote Pee ata ol Fhe, Peaeneriivia : as Lathe timate te or arnt ee Rd as tra J sere rei hah date iva eich ee January, 1912. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ORONO, MAINE. CHAS. D. WOODS, Director ~- ANALYSTS James M, Bartlett Herman H. Hanson Albert G. Durgin Royden L. Hammond Alfred K. Burke INSPECTORS Elmer R, Tobey Albert Verrill Edgar A. White Official SJnspections 36 ShED UINSPECLION: The first law regulating the sale of seeds was enacted by the Legislature of 1897. ‘This was revised by the legislature of 1905. This was again revised by the legislature of 1911 so as to conform with the requirements recommended by the Asso- ciation of Official Seed Analysts and agreed to by the Ameri- can Seed Dealers Association. ‘The chief requirements of the law follow. The full text of the law will be sent on request. THe CHIEF REQUIREMENTS OF THE LAw. The following are the chief points of the law and the rules and regulations for carrying out the law regulating the sale of agricultural seeds which, as directed by the law, the Director of the Station, has made. They became effective June 209, IQII. 1. Kind of seeds coming under the law. ‘The law applies to the sale, distribution, transportation, or the offering or exposing for sale, distribution, or transportation of the seeds of alfalfa, barley, Canadian blue grass, Kentucky blue grass, brome grass, buckwheat, alsike clover, crimson clover, red clover, medium 2 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912, clover, white clover, field corn, Kaffir corn, meadow fescue, flax, hungarian, millet, oats, orchard grass, rape, redtop, rye, sorghum, timothy and wheat for seeding purposes. 2. The brand. Each lot or package shall be plainly marked, with the name of the seed and its minimum percentage of purity. ; 3. Mixtures. Mixtures must be plainly marked with the name of the seed and the percentage of purity. In case the mixtures contain seeds not included in 1 these need not be named. (e. g.,a mixture consisting of half redtop, 90 per cent pure, quarter Kentucky blue grass, 85 per cent pure and the remainder seeds not named in the law, could be marked “Red- top 45 per cent pure, Kentucky blue grass 21 per cent pure.” The statement of the remaining constituents may or may not be named. ) 4. Adulteration. A seed is adulterated if its purity falls below its guaranty or if it contains the seed.of any poisonous plant. 5. Misbranding. A seed is misbranded if the package or label bears any statement, design or device which is false or disleading in any particular, or if it does not carry the state- ments named in 2. 6. Free analysis. Free analysis of seeds on sale in Maine will be made of samples taken in accordance with directions furnished by the Station. Samples not so taken may be refused examination. Blanks with full directions will be furnished on request. 7. Paid analysis. As an accommodation to residents of Maine samples of seeds not on sale in Maine will be examined at cost, and the results will not be published. The cost of the analysis of blue grass or redtop is $1.00 per sample and for other seeds 50 cents. Remittance should accompany the sample. 8. Written guaranty. No prosecution will lie against any person handling agricultural seeds provided he obtains at the time of purchase a written guaranty signed by the person resid- ing in the United States, from whom the purchase was made, to the effect that the seeds are not adulterated or misbranded with- in the meaning of the Maine law regulating the sale of agricul- tural seeds. After a person has been notified by the Director of | the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station that an article of OFFICIAL, INSPECTION 30. 3 agricultural seed appears to be adulterated or misbranded the written guaranty will not protect further sales. 9. Hearings. ‘The person who is believed to have violated the law regulating the sale of seeds will be granted a hearing at which he may appear in person or by attorney or by letter. The notice of the hearing will name the time and place of the hearing and a copy of the charge. Failure to appear will not prejudice the case. The hearing will be private and every opportunity will be given for explanation and establishment of innocence. If the time appointed is not a convenient one, post- ponement within reasonable limit will be granted. THe MAINE JOBBER AND THE SEED TRADE. At present it is usually impossible for the Maine dealer, wholesale or retail, to obtain guaranteed seeds from outside of the State. ‘The retail dealer can purchase guaranteed seed from Maine wholesale houses, and the Station advises him so to do. The wholesale dealer must look to the outside. Four years aga the Director of the Station assumed a certain responsibility as to the statement of analysis given by two or three of the leading seed houses of the country. It however does not seem wise for him to continue this practice. ‘Therefore any guaranties which a Maine dealer places upon seeds based upon out-of- state firms statements as to their purity is entirely at the risk of the Maine dealer. After consulting with some of the larger houses within the State the following suggestions were made to importing houses by the Director of the Station. “I. suggest that when a car of seed goes forward to you that you request your shipper to send you a type sample of the car stating the name of the shipper, the kind of seed and its special brand if any. ‘The analysis which they place upon it if any, the lot number, and car number. When this sample is received by you send it to me. I will than have it examined. ‘This analysis will be made at your expense (usually 50 cents to $1.00) and the results will be reported to you. I will retain the sample here to check up with the samples to be sent to us from the car. As soon as the car is received by you or by your cusutomer, have.a sample taken’ from not less than six packages and sent to us, also accompanied by the name of the shipper, the kind A. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q12. of seed and its sepecial brand, the lot number and car number. This sample we will give prompt, free analysis and report the results to you. If there is a discrepancy between the analysis of the type sample submitted and the samples taken directly from the car, the guaranty, of course, would have to be changed before the goods could be sold, but it would give you a basis upon which to make a claim against the shipper as to quality. My reason for writing the above is that it is my desire not only to enforce the provisions of the Maine seed law, but to protect, as far as possible, Maine wholesale handlers of seed against the irresponsibility which cleaners of seed profess.” Trstinc SEEDS at Home. It is important to the user of seeds not only to know their . percentage of purity and what kind of weeds they carry, but to also know something of their vitality. In the case of seeds there are at least three ways whereby the user may be injured. A seed which carries foreign matter of any kind, in any consider- able amount, is correspondingly lowered in value. But there is another reason which is more important than the money consid- eration, and that is that the weed seeds which the seeds contain may be pernicious. For example,—clover seed frequently car- ties plaintain seed. If this plaintain seed is the door-yard variety which is present practically all over Maine, there would be comparatively little harm from using clover seed which con- tained it. On the other hand—lance leaved plaintain or rib grass 1s not abundant in Maine. It is an undesirable plant and using seed carrying it might introduce a weed into land which is at present free frcm it. It is important that the farmer should know the vitality as well as the purity of the seed that he is to use. No matter how pure a seed may be, if half of it will not sprout it has no more value than if the seed were half chaff. While it is not easy to make an exact purity test, it is not difficult for a farmer to so acquaint himself with the seeds that he is ordinarily using that by the help of an ordinary reading or magnifying glass he will be able to tell whether the seed in question contains any considerable amount of impurities. If the seed is spread out upon a white plate, a little practice will enable a farmer to see whether a given seed is reasonably pute or not, and he will soon learn to detect the more common for- eign seeds. OFFICIAL INSPECTION 36. — 5 VITALITY OF SEEDS. It is much easier for the farmer to test the vitality of seed than to make a purity examination. The following simple instructions for performing germination tests at home without any special apparatus will enable the farmer to learn for him- self whether the seed that he is using has good vitality or not. Germination tests may be made in two ways,—the so-called blotting paper methods, and the sand method. In making the germination test with blotting paper, blue blotting paper of common weight, cut into strips about 6 x 1g inches, should be used. ‘This is laid folded twice so as to get a piece of three thicknesses and about six inches square, on an ordinary dinner plate or platter. The seeds if small are placed on the top of the paper and if large between the folds. The paper is kept moist (not soaked) and at a temperature of 70 fo 80 degrees F. If only a vitality test is desired the blotting paper method is preferable, but if.it is desired to know how many seeds may be expected to grow, the sand method is in some ways preferable. In this method a thin layer of fine sand is sprinkled on the bottom of a flat dish and the seeds to be tested placed on it under a thin covering of sand. This must be kept moist and well shaded and at a somewhat higher temperature than in the first case. At the end of every second day in the case of some seeds, and the third day in the case of those germinating more slowly, the sprouted seeds should be removed from the blotters or the sand and counted, the per cent being readily found by referring back to the number of seeds which were taken for the test. If 100 seeds are used, the number that sprout give the vitality per cent. THE Resutts oF INSPECTION. The inspection of grass seed sold in Maine in 1tgIr were made almost entirely by the seed analyst whose experience makes it possible for him to tell almost at a glance whether a seed is or is not what it is guaranteed. In all suspicious cases in which he was in doubt samples were taken. It therefore hap- pens that the samples, the analyses of which are here reported, are the doubtful ones that were found within the State and rep- resent a selection made from very many hundred lots. 6 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 10912. There has been a very remarkable improvement in the qual- ity of grass seed which is handled and there were practically no violations of the law in this State in 1911. This improved condition of Maine grass seed has been brought about chiefly by patient education. It has seldom been necessary in all the years that the law has been in effect to resort to prosecution. DESCRIPTION OF TABLES. The table which follows shows the number of dealers (109) visited by the inspector and the number of samples (640) ex- amined. The table on pages 7 to 9 summarizes the results of the examinations of samples of seeds examined by the Station in IQIO. The table on pages 9 and 10 contains a list of the different kinds of weed seeds obtained from seeds which were examined in the year 1911. They are arranged alphabetically in accord- ance with the English name. As the common name differs in different parts of the country, the scientific name following the classification given in the last edition of Gray’s Manual of Botany is given for the purpose of identification. The table on pages 11 to 12 contains the analyses of official samples obtained in 1911. ‘The inspector only drew samples from lots of which he was doubtful as to their corresponding to their guaranty. Table showing the result of the inspection of seed in lots at dealers in 1911. These seeds were all examined at the dealers to see if they were in accord with the guaranties upon them. In doubtful cases samples were taken to the laboratory. NAMES OF SEEDS AND NUMBER OF Lots oF HacH INSPECTED. S = B=) | nD | ; . os | nm nm > | n ~~ | isi | e) il . um | — a | hy % of oe & o » 2 o | fo) 3 B 2 os = nH | be o fH = ui | =| S) = L oO me ran | a = oO | Bs o o 2 | 0 I = Sl x | 2 ee Lawl 7 (oo) [=] a | = | -~ : o S Ee } a am a i oe = ies a ear Wie a lealeare . | 2 Berle oe We eee 3 be eat ics % = = 2 q S 2 S eA sees a 5 Se oes ® 2 2 9 & S z = Sh eS ee ie) | 4 a + = 3 is\ z= +s =) Os] S a ol Tm | I no} SI 5 i a 5) a) 2 zy si o ae S&S > oe S 3 @ Sg S 4 2 = = a be eS 4 © = = Z \ : | 166; 125) 108 22 5 96 73 38) 3) 2) 649) 109 | OFFICIAL INSPECTION 36. 7 Table showing results of examination of samples of seed in LDH I Kinp oF SEED AND NUMBER OF SAMPLES. NaMEs OF WEEDS. - Oe SI esi tet 8 eal g SS ae ie ti ROR ee, Se eel ncsk | pleecien lit eel ant ies salu as OP ee OES as 10 ee aa Se es (EE ep ey See Pe el Se Soh ey ee | SS | lel) |S Number of samples examined...... 61; 44) 12 1) 64) 21 2) 15 4| 1 American pennyroyal......... Wenn 1 1) = = — = = - eileg® American wild mint...............| = = = = 6 2M se - = = SATIMVATOMP TASS Ace. fase Gane eyes raat 3] = = = = = = Woo = IBIGbeMISWeEUM = . sch. Se. ces clas re NS — - = - = - = = IN = parE GIO SS. 8 cis oils ee ee GIS a ree see LBA: THELATENID / oie, Silt Aer ne EE IILs ana 1) - = - 9} - 1; - Feil ee Bractediplamtaim )..0 056.65 bse es wiles 5] = = = = B= = = | a @rmeclaphistle a vccccs. ci s4 dea anne = 5 1 1]Jo-.) -] =] = L = (CEATENWEIRY a neh Nee Oe eee er - = = = = = = = = (Cavfhieitigy 4.5) ..n Seka On oe eae ne 1; - = - = - — 1} = = (Cline LOel Ss ‘a \o 5 CLAUS Ere em BH = = = AGinicOTyete ees sales SATs AEN ME 1 ee - 1} = = = = = Commronmmallow: ele: ela 4| = = = = - = = = = Common nightshade.............. 2 = = = = = = = = E@OMMECOCKI GH: nisi iene sie A eine a la. — — =— - - - = = = = ME OTMATINAV AVEC 0g fcc seo ie ke hon = - = = 1) o= = = = == ROD OMS Hale sare sols esse santa cals 3 Woy = Pa CU pes NAIC) CULO Gees fi ialecsrciepatlh ws vol isiel sows [eee - - - 2) - | 1} = = = Dorel: oo 6 0 no ee DERE aed Osean mene ene 39) 22 OW 8) = 1 Wo= il DPM REI hea ine tui soe ef gw a = = = = SO lend PN = sen ayn HAVENS PEIMTOSC.. 0-6. ce ce ees 1 1} —- = 40 1; - - les alpetlaxi oi. « daly ously tna io tee = 11) =} = Ths =| = = = ool oe a eh aie eee pes PASCO OCERWS wiiyi hfe ble viniw eas 6) = = = = - - - = = Fowl-meadow grass............... - - - - | 3 1} - = = = MGOSELOO Mom oka Alt y es lahhs en yas TAY) ASH ay | 40 i) Oia Green foxtail Shy peices aie Ae it GL onlpoeeaes 6 Gli = 11) = = ING = *Found in sample of vetch. 8 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. | IQI2. Table showing results of examination of samples of seed in 1911—Continued. Kinp or SEED anD NuMBER OF SAMPLES. qi eee : $ (ees | K &p | 80 | Names OF WEEDS. B 3 2 | 2 2 | g 8 5 co in > s | & Be) 8) 8] Ble |e sarees <| S| 2] 2) 3] S| e|-B) 214 yp fil) state Se eete blew ni ete Gap ae) 4) se] O| S| &|] 4] og) el ec eal alle Wane es sie ange ee oa. 4 1 2 es 3) = = = =) = lied gemmustand sets ke en = 3) - VP 15) =) Se Se Ibaghigya, mOBWNOY 555s 6hsnoaeesoesses =| =) = = = = =| = il}. = ARTO tH ETASS He sorely 3] - = = iy oe - - 1) - adyAsetinimlb eeerare renee see 15| —- 2) —-} = - — 12 2) = Marshvelden tes trac susscticns ey shen WS ho) Sto aS loa yj} H=) =) = Miaryiweediviel an. cclae: eae omen ts 3 ay) Th) deal) - - = - IMEI Gee Rie Sethe es cages yee ic. yatta = = = = 2 3] — = = = Motherwortee ies eee eee = =| = = Il = et oS Mothemaull eine emis ee = = =) = 12 Go =) os Sa ae Mouse-ear chickweed.............. 1 3, =) =) = 14 Whos = | = Miustarditiins tohci auth comelile a Aen aco s Bi aay = Syl a In Night-flowering catchfly........... 11) 39 1) - 3]; = — =) = = Old-witch grassh.\t.p ences ee LON 4) 2 S18) 7s aS Paspalum setaceum............... 2) - = - = = = = = = Pennsylvania persicaria........... - — - - — - - - 1) - IPeppergrass! stasis tier ct ie sine - 5) = - 29 6) = = = = Pig weed aOR eee ee eee tle oe 2 BI) = - 2) - = | i = = Pimpennelinsee eae. cee eee - - = ab 1) = = = = rs Plater rae eee Nac pes pace bee ocr enn. = B= = 2 TN = = = = Burslaneic: Aoyama wel Meee weeks == = =| = BN) = =) al lies Rar wiced Seite a) aes ubiigs es roe See 10; — 1} - = = = 5 3) = TRIAS Pp DEEN cire hie hse eat ome - — — - THs _ = = = Rat’s-tail fescue grass............. = — - - - 3; = = = = RID EEASS Hina el ae enero cis oe 36 5 3] = 4 iy = = = = Rugel’s plantain........... IS 28 6 6 1; 41 4) - 1; - = Seager oeraeine 2 ees ole tae 1 P| = 43; 18 Vee = = Sheepisorrel es hee eee ee PALS 37h Sy) = 18| ° 9 2 3 = = Shepherd!’s' purse. ...504.....2.-.5 ~ 1; - - 2 4) — - BE fhe Sr ea OFFICIAL INSPECTION 30. 9 Table showing results of examination of samples of seed in r911—Concluded. Kinp or SEED AND NUMBER OF SAMPLES. . ra | ow | a | a | . mH | mH | g | oo | sy) | is © | ® |} | S el} © 3 | a NAmMEs: OF WEEDS. : : EN ees a | Teva ote fs Sh ee) et) 3 =| ees 80 Bel a | SST aS ets 3 as “4 3 P) HR alee teas ss0 dtc es Hest acess, |S a4 g 3 i} = a2 =) a) fe| ee eh) ae niet |e Y Cel Gs} met 4 ala) a/ 0] &; &| S| e] &] o Slender erabgerass................. 10 1} - - : sot ilar 5) = SMT ASICIUREE Mra iele Bicts s.sece ae aetSl a 4) = = - =| = = - 3| = SWINE os oe Gn ae eee ne - 1} - 2! - 1} - - - pDitenmipe=wieeden esr k cca Meee a aces = ho te — 1 | - = - - - Virginia three-seeded mercury...... een ee - - | = = 1; - - VME VeRVAUA Sos. a vale s soca cine = = - - 1} = - = - - \AVIG| CERO aes ee TERR ee eee He 5) = = = = = = = = = | | AVVitl lama eT s: 5 .eileie tie vo erorn ce eyeete,« - -|} - - 3) = = —-| - = Wormseed mustard............... i) = | = = 3) = = ios = SYED OWA OES Cree Fk, Sieve UAE = = | = = i) Bit) = - - = Be llowadaisyay piasiinc cic cena. = foes [ =) =| sor -6) —{ =.) = fo Nellowatoxballe ces. cies eis we vedio ees 3 = | 14 4; —- RYE MOTO CK rei este. Liaise esse pug mity sass = 1} | = = = Wellow-wood sorrel............... = =| = Aes ~ = = = | A list of weed seeds found in seeds examined im IQTT. NOMENCLATURE, GRAy’s MANUAL, 17TH EDITION, 1908. Common NAME. American pennyroyal American wild mint Barnyard grass Bitter sweet: Black medick Blue vervain Bracted plantain Canada thistle Caraway Catnip Charlock Chicory Common mallow Common. nightshade Corn cockle Screntiric NAME. Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. Mentha canadensis (L.). Brig. Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. Solanum duleamara L. Medicago lupulina L. Verbena hastata L. Plantago aristata Michx. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Carum earvi L. Nepeta cataria L. Brassica arvensis L. Cichorium intybus L. Malva rotundifolia L. Solanum nigrum L. Agrostemma githago L. 1O MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ1i2. A list of weed seeds found in seeds examined in 19t11— Concluded. NOMENCLATURE, GRAy’s MANUAL, 17TH EDITION, 1908. Common Name. Corn mayweed Crabgrass Dandelion Doek Ergot ! Evening primrose False flax Five finger Flax dodder Fowl meadow grass Goosefoot | Green foxtail Heal-all Hedge mustard Indian mallow Knot grass Lady’s thumb Marsh elder Mayweed Mint Motherwort Moth mullein Mouse-ear chickweed Mustard Night flowering catchfly Old-witch grass Pennsylvania persicaria Peppergrass Pigweed Pimpernel Plantain Purslane Ragweed Raspberry Rat’s tail fescue grass Ribgrass Rugel’s plantain Sedge Sheep sorrel Shepherd’s purse Slender crabgrass Slender paspalum Spiny sida Spurge Tumble-weed Virginia three-seeded mercury White vervain Wild carrot Wild madder Wormseed mustard Yarrow Yellow daisy Yellow foxtail Yellow rocket Yellow-wood sorrel ScrentTiric NAME. Matricaria inodora L. Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Taraxacum officinale Weber. Rumex Sp. *Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul. Oenothera biennis L. Camelina microcarpa Andrz. Potentilla monspeliensis L. Cuscuta epilinum Weihe. Glyceria nervata (wild.) Trin. Chenopodium album Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. Prunella vulgaris L. i Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. Abutilon theophrasti Medic. Polygonum aviculare L. Polygonum persicaria L. Iva ciliata Willd. Anthemis cotula L. Mentha Sp. Leonurus cardiaca J. — Verbascum blattaria L. Cerastium vulgatum L. Brassica nigra (L.) Koch. Silene noctiflora L. Panicum capillare L. | Polygonum pennsylvanicum L. Lepidium virginicum L. Amaranthus retroflexus L. Anagallis arvensis L. Plantago major L. Portulaca oleracea L. Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Rubus idaeus L. Festuca myuros L. Plantago lanceolata L. Plantago rugelii Done. Carex, unidentified. Rumex acetosella L. Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. Digitaria filiformis (L.) Koeler. Paspalum setaceum Michx. Sida spinosa L. Euphorbia preslii Guss. Amaranthus graecizans L. Acalypha virginica L. Verbena urticaefolia L. Daucus carota L. Galium mollugo L. Erysimum cherianthoides L. Achillea millefolium L. Rudbeckia hirta L. Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. Oxalis corniculata L. * Sclerotia of the fungus. OFFICIAL INSPECTION 36. II Table showing the kind of seed, name and location of dealer, and the results of the analysis of official samples taken in IQOTI. : eS | PuRITY. IMPURITIES. (og eee sg 5 Peels : | u | Kinp or Seep, Name anp Town or DEALER. | ie | Si i) SpeciaL Marks. } 3S | | | a & cine eanes b . | oO g Re ee ere 2 3 5 ¢ a 6 R Seite Se sey fe r | | ALSIKE CLOVER. % % % % % Wm. F. Chick, Bangor. : | 6851 aS AN Si cee me aiane = le abrriesctan seetber wont soak hoa oe ie 96.1) 96.3), 0.8) 2.7) 0.2 6852 D. B. Alsike clover.......... Soh cote ech ay Rae Day 99.2) 9950) 0.4) O.5) 0.1 A. H. Fogg Co., Houlton. ; 6893 Ace Alsikelo 7) Yo lot S643. 0.5 even ee. oe 97.0) 96.8) 0.6) 2.1) 0.5 6894 Globe Alsyke, 98 %, lot 86134.............. CIO} M3.) Ose) 1B OB George B. Haskell Co., Lewiston. 6827 XOWOXGAlsikce (Globe) crs Sake ek ee ee 98.0] 98.7) 0.2) 0.9) 0.2 6828 XexarAlsilcen (Ace) SGll02)02-) ee ene Tee 95.0) Qo.) Osa! BG One 6829 M Alsike (Kaiser) 86105. ...5..........5... 92.0) 91.2) 0.7) 6.7) 1.4 Osear Holway Co., Auburn. 6854 ‘*Bell’’ Alsike..... shige Sites ean anes. ety eat O70! GHog Weil! Bow) O.& 6872 “‘Bell’’ Alsike. Shippers’ test 97%........ 97.0) 96.9; 0.9} 2.0) 0.2 6925 | A. A. Howes & Co., Belfast. PANIIT Creep erent Satine cnn MOA Ropeey unatis aREE NOR dela 6 Fal 99.0} 97.8} 0.5) 1.2} 0.5 RED CLOVER. Wm. F. Chick, Bangor. RY 6850 Pansy. Medium Cloversormecnneen cer cedeee 99.2) 98.5) 1-0) 0.3) 0:2 A. H. Fogg Co., Houlton. 6895 Globe Medium Clover, 99%, 76896.......... 99.0) 99.6) 0.3) —- 0.1 6900 Ace Medium Clover, 99%, 77042............ CSO] Coa Mev Wo) (Oe: George B. Haskell Co., Tewiston. ; 6824 XXX Red Clover (Globe) 76896............ 99.0) 99.7) 0.2) O.1) — §825 XX Red Clover (Ace) C76893.............. 99.0) 99.2} 0.5) O.1; 0.2 6826 xX Red Clover (Kaiser) 76843............... 86.0) 97.2) 1.0) 0.8) 1.0 Oscar Holway Co., Auburn. 6836 GloberR= Clover) lots70952 oe. nee 99.0 99.8) 0.1] O.1; — 6839 ECMOOVED Ot CGorece ts) aiaucicualsbalsra aust ciaye 99.0) 9956) 0. 2)) 0.1) On 6840 FVECRGLOVer NOt OO me cies otis ay arenes 99.0) 99.2) 0.6) O.1) O.1 6871 ““Bell’’ Clover, shippers’ test, 99%.........| 99.0) 97.8} 0.8} 1.0) 0.4 G. F. Rowe, China. 6923 Ace Brand Red Clover, C77071............. 99.0) 98.8) 0.9} 0.1) 0.2 | MAMMOTH CLOVER. | Wm. F. Chick, Bangor. 6848 Bmme Mammoth Clover...:...0...-.5..1e0. 99.6) 99.3) 0.5) O.1) O.1 63849 Db eviarmmovnuClowers «ance sass selva aie. 99.8) 99.4; 0.4) O.1} 0.1 : A. H. Fogg Co., Houlton. | 6898 Ace Mammoth Clover, 77049.............:. 99.0/ 99.2} 0.5} O.1) 0.2 6899 Globe Mammoth Clover, 76965.............. 99.0) 99.7) 0.1) 0.2) — [2 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912. Table showing the kind of seed, name and location of dealer, and the results of the analysis of official samples taken in r9ri1—Concluded. PURITY IMPURITIES. S| ‘ : 3S 5 ca Bras = |Kinp or Seep, Name anp Town or DEALER. = i Fe Sg 3 SprciaL Marks. ® xe | | iS 8 s a un 8 8 = 5 @ 3 A) ESM [eet Cu eae Ee B ive. | Sial canmme n GS eS ek HUNGARIAN. | Wm. F. Chick, Bangor. : 6846 Je linayorsh isha Bien, © ouebearn oi Gigiges-erdialo eearolo ces cree c 98.6} 98.4) 0.7) —- 0.9 6847 DS hbbatersholchols ecm O Rie Re DRE NE EOE mcrae 98.0} 97.1} 0.3) —- 2.6 E. P. Ham, Lewiston. | 6866 leistone) laktnoEEyBeVO aooonoucuennpeoouentooc. 97.0) 98.9) 0.5) —- 0.6 | Osear Holway Co., Auburn. 6837 lahuryerneena, horn SOROS .obachbosoncodosecance 96.0) 99.3) 0.1) —- 0.6 : | Shaw, Hammond & Carney, Portland. 6924 | Hungarian, lot 50, car 3768, O.S. No. 1..... 98.0) 9852) 021) 102 as: REDTOP. iE. P. Ham, Lewiston. 6869 | ancy Red eG parr vaesork caren ates eer cnee 92.0) 84.8) 18.0) 1.0) 1.2 George B. Haskell Co., Lewiston. 6830 X Redtop (Massabesic) R. J.62............ 90.0} 89.7) 5.9) 2.4) 2.0 Osear Holway Co., Auburn. ~ 6842 PAN CN A VEO MLO Pieris ietvesve sislstacsyeere sreneromeeteeaewe ree CBO Pets Gatsii Ol] 1 oss 6855 TGReVG lt Noy yt sil Bie oe ela Ate Umea i cor eR ela SPE 90.0) 91.4) 7.7) O.4) 0.5 6873 ““Mart’’ Red Top, shippers’ test, 92%....... 9270): 95) (Gerd) 0 On| penlaeon TIMOTHY. 3 A. H. Fogg Co., Houlton. ‘6896 Globe Timothy, lot 69962 R................ 99.0) 99.6 0.2} O.1) O.1 6897 Pine Tree Timothy, lot 61276............... 99.0} 99.5) 0.2} 0.2) O.1 E. P. Ham, Lewiston. ; 6863 SOLBUING deae oe head hited do commnuee oo Gb ds co 99.0} 98.9] 0.7) 0.38) O.1 6864 SaVieribestra. lum otbyaeee eerie nici 97.0) 97.7; 0.6} 1.3) 0.4 6865 bx) Van 2d Bit oaKouH ohizeerpreae tie eto clctrao ate cretion coer io 98.0) 98.1) 0.5) 0.9} 0.5 George B. Haskell Co., Lewiston. 6823 Mimo ihyA(Bison)) wlolla2 eee ate te 96.0} 97.1; 1.0}; 1.6) 0.3 Oscar Holway Co., Auburn. ; 6834 AM revo on eis big: Dralie sis oiothony Bomod.oGodoaa Gb 99.0} 98.9} 0.4) 0.5) 0.2 6835 TimothyAyiGlobei, O91Gi.. 1. serosa ae 99.5} 99.6} 0.2) 0.1) O.1 6836 shimo thy seem bisonee OLS Oljeet neni 97.0) 9852) O57 Sal Ona) 6841 Timothy Em eer ee a eyeya ei systsvercieterorotertene cnete 99.0} 99.6; 0.2) 0.1; O.1 Oscar Holway Co., Auburn. 6936 INO2 450 Mingo thy een ise. os cl cisreialnesvavere vereievenerene 98.0} 98.9} 0.5} 0.5} O.1 John Watson & Company, Houlton. 6926 Rennie Timothy, T3514, T3516............. 99.0) 99.3) 0.5} O.1; 90.1 | | JAPANESE MILLET. Johnson Bros., North Berwick. . 6929 Vapaneser Mallet cililesieee atic ate iene 97.0) 95.2} O.1; —=- Ami February, 1912 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ORONO, MAINE. CHAS. D. WOODS, Director ANALYSTS James M, Bartlett Herman H. Hanson Albert G. Durgin Royden L. Hammond Alfred K. Burke INSPECTORS Elmer R, Tobey Albert Verrill Edgar A. White Official Pnspections ot CARBONA®ED BEVERAGES. During the summer of I910 an investigation of the car- bonated beverages, or bottled sodas, sold in Maine was made and the results reported in Official Inspections 27. During the season just passed this study was continued and the findings are contained in the following pages. | A list of the bottlers of soda waters in Maine and the results of the examination of their products appears on page 20. Samples from all but four of the 51 mantfacturers were ana- lyzed and three of these exceptions are reported in Official Inspections 27. The one whose goods were not examined was not bottling at the time of our visit. The samples were all examined for saccharin and artificial colors and special examinations were made on many of the goods which bore fancy nanies. Tests were made in some cases for alcohol and in others for different preservatives. In the cases of goods carrying saccharin prosecutions were com- menced and in all cases the dealers have plead guilty and the cases have been settled by the payment of a fine. 14 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q12. A larger portion of the manufacturers than last year were found to be using only the seven permitted dyes for coloring purposes. In all of those cases where dyes not of the permitted seven were found present the goods were carefully examined for poisonous materials but none were discovered. . A sanitary inspection was made of all premises where possi- ble. In Publication 425 of this Station, The Requirements Under the Law Regulating the Sale of Foods, the following definition of carbonated beverages is given: | 143. Carbonated beverages. The standards for carbonated beverages, root beer and similar beverages have not yet been determined upon. For the present these goods may be sold in Maine under the following general regulations. Goods true to name need no label, either bottled or sold at fountains. Ben- zoate of soda may be used in bottled goods if its presence and amount are declared on the label and at fountains if conspicu- ous signs are used declaring its presence and amount used. For the present cream soda, sarsaparilla, root beer, birch beer and ginger ale may be sold without statement that they are artificially colored and flavored. If benzoate of soda is pres- ent it must be declared. In Food Inspection Decision 135 the use of saccharin has been prohibited in foods entering interstate commerce after July 1, 1911) In consideration oi the fact that muchyor ste bottled soda for this season’s trade has already been put up and supplies and labels already purchased, the sale of carbonated beverages containing saccharin will be permitted in Maine until January 1, 1912, provided the presence of saccharin is plainly stated on the label. © SACCHARIN. In Official Inspections 27 it was stated that saccharin would be allowed in bottled sodas, provided its presence and amount were stated upon the label. It will be noted that since that publication was issued there Has been a decision under the National Food and Drugs Act prohibiting the use of saccharin in goods entering interstate trade. As it has always been the policy of the executive of the Maine Food Law to make the regulations under the State law conform, as far as possible, with those under the National law, saccharin cannot now be OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS. I5 lawfully used in foods or beverages whether its presence is stated or not. This regulation went into effect January I, 1912. The goods examined in 1911 might lawfully contain sac- charin provided its presence and amount were stated upon the label. One company was found to be using saccharin and stating that fact upon its labels. Five different companies were found to be using saccharin as an artificial sweetener and not stating that fact upon the labels. In each one of these cases the manufacturers were fined for the offence. MISBRANDED BOTTrLEs. In last year’s report upon this industry the subject of bottles misbranded by having the names of different manufacturers blown in the glass and being used promiscuously by any bot- tler in the State was taken up at some length. It was there stated that a reasonable time would be given for the bottlers of the State to straighten out this particular matter. This notice received some attention last season and several of the bottlers made sincere attempts to use only bottles bearing their own name or plain bottles. Others paid no attention whatever to the notice and perhaps there were some who did not see it. No prosecutions were made during the present season for this kind of misbranding, but a vigorous campaign of- education was carried on and it seems improbable that there is now any bottler in the State who does not understand the necessity for this ruling and the reason why it was made. As stated before, it is a great injustice to a manufacturer of high grade goods to have his bottles filled by makers of low grade, artificially - sweetened and flavored sodas. As a result of conferences held with some of the leading bottlers of the State the people engaged in the bottled soda industry have formed a bottlers’ association for the purpose of mutual protection and improvement and with one of its prime objects the regulation of this kind of misbranding. It does not necessarily follow that a bottling firm cannot live up to the requirements of the food law without joining this asso- ciation, but membership in it is strongly recommended, as the means adopted by the association seem to be the fairest and easiest ways to correct the misbranding which is under con- sideration. The following bottlers have joined this association 2 16 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Igt2. and are evidently attempting to live up to its requirements. The list was corrected by the Secretary of the Association in January, 1912. Copeland & Co., Bangor. Murdock & Freeman Co., Portland. I. B. Burgoin, Fort Kent. ( lenwocd Spring Co., Augusta. C. E. Odiorne Bottling Co., Bangor Bottling Co., Bangor. - Portland. Pine Spring Water Co., Brunswick. eshier Cutis DW exterman J. L. Spratt, Bangor. Milo Bottling Co., Milo. Vincent Bottling Co., Auburn. Geo. H. Tardif, Waterville. Ingalls Bros., Portland. Cideon Mahew, Waterville. M. Rudman, Waterville. C. E. Hevener, Rockland. Hartleb & 'Cheltra, Bath. Mt. Kebo Spring Co., Bar Harbor. Wm. Palmer, Houlton. John O’Reilly & Son, Skowhegan. W. A. Seekins, Pittsfield. Bath Bottling Co., Bath. Belfast Candy Co., Belfast. D. Ziter & Bro., ‘Caribou. Hanscom Bottling Co., Biddeford. Rumford Bottling Co., Rumford. Dennis Bros., Cherryfield. Tur Use oF MIsBRANDED BOTTLES. So far as the Maine Food Law is concerned bottles having names blown in the glass that are not those of the bottler actu- ally putting up the goods may be used if the names and other distinguishing marks blown in the glass are fully covered by a label stating the name and address of the bottler actually put- ting out the goods. Since bottled beverages are frequently put on ice or in ice water for cooling before they are sold by the retailer, the labels must be so firmly attached that they will stand this treatment. The excuse that a bottle was properly labelled when it left the bottling works will not be accepted as a reason for passing goods that are in mislabeled bottles. In this connection there is another important thing for the bottler to notice. By a provision of law (Revised Statutes Chapter 40, Sections 37-39) bottles and other containers with the names of the owners upon them can be registered. There is a punishment by fine or imprisonment or both for using commercially in any way such registered containers, by any person other than the one who has registered them. With the double danger of an attached label soaking off or using unwittingly a registered bottle there would seem to be only one safe course for the bottler of beverages. Use only bottles bearing his own name or plain bottles. To do otherwise is dangerous. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS. 17 MISBRANDED SopDA. One or two cases were discovered in which goods flavore1 with imitation flavors and colored artificially were labeled as though the goods were real and not imitation. For example, goods marked “blood orange” were found upon examination to be artificially flavored and colored with a coal tar dye. One case which seemed particularly flagrant was prosecuted and a fine of $25 imposed. The other case of this kind was con- nected with a saccharin case and was settled in connection with the prosecution of that case. It is possible to make an orange soda water from the reai orange extract and containing the natural color and flavor, and in the labeling sharp distinction should be made between these goods and goods which imitate them by means of synthetic flavors and coal tar dyes. ARTIFICIAL COLors. As was stated at the beginning of this discussion, a larger proportion of the manutacturers than last year were found to be using the seven permitted coal tar dyes for this work. In all cases where other than the permitted dyes were used care- ful examination was made of the goods in order to ascertain if any poisonous or deleterious materials were present. In the goods examined no poisons were found and no prosecutions were made in these cases. It is earnestly recommended, how- ever, that wherever coal tar colors are used in bottled sodas only one, or a mixture, of the seven permitted dyes be used. ‘These seven permitted dyes are made expressly for use in foods and during the process of manufacture all poisonous materials are carefully excluded. On the other hand there are hundreds of coal tar dyes on the market which are made not particularly for food work and which do contain traces of arsenic, or which have been found to be poisonous in themselves. While the cer- tified colors may be slightly more expensive than the uncertified ones still the difference is so trifling that with the small amount necessary for the coloring of bottled sodas the difference in price is negligible. It is, perhaps, unnecessary to state that should poisonous colors be found in food products prose- cution would without hesitation be made. 18 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9gi2. ALCOHOL, A much smaller percentage of the goods examined the pres- ent year were found to contain alcohol than the goods analyzed last year. In Official Inspections 27 it was stated that “the flavor of some of these bottled soft beverages is dependent to a more or less extent upon the amount of alcohol present, and a constant use of some of these containing approximately one per cent. of alcohol would quite readily be a means for develop- ing a taste for alcoholic beverages.” It is to be regretted that any of the bottled sodas carry alcohol to the slightest extent. CREAM SODA, SARSAPARILLA Sopa, BirRcH, ETC. No new regulations in regard to the labeling of goods known as cream soda, sarsaparilla soda, birch, root beer, ginger ale, — etc., have been made in this State and for the present they may be lawfully manufactured and sold as in the past. It is under- stood that investigations under the National Law have been going on for some time concerning the composition of these goods and the right to the use of some of the above names upon the ordinary bottled soda waters. If new regulations are in the future promulgated under the National law it is probable that such regulations would be adopted in the enforcement of the Maine law as it has always been the policy of the executive of the State law to have Maine regulations and rulings conform, as far as possible, with those under the National law so that the dealers might have but one set of regulations by pee to govern their manufacturing. WATEREUSED IN BOLTTERD. SODAS: In the examination of the bottled sodas thus far we have made no bacteriaiological examination as there were so many more obvious things that needed first attention. It is realized, however, that this is one of the most important phases of the work, and it is now planned to take up this important question next summer. It is hoped to find the goods as pure in this respect as it is possible to make them, but it is feared that some may be found of inferior quality because of the contamination of the water supply. It is well known that some of the manu- facturers of bottled sodas in the State are using only the purest OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS. 19 spring water and that the preparation of their goods is carried on with extreme care. Other manufacturers use local supplies of various kinds, and it is feared that some of these may not be properly safeguarded from possible pollution. It does not nec- essarily follow that because spring water is used the finished product is pure. Springs themselves may be contaminated in various ways. They may be situated so that they receive sur- face drainage, or they may receive contamination from ignor- ant or careless people who use them as a source of supply. And of course the purest water may be handled carelessly and the finished product rendered unfit for drinking. It has been considered by some that the process by which the goods are charged with carbonic acid gas is a means of steriliz- ation. Recent experiments in one of the western states do not bear out this contention. And this fact should be borne care- fully in mind that whatever contamination is present in the water used will enter into the finished product for consumption. If tap water is used from the town supply and there is sus- picion that it is polluted in any way its use should be discon- tinued. A water that may be used with comparative safety for household purposes may be unsafe for soda water. Drinking water may easily be boiled and thus rendered harmless, but such measures cannot be taken with soda waters without de- stroying their palatability. SANITATION. As was stated in Official Inspections 35, in a few of the bot- tling establishments visited during the last season no attempt at screening was found and during the summer months the situation with regard to the presence of flies was very bad. In some of the places the floors were dirty and the places were very much cluttered with bottles, cases and barrels, and in one case in particular the toilet facilities were not properly ar- ranged. It is the hope of the executive of the Maine Food Law and should be the ambition of each bottler to have the bottled sodas of Maine as pure as it is possible to make them, and to have them put up under perfectly sanitary conditions. ‘Those of the bottlers who are also interested in this subject are invited to correspond with the Director with regard to any feature of the business which in his mind is in need of improvement. 2G MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912. Table showing results of analyses of samples of soda water Carbonated Beverages purchased in summer of 1921, arranged alphabetically by Rockland, Knox County Bottling Works Rumford, Virginia Spring Water Co *Rumford Falls, Murdock & F reeman Rumford Falls, Rumford Bottling Co. Skowhegan, John 0? Reilley & Son.. Man Buren Josie. Cyreenon ee ae oe Waldoboro, IB AGIBOLES aah. some cae Waterville, Gideon Mahew............ Waterville, Mineral Water Soda Co., M. Radian So ees eee aotanae hate Haverhill, Mass., ‘‘Granite State Spring Water Ginger Aletr.. etes sak. hee Up oaClubiGingeryAlege ote ee [VO towns. = = e = a ro) oe Ss Name oF Town; BRAND, IF ANY, aes REMARKS. AND MAKER. oe rors | Ag | | Auburn, Vincent Bottling Company =: 6|Passed. Bangor, Bangor Bottling Works.. 8/ Passed. Bangor, Copeland & Co.............. 4| Passed. Bangor, F. E. Robinson.............. 7|Three samples paiteeed with saccha- ,, Zin, not declared. BancorWJrevesRossaaaacaenietie eee 9|‘‘ Blood orange’’ soda misbranded. [Not |. marked artificial color. Bangor, J. L. Spratt.......... Aerevee eee 7| Passed. Bath, Bath Bottling Co.............. 2| Passed. Bath, Hartleb & Cheltra............. 3/Passed. Belfast, Belfast Candy Co., Mayo & White sence nadia see: 5) Passed. ; Biddeford, Hanscom Bottling Co...... 9\‘‘Jersey Creme’’ contained trace of sac- charin. Brunswick, Pine Spring Water Co..... 1|Passed. Calais, Beckett & Co..........:..00.. 4| Passed. Caribou, EH. Ziter & Bros............. 1/Adulterated with saccharin, not declared. Cherryfield, Washington County Bot- | tling Co., Dennis Bros.............. 8|Passed. Danforths Sam sROssiac naar. sersene ole tees. 5|Adulterated with saccharin, not declared. Dexter, Leslie Curtis................. 11|Passed. Eastport, Eastport Bottling Co., Frank MAO charac ccotaic tens orsvetcreeeriere econ 4|Passed. Hort Kent; EB: Burgoin... 21. 202..6- 4|Passed. Freeport, Pinecroft Bottlery.......... 5|Passed. Greatworks, B. F. Piers.............. 3|Passed. Houlton, Wm. Palmer Bottling Co... 14/Passed. Lewiston, Maine Bottling Co.......... 8|Passed. Lewiston, Somoar Carbonating Co..... 6/ Passed. Lewiston, Windsor Mineral Spring Co. . 3/|Passed. iubec= Gs Mitchell Asus ee 4|Passed. Millinocket, Millinoecket Bottling Co.... 7|Passed. Milo, Milo Bottling Co............... 4) Passed. Patten, Patten Bottling Co........... 2'Passed. _ Pittsfield, Wm. Seekins.............. 2)/Passed. : Portland, Ingalls Bros............... 9)° lersey Creme’’ contained trace of sac- charin. Portland, Murdock & Freeman........ 7|Passed. Portland, C. E. Odiorne Bottling Co. 6| Passed. Portland, Portland Bottling Co. 5) Passed. Portland, Underwood Spring Corpora- i (0) ORR a Geo nernas ere Wie Cems Sion 7|Passed. 5 ‘ Presque Isle, Presque Isle Bottling Co., 12/Adulterated with saccharin. Two bottles ‘De MichaudspMiort ec. se sees pe misbranded, not marked artificial color. Prospect, Switzer Water Co. (P. O. Stockton Springs))- 2 4525.40.26. ee. 7|Passed. Rockland, (Ch Havener.. seen =e ‘ 7|Passed. |Passed. Contained saccharin but were properly marked. Passed. Passed. | Passed. | Passed. Passed. Adulterated with saccharin, not declared. Passed. Passed. |Passed. Passed. Passed. * Recently sreciased by the Rumford Bottling Co. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS. 21 Ick CreAM. During the summer of 1911 about 80 samples of ice cream were examined from the various dealers in the cities and towns of Auburn, Bangor, Fairfield, Lewiston, Oakiand, Portland, and Waterville, with the results given in the table on pages 22 and 23. Two prosecutions were made. In one case the dealer was warned before the sample was obtained that the £ rmula which he was using would not make a standard ice cream and he was advised to change his formula. Some time after an official sample was obtained at his place and it was found to be but slightly over half the standard in milk fat con- tent. The other case which was prosecuted seemed also a par- ticularly flagrant one for the following reasons: During the previous year two samples of ice cream from this dealer both were found to be below the standard. He was warned that his goods should be of better quality. He placed the blame upon the person from whom he was _ obtaining his cream. He was advised to obtain a written guaranty from this person and take particular pains to get a better quality of cream for his goods. The same conditions were found in the season of 1911 and in correspondence it developed that no written guaranty had been obtained, and that apparently no change had been made in the formula or in the manner of making up the goods. The case was therefore prosecuted and a fine paid. In another case where prosecution was commenced the goods from this same person had been analyzed the previous year and had been found below standard. Before the case came to trial, however, the dealer went out of business and moved from the State. There have been a number of cases develop during the past two seasons’ examination in which it seemed apparent that the dealers were not obtaining cream which contained the amount of butter fat which they supposed they were getting. These cases are still being investigated and this study will be con- tinued another season and if it is found that either creameries or dairymen are supplying dealers with cream below standard and below the grade paid for such cases will be prosecuted wherever found. In these as in all other matters were the work of the Station and the Department of Agriculture touch we have the fullest cooperation of Commissioner Buckley and his assistants. 22 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912. Table showing results of analyses of samples of ice cream purchased in the summer of 1911, arranged alphabetically by towns. = |p as TOWN AND DEALER. |.& 8 REMARKS. 2g 8 83 is NA =o 9866|Auburn, Bumpus & Getchell....... 16 .0|Passed. 9863)Auburn, E. L. Fowles............. 14.5)|Passed. 9864 Auburn, E. A. Pettingill........... 15.3)|Passed. 9860|Auburn, R. A. Rounds............ 14.2)Passed. 9865|Auburn, Fred L. Ruggles.......... 16.4|Passed. 9862|Auburn, J. M. Stevens & Co....... 15.9|Passed. 9861|Auburn, L. E. Tarr.......... 16.1)Passed. 9788|Bangor, J. F. Boyd............... 13.0|Dealer warned. Geese from Geo. E. Lufkin. 9913|/Bangor. Simon Belinian........... 15.0)Passed. 9786|Bangor, G. N. Brountas...... 3S 14.5)|Passed. 9782|)Bangor, Buckley & Preble......... 13.6 Dealerareued: Purchased from Harry ; itham 9916/Bangor, O. Blias.................. 7.8 Dealer fined. 10080|Bangor, Floros Bros.............. 14.1)Passed. 9914|Bangor, C. A. Fowler......./...... 12.7|Dealer warned. 10077|Bangor, C. A. Fowler..... le shen 12.5| Dealer warned. 9787'\Bangor, Frawley’s Pharmacy...... 17.0|Passed. 9785|Bangor, G. E. Lufkin..:.......... 13.8)Passed. 10078|Bangor,G. E. Lufkin.............. 13 .3|Dealer warned. 9781|Bangor, C. McKenna.............. 13.9) Passed. Purchased from Harry | Witham. ; 9912|/Bangor, 8. Shiro.............:...: 17.4| Passed. 9789|Bangor, Caldwell Sweet........... 17.5) Passed. 9784|Bangor, C.S. Vafiades............ 15.0 Passed. 9909|Bangor, Wyman’s Drug Store....../| 11.5|Dealer warned. 9915|Bangor, Wyman’s Drug Store....... 13.4 Dealer warned. 10079|Bangor, Wyman’s Drug Store...... 13.5 Dealer warned. 9921 Hairtield’ ©, Mepelolty. oes a. = cteiet i 14.2 Passed. 9923) Fairfield, C. W. McClintock........ 14.4 Passed. 9922)| Fairfield, The Wilson Pharmacy... .|14.6) Passed. 9938) Lewiston, Babcock & Sharp........ 14.8 Passed. 9930| Lewiston, C. Biladeau............. 14.6) Passed. 9867|Lewiston, A. L. Grant............. 15.4) Passed. 9934| Lewiston, A. E. Harlow........... 14.7| Passed. 9935|Lewiston, Mrs. S. E. Holmes....... 15.6) Passed. 9868)| Lewiston, Lewiston Candy Kitchen .|16.7) Passed. 9936) Lewiston, Chas. Morneau, Jr....... 15.3) Passed. 9933|Lewiston, Geo. A. Ross...........- \17.5 Passed. 9937 Lewiston, P DK Saranmtose. setae 16.2/ Passed. 9932) Lewiston, Senith s Drug Store...... 14.8) Passed. 9869 Lewiston, Samuel Stewart SR a ta 14.8)Passed. 9931|Lewiston, H. F. Walker........... 115.9) Passed. 9917|Oakland, C. H. Martin............ 12.6|Dealer warned. Inspector called sec- ond. time but found no ice cream : being made. 9969) Portland, Deering Ice Cream Co... .'13.7 Passed. 10002) Portland, Hay'’s Drug Store........ \13.2) Passed with warning. 10008} Portland, Hay’s Drug Store........ 15.2 Passed. 9972|Portland, Heseltine & Tuttle Co... .|12.3|Dealer ‘warned. 10012/Portland, Heseltine & Tuttle Co... . 13.5|Passed with warning. 9976 Portland, AMAd, lebih. 5 Senco uoeods 12.4 Dealer warned. 10015 Portland, Abe labihayls ss soo eae gc 14.6 Passed. 9971|Portland, Leighton’s Store......... 10.9|Dealer warned. Purchased from C. G: | Pooler. (See 10011.) 10011|Portland, Leighton’s Store......... 13.5 Bae) wih warning. Purchased from ooler. 10000|Portland, I. F. Lord & Son........ 15.4)| Passed. 9975|Portland, O. S. Maxell............ 12.3/Dealer warned. 10014|Portland, O. S. Maxell............ 15.6) Passed. 9999|Portland, Wm. E. Murphy......... 13.8) Passed. 10001|Portland, Geo. E. Sawyer.......... 16.8) Passed. 9974|Portland, J. G. Sawyer............ 9.8)(See No. 10013.) | 10013|Portland, J. G. Sawyer............ 13.5)Passed with warning. 9997|Portland, Simmons & Hammond... .|14.1 |Passed. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS. 23 Table showing results of analyses ‘of samples of ice cream purchased .in the summer of 1911, arranged alphabetically by towns—Concluded. —————— = (2 SS SSE -25. 2.5 SSS ss i 5) a3 Town aNp DEALER. ee REMARKS. ‘EE ay Ge = 5 na =z 9970)Portland, Smith & Broe........... 12.2|Dealer warned. Purchased from Pierce Ice Cream Co. 10009|Portland, Smith & Broe........... 11.3|Dealer warned. Purchased from Pierce Ice Cream Co. 9973|Portland, G. F. Soule............. 15.4| Passed. 9998|Portland, J. J. Thuss.............. 12.8/Dealer warned. 9996|Portland, West End Dairy......... 12.8|Dealer warned. 10007|Portland, West End Dairy......... 12.6|Dealer warned. 9813|Waterville, College Ave. Pharmacy..|10.1|/Dealer warned. Inspector made second visit and found no ice cream being | made. 9803|Waterville, Geo. A. Daviau........ 13.0|Dealer warned. 9807|Waterville, Pierre Fortier.......... 15.7|Passed. 9810|Waterville, W. A. Hager........... 17.1)Passed. $808|Waterville, Hawker’s Drug Store. . .|17.7/Passed. 9814| Waterville, E. W. Luques.......... 19.9) Passed. 9802)Waterville, S. Paganucci........... 13 .9|Passed. 9812|Waterville, S. Paganucci........... 14.3|Passed. 9806) Waterville, J. D. Parents.......... 21.2|Passed. 9805)Waterville, A. J, Ponsant.......... 14.4| Passed. 9809) Waterville, E. L. Simpson......... |/12.8)(See 9918.) 9918/Waterville E. L. Simpson......... 13 .3|(See text.) 9804|/Waterville, Jos. Vantrosco......... 12.5|(See 9919.) : 9919)Waterville, Jog, Vantrosco......... 10.5|Prosecution commenced, but dealer went out of business and moved from the State. 9811}Waterville, Verzoni Bros.......... 16.9| Passed. HEARINGS AND PROSECUTIONS. Whatever the nature of the seeming violation of any of the provisions of the laws regulating the sale of agricultural seeds, commercial fertilizers, commercial feeding stuffs, drugs, foods, fungicides or insecticides, hearings are appointed as directed by the law. In the great majority of instances the defendant either offers satisfactory explanation or gives assurance that the public will be protected in the future. Whenever it seems that the interests of the public can be equally served the cases are passed without prosecution. In the execution of the laws far more stress is laid upon educational than upon punitive methods. No merely technical violations of law are followed by prosecu- tions. When cases have to be brought they are usually brought as civil instead of criminal prosecutions as in this way uncon- tested cases can be more readily and speedily settled. It also is often true that the case is not so serious as to justify giving the 24. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IOI2. person a criminal record. By means of the hearings every violation is investigated and the parties concerned have their attention very plainly brought to the violations and the need for reform. While a law without penalties would be impossible of execution the hearing feature is proving to be an exceed- ingly valuable provision, helpful alike to the executive and to the trade, and hence is working to the interest of the public. Most of the cases were settled without prosecution. The cases that were settled by prosecution during the three months ending December 31, 1911, are as follows: In each instance the accused plead guilty and settled without the case being tried. List of Cases Settled Without Trial on Payment of Fines in the Quarter Ending December 31, rort. NaME AND Town or DEFENDANT. | NATURE OF CoMPLAINT. Bowley, J. P. & Co., Sanford........ \Misbranded pickles. Contained alum. iBroreiphe so antorden ee ee 'Misbranded pickles. Contained alum. Carl he OsDaCOme tenement es mi ne /Adulterated oysters. Contained added water. Coffin, G. W., Mechanic Falls........ Adulterated oysters. Contained added water. Cyrdire) ts Wane bureny serie ne. Mune erenelen bottled sodas. Contained saccharin. Doughty & Jewett, Portland........ |Adulterated oysters. Contained added water. liasTOP bane ores eee er ‘Adulterated ice cream. Low in milk fat. Levesque, Paul, Lewiston........... Adulterated oysters. Contained added water. McGary Bros., Houlton............. ‘Misbranded pickles. Contained Albina Palmer Cash Market, Lewiston....../Adulterated oysters. Contained added water. Presque Isle Bottling Co., Presque Isle Misbranded bottled sodas. Contained saccharin. Robinson, he He. Bangors. sss. _ Misbranded bottled sodas. Contained saccharin. | : TROP [S}, [Bog IDEWAIOO 5 pO db ¢os sa ec od ‘Misbranded bottled sodas. Contained saccharin. Simpson, E. L., Waterville......... _ Adulterated ice cream. Low in milk fat. iter) ob LO nO Atl oO seiar ert: ‘Misbranded bottled sodas. Contained saccharin. March, 1912 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ORONO, MAINE. CHAS. D. WOODS, Director ANALYSTS James M. Bartlett Herman H. Hanson Albert G. Durgin ; ‘Royden L, Hammond Alfred K. Burke INSPECTORS Elmer R. Tobey Albert Verril! Edgar A. White Official SJnspections. 38 FEEDING STUFF INSPECTION. The changes in the law which became effective July I, 1911, were pointed out in Official. Inspections 32. This was mailed to dealers and others likely to be interested. Herewith are reported (pages 26-55) the analyses of samples ex- amined during the year from March Iog11, and (pages 56-72) a classified list of the feeding stuffs registered for sale in Maine before February 15, 1912. A few brands have been registered while the number was in the hands of the public printer. Especial attention is called to the fact that the law calls for the maxi- mum percentage of fiber to be stated upon the package, and in the case of compounded feeds the names of the materials of which they are composed. These are important helps in the selection of a feed and should be given careful consideration by dealers and feeders. In the table giving the list of feeding stuffs registered these facts are set forth. Copies of the requirements of the law, certifies for registering and directions for sampling can’ be had on application. All correspondence relative to inspection laws and their enforcement should be addressed to Director Chas. D. Woods, Orono, Maine. 26 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FEEDING STUFFS SAMPLES. MANUFACTURER OR SHIPPER AND BRAND. * Source of sample. Station number. COTTONSEED MBEALS. American Cotton Oil Co., N. Y. City. Choice Cottonseed Meal..........] D 2952 American Cotton Oi! Co., ‘ New York City. Choice Cottonseed: Meal is a2) eee epee oer hl oe one lesen O 2991 H. F. Bridges & Co., Memphis, Tenn. Cottonseed iNeed ysnsy Nats rede yee dea nir sel esa Uae GAR Ue slo\olelstste) i tw ww (ot) F. W. Brode & Co., Memphis, Tenn. Dove Brand Cottonseed Meal..... Paseo > izalcos ok: ei Ginyghinis Yo a0 coe \wleleje)slsle)o\ole)\e)sle)e)s)s)e)c[e)ele)e)e)s)e)=)~) ie Ww © F. W. Brode & Co., Memphis, Tenn. OmeBrandlCotionmseed@ Merl s-) fuerte) cartier eee ene elelelslelelelelele)s)e) wo iva ie) or * Samples marked D are from dealer and those marked O were taken by the inspector. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 38. 27 ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFFS. j PROTEIN. | Fat. Prone | Fan |] Fimen, | FIBER. 3 2 X i 2 3 3 = ek. g | a o a ® a q ® g 5 : a : a : q 243 2 ee ee | BG ale a | 8 | Be 8 i) ia 5 5 5 3 5 3 ae o a = < m= o ry o os o ras || I= i ! é BO52 |e) = = 40.37] 41.00 = = = = = 0 2991| 7.63) 7.43/| 41.68] 41.00|| 7.39] 9.00|| 10.72] 10.50]] 25.15] 0 2850| = — = 41.06] 41.00 = 7.00|| — - = 0 4039) = = 41.25] 41.00 = 9.00]; — ~ = 0 4181) = = 41.43] 41.00 - 9.00 = .00 - 0 433 |e = = 41.18] 41.00 = 9.00 - 9.00 ~ 0 4954, — = 37.62] 41.00 - 9.00|| — 9.00 - 0 4265| 7.16] 7.33]| 42.25] 41.00]| 8.88] 9.00|| 9.74] 9.00]| 24.64] 0 4967| = = 41.50] 41:00 - 9.00]; - 9.00; —- 0 2863| — = 42.50] 38.62 = = = =, - 0 2883, — - 40.37| 38.62 = = = = = 0 2892; — = 39.75| 38.62: — 7.00 = = = 0 9894, — — || 38.06! 38.62 = 6.00 - - = 0 2895] — = 39.68] 38.62 — 6.00]| — = = 0 2996, — = 42.62] 38.62 - 6.00] — = = 0 2941) — = 39.50) 38.62 = 6.00 - - - 0 2949) — = 39.00] 38.62 - = = = - 0 4937| 7.60) 6.19]] 39.06] 38.62]! 7.95} 6.00] 11.80) 10.00|| 27.40] 0 4040} 9 — = 86.31] 38.62 = 6.00 = = = 0 4043; — = 37.50| 38.62 - 6.00 — | 10.00 - 0 4072) — = 40.12] 38.62 = 6.00|| — | 10.00 - 0 4113} — = 40.87| 38.62 = 6.00 = - = 0 4139} — = 41.00| 38.63 - 6.00 — | 10.00|| — 0 4162) — = 39.69| 38.62 = 6.00/| — | 10.00]] — 0 4190} - = 41.25] 38.62 = 6.00 = || 1@,@o)| = 0 4191; — ~ 39.50] 38.62 - 6.00/| — | 10.00 - 0 4200; — = 41.62] 38.63 - 6.00 = | 10.00 = 0 4218) — = 41.56] - = = = 0 4934| — = 37.50| 38.62 = 6.00 — | 10.00 = 0 4937; — = 40.00] 38.63 = 6.00/| — | 10.00 = 0 4957) — = 39.75, — = = = = = 0 4258; — = 39.50| 38.62 - = = = 0 4275; — = 39.87] 38.63 = 6.00 = || 1@,@0)|| = 0 4979, — = 38.31] 38.62 = = = = = 0 4980] — = 38.25] 38.63 = 6.00 = |) 1@.@o| = 0 4988] — = 38.62] 38.63 = 6.00 — | 10.00 = 0 Dea7\ = — |i 42.00) 41.00 = 6.00 = = = Q) 9852| — || 41.62] 41.00 = 6.00 = = = 0 I869| = = || 41.94) 41.00 = 6.00 = = o 0 g875) = — || 40.192] 41.00 = 6.00 = = = 0 SeRilie = — || 49.19] 41.00 = 6.00 = = = 0 OERS os = 42.50] 41.00 = 6.00 = = = 0 2886, — = 40.75] 41.00 = 6.00 = = = 0 2887| = = 40.87) 41.00 = 6.00 = x = 0 2890] — = 39.43] 41.00]] — 6.00 = = = 0 9893, — — || 40.75] 41-00|| - | 6.00|| - = z 0 2896] — = 42.18] 41.00 = 6.00 = = = 0 2898] — - | 40.62] 41.00 = 6.00 = = 2 0 28 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FEEDING STUFFS SAMPLES. MANUFACTURER OR SHIPPER AND BRAND. * Source of sample. Station number. Owl Brand Cottonseed Meal—Conecluded.............................. clefelelelelululelelululululelo\~el~=)vlolelulelololululololelelol=lelelelolulelololelelololololololol= a oa) a) Buckeye Cotton Oil Co., Cincinnati, O. Buckeye Cottonseed) Meal oo. 7 ef .-h. hee seis © see GPa oaks eos isyare Sas ate Sousseso 1) (9.2) ns @ * Samples marked D are from dealer and those marked O were taken by the inspector. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 38. 20 ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFFS. PROTEIN | | Fart. FIBER. 8 : 2 . . . o € 3 se} csi 2 a =] 2) 2) o p=) Go} ape : : Ell ge| 2 : 5 ; ES ® eee le) Se le PE eR) 8 ie) G 8 5 5 5 3 5 es o n = lem c) es o ey o Z5 = 2900 = = 42.50) 41.00 = 6.00 = - = 0 2904 = = 39.75] 41.00 = = - - = (0) 2906 = = 41.62) 41.00 = 6.00 = = - 0 2908 = = 42.31) 41.00 = = = = = 0 2910 = = 41.00} 41.00 = 6.00 - = = 0 2913 = = 42.25) 41.00 = 6.00 = a - 0 2915 = = 42.94] 41.00 = 6.00 = = - 0 2916 - = 42.25] 41.00 = 6.00 = = = 0 2919 = = 40.25) 41.00 = 6.00 = = = (0) 2929 = = 44.25) 41.00 = 6.00 = a = 0 4017 9.18 6.50}; 42.25) 41.00 7.95} 6.00 8.05] 10.00}| 26.07 0 4053 6.33 7.99|| 41.00} 41.00 8.28] 6.00 6.33] 10.00]| 30.07 0 4115 = - 40.12} 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 4137 = —- 42.50) 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 4141 = = 41.75; 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 4146 = = 42.19] 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 4147 = — 39.56] 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 4153 = — 40.81] 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 4154 = —- 40.50) 41.00 = = = = = 0 4156 - - 41.87| 41.00 0 4157 = = 39.62] 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 4163 = = 41.94! 41.00 = 00 = 10.00 = 10) 4176 oa = 41.50) 41.00 = = = = = 0 4179 = = 42.18} 41.00 = = = = i 0 4180 = = 41.06] 41.00 = -00 = 10.00 = 0 4189 = = 41.50} 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 4192 = = 42 .87| 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 4196 = = 39.37| 41.00 = 00 = 10.00 = 0 4201 = = 42.50 = = = = = = 0 4204 = = 42.93 = = = = aa = 0 4208 = = 43.00] 41.00 = 6.50 = 10.00 = 0 4213 = = 41.12] 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 4217 = = 41.37 = = = = = = 0 4222 = = 43 94] 41.00 a 6.50 = 10.00 = 0 4229 = = 43.25) 41.00 = = = = = 0 4238 = = 44 .37| 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 4240 = = 42.32 = = = os = = 0 4242 = = 40.75) 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = = 4246 = = 44.25] 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 4247 = = 44,62] 41.00 = 6.00 = = = 0 4248 = = 42.36] 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 4249 = = 43.62} 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 4250 = = 43.18] 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 4253 = = 44.00] 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 4255 = = 43 .37| 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 4262 = = 38.94] 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 4272 = = 42.06] 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 4274 = = 41.75] 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 4278 = = 43 .62| 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 4285 = a 40.25} 41.00 = = = = = 0 4287 = = 43.50] 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 2818 - - 37.37| 39.00 = 6.50 = = = 0 2838 = = 40.87] 39.00 = 6.50 = = = 0 2844 - = 39.87] 39.00 = 6.50 = = = 0 2848 - - 37.18] 39.90 = = = = = 0, 2851 - - 35.56] 39.00 = 6.50 = — = 0 2869 = - 40.12) 39.00 = = = = - 0 2870 = - 38.56} 39.00 = = = = = 0 30 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FEEDING STUFFS SAMPLES. MANUFACTURER OR SHIPPER AND BRAND. *Source of sample. Station number. Buckeye Cottonseed Meal—Concluded............................... slolelelololololololololelolelelololelelolelulelelelelo nS 1) oS for} T. H. Bunch Commission Co., Little Rock, Ark. Old’ Gold! Brand ‘Cottonseed’ Meals: F256.) 25 eee oye]. oe nee ou i) ie) io) wn Chapin & Co., Hammond, Ind. Green Diamond Brand Choice Cottonseed Meal.................... D 4103 8. P. Davis, Little Rock, Ark. Good Luck Brand Cottonseed Meal................. rack Arapce sg ake BeEyvyoossooyyss ns a Wo} Humphreys-Godwin Co., Memphis, Tenn. Dixie Brand ‘Cottonseed \Meal’. 32... 2 deaekets Os ie ek ae eee ae o 2836 * Samples marked D are from dealer and those marked O were taken by the in spector. Station number. Moisture. Hoa tei ene th a ht ah a tai ee Th th ea 45 .98 Ce ST atthe Te Wei Cates CAE I be ot beet ol) Ash. fia d hie tie hh dh eet dob aii tf thi tf ea “| fi the tp Whee [le fi esse th We .O7 OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 38. ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFFS. PROTEIN. | | Fat. | | FIBER. 3 3 3 o o oO i) =} ° =) ° iS ie oS cs i) Ey (o) 39.90) 39.00 7.56] 6.5 10.92} 10.00 38.40] 38.50 - 6.50 - - 40.25) 38.50 = 6.50 = 10.00 42 .87| 28.50 = = = = 38.00] 38.50 = 6.50 = 10.00 38.25] 38.50 = 6.50 - 10.00 44.12) 38.50 = 6.50 = 10.00 37.93] 38.50 = 6.59 - 10.00 42.06! 38.50 = 6.50 = 10.00 37.50| 39.00 = 6.50 - 10.00 39.37; 39.00 = 6.50 = 10.00 38.50) 38.50 = 6.50 - 10.00 40.31) 38.50 = 6.50 = 10.00 43.81] 38.50 = 6.50 = 10.00 41.43] 38.50 = 6.50 - 10.00 40.62) 38.50 = 6.50 = 10.00 41.62) 38.50 = 6.50 = 10.00 41.37] 38.50 = 6.50 —- 10.00 40.50) 38.50 = 6.50 = 10.00 Al .00} 38.50 = 6.50 = 10.00 40.12) 39.00 = 6.50 = 10.900 43.12) 38.50 = 6.50 = 10.00 41.87| 38.50 = 6.50 = 10.00 39.18] 38.50 = 6.50 = 10.00 43.18] 38.5u - 6.50 - 10.00 43.12) 38.50 = 6.50 - 10.00 42.12] 38.50 - 6.50 - 10.00 A212] 38.50 = 6.50]} — 10.00 40.69) 41.00 9.00 = = 39.56) 41.00 = 9.00 — = 38.87} 41.00 = 9.00 - 9.00 44.75) 41.00 - 8.00 - 10.00 44.06) 41.00 7.93} &.00 7.84} 10.00 38.81) 41 00 = 7.00}: - - 38.12} 41.00 = 7.00 - = 44,12) 41.00 = 7.00 = = 43.43) 41.00 = 7.00 = = 40.56) 41.00 7.69} 9.00)| 10.73) 10.59 38.75) 41.00 = 7.00 = 10.50 40.50) 41.00 = 7.00 - 10.50 41.87} 41.00 = 7.00 - 10.50 41.94) 41.00 = 7.00 - 19.50 37.37} 41.00 = 7.00 = 10.50 41.50, 41.00 = 7.00 = 10.50 38.37) 41.00 = 7.00 = 10.50 39.237) 41.00 = 7.00 = 10.50 40.62} 41.00 = 7.00 = 10.50 41.12) 41.00 = = - - Nitrogen free extract. i) -J 1) me) Ti ee es et te | Ue 26.07 Wo Thy 26.75 Se EA. Le Tet 31 CODD COCO OCOD OS O@SES9909E99005959099 Weed seeds. ooo (i=) Ssocoosoooossosoceo 32 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q12. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FEEDING STUFFS SAMPLES. MANUFACTURER OR SHIPPER AND BRAND. * Source of sample. Station number. DixvevBrand Cottonseed) Mealec = +) sss erie ines ase eee iid | \wlele)=le)sie)o)z\e\o)e)\~)~)e\e\~) =\e\o)e)=)vle)\~)elejle\o)\o)\e)s) s\e)=)e)=) ela) e)o)o)s)\e)~\=)0) + a) So DS Keeton-Krueger Co., Atlanta, Ga. Peacock Brand Cottonseed Meal..................... 000-22 eeeeee whe) > Ie q qj Kemper Mill & Elevator Co., Kansas City, Mo. GhoiceCottonseed@ Meal rc eee clea torus nes ete oe Tat eieseoniseetononsvaeees slolels) hes pe) ms Memphis Cottonseed Products Co., Meniphis, Tenn. Selden Cottonseed Micali ster ie.svoc crus stokimersuetslaeacnaror a iain cal aie ae eo) i) © = “1 * Samples marked D are from dealer and those marked O]were taken by the inspector OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 38. 33 ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFFS. PROTEIN. Fart. | | FIBER. Ae 2 \ a . . . o E 3 cs] 3 g a <0) (0) (3) CF ae) ; : Z Z eee lee : : 7 4s & 3 oS OE se oa = a | 3 3 3 Ss 3 cS 35 d 5 n i) 3 S) =) (2) =) isk a = < cs 5 & | =a | & il Bal & | 2837 - - 40.81; 41.00 - = — = = 0 2853 = = 41.37) 38.62 - 6.00) = = = (0) 2864 - - 42.87) 38.62 - 6.00) = = = 0 2880 - = 39.18) 38.62 - 6.00. = = - 0 2891 = = 40.50) 38.62 - 6.00 - = = 0 2902 - = 42.00| 38.62 - 6.00 = = = (0) 2905 = = 40.87) 38.62); — 6.00 = = = (0) 2909 = = 41.31) 38.62 - 6.00) - = = 0 2943 = = 40.00) 38.62 = 6.00 = = = 0) 2944 - = 43.25) 38.62 - 6.00) = = = 0 2953 - = 41.62) 41.00 - 6.00} - = = 10) 2956 - = 40.69) 38.62 = 6.00) = = - 10) 2957 - = 39.62) 38.62 - 6.00| = = = 10) 4003 6.75 6.40)]| 42.75) 38.62 9.77) 6.00|| 7.02) 12.00)| 27.31 0 4059 = = 40.12) 38.62 - 6.00 = = = (0) 4062 = = 40.00) 38.62 - 6.00) = = = 0 4065 = = 40.81) 38.62 - 6.00 = = - (0) 4075 = = 39.56} 41.00 - 6.00 = = - 0 4084 = = 36.41) 38.62 = 6.00 = 12.00 = 0 4086 = = 39.19) 38.62 - 6.00 = 12.00 = 0) 4087 - - 40.00) 38.62 - 6.00 = 12.00 - 10) 4092 = = 38.69) 338.62 - 6.00 = = - (0) 4099 - - 39.00) 38.62) - 6.00 - 12..00 = 0 4106 = = 40.68) 38.62 - 6.00 = 12.00 - 10) 4118 - = 37.00} 38.62 - 6.00 = 12.00 = 0 4121 - = 38.62) 38.62 - 6.00 = 12.00, = (0) 4138 - = 43.56) 38.62)| - 6.00 - 12.00) = 0 4166 - = 40.19) 38.62 = 6.00 - 12.00) = 0 4167 - = 39.94) 38.62 = 6.00 = 12.00) = 0 4182 = - 42.32) 38.62 - 6.00 = 12.00 = 0 4183 - = 39.37) 38.62 - 6.00} = 12.00) = 10) 4198 = = 41.62) 38.62 - 6.00: - 12.00! = (0) 4199 = - 40.69) 38.62 - 6.00 - 12.00) = 0 4202 - - 41.56) 38.62 - 6.00 = 12.00) - 0 4203 = - 38.00} 38.62 - 6.00 - 12.00) = (0) 4207 - - 42.56) 38.62 = 6.00 = 12.00) - 0 4212 = - 38.76) 38.62 = 6.00 - 12.00) = 0 4214 - - 43.06] 38.62 - 6.00 - 12.00} - 0 4216 - - 41.43) 38.62)| - 6.00 = 12.00 = 0 4230 - = 39.56) 38.62 - - - =| = 0 4236 - = 41.30] 38.62 - 6.00 = 12.00 = 0 4243 - - 40.62) 38.62 - 6.00 = 12.00} =- 0 4256 - - 42.62) 38.62 - - - = | - 0 4269 - - 41.44) 38.62 - 6.00 = 12.00) = 0 4276 = = 41.50} 38.62 — 6.00 = 12.00) = 0 4282 - - 41.62) 38.62 = 6.00 - 12.00) - 0 4286 - - 42.62) 38.62)! - 6.00 - 12.00 = 0 4177 - = 41.25) 41.00 - 6.00 = 10.00} = 0 4289 - - 41.50} 41.00 - 6.00 = 10.00} = 0 4175 - - 41.36) 41.00 = 7.50 = 10.00 - 0 4178 - - 40.37) 41.00 = = = = = 10) 4184 - - 38.87) 41.00 = 7.50 = 10.00} = 0 4187 - - 40.31} 41.00 - 7.50 - 10.00 = 0 2917 - - 43.19} 41.00 - 6.00 - = = 0 — 34 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. - IQI2. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FEEDING STUFFS SAMPLES. Ss = 2 i=} MANUFACTURER OR SHIPPER AND BRAND 2 a Ey | See (o} ~_ a | 8 * D F. E. Morse & Co., Little Rock, Ark. Golden Brand Cottonseed Meal............ 2. cece cece ecceceees Stetelie .O. 4028. W. C. Nothern, Little Rock, Ark. Bee BrandliCottonseed!, Meals ok. = tei at lersvciameielolece shane arstetelereierete oO 4124 Cc 4223 O 4239 D 4241 Ozark Oil Co., Ozark, Ark. E Medium Grade Cottonseed Meal............. 000 e ee eeeececeeteee.| O 4129 Roney & Hicky, Memphis, Tenn. Bure Ji Cottonseed: Mealztecicc.c hy osiare aese’s ecereraiie cicuswer teratere abaier a seiioleens D 2925 W. Newton Smith, Baltimore, Md. Choice Dirego Brand Cottonseed Meal...............2.eecececeeeees D 2857 D 2859: D 2860 D 2861 D 2865 D 2866. D 2868 J. E. Soper Co., Boston, Mass. Pioneer Cottonseed!) Meal!) sieissvcsta-o s c.nreleisters soe seatete: ates tetera ola aie sible D (2845 tha aD) 2876 D 2899 O 4047 J. E: Soper Co., oston, Mass. Saper‘s| Prime’ Cottonseed Meal: 7/5... 22 ces overt oes ere aioe O 4168 Southern Cotton Oil Co., Memphis, Tenn. Standard Grade Cottonseed Meal...............0 cee cece cece eces D 4279 COTTONSEED FEEDS. Humphreys-Godwin Co., Memphis, Tenn. Creamo Brand Cottonseed Feed..........-eeccececcecceccceecees D 4133 : Oo 4169 D 4259 D 4271 * Samples marked D are from dealer and those marked O were taken by the inspector. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 38. 35 ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFES. PROTEIN. | | Fat. | FIBER. : < i | a : 8 A 5 is 3 8 i 3 ql 3 2 g 2 gq. 3 F E RE UP ors eB cr BE st ae 3 a2} : g B g 3 | 8 as ® 8 ° a ° 3 ic) =} iS) 3 Ree] o a = < so & = c) cs & il tag | oe 4028 7 ceil 6.75)|| 40.12) 41.00 8.93} 9.00 8.66) 9.00/| 28.238 0 4124, 7.25| 6.50|| 40.87| 41.00|| 7.93] 7.00|| 11.87] 10.50|) 25.58) 0 LORS = 39.50) 41.00); — 6.50|| —- | 10.00]| — 0 4939; — = 40.30] 41.00) — 7.00|| -— | 10.50||/ —- 0 4941; - = 40.12) 41.00) — 7.0 - | 10.50|| =- 0 4129 8.10 5.96|| 36.50 - 6.19 - 14.82 - 28 .43 0 2925 - - 41.25 41 .00 - 6.00 - - - (0) 2857 - - 41.75) 41.00 - 7.00 - = - 0 2859) — = 37.25} 41.00/| — 7.00|| -—- - - 0 2860 - - 38.25) 41.00 - 7.00 - - = 0 2861; — = 35.94| 41.00/| — 7.00|| — - - 0 2865| = 40.25| 41.00); — 7.00|| — — - 0 2866 - - 37.00} 41.00 - 7.00 - - - 0 2868 - - 40.75) 41.00 - 7.00|| <— - - 10) 2845 - - 41.00) 41.00 - 8.00 - - - 0 2876, — = 41.87| 41.00|| — 8.00|| — = - 0 2899 - - 41.87) 41.00 - 8.00 - - - 0 4047| 7.37| 11.45|| 42.25| 41.00|| 8.24! 8.00|| 7.56) 10.00|| 2.13} 0 4168 7.39 6.48|| 36.50] 38.50 7.92| 5.00|} 12.71 - 23.00 0 4279, — = 38.31] 38.62|| — = = = = 9 4133 - - 24.50} 22.00 - 5.00 - 22.00 - 0 4169} 8.02} 5.61|| 23.94] 22.00]; 5.60] 5.00|| 20.48) 22.00|] 36.35] 0 4259| — = 25.00| 20.00|| — 5.00]| — | 22.00]|/ — 0 4271 - - 26.00} 20.00 - -00 - 22.00 - 0 36 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FEEDING STUFFS SAMPLES. Igi2. Station number. Corn Products Refining Co., New York City, N New York City, Corn Products eEnIne Co., New York City, N Corn Products Refining Co., New York City, N. Y. Corn Products pons Ces New York City, N The Dewey Bros. Co., Blanchester, Douglas & Co., Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Huron Milling Co., Harbor Beach, Mich. E a g 3 m MANUFACTURER OR SHIPPER AND BRAND. 3 3 i) n e GLUTEN FEEDS. INEYS Diamond Gluten Meal... .........0. ccc cece cece ccs D American Maize Products Co., Cream of Corn Gluten Feed...........0..0ceceeeecees D Buttalo Gluten eed yc 0 hacen et fh gen Seuaxt See D D D D D D D D D D O O D D Crescent Gluten Feed.......... 00.0 cece cece eee eees O “iPelcin (Gluten theed a cisie-< soe sis os oe mons Sei etal eehea O Buckeye Glateat heed © aie lie. diene cher a one D Cedar Rapids Gluten Feed..................-0ceeeee £ Jenks) Gluten Reed so s.2. Soclees ine « else crciels We bdaarennitors D D * Samples marked D are from dealer and those marked O were taken by the inspector. eS ee OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 38. 37 ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFFS. { PROTEIN. Fat. FIBER. 3 | : : | : 2 ; 3 5 3 3 & 3 | 3 § 3 $ a. 3 g 3 ct EE ees BP PE Ss pues ie | 2 oe 2 si) 8) a Be) 8 na = (Clittnehe CREPES cag onc000s 900s 95S bb0Rc0s0GHu00ODeIGOGendOORN0000 O 4035 Dewey Bros. Co., Blanchester, O. Cor! Threes" Grainsens 2k cess ec is Bee a eco Ole ea ee aoe eu O 4108 Griswold & Mackinnon, St. Johnsbury, Vt. i : Hxtra Good DistillersiGraimss...- since cls ce teieein aero aise elec wiciniele eae D 2942 WHEAT OFFALS, FEED FLOUR. Gwinn Milling Co., Columbus, O , Gwinn's Red Doo Mlour yeas eres oe noi elon eee ee ee ee O 4006 : O 4073 Peninsular Milling Co., Flint, Mich. GALT LOUIS ec pees ott cca temelcodtatajeae tones Sc etehe orteh erie elec net loke eter a Conlonesckesheae O 4067 oO 4090 Pillsbury Flour Mills Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Dest) lovin tarp, ©, ©, Gal DENI Auike ee aes Aone. Game HA lMIAtG cicr aoe ers tace Ora colG 6 O 2999 * Samples marked D are from dealer and those marked O were taken by the inspector. ¢ er: OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 38. 39 ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFFS. PROTEIN. Fart. FIBER. 2 } 5 2 . . . o ¢€ =} as] i} g x =] 3) 7) o a 3 ee | ce ce | ee 8) Gl gel 8 5 6 a 3 5 5 = 3 Se leirecsaa lie a = < & G) S o) & Oita si) oe 2918| —- = 34.13] 30.00) =. | 15.00)| = = = = 0 2966, 8.62| 7:16|) 31.75] 30.00]| 5.50| 5.00|| 9.83] 10.00|| 37.14] 0 2984, 9.38] 7.48|| 27.75] 30.00|| 5.78} 5.00)| 10.13] 10.00|) 39.48} 0 4185| - - 346951030500) ian ta fee 00 ate =e 10,00) 0 4174| 10.32] 5.42/| 37.50] 33.00|| 5.87) 5.00|| 8.30] 11.00|| 32.59) 0 2929) — = 30-37) 30.00|| = | 11.00\) = = = 0 4020} 6.72| 1.71|| 30.06] 31.00|| 12.47| 12.00|] 12.70] 14.00|| 36.34 0 4105, — = 31/30] 30.00|| “= | 11.00|| = | 14-00]| = i) ALG = = 30.06] 30.00)| — - = = = 0 A0T = = 32.43] 30.00|/| — | 11.00) = | 14.00|| = 0 | 2994) 7.46] 4.08]| 32.12) 31.00|| 11.30] 12.00|| 12.09] 13.00|| 32.95; 0 4107} 5.61| 4.98|| 31.06) 31.00|| 12.59] 13.50|] 8.65] 8.50|| 37.11] 0 4035| 4.88] 6.28|| 33.31] 30.00|| 13.81] 10.00]/ 14.66 - || 27.06] 0 4108! 7.07| 1.62|| 31.56; 26.00|| 13.59, 9.00]; 11.70] 13.00|| 34.46] 0 2949) = = 29.25] 30.00/| —- | 10.00]) —- = = 0 4006} 10.95) 1.59] 14.63) - 2.93) — 0.92/09 =P 68n98i00 0 AGTS| 2 = = 17.25, — - - - = - 0 4067| 11.39} 0.89]| 12.94, - Detain i= O86 pill weno oO 4090| 10.90) 1.14/| 14.19 - 2738|) = Ose oe MCD hi 2999} 11.10! 2.30 19.13 15.00} 5.08} 4.50|| 1.83! 4.00]] 60.561 0 | 40 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FEEDING STUFFS SAMPLES, Ss Ey 5 i= 3 2 Cr g rS) 3 MANUFACTURER OR SHIPPER AND BRAND. © a Biles (o} ~ a | * 7) WHEAT OFFALS, MIDDLINGS. Christian Breisch & Co., N. Lansing, Mich. Winter Wheat Middlings alohenatctutioitels caneslarovate repent repekstecenore te svenmoetal raven vee O 4015 TRIESTE Milling Co., Duluth ; Wheat Middlings............. Ic Parake Me La SLE DSR onaRe MSR ae AE eso gs abe ae O 4145 Goshen Milling Co., ; Goshen, Ind. SHO (ol bh aoa Warns eet ea eee ana ni ione TRNAS aie rnd et PAA. Uoivneta TA Sete een File D 2911 O 4032 Gwinn Milling Co., Columbus, O. Gwinn’s Wheat Middlings. .... 00... cece ccc ccc cee een e eee ees O 4005 Minot Flour Mills Co., Minot, N. D. Fancy 14 6-(6 Fo ) Do YEAS }eae ante Nene BON Sy a aa tne eRe LAUR El bade Up i O 4070 Pillsbury Flour Mills Co., Minneapolis, Minn. 5 Pillsbury/'s)Middlings\io.a% ccasterseste ice oetevske aol same tetra ovo evaroiens ei eres O 2969 Voight Milling Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. Voichtisseure Middlin gsi: jai. ci6 oejeis sep ctuersie oe ete eran etter lelexeic iaye evo noes O 4024 Washburn Mills, Minneapolis, Minn. Standard! Mid dling ss 55 2) pasirsuale since haw Gust e are ahetorsenu cern esai ova ie esockicee O 2970 Atlas Flour Mills, Milwaukee, Wis. INJEC EEN Shime a CODA Ono onl. comuide pod OodeC.oU Sonoogounoss O 4031 Bay State Milling Co., Winona, Minn. Winona Brany Lancy Hlaky,ay.i)sts cicieeeie eierciclote oli ioieisieiniorieroriee O 4085 Commercial Milling Co., Detroit, Mich. HenkkrelisvBrame is Sarcevavaccteve a svatccs terete lai shoes verevere tia a auea eae eae eaten ons O 4150 Wm. A. Coombs Milling Co., Coldwater, Mich. Winter Wheat Bran...... TPE ca Ary eee oA ES NEN arte Cited us Faltoes es Pe Aer O 4054 Flour Mills Co., Ltd., Canada, Western: Canad a. Bran cs hicisrcatete (cies tanerete aosteleseue Gicbace olaus ene ie = toerstaveus O 4045 * Samples marked D are from dealer and those marked O were taken by the inspector- to OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 38. 41 ANALYSES OF FEEDING: STUFES. PROTEIN. | Far. FIBER. | 2 | Q . . . o g 3 3 os zg dj = o 0) i) on us} : g - = Sess | oS iz ; ; : 8 Me oe a BOB ee |e | eel S iS ‘ 5 5 3 see Pee ee 1S | 27 Se - sé | 2k) es | l l # ‘ i} - 4015} 10.34) 4.55|| 15.38] 15.60|| 4.71] 4.00|| 5.24) 4.60|/ 59.78! 0 | 4145) 9.76| 4.98]| 18.38) 16.25|| 5.57/ 6.00|] 7.93] 8.00|| 53.38] 0 2911; - - || 16.63) = - - - - - ) 4032| 10.72| 7.35|| 16.50/ 18.00|| 4.31]. 5.00|| 4.44] 7.00|| 56.68] 0 Pec sal | 4005| 10.19] 3.08|| 16.13, 17.00) 4.93] 4.60|| 3.89) 6.00|| 61.78] 0 4070) 9.14) 4.31]/ 19.25) Bro Goa5| = || G82) oO 2969) 9.79 5.64 16.50) 15.00|| 5.45) 4.50/|. 9.00|° 8.00|| 53.62] 0 (ae | | 4024, 10.43} 4.23|/ 16.25) —- 4.60| - arid || BC 2970} 9.17| °7.19)| 18.13] 15.00||. 5.75) 4.00|| 7.24) 8.00/| 52.50; oO | | | | 4031| 8.68) 6.43)| 17.06 oe 5.05} 3.50|| 10.94] 12.00]| 51.84) 0 | | 4085 9.85} 6.63]; 15.38) 15.00|| 4.73| 4.07|/ 10.94) 11.00) 52.47|/Many. | | | | | | | | | if | | | 4150| 9.97) 6.34|| 16.69] 14.00]; 4.81| 3.00|| 10.02] 12.00)| 52.17(Few | | 4054 pe 6.10)| 15.32] 14.00|| 4.00) 3.00|/ 8.85} -— || 56.30) 0 | | | | 4045 9.84 6.09|| 15.75) 16.82|! 5.36| 5.50|| 10.60] 10.86|| 52.36 0 42 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FEEDING STUFFS SAMPLES. MANUFACTURER OR SHIPPER AND BRAND. * Source of sample. Station number. Goshen Milling Co., Goshen, Ind. : ASE ADs arson he atres a recive hae ei ot oC eke SRE ee Oe al) 1D) Gwinn Milling Co., Columbus, O. Gwannrs WiheatwB ramets, sre jes eroretoceis weer laraueiga) Saope ction tebe tetelece aieim scchetore O Kelley Milling Co., Kansas City, Mo. JEWS WVU. WWVIOENE IBID 4 Go co Ga dos GonD ORNS oDON goo Ia Ooo SOURCE OSE O Kemper Mill & Elevator Co., Kansas City, Mo. (DiamondvKewB raneis & stepson sea ears ee ete eae Ane SOS IGRI GISpe ae ee O Maple Leaf Milling Co., Canada. ORIN A IE. Sica gaot eno node oeD oS naEbanoo oo sD Moosugbeacedccgay O) The New England3Flour Co., Powertul’standardvBransiaicrecce erick a cisielere cet teres e alsin nena O New Prague F louring" Mill Co., New Prague, Minn. Seal of Minnesota Bran, ve csscclsrcheusict cays: cteue ste es aoa Rey tore ie acehapes aie sieiene neta O Noblesville Milling Co., Noblesville, Ind. ‘ mi NSM Corse BraneureyWheat) Heed eeeeieieicie rien eee net O Northwestern Consolidated] Milling Co., Minneapolis, Minn. J UHR NACE IBV coos gcsnnsnas apace (suas wishaeemelatebacanel saoteaetss Secs: oueaiennines O Ohio Cereal Co., Circleville, O. Winter \Wihea tures <5 s\s-cye esate Stee eter or RACES Ter act eens ondorneens O Pillsbury’s Flour Mills Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Pillsbury’s Wheat Bran......... SODA gAoPGoDAsHooAsoNBoOpSDOGHOEC Cc Pillsbury’s Flour Mills Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Pillsbury Ss) Ta er ce eke oh eee cers eee oe ee iene eee rer ialens secrete O Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, Ill. Bel Comb rainiz, s Sescca ste cic estate ae ar eae SPT Tae TE aie bee Merc hctine Oo Sparks Milling Co., Alton, Ill. A TVA ofc Kol oie) bjs n0 ea eee ere ay en REY NRE Ben toy cl i atin yer HERE IO Cosco © O David Stott, Detroit, Mich. Stottys ure) Winter Wiheste bs ram=erssrpsetniee creates is iieteisie ies irene O Geo. Tileston Milling Co., St. Cloud, Minn. Maney Bra es, .yeterereiec ss sieves tisucueronteer caters tetas hereto uhcachoece Rarerevacouetiet ec Oo 2912 4029 4140 4056 2983 2971 4149 4148 4007 4123 2889 2996 2989 4030 4013 4068 * Samples marked D are from dealer and those marked O were:taken by the inspector. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 38. 43 ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFES. PROTEIN. Fat. FIBER. a ¢ | ‘ ; ® 2 3 | 3 3 % A 3 ae | eM caule et Wes ea Eisele lepine 22 | 3 = Feiss g es || 28 | o eh 1 | 5 - 8 | 3 S 3 S te} ley" | 3 SS iee| S a. fe) Sn ee 5 S 3 ah lent. < & oi) oo G il ) Z 3 S hee ee | | | | | BOM |= || G56) v= - - || =| = - 0 | | | 4029 9.25 5.72|| 17.00| 15.00| 3.95] 4.00|| 7.90| 8.00|| 56.18| 0 | cal \| | | } -4140| 8.92; 6.00/| 16.50] 15.00)| 4.46] 3.50) 8.85] 9.00/| 55.27| 0 | - | \| 4056] 8.74) 6.75|| 15.50) 14.50)| 4.23] 3.50|) 9.10) 9.50|| 55.68] 0 | \| 2983} 9.07| 6.02] 15.75) — Oa S|) Ooo) = 48.66} 0 | 2971; 8.94) 7.55|| 16.63] 14.00) 4.61] 3.50/) 10.35] 9.50/| 51.92) 0 | | 4149} 9.59} 6.64|| 16.25) 12.50|| 5.57| 4.00] 10.56] 12.05|| 51.39] 0 4148} 9.71) 6.60|| 17.00] 14.50)| 4.18] 3.70|| 8.50| 8.00|| 54.01] 0 | | | | 4007, 9.03) 6.64|) 15.88 14.00 5.38} 4.00|| 9.86] 11.00|| 53.21; 0 4123} 10.03) 7.40|; 16.88] 14.00|] 4.16] 4.00|| 9.77) 9.50/| 51.76|Few. : | 2889) - = 14.38] 12.00] — 4200) = = 0 2996] 10.06 9.55|| 15.75] 14.50|| 5.24] 4.00|| 11.18] 11.00]| 42.27|Few. | | | | 2989| 9.51) 5.53|/ 17,32) —- || 5.48) —- Oils) = yi) GRACO) (0) 4030| 9.00| 6.17|| 17.00] 14.00/| 4.57; 3.50)! 8.19) 8.00] 55.07; 0 | | | 4013/ 9.48] 6.40|] 16.38] 16.00|| 4.91| 4.00)) 9.07) — || 53.76 Few. \| é 1} | 4068, 9.88] 6.29|| 15.06) 14.50|/ 5.10) 4.00)) 10.84] 11.00)| 52:83 Few. | | 44 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.. IQI2. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FEEDING STUFFS SAMPLES. MANUFACTURER OR SHIPPER AND BRAND. *Source of sample. Station number. Geo. Urban Milling Co., Buffalo, N. Y. R\,7() 6252) ip Boh ce: a hae CMA ae Pi eee Et a 2 LN a i a Voight Milling Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. Voight’s Pure Wheat Bran............ Seco! ote Wa We Omen Voight Milling Co , Grand Rapids, Mich. Wot ghit Saran cee srry s ecenshece Sue soars saehaleea cere ee ete ae ue en eet ene Beene Washburn Mills, Minneapolis, Minn. @OarseWB ramen’ «ae seo eee cece Sicee eS ei ale Sean Caves Rlighe Stelios ta tics omega 4019 4025 4036 4002 WHEAT: OFFALS, MIXED FEED. Acme-Evans Co., Indianapolis, Ind. ACME RH CO ee roe Raia coe airauie vara vate cece ayer gale tartare talc enema EV ai ate ol Roce vane onoTemoEaie Allen, Baker Co., St. Louis, Mo. ApexahanceyaMallietuny Maxed) Heedmneecevsicmirciciccen aeiiccie scene Amendt Milling Co., Monroe, Mich. Winter Wheat Amco Pure Feed................ececereseees we Ansted & Burke Co., Springfield, O. Best Hlour Wim? tell) MixedeHeediera scce cece cee cnc see sere Blish Milling Co., Seymour, Ind. Blish’s Bull’s Eye Mixed Feed.......:.....-.0.ee-eceeeee Susans Chapin & Co., Hammond, Ind. : Vermont) Brand) Mixed/Fee) -%2:. 6.0 | 16.0 4.0 Lyon-Greenleaf, Wauseon, Ohio. iWiheatyMid dlanse fest 5 ease esee sate tae eeloua i onehareU sala euetete nants coin 8.0 | 17.0 5.0 Bay State Milling Co., Winona, Minn. Walliam “Pell Mid Gling sisenclcccs ccs ocue hc cioeuateh oi bie sp custeCene ous aye suena eke 7.5 | 14.5 4.0 Ansted & Burk Co., Springfield, Ohio. Winter Wheat Middlingsts 3.05 quite ance se nes he eens a Sane 4a || 16.0) Christian Breisch & Co., N. Lansing, Mich. WHEAT MIXED FEEDS. OFFALS FROM MILLING OF WHEAT. Aemme Heed iin aie accvshagenusioremeunseeeielere teletova ce foie (olebamamnlie catefetatecensu ales aistiohe 9.0 | 16.5 | 4.0 Acme-Evans Co., Indianapolis, Ind. Adrian! Mixed(Meed ei) cape cater mccckei erat tt atatoristanatoeetatare nes teeuarsescesers 9.0 | 16.5 5.0 Detroit Milling Co., Detroit, Mich. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 38. 61 List of Registered Feeding Stuffs, 1912—Continued. Guaranteed Analysis. Harter Milling Co., Toledo, Ohio. Kinp of Frrp, BRAND, AND MAKER OR SHIPPER, AND CoM- Hl 6 | | PONENTS OF COMPOUNDED FEEDs. pores Aas pad asa] .g & a} 6 & | p28 | 338| 8S8 Q on *”¥n Beelass| 683 EMMI COLE MAK OO CCL ay ner: aye) oia sa) a\ois ina /s. oie oeecenctelereisier cis) weistsiereseivrete 5.0 | 16.0 4.0 Kemper Mill & Elevator Co., Kansas City, Mo. Blish’s Bull’s Eye Mixed Feed.............. 0. ccc cccccccccces 9.0 | 16.5 4.5 Blish Milling Co., Seymour, Ind. : Boston Mixed Feed.................... Soodovomnp0eGNGe000000 8.5 | 16.0] 4.5 Duluth-Superior Milling Co., Duluth, Minn. eBrooksiHancy, Mixed Peed ...i5.0s.00.0 00 cewcsensscbencctewecann 9.0 | 16.0 4.5 A. H. McLeod Milling Co., St. Johnsbury, Vt. BUC Key CE Mie dy HCC isa 8 5 cic encanto /o{s = sien cine vie-ecaieve Selene iateyeveevers 8.0 | 13.0 4.0 Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, III. Champion Mixed Feed............ WOnooudSCODOdODOOOONDDOGOOGS 9.4 | 15.8 = Portland Milling Co., Portland, Mich. Claro Mixed Feed........ SRO ES Ee MOE ETE elena Gea e 11.0 | 15.0 3.0 Claro Milling Co., Waseca, Minn. ColumbiatMixed Reed oc) occ bec aie bere hess a eg) al ace: evere lela levels ovals 9.0°| 16.0 4.0 Charles M. Cox Co., Boston, Mass. Crescent Mixed Feed.................. lobcagpocodupcoodD0RCC 5.0 | 16.0} 4.0 Kemper Mill & Elevator Co., Kansas City, Mo. Eaco Winged Horse Mixed Feed........ sia eyajers iatcusentene SGI ie 12.0 | 15.0 3.0 Everett-Aughenbaugh Co., esc Minn. IEIMCOMMAKEORH CEE. re) cia, ccc crsuetsi ccc Giovsld sere Suaseiei diese! eile atealecere aneevesone 4.2 | 14.9 3.0 Edwardsville Milling Co., Edwardsville, Ill. MriesWinter Mixed Heed)... ifs. osieie cle cece sieve oieisicrtie sleelerevels 10.0 | 14.0 3.5 hapin & Co., Hammond, Ind. Hsiteral dae MIxede Heed oc oilsctcsieee oie a cele « cpa ble. om on si charcioraveve alles 6.3 | 16.4 3.7 Ohio Cereal Co., Circleville, Ohio Harmersia Havorite: Cow Peed. «20. os 6 els nisiec ow ae ve lecudis ole eee eos 7.5 | 14.8 4.2 Valley City Milling Co., Grand Rapids, Mich F. W. Stock & Sons Monarch Feed... ............-.ccuccececes 10.5 | 17.5 4.4 F, W. Stock & Sons, Hillsdale,Mich F. W. Stock & Sons Superior Feed.............-ececeeeeeeeees 7.0 | 18.0 5.0 F. W. Stock & Sons, Hillsdale, Mich. pacold@Mvinne us: IMixed MeO 3s. sce cect 's vase ets euelepaie so dice wns cared 8.9 | 15.9 4.9 Sheffield-King Milling Co., Faribault, Minn. GOVE A ECC O fie scs ésicls als of vows wle's wee speneinle siege g Guielse 6.0 | 15.0 4.5 Star & Crescent Milling Co., Chicago, III. Guaitigny Mieco 10% ts Gate an eee 11.9 | 15.5 (Fj 11 Grafton Roller Mill Co., Grafton, N. D. Crm 45) [Diaiinay Theis CRA ea oe a 7.0 | 16.4) 4.5 Gwinn Milling Co., Columbus, Ohio. Harter’s Pure Wheat Bran & Middlings...................---- 6.0 | 18.0 4.0 62 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI2. List of Registered Feeding Stuffs, 1912—Continued. Guaranteed Analysis. Kinp or Ferp, BRAND, AND Maker oR SHIPPER, AND Com- l 3 | | PONENTS OF COMPOUNDED FEEDS. 16S 43] fas a4 RSs |ea6| 683 Seo a {ls a 25 Sor Rp D ty Beales) ess Heavy: Mixed Peed’. ei..a tan: ~ caterers Sota eitiaavaaysrtesensis lomo Be 9.0 | 16.5 5.0 David Stott, Detroit, Mich. HonestMixed Feed.......... patie anger ah cise st ouate vam MeleTE cays pacino svene sons 9-0) | 16.5 5.0 David Stott, Detroit, Mich. iuckypMixedsHeedencnnmriherermacr aire ree rine eerie 10.0 | 14.0 4.0 Federal Milling Co., Lockport, N. Y. enticed aBleedl.oSacaletaters atanchsvousberonatere teacion ces vere SueheLAcacsewal bare terauece 8.0 | 12.0 3.0 Williams Bros. Co., Kent, Ohio : Mixed Meets se aris, sreicaesnsyeit tut eis love sia mioyerecevalresera Biopatean ateccrcistonelen knee 10.0 | 17.0 5.0 Bay State Milling Co., Winona, Minn Mixed) Heed inner toll Seqpoe fe ateyaveinratata tstsinvercieteye siesueiirers 6.0 | 14.5 | 4.0 Colton Bros. Co., Bellefontaine, Ohio Mixed #Heed i-cseteunan hart severe ero erie esis Sain ae MONEE 10.5 | 16.0 4.0 Geo. Urban Milling Co., Buffalo, N. Y Max Od CH CC irecttcin cr cxers Srataseeane cir souelenouert auerarevrle sce Btw intel a/araniteen eevee ste 10.0 | 15.0 4.5 Northwestern Consolidated Milling Co., Minneapolis, Minn Mixed Feed.......... OOS OCUTLA On 0 Ol occu ted OCHOA eS SEM RCS oe — 1500 ese: Wm. A. Combs Milling Co., Coldwater, Mich. Noblesville MixedWeedia.ji's: aux sia s.eictsieieiapstalsteiaie'e avess'eiwtae wlelgraterene - 15.0 Sit Noblesville Milling Co., Noblesville, Ind. OccidentsMixedtHeed eis acd mice Oerantelans 6G aemine ieee ieee 10.0 | 15.0 4.5 Russell-Miller Milling Co., Minneapolis, Minn. é ; OsotayMixedtHeed sais a csssa ee etevatreevels ciocclsue Busteeuereie epoca elses 8.0 | 17.0 4.5 National Milling Co., Toledo, Ohio. : Pennant sMixeduMeedi i atone cetesnresevale orci a ots nialare coarore steve coisutistoeials 8.5 | 16.0 35 0/ National Milling Co., Toledo, Ohio. Pillsbury ‘ee Mixedwhleed ' he sctheeetoaioue Ae taeda olerecar a oo zove eiepeletanshone 8.0 | 16.0 4.5 Pillsbury Flour Mills Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Planet seed ine sd sera teray rye a eteace ae eave ors Hee ticihathe Pos 8.0 | 15.0] 4.0 Northwestern Consolidated Milling Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Purity Mix eds bleed yaw crv sche Meares era: «eaves oe Sean eer eee ee 10.0 | 15.0 4.0 Wm. S. Hills Co., Boston, Mass. Regent) Mixed Peed ies acacwniiaccarere ers oiectis race ceisler guess eset earnioimne 10.0 | 15.0 3.0 Charles M. Cox Co., Boston, Mass. SiouxsBancy, Mixed Weed iic.csciocieteieisvo ale tue ns alors eiays eis Sees nde 9.0 | 15.0 4.0 Donahue-Stratton Co., Milwaukee, Wis. SnowflakesMixed shee mpi teeiierieleiete tigen eine ke reer: 8.0 | 15.2 4.3 Lawrenceburg Roller Mills Co., Lawrenceburg, Ind. Trojan: Mixed! Weed iiss oibiccg acalosctees sat anete o wiaveschens oak seats dake she oreRS 8.0 | 14.5 4.0 Allen & Wheeler Co., Troy, Ohio. Try:Me Mixed Peedi. ironi sats ccewteraverateavele scence ale oie eit atomsiwtocs unis avaie 8.0 | 15.0 4.0 Sparks Milling Co., Alton, Ill. ° OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 38. 63 List of Registered Feeding Stuffs, 1912—Continued. Guaranteed Analysis. nl f Indiana Milling Co., Terre Haute, Ind. KIND OF FEEp, BRAND, AND MAKER OR SHIPPER, AND Com- val 6 | | PONENTS OF COMPOUNDED FEEDS. 6843) F& ays A4s aSalasa|] 6aa geS| 28) ess Vermont Brand Mixed Feed......... 2... cece ce tee ete te ee nes - 14.0 4.0. Chapin & Co., Hammond, Ind. Voight’s Pure Cow Feed—Mixed Feed—Offal of Mill where sepa- HEMEL COINS ETT UCL Es Sieire rey Wane Ue tay circ er esi rate Kerra eu ete onlen nial a eae ee eheahe aaa - - - Voight Milling Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. Wabash Mixed Feed.................0000. PE PGE aA ie Ake 8.0 | 14.0] 3.5 Sparks Milling Co., Terre Haute, Ind. Washburn-Crosby Co.’s Mixed Feed.......:.....2020cseeceees 9.0 | 16.0 4.5 Washburn-Crosby Co., Minneapolis, Minn. AVViISCOP Viet CCU isis ere otis a: vTousie a) oie ic cua.e cibiere wlolore «ciel © -o"s aeteiere 8.0 | 15.0 4.0 Lyon-Greenleaf, Wauseon, Ohio. William Tell Mixed Feed........... poococda0ucaDODDSGCGeOUNE 11.5 | 14.5 | 3.5 Ansted & Burk Co., Springfield, Ohio. | Wirthmore Mixed Feed..... pee Ba GA) Oa ReaD aL aca a ek 7.0 | 16.0 4.0 Charles M. Cox Co., Boston, Mass. ! XMtraroode Maxed! Weed. ¢.s50ss cn. ace ao se 6.0 e cereal aelei eles vee owe ele e-a 7.5 | 16.0 4.0 Griswold & Mackinnon, St. Johnsbury, Vt. WHEAT FEED FLOUR. FG VATA S MEL COB DOL err mcchonie jeer as MevAtc hare, aloeras aie, dicgoshe ee etetenatecsiniesters - - - Gwinn Milling en Columbus, Ohio. PENUMTeeL opereny 7S) TDG sic, cee ee ORS NR Se Eanes eres ere 4.0 | 16.0 4.5 Pillsbury miei Mills Co., Minneapolis, Minn. RCM) ORs re cle a cibielutos eis siete Dpuaiees Baars San oo A era Ne 3.0 | 18.0 5.0 Bay State Milling Co., Winona, Minn. FER ECM ING MIRE RR tn 2s oooh ok dja, Sess iele ea ole vou ecergeheleiens s ialate 6.0 | 16.0 4.5 asset Miller Milling Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Siigie TRUEG, TD eee 3.5 ee GI ie UP 3.0 | 16.5 4.0 Star & Crescent Milling Co., Chicago, Ill. ‘Washburn-Crosby Co,’s Adrian (Red Dog Flour)............... 4.0 | 17.0 5.0 Washburn-Crosby Co., Minneapolis, Minn. ema Cpnicti 6. ..!,.+..5...-. ie a aN Se a ae 3.0 |-16.5 | 4.0 Northwestern Consolidated Milling Co., Minneapolis, Minn. WHEAT OFFAL, GROUND CORN AND GROUND CORN COB. ES NPRM CPIM ee hier Us srquae os iaielalaneie. wiaialale eves eve. Jovsye,eralcusle 17.0 9.0 2.0 A. Waller & Co., Henderson, Ky. SELMER ORME ei oce' ooo c chave SKCs ions wg lers.a Sve! Gore dole lean arule 14.0 9.8 2.7 64. -MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Igi2. List of Registered Feeding Stuffs, 1912—Continued. Guaranteed Analysis Kinp oF Freep, BRAND,;=AND MAKER OR SHIPPER, AND COoM- I a) | | PONENTS OF COMPOUNDED FEEDS. e85|Fa; ees ese | 253) se B20 2° o xe 8 2 hy n n Eee |aes es 2 WHEAT AND CORN CHOP. Bameralda, Special Chops: .caccoue dems $2 ee See 4.0] 16.0] 5.0 Ohio Cereal Co., Circleqite: Ohio. é : CORN MILLING OFFALS. Bulcecos HOmMIMy MECH ys Mike reso slale ws evein ow lee anele citueie ieee oeters 4.0 | 10.0 7.0 Buffalo Cereal Co., Buffalo, N. Y. j Green Diamond Hominy Meal.....................2000c0eeee 5.0 | 10.0 7.0 Chapin & Co., Hammond, Ind. Gwannts'(Cracked! Cornice sect: sie oli Seinen cise eles EsCierAre 2.0] 9.0] 4.3 Gwinn Milling Co., Columbus, Ohio. Henkel’s Coarse Feed Corn Meal....................0.-00 000. 2.0 | 8.5 = Commercial Milling Co., Detroit, Mich. FLOM COMING hearse oles Car lcs Peart a RSs eae CORA eee 7.0 | 17.0 5.0 American Hominy Co., Indianapolis, Ind. Standeo’2 Hominy Feed fo rs oe iG bere e wdecaseue seoversieiora ee le Bue 4.0 | 10.0 7.0 Standard Cereal Co., eed stiteothe, Ohio. CORN AND OATS GROUND TOGETHER. Cornréi@atiCho pyre caeses ies ale Poco Saree Osa season 5.0 | 10.0 4.0 J. B. Ham Co., Lewiston, Me. Cornbdc Mate Chop ast eters ste o sienoies a acd Sadia oneve oen eerste la 5.8 | 10.2 4.8 Kimball Brod Oh. Bath, Me. Cornt& Ontaeeds iit. seats Siena dc worbartauavh anche bdape oleate atone veiote aus 4.8 | 10.1 BAU Dinsmore Grain Co., Wiscasset, Me. Monmouth Pure Corn and Oats Feed.................0+-ee00:: 8.0 | 10.0 5.0 E. M. Marks, Monmouth, Me. 7 ; Esmeralda Corn and Oats Chop.............2.+.eeeeeseceeee- 6.0 | 10.0 4.0 Ohio Cereal Co., Circleville, Ohio. Gwinn’s Horse & Mule Feed............... 0c cece eee ee eeeee 6.0 | 10.5 5.0 Gwinn Milling Co., Columbus, Ohio. HRorse {Peed ih es easton anoviel sien aaa reltevayin corre heuaes) Sistohen tel auch cee atetaeireta atone 8.0 | 10.0 4.0 E. Merritt & Sons, Houlton, Me. BUC ky CH Ops ta toes saris ae gre a See tater ae RSE IGS cher aren eee 8.0 9.0 3.0 Federal Mallia Co., Lockport, N. Y. CORN AND OAT OFFALS. cor ATG Oat Cho pe. ee ee eee ie aye eee TT ee aaes fT ta 8.0 | 8.0} 4.0 . W. Thaxter & Co., Portland, Me. ; 3 j OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 38. List of Registered Feeding Stuffs, 1912—Continued. 65 Guaranteed Analysis. Kinp or Freep, BRAND, AND MAKER OR SHIPPER, AND Com- L i) | | PONENTS OF COMPOUNDED FEDS. 68.43] faus aus ada 88) o8¢ Se 3 | 8538 ee 3 Bok] OB k TD py Bealees) oes SS CBC CMMI IE cem rita on at. Site oe cl Bel Sie me Ue eat Ae te 12.5 7.0 5.5 Toledo Elevator Co., Indianapolis, Ind. Wimmer @hOpmieed en tas Shi Re oe Se te eS Ole els ee 10.0 8.9 4.5 David Stott, Detroit, Mich. Mnnsitmaanerstocls Weed... hs kn LR se ae eke eee e. 7.0| 9.0] 4.0 Charles M. Cox Co., Boston, Mass. DRIED DISTILLERS GRAINS. PAN UNM a CSPGs Mos jcgas a eral mmraalmeree yey TE LY eh 14.0 | 39.0 | 11.0 Ajax Milling & Fee] Co., New York City. N. Y. IBmekeverGileitenmheea.. 6 sft egiole Gg aia ers ee Se Nad 15.0 | 20.0 5.9 Dewey Bros. Co., Blanchester, Ohio. himaxa ConneWishiliers Grains). o-oo wily oe ee we sce 15.0 | 30.0 | 10.0 Hermann Deutsch Co., Milwaukee, Wis. ContinenealnGluten: Meedia yd) saa oe a. ae eee eg Suk 10.5 | 29.0 | 12.5 Continental Cereal Co., Peoria, Ill. Fourex (XX XX) Distillers’ Dried Grains...................... 13.0 | 31.0 | 12.0 J. W. Biles Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. MirasqodeMishillens Grains, a. ..0ess 22.55. oe ee eee Bena tie 14.0 | 30.0 | 10.0 Griswold & Mackinnon, St. Johnsbury, Vt. CORN BY-PRODUCT. att ao Gnltibenw heeds iii. cacti cie sys coed shack sale ley ele eee Ae LS 8.5 | 23.0 2.0 Corn. Products Refining Co., New York City, N. Y. Bereneberpiia Gluten Peed =... 0a ices ude envgueedes 8.6 | 20.0] 2.0 Douglas & Co., Cedar Rapids, Iowa. GreammomOoneGiluten Mees. 2.45 0. cles tb cig et wuscs wa ee ee ode 8.5 | 23.0 2) ’ American Maize Products Co., New York City, N. Y. CresconiGlubenmbiced ts 25 eri) ea cee. sage sone as wale es 8.5 | 23.0 20 Corn Products Refining Co., New York City, N. Y. Diamond Gluten Meal................... Bile DMA a tibisonairy binary 4.0 | 40.0 LB) Corn Products Refining Co., New York City, N. Y. COOKED FOOD PRODUCT. ‘Poaridae IGS TITTS), Sake MOR Rpoe ae eee a Oe ee ee Mee 9. 11.0 3.0 The H-O Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Composed of cooked wheat and salt GROUND ALFALFA HAY. UDO MEE ES hes ore clca se eas picceleld o'Byu cus fies nd lien 35.0 | 12.0 0) Albert Dickinson Co., Chierzo, III. 66 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. List of Registered Feeding Stuffs, 1912—Continued. Guaranteed Analysis. Kinp oF FrRD, RRAND, AND MAKER OR SHIPPEP AND Com- Ec ro) | | PONENTS OF COMPOUNDED FEFDs. 68.5] Fas BES I ales fan || eles | as Sie 7 a % S os g eles % : meOS|Ea5| 328 | Spero Ges | eS, hy Ameo Alfalfa Meal........ Nata cts OE Ly ARI AMOR IA MSC aA ore eee De ect uM 30.0 | 13.0 2.0 ; American Milling Co., Chicago, Il!. DRIED BEET PULP. ID TICA LES COL MEAL Resear ees ere aera ae ee Coenen bon 20.0 8.0 0.5 Larrowe Milling Co., Detroit, Mich. COMPOUNDED FEEDS ARRANGED IN ORDER OF PROTEIN AND FIBER CONTENT. Protein Asout 9 PER CENT.; FIBER AxBouT ‘4 PER Cent. Husted: Germ allime je) secesstvitys cater soe) techn eT eee anne ee ce aoe ene 4.0 9.0 Husted Milling Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Corn meal. molasses. ‘ IRUEILYSS LOCK MECCA ce ae a ieee See ease ere Oe ES GU a eee 5.0 8.5 3 0 Wim.S. Hills Co., Boston, Mass. By-products of corn and oats, cottonseed meal, salt. pe) o Protein 7.5 TO 9 PzR CentT.; FiseR ABout 9 PrrR CENT. Brooks Faney Corn and Oat Stock Feed....................... 8.5 9.0 3.0 A. H. McLeod Milling Co., St. Johnsbury, Vt. Corn, oats, gluten. iButcecoiChoppbecd isan wot oo chee eae te cee ee a ceeeres ae 9.0 7.0 Buffalo Cereal Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Corn, hominy feed, oat bran, oat hulls. IButeecowstocdeheedias sen a rcmpente mci s as Clk Ries ee ec een 9.0 8.0 4.0 Buffalo Cereal Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Corn, hominy feed, oat hulls, oat bran, gluten feed. VIM PITENB Cede ty he tes ee nek la Ho oh eee Asa Sa See ya 9.0 ie Empire Mills, Olean, N. Y. Corn, hominy, oat hulls. nine! Grounds cipsesheedineee anew enchant eer e 9.0 9.0 4.0 Husted Milling Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Corn meal, hominy feed, oats. oat hulls, wheat middlings, salt. | Grandines StocksHeediin se cee ee eee oc eyed ae te oie ie 9.0 8.5 3.5 D. H. Grandin Milling Co., Jamestown, N. Y. Oats, corn, bar- ley, barley middlings, oat hulls, salt. Haslcelil’st@atpeedleeey nae vara tele a moter aes eee cpa yo eee 8.0 8.0 4.0 W. H. Haskell & Co., Toledo, Ohio. Corn, oats, oat hulls, hom- iny feed, oat shorts. Haskell?siStockiWeedt- cA oe ok ae re eee 8.0 8.0 4.0 W. H. Haskell & Co., Toledo, Ohio. Carn, oats, hominy feed, oat hulls, oat shorts. venkel?s’ChopiMeed cies eb csust cs eee Ue te cre OA eh eM er PS 8.0 8.0 5.0 Commercial Milling Co., Detroit, Mich. Corn meal, wheat, oat middlings, oats, oat hulls. Husted Stoke Weed ey wx. eekd ie ced eo vane Ui saes oe LCR eet 9.0 8.0 4.0 Husted Milling Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Corn Be hominy teed, oat hulls, wheat middlings, salt. ies) [) Ou ee) ° OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 38. 67 List of Registered Feeding Stuffs, 1912—Continued. Cuaranteed Analysis Kinp oF Freep, PRAND, AND Makrr OR_SHIPPER AND Com- | | l S | PONENTS OF COMPOUNDED FEEDS. OS.8 | Pes | oes eSelecta les I e os o ao ooo = 5 a Se LOH oT ey Dy = = oO BRNO] TRO Bae | ee ae Sie Mayflower Stock Feed..... Pee lavas Eee seareee tera arene areal ete aaa): Oo) RIS 3.5 Husted Milling Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Corn mzal, oats, hominy feed, oat hulls, sxlt. Wilermanrecel ay (Clovay ny 1 eye (ee ieee Ste eee mere lee eae ac ee me, Beers a 9.0 7.5 SEO Husted Milling Co. Buffalo, N. Y. Corn meal, oats, oat hulls, hominy 1éed, sait. New England Stock TEL hes eisec eet nac as auntie eh nceathaty. eelesteee INCL, H-O Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Corn, hominy feed, oat hulls, oat skorts, oats, salt. Naeem OVA LOCKUBICEA so. lanes Sais sas eiTaro aie cldagsava ane isoe quay aeda baetaes Mollett Grain & Milling Co., McClure, Ohio. Corn, oat hulls, oats. AVF w MD Lamon weed. 67's. cick s «dus tes ies, tie ccs sees suskesbusraere eae 9.0 8.0 3. Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, Ill. Corn, oatmeal mill by-product, (oat middlings, oat hulls, oat shorts) salt. iss) PROTEIN ABout 8 Prr Cenr.; Finer Apout 12 Prr CENT. | tishaseqodmstocks Heed |. 5 8). ice i wiosinln sence cie ei ean ..| 12.0 Tad 3.0 Griswold & Mackinnon, St. Johnsbury, Vt Corn, oatmeal mill by-product, oat middlings, oat hulls, oat shorts, salt. EN OROmATTCMO MCC eis ii ns ediets ae ee hee a vcauelies dome eos itv ahalemayensueie 12.0 SEs 3.5 Northern Illinois Cereal .Co., Lockport, Ill. Corn, oat shorts, sat middlings, oat hulls. RRS OIESTOLIMHCEC EMME rosie sh, sum at cir ered Sine Wain rape ceueaer nannies 1D. |) B30 lo Sok Imperial Grain & Milling Co., Toledo, Ohio. Corn, corn cobs, oat middlings, oat hulls, oat bran, cottonseed meal, salt. \WAI@ OT ped Eo Eas BOTS a) Gre nn 12.0 8.0 33 (0) Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, Ill. Corn, oat middlings, oat hulls, oat shorts, flax plant by-product, salt. PROTEIN 15 PER Cent.; Firer 3 To 7 PER CENT. eMcelusn©oaTser brows Hees. ce. eee ec ee ees we dele 8.0 | 15.0 +.0 Comniercial Milling Co., Detroit, Mich. Wheat middlings, buck- wheat middimgs, corn, rye middlings. Mevicelesmhunemywihthe, Heed). oc). cic. ssc ecd sles cee sy ceue seca ss 4.0 | 15.0 3.5 Commercial Milling Co., Detroit, Mich. Wheat middlings, buck- wheat middlings, corn, rye middlings. Prorem 12-14 5 Per Cent.; Fiser 8-10 Per CEnt. JB aii 2fe{oy, ID EMR ye Diese ae 8.0 | 12.0 3.0 Buffalo Cereal Co., Ruffalo, N. Y. Corn, wheat middlings, hom- iny feed, gluten feed, oat hulls. ERCP OCMEELOUSE MICE (ise ois Biolan Goce gut dle se eisinevesene eve aleiave we avenyas 8.0 | 10.0 4.0 Buffalo Cereal Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Oats, corn, barley, gluten feed, wheat muiddlings, hominy feed, ground oats, oat hulls, oat bran, oat middlings. ETN Es Ll ME ey Lal, dla allenduane 8.0 | 14.5 4.5 Commercial Milling Co., Detroit, Mich. Wheat middlings, buck- wheat middlings, corn, rye middlings. 68 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2. List of Registered Feeding Stuffs, 1912—Continued. Tonp or Frerp, BRAND, AND*\MaAKER OR SHIPPER AND ComM- PONENTS OF COMPOUNDED FEEDS. Guaranteed Analysis. more than— Fiber not per cent. Protein not less than— per cent. Yat not less than— per cent Hi. ©. €o.’s Algrane Horse Feed......:.........-..:-025-2++-ss H-O Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Oats, oat shorts, corn, oat fhellis wheat middlings, hominy feed, gluten feed, salt. H. O. Co.’s Algrane Milk Feed....... RET eo syste ites ooseere oa H-O Co., “Buffalo, N.Y. Qat hulls, wheat middlirgs, cottonseed meal, oat shorts, gluten feed, corn, cats, salt. IPhisted Horse) Peedin May ghee a oe yh ne etcachIM ey eh epeeos es eames Husted Milling Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Corn meal, cracked corn, ground oats, wheat ‘middlirgs, whole oats, hominy feed, gluten feed, oat hulls, oil meal, salt. Schumacher Stock Feed—Sterline Stock Feed.................. Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, Ill. Corn, barley, wheat. flour, cot- tonseed meal, oatmeal mill by-product (oat middlings, oat hulls, oat shorts), salt. Xtragood Stock: Heed) \o-seand-n a eee decals) Mertutaeen cas sence Griswold & Mackinnon, St. Johnshury, V. Corn, barley, wheat flour, cottonseed meal, oatmeal mill by-product, (oat middlings, oat hulls, oat shorts), ‘salt. Protein 16-17 Per Cent.; Freer 12-16 Per Centr. SD aisvebainyAee cee it para tect onesie ener eee ee er ene eee Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, Il]. Molasses, grain screenings, meal, flax plant by- product, ‘oatmeal mill by- product Keak middlings, oat hulls, oat shorts), cottonseed meal. ETSCV AH Ce Gor mice tu eter PO Tem Node r eterna. in ings idlee Beene eee ee i. Merritt & Sons, Houlton, Me. Cottonseed meal, wheat, corn, oats, Euckwheat. TntemationaleDainyeheedsc aetna wet nn el eee eet International Sugar Feed Co., Minnenpolis, Minn. Cottonseed mesl, n:olasses, grain screenings cleaned, oat clips, salt. Quaker Molasses Dairy Feed...................02000--00ceeee Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, Ill. Molasses, malt sprouts, cotton- seed meal, grain screenings meal, flax plant by-product. oatmeal mill by-product (oat middlings, nat hulls, oat shorts). Sucrenes airy. Weedhy.henter oeeee oience ona ee eee American Milling Co., ‘Chicago, Ill. Cottonseed meal, rab feed, TOlASSeS; oat clippings, ground and bolted grain screen- ings, salt. PEoTzIN 18-20 Per Cent.; Frner 9 PER CENT. Husted Dairy sMeed). iay Seaweed eee Husted Milling Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Cottonseed meal, corn meal, oat clips, wheat middlings, gluten feed, oil meal, distillers’ grains, malt sprouts, salt. *Lusted: Molasses Heed Seek ecco hose me easter nis Aree eee eee eee Husted Milling Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Cottonseed meal, gluten feed, oat clips, corn meal, oil meal, wheat middlings, distillers’ grains, malt sprouts, salt, molasses. Provein 24-26 Per Cent.; Frsper 9-10 Per Cent. BluerRibbonsDainyshicedianes apes ae ee ee ee eer Quaker Osts Co., Chicago, Ill. Molasses, wheat bran, malt sprouts, hominy feed, cottonseed meal, oatmeal mill by-product, (oat middlings, oat hulls, oat shorts). We) f=) = = f=) is a) 9.0 | 14.0 4.0 10.0 | 10.0 3. to 10.0 | 10.0 3.2 16.0 | 16.0 4.0 16.0 | 17.0 5.0 12.0 | 16.5 3.5 14.0 | 16.0 3.5 12.0 | 16.5 3.5 9.0 | 20.0 4.0 9.0} 18.0 4.0 9.0 | 25.0 4.0 i. oe ee a OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 38. 69 List of Registered Feeding Stuffs, 1912—Continued. Guaranteed Analysis. ~ - . ~_ Kind oF Ferp, BRAND, AND MAKER OR SHIPPER AND ComM- ies I iS) | | FONENTS OF COMPOUNDED IFEED=:. 6843 |F a4; es aSe ies 38 Sil lees || eg SI Boo |Sr Oo} Yo SORIERE | SER mEoaiyta! as WmicornM ainyeEUatlONs (jeiet: a als Ch s be | cle wieje sh ehann iene Heal odielens | 10.0 | 26.0 5.5 Chapin & Co., Hammond, Ind. Distillers’ feed, cottonseed meal hominy, gluten feed, barley feed and sprouts, wheat bran. Union rans; Ubiko, Biles’ Ready Dairy Ration.............. J. W. Biles Co., Gineinnat, Ohio. Fourex distillers dried grains, cottonseed meal, Old Process linsee} meal, wheat middlings,| wheat bran, heminy meal, barley malt sprouts, salt. 9.0 | 24.0 7.0 SO-CALLED PREPARED CAL] MEAL. TEygviainsayrdltia COLI I (Se hy SRR LI Ee aa at Ee | 5.0) 25.0] 5.0 J Barwell, Waukegan, Ill. J.ocust bean meal, wheat flour, flaxseed, cottonseed meal, beans and lentils. SebumeacherCnltaMiea nn 2.4 ssc ccs dacs once s wceeelaes ais ers 3.0 | 19.0 8.0 Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, Ill. Wheat meal, oatmeal, ground flaxseed, dried milk. ° MEAT SCBAPS. BiverbibbonevVWeat Serans: 6.6. cece 5 hae ce ee ewes s eles a pe 45.0 | 12.0 Park & Pollard Co., Boston, Mass. ! BreckasiGroundyBeeh SCTaps), 0s.) os. cae es dle os le ee aes 1 = 48.0 | 12.0 Jos. Breck & Sons, Boston, Mass. ; Wyle, SGD 6 So Sea a te EOE cee a eee ce ~ 40.0 8.0 Portiand Rendering Co., Portland, Me. RONE. EVM PMR colar oP nj Pe tee Nisa achatia™ vimeligns JoveashS asad titolo Ge Helm 20.0} 5.0 Portland Rendering Co., Portland, Me. MU HARE aC ES OLNC Mee hit ciias ccc ce reBeaste a el duce foapae caasateiec than anben) Fteeeibiayavere sate - 10.0 5.0 te Portland Rendcring Co., Portland, Me. SO-CALLED POULTRY SCRATCH FEEDS. Commpenttionisenatch Weed efron ise ete bine ele tee 6.0 | 10.0] 2.0 Husted Milling Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Corn, wheat, barley, Kaffir eorn, buckwheat. Gignemeratchwbeet——with Grit... 0-04. cee wee cee nee ween 5.0 | 10.0 Deo: Ibert Dickinson Co., Chicago, Tl. Corn, wheat, barley, oats, Kaffir corn, beckwheat, sunflower, oil cake, shells, erit. (Graven Dini (3) JSC RC OU Ge) 0 eR 8.0 8.0 Bae Db. H. Grandin Milling Co., Jamestown, N. Y. Corn, wheat, oats, barley, buckwheat, Kafr corn, Milo maize, sunflower seed. H. O. Co.’s Algrane Pan Otero be saatee enti RUST eRe Ghenn esis 9.0 | 11.0 3} 55 + H-O Co., Buffalo, N.Y. Wheat, oats, Kaffir corn, buckwheat, corn, Milo maize, sunflower seed, oat groats. 7O MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912. List of Registered Feeding Stuffs, 1912—Continued. Kinp or Freep, BRAND, AND MAKER OR SHIPPER AND Com- PONENTS OF COMPOUNDED FEQEDs. Guaranteed Analysis. | i) 28 ./ sl e) BS 5) 45 aGe| ese] 68a Gl|'pgeo |] =a Goo} pro} eo aa|) = a ONS Bas aon Beale! esa ustedtScratelt Meek scis cece sees orci oy arcuertsa clic Nee Ee ose eee Husted Milling Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Corn, wheat, barley, Kaffir corn, peas, buckwheat, sunflower seed. dieters Seratchm been i ee cipctey en yak AO hae ee Bt REAM acc eat Clark & Co., Portland, Me. Corn, wheat, oats, buck- wheat, barley, Kaffir corn, sunflower seed. ‘Burity scratch Leeda ssa een seen RRO BN Ot ig Wm. S. Hills, Co., Boston, Mass. Corn, wheat, Kaffir corn, oats, sunflower seeds, buckwheat. Schumacher Scratching Grains. ...................- 0 cee veces Quaker Oats Co., Chicayzo, ll, Wheat, Kaffir corn, barley, corn, buckwheat, sunflower seed, charcoal. ScratchiPiecd Race ele Mie ice ieee le ey ieee gules epeAdy Park & Pollerd Ce., Boston, Mass. Corn, wheat, buckwheat, barley, oats, charcoal, sunflower seed. SCRATCH MHC EGET eMetrics am MA ra at ce ere nun ng onl bn aunt F. A. Waldron & Son, Portland, Me. \iiiedaisnone Stomnion Imteeel noe ooo nabebnoueonansnsuoyedansone Charles M. Cox Co., Boston, Mass. Corn, wheat, barley, buck- wheat, Kaffir corn, oats. AGHIOS WS eNilel Mell Hee Hn be suseonbeeaseoeusodGncscusde Griswold & Mackinnon, ‘St. Johnsbury, Vt. Corn, wheat, barley, Kaffir corn, buckwheat, sunflower seed. WiankeetScratchvMeedinstey: 2... is ls tcaueeeas Cid one aes ce pase aeeerea O. I. Clark, Freeport, Me. Corn, wheat, oats, buckwheat, Kaffir corn, hemp, sun{iower seed. SO-CALLED CHICK FEEDS. Breck:speyrienie Chick: Hood...) 4.2 oe ee ee eee Jos. Breck & Sons, Boston, Mass. Millet, Kaffir corn, cracked corn, wheat. Creseenti@hicksbeed si ). 2) ght eee otis ron, ote PRR Ne Oa ey a Albert Dickinson Co., Chicago, Ill. Ccrn, wheat, Kafiir corn, hulled oats, millet, grit. GritlessiChick: Reed tazcices tee ctae ace Peco vie et a ees Fiaye Park & Pollard Co., Boston, Mass. Corn, wheat, rice, millet, canary seed, shredded fish. BO. Coy siGhick Weeds ae ei es. y cee eh ee ec eee ere H-O Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Corn, cut oatmeal, cracked wheat, Kaffir corn, peas. millet. . O. Co.’s Steam Cooked Chick Feed......................... H-O Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Corn, eut oat meal, wheat, Kaffir corr, peas, millet. Husted" Chick sWeedy Sore Chek Ny. Fe ie uN at nn in Dee AEM Husted Milling Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Corn, wheat, Kaffir corn, split peas, millet, cut oatmeal. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 38. Fa List of Registered Feeding Stuffs, 1912—Concluded. (vuaranteed Analysis. 1 aod Kixp oF FErD, BRAND, AND MAKER CR SHIPPER AND Com- hs L S| PONENTS OF COMPOUNDED FEEDS. oS] ais icles : : ase) esa] 68a Oo}: 4o0 =G oO i ve BS Bars Qo |] CBr) oF x -— = © fe Fi oN q Seu eae Sen eae Ones lhninerimnersbignss (Olsuelkend Devel a ee ae e acalninl ene aun ory ak eao ls ole a Bib Gon 5.0) 10.0 3.5 Park & Pollard Co., Bo ton, Mass. Kaffir corn, wheat, barley, - oats, millet, rice. ae CerlesspbabyChichs heeds 8. qoute slave sisters tes cs ists hats Beall eee) | WACO) 3.0 _ E. A. Clark & Co., Portland, Me. Wheat, hulled oats, Kaffr corn, corm and millet. Peerless Intermediate Chick Teed PRE aA Pa MO RAMEN unin es ciatiees ctv REAR 4.0] 12.0 3.0 E. A. Clark & Co., Portland, Me. Corn, wheat, Kaffir corn, hulled oats, barley and millet. Red Ribbon Chick Feed.............. Oe Males BO) Cr es as SiR We grt oni Ge £.0 |] 10.0] 3.5 Park & Pollard Co., Boston, Mass. Corn, wheat, ‘ti ce, oats, millet, Kaffir corn. e SoMumMachenwhittrex nicks Meco) sarc hela te ais wae Wl aleieneekedones 5.0 | 10.0 Pe Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, Hl. Wheat, Kaffir coro, millet, corn, oat groats, pigeon grass, charcoal, marble grit. SumOnicl Starter——with Grit. co. ge ee ee eae 5.0] 10.0] 2.5 Albert Dickinson Co., Chicago, Ill. Corn, wheat, Kaffir corn, cut oats, millet, peas and grit. Wiirbhimonek@ hielo Mee a) ci cs mre token eee cctucto os, dtorebebe cPigeneleee. 2 echene 2.5 | 11.0 3.0 Charles M. Cox Co., Boston, Mass. vheat, Kaffir corn, corn, ‘ peas, millet, hulled oats. ‘Wirthmore Intermediate Chick Feed.................. la cauirsrec ste 3.5 | 11.0 3.0 Charles M. Cox Co., Boston, Mass. Corn, wheat, Kaffr corn, buckwheat, peas, hulled oats. SO-CALLED POULTRY GROWING FEEDS. Colonial Developing Feed—with Grit................. ........ 5.0 | 10.9 D5 Albert Dickinson Co., Chicago, Ill. Corn, wheat; Kaffir corn, hulled oats, buckwheat, millet, yrit. EKO NTTOMME CC Meer einer parse iseot ani sis a ai eie hte n cPuaes 5.0 | 10.0 SED Park & Pollard Co., Boston, Mass. Bran, middlings, corn, wheat, barley, alfalfa, fish, meat, bone, salt. eee COOMA DCCC Rei Mera re he To ao oman ices, beets eee tata 0) || 14!) 4.0 FE. A. Clark & Co., Portland. Me. Oats, wheat bran, wheat meal, corn meal, bone meal, Kaffr corn meal, mieat meal, vranulated mill, powdered charcoal. WiiroAmMorenGrowine Heed... lic i. tes os Senos cess a sane 4.0 | 15.0 5.0 Charles M. Cox Co., Boston, Mass. Barley, wheat, corn. SO-CALLED POULTRY FEED OR POULTRY MASH. EME AMO IUUDE VT ECOOM A ia cei isk vice bac ale Siewen a Gia some aida er 9.0 | 12.0 Se Quaker Oats Co., Chicas: :0, Il. Corn, barley, cottonseed meal wheat bran. 4 8.0 2.0 Mreckusteomplete Poultry Peed. 0... 0b ees. e eee ns 3.4 Jos. Breck & Sons, Boston, Mass. ‘Corn, wheat, Kaflir carn, | barley buckwheat, sunflower. 72 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I912. List of Registered Feeding Stuffs, 1912—Continued. Guaranteed Analysis. —--—- Kinp oF Frerp, Brand, AND MAKER OR SniIpPER ANU Com- L o| | PONENTS OF COMPOUNDED FEEDs. O85 = Be) Legs Sse ljecs y SiS om ot ce 7 Bee (S45 | ESS SO5\2S5| sas a fet (ody ff S) fer, || [Ee ah, Breck’s Poultry & Swine Meal......................0.-.--08. 2.0 | 32.0 | 16.0 Jos. Breck & Sons, Boston, Mass. Meat scraps, cottonseed meal, bone meal, fenugreek. Bufceco Poultry Feed Buffalo Cereal Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Corn, hominy, wheat bran, wheat middlings, gluten feed, rolled oats. on (=) or f=) ns (=) Dry Mash yea ok ee ae be ce ere Geng a, 10.0 | 20.0] 3.0 Shoe aR Pollard Co., Boston, Mass. Bran, middlings, corn, wheat, barley, alfalfa, fish, bone, salt. Grandin’s) Poultry sMashi nse see oerane oe anaes ee 8.0 | 15.0 4.0 D. H. Crandin Milling Co., Jamestown, N. Y. Corn meal, bran, middlings, red dog flour, ground oats, barley, middlings, gluten feed, ecttonseed meal, beef scraps. HO CouseDry Poultry, Mashere cree) ee en dee 9.0 | 20.0 3.5: H-O Co., Buffaio, N. Y. Oat middlings, gluten feed, wheat mid- dlings, rolled oats, alfalfa meal, corn, hominy feed, cracked wheat, wheat bran. HeaOxCorsiPoul try cedices cert ae eA Oe aeTE LO ete eee 9.0 | 17.0 5.5. H-O Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Oat middlings, gluten feed, wheat middlings, rolled oats, wheat hran, hominy feed. Mustedihavine) Masher cv fee tiie cries cn ee ever ecm teers 8.0 | 15.0 3.0: Husied Milling Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Corn meal, rolled oats, : wheat bran, wheat middlings, cottonseed meal, gluten feed. Monmouthi Dry, dMiash eects. cua cate esis Sees once stay elena Ee eae 8.0 | 20.0 5.0 E. M. Marks, Monmouth, Me. Wheat kran, wheat niddlings, : eround oats, corn meal, ground alfalfa, beef scraps, gluten feed, Schumacher Stock Feed. PEO Na Eien) Dini Whee se oe ue oe sob bonne soon koawoogoUauTe 6.5 | 22.0 6.5- KE. T. Hathaway, Yarmouthville, Me. Corn meal, wheat bran, wheat middlings, gluten meal, linseed meal, beef serap. PeerlesssRoulitrny Masha sree otc acme sea ee Helcme ee arele teers 10.0 | 20.0 3.0 E. A Clark & Co., Portland, Me. Ground oats, fish meal, corn meal alfalfa meal, wheat bran, wheat meal, gluten, milk albu- men, powdered charcoal. Pay orton) Mela ei eae enone RR at Ae eenNR Hen aey Gra CioInee secon) tiara) 3.0 Wm. S. Hills Co., Boston, Mass. Corn meal, gluten, wheat mid- dlings, ‘wheat bran, oil meal, Hen-e-ta Bone. Queen! Noiultryslashyt ceca a see ce Ree ee ees wey ad iene neta i aueee ces 10.9 | 11.0 Pow Albert Dickinson (o., Chicage, Ill. Alfalfa meal, corn feed meal, wheat meal, corn bran, wheat bran, beef scraps, oil cake, salt. Miinthmoremlashabicede isc ee wearers eee eer ee 9.5 | 17.0 5.0: Charles M. Cox Co., Boston, Mass. Whent bran, alfalfa meal. Buffalo Gluten Teed, oats, cracked corn, corn meal, beef scrap, fish serap. Yankee Dirnvs Mask? tik 20s s ae let ean eee eee orc ee acer aae 6.5 | 16.0 4.0 O. I. Clark, Freeport, Me. Corn meal, bran, ground oats, cut alfalia, fish meal, dried milk, albumen, charcoal. 1) Sim March, 1912. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ORONO, MAINE. CHAS. D. WOODS, Director ANALYSTS James M, Bartlett Herman H. Hanson Albert G. Durgin Royden L. Hammond Alfred K. Burke INSPECTORS Elmer R, Tobey Albert Verrill Edgar A. White Official Hnspections 39 CONTENTS PAGE “LESS 5 2 CURSOR seein oe ge rae ee Ea ames 74 te Pe eo ae Fe oa oa ac Votes nats, ace dated ie ee les bh oe 76 POTIONS, os oy 5 oP RSS RR A RS AI re eh eae ea 77 oe ESIELIES, > GR ee eo eT CT ane eR 70 arm re Giro eid oe cin ae ice wie was cye aces ce he Ae 79 ReMi ore einer) aia ehius ous a uty Simeon Weare ce ecuaare 82 PMI a cere es Ne ka ae Trane MACE A set tere tamale, MaeeR ae 83 MMMM RES ECTeli Sie art o.s5) 5" 0% webs Dighe ley yew aw undereye’ a1 0 0s 83 Belerattis: 22.05... reise Mere Seay ee NER CARO Ot 83 2, SIRI Ss SE RIIRES easter tenga un RL ee ea ey 84 Meemrree rons, Cordials: 6. kel de ae te et sara yaney: MMT STN Mira. sea S cee Yee eiracan a WA Dilelas GoW Dlabatev as Fo eee oaph weet 85 MRCS CDA sir ae oo eee doe wi + askeataiave, sd dielage ue 86 MMT ace go oa bee hlais hae dws ahs 87 PROSECUTIONS §.:.5..... Pe i eae cis that tee ha Se 87 74 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQi2. VINEGAR. During the season of 1911 only a few samples of vinegar were collected, but the inspectors made thorough examinations at all of the several hundred stores which they visited to learn the kinds of vinegars which were on sale and what was being done in the case of imitation vinegars. ‘The vinegar situation is very good in the State. Imitation vinegar. ‘The low grade, distilled, artificially col- ored, imitation vinegars which were so abundant a few years ago have practically disappeared from the market. Occasion- ally the inspectors found goods of this type of imitation vine- gars similar to that which was found at the store of C. E. Withee, Benton Falls. This was bought from Fuller-Holway Co., Augusta, and it was labeled “FE. FE. Clifford & Co., Colored Distilled Vinegar, 3 per cent acetic acid, Portland, Me.” The vinegar did not seem to be of very good flavor and hence would not be especially desirable for table purposes, and did not carry acetic acid enough to make it safe for keeping pickles. The sample analyzed 3.4 per cent acid. Other than the coloring matter, which was burnt sugar, it was like a somewhat weak, distilled vinegar. Neither in taste nor odor did it at all resem- ble cider vinegar. White distilled vinegar. ‘The white distilled vinegars which are used for pickling purposes are still sold to a considerable extent in the State and doubtless in some respects are superior to cider vinegar for the purpose of keeping pickles. The sam- ple purchased from Pomerleau & Huard, Water St., Augusta, and which on analysis was found to carry 4.4 per cent of acetic acid is typical of this class of vinegar. We have not found these vinegars to run below the lawful strength. Sugar vinegar. The straight sugar vinegars are still sold to some extent in the State and, as far as our inspectors’ observa- tions go, in accordance with the requirements of the law. There was found in the wholesale house of FE. T. Gallagher & Co., Bangor, a lot of vinegar labeled “Compound of Syrup and Distilled Vinegar. Fleishmann Vinegar Works,” which was found to be not a mixture of syrup vinegar and distilled vinegar, but distilled vinegar to which a sugar product had been added. The case was taken up under the National law, the product seized, and the goods destroyed. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 30. 75 Cider vinegar. A normal, well fermented cider vinegar will fmequently Carry irom 5.5 to 6.5 per cent acetic acid. ‘The standard is fixed at 4 per cent. This has resulted in many of the large handlers and manufacturers of vinegar reducing, by the addition of water, the cider vinegars so that they will carry something over the 4 per cent acetic acid required by law. Dilu- tion of vinegar naturally reduces not only the acid strength but the amount of other ingredients in proportion to the dilution, so that reduced vinegars will not comply with the analytical constants for this product, but the relations existing between these various ingredients will remain the same. When vinegar is diluted with water the label must plainly indicate the fact that it has been reduced by the addition of water. This type of goods is illustrated by the sample obtained from Dunn & Ross, Auburn, which they had from Ross Co., Auburn. This was labeled: “Reduced to standard 40 grains. Haynes-Piper Co., Ayer, Mass. Pure Cider Vinegar.” It, of course, was not a pure cider vinegar, but a cider vinegar to which water had been added. This type of goods labeled to plainly. show that it has been diluted will be passed in this State until further notice. Adulterated cider vinegar. Some of the larger factories are not only diluting their vinegar to the normal strength, or a lit- tle bit more, by the addition of water but are skillfully blend- ing apple jelly and other apple products to these diluted vine- gars so that they appear even better than the straight, country made cider vinegar. Such addition is an adulteration, for the law provides that a product shall be deemed to be aduiterated if it be mixed, colored, powdered, coated or stained in a manner whereby damage or inferiority is concealed. The only purpose of adding these materials to a reduced vinegar is for the pur- pose of concealing damage or inferiority. A vinegar thus rein- forced can be lawfully sold if it is plainly labeled “Imitation Vinegar.” Branding vinegar. ‘The retailer who handles any vinegar that is not strictly what it appears to be must label the package delivered to his customer. ‘The law applies to a single pint just as it does to a barrel. Anything that a manufacturer needs to label in order to lawfully sell must be labeled equally plainly when it is delivered to the consumer. oy erry 76 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. © IQI2. CAT CHUP: According to the standards fixed in Maine catchup (ketchup, catsup) is the clean, sound’ product made from the properly prepared pulp of clean, sound, fresh, ripe tomatoes with spices and with or without sugar and vinegar. Benzoate of soda can be used if its presence and amount are plainly stated. In 1911 quite a number of samples of catchup were ex- amined. Microscopical examination was made only partialiy: Nearly all of the specimens showed some spores or mycelium which indicated in a way that the materials were somewhat inferior when they were used. They, however, were not at all bad and in most instances no more were found than would naturally appear in a home-made tomato catchup. The catchups were all tested for coal tar colors and found to be free from artificial coloring. The following brands contained no benzoate of soda. Hatchet Brand Tomato Catchup. ‘Twitchell-Champlin Co., Portland, Me. Hazard’s Shrewsbury’s Tomato ‘Catchup, purchased from the Geo. C. Shaw Co., Portland, Me. Heinz Tomato Catchup. H. J. Heinz Co., Pittsburg, Pa., purchased from Trefethen & Sweet Co., Portland, Me. Libby’s Tomato Catchup. Libby, McNeil & Libby, purchased from Trefethen & Sweet Co., Portland, Me. Newport Tomato Catchup. Jersey Packing Co., Cincinnati, O., pur- chased from Trefethen & Sweet Co., Portland, Me. Snider’s Catchup. TT. A. Snider Preserve Co., Cincinnati, O., pur- chased from Patrons Cooperative ‘Corporation, Portland, Me. Solar Brand Catchup. Packed for C. A. Weston, Portland, Me., and obtained from them. The following brands contained less than one-tenth of one per cent of benzoate of soda, and were so labeled. Curtis Bros. Blue Label Catsup. D. W. True & Co., Portland, Me. Sunnyside Catchsup. Jersey Packing Co., Cincinnati, O., purchased from D. W. True & Co., Portland, Me. The following were misbranded in that they were labeled to contain one-tenth of one per cent benzoate of soda and con- tained more than one-tenth and less than two-tenths. Columbia Catchup. Columbia Conserve Co., Indianapolis, Ind., pur- chased from Littlefield & Co., Portland. Tomato Catchup. Ceo. C. Shaw Co., Portland. Montauk Point Brand Tomato Catchup. E. E. Clifford Co., Portland. Parker House Brand Tomato Catchup. McMechen Preserving Co., Wheeling, W. Va., purchased from Twitchell-Champlin Co., Portland Perfection Brand Catchup. Packed for Contant, Patrick Co., Port- land. ———— ee ee OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 30. ay Pride of Jersey Tomato Catchup. Packed by Bridgton Preserving Co., Bridgton, N. J., purchased from C. A. Weston Co., Portland. Star Brand Tomato Catchup. Packed for Shaw, Hammond & Carney, Portland. Waldorf Brand Tomato Catchup. Put up by the Williams Bros. Co., Detroit, Mich. The Montauk Point Brand Tomato Catchup, E. E. Clifford Co., Portland, Me., was branded to carry two-tenths of one per cent of benzoate of soda, which it practically did. The EF. EF. Clifford Co. imported from Chicago barrels of catchup that came labeled “Kinsey Brand Catchup. Huss, Edler Preserve Co., Chicago,’ and claimed on the label to con- tain one-tenth of one per cent of benzoate of soda. Before bottling these goods samples of them were submitted for ex- amination and found to carry .336 per cent of benzoate of soda, and the bottles were labeled as containing one-third of one per cent benzoate of soda. At the time when these samples were taken the United States Department of Agriculture was not prosecuting misbranding for benzoate of soda. These cases were not reported to them although they were misbranded under the National Act. PICKLES. Under the law a food is misbranded if “it fails to bear a statement on the label of the quantity or proportion of each and any added coloring matter, preservative, chemical or drug con- tained therein.” Under the food regulations benzoate of soda is at present permitted to be used in foods provided its pres- ence and amount are plainly stated on the label. Alum may be used in limited amount in pickles provided its presence and amount are plainly stated on the label. Pickles which contain added alum must when they are de- livered to the consumer be labeled so as to plainly show the fact that they contain alum. In order to see how generally this regulation was being complied wth the inspectors purchased during the winter months pickles at several establishments 1n different towns of the State. In each instance the inspector visited the store and purchased one or more of the different kinds the dealer carried. The character of the goods thus ob- tained is pointed out in the following tables. In all cases where the goods were misbranded hearings were appointed, and prose- cutions instituted unless the dealer was able to prove that he had 78 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. exercised such care in his purchase that pickles free from alum should have been received. Part of the cases have been set- tled by the payment of a fine and the others are in course oi prosecution. In a few instances where there were only small traces of alum present the goods are passed as though they were. free from alum. It has sometimes happened in their manufacture that pickles have been put in the same vats as alum treated pickles and have in this way been slightly contaminated with alum. ; | List of dealers who sold the inspectors pickles that did not contain alum. Arranged alphabetically by towns. E. Deering. Deering Mercantile Co. Sanford. John P. Bowley & Co. FE. Deering. W. J. Lucas. Sanford. Ideal Cash Market. E. Deering. Geo. H. Philbrook. Sanford. Nowell & Libby. Houlton. E. A. Gillin & Co. So. Berwick. J. A. Maddox & Son. Houlton. Hallett, McKeen Co. So. Berwick. Rideout’s Grocery. Houlton. Knox Bros. Van Buren. H. A. Gagnon. N. Deering. Pride Bros. Van Buren. Van Buren Tea Store. N. Deering, Wallace & Frank. Van Buren. F. L. Watson. Patten. Quincy & Rowe. Woodfords. Fred B. Estes. Presque Isle. Aroostook Co6dpera- Woodfords. Hamilton Bros. tive Co. Woodfords. 1. P. Senter & Co. Presque Isle. J. H. O’Donnell & Co. Dealers who sold the inspectors pickles that contained alum but the package was labeled so as to disclose that fact. Sherman Mills. I. FE. Seavey. South Berwick. Rideout’s Grocery. South Berwick. E. J. Lauzon. Eist of dealers who sold the inspectors pickles that were mis- branded in that they contained alum and were not labeled to show that fact. Hearings were appointed and all cases either have been or are in the way of beimg prosecuted. Arranged alphabetically by towns. East deering.. H. A. Curtis & Co. Presque Isle. John B. Raymond. East Deering. Deering Mercantiie Sanford. John O. Bowley & Co. Co. Sanford. F. Broggi. Houlton. Houlton Meat Supply. Sanford. Lizotte & Caron. Houlton. McGary Bros. Sanford. R. Rankins. Presque Isle. Barker’s Cash Gro- South Berwick. Dube Bros. cery. South Berwick. J. A. Maddox & Presque Isle. Max X. Beaulieu. Son. Piesque Isle. Coffin & McKay. Van Buren, W. F. Paradis. Presque Isle. D. LeVasseur. Woodfords, Fred B. Estes. Presque Isle. R. H. McDonald. Woodfords. Hamilton Bros. ee ae a ee ee ee ee lh Hee : | | . : . OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 309. 