: * . RLS: bal eas ms Sits shige oy surat ass q 5 oa Be * rt SSNS abe eee us : Ss re ip =e es ‘. ‘ nate Y < ait . S Es . 2 Nee Sra nes =? . : oy Sere serene re sng LIBRARY OF THE Oo FORTHE “> PEOPLE Y oe = Zz JAICOB ZINN, D. Aer, Assistant es 4 JOHN W. GOWEN, B. S., Assistant JOHN RICE MINER, B. A., Computer | HAZEL F. MARINER, B. A., Clerk | FRANK TENNEY, Poultrymaz: c JAMES M. BARTLETT, M. S., Chemist | HERMAN Ho HANSON, M. S., Associate | EDWARD E. SAWYER, B. S., Assistant Be TRY 1 ELMER R. TOBEY, B. Si Assistant PRELO VAS SWC AS eB Ss, Assistant a HARRY C. ALEXANDER, Laboratory Assistant ENTOMOL- "| EDITH Mie. JEUAVADL CISL 12 Agic1 De Entomologist OGY | ALICE W. AVERILL, Laboratory Assistant PLANT WARNER J. MORSE, Pr. D., Pathologist PATHOLOGY MICHAEL SHAPOVALOV, M. S., Assistant {VERNON FOLSOM, Laboratory Assistant ae | GUY A. BAKER, Superintendent Ee ie WELLINGTON SINCLAIR, Superintendent ROYDEN L. HAIMMOND, Seed Analyst and Photographer CHARLES S. INMAN, Assistant *Died November 13, 1914 Wilts t \ ih i Pt) { {5 Ni i, > PAGE AEE TANGEAH f The publications of this Station will be sent free to any add o i Maine. All requests should be sent to Paseo g oe tik: 2 iis CONTENTS: Orzamvawion Cx Ane Sigs, eansesoceb pnbe coogneasoee ons OCS. ANTMCOMINCOTRMIS oane Gree ooo oo Eon Cola comodo cod Ba oa caee Spraying Experiments and Apple Diseases in 1913 (Bulletin 223) Top Dressing Experiment on Grass (Bulletin 224)............. High Ridge, Medium Ridge and Level Culture for Potatoes (GB tl eta 2 24) ey ctsietcny seh na pete eect aaecs tS oe ocya cram repeat nite Soy Beans for Fodder, ‘Silage and Seed (Bulletin 24)......... Spraying with Iron Sulphate for Control of Wild Mustard (Baa: Ae Re sala ne a Bh a ie ote eae eg oY a a HI Effect of Iron Sulphate upon Potato Vines (Bulletin 224)..... Analysis for Poison of Summer Sprayed Apples (Bulletin 224) Currant and Gooseberry Aphids in Maine (Bulletin 225)....... The Accuracy of Bushel Weight Determinations (Bulletin 226) Influence of Shape and Size of Plots in Grain Tests (Bulletin PAO). id gai Sag gS ONE SS He CIO OU LOCI So USA aS AIG DRO AERA Table for Estimating Probable Significance of Statistical ‘Con- Staniswen Ctl etitayge 2200) ery sear snr arcicets octets oisvea Sls eh acs ev oasis eee Powdery Scab of Potatoes (Bulletin 227).................... Factors Influencing Size, Shape and Physical ‘Constitution of nlrem agen UB tlletime228))) er taamaen eed os con dane are te laser nee fo. Studies on Oat Breeding, Variety Tests 1910-13 (Bulletin 229) The Rhizoctonia Disease of Potatoes (Bulletin 230)............ Improving Egg Production by Breeding (Bulletin 231)........ Histological Basis of Shank Colors in Domestic Fowl (Bulletin PED Ss as be SOSA TCC OO Ea DU DICE Ee Maine Aphids of the Rose Family (Bulletin 233)............ Abstracts of Station publications in 1915 not included in Bulletins Ci Onnceill lmenacmoms. (IBelllenin 224) 5oasccoscoccauuodoceesor Micieorclosay Cakiillkein. 23”) oAdecacoatacossdeaaddoncasanessous INGDOME TO) wis Wneegihrar (Cexiilain ZV) > ad5son gone denesongdso4s index ei TOM, (Bie ein 2a). sedicoa ed aes Geos OAR e On nen ee es : | XACTELL ANNOUNCEMENTS. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STATION. The Maine Fertilizer Control and Agricultural Experiment Station, established by Act of the Legislature approved March 3, 1885, began its work in April of that year in quarters fur- nished by the College. After the Station had existed for two years, Congress passed what is known as the Hatch Act, estab- lishing agricultural experiment stations in every state. This grant was accepted by the Maine Legislature by an Act approved March 16, 1887, which established the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station as a department of the University. The reorganization was effected in June, 1887, but work was not begun until February 16, 1888. In 1906 Congress passed the Adams Act for the further endowment of the stations established under the Hatch Aact. The purpose of the experiment stations is defined in the Act of Congress establishing them as follows: “Tt shall be the object and duty of said experiment stations to conduct original researches or verify experiments on the physi- ology of plants and animals: the diseases to which they are severally subject, with the remedies for the same; the chemical composition of useful plants at their different stages of growth; the comparative advantage of rotative cropping as pursued under a varying series of crops; the capacity of new plants or trees for acclimation; the analysis of soils and water; the chemical composition of manure, natural and artificial, with experiments designed to test their comparative effects on crops of different kinds; the adaptation and value of grasses and forage plants; the composition and digestibility of the different kinds of food © for domestic animals; the scientific and economic questions involved in the production of butter and cheese; and such other researches or experiments bearing directly on the agricultural industry of the United States as may in each case be deemed advisable, having due regard to the varying conditions and needs of the respective states or territories.” Vill MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. The work that the Experiment Station can undertake from the Adams Act fund is more restricted and can “be applied only to paying the necessary expenses for conducting original researches or experiments bearing directly on the agricultural industry of the United States, having due regard to the vary- ing conditions and needs of the respective states and territories.” INVESTIGATIONS. ° The Station continues to restrict its work to a few important lines, believing that it is better for the agriculture of the State to study thoroughly a few problems than to spread over the whole field of agricultural science. It has continued to improve its facilities and segregate its work in such a way as to make it an effective agency for research in agriculture. Prominent among the lines of investigation are studies upon the food of man and animals, the diseases of plants and animals, breeding of plants and animals, orchard and field experiments, poultry investigations, and entomological research. The Legislature of 1913 provided for investigations by the Station in animal husbandry which make Chapter 141 of the Public Laws for 1913. The following quoted from the act out- lines the purpose of the act: “The Maine Agricultural Experi- ment Station in addition to the investigations now conducted by it, shall conduct scientific investigations in animal husbandry, including experiments and observations on dairy cattle and other domestic animals. Said investigations shall be carried out under control of the director of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station. There shall be appropriated annually from the State Treasury the sum of five thousand dollars to be paid to the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station and the same shall be expended by the director of said Station in executing the pro- visions of this act.” INSPECTIONS. Up to the close of the year 1913 it had been the duty of the Director of the Station to execute the laws regulating the sale of agricultural seeds, apples, commercial feeding stuffs, com- mercial fertilizers, drugs, foods, fungicides and insecticides, and the testing of the graduated glassware used by creameries Beginning with January 1914 the purely executive part of these ANNOUNCEMENTS. 1X laws are handled by the Commissioner of Agriculture. The analytical examination of the samples and the publishing the results of the analyses will still be done by the Station. The cost of the inspections is borne by fees and by a state appropria- tion. OFFICES AND LABORATORIES. The offices, laboratories and poultry plant of the Maine Agri- cultural Experiment Station are at the University of Maine, Orono. Orono is the freight, express, post, telegraph and tele- phone address for the offices and laboratories. Visitors to the Station will find it convenient to leave the steam cars at Bangor or Old Town, as the railway station at Orono is a mile from the University. Bangor and Old Town trolley cars pass through the campus. They pass the railway station in Bangor 5 minutes after the hour and half hour, and the railway station in Old Town, 20 minutes after and 10 minutes before the hour. Aroostook Farm. The Legislature of 1913 (Chapter 190 of the Private Laws of 1913) named a committee and appropriated ten thousand dollars for the purpose of purchasing land for a farm for con- ducting scientific investigations in agriculture in Aroostook County. The law provides that: “The Maine Agricultural Experiment Station shall have the general supervision, man- agement and control of said farm and of all experiments and investigations conducted thereon, and may if it sees fit or deems it best authorize any agent or agents of the United States De- partment of Agriculture to conduct experiments upon such farm under such terms as it deems best.” The committee on location decided that it would be impracti- cable to purchase a farm in Aroostook County for the amount named in the act. After several meetings and proposals made from several towns in the county it was decided to purchase a farm at Presque Isle which, with the buildings to be erected upon it will cost $23,000. The farm that was purchased con- tains about 275 acres, has upon it a large barn with concrete potato house in the basement, a small dwelling house for the x MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. farmer. The erection of a suitable dwelling house for the farm superintendent is provided for by money raised by the citizens of Presque Isle. The Station came into possession of the farm late in Decem- ber 1913, and work was begun in the season of 1914. HiGcHMoor Farm. Highmoor Farm, purchased by the State for the use of the Station, is located in the town of Monmouth, 2 1-2 miles from the Monmouth station and the same distance from the Leeds Junction station. It is on the Farmington branch of the Maine Central Railroad. A flag station, called Highmoor, is on the farm. Monmouth is the post, telegraph and telephone address for Highmoor Farm. Both Leeds Junction and Monmouth are freight and express addresses. THE AIM OF THE STATION. Every citizen of Maine concerned in agriculture has the right to apply to the Station for any assistance that comes within its province. It is the wish of the Trustees and Station Counci! that the Station be as widely useful as its resources will permit. In addition to its work of investigation, the Station is pre- pared to make chemical analyses of fertilizers, feeding stuffs, dairy products and other agricultural materials; to test seeds and creamery glassware; to identify grasses, weeds, injurious fungi and insects, etc.; and to give information on agricultural matters of interest and advantage to the citizens of the State. All work proper to the Experiment Station and of public benefit will be done without charge. Work for the private use of individuals is charged for at the actual cost to the Station. The Station offers to do this work only as a matter of accom modation. Under no condition will the Station undertake analyses, the results of which cannot be published, if they prove of general interest. = CORRESPONDENCE. As far as practicable, letters are answered the day they are received. Letters sent to individual officers are liable to remain unanswered, in case the officer addressed is absent. All com- munications should, therefore, be addressed to the Director or to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Maine. ANNOUNCEMENTS. 1 PUBLICATIONS. The Station is organized so that the work of investigation 1s distinct from the work of inspection. The results of investt- gation are published in the bulletins of the Station. These make: up the annual report for the year. The results of the work of inspection are printed in publications known as Official Inspec- tions. These are paged independently of the bulletins and are bound in with the annual report as an appendix thereto. Mis- cellaneous publications consisting of newspaper notices of bulle- tins, newspaper bulletins and circulars which are not paged consecutively and for the most part are not included in the annual report are issued during the year. All the bulletins issued by the Station are sent to the names upon the official mailing list prepared by the Office of Experi- ment Stations, to all newspapers in Maine and to libraries and to agricultural exchanges. Bulletins which have to do with general agriculture and the Official Inspections which bear upon the feeding stuffs, fertilizer and seed inspections are sent to a general mailing list composed chiefly of farmers within the State. The publications having to do with the food and drug inspection are sent to a special list including all dealers in Maine and other citizens who request them. The annual report is sent to directors of experiment stations and to libraries. Copies of all publications are sent to the newspapers within the State and to the press on the exchange list outside of the State. BULLETINS ISSUED IN to14. No. 223. Spraying Experiments and Apple Diseases in 1913. 24 pages. No. 224. Field ‘Experiments. 24 pages. No. 225. ‘Currant and Gooseberry Aphids in Maine. 12 pages, 41 illus- trations. No. 226. Notes on the Accuracy of Bushel Weight Determinations. Note on the Influence of Shape and Size of Plots in Tests of Varieties of Grain. Table for Estimating the Probable Significance of Statistical Constants. 20 pages. No. 227. Powdery Scab of Potatoes. 16 pages, 9 illustrations. No. 228. Factors influencing the Size, Shape and Physical Constitution of the Egg of the Domestic Fowl. 32 pages. No. 229. Studies on Oat Breeding. I. Variety Tests 1910-1913. 56 pages, 8 illustrations. No. 230. The Rhizoctonia Disease of Potatoes. 24 pages, 13 illustra- tions. X11 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. No. 231. Improving Egg Production by Breeding. 20 pages, 3 illustra- tions. No. 232. Histological Basis of Shank ‘Colors in ‘Domestic Fowl. 16 pages, 12 illustrations. No. 233. ‘Maine Aphids of the Rose Family. 30 pages, 11 illustrations. No. 234. Meteorology, Finances and Index. 40 pages. OFFICIAL INSPHCTIONS ISSUED IN tora. No. 56. ‘Carbonated and Other Beverages. 12 pages. No. 57. Ice i\Cream. 8 pages. No} 538. Butter 12) pages. No. 59. Molasses. 8 pages. No. 60. Feed Inspection. 48 pages. No. 61. ‘Drugs. 16 pages. No. 62. Fertilizer Inspection. 36 pages. No. 63. Ice 'Cream. 12 pages. No. 64. Seed Inspection. 12 pages. No. 65. Miscellaneous Food ‘Materials. 12 pages. MISCELLANBOUS PUBLICATIONS ISSUED IN t1or4. No. 492. Special Report to ‘Commissioner of Agriculture for 1913. 48 pages. No. 493. Experiments at Highmoor Farm, 1914. 8 pages. No. 494. iNewspaper Notice Bulletin 227. 1 page. No. 495. Abstract Bulletin 228. 5 pages. No. 496. Abstract Bulletin 229. 6 pages. No. 497. Plant Lice of Currant and Gooseberry Bushes. 6 pages, 4 illustrations. No. 498. Abstract Bulletin 230. 4 pages. No. 499. Abstract Bulletin 232. 4 pages. No. 500. Record blank for dairy cattle. 2 pages. No. 501. Plum and Cherry Aphids. 4 pages. No. 502. ‘Practical Suggestions Regarding the Growing of Sweet Corn. 8 pages. No. 503. Report of Progress in Animal Husbandry Investigations in I9O14. II pages. ; BIOLOGY PUBLICATIONS 10914. In the numbered series of “Papers from the Biological Laboratory :” 60. Some Physiological Observations Regarding Plumage Patterns. ‘By Raymond Pearl and Alice M. Boring, Science, N. S., Vol. 39, PP. 143-144, 1914. 61. Note on the Accuracy of Bushel Weight Determinations. By Clar ence W. Barber, Maine Agricultural Experiment Station Annual Report for 1914, pp. 69-75. 66. 68. ANNOUNCEMENTS, X11 Note on the Influence of Shape and Size of Plots in Tests of Varieties of Grain. By Clarence W. Barber. Maine Agricultura! Experiment Station Report for 1914, pp. 76-84. A Table for Estimating the Probable Significance of Statistical ‘Constants. By Raymond Pearl and John Rice Miner. Maine Agricultural Experiment Station Annual Report for I914, pp. 85-88. Growth and Variation in Maize. By Raymond Pearl and Frank M. Surface. Zeitschrift f. ind. Abstammungs-u. Vererbungslehre. (In press). : Studies on the Physiology of Reproduction in the Domestic Fowl. VII. Data regarding the brooding instinct in its relation to egg production. By Raymond Pearl. Journal Animal Behavior, Vol. 4 No. 4, pp. 266-268. Studies on Inbreeding. IV. On a general formula for the consti- tution of the nth generation of a Mendelian population in which all matings are of brother x sister. By Raymond Pearl. Ameri- can Naturalist Vol. XLVIII, pp. 491-494. Studies on Oat Breeding. J. Variety tests 1910-1913. By Frank ‘M. Surface and Clarence W. Barber. Maine Agricultural Ex- periment Station Annual Report for 1914, pp. 137-192. Studies on the Physiology of Reproduction in the Domestic Fowl. VIII. On some physiological effects of ligation, section or removal of the oviduct. By Raymond Pearl and ‘Maynie R. Curtis. Jour. Exp. Zool., Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 395-424. Studies on Inbreeding. V. Inbreeding and relationship coefficients. By Raymond Pearl. American Naturalist, Vol. XLVIIJ, No. 573, PP. 513-523. The Measurement of Changes in the Rate of Fecundity of the Individual Fowl. By Raymond Pearl. Science, N. S., Vol. XL, No. 1028, pp. 383-384. Studies on the Physiology of Reproduction in the Domestic Fowl. IX. On the effect of corpus luteum substance upon ovulation in the fowl. By Raymond Pearl. Journal Biological Chemistry, Vol. XIX, No. 2, pp. 263-278. The Histological Basis of the Different Shank 'Colors in the Domes- tic Fowl. By H. R. Barrows. ‘Maine Agricultural Experiment Station Annual Report for 1914, pp. 237-252. Studies on the Physiology of Reproduction in the Domestic Fowl. X. Further Data on somatic and genetic sterility. By Raymond Pearl and Maynie R. Curtis. Journal Experimental Zodlogy. (In press). On the Law Relating Milk Flow to Age in Dairy Cattle. By Raymond Pearl. Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med. Vol. XXI, pp. 18-10. os XIV MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Papers published but not in the numbered series. a. The Service and Importance of Statistics to Biology. By Raymond Pearl. Quarterly Publication of American ‘Statistical Society, March 1914, pp. 40-48. b. Factors Influencing the Size, Shape and Physical Constitution of the Egg of the Domestic Fowl. By Maynie R. Curtis. Maine Agricultural Experiment Station Annual Report for 1914, pp. 105-136. An Important Contribution to Statistical Theory. By Raymond ‘Pearl. American Naturalist, Vol. XLVIII, pp. 505-507: d. A Jersey Landmark Gone. By Raymond Pearl. Hoard’s Dairyman. Vol. XLVI, p. 144. e. Improving Egg Production by Breeding. By Raymond Pearl. (Maine ‘Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 231, pp. 218-236. ENTOMOLOGICAL PAPERS FROM THE MAINE AGRICUL- TURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, tor. Ent. 70. The Immature Stages of the Tenthredinoidea. By Prof. Alex. D. MacGillivray. Extract from the Forty-Fourth Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1913 (1914). Ent. 71. Currant & Gooseberry Aphids in Maine. Ent. 72. Food Plant Catalogue of the Aphidae of the World. Part IV. By Edith M. Patch. Bul. 225, Mr. Agr. Exp. Station. Ent. 73. A Note on Rhagoletis pomonella in Blueberries. By William C. Woods. Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 7, No. 5. Ent. 74.. List of the Hemiptera-Heteraptera of Maine. By H. M. Parshley. Psyche, Vol. XXI No. 5. Ent. 75. A Note on a Parasite of Rhagoletis pomonella. By William C. Woods. In press with The Canadian Entomologist. Ent. 76. Two ‘Clover Aphids. By Edith M. Patch. In press with Journal of Agricultural Research. Ent. 77. Maine Aphids of the Rose Family. By Edith M. Patch. Bul. 233. Me. Agr. Exp. Station. Ent. 78. Food Plant Catalogue of the Aphidae of the World, Part V. By Edith M. Patch. Submitted to the Journal of Agricul- tural Research for a supplement. CHANGES IN MEMBERS OF COUNCIL. At the November, 1913 meeting of the State Pomological Society Mr. Howard L. Keyser of Greene was elected a mem- ber of the Council in place of Mr. Robert H. Gardiner of Gar- diner. At its annual meeting the Maine Livestock Breeders Associa- tion elected Mr. Leonard C. Holston of Cornish as their repre- sentative on the Council in place of Mr. William H. Davis of Augusta. Q 9 ANNOUNCEMENTS, XV Hon. Rutillus Alden who was a Trustee member of the Station Council for the years 1888-1894 and who represented the Maine State Dairymen’s Association on the Council since 1902 died at his home in Winthrop, November 13, 1914. With his long service, his very active interest in agriculture. his gen- uine sympathy with and keen appreciation of the value of sci- ence as applied to agricultural problems his death is a great loss to the Station as well as to the agriculture of the State as a whole. At its annual meeting in December 1914 Mr. Frank S. Adams of Bowdoinham was elected by the State Dairymen’s Association a member of the Council in Mr. Alden’s stead. CISLAUNIGIES, JUN) SILA VIMIOINE Syibade let, July 1, Mr. Clarence W. Barber resigned from the Station Staff but is still connected with the University as Farm Demon- strator for Cumberland County. July 1, Mr. Harold Gulliver resigned as Scientific Aid at Highmoor Farm. July 1, Mr. Harold P. Vannah resigned his position of Assist- ant Chemist to take a commercial position. September 1, Mr. Frank Tenney resigned as poultryman. April 1, Mr. Guy A. Baker of Presque Isle was appointed Superintendent of Aroostook Farm. July 15, Jacob Zinn, D. Agr., (Hochschule ftir Bodenkultur, Vienna, Austria 1914) and August 1, Mr. John W. Gowen, B. S. (University of Maine 1914) were appointed Assistant Biologists. September 1, Mr. Hoyt D. Lucas, B. S. (Massachusetts Agri- cultural College 1914) was appointed Assistant Chemist. BUILDINGS AND EQUIPMENT. A new eight room house costing about $3500 was erected on Aroostook Farm during the summer of 1914. The small farm house of little value at Aroostook Farm burned in July, ror. Repairs at the cost of about $250 were made on the barn and potato storage at Aroostook Farm. Large platform scales were placed in the barn and farm machinery and implements to the value of about $3000 were installed. The house and barn were wired for electric lighting, and electric power for threshing, etc., was introduced into the barn. XV1 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION: At a cost of nearly a thousand ‘dollars all of the pastures at Highmoor Farm have been enclosed with a very heavy 58 inch dog and man proof wire fence. Two summer shelters for sheep have been built in the pastures and the old barn and part of the former manure shed have been fitted for winter quarters for sheep. At the April meeting the Council authorized the Director to purchase about 100 sheep with the object of finding out whether sheep without any fancy breeding, kept merely for meat and wool, can be profitably carried under present condi- tions on Maine farms. It is proposed to continue this test for at least five years. The inventory July 1, 1914, showed an increase over that of July 1, 1913, in land and buildings of $10,000 and equipment of $10,500. BULLETIN No. 223. SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS AND STUDIES ON CERTAIN APPLE DISEASES IN 1013. W. J. Morse. In spite of the fact that a large amount of work has been done both in this and in other countries, in studying the effects of different insecticides and fungicides upon the trees them- selves and their efficiency in controlling the various insect and fungous pests, the ideal spray or combination of sprays for use on apple orchards has not yet been discovered. It is true that with the introduction of lime-sulphur some of the previous difficulties have been eliminated, but at the same time there are others of equal importance which have arisen vr which have not been overcome. ‘This is particularly the case under the climatic conditions which exist in the apple growing regions of the northeastern portion of the United States and the adjacent parts of the Dominion of Canada where apple scab frequently appears in its most virulent form. While it is granted that lime-sulphur, as ordinarily used, has been found to be less likely to produce spray injury many orchardists maintain that in practical work it is less efficient with them than bordeaux mixture in controlling apple scab. In fact a prominent apple grower from the famous Annapolis valley of Nova Scotia recently told the writer that even with the most careful and thorough spraying with lime-sulphur their fruit the past season was badly attacked by scab and that many orchardists were seriously considering going back to bordeaux mixture again next year. On the other hand it has been the writer’s experience that with varieties susceptible to spray in- jury lime-sulphur is, on the whole, by far the most satisfactory material. Ze MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQT4. As a rule we have found that with the Ben Davis spray injury from bordeaux mixture was so severe that it equalled or more than offset the beneficial effects derived from the control of apple scab. While a much better grade of fruit from the standpoint of keeping quality and freedom from disease has been the invariable result from trees sprayed with this mate- rial the russeted appearance of the skin materially reduced its market value. In other words, while the injurious effects of bordeaux mixture and certain other sprays upon the fruit of susceptible varieties like the Ben Davis are concerned almost wholly with the appearance of the fruit and not with its keep- . ing quality or value as an article of food, the price it will bring on the market is just as effectually reduced as though the lat- ter were the case. If the selling price of apples depended more on the quality of the fruit and less on the appearance of the skin certain of the difficulties now experienced in spraying would disappear. The difficulties encountered in spraying apple orchards are not restricted to spray injury of the fruit however. It is a well known fact that the leaves of certain varieties are frequently injured by sprays and that the occurrence and severity of this injury is markedly influenced by seasonal climatic conditions in the case of bordeaux mixture. During the 5 seasons that this Station has experimented with this spray on Baldwin and Ben Davis trees at Highmoor Farm leaf injury has been experi- enced in some degree each year, and some years it has been so severe as to result in a decided leaf drop in mid-summer. For the main orchards, consisting of some 2300 trees it became necessary to abandon its use altogether. The question of the proper fungicide to use is by no means the only important matter involved in efficient orchard spraying. Insecticides are necessary and it ts both necessary and con- venient to use them in combination with fungicides. New forms of both of these are constantly being recommended and the orchardist is urged by manufacturers of various proprietary compounds to substitute these for the materials already in use, on the ground of their greater efficiency, economy, or ease of use. Often these are placed on the market without being suffi- ciently tested by their makers, under a variety of conditions, to determine their effects on the foliage and fruit in combina- SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS AND APPLE DISEASES. 3 tions with materials which must be used with them and disas- trous results are secured in the hands of the purchasers. While a fairly settled policy has been reached as to the proper time to apply the various sprays or combinations of sprays to secure the greatest efficiency there is still insufficient data with regard to some of these points, particularly as applied to local conditions. The present publication constitutes the fourth report of the results of a series of orchard spraying experiments designed to secure additional data upon some of the points mentioned above.* It has also seemed desirable to include in the same bulletin certain observations which have been made during the year upon apple scab and apple cankers. SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS IN 1913. During the past season the spraying experiments were con- ducted in the same portion of one of the orchards as in pre- vious years but included 238 instead of 139 trees used in 1912, or 40 rows of 6 trees to the row, with one tree missing in each of two rows. The plots were changed somewhat to avoid a supposed difficulty of the previous year. While, as will be seen later, the results of the present year indicate that this idea was incorrect it was thought that the relatively small amount of scab appearing in 1912 on the plot sprayed only with 4 pounds of arsenate of lead paste in 50 gallons of water might be partially due to its location at the corner of the orchard and thus better exposed to sunlight and drying winds. The trees were of the Ben Davis variety and are between 25 and 30 years old. They are now in a very healthy, vigorous condition. For the last 4 years they have been well cultivated, fertilized and pruned. In 1909 some renovation work was done on them but previous to this they had been badly neg- lected for several years. The 1913 experiments comprised 10 different plots. All plots used for making important comparisons between fungi- cides, except that sprayed with bordeaux mixture, consisted of * The previous reports are given in Bulletins 189, 198 and 212 of this Station. The first two are now out of print and are no longer available for distribution. 4 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQT4. 6 rows each, or 36 trees. The unsprayed check, the bordeaux plot, the arsenite of zinc plot and those upon which insecticides were used alone consisted of 3 rows each, or 18 trees. All plots received the same number of sprayings on the same dates with the exception of plot 4. On this the first application of lime-sulphur was omitted for comparison with plot 3 to test the efficiency in control of apple scab of the application usually made when the blossom buds are showing pink. All spray materials were applied with a gasoline power spraying outfit at a pressure of from 125 to 150 pounds. The tank, pump and hose were thoroughly washed out with water after each — separate spray material was used. The original plan was to spray all plots with the exception of number 4 when the blos- som buds were showing pink, repeat the application for all, number 4 included, just after the petals fell and again about 2 weeks later. This program was adhered to except that be- tween the second and third sprayings a period of 21 days elapsed. Weather conditions during the early part of the season materially influenced the date of application of the different sprays. The latter part of April and the first week of May were abnormally warm and very little rain fell. As a result the blossom buds came along very rapidly so that they were in condition such that it was necessary to make the first appli- cation on May 8. This was immediately followed by a month of unseasonably cold weather with frosts and cold, northwest winds associated with continued cloudy weather and heavy rainfall. The flower buds opened very slowly and the petals: did not drop so that the second application could be made till June 3. This allowed an interval of 26 days between the first and second applications as compared with only 12 in 1912. The third and last application was made on June 24. In 1913 dry, powdered arsenate of lead, using half the quan- tity by weight as compared with the paste form previously employed, was adopted for use on all the orchards on the farm. On all the experimental plots sprayed with a fungicide, (not counting plot 10 where arsenite of zinc was used) one pound of this dry arsenate of lead was added as an insecticide to each 50 gallons of spray. With this exception the treatment of each plot is given below. SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS AND APPLE DISEASES. 5 Plot 1 18 trees, bordeaux mixture, 3-3-50 formula. Plot 2 35 trees, lime-sulphur, 20 per cent stronger than standard dilution. Plot 3 36 trees, lime-sulphur, standard dilution {1.5 gals. 29° Baumé, home-cooked concentrate diluted to 50 gals.) Plot 4 35 trees, lime-sluphur, standard dilution, first appli- cation omitted. Plot 5 36 trees, “Soluble sulphur,’ 2 pounds to 50 gal- lons of water.* Plot 6 36 trees, “Atomic sulphur,” 7 pounds to 50 gallons of water.* Plot 7 18 trees, unsprayed check. Plot & 18 trees, 1 pound of dry arsenate of lead in 50 gal- lons of water. Plot 9 18 trees, 2 pounds of dry arsenate of lead in 50 gal- lons of water. Plot 10 18 trees, standard dilution lime-sulphur plus 1 pound of arsenite of zinc to 50 gallons. The orchards bioomed profusely and at the time of the first spraying there was promise of a full crop of fruit. Mention has been made of the weather conditions which prevailed dur- ing the first part of the season. Between May 8 and the close of the month somewhat over 4 inches of rain fell, many of the days were cloudy and cold with prevailing northwest winds. Freezing temperatures were recorded on May 14, 15 and 21. This resulted in very imperfect pollination and apparently many * The Soluble sulphur and Atomic sulphur are proprietary spray ma- terials and were supplied by the manufacturers, the Niagara Sprayer Company Middleport, New York, and the Thomsen Chemical Company, Baltimore, Maryland. The former in the literature sent out last spring recommended that their soluble sulphur compound be used for spraying trees in foliage at the rate of 13 to 2 pounds to each 50 gallons of water. Mr. W. M. Scott, pathologist for the Thomsen Chemical Company in correspondence stated that Atomic sulphur should be used at the rate of 7 pounds to 50 gallons of water but that a greater quantity would do no harm. His letter and supply of material did not arrive till aiter the date of the first application. Hence it was necessary to purchase a supply from their State agency which recommended that Atomic sulphur be used at the rate of 14 pounds to 50 gallons. This was done at the first spraying but 7 pounds were used in the last two. 6 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. J9Q14. of the partially opened buds were killed by frost. On June 2 considerable frost injury was noted on the young leaves throughout the orchards. By June ro it was evident that a large proportion of the flowers had failed to set fruit and were falling off. As a result the crop obtained was only about 10 per cent of that harvested in 1912. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SPRAYS ON THE FOLIAGE. On June 2 there was some evidence of spray injury on plot 1, sprayed with bordeaux mixture, but the leaves on the other plots were entirely healthy with the exception of the frost injury mentioned above. A small amount of spray injury de- veloped on plot 1 during the season but at no time was it sufficient to do any appreciable damage or to cause any ma- terial amount of leaf drop—a marked contrast with the re- sults obtained in some of the previous experiments where bor- deaux mixture was applied. The control of scab on the leaves was almost perfect and better on this plot than on any of the others. Plot 2, sprayed with lime-sulphur 20 per cent stronger than standard dilution, showed some leaf injury from the spray but this was very slight and somewhat less than was observed on plot 1. In this case, however, the injury did not appear until after the second application of the spray. Scab control on the leaves while not equalling that where bordeaux mixture was used, was better than that on all of the remaining plots. Plot 3, where standard dilution lime-sulphur was applied, was practically free from leaf injury throughout the season, al- though a little was noted. Scab on the leaves was fairly well controlled, but more in amount than on plot 2. This began to appear about June ro or later. Plot 4, treated the same as plot 3 except that the first appli- cation of lime-sulphur when the flower buds were showing pink was omitted, agreed in appearance with plot 3 throughout the season as far as the condition of the foliage was concerned. The control of scab seemed to be as good in one case as in the other. Plot 5, where “Soluble sulphur” was applied, presented a marked contrast with the other plots where fungicides were SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS AND APPLE DISEASES, Fe used. Up to June 3 no difference could be observed between the foliage on the trees on this plot and that on those which had been sprayed with lime-sulphur, but shortly after the second application of the spray very evident injury began to appear. This injury was in the form of spotting and more or less browning of the margins of the leaves and continued to develop slowly till the time of the third application on June 24. After the third application this spray injury developed very rapidly and became quite severe. On July 7, 75 to go per cent of the leaves on all of the trees on this plot were spotted or burned at the margins, or both, many of them being badly injured. Much yellowing and leaf drop showed at this time. The specimens shown in Fig. 1 were collected on this date. - The yellowing and falling of the leaves continued for over a month afterwards and conditions on July 15 were recorded as — worse than on July 7, the ground being nearly covered with fallen leaves at this time. As a result of this leaf fall the “Soluble sulphur” plot presented a marked contrast to the other fungicide plots when viewed at a distance. It could be located readily on account of the sparse condition of the foliage. “Soluble sulphur” appeared to be fully equal to standard dilu- tion lime-sulphur in controlling scab on the leaves. Plot 6, sprayed with “Atomic sulphur’ showed nothing on the foliage throughout the season which could be definitely classed as spray injury, although an occasional brown spot was observed on the leaves. With regard to scab control it equalled or exceeded all others except the bordeaux plot. Plot 7, unsprayed check. Scab on this, like the sprayed plots, did not appear on the leaves till about June 10, or midway be- tween the dates of the second and third applications, but from then on it developed very rapidly on both foliage and fruit. It was recorded as very common and severe, especially on some trees, on July 7 and 15, and nearly every leaf was reported as affected on August 4. Nothing like what has been classed as spray injury on the other plots was observed on the check, but frost injury was noted on this as well as on the others early in the season. Plot 8, sprayed with one pound of dry arsenate of lead in 50 gallons of water. Throughcut the season it was plainly 8 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQOT4. evident that the amount of scab on the leaves of the trees on this plot was considerably less than on the unsprayed check but it was also equally apparent that it was more than on the adjoining plot, sprayed with the larger amount of arsenate of fead, and more than on the plots sprayed with fungicides plus che same amount of arsenate as was used on it. The only evidence of spray injury observed was a slight spot- ting of the leaves and this in all cases appeared to be associated with areas of leaf surface where the epidermis had first been attacked by the scab fungus, allowing the poison to come in contact with the interior tissues. On plot 9, sprayed with 2 pounds of dry arsenate of lead in 50 gallons of water, the control of scab on the leaves through- out the season appeared to be fully equal to that where standard dilution lime-sulphur and the smaller quantity of arsenate had been used together. Some spotting of the leaves was observed similar to that described on plot 8, but up to the middle of August this was of no consequence. After this date the farm was visited less fre- quently and less detailed records were kept as to the condition of the foliage. At harvest time it was discovered that more or less spotting of the leaves had developed late in the season and that there had been a slight amount of premature leaf fall. However it may be said that the general health of the foliage on the trees on this plot throughout the season as a whole compared favorably with that on the lime-sulphur plots. Plot to, standard dilution lime-sulphur plus one pound of arsenite of zinc to 50 gallons. This plot was introduced simply to secure additional data as to the combined effect of arsenite of zinc and lime-sulphur on apple foliage. In 1912 this combi- nation gave no appreciable spray injury but in 1913, used in exactly the same manner, in the same proportions, and from the same stock of arsenite of zinc a decidedly opposite result was obtained. This year severe leaf injury resulted. The character, amount and time of appearance of this was almost identical with that produced by “Soluble sulphur” already described. The specimens shown in Fig. 2 were collected on July 7. SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS AND APPLE DISEASES, q EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SPRAYS ON THE FRUIT. Detailed records were kept throughout the season of the ap- pearance of the fruit with reference to scab and russeting but they tell little which is not also given in the tabulated results of the condition of the fruit at harvest time. The first record of the beginning of russeting of the fruit was on July 7 but the experiment was not visited by the writer between June 24 and this date. It is interesting to note that at this time russeting was recorded on all of the plots, including the unsprayed check. The crop was harvested on October 5 and sorted immediately thereafter. In 1912 about 20 barrels of apples from the rows near the center of each plot were set aside for careful sorting and record as to the condition of the fruit. In 1913, on account of the short and irregular crop on the trees, all of the apples on each plot were saved for sorting and counting except those borne on the half of each outside row which adjoined another plot having a different treatment. While this may not have entirely eliminated the effects of the spray drifting from one plot to another it was felt that it did so in a large measure. The following is a tabulated summary of the results obtained from sorting and counting the number of fruits on each of the different plots. ‘The percentages of smooth, scabby and rus- seted fruit do not always total 100 for in some instances apples were found which were both scabby and russeted and were counted twice. All apples which showed any traces of scab were classed as scabby. None were classed as russeted unless this was plainly evident. That is, apples which showed minor scars or imperfections of the skin were classed as smooth. 