79 CH SEN WES: As ordinarily found in the market the American chestnuts frequently contain more or less wormy nuts. One lot found with S. Christopher of Presque Isle, Me., was so bad that a sample was purchased. Something over 25 per cent of them were obviously bad and over 15 per cent more were found to be bad on opening. Of the lot, a little more than half of them were edible. A hearing was appointed and a case was brought on the ground that they were adulterated as they consisted in whole or in part of a filthy, decomposed vegetable substance. The defendant plead guilty and paid the fine. SALT. The tables on the two following pages give the results of the examination of different brands of table salt purchased by the inspectors. Standards. As defined in the regulations made by the Direc- tor table salt, dairy salt, is fine grained crystalline salt containing on a water-free basis, not more than one and four-tenths (1.4) percent. of calcium sulphate (CaSo:) nor more than five-tenths (0.5) percent. of calcium and magnesium chlorides (CaCl: and . MgCl), not more than one-tenth (0.1) percent. of matters in- soluble in water. The determinations made were water, sulphuric acid, calcium, magnesium, and matters insoluble in cold, distilled water. Tests for starch and carbonates were made in all cases. Carbonates were found only in the cases of the two compounds and starcli was not found at all. In the calculation of results the sulphuric acid was assumed to be in combination with calcium as calcium sulphate, and any excess of calcium was calculated to the chlo- ride. Magnesium was assumed to be present as chloride. In the .cases of the compounds containing carbonates car- bon dioxide was determined with Schlotter’s apparatus and this was calculated with either calcium or magnesium as either was found to be present. For the most part the samples were all well within the limits fixed by the standards. It will be noticed that additions were made to some of the brands of materials designed to prevent caking. These are in all cases declared upon the label. 80 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. — 1912. Table Silo ayy brand of salt, dealer from whom it was 8 2 A BRAND. DEALER AND MAKER OR PACKER. A s S| a ~~ nm Climax (ame niantresces Milliken-Tomlinson 'Co., Portland. ‘‘Guaranteed pure.’’. .|9548 Coltimbiasesnaeecaeee Chas. Hayward & Co., , Bangor. International Salt Co., N. Y = Wihitesdry: puree: Soe ened ease ae ee 9712 Crystalimeneecim niche Littlefield & ,Co., Portland. Crystaline Salt Co., ‘‘ White, Ory, PURE es eS las See A eS Gea i oe ae Cre 9577 Diamond Crystal...... W. H. Shurtleff Co., Portland. ‘‘The salt that is all salt’’ .|9537 Diamond Star........ A. T. Fuller, Augusta. Dirigo Salt & Soda Co., Augusta. = WMSUPPASSEd ie Aor a tet eS OT IO a See 9719 IDV, soe noes ...-|Fuller-Holway Co., Augusta. Dunean Salt Co., Silver Springs Neos «Choice Pableisaltinn ares ete 9720 Gold Medal........:.. T. R. Savage Co., Bangor. Put up for T. R. Savage Co., Bangor es Kancyaelalbl ens ait patere enna anata eee 9713 TEENY OVEhA Sot em oles ane eo Twitchell-Champlin Co., Portland............... Br et 9525 TV OLVAy AR eds ae ate Thurston & Kingsbury, Bangor. Worcester Salt Co., N. Y. “ivory Compound Salt. "99% high grade table salt, 1% carbonate olmacnesia yan amici ni sbiees oielic catia ieee 9711 Keystone | Cae Weston Co., Portland. ‘‘High Grade Granulated SE eMart aaa PN aeuew ele ANe HPC alin CMAs ts wo 9558 SOEVOY oor tere eee aeeen es EH. W. Gross Co., Auburn. LeRoy Salt Co., LeRoy, N. Y. “Fanestitalole salty 4) feck ai Jesse, ate luca ae Pane mee 9723 Peerless iene mee ee John Cassidy Co., Bangor. ‘‘Granulated Salt for Table and Dany Use ie Miami seca ae bape Teoh os eel a a faci |9714 IETAEGUOIMs Gan oo de ow 0 Conant, Patrick & Co., Portland. Distributed by Conant, a Patrick & Co., Portland. ‘‘Prepared with a small per : cent. phosphate to prevent hardening’’................ 9541 Tetomwlevil yancacaaasee Lord Bros. & Co., Portland. ‘‘New Process Granulated Sa ee ASE Nee yk ues Nace SE NO fee Oe 9538 BURL tyes eye eae nes Thoradike & Hix, Rockland. International Salt Co:, New NOTA we Ceo ae Aen ere aa NoMa dale e ote v o,c 9731 RediG@rossa... saeco H. S. Meicher Co., Portland. Put up expressly for H. 8. Meleher Cot: Portlandiig ee om ok Oni ea eee eee 9566 WYonveyl Ibi, ew SA ene be Geo. C. Shaw Co., Portland. Manufactured in New York for Geo. C. Shaw Co., Portland. ‘‘Prepared with a small per cent. phosphate to prevent hardening’’............ 9588 Shalverse arena W. H. Shurtleff & Co., Portland. Diamond Crystal Salt Co., St. Clair, Mich. ‘‘12% calcium carbonate’’....... 9536 Starke eee aaa ame W. H. Shurtleff Co., Portland. Packed for W. H. Shurtleff Cox, Portland? . fee eee Eee eee 9621 True’s Imperial....... D. W. True & Co., Portland. ‘‘Absolutely pure. Size 5’’.|9522 Winner Fancy........ Shaw, Hammond & Carney, Portland. Packed for Shaw, HMamimondés Carney, Wortl anid saa ciep rei hauler eae 9559 WVOLRCESUCT At] a nian Patrons Co-operative Corporation, Portland. Worcester Salt Conde, ae es nue tanec eiaisg ingore ie 9499 ior Shire eee Tee ee: Thorndike & Hix, Rockland. International Salt Co., N. Y. OV PHT? ae ier a Seca ate atlas raletrcl Ml ae ele ebtah ects thelr aie aera 9732 MOM UIAR TH boob one 5b Thorndike & Hix, Rockland. International Salt Co., N. Y. ‘Pure: *Hxtra Refined’? e\.c aioe Sasa al eee aoe eee 9730 9525 carton \ | 9522 |bag Ber ec) oO q#| 8 q [ov eles a|. 34 n| 9548! bag... 9712\bag .. 9577\carton |... 9537 carton 9719 bag... 9720\bag.. . $713\ba2... 9711\carton 9558 bag. eis 9723\bag... 9714|bag. . . 9541|can... 9538|bag... 9731\carton 9566\bag...|.. 9588!can... 9536 \carton | 9621 |box... 9559\bag.. . 9499|baz.... 9732\bag... 9730|\carton |.. 2.25 5.0) 4.84 lies | 14.0/13.69 | eecees | 5.0 5.06) 2,63! 21 -65 37 41 Matter insoluble in ‘water—per cent. 0.06 0.00 —per cent. —per cent. —per cent. Sodium chloride —per cent. REMARKS. 0.08 trace 0.06 trace 0.08 trace trace 0.07 0.33} Sie oie Os 99. 74 95 94 27 15 48 oll) 36 02 -66 -35 87 06 Trace phosphorie acid. Trace phosphates. Trace phosphates. Contains carbonates. 1.62 per cent. calcium phosphate. Trace phosphates. 1.52 per cent. calcium phosphate. Contains calcium carbon- ate. Trace phosphates. 82 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQi2. MOLASSES. Molasses is the product left after separating the sugar from the product obtained by evaporating the purified juices of a sugar producing plant to a solid or semi-solid consistency in which the sugar chiefly exists in the crystalline state. Molasses thus separated should contain not more than 25 per cent water and not more than 5 per cent of ash. Before the passage of the food law there was sold in tke State a large amount of compound or imitation molasses which usually consisted of glucose flavored with a low grade cheap molasses. The character of the mclasses on sale has greatly improved within the last few years. ‘There is now practically no imitation or compound molasses sold in the State. While comparatively few samples have been examined, the inspector: in their rounds have made careful observations of the kinds of molasses that were on sale. The samples herein reported were purchased by the inspect- ors without making themselves known and were the kind oi goods that would have been delivered to any customer who went into the store and asked for molasses. It will be noted that the majority of the samples are within the limits in ash content, and most of them are a trifle too thin. That is, they carry a little more water than the standards allow. ‘The dif- ferences, however, have not been sufficient to seem to warrant prosecutions. Table showing the results of analyses of samples of molasses collected by inspectors in Auburn and Lewiston. | Price Sta. DEALER. | per Water. |. Ash. |Sucrose. | *Total No. | quart. sugar { 9492|Bickford’s Grocery, E. A. Bickford 10 24°0- | 5.0 43.0 62.6 9473\E. W. Beaumont & Co........... 10 25.0 | 5.4 34.9 73.1 OARS ACRE UD Udleyann nie meee ier 13 DAN Ginn ys nie eo Oh 54.2 9489) TF Ha toniet ei eels tera ee 14 DORAmalenaetoneL 40.5 59.4 9486|Guimond & Simard............. 13 26.8 | 4.1 39.1 53.5 SAG IMENT tomudal Come a aanteen ena 13 Baer | Sob aah aceite 58.2 9482|Howard & Goss................- 10 2oeOm || 5.1° | 38.4 62.6 9487\/Merchant & Dillingham.......... 13 ZGBO) 4.3 | 44.8 62.7 9480|D. Morisette & Bro.............. 15 27.5 | |e Bis 7 60.6 9477;Theo. F. Nadeau..:............. 13 25.1 4.2 | 45.0 73.0 9490) Perryville Cash Market, A. E. Jen- | DAN PSG r A cok He, eae aica ts RN ee 10 Derg Onl eS led 70.5 OAS AAW Roceri i iil n eee oe lupe 15 26.2 | Doe pei. Ves 46.8 9475 Tanguay & Ouellette............ 13 25.4 5.4 | 36.8 61.0 GAB SUAS Wall fiery i tsves oat noaiees een tere 13 26.0 4.6 44.7 62.2 G47 8ibredileiWalls...c cs cee es cee 14 26.8 | Hoel fae 7 67.3 | | | * Sucrose plus invert sugar as determined by polariscope method. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 30. 83 VICTOR PURE FOOD BRINE. In 1908, Official Inspections 4, attention was called to two preparations designed for the packers of meat; one put up by the Preservaline Manufacturing Co. of New York under the midcom LP. which was a mixture’ of salt petre ard common salt; the other “Victor Pure Food A Savoline,’ Wolf, Sayer & Heller, Inc.,.84-86 Pearl St., New York. This con- sisted of about 70 per cent of sugar, 22 per cent of salt and 6 per cent of salt petre, and sold at 27 cents a pound in New York City. This was, of course, worth about five cents a pound. Mr. A. B. Jewett of Skowhegan gave to the inspector a package of “Victor Pure Food Brine,” manufactured by Wolf, Seyer & Heller, Inc., 37 Pearl St., New York. On analysis this was found to carry 47.84 per cent common salt, 49.26 per cent of potassium nitrate, .73 per cent of material chiefly corn starch insoluble in cold water, undetermined, including water, I.17 per cent. The directions for use are “To five gallons ot water add one pound Victor Pure Food Brine, eight pounds of salt and two pounds of granulated sugar. The result will! please you.” At present salt petre is allowed to be used in foods without statement of fact and the packer of meats would get into no difficulty in using this for packing and curing corn beef, should- ers, etc., or for packing and curing hams, and bacon, as the label recommends, but these goods are worth about five cents per peund and are sold at a considerable advance of that figure. CREAM OF TARTAR. ‘Samples of cream of tartar have been examined which have been submitted by correspondents. We have found them to be practically pure cream of tartar. Some samples have contained a trace of tartaric acid which resulted in their being usually a little more than full strength. That is, they would neutralize a little more carbonate of soda than perfectly pure cream of tartar would. ‘The addition, however, is probably accidental and is not considered as an adulteration. SALERATUS, BICARBONATE OF SODA. Several samples of bicarbonate of soda have been submitted by correspondents and have been found to be practically pure 84 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. - IQI2. sodium bicarbonate, approximately 99.5 per cent pure. As far as our observation goes, the package goods as well as the bulk goods are of good quality. RICE: Because of the inspection practically all of the grocery stores situated in towns along the lines of the railroad have been visited in the last few months. Attention has been called, among other things, to the proper labeling of rice. According to the data which have been collected by the inspectors, about one-third of the rice on sale in the State is not coated, and about two-thirds of it is coated. with glucose and tale. Bays in which this rice is shipped are for the most part properly labeled, although some times the stenciling is so poorly done that is can only be deciphered with difficulty. No prosecutions have been made for selling adulterated rice which was not properly labeled, but now that the trade has been thoroughly notified on this subject there is no excuse for any dealer fur- nishing his customer with adulterated rice unless it is correctly labeled to show the nature of the adulteration. BRANDY DROPS, CORDIALS. Occasionally during the past two years samples of confec- tionery supposed to contain intoxicants have been sent to the Station for examination. In only one instance had the sample been taken in such a way that identity could be established. They have been sent under the names of brandy drops, cordials, and chocolate cordials. In none of these has more than a trace. cf alcohol been found. ‘They have contained a syrup with no appreciable alcoholic flavor. There was found with the Holmes Confectionery Co., Milk St., Portland, Defiance Chocolate Cordials made by the Loveli & Covell Co., Boston; U. S$. . Serial No. 7276, of which a full five pound package was purchased. The contents were found to weigh 4.9 lbs. The liquid with which the chocolates were filled composed approximately 28 per cent of the total weight. This, however, contained by weight less than four-tenths per cent alcohol, which was no doubt from the flavoring materials. While no standards have been fixed for “cordial” the dic- tionery meaning implies the presence of spirits. The goods OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 309. 85 were evidently misbranded. The sale was stopped in Maine but because of irregularities it was not practicable to prove interstate shipment and no case was brought under the United States law. SANITARY FOOD. In order to call the special attention of dealers to the care that the law requires them to exercise in handling food a red slip that reads as follows is enclosed in this number of Official Inspections: “Manufacturers and Dealers should take notice that food is adulterated ‘if in the manufacture, sale, distribution, transporta- tion, it is not at all times securely protected from filth, flies, dust or other contamination, or other unclean, unhealthful or unsanitary conditions.’ This should be carefully read. The more it is studied the broader will be found its application.” Ignorance and carelessness are the chief factors that have to be reckoned with in the enforcement of this part of the food law. A dealer in meats while explaining to the. executive of the law the very sanitary arrangement he had installed for the display and sale of meat actually sat upon the meat block while doing so! A certain restaurant keeper prides himself upon making an attractive window display of his food. While the writer was looking at this display a newspaperman came along and remarked “Fine. Isn’t it?” It did not appear so fine to him after it was pointed out that the foods, most of them cooked, were exposed to all the dust of the room and that an attractive basket of doughnuts was so placed that every per- son entering the shop must pass within a few inches of it and that it was at such a height that if the person chanced to cough while passing that some of the small particles of sputum must inevitably fall upon the displayed food that would be eaten without being sterilized by further cooking! Very rarely has a report been made upon unsanitary exposure of food without it coming as a surprise to the person concerned. While under the law the Director of the Station is empow- ered to make uniform rules and regulations for carrying out its provisions, he will not at present lay down specific instructions that must be followed in order to meet this section. It is his purpose, however, to see that its requirements are complied with. 86 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ° IQI2. Very likely dealers themselves will discover ways that are simpler and equally effective with the following suggestions. If, however, these suggestions are followed dealers will be held to have taken all needed precautions and no prosecutions will result. If it should later develop that these suggestions are not adequate they will be modified, but ample notice will be given that dealers may make any needed changes. Package foods, wrapped foods, or foods that carry their own natural protection in the way of an inedible skin, as the orange, the lemon, the potato, the turnip, undressed poultry, unopened shell fish, etc., do not need to be handled as carefully and be as completely protected as those not having these natural protective coverings. Foods without natural or artificial coverings or those from which the protective coverings have been removed require complete protection. Foods that are eaten as sold without cooking need to be more thoroughly protected than foods that are cooked before being eaten. Bakers products handled in an unsanitary way are more likely to act as carriers of disease than meat products that are subjected to heat before being eaten. The same is true of berries which are so generally eaten raw as compared with vegetables that are usually cooked. The Display of Food. It is in the display of food for sale, particularly at retail, that there is the greatest liability for the dealer to violate the law relative to the protection of food from contamination. Sidewalk, street, and cart display. Foodstuffs that are pro- tected by complete inedible coverings, whether natural or artifi- cial, when displayed in the open, should be at least two feet above the street or sidewalk and not surrounded by unclean, unhealthful or unsanitary conditions. Other food stuffs (berries, breads, meats, etc.) must be pro- tected by suitable coverings. Screens or nettings are not ade- quate. The only form of display furniture that suggests itself to the executive of the law as suitable are tight cases made of glass, wood or metal, and fitted with tightly fitting doors. A cart could be so constructed of glass, wood or metal, that display — of food would be sanitary. Such a cart has probably yet to be made. . Display within the shop or store. The same general principles ——— - o OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 30. 87 apply as in sidewalk display. Foods that have no inedible pro- tective coverings must be protected from dust and all possible contamination. Probably cases of glass and metal or wood are the only forms of furniture that will both protect the food and permit of display. Meats and meat products which are piled on counters and meat blocks are not properly protected. The display of meats intended for sale as now generally practiced by butchers and dealers is for the most part in violation of law. In order to sell meat under a sanitary condition and in conformity with the law of the State all meat products of every description, dressed carcasses, all cuts, hamburger steak, sausage, poultry, game, fish, fish products, etc., should be kept in a refrigerator, cold storage or ice box. For-the purpose of display these may be mae partly cf glass. A very attractive and efficient glass and wood front to an ice room has been recently devised by a Maine man. The Actual Sale of Food. If the salesman has clean hands and clothing, is in good health and the shop is in good sanitary condition, there is not great danger of the food becoming contaminated while the customer is being waitel upon. The food should not be exposed to the dust of the room, to the breath of the salesman, and to his touch more or longer than is necessary. In the case of goods peddled from carts (baker, butcher, etc.) there is much danger of con- tamination even wiile the sale is being made. Such carts should be frequently cleaned. Drivers should not engage in stable work before loading unless they change their clothing and wash their han’s an’ arms after such work. Drivers who have to handle unwrappel foods should always wear gloves while driving and remove them before touching the food. Hearings and Prosecutions. Whatever the nature of the seeming: violation of any of the provisions of the laws regulating the sale of agricultural seeds, commercial fertilizers, commercial feeding stuffs, drugs, foods, fungici?es or insecticides, hearings are appointed as, directed by the law. In tve great majority of instances the defendant eit er offers satisfactory explanation or gives assurance that the public will be protected in the future. Whenever it seems that 88 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2. the interests of the public can be equally served the cases are passed without prosecution. In the execution of the laws far more stress is laid upon educational than upon punitive methods. After due hearings it seemed the duty of the executive to bring prosecutions under the law in a number of cases. The following were settled by compromise as provided in the law out of court and in most cases before actual proceedings had been commenced. A few cases are pending. List of Cases Settled Without Trial on Payment of Penalty in the Quarter Ending March 31, 1912. NAME AND Town OF DEFENDANT. NATURE OF COMPLAINT. Applin, H. G., Stockton Springs...... Adulterated sweet spirits of nitre. Low in ethyl nitrite. Barker, R. M., Presque Isle........... Misbranded pickles. Contained alum. Beaulieu, Max X., Presque Tislen ice ee Misbranded pickles. Contained alum. Berry, R. H., Dittstield'c.non op aoe Adulterated black antimony. Contained no antimony. Bosserman, W. E., Bethel............. Adulterated tincture of iodine. Low in iodine. Buckley, Leo J.. Newport..........:.. Adulterated sweet spirits of nitre. Low in ethyl nitrite. Christopher, 8., Presque Isle.......... adil erated chestnuts. Wormy and unfit for ood. Clark: VEC Oe Game ence sa regeriet sees Misbranded sausage. Contained cereal. Coffin & Mek Presquevlislem aes see Misbranded pickles. Contained alum. Cottons sew. lisbon eee seein Adulterated tineture of iodine. Low in iodine. Curtis, A. J., Woodfords Sta.......... Misbranded pickles. Contained alum. Dascombe, Jae IRL Mian Sopa ceesas 8k Adulterated tincture of iodine. Low in iodine. : Contained no potassium iodide. Dillingham, E. L., Thomaston......... Misbranded pork sausage. Contained cereal. Dudley-Weed Drug Co., Portland..... Adulterated tincture of iodine. Low in iodine. Eells Lime Co., Rockport............. Misbranded pork sausage. Contained cereal. Estes, Fred B., Woodfords............ Misbranded pickles. Contained alum. Harleys Jesde Brideewaterenn cic aemenioe Misbranded Compound Extract of Vanilla. GovercsiSons, Wee seeLnyann wees er Adulterated pork sausage. Short weight. Green & Co., H. W., Camden.......... Adulterated pork sausage. Short weight. Eanvel ey pble we out) amd vei ren wre ener: Adulterated sweet spirits of nitre. Low in ethyl nitrite. Hammond Drug Co., Portland......... Adulterated tincture of iodine. Low in iodine- and alcohol. Hannaford & Son, C. P., Winthrop..... Adulterated black antimony. Contained no antimony. Holley, Frank H., Month Anson.. Adulterated tincture of iodine. Low in iodine. Houlton Meat Supply, T Vi Holdaway, Foultonk Seo ei ae nee, Misbranded pickles. Contained alum. Hoyt, Andy L., South Windham.......!Adulterated tincture of iodine. Low in icdine- and alcohol. Horie knay W/aey latent 65 ea RG |Misbranded feeding stuffs. Not labeled. Kearns) P) Ei, Hllsworthe. 20.25). Sas. ee |Adulterated pork sausage. Short weight. LeVasseur, D., Presque Isle........... |Misbranded pickles. Contained alum. McDonald, R. H., Presque Isle........ Misbranded pickles. Contained alum. Messier, Arthur E., Lewiston..........| Misbranded sweet spirits of nitre. i Page, Albert F., Bucksport............/Adulterated sweet spirits of nitre. Low in ethyl nitrite and misbranded. Parlor Drug Store, Lewiston.......... Misbranded and adulterated sweet spirits of < nitre. Low in ethyl nitrite. F PelosiiViewPorbland ayeueirdes sibs ‘Adulterated and misbranded sweet spirits of | nitre. Low in ethyl nitrite. Pineo;ios5-4) Val tow dee eee ee Mishbranded pork sausage. Contained cereal. Pulsifer, W.G. -, Mechanic Falls........ /Adulterated, sweet spirits of nitre. Low im | ethyl nitrite. Ross, J. M., Bane or RUA SAC caer carrey |Misbranded bottled sodas. Artificially colored.. Senter & Co., L. P., Woodfords........ /Misbranded pickles. Contained alum. Starrett, A. & P. D., WELT TIN stereos acy /Adulterated pork sausage. Short weight. Stewart & Sons, A. Te Cherryfield..... Misbranded cottonseed meal. Not labeled. : Van Wart, W. , 5 ; gs : ge BranpD. MAKER AND DEALmR. RESULTS OF EXAMINATION. = aoe | ome SS [3 OS na|Ao| Zo 9589} 30) 12.6)/°‘Medallion Raspberry Jam. Bis-|Contains 2.65 per cent. cane sugar hop & Co., Los Angeles, Calif.’’| No preservative, artificial color, Geo. C. Shaw Co., Portland....| foreign matter or glucose found’ 9590} 30) 14.9)°*Medallion Strawberry Jam. Bis-|Contains 27.78 per cent. cane hop & Co. Los Angeles, Calif.’’) sugar. No preservative, arti- Geo. C. Shaw Co, Portland... . ficial color, foreign matter or glucose found. © 9592} 49) 11.3)'‘Guava Jelly. Made by Lillian|Contains 39.5 per cent. cane sugar, M. Blake, Miami, Fla.’’ Geo.| 0.55 per cent. of ash. No pre- CashawaCom Lorilands sees Servative, artificial color, foreign matter or glucose found. 9502! 15) 15.3)'*Rex Imitation Fruit Jelly, col-|Contains 78.8 per cent. glucose; ored with amaranth. Contains} 1.6 per cent. cane sugar. Phos- added phosphate; 80 per cent.| phates, starch and dextrose corn syrup; 20 per cent apple} present. Colored with ama- juice. Corn Products Refining] ranth Starch not declared. Co., Davenport, Iowa. Tre-| Misbranded. fethen & Sweet Co., Portland. 9574) —- 8.8|‘Apple Jelly. Put up by W. F./Contains 29 per cent. cane sugar; Reed Co., Auburn, Me Guar-| 0.22 per cent. ash. Starch anteed pure apple and sugar.’’| present No preservative, ar- H.S. Melcher Co., Portland. . tificial color or glucose found. 9501; 10 7.7)'‘Pare Apple Jelly. A. M. Pol-|Contains 7.2 per cent. cane sugar; lock, Cumberland Center Me.’’ per cent. ash. No preser- Trefethen & Sweet Co., Portland| ative, artificial color or glu- cose found 9547) — 8.0|°*Pure Home Made Apple Jelly./Contains 6.2 per cent. cane sugar; C. O. Lund, Falmouth Corner,| 0.18 per cent ash. No preser- Me.’’ Thompson-Hall Co.,| vative, artificial color, foreign Portland? a ae sa. sae eens matter or glucose found. 9534; — 13.5)‘ Apple Jelly ’’ Twitchell-Cham-|Contains 51.5 per cent. cane plin Co., Porites maker and} sugar, 0.47 per cent. ash. No HealeE Sk ioe tiles op Piece alt eee preservative, artificial color or glucose found. Considerable starch present. 9530) — 10.5)‘‘Apple Jelly. Currant. Flavor.’’|Contains 57.3 per cent. cane sugar; Twitchell-Champlin Co., Port-| 0.55 per cent. ash Consider- land, maker and dealer........ able starch. No preservative, artificial color or glucose found. 9533] — 10.1}/‘‘Apple Jelly. Grape Flavor.’’|Contains 42.3 per cent cane : Twitchell-Champlin Co., Port-| sugar; 0.47 per cent. ash. Con- land, Me., maker and dealer...| siderable starch. No _ preser- vative, artificial color or glucose found. 9532] — 10.1)‘ Apple Jelly. Pineapple Flavor.’’|Contains 41.6 per cent. cane sugar; Twitchell-Champlin Co., Port- land, Me., maker and dealer... 0.53 per cent. ash. Large amount of starch. No preser- vative, artificial color or glu- cose found. bf. fie ee Citi CU NE SUN Sree iLON Spor 103 Table showing the results of examinations of jams, jellies and preserves purchased by the imspectors. Samples arranged alphabetically by States and Towns where the goods were ntade—Continued. | | | =e S| m | BED el . Relies 2g | Brann, Maker AND DEALER. Resutts or EXAMINATION. wg | om as) S528) 28 wa |Ho| 42o | | 9531| - 10.6|‘‘ Apple Jelly Strawberry Flavor.’’|Contains 46.5 per cent. cane ae Twitchell-Champlin Co., Port-| sugar; 0.53 per cent. ash. | land, Me., maker and dealer...| Considerable starch. No _ pre- servative, artificial color or | | glucose found. i] 9526) — 14.2\‘‘Family Preserves. Raspberry.|Contains 27.8 per cent. cane sugar; Made from fresh ripe berries and| No preservative, artificial color, pure cane sugar.’’ Twitchell-| foreign matter or glucose found. Champlin Co., Portland, maker and dealer. 95281) = 13.1/‘‘Our Best Family Preserves.|Contains 18 per cent. cane sugar. Damson. Made from fresh ripe| No preservative, artificial color, berries and cane sugar.’’ Twit-| foreign matter or glucose found. chell-Champlin Co., Portland, maker and dealer. 9527| — |. 14.5\‘‘Our Best Family Preserves.|Contains 15.7 per cent. cane sugar. , Strawberry. Made from fresh} No preservative, artificial color, ripe berries and pure cane| foreign matter or glucose’found. sugar.’’ Twitchell-Champlin : Co., Portland, maker and| dealer. : 9557). = 8.8]|‘‘Marvel Brand Apple Jelly. Ab-|Contains 35.8 per cent. cane solutely pure.” Packed for) sugar, found. 0.37 per cent. ash. C..A. Weston Co., Portland...| Verv little starch. No preser- vative, artificial color or glucose 9593} 25) 11.4/‘‘Klico Club Lemon Marmalade. Contains 5.5 per cent. cane sugar. Co., Portland. Klico Club Sauce Co., West-| No preservative, artificial color, brook, Me.’’ Geo. C. Shaw) foreign matter or glucose found. 9504) 25) 11.4)‘*Klico Club Grape Fruit Marma-|Contains 1.8 per cent. cane sugar. Sweet Co., Portland. 9585| 25 7.4\‘‘Home Made Currant Jelly. Made|Contains expressly for Jas. A. Hayes &| 0.54 lade. Klico Club Sauce Co.,| No preservative, artificial color, Westbrook, Me.’’ Trefethen &| foreign matter or glucose found. 18.8 per cent. cane sugar; per cent. ash. No pre- o., Boston.’? W. L. Wilson| servative, artificial color, for- CaComebonulandmmincmiieticenine eign matter or glucose found. 9516} 25 9.9\‘‘Apple Jelly Currant Flavor.|Contains 20.1 per cent. glucose’ syrup, 25 per cent.; sugar, 25 per ceut. Artificially colored.| phoric Sodium benzoate, 1-10 of 1 per| ries. | cent. Loyvan, Johnson & Co.,| Sharp ee) cr ou to ou Ke) is) per cent. Artificially colored.) phoric Sodium benzoate 1-10 of 1 per! Colore cent. Tovan, Johnson & (o.,) sharp & Co., Portland. Apple juice, 50 per cent.; corn| 7.5 per cent. cane sugar; con- siderable starch; more phos- acid than pure jelly car- Colored with amaranth. acid taste probably due to Boston, Mass.’’ D. W. True! phosphoric acid. No sodium ise (Glory leterme towels 5 Oho wuaoo dh benzoate found. ““Anple Jelly. Raspberry Flavor./Contains 19.8 per cent. glucose, Apple ju.ce. 50 per cent.; corn| 9.7 per cent. cane sugar, con- syrup, 25 per cent.: sugar, 25! siderable starch; more phos- acid than pure jelly. d with amaranth. Quite acid taste, probably due Boston, Mass.’’ D. W. True) to phosphoric acid. 104 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.’ 1912. Table showing the results of examinations of jams, jellies and preserves purchased by the mspectors. Samples arranged alphabetically by States and Towns where the goods were made—Continued. 9518 9519 9520 9578 9579 9562 Net weight, ounces. 13. 12. We 16. Re) Bei to tf 8 8 4 Branp, MakER AND DEALER. RESULTS OF FXAMINATION. ‘Apple Jelly. Strawberry Flavor. Apple juice, 50 ver cent.; corn syrup, 25 per ecent.; sugar, 25 per cent. Artificially colored. Sodium benzoate 1-10 of 1 per cent. Logan. Johnson Co., Boston, Mass.’’ D. W. True & Co., Portland. “‘Tdeal Pineapple Preserve. Pine- apple, 55 per cent.; corn syrup compound, 35 per cent.; gran- uJated sugar. 10 per cent.; so- dium benzoate, 1-10 of 1 per cent. Logan, Johnson & Co., Boston. Mass.’’ D. W. True & Co., Portland. ““Tdeal Plum and Apple Preserve. Plum, 35 per cent.; apple, 20 per cent.; corn syrup, 35 per cent.; granulated suyar, 10 per cent.; sodium benzoate, 1-10 of 1 per cent. Artificially colored. Lo- gan, Johnson & Co, Boston, Mass.’’ D. W. True & Co., Portland. ‘*Tdeal Raspberry and Appie Pre- serve. Raspberry, 25 per cent.: apple, 20 per cent.; corn syrup, 35 per cent.: granulated sugar, 10 per cent.; sodium benzoate, 1-10 of 1 per cent. Artificially colored. Logan, Johnson «& Co., Boston, Mass.’’ PD W. True & Co., Portland. “*Tdeal Strawberry and Apnle Pre- serve. Strawberry, 35 per cent.; apple, 20 per cent.; corn syrup. 35 per cent.; granulated sugar, 10 per cent.: sodium ben- zoate, 1-10 of 1 per cent. ol- ored. Logan, Johnson & Co, Boston, Mass.’’ D. W. True & Co., Portlaad. ““Red Cloak Raspberry Preserves Fruit and sugar only. Lovan, Johnson & Co., Boston, Mass.’’ W. LL. Wilson & Co., Portland. . “*“Red Cloak Strawberry Preserves. Fru.t and sugar only. Logan, Johnson & Co., Boston, Mass.’’ W. L. Wilson & Co., Portland. . “‘Tmitation Apple Jelly. Made from apple juice, .500; glu- cose, .499; tartaric acid, .001. Jos. Middleby. Jr., Inc., Boston, Mass.’’ Shaw. Hammond «& Carney, Portland. Contains 21.4 per cent. glucose, 10.9 per cent. cane sugar; con- siderable starch; more phos- phoric acid than pure jelly. Colored with amaranth Sharp acid taste, probably due to phosphorie acid. Contains} 49.9 per cent. glucose; 25.8 per cent. cane sugar. No benzoate fonnd. Contains ',53“sver cent. glucose; &.7 per cent. cane sugar, colored with amaranth.-’ No benzoate of soda found. Contains 32.8 per cent. glucose, cane sugar, 9.6 per cent. Ccl- ored with amaranth. Only trace of, benzoate found. Contains 30 per cent. glucose; 12.5 per cent. cane sugar, colored with amaranth. No benzoate of soda found. Contains 36.5 per cent. cane sugar. No preservative, arti- ficial color, foreign matter or glucose found. Contains 25.5 per cent. cane sugar. No preservative, arti- ficial color, foreign matter or vlucose found. Contains 68.2 per cent. glucose, no cane sugar; 0.7 percent ash. Considerable starch. No artificial color found. ; : / OP BIGENE SUNS E CilON Ss saal 105 Table showing the results of examinations of jams, jellies and preserves purchased by the inspectors. Samples arranged alphabetically by States and Towns where the goods were made—Continued. »~ a FS a : as ee 2a Branp, MakeR AND DEALER. RESULTS OF EXAMINATION. = on Far Pelee) £2 agwiloe| 26 9561; — 8.3|‘‘Imitation Grape Jelly Made|Contains 67 per cent. glucose;. : from apple juice, .500; corn| O.7 per cent. cane sugar; 0.66 sytup, .499; tartaric acid, .001.