1QT4. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 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T OF 6rP! Z sor! - sirarelibiicwe tenes oi leap eieperpieteelcvelivrelielele)ele is pie | | -puvys UY} Joesu0s4s 940% Iny[dns-eurry Z | | ¢°69 8°0 1°66 €L46 \IT OTP 00r T voters" 0G-§-§ 91N9X TU XNVAPIO| | T te = “a Sei e 4 = ef *‘sojddu ‘satddu ‘soydde *poyossni “£qqvos “yjoous *‘sordde poeyossni Aqqvos qoaziod iequin yy Taquin jy raquin jo zequinu | “INGMLVaAUY, jo yua0 Jag | jo yusd Jag | jo quod Iag 1830], “ON 401d | | | | | | ‘sunt Buysos wort pamviqd synsay fo Xapmuns SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS AND APPLE DISEASES, Il DISCUSSION OF RESULTS. The experiments of the present year were designed, in a measure, to supplement the data obtained in 1912, hence in the discussion of the results obtained this year it is necessary to take into consideration certain of those obtained last year and reported in Bulletin 212. Efficiency of the first spray application. It is claimed by some that the spray application made when the buds are show. ing pink is the most effective one in controlling apple scab. That this may be the case was shown in a most striking manner in 1912. Where this spray (lime-sulphur) was omitted only about 50 per cent of perfect apples were obtained and over 47 per cent were scabby. Where it was applied nearly 90 per cent of the fruit was sound and perfect and less than 1.5 per cent were scabby. The general conclusion was that, under the climatic conditions which prevailed that season, the two later sprayings paid little more than the cost of application. Atten- tion was called to the fact that while this is important as show- ing the value of the first spraying it should not be taken as implying that the two later sprayings should be omitted. The results secured in this part of the 1913 experiment would seem quite contradictory to those obtained the previous year. It will be noted on reference to the table that while the figures favor the plot where all three applications were made these differences are probably within the limits of experimental error. Plot 4 produced only about 4 per cent less perfect apples and 3 per cent more scab than plot 3. _ It is difficult to account for this failure of the omission of the first application of the spray to show greater differences in the line of scab control. Had there been an excessive amount of scab on both plots with only this amount of difference it would be fair to assume that the period which elapsed between May 8 and the time of the second spraying allowed the disease to become established. As a matter of fact when compared with plot 7, or the unsprayed check which gave nearly 40 per cent of scabby apples, it will be seen that scab control was quite efficient even in the case of plot 4. An explanation of the results which seems very probable i; that while the warm period the latter part of April and the first of May was sufficient to I2 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9yi4: start the flower buds it was not sufficiently prolonged to cause the liberation of the spores of the perfect stage of the fungus, which form on the fallen leaves of the season before and which are generally conceded to be the chief source of early spring in- fection. With the very cold period following it may be that these spores were not in a condition to be thrown off till about or shortly before the second spraying. None of the limb in- fection by scab like that described later in this bulletin was ob- served in the experimental orchard.. Dilution of lime-sulphur. In to12 the results suggested that a dilution of lime-sulphur 20 per cent stronger than the standard could be used on Ben Davis trees with little more danger of injuring the leaves or russeting the fruit and that the increased efficiency of the spray would more than pay the added cost, particularly where the lime-sulphur concentrate is prepared at home. The results in 1913 have strengthened this position rather than weakened it. While the differences were not so marked as last season when the stronger solution produced about 23 per cent less scabby apples than the standard dilution it will be seen on comparing plots 2 and 3 that the per cent of perfect apples was greater, and the etficiency in scab control] in the case of the stronger solution was almost equal to that of bordeaux mixture. LTime-sulphur vs. bordeaux mixture. The continued use in uhis series of experiments of a plot sprayed with bordeaux mixture is solely for the purpose of comparison. ‘The efficiency of bordeaux mixture in controlling apple scab and tle almost certain occurrence of foliage injury and fruit russeting from its use on the variety of apples employed in the experiments are well established facts. Such a plot in conjunction with an un- sprayed check is of value as a standard by which to judge the action of the other fungicides in controlling scab or in the pro- duction of spray injury. In 1912 bordeaux mixture produced a greater percentage of perfect apples than did standard dilu- . tion lime-sulphur, but the stronger lime-sulphur produced bet- ter results than either of these. In 1913 almost perfect con- trol of scab on the fruit was obtained from bordeaux mixture but on account of russeting less than 30 per cent of perfect apples were obtained. On the other hand very efficient control SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS AND APPLE DISEASES. 13 of scab was secured with lime-sulphur, particularly the stronger dilution, and the percentage of perfect apples was about double that secured with bordeaux mixture. Hence the results secured during the last season are very much in favor of lime-sulphur. “Soluble sulphur.’ Judging from the results of a single season alone it would seem that this compound is a fairly eff- cient fungicide as far as apple scab is concerned and fully equal in this respect to the standard dilution lime-sulphur as will be seen in comparing the results secured on plots 3 and 5. Un- fortunately, as has already been pointed out on page 7, its use at the rate of 2 pounds to 50 gallons of water produced very severe leaf injury. Based on our own experience and that of others during the past summer, which latter is given under another heading, “Soluble sulphur,” used with arsenate of lead at this strength at least, cannot be recommended as a safe summer spray for apple trees. “Atomic sulphur.’ ‘The results secured with this material were very satisfactory. No spray injury was observed on the leaves and it will be seen on comparing plots 3 and 6 that the condition of the fruit harvested from the plot sprayed with “Atomic sulphur” was practically identical with that from the standard dilution lime-sulphur plot. While these results were in every way Satisfactory one is not warranted drawing final conclusions without farther comparative tests. It is admitted that the relatively efficient scab control with this material may be partly due to using it, through error, at double strength for the first application, but attention is called to the fact already pointed out that omitting an application of lime-sulphur at this time produced practically no difference in the results. Arsenate of lead as a fungicide. In the above discussion relative to the control of scab on the different plots the action of arsenate of lead, which is added as an insecticide, has been ignored as a factor in producing the effects obtained. More- over, this appears to be the customary attitude in dealing with experiments of this nature. The results secured on plots sprayed with different amounts of arsenate of lead alone, dur- ing the past two seasons, suggest that this is an erroneous posi- tion to take. Not only that but one is strongly tempted to go one step farther and say that there is reason to believe that so IA MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPURIMENT STATION. IQ14. far as scab is concerned the fungicides commonly employed in spraying apple trees, when used with arsenate of lead, have been receiving in some instances much more credit than they really deserve. However it should be mentioned that this is by no means the first time that the fungicidal effect of arsenate of lead has been observed. Waite* called attention to the fact in 1910, but stated that while this insecticide when used alone possessed considerable fungicidal value 1t was probably not enough to be depended upon for general use. In his experiments, however, only 2 pounds of paste were used to 50 gallons of water. Wal- lace, Blodgett and Hessler? in both field and laboratory tests also showed that the addition of arsenate of lead to lime- sulphur solution increased the fungicidal value of the spray. Taylor $ secured somewhat similar results in Missouri in the control of peach scab and brown rot but in the case of the latter disease it was thought that the effects were indirect and were the result of control of the curculio which punctures the skin and thus assists the fungus in gaining entrance to the fruit. In our own experiments plots were sprayed with 2 and 4 pounds of arsenate of lead paste in 50 gallons of water in 1912. In 1913 the powdered form of the insecticide was substituted, this being used at the rate of 1 and 2 pounds in 50 gallons of water. The 1912 experiment was begun in the writer’s absence and, unfortunately, no unsprayed check was saved. However the results obtained were quite striking. Where the larger amount of arsenate of lead paste was used alone scab was controlled as well as on any plot sprayed with the recognized fungicides, exceeding that obtained with bordeaux mixture and standard dilution lime-suiphur and only being equalled by the stronger lime-sulphur. With the above results in mind the figures obtained in 1913 possess added significance. Where the 2 pounds of dry arsenate * Waite, M. B., Experiments on the Apple with Some New or Little- Known Fungicides Cir. U. S. D. A. Bur. Pl. Ind. 58, roto. + Wallace, E., Blodgett, F. M. and Hessler, L. R. Studies of the Fungi- cidal Value of Lime-Sulphur. Bul. Cornell Agr. Exp. Sta. 290, 1911. t Taylor, E. P., Spraying Peaches for Brown Rot, Western Fruit Grower, pp. 20-21, Oct. 1909, pp. 16-18, Feb. 1010. SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS AND APPLET DISEASES, 1 CN of lead were used alone in 50 gallons of water scab was better controlled than.on all other plots except those where bordeaux mixture and the stronger lime-sulphur were applied. More- over, it will be seen on reference to the table that a greater percentage of perfect apples was obtained from this plot than from any other in the series. That even small or medium ap- plications of arsenate of lead possess a distinct fungicidal value is readily seen by comparing the check plot, number 7, with plot 8 adjoining it where one pound of the powdered form was used in 50 gallons of water. Here the amount of scab was re- duced from nearly 39 to less than 16 per cent and the percentage of perfect apples obtained compared very favorably with those plots on which fungicides had been wsed in addition to the same amount of powdered arsenate of lead as was used on plot 8. While the writer is not ready as yet, without repeated experi- mental tests, to recommend so radical a departure as placing entire dependence upon arsenate of lead alone for the control of scab and insect enemies in apple orchards in Maine the results so far obtained are certainly encouraging. It is not beyond the range of probability that efficient scab control with a minimum of fruit russeting might be obtained by using a dormant spray of strong lime-sulphur or bordeaux mixture before the leaf- buds open and then for later applications nothing but from I 1-2 to 2 pounds of powdered or from 3 to 4 pounds of the paste form of arsenate of lead in 50 gallons of water. Since practically all the foliage and fruit injury from bordeaux mix- ture comes from the later applications still greater efficiency in scab control might be obtained with no added danger from rus- seting and leaf spotting if this is used when the flower buds are showing pink. Such a procedure would entirely eliminate lime-sulphur except as a dormant spray where its use is ab- solutely required in many orchards on account of the blister mite and other insects. | Objection to this use of still greater quantities of arsenate of lead might be raised on account of the claim made by some that the accumulation of arsenic in the soil from its continued use as a spray material tends to produce detrimental effects on the trees themselves. Headden has shown this to be the case in 16 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXVERIMENT STATION. IQT4. Colorado, but here the results are brought about through the action of the alkali in the soil or irrigation water converting the insoluble lead arsenate into soluble compounds.* So far as the writer has been able to learn no evidence of similar action has been observed in the East. As a matter of fact the amounts of lead arsenate advocated for use alone are not materially greater than now used in combination with fungicides like lime-sulphur. Russeting of fruit. One fact has been strikingly brought out in the experiments conducted during the past season which has been evident to a greater or less degree during preceding years. This is that much russeting of the fruit may be due to natural causes and all of it should by no means be charged against the spiay material. Mr. Bonns observed this in 1910 and com- mented on it in the first report of the series.7 In 1913 a large amount of russeting was observed, even on the unsprayed plot which showed over 31 per cent of the fruit so affected. In this connection it is interesting to note that russeting was actually less on the plot where 2 pounds of powdered lead arsenate was used than on the check.. However on some of the other plots, particularly the one sprayed with bordeaux mixture it was very evident that the treatment applied, directly influenced the amount of injury obtained. There is no doubt that the excessive amount of russeting which occurred the past season irrespective of the treatment was in some way associated with the climatic conditions which prevailed when the fruit was small. While there was an ab- sence of the so-called “frost bands” on the fruit it is very prob- able that late frosts associated with heavy winds and cold rains were directly responsible for the trouble. Arsenite of zinc with lime-sulphur. Very little comment is necessary with regard to the results obtained with this combina- tion in 1913. In 1912 it was used with perfect safety on both foliage and fruit and was so reported. While practically no russeting of the fruit could be attributed to it in 1913, when compared with the check plot, the foliage injury already * Headden, Wm. P., Arsenical Poisoning of Fruit Trees. Bul. Colo. Arg. Exp. Sta. 131, 1908. 7 Bonns, W .W., Orchard Spraying Experiments. Bul. Me. Agi. Exp. Sta. 189, IQII. SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS AND APPLE, DISEASES. 7 described was sufficient to indicate that arsenite of zinc is an unsafe material to use with lime-sulphur in spraying apple or- chards. ADDITIONAL DATA REGARDING SOLUBLE SULPHUR COMPOUND. In a letter addressed to the Director of this Station under the date of October 18 the General Manager of the Niagara Spray- er Company stated that he was very much surprised to learn that we had very unsatisfactory results with their Soluble Sul- phur Compound, as the ‘general results they were receiving from all over the United States were very favorable. He ad- mitted that in the New England States more burning had been experienced than in other sections and attributed this to the peculiar climatic conditions of the season, but they were con- vinced that with one pound to 50 gallons of water with 2 1-2 pounds of arsenate of lead the results would be satisfactory. In their printed directions supplied to us at the beginning of the season it was recommended that 1 1-2 to 2 pounds of the material be used to 50 gallons, with no reference to arsenate of lead. In the experiments already described 2 pounds of Soluble Sulphur and one pound of dry arsenate of lead (ap- proximately equivalent to 2 pounds of the paste form) were used. Since our own report on the results obtained with this com- pound upon apple foliage must be an adverse one it seemed only just that an effort be made to determine whether or not this agreed with the experience of other users of the Soluble Sul- phur Compound in Maine during 1913. Accordingly a circular letter was at once prepared, asking for information on this point, and sent to some over 100 orchardists in various parts of the State, mostly members of the Maine Pomological Society. Many of the replies received indicated that the general impres- sion among the apple growers is that Soluble Sulphur Com- pound is simply a lime-sulphur concentrate with all of the water removed. Attention should be called to the fact that this is not the case and the Niagara Sprayer Company have never made such a claim in any of the literature which the writer has seen. In justice it should also be mentioned that nothing which is said here regarding the Soluble Sulphur Compound in any way 18 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I914. applies to the ordinary liquid lime-sulphur concentrate put out by the Niagara Sprayer Company. So far as this Station has tested the latter material it is fully equal to any on the market with reference’ to its effects on the foliage and efficiency in scab control. Sixty-three replies to the circular letter were received, and only 11 of the writers said they had used the material in ques- tion in 1913. Farther correspondence developed the fact that one of these, who reported no burning of the foliage, did not use Soluble Sulphur Compound at all but the lime-sulphur concentrate put out by the same company. Another used Soluble Sulphur Compound only as a dormant spray. A third reported that his foliage looked sickly during the early part of the season whether sprayed or not. One case was reported from Kent’s Hill where the trees were thoroughly sprayed with 1 1-2 pounds of Soluble Sulphur Compound and 2 pounds of arsenate of lead in 50 gallons of water about 10 days after the petals fel! and no injury resulted. Another case was reported to the writer, but not included in the replies to the circular letter, where the owner drenched the trees with this spray without injury. In neither of these cases were the names given of the varieties of apples sprayed, and in the last it was not stated how much Soluble Sulphur Compound was used and whether or not arsenate of lead was used with it. One case was reported where slight burning of ‘the leaves occurred with several varieties and four reports of severe foliage injury were received. One of these came from the same town where material was used successfully. The spraying was done on about the same date, the same amount of Soluble Sulphur Compound was used but 2 I-2 pounds instead of 2 pounds of arsenate of lead was added to each 50 gallons of spray. In this case the variety used was Baldwin and the owner reported that “It burned the foliage so seriously that much of it fell’. Another report was as follows: “J will say, however, that it was very unsatisfactory in our hands. It has caused considerable injury and did not seem to be as effective as the solution of lime and sulphur”. The third reported injury on Ben Davis but not on other varieties. SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS AND APPLE DISEASES. 19 The most severe case of injury from Soluble Sulphur Com- pound and arsenate of lead reported came from Winthrop: mal used it to spray my apple orchard of about 3 acres on June 17, 1913. The varieties that were sprayed were Baldwin, Nod- head, Roxbury Russet, Winthrop Greening, Rhode Island Greening, Bellflower, Northern Spy and Canada Red. Halt of the foliage and a great many apples fell. I used one pound of Soluble sulphur and 3 pounds of arsenate of lead to 50 gallons of water.” Mr. Geo. A. Yeaton, County Director of farm demonstration work for the University of Maine College of Agriculture in Oxford County used the material in an experimental way in some of his demonstration work and reported variable results. In one orchard the results were entirely satisfactory. In an- other orchard of 248 trees the foliage of Spy and Ben Davis trees was burned, while that on Baldwin and McIntosh showed no trace of it. Another orchard showed little or no burning. State Horticulturist, A. K. Gardner, stated he had used Soluble Sulphur Compound in a limited way and in each case there was a limited amount of spray injury, probably to per cent more than where the liquid (lime-sulphur) was used. “Other men have claimed that it burned their foliage and a few have said that it did not. The general consensus of opinion, how- ever, has been that the liquid has proven more satisfactory.” Mr. Gardner also reported the case mentioned above where the trees were drenched with the spray and did not suffer from any injury. All reports received by the writer regarding Soluble Sulphur Compound as a dormant spray appear to be satisfactory. It is claimed by some that the injurious action on the foliage re- sults from arsenic set free when combined with arsenate of lead. Doubtless this is the case, but no matter how efficient a fungicide may be it is impracticable to use it as a summer spray for apple trees unless some efficient insecticide may be combined with it and the two used at the same time without danger of leaf injury. 20 MAINE AGRICUL/[URAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI4. THE SouRCE OF SPRING INFECTION BY APPLE SCAB.* in this country it has been quite generally conceded that the early spring infection by apple scab comes entirely from the spores of the perfect stage of the causal fungus which have been produced on diseased leaves lying on the ground during the preceding winter. In fact all the previously accumulated evidence in America is in support of this position. In Europe certain writers have agreed with this while others maintained that scab infested twigs or young branches were also an impor- tant factor. It is generally agreed, however, that the scab fun- | gus is at times parasitic upon young branches and water shoots and in this relation, particularly in the case of susceptible vari- eties, may be the source of considerable injury. Conditions during the growing season in Maine in 1912 apparently were very favorable to the development of apple scab on the limbs. Early in the following winter specimens of young apple branches attacked by scab began to come to this Station from correspondents in various parts of the State. Since limb infection appeared to be so general it seemed that an excellent opportunity existed to determine whether or not the scab fungus would remain alive on these limbs over winter and become a source of infection the following spring. Ac- cordingly Mr. W. H. Darrow, a graduate student working in the writer's laboratory, was assigned to this problem. Ac- knowledgment is made to him for much time spent examining local orchards, making spore germination tests, inoculation experiments and in collecting data on the relative susceptibility of varieties. Also thanks are due to State Horticulturist, A. K. Gardner, and Assistant State Horticulturist, H. P. Sweetser, of Augusta, as well as to Mr. George A. Yeaton and Mr. Arthur L. Deering, County Directors of farm demon- stration work for the University of Maine College of Agricul- ture in Oxford and Kennebec Counties for furnishing us with material for study from various parts of the State. * Morse W. J., and Darrow, W. H. Is Apple Scab on Young Shoots a Source of Spring Infection? Phytopathology 3: 265. Oct. 1913. The present discussion is a brief presentation: of facts given in the previous article. SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS AND APPLE: DISEASES. 21 While the branches were frequently affected near the tip, in many cases the diseased area began one or 2 or even 3 inches back on last year’s growth and extended back from one to several inches. [he bark on the diseased portion of such branches was more or less thickly studded with light brown spots. Scattered spots were, as a rule, oval to elongate in shape, although frequently nearly circular, and were usually not much larger than a pin-head. Quite often in severe cases these spots ran together, forming a diseased patch of consider- able area which appeared as a scurfy coating on the bark. Closer examination of the light brown spots showed that they were blister-like pustules resulting from the death and pushing out of the epidermis or outer layer of the young bark. In the center of each pustule was a blackish portion composed of the olive-colored conidia or spores of the fungus. A detailed study of the conditions in the field was made by Mr. Darrow in the vicinity of Orono. This was of necessity somewhat limited, as the location is outside of the best apple growing district of the state. It was observed that strong- growing water sprouts were more badly affected than young growth on the ends of branches. Water sprouts 2 or 3 feet long were often diseased for the last foot or more of their growth. Also the more vigorous growing twigs at the ends of the branches were the more severely attacked. Those which showed but little elongation were only slightly infested, or not at all. In an orchard containing seven varieties, McIntosh and Fam- euse were the worst attacked. Milden and Westfield ranked next in order of susceptibility. Only an occasional twig was found to be affected on the Northern Spy trees and these but slightly, while the Oldenburg and Tolman trees were entirely free from injury. Many of the spores of the scab fungus, found in the pus- tules already mentioned, germinated readily when placed in proper culture media or even in water. These germinations were made at various times during the latter part of the win- ter and spring up to about the first of May. No exact data was secured to determine whether the spores so germinated were those formed the fall before or those which had been 22 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ14. produced in the early spring from the mycelium of the fungus which had remained alive in the diseased branches over winter. The latter might have been the case with some of the later germinations but under the climatic conditions which exist in this State it does not seem possible where the tests were made early in March. Young apple trees growing in the greenhouse were inoculated by spraying the foliage with spores produced from cultures of the fungus obtained from diseased limbs. In a month or 6 weeks the leaves of these trees were badly attacked by apple scab. Scab did not develop on other young trees growing in ~ the same greenhouse and which were not so inoculated. From the above it would seem evident that in this climate it is perfectly possible for the apple scab fungus, ancl the conidia off the same, to live over winter on diseased twigs and water sprouts, and that this form of the disease may be an important factor in the production of early spring infection where suscep- tible varieties of trees are grown. In this connection it is a matter of extreme practical importance to know how effective a dormant spray of bordeaux mixture or lime-sulphur is in con- trolling this phase of the disease. In the laboratory it was found that simply dipping the affected twigs for a few seconds in the winter strength lime-sulphur sufficed to kill all living spores, but no results of a regularly conducted spraying experi- ment were secured. However, certain observations made by the writer furnish some rather interesting data upon this sub- ject. These observations were made upon a block of four-year-old McIntosh trees in an orchard belonging to Mr. F. H. Morse ot Waterford. This consisted of 40 trees, 5 rows of 8 trees to the row, set on an acre of land. They had been well fertilized and cultivated, were 7 to 8 feet tall and were healthy and vigor- ous with the exception that several limbs on practically every tree had been attacked by scab the season before. Some of these were so severely injured as to kill them back for several inches. However, the badly attacked trees were by no means confined to any one part of the block. They were visited about the first of July. | SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS AND APPLE DISEASES. 23 It was the original plan of the owner to spray the trees before the buds opened with a dormant spray of lime-sulphur and again with the same material diluted to summer strength, just before the flower buds opened, and a third time after the petals fell. The first application was made about the first of May, using a 33° Beaumé concentrate, diluted 1 part to 10 of water. At this time the leaf buds on one row of 8 trees were slightly in advance of the rest and were just beginning to open. The owner fearing he would injure them omitted the applica- tion of the strong spray upon this row of trees. However, the remainder of the entire block received the dormant spray at this time, and all received the two later applications. At the time the orchard was inspected, the leaves on the 32 trees to which all three applications of the spray were made were exceedingly healthy, although scab was not entirely con- trolled upon them. Those upon the 8 trees where the dormant spray was omitted showed a strikingly different condition. Fully 75 per cent were attacked by scab and a large proportion of these were quite severely affected. In fact only those of re- cent growth were free from the disease. It is not the contention of the writer that spores of the perfect stage of the apple scab fungus, formed on the leaves of the pre- vious year, are not the source of a great proportion, and usually all, of the early spring infection of apple scab. It is, however, maintained that, under certain conditions and with certain vari- eties of trees, diseased twigs and water sprouts are an impor- tant factor in the propagation and spread of the disease at the beginning of the following year. It would also seem from our observations that where limb infection exists the application of some strong fungicide immediately before the leaf buds open will greatly reduce the amount of spring infection from this source. THE EUROPEAN APPLE CANKER IN MAINE In an earlier publication of this Station it was stated that while the European Apple Canker, caused by Nectria ditissima Tul., might be present in Maine it had not at that time been 24 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQT4. observed.* Certain observations made during the past year by Mr. W. H. Darrow while working in this laboratory not only show that the fungus which 1s said to cause this disease is pres- ent in this State but that in some localities it occurs with con- siderable frequency. Several specimens identical in appearance with the descriptions and illustrations of canker said to be caused by Nectria ditissuma were collected. These varied from small ones an inch or two in length to old cnes 7 or 8 inches long. Figs. 3 and 4 show some of the specimens obtained. In one young orchard they were found on the trunks of several trees while in older orchards the cankers appeared more abundant on branches an inch or two in diameter. Several of these cankers were found in crotches, suggesting that they might have followed winter injury. The larger part of them, however, showed the remains of a dead twig in the center indi- cating that the fungus may have gained entrance thereby. The fruiting bodies of Nectria ditissima were quite constantly found on the older of these cankers and the ascospores found within these perithecia and the conidia produced in cultures agreed with the published descriptions of the fungus. This determination was confirmed by Dr. J. J. Davis of the Univer- sity of Wisconsin who very kindly examined some of the ma- terial. From cultures of the fungus isolated from some of the can- kers Mr. Darrow made a limited number of inoculations of apple branches out of doors in May. ‘These branches were about one-half inch through, and on this date, December 1, in all cases points of inoculation have every appearance of the be- ginning of a canker. The wounds, which were slight slits in the bark, have not healed but have enlarged—some of them covering from one-third to one-half the circumference of the limb. In one or two instances the limb itself was enlarged at the point of inoculation. * Morse, W. J., and Lewis, 'C. E. Maine Apple Diseases. Bul. Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. 185: 371, 1910. LOL ) anyding atqnjos,, Aq poinfur saavay . . ‘pve, jo a}vuasie puv ,, punodwo Fic. 2. Leaves injured by lime-sulphur and arsenite of zinc. Fic. 3. European apple canker, advanced stages. Fic. 4. European apple canker in crotch. i 4, ~ &3 v BULLETIN 224. FIELD EXPERIMENTS. REPORTED BY CHaAs. D. Woops. The experimental work at Highmoor Farm is planned by the Director, the Biologists, the Plant Pathologist, and the En- tomologist. In the following pages there are given. the results of certain experiments that lie somewhat outside of the lines of work of any of the Station specialists. The carrying out of these experiments and the taking of the requisite notes de- volved upon different members of the staff. In general the field work was executed under the direction of Mr. Wellington Sinclair, the Superintendent of Highmoor Farm. The notes were chiefly taken in 1910 and 1911 by Mr. Walter W. Bonas; in 1912 by Mr. George A. Yeaton, and in 1913 by Mr. Harold G. Gulliver. ‘Top DressINc EXPERIMENT ON GRASS IN IQI0, IQII AND 1912. A fertilizer manufacturer who is an enthusiastic advocate of Thomas phosphate powder as an economical source of phosphoric acid that carries with it the lime needed to correct acidity of soil, asked that the Station undertake an experiment in top dressing grass land in which Thomas prosphate powder would be compared with acid phosphate as a source of phos- phoric acid. The field best adapted to such an experiment on Highmoor Farm consisted of about five acres, half of which was seeded in 1909 and the other half in 1908. This was di- vided into three plots of one and three-fourths acres each in such a way that each plot contained an equal amount of each year’s seeding. The grasses were a mixture of timothy and redtop with some clover and june grass. The stand was fair and about the same over the whole-field. The plots ran north 26 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Igt4. and south. The middle plot was left unfertilized as a check plot. To the east plot there was applied each of the three years a mixture consisting of 100 pounds of nitrate of soda, 112 pounds of muriate of potash and 600 pounds of Thomas phosphate powder. To the west plot there was applied each of the three years 100 pounds of nitrate of soda, 112 pounds of muriate of potash and 600 pounds of acid phosphate. The results are given in the table which follows: Tablz showing kinds and amounts of fertilizer used and vields per plot and per acre for each year and for the three years combined. | YIELD OF Hay. «| Kinps anp Amount FERTILIZER APPLIED | 2) Eacuo YEAR. | Year. | a | Per plot. |Per acre. | Pounds.| Tons. Tons. A /100 poundsinitrateyolsodasee ee eee ee 1910 8560 4.28 2.45 |112 pounds muriate of potash............... 1911 3950 1.92 1S |600 pounds of acid phosphate............... 1912 5315 2.66 152 Potaly, -) 202 eA ice take ine AE [ot ag aaa &.86 5.10 1910 5625 2.81 1.60 BilNowertilizer Gece eee oe OEE ree 1911 2856 1.37 sel 1912 3750 1.88 1.07 Total. ssid, sas ae a ease aie eles ea 0s eae ee | 6.06 3.48 |100 pounds nitrate of soda.................. 1910 7135 3.57 2.04 © |112 pounds muriate of soda... .........2.)2.. 1911 3450 1.73 .98 600 pounds Thomas phosphate powder....... 1912 5230 2.61 1.49 os Rotal.s% co aiieres ite aac cee ao ce ee | ne 7.91 4.51 In 1910 there was an abundant rainfall in the grass grow- ing months and the conditions were favorable for a heavy yield. In 1911 the conditions were the reverse and not enough water fell after the application of the fertilizer to render it very available to the grass plants. The conditions in 1912 were fairly favorable for a hay crop. But this was the fourth year for half of the field and the fifth year the other half liad been in grass and cut for hay. The surprising thing about this experiment is the increase due to the acid phosphate in 1910. Even if the increased yield from the Thomas phosphate plot be entirely ascribed to the muriate and nitrate the application of acid phosphate increased FIELD EXPERIMENTS. 27 the yield in 1910 about four-tenths of a ton per acre and in 1911 there was a small increase in yield over the plot to which Yhomas phosphate powder was applied. In top dressing ex- periments* on the College farm no appreciable benefit was found from the use of phosphoric acid. The fertilizer for plots A and C would cost in these amounts about $8.50 for each of the three yearly applications or about $25 for the three years for each fertilized plot. It would seem doubtful that on this particular land any advantage was de- rived from the addition of the Thomas phosphate powder other than maintaining the fertility of the soil. On this plot there was for the three years 1.85 tons of hay cut more than on the unfertilized plot. As the cost of applying the fertilizer was small and the extra labor in harvesting the crop not much increased because of this increased yield the extra hay was obtained on plot C at a cost of about $13.50 per ton. On plot A the increased yield of 2.8 tons was obtained at a cost for fertilizer alone at the rate of a little less than $9 per ton. The Station practices top dressing its mowing lands at High- moor Farm each year with a mixtitre of 100 pounds of nitrate of soda, 100 pounds of muriate of potash and 150 pounds of acid phosphate. This costs for the materials applied to the land about $6 per acre. Such a mixture supplies more phos- phoric acid than the crop of hay removes from the soil, about the same amount of potash as the crop of hay removes and about one-third to one-half of the nitrogen. It is doubtful if in average years more than 100 pounds of nitrate of soda can be applied without danger of loss from leaching. Top dressing of mowing lands is profitable if the resulting increase in the hay crop is to be used and fed on the farm. At the price fixed in 1913 for the valuation of fertilizers at tide water in ton lots the fertilizing constituents of a ton of mixed hay are worth over $7. To sell hay is to sell off from the farm fertilizing materials that will cost, including the cart- ing of the hay to a shipping point, the purchase and applica- tion of fertilizers to make good those sold in the hay at least $9 for every ton sold. Not to plan to replace the fertilizing constituents is to rob the farm of that amount of plant food. *Bulletin 94, Maine Station. 28 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9t4. Hicu Rince, Mrepium RincE AND L&EvEL CuLtTurE For PoTa- TOES COMPARED. EXPERIMENTS IN AROOSTOOK COUNTY. The method of ridge culture is almost universally used by potato growers in Aroostook County. Probably over 90 per cent of the farmers practice what might be called extreme ridge culture. The ridging begins at the time of planting. The planter most used has a plow so constructed that it makes little more than a mark on the soil unless it is very light, instead of a furrow, then the disks at the rear of the machine cover the seed by throwing up a ridge perhaps 4 inches high so that the seed at the very start is practically on a level with the sur- face between the rows. A few farmers make a practice of going over the field with a weeder and somewhat flattening the ridge but the number that do this is comparatively few. The method most usually followed is to go between the rows with the cultivator perhaps 8 to 10 days after the potatoes are planted and then as soon as they begin to break the ground go over with the horse-hoe and bury them up also burying the weeds at the same time and thereby raising the height of the ridge. This kind of cultivation is continued until the tops are too large to pass through without injury. By this time an A. shaped ridge has been formed about 12 to 15 inches high and, of course, the surface between the rows has been dropped by the continual scraping up of the soil so that the tubers grow- ing in the ridge are considerably above the surface between the rows. It can be readily seen that in a dry season a field so handled must suffer considerably from lack of moisture. In the rather wet seasons usual to Aroostook County no lack of moisture is felt and the drains between the rows are an advantage rather than an injury, but in an extremely dry season it would seem that the drainage is too great. The ridges being high and nar- row dry out very quickly and it would appear therefore the crop must suffer more from lack of moisture than it would if the roots of the plant were below the level as they are when modified level culture is practiced. FIELD [XPERIMENTS. 29 In the years 1907, 1908 and 1909 field experiments compar- ing the shallow planting and high ridge cultivation common in Aroostook County with a deeper planting and a low broad ridge were carried out at Houlton. The three seasons had an abundant water supply. Indeed in 1909 there was more rainfall than the crop needed. Because of the long continued cold wet weather and early frost the yield was reduced materially. The results as given in the following table show no practical ad- vantage of one method over the other so far as yield is con- cerned. Table showing comparison of medium planted, broad low ridge with shallow planted high ridge in Aroostock County. Total area 1m experiments 15 acres. | Yield of | merchant- METHOD OF CULTURE. [eaYiearsn! VARIETY. able | potatoes | | per acre. | | Bush. Medium planted............ 