| per cent. ash. Considerable Artificially ‘colored. Jos. Mid- starch. dleby, Jr., Inc., Boston, Mass.’ Shaw, Hammond & Carney, Portland. 9565| — 9.0|‘Imitation Peach Jelly. Made|Contains 65.9 per cent. glucose; from apple juice, .55; glucose,| no cane sugar; 0.66 per cent. .499; tartaric acid, 001; Jos.| ash. Large amount of starch. Middleby, dfies, Inc., Boston, Mass.’’ Shaw, Hammond & Carney, Portland. 9564) — 8.3]‘‘Imitation Raspberry Jelly. Made|Contains 65.5 per cent. glucose; from apple juice, .500; glucose,| 2.15 per cent. cane sugar; 0.63 .499; tartaric acid, .001. Ar-| per cent ash.=- Large amount of tificially colored. Jos -Middle- starch. by, Jr., Inc., Boston, Mass.’ Shaw, Hammond & Carney, Portiand 95#3/. — 9.3|‘‘Imitation Strawberry Jelly.j/Contains 66.7 per cent. glucose, Made {rom apple juice, .500;) 0.58 per cent. cane sugar; 0.61 glucose, -.499; tartaric ‘acid, per cent ash; large amount of .001. Artificially eolored. Jos.| starch. Middleby, Jr., Ine., Boston, Mass.”’ Shaw, Hammond & Carney, Portland 9544; — 8.1|‘‘Imperial Brand Apple Jelly./Contains 20.3 per cent. cane Currant Flavor. Absolutely| sugar; 9.54 per cent. ash. No pure. Jos. , Middleby, Jr., Bos-| preservative, artificial color or ton, Mass.’ Conant, Patrick glucose found Co., Portland. Q551| — 32.1|‘‘Lemon Flavor Pie Filling. Com-|Contains 0.075 per cent. benzoate pounded trom granulated sugar,| of soda. Colored with coal tar 375; glucose, “250: eges, 100: color, apparently Napthol Yel- ° lemon j juice and oil. 105; starch,| low S No further examination .060; water, .055; butterine.,} made. -050! citric acid, 004; sodium benzoate, .001. Artificially col- ored with analine color. Jos. Middleby, Jr., Ine., Boston, Mass.’’ —- Milliken-Tomlinson Co., Portland. 9553); — 35.4|‘‘Shawmut Brand Apple and|Contains 58.7 per cent. glucose; Raspberry Preserves. Rasp-| 5.6 per cent. cane sugar; 0.007 berries, 20 per cent.; granulated] per cent. benzoate; small sugar. 10 per cent.; apple juice,| amount of starch. Artificial 25 per cent.; corn syrup, 45 per| color not identified. cent.; preserved with 1-10 of 1 per cent. sodium benzoate. Artificially colored. Jos. Mid- dleby, Jr , Inc., Boston, Mass.’’ Milliken-Tomlinson Co, Port- | land. 106 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. LOi2- Table showing the results of examinations of jams, jellies and preserves purchased by the imspectors. Samples arranged alphabetically -by States and Towns where the goods were made—Continued. —— j . aC y 7 a | ‘0 a o | 4 fg Brand, MAKER AND DEALER. RESULTS OF EXAMINATION. 4 mie on cars) BE} or si SS )e8| &5 na |Lo Zo 9552) -— | 36.7‘‘Shawmut Brand Apple an d Contains 69.6 per cent. glucose; Strawberry Preserves. Straw-| 1.7 per cent. cane sugar; 0.056 | berries, 20 per cent.; granulated benzoate; considerable starch. sugar, 10 per cent.; apple juice, Ar.idcial color not identified. 25 per cent.: corn syrup, 45 per cent.; preserved with’ 1-10 of | 1 per cent. sodium benzoate.) Ariiicially colored. Jos. Mid- dleby, Jr., Inc., Boston, Mass.’’ | Miulliken-Tomlinson Co., Port- | land. | ‘True Fruit Brand Fancy Plum,|Contains 32.2 per cent. cane Apple and Sugar Jelly. 30 per) sugar; 0.56 per cent. ash; large | | cent. plum juice, 30 per cent.) amount of starch. No preser- | apple juice; 40 per cent. granu-| vatives or glucose found. | lated sugar. Net weight 8 ozs. St. Louis Syrup & Preserving Com St omission) Wheelin Wilson & Co., Portland. bo 9584| 10) 8. | 9503] 25) 13.7/‘‘Beechnut Strawberry Jam Contains 18 per cent. cane | Beechnut Packing Company.| sugar. No preservative, arti- Johain, N. Y., Home Style.’’| ficial color, foreign matter or Trefethen & Sweet Co., Port-| glucose found. land. | 9591} 40 10.3)‘‘Blackberry Jelly. Gordon &/\Contains 33.4 per cent. cane Dillworth, New York City.’’| sugar: 0.61 per cent. ash. No Geo. C. Shaw Co., Portland....| preservative, artificial - color, foreign matter-or glucose found. 9570 —- 16.3)‘ Fresh Fruit Damson Jam. Con-/Contains 1.2 per cent. cane tains 1-10 of 1 per cent. ben-| sugar; 0.08 per cent. benzoate. zoate of soda. Curtis Bros.,| No preservative, artificial color, | Rochester, N. Y.’’ H.S. Mel-| foreign matter or glucose found. i | cher Co., Portland. 9569, —- 14.6)‘‘Fruit Red Currant Jam. Con-/Contains 1.6 per cent. cane tains 1-10 of 1 per cent. ben-| sugar; 0.108 per cent. benzoic zoate of soda. Curtis Bros.,) acid. No preservative, artifi- Rochester, N. Y.’ H.S. Mel-| cial color, foreign | matter or | chemComeeontlan cele ieee glucose found. : 9573, —, 15.5)"*Grape with 10 per cent. apple/Contains 5.3 per cent. cane juice fresh fruit jam. Curtis! sugar; 0.13 per cent. benzoate. | Bros. Co., Rochester, N. Y.;} Ne glucose. No artificial color 40 per cent. each fresh fruit and| found. granulated sugar with addition | of 10 per cent. each fresh apple | juice and corn syrup. Contains) 1-10 of 1 per cent. benzoate of | soda.’’ H. §. Melcher Co., Portland. a 9571) — 15.6)‘Raspberry with 10 per cent.\Contains 25.1 per cent. cane apple juice fresh fruit jam.} sugar; 23.2 per cent glucose; 40 per cent. each fresh fruit and} 0.108 benzoate. Small amount granulated sugar with addition; of starch. Ne artificial color of 10 per cent. each fresh apple) found. juice and corn syrup. Contains . 1-10 of 1 per cent. benzoate of} | soda. Curtis Bros. Co., Roch-| | ester, N. Y.’’ H. S. Melcher | Co., Portland. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS S) ALE 107 Table showing the results of examinations of jams, jellies and preserves purchased by the wmspectors. Samples arranged alphabetically by States and Towns where the goods were made—Continued. 2 b ‘a i Bowie Og Brand, MAKER AND DEALER. ResuLtts or EXAMINATION. Beige | 2S Sajjad) o& naias| 25 9572; — 16.5) ‘Strawberry with i0 per cent.|/Contains 30.0 per cent. cane . a apple juice fresh fruit jam. 40) sugar; 0.06 per cent. benzoate; per cent each fresh fruit and} smali amount of starch; 2.4 eranulated sugar with addition] per cent. glucose. No artifi- of 10 per cent each fresh apple| cial color found. juice and corn syrup. Contains 1-10 of 1 per cent. benzoate of soda. Curtis Bros. Co., Roch- ester, N. Y.’’ H. S. Melcher Co., Portland. 9583) 15) 12.5|/°*Seal Brand Compound Damson|Contains 32.5 per cent. of glu- Jam. Damsons, apple juice,| cose, 1.3 per cent. of cane sugar and corn syrup. sugar. No preservative, arti- Ritter Conserve Co., Philadel- ficial color or foreign matter jolovesle, 122? WAV De "Wilson &| found. Co., Portland. 9582} 25) 12.7|\°‘XX Brand Damsons. Selected|Contains 7.7 per cent. cane sugar. | fresh fruit and granulated sugar.| No preservative, artificial color, P. J. Ritter Conserve Co., Phil-| foreign matter or glucose found. adelphia, Pa.’’ W. L. Wilson } & Co., Portland. 9581) 25) 13.3)*XX Brand Preserves. Straw-/Contains 15.6 per cent. cane | berry. Carefully selected fresh! sugar. No preservative, arti- fruit and granulated sugar.| ficial color, foreign — matter or P. J. Ritter Conserve Co., Phil-| glucose found. | adelphia, Pa.’’ W. L. Wilson & Co., Perilana. 9580) 25) 16.2)°*Strawberry Jam. Strawberries, Contains 2 2.9 per cent. cane sugar; 45 per cent.; apple juice, 5 per| per cent. glucose. “No cent.; sugar, 25 per cent.; corn! preservative or artificial color syrup, 25 percent. P.J. Ritter) found. Mishbranded. Conserve Co., Philadelphia,Pa.’’ W. L. Wilson & Co., Portland 9543) — 14.2\‘‘Reliable Quality Parker House|Contains 57.1 per cent. glucose; ; Brand Jam. Mixture raspber-| 3.5 per cent. cane sugar; con- ries, 11 per cent.; apple juice,| siderable starch; 0.076 per 20 per cent.; sugar, 5 per cent.;| cent. benzoate of soda. corn syrup, 64 per cent.; Car-| tificial color found. men Lake trace, benzoate of soda, 1-10 of 1 per cent.’ Mc- Mechen Preserving Co., Wheel- ing, W. Va.’’ Conant’ Patrick & Co., Portland. 9542) — 14.6)‘‘Reliable Quality Parker House|Contains 57.4 per cent. glucose; Brand Jam. Mixture straw-| 2.8 per cent. cane sugar; 0.02 berries, 11 per cent.; apple! per cent. benzoate of soda; juice, 20 per cent.; sugar, 5! considerable starch. No arti- per cent.; corn syrup, 64 per! ficial color found. cent.; Carmen Lake trace; ben- zoate of soda, 1-10 of 1 per cent. MecMechen Preserving Co., Wheeling, W. Va.’’ Conant, Patrick Co., Portland. No ar- 108 . MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Igi2. Table showing the results of examination of sausages pur- chased by the inspectors in the winter of 1912. Samples are arranged alphabetically by towns. 1 o | Fae aa | xe) HW zl | 1S oo (S} | Rear eeniae | Town, DEALER, | & 36 2 Brand. Es R l 5 | | me REMARKS. oy = sleaa 5. ~-| ag hm Oo -3 od = o4)ae | 2 a SHS) a resiOS| Seales 2 JRO |E a) & |eiai|ae e) 10,365|Brunswick, C. A. Le | TINT C UR esa eee ee: 12)16 |44.2)40.7/12.8|None. 9722| Brunswick, Nelson Mc-} | | leha‘d dlentrsss setter a nL Oona: 1/46.3 10.4)5 35 8747 Brunswick, Nelson Mc- Haddenweceneee oe | 14; — |31.5/50.1) 7.8)|Present. 10,366|Brunswick. P.A.Morin) 15 17.5|32.9 49.9 8.0)Present..|‘‘Cereal added’’ | on label. 10,363 Brunswick, M. E. Pa-| | | | | Pusrenibem tents: stb Aeros cee 15 16.6748.2)34.2 10.7 Present..|‘‘Cereal added’’ 2 | | on label. 10,364|Brunswick, S. A. Wal- | | | RU RETR Ee ee ee a ie 15 16.2,51.7/29.7,10.9)Present. | 10,372'Camden, C. E. Beedy. 15 17.0/48.4/39.5 9.6)Present..|‘‘With cereal’’ on label. 10,374|Camden, F. O. Clark. 15.16.5/49.7/31.8 11 2} 10,373|Camden, Green’s Cash | | | | Mian te waaenceeas as 15 14.5/46.3/34.2.14.0|None. 10,380|Calais, Gove’s Cash | | SLOne hc. tice ee 10 18.3)51.0/28.3 10.3) Present. 10,381|Calais, Flood Bro....| 1516.9/47.7|39.511.1/Trace. | | | | . 10,385 Calais, MeKay’s Mar-| ee | IOGear pen eae 15,17 .5|46.5/40.7,11.3/None. 10,382 Calais, P. F. Welch... 15/16. 2)/45.2/33.1'12.0!None. 10,407 Eastport, Gove’s Cash) | Stores et oe sae 15)19.1} — |; —j| — |Trace. | 10,406 Eastport, Pike & Kilby) 16 17-637.950.9. 7.0|None. 10,392 /Elsworth,Cottle & Son} 15,16.6 40.4/45.3 12.0 None. 10,391 |/Ellsworth,P. E. Kearns) 15)|14.8 39.9/47.4)10. 1 None. 10,393'Ellsworth, Austin H. Joy, ‘‘John P. Squire | Co., Boston, all Pork SUS Ae aa eee 17/15.8) =] = = | 10,390| Ellsworth, S. K. Whi- | Tino. cons ona te 15/12.5/18.8|71.6) 7.8|None.- | | 9626 Gardiner, Cash Market CORB een vee 15| — |38.3/46.8) 8.8)Present. | | | | 10,410|/Lubec, Gove’s Cash! | StOreziens yet eae 15/18.8)/42.1/33.7,12.0 Present. ‘OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 41. 109 Table showing the results of examination of sausages pur- chased by the inspectors in the winter of 1912. Samples . are arranged alphabetically by towns.—Concluded. x : ASS sue hea. Hn ie] S & S 5 Town, DEALER, 5 =3 é BRAND. 5 ai r| 3 | 8 REMARKS. Ie a resales se: o 2 Sie 8 | Oo} vo S Hes if2| S\issles| & aol a! © laa jaa Oo 10,411|Lubec, W. M. Mowry.| 1517.9, — - — |Present..|‘‘5% cereal’’ on | package. 10,409/\Lubec, Mulholland || IBROSHR ot ces 15|15.2/54.7|31.2)11.1/Present..|‘‘5% cereal’’ on . | | | package. 10,383|Milltown, Fred Abbott, 15/16.7|/43.2/42.6)11.1 10,384|Milltown, S. S. Pineo.! 15/15.8/44.3/35.2/10.4) Present. 19,401|Princeton, I. M. Fur- | (ERIN oo Sab si oRenee 13/16.3/39.6 44.8)11.1)None. 10,402|Princeton, C. A. Rolfe} 15)16.3) — - — |Present..|‘‘With cereal’’ ; | on label. 10,369|Rockport, Eells Lime Do. 6 Oe RE ee 13)14.8/37.8/50.0|) 8.1|/Present..|“‘With cereal’’ on tag in pack- | age. 10,368/Roeckport, Rockport | leer Chovgrenen bitte eee tenmteas 13/15.7/37.0/46.3)11.3) Present. 10,367|Rockport, S. E. & H. L. Shepherd Co....| 13/14.5/29.2/55.1|10.8)None. 10,377|Thomaston,O. L. Cram! 15/15.5/41.2/45.6! 8.7)None. 10,378/Thomaston, E. L. Dil-) | lease Wenyed nvehonls SB 6 4 Gee E 10)16.0/39.5/48.5) 8.8) Present. | 10,376|Thomaston, Job Spear| 17 16.2/35.1/50.9 10.8 None. 10,379|Warren, A. & P. D. | | | HAEREUB ais. Sales Ree 15|/14.7/47.4/31.0,10.8) | | Ke) MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912. Table giving a list of the brands of extract of vanilla collected by the inspectors in the winter of 1912 and examined and passed by the chemists as pure vanilla extracts. | Sta. No. State, Town, BRanp, MAKER AND DEALER. MAINE. 10,138 | Bangor SVN a acne? “TT. & K. Extract of Vanilla. Prepared by Thurston & Kiagsbury, Bangor, Me.’’ Hayes & rlowe, Hairteld. 10,419|Cherryfield.......... ‘Superior Extract Vanilla, G. R. Campbell & Co., Cherry- | fields Geeks Campbell & Co., Cherrytield. OVA) FAS OLUe wer ieeie eee ‘*Gilt Edge Pure Flavor of Vanila. Distributed by Gove’s | : Onn Store, Eastport.’’ J. F. Gove & Son, Perry. 10,357/ Fort IKenbasseanna eine “Olid Fort Brand Vanilla. Fort Kent Furniture Co., | Fort Kent.’’ U. Dumond, Fort Kent. HOW ST NEOUbOn meester err “Pure Extract Vanilla. Prepared by Wm. Palmer, | Houlton.’’ C,. EH. Lovering, Houlton. : 10,020 Portland Be pen Aare ate ‘“Baker’s Pure Extract Vanilla. Baker Extract Co., Portland.’’ Littlefield & Co., Portland. 10,291|Portland............ ‘*Concentrated Extract of Vanilla. Cook, Everett & Pennell, Portland.’’ J. W. Smith, Springvale. 10,329|Portland A tad eae ‘Concentrated Extract of Vanilla. Cook, Everett & Pennell, Portland.’’ G. W. Bull, Monticello. 1O;2i(2 "Portland eee erence “‘Gould’s Pure Extract of Vanilla. Manufactured and Guaranteed by J. E. Gould & Co., Portland.’’ A. H. Spooner, Sherman Mills. NO44SiPonulancdse ee ‘*Cumberland Extract Vanilla. Manufactured by John W. Perkins Co., Portland. Below Standard.’’ L. R. : Giles Co., East Brownfield. NOW AliPortlandaee eee eee “10 cent size P—C Flavoring Extract Vanilla. The Pet- | tengill Co., distributors, Portland.’’ I. E. Seavey, | Sherman Mills. { NOMAD Portland tees eee ee “Our Vanilla. Portland Flavoring Co., Portland.’’ | Bassett & Eaton, Winslow. | OVO) ont) ad epee ere ““Foss Pure Extract Vanilla. Prepared by Schlotter- |- beck & Foss Co., Portland.’’ Littlefield & Co., Portland. 10,159|Portland hee tara thas Se ‘‘Hatchet Flavoring Extract Vanilla. Made by The | Twitchell-Champlin Co., Portland.’’ N. D. Bolster | Co., So. Paris. OAT Portland yasmin ‘*Solar Brand Pure Vanilla Extract. Put up for C. A. | Weston Co., Portland.’’ J. A. Gorman & Co., Rumford. OMI GE Riock land sense ‘“Three Crow Brand Extract of Vanilla. The Atlantic Spice Co., Rockland.’’ C. F. Ridlon, Norway. TOPS AU Rioclelancla severe teen ‘‘Three Crow Brand Extract WVan-lla. The Atlantic Spice Co., Rockland.’’ Hart & Holbrook, Rockland. | 10,375|Rockland...........- ‘“‘Harris Brand Extract Vanilla. John Bird Co., Rock- land.’’ Willis Ayer, Rockland. 10};489)/Rockland............ ‘‘White Ribbon Brand Extract of Vanilla. Prepared at | laboratory of John Bird Co., Rockland.’’ Madison \ Union Co-op. Co., Madison. OF72N I Wioodtords;)) eee oe ‘Extract of Vanilla. Chapman & Wyman, Woodfords.’’ Chapman & Wyman, Woodfords. MASSACHUSETTS. 10}236/Boston.-............ ‘“‘Colman’s Extract of Vanilla. Manufactured by Col- man Specialty Co., Boston.’’ Curtis & Roberts, Ken- | f nebunk. ———— OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS (41: Tat Table giving a list of the brands of extract of vanilla collected by the inspectors m the winter of r912 and examined and passed by the chenusts as pure vanilla extracts—Continued. Sta. No. ; Srate, Town, Branp, MakKeR AND DEALER. ORS AESOSHOM we scien anes “Benefit Brand Pure Vanilla Extract. Distributed by the Direct Importing Co., Boston.’’ Direct Import- “ing Co., WKennebuak. MORMOMIBSOSuOM: soo. sen cise ae Burnett’s Extract Vanilla. Joseph Burnett Co., Boston.’’ E. B. Ingraham, Rockland. SUOMI OSEOM Liss cinco sie: ‘‘Slade’s Absolutely Pure Extra Strong Vanilla. D. & L. Slade Co., Boston.’’ L. F. Doble, Cooperative | Grange Store, Farmington. TOVOZTIBOStOM sg eh 8 eae ‘‘Slade’s Absolutely Pure Extra Strong Vanilla. D. & L. Slade Co., Boston.’’ Littlefield & Co., Portland. | Prepared at 27 & 29 Hampden St., Springfield.’’ Akin & Fernald, Alfred. 10,022|\Springfield....... -....''Forest City Brand Pure Vanilla. Prepared at 27 & 29: Hampden St., Springfield.’’ A. Mann, Portland. 10,298|Springfield........... “Forest City Brand Pure Flavoring Extract Vanilla. New YoOrK. 10,144|Binghampton... ) -2et Good Vale Extract Pure Vanilla. Frank E. Harris,. | Binghampton.’’ G. E. Withee, Benton Falls. 10,396|Binghampton........ “‘Good Value Pure Extract Vanilla. Frank E. Harris, Binghampton.’’ C. A. Lemieux, Brunswick. 11{0\245'75) 1B but iT) C0) 9 eee eer eee “Larkin Vanilla Flavoring Extract. Larkin Co,, Buffalo.’” A. H. Hanson, West Enfield. 10,066|New York City....... “Republic Food Products Extract of Vanilla. Austin Nichols & Co., New York.’’ Rowe & Meserve, Portland. 10,162|New York City....... “Van Duzer’s Standard Quality Vanilla. Van Duzer d Extract Co., New York.’’ Hunter & MeMaster Co., Pittsfield. ; 10,211 New York City....... ““Worth’s Pure Flavoring Extract Vanilla. Worth Ex- | tract Co., New York.” W. H. Martin, Kingman. Table giving a list of the brands of imitation vanilla flavors collected by the inspectors in the winter of ToT2 and examined and passed by the chemists as being properly branded. Sta. ; No. Sratn, Town, BrRawp, MAKER AND DEALER. ILLINOIs. LOWSAICHIGAPON. 22. se ““EKeonomy non-alcoholic concentrated Vanilla. F. E. Barr & Co.,,308 Dearborn St., Chicago.’’ H. Douglas. & Co., Guilford. Maine. Se DOONBANPONG. 26s ee ee ‘Clifford Brand Imitation Vanilla Extract. Contains va- nilla, vanillin, coumarin flavor and caramel. Put up for T. R. Savage, Bangor.’’ J. E. Johnson, Springfield. iI2 “MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT SPATION. 1912. Table giving a list of the brands of imitation vanilla flavors collected by the inspectors in the winter of 1912 and ex- amined and passed by the chemists as being properly branded —Concluded. Sta. No. |: StatE, Town, BRanD, MAKER AND DEALER. MAINE. 10,331; Bridgewater......... “‘Compound Extract Vanilla. Formula: Vanilla, pure ex- hibiting flavor of vanilla beans 32 parts, coumarin pure .08 parts, refined sugar 615 parts, alcohol pure 94 per cent., caramel and water enough. to make 109 parts. Prepared by Henry L. Clay, Bridgewater.’ J. H. Far- ley, Bridgewater. 10,301'Portland............ “Hall Brand Imitation Vanilla. Contains vanilla, vanil- lin, coumarin flavor and caramel. Prepared at 36 and 38 Brown St., Portland.” E. J. Laverty, Westbrook. 1O}SOSseOntlancdie eee “Tmitation Vanilla Flavor. Each fluid ounce contains pure vanillin 14 grs., coumarin 4 gr., colored with a harmless coloring. Cook, Everett & Pennell, Portland.’’ G. W. Bull, Monticello. OMAR ortlancleperer ies “*McAndrews Four Ounce Brand Imitation Vanilla Flavor. Mfg. by Dolan & Furnival Co., Portland.’’ Bassett & Eaton, Winslow. 9,995 Portland Sethe te cones “Imitation Extract Vanilla Flavor. Formula: Vanillin, | coumarin, cologne spirits, simple syrups, caramel. Made H BL 428-430 Fore St., Portland.” J. F. Hoffman, Port- and. ‘9,968|/Portland............ “Rigby Extracts. Imitation Vanilla. Contains vanillin | 30-100%, vanilla bean, 75-100%, alcohol not over 2237), colored with burnt sugar. R. G. Leighton, Portland.’ C. 8. Johnson, Portland. #0}326|Portland............ ‘Imitation Vanilla Flavoring. Comprises vanillin, cou- marin, caramel to color. Murphy Bros., Portland.’’ W. J. Lewis, Hast Deering. : HOM 39) (Portland eyaee eens “Imitation Extract Vanilla Flavor. Formula: Vanillin, coumarin, cologne spirits, simple syrup, earamel. Bot- ee for W. O. Pitcher, Portland.’’ David King, Fair- eld. 10,299|Portland............ “F.C. T. Brand Vanillin Flavor. Trace of coumarin and color. Less than 10% alcohol. Mfg. by F. C. Tibbetts Mercantile Co., Portland.’’ B. L. Libby, Gorham. MORE GIE oGbland asses “‘R. C. T. Brand Vanillin Flavor. Trace of coumarin and color. Less tham 10% alcohol. Manufactured by F. C. Tibbetts Mercantile Co., Portland.’’ G. H. Harper & Co., Machias. ‘DOG “ieortlandene eet “Gilt Edge Brand Imitation Extract Vanilla. Contains vanilla, vanillin, coumarin, prune juice and caramel.’’ Chas. Hatzkelson, Portland. MASSACHUSETTS. 1OM4 5+ Bostonte ase eee “‘Welipse Brand Flavor of Vanilla. Contains vanilla, va- nillin, coumarin and caramel. Prepared for Haskell, | Adams & Co., Boston.’’ A. P. Marcou, Winslow. 10}572)Broektom............ ‘“‘Adams Compound Vanilla. Pure vanilla extract 32%, vanillin .5%, coumarin tincture 16%, sugar 16%, color .5%, water 35%. G. D. Barnett & Co., Brockton.’’ Chas. Bartlett, Auburn. New York. 10,334|New York City....... “‘St. John’s Imitation Vanilla Flavor. Composed of 19.00 pure grain alcohol, 75.00 water sweetened with sugar, artificial vanillin and artificial coumarin a trace. Colored artificially with caramel. St. John & Co., Inc.. New York.’’ Tornquist Bros., Caribou. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS OF ANALYSIS. JAMs, JELLIES AND PRESERVES. In reporting the results of the examination of the jams, jellies and preserves purchased by the inspectors, only those facts which are of interest to the general public are given in the tables. It is gratifying to note that here, as in other food products, the situation has greatly improved during the last few years and that now one can be almost sure of receiving exactly what he purchases if he takes the pains to read the labels on the goods. Preserves and the like which are sold for pure are as a rule properly made from fruit and sugar and put out in attractive packages. Cheap brands of imitation jellies. and preserves are still upon the market, but they are almost without exception labeled and sold as such. These imitations are made of materials which are not as expensive as the pure fruit jams, jellies and preserves, but they contain no harmful ingredients and are sold at a price which is not unfair-competi- tion with the first-class, pure, fruit goods. In examining the results of the chemical determinations it will be noted that in some cases only a small percentage of cane sugar was found in some of the goods which are pure. This does not mean that pure cane sugar was not used in liberal amount in the preparation of the goods, but it means that by the cooking which the material has received the sugar used has been inverted and is no longer in the form of cane sugar. Such goods may have received at the time of manufacture as much cane sugar as home-made jams, jellies and preserves and the finished product may be as pure, rich and sweet and exactly as healthful and as good as home-made materials of this kind. In fact home-made jams sweetened before being cooked and from acid fruits will contain but little cane sugar even though originally they contained as much sugar as fruit. 114 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2. SAUSAGE, In purchasing the samples of sausage reported in the tables the inspectors entered the store and, like any other customer, called for a pound of pork sausage. The inspector took what was delivered -to him, paid for the same, and left the store without explanation. Along with the results of the chemical examination of these goods are reported the number of net ounces delivered and the prices paid for the same. Upon leaving the store with his purchase in each case the inspector transferred the sausage to an air tight jar in which it was kept until it was delivered to the laboratory for analysis, where it was promptly weighed and examined. In those cases where the full pound was delivered to the inspector and there was no cereal present and no other indication of adulteration the goods were passed without comment. Whenever cereal was present without statement of that fact accompanying the goods or whenever the goods delivered were short weight the cases were investigated further by means of hearings, as directed by law. It is gratifying to note that the general situation in regard to the sale of sausage is, like the trade in nearly every class of food products, much improved throughout the State over what it was a short time ago. Straight pork sausage can be and is made and sold as such. For certain markets the sausage con- tains cereal and in most cases that fact is stated both upon placards or notices as the goods are displayed in the market or store, and also by means of labels or tags of some kind accom- panying each retail package as the customer receives the goods. VANILLA EXTRACTS. The source of pure vanilla extract is the vanilla bean, which is the fruit of the plant known botanically as Vanilla planifolea. It is a climbing perennial indigenous to Central and South America and the West Indies. The quality of the bean varies considerably with the climate in which it is grown and the method of curing. When the beans are first gathered they are a light greenish color, fleshy, without odor, and their peculiar consistency, color and smell is developed by the fermenting or curing process they are put through, which varies in different countries. The choicest beans which come to this country are OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 4I. 115 cultivated in Mexico and while the different varieties vary in some details the best beans are from 8 to Io inches long, one- fourth to one-third inch thick, and after curing have a rich dark brown color, a waxy appearance and touch, and are cov- ered with fine frost like crystals of vanillin, a definite chemical compound which gives to vanilla its principal characteristic odor and flavor. There is also contained in the walls of the bean a granular yellowish balsam-like substance that helps to give to the cut bean and the extract the delicious flavor and odor not found in the artificial or cheap extracts. It is to these resinous substances that the Mexican bean owes its popu- larity and notwithstanding the fact that it is lower in vanillin content than either the Bourbon or Java beans it commands a higher price and makes a more delicately flavored extract. The Maine standard requires that the extract shall contain the soluble matter equivalent to ten per cent of the beans. Of course the quality of the extract depends entirely on the quality of the bean used and the thoroughness with which the extrac- . tion is made. Experiments have shown that if a good bean is used and thoroughly extracted with 100 parts of-35 per cent alcohol solution to every 10 parts of the bean a sufficiently strong extract will be obtained. It is probable that very few manufacturers are using at the present time the Pharmacopoeia method in making their vanillas, it requires too much time and other solvents than alcohol are added to hasten the process. Since the manufacture of synthetic vanillin, which has ex- actly the same properties as that found in the bean, a large emount of imitation vanilla favor has been put on the market. To the artificial vanillin there is usually added some coumarin, which is obtained from the Tonka bean and has.a strong flavor somewhat resembling vanillin. The artificial product thus pre- pared has a rather rank flavor as compared with the best grades of vanilla and lacks that delicate flavor and odor derived from- the resins and waxés extracted from the best beans. The artificial compounds contain less alcohol as they have no resins and gums that require alcohol to keep them in solution and they are usually colored with caramel, and some times prune juice is added to imitate the resinous matter of the genuine vanilla. They contain usually 2 to 3 times as much vanillin and in addition some coumarin which gives them a rank flavor 116 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ12. which is very objectionable to one who has become accustomed to the delicate flavor of the true vanilla extract. In judging of the purity of an extract the chemist has to take into consideration many things; the amount of vanillin, the amount and character of the resins, the per cent of alcohol, etc., and when these all come within reasonable limits the article is passed. The presence of coumarin or acetanilide at once brands it as artificial. SANITATION. The attention of the public is again directed to the state- ments published in Official Inspections 39 concerning the pro- tection of food products from the possible dangerous con- tamination of dust and flies. A campaign for the proper protection of food products of all kinds from the dangerous germs which are blown about the street in the dust and carried from filth and disease laden receptacles to the various kinds of foods which are displayed and offered for sale is wide- spread and important. This feature of the State Food.Law is perhaps the most important to be considered at the present season of the year, and special attention is being given to this feature by the inspectors, and it is hoped that the general public, dealers as well as consumers, will cooperate with the food officials in correcting the evils of this kind which have been widespread and general in the past. The inspectors have been instructed to report at this office whenever they find unprotected from dust and flies pastry or any other cooked foods; confectionery, candies, sweetmeats, etc., of all kinds; all soft fruits such as strawberries, rasp- berries, blackberries, etc.; all fruits such as apples, pears, plums, cherries, or any others which are likely to be eaten without the removal of the skin; and all cuts of meat which are exposed outside of a shop unprotected; and any other con- ditions which in their opinion should be remedied or improved. July, 1912 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ORONO, MAINE. CHAS. D. WOODS, Director ANALYSTS James M. Bartlett Herman H. Hanson Albert G. Durgin Royden L. Hammond Albert Verrill INSPECTORS Elmer R. Tobey Edgar A. White @fficial nspections. 42 PPR PEPIZE RY TN SPECT 1ON: The reports of the analyses of the samples collected by the inspectors of the fertilizers found on sale in Maine in 1912 are here published together with such other information as seems pertinent. CuieF REQUIREMENTS OF THE Law. ‘The following are the chief points of the law and the regu- lations. ‘The full text of the law will be sent on application made to the Director of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Maine. 1. Kind of materials coming under the law. The law ap- plies to the sale, distribution, transportation, or the offering or 118 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. © IQI2. exposing for sale, distribution or transportation, any materials used for fertilizing purposes the price of which exceeds $10 per ton. For many years the sale of materials other than mixed goods was so small that no notice was taken of it. As time went on, however, with the propagation of the ideas of home mixing, the demand for chemicals increased. For the last few years the most common chemicals such as acid phosphate, ground bone, nitrate of soda and the various potash salts are regularly licensed by the companies handling them. In the case chiefly of companies manufacturing in the State it happens that other fertilizing constituents are sold in small amounts and primarily for experimental purposes. While the law is explicit there will until further notice, be no prosecutions made by the Director of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station for the sale with- out license of small amounts of these more unusual fertilizing constituents, provided the company can show that these goods were sold in good faith for experimental purposes. As a part of the indication that the goods were thus sold it should be explained to the customer exactly under what conditions the goods are sold; that they are unlicensed; that they have not been or are not likely to be analyzed by the Director of the Maine Experiment Station and that the Director holds himself in no way responsible for the quality of these unlicensed goods sold for experimental purposes. Their sale is allowed because the Director does not regard it as the purposes of the law to either hamper ordinary business or hinder experiments on the part of the farmer. Whenever any goods thus offered experi- mentally come to be sold in considerable amount they must be licensed the same as other fertilizing materials. 2. The Brand. Every lot or package shall be plainly marked with: The number of net pounds in the package. The name or trade mark under which it is sold. The name and principal address of the manufacturer or shipper. The minimum percentage of nitrogen, or its equivalent in ammonia, in available form. The minimum percentage of potash. The minimum percentage of available phosphoric acid (solu- ble and reverted). : OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 42. I19Q The minimum percentage of total phosphoric acid. If a fertilizer is sold in bulk or put up in packages belonging to the purchaser, upon the request of the purchaser he shall be furnished with a copy of the statements named above. 3. Manufacturers’ certificate. Before manufacturing, sell- ing or distributing a commercial fertilizer a certified copy of the statements named in 2 shall be filed with the Director of the Maine Experiment Station. 4. Manufacturers. sample. When the Director shall so re- quest, the manufacturer shall furnish a sealed package contain- ing not less than two pounds of the commercial fertilizer. 5. Registration fee. A registration fee is assessed on any brand offered for sale, distribution or transportation in the State as follows: $10 for the nitrogen, $10 for the phosphoric acid and $5 for the potash contained or said to be contained in the fertilizer. The filing of the certificate and the payment of the fee is required from only one person for a given brand. 6. Registration may be refused or canceled. The Director of the Station may refuse to register any commercial fertilizer which bears a name that is misleading or deceptive or which would tend to mislead or deceive as to the materials of which it is composed. The Director also has power to cancel the regis- tration of a fertilizer manufactured, sold, distributed or trans- _ ported in violation of any of the provisions of the law. - 7. sien aiecicieine aie che oleae Great Hastern) Northern’ Corn Special, 9225.0. sss 2 fades eee Biceaace Great Hasterm NorthernsConmspeclaln. cane qneraeieeisnls soiree aie Gin eet Great/Hastern! Potato! Manure:.:-.c sao os watts dies ciara oe Ses SR ee ee eee Great Master: Potato Manure: .2fle,ycct o spviaver doses eva ores se ceed oe) pre eee Great MasternsPotato Manuren: scission siecle ae clas dn elie eine nie cen eee ich Grade Hentilizerswith Oo; bopashtar piacie in cherie sr cisinie e) setaie ie ication eee Ht Michi Grade HertiizerswithelOZ Potashe eee eee oe HishiGrade Pertilizen with 10, Potashea ne oon eae ce ne een noe neers 137 re] *peozuerensy 5 3 *puno,7, < P _ | (peequereny : a fal || 5 Oo] a “‘punoy _ See a 5 | peejuereny ic) 3 im rt a iS ‘punoy oi WH WANK HORS ~-S0 NON oD _ C £ “puno Ta AGS GIR HOOD SHad IDM Bes Moo 2 aSS FOSK aS Ses Sas ta SON Qi ANA NNW ANGS OM contd a O79 09 oD ssss OM~ tHe Nis 5 i =the eee = Ses : SS SS. 55S SSSS SSOSS SSSSD SSD COS SSD Sooo oso SSssSo SS SSS SSO =< peeyuereny) [BO Mo: DB BHOO GOEGGD SOrK~ KBD BAG HSS GAOra GO0 Krrr i656 oom BHO A Ss . re are Se Eh ce = fo) — = —-- — = — a a ele OD rite - _— 1090 0019 1910 rd co SH SHO eri Oro os 8 Ome ence nN Seal 1D 19 10 co oon > 2 i= “puno,y ‘=r OID. 10 ONMN APASONGD Wows 05 Waist +03 aatciats OSS SSR Sm SS =ZS DBS OD 182 SHOSD 23200 FAYE BH BABS aS sso Modoc 15 Sse ass {) ; re . mere rei ae re ee a ame FA SOT Te aa}ueren i—\— SS OOS, SOS SSS) SSS OSS S15) ososoe oss S999 SS SoS SSS (o) re P r) On OO 1100 WOM BHWH ARDOD CHW WH Axicd WODH WDNMH CODD HH MOD SOM is sy oa San ft S "O00 AN eet Org TOON eK Hod OD ID Qo ARN OOMSO LN HOH ONE To) S “punoy "ON Or - eH ONON WHOM MDMOMA Or ID rt oD o~ INA FAN EO ENT Ont i <1 ~o0 Moo 130 OSO~ OEOH aac 0d §6cdad00 on OOr~r GOSS Win WOO Ha 56 = = “mS OOM. 13D CNHR WARDSD Atr~o 400. 1g HO TT) HHO Minn LN COM WIND *I9VWM Ul s[qnjos “Om TN. +0 CGOrFD MMS OHO Mp Foe HS Sat ATMOS Ore OND inh sig cast 11S Cott Odd Wome Hid 1929.00 1d HS orion AS inindt ood (NH DRO. C§HD ©O.AN OMOO BEER BOO ANN .-M OBMO OOO BARE AN ANN «. -o . | :peoyuereny OOD NOs 10OO FO 1HDD ACOSO HWHtH NOS WAG 1S SAMS SSS ANH coco cococ S a Sa ON F BN N ISS MANA ANNAN BNA COS TH NBAN ANN BDMAN SO SOS nN iat € Soe Z 5 = = Som ° MOS INN “No OO -On OTOH OCOKoOr OSD MRS ar) OSS ONO OOD WON © a “punojy “SOTO NN - “HN 2D eID MOMOO DWH Na WO 4 MON MOMD AH Qi Oo Sa NF ON AN tri MANA NNN AN dno 4 ANN MOAN FH One 1“ ' OH Om sw oD OD rd “COND AAA + HRD “om HOO ODMON LR amc ave) ‘GQ B[LeAYV 1003H GoGo : 36 MOS SSS SASS Bo ans + DDD MOSH AD BAD a Z Son An: THON SOM NAA ANNAN aH Ono ir Mon ANNN SO SSS 4 , “COO Colm. 2 104 HHO BIDHO MOD ANG Ara) ee HOD ADON HH WMD — a ‘oy qnyosut "HOD DOD + 13 SIAN BOA SAWS WA riod “AN 1 WAN IQAMAN AT MAN a) 9 is OATJOBUL SV Ie) SS) 6 ‘So O+*OS SOSoOSD SOOO oS Sooo i SoSoSo Sooo SS OSS ir) 3 pests : a vee is S = TES oes a SoS oes : J on “OM 190. 1 Ast CONN HON SH 000010 Pao) ORH MEAD HO MHA Aes) is q “oT qnyOsut cast NM oH 10 NOD oOTINeD Pe I~ OO SOD MINN Siar) ANS SH CORDON AN ANS -H %, 20 dATJOV SW 1S Se) 4 0S) S15 GSooom SSooe oS ooo i) Soo Sooo CSO SSO x) fo) OO OO - »- OO O-MD DOMH ONO CO ricD00 art PENNS eENED LO COMO caps © Meal ESCO R= nec *a[qnyos Ce hoe] Ort. ot wo moO ANCOO OD OD OD ri So ono Siar) oO) G ANS omom oe LOS Vs ha OSS JoyeM SY oS SO: 1S S100 S999 9990 Eo Soo Tr) acco SoCo ooo :S ee. “RO Ho . Ht Oedn OHHH ONTO sO OHO aac) SRH Moir mH NOt > “BIUOUIUIG sy 269 00 SIN . of) co ole) 1D ON b= o> NESE SCN No 8 CON oN COND oD 2 > ON CO rd : Oe ‘ ‘OS HO: ‘So 9100 HOSS One Son ooo S SSS HSSSD CSO SOO: :o ieee a +1310 SCS IE IGRI DG) RAIA DO Sdn 2 TSS, GEO LOM OLIN Igo) Tea aoe ona) ‘oyery1 SV tet} COM: Sf Sisa Liss SS :h Oe ISS Coo 00 60 SSD Seis sik whois 9 OS. . tT — 2 iS SO'600 SO'900 SO:HS 165 SoS : SHS FHSS SO SOOO: cS =e +OD1D 0 OR BOOS BPH OO ONE Be 228 S35 S868 B88e ESSE :B8 SSE 122 :::: gBS SEBS BB Se See . : 3 *19q UNM WOT}PEYS Sele) Stee: Se SSS SSS SSeS pS SSS ae : See AeA AN At A 6 ; Q 140 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI2. Descriptive List of Fertilizer Samples, 1912 Station number. MANUFACTURER, PLACE OF BUSINESS AND BRAND. 1736 1688 1563 1646 1586 1649 1517 1686 1733 1516 1660 1693 1534 1647 1692 1687 1689 1667 1691 1814 1869 1791 1818 1820 1787 1812 1815 1865 1933 1817 1864 1891 1813 1921 1816 * 1753 Read’s Vegetable & Vine Fertilizer... . 0... 2... . ce cee cece ce cee cect een eeeee Soluble Pacific Guano... ......... 2... e cece eee eee Pe Pm Ret As a i ao Stand are JAB rand on oo nk Beers eats ercncy eee Woes eye hare coda (oe te ne ec a ee ae StandardeAy Bran dyeire ychedlacs aictn acces eo vievsee a osain lstancso teed oy OOo eee Standard Bone & Potash.... ....... sev. al's cdi dda Slee LawatREl dante erinriny sus 18 Saree RAN eg ee Standard Bone ce Potash) ssi g syed sice cos cerecene cae ae he eee es Sees NUL chee eee Standard’iComplete: Manuresias. cei sae ees cok oe eee eee Standard: Complete Manure cs «12,205 ae ec ecco oe os ect eee on nee StandardiComplete’ Manure. satecis scceus eo sss een aac len sige eels eee eee P Standard ‘Hertilliizerts) jis seis idle cere eis Wee Heine Sh a ee Standard’ Her tila zen 2 Seteecs a syes Deckera se doseage acti sa Get tai eras hy saws Seahia ee ooo aa Standard Guano: for All Gropsiiic sic djacd caret eal s sows aii ae eee Standard Special for Potatoes..................... | vd LURE SaaS Standard! |Special: fortPotatoesin...vees cin airless userietsica) ca ene ee eee Manicalse hee ir eens So Ei oy aero ete minis PSR ine RRO GaSe 6 ood. seedc Williams & Clark Americus Ammoniated Bone Super-Phosphate.................. Williams & Clark Americus Corn Phosphate...............000eeeeeceeeeeeeveas Williams & Clark Americus High Grade Special for Potatoes & Vegetables......... Williams & Clark Americus Potato Manure. ..............2.2.-0.seesceesceeees Williams & Clark Royal Bone Phosphate for all Crops....................-+.-00- ARMOUR FERTILIZER WORKS, BALTIMORE, MD. DUNG So) Chl) (yee uate ese ella ete Meet eae On er ME ae SM ec Sac ono os008 PNIDGESYo) Chilo) (sae te ee Me Rink art a Nee iene Cee ne ee ER OE le Boao oa Bonen Bloodek& Potash therein uets se ese Loeoneks seenso arene saa CMe en Ae ike iBone: Bloodidée Potasbis (oo 0s, 23 tach aadure ane anes: gp aaontaners blueudlts Aeouoe oiee ee eS Bone: Blood :&Rotastys 215 Asses siy osc es ahede Bee tee Se ok Pen Complete !Potatoi seus ecim uc ini ts cree nd lig ees Gee goeesteh SU le eyo ee Completed obaitois ni fina. tieesete iy aides von thane mo aesoet ans wee a ce yoo Oona nee Braiti& Root CropisSpectalr tc ic oe eseicebae ie ot ticks iy eto as ceeae Pruitt, & RootCrop Speelaliey so ais ts oleae) oe eee oe a aie ee ee eee Bruit Rootrop Specials)... cs faves cee lobe ele a doe o ocala este ise ee eT ep ighiGrade Potato csi nists sis scat wer kre veer bas cen Se tne leas Bis a ies ee Mach: ‘Grade Potatos i. co score ohms Got Sets Meum steeltaic coals .coh Gets Steno a Wiheat.Corn:& Oat Specwlalcesciicas sci cokes eee eo es. ase) hale teens eee ATLANTIC FERTILIZER CO., BALTIMORE, MD. Rawson & Hodges Maine Potato Grower.........-.:... 0-0-5 -0- esse esse se eens IRE store. ca lekoreleyes) 1eterilessy shel OG Kb an oo con occ oe doses bao snobs donacadoavecus IRE oul cra |B loYolexej etohuennO) SOME, poe onoodduaen eo eboesdanoneaancoonusdcoccucac INEh ol eg Isloyewerast Iaunigll IsidVOlnno wae doa boson Moe Redon bu oon odo Sno sworesvusu~ Rawson. Elodees -“Suecess isnt senha igs sence poseacsteuce une sepiene bios ok ae eee BOWKER FERTILIZER CO., BOSTON, MASS» Bowker’s Acid Phosphatecy seaciscisce tee chore rene cies oR ioe ey SNe Sr ace Bowkeris) Bloods Boned seotas lite sere eer reine ee ee ee ee 1830 Bowker’s Complete Manure for Potatoes and Vegetables................-..+-+-- * See discussion paze 133. I4I OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 42. Analysis of Fertilizer Samples, 1912. oS a peeyuerensy ones AQ Fre~ Baa NNO 1A MOON 4H omer SS NNO wis ‘~S ia CAEN ON SOD Mm Heo *+DO ccd AN DOD ADM HOO OO Ss [o) “puno y OrMeHH O19 MND oOo MIS “Orme Oricd OD Are OF ~mIND ACS “OO Ay ONMH MN OFX Fa Noo AN won dd ss AO wid19 “oS ecssso 99 9990 SOD SoD FSoS SSO INI 19191 Nid amanid 1g hn oco = peeyuvreny) ARAOO Mr AAD MD WWD MOD ADD C00 C0CM0 OM 6COCOKD Sc 0c 19 COD é 3S mre mo ol (=) > onl [o} Ori rid COOr 1d OD SH om lori5rior) OD OD mor co oD P= 2919 S) iaelori=) OOo 13) i= “punoy COMOmoco WHO Oreo HN DAN Ide COCO oD ao RAD BRO MOM MAIO for Lotatoesh nes sere sete cc ects ete ene Stockbridge Special Complete Manure for Corn & All Grain Crops................-- Stockbridge Special Complete Manure for Corn & All Grain Crops.................. Stockbridge Special Complete Manure for Corn & All Grain Crops.................. Stockbridge Special Complete Manure for Potatoes & Vegetables.................-. Stockbridge Special Complete Manure for Potatoes & Vegetables.................. Ecce eneee Special Complete Manure for Seeding Down, Permanent Dressing and \eqbiaolscinnis ee Eee ee avert Wn Ma BY Ss modo 6 wd ono Stockbridge Special Complete Manure for Seeding Down, Permanent Dressing and WSO UMES! 5 f vevd Gah/e RS Sci vers ASIN opacities Uti lis aoc wenacnnste ee Stockbridge Special Complete Manure for Top Dressing and for Forcing........... Stockbridge Special Complete Manure for Top Dressing and for Forecing........... Stockbridge Special Complete Manure for Top Dressing and for Forecing........... Superphosphattes-watly 2 otasloy ye cere ete eye tete tee ie) ete/a Usha) tee Superphosphate with Potash). 5). 2 Av sc celeste) oust» eiecse) sie teiee OC Ee eee BUFFALO FERTILIZER CO., HOULTON, ME. Buffalo: Marmer’s! Choices: cys. soos ecw Sees este iecailay so oeciaieel aS YeIe ce ane Te Tee Buftalo*Hive-Hight-Seven'.\. .9)-5 56 oso aeieweree elensiss vunislasece cuoise aare ciel ere oe eee Buffalo Pive-Bight-Nine@ os fces ho. - de sege en vie Hiei eons panete, sueaeialierebs) < Ja 6 che ener Buffalo Rour-Sixs Dem. 25.05 Sse ice oss, Siores Sears syeicao evar ere bsteee sale ice eee eR eee Buffalo Pour-Sixe Demis 5 oke Naif ten el she acd abate) created pcunas uel svayele ost Seine is Slee laa Buffalo: Pour-Srx Tem fee ceric cc eae Scone oe ae ede = I. IIE ley seat none 143 s *peojuerent 49.0 7.0 || PorasH.. “punoq 9.90} 10.0. 7.09 3.0)/13.22| 11.0. 8.0 8.0/)10.97) 10.0. ooo 24) 11.0) 69) 10.0)11. 48) 1 . | ‘:peoquvrensy ‘a ° a “puno,y 2 ‘poojuvrens fe) oh g *puno,y < PHOSPHORIC ACID. *10}8M Ul 9]qQnTOS 4.86/10. 24) 10.0)12.79) 1 7.66/10. 18 | | “peoyuvireny) Total. “punog -oqqerreay OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 42. Analysis of Fertilizer Samples, 1912. NITROGEN. ‘aTqnyosut eATIOVUL SY *orqnyosut 8AI}0B SY Organic. *aTqnyos I9}8M SV “eIUOULUIe SV e721} SV ‘Iequinu u0r}21G © *Doo 1862} 0.09) 0. 1912| 0.0 1524) 1.09| 1.12] 0.11] 0.54) 0.29] 2.88) 3.17) 3.29]| 1549| 0.15) 0.18) 0.02 1748) 0.10) 0.68)..... 1739] 0.58) 1.82) 0.24) 0.38) 0.27) 8.02) 3.29) 3.29)| 7.59/10. 32) 10.0)11.06) 11. 1718) 0.88) 1.14) 0.08! 0.81) 0.39) 2.91) 3.30) 3.29 8.0. 7.75 1740| 0.62) 1.03) 0.24) 0.40) 0.22) 2.29) 2.51 2.47|) 9.01/10.31| 10.0/11. 42 11.0}| 7.49) 8.0 1590| 1.66) 1.45] 0.81) 0.50) 0.50] 4.42| 4.92| 4.94], 2.47) 7.19 7.0)/10.07) 10.0 7.0/|10.02) 10.0 7.0|/11. 28) 10.0: 7.0)|10.33| 10.0, 7.0|/10.13) 10.0 6.78) 9.88) 10.0/11.64| 11.0) | 7.78|10.34) 10. | 8.53/10.54| 10. 1.75| 6.66 | 1513) 0.63) 1.41) 0.36] 0.50) 0.38} 2.90) 3.28) 3.29]) 4.04) 6.87 3.20) 3.28]| 3.73) 6.48 3.28]| 4.47] 6.96 2.70) 2.47 4.32) 4.84) 4.94)) 2.34) 5.61 5.038] 5.12) 4.94)| 2.63} 3.89 / 1709) 0.85] 1.19) 0.05) 0.81) 0.30) 2.90) 3.20) 3.29], 4.10) 6.58 1860} 1.30) 0.18} 0.42) 0.76] 0.64] 2.66) 3.30 1866} 0.34) 0.10) 1.51) 0.72) 0.61] 2.67| 3.28) 3.28 1622) 1.60) 0.16} 0.22) 0.73) 0.49} 2.71 1710) 0.78) 1.22} 0.10} 0.40) 0.20) 2.50) 1711} 1.87; 0.87) 0.42) 1.16) 0.52 1746) 2.27) 2.13) 0.63).....|...4. 144. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2. Descriptive List of Fertilizer Samples, 1912 MANUFACTURER, PLACE OF BUSINESS AND BRAND. Station number. 1629) Buffalo Fours-EFight-Nime....................-200000- y Eig eiata ao ospe-ea tap ane Reaatene 1627)'Buttalo-Grass: Top Dresser y 2,42) 191d NA: 1960000 IN Om~ OTisgid Veto . xt OOOO. 1D «ss On tH coo iH : Roe a See ee oScoSo WOO — 1910 S> MOI DMS i Re) ook~e No MAD LAD Sak co 00 00 -paeluBien sas NH om OoON ANSS ANNAN a = SNH se SHAN HAN Ast ANN a gee iS) SHA ON Ast BHO Madd rico = noe MAN Hi tie NM tN 03 03 oD S HD «0 Eee) SSRO Rist won Ss Flee) 2NO- SO - Os OTD OMH G00 WtID a ara com N i) DoaHAH HORS 1919R15 ioe) Bian) SNH ~ AON WO NAD 19 od ig cl SIN od oH ANNO FPeHN Fro a 19 MAN HT 9 mato Ao ont 09 03 69 a ort ; —|" (ip 0O (1D +00 HAD HORM Boo SCD en Sco ECONEKS DON HOO HON ODO ‘OQ BlIVAW Noio}Ts) (=) HOO MAND oO onNe - AM NNN OLN oD 50 1D Fl ; aaAlpoBVsy | SSO CO: 3 Sessa SSooe Sess o 7 SSiomic SSS SSS) S55 oso iS MN inecean aie SS zs . ic) "3 |) Sa IS i HHS MAOS Sinnico a ave) Sag oD MNS GN main ons E 8 “ayqnyosur aS Ge) p one) DIO ASH OO OD aD DA 19D + Son TADS SAH iNc09 OOD 2 a0 OATIOVUL SV Sioloeoose Si) SoooSo coco Sooo —) a ooo 7S SxS SOO Orta ono Cc 0c «Oo Ar COue MANE ADOD oO Te ep nee soph > COn S0r~ CAr oon ‘aTqnyjos COOL rd + a MeHH WSio~ WHKeS co Biv) GIG a! is) STO BOR MOOS Ida IdjBM SW San & 4 i) Sooo ScOoSoSo SoCo So Sl Soo S SIS) (SSS) SSIS) ono aos oO: Ex] HOO NHNS DANS AWN = - — AAs AOW Ono onto “BIUOWLULB SV OID CO + -o ANNN AN oD oD So hee or. 6) nor a eri oro NOT os he) ‘ Ada ww: i) SONN COOD SCoOnn4 ooo] => Sooo Con FSCO ooo oOOos o - i INIA COM55 Sidon aow S WMH CONS OC aAcoS ‘yeu sy |rtesS © : +O i) Sons ASS ONS Soo ANS OOF nas Sos ot oo oso coco SoScoo aa AN SNH COMO ONS non Orloc io nar) THOM AMAID ANAT BDWIO a ao Om5 No~o rao O00 HH ADS Ons TAND WON BOND MoMd5S co Dd SAD RMAIBWD MOR MOS wa mon ‘requna TOT} BIG Ona ie ole ilo} UD CO 19) CO 19 O19 1D O19 ~ ols a © 19 19 1 19) 19 ad Orr lord Sor) fo-tor kor) Oa C ane re CO es oe Bos Bh oe Oh | Be Bh see Be | Be oe Be hee Soa] ward oe nee Be oe oe ee Sh ee | eee 5 oe Bh oe oe Se Bh oe Bh | < . . I50 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI2. Descriptive List of Fertilizer Samples, 1912 Ps a} : MANUFACTURER, PLACE OF BUSINESS AND BRAND. | Ss ~~ g oD) 1849) iNew, EnelandiCor Phosphiatenn man mecca a once cise cieisieie tacks ieee tee eee 1614|)New England Corn & Grain Fertilizer................ 00sec e eee eeeeee es Tener: 1616|New England High Grade Potato Fertilizer ivanae tee 1910|New England High Grade Potato Fertilizer 1608|New England High Grade Special, with 10% Potash...............- i ee 1920|New England High Grade Special, with 10% Potash......................00000- 1919|New England Market Garden Mariure.................00 cc cceeeee sees v ec eteras LGOZiNeweLnelandsPotatomblentilazencis eraenercieeieee aii cei eee 1L6OFINewsimelandeRotatovGrowerrien ccm oe cer eee oni cee cee ee eee 1725) New England Potato Grower. cai iies aiecvevsicls ie stiches chskeheheaen se cee Ate tee eee eee 1811}New England Potato GOW ETS ec Sihuse GS Seuss says espe oles ale See ae es eee New England Potato & Vegetable Manure............ Macale oon ae 1610|New England Superphosphate, For All Crops............ 0.00: eee ee eee eee eee ee 1724|New England Superphosphate, For All Crops. .............. 0c cece eee eee ees 1808|New England Superphosphate, For All Crops.............. 00.0 cece cece eee eeee NITRATE AGENCIES CO., NEW YORK CITY, N. Y. EZQQActd PR hOsphates eisai edema tenedal cis soie sales cen soot alo ar cis se cov erste aie Chars avece Pele cne te AIS eee a IRSBYMVNONG FNOAI MNS soos auido ceesb os en eddodceggoboesaobosnauec no ao oacadooEo outs 1882|Basic Slag (Thomas Phosphate Powder).......... 2.0.2 cece eee e eee ete ete ees LAOS Maariate of Potash oi s3 testes, wo lecoherattatioseuchaita wogesuat ster Staley eLene eae FESS Cops HOPE TERETE Red oi eee USZ2Muriate ol Motashirice csi cecto re chee ainagieienecaies eos aiemlsle a eee atebee chet eae ae T8338 Muriaterot eo tashyes-s discs sveletsesre ecords oo6 Mlb oiss tions: oe a ayelsy «pets Shenae oshanen aie tee eee AON bra behO LOG aysiertatie Nene Babys enero eee ieee eee os Easier: Venelep rote iecsremcets nS igh pee a a Bes TESHINItGraterOt Sodas he sats chsntede erties oeeue. eile Gas a ieca ce, Gees a leaehay ove prods) Ongilaes cocclrone| Botashhs seer cet esa cess eels ones) inet aeaennete 1606|PY Ge) Special (Potato bentilizers me cacicie ieee etek eke ie cee eee ws iP-& PY Star BrandeSuperphosphateepcrscien-ccienevocen cl slcistontsicteiersi- elena eee E. W. PENLEY, AUBURN, ME. 1:353)|Reni ey2siArab Unite saves ee iterecsdecoaee > ooo ofo0Oo coCoS oo oo ty *peejuBieny) MNSS CO~F HOSS Woda 6.6 Gg) SIS) oC) 6 5 SS oso NOt SCOoOnd 1S NO nm ae eee . . [Yoo }t Yon Yon) Hoh . ee ae re I re a si TO ee eC Dae 06 Sao” a tee ite we ee eee AnMH MOS LATE Coon 5 > BAS -ON Sane a. Cot ~~ 00 ~oD HO A 8 *puno,y Si So arene ete Sal 0.205. 0* 2UaNoe a 1OD O68 ~~. ODD ah ro moe Sa Ay HNO COM HOSS ~Hti nO « COO No "IOVEM Ul 8Tqnjog SHAN Sr eon Hee co Ht ~Yo Noo . ou as. ron “ND 5 Aes 5 on ow 2 Oi9os iginn THN OOo Nx 5 co co; 1919.19 119 seiee seh ae 5 tle 1701i|Saeadahoc) 5-8-7 Hertilazens tor POtatOes. sme eee le = close octets) seks See eee 16341 Sacadahoe’4-6-l0) Mertilizer!) for Potatoess =.) 26. secs > tel else a heehee eee rete 1706|Sagadahoc 4-6-10 Fertilizer, for Potatoes............ ung ecc: aya GUS onigene eee ae 1696 Sagadahoc HishiGradeiSupennhosphaterrmr cs aioe cn celerseieie renenety oie ene eee \Sacadahoe Honeysuckle Mertilizer. 2. 26.8, g0 ss 508 Je Se ae re 1700) Sagadahoc (3 GDN ianluyqeres worm lelonenGoNesss cic aso gucuoped seen ggcneunedonagacassoas 1695) ISazadahoe SpectalCorm Hertilizers ai. 2 5) BN 28 aca meeys Siete leek Seay ena ey eee 1694; Sagadahoc Special: Rotators Mertilivens ice secs e aes due «a chet eine oe ten eee eee 1705) Sagadahoc 376-0 ehertilizer; ton PotatOest teem sme sari. sole sea iaeis bie lela ie ee eee Swift’s Lowell Special Potato Fertilizer with 10% Potash....................... Swift’s Lowell Special Potato Fertilizer with 10% Potash....................... Swift’s Lowell Special Potato Fertilizer...................20-eeeeeee se, eee Swift’s Lowell Superior Fertilizer with 10% Potash..................0e0ceeeeees Swift’s Lowell Superior Fertilizer with 10% Potash..................-.--++--+-- TUSCARORA FERTILIZER CO., BALTIMORE, MD. ‘Aroostook Speclalla cco is eke Weis sis: ane cle HIS wae a ele chaleves eis pleas eel bee eee eee IArGostoole Specialy ws.jt/ sca) sselelevess Siena se sig Mccmehanel—ele tas s: weve we cereueie icy seeeeieee holo) eR een IATOOStOOK, SPeCIAl,o.. 6 sist cake ss ioier ose eee eel Goel a atterlenal sup leverolene! oilel eel spe ey oie is eared ean ene Complete Potato 1899 Complete Potato OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 42. | Analysis of Fertilizer Samples, 1912. 55 Station number. NITROGEN. PHospHoRiIc ACID. | PovTasH. = \ | Organic. Total. # |Available.| Total. : S .| 3 2 a || eel 3 og POR OU ip. lia gealiemescil ® A o 3 ey iS qd | Salsa | a) a=) me) e) meee as (es ee oes eee) el op a rot Need ome Ele ey ics Wee | Bes | Ss peal len 2 2/a/48i/teide/ aq) e/ so] aleio|alolals | | 1 2.11] 0.28] 0.65) 0.71) 0.49} 3.75} 4.24) 4.12} 8.05) 8.90] 8.0] 9.73] 8.5]] 7.30] 7.0 0.12) 1.78) 0.56) 0.65) 0.25) 3.11) 3.36] 3.30|) 4.94) 6.23) 6.0] 6.83) 6.3]| 9.21} 10.0 0.10} 2.35) 0.35) 0.29) 0.21) 3.09] 3.30] 3.30)| 5.26) 6.76) 6.0) 7.10) 6.3]) 9.38) 10.0 0.41] 2.33] 0.14| 0.20) 0.20} 3.08) 3.28 3.25)| 6.83) 8.40) 8.0) 8.53) 8.5|| 6.99} 7.0 MP etl cree cc lmaaralisaioes laeclsedieaien's UGellcoscallooosall SbOlloacoall » EbStloaaosll ebO 0.96) 0.98) 0.51) 0.77) 0.46) 3.22] 3.68] 3.70)| 6.38] 8.08) 7.0] 8.538) 7.4}/10.09) 10.0 PETE Pier lias cieiel| aravee lee ersilleeeae-|ivewave||laie-alere || 9.94)12.14] 12.0/18.67| 18.0]|.....]..... socio cllole oi efeues care lene cael Iain EER ene) (eee eae! IPE /|13.00)15.35] 12.0}16.75) 13.0}|.....]..... otiddd |e cOOG at eeciod Cieescien errs 7.60! 7.60) 8.00)} 3.51) 4.39) 2.6] 4.71).....|/11.21) 11.0 > supe escce E Bl enea cfeteg Mca ee PSee e Wecopcllaceonlooecc|eadonooodalll Gal Au@ ey | Pa etel ee ateren | areca callie accirecel lfzscvecegedtiolave vced faves ics lleveterovslllaterunstel| eyescmen le csberavalllsvayetove 13.95} 12.0 sacdallossodlloadonl leo eS lec orb ots ca Geni) orescence caotnins oimecigel lds ceoall heroes 48.44) 50.0 Peer Rel lisisrsis)|\evcisis.e\| oiatsces (ieee ove 1G CONG AOS OO conallecooclloccoclloosccllsoscnllloccaallacccs So tool césel WBEHe] OeteEt Grane 1G COG CHI OO oo agallosapallooose|looccalloacsolllsooccllocoos 1.11) 0.07) 0.57] 0.32) 0.38) 2.07) 2.45) 2.46! 6.22) 8.17) 8.0] 9.25) 9.0)| 4.33) 4.0 0.70) 0.14] 1.01] 0.43) 0.26] 2.28) 2.54) 2.46] 7.86) 8.42) 8.0) 9.25) 9.0}) 4.14) 4.0 0.10} 0.20) 0.75} 0.81) 1.24) 1.86) 3.01) 3.00)) 3.91) 7.53! 6.0] 8.61) 7.0)| 8.43} 8.0 0.10) 0.18} 1.36) 0.64) 0.76) 2.28) 3.04! 3.00)| 4.39] 7.55) 6.0) 8.85) 7.0)| 8.22) 8.0 0.65) 0.07) 0.44) 0.50) 0.18] 1.66) 1.84) 1.64)| 6.46) 8.48) 8.0 9.60) 9.0) 3.33) 3.0 0.42) 0.10) 0.76; 0.30) 0.22) 1.58) 1.80) 1.64)) 7.15} 9.15} 8.0}10.69) 9.0}) 3.12) 3.0 erat 0.19] 0.56] 0.38) 0.24) 1.13] 1.37) 0.82|| 5.38] 7.61] 7.0) 8.53] 8.0)| 1.48] 1.0 “3d a0 leon ello el Ree (Oer EE eaten eee eiloseanllodnaal eaQlosacol OaMil>aoaoll Zol) 0.45/ 0.10} 0.70) 0.26) 0.23] 1.51) 1.74) 1.64)) 7.50)10.06) 9.0)11.72) 10.9)) 2.64) 2.0 eral epsterenes over eps tel lois’ eccco|'fistepst stl oetarche.lersnesys BOE oopoiloosoolle aOikasool SsOliisbecall PSO 0.16) 0.02) 0.80) 1.29) 0.45] 2.27| 2.72) 2.46]|.....|.....]..... 20.59) 230}. oe ene we Matai hee s ¢ 33-(00)) 15 S0)) MeO), SO] BGO) ALC nc oot llooonbllosn ool la COP MALO sooo labonn ageualle Sobol eee Oaee |ecoscloacoclodonall Col ssoonllbccon! CoMlcocas|| BOifocoon|! bit 1.39] 0.16) 0.42' 0.60) 0.37) 3.01) 3.28) 3.28)| 4.23) 6.24) 6.0] 6.94! 7.0//10.36) 10.0 0.51| 0.64) 0.91/ 0.83) 0.37] 2.89] 3.26) 3.28)) 4.86] 6.66] 6.0] 7.42) 7.0)!10.07| 10.0 | 1.05] 0.20) 0.96) 0.60) 0.32) 2.81) 3.13) 3.28)|| 4.63) 6.38) 6.0) 7.34) 7.0//10.43) 10.0 0.10) 0.40) 0.39) 0.54 0.27) 1.43) 1.70) 1.64 4.78! 7.76| 7.0} 8.69) 8.0]) 4.58} 4.0 0.10) 0.34) 0.84) 0.44) 0.28) 1.72) 2.00) 1.64)) 4.94) 7.70) 7.0) 8.72) 8.0}| 4.27) 4.0 1.12} 0.10) 0.40 0.61) 0.24) 2.23) 2.47) 2.46|) 6.78) 8.27) 8.0} 9.01) 9.0 6.60 6.0 1.02) 0.20) 0.69 0.66) 0.29) 2.57) 2.86 2.46)| 6.86) 8.49) 8.0) 9.28] 9.9]| 6.29) 6.0 0.78) 0.44) 0.32) 0.56) 0.30) 2.10! 2.40) 2.46)| 4.71] 6.61) 6.0) 7.18] 7.0)/10.27) 10.0 0.90) 0.12! 0.92 0.53) 0.25) 2.47) 2.72 2.46} 4.51) 6.72! 6.0) 7.42| 7.0]| 9.77) 10.0 0.08] 1.08] 0.70) 0.44) 0.26) 2.30] 2.56 2.46|| 5.88) 6.56} 6.0) 7.26) 7.0//10.14) 10.0 1.88] 0.12) 0.66} 0.71) 0.23) 3.37) 3.60] 3.69)) 7.42) 7.67) 7.0) 8.37) 8.0}/10.63) 10.0 1.23) 0.11) 1.16) 0.70) 0.31) 3.20) 3.51) 3.69! 5.74) 7.28) 7.0] 7.66) 8.0}'10.48) 10.0 0.80) 0.82) 0.22) 0.48) 0.46) 2.32) 2.78) 2.47|| 6.78) 7.47) 7.0) 8.68) 7.5/| 9.35} 8.0 0.43) 0.70) 0.45) 0.51) 0.45) 2.09) 2.54) 2.47)| 5.98) 7.55) 7.0) 8.53) 7.5}| 8.20) 8.0 0.74| 0.72) 0.18) 0.53) 0.43) 2.17| 2.60) 2.47)) 5.85) 7.68) 7.0) 8.64) 7.5//10.18} 8.0 | 0.67| 0.86] 0.73) 0.61) 0.42) 2.87) 3.29) 3.29|| 3.27] 6.27) 6.0) 7.10) 6.5)/11.09] 10.0 | 0.58! 0.18) 0.76! 1.33! 0.65! 2.85] 3.50) 3.29]! 2.281 5.90] 6.0! 7.69! 6.5] 9.80! 10.0 156 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 10912. Descriptive List of Fertilizer Samples, 1912 ui o E S MANUFACTURER, PLACE OF BUSINESS AND BRAND. d io) on =) 3 ~~ oD) TSO HM MrwitsancyeotatOne arte a eee ee ee ee Eee conic maT ooo 5 1821)Trucker 1858) Trucker 1799|Johnson Seed Potato Co.’s Ideal Potato Manure (Planting Brand) UNITED STATES FERTILIZER CO., BALTIMORE, MD. 1940|‘‘ Farm Bell’’ Aroostook Champion 1945|‘* Farm Bell’’ Blood, Bone & Potash 1947\‘‘Farm Bell’’ Potato King 1944\‘‘ Farm Bell’’ Potato Special Farm Bell’’ Trucker’s Ideal | 1822)Watson’s Improved Potato Fertilizer UNION CHEMICAL WORKS, NORTH WALES, PA. 1800|Johnson Seed Potato Co.’s ideal Potato Manure (Hoeing Brand)............... oe JOHN WATSON CO., HOULTON, ME. Analysis of Fertilizer Samples, 1912. i ic cr ars Dero DecrECNCecsOt Olen omic cecilia om OC O oo nic NITROGEN. PHospHoriIc ACID. PoTasH. 3 i Organic. ‘| Total. # |Available.| Total. o ~ 2 : 3 g | 4 i 5 boonacasenc 3 3 John P. Squire & Co., ‘‘Arlington Bran dee ee co ccles tots Conran a eer eens He Je betersOronory- eerie 7 |None. John P. Squire & Co., ‘‘Arlington Brande ae ere pene a inane orto HK. J. Peters, Orono. .....-.-...: 2 |None John P. Squire & Co., ‘‘Arlington Bran Gir evar csi cee hic L ae eer E. H. White, Orono............. 4 |None. Swift & Co., Bangor, Me., ‘‘Brookfield/Knightville Grocery Co., South Extra Creamery Butter’’.......... (PortlaniGresnciess cnc eeee: beeen 3 {None Swift & Co., Bangor, Me., ‘‘ Brookfield Extra Creamery Butter’’.......... E. J. Peters, Orono............. 11 1 Swift & Co., Bangor, Me., ‘‘ Brookfield : Extra Creamery Butter’’.......... Rich & Heald, Orone........... 6 |None Swift & Co., Bangor, Me., ‘‘ Brookfield Extra Creamery Butter’’.......... Skillin Bros., So. Portland....... 3 |None S. & 8S. Co., Bangor, Me............. B. F. Piers, Great Works........ 6 |None Turner Center Creamery............. W. Gray, Old Town............. 8 |None Turner Center Creamery............. Fred T. Hall, Bangor........... 2 |None Turner Center Creamery....... ifsic gua: Wm: Pratt, Farmington......... 6 |None Turner Center Creamery............. Staples & Griffin, Bangor........ 3 {None ; Datry or Country ButTeER—Source Known. Mrs. K. C. Allen, Hampden Highlands, | | | IME Site een tebe arracie coteeoage tine nee ea eens J. A. Stewart, Bangor........... | 4) 2 Babb, Levant: Mees... een ‘Fred T. Hall, Bangor........... hemes | 3 Chester Baker, Orrington, Me........ G. W. Jordan, Brewer........... | 10 (None F. H. Bickford, No. Dixmont, Me....|/F. H. Drummond, Bangor.......| 3 |None | Bert Black, Holden, Me............. iS JEG, Tele, Whee. ose eco cosa Papeete 7 Mrs. Boyce, Holden, Me.............| Had Pooler Brewer. soe eecee ae 9 il V.S. Brown, West Levant, Me....... F,. H. Drummond, Bangor....... | 8 3 iBUberludsonsy iene eens H. E. McDonald, Bangor........ | 3 |None. Carrabasset Stock Farm, North Anson,) | (SY aks Nitin ae eR AY ave a a AAU Morses eB athens) n rae eres oars | 6 None. W. F. Chute, Holden, Me............ |W. F. White, Bangor........... | 10 |None. | 3. |None. CAL Clarlk-sEloldenk Menem eres lA. C. Moore, Brewer............ { 1 *No brick considered short weight unless shortage was more than one-quarter ounce. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 44. Datry or CountTrRY Burrer—SourceE KNowN—CONCLUDED. 177 ee. MAKER AND BRAND, IF ANY. Where Found. | a3 ae | Be | es | | Ze | ea ieeaeluley, Holden, Me. ...:..5...: |A. C. Moore, Brewer............ 8 |None David Crockett, Durham, Me........ A Au Moore Bathe ree en dein 6 INowe L. Decker & Son, Hinckley, Me....... CHAGMills Olds owns eee 10 2 L. Decker & Son, Hinckley, Me...... Old Town Tea Store, Old Town.. Th 1 A. A. Dority & Son, Charleston, Me..|N. H. Whitman, Bangor......... 3 BC Dow bradford, Me...5.....+.. \Cogdin Hamilton) Orono. o.s see 14 14 HE. C. Dow, Bradford, Me............ Cod tamil ton; Orono oe eee 22 12 E. C. Dow, Bradford, Me............ WE do ewes, Ona, sooccscascne 19 |None Geo. Emerson & Son, Bangor, Me.....|C. H. Wood, So. Brewer......... 4 |None PETC OMMESER NRW Ce holiev ele nise st vc) bie ew ences A. A. Worksum, Mechanic Falls. . 4 |None Walter Fickett, E. Orrington, Me..... INfs Jélo SEMI Bie Boos aoe soos 2 |None C. E. Foster, E. Corinth, Me......... H. E. McDonald, Bangor........ 3 |None PBIOSUCIES tet pelVevevc sis ele rie wieve ss aie xe wees A. A. Worksum, Mechanic Falls. . 5 |None Daniel Gould, So. Corinth, Me........ N. W. Whitman, Bangor........ 5 1 €. A. Guery, Hi. Corinth, Me......... Ter, 13, McDonald, Bangor........ 3 |None iNew Domne sepa ciere Sieleieunieisalsie alee A. A. Worksum, Mechanic Falls. . 4 4 Joseph John, Lee, Me........... Bit ere, Onan atcccondes sec: 8 1 Amos Johnson, Bucksport, Me... .|Danforth, Marsh & Co., Bangor. . 6 |None Levenseller, Houlton, Me............ IDG do Jeterollen, IBM Pack boonuudoc 5 |None O. F. Milliken, Scarboro, Me......... M. B. Fuller & Son, So. Portland. 2 |None Alex. Murphy, Brewer, Me........... Danforth, Marsh & Co., Bangor. . a 1 Mrs. Chas. Page, Orono, Me Pees ah sii Ar thumb ace Orononeeeeisneiaicre 6 1 W. E. Rowell, Corinth, Me........... F. H. Drummond, Bangor....... 7 |None C. Smith, Sebec, Me................ Geo. A. Chapman, Bangor....... 9 1 Henry Southards, Hudson, Me....... |Lunt’s Cash Store, Old Town....| 13 il Tasker, Charleston, Me..:.......:... Wie sevierill Orononer ner ater 2 |None Tescott, Hudson, Me........ Fv ateie vay ate AWG Sh Aiea, ONC, os ondcobous 6 |None Morrentsy Halden; Me. ...00. 6.0.0.0. G. W. Jordan, Brewer........... a il A. i. Ulmer, Holden, Me............ Grae Worden wb row enters. 9 |None iWihitten/s; Saco, Me........5 06.05.55 Joel Bean & Sons, Biddeford..... 6 1 E. H. Williams & Son, Canaan, Me...|James Walker Co., Orono........ 13 13 E. H. Williams & Son, Canaan, Me...|James Walker Co., Orono........ 7 u HE. M. Wilson, Kenduskeag, Me....... N. W. Whitman, Bangor........ 2 |None John Woodard, Holden, Me.......... Eis J ROOler mE Lewelrmieiei deiiee 5 1 SYCIRISOA Spey ec, ailaiete levsraris bamineroveratee tn ale ee A. A. Worksum, Mechanic Falls. . 6 |None. *No brick considered short weight unless shortage was more than one-quarter ounce. 178 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Dairy or Country Burrer—Source Nor Known. BAG g Mm = ae ES a q q Q 2 ue 4 Oo MAKER AND BRAND, rr ANY Where Found. as 25 pals ats INO MRA OWI ee Ue ete eee ets, IE 'L. Alford, Old Town..... Rr a cee 5 |None. se Pe diye awn cag hy ak Moe neg ke IN. L. Butterfield, Great Works..., 6 ‘None ¥ Par ante Ar SI eri) Nase eee 'M. B. Fuller & Son, So. Portland.. 2 | 2 UAV Orso h ce fen Semana Pe A ‘Fred T. Hall, Bangor........... Pet hae oe Fe BSCE ieee aniane ter labeled ra, Aa 'P. A. Horn & Co., Stillwater..... 5 |None a Tt ae'somloge coy ooMs canoe. |A. W. Joy Co., Bangor.......... 8 None ae eee eR nee he Ere CHEV nMGcnO a Sauluciahtonabanoonr 4 |None % Beas Moe Seett i WeaeARA trays CRRUAL RL meg: Old Town Tea Store, Old Town... 4 |None ig info Dota ame phareS oer Ut ononre am Poca eats ‘old Town Tea Store, Old Town... 6 ‘None | oe Sth addr ahaa Paes pict gens eons |M. W. Sawyer, Milford.......... | 4 |None. ; | ‘< tee Al Nico ey dant AE teers on Se alae geda os Sawyer & Rand, Old Town...... Bt Nera, . uo Sie Weare yi Npee ees Cot ah ke et oe Sonties IBS, Wiitewéls 5 55 edocos 5 i ae 1 Re pa Ro a Py et ai tee eae Oe ‘Staples & Griffin, Bangor........ [P= | 1 | RENOVATED OR Process BuTTER. INotuknOWwnee seers eee ocr ae ene BH. E. MecPheters, Great Works... | 5 |None. sg a Sawyer & Rand, Old Town...... _ 4 |None. | *No brick considered short weight unless shortage was more than one-quarter ounce. ~ PROSECUTIONS. After due hearings it seemed the duty of the executive to bring prosecutions under the law in a number of cases. The © following were settled by compromise as provided in the law out of court and in most cases before actual proceedings had been commenced. A number of cases are still pending. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 44. 179 List of Cases Settled Without Trial on Payment of Penalty im the Quarter Ending September 30, 1912. NamME AND Town of DEFENDANT. Nature of Complaint. Black bert, Dedham. .o....2.-086+ rani IShort weight butter. Boucher, G. & A., Biddeford...... WSs A Adulterated ice cream. Below standard. Breton. Octave, Bath. .,.).0..s 0-6 oe ee Adulterated ice cream. Below standard. Corinth Creamery Association, Corinth. ./Short weight butter. DoweeHe@. Bradtords.... sieht |\Short weight butter. Haskell Implement & Seed Co., Lewiston) Unregistered insecticides on sale. Paolino, Michael, Portland............. Adulterated ice cream. Below standard. DEI eho, Mast Machias: :¢...c... 0. |Misbranded grass seed. Not marked with name or guaranteed percentage of purity. Stone, HRC rebidrecombry.as ss oe sae aue ; |Misbranded grass seed. Not marked with } name or guaranteed percentage of purity. Men OO D., Bath. tc. care ee Adulterated ice cream. Below standard. Whomus Chas. 2: 'S., Portland.......... Adulterated ice cream. Below standard. Tibbetts, C. M:, Rockland......... eas: |Adulterated ice cream. Below standard. Urvanta Lunch, 8. W. Gordon, Prop., SSE CPR pce icin (sisusnelersi dle. s:sheosisne nue sae Adulterated icé cream. Below standard. West End Dairy Co., Portland.......... Adulterated ice cream. Below standard. Zakamany oon, Portland. ....6. 