1907 IGreen Mountains saree eae | 333 Mediumridge net sees HOOSie||Green’Mountaine {4- ese eee eee 301 1909 Green Mountalneenmier. ae 216 | AV erage threeryearsee caer cee. 283 Shallow planted............ | 1907 (Green Mountain. .............. 56 325 ashyrideets: | seshssts ean En 190& =) |GireendWountainy,-5 ee aes sae ee | 291 | 1909) |Green\Mountain. 9225... 5. 12227): | 204 | Average three years............... 273 EXPERIMENTS IN KENNEBEC COUNTY. The successful growing of potatoes in Aroostook County has greatly stimulated the potato industry over the whole State. The great advance in value of land in Arostook County has led farmers to sell and go to other parts of the State where land has less value. Both of these facts have led to the adoption of Aroostook County methods of potato growing all over the State. It seemed probable that the less rainfall and not infre- quent drouths experienced in the more southern parts of the State might prove unfavorable to growing potatoes with the shallow planting high ridge method of cultivation. With the purchase of Highmoor Farm for the Station an experiment 30 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQT4. comparing shallow planting with high ridge cultivation, some- what deeper planting with a iower, broader ridge, and deep planting with as level cultivation as practicable, was begun. This has been continued through four years with two varieties of potatoes. The results of the experiment are here reported. The deep planted lots were planted at a depth of 5 inches, the medium at 3 1-2 inches and the shallow at 2 inches. Full data as to the planting, cultivation, spraying and har- vesting of the crop were kept each season. But in an experi- | ment of this type it does not seem wise to use space in report- ing details that, while they are important in showing that the crop was carefully grown, have little agricultural significance beyond that fact. The season of 1910 was favorable for a maximum crop as the rainfall was ample and the growing season greatly pro- longed by frost keeping off until October. The seasons of I91I and 1912 were not so favoable and 1913 was particularly unfavorable, although the rainfall in August was greater than the average and saved the crop from the damage that threat- ened from the dry July. The time required for planting was the same on all of the plots. The planting, spraying and harvesting were the same tor all of the plots with the exception that on the deep planted it was necessary to use four horses on the digger. The deep planted required less hours of cultivation; the medium planted the most. A man and team for cultivating were on the deep plots 26 hours, on the medium 39 hours and on the shallow 35 hours per acre. There was not much difference in the difficulties of digging between the shallow planted and the medium planted. The deep planted required four horses instead of two on the digger, and a good deal of care was necessary to be sure that the digger was sufficiently deep in the ground to prevent cutting the tubers. The yields for the four years are given in the table which follows: FIELD EXPERIMENTS. 31 Table showing comparison of deep planted, level culture, me- dium planted, medium ridge and shailow planted high ridge at Highmoor Farm (Kennebec County). Total area in experiments I6 T-2 acres. | viel per | | | acre of METHOD oF CULTURE. leearnas| V ARIETY. | merchant: | able | | potatoes. | Bush Weepyplanted eas ee ee 1910 365 Level culture.............. 1911 166 1912 15y 1913 35 Average Green Mountain. ........ 360 Average Irish Cobbler............. 163 Averaretouriyearss. saa eie cee 261 Medium planted............ n1910)|GreentMountains)).)45 sa. cee ee. 436 Mediumiridzes es. seca HOTS trishiCobblertinse seem reer 170 1912s ellrishiCobbler case too eee 162 ISTSE" | GreenMountain) se. sone eee 334 |Average Green Mountain.......... 385 | Avergge Irish Cobbler............. | 166 Average four years...............| 276 Shallow planted.......... -.| 1910 |Green Mountain.................. | 372 Je bad ey ferke Fira Ae oc ieae ee le ao (OiielmshiCobbler aa reese essere | 130 LOSTZeelirish\Cobblers pete eee | 147 1OSien| GreeniMountainss o- sees 277 Average Green Mountain.......... | 325 Average Irish Cobbler............. 139 Average four years!.o. = 2.502606. | 232 CONCLUSIONS. In the three years experiments comparing the usual method practiced in Aroostook County with deeper planted seed and a lower, broader ridge than is commonly used there showed that so far as yield was concerned there is nothing to chose in that locality between the two methods. The deep planted and medium planted gave practically the same yields at Highmoor Farm with the advantage (though within experimental error) in favor of the medium planted. The medium planted and medium ridge gave considerably better yields at Highmoor Farm than the shallow planted and high ridge. The medium ridge is cultivated as cheaply as the shallow ridge and is harvested nearly as easily. The deep planted are cultivated at less cost than either of the two other methods but are far more dificult to harvest. s 32 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI4. The results indicate that for Aroostook County the shallow planted high ridge is well suited to the climatic conditions. And they also clearly indicate that for the lower counties in the State with their lesser rainfall during the growing season the medium planted with the broad low ridge cultivation is prefer- able to either of the others. Soy BEANS FOR FODDER, SILAGE AND SEED. In 1903 and 1904 the Station grew on the college farm at Orono several varieties of soy beans. These were grown for. forage and for silage. The results were published in Bulletin 106 and made up part of the Report of the Station for 1904. The bulletin is out of print and there are very few available copies of the Report. The soy bean carries a high percentage of oi) which has very good drying qualities and on this account has attracted the attention of paint manufacturers. The Paint Manufactur- ers’ Association of the United States have been growing in cooperation with people through the northern belt of - states certain varieties of soy beans for seed with the idea of learn- ing the yield and the amount and quality of oil yielded under different climatic conditions. Although it is not at all likely that the soy bean can ever be grown as a profitable seed crop in Maine, three varieties were grown in cooperation with the above named Association at Highmoor Farm in 1913. As the earlier report on soy beans at this Station is out of print the earlier as well as the later experiments are here briefly given. The soy bean was intoduced into the United States several years ago from Japan, where it is grown for human food. In this country it has chiefly been grown as a forage crop, and as it thrives best in a moderately warm climate is better known in the southern and middle than in the northern states. Some of the earlier varieties, however, will mature seed in New Eng- land. At the Massachusetts and Storrs (Conn.) Experiment Stations a few varieties have been grown quite successiully for soiling crops, for silage by itself or mixed with corn, and for the seeds. FIELD EXPERIMENTS. 33 The soy bean is an erect, annual plant, with branching, hairy stem, trifoliate, more or less hairy leaves, rather incon- spicuous pale lilac or violet colored flowers, and broad, two to five-seeded pods, covered like the stem, with stiff, reddish hairs, The seeds vary in color from whitish and yellowish to green, brown and black; and in shape from spherical to elliptical and more or less compressed. The seeds are self pollinated, and on this account are sure to produce seeds wherever the plants reach maturity. CONDITIONS OF GROWTH. It is believed in Japan that in northern climates, soils of a rather strong character are best adapted to the soy bean. It is usually sown about the end of May, and when used for hay is cut early in August. In both Europe and America it has been found to thrive best on soils of medium texture that are well supplied with potash, phosphoric acid, and lime. It suc- ceeds very well, however, on comparatively light soils, often giving an abundant crop on soils too poor to grow clover. The soy bean requires about the same temprature as corn. Professor Brooks says that the earlier sorts will mature in Massachusetts with as much certainty as will the earlier varie- ties of corn. As a general thing, the soy bean is not so easily injured by frost as the common field or garden varieties of beans, and hence it can be planted earlier in the spring and can also be left in the field later in the autumn. FERTILIZING AND CULTURE. Like all leguminous plants, the soy bean, through the aid of root tubercle organisms, acquires atmospheric nitrogen. When the soy bean was first introduced into America it did not form root tubercles. In order to insure the growth of the root tubercles it is necessary to use seed that has been inocu- lated, or to inoculate the soil with the proper organism. This last is readily done by applying broadcast a smali amount of soil taken from a field where soy beans developing root tuber- cles have been grown. At this Station no tubercles formed on 2 34 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q14. plants grown in soil that had not been inoculated, but they grew abundantly where soil from infested soy bean was applied at the rate of a few barrels to the acre. According to our experience the beans will grow as weli without the root tuber- cles as with, provided they are liberally fertilized. Their economical growth depends upon the presence of the root tuber- cles, as in this way they can be grown with little or no nitro- gen in the fertilizer. If they are to be grown on soil contain- ing no root tubercle organisms, they require a fairly liberal application of a complete fertilizer. If grown in good soil where root tubercles may be expected to develop, only phos- phoric acid and potash need be supplied in the fertilizer. The soil should be prepared as for ordinary beans. It should be made fine, free from clods and lumps, and smooth. A good seed bed is essential to a good growth. In this climate the sov bean should be planted a little earlier than ordinary beans, but not until the ground has warmed up considerably. The first season we planted in drills 3 feet apart. This was too far apart for the best yield. Nearly double the yield per acre is obtained when the drills are 16 inches apart. In the vase of the wide drills it was necessary to cultivate three times with the horse cultivator. With the drills 16 inches apart they were cultivated once with a hand wheel hoe. On fairly clean land good success may be had with broadcasting or still better by the use of the grain drill. If planted in rows, the seed should be sown with a hand seed drill similar to that used for beets or turnips. It will require about 3 pecks of seed per acre of the medium green soy bean when seeded in drills 16 inches apart. If the seed is broad- cast, a bushel will be none too much for an acre. It will probably not be wise to attempt to grow soy beans in Maine for the seed, but if this is done, the drills should be at least 18 inches apart and the soil should be kept stirred and clean, as in the case of ordinary field beans. If wanted for silage, the beans can be grown alone or planted with corn. The latter method is quite strongly recommended, the seeds being mixed and put in the planter in the proportion of Io quarts of corn to 7 of beans. The forage from this mixture can be fed green or cut for the silo. FIELD EXPERIMENTS. 35 YIELD OF GREEN FODDER. The yield of green fodder that can be had in Maine will probably vary from 5 to 10 tons per acre. In the large plots grown by this Station in 1903 the largest yield was only a little over 5 tons to the acre. But the rows were twice too far apart, having been planted in drills 3 feet apart. If they had been planted at the same distance as the small plots in 1904 (16 inches) there is no reason for thinking the yield would not have been nearly or quite doubled, for at no time did the plants come near filling the space between the rows. On good land, with fair cultivation and average season, a yield of 8 tons of green fodder could doubtless be counted upon. Cured into hay this would give a yield of about 2 1-2 tons per acre. NUTRIENTS IN SOY BEAN AND THEIR DIGCESTIBILITY. The composition of the soy bean as compared with other legumes stands high. The fodder closely resembles clover in composition. Soy bean silage, in both composition and di- gestibility, is the equal of clover silage. It is doubtful if any more digestible nutrients can be grown from an acre with soy beans than with clover. But in some localities they are a surer crop and need only a single season for their growth. Soy beans would be more naturally compared in this State with corn, for if grown at all they seem best adapted for silage. The chief difference between corn and soy bean is found in the high protein content of the latter. Like other beans it has the power of taking its nitrogen to form protein from the air, and since it is richer in protein than corn, it may be justly considered a desirable addition to the list of forage plants. As the price of feeds rich in protein is advancing it seems very desirable that as many legumes (plants rich in protein) that can gather their own nitrogen from the air be grown as possible. SOY BEAN SILAGE. The soy bean plants dried do not make desirable forage as the cured stalks are rather coarse and hard, and are there- 36 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI4. fore best fed green or made into silage. Like most leguminous plants, soy beans do not keep as well in the silo alone as when mixed with corn. Consequently, in the trials made at the Maine Station, the beans were cut and put into the silo with corn. The proportion in this case, for convenience, was about 14 of corn to 9 of beans. The silage kept perfectly and when fed out was nearly as green as when it went into the silo. The animals ate it with great relish and the sheep preferred it to clear corn silage. YIELD OF DRY MATTER AND PROTEIN. Soy Bean vs. Corn Fodder. The average yield for 7 seasons at the Maine Station of fodder from corn of Sanford or similar variety that will not mature in this climate was a little over 17 tons per acre. For the same period the average yield of green fodder from ma- tured corn was a little over 11 tons per acre. The same season that the Massachusetts Station obtained a yield of 16 tons of Longfellow corn they harvested 10 tons of soy bean fodder from one acre. If we assume an average yield of soy bean fodder at 8 tons and corn fodder at 12 tons per acre, and use in calculation the average of the 13 analyses of each material the soy bean would yield 3,560 pounds of dry matter and the corn 5,064 pounds. The soy bean would contain 576 pounds of protein and the corn 552 pounds. . It would, therefore, appear that a crop of corn will give practically as many pounds of protein as a crop of soy bean, and over 40 per cent more dry matter. Furthermore, the nutri- ents of the corn are more digestible than those of soy beans. The corn is probably a surer crop, but on the other hand it requires a fertilizer carrying more nitrogen (costing from $10 to $15 per acre) to grow the corn and it is necessary to handle 50 per cent more material to obtain the same weight of protein. SOY BEANS FOR SEED. Three varieties of seed furnished by the Paint Manufactur- ers’ Association were tried at Highmoor Farm in 1913. FIELD EXPERIMENTS. S77 Soy bean A was a variety imported from Manchuria and supposed to carry an oil of high oxidizing properties. This variety was successfully grown in several states in 1912, and that year they found marked differences between the percent- ages of oil in beans grown in New Jersey and in Kentucky. The bean in North Dakota was practically the same as that in Kentucky. Variety 1002 was an American type which was stated not to mature as quickly as A. No description was furnished with Soy Bean 302, the other variety. They were all tested for germination and found to germinate well. The soil in which they were grown was a medium sandy loam in excellent heart and tilth. It was prepared by plowing and harrowing and the application of a barrel of soil furnished by the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station from a field where soy beans with the root nodules had been success- fully grown the preceding year. This inoculation proved suc- cessful for all the plants examined were found to bear root nodules in abundance. There were also put on 500 pounds of a high grade fertilizer carrying 4 per cent nitrogen, 8 per cent available phosphoric acid and 7 per cent potash. It is probable that a fertilizer carrying much less nitrogen could have been equaily as well used. As it was desired to give the plants every opportunity for growth a fertilizer carrying suff- cient nitrogen to mature the crop was applied. They were sown in drills June 7, the rows being three feet apart. June 17 all three varieties were up. July 7, thirty days from the time of planting, the stand was good on all three of the plots, but thought to be too thick on 302 and 1002. Plants on 302 were 6 inches high; on 1002, 4 to 5 inches high; and on plot A 3 to 4 inches high. August 5, sixty days from planting, the soy bean A plants were 10 inches high; 1002, 14 inches; and 302, 14.5 inches. Every 3 feet of row there were 8 soy bean plants A, 19 soy bean 1002, and 20 soy bean 302. No disease or insect pests, and all three picts were showing vigorous growth. August II soy bean A was in blossom. August 13, 302 was in blossom. August 18, 1002 was in bloom. September 5, 90 days from planting, soy bean A-was 23 inches high and in good vigor, seed pods numerous with an average length of nearly two inches. ‘The beans averaged three 38 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1914. to the pod. Soy bean 1002 plants averaged 33.5 inches high, in good vigor, uniform, very few seed pods, but were still bloom- ing vigorously. Soy bean 302 was 25 inches high with excel- lent vigor, quite uniform, seed pods numerous with an average length of two inches, with three beans to the pod. This variety stopped blooming and is much earlier than either of the two others. September 15 the lower part of the field was touched by frost. October 10 soy beans A and 302 were harvested by pulling the plants. t1oo2 did not mature seed and was cut for fodder. . At threshing soy bean 302 yielded at the rate of 650 pounds per acre, and soy bean A at the rate of 700 pounds of shelled beans per acre. The beans were planted in rows three feet apart at the suggestion of the Paint Manufacturers’ Association. This was too far apart for the two varieties that mattired for a maximum yield. As found in the earlier trials, 18 inches would have been a better distance between rows. At that dis- tance the yield would have been 75 per cent greater without coubt or a yield of 20 bushels of beans. Sich a yield would carry as much protein and as much oil as 70 bushels of corn but only an eighth as much carbohydrates. While the threshed vines are readily eaten by stock they do not carry anything like as much digestible matter as the stover from 70 bushels of corn. The crop is easier handled, however, costs much less for fertilizer needed and is a soil restorer. SUM MARY. From the trials made at the Maine Station and those at other New England Stations the following summary is justified; Soy beans can be grown in parts of Maine where corn thrives. Where early corn matures, the early white soy bean will usually mature. Where Sanford corn ears, the early medium soy bean will form pods. Soy bean can be grown with less nitrogen than corn. In order to grow the soy bean most economically, the soil should be inoculated with the organism that fornis root tuber- cles. FIELD EXPERIMENTS. 39 The soil should be prepared as for corn or beans and should be free from lumps and clods. Fertilizers carrying phosphoric acid and potash are essential and on good land no nitrogen is needed if the soil is inoculated for root tubercles. Sown in drills 16 inches apart, about 3 pecks of seed is needed per acre. I[f drilled with a grain drill or sown broad- cast more seed, perhaps a bushel per acre, will be needed. Soy beans can be grown with corn, mixing the seed at the rate of 10 quarts of corn and 7 of soy beans. Thus seeded the drills should be about 3 feet apart. When sown in drills they should be cultivated the same as common beans. In case of narrow spaces between drills, a hand wheel hoe does the work rapidly and well. It is doubtful if it would be profitable to grow soy beans for seed in Maine. The varieties that will ripen seed in this climate make small vine growth. The crop is best adapted for feeding green or for silage. The crop can be harvested by hand or machine. For silage a grain reaper and binder leaves it convenient for handling and for the silage cutter. A yield of 8 tons of green crop is an average in average seasons on average soil. Eight tons of soy bean fodder carries about the same amount of protein as 12 tons of corn in milk ready for the silo, but it carries only a little more dry matter than 8 tons of corn. If grown with corn, it can be cut with the corn, by hand or a corn harvester. When grown by itself for silage, it is best mixed with corn at time of cutting into the silo. About 3 parts corn to 2 parts beans is a very good proportion. Less protein (the most expensive part of commercial feeding stuffs) need be fed with soy bean and corn silage than with corn silage alone. SPRAYING WITH SULPHATE OF IRON SorutTrion To CoNn*tTROT, Witp Mustarp IN GRAIN AND OTHER SOWN CROPS. There are three quite closely related plants of the mustard family that are troublesome weeds, particularly in sown crops, 40 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ14. all over the eastern part of the United States and in Europe, from whence. they were brought in as weeds. These three plants are Simapis avensis, which is the common charlock or wild mustard. It is very abundant in Maine. The Raphanus raphanistrum, or wild radish, jointed or white char- lock, is also very abundant and a persistent weed. The third, wild turnip, Brassica tempestris, is not so bad a weed as the other two as it rarely lasts in the land more than one or two years. These all belong to the mustard family and more or less resemble each other in their appearance. Wild turnip has a smooth leaf and stem, while both the wild radish and the wild niustard are roughened with strong hairs. It is not easy to distinguish between wild radish and wild mustard when the plants are young. The wild radish leaves, however, are muck more deeply cut, the divisions between the lobes of the leaves reaching nearly to the midrib. With a small magnifying glass the stem hairs make it easier also to distinguish. Those of the wild mustard generally protrude at right angles from the stem while those of the wild radish slant downward. Wild mustard has a straight, jointless seed pod which splits open when dry and scatters its seed at the slightest touch. On wild radish the seed pod is jointed and tends to break up in seg- ments when dry. A somewhat superficial examination of fields indicates that perhaps 75 per cent of the oat and barley acreage in Maine is infested with “wild mustard”, and that 50 per cent is so badly infested that hand pulling cannot be resorted to with profit. In experiments which were conducted in Germany it was found that in some instances the crop was diminished so that when it was grown with the mustard there was a yield of only one-third of what was grown on the same kind of land under the same conditions where the mustard had been removed. It has been found absolutely impossible to separate wild radish or mustard segments or seed from oats or barley by even the most improved types of fanning mills, or by floating in water. As a result, if these weeds are permitted to mature and are harvested with the grain crops, it means again seeding tne fields with these weeds, or else purchasing seed grain from outside distributors. The cost of good seed oats free from weed seeds is well known. Many farmers to be relieved of FIELD EXPERIMENTS. ; AI this burden of buying seed oats, purchase ordinary feed oats, which as a rule are loaded with mustard seed. Thus the farmer who buys cheap seed oats encounters weed seeds in both harvesting his crop and in seeding his land. Extensive studies have been made of this plant and methods of control in France and in Germany, particularly under the auspices of the German Agricultural Society by Gustav Schultz. Using this work of Schultz as a basis in the years 1905 te 1908 inclusive the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station carried on extensive experiments in an endeavor to kill wild mustard in sown grain crops by spraying with iron sulphate and copper sulphate. It was found that it was perfectly possible by spraying with iron sulphate to rid the field of wild mustard at a moderate cost. Experiments on wild radish were not so successful. Both French and German experimentors, however, claim to have killed wild radish by a 20 per cent solution of iron sulphate. In their published results, however, they use the common names and rarely distinguish between the wild radish and the wild mustard in their field experiments. In 1912 further trials were made by this Station upon wild radish and wild turnip. It was found possible to completely exterminate wild turnip by spraying with sulphate of iron even after the plants had obtained their sixth leaf. With wild radish the plant was controlled by spraying when it had only shown its fourth leaf. The results of these experiments indicate that it is perfectly possible to handle, without injury to the grain crop, wild mustard, wild radish and wild turnip wherever they infest grain fields. While a single spraying may not kill every plant it will so reduce the number that by a small amount of work in hand pulling it will be easily possible to free a grain field absolutely from these pests. One of the experiments in I912 was carried on on a farm where in 1911 practically 25 per cent of the threshed yield was mustard seed. In this particular instance it was chiefly the wild turnip. In an experiment on this farm where the wild turnip was slow in starting so that the oats were well above it, a single spraying applied when the wild turnip plants were in the sixth leaf resulted in killing most of them, and where two sprayings were applied, (the second three days later, at which 42 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI14. time the plants had developed eight leaves,) the field was en- tirely freed from this pant despite the fact that the oats were so tall that they partialy covered the wild turnip plants, and that the plants were far larger than they should be for treat- ment. It is rarely that a field is badly infested with more than one of these varieties. If it is the wild mustard or the wild turnip it can be more readily controlled than the wild radish. How- ever, all three of the plants can be controlled by spraying with iron sulphate at the proper time and under proper conditions. IDEAL CONDITIONS. While it is not always possible by any means to spray at exactly the right time and under exactly the right conditions the following are the points to be aimed at: It is of the utmost importance to spray the plants while they are small and before the buds form. They should not be in more than the third or fourth leaf, for if they are much larger than that there is danger that the plants will not be killed but only injured by the spray. ‘The plants should be so small that they can be completely covered by an ordinary drinking tumbler. There should be used common iron sulphate and water. Dissolve so as to make a 17 to 20 per cent solution. The solu- tion is made by suspending 100 pounds of the iron sulphate in the top of a barrel containing 50 gallons of water. If allowed to stand over night the major portion of the iron sulphate wil! be dissolved and only a small amount of labor is needed in the morning to complete the solution. This solution will have a strength of about 22 per cent, and for use should be reduced by the addition of about 20 gallons of water to make the solu- tion contain about 17 per cent of iron sulphate. The solution must be applied as a very fine mist. Sprinkling will not suffice. An ordinary potato sprayer which can develop power sufficient to maintain a pressure of 60 to 70 pounds to the square inch, by the use of fine nozzles, will make the desired mist. The plants should be sprayed after the dew has dried off in a still air and on a bright sunny day. It is not usually possible FIELD EXPERIMENTS. 43 to find all of these conditions. The most important thing is to spray the plants when they are of the proper size, before they get too large. It is to be hoped that the growers of small grains that are troubled with “charlock” (whether it be wild mustard, wild tadish or wild turnip) will keep this matter in mind and pro- vide a supply of iron sulphate. The materials must be provided amply in advance; a day or two days delay may make ail the difference in the world with the results of the application. The materials are applied with an ordinary spray pump, such as is used in spraying potatoes. A fine nozzle must be used and the pressure to 60 to 80 pounds to the square inch in order to develop a fine mist. Sprinkling the plants will not kill them. The material must fall upon the plants in the form of a fine mist and the spraying should be done after the dew has dried irom the plants, and best on a bright day when there is no wind. Application must be made before the plants have de- veloped beyond the fourth leaf. At this stage the plant is so small that it can be covered by an ordinary drinking tumbler. Condensed Directions. Dissolve 100 pounds iron sulphate in 70 gallons of water, or 70 in 50 gallons, as is most convenient. Apply at the rate of about 7o gallons per acre. Use a power- ful pump and have the pressure at least 60 pounds. Use a fine nozzle. This should develop a fine dust-like mist. A coarse mist will not do. Spray after the dew has dried off when the plants are in the fourth leaf. Choose if possible a bright, warm day without wind. But spray when the plants are the proper size even if the day is not all that could be desired. lf the field is badly infested or the conditions of the first spraying were not satisfactory, a second spraying three days later is desirable. Later go over the field and: pull by hand any plants that may have escaped. EFFECT OF IRON SULPHATE SPRAY Upon POTATOES. Because of urging growers to spray for wild mustard in oats, the writer was in the spring of 1913 the recipient of quite a number of letters of inquiry as to whether wild mustard could not be controlled in potatoes by spraying with sulphate of iron solution. The reply was sent that the treatment would kill 44 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQT4. the mustard and probably would seriously injure the potatoes as well. In order to ascertain the effect of spraying potato plants with sulphate of iron one plot each of Irish Cobbler and Green Mountain potatoes were planted on June 10, 1913. Each plot contained four rows of about 250 feet in length. Other than the spraying with sulphate of iron the treatment of these potatoes was in every way the same as that of other potatoes grown in 1913. The land was prepared by plowing and harrowing to make a good seed bed. Medium sized, healthy, sound tubers were used for seed. The seed was treated | with formaldehyde for fungi. Fertilizer at the rate of 1700 pounds per acre, carrying 4 per cent nitrogen, 8 per cent avail- able phosphoric acid and 7 per cent potash, was applied at planting and at first cultivation. The plants appeared July 2 and three days later the soil was hilled around them. On July 8 the plants were 2 to 4 inches above ground. Although there were no plants of either kind of mustard on the plots they were sprayed twice on July 8 with a solution of 100 pounds of iron sulphate in 50 gallons of water. In 24 hours all the tissue that had been hit by the spray had turned black. These blackened portions of the leaf surface later shrivelled and were brown. No plants were completely killed. On July 10 a sulky cultivator was used, straddling each row. On July 12 the plants had recovered somewhat and were grow- ing. The tops were sprayed for the second time July 14. But one application was made this time. This spraying had the same effect as the first except that the plants did not seem to recover as rapidly. Five days later, however, the tops showed signs of recovering. On July 25 the field was cultivated and sprayed with bordeaux mixture and Arsenoid. On July 30 hardly any trace of the spray injury was visible. The plants started blossoming August 4, 20 days later than other potatoes of the same variety planted on the same date. On August 13 the tops were from 12 to 16 inches in height and still blossoming. At this time, compared with other Irish Cob- blers and Green Mountains planted at the same date, the tops and tubers were smaller and the period of blossoming later. FIELD EXPERIMENTS. 45 September 10 the Irish Cobblers had “turned” and were fallen down. The Green Mountains were still vigorous. The flea beetles were numerous. On September 14 the lower part of the field went down with the frost. On September 15 the Irish Cobblers were all dead and on September 28 they were dug. On October 13 the Green Mountains were harvested. THE YIELDS. Irish Cobblers. 1070 feet of row yielded 1000 pounds of tubers. This is at the rate of 15,430 pounds per acre or 257 bushels. Compared with other Irish Cobblers, the tubers were almost thee times as large, many weighing two pounds. The average yield of other Cobblers in a formaldehyde experiment was 220 bushels per acre, and in a general spraying experi- ment Cobblers yielded at the rate of. 150 bushels per acre. Green Mountains. 1164 feet of row yielded 1760 pounds of tubers at the rate of 24,968 pounds, or 416 bushels per acre. The average yield of other Green Mountains in a culture ex- periment was 303 bushels per acre. CONCLUSIONS. That wild mustard if it had been present would have been killed by these three applications of iron sulphate admits of little doubt. The effect of the iron sulphate upon the potato tops was quite similar to that of a hard freeze. They recovered in much the same way as frosted vines do. That the increased yield was due to the treatment there is little doubt. But it does not follow that similar results would happen in different seasons under other climatic conditions The temporary checking of a tuber forming plant may have stimulated tuber growth. It is a common belief that too great a development of vine interferes with tuber setting. That the increased yield was fortuitous seems to be the more plausible explanation. The experiment will be repeated on a larger and more thorough scale at Aroostook Farm in 1914. The experience indicates that with a field of potatoes badly infested with mustard spraying with sulphate of iron solution may be resorted to with a reasonable expectation tnat the yield 46 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI14. of tubers will not be diminished. At present such a treatment can only be recommended as a rather extreme measure. ANALYSES FOR Polson oF APPLES SPRAYED WITIT ARSENATE OF LEAD IN Mip-SuMMER. The brown-tail moth flight in July 1913 was in the vicinity of Highmoor Farm the heaviest that has been known. Though all of the brown-tail moth nests were removed from the or- chards at Highmoor Farm in the winter of 1912-13, hundreds, if not thousands, of nests must have been left in that vicinity. The removal of brown-tail moth nests by picking is laborious — and expensive. It was, therefore, decided to thoroughly spray the orchards after the female brown-tail moths had deposited their eggs and at about the time when these eggs would be hatching. Therefore, all of the trees in the orchard were thoroughly sprayed with arsenate of lead the first week in August, 1913. The result, so far as the control of the brown- tail moth was concerned, was a success, for in the winter of 1913-14 the orchards were free from brown-tail moth nests, while all the unsprayed orchards in that vicinity, as well as the many trees along the roadside, are literally covered with the nests. It was with some trepidation as to the effect upon the crop that arsenate of lead was applied so liberally when the apples were a third grown. Arsenate of lead is a double dangerous poison, not only because it contains arsenic but it also carries lead which is a so-called cumulative poison. | Therefore, at the time of harvest ten different lots of apples, ageregating about two barrels of three different varieties, that had been heavily sprayed, were picked and sent to the labora- tory. Care was taken in picking and handling so that any arse- nate of lead which might be clinging to the apples should not be removed. ‘The apples in the ten lots were thoroughly and carefully washed in water at the laboratory and all of the washings saved. These were evaporated to the smallest amounts possible and the organic matter removed. The deter- minations of both the lead and the arsenic were made in the washings from each lot, and the amounts of lead arsenate present were calculated both from the lead found and from the FIELD EXPERIMENTS. 47 arsenic found. Theoretically the amount of arsenate of lead should be exactly the same when calculated from the arsenic as when calculated from the lead. It will be noted, however, that the arsenic found was considerable in excess of the lead needed to make arsenate of lead. In other words the arse- nate of lead calculated from the arsenic found is a half more than that calculated from the lead found. No explanation of this discrepency is offered. The chemical work was carefully checked. It is a matter of no practical. importance but it has occupied the attention of quite a bit of the time of the chemists. In order to make sure that all of the arsenic was removed by this washing in the laboratory samples of the washed peelings from two different lots were examined and the results show that they were entirely free from arsenic and, therefore, all of the arsenate of lead was removed by washing. The results of the analyses are given in the following table: — Table showing results of analyses of apples sprayed with arsenate of lead. Amount} Amount] Arsenate of lead Sta. | Number apples arsenic | metallic! per apple calcu- No. | VARIETY OF APPLE. tested. | oxide lead lated from | found. | found. arsenic lead. Number| Weight | Mer. Mgr. | Msgr. Mer. grams. | | | AGHA Baldwins. 2... 43 4600 | 4.305 | 8.673 | .454 . 292 Utell im ae erie, Bat aE A 45 5600 | 3.690 | 7.853 .372 252 LOCC) Cae 49 7100 | 3.690 | 7.853] .342 | .232 11633) Ben IDEKuKio cg momar b 47 5900 2.153 3.022 .208 .114 1ES9 emauher nas Geena, 50 6850 | 2.460| 5.600 | .233 .162 UN GAO | raat ecsect hint eaee-« la. 45 6700 | 1.58& 3.381 .140 .108 EG AST rat cee eae ee oh | 47 5450 | 2.460 | 5.258 -238 .162 TTR ZIZAL 1 Sire i a a 47 7000 | 4.610 8.330 .445 .255 HUG 4S cetera Reyne 47 5650 | 4.305 8.673 | .416 . 267 MUGSipRUssets-vsareas secs 45 4100 | 2.460 4.917 | .248 .15& | | Arsenic in the form of arsenious oxide is frequently admin- istered as a tonic. The maximum dose is five milligrams and is continued at the rate of not to exceed ten milligrams per day. The washings from about ten pounds of apples carry at 48 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I914. the most four milligrams of arsenic in the form of arsenic oxide. If any of these summer sprayed apples had been eaten without wiping the parings in any way it would have taken about half a bushel a day to get the maximum medicinal dose. Hence any danger from the eating of sprayed apples from the arsenical standpoint is a negligible quantity. Paring the apple would exclude all of the arsenic which it carries, and ordinary wiping of the apple would remove practically all of it from the skin. The poison does not penetrate below the skin and is easily wiped off or washed off. Lead under some circumstances is a dangerous poison. It is one of the so-called cumulative poisons. This simply means that if one is constantly exposed to the poison, as a painter or manufacturer of arsenate of lead might be, the lead might be absorbed by the system faster than eliminated and this would result in a case of so-called lead poisoning. Lead, however, is not a cumulative poison in the sense that it is not eliminated from the body, but it is more slowly eliminated than many other poisonous materials. The amount of lead arsenate carried upon these apples tested 60 days or longer after spraying varied from an eighth to a third of a milligram. This amount is insignificant and no harm could come from the continued use of apples carrying this amount of arsenate if no precautions were taken whatever in removing it from the skin if the parings themselves were eaten. Washing the apples or wiping the apples would remove prac- tically all of the lead arsenate from them. Paring the apples would remove it entirely. SUMMARY. Mid-summer spraying with lead arsenate is an effective way of combatting the brown-tail moth. The spraying should be thorough and applied about the time the eggs are hatching. The amount of arsenic or of lead that will remain at harvest upon the apples that are sprayed in mid-summer with arsenate of lead is so slight as to have no practical bearing. BULLETIN 225. CURRANT AND GOOSEBERRY APHIDS IN MAINE* Epitu M, PatcH. During the past ten years several species of plantlice or aphids have been found feeding upon currant and gooseberry in Maine. In the spring, at which time the growing leaves and shoots are particularly susceptible to injury from sap sucking insects, these aphids are most abundant. None of these species apparently passes the whole of its life- cycle on currants or gooseberries. Schizoneura ulnu (fodiens) winters on the elm and migrates to these bushes for the summer, while with the other species after feeding and multiplying upon these plants in the spring, each develops a winged migrant gen- eration and departs to other vegetation for the summer, re- turning again in the fall to currant or gooseberry for the devel- opment of the generation of true sexes and the deposition of the winter eggs. Comparatively little active damage is done by the fall generation both because the aphids are not so nu- merous then and because the loss of sap to leaves through the season’s growth is not so serious a matter to the plant. This group-of aphids has been both difficult and unsatisfac- tory to deal with. A single collection has frequently contained as many as four species with their innumerable progeny har- moniously feeding in mixed colonies on the same stem and leaves. So little has been done with the species affecting Ribes in this country that I have not been able to coordinate the pub- lished fragments, and my own observations do no more than to give disjointed bits rather than to fill out any one life history *Papers from the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station: Ento- mology No. 71. 