6. ‘Adulterated ice cream. Below standard. Cases Nor-prossep By County ATToRNEY Bares. In addition to the above cases the ten Portland dealers named below were arrested on criminal warrants for continued viola- tion of the section of the Maine Food Law relating to protec- tion from filth, flies, dust or other contamination: Charles Hatzhelson, 81 Middle St., bread and fruit. Harry Katz, 51 Middle St., bread and fruit. Moses K. Serunian, 199 Congress St., fruit and pickles. John Erlick, 247 Congress St., bread. Samuel Elowitch, 445 Fore St., fruit. Nicola Fraschia, 52 India St., fruit. Alfonso Frallicciaradi, 42 India St., bread. Jimmie Ross, cor. Middle and Franklin Sts.; also wagon at cor. Congress and Pearl Sts., fruit. Samuel Perlman, 42 Hampshire St., bread. George Sandy, tor Portland St., fruit. 180 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Each one of these men had been notified in regard to the requirements of the food law concerning sanitary display. Each one had in addition been notified by letter of warning that he was violating the law, and each of the ten appeared to be a persistent violator. Apparently no attention was paid to the letters and notices delivered. | iz: The executive of the Maine Food Law took these matters up with County Attorney Bates of Cumberland County, explain- ing to him the above facts and was told by the County Attorney that because of the press of business it would not be possible for him (the County Attorney) to give careful attention to these cases at that time, but that he would have them brought in the police court the next morning, have the cases continued for ten days and then would give them his personal attention. On this representation the cases were left in his hands. Upon the next morning, however, when these cases were brought in court County Attorney Bates appeared and nol-prossed the ten without consultation with the executive of the Maine Food Law. While these arrests and this procedure appeared to have no immediate effect upon the display of foods by these men, shortly afterwards foods displayed for sale by these ten men were properly protected and, according to the reports of the deputies, have been properly protected ever since. APPEALED CASES. In Bangor also four cases were taken up with the following result: ok Boye Main) Sty- thet Floros Bros. (G. Floros and M. Floros), Main St., fruit, Paul G. Martini, Central and Harlow Sts., fruit, C. S. Vafiades, Main St., fruit, were arrested on charges of violation of the section of the Maine Food Law relating to protection from filth, flies, or other contamination, fined $5 and costs each, and the cases were appealed. December, 1912. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION - ORONO, MAINE. CHAS. D. WOODS, Director ANALYSTS. James M. Bartlett Herman H. Hanson Royden L. Hammond é . Albert Verrill Edward E, Sawyer Helen W. Averill ; INSPECTORS | PB Seve Elmer R. Tobey Edgar A. White . | @fficial Mnspections 45 ; CARBONATED BEVERAGES AND ICE CREAMS. CONTENTS | PAGE Mamsenarec Beverages, Discussion. (20.066 esr ee es -182 @aaeodaied: Beverages, Analysess 0055.6 js 6 since ees ae 187 apeeeirecint OISCUSSION . oe OP a A On wnat 187 eer Cream, Analyses... ...’. BIE Siok SOMERS Sea ce Ae Sa 189 a ear 3 ! Greanamaised for Ice Cream, Discussion ....2. 0.0... 6 cence 1QI Cream used for Ice Cream, Analyses...... Fe One Ras cater 192 182 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2. CARBONATED BEVERAGES. During the summer of 1912 the investigation of the car- bonated ‘beverages manufactured and sold in Maine has been continued. This work was commenced in 1910 and since the first inspection of this industry much improvement has been noted in a number of different ways. During the season just passed not all of the bottling houses have been visited, nor have the products of these houses all been analyzed, but only those places located in towns that the deputies happened to visit and those goods found during the course of regular inspection work have been examined. The regulations for this class of goods are the same as they have been for several years, and are as follows :— “No. 143. Carbonated beverages. ‘The standards for carbonated bev- erages, root beer and similar beverages have not yet been determined upon. For the present these goods may be sold in Maine under the following general regulations: Goods true to name need no label, either bottled or sold at fountains. Benzoate of soda may be used in bottled goods if its presence and amount are declared on the label, and at fountains if conspicuous signs are used declaring its presence and the amount used.” “For the present cream soda, sarsaparilla, root beer, birch beer and ginger ale may be sold without statement that they are artificially col- ored and flavored. If benzoate of soda is present it must be declared.” In Food Inspection Decision 135, issued by the United States Board of Food and Drug Inspection under the Food and Drugs Act, saccharin was prohibited in food products entering inter- state commerce. In accordance with the general policy of the executive of the Maine Food Law, that the regulations in this State conform as nearly as possible to those under the National OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 45. 183 Act, the use of saccharin in foods was prohibited in Maine after January 1, 1912. No saccharin has been found in any of the goods analyzed the present year. ARTIFICIAL COLORS. All of the goods analyzed were examined in order to ascer- tain the character of the color used. In an increased percentage of the goods it was found that the manufacturers were appar- ently using a color or combination of colors belonging to the list of seven permitted dyes, there being only a few cases of other kinds of color noted. in all cases where colors other than the seven permitted ones were discovered the goods have been carefully examined for arsenic, but in no case was any ‘present. In several cases natural fruit juices were apparently used, as natural fruit pulp and fruit color were present in con- nection with the coal tar dye. ALCOHOL, In none of the goods examined during the present year was alcohol detected in any amount. This is an improvement over the examination made during the last two years, as. in some instances alcohol has been found in considerable amount. MISBRANDING. _ Three instances of misbranding have been detected and the cases are now pending. In one case goods sold as “Orange Julep” were found upon examination to be artificially colored. No statement of artificial color was present either upon the label or cap. Two cases of misbranding in which the bottler had used bottles bearing upon them blown in the glass the names of other firms have been found. Sufficient warning has been given in regard to this practice, and in this connection attention is par- ticularly called to Official Inspections 37, containing the results of the inspection of carbonated beverages for 1911. On page 16 this kind of misbranding was particularly noted. iS) 184 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI2. SANITATION, Probably the worst feature in connection with the carbonated beverages manufactured and sold in the State at the present time is in connection with sanitation. One case observed dur- ing the past summer, and not yet settled, was that noted in the table which follows in which a dead fly was found in one of the _ bottles. Too large a proportion of the bottlers of the State are lax in their precautions against flies and dirt. In too many of the establishments screening precautions are not adequate and the cleansing and sterilization of the bottles before they are filled is not thoroughly done. In all of the establishments visited during the past summer particular attention was given to the way in which bottles were washed and sterilized before being filled. Some of the bottlers were found to be thoroughly washing and sterilizing. In other cases it was claimed that it was impracticable to do the work in exactly the same manner as it was being done in other estab- lishments. In this connection it is interesting to note what a practical bottler has to say upon this subject, and a quotation is given below from an address by Mr. A. J. Crowe, Hatties- burg, Miss., given in October, 1912, at New Orleans before the Twenty-fourth Annual Convention of the American Bottlers Protective Association. The extract is taken from The Ameri- can Bottler: “Fivery bottle should be inspected over an electric light after it is washed and filled. But to start at the first operation in the process of cleaning bottles a plant should be equipped with a soaking machine which carries the bottles through a ten-minute soaking in a hot solu- tion of caustic soda, or some similar preparation that will thoroughly and practically destroy all germs and filth. No soaker is complete with- out a heating process, by which the caustic soda solution is always hot when the soaker is being operated. For a small plant, where a larger apparatus would be too expensive, or not practical for any reason, a small, inexpensive double-jacket stove, connected by two iron pipes, will do the work in a most satisfactory way, using coal as fuel, at a very small cost. This soaking should remove the rust from the neck of the bottle, and if it fails in this I would consider it a complete failure. I object to any revolving wheel or drum soaker, from which the bottles have to be removed by hand, because if a man’s hand can stand the hot solution, the dirt and rust on the bottle necks and in the bottles can pass through without being removed.” OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 45. 185 “The soaker should be so constructed as to drop the bottles into a container of clear running water, then the strong solution is washed off so the bottle may be taken with a man’s hand.” “Next the rinsing process should be done by some machine that forces a revolving bristle brush up into the bottle, because at times bottles will have hard-caked dirt inside that nothing but a brush will remove. Then all bristle brushes are apt to shed bristles, leaving one or more in the bottle occasionally, so it is necessary that the last process should be one of rinsing with clear water forced up into the bottle while in an inverted. position—some kind of spring rinser. This process, by care- ful hands, insures a clean bottle now, but the bottle then has to be put in a container or conveyer and carried to the bottling table. Of course, they should be in an inverted position to drain all the rinsing water out of. them, and great care should be exercised in the kind of conveyer or container we use for these bottles after all of the care in getting them clean. The mouth of the bottle may pick up a speck of foreign matter, which will be washed into the bottle in filling and show up as a speck in the finished product.” “When we get the bottle, still clean, to the man who is to fill it, we must use the utmost care to see that the man is clean and careful of how he fills the bottle. He should never start bottling without first having washed his hands and water should never be allowed to stand in the crown container or the crown machine, for such water will soon become dirty.” “Tf we succeed in keeping out dirt this far, we must now see that our syrup has been properly mixed’ and kept sanitary. That our water supply has been properly filtered or distilled, which is better. Then we must know that our carbonator has been blown out recently and that the carbonated water is coming to the bottle pure and clear, and that all tanks or reservoirs between the filter and carbonator are not al- lowed to go too long without cleaning.” “Next, we must see that the bottle caps or crowns have not been ex- posed to the open air, where dust has accumulated on the cork, for it will certainly wash off into the finished product if it is there. Now we are ready for the bottle to be inspected over the electric light, as explained above.” “This should be done by an intelligent boy or man who can see dirt. His eyesight must be perfect—he must be able to see and know dirt, and be on the alert always—he cannot do his work mechanically and get the necessary result. If the inspector finds a bottle that will not pass the closest inspection it should be “culled” and destroyed. It is better to lose a few bottles than a few customers. Keep one man as inspector as much of the time as possible, and if a dirty product gets by and you know of it place the responsibility, which you can do if only one man has been doing the inspecting.” “Be sanitary, and then let the public know it. Sanitary processes are the best advertisements we can have.” 186 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9giz2. The attention of the trade is called in particular to the sani- tary feature of the bottling business. Every bottler in the State is on the mailing list to receive the publications of this Station. Practically all of the bottling establishments in the State have been visited by the deputies, and practically all of the bottlers of the State have received letters and communications of vari- ous kinds from this office. The Maine Food Law states that a food is misbranded “if in the manufacture, sale, distribution, transportation, or in the offering or exposing for sale, distribu- tion or transportation, it is not at all times securely protected from filth, flies, dust and other contamination, or other unclean, unhealthful or unsanitary conditions.” This paragraph applies as much to the manufacturer of bottled sodas as it does to the baker of bread, and sanitary conditions must be maintained in all establishments in the State where foods are manufactured, stored, displayed or offered for sale. Bottling establishments should be well lighted; well ventilated; they should be kept clean and free from dust and cobwebs; flies should be excluded; only the cleanest and best of materials should be used, includ- ing the water, carbon dioxide, the syrups and flavors and colors; empty bottles should be thoroughly cleaned and sterilized before being refilled; the caps should be kept protected from dust and dirt; the labels and caps upon the bottles should tell the exact truth about the goods inside the bottles. SAMPLES REPORTED UPON. The samples of carbonated beverages reported in the follow- ing table have been examined for saccharin and none has been found. All have been examined at to the nature of the color present with the results noted above. Some have been examined for alcohol, some for arsenic and some for various preserva: tives and none have been found. All have been found to be in accord with the requirements of the Maine Food Law so far as our examination extends except the cases noted in the table. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 45. 187 Table Showing the Results of Analyses of Samples of Soda W ater Collected in Summer of 1912, Arranged Alphabetically by Towns. Town AND MANUFACTURER. ae Remarks. aa Na Auburn, Vincent Bottling Co......... 4\Case pending. Orange%Julep misbranded because of no statement of artificial color. Bangor, Bangor Bottling Co.......... 1|Passed. Bangor, Copeland & Co.............. 1|Passed. Bangor, F. E. Robinson.............. 1| Passed. Bangor Oprath.. see ue ca ves ons 2|Passed. Bar Harbor, Mt. Kebo Spring Water Co. 2|Passed. Bath, Bath Bottling Co.............. 2) Passed. Bath, Hartleb & Cheltra............. 2|Passed.: Biddeford, Hanscom Bottling Co...... 3|Passed. Brewer, Switzer Water Co............ 2|Passed. Brunswick, Pine Spring Water Co..... 2|Passed. Cherryfield, Washington County Bot- iB EVare? (Ole), 4 GG cod Ghee uC RR IES enE ee 2)|Passed. Dexter, Leslie Curtis.........:....... 2)Passed. Eastport, Frank Malloch............. 2|Passed. Greatworks, W. L. Butterfield........ 2|Passed. ¢ Lewiston, Highland Spring Co.......-. 1\|Passed. (Ginger Ale). Lewiston, Maine Bottling Co.......... 3|Passed. i Lewiston, Somoar Carbonating Co..... 4|Case pending: Dead fly in bottle. Adul- terated. Lubec, T. G. Mitchell................ 2|Passed. Norway, A. J. Nevers................ 2|Passed. Portland, Ingalls Bros............... 3|Passed. Portland, Murdock & Freeman Co..... 5|Passed. Rockland, C. E. Havener............. 3|Passed. Rockland, Hewett Bottling Co........ 2\Case pending. Misbranded. Rumford, Rumford Bottling Co....... 4|Passed. i Rumford, Virginia Spring Bottling Co.. 2)Passed. Skowhegan, John J. O’Reilley & Son.. 1)Passed. Waterville, J. Tardiff & Son.......... 2\Passed. ICE CREAM. During the summer of 1912 a large number of samples of ice cream were collected in various parts of the State. An at- tempt was made to cover more thoroughly than ever before the larger towns. More samples than upon previous years have been examined. For the most part the larger manufacturers have been found putting out a good grade of ice cream. / STANDARDS, In considering this report it should be kept in mind that the standard for ice cream is as follows: “Tce cream is a frozen product made from cream and sugar, with or without a natural flavoring, and contains not less than fourteen (14) per cent of milk fat. A limited amount of gelatine, starch, eggs, or other healthful food constituents may be added to ice cream without 188 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI2. statement of fact, and such goods may be called Ice Cream provided the required per cent of milk fat is maintained. If imitation flavoring materials are used, the labei must state that fact, as in the case of imi- tation extracts.” “Fruit ice cream is a frozen product made from cream, sugar, and sound, clean, mature fruits, and contains not less than twelve (12) per cent of milk fat.” “Nut ice cream is a frozen product made from cream, sugar, and sound, nonrancid nuts, and contains not less than twelve (12) per cent of milk fat.” “Tmitation ice cream. Frozen products which contain less milk fat than the standards require, cannot be lawfully sold.as ice cream and the word cream cannot be lawfully used upon the labels or in any way in connection with such goods, unless it is qualified by some such words as ‘imitation’ or ‘substitute’. Thus a frozen product similar to ice cream or fruit or nut ice cream, except that it carries less milk fat than the standards, may be lawfully ‘labeled ‘Imitation ice cream’, or ‘Ice: cream substitute’. If an imitation ice cream contains imitation flavoring matter, this fact must be plainly stated on the label.” “At soda fountains, ice cream rooms, etc., if it is desired to sell frozen products that do not conform to’ the standards for ice cream, conspicu- ous signs showing exactly what is being served must be displayed and orders for ice cream can not be lawfully filled by serving substitutes without explaining what they are.” “The regulation relative to ice cream and ice cream substitutes applies equally to hotels.and restaurants. Al! statements upey ‘bills of fare, etc., must be in accord with the above.” As in previous years it was found that in some cases low grade ice cream was caused by using low grade cream in its manufacture. People who make ice cream for sale should be careful to obtain a written guaranty from the person from whom they buy their cream certifying that such will be accord- ing to a certain strength, for in this way only can the manufac- turer be sure of getting a uniform material. SAMPLES REPORTED UPON. It will be noted upon an examination of the following table that in a number of instances cases have been settled by means of the payment of a fine. In other cases where the faults could be traced directly to the cream used and the manufacturer could fully satisfy the executive that all precautions had been observed the case was passed. In many cases second samples were ob- tained from the same dealer, and in such cases the dealer had no warning or knowledge that the second sample was to be OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 45. 189 obtained. The results obtained upon the second sample in such instances had a ‘bearing upon the way in which the first case was settled. In several cases the manufacturers of low grade ice cream have promised not to make any more but to purchase from reputable dealers whenever they have occasion to sell ice cream in the future. In one case it will be noted that the sample was sold as “vanilla ice cream substitute,” and was, therefore, properly labeled. Table Showing the Results of Analyses of Ice Cream Purchased im the Summer of 1912, Arranged Alphabetically by Town and Dealer from Whom Purchased. a8 ee Beir Town AND DEALER. 4 2 Remarks. £3 mo na =e} 10868)/Auburn, Round’s Restaurant...... 14.93) Passed. 10870, Auburn, Fred L. Ruggles.......... 15.26] Passed. 10869|Auburn, L. BE. Tarr............... 12.07|/Passed. Fruit ice cream. 10725|/Bangor, A. L. Boyd & Son......... 16 .05/ Passed. 10728/Bangor, G. N. Brountas........... 17 .76/Passed. : 10724|/Bangor, Buckley Drug Co......... 14.21|Passed. 10730|Bangor, C. H. Davis........... 10.80|/From G. BE. Lufkin. 10739| Bangor, Fifield & Co. (263 Main St. ) 9.75|See second sample. 10740|Bangor, Fifield & Co. (267 Main St.)| 9.74|/See second sample. 10882|Bangor, Fifield & Co. (263 Main St.)|14.16)]Passed. 10883|Bangor, Fifield & Co. (267 Main St.)|14.72|Passed.: 10728 Bangor, Floros Bros.............. .86| Passed. 10723|Bangor, Fowler’s Drug Store.. 3 .81|Passed. 10726; 'Bangor, Tn 123 Er eeey, Ree Wak siare, here .86| Passed. 10735|Bangor, Wm. M. George........... .12|Dealer promised to ike no more. Case dropped. 10736|Bangor, L.H. Hamm............. 12.71\See second sample. From G. BE. Lufkin. 10880|Bangor, L. at 1BlGyoaaa eS oc. cee doen 15.02|Passed. From G. E. Lufkin. 10727|Bangor, G. E. Lufkin............. 11.96|See second sample. 10881|Bangor, G. i lUjubdlkerbais rs Wis Boteeo tele 14.76) Passed. LONiBaneor, |S. Shira: 3.646460. vices 13.03|Dealer warned. 10737|)Bangor, C.S. Vafiades............ 14.52) Passed. 10729| Bangor, H. A. Witham............ 15.80) Passed. 10851|Bath, Octave Breton.............. 10.58)Dealer fined. NOS4ai baths d. WM Clary. of cc. cece ee tee oe 14.27) Passed. ‘ 10849|Bath, Bath Home Bakery......... 12.44|Difficulty apparently with cream. Case dropped. 10848|Bath, Leonard & Mitchell.........|14.44) Passed. 10852|Bath, Swett’s Drug Store.......... 11.60) Dealer fined. 10850! Bath, Webber’s Drug Store........ 14.56) Passed. 10781| Biddeford, G. & A. Boucher.......| 7.20|Dealer fined. 10784) Biddeford, Thomas Christo........|15.90|Passed. 10779|Biddeford, P. Frediani............ 12.06|See second sample. 10865|Biddeford, P. Frediani............ 16.54|Passed. 10782|Biddeford, A. Mantis.............. 13 .39|Dealer warned. 10780 Biddeford, 1alp IDE Wicranthe epee aloo 15.24|Passed. 10783|Biddeford, E. Partigliani.......... 12.28|From P. Frediani. 10778|Biddeford, Geo. Vassill............ 14.46)Passed. 10799|Brewer, Willis G. Barker.......... 20.48}Passed. 10795|Brewer, Boynton’s Pharmacy...... 10.27|See later samples, also text. 10884|Brewer, Boynton’s Pharmacy...... 11.13)See later sample. 19025|Brewer, Boynton’s Pharmacy...... 19.04) Passed. 10796) Brewer, W. H. Croft.............. 13 .49|Dealer warned. 10793|Brewer, S. N. Dooey..:........... 18.91) Passed. 10794|Brewer, G. G. Hodgkins........... 13.18)Dealer warned. 6 ee ee ee ee SS ee ee en I9Q0 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1912. Table Showing the Results of Analyses of Samples of Ice Cream Collected in Summer of 1912, Arranged Aiphabonees. by Towns—Continued. Station number 10801 10798 10800 10885 10797 10846 10845 10719 10716 10803 10805 10804 10871 10875 10872 10876 10874 10873 10771 10769 10768 10773 10774 10775 10770 10772 10802 10791 10700 10705 10760 10711 10690 10861 10940 10707 10709 10712 10717 10699 10788 10720 10706 10790 10691 10695) 10708 10789 10689 10696 10792 10698 10718 10765 10714 10719 10713 10701 10862 pp eo ey Town AND DEALER. ny) 5 Remarks. mH = 3 Brewer, Merrill Drug Co........... 14.17|Passed. Brewer, G. Myers................- 16.79|Passed. Brewer, B. N. Rowe.............. 7.44|See second sample, also text. Brewer, B. N. Rowe.............. 13 .75|Passed with warning. Brewer, T. G. Seymour............ 14.20) Passed. Brunswick, H. J. Given........... 9.85|Cream used apparently responsible. Brunswick, F. EK. Hall............. 11.87/Cream used apparently responsible. Cape Elizabeth, Anderson Bros.....|15.22)Passed. Cape Elizabeth, J. W. Armstrong.. .|12.72 Brom West End Dairy Co., Portland, e. Ellsworth, C. H. Leland........... 17.17|Passed. Hllsworth, H. W. Morey........... 17 .00|Passed. 3 Ellsworth, Mrs. Joseph Luchini.....| 9.27|/Misunderstanding regarding formula. Lewiston, C. Bilodeau............. 15.96)Passed. Lewiston, E. Gregoraky........... 9.77|\Case pending. Lewiston, A. E. Harlow........... \14.76|Passed. Lewiston, Kouranos Bros.......... 13 .27|Dealer warned. Lewiston, Lewiston Candy Kitchen .|/13.86|/Dealer warned. Lewiston, H. F. Walker........... |13 .66|Dealer warned. Old Town, F. X. Boutin.:.......... 13 .47|Dealer warned. Old Town, H. I. Goldsmith........ j11.45|/Nut ice cream. Dealer warned. Old Town, Jordan Bros........... 11.21)Difficulty apparently with cream. See other samples from same manufac- turer. Old Town, Morin Bre 0s DAA TRIES mee 16.08|Passed. Old Town, W. C. Mutty........... 13 .65|Dealer warned. Old Town, (Silwaten vee C. Sibley.|15.15|Passed. From Jordan Bros. Old Town, L. Solomon............ 10.08|Misunderstanding regarding formula. Old Town, Wan henry mmuertee oe 15.42|Passed. From Jordan Bros. Orono, J. Edward Jordan.......... 8.02|See text. Portland, J. F. Bennett........... 14.04|Passed. Portland, Chapman & Wyman..... 16.16|Passed. Portland, B..R. Cleveland......... 14.43)Passed. Portland, Thomas Cristo.......... 2 .62|See text.. Portland, Dudley-Weed Drug Co 11.80/From West End Dairy Co. Manufac- turers fined. Portland, 8. Elowitch............. 11.16|From Geo. F. Soule. Portland, B. Feldman............. 11.80/See second sample. Portland, B. Feldman............. '15.53|Passed. Portland, Nicola Fraschia......... 9.76|From B. Herberman, Portland. Portland) Jake Gitlin eens 15.93)|Passed. } Portland, Hammond Drug Co...... 13.02|Passed. Fruit ice cream. Portland, Heseltine & Tuttle Co... .|/13.69|Dealer warned. Portland, H. H. Hay Sons........: 16.66)| Passed. Portland, DP bnltony ese 14 .36|Passed. letormpepavel, Ik, Jd, Woiels 6 5 aq aeoe os don 19 .04|Passed. Portland, O. S. Maxell............ 14.66}Passed. Portland, E. C. McDonough........ 15.60| Passed. Portland, Joe Menario............. 3.01/See text. Portland: John@: @tisi...-aence.2 14.03|Passed. Portland, Michael Paolino......... 3.76|Dealer fined. Portland, Frank H. Power......... 13 .62|Dealer warned. Portland) BD. Ricker). s0le fe 16.00)/Passed. Portland, B. 8S. Rosenburg....,.... 11.51\/From West End Dairy Co. Manufac- turer fined. ‘ Portland, B.S. Rosenberg......... 14.09|Passed. From West End Dairy Co. Portland, Geo. E. Sawyer.....: A iticnea 15.39)Passed. Portland, J. G. Sawyer. :...2.05 4% 11.01)See second sample. Portland, J. G. Sawyer...........: 14.03|Passed. Portland, Smith & Broe........... 14.30|Passed. From Pierce Ice Cream Co. Portland, Geo. F. Soule........... 10.88)Difficulty apparently with cream. Portland vANGaSpeare sine 14.12|Passed. 540. Portland, John M. Stevens......... 13.67|Passed. Fruit ice cream. Portland, H. L. Stimson..........% 14.87)|Passed. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 45. Ig! Table Showing the Resulis of Analyses of Samples of Ice Cream Collected in Summer of 1912, Arranged Alphabetically by Towns—Concluded. a8 | Ba By Town AND DEALER. oo Remarks. $3 35 Na =e) 10710| Portland, Chas. B. Thomas........ 8.61|Dealer fined. 10758)|Portland, John J. Thuss........... 17.92|Passed. 10721)|Portland, J. Vonyik............... 15.66] Passed. 10692)Portland, John Zakarian.......... 4.16)Dealer fined. 10826)Portland, A. H. Allen............. 11.21|Difficulty apparently with cream. 10827|Rockland, Chas. Haskell........... 9.68|From Mrs. E. W. Thurlow, Rockland. : Manufacturer fined. 10825|Rockland, Walter Larrabee........ 14. 26|Passed. 10824)/Rockland, J. H. Meservey......... 10.06|Misunderstanding regarding formula. 10822|Rockland, Rockland Confectionery (CLO RS eta Gre reuitra ines ie ernee SES eee 14.64|Passed. 10823) Rockjfand, C. M. Tibbets.......... 6.34|Dealer fined : 10828} Rockland R. J. Whitney.......... 7.24\Sold as ‘‘ vanilla ice cream substitute.’’ 10776|Saco, J. Z. Beckwith.............. 13 .74|Dealer warned. 10777|Saco, 8. W. Gordon, Urvanta Lunch| 6.36)/Dealer fined. 10866|Saco, S. W. Gordon, Urvanta Lunch|13.38|/Dealer warned. 10829] Waterville, Lewis Facos:............ 15.81)|Passed. 10833) Waterville, W. H. Hager.......... 15.16] Passed. 10830) Waterville, Silvio Paganucci....... 18.91|/Passed. From Verzoni Bros. 10831| Waterville, E. L. Simpson......... 14.17|Passed. 10832|Waterville, Verzoni Bros.......... 14.27|Passed. I CEBAMIS USED IN TtE MANUFACTURE OF ICE CREAM. During the investigation of ice cream the present season the cream used in its manufacture has also been investigated as far as possible. This is particularly true of those cases where the ice cream was found to be below standard. Where possible in such cases the cream itself was sampled and in some cases it was ascertained that the trouble of the manufacturer of ice cream was apparently due to the fact that the cream used was not as rich as it was supposed to be. A special law places the standard for cream at 18 per cent milk fat. As has been repeatedly stated to the trade, a cream of this strength used in connection with the proper amount of sugar, flavoring, and a slight amount of filler, will make an ice cream which carries between 14 and 15 per cent of milk fat. No attempts at prosecution have been made relative to the samples of cream reported in the following table, although it will be noted that a few are below the standard for cream. In the table the figures given represent the cream which the dealer was supposed to be buying and also the actual strength of the cream determined by analysis. 192 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Table Showing Results of IQI2. Analyses of Samples of Creams Purchased for Making Ice Cream, Arranged eS by Towns and Dealer from Whom Purchased. 10684 ~~ ol fal Ir = Ro | _ Bo Town AND DEALER. Town AND PrRson FRoM WuHoM| S&S [34 2g DEALER PURCHASED. 3 a g ° he uw BE as es 10687|Augusta, J. G. Johmson......... Winthrop, C. H. Higgins........ 22/21 10818)Bangor, Fifield Drug Co....... *..|Bangor, C. H. Morrison......... Thin eream|16.78 10641|Bangor, C. S. Preble............ Bangor, L. E. Brown........... 40/40 10731,Biddeford, P. Frediani.......... Auburn, Turner Center Creamery Association PII Ween ietise cer av eta nee 7 18}18.5 10732|Biddeford, H. L. Merrill........ Auburn, Turner Center Creamery Association) sins aa-h eee 20/20 10864|Biddeford, H. L. Merrill........ Auburn, Turner Center Creamery Aissociation\.)5 sence tae tee arene 20!20.8 - 10640|/Brewer, W. H. Croft............ Orrington, Norris Hillier......... 20/16.5 10926|Brewer, G. G. Hodgkins........ Bangor, Maine Creamery Assoc... 40/40 10679, Calais, ‘BL, IDs MiGKaiyic pisie chee oe Baring, J. E. Haywood.......... Cream |26 10836 Ellsworth, Mrs. J. Luchini....... Ellsworth, A. W. Maddocks...... Cream |23.5 10756, Portland, "Heseltine & Tuttle Co..|Portland, Maine Dairy Co....... 20/16.8 10821/Portland, Heseltine & Tuttle Co..|Portland, Portland Creamery.... 20/20 10754| Portland, C. C. Pooler.......... Portland, Maine Dairy Co....... 18/18 10755|Portland, C. C. Pooler.......... Portland, Maine Dairy Co........ 22/21 10763|Portland, C. C. Pooler.......... Portland, Maine Dairy Co........ 18}17.2 10764|Portland, C. C. Pooler.......... Portland, Maine Dairy Co........ 22/20.8 10702|Portland, Portland Creamery....|Various sources.............-.. 18/18 10697|Portland, Geo. E. Sawyer....... Portland, Portland Creamery . 18/18 10761 Portland, John G. Sawyer.......|Portland, Portland Creamery . 18/17.9 10820)Portland, John G. Sawyer.......|Portland, Portland Creamery . IMSL ZY 7 10694|Portland, Simmons & Hammond.|Islan d onde ites Savhton CreamenyAcm. neon eres 18}19 .6. 10693) Portland, Geo. F. Soule......... Islan a pond, Vt., Brighton Cream erystitusyacelnsoneoa cies: 18/17.8 10819} Portland, Geo. F. Soule......... Portland io siieendl Creamery.. 18/18.1 10757|Portland, John J. Thuss........ Auburn, Turner Center Dairying Association ...........-.00000 20/20.8 10704|Portland, West End Dairy Co... Colepaco's N. H., Mohawk Dairy alate Pa AS PSD a eR ier cto ate thc : 10877|Rockland, J. H. Meservey....... Source enone aes Seb 6 Pane — |45 10674|Rockland, E. J. Whitney........ Rockland, A. M. Mayo.......... Cream]}19.2 -10863) Bacon B W. Gordon, Urvanta Hed arth 2 Seer eR RT Bek ee Portland, Portland Creamery . 18]18.1 10683 Wateuaille: E. L. Simpson....... Waterville, Shrewsbury Fa rm ; Dany (Cowen ceen vices wate omens 20|18.5 Waterville, Verzoni Bros Waterville, Patterson Bros....... 22|22 Pr i} 5 re = bag