50 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I09Q14. as I should have liked. Wauth so many species mixed on the same hostplants, however, Maine does not seem a very satis- factory field for following up the life cycles of the Ribes aphids and the present paper is prepared more especially to call atten- tion to the perplexities of the situation in hopes that other workers may have some of the missing links to contribute. Aphis varians, n. sp. White cornicled currant aphid. Figs. 5, 6, 7, 34, 39. By far the worst of the species under consideration is a plant louse which I fail to find recognizably described. It may be grossularié Kalt, but that name has been applied to several dif- ferent species and it seems best to hold this distinct at least fer the present. It is abundant upon cultivated currant, flowering currant, and wild gooseberries at Orono during the months of May and June, and complaints from West Paris, Maine, ac- companying specimens state that it was present there in such numbers in the springs of I910, I91I and 19!2 as to stunt the growth of the bushes and cause the leaves to turn brownish, — In Maine the stem-mother, that is the form which hatches from the over-wintering eggs, becomes full grown early in May if the weather conditions are right. During her growth she stations heself on the underside of a currant leaf which becomes puckered from the injuries caused by her feeding punctures. There in the protecting irregularities of the leaf she has de- formed, she gives birth to a numerous progeny. When mature she is dark purplish green with a black “tail” or cauda, con- spicuous milk white cornicles, and a 5-jointed antenna. (Fig. 5.) Her immediate progeny, the second spring generation, are Fig. 5. Aphis varians. Antenna of stem female. dark green to dark brown. When they are first born their an- tenna is 4-jointed but the number of joints is increased to 5 at a subsequent molt which number it retains until the last molt CURRANT AND GOOSEBERRY APHIDS IN MAINE. 51 when it appears with 6 joints. Like the stem-mother, the sec: ond generation is without wings. As these insects reproduce rapidly the colony soon gets too numerous to be sheltered by a single leaf so it scatters to infest the growing shoot and underside of fresh leaves. A thriving colony will distort the shoot seriously and cause the misshapen leaves to cluster in a dense protecting mass. In June the young aphids are found bunched along the new shoot so thick that there is hardly room for anything except their greedy beaks to become attached. Some are a pale bright tan and some are gray, the color depending apparently on the length of time from a molt. The mature wingless forms and pupe (individuals with black wing pads, about to become winged) are dark green with short but conspicuous milk white cornicles and black cauda, and the caudal part of the abdomen is transversely striped with black. The colony in a mass, however, has a slaty appearance on account of a fine white deposit of waxy powder secreted by these plantlice and causing a “bloom” on the bodies of the apterous forms. Parasited specimens are often present and these are globular, tan brown objects retaining the milk white color of the cornicles. The pupz, previously mentioned, belong to the third spring generation and are abundant early in June. When these de- velop wings the spring migration to the summer food plant takes place. These winged forms have head and thorax black and the abdomen dark green on both the dorsal and ventral surface, with transverse black bands at and caudad the corni- cles. There are three large lateral black spots on the abdomen cephalad the cornicle and a fourth just caudad the cornicle. The cauda is black, and the cornicles dark instead of milk white as in the wingless forms. Antenna with sensoria in vary~ ing numbers on III, [V, and V, 20 to 30 on III, 15 more or less on LV and few to several on V, sometimes a stray one or two on VI besides the group at base of spur. These are shown in Fig. 6 (23-10) and Fig. 7 (28-13). There is a conspicuous ) my \) , MRE NUA SL LOD TTS TL aS Sy Ny y Y nal © O *O © 50600 Fig. 6. Aphis varians. Antenna and cornicle of alate female. 2 52 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQT4. de y 3 i i B2VUO)US UN NVUDTRD< See 10,0) F < ay Wats ) y? Vyou 3 1/11? Oi BOB a6 Vp 3202.9 p22 )) PS Onu Fig. 7. Aphis varians, green variety. Antenna of alate female. lateral tubercle on the prothorax, another on first abdominal segment, and a third between the cauda and cornicle. The wing . is shown in Fig. 34 (23-10) and Fig. 39 (28-13). In the fall a return migration to the currant and gooseberry occurs, the fall migrants give birth to nymphs which grow to mature males and egg laying females. Eggs are deposited upon the bushes where they remain all winter hatching in the first warm days of spring to the young stem-mother which is the point in the life cycle with which we began this account. This species is characterized both in the winged and wingless forms by a prominent lateral tubercle on the prothorax, an- other on the first abdominal segment, and a third between the cornicle and cauda. Maine collection numbers 6-04, 20-06, 48-05, 24-09, 23-10. 19-12, 16-13, 22-13, 28-13. Aphis sanborni n. n. Green aphid of gooseberry (23-13). IES Sh Op ue), Tih, Zo). 2s, Associated with the foregoing species upon wild gooseberry on the terminal shoots and ventral surface of the leaf, I found for the first time in 1913 a plantlouse at Highmoor Farm which I have named sanborni, thinking it probable that it is the species described without a name by Mr. C. FE. Sanborn in Kansas A'phidide (1904), p.-50-51, and Fig. 71. The apterous forms are pale green and immaculate with water-white cornicles and pale cauda. The coloring of the pupa is the same except that the wing pads are dusky. >. CAT Za PNA; ; RS i UY; tMEaeaseyser= | Fig. 8. Aphis sanbormi. Antenna and cornicle of stem female. G 23-%s \ a CURRANT AND GOOSEBERRY APHIDS IN MAINE. 53 The 5-jointed antenna of the stem mother (Pig. 8) (23-13) is not strikingly different from that of varians in its proportions. SS pO aa . ey : pn eae Fig. 9. Aphis sanborni. Antenna and cornicle of nymph. The apterous second generation has during the nymphal stages a 5-jointed antenna, Fig. 9, which becomes 6-jointed at the last molt. Fig. ro. This is without sensoria except the usual ones on V and VI. Fig. 10. Aphis sanbormi, Antenna of apterous female. The winged female of sanborni has antenna with 6 or 8 large circular sensoria in a row extending the full length of [II, 6, more or less, similarly arranged on IV and none on Y or V1 except the terminal ones which are constant for those joints in all aphids. (Fig. 11.) The wing is shown in Fig. 35 and the imbricated cornicle in Fig. 11. aN NE TS) Je ZA IS Comma See ~~ Fig. 11. Aphis sanborni. Antenna and cornicle of alate female. I do not know the full cycle of sanborni. A collection taken May 28, 1913, from the leaves and stem shown in Fig. 29 comprised stem females, apterous females of the second genera- tion, and pupze with wing pads well developed. It would seem evident from this that the gooseberry is the winter host but concerning the rest of the cycle | know ncthing. Rhopalosiphum lactuce? WKaltenbach. IES. NO), AO, Bil, Zz. alloy A plant louse common in Maine upon currant in spring is probably the same as a similar one on sow thistle (,Sonchus 54 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1014. arvensis) in summer for it tallies with lactuce recorded from Sonchus in Germany; and from currant, gooseberry, lettuce and sow thistle in England.* Like the species previously discussed, this aphid winters on the currant in the egg stage, the spring generations feeding upon the sap of the growing leaves. The collections I have made from flowering currant have been mainly from the under surface of the leaves which their presence causes to curl and cluster though not in such a dense mass as those infested by Aphis varians. They are sometimes also found on the stem. During the last of June winged and wingless females, pupze and nymphs can still be found upon the currant. The winged females apparently take flight to lettuce, sow thistle, and pro- bably to related plants, although I have not succeeded in mak- ing the transfers live under control conditions. These have shiny black heads; black antennz with sensoria on III, IV and VY, as shown in the figure; thoracic lobes black; ventral meso- thoracic plate black; abdomen glabrous, light green with three large lateral black spots and one smaller one cephalad the corni- cle, the cornicles being on a fourth large black spot, a mass of little black spots speckled near the cornicles and a median black blotch not quite reaching the base of cornicles; cornicies light green with black tip; cauda light green. The pupz are uniform pale green with paler appendages: tips of cornicles and tarsi dusky ; a few deeper green lines on abdomen. Winged females of a later generation taken from sow thistle (Sonchus arvensis) about the first of August have the abdomen light yellowish green to olive green and the black markings as with the currant generation. The wingless females taken at the same time are entirely pale whitish or yellowish green and immaculate, and the same description answers for the nymphs. The pupe are also pale yellowish green and immaculate like the wingless female, though the edge of the wing-pad is slightly dusky. The antenne are shown in the figures. In the fall winged females fly back to the currant. *1912. Theobald. The Journal of Economic Biology, Vol. 7, pt. 3. CURRANT AND GOOSEBERRY APHIDS IN MAINE. 55 Mysus ribis Linn. ISS 2e TAR OTIS e335 Ale It is no uncommon thing to find currant leaves puffy with reddish or yellowish blister-like deformations such as are shown in Fig. 33. These are the home of Myzus ribis, a delicate little aphid not so serious in its work as varians because it attacks directly only the leaves but still troublesome enough to interfere with the proper functioning of the leaves, cause premature ripening of the fruit, and as one currant grower in the State puts his complaint against this species: “though the fruit holds on, the plants are hurt to a certain extent and look very annoy- ing.” The stem-mother, or form hatching from the over-wintering egg, attains its growth in Maine about mid-May. This insect is very pale green with bright green spots in two longitudinal rows on the dorsal surface. Like the other apterous forms and nymphs the stem mother is rather thickly beset with capi- tate hairs shaped like minute pins with the points attached to the body. The immediate progeny of the stem-mother are apparently partly winged and partly wingless, since I have taken colonies as early as May 20 containing the stem mother surrounded by nearly mature apterous forms and pupae. The apterous females, pupee and nymphs of this species are ordinarily pale clear lemon yellow though sometimes nearly water white, and these small pale insects would have to be very numerous to be found if it were not for the telltale danger signal of reddish puffs which give evidence of their presence. Both winged and wingless females are to be found on curraat as late as mid-July, the winged forms migrating from time to time to the summer food plant. What this alternate food plant is is not known, for although this species is of practically world- wide distribution and has been recognized as a currant pest for a century and a half it has managed to elude detection during the summer residence. The winged form when freshly molted is a clear pale lemon yellow. Later the dorsal surface of the head, the thoracic icbes 50 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. . 1914. and a quadrate patch on the abdomen become black. This quadrate black patch is 3-barred at the sides and covers 3 seg- ments, the caudal edge being about on a line with the cornicles. In some collections this black dorsal decoration extends across the abdomen in transverse bars instead of a solid patch. Structural details of the antennz and wing are shown in the figures. The venation is erratic and no single wing can be chosen as surely “typical”. In life it is distinguished from the species next discussed by being characteristically iemon yellow and being more ‘latly appressed to the leaf. The two species are frequently inter- - mingled upon the same leaf and are very likely both confused under the name ribis. I do not know which species has best claim to the name ribis but have been guided in my usage by specimens from the collections of other entomologists. In balsam mounts the two species are most readily separated upon antennal characters. In ribis the terminal sensorium of V and the sensorium at base of spur on VI approximate the articu- lation between V and VI much more closely than is the case with dispar. III is more slender in ribis and the sensoria are proportionately larger. ‘This portion of the antennz of these two species is given (Figs. 12 and 13) drawn to the same scale and shows the distinctions here described. (30-13). ) Ry Mle» Fig. 12. Mysus ribis (30-13). Section of antenna of alate female for comparison with Fig. 13 which is drawn to the same scale. bee in ) MAphiee prea Fig. 13. Myzus dispar (26-13). Section of antenna of alate female for comparison with Fig. 12 which is drawn to the same scale. Mvygus dispar n. sp. Bigs: 135 10ers zs Collections of Myzus from gooseberry and currant in Maine show two closely allied species. The differences though rather CURRANT AND GOOSEBERRY APHIDS IN MAINE. 57 slight and for the most part relative seem to be too constant to admit of interpreting them as varieties of a single species. I have never taken any lemon yellow specimens of this species. The apterous viviparous females are greenish water white with longitudinal median and lateral lines (three in all) of vivid green. The winged female is very pale green with the three vivid longitudinal lines as mentioned for the apterous form and a few blackish transverse markings on caudal half of abdomen, The cornicles are water white, the cauda pale. The pupa is pale greenish white with the three green longitudinal lines, and when nearly ready for the final molt has thoracic lobes pellucid brownish like the thorax of the winged females. The hairs of this species are capitate like those of ribts. Attention has already been called to the antennal dfferences of these two species. The wings of dispar like those of ribis are not uniform as to the vein angles and distances and any distinctions based on this character would be misleading. The cornicles of dispar are relatively shorter and less slender than those of ribis. (29-13). : Macrosiphum lactuce. Bigse 2350200250200 27,, 303038. A common species on cultivated currant and gooseberry in Maine accords with specimens of VV. lactuce and I am recording it as that species provisionally for the present, athough I have not as yet made successful transfers to lettuce or Sonchus. The character of the work of this aphid on gooseberry is shown in Fig. 30. It is an alert, glistening, bristly species. The apterous vivi- parous females are green and without markings, with cauda and cornicles concolorous. The antenna with III slightly swol- len along proximal half and with from one to several sensoria on swollen part. Fig. 25. The winged viviparous females have the abdomen heavily _ marked with irregular black transverse bars, black cornicles and dark cauda. The cornicle has a few rather wrinkled reticula- tions at distal tip and a very faint imbrication over the rest of the surface. (Fig 24). ‘The antenne have sensoria on 111 and TV, as shown in Fig. 23. The wing is given in Fig. 38. (20-12) (27-13). 59 MAINE. Zi | n QA Loa jan) Ay < tH 4 4 wy ie) gSay n (e) fe) 1e) A Zi — ‘S Z, a io fq 2) O ‘o[VUOF OLIV JO vVUuoJUL “(ZI-voT) “Js UiNYdISOAID PL °QE BI ‘opeuray oye Fo ePuuoiuy “(Z1-0Z) WINJIV] “PY “LE “Sif }{] UO VITOSUOS [VIOAIS O} 9UO WOIF SULAVY LWIOF SITY} FO BUUdIUe OY} ‘A11aqasoo8 Wo.Y ORLUIF SHO.1I}AV FO I[ITUIOS puv vUUaJUL ‘9VINJID] “PT “OE-SE ‘Ss “Aitoqasoos WoOAF o[VUOJF OWS FO oporusoo pue vuuopuur ‘(€1-2z) avonpov] “py “Ve-ke “sSyyy “SMYIUOS WOIF o[VUUy snO1o}dv puLv oyyTe FO ovUUDJUL ‘aDINJID] “Yo ‘ez-Ie ‘SBT “URANO WOLF IVF o}VIV FO VUUOJUV PUL d[ITUIOD ZIVINJIVD] “YY “OT-OI “SST “opelllaf snosozdv Fo o[otuIOD pur vuUojyUL “updsip “yy ‘QI-4I ‘Ssh “oTVWaF 9}VIV FO VuOJUv “Wpdsip “PY “OL “Sy{ “o[eluay ov[e FO Iporusoo pue BuUdpUe ‘sIqie “PE “SI-P1 “sBiyy FIO OS | erase lad ouGasey Tarr iG UAV urine seeaeeaEaeEEDDUISLGLUBENELUGGUINEaEKnee TIBET eNeTTTTOTIIUOGl (GcaalGaCreaTONU Oe eS rect OF ; aces Seo Seow | seeks OXI GOOB COON Oe OOD Or IOOo QP Ore Ons Bee C Tory nae JOR IOIE eee aes > LOCCLICCC emcee CMEC: iirenesstncatvorssscusieoacaseaeeeer aaa - i yausousae ; Or ig ( {000 i ESO oye EC es ean ae eer prariee/aesrrscnrtbv@ubisubuie Eocusiascreeesnteriiteeeene sree repeiieaUawtll eitieee: SCnaa 60 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI4. Macrosiphum sp. Fig. 28. A distinct species of aphid was collected with (20-12) on currant leaf. A single winged viviparous female was preserved and as this may have been an accidental specimen resting on currant. no pains is taken to describe it here. The antenna, which is shown in Fig. 28 differs from lJactuce in having V with a row of sensoria, and IV thickly studded instead of with single row as in lactuce. (20a-12). Schizoneura ulm (fodiens). Collections of a woolly aphid curling the leaves of English elm, Ulmus campestris, were made in Maine during the sum- mer of 1913. The life history of this species as worked out by European entomologists has been found to include a migration to currant and gooseberry bushes upon the roots of which the summer generations feed. Fall migrants are produced which return to the elm and the insect over winters on this tree in the egg stage. Fig. 32 shows the work of this aphid on elm. We have as yet no record of this insect as occurring upon gooseberry or currant in America, but the summer stages will no doubt be found to infest these plants here as in other coun- tries. A further discussion of this species is to be found in Bulletin 220 of this Station. Note. All figures of antennze and cornicles, except 12 and 13, are drawn to the same scale. Fic. 29 —Wild gooseberry shoot infested by 4. sazbornz, and normal shoot from same bush, May 28, 1913. 3 ’ | Fic. 30.—Gooseberry shoot infested by J/. /actucae, and normal shoot from same bush, June 6, 1913. Fic. 31.—Currant shoot infested by A. varians, June 3, 1913. Fic. 32._Work of Schizoneura ulmi ( fodiens) on elm leaf. Fic, 33.—Work of JZyzws on currant leaf. = s fo SS —— ra fo SS 3 Se a Ue 8 oo Zz / Z Fic. 34.—Aphis varians green variety (28-13); Fic. 35.—A. San- borni (23-13); Fic. 36.—MWacrosiphum lactucae from gooseberry (27-13); Fic. 37.—Myzus dispar (29-13); Fic. 38.—M. lactucae from currant (20-12) ; Fic. 39.—A. varians (24-09); Fic. 40.—Rhopalosiphum lac- tucae from Sonchus (86-10); Fic. 41.—Myzus ribis (25-09). CURRANT AND GOOSEBERRY APHIDS IN MAINE. 61 FOOD PLANT CATALOGUE OF THE APHIDAE OF THE WORLD. EVAR TO fest Eprta M. PatcuH. AINOINACIEAE, (CUR TUAIRID) JAIPIP IE), JEANNIE SY: ANONA., A, muricata L. Trichosiphum anonae Pergande. Pergande, 1906, p. 207. A. rectilinata. Aphis sassceri Wilson. Wilson, 1911, p. 59. BERBERIDACBAE. BARBERRY HA MIE Y. BERBERIS. Barberry. B. communis. Rhopalosiphum berberidis (Kalt.). Koch (Liosomaphis berberidis Walker). Buckton 2, p. 15. B. vulgaris L. Common Barberry. Rhopalosiphum berberidis (Kalt.) Davidson, 1910, p. 37%. Rhopalosiphum berberidis (Kalt.) (Aphis ‘berberidis Fitch?) Thomas, 1879 p. 82. B. sp. Aphis berberidis Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, pp. 18-10. Rhopalosiphum berberidis Kaltenbach. Davis, 1908 p. 254. ILANOIRA IANS. JE/ANOIRE IL)” EAIMADE NY. LAURUS. L. laurustinus, Aphis mali Fab. (?). Davidson, 1910, p. 377. UMBELLULARIA, U. californica Nutt. (California laurel, Ayadaphis umbellulariae Davidson. Davidson, 191th, p. 559. PEP WW IDIRUNCI RUS. IOI EVAN AC CHELIDONIUM.. Celandine. C. majus L. Siphonophora chelidonti (Kalt.). Buckton, 1, p. 122. Siphonophora urticae Kalt. Buckton, 1, p. 144. * Papers from the Maine Agricultural Experiment:Station: Entomol- ogy No. 72. 02 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Ql4. GLAUCIUM. Horn Poppy. ‘G. sp. Siphonophora glauci Licht. (ined.). Lichtenstein, La Flore. PAPAVER. ‘Poppy. P. dubium lL, (collinum). Aphis papaveris Fab. Mordwilko, 1899 p. 160. P. Hydrolapathum. Aphis rumicis Linn. Walker, 1850a, p. 18. P. Rhoeas L. (Clioorn Poppy, Aphis dianthi Schrank. Walker, 1850a, p. 304. Aphis papaveris Fab. Buckton, 2, p. 92. Aphis rumicis Linn. ‘Walker, 1850a, p. 18. P, somniferum L. (setigerum) ‘Common Poppy. Aphis papaveris Fab. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 260. Aphis rumicis Linn. Walker, 1850a, p. 18. P. sp. Aphis aparines Schrank. Lichtenstein, La Flore. Aphis armata Hausmann. Lichtenstein, La Flore. Aphis balsamitae Muller. Lichtenstein, La Flore. Aphis rumicis Linn. Thomas, 1879 p. 88. Aphis thlaspeos Schrank. Lichtenstein, La Flore. PUMARIACEAR., “RUMI @R Ws ky wvisiene CORYDALIS. C. aurea Willd. (Golden Corydalis. Nectarophora corydalis Oestlund. Oecstlund, 1887, p. 82. FUMARIA. Fumitory. F. capreolata L. Aphis papaveris Fab. Macchiati, 1883, p. 256. F. officinalis L. (Common Fumitory. Aphis dianthi Schrank. Walker, 1850a, p. 304. Aphis papaveris Fab. Macchiati, 1883, p. 256. Aphis rumicis Linn. Walker, 1850a, p. 19. CRUCIFERAE, MUSTARD ry NVisie ye ALLIARIA. ‘Garlic Mustard. A, officinalis Andrz, Aphis alliariae Koch. (sonchi L.) Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 28. Aphis dianthi Schrank. Walker, 1850a, p. 394. Aphis erysimi Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 28. Macrosiphum kaltenbachu Schouteden. Theobald, 1913, Journ. Econ. Biol. p. 52. Siphonophora alliariae Koch. Buckton, 1, p. 124. Koch, p. 177. A. sp. Siphonophora sonchi Linn. Lichtenstein, Flore Supplement. CURRANT AND GOOSEBERRY APHIDS IN MAINE. 63, ALYSSUM, . maratimum Lam. Myzus achyrantes Monell. Sanborn, 1904, p. 71. ARABIS. Rock Cress. . canadensis L. (mollis Raf.) ‘Sickle-pod. Aphis (Adactynus) arabis-mollis Raf. Rafinesque, 1818. BRASSICA. (Sinapis) Mustard. . adpressa Boiss, (\Sinapis geniculatia). Aphis brassicae L. (A. raphani Schrank) (A. isatidis Boyer) ‘Macchiati, 1883, p. 238. . alba Boiss. White Mustard. Aphis brassicae Linn. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 35. Aphis dianthi Schrank. Walker, 1850a, p. 394. . arvensis L. (Sinapis arvensis). Charlock, Aphis brassicae l. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 35. Rhopalosiphum persicae (Sulzer) Pass. (A. dianthi Schrank) (A. vulgaris Kyber) (A. rapae Curtis) (A. dubia Curtis). (A. vastator Smee.) Passerini, 1863, p. 21. . campestris L. (rutabaga). Aphis brassicae L.. (raphani Schrank) (isatidis Boyer). Passerini, 1863, p. 35. Rhopalosiphum dianthi (Schrank) Koch. (persicae, Puceron du pecher Morren) (rapae Curtis, floris rapae Curtis, dubia? Cur- tis) (vastator Smee) (persicaecola Boisduval) (persicae Pass.) Buckton, 2, p. 17. . fruticulosa Cyril. Aphis brassicae L. (A. raphani Schrank) (A. isatidis Boyer) Macchiati, 1883, p. 238. . juncea (L.) (Raphanus laniceolatus). Aphis frangulae Kalt. Hunter, 1901, p. 130. . napus L. Rape, Aphis (Adactynus) brassica-napus Raf. Rafinesque, 1818. Aphis dianthi Schrank. Walker, 1850a, p. 394. Myzus persicae Sulzer. Gillette and Taylor, 1908, p. 36. . higra (L.) Koch. Black Mustard. Aphis brasssicae Linn. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 35. Aphis dianthi Schrank. Walker, 1850a, p. 304. Aphis maidi-radicis Forbes. Davis, 1909b, p. 124. . oleracea lL. (Cabbage, Kale. Aphis brassicae Linn. (raphani Schrank) (floris-rapae Curtis) Buckton, 2, p. 34. Aphis brassicae L. (raphani Schrank) (isatidis Boyer). Pas- serini, 1863, p. 35. Aphis brassicae l.. Sanborn, 1904, p. 55. Aphis dianthi Schrank. Waker, 1850a, p. 304. Aphis maidiradicis Forbes. Vickery, 1910, p. IIT. Aphis (Tychea) phaseoli Pass. Kiaitenbach, 1874, p. 140. 64 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QT4. Myzus persicae Sulzer. Gillette and Taylor, 1908, p 36. Tychea phaseoli Pass. Karsch, 1886, p. 1. B. Rapa L. Turnip. Ruta Baga. _ Aphis rumicis Linn. Walker, 1850a, p. 19. Myzus persicae Sulzer. Gillette and Taylor, 1908, p. 35. Rhopalosiphum dianthi Schrank. Buckton 2, p. 17. BUNIAS. B. Erucago L. Aphis brassicae Linn. (A. raphani Schrank) (A. isatidis Boyer) Macchiati, 1883 p. 238. B. Kakile. Aphis dianthi Schrank. Walker, 1850a, p 394. CAPSELLA, Shepherd’s Purse. C. Bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic (Bursa Bursa-pastoris). Aphis brassicae Linn. Buckton, 2, p. 34. Aphis brassicae Linn (raphani Schrank) (floris-rapae Curtis) Buckton, 2, p. 34. Aphis capsellae Koch. Koch, p. 76. Aphis capsellae Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 39. Theobald, 1911-12. Aphis dianthi Schrank. Walker, 1850a, p. 394. Aphis erysimi Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 30. Aphis erysimi Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1843, p go. Aphis gossypii Glover (citrifolii Ashm. in part) (citrulli Ashm.) (cucumeris Forbes) (forbesi Weed?). Pergande, 1895, p. 313. Aphis maidiradicis Forbes. Vickery, 1910, p. 102. Aphis papaveris Fab. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 309. Aphis plantaginis Schrank. Del Guercio, 1909 (1910), Redia VII, p. 297. Aphis rumicis Linn. Thomas, 1879, p. 88. Aphis symphyti Schrank. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 771. Forda occidentalis Hart. Hart, 1891 and 1892, p. 96. Geoica squamosa Hart. Hart, 1891 and 1892, p. 99. Macrosiphum scabiosae Buckton. Theobald, 1911-12. Macrosiphum solanifolii Ashmead. Patch, 1907, p. 244. Myzus persicae Sulzer. Gillette and Taylor, 1908, p. 36. Schizoneura corni (Fab.) (S. venusta Pass.) (E. fungicola Walsh) (S. panicola Thomas) (E. cornicola Walsh). Hunter, 1901, p. 81. Siphonophora pisi Kalt. (ulmariae Schrank) (onobrychis Boyer) (lathyri Walk.). Buckton, I, p. 135. Siphonophora ulmariae (Schrank) (onobrychis Boyer) (pisi Kalt.) (pisi Koch) (gei Koch). Passerini, 1863, p. 13. CAKILE. (Sea Rocket. Cc. maritima Sicop. Aphis contermina Walker. Walker, 1849c, p. 31. Aphis dianthi Schrank. Walker, 1850a, p. 394. C. — | , es = . Sp. . SP, CURRANT AND GOOSEBERRY APHIDS IN MAINE. 65 CHEIRANTHUS, Cheiri L. Pemphigus lactucarius Pass. (Amycla fuscicornis Koch). Buck- ton, 3, p. 125. COCHLEARIA., . Armoracia L. Aphis dianthi Schrank. Walker, 1850a, p. 304. Aphis rumicis Linn. Walker, 1850a, p. 109. Rhopalosiphum persicae Sulzer. Lichtenstein, Flore Supplement. CRAMBE. . maritima L. Aphis redundans Walker. Walker, 1849c, p. 32. Aphis brassicae Linn. Lichtenstein, Flore Supplement. DIPLOTAXIS. . tenuifolia DC. Aphis brassicae 1. (raphani Schrank) (isatidis Boyer). Passerini, 1863, p. 35. ERYSIMUM. ‘Treacle Mustard. . barbarea. Aphis dianthi Schrank. Walker, 1850a, p. 304. . canescens Roth. Aphis brassicae Linn. (A. raphani Schrank) (A. isatidis Boyer) \Macchiati, 1883, p. 238. . officinale. \See ‘Sisymbrium officinale. ISATIS., . tinctoria L. Aphis brassicae Linn. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 35. . Sp. Aphis isatidis Boyer. Lichtenstein, La Flore. LEPIDIUM, Pepperwort. Draba L. Aphis myostidis Koch. Ferrari, 1872, p. 74. . incisum Roth. (Lepidium apetalum.) Aphis maidiradicis Forbes. Vickery, 1910, p. 103. virginicum L. (Wild Peppergrass. Aphis (Adactynus) acaroides Raf. Rafinesque, 1818. Aphis gossypii Glover (citrifolii Ashm. In part) (citrulli Ash.) (cucumeris Forbes) (forbesi Weed?) Pergande, 1895, p. 313. Aphis maidiradicis Forbes. Vickery, 1010, p. 103. sp, Aphis brassicae Linn. Lichtenstein, Flore Supplement. Rhopalosiphum persicae Sulzer. Lichtenstein, Flore Supplement. 66 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I014. NASTURTIUM. N. amphibium R, Br. Aphis nasturtii Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1843, p. 76. N. armoracia. See Radicula. N. austriacum Crantz, Aphis nasturtii Kalt. Passerini, 1863, p. 36. N. officinale R. Aphis dianthi Schrank. Walker, 1850a, p. 394. N. sylvestre R. Br. Aphis nasturtii Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1843, p. 76. Siphonophora nasturtii Koch (A. nasturtii Kalt.?). Koch, p. 201. RADICULA. Water Cress. R. Armoracia (L.) Robinson. (Nasturtium armoracia). Horseradish. Aphis armoraciae ‘Cowen. Cowen, 1895, p. 118. Myzus persicae Sulzer. Gillette and Taylor, 1998, p. 36. R. Nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) (N. officinale) (Roripa Nasturtium) True Water Cress. Myzus persicae Sulz. Gillette and Taylor, 1908, p. 35. R. sinuata (Nutt) Greene. (Nasturtium sinuatum). Pemphigus popultransversus Riley (burrowi Sanborn). Sanborn, 1904, p. 19, and 1906, p. 225. RAPHANUS. Radish. R. lanceolatus. |See Brassica juncea. R. Landra Mor. Aphis brassicae Ll. (A. raphani Schrank) (A. isatidis Boyer). Miacchiati, 1883, p. 238. R. Raphanistrum L. Wild Radish, Jointed 'Charlock. Aphis brassicae Linn. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 41. Aphis diantht Schrank. Walker, 1850a, p. 304. Aphis erysumi Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 41. R. sativus L. Radish. Aphis brassicae Linn (raphani) Schrank (floris-rapae Curtis) - Buckton, 2, p. 34. Aphis dianthi Schrank. Walker, 1850a, p. 304. Mysus persicae Sulzer. Gillette and Taylor, 1908, p. 35. RAPISTRUM. R. rugosum All. Fl. Pedem. Rhopalosiphum persicae (Sulzer) Pass. (A. dianthi Schrank) (A. vulgaris Kyber) (A. rapae Curtis) (A. dubia 'Curt.) (A- vastator Smee). Passerini, 1863, p. 21. RORIPA., R. nasturtium. ‘See Radicula nasturtium-aquaticum SISYMBRIUM. Hedge Mustard. S. Alliaria ‘Scop. Siphonophora sonchi (.) Pass. (A. serrutalae L. Schrank. Kalt) (S. achilleae Koch) (lactucae Koch?) Passerini, 1863, p. 17. CURRANT AND GOOSEBERRY APHIDS IN MAINE. . 67 Siphonophora alliariae Koch. No.1. Koch, p. 160. . Officinale Scop, (Erysimum officinale). Aphis erysimi Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1843, p. 99. Siphonophora sisymbri Buckton. Buckton, 1, p. 161. . Sp. Aphis nasturtu Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1874, p. 27. THASPIS. . bursa-pastoris. See Capsella, THLASPI. Penny Cress. . Sp. Aphis thlaspeos Schrank. Lichtenstein, Flore Supplement. CAPPARIDACH Ai MENPEOR: AMIE Ys POLANISIA. . graveolens Raf. Aphis polanisiae Oestlund. Oecestlund, 1887, p. 67. Aphis (Dactynus) polanisia-graveolens Raf. Rafinesque, 1818. SAXIFRAGACEAE. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. HEUCHERA. Alum Root. . hispida Pursh. Siphonophora heucherae Thomas. Thomas, 1879, p. 66. HYDRANGEA. . HOrtensis Simith. Aphis gossypii Glover (citrifolii Ashm. In part) (citrulli Ashm.) (cucumeris Forbes) (forbesi Weed?). Pergande, 1895, p. 314. Aphis neru Kalt. Passerini, 1863, p. 45. PHILADELPHUS. Mock Orange. Syringa. . coronarius L. Mock Orange. Syringa. Aphis gossypii Glover. Gillette, 1910, p. 404. ~ : RIBES. Currant. Gooseberry. . alpinum L, Aphis ribicola Kalt. Kaltenbach, 1843, p. 33. Aphis ribis Linn. Kaltenbach, 1843, p. 30. . aureum (Pursh. Missouri or Buffalo ‘Currant. Aphis cornifoliae Fitch. (A. gillettei Cowen). Gillette, 1910, p. 407. Myzus ribis (Linn.) Hunter, 1901, p. 100. . cynosbati ‘L. (Prickly Gooseberry. Dogberry. ~ Macrosiphum cynosbati (Oestlund). Davis, 19094, p. 39. . gracile Michx. Missouri Gooseberry. Aphis n. sp. Sanborn. Sanborn, 1904, p. 48. . Grossularia L. European Gooseberry. Aphis grossulariae Kaltenbach. (viburni Schrank?) Theobald, ro12, p. I0o. Aphis urticaria Kalt. Buckton, 2, p. 51. Macrosiphum ribicola Kaltenbach. Theobald, 1911-12. Myzus ribis (Linn.) Pass. (Ribifex Amyot) (Rh. ribis Koch). Buckton, I, p. 181. 68 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q14. Myzus whitei Theobald. Theobald, 1912, p. 111. Rhopalosiphum brittenii Theobald. Theobald, 1912, p. 108. Rhopalosiphum lactucae Kaltenbach. (ribis Buckton not Linn.) Theobald, 1912, p. 106. Rhopalosiphum ribis (Lann.) Koch, Pass. Buckton, 2, p. 10. Siphonophora lactucae (Kalt.) Pass. Buckton, 1, p. 140. R. leptanthum A. Gray. Myzus Neomexicanus Cockerell. Cockerell, r90trb, p. 227. “prob- ably R. leptanthuni’). R. nigrum L, Black Currant. Aphis grossulariae Kaltenbach, (viburni Schrank?) Theobald, 1912, p. 100. Macrosiphum lactucae Schrank. (A. ribicola Kaltenbach) (S. ribicola Koch) (S. lactucae Buckton, Passerini (non Koch) (ribis Frisch). Theobald, 1912, p. 104. Myzus whitei Theobald. Theobald, 1912, p. 111. Rhopalosiphum britteni Theobald. Theobald, 1912, p. 108. Rhopalosiphum ribis (Linn) Koch, Pass. Buckton, 2, p. 9. Siphonophora lactucae (Kalt.) Pass. Buckton, 1, p. 140. R. rotundifolium Michx. Myzus ribis (Linn.). Williams, 1891, p. 12. Siphonophora sp. Williams, 1891, p. 12. R. rubrum L, Aphis grossulariae Kaltenbach (viburni Schrank?) Theobald, 1912, p. 100. Aphis ribis Sanborn. Sanborn, 1904, p. 46. Macrosiphum lactucae Schrank. (A. ribicola Kaltenbach) (S. ribicola Koch) (S. lactucae Buckton, Passerini (non Koch) (ribis Frisch). Theobald, 1912, p. 102. Myzus ribis (Linn) Pass. Buckton, 1, p. 181. Theobald, 1912, p. IIo. k Myzus ribis (Linn.). Weed, 1888, p. 210. Rhopalosiphum brittenii Theobald. Theobald, 1912, p. 108. Rhopalosiphum lactucae Kaltenbach. (R. ribis Buckton, non Linneaus (lactucae Buckton) (lactucae Passerini) ‘Theobald, IQI2, p. 105. Rhopalosiphum ribis (Linn.) Koch, Pass. Buckton, 2, p. fo. R. viscossisimum Pursh. 5 . Myzus ribis Linn. Williams, 1801, p. 12. R. sp. Aphis houghtonensis Troop. Troop, 1906, p. 59 Aphis n. sp. Sanborn. Sanborn, 1904, p. 51. Myzus cerasi (Fab.) Pass. (Cerasaphis Amyot). Buckton, 1, p. 175. Schizoneura fodiens Buckton. Buckton, 3, p. 94. Schizoneura ulmi Linn (fodiens Buckton). Tullgren, 1909, p. 1609. Note. The following families have been omitted from Part IV of this catalogue and will be printed in a subsequent part: Resedaceae, Crassulaceae, Pittosporaceaec, Hamamelidaceae, and Platanaccae. BULLETIN 226. NOTE ON THE ACCURACY OF BUSHEL WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS.* By CLARENCE W. BARBER. In tests of varieties of grain it is essential to determine the weight per measured bushel of the grain produced by different varieties. For this purpose there is commonly used the stand- ard grain weighing device, consisting of a one or two quart brass bucket suspended from a scale of the steel yard type. This measuring apparatus is often referred to as the grain tester. One is shown in figure 42. ‘The beam for a two quart bucket is marked with three scales or series of divisions. One scale is in ounces and pounds allowing a little more than four pounds as the total capacity of the bucket; the second series of divisions gives the percentages of four pounds; the third, rep- resents directly the weight in pounds (up to 65) per measured bushel. Because of the finer divisions the greatest accuracy in weight determinations by this device is attained through using the percentage scale and calculating therefrom the weight of a bushel in pounds. This bucket holds one-sixteenth of a bushel; its total capacity in weight is four pounds. Hence to derive the weight in pounds per measured bushel it is only necessary to multiply the percent. by the factor 64. Having frequently to use this standard bushel measure in the determination of the weight per bushel of oats grown in the variety tests conducted ‘by this Station, the necessity of carry- ing out a particular scheme of manipulation soon made itself apparent. An inquiry made to the U. S. Bureau of Standards brought the following information about the use of the grain * Papers from .the Biological Laboratory of the Maine Agricultural Experiment ‘Station No. 61. 7O MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI4. tester. “So far as the Bureau has any knowledge on the mat- ter, there is very little care or uniformity of method used in filling the bucket with grain, although without doubt, it is a matter to which greater attention should be given as there is a decided difference in the amount of grain that may be contained in a measure according to which it is struck off level as it falls into the bucket or is first shaken down. ‘The most common practice in the matter is, probably, to merely dip the bucket into the grain to fill and then strike off the grain as it lies.” With the aim of obtaining data relative to the methods of handling this device a series of weighings of one variety of oats, namely. the Lincoln, were made. It should be said that the Lincoln oat is medium in size, plump and generally free from awns. The lot of oats amounting to five bushels from which the data presented in this paper were collected was contained in a bin 3 ft. 10 in. long by 24 ft. wide and 23 ft. deep. Before beginning to take weight records the oats were thoroughly stirred and piled in one end of the bin. For each weighing the bucket was filled with the grain in one end of the bin. After recording the weight the grain was emptied in the opposite end of the bin. Hence the bucket was filled for each determination with grain from one end only of the bin until all the grain in that end was removed to the opposite end. ‘Then the grain was again thoroughly stirred or mixed and piled in one end of the bin as in the beginning. One hundred weighings, the distribu- tion of which is shown in table 1, were made according to each of four methods. All weighings were obtained during one day by one person. The procedure in the different methods was as follows: Method I. The grain was poured into the bucket filling the same rounding full and was not settled in any way. Then the top was levelled off as follows: In each method a beveled straight edge laid flat on the rim of the bucket was used to smooth off the top grains in order to ensure the surface of the grain being in the same plane with the rim. ‘The straight edge should be moved in a zigzag movement across the surface and should not be drawn directly across, for such a force drags out many grains beneath the plane of the rim leaving the bucket incompletely filled. Fic. 42. ACCURACY OF BUSHEL WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS. 71 Standard grain tester in position for determining the weight per measured bushel of grain. 72 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI14. Method Il. ‘The bucket was filled rounding full by dipping it directly into the grain. The grain was not settled in any way. Then the top was levelled as in Method I. Method III. The bucket was filled rounding full by dipping it into the grain and then shaken down once. ‘After shaking the top was smoothed off as in Method I. Method IV. The grain was poured into the bucket filling it rounding full and settled by shaking down five times. After this the straight edge was used to level off the top surface as in Method I. In case shaking settled the grain below the rim of the bucket more grains were poured on top and then levelled off. In shaking, the bucket was held firmly with {both hands. Eatch shak- ing involved a short, quick downward movement of the bucket brought to an abrupt stop. TABLE I. Frequency Distributions for Variation in the Percentage CLASS. I. II. Il. Iv. Bucket filled by| Bucket filled by Grain poured into| dipping it into | dipping it into |Grain poured into Per cent. | bucket. Not sha- | the grain. Not | the grain Sha-| the bucket. Sha- ken or settled. shaken or ken once to ken down 5 times. settled. settle grain. S2RO=o2 pA eras 7 ~ = = 52.5-52.9.. 6 = = = SoRO-OorAS ee 3 = = = 5) G=bpethase nse 27 = = = 54.0-54.4....... 27 - - = D404 Oe 16 = = a 55.0-55.4.. ila - - = 55.5-55.9... 3 3 = = 56.0-56.4... - 8 1 - 56.5-56.9.. ~ 3} 1 = Bi OE ott as oe oie = 18 5 = BY GOB ohn btn - 27 | 16 LoS DS 0-58 4-4 = 20 27 = 58 .5-58.9.. - 10 19 1 590-59 4ee eee ~ 8 22 3 59 .5-59.9.. - 2 6 18 60.0-60.4....... = 1 2 36 60.5-60.9.. - - 1 31 GIRO-6leA see = = - 10 615 -61e9 ere = = = 1 AON, ye oe 100 100 100 100 The results derived from the data collected in each method are tabulated in table 2. Here it will be noted that the mean weight per bushel increases 2.4 lbs. or 7 percent when the bucket is filled by dipping it into the grain as compared with ACCURACY OF BUSHEL WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS. WS; Fic. 43. Standard grain tester. Note the three scales of divisions on the beam. 74. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q14. filling by pouring the grain into the bucket. The probable error of this difference is +.0529, which clearly signifies that the increase is due to the method of filling and not to chance. ‘The standard deviation of Method II is higher than of Method I. The difference .0503 is slightly less than twice the probable error +.0264 showing that the two methods are about equal in variability. Further evidence of this is shown in the coefficients of variability which differ by .0369--.1044 the difference being less than its probable error. IARTERWO: Variation Constants in Weight per Bushel of Lincoln Oats.’ | MEAN. | 3 A = Standard MeruHop. l deviation Coefficient Weight per bushel —lbs. of variation. Per cent. —lbs. a | eS uate Ny Oe Seana nS ag UT 54.090 34.6176+ .0357 5291+ .0178 1.5284+ .0729 \ ES HE Air inca ena Oa aN ban 57.835) 37.0144+4 .0391 .5794+4 .0195!) 1.56534 .0747 . 1) 1 Ce vce ee haar ce RM Re 58.585} 37.49444 .0320 47444 .0160) 1.2653+ .0604 1 BANG se Copy Ree ae My OSL e Ti A 60.385} 38.6464+4 .0219 32544 .0110 0.8420+ .0402 When the grain is settled by shaking, 'the mean weight per bushel is greatly increased. ‘This is seen by comparing Method IV with Method I. ‘The mean weight per bushel according to Method IV is 4.0288-t.0419 Ibs. higher than that of Method I. Such a difference, 100 times its probable error, clearly signifies that the higher mean is due to the method of handling the grain. In addition to raising the mean, Method. IV also lowers the standard deviation by the amount of .2037+.0209 lbs. This difference is significant in that it is about Ito times its probable error. Hence it is clear that settling the grain lessens the vari- ability of the determinations. "This is further substantiated in the coefficients of variation. Here the difference is 0.6864, which is about 8 times its probable error +.0833. Similarly the effect of shaking is shown in Method III as compared with Method II. One shaking raises the mean 0.4800+.0505 lbs. and lowers the standard deviation .1050+.0232 lbs. ‘The rela- tive variability also decreases, as is seen in the coefficients of variation, giving a difference of 0.3000+.0961. In each of these the magnitude of the difference in relation to its probable SHAPE AND SIZE OF PLOTS IN TESTS OF VARIETIES OF GRAIN. 75 error is sufficient to lead one to conclude that even one shaking in settling the grain manifests itself in a higher mean and a smaller variability. In all of these methods it is evident that the standard devia- tion and the coefficient of variation are absolutely small. While shaking five times lowers the variability of the mean weight determinations as is shown in a reduction of 38.5 percent in the standard deviation and 44.9 percent in the coefficient of variation, the mean weight per bushel increases 11.6 percent. On account of its very low standard deviation and coefficient of variation ‘Method IV thas ‘been adopted by this Station as the one giving the greatest accuracy in determinations of the bushel weight of oats. In our tests of varieties of oats the practice is to take for each variety the mean of three weighings as the _ weight per measured bushel. This gives us according to the results derived from data presented in this paper a measure- ment possessing a very high degree of accuracy. Method I we understand is the one ordinarily practised by grain dealers, and the data shown herein warrant the conclusion that determina- tions derived thereby also possess a high degree of accuracy. However, as already shown, this degree of accuracy is very much less than that attainable in Method IV. The use of the standard bushel measure in getting the weight of seeds heavier than oats would undoubtedly show less varia- tion in the determinations. SUMMARY, Data presented in this paper indicate the necessity of follow- ing a particular scheme of handling the standard grain tester in determining the weight per bushel of grain. - Of the four methods tried the one wherein the grain is poured into the bucket and settled by shaking five times gives the most accurate results. This method in comparison with that involv- ing no settling of the grain lowers the standard deviation 38.5 percent and the coefficient of variation 44.9 percent. Settling the grain not only decreases the range of variability, thus giving more accurate results, but also increases the mean weight per bushel. : In conclusion it can be said that the standard grain tester as a means of determining the weight per measured bushel of grain gives results possessing a high degree of accuracy. NOTE ON THE INFLUENCE OF SHAPE AND SIZE OF PLOTS IN TRHSTS OF VARIETIES OF GRAIN.* By CLARENCE W. BARBER. Experience in testing varieties of oats in rows under culti- vation, in small and large plots, and under field conditions, impresses one with the widely variable results obtained in the propagation of oats in different allowances of space for devel- — opment. In variety tests it is customary to surround each plot with a pathway which is generally kept clear of weeds and other plants by cultivation. ‘This passageway not only permits close observation of the plants within the plot but also prevents the ~ mixture of varieties at the time of planting and at harvest. Observation of oats grown in plots thus separated often presents a marked contrast in respect to the productivity of plants situ- ated along the borders of the plots as compared with plants growing within the plot. ‘This thriftiness of marginal plants is exemplified in a greater number of culms per plant, a higher yield of grain, and a longer period of growth. Generally the marginal plants thrive in a green condition several days after the plants in the center of the plot have begun to ripen. As an illustration of the cropping ability of a strain of oats under different conditions may be cited the performance of a Line No. 286 of oats originated by the Maine Agricultural E.xperi- ment Station. In a plant breeding garden where one seed was — dropped at each three inch interval in drills one foot apart, this line of oats yielded at the rate of 11.3 grams of grain per plant. In two two-thousandth acre plots for this same line the average production of grain per plant amounted to 2.94 grams. In the latter case seed was planted at intervals of one and one-half inches in drills four inches apart. In the first instance each plant was allotted thirty-six square inches; in the second in- stance six square inches. ‘The yield per plant in the larger space was nearly four times that of plants grown in the smaller space. * Papers from the Biological Laboratory of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station No. 62. SHAPE AND SIZE OF PLOTS IN TESTS OF VARIETIES OF GRAIN. 77 Further evidence of the increased yield attending the growth of plants in an allotment of considerable space is presented in the work of Wacker.* From data given by this author Table 1 has been formed. In this is shown the yield of grain produced by plants developing under conditions of heavy seeding and light seeding. TABLE I. : Yield of Grain Plants in Conditions of Heavy and Light Seeding. | YIELD OF GRAIN. | Average number of plants har- lvested per square} Per plant | Per culm. | meter. —gms. — 2m se Winter Barley: IEC awvavglo CCCI ie eye ai keke ceerehie 2 240.9 2.34 0.65 Ji medayi Sieero tava als dase (eave ie euereni ene eica eae 21.8 29.88 1.64 Winter Rye: | TCA AVALOS CE GIN Oras tated ut Ly eaenracen sain teen 156.6 4.20 185 IDilgesl ge SS VeXo bisa os et er catie Gites hola ice ale a 16.7 24.26 2.07 Square Head Winter Wheat: | leaves COG ews Sita nent uy T 22 lal 2.43 0.86 NEV oO ee CIM tiie eto ei os ue ee ce 20.7 21.90 1.58 Spring Barley: | HE Avaya COOIM EY ficken nels cleieeecsle te blaus dt 141.7 1.56 0.65 ILieNony, SeXeo baa See a a See armen | 27.4 9.58 1.20 Unfortunately the plots of oats in these tests, so it is stated, were damaged to such an extent as to be of no value.. From the figures quoted here one is convinced of the great increase in the yield when grain plants develop in considerable space as compared with-plants growing under field conditions. It should be noted that plants grown in the larger space as compared with those grown in the smaller space yield six to thirteen times as much grain per plant or one anda half to two and a half times as much per culm. In making calculations of the relation between the marginal area and the total area of a plot it was considered a conserva- tive estimate that all plants growing in an area six inches wide within the border of the plot receive benefit from the clean cultivation of the pathways. The basis of this assumption lies * Wacker: Versuche mit den neuen Getreidekulturverfahren nach Demtschinsky und Zehetmayer. Landw. Jahr. Bd. XLJI, tort. 78 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ14. in the work of Ten Eyck ** and that of Rotmistrov.1 The former states that the roots of oat plants growing in drills eight inches apart interlace within two inches of the surface. Rot- mistrov found the roots of oat plants of one variety extending laterally 94 cm. or 3.08 ft., of another variety 54 cms. or 1.8 ft. Assuming all the plants in this marginal area to be better devel- oped because of the greater space allotted each plant it may be of interest to plant breeders to point out the relation of this marginal area to the total area of plots of different rectangular . shapes and sizes. The periphery of a unit area in the shape of a square and in. rectangular plots having the length 2, 4, 8 or 16 times the width, is considered in Table 2. TABLE 2 The Periphery of a Unit Area in Terms of ee a ue OF Umit Area. x, x beimg the Side Rectangle | Rectangle | Rectangle Rectangle | with length with length with length Square. | with length | 4times | Stimes | 16 times twice width. | width. width. width. | ATOR chek osie BIS Stee x2 x2 x2 x2 £2 Width (in feet)...... x 7071 * .5000z .39362* .2500x Length (in feet).....| aD 2(. 70712) 4(.5000z) 8(.35362) 16(. 25002) Periphery (in feet)... 4a 4.24262 5.0000z 6.36402 8.50002 Per cent. increase in length of periphery on basis of peri- phery of the same unit area in the form of a square... - | 6.0650% 25 .0000% 59 .1200% 112.5000% An area 6 inches wide | within the borders in terms of x will be Girt Sols 1) bo Ge an © 20—W 22S a1 2.50002-1 | 3.18242-1 4.2500a”-1 Note: It should ke borne in mind that x always refers to the side of a square. Hence, in the use of x the periphery of any oblong plot may ke compared ecueeinly with that of a square of equal area. * These factors to six places of decimals are .707107 and .353553. They are derived algebraically as follows: Ina plot with a length two times its width let x represent the width and 1 the area. Then 222=1 olen ce 707107 In a plot with a length eight times its width, let x represent the width and 1 the area. 822=1 aaa 275) L= ooBDoOS ** Ten Eyck, A. M. The Roots of Plants. Bulletin 127, June 1904. Kansas Expt. Sta. + Rotmistrov, V. [Distribution of the Roots of Some Annual Culti- vated Plants.] Zhur. Opuitn (Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw) 8 (1907), No. 6, pp. 667-705; 9 (1908), No. I, pp. 1-24. SHAPE AND SIZE OF PLOTS IN TESTS OF VARIETIES OF GRAIN. 79 From Table 2 it is evident that a rectangular unit area in the form of a square possesses the shortest periphery and therefore presents the smallest number of plants along its borders. As shown in this table, a change in the shape of a unit area, for example, in the case of its elongation to a length sixteen times its width may subject as many as 112.5 per cent more plants, as compared with those of the same unit area in the form of a square, to the influences arising from marginal conditions. An increase in the length of a plot increases the number of plants along the margin. : What has been said here holds true for plots sown broadcast, as well as for those seeded in drills. Each unit within the mar- gins of a broadcasted plot supports, according to the laws of chiance, a number of plants numerically equal to those of every other wnit of the plot. The same is true in drilled plots. A plot in which seed is sown in drills six inches apart is divided into equal areas six inches wide. Each of these receives on the average the same number of seeds and supports equal numbers of plants according to the laws of chance. Hence an area six inches wide within the margins of a plot contains the same number of plants as an equal area within the plov. It should be pointed out here that a circular plot of a unit area has the shortest periphery and therefore presents the smallest number of plants along the border. However, the impracticability of seeding and handling plots of this shape is obvious. TABLE 3. The Relation of an Area Six Inches Wide Within the Border of a Plot to the Total Area of the Plot. ees me em oer i (eee | eecbalieia) eo [ease | meg |Phog| Sao. = | a2? |Sacs| Eas a a =o El aeb | gaa e E sai eel in, Mer aeee Rl eemesst = Size or Prot. oe S | oF BO |e a 9s | 3 Onin < ® Sea rorcy Sse Hea fies fh 2 5 lee “g5 |S>e8| esc-8 S Ss ae 3 eta} _ Fas = a ae = ox | o Leo wD la) [ores < Mane | AaSne | | lf 2 | 2000th acre jSquare........ 4.67x4.67 | 18.67 8.33 | 38.26 | = Bg oe ..|Length 2 times | | [wading ee. 3.30x6.60 | 19.80 8.90 | 40.86} 6.79 ee as |Length 4 times | | WAGE ob eb oe | » 2.33x9.33 | 2338 10.67 48.98 | 28.00 1000th acre .../Square........| 6.60x6.60'| 26.40]. 12.20} 28.01 | - eo xi .|Length 2 times! - | | ieeewra cits ieee | 4.67x9.23 | 28.00 13.00 | 29.85 6.56 | | SO MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI4. TABLE 3—Concluded. pe ee? Ee) os ee | Se esas. ci io) O-m S | 5 oF? | S88 se] 54.28 | a Z . | BOA | SBF, | fags S1zz or Puor. | + a) om Asse esas! | a Clo | é Cae ae Sse Baia | 2 aS a ne OmIs) 93 9.8 Q om 60 2, 3eto oF aa | of 5 Be fo | O82 | eSys| pees | D As Hea | 488 |asae | ee & 1000th acre .|Length 4 times | Wallner 3.30x13.20 | 33.00 15) _ 510) |) By BIS) PAT A0}5) 500th acre ISOMERS. 15 = 5-0 9 .33x9.33 37.34 17.67 | 20.28 - mi x .jLength 2 times | WACK. eo pos 6.60x13.20 39.60 18.80 | 21.58 6.41 Length 4 times THAOWNANS 3S 5 o/b 4.67x18.67 46.67 2230) I) Zon: 26.41 250th acre SqQuanreee eee 13.20x13.20 52.80 25.40 | 14.58 - Gt es Length 2 times | While. soo 66 9.33x18.67 56.00 PHY A010) \| 1165 5X0) 6.35 me oe Length 4 times Sy ChO Li ere 6.60x26.40 66.60 32.00 | 18.37 25.98 100th acre Square ae 20.87x20.87 83.48 40).74 | °9.35 - as oe Length 2 times : THC oo 6 14 .76x29 .52 88.55 43.27 | 9.93 6.22 Ou Length 4 times | Volta 4 oo oc 10.44x41.74 104.36 51.18 | 11.75 25.61 ae Length 8 times i | Wall ty Npeeeeee 83X59 08e Ne a2e82 65.41 | 15.02 60.55 : a Length 16 times { syd Clit eee 5. 22x83 .48 177.40 S700 |) 240). 1a 115.26 5 Oth acre a SOMEMOs sooo - 29 .52x29 .52 118.06 58.03 6.66 = me Sng PEARS Length 2 times p WACK Se ene & 20.87x41.74 | ZB 233 61.61 1 OM 6.17 nf Ppa ene Length 4 times | | WAN Sebo oo 14.76x59 .03 | 147.58 12.179 |) 8.36 25.43 st Ha A ee te de Length 8 times | Wahl oa eee 10.44x83.48 187.84 92.92 | 10.67 60.12 sie fi itgr Meats Ramee Length 16 times | Wahid 5554.06 7.38x118.06 | 250.89 | 124.44 | 14.28 114.44 40th acre ..... Squares see 33.00x383.00 | 132.00 65.00 5.97 - oe SN ae eres nae Length 2 times WAC So 5.6 5's 23.33x46.67 | 140.01 69.00 6.34 6.16 at Bee AP EU thee Length 4 times WAChIN: caches 16.50x66 .00 165.00 81.50 7.48 25.38 ae Bp fet tole ae Length 8 times WACHN. 6 oo oe 11.67x93.34 | 210.01 | 104.01 9.55 60.01 ie COM chao Length 16 times WAGONS ooo ans 8.25x132.00 | 280.50 | 1389.25 | 12.79 114.23 20th acre ..... SCMANO. cas secs 46 .67x46.67 186.68 | 92.34 4.24 - ot ie Vat arti} Length 2 times WACK. o's co 33.00x66.00. | 198 00 98.00 4.50 6.13 hed is unica Length 4 times WiAlclit eee ene 23 .383x93-34 PRY oer) || IG) O7/ Deel PN) Ul. oe Sa Aha atts Length 8 times Wali, so0 a6 16.50x132.00 | 297.00 | 147.50 6.77 59.74 a “Sot gs aioe Length 16 times Wah, canoes 11.67x186.68 | 396.69 | 197.34 9.06 B72 1Othyacrewe ee Squareseesenise 66 .00x66 .00 264.00 | 131.00 30 - rte GPa ons Length 2 times MACH Ho bo 46.67x93.34 | 280.01 | 189.01 3.19 6.11 sae Oe Se ts Length 4 times Wwidthev: ee 33 .00x132 .00 330.00 164.00 3.76 25.19 ih Sn Roe Ae Length 8 times WA GLb eel eee 23 .33x186.68 | 420.02 | 209.01 4.80 59.55 Oe Seta Br aesihe Length 16 times WwiCib ety eee 16.50x264.00 | 561.00 | 279.50 6.42 113.36 Li AOTCs a seve SQuarerae ee eee 208.71x208.71 | 834.84 ; 416.42 0.96 = ete Te sth Atte Length 2 times wohl ons - Ae 147 .58x295.16 | 885.48 | 441.74 1.01 6.08 1 egret a Sie AC Length 4 times Wall oa sabe 104.36x417.42 |1043.55 | 520.78 1.20 25.06 ae Tae easter a see Length 8 times he Synieluleis oon 54 73.79x590.32 |1328.22 | 663.11 D2 59.24 Teg gs torts Sede Length 16 times Wacltole yaa oe 58.18x834.84 |1774.04 | 886.02 2.03 112.77 SHAPE AND SIZE OF PLOTS IN TESTS OF VARIETIES OF GRAIN. SI Table 3 shows the percentage of the total area contained in a strip six inches wide within the border of plot units commonly used in plant breeding tests. It will be noted that the part of a square plot lying in this marginal strip ranges from 0.96 per- cent in an acre area to 38.26 per cent in a 2000th acre area. In a plot with a length two times its width this marginal area amounts to 1.01 per cent in an acre and 40.86 per cent in a 2000th acre area. The percent of the total area lying in the strip six inches wide within the border of a long narrow plot is much greater than that of a square plot of the same area. In the cases considered the marginal area may be 6 percent to 115 percent greater in long plots than in square plots of equal: size. The magnitude of this percentage depends on the relation of the length to the breadth of the plot. Mercer and Hall * maintain that there is practically no differ- ence in the accuracy of square plots and long narrow plots. How- ever, it should be borne in mind that the basis of the conclusions of these authors was the yield of an acre plot selected out of a large field. This acre was divided into small units each of which was harvested separately. There were no pathways around the acre plot and likewise, and of much greater importance, none around the small units of the acre. Hence their conclusions are based on conditions where the competition among plants is that ordinarily found in any field. These authors do not con- sider the possible effect of pathways around plots. Neverthe- less the marginial plants play an important part in making up the total yield of plots. To overcome the influence of pathways it has often been sug- gested as advisable to discard the outside rows of a plot in order to attain a fairer test of the cropping ability of a variety of grain under so-called normal conditions. However, to throw away the outside rows of each plot is exceedingly bad practise m plant breeding work because of the possibility of such odds and ends. becoming mixed up with other varieties. Further the discarding of outside rows requires a greater labor expense and also greater land area in attaining results on unit plots. Trim- ming plots to overcome certain éffects of environment is ex- *Mercer, S. W. and Hall, A. D. The Experimental Error of Field Trials. The Journal of Agricultural Science, Oct. 1911. 82 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI4. ceedingly unsatisfactory. ‘The best practice in plant breeding work is to plant in a plot only what one wants to harvest there- from. All in all, as long as conditions are similar for all varve- ties of grain in trial in a field of fairly uniform soil, the results of plot tests will show the relative yields of the varieties. The use of small unit areas in plant breeding work is neces- sary in the propagation of selected plants, especially because of the great number of such selections one must try out in the search for superior individuals. It is often impossible during the first season following propagation in head rows to carry out tests on units larger than a thousandth or a five hundredth - of an acre. The calculated yields per acre obtained on such small areas are generally a great deal higher than those gotten by growing the same variety in large plots. Mercer and Hall have pointed out that a large error due to soil variation and other factors is involved in tests on such small areas. These authors show that in plots smaller than a fortieth or fiftieth acre the error of the yields rises rapidly as the area of the plot diminishes. However an increase in the size of a plot above a fortieth or fiftieth acre does not give results of sufficiently greater accuracy to warrant the greater expense involved in the use of larger units. By testing varieties in four or five units of 40th or 50th acre size they show the error of the results to be much smaller. In addition to the error worked out by these authors there must be in plots surrounded by paths another factor which augments the productivity of the marginal plants. As already pointed out this factor brings the shape as well as the size of plot into consideration. From the foregoing discussion it is evident that a means of gauging approximately the cropping ability of a variety of grain ina field on the basis of what it does in small areas would be of some service. Undoubtedly an absolutely accurate meas- ure can not be determined for forecasting on the basis of per- formance in small areas the probable productivity of an oat under field conditions. However, it may be possible to arrive at a fair estimate. To be able to do this would prove of great assistance in judging the possible worth of pure lines which have been propagated to the point of enabling tests in sooth acre plots. Then, at the beginning of the search for superior strains it is desirable to approximately estimate their worth as SHAPE AND SIZE OF PLOTS IN TESTS OF VARIETIES OF GRAIN. 83 compared with the varieties already established. Of course a check on the productivity of new varieties may be had by plant- ing several plots to one commercial variety regularly distributed throughout the field. Even with this, an additional means of gauging the value of a new strain would be advantageous. The importance of the size and shape of a plot impresses one forcibly when it is considered that marginal plants may yield twice as much as plants within the plot. In this event any yield of a variety grown on 50th acre units would have to be considered as 106.7 percent, on a 100th acre 109 percent, on a roooth acre 128 percent according to figures given in Table 2. In oblong plots of these unit areas the percent would be much higher. This problem of the influence of size and shape of plots on the results of variety tests of grain may be viewed from the stand- point of marginal drill length in comparison with the total drill length in a plot. In this the plants within six inches of the bor- der at each end of a drill are considered subject to the conditions outside the margin and, hence, make up a row across each end of the plot. In terms of x, + representing the side of a square, a unit area x in different rectangular shapes will have the dimensions given in Table 4 Also one will note in this table the length of the marginal drills and the total drill length together with the rela- tion between marginal drill length and total drill length. TABLE 4. Relation of Marginal Drill Length to Total Drill Length. | 3 | Length 2 | Length 4 | Length 8 | Length 16 SHAPE OF PLOT. | Square. times | times | times times | width. | width. | width. width. ky sh i | ANEW. ereihto Gp. Reem eecra Beara eed | x ee | 2x2 | x2 | «2 Soe | Pee | 2 Widithwimvfeetrusa © || vate Narrow 9 LONG l GRAIN = MATURED WELL COLOR DARK LaRGceE 1s WHITE = V2) 2D FAIRLY “MEDIUM SMALL YeELLow < “+ POORLY | "LIGHT LONG BROWN + ui T ~. ||_STOOLING | DISEASE Snort Black | === Sa ee | ae | < EAVY Smut: Much % SPIKELETS FILLED Mixed : | 4 MEDIUM ! LiTTLe % BARREN Goop Light | Rust: Mucw PING ENCLOSED Fair Fig. 55. Facsinule of Oat Breeding record used in the oat variety tests Finally Figure 56 shows the plot index. Plot numbers are never duplicated so that by the use of this index it is possible to trace back the pedigree of any strain. This same blank is used for all plant breeding work. Hence, in the third column, under the heading “Plant,” the kind of crop, whether oats, corn, beans, etc., is indicated. Under the heading “Seed used” there is given both the variety and the source of the seed. In 1910 the variety tests were under the supervision of one of the writers (F. M. Surface). In 1911 the tests were in charge of Dr. E. P. Humbert, at that time Associate Biologist in the Station. In 1912 and 1913 the tests were again under the super- vision of one of the writers (C. W. Barber). To Dr. Raymond Pearl is due the credit for the continuity of these tests during the several years and for many suggestions during the course of the work. 148 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQT4. VARIETIES TESTED. The number of commercial varieties of oats appears to be unlimited. In a great many cases the chief difference between these so-called varieties is in the name. On the other hand, there are a number of distinct varieties separated from each other by marked morphological or physiological characters. The remaining so-called varieties are simply strains selected out of one of the fundamental varieties. Many of these strains are characterized by stiffer straw or greater yield than that of the mother variety. Inasmuch as these strains tend to breed true to these characters it is perhaps justifiable to designate them as separate varieties. ie ||| ES PLANT SEED USED Disposat OF Seep PropuceD MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION--PLOT INDEX Fig. 56. Facsimile of Plot Index sheet used in the plant breeding work. Table 1 gives the name and the source of the seed of all the varieties which have been tested at any time in the past four years. In some cases several strains of the same variety were obtained from different sources. In general only one such strain of a variety has been continued after the first year. Several varieties appeared to be so poorly adapted to our conditions that they have been dropped after one or two years’ trial. STUDIES ON WARIS, 1 Varieties Tested. OAT BREEDING. 149 Variety introduceu| Accession VaRIETY NAME. Seep PurcHASED FROM in number. 1910 1 ID Anishelis] anc see W. A. Burpee, ; Philadelphia, Pa. 1910 2 Burpee’s Welcome............ . A. Burpee, Philadelphia, Pa. 1910 3 White Tartar King...........|W. A. Burpee, Philadelphia, Pa. 1910 4 artare Kon cee eRe eee J. Levasseur, Tessierville, Que. 1910 5 Black wantariane esate Iowa Seed Company, Des Moines, Iowa. 1910 6 Khersona@Univee Nol) peer Griswold Seed Company, Lincoln, Nebr. 1910 7 HMHETSO ME einer ee ear ae ect pele eno Iowa Seed Company, Des Moines, Iowa. 1910 8 Ibm. Wakonoirs. Sb0bdc cabs od sol Iowa Seed Company, Des Moines, Iowa. 1910 9 Hanhya @hamplonte see er ee Iowa Seed Company, Des Moines, Iowa. 1910 10 IBTOSDEELb Yas Sa ese Chee tela Iowa Seed Company, Des Moines, Iowa. 1910 11 SilverdViimenapeseie i eae ene re Iowa Seed Company, Des Moines, Iowa. 1910 12 re Olmigeiorecs nc eaeta ava wan Iowa Seed Company, Des Moines, Iowa. 1910 13 Regenerated Swedish Select. ..|Garton-Cooper Company, Chicago, Ill. 1910 14 Regenerated Swedish Select... .|Griswold Seed Company, Lincoln, Nebr. 1910 15 Regenerated Swedish Select... .|L. L. Olds, Company, Madison, Wis. 1910 16 SWeCISHE Sale Comin ap aia ante L. L. Olds, Company Madison, Wis. 1910 17 Rresrdentasen a eee eee \Garton-Cooper Company, Chicago, Il. 1910 18 Senators ris carat cohen ee ene Garton-Cooper Company, Chicago, Ill 1910 19 WAKO Ree Ir Beth ee Ree de eee Garton-Cooper Company, Chicago, Ill 1910 20 Oldtisland’Blacke 2s -oe sone: E. E. Arsenault, Urbinville, P. E. I. 1910 21 Wihite) Heyptian: = 22.2 22.--.-. T. J. Wigginton, Bridgetown, P. E. I. 1910 22 INGHAM ob oo on See sn0o us C. R. Gies, 5 Heidelburg, Ontario. 1910 23 iimportediscotcherer erase: H. L. Goltz, Bardsville, Ontario. 1910 24 Early Blossom....... Sd Selene D. Innes, Tabique River, N. B. 1910 25 Unnamed White, Maine grown.|.Geo. B. Haske!l Co., Lewiston, Maine. 1910 26 IBANMNE Haseley ee eat ae ee eee W. H. Pawsen, Cooldale, Alberta. 1910 27 IBannen-se ite te ere aaeioe ne date ee Geo. Boyce, Meridale, Ontario. 1910 28 Banter howe. es tip a eae re W.M. Black, Creelman, Saskatchewan. 1910 29 Banners cer ete ore ace W. E. Palmer, Scotch Lake, N. B. 1910 30 ILitedoy Aare tebe Go Se a D. Carmicheel, i West Lorne, Ontario. 1910 31 Unnamed White, Maine grown;Prof. G. H. Hamlin, Orono, Maine. 1911 32 American Clydesdale,......... J.M. Thornburn Co., New York, N. Y. 1912 33 WihitesPlimess a5. 5.444524 dbs Olds Company, Madison, Wis. 150 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1914. TABLE I—Concluded. Variety introduced| Accession VARIETY NAME. SEED PurRcHASED FROM in number. 1912 34 iRiebrediG0=dayiae sees e eee L. L. Olds Company, Madison, Wis. 1912 35 Deu ysvelehien Boy cua nia aes C. R. Giles, Heidelburg, Ontario. 1912 36 SUDerI aM enis5 3c. yes a eae ae Wm. Lewis, Dunsford, Ontario. 1912 37 Nownrave eweVeee Gia mesisita cisse es 2 James Furgeson, Dalmeny, Ontario. 1912 38 GoldtRaine aaa ece aera Experiment Station, Charlottetown, P. E. I 1912 39 |Minnesota No. 26.......:....- Garton-Cooper Co., Chicago, Ill. 1912 40 JENA Gia) Heyes eernee lenesiay Wig ola ence R. L. Copeland, Brewer, Maine. 1913 41 Garton No. 5..........:..-...|Garton-Cooper Co:, Chicago, Ill. Of the 41 varieties in this list seven are duplicates in the sense that they are strains of a given variety obtained from different This leaves 34 varieties bearing distinct names. The general characters of these varieties are shown in Table sources. 2 —e distinguishing characters. SUABIE 22. In this table the varieties used are classified under their chief Classification of the Varieties Tested. I. OPEN SPREADING HEAD. A. a. oe, 35. Early Oats. White grain. Early Champion. Daubeney. b. Yellow grain. Kherson. Rebred 60-day. B. Medium Early Oats. 6-7. 34. a. 23. Yellow grain. Imported Scotch. C. Medium Late Oats. a. White grain iL 8. 40. 12. 2. 39. Silver Mine. Irish Victor. Early Pearl. Lincoln. Burpee’s Welcome. Minnesota No. 26. *The number before the variety name refers to the accession number as given in Table 1. STUDIES ON OAT BREEDING. TABLE 2—Concluded. 25, 31. Unnamed White. 4. Tartar King. 30. Ligowo. 10. Prosperity. 1. Danish Island. 13-16. Swedish Select. 17. President. 26-29. Banner. 36. Siberian. 37. Abundance. 22. Newmarket. b. Yellow grain. 38. Gold Rain. ce. Black grain. 19. Victor. 20. Old Island Black. II. CLOSE SIDE HEAD (Horse Mane Oats.) A. Medium Oats. a. White grain. 18. 3. 21. 24. 33. Senator. White Tartar King. White Egyptian. Early Blossom. White Plume. b. Black grain. 5. Black Tartarian. Il]. INTERMEDIATE HEAD. A. Medium oats. a. White grain. 41. Garton No. 5. IV. MIXED TYPE. A. Medium Oats. a. White grain. 1. American Clydesdale. It would be very desirable if we could know something of the origin and history of these different varieties. However, in the main it is impossible to learn anything of importance regarding their origin. In the case of certain varieties we do know when they were imported to this country, or occasionally how they arose. On the following pages there is given a brief description of the more important varieties which we have tested. In some cases notes on the history of the variety will be included. The descriptions of these varieties are based entirely upon our own observations. The reader is reminded that strains of these varieties coming from different sources or grown under differ- ent conditions are likely to vary somewhat from the characters given here. 152 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQT4. EARLY VARIETIES OF OATS. Early Champion, This is an early oat maturing at about the same time as the Kherson. In our plots it has been ready to cut in from 85 to 9o days after planting. The straw has fine small sized stems showing a tendency to weakness. The aver- age height is about 36 inches. The leaves are narrow, medium green in color. The heads are small, symmetrical, and spread- ing. The grain is long, slender, and white in color. It resem- bles the Kherson in all but color. Daubeney. This oat presents practically the same characters as the Early Champion. In our experience the straw is slightly . weaker and shows an average height of 30 to 32 inches. The grains are a little more plump than the Early Champion and of a good white color. Kherson and Rebred 60-Day. These two varieties are prac- tically identical in appearance. Both were introduced into the United States from adjoining provinces in southern Russia. The Kherson was introduced in 1896° and the 60-day variety in 1901. Both have fine small straw averaging 30 inches in height. In our experience the Kherson straw is slightly stiffer than that of the 60-Day. The leaves are very narrow, and rather light green in color. The heads are small, short, symme- trical and spreading. The grain is long and slender, yellow in color. (Figure 57). These varieties mature in from 85 to 90 days. Owing to their small heads and small slender kernels these early oats are not very attractive in appearance. However, i1t the majority of variety tests they have made a creditable show- ing in respect to yield. MEDIUM EARLY VARIETIES OF OATS. Imported Scotch. This is a medium early variety maturing in about 95 days. The straw is medium sized, averaging about 36 inches in height. It has a tendency to lodge on rich soil. The leaves are of medium width, dark green in color. The heads are of medium size, symmetrical and spreading. On the "Nebraska Agr. Exp. Sta. Bulletin 84. °U. S. Dept. of Agr., Bur. of Pl. Ind.. Bulletin 66. STUDIES ON OAT BREEDING. 153 average the heads bear a relatively large number of spikelets in proportion to their length. The grain is long and slender but larger than the Kherson. The grain may be described as yellow in color but our strain throws a small percent of white grains. MEDIUM LATE VARIETIES WITH WHITE GRAIN AND SPREADING HEADS. The great majority of oat varieties grown in this country belong to the medium oats with white grain and spreading heads. While there is some slight variation in the time of Fig. 57. Photograph showing the long slender type of grain character- istic of the Kherson variety. Compare with Fig. 58. maturity they all ripen under our conditions in from 95 to 100 days from the time of planting. On the basis of type of kernel these varieties may be still further subdivided in two groups. The distinction between these sub-groups is not very marked and for that reason was not included in the scheme of classifica- 154. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI4. tion given above. The first of these groups is characterized by medium sized but slender straight grains. The varieties Silver Mine, Early Pearl and Lincoln are typical of this group. These varieties all have medium coarse straw varying from 37 to 40 inches in height. The leaves are of medium width and vary from medium to dark green in color. The heads are medium sized, symmetrical and spreading. The varieties belonging to this group and which have been continued in these tests are Silver Mine, Irish Victor, Early Pearl, Lincoln, Minnesota No. 26, Prosperity and Danish Island. Of these the Silver Mine and Irish Victor have particularly slender grains. The straw of each is medium stiff with a slight tendency to lodge on rich soil. The Silver Mine averages 40 to 41 inches tall, while the Irish Victor varies from 37 to 39 inches under our conditions. The Lincoln and Prosperity resemble each other in many re- spects. The Prosperity has slightly coarser straw and its grains are shorter and more plump. Minnesota No. 26. This variety was originated at the Minne- sota Experiment Station. It represents a selection from the variety known as the Early Gothland. The Minnesota No. 26 has been very widely grown in the middle west and has proved to be a good yielding variety. This variety has medium coarse straw and is somewhat shorter than the other varieties in this group. It averages 36 to 37 inches in height. The grains are long and well filled, of a good white color. The Early Pearl. This variety was secured from Mr. R. L. Copeland of Brewer, Maine, who writes of it as follows: “I can truthfully claim this oat originated with myself. The first seed was obtained from a bunch growing by the roadside some twenty years ago, presumably from one seed. It was examined and showed such merit that it was cut and preserved for seed. Although the first seed was not secured by me personally, it soon after came into my possession. The oat seemed to possess excellent qualities and as it matured fairly early and had a pearly tint to the hull, I gave it the name of Early Pearl. It must have always contained real merit for it is only in recent years that I have tried to improve it.” This variety breeds true and in all respects appears to be a pure line. It has stiff straw of medium size, averaging 38 to 40 STUDIES ON OAT BREEDING. 155 inches in height. The leaves are medium in width, of a dark green color. The grain is long and plump. The second sub-group of medium white oats is characterized by larger and more plump grains A typical variety is the Swedish Select. Other varieties belonging in this group are the Banner, Siberian, Abundance and President. The Swedish Select has been a very popular variety in this country. It has rather weak, coarse straw, averaging 40 to 42 inches in height. Its leaves are of medium width and dark green in color. The grains are large and plump. The kernels are considerably shorter than the glumes giving the grain in many cases a peculiar notched appearance. The Regenerated Swedish Select is the same oat to which the so-called regenerating process has been applied by the Garton- Cooper Seed Company. The method by which this regenera- tion is secured is to cross fertilize two plants of the same vari- ety. The oat flower is normally always fertilized by its own pollen. That is, it is very closely inbred. If this self-fertiliza- tion is prevented and the flower fertilized with pollen from another plant it is claimed to produce a more vigorous strain. This variety shows the same characters as the Swedish Select except perhaps slightly larger grains. The Banner and Siberian present practically the same char- acters. Both have stiff, medium coarse straw from 40 to 44 inches in height. The leaves are rather broad and dark green in color. The grains are plump, medium sized and well filled. The President oat was introduced to the trade in 1908 by the Garton-Cooper Seed Company and was called “Garton’s New Breed of White Oats’” It is claimed to be especially adapted to “hot, dry and otherwise unfavorable conditions.” In our experience the straw is large and coarse, averaging 38 to 42 inches in height. The leaves are broad and dark green in color. The grains are very large and plump. MEDIUM LATE VARIETIES WITH YELLOW GRAIN. The Gold Rain variety would belong to the first of the two sub-groups given above in respect to type of grain. However, its yellow color removes it to a different class. This oat was produced at Svalof, Sweden, as a pedigreed selection from the 150 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI4. old Probstier variety. It has proved to be a very high yielder at Svalof giving an average of over 100 bushels per acre in a nine year test.’ It has very stiff excellent straw, medium coarse and varies from 38 to 40 inches in height. The heads are symmetrical and spreading. The grain is long, fairly plump and yellow in color. MEDIUM LATE VARIETIES WITH BLACK GRAINS. Two black grained varieties with open heads have been tested, but only one, the Victor, has been continued. In addition to its black grain, this oat possesses a number of peculiar characteris- tics. This oat was produced by the Garton-Cooper Seed Com- pany. According to their description it was “bred from six different parents, two of which are fall oats.” It has stiff me- dium coarse straw and grows very tall, averaging 46 to 59 inches. The leaves are broad and dark green in color. The heads are very long, symmetrical and very wide spreading with long drooping branches. The grain is very large and plump, similar in shape to the President but of a jet black color. This variety stools well. It is further peculiar in the manner of growth of the young plant. There is a very marked tendency for the young culms to spread out over the ground after the fashion of a true winter cereal. MEDIUM LATE VARIETIES WITH CLOSE SIDE HEAD. Two varieties of typical side oats or so-called “Horse Mane Oats” are being continued in the variety tests. The Senator is an exceptionally large grained oat. The straw is very coarse, averaging from 44 to 48 inches in height. The leaves are very broad, averaging about three-fourths of an inch in width and of a dark green color. The heads are very large, typical side heads. It is not uncommon to find heads with 1oo to 140 spikelets. The variety stools very little and this undoubt- edly accounts in part for its low yield under a system of uni- form seeding. The grains ave very large and plump (Fig. 58) and of a good white color. In this variety and pin oats are very often enclosed within the hull of the mother oat. On account of its large head and large grain this is a very attractive oat. "Newman, L. H. Plant Breeding in Scandinavia, p. 129, Ottawa, 1912. STUDIES ON OAT BREEDING. 157 The White Plume variety is listed here as a side oat although the particular strain which we have shows a few open heads every year. This is not such a large variety as the Senator. The straw is a little weaker, of medium size and from 36 to 4o inches tall. The grain is long and plump. MEDIUM LATE VARIETIES WITH INTERMEDIATE HEAD. In 1913 a new variety was introduced from the Garton- Cooper.Company known as Garton No. 5. The head of this oat is intermediate between an open head and a true side head. This oat originated, according to the Garton-Cooper Company, Fig. 58. Photograph of the Senator grain. The grains are very large and plump and the pin oat is usually enclosed in the glumes of the so-called “mother” oat. (Compare with Fig. 57.) from a cross between the Senator and the Regenerated Swedish Select. Its intermediate type of head, large grain and low stool- ing ability indicate its Senator parentage. The straw of this variety is medium coarse, averaging about 4o inches in height. The leaves are broad and dark green in 158 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI4. color. The head has a node a few inches below the lower whorl as in typical side oats. The branches are stiff and remain nearly upright but the spikelets tend to fall to all sides of the main stem. The grains are very large and very plump, although they are not so large as those of the Senator. This variety stools very poorly. MEDIUM LATE VARIETIES OF MIXED TYPE. Finally there is the variety purchased under the name of American Clydesdale. This variety is a mixture, about 50 per- cent are side oats, while the remainder have open heads. This mixture has yielded fairly well and for this reason has been. retained in the tests. The straw is stiff, of medium size and 38 to 40 inches in height. The grains are long and fairly plump. The majority of the grains are white but a small percent are yellow. The seed which we are using is undoubtedly a mixture of several types. * RESULTS OF THE IQI1O VARIETY TEST. Table 3 gives the detailed results of the 1910 test. In this table the varieties are arranged in the order of their yield of grain. In addition to the variety name there is given the num- ber of the plot upon which it was grown and also the accession number which corresponds to the number given the varieties in Table 1. By means of these numbers it is possible to find the original source of the seed of any variety. The data given in- clude the yield of straw and grain per 1-10 acre; the yield of grain calculated in bushels per acre’; the weight per measured bushel and the number of days which it took the variety to mature. It will be noted that in some cases several plots were planted with the same variety. In these cases the seed for each plot came from different sources (cf. Table 1). All of the plots were planted on May 5 and 6. Plots Nos. 6, 7 and g were harvested on July 29, plot No. 23 on August 5, and the remaining plots on August 9. *This refers to bushels by weight, allowing 32 pounds to the bushel. STUDIES ON OAT BREEDING. 159 TABLE 3. Variety Test in 1910. : YIELD PER 5 1-10 AcRE. =] 20 | ———— ® a) Se S 3 G n S) ai be Pe NAME OF VARIETY. 3 ss ae S 8 a ag ee g 88 2 S53 | ‘a5| a. |aea| ses os = fy) HO ao) 05) 338 GB TIME Tay nenc ie ciecoke Gastk Store cieeasl ees eteuaaet ct 26/248.5 } 226.5} 70.8) 39.7 96 Wihreln WiGuoMs vee 6 Sioa oiBde os es eoes 8/312 .0f| 225.5) 70.5) 37.9 95 MEA NIGITT COMM eiea ey eget soos ey Mie sicte ccenah wlsray 12|299.0 | 224.0} 70.0) 40.0 95 14|Regenerated Swedish Select.......... 14|279.5 | 222.5) 69.5| 41.3 95 Gilk@hersona@Unive eae iii 6/250.3 | 222.3} 69.4) 30.2 84 CAE EXE aa VET ES Sue Once ROG oReSEn CTE RSG RRC ROME RTC te 28/253.5 | 221.5) 69.2 = 96 17| President 17\261.7 | 218.3) 68.2] 40.0 95 Auitaiigue 1eGie. > ooooacacadeusoobasg er 4\297.5 | 215.5} 67.3 - 95 DOING WIMATIKGti. acc sc ssc leew wing. s = ale mes 22/254.0 | 213.5} 66.7 - 96 SOTO WO ae ease ne eee ane 30|/277.5 | 212.5] 66.4 - 96 SNA Warten, ooscacopococuonducc 5|263.5 | 211.5) 66.1 - 95 Olarlya@hampiony) sas oe oc scene on 9|264.5 | 211.5) 66.1} 42.8 84 31)/Maine Grown (Hamlin)............. 31/242.7 | 210.3) 65.7 - 96 16|Swedish Select...../............... 16|245.3 | 209.7) 65.5 - 95 MOWMBROSPETLUYaG aces bus lkis qe us sastsrecpel caves 10/287.5 | 209.5} 65.5) 38.9 95 ANB AMMEN aig orate toes: sienaticeskwsthe eos Sioa 27\/254.5 | 208.0} 65.0 - 96 DNS) TEE aba TSI Rea suche ENOBCE Riera yA SeeR REACH Remora nee 29|245.3 | 206.7) 64.6 - 96 FAME TS OM eraieste artes oven ch alee nycay efeaeke capes eee 7|234.0 | 203.5) 63.6] 33.8 84 25|Maine Grown.............- Eeceiah athe, 3 25)222.3 } 193.3) 60.4 - 96 23\imponted scotch... .2..+-4s40+s54- 23/243 0 | 192.0) 60.0) 34.8 91 OVA COMET ste oe oa a hotels ess 19)261.5 | 190.5; 59.5} 41.6 95 SNiWihitebantanwAdngy mse sre erins ee 3/260.7 | 185.3) 57.9 - 95 2|Burpee’s Welcome.................. 2/231.7 | 181.3) 56.6 - 95 2liWihitesbigyptlane. 4). 4.2 6.+- cn se. 21/289.7 | 181.3) 56.6 - 96 BA perlby IBOsdsoNINs 5 osaodacceodonacdnos 24|286.3 | 178.7) 55.8 - 96 20|Old Island Black................... 20|244.5 | 178.0) 55.6 = 96 S| Senavorencs dene: seiko lses ebaeyacene 18/248.7 | 171.2} 53.5) 40.8 95 i/iDenavieioy licen os 6c bucpococuvogcebos 1)235.3 | 149.2! 46.7) 37.0 95 PAViET AE CMe rane ao tava ee (als) yap avelana ete, shee 262.5 | 205.4) 64.2) 39.0 94 *The ‘‘accession number” in this and the following tables refer to the arbitrary numbers given to the varieties in Table 1 (p. 149). By means of these numbers it is possible to find the original source of the seed of any variety. {Straw damp when weighed. From Table 3 it will be noted: 1. That the yield of grain varied from 73.3 to 46.7 bushels per acre. The average for all the varieties was 64.2 bushels. 2. The Regenerated Swedish Select (Nos. 15 and 13) gave the highest yield. The third sample of Regenerated Swedish Select (No. 14) yielded very nearly as well (69.5 bushels). 3. The varieties Silver Mine, Banner (Nos. 26 and 28), Irish Victor, Lincoln, Kherson (No. 6) and President all gave very good yields. 4. Of the four lots of Banner Oats the two (Nos. 26 and 28) which came from Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada, 160 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI4. yielded much better than Nos. 27 and 29 which came from Ontario and New Brunswick. 5. The yield of straw varied from about 3000 to 2200 pounds per acre. The average for all the varieties was 2625 pounds per acre. 6. The weight per measured bushel is given for the varie- ties which were continued in 1911. The weights varied from 44.0 pounds in the Regenerated Swedish Select (No. 13) to 30.2 pounds in the Kherson (No. 6). The average for all six- teen varieties is 39.0 pounds per bushel. 7. The Kherson and Early Champion plots matured in 84 days, the Imported Scotch in 91 days and the remaining varie- ties in 95 to 96 days. RESULTS OF THE IQII TESTS. Seventeen varieties were tested in 1911. With the exception of the American Clydesdale (No. 32) the seed was derived from our 1910 plots. In general only those varieties were continued which showed special promise in the 1910 test or which showed special characters which it was wished to study further. In many respects the IgI1I test was very unsatisfactory. The early portion of the season was very unfavorable. Certain difficulties were experienced in seeding so that the plots did not have an even stand in all cases. Further it appears that the grain was harvested too early and was probably not fully ma- tured. It will be*noted from Table 4 that the average number of days to mature for all varieties was only 88 in 1911, while in the other years it ranged from 94 to 101. All of the plots were planted May g and Io. Table 4 gives the detailed results of this test. In the follow- ing discussion the points mentioned in the above paragraph should be borne in mind. STUDIES ON OAT BREEDING. 161 TABLE 4. Variety Test in OMe b YIELD PER 3 1-10 AcRE. te Y i g E | | Se ks a NAME OF VARIETY. a a) on = pase mo) RSE Z3 ee| ge | 2, |aa8| s© [gas BE 6 | Ba) oe | Be |ese) ae | eee <5 a ae | On M@si|/Fb&S5| As [4208 23\/Imported Scotch............ 55] 260.3) 199.7) 62.4} 36.4|)Aug. 4 86 Shenoy WOW oaeoocooaneoous 46) 279.5, 178.0| 55.6) 36.9)/Aug. 1 83 32|American Clydesdale........ 43] 249.0) 176.0} 55.0) 39.3j)Aug. 5 88 NO Wale torre ienacioccniiertsie crs 54| 245.5) 174.5) 54.5) 41.7/Aug. 14 96 pT Silvers Vinnie syne tyes 49| 237.0] 173.0) 54.0} 39.8|Aug. 4 86 NO WBrospenityeeiiaecies oe 48| 286.0] 169.0) 52.8) 39.2\/Aug. 1 83 (Gikshersonelieaerractceirs cise. 57| 225.0) 160.0! 50.0| 34.2|July 27 78 Ayienesidentivre «8 cuace- cise atoele 52} 261.5) 158.5! 49.5) 41.6/Aug. 5 87 Glikchersomes: Alea Se ujekane dices be 45| 297.0) 153.0) 47.8] 33.1\|July 26 77 12 Lincoln BPMN rats attra, bay ope 50| 242.5) 152.5) 47.7) 40.0;/Aug. 14 96 1/Danish Island...........:.. 44] 198.0} 152.0} 47.5} 39.0j)Aug. 8 90 ZOlBanne rae eee co ogaconds 56| 335.0) 146.5) 45.8) 39.8)Aug. 14 96 14|Regenerated Swedish Select. . 58| 360.0} 139.5) 43.6) 42.6)/Aug. 14 96 13/Regenerated Swedish Select. . 51} 219.0) 131.0) 40.9) 42.8)Aug. 14 96 9\)Early Champion............ 47| 299.7| 125.3) 39.1] 38.6\|July 22 73 18)Senator.......... blob. o.0-o:q10.0 53| 297.5} 122.5] 38.3) 41.5/Aug. 14} 96 15|Regenerated Swedish Select. . 59| 273.0} 122.0) 36.7) 39.5j)Aug. 8 90 AV ETAT Eni Susterstens ai aierarshese 268.8] 154.9} 48.3) 39.2 88 From Table 4 the following points may be noted: 1. The yield in bushels per acre ranged from 62.4 to 36.7. The average for the seventeen varieties was 48.3 bushels. This was nearly 16 bushels less than the average for I9gIo. 2. The Imported Scotch far outyielded any other variety. The varieties which came next in point of yield were the Irish Victor, American Clydesdale, Victor, Silver Mine and Pros- perity. 3. The Kherson (Nos. 6 and 7), President, Lincoln, Danish Island and Banner (No. 26) yielded at intermediate rates. 4. It is of interest to note that the three strains of Regener- ated Swedish Select which yielded so well in 1910 were very poor yielders in 1911. Curiously enough the Regenerated Swedish Select No. 15 which was the best yielder in 1910 was the very poorest in 1911. This strain yielded only half as many bushels per acre in 1911 as in the previous year. 5. The yield of straw varied from 3600 pounds to 1980 pounds per acre. The average for all varieties was 2688 pounds, practically the same as in the previous year. 6. The weight per measured bushel varied from 42.8 pounds in the case of the Regenerated Swedish Select (No. 13) to 33.1 162 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI4. pounds in the Kherson (No. 6). The average for all varieties was 39.2 pounds, practically the same as the weight for the same varieties (excepting American Clydesdale) in 1910. 7. Attention has already been called to the fact that the average number of days to maturity was much smaller in 1911 than in any other year. This probably accounts in part for the small yield. RESULTS OF THE 1912 TEST. In 1912 eight new varieties were introduced. These were the White Plume, Rebred 60-Day, Daubeney, Siberian, Abund- ance, Gold Rain, Minnesota No. 26 and the Early Pearl. In. addition to these, the thirteen different varieties grown in IQIT were continued. However, only one strain of the Regenerated Swedish Select and one of the Kherson were continued. It has already been stated that in 1912 each variety was planted in duplicate 1-10 acre plots. In each case the two plots of a variety were in different fields (Cf. Fig. 53). It has fur- ther been noted that field A was very poorly drained and con- sequently could not be planted until nearly three weeks after field B. In nearly every instance the yield in the late seeded plot was lower than the duplicate plot in field B. In the case of four varieties, viz., Gold Rain, Siberian, Abundance, and Daubeney both plots were planted late. This was due to the wet condition of the soil at one place in field B. No doubt the average yield of these varieties is somewhat less than if the one plot had been seeded early. Table 5 gives the results of the 1912 test. In this table the detailed results of each plot are given separately, together with the average for the two plots of each variety. The varieties are arranged in the order of the average yield of grain from the two plots. STUDIES ON Variety Test in 1912. OAT BREEDING. TABLE 5. 163 Accession YIELD PER measured bushel. § 1-10 AcrRE. ; , , g : 3 S a o NAME oF VARIETY. | on 3 | a a2 2 Be Eel | eee eh 5 soa) Be lona |S EI a ny | on | Ma |E IPI Linealblivsnn ooageead decease 181) 254.0! 226.0} 70.6) 182) 334.3] 210.7) 65.9] TENOGICT Spa cantina 294.2) 218.4) 68.8 IO/EROFASBIN So Goosoneoaaes as 177} 281.0} 234.0} 73.1!) 178) 257 5| 197.5|) 61.7 PMUG ONTO Ae 6 OD re OetG aoe 269.3\| 215.8) 67.4 AO HanlyePearle anny cerict cae. 199| 286.5) 243.5) 76.1 200) 173.0|) 167.0] 52.2 JN OG RUGS Resco o cies eee 229.8) 205.3) 64.2 2 OES ATG Pere eae eee echo 193] 249.5] 225.5) 70.5 194) 265.0] 175.0| 54.7) JNTG RAL acon 1G AG Oe 257 .3| 200.8) 62.6 23|Imported Scotch........... 191] 157.3) 202.7) 63.3) 192) 259.7| 195.3] 61.0 JA VOTAR ORO canis Creer ASE 208.5) 199.0| 62.2 Siliigin Wakes coonaodo noses 173| 216.3) 198.7} 62.1 WA 23425) 195. ol Ole JNO OYA ABs tin oo ee 225.4) 197.1) 61.6 Milresidenter yhtesss Acute le 185) 363 0} 222.0) 69.4 UES) A7eBo5)) ile) S355 INCRE eer a Oe ee 3818.3) 196.8| 61.6 iD anishelslandrerss sie 5). 169} 264.0] 196.0) 61.3 170} 192.0) 173.0} 54.1 LNOGPGL SASS ce ORES 228.0) 184.5| 57.7 QIN CCOR cre ses Cases aeieeee te 189| 314.0) 221.0) 69.1 190} 220.5] 142.8) 44.6 LENDER achiaie6.0. doo OO 267.3) 181.9| 66.9 13)Regenerated Swedish Select. 183} 420.0) 178.0} 55.6 184} 214.7) 183.3] 57.3 IVOGOT ea eee ee 330.8| 180.7| 656.6 32|American Clydesdale. ...... 167} 394.0) 206.0} 64.4 168] 172.5} 142.5] 44.5 PAINE AG eure tyacs arch eee a 283.3) 174.8) 54.6 BeKColel awl b oeosteseeessne 203| 222.0) 163.0| 50.9 i 204| 244.0) 181.0) 56.6 PAWN C7; AG et aaei opens eecver ne 233.0) 172.0) 53.8 S| Sen atone ee ei yar aes ass 187| 273.5; 196.5) 61.4 188] 238.9) 145.8) 45.6 AOA ABS Cots rae ee 2EG ii Lil S|| Ooo) A Silver Minew sas) teiae. oe ee 179| 452.0) 145.0! 45.3 180) 223.6) 193.7) 60.5 JA OT Oe ee clot capa eoate 337.81 169.4) 52.9 39|Minnesota No. 26.......... 207| 219.7| 150.3] 47.0 208] 188.5} 186.5) 58.3 AN BECO Passae 66 668b606 06 204.1) 168.4; 52.7 Gliithersonsessncr eee cae 171| 202.3] 164.7) 51.5 172! 163.0] 172.0} 53.8 INDARHNE Soin bie POSES OO 182.6) 168.4 652.7 Ww Ne) x 33.2 36.5 39.2 35.5 37.4 37.7 33.3 35.5 Sia 33.0 35.4 36.7 32.6 34.7 39.0 34.9 37.0 37.3 34.2 36.8 38.4 33.0 35.7 42.9 38.3 40.6 43.3 35.3 39.3 39.3 34.2 36.8 36.4 37.6 37.0 37.2 33.1 35.2 42.2 36.2 39.2 38.3 37.5 37.9 35.3 35.4 35.4 Date i is vs) Aug. Aug. Aug. harvested. 5x 21 Days to maturity. ey i=) rs 100 164 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI14. TaBLeE 5—Concluded. f YIELD PER i 1-10 AcRE. he 2 5 og < F 5 & AT igo) > Se 5 a ee SStoee 3 oe no NaME OF VARIETY. A one AI © =a = aol os Bs es a. | nag a2 a3 26 2 Qs | a | Ol lca ees 2S os aS) BO EO 35 204 3k as tl incl Bae IMPROVING EGG PRODUCTION BY BREEDING. 5 B32 Fig. 76. Diagrams showing the results of mating: G, a Type 7 male; H, a Type 8 male; and I, a Type 9 male, with high laying hens. 2 234 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI4. the proportions indicated in Fig. 1, Mating C; that is if about i of the pullets are high producers, he may conclude with great probability that the sire he used was a Type 3 male, and that he will do well to use the brothers of the high laying pullets as breeders next year. In other words, the propor- tion of pullets of different laying capacities furnishes the guide to the breeder as to the probable hereditary constitu- tion of their sire, and furthermore serves as a guide to him as to what male birds to select for use the following year. Of course this implies that one will carry over during the winter a larger number of male birds than is customarily the case. This is rather important since our only guide to the probable worth of the males, at least at the outstart, is through the performanc? of their sisters and their dams. We may contrast the results shown in the mating just de- scribed with the results shown in Mating H, Fig. 3 which is of a Type 8 male with the flock of high producing hens. Here we see from the diagram that there are produced all three sorts of pullets—high producers, mediocre producers (under 30 winter producers), and very poor producers (zero winter layers). These are in the proportions indicated in the diagram—namely 6 high layers to 8 mediocre to 2 poor. An examination of the male part of the equation shows that here we have 6 Type 3 males and 6 Type 4 males and two each of Types 7 and 8. This is a flock of distinctly different constitution than the one de- scribed before. It is clear that some of the males from this family will be nearly worthless as breeders for improved egg production in succeeding generations. In making these diagrams the following general rule has been followed for the practical guidance of the breeder. Male; which are desirable to use as breeders for egg production are indicated either by a solid black or a barred pattern, and in the case of birds with the barred pattern the more black in the pattern the more desirable the birds are as breeders for egg production. With this general rule in mind the intending breeder for increased egg production will find it of interest to study these diagrams and compare them with the results ob- tained in his own breeding, when he keeps any sort of pedigree system even such as that described in paragraph 4 above. IMPROVING EGG PRODUCTION BY BREEDING. 235 The first question which will occur to the breeder’s mind is as to whether there are any external characters by which the nine different types of males can be distinguished one from another. Unfortunately no such external criteria have yet been discovered. If it could be done it certainly would be of a great aid in breeding for egg production. The only way that we know now, however, by which it is possible to form a judgment as to a male bird’s innate, inherited qualities in respect of egg pro- ‘duction is through his progeny. We must find out what his daughters do. Then the proportion of mediocre layers and poor layers amongst his progeny furnish at once a clue as to his probable composition. The diagrams show how one may form this judgment. One interesting point brought out by the diagrams is that, with the exception of a Type 1 male (Fig. 74, A), the mating of any sort of male with high producing hens only, results in 4 flock of male offspring of better average quality, taken as a whole, than the sire himself. In other words, the use of high producers, proven by the trap-nest, as the oly females for breeding purposes, “grades up” very rapidly the cockerels pro- duced. The whole system of breeding here outlined is an application, in the simplest form possible of two principles, one general and the other special to the present case. The first is the general principle of the progeny test in breed- img for performance. ‘This is the principle which has led the plant breeder to such notable triumphs during the last fifteen years. In my judgment no system of breeding for performance in animals not fundamentally based upon it will ever achieve any permanent success. The second principle, is the recogni- ition of the significance of the male in breeding for egg produc- tion. It has been the custom in trap-nesting work to reckon pedigrees in the female line only. This we can now see to be an essentially futile procedure, so far as concerns the daughters. To say that “this pullet is the daughter of Lady Splendissima (with a tremendous record)” is perhaps good advertising. It, however, conveys no information of any special value to the breeder, until he knows who was the Lady’s consort in this particular reproductive venture 230 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI4. In closing conviction may be expressed that the plan of breed- ing for egg production set forth, which involves nothing in principle or practice which any poultryman cannot put into operation, will not fail, if consistently and intelligently followed for a period of years, to bring about a material increase in the productiveness of the flock. The evidence which leads to this conviction is the best of all evidence; the plan has been tried and it works. BULLETIN 232. Mil hOVOGICAL BASIS OF (Hh DInFERE NT SEEN COLONS IN aE DOMESTMC ROW IE By H. R. Barrows. In this laboratory studies on the inheritance of various char- acters in poultry have been in progress for some time. Among other characters which have been dealt with from this point of view is the color of the shank (10), (11).¢ In connection with this work on inheritance, the question arose as to what histo- logical conditions are associated with the different shank colors observed in fowls. As is common knowledge, shank colors, like other characters vary with the breed. Among the shank colors commonly occurring in Gallus, and observed in the breeding work here are: white, yellow, blue, black, green, black over green, black over white (dusky), black over yellow (dusky), black over white (dense), black over yellow (dense), black over blue, blue under white, pink, and red. These colors and varia- tions may, in part, appear in individual scales as well as in the shank as a whole. The problem was to determine for each of the above markings the following points: 1. The color of the ultimate pigment granules. 2. Their general nature—whether fatty oils (lipochrome pig- ments) or granular substance. 3. Their location—In the scales, lower epidermis, dermis, or all three. Considerable literature on the general histology of the shank of birds is available. Of the earlier writers, Hanau (3) and Jeffries (4) were the first to make exhaustive studies of the dermal structures of birds. The work of the former on the * Papers from the Biological Laboratory of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, No. 72. + Throughout the paper figures in parentheses refer to the literature list at the end. 238 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Igt4. corium, and that of the latter on the epidermis is particularly complete. Other writers had, however, made a beginning. Hanau quotes frequently from Leydig (8), whose histological researches included the bird. His contributions extended from 1829 to 1873. Other writers mentioned by Hanau are: Ribbert (14), Muller (9), etc. Krukenberg (7) and Bogdanow (1) investigated feather coloring and incidentally made some obser- vations as to pigmentation of the skin. Kolliker (6) did con- siderable work on the origin of the pigment cell, and Kerbert (5) on the skin of vertebrates. Of comparatively modern workers, Reichenow (12) on the skin of the legs and feet of birds, and Gadow (2) on their general histology should be noted. While some of these writers, particularly Hanau, dwell to considerable length on pigmentation, none of them correlate the pigmentation with the specific colors which occur in the shanks of the different breeds of poultry. This paper is an attempt to make such correlation. METHODS. As this study was concerned with the color of the tissues, methods were used which interfered, as little as possible, with the natural condition of the skin. No technique which involved the use of such fat solvents as xylol or absolute alcohol was employed, save for the general histological work. Immediately after dissection from the bird, the material was placed in a weak solution of formalin, about 10%, where it was left until required. Free hand sections were then cut and mounted in liquid glycerine. This method has the advantage of preserving the natural color of the pigment, and also of rendering possible the cutting of sections thick enough to make the dilute oils visible without the presence of a stain. Fat indicators, like Sudan III do not discriminate between oils which are concerned in giving color and those that are not. Nuclear stains render it difficult to decide whether colored particles are pigment granules or nuclear elements. A number of free-hand sections were sub- jected to various stains, and were found valuable in certain cases, as Sudan III in the study of yellow pigment, and eosin for the location of blood vessels. For checking previous work on the general histological structure the ordinary paraffin.and celloidin methods were em- SHANK COLORS IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 239 ployed. Though many fixing solutions and stains were tried, generally with satisfactory results, the best sections were made by the use of formalin, hematoxylin, eosin, and Sudan III. THe EXTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHANK. A brief review of the structure of the external shank will not be out of place. The outer layer of the epidermis is modi- fied into scales, which vary in size, according to their location on the-leg, and the breed of the bird. Two well-defined rows of scales cover the anterior portion in most varieties (2). That row which is located nearest the mid-line usually has the largest scales. These in some cases have a length of one cm. and a breadth of 1.5 cm. Their shape is imperfectly quadrilateral, with the corners slightly rounded. In some birds the arrange- ment is irregular, and their shape may vary from round to polyhedral. Adjoining the large scales on both sides of the shank are two or three rows of smaller incompletely developed ones, in shape more oval than quadrilateral. On the posterior side we again find two rows similar in size to those on the ante- rior part. But, as Reichenow (12) has pointed out, “Ueber- gange zu den vorigen Formen entstehen, indem die beiden vorderen Reihen von Quertafeln verschmelzen, oder die hinteren in kleine Schilder sich auflosen, oder die kleinen Seitenschilder auch noch zu Quertafeln verwachsen.” In the larger scales there is an imperfect adhesion to the°under-lying epidermal layer, save at the upper edge and along the sides. The lower edge which is free touches the scale below, and, in the birds studies, over-lapped it for a distance of perhaps a tenth of a centimeter. Jeffries (4), however observed no such over-lapping. The small lateral scales are attached to the under epidermis throughout. HISTOLOGY. The skin of the bird, like that of all vertebrates, consists of two layers; the outer or epidermis, and the inner or corium, cutis, or dermis (2). 240 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q14. THE EPIDERMIS. A thorough study of epidermal structures, as has been stated, has been made by Jeffries (4). The following statements agree in the main with his observations. The outer portion of the skin of the tarsal region is differentiated into two distinct regions; the rete of Malphigi, and the stratum corneum or horny layer. The latter, which lies outermost, consists of fusi- form cells, much flattened, lying in fairly regular rows. Traces of nuclear elements are visible in most specimens, but the out- lines of cells are rarely discernible, for the corneum is but a compact mass of cell remnants which has lost the texture of living tissue. This is evidenced by its failure to take protoplas- mic stains. It is this layer which is modified to form the scales. As Hanau (3) has noted, the epidermis is invariably thinner than the dermis; it reaches its maximum thickness in the ante- rior scales of the tarsal region. The cells of the rete of Malphigi may be divided into three groups according to size and position, although they are of the same origin, springing from the lower layer. All cells of this division are held together by a homogeneous intercellular sub- stance. The basement group comprises but a single layer of columnar cells which are regular in form. It is from these that the other rete as well as the horny layer are derived. This basement stratum lies directly over and in contact with the corium. Immediately above are several layers of polyhedra! transition cells, some cells of which project downward between the upper portions of those beneath. A gradual flattening is noted as these transitional cells approach the layer bordering on the corneum. This last group is made up of fusiform cells still more flattened, the outlines of which can be only indistinctly seen. There appear to be no transitional cells between those of the upper Malphigian layer and the corneum. The former resemble the latter in shape but they take protoplasmic stains. No blood vessels or nerves extend into the epidermis. THE CORIUM. The histology of this portion of the skin of birds has been thoroughly studied by Hanau (3). Its location is directly under the epidermis. Its structure is that of connective tissue, and SHANK COLORS IN DOMESTIC FOWL. ZAT consequently it is not made up of strata corresponding to the rete and corneal layers of the outer skin. The upper portion consists of fine bundles of connective tissue and elastic fibres closely interlaced and running in all directions. Below lies a much looser fabric of larger and more or less horizontal bundles in which fibres predominate. Stained sections show numerous round or oval cells in the upper portions. Below the dermis proper is the subcutaneous connective tissue interspersed with the masses of the panniculus adiposus. The lower and middle corium is richly supplied with blood vessels which give off capillaries. These capillaries penetrate the portions bordering the epidermis, which they appear to touch without penetrating. Nerves also, according to Hanau, are numerous, the fine branches of which in like manner run to the epidermal border without extending beyond. Fatty masses, in varying quantities, are frequently to be found scattered through all parts of the dermis. PIGMENTATION. The various colors seen in the shank are due to the presence of pigment of two kinds; orange-yellow, and brownish-black. (3), (4), (2). Yellow.—This is a lipochrome pigment, which, when present, is diffused through all parts of the cell; when dilute, it gives a yellow hue; when concentrated, orange. It is found in the epidermis and in the fatty masses of and beneath the corium, and is probably identical with the yellow fat color found in other portions of the body. Various names have been given it. Gadow (2) says, concerning feather color: “Ontochrin, Kuhne, der gelbe Dotterfarbstoff aus den Huhnereiern, ist wahrschein- lich identisch mit dem gelben Farbstoffe der Fussbekleidung der Vogel. . . . Krukenberg nennt diesen Stoff Coriosul- furin und halt ihn wie Zoonerythrin und Zooxanthin ftr ein gefarbetes fettes Oel. Moglicherweise ist es dasselbe wie Zooxanthin.” Black-brown.—The dark color is carried in microscopic pig- ment granules, which may be scattered through the ordinary cells or be confined to special pigment cells. The former are con- fined to the epidermis, while the latter may occur in both layers, but infrequently in the epidermis. When granules are present 242 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Iglt4. in the flattened cells of the corneum, they occupy that position which would have been held by the nuclei, had they not degen- erated. Instead of being oval groups as are those in the under portions of the Malphigian layer, they lie in short thin lines, which is to be expected, as these cells are greatly compressed. Where these granules occur in the rete layer they tend to cluster around the nuclei, and clearly indicate, by their arrangement, the changes in form which have accompanied these cells in their migration toward the surface. In the corium, and less frequently in the rete layer, what appear to be dense masses of dark colored pigment granules are found. These are in reality definite cellular bodies, the “ver- astigte” cells of Hanau (3), densely packed with the black- brown granules. These cells correspond to the “trophoplasts” of Heinke (13) observed in man. There is a central body which sends out branches in all directions. In deeply colored specimens these ramifying strands interlace and form a com- pact network, which in many cases is so thick as to give the impression of a homogeneous mass; in others only isolated cells are present. Here and there occur round or oval pigmented bodies, which Hanau concluded were the starshaped cells with their pseudopod-like appendages contracted. Pigment cells com- monly lie around blood vessels clearly indicating their course. They frequently form a fairly compact tube, but more often are limited to fragments which only partly enclose the vessels. Ac- cording to Hanau, pigment cells often appear-as nerve endings. Pigment cells are to be found in several well-defined localities ; in the upper portion of the cutis among the closely interwoven strands of connective tissue, in the region bordering the blood- vessels, in proximity to nerves (3), and surrounding fat masses. Isolated cells are frequently scattered at random through the lower sections of the corium. The lower bodies of pigment play little part in the color of the external shank, as they lie far be- neath the opaque connective tissue. Melanin pigment granules are always in the corium contained in pigment cells. When found in the Malphigian layer, pigment cells were of an oval form, no outrunners being observed, however it is probable that other specimens would show them, as their presence is men- tioned in this region in the dove in Hanau’s monograph. In SHANK COLORS IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 243 size, these cells, when situated in the epidermis occupy a space similar to that filled by several of the Malphigian cells. Immediately below the epidermis in all specimens examined a space was found a little less in width than that of a row of columnar cells which was practically devoid of pigment. It was impossible to find a single instance in which the pigment cells of the corium penetrated those of the epidermis, although Kerber (15) observed them in the chick embryo. Zoomelanin is the name given to black-brown pigment in birds by Bogdanow (1) according to Gadow (2). THE PIGMENT RELATIONS IN THE VARIOUS SHANK COLORS OBSERVED. White—Here both lipochrome and melanin pigments are wanting. Gadow (2) observed regarding the coloring of feath- ers: ‘Vollkommene Brechung aller eintretenden Lichtstrahlen, ohne Pigment, verursacht weiss,’ which would apply equally well to the skin though, of course, in the skin one never finds the ivory white of feathers except in the ear-lobes in certain ‘breeds. Melanin pigment may be present in the corium of white shanked birds, either at considerable depths or in quan- tities insufficient to make itself noticeable. In old birds of yellow shanked breeds, particularly those which have been heavy layers, the yellow of the epidermis frequently disappears and white consequently results. The white shank in this case has a different appearance, however, from that in hereditarily white shanked birds. The thickness of the scales in pure white shanked birds has little to do with the color. Yellow.—This color results from the presence of zooxanthin in both layers of the epidermis, or in the corneum alone. It is diffused through all parts of the cells and intercellular sub- stances. In brightly colored shanks both epidermal layers ex- hibit a rich supply of this oil. In young birds the amount in the Malphigian layer is large; as the chick grows this gradually dis- appears. Old laying hens carry a very small quantity in the horny layer; the rete appearing white to the naked eye. Old hens which for some cause, pathological or other, have never laid possess a deep orange color in both parts of the epidermis. The intensity of the coloration in such cases would seem to indi- cate that the original supply of lipochrome pigment had not 244 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Igi4. been used up and also that an additional supply had been ae. posited. As this fat is present in the scales it is but natural that the intensity of their color should be influenced by their thick- ness. Consequently when the pigmentation is weak as in old laying hens the scales on the anterior portions of the leg possess the brightest shades. However, in non-laying birds the portion covered by the small lateral scales often appears darker. In this instance the less deeply pigmented thick anterior scales have the effect of diluting the color as a whole. In yellow legged young chicks the pigment is distributed evenly around the shank, since the richly colored Malphigian cells are more influential in determining the resultant color than the incompletely formed and still growing scales. Blue—tIn blue ‘shanked birds zoomelanin is present only in the corium. The blue color is the optical effect resulting when this dark pigment is seen through the semi-translucent Mal- phigian stratum. As Krukenberg (7) has noted, “Das Blau ist alto hier eine sog. optische Farbe, eine Erscheinung, welche uberall da zu Stande kommt, wo das Licht ein trubes Medium durchdringt und von einer schwarzen Unterlage aus alsdann reflectirt wird.” As no pigment granules lie in the horny layer the thickness of the scales is scarcely concerned in affecting the depths of color, save where yellow fat occurs. In most of the blue-shanked birds examined the number of pigment cells in the corium was greater than in black legged individuals, and they generally fromed a more compact network, however in- sufficient observations were made to make this conclusion gen- eral. The depth of blue color depends directly upon the number of these cells. Black.—Black shank color results when melanin pigment lies in the epidermis and only under these circumstances, so far as I have observed. It may be heightened by pigment cells in the upper cutis, but pigment in the outer layer is essential to pro- duce the black color. As has been noted two forms of black pigment occur in the epidermis; granules in both layers and pigment cells in the rete. The granules resemble in size the nuclear elements brought out when the tissues are subjected to nuclear stains. In the more deeply colored birds the epidermis is deeply peppered with these particles, the Malphigian layer contains numerous melanin pigment cells, and underneath in SHANK COLORS IN DOMESTIC FOWL. 245 the corium the latter cells lie in an almost unbroken mass. Whenever either kind of pigment was found in the epidermis the corium was also found to be supplied, but there appeared to be no agreement between the quantities in the two layers. The thickness of scales when granules lie in them is of importance in regulating intensity of color. Naturally those scales which are the thickest, everything else being equal, are the darkest. Lipochrome pigment may be diffused through the epidermis. Where much melanin pigment is present in the epidermis the yellow color of the oil has no effect upon the resultant color, but when the epidermis is sparsely supplied with melanin pigment the black color is modified. This condition will be considered later. It should be particularly noted that a dense black shank color may be associated with any other underlying dermal or epi- dermal color. Thus one gets, in different cross-bred birds, as T am informed by Dr. Raymond Pearl, dense black over white, over yellow, over blue, and over green. Green.—This colored shank is characterized by the presence of lipochrome pigment in the epidermis, and numerous melanin pigment cells in the upper corium. It is an optical color resuit- ing from melanin pigment lying under the semi-transparent yellow epidermis. There is no melanin pigment in the epider- mis. Black over green—This shank color is similar to that de- scribed immediately above with the addition of masses of melanin pigment in the epidermis. In the black portions the melanin pigment occurs as granules in both layers, and often in addition as pigment cells in the Malphigian layer. These black spots seldom cover more than a single scale, and usually are much smaller. Black over white (dusky white). In this case a thin sprink- ling of melanin granules occurs in the epidermal layers, and frequently in addition scattered melanin pigment cells in the Malphigian layer. There are usually melanin pigment cells in the corium but not in sufficient quantity to deepen the shade, else the skin would appear black. There is no lipochrome pig- ment in either layer. 246 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QIT4. Black over yellow (dusky yellow). This shank color is simi- lar to that described immediately above with the addition of lipochrome pigment in the epidermal layers. Black over white (spotted). Were are found black spots in an otherwise white shank. As in the black-over-green color mentioned above, the epidermis in the spotted portion is thickly peppered with black-brown pigment granules in both layers, and frequently supplied with melanin pigment cells in the rete layer. The latter type of pigment is usually found in considerable quantities in that part of the upper corium directly under the spotted region, and to a less degree throughout the corium gen- erally. Lipochrome pigment is lacking. Black over yellow (spotted). This shank color is due to dhe same pigmentation as that described immediately above with the addition of orange-yellow pigment in the epidermis. Black over blue. This type may be identical with the black- over-green color described above with the exception that lipo- chrome pigment is not present. Blue under white. This is a white skin mottled with blue blotches or spots. It is nothing more than a white skin and an irregular distribution of melanin pigment cells in the upper dermis. In all these conditions in which black masses overlie the other colors, the pigment granules are often in much greater numbers than in shanks in which a uniform black color is found. These granules in the epidermis and cells (in the rete layer) are at times so numerous that an intense black color is given the scale without any assistance from the pigment cells in the cutis. Old birds tend to possess these irregular markings more than do young. Pink.—This color is a modification of white, due probably to an abundance of capillaries in the dermis, and possibly also to thin and unusually transparent scales. Red.—tThis color probably results from a congestion of blood in the dermis. 247 SHANK COLORS IN DOMESTIC FOWL, “UINTIOD oY} JO “LO[OO BUMIULLoJop UL OOo OU 10 9I}IIT JOe “UINILOD OY} JO SYIJY-INOF Surawursat oy,]z yyy soddn oy} AjopVuixordde Suristiduroo ‘uOIstAIp AavsyUqse UW shoe sagen iaiaatac test += — = aearap Of ae = Tra Ota He gee Ramee rere uw9e1) +— +— SParae. G8 Spar +— -— - - - cg os enone an oyIyA uo yods ong — qe |Arsteae OP art ap Par, Ol et arses aoe = spapap OP eet = ‘soos sonyq uo 4ods youre +— p= qEapap Om = spas Ow — papa OR pel appt 09 scocoesonccsscccccbousecdcudende 61 Ni lariseelitenctunen Cite deeesmyeus ciscwelnclcls cesseeer raion eecteversi cena enon 272 Ort, NEMS Meese ener eas OH ha Oe cn OS miGR Oba aanorcracianae 49 OnbrewMROSe whamrliyas es anaperey sues heel e ic Metepasur sees eet uus eta meres 253 JANGpIINIg: ° BRVSIREO SWS a REC a Pare eer a tees ir Pier meen tea hea ane EE 256, 266 Pe tellmerseseect es voore ast AU Vee cpap Tee vate nED Eee TAt asl Sat eat 257 JSS ALS Sacer ee ne el I te era Ear 257 CANT ti erence ane eee air aah aE ar naar oh tse troy aly etn at nana Waris 263 CEASE OMA CLM is Nita cesree ale ions: eo latetencas ogee oemer amano ewe 260 fetelits Cet rset spenat | Cnc onpety te UMMA Cag neta er Dy oben am apne Uni Muy te 250 DOM. HSE Nose Gd eG BOS COLE Ee UES BIDE : 267 {DIS UNAKONMD I oaD. Savatet ten aeaie ble she canis ecg waa Pa eld anu Eee SUM a 262 Tglt apa aera hay ae cess evetaee Meares Pacavansebane caeeee cae earns a yen eI: 260 Sei DONA} Hea SoM EctS AGS Ola Cin ee ae GOCE e eae 52 GLOPTID BL = son Re RR EUS OES rs ISIC BG enn Ree me RAE 267 SURE p hall aperera votes Ree ene ot aT CE areca Mate ara aeetons 276 TOILE Seal eter sblieete re terete Ges Ges ERIE Aa BR) Bec’ GS ISCRR ID IACI CRO 261 WU EUTEEUTTEE Seren a ter oais where Piolo tn TAS Gan SRERe IT ETON I ENR eae RS OE ae 50 AGMIS-RipKGlyes s Bea ois aces oo eos co Be Oe es DED MRO ee eC ono 206 camer, VBtnroperim, tim Wann. copscosgocesooceSocoscuooos 23 US CANS CS irae eee ni oe ee rae eke een crete eae AEM SR 2 Ata Ulitay etch OFMIERS DEA AT Oame meee cece alice. reat eer ce EN ie 2 CHROMATE, ISS “Git GPRNGas dedesscoodcocse becooocesuueeuoe 6 SCAMS OUIECeMOleTInke Chl Olle erry Ieee ena ee: 20 I pplesmexciMinatiOn 10m SPRAY, POISONS =. sa acemeia sce cies race 46 ASGORIOONS Belial Gatto purost AO eo eH aonb U cae ae aan Ria eae 1X ATSSMATS Ort leEIGl gis vey tiemlenGGleg sour oboe soodoe date neg Akad Sood 13 dainty shnOmmMenSera ere aes aS on Orson 46 NOP. Soirehynmer OinelMeinGlSs cc ocaoecvongocusodon sos 8 Atomic, sulphin ron apple ionchands) > J22--sc504------ 022 soaree- 7 Blweberniesswhacoletismpomonellagingaswecemadecao oes eee 203 Bordeatx nunixture om applevonchandsiy sso csc sss oa 6 BASSICA TSINDESMG, GOMERO, > obocccbsoebocousy doboobuueucossee AOD 302 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q14 J i PAGE Brooding instinct in relation to egg production, data regarding... 284 Buildings mands quipiment see seen eerie en eae en eee XV Busheltaweichtadetesninattons eae eer serene eee eee 69 ChangessuntsStabioinn stables etl: k ee keraey cma cence keene en ne ET XV Charlock vor swaldematistardy controle er aerate 46 Choke cherry: aplivd Sons sacs rcrceele merece eae ee ae 260 Charysophilyctismrendobroticates eiecss sen aris tenet 08 Clio vert: tai po ln dts Ses eS a aoc a ncti sta) Se 257 Constantss(estimationwonpsieniicances- sete e ee eee eet 85 Contents 22 Siete ee eS ie SS ee Vv Corpus luteum substance upon ovulation in the fowl, effect of.. 286 Corrosive sublimate for seed potato disinfection............... - 104 Corticun wagumi avai ssolaninaen eee ee eee ane ere 193 Councils clam ee sear see icicle esc is Auta AU a ele XIV Crataegus arpbave ye yey wes eee AN ROE ac Le PR ar 255 Cuerantsap ls! ia evim Se yeas Ne eee 40 Dairy cattle, law regulating milk flow to age in............... 289 Data regarding the brooding instinct in relation to egg production 284 Data on somatic and genetic sterility in the domestic fowl..... 287 Effect of corpus luteum substance upon ovulation in the fowl... 286 Hee production, an ainhertedscharacteh. serrate eee 218 data regarding the brooding instinct in relation OP MUN nM ODE inne eR yo uaG a olbd 284 sanyo NTOnonkes Oa lOIMeRGlbMEr, po oodeoccoccosocosoece 217 Teal MEreAAS Ot USSwINGNIRY So0cccnocccovu0ce bacon 219 Mendelian interpretation 2s. assess seee ener: 224 plany for practicalubreeder: ane eee eee 225 Eggs, factors which influence size and shape................... 106 Inter-incdividuall vatiatlone mesa rre ee e een 107 DMA MACMALL \WAIMENMOMY 65 25ccenacc con dcoc0gedb0oc0d 006 108 interrelablionyOmudiMme4nsiOnS a. sea snes ea ae 110 Ofsthe samles owl vaniatlOneole entree ane Sener 112 relation orccharacters to, otlleig Gharactenrss see eterna aeer 109 USHelohe Toy JOSE sin Chews sesccsacuococagcccce WAS, ROMO NR pierre KN Roo ie acy 125 size, shape, and physical constitution..................... 106 vatiation with the age of the fowl.....:..:....-..-----«- 113 SEASON OM MMC. Veale ae eee 120 statesof chealthy..2 4.0 tae eee ae 122 Establishment sotatiemotatOneneearicecei nites Vil Hiropean applescanier, anu VMiaineam asec snt ae eee eee eras 24 Fecundity of the individual fowl, measurement of changes in tle erate Oe eas AR 80 Oe SUN SN STA VB Sha cae a ee 283 Hieldcexpenrimients! oc6 ars sii a ielercehial siecle eure eta age eae a 25 ood plant catalogwesot the Aphidae) 5. .22-- 4 oe nee eee 61 Formaldehyde for seed potato disinfection..................-- 103 INDEX. 303 PAGE Formula for the constitution of the Nth generation of a Mende- lian population in which all matings are of a brother x sister.. 288 IP GANTIS) GNDION Gb oa ote boi otoo Gate omnia ratio eg HAG Hea ere iean claeians oe 258 COASCHET VRAIS IM we MAINe ks ses ease 4 4 lysines 6 teres seroe aie la eraree 4a Gimli, GES ChE AIMICHIERG oboe Scere aeeOe.G pte Re ae ie ee 7 DEUS, G4 GinGl) SeINS, Soe nomesodoousesosaueeoenmoeec 76 HANKS Ciena, AIIOrOlinn aolnoniadauns ode a sb ene eae 6u Grass lems, tie. chvesainel pees oolbecwaoane soon usa ns Cond cee eno edS 25 Pe neenianmid von the SOOSCWeELY. s1jc4- 62 cll astiay sot cess Reve ary 52 SATIN) SRIRAM eee ates ta eae a a Mie euch aa a he 2 ar 7 Grow shieanGayariat! Onuuiuanalz canes seit merece anaes cee 290 nMentiptieraileteroptera or Maines lst Obs. 40 540454 se ees aes 204 Jeliqlmmnoyorr keine aaah ee be obide a oes bc bean Sue coe cme comanne aX EXP ELI ENtSe wae lo. Hea eee! 5 Histologicalibasis,of Shank:color im) towls.) J9..2.2 0525206 3-0: 237 Rey AlOptentt Smal mlm Sia wares nun Sera nciecinee hsrale uciceae nie cet ems ae 265 Haley f¥O Gln THUS Ras AMM py Mestchasra Spe peeet tele Su sek Sick eu rsTnc eset SnD SRP CUA east oo ee 97, 193 lronwsulphateetkectonepotatoeseansss saecase s+ seta eaeneene 43 Immature stages of the Tenthredinoidea...................... 291 Inbreeding and relationship coefficients.............%.......5. 288 Law regulating milk flow to age in dairy cattle................ 280 Wine-sulphiur-tor apple orchards)... 2o.6 2.0 sc aces see eae 6 WS DOMGEsKO< ab abiKe oo5 ono eboodceasodsocnosedoue 12 List of the Hemiptera-Heteropera of Maine.................... 204 WacrOsiphiiumnncnrataegt yar ..csnie sens sans etnies ee 255 falittelnoclumale site Raine asters Sia ee tare ie nh dyeing Nutone 268 RAC ELT al Cue oc tee cos oonenret see ata ee oe Ea TAO 57 TO SAE ayia Wa ae mieten Rew ome ap mmneten MMe Sea ces cies tea 268 AGM) 1C Ol Ast peo ae ae a the 270 SOlaMIAOliTy Aipet. cia slack oem Aeile sai Bee nae ats 268 SPE CLE Smee Ie aCe Rea ois a em ae ny eee ee 60 SPIiTdecol dsuecn as Ne NS a ae A Ae AOe eas 271 Marzeyorowth andsvariation 1-2 ss -2.e. ase CUA SERA gum ar ee 290 Miealymaplideotesp lainanssc * cess vo aden oe Nec cae ee 205 Measurement of changes in the rate of fecundity of the indi- SVECLiTe lee CONV cise Gmatas Wvcin secs SACs aA maken oer cs Ie en La eee Se 283 BWietcorolocicaly observations: 44). 4-0 sees eee 205 Minas bares p FAV AIMS lO Tee 9 pastel escalate ore ee 39 AMIR 77S) CSREES ee a eae eh Cle a ea ae Oye ee RD 258 QS ONE etme as ch A aeaicl ROG. UREA CR SORE eee eRe bas RO ag 56 jOSREOPIOLYS Sige prieig oaG Oo DSE aU ERO Onion ron Rane as eon 260, 267 DO LOS US aie ese ee rs ea ret aa RR Oe se ee 238 Be TS area eyo ate eee Me estate en ae a ar ona ne er oneal aust act ak 55 OSAMA ears ay Nevaien heen cepa NL eee W toeer EFT nee NN scr ie 2 NeGtniclee ih SSitriaccrcs sentence tet eee ia pater ek cy ny ean eee 23 Nth generation of a Mendelian population in which all matin are brother x sister. formula for the constitution of......... 288 IQ n $04. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q14 ORGS Enea ey a eit brea nae me Mn rites Meier nn. V4 ao oOo oo 6.0 breedimesstudiessicharacten on Soles se eeenee ere harvesting. <7 38 cae eer ene ence DIOLS), sieiaieaeie hao tore AE ee eee: PLeparavione OL ithes lanideas eae eee FECOnds! Hh5 5... os eee eee ene ee shape cof -plots.3 3) sane eee ene (eeu CI SSA gocoscacoccocscavs teas viatleties: tested) <3 1) "oka eee ee eee Vatiety LESS spc nich iceys ee Cera @atss average: yieldmoieoraintnree eee eer ee ae hee eee Carly VATISLLES sey sea lo ica ae en Nee ansabiobon GAVKY WENHIOBIES. 5 o40c0cpaccoocdoocouccbososDoCOnS latey varieties! sit): nee eee eee results)jof variety. tests. iis jasis ie eee eee eee Vatdation! iiwelclit ios tshielet eee ne ee Eee Yield OMS TRA Wes air5 A dace asp Ye coie ts EE Rte ee Oreanizationvormstationey- tere. eee ene ee eens sews Oss Oviduct of the domestic fowl, physiological effects of ligation, Section) or snemovalofix ee Pace ae eee eee oe Ovulation in the fowl, effect of corpus luteum substance upon.. Papers, abstracts cof tanita ne cach niente ee Lee Oe Poorodon shumiulivivn ne sec sees ate ee Eee eee eae Rivosphatesstor crassplandscOstanee cane eee Tee eee eee tOp: ) -Pilsoners Style Beer) Extra ‘Quality. Brewed expressly for export. Massachusetts Breweries Com- pany.” These fermented beverages analyzed more or less alike, car- rying between two and three per cent of alcohol, something less than five per cent of solids and usually quite heavy per- centages of glucose or sugar house syrups. The combined action of the sheriffs and the food executive has probably in no wise diminished the sale of this class of materials. ‘These are, however, at present practically all cor- rectly labeled and are sold for what they are—imitation beer. Sopa Water BottLinc EstTaBLISHMENTS. During the years 1911 and i912 a good deal of preliminary work was done in the way of inspection of the soda water bottling establishments in Maine. Many of these were found to be in pretty poor shape. These inspections resulted in a large amount of correspondence and a correction of the most unsanitary conditions. 4 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ14. In the season of 1913 the inspectors were asked to get con- siderable information in regard to the sanitation problem in connection with the bottlers, including the character of the water supply and its treatment, the treatment of the empty bottles before they were filled, the condition of the premises, . whether or not a foam producer was used, whether any sweet- ener except sugar was used, all data in regard to preserva- tives used in the goods, and character of the labeling in each case. For the most part these data were completely gathered and reported by the inspectors. Some of the bottlers were visited several times during the summer, but most of them were visited only once. It is believed that the table which accom- panies this article includes every bottler in the State. The first column after the name has to do with the water supply. It is to be noted that most of the water used is the city or town supply and, of course, the water is no better o1 no worse than that which is used for ordinary domestic pur- poses in the city. Some times this water is filtered, some of it is strained through cheesecloth or other material. Some of the bottlers are particularly careful as to the quality of* the water they use. Some of them, even those that are using spring water, are entirely ignorant of the quality of the water which they are using. At one time there was more or less of a general belief that carbonated beverages did not carry living bacteria, but investigations have shown that the carbonating of water does not kill bacteria. The next column which includes the treatment of the bottles is perhaps the most important one. It will be noted that in some cases the bottlers claim that they use hot and even boiling water to cleanse the bottles. In one case the claim was made that steam was used to sterilize. In many cases warm to hot water is used. In most cases the bottles are put on a machine which carries a revolving brush, and in almost all cases the bottles are rinsed afterwards usually in cold water. When the conditions under which the empty bottles are returned to the. bottlers is considered it would seem as though an efficient system of sterilization ought to be insisted upon. Some of the bot- tlers have claimed that such a treatment would break a large number of bottles, but that does not seem to be borne out by OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 56. 5 the facts obtained by the inspectors. Very likely some bottles would be broken by severe treatment, but the health of the pub- lic would seem to demand that bottles be thoroughly sterilized. When it is remembered that bacteria cling for a long time to the surfaces of glass and that in many instances the neck of the bottle is put into the mouth and the contents drank directly that way, it is readily apparent that there is large danger of. disease producing organisms remaining upon the soda water bottles that go back to the factory for refilling. The condition of the premises, which is given in the next column, was for the most part found tc be very good. In two or three instances the first of the season the conditions in regard to sanitation were very bad indeed, but the worst cases were much improved during the summer, and in general the conditions of bottling establishments, along with other food establishments, were markedly improved throughout the season. Of the other points collected by the inspectors, the only one that seemed worth while to produce in the report is as to whether foam producers are or are not used. Foam producer is an extract of soap bark. This is poisonous if used in suffi- cient quantity. The question of soap bark is probably more or less analygous to the question of the disputed preservatives as to whether it is or is not harmful in the small amounts in which it is used in these beverages. It will he noted that quite a large percentage of the bottlers in Maine do not use foam producers. On the whole the conditions of the bottling establishments and the way in which bottled sodas are produced, while not perfectly satisfactory, are as cleanly and the goods are handled as sanitarily as other food products put up within the State. The conditions certainly average better than the places. where the bottled soda is dispensed and the manner in which it is sold and the glasses are rinsed. The whole question of the bottled and unbottled carbonated beverages is a difficult one from the sanitary standpoint. They have the country over been stamping out the common drinking cup, but we are using at public places, the same soda water and other glasses over and over with, in many instances, very little attempt at sanitation. Even under the best conditions there is apparently more or less danger lurking in or rather upon the soda water glass. 6 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QT4. Table Showing th: Results of Examination of Bottled Carbo- nated Beverages Purchased in the Summer of 1913. The samples are arranged alphabetically by towns where the goods were made. Station No. \Name of Town and Maker and Brand.) Color. Remarks. Alcohol Augusta. Glenweod Spring Co. 11407) ‘Cherry Phosphate. Artificial favor and ES RRA Eten earn ata Amaranth 11409 Glenwood Club Peach. Artificial flavor | andicolor: =. ses: Bee Ae ee ‘Ponceau 3 R\None 11406 Glenwood Club Rasport. Artificial fla-| | vor and color.... Se Pay rein eee Rye | |Amaranth |\None 11408 Glenwood Club Strawberry. Artificial! flavor and color. . Biddeford. Hanscom Bottling Co. | NSM Glorianeiaeeeee 11375 Hanscom’s Lemon Sour. Artificial fla- vor and color.... Biddeford. York Bottling Works. ee eee Arne |Amaranth lNfone | | Pisa eerot es oes 'Probably caramel. None HicakSet ee ee ee |Napthol Yellow S | 11374\Cherry. Artificial flavor and color. |Amaranth 11373 Chocolate. Artificial flavor and color Caramel 11371 Sparkling Roman Punch. Artificial fla- | vor and color.... Caribou. Caribou Bottling Co. Re ipa ede enbeteaen, Amaranth ‘None i 11427 Raspberry. Artificial flavor and color;|Amaranth. | Contains saccharin Danforth. Chas. Holtz Adulterated 11490 Strawberry. Artificial favor and color Amaranth Falm-uth Foresile. Cor 11381|Underwood Spring Aoole Cheer eae Spring 11378 Underwood Spring Creme of Mint Soda Light green S| | : i peArtificallyzcoloredseem eee eae ie |F. Yellowash) bee flavor. 11379 |lUnderwoodespring Ohne oe. eee Caramel 113£0 Vin Fiz. Contains 1-10 of 1 per cent| |Benzoate of soda benzoate of soda and added color..| 0.084 per cent Fort Kent. M. J. Ziter. 11487 Lemon. Artificial flavor and color Patten. Patten Bottling Co. : i 11426 Blood Orange, artificial flavor and color Amaranth \Contains saccharin. Portland. Wm. W. Kerrigan. | 11345 Orangeade....... Adulterated | Artificial | ‘Probably fast} lyellow. Some| fruit color al- | iso | | e OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 56. 7 Table Showing the Results of Examination of Bottled Carbo- nated Beverages Purchased in the Summer of 1913. The samples are arranged alphabetically by towns where the goods were made. Name of Town and Maker and Brand. Color. Station No. Alcohol Remarks. _ Portland. Ingalls Bros. H 11317|Fine Blood Orange. Artificially colored! leeandiflavoreda. weer eee Amaranth 11316|Fine Sarsaparilla. Sweetener added | 11389,|Queen Sherbert. Artifically colored. . Amaranth 11388) Refreshing Miners Fruit Nectar...... |Amaranth 11338|Si-Si der Labetrunk. Alkoholfrei Portland. Murdock & Freeman 11582 Howel’s Grape Julep. Contains 1-20 of 1% benzoate of soda. Artifically col-) OLE ee hee eee ee ees 11580 Howel’s Orange Julep. Contains 1-50 of 1% benzoate of soda. Artificially); Amaranth COLOTEC area gee ee eh Fa haere Orange I Portland. C. E. Odiorne Batiling Co. 11385|Orangeade. Artifical flavor and color|Orange I 113&4|Ocherade. Colored with*harmless veg- | etable color...... Pee eee Cudbear Portland. Simmons & Hammond. 10608| Jersey Cream Syrup UTSHEVHISE Cs 1S ks Tere 1B oto deanaeuene |W te He sree th |Portland. Young Buffalo Bill Wild) | West Circus. ) | | HONG Wemlon ad eye keer ae ene Delonte ete tea rare | PresqueIsle. Presaue Isle Bottling Co. | 11424' Sparkling Strawberry Soda. Artifical! favormandicolole eee aan |Amaranth 11423 Superior Quality Imitation Raspberry|Amaranth. 11422)Superior Quality Lemon Sour. Colored|Napthol |Yellow S Van Buren. J. J. Cyr. | 11430|/Raspberry. Artifical color and flavor|Amaranth 11429|Strawberry. Artifical flavor and color|Amaranth Van Buren. Van Buren Bottling Co.) 11428)Blood Orange. Artificial flavor and Orange COLOT eae eae Ui: Succes so ik eee | Unidentified None None None None None None None \Color not declarea ion label.Misbranded |Benzoate of soda |0.037 per cent. | Benzoate of soda |0.054 per cent. | IQT4. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 8 SOX ‘SOX sox ON sax |" oN "SOX "gO ‘ON ‘peasy soonporg WIBOW _ ‘poemser1og Ceci aR Rage TO UBIO ATATB IT “pomoa10g ODOR COMO 05 Ooo *Aq11p SLOO[ IT Ss AT ial Me pousalog “uve “UBIO NRA sane Eee peude.10s JON “ood uoyV[WUeA pus 4YysV[ ‘aorBwoo] Arei0dutay, poueer0s JON uvofo Al9A YOU *SULp[INg p[O Sim eee neces pstsval9g §=“UBII-) pe © SOR EEN BIST S012) (9) “"** "JO}BM POO UL poyse A "posuny amrnee SERCO) TORCN ‘posuny ‘poysnag. O00 (oO 060 Oo ban LopMo dvos IM JoyVM Joy UL payeog ‘posuny “ysnaq uo yng ame I9}8M JOY UL payvog “-pesung “Yysniq uo yng Sue 19}VM POO UT poyse A sROsarel SAT a Se 1948M JOY UL poyBog “ * QUTPOVUT UO Poyse MA “Ssol}JOG JO FUOUTPBOL LT, OOO Ged COD Oi onion ges eer isccephe di sNlen caaw econ sk cers Ayd ns AYO 0.0 HOONC Oo Oto Woo 6 per9y [Lip FiO. F.0 a DO HG Os. \Gn0 Ajddns 4419 “MOLVA ‘dosuBg ‘uosdy “st “GOO TuyppyoY “a “OL DODO Gy ooo aC oo: oregrg| (ot oe ee eee aes ATO Be aie een ee Ayddns AztO -ysuop ‘Voor[Vy Yue “OD Surpyy,og yrodyserq Bee CLO LUE OO} N eee 00 CL St | pleyArroyHO “sorg stuueq Shige raion whi steea we th oa P9109 [LT Ca a ee Be Oa UCL CTS [io Reraraa me aecs ue esc eae eae ‘109 x0q ‘orsa'T ‘sang pod. 00 6p dreepig oid OT, 0 ERENCE | TS, So Satan aBTE SA Bebo AOR em mor Yayah mas Sy go aa Ds Ajddns Az1D)-1vQ ‘Ao10M zw qooqvy “oD Suryy0¢g7 noquvg De ee ei ponuaiye PELE SNES WHEATLEY ON SS SO BOOS OMEN IL, HOKO) UTaL CINE ayaa ey pep emer} CLO ULL /G O11 ©) Nepean nc a JU WOW “gq “T ‘vurosinog POSsN sloureIys MO, “Bundgl= "ss css OLOGOpP|VM “VW “W ‘sssog eaten bia Bsa sho pory ty : Sa eT ox st AG AOA AN KOWANS) AN EDY|O FP Pee Tan Nae ce “Sesjpog “OD Apuxy ysvjjog SH Doio-oprah TEao odd porey ty PeROUTIC SeUTOMpe AT COLTS ZANT) | eats ean cn ea SIBIBD “OD Y yexoog qywg “Ig [BOIsUTUIOD POT “OO Suyyog qyVg “ss dosuvg “4g quo “OO suryjog s0Suvg “MATLLO ‘ELO1 fO somiuns yt wm Spuamysyqnjss buyyog i241 vpog fo Ssojr2gsuy oy fo spioday ay, bumoys ajqv J ios a ia OV OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 56. sox "SOx sox 89 sourTJOUIOG sox ON SOX ON sox ‘SOx ‘100d wor -B[IQU9A pus yysTyT ‘duvqg DEO OOO'e OO ‘youruins Bur -Inp peAoidur suotyIpuoD *pouse10g ial wibioe tha Garena A aeRO Lo weID “poeuoe.Ios “ATTRNIC “UBIO “AICYTUBG | * mst) 1@) Mies ikea Areyrueg -‘uvelg *pouaed0s JON Sa Oie cet SRA ODEON uRalD FAO OT eoR Cee Een aan Bait nareyie} AP gutsaregags meee e ye uRaID “ysnsny drt poeusstog ‘1ouluIns SsulINp poAoidut uoryeyiaeg ‘peuesi0s oN =“ApyUuQ SORE) ONC ecO uBeo ApITe yy GD 06 data cherccG weep £10, | ‘pesuny =“ poysnig ****rpemod dos PUB 109BM JOY YIM poyse “ouIT} puooss pesury “paysnig Seiceaereee b ‘ -pasuny “epOSs O1SNBO YIM poyse Mm *s9[940q SUISUBOTD UL pesn UIBE}8 IO 1038M YOY ON “posury ey I0}BM JOY UL pose sss -pesuny ‘paysnag I0}BM JOY UL payeVog “pasury ‘viedle/silele eielersiae iapmod daweos pue 10}8M pjoo ul payvog “pasuryy eysnig se ee ee see * IapMO dvos pues i0jeM 4Oq UL P»ayZBOg “sss >-pesuny paysnag b Preeti I0yeM JOY UL poyse A ‘pesurny ‘“peqsnig 1098M plod UL poyseM “pasuny |’ "7" "JoVeM JOY UL poyse Mm *posn JopMod dog): SAO O DODO 06> Ajddns AYO “poeyvelu yy) uInqny sxe] pereyyy ieee ATCC S PANT) din eis osoro\o5b Con OD “perey ty G Guo Deorotgrotocd ro-o ayV'T oseqag poeyeer} YOU 1078 AA “esnoy Aq peqydeqord Sutidg| * m}ieia, sydtiepieliesiebloncs| lajvehel te Re “palayliy 6 D6 10 nO Or 0j0s07OAt-0 Ajddns SYD perdi SB en cate tPaic Ajddns 4412) tee * por104q hq pine tio iplaro a ao 8 Ajddns 4419 Prue COUT AOD “poureryg Pe Ghee Whee ode caps Oe Ajddns 4419 iri “poulvijys 1078 WOYsIMIT ‘4G UlOOULT BLZ ‘OD Sulpy40g sure yy OT [TA109B A ‘WOSpry ‘Moye ss puelylog “49 wad 9g ‘so1g s]jesuy 600 0 OOO OOD Ooo STTOM. pare ‘oO ‘smog » preqqny, mOjSIMaT “OD Surdg purpystyy ioored ao0.oDe purppoy [on sumpog yWemozy Shon UOoo DODO ONDA pueppoy “op ‘9 ‘zaueauy Bi eee Pata NY GV “OD BIOUD ? qopyeH “ogo sulpyjog uloosueyy a6 bop aeior i proyopprg. 0.0. 00-0 00-000 Gro OFS OT[TA107R ar) son ‘uIpuoiy sore esse sss “easnany ‘oO sumdg poomueyy *pasy Jeonpoig wo ‘sosIMleIg Jo uolipu0D *"sopqjog jo yuoUrZveLy, | “‘MaLY ‘UdILLOg i {0 sous ay, WM SpuamYsygnisa Dupyjog 42j0 44 Dpos fo ssojsagsuy ayy fo sjsoday ay, humoys ajqv yp IQT4. EXPERIMENT STATION. RAT, y ) MAINE AGRICULTU IO 88 ‘sOq "so sox 88 SULINpP JUEeUTZAOIdUIT qonyAl|** 80 s0Q oN + WBaID *pomess0g| * platanare reread weeD ‘pouselog “pomeoios JON ‘“pBayIeAO sqamqogD ‘dniAs YIM pozvod si00,,q7 “peueei0g ‘IOUIUINS “petisa10g AC OHOU Rode coo DAG “URaTD uee[D *pouselug voces geez Ape Boos 0o00b00006 weeo AyrreT ‘sU99108 ON)” Kelalellak eisai So odes See hae . ‘uBsTD AlITe |" * ue9IID|° “SMU90IOS ON] ’ ceeee * pesury aysnig 5909500500 OsmyayANG) dvos pus 10}8M poo Ur pexBog 19784 SuIog UL posury Sea pase iapMod deos pus ‘1038M JOU UT pose pesurny “peysnig oy Oe 10}8M JOY UI poyseM **10]B8M pjOd UL payeog a0-0'0-0-0 pesury ‘peysnig “***1096M UI@M UI poyse A *pezijtieys pue poyses Mm pesurny ‘“peysnig Fear os eI IapMod deos pus 10}8M ULIVM UL poyse ‘*1aj3e8M 4oy pue urIve}s CRES (DELACRTS SRG pesuny -“poysnag “**JoVeM ULIVM UL poyse *‘pesuly «= peysnig ***Jepmod dos pues 1098M plod ul peyBog Bio wicvee ated “+ -pasuny ‘+2555 ++paysnig ‘payeog “"* pasar ‘poysnig|’ “Peqse M |” “+> “guy Ber} ON “++ -qU9uryee1} ON “*""9UoulzBoely ONT “sulidg +++ pereang 210417 ese ee Ad ns LUD Ee Ajddns A419 "7" 9¥YByT o8eqag Ajddns A319 “"* eyByT OdBqag “Sulidg * perez BEER Ajddns A419 Fdo0o. 08 ar04 manne cia ESE AME Sicceiee Ajddns A419 pertey tt peers Ayddns Aq19 “7 Te WBISEZTV | ° “sutidg)* eoo0aocs ytodverg “OD SuI}30g JJorID9UTg 600 0:00.00 Oo *"UMOT, PIO COT “¢ ‘sold we te te te we m9}938q “O09 suryj0g 19448q SCH DIG CNA OOOO NO uoyNoY “oO Buyyy0g siswypeg puvpyog “49 SS0ID 79-09 “0D sulyqog ““W ‘CO ‘eu10IpO - pur] -410g ‘49 ulypyueig 2 ‘uvwMed1q =? , Seon Grog dp ed oO 09 103% Suudg oqey “IW ehotelexslelicneleieleksW user ieiiet fai deqnT C15) OFF DIEM CLONE “-ayTtAre 18M ‘uUBUIpNy “Py ‘0D Bpog SuLidg [e1eurfy JOPOUTTN “OD Buyyog yoxoouTW pusppoy “oO surqgor oureyy ‘peasy, Jeonpoig uivoy ‘sasIMlerg JO UOlIpuod "s9[}}0q Jo quoUIyBaLy, "HaLV MM ‘AT TLLO ErOL fO AdWmns ay, Ui Spuammysyqnisa buyjog 4ajv 4, vpos fo Siojoa¢suy ayy fo Sjsoday ayy Dumroys ajqv] II OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 56. “ON "so ‘ON SOX “pos iaonpoig we0g “pesary see eee ATCUUS pus Ls 2k) (@) eeree ee “*poast A *pemeery Ce oe *peTtsid O10 01.0 00 OC O8Di0D * lOMOIG ‘og “O09 1978 M IOZJIMG “pesury "pouselng 9 ‘uBaTD|"* "°° °° *repmod dvos j*"**:* +: * parol puv 10}8M 404 Ul poysem|’°**** Corer eRt ‘Buldg|1osueg ‘oaAy Svoysnpusy Ol “TT -¢£ ‘aquidg soon 00 “Keyes puw uvgO| sagem | | joy ur pesuts pues peyse wm ee eee ee ee ee ‘sud | Spo eemene menage leelismelel siienisiia ey) SulpeUogIVD reowog ‘su@0I0S ON|'""""*"* pesury ‘“peysnig COD oO oD oO moo . “ues sr eeseses ss TapMod dos ESE Pee DOLOT EM pus 10}8M poo UL peystmM | aundg|*** “uvsey MONS “OD Bpog suldg IaATIG "sud0INS ON ‘°C * posuly HpoooRDoOoO mon oOoOnDo 22 SUEY)! 2 2 some unsorraiuni hier pus 1038M JOY UL poyseM| "°°" queUIZBeIZON ‘TJOM| ttc PIPGSHIG “WM ‘suLyeeS “pesury GoocaDoDDAGDO0D00 peusaiog)**** * 1098 40q ul payeog)*******° +s > -peurens ba G:2-) 1@) ee ee ee “euTyo eur Ut peqse mM CC 8u1dg Ce ce) projyurnyy “O09 sulyog projyunyy | : “pesury | ‘AIGYUCS PUB UBa|D| "owas | | pus 1098M JOY Ut pozTweig|"* "°° pees * parey (LT “‘SuIpying MeN|"***-* ‘ourqovur url pegse |’ * earn aed “Zulidg|1osueg “}S5 ule GSE ‘SxIOM Sup .0g ssoxy *pesuryy | ““pomeaiog|‘**** “s0y8M yoy UI payeog “tT * ++ pareqtny Op coon OnDOd oo * AY1Tp LOO] 7 ee eee “eurlyoeUL ul POUse AA | . . ee a “TTOM . *losueg fag qorrg 86 a: fi “A ‘UOsulqoy *peuee19g Ce eseecee * pasury ee D perryrt Fe ES weed ATIVeq|** °° *1078M pfoo ur PoqseM | resrceseseess-Aiddns £319)" *** 9[sy onbserg “oD Suyyjog oes] enbsarg "*sU9010S ON “pasuny “poysem. | cob0 05-5 6 Se ee Gee[p| 9 to: 4, nozt[ 81g bee bases esses snaraatng AinjzU9g 4I0Z,, UTI ‘poywor) Rane 9229-2 OF or AG FA SO O0 0p 0_) yormsunig ‘0D 1038 Sutidy surg —— = —--—— —<— —_____ | ——~ — ———— = — —~ ‘SOSIUIIG JO UOT}IPUud, *s9]940q jo yuOUIQ¥veLy, “aa ‘ATTLLOG ‘ELOr fo sawmuns ay] wm Spuamysygnisa buyyog sajv yg, opos fo ssojo0dsuz ayy fo SJL04.9 HUmM2Loy Ss I7QD MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 10914. I2 ‘ON “so "so oo" sm90108 ON ‘uo ynd susel0s puv yuo -9AOIAGUIT 9[qQBilepisuod WOSBOS UI 1oyvT “sude.IsS ou pue Aieqymesun pus Aqatp AioA wosves jo 4sIty ‘gdoq [OM aq 04 episyno Woy porveddy ieee **"AIB{IUeS puB UE “tess smger0s ON ‘UBIIO *peuaeleg sce ATeTUBS PUB UBITO “*MOPUIM UO susaIDg ‘UBaIQ “sude10S ON “pBoyIeA0 sqamMqoy *AQITP LOO] ‘pos, Jeonpoig wo ‘SoSIUIOIG JO UOTYIPUOD bied:t-) @ “ss pesury “poeysnig “**"*1978M plod UT poyse “++ Aguero gzour AIOA I0}VM POO UL poyseM JISTA JO QUIT} YB Poso]d ov¥BIq “77 *"Joq@a JOU UL poyse ‘pesurny =" peysnig “**"""1998M POO UL poyxZZog Ha nosaDagOoODDS DG 1098M poo UL postiy “1098M OY UL UsYyy ‘ploo Ur poyse AA *pozt[iieys 10 N/ spr sasek 1d}VM JOY Ul poyse | tosses ss pesuny ‘poysnag Oe ae Iaj@M JOY UL poyBog sponses I0}VM JOY UL poysemM “'**"paziie}s pus poyse ‘so[}40g jo JUSUIYBOLT, sdaontomoan ds JUSUL}BvOLY ON UebnmoorooongoDoao oe ‘suudg eS AOR PEE Lo tees Ajddns Ay1cy SR ECS ORTHOSES Soo ar hpaGTs| Goaaoocd noon eU oO .O.0 9 sumdg Perr AG ap tiyha ape quoulyeoly ON oooh one mo OO one Ayjddns AYO beanie Git GOnmere eeasanGss a Sutdg pe7Boerqyu —.) Deen ee eee Ajddns £319 it ae ey UINGNY ovT d-w.0.c0 0 On OOOO Ob oO D-Y potey[hiT OD 0s0) CD. Onn 710 Oo O00 Ajddns AY ee meet reopen OO Gio oO Od Oo eb: ela | osBqeag se eres “Suudg “*pLoyepprg “93S WI 09 “OD sunzj0g YOK sors" WOgsTMeT “OD e[y Jesu IOspury qyeasuudyg “oD suyyjog Sumdg puvg 9714 CQ OrG clon md Gmbre oO Mood yqtoyueq oy ‘19qqoM ea pioyamny “oD 1oyeM Surdg vrursi1A G0 Uofe coo 5 a olog ainqny “09 sutyq0g JUQ0UTA em Sine ueing uBA “OD Sulyj0g UuoINg UvA puvpwod “Ig soy BZs “OO Suyog poyuN apisel0,g yynowyey ‘uomviodioD sumdg poomiopu() “MA TLLO G "E101 f{O sauiuins ay, Mai Sjuamysygnisa buyyog 42104 VpIS fo ssojoagdsuy ayy fo sjsoday ay, bumeoys 2790 1 February, 1914. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ORONO, MAINE. CHAS. D. WOODS, Director ANALYSTS. James M. Bartlett Herman H. Hanson Royden L. Hammond Edward E. Sawyer Elmer R. Tobey Harold P. Vannah Offictal Inspections 57 ICE, CREAM. During the summer of 1913 a large number of samples of ice cream were collected in various parts of the State. An attempt was made to cover the larger towns quite thoroughly. More samples than upon previous years have been examined. Practically all of the manufacturers that were found in 1912 making ice cream below the standards were visited and samples taken. Whenever an ice cream was found nearly up to the standard or samples were found to run under in the case of makers that had been found all right in previous years second samples were taken before reporting the results of the first examination to the person whose goods were sampled. In the case the cream was within one and one-half percent of the stand- ard the dealers and makers were warned. All cases in which there was a serious falling off in quality hearings were appointed, and the cases fully investigated. These resulted in a number of prosecutions. Notr. All correspondence relative to the inspection laws should be addressed to the Commissioner of Agriculture, Augusta Maine. 14 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI4. It is gratifying to report that most of the makers, and par- ticularly the large manufacturers, are putting out a good grade of ice cream. It is doubtful if in any other State the ice cream situation is, on the whole, as satisfactory as it is in Maine. STANDARDS. In considering this report it should be kept in mind that the standard for ice cream is as follows: “Tce cream is a frozen product made from cream and sugar, with or without a natural flavoring, and contains not less than fourteen (14) per cent of milk fat. A limited amount of gelatine, starch, eggs, or other healthful food constituents may be added ito ice cream without statement of fact, and such goods may be called ice cream provided the required per cent of milk fat is maintained. If imitation flavoring materials are used, the label must state that fact, as in the case of imitation extracts.” “Fruit ice cream is a frozen product made from cream, sugar, and sound, clean, mature fruits, and contains not less than twelve (12) per cent of milk fat.” “Nut ice cream is a frozen product made from cream, sugar, and sound, nonrancid nuts, and contains not less than twelve (12) per cent of milk fat.” “Imitation ice cream. Frozen products which contain less milk fat than the standards require, cannot be lawfully sold as ice cream and the word cream cannot be lawfully used upon the labels or in any way in connection with such goods, unless it is qualified by some such words as ‘imitation’ or ‘substitute.’ Thus a frozen product similar to ice cream or fruit or nut ice cream, except that it carries less milk fat than the standards may be lawfully labeled ‘Imitation ice cream,’ or ‘Ice cream substitute.’ If an imitation ice cream contains imitation flavoring matter, this fact must be plainly stated on the label.” “At soda fountains, ice cream rooms, etc., if it is desired to sell frozen products that do not conform to the standards for ice cream, conspicu- ous signs showing exactly what is being served must be displayed and orders for ice cream can not be lawfully filled by serving substitutes without explaining what they are.” “The regulation relative to ice cream and ice cream substitutes applies equally to hotels and restaurants. All statements upon bills of fare, etc., must be in accord with the above.” As in previous years it was found that in some cases low grade ice cream was caused by using low grade cream in its manufacture. People who make ice cream for sale should be careful to obtain a written guaranty from the person from whom they buy their cream certifying that such will be according to a certain strength, for in this way only can the manufacturer be sure of getting a uniform material. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 57 15 Table showing the results of the examination of samples of tce cream collected in the season of 1913, arranged alphabetically by towns. Per Cent Mitx Far. Sta. | No Town AND DEALER. Cream sold as Standard. Found. Per cent. Per cent. Hiss Auburns woo Minolla >. 5. 2.4 gis qeoe . Vanilla... 2.| i4 16.93 11465|Bangor. G.N. Brountas............ Wanillate ee 14 14.36 11519/Bangor. I. B Dean................ Vanilla...... | 14 13.22 11577/Bangor. East Side Pharmacy........ Vanilla. 14 19.04 11522|Bangor. Nicholas Ferris............|Vanilla...... 14 11.23 iii52 6 bancory Hisieldi@iConeaa.. = 2 22 Wanillames. = 14 tee | 11468|Bangor. Fowler DrugCo............ Vanilla...... 14 12.85 11575|Bangor. Fowler DrugCo............ \Vanilla...... 14 15.68 11576/Bangor. F.E.Gould............... Vanilla...... 14 | 17.86 114G63|Bancoreg loeHertamm) saa ae Vanilla... .. 14 lis 10205 11524|Bangor. Solomon Leavitt........... Wanillace ooo. 14 | 12.26 11466|Bangor. G. E. Lufkin..............|Vanilla......| 14 12.93 i676 Bancor. (Go bs Wutkiny .- «oss: --5- 4|\Vanillas so) | 14 | 17-35 | 14523|Bangor. Paul G. Martini:........... iWanillaaeeee 14 16.41 1525 |(Bancors ve Ke Priesb.-4) 14s e ae Vanilla...... | 41 13.63 1 ISS | Bangor “Ss ohiTO: 5.2. eect = = Vanilla. . | 14 15.10 57 anzorsy poe birOs. - 5 mee eee ere Vanilla......| 14 Att 11467|Bangor. John Skoufis.............. Vanilla... - 2. 14 19.79 11464|Bangor. Caldwell Sweet............. Vanilla...... 14 20.55 11528|Bangor. Waiting Room............. Vanilla...... 14 14.79 11461|Bangor. Harry A. Witham..........| Vaniliase a. 14 | 8.86 11545|Bangor. Harry A. Witham.......... Vanilla...... 14 | 13.68 | 11604|Bangor. Harry A. Witham.......... Vanilla...... 14 14.30 11462|Bangor. Fred D. Wyman........... lVanilla....../ 14 11.66 11530|/Bangor. Fred D. Wyman........... WMariliasseeee 14 } 16.76 } 11552|Biddeford. G. & A. Boucher........ -|Vaniila sae 14 14.33 11549|Biddeford. Peter Frediani........... Vanilla... 14 | 16.32 11500|Biddeford. F.O.Goldthwaite....... Vanilla... 14 15.27 11550|Biddeford. H.L.Merrill............ Vanilla. .2 2-2 14 15.70 11277|Biddeford. John Payheur........... ‘Chocolate. eo 12 3.42 11354|Biddeford. John Payheur........... ‘Chocolate \Sherbert 12 10.14 | 11551|/Biddeford. Geo. X. Vassill......... . Vanilla Heep ais 14 16.27 11521|Brewer. Baptist Society | (Sold at Fair Grounds)............|Vanilla...... 14 1183. 7/83 } 16 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QT4. Table showing the results of the examination of samples of ice cream collected in the season of 1913, arranged alphabetically by towns. eee Per Cent Mitx Fart. No. Town anD DEALER. Cream sold as Standard. Found. Per cent. Per cent. 11578|Brewer. Boynton’s Pharmacy....... Vanilla...... 14 18.49 11579|Brewer. G.G. Hodgkins............ Vanilia...... 14 17/5 12 11498|Buxton. A. QO. Bourgeois............ Vanilla...... 14 5.90 11586|Buxton. A. O. Bourgeois............ Vanilla teen 14 5.86 11554|Cape Elizabeth. Anderson Bros...... renee. Spee 14 12.53 11520)Kast Holden. O.T.Gordon......... ‘Vanilla sane 14 15.03 11516|Fairfield. C.E. Holt................ Vanilla eae 14 13.32 11517|Fairfield. C. W.McClintock......... Vanilla...... 14 14.41 11341|/Falmouth Foreside. C.G. Pierce..... Vanilla...... 14 11.02 > 11342)Falmouth Foreside. Mrs. H. J. Poland|Vanilla...... 14 15.94 11273|Freeport. H.R. Alden.............. Vanilla...... 14 14.40 11272/Freeport. Fogg Drug Store......... - Vanilla Beers 14 19.30 TOR elie cml | a "86 11603\Gorham. E. F. Caswell.............|/Vanilla...... 14 13.61 11392|\Gorham. C.G. Pierce........... _.+-|Chocolate.... 12 10.58 11541|Lewiston. Mike Cyr........:°7......|Vanilla...... 14 17.71 ee lewatee 2 Ge ee 1401 11444|North Windham. W. O. Gates.......|Vanilla...... 14 9.52 11441|North Yarmouth. IL. A. Hamilton.... Ree A ec festa 112) 2.32 11508|Oakland. DepotCafe............... Vanilla...... ear 14.18 11515|Oakland. Foster’s Drug Store....... Vanilla...... rigs 15.73 11509|\Oakland. J. E.Morrisette...... pi ia Vanilla... ... 4 16.23 11336/Old Orchard. E. F. AlkazinCo...... Vanilla...... 14 14.29 11335|Old Orchard, G. W. Armstrong Din- ing Room & NewsCo.............. Vanilla...... 14 14.02 11332/Old Orchard. I. Kroch.............. Chocolate... .. 12 Ai 11331/Old Orchard. Sears & Hinchyfie..... Vanilla: .-p 14 13.84 11333/Old Orchard. Seaside Drug Co. b6 ol uc Vanilla....... 14. ) VAS fh: 11334/Old Orchard. Wentworth Spa.......|Vanilla...... 14 16.30 OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 57 17 Table showing the results of the examination of samples of ice cream collected in the season of 1913, arranged alphabetically by towns. Per Cent MILK Fart. Sta. No. Town AND DEALER. Cream sold as | Standard. | Found. noe a ee = Per cent. | Found. 11480/\Old. Town. F. X. Boutin........... |Vanilla......| 14 ueiten 29 11484\Old Town. H.M. Burnham......... \Vanilla...... 14 eemeti7a50 | | 11452\Old Town. H.I. Goldsmith......... Vanilla...... 14 | 528236 11482/Old Town. H.I.Goldsmith..........!Vanilla...... | 14 1S 87s 11451|Old Town. Jordan Bros...........-. lVanilla...... | Ideeee | atON 5S i483) Old own = Jordan Brose a | she see. (Wanillay i i. 14 | 11.85 11459/Old Town. L.E. Leavitt............ Walnut.....|. 12 | 15.35 11485|Old Town. Morin Bros.............. Vanilla...... | Taibo IReertav 04 11450|\Old Town. W.C.Mutty............ Chocolate... .| 12 arts 332 1486\Old Town. W.@. Miutty...22...2... Vanilla......| 14 UGyeye! 11481/Old Town. L.Solomon............. Chocolate... .| 12 | 11.42 14'56|Oronos bE Houlihan... > ses ecoe- 5. Manillaaee eee | 14 9 12 iM476\Orono. P:-Hs Houlihan. 5. ..-22s-5-- Vanilla.-.... 14 11.66 d453\Orono. Allie A. King.....2.....2... ‘Vanilla......| aes Obi 14 11477\Orono. George A. King............. Chocolate.... 12 12.47 11478Orono. George A. King............. \Vanilia...... | 14 12.75 11601/Orono. George A. King............. iManillaeere 14 17.49 11455\Orono. Chas. F. Nichols............ Vanilla... ... 14 O37) MAT} Orono. ©hasy Be Nichols: 4.2] 72s 4. Wales ene 14 | 8.79 11600)Orono. Chas. F. Nichols............ Werner 14 Wo atch Re} 11566|Peak’s Island. E.A.Graham........ Vanilla...... 14 14.48 11057|Portland. John F. Bennett.......... Vanilla...... 14 14.14 11285 Portland. \Wiien, laniiivinG oe bsoccobese Vanilla...... 14 14.01 11556 Portland. Center Drug Store........|Wanilla...... 14 14.27 11555 Portland. Chapman & Wyman...... lVanilla. . eee mid 16.71 11261/Portland. Thomas Cristo............ Weil. sce. P 14 3.99 11278 Portland. ‘homas!Cristovaereee eens Wail a arse 14%, 14.80 11559 Portland. A.Fagone.......... cas Vanilla... .. 14 13.91 11529|Portland. B.Feldman.............. Vanilla:. 2... 14 14.85 11557 Portland. F.E. Fickett............. Vanilla...... | 14 14.03 11560\Portland. W.A. Flaherty..... mi a Wanillateass oe 14 13.53 “Lae Posionh Wie nlanagans se eae WManiilans-2 s 14 14.64 18 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ14. Table showing the results of the examination of samples of ice cream collected in the season of 1913, arranged alphabetically by towns. = a i . Per Cent MILK Far. Sta. | No. | Town AND DEALER. Cream sold as) | | Standard. | Found. } | | Per cent. Per cent. 11431|Portland. Jacob Gitlin..............|Wamnilla......| 14 | 9.65 11571|/Portland. Jacob Gitlin.............. Vanilla...... 14 14.86 11469 Portland. Samuel Gitlin............ Wamnillanaere 14 12a 11572)Portland. Samuel Gitlin............|/Vanilla...... 14 15.46 | 11680)Portland. John H. IHiame lta ene Want aera es 14 14.80 11054 Portland. Heseltine & Tuttle........ Vanilla...... 14 19.00 11437\Portland. B.Huberman............ Vanilla..... 14 | 8.80 11264|Portland. K.Johnson.............° Vanilla...... 14 11.97 11570|\Portland. %K: Johnson). 7--2::22.--... Wanilianerr. 14 i165, 75) 11313/Portland. C. A.Miller......::...... Vanilla...... | 14 14.65 11050\Portland. (©... Pooler... 0 32-354 -- Wanillaseerne 14 14.02. 11312 Portland. Ringling Bros. Circus....../Vanilla...... 14 ise U7 11314) Portland. Ringling Bros. Cirecus......|Vanilla......| 14 14.25 11056 Portland. JohniGa saw y.eren ase |Venil aeee | 14 14.12 11533 Portland. John G2 Sawyer 5500 lo. Vanilla 14 13.53 11055|Portland. Geo. F. Soule.............;Vanilla......| 14 13.13 11534|Portland. Geo. F. Soule.............|Vanilla......| 14 10.40 11569|Portland. Geo. F.Soule............. Vanilla...... 14 15.45 11681/Portland. Geo. F. Soule............. WVaniilass: 2: | 14 14.61 11052| Portland. Smith’ & /Broets scene Vanilla.....-] 14 13.26 11051|Portland. Arthur G. Spear..........|Chocolate....| 12 13.85 11471/Portland. G. L. Stetson........... fe |\Vanillaseeee 14 11.81 11532|Portland. G. L. Stetson............. Vanilla...... | 14 16.55 11470\Portland. H.L. Stimson............ Vanilla......| 14 15.38 11262/Portland. Chas. Thomas........:... Vanilla......| 14 13.72 11053|(Portlands J. J) Dhuss-. so) ae aan Strawberrv. . 12 13.80 11558!Portland. Joe Vacchano............ Wanillaseneee 14 13.37 | | 11265|/Portland. John Zakarian............ Menillaseeee 14 7.50 11286|Portland. John Zakarian............ Vanilla...... 14 12.62 11232)/Rockland. Mrs. E. W. Thurlow...... Vanilla...... 14 10.97 11233!Rockland. Mrs. E. W. Thurlow...... Wanillannereee | 14 8.63 OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 57 19 Table showing the results of the examination of samples of ice cream collected in the season of 1913, arrtnged alphabetically by towns. i} Per Cent Mirx Fart. Sta. | | No. Town AND DEAKER. Cream sold as : Standard. | Found. | u U ss Percent. | Per cent. 11432|/South Portland. W.W. Rich........ WManiliaseee 14 7.44 11553|South Portland. W.W. Rich........ Vanilla... :.- 14 | 11.86 11281/South Windham. A.L. Hoyt........ Vanilla...... 14 | 9.46 11390|South Windham. A. L. Hoyt........|Vanilla...... 14 14.03 | | 11562|Waterville. Bowman & Knight..... _|Vanilla Lhe ihaliae 14 3.92 11512/Waterville. Lewis Facos............ ‘Vanilla ste te 14 14.10 11514) Waterville. Hager’s Candy Store..... lVanilla 3 OSE 14 | 15.16 11510)/Waterville. Wm.C. Hawker &Co....|Vanilla...... 14 ere 11563|Watervilie. M. W.Hayden.......... \Vanilla...... 14 15.84 11565| Waterville. R.H.Jackson.......... \Vanilla...... | 15 Ban 11564|Waterville. Chas. Micque.......... Vanilla. . Bae 14 9.31 11511|Waterville. J.D. Parent............ (Vanilla. == -- 14 16.12 11513) Waterville. Waterville Drug Store....|Vanilla...... 14 14.63 11049 Westbrook. F.D. Anderson......... Chocolate... . 12 14.94 11047|Westbrook. Raymond & Marr....... Wenner sect | 14 | ist gor 11048 Westbrook. Rexall Drug Store....... Vanilla......| 14 115)52 _ 11046’ Westbrook. West End Drug Co......|Chocolate.... 12 | 12.88 11355] Yarmouthville. Coombs Bros........ Weiler sos os | 14 | 14.06 CRBAM USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ICE CREAM. During the investigation of ice cream the present season the cream used in its manufacture has also been investigated as far as possible. This is particularly true of those cases where the ice cream was found to be below standard. Where possible in such cases the cream itself was sampled and in some cases it was ascertained that the trouble of the manufacturer of ice cream was apparently due to the fact that the cream used was not as rich as it was supposed to be. A special law places the standard for cream at 18 per cent milk fat. As has been repeatedly stated to the trade, a cream of this strength used in 20 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI4. connection with the proper amount of sugar, flavoring, and a slight amount of filler, will make an ice cream which carries between 14 and 15 percent of milk fat. No attempts at prosecution have been made relative to the samples of cream reported in the following table, although it will be noted that a few are below the standard for cream. In the table the figures given represent the cream which the dealer was supposed to be buying and also the actual strength of the cream determined by analysis. Tabe showing analyses of samples of cream collected from producers because manufacturers of ice cream attributed the shortage in milk fat to the cream used. The sample was taken at the time the delivery was made by the dary. Per Cent Minx Fart. Sta. Town ANnpD Datry. é No | Claimed. | Found. z Re tine oe | Per cent: i Per cent. TEV pao, Ibi Io IBMOW AN, o ac ssbeboaososccceunoeoe | - LA 11295|Portland. Maine Dairy @o..-..--...-2-43:.--.-- 18.0 | 17.0 11296 Portland. Maines) ainy, © Onan e eae 20.0 | i1fS},.92 | | 111305)Portland., Maine airy Cori. arte 18.0. | 18.3 11284 Portland. iPinewireesCreame nye eee eee Light 18.2 11287|Portland. Pines ireei@reamenyiqetee ene ee 18.0 | 18.1 11568|Portland. Pine Tree Creamery ee oe 18.0 | 18.0 11070 Portland. Portlandi@reamenye eerie aoe eae | 18.0 18.0 11291 | Portland.) (Portland Creamenye eee ere Light | 17.4 11292| Portland. Portlandi@reamenyee re eee eee Light 17.4 11302 Portland. Portlandi@reameryeeeee eee ere Light | 17.8 11567|Portland. Portland @reamery.....-..-)-...2--.. 18 0 | 17.9 11304|Portland. Portland Creamery................... 20.0 21.0 11202) Portland. West EnduD aitys Coys era ieee - | 17 11203|Portland. West End Dairy Co.* Ser) eee He eee ts a 17.0 | 17.6 11290/Portland. West End Dairy ©o.*................. | 1840s eee 11329| Portland. Wiest made D arya Cosas cee eee eee i350) | 18.5 *Samples taken on request of the West End Dairy Company from cream as received from Mohawk Dairy Co., Colebrook, New Hampshire. March, 1914. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ORONO, MAINE. CHAS. D. WOODS, Director ANALYSTS. _ James M. Bartlett Herman H. Hanson Royden L. Hammond Edward E. Sawyer Elmer R. Tobey Harold P. Vannah Official Snspections 58 BUTTER. During the year 1913 a good many lots of package butter were weighed in different parts of the State. Where the short- age in weight was marked in amount, samples were purchased and in most instances analyzed. The results are reported in the tables that follow. But little comment is necessary. The figures in the tables are self explanatory. No butter was considered short weight unless the shortage was greater than one-fourth of an ounce. In all instances where samples were obtained and cases com- menced analysis was made to find the water and fat content. No prosecutions were begun if the goods contained approxi- mately the weight of milk fat that a pound of butter should carry. It is such an easy matter to ascertain whether or not butter is full weight that there does not seem to be much excuse for the manufacturer or dealer selling or the purchaser buying short weight packages. Norse. Ail correspondence relative to the inspection laws should be addressed to the Commissioner of Agriculture, Augusta Maine. 22 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI4. Table giving report of creamery butter weighed by the inspec- tors at dealers. The samples are arranged alphabetically by the name of makers. eee aa are ie oe ) E62 S| ae He | © MAKER, AND BRAND, IF ANY. Where Found. 82 | iF 3 | gm | 35 a] Ze | $4 | 5 : < | Armour & Co., Chicago, Ill. ‘‘ Butter- : nut Creamerys Butter: a. sss ae es D. H. Johnson, Springvale....... | 4 |None. Armour & Co., Chicago, Ill. ‘‘Butter- nut Creamery Butter’’............ F. W. Stevens, No. Berwick..... 3 |None. Armour & Co., Chicago, Il. . ‘‘ Butter- | nut Creamery Butter’’........../. CslcBaston en See een ee f 3 |None. Armour & Co., Chicago, Ill. ‘‘ Highest Grade Cloverbloom Creamery IBUtbe Te sey nee near ees Buck & Clark, Greenville........ | 7 di Armour & Co., Chicago, Ile 22. 2. oe Armour & Co., Bangor.......... 20 |None. Armour & Co., Chicago, Ill........... Armour & Co., Bangor.......... 22 |None. Brighton Creamery, Island Pond, Vt. .|Clark & Griffin, Long Island..... 6 3 Brown ws Bane OCAer i eiierae eer Danforth, Marsh Co., Brewer... | 6 6 Carrabasset Creamery, East New Port- land. ‘‘Carrabasset Creamery Bitters ane eee es ede ses etree ene We MEtHocanmiB aches eee | 8 |None. Carrabasset Creamery, East New Port- - land. ‘‘Carrabasset Creamery IBUbter? oes or ie eon Sikes OO. . RullmannsBathsa-e eee 8 |None Chapin & Adams, Boston............ Parker & Wescott, Castine....... | 9 |None Fowle, Hibbard Co., Boston.......... Ben D. Field, Belfast........... | 7 |None. Fowle, Hibbard Co., Boston.......... H. L. Whitten Co., Belfast....... | 8 |None. Fox River Butter Co., Boston. ‘‘ Beech- wood Creamery Butter’’........... Pelletier Bros., Springvale....... | 5 |None. Fox River Butter Co., Boston........ Rowe & Bartlett, Springvale... .. 4 |None. Pine Tree Creamery, Portland........ Pattersonw Ss lOSse een neers | 10 4 Sparkling Spring Creamery, Norridge- W.OC Keys es Pinte peat eeay te eee sae teh IWeReMelrosels baths anes 10 |None. dolnun 1225 Syentins A COn oacasnedessdees John P. Squire & Co., Bangor... | 15 15 Aolrvay 124 Syaprerey We OO es oc bo be eS Obes John P. Squire & Co., Bangor.... 25 22 John P. Squire & Co., ‘‘ Arlington Creamery, Butter. 4p + meson ae Buck & Clark, Greenville........ 5 4 Sulzberger & Sons Co. of America....|)Pickard’s Market, Bangor....... 30 10 Swift & Co. ‘‘ Brookfield Extra Cream- ErvNButten cert ota aM nc) ieee |Pelletier Bros., Springvale....... 2 2 * No brick considered short weight unless shortage was more than one-quarter ounce. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 58. 23 Table giving report of creamery butter weighed by the inspec- tors at dealers.—Concluded. | gq | 3 | s cn | - 5a | 2 a) | Hed oo Maker, AND BRAND, IF ANY. | Where Found. S2 Fe z | Ee, ak | oO | Ze | oo = | Swift &Co. ‘‘ Brookfield Extra Cream-! GIA? 1BNUINESYO! tae Coane eenb a lioenesteor Teac \Ideal Cash Market, Sanford...... 6 | 5 Swift & Co. *‘ Brookfield Extra Cream-| CLYAES UULe hate e hats tic eect ad whe ees Swift & Co., Bangor............ 20 |None. Swift & Co. ‘‘ Brookfield Extra Cream-| al CEVA BUbLe hie eye Ar tin aire a eee |Edward L. Lehar, Kennebunk... Pl) 1 Turner Center Creamery, Auburn.....|Neil Gregory, Fairfield.......... 8 None. Vermont Creamery. “Vermont| | Creamenyebuttenie ro. Goes eee Elhott Trading Co., So. Elliot.... 2 None. Yorkshire Creamery Co. ’’Yorkshire Brand Creamery Butter’’.......... H. P. Webber, Springvale....... 5 |None. | Yorkshire Creamery Co. ‘‘ Yorkshire. | Brand Creamery Butter’’.......... ‘Curtis & Roberts, Kennebunk... .| 6 None. 3.3 Sf 6 asso REE DDE Ste CERRO RR TCE HSiBaSpinney, asec enaeasel + 2 Table giving report of process butter weighed by the inspectors at dealers. The samples are arranged alphabetically by the names of the makers. oe n ees i | ots aad iad | Bee | o NAME OF MAKER AND BRAND. | Where Found. ae oe | en 5% En | ze | 2s John P. Squire. ‘‘Ferndale Process PES UE LE Tisai ecard nee eee Ne aati eben Sanford’s Market, Oakland...... 9 |None. John P. Squire. ‘‘Ferndale Process : : UG FET es ots Soe oe ee Shenson & Jolvitz, Winslow...... 3 |None. John P. Squire. ‘‘ Renovated Butter’’)Wm. Seltzer, Fairfield........... 6 |None. Swift & Co. -‘‘Cold Rock Process FEUILLE Tecate Cee ON a EAD aia nica Jules Gamache, Waterville...... || 7 |None. Swift & Co. ‘‘Cold Rock Process ' UGC e Teaco eee icscc: Cee rater Sein Men UN H. P. Webber, Springvale.......) 6 |None. * No brick considered short weight unless shortage was more than one-quarter ounce. 2 24 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI4. Table giving report of country or dairy butter, source known, weighed by the mspectors at dealers. The samples are ar- ranged alphabetically by the name of the town of the makers. Town AND NAME OF MAKER. | Where Found. Number bricks *Number bricks short weight Acton a) oO bn GiraniGaeeee een aye INGO ally Morel, 4 ors o SO hee 6 dl aaoeee eee Alipvon-ehirequ@|ankopeene eee eee Albion; Bred! Tittlefields- 35 5.53 Albion, Augustus Rideout......... IN bionss J) Wiest Olen ae nameante All bron taWie cInSels ree aia: Al fred] Acs Meo Bb urban koa rws pee Alfred, Albion Chadbourn.......... Alfred, Mrs. Geo. Chadbourn......... Allfredias: BaCookaeeeere i maa: INbageols Se IDB MiaeIay. 555 hen hdn esac PA fre d=sAl ding Gl este iaeeeene eee eae Alfred, Mrs. Lillian Giles.......... Alired).Geo. Hobbs ee ae Alfred, Mrs. Geo. Libby........... Alfred siliraniclViorr | ser ee ee AlfredsHene = Mierrilligewe: seer neer Alfred WMarshalluPikeseyn 5 es Alfred, Edward Roberts........... Alfred, James Rowe............... Alfred, Owen BH. Thyng:........... Alfred eearltashym riers se eee WNbarel, Vive Us Wg pe 6 se see aacas IN bel, \yVaang Ma AM Mp oo 5 eee ube Augusta, James Abbott............. BariMalls Oliver Barls emer 2. a2: Benton, Davis & Boston........... Benton, Lemont McKenney......... W.C. Remick, Springvale. ...... ‘Rowe & Bartlett, Springvale..... [David Kano eshaintield sie er w. W. Nye & Co., Fairfield...... David King, Fairfield........... { ..|Frank E. Hammond, Fairfield... . | ‘Frank E. Hammond, Fairfield... . Akers & Fernald, Alfred......... | .|H. A. Langley, Waterboro....... ‘Pluminer & Nutting, Alfred...... _. A. H. Chadbourn, Ross Corner... ..|Plummer & Nutting, Alfred......! | |H. A. Langley, Waterboro....... Guy R. Thyng, Ross Corner...... iPlemimer & Nutting, Alfred...... (Plummer & Nutting, Alfred...... Ae C. Warren, Waterboro........ [Akers & Fernald, Alfred......... Guy R. Thyng, Ross Corner...... w. P. Wakefield, E. Waterboro... | ‘Plummer & Nutting, Alfred...... A. H. Chadbourn, Ross Corner... Guy R. Thyng, Ross Corner...... Shepard & Cummings, Oakland.. . |P. S. Tarbox, Hollis Center...... |E. G2 Clarks Hairfieldtas.455 52 | | RES He Clarks amtiel dupes ieee or rR ON On AN PFwWwWnonwn WwW fe ep Sf fer (Se RS Se OY * No brick sonsidered short weight unless shortage was more than one-quarter ounce. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 58. 25 Table giving report of country or dairy butter, source known, weighed by the inspectors at dealers.—Continue d. | ise Town anp Name or MAKER. Where Found. a3 = E Ba | 2s Ae als Benton wweonwlonkys) so5 4. lan ae David Kono eHainficl dessa 6 |None Benton, awd. Roundy... 54.5.2... .|David King; Hairfieldi.. 9.22)... 4 4 Benton Virssehude ses see isso. Ira A. Witham, Clinton......... 6 6 Benton pl idaishoreyanen ne eelisies te leans Whitten, Shawmut....... 4 |None Benton Falls, Geo. Crosby........... BE. GaGlarks Hairheldssnassn0.. 9 |None Benton Falls, Lucie Reed............ ASHeaClark,y Haintieldesreqc see, 6 |None Benton Falls, Geo. Withee........... w. We Nye, Hairfields;9.4-5000. 6 |None Benton Station, J.S. Warren....... . Pillsbury-Jakins Co., Benton Sta. 5 4 Bonny Hagle, H. S. Usher........... |E. R. Whitehouse, W. Buxton... 2 2 Bowdoin, Chester Marshall........... E. M. Alexander, Brunswick..... 6 |None. Buxtontelirani= Elarmone. <4 aes 4 as G. M. Sawyer, Bar Mills........ | 6 3 BExconeelranika lead ttm seen oe G. M. Sawyer, Bar Mills.........| 4 1 Buxton, Henry Littlefield............ G.M. Sawyer, Bar Mills......... 7 1 Buxionye@hassNicholstee. v2 ce iG. M. Sawyer, Bar Mills......... | 5 |None. Buxton, F. S. Bradeene............. IR. A. Bradbury, Buxton Center. . 6 4 Buxton Center, M. A. Pease.......... R. A. Bradbury, Buxton Center.. | 5 |None. China, Mrs. Brickett Brann.......... lA. K. Mason, Winslow.......... | 6 5 CGhinasbidwardslewisiaeea anaes eee = |\Jules Gamache, Waterville....... | 10 10 (Clava, (GL 10S INChiesaroeino sb oo cgoed aoe |Hanna Cook, Waterville......... | 3 3 GlintonspAr;t hur AG aims)eeeeteees |W.M. Keene, Clinton........... 7 7 Clinton VirsseAe Cs Brower ae LL. Deckert) Clintons 8 8 @lintons Wim |Goodritch4 25. 254" IW. M. Kenne, Clinton........... | 6 |None CGlmitoney Vise lary oa eee eee 'ly. Decker; Jr., Clinton. ........ i 3 |None Clinton, H. Leonard: ...4...)........|Holt & Wilts, Clinton... ..... 25. .| 4 4 Chimie, Gig 18h Io. sb pobene os ae oe L. Decker, Jr.,Clinton.......... 4 |None @lintonswee Bs Mallerheysee ieee Hayes’ Market, Fairfield....... 7 |None Clinton, Mrs. Alden Robinson........ Davis & Boston, Benton......... | 8 5 Clintons @arliStinsonenemses sede ee W.M. Kenne, Clinton........... 6 |None. Coopers Mills, Achorny Broshee ee ees 4| Made blahertyslorblands 44.54 - 4 |None. HE. Lebanon, Geo. W. Roberts........ Libby & Monroe, Sanford........ 5 | 5 E. Parsonsfield, 8S. S. Boothby........ Ernest Libby, Limerick......... 5 |None. * No brick considered short weight unless shortage was more than one-quarter ounce. 20 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQT4. Table giving report of country or dairy butter, source known, weighed by the mspectors at dealers —Continued. | n 5 | es Town anp Name or Maker. | Where Found. ge Be | Be | 35 | Ze Sir! E. Parsonfield, David Logee.........|S. G. Pease, N. Parsonsfield...... | 5 |None. Wairfield, A. B. Goodwin... 72)... 0... Hayes’ Market, Fairfield....... .| 6 |None. aintiel dbp lien Gurainb eens ee een are Frank E. Hammond, Fairfield... | 5} 1 Haintieldseheeia Grant qa ree \David King, Fairfield...........) 6 5 airfield Colley Joy... os00 2a. ee) Eos Clark) Baintield’ aa ee | 6 jNone. Fairfield Center, Thomas O’Neal.....)A. S. Burke, Shawmut.......... | 10 10 HanckleyaplreDeckerses =: serr a ae ING Os UkGhness NEMA coo oo oe lsc oc | 1 9 oldensawerMCoreyane eee Danforth, Marsh Co., Brewer... . | 4 |None. Eollist@enter wh wee @ anlar aeaeeiepea J. D. Littlefield, Clarks Mills... . | 3 3 Hollis Center, Geo. Harmon.......... P. S. Tarbox, Hollis Center...... | 6 } 2 Kezar Falls, Wilson Leavitt..........)S. G. Pease, N. Parsonsfield......) 5 |None. Kezar Falls, G. J. Swett............./S. G. Pease, N. Parsonsfield.. . . | 3 |None Knox. Hreemanti©nrossia-eese eerie eae lntcomb IBTOstEbeliaste earn 8 |None Lebanon, Frank Blanchard..........;Carroll’s Restaurant, Springvale. . 2 2 Limerick, Mrs. Geo. Garland........./W.C. Remick, Springvale....... | iy of 1 Limerick, A. W. Lawrence........... |\J. H. Moulton, Newfield......... 3 1 IDnraeraVOle As Mio Juels 5 So Goes ave |Rowe & Bartlett, Springvale..... 7 7 mimenriclk WessleveLiercesmc setae ee Ernest Libby, Limerick........ ‘|| 4 4 Maplewood, B. S.Moulton........... J. H. Moulton, Newfield......... | 4 |None. Newfield, Miss Sadie L. Davis........ jJ. H. Moulton, Newfield......... 4 3 Newfield, Edward Dunnells..........)C. E. Libby & Sons, Newfield... .| 5 |None. Newfield, H.S. Prescott......:..-... C. E. Libby & Sons, Newficld..... 4 [None. No. Shapleigh, Mrs. Chester Cerry....|A. H. Chadbourne, Ross Cor..... | 5 5 INo} Shapleichn@hi@a Berryet eee cent E. S. Thyng, No. Shapleigh...... | 5 5 No. Vassalboro, G. F. Gowen........ .|Pillsbury-Jakins Co., Benton Sta.| 10 10 No. Vassalboro, A. J. Kitredgée....... We Allen, Wamnslows eh eee oe 6 6 No. Vassalboro, Arnold Little........ W. A. Lord, No. Vassalboro...... | 7 |None. No. Vassalboro, Frank Skillings......'G. H. Cates, East Vassalboro... . jl 6 |None. No. Vassalboro, John Wallace,....... \Mariner & Knight, No. Vassalboro 9 9 No. Vassalboro, Fred Witham........ |W. W. Nye, Fairfield............ | 6 |None. No. Waterboro, Joseph Chadbourn.. . JA. C. Warren, Waterboro........| 2 1 * No brick considered short weight unless shortage was more than one-quarter ounce. OFFICIAL, INSPECTIONS 58. 27 Table giving report of country or dary butter, source known, weighed by the inspectors at dealers —Continued. Town AnD NAME OF MAKER. | | _ Where Found. Number bricks *Number bricks | short weight . Waterboro, Herbert Cook........ . Waterboro, Mark Hill . Waterboro, Mark Hill . Waterboro, Chas. Pitts.......... . Waterboro, John Synelair........ . Waterboro, Cyrus Thyng No. Waterboro, Mrs. Annie Welsh... Oakland, Herbert Axtell............. Oakland, Anson Bickford Oakland, Chester Bridges Oakland, Glen Decker............... Oakland, E. M. Ellis Oakland @hass Hrosts) 435-225 -5.4 55 Oakland, Arthur Gleason Oakland, John §. Gleason............ Oakland, John Heatherington Oakland, John Nichols Oakland, Geo. Oliver. Oakland, Frank Page. @OallandaMirssJpeluaserlestemericre er Oakland, John J. Sawtelle Oakland, Geo. Shaw Oakland, C. R. Sturdevant........... @aklandaGeoy Work. eee RalermowhRe = Nelsonemm rica ieee SiAlibans shreds BeLhyeeramrin suis Shapleigh, Chas. W. Uoffin........... Shapleigh, Geo. T. Crediford......... Shapleigh, W. P. Ferguson........... Shapleigh, Frank Goodwin........... Shapleigh, Fred Goodwin . H. Chadbourn, Ross Corner... . H. Chadbourn, Ross Corner... . H. Chadbourn, Ross Corner... . A. Langley, Waterboro . A. Langley, Waterboro....... 'E. S. Carll, So. Waterboro S. Carll, Waterboro Geo. P. Boynton, Oakland iGeo. P. Boynton, Oakland....... Shepard & Cummings, Oakland... A. W. Leonard, Oakland Geo. P. Boynton, Oakland Shepard & Cummings, Oakland... iA. W. Leonard, Oakland........ A. W. Leonard, Oakland 'A. W. Leonard, Oakland Geo. P. Boynton, Oakland....... Meseib ye Oa klar cligeta ieee Geo. P. Boynton, Oakland IWenWin Nive; Hainfieldie mares eta Sheperd & Cummings, Oakland... Sheperd & Cummings, Oakland... A. W. Leonard, Oakland \Sheperd & Cummings, Oakland... A. P. Marcou, Winslow.......... A. H. Clark, Fairfield Rowe & Bartlett, Springvale J. W. Smith, Springvale......... Rowe & Bartlett, Springvale Hee Ritts Springvale. ni inland el H. P. Webber, Springvale....... | | None. None. * No brick considered short weight unless shortage was more than one-quarter ounce. 28 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI4. Table giving report of country or dairy butter, source known, weighed by the inspectors at dealers ——Continued. Town Aanpd NaMeE or MAKER. Where Found. Number bricks weighed. *Number bricks short weight Sha plerehs, Ava wee) Elance ieccen erepee Shaplerch; (Chas sHiam=sariank ae: Shapleigh, Mrs. Fannie Knights... . Shapleigh, John Mease.............. Shawmut, A.M. Denney.......... Sidney, Geos Austins: eres oe: So. Acton, Raymond Goodwin....... SonChinavDS Bs Catestase eee SouC@hinay Chas whiny emma aener rence So. Parsonsfield, Frank T. Benson.... So. Parsonfield, Bennett Moulton... Springvale, D. W. Batchelder........ Springvale, Willis Butler.......... Springvale, Mrs. C. A. Harmon..... Springvale, Hobbs Bros........... Springvale, I. W. Hooper.......... Springvale, F. W. Smith........... Springvale, Frank Wentworth...... Springvale, F. E. Young........... Vassalboro, James Crosby........... Vassalboro, Wm. Wentworth....... Waterboro, Mrs. Eugene Blount... . Waterboro Ctr., Miss Annie Nutter... Waterville, L. S. Bowden..... Saree Waterville, Hiram Cornforth....... Waterville, W. S. Flood........... Waterville, BH. Jaquith: .....>..... Waterville, Mrs. Lizzie Lord....... Waterville An © lit cenM ener anne Waterville, Miss Susan V. Tarbell. : Rowe & Bartlett, Springvale. .... D. H. Johnson, Springvale....... Rowe & Bartlett, Springvale. .... J. W. Smith, Springvale......... Sanford’s Market, Oakland...... G. H. Cates, E. Vassalboro....... J. H. Moulton, Newfield......... H. C. Moulton, W. Newfield...... Rowe & Bartlett, Springvale..... S.-D. Hanson, Springvale........ |J. W. Smith, Springvale......... W.C. Remick, Springvale....... howe & Bartlett, Springvale..... G. H. Cates, nas Vassalboro..... W. A. Lord, No. Vassalboro...... A. H. Chadbourn, Ross Corner... ‘Chas. H. Rhodes, Waterboro Ctr. Davis & Boston, Benton......... Pillsbury-Jakins Co., Benton Sta. Hayes’ Market, Fairfield........ Geo. E. Withee, Benton Falls.... Pillsbury-Jakins Co., Benton Sta. Wm. Seltzer, Fairfield........... | |H. P. Webber, Springvale.......| Rowe & Bartlett, Springvale..... | Rowe & Bartlett, Springvale..... ; Geo. P. Boynton, Oakland....... | Geo. E. Withee, Benton Falls... af M2) en) ten Ct eA DOD) ee) GH 8S. PS GD Ge IN eS Cc SES Be bv None. None. None. None. None. 3 None. None. None. None. * No brick sonsidered short weight unless shortage was more than one-quarter ounce. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 58. 29 Table giving report of country or dairy butter, source known, weighed by the inspectors at dealers—Concluded. | Boal s | | ‘3 mS | alae Town anp Name or MAKER. Where Found. | Be) Se | lee | Se | ze | Fe Waterview Baslabayloress me) ode Sheperd & Cummings, Oakland... 7 \None Waterville, Chas. Thomas............ (Pillsbury-Jakins Co., Benton Sta. 8 None West Buxton, Alonzo Bradeene...... IA. C. Warren, Waterboro........ 3 3 West Buxton, Warren Haley......... Ib, C. Brown, West Buxton..... ‘| 4 None West Buxton, Sam. Hanson.......... G. M. Sawyer, Bar Mills. ........ 7 None West Buxton, John Smith.......:... BE. R. Whitehouse, W. Buxton... || 6 None West Buxton, Linden Smith......... EK. ©. Brown, W. Buxton........ 4 None West Buxton, EK. A. Tarbox.......... P. 8. Tarbox, Hollis Center...... 6 None West Buxton, Geo. H. Tarbox....... P. S. Tarbox, Hollis Center...... 6 None West Buxton, R. Waterhouse........ E. R. Whitehouse, W. Buxton... 6 None. West Buxton, Mrs. Maria Waterhouse E. R. Whitehouse, W. Buxton... 6 5 W. Newfield, B. J. Garland.......... ‘HH. C. Moulton, W. Newfield...... 5 None. W. Newfield, Eugene Gile............ Hannaford Bros., W. Newfield... 4 None. W. Newfield, Chas. Hasty...........|Hannaford Bros., W. Newfield... 5 None. W. Newfield, A. S. Mitchell..........)H. C. Moulton, W. Newfield...... 6 2 W. Newfield, T. B. Mitchell.......... H. P. Webber, Springvale....... 7 6 W. Newfield, Wm. Sheafe............ Hannaford Bros., W. Newfield... 4 None W. Newfield, W. W. Symms......... Hannaford Bros., W. Newfield. . 2 None W. Penobscot, F. H.Clement........ Patterson Bros., Castine......... 5 4 Winslow, W. W. Parker............. BE. W. Allen, Winslow........... 6 None. Winslow, Maurice Prentiss........... Wm. Seltzer, Fairfield........... 12 5 Winslow, Oscar Reynolds............|/A. K. Mason, Winslow.......... 3 None. Winslow, Warren Shurtleff.........../E. W. Allen, Winslow........... 6 6 Winslow, Geo. H. Simpson........... |A. P. Marcou, Winslow.......... 12 Uf * No brick considered short weight unless shortage was more than one-quarter ounce. 30 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1914. Table giving report of country or dairy butter, source known, weighed by the inspectors at dealers. The samples are ar- ranged alphabetically by the name of the town of the makers. —Concluded. = 2 \8 2 + Ses 4 oO Town AND NAME OF DEALER. BE oe ge | 5s Ze | $s Alfred sv Akersé: hernal dy org) iN nn Poy hr ates ny ag an WB en Sea ee 4 |None Nagel, -1Akbhanaarerres INfUHNOMAS ee eGo adaebodWococoesacuaecechucoaces 4 |None. Bath, Wis Melo gan ss: 5805, Gece ictal Masse cae ea eae ieee | 14 5 Belfast) “Dit combUBrosi: acca cols eee eae | 7% 13 BentoneHalls-aGeosse swath ee seuss te ares ee eee | 21 IB TUN S wacko GpASe eT eT CCNGce SO Tl ake rete ie eae ee | 5 |None Brunswick dondreany Brosh © Ona ey ieee tet anne nee 8 |None Shi qropy(Ofaronieres evn YAs JewAcllowinyen saccensSaaceosdeseoucoaceguebacesesa 10 Clint one Tir aA Went Leeann ee | 1 |None. Mair fields Ac oT Clarke aici eee irs) ae an eat a et er | 6 2 Mairfield, INetliGregonvyesb ok Ae ee ee ee ear | 6 4 Mairfields Hayes) Marke tice. hence eee eel eee ee eae 3 2 HalmouthsHoresidese) owculHlodsd onan eee i 12 5 Mollis‘Centers Wid. BrOWieiicsccco ay ies Seen ee eee | 16 |None. Bimericls; (Ge Ws Bennetts sc sep re castes awed eas eS | 4 1 limerick: Wrnest sib by sacs oss 65. co. h nen n cee Re eea| 5 \|None. IN(shy patel ola Onn De Ill olayarcqusloralsye nay San yes noma de dleekoabonooeecsloececc | 8 8 Newfield Jae Mioulitomas cto sie cone arene eee 4 |None. No::Parsonfield® (SiGe Pease) atereciaet coo ee eee eee 15 |None INod Vassalboros Weel Tord ei ii ee aie ar ee ! 6 |None Nios Wassal boro Vlarnimer aca Keniorliteer ieee eee eee 8 |None Oakland: VAyIWieleonard sca ne ieee eee Rn ee er ae eng 12 Oakland Santordsi Marke tances ee nee erie ieee oe eer ae 5 1 Sanford ylibby-z &Vionroecn sane ane eee eee 6 6 Shawmut, As SiiBurkesii fou ie ecccscse So sayeneys cae cree rs ae one ee 4 |None. Springvale, (S; Ds Hansoniy aoc cheat eee a I ee | 11 Wiaterboro;eAN@siWarreny serine eis Ta A nee | 10 5 Waterville) PhilipiBaronmeiecs oe aise psa es nee O ee 7 4 Waterville: Josepht Biziers.soim asec See Ae On a ee 6 3 Wiaterville. Hanna (© ook eis creer ence ae se PN ares a ee at a | 8 1 West: Buxton? CEC Browitireee Ake ee eet ene ee | 5 |None Woon Ibe Nilo AMICI. oo otlonsnoeclsedbanoeneenccasbooooncausz one nel 6 |None Winuslow,.A) P) Mancow ah. =) i.e: eeu aos: See | 9 3 Winslow, Ahiro & Cohen...... Be Res Gis Beet, Cine aoe OOO ee | 23 3 * No bricks considered short weight unless shortage was more than one-quarter ounce. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 58. 31 Table giving the results of the chemical analysis of butter ex- amined in 1913. The samples are arranged alphabetically by the name of the town and dealer. 66 »” | 3 pees | Chemical Analysis. (Butter Fat. ae} \7 = a a g s | dl T D B hed | \. OWN, DEALER, BRAND. | 3 | ; : : 2 | .| 28 1a o| le a eles < gajme | 26) |S) a8) ls) agigs 3 ‘ae og © ky Se Bb Spy 5a\ aq n HS ESS | ey a Lie, | el eae 11410)Bangor, Armour & Co. ‘‘Ar- mour & Uo. Highest Grade | Cloverbloom Creamery | | MB ab be Tv ee yem my diaicl Rew is miners | end ilo eLGrral tans 82.98) 0.90] 2.78/13.86] 13.2 11241|Bangor, S. E. Rudman........ 38) 14.5)14.25/84.59| 1.07| 0.07/12.27] 13.2 11411|Bangor, John P. Squire Co. ‘‘John P. Squire & Co. Ar- | lington Creamery Butter’’...|..... 15.1]13.17/82.77| 0.99] 3.07/12.52] 13.2 11416 Bangor, Sulsberger & Sons Co. | lear Brook Creamery | | IBALCLE DRE nor olecue meer ene seteeake ell ate een | 15.1/16.19/79.68) 1.25) 2.88/12.03] 13.2 11275 Biddeford, John E. Hobbins. | IDEHO Ay UND Oba ooo bob OMS * 13.8)12.24/80.67 1.07) 6.00/11.10) 13.2 11276|Biddeford, John E. Hoping. Dairy butter marked ‘‘C. 11189|/Brunswick, C. A. Lemieux. ID Fn ANH so oe ob abo BOOED 11.85/80.86. 1.72| 5.53/10.92} 13.2 11166|Buxon, H. N. Merrill. Dairy | Dub terineriense oy ycarrecmriem reais al 16 .8/12.88)77.93) 1.48) 7.66/13.09} 13.2 11251|/Buxton, H. N. Merrill. Dairy | ott terrane ese rnin eda e yee woe |e 16.2)12.65 82.61) 0.95) 3.79/13.38] 13.2 11343/Falmouth Foreside, Dow & | Hodsdon, R. F.D.4. Dairy utter aie AL Mian. *) 15.3|12.77|/83.29| 1.12] 2.83/12.74| 13.2 11125/Great Works, W. L. Butterfield. | “Hillside But it Qiey Is Sy Browns 2s Ola ee ee eee 40) 15.1)12.03/83.¢2) 0.83] 3.20/12.67]) 13.2 11357|Greenville, Buck & Clark. ‘‘ Ar- | lington Creamery Butter, john Ps Squire. gee ee | 35] 14.9/12.28/84.17) 2.79] 0.75/12.50| 13.2 11358|Greenville, Buck & Clark. ‘‘ Ar- mour & Co. Highest Grade 85.94) 3.03) 1.06)12.67; 13.2 oo Or ran ox J co Ne) or Cloverbloom Butter’’....... 11126/Milford, M. W. Sawyer. ‘* Hill- side Butter, lL. EF. Brown, | IB ainig OTe ee teeny aan ey or 40| 14.6/12 61/80.96) 1.32] 5.08]11.82) 13.2 11130)/Oldtown, Lunt’s Cash Store. IDEwbAY LOWERS Sooke an aoue ae 35] 14.8]12.93/81 . 73} 11131)/Oldtown, Lunt’s Cash Store. | Dairy butter. . Ec eajaen 35} 14.8)10 30/74.35) | (te) ou * Sold for its actual weight and not by the package. 32 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQT4. Table giving the results of the chemical analysis of butter examined in 1913—Concluded. “*Pound”’ Chemical Analysis. /Butter Fat. 5 Package. 2 g 2 | | s Town, DEALER, BRAND. | lhe |= Sips | | co) FE [ee Nensayiostlia es Ale A) oa | doi 5 gai| 8] 88) |8)-a8] 18) eg] ss E [2b 28) 23) ee elle eleS)| 25 a | ae ies Falmaloa| aal ee] ns f 1 11167|Orono, Pearl Clark Dairy DUtEe as preheat eaten 388| 14.7] 9.75|84.70| 1.14] 4.39]12.45) 13.2 11168|Orono,U.G. Hamilton. Dairy : Dubte messy von, Semen nd 6 35| 14.2] 8.75|87.59| 1.16] 2.49]12.44| 13.2 11186/Orono, C. G. Hamilton. Dairy UthERs aise s us saeeancuenetecer re 36| 15.7/10.97\84.74) 1.10) 3.17]/13.30) 13.2 11187\Orono, C. G. Hamilton. Dairy DUELEL Yee en copa yaasrnisie eee ae 34) 14.8] 8.82)88.42) 0.92) 1.82/13.10) 13.2 11107|Portland, J. H. Charles. Dairy buttermsees as ae eee useuels 0 8 86} 13.2/11.50/72.90) 1.18)14.39] 4.78! 6.6 11108|Portland, J. H.Charles. Dairy utter ss eg wicker 36] 14.7/11.22|76.87| 1.20/10.70)11.30) 13.2 11113|Portland, B. Cohen. “*Sweet butter, Portland Creamery, Portlan Guenter 44| 15.3)14.43/84.16) 1.15]..... 12.88] 13.2 11143/Portland, Cummings Bros. : ‘Bridgt’n Creamery Butter’’ *) 14.7/10.81|85.77| 1.27) 1.93]12.61| 13.2 11072|Portland, Thomas Dyer & Co. ; Dairy butter Boa earoiorinn Geet SOS e 3) |e O48) Silty 2/7l ees | eee 12-43) 13.2 11140|Portland, J. M. Edwards & Son. Dairy butter ATH takes euleta cee Se eee *) 14.4/11.00/82.92|) 1.25) 4.84/11.91) 13.2 11071 |Portland, Greene & Barrett. ‘Waterford Creamery Co. | Pure Creamery Butter’’..... | *) 15.1/11.88)/83.48).....|..... 12.61] 13.2 11114)/Portland, B. 8. Johnson. *‘ Pro- | | duced by H. N. Merrill, ees | | IO 0 eee CEs aR CSN hcCl es. oeter | *! 15.1|15.38)76.34| 1.67) 6.64)11.53) 13.2 11075/|Portland, W. A. Johnson. Daisy! | butter eer excuse ees Z40)), Gy WML Oye es ee Aloe soe 175 '595)) 118}, 74 11118)Portland, W. S. Jordan & Co.) | ‘‘Bridgton Creamery Print Butter, Island Pond, Vt.’’.. 40) 14.6/14.28/83.17| 0.86) 1.67|12.14) 13.2 11078|Portland, W. C. Lamb. Dairy Resa Shots) ee see ert olah co Sieh ro setesi *) 15.5/12.81/79.59| 2.94) 4.67|12.34) 13.2 11112|)Portland, A. D. Lovell. Dairy | | buttery coerce ee aston, 38) 13.8]/12.09/82.48) 1.06) 4.36]11.38) 13.2 11109|Portland, John A. Moreshead. ID AMA OUI 65 oo ko ooo see *! 13.1/13.64/78.03] 1.86] 6.42/10.25) 13.2 11110|)Portland, John A. Moreshead. ‘*Brighton Creamery Print Butter, Island Pond, Vt.’’... *)| 14.6/12.16)84.15) 1.09) 2.58]12.29) 13.2 11141)Portland, Geo. C. Shaw Co. ‘Choice Jersey Butter. F. L. Wescott, Sebago Lake’’..... *| 14.6) 9.10/87.20| 1.21) 2.48)12.70) 13.2 11142 Portland, George C. Shaw Co. eee ‘Brighton Creamery Print | Butter, Island Pond, Vt.’’... 42) 14.5/13.50/80.89) 0.90) 4.69)11.72) 13.2 11115 Portland, W. L. Wilson & Co. % Dairy literary iene 35| 15.0/10.88/81.16] 1.11] 6.84]12.18) 13.2 11240|Portland, F. L. Daggett. Dairy *! 12.9/11.85|79.99) 1.74] 6.39]10.32) 13.2 11183|/Saco, John A. Libby. Dairy Weeloiantriis Golem . Asma aes ok *| 14.7/13.08/80.91| 1.43] 4.56]11.97) 13.2 11192\Veazie, A. H. Gilman. Dairy buttert s,s. See, eee ee 35] 13.7/13.40/82.72| 1.59] 2.27|11.33) 13.2 11326|Winslow, A. P. Marcou. Dairy DUbteLP rcs N.c ee a 33] 13.6/10.49/85.13] 0.93] 3.45]11.56) 13.2 * Sold for its actual weight and not by the package. April, 1914. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ORONO, MAINE. CHAS. D. WOODS, Director ANALYSTS. James M. Bartlett Herman H. Hanson Royden L. Hammond Edward E. Sawyer Elmer R. Tobey Harold P. Vannah @Oftictal Dnspections 59 MOLASSES. ‘The sweet taste of molasses is due to the cane sugar which it carries. This kind of sugar is called sucrose by chemists and is found in numerous plants. Sugar cane and sugar beets are the common sources of sucrose, but the sap of the maple, the juices of sorghum and of corn and large numbers of other plants, contain more or less sugar in the form of sucrose. The sugar of honey which chemists call levulose, while practically as sweet as sucrose, does not make the clear crystals familiar in the case of sucrose. Dextrose is the name of a sugar that occurs in nature in the grape. It is also made artificially from starch by treating it with acid. The glucose or corn sirup of commerce is a thick sirupy colorless product made by incom- pletely hydrolyzing starch and decolorizing and evaporating the product. It contains dextrose, maltose, dextrine, ash and water and is standardized within certain limits. The food value of glucose is practically equal to that of sucrose, but it does not have the sweet pleasant taste characteristic of cane sugar. Norse. All correspondence relative to the inspection laws should be addressed to the Commissioner of Agriculture, Augusta Maine. 34. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION IQ!4. When the juice of any sugar bearing plant, such as the cane, the beet or the maple, is sufficiently evaporated by boiling the resulting material is called sirup. Practically all of the sugar sirup which is on sale is derived from the cane or the maple. Upon heating a solution of sugar to the boiling point of water in the open air it is slowly changed to what the chemists call invert sugar. Invert sugar is not as sweet as common sugar, but has practically the same food value. Invert sugar, furthermore, will not crystallize out. The rapidity and extent to which sucrose is changed over to invert sugar depends upon the temperature to which it is heated. Consequently, in modern methods of sugar manufacture the boiling necessary to evaporation takes place in a partial vacuum. ‘This evapora- tion is carried as far as possible and then the sugars are al- lowed to crystallize out. In the actual process of manufacture it is the purified juice of the sugar plant that is thus evaporated down to a solution of sugar or to a solid or semi-solid consist- ency. When these evaporated and semi-solid crystalline masses of “raw sugar” are allowed to drain there is separated from them a product called “molasses.” The refiners take the raw sugar from which the molasses has drained and by further treatment refine it until it contains the white crystalline sugars known as “granulated sugar,” “loaf sugar,’ etc. In the process of refining the raw sugar there is also a product formed by inversion which will not crystallize out. This is drained away from the sugar and is known as “refiners sirup” or “treacle.” From the above it will be noted that there are three liquid materials which are made from sugar producing plants that differ not very markedly one from the other—the sirup, whicit is the evaporated juice of the sugar bearing plants; molasse:, which is an uncrystallizable by-product that drains away from the crude sugar; and refiner’s sirup or treacle, which is the uncrystallized material that drains away from the refined sugars. : The molasses as found in commerce is ordinarily a viscid, dark colored, uncrystallizable liquor and should, strictly spea‘<- ing, be limited to that which is obtained in the process of mak- ing raw sugar. The name should not be applied to that product which is obtained in the refining process. Usually molasses ‘a 2 OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 59. 35 the separation from raw sugar is still rich enough to warrant a second boiling, yielding what is called “second molasses.’ This may be again reboiled yielding a “third molasses.’ Obviously the first molasses more nearly resembles sirup than either of the other two. The third molasses is so dark in color that it is not used as food for man except as it has glucose added to it. It is utilized for making rum and for feeding stock, and also for food of man by adding glucose. The first molasses has a ‘sweeter taste and better flavor than the other two. Most of the molasses of commerce is second molasses. STANDARDS AND DEFINITIONS. While, as explained above, the distinction between sirup, molasses, and refiners sirup, is not sharply marked, the follow- ing definitions are in force in Maine for these and allied products: Sirup is the sound product made by purifying and evaporating the juice of a sugar-producing plant without removing any of the sugar. Sugar sirup is the product made by dissolving sugar to the consistency of a sirup and contains not more than thirty-five (35) per cent of water. Sugar-cane sirup is sirup made by the evaporation of the juice of the sugar-cane or by the solution of sugar-cane concrete, and contains not more than thirty-five (35) per cent of water and not more than two and five-tenths (2.5) per cent of ash. Sorghum sirup is sirup made by the evaporation of sorghum juice or by the solution of sorghum concrete, and contains not more than thitty- five (35) per cent of water and not more than two and fivetenths (2.5) per cent of ash. Maple sirup is sirup made by the evaporation of maple sap or by the solution of maple concrete and contains not more than thirty-five (35) per cent of water and not less than forty-five hundredths (0.45) per cent of maple sirup ash. Massecuite, melada, mush sugar, and concrete are products made by evaporating the purified juice of a sugar-producing plant, or a solution of sugar, to a solid or semi-solid consistence, and in which the sugar chiefly exists in a crystalline state. Molasses is the product left after separating the sugar from masse- cuite, melada, mush sugar, or concrete, and contains not more than twenty-five (25) per cent of water and not more than five (5) per cent of ash. 5 Refiners’ sirup, treacle, is the residual liquid product obtained in the process of refining raw sugars and contains not more than twenty-five (25) per cent of water and not more than eight (8) per cent of ash. | | 36 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI4. Results of Inspection and Analyses. When the food law was enacted in 1905 a large part of the molasses being sold in Maine was a compound made from a dark colored molasses and glucose. Of the samples collected by the Experiment Station in 1908 about one-third of the total were found to be mixtures of glucose and molasses. With the enforcement of the law requiring the labeling of retail pack- ages when they are delivered to the consumer it has com about that the demand on the part of the retailer for this adul- trated molasses has dropped off. Relative to molasses the in- spector always asks the retailer two questions: “Do you sell anything other than pure molasses?” “If so, have you stickers cr labels that you put upon the retail packages?” The results of these inquiries show that the retailers for the most part do not carry compounded molasses, and 1f they do that they have the proper stickers. It is to be noted that out of the large num- ber of samples that were purchased without the inspector mak- ing himself known only three were found to be adulterated by the addition of glucose. It has been reported by one wholesaler that they were finding a very unfair competition in that other wholesalers were adul- terating molasses by the addition of sugar house sirup. Sugar house sirup has excellent color and added to molasses makes it appear of a much lighter color than it otherwise would. Sugar house sirups as a rule carry higher ash content than straight molasses. In the few instances in which molasses were found with high ash content the cases were investigated but in no in- stance was it ascertained beyond a reasonable doubt that the molasses had refiners sirup. One of the most curious things that developed in this exam- ination of molasses is that in the cities along the Kennebec River (Augusta, Gardiner, Hallowell) molasses retailed frorn Io to 13 cents per pint while at other points in the State the price ranged from 5 to 7 cents per pint. It will be noted that the quality of the molasses in the towns which had the highe: price was no better than where the prices were lower, and that the same price was charged for molasses carrying only 30 per cent sucrose as for one of the higher grades carrying 45 per cent. ‘There seemed to be, so far as could be judged from this inspection, very little difference in price due to the quality or the molasses. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 59. of, Table showing the results of analyses of samples of Molasses purchased by inspector without making himself known to Samples arranged alphabetically by towns where goods were purchased. dealer. | j | | = E Sears Price | Invert | 3 | OWN AND DEALER. peryy Sucrose—| sugar— Water—| Ash— $2 pints Per cent. |Per cent. Per cent.| Per cent. | | 11670;Auburn F. L. Andrews......... 6 42.1 | 19.2 25.6 | 4.38 11658 Auburn E. A. Bickford......... feaeas 44.9 | 19.8 25.8 4.17 11657|Auburn C. F. Burleigh.......... 7 39.7 | 23.6 25.9 4.20 11649/Auburn Damon &Cole......... ey JIL 45 Loe lecoosieiit 24-9iee|eakoe 11665)Auburn Doe &Goss............ ese beg 40.4 24.9 25.8 4.71 11648| Auburn Dunnec sRosseee aaa: | 6 37.1 |} 26.1 21.6 3.01 11667)Auburn W. W. Farrar.......... 5 33.7 | 28.1 | 25.4 6.10 11647|Auburn 0. F. Holmes.......... 7 39.8 | 25.2 | 24.1 |. 3.50 11664;/Auburn Warren McFadden...... 6 | 34.1 27.6 25.3 6.30 11660|/Auburn Pierre Nadeau......... 7 36.9 20.7 | 26.5 5.50 11666;Auburn O.H. Olfene........... Uf || SORGE ul e2ondaee|| 22620 6.32 11662,Auburn Perryville Cash Market... | 8 | 42.9 | 22.3 27.0 3.82 11659|Auburn K.Stemmar........... 5 29.7 30-ds |) 26235) 4-31 11708|Augusta A.M. Brown.......... ee T2 Rta e35 Saale 23e3 | 24.3 | 5.69 11704|Augusta Cassavant & Cloutier. 12 | 30.2 | 28.0 24.3 | 6.21 11711|Augusta B. E. Folsom.......... | 10 | 30.3 | 27.2 | 24.8 | 5.74 11705\|Augusta J. A. Folsom.......... fe 31 39.3 24.2 24.0 | 5.80 11714)Augusta E. Locke.............. | 12 38.9 | 20.9 24.5 | 5.55 11713)Augusta Merrill Bros........... erst 45.7 23.0 24.7 | 1.78 11715'Augusta J. F.Turner........... 10 | 38.3 22.8 25.1 | 5.77 11706 Augusta G. W.Wadleigh....... 12 45.9 21.3 24.6 | 4.62 11710 Augusta Webber & Hewett... 129 | 45e2un |) Bane. | 25x) ates Tea) AGeusta LAS Youre = feo, 32-2, | oec7i |S 23 Geso 11795 Bangor A. E. Baker............ | 7 | 38.9 | 22.0 | 25.9 | 4.16 11718 Bangor Wis Clarke ae oi rier 5 33.6 26.7 | 24.4 | 3.92 11693 Bangor F.H.Drummond....... | a 46.3 | 22.4 | 24.3 | 4.22 11691/Bangor Elmer R. Fox.......... 7 | 46.4 | 20.8 | 24.6 | 3.70 11694 Bangor F. L. Frank &Co....... Spel. dose e319) oe 2aen =| anny AGO Brceee Chilledhes Beas... os. 7 | 43.8 | 20.8 | 26.2 | 2.78 11720 Bangor Hrediiy Hale laos 7 43.5 21.5 25.6 4.12 11695 Bangor F. S. Jones & Co........ 7 41.7 23.8 24.1 2.12 AM Beaees Toe Gore... 5s. 55. 7 36-4001 226) 1 S| 2529251 916.67 38 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI4. Results of analyses of samples of Molasses—Continued. | gs | Price | Invert 3 S| Town AND DEALER. pend Sucrose—| sugar— | Water—| Ash— 32 | Day Per cent. |Per cent.|Per cent.|Per cent. ! | , | 11689,Bangor H. E.McDonald........ | 7 42.8 22.4 24.5 4.21 11716 Bangor D.J.McGrath......... | 7 36.1 25.6 24.8 6.01 11717|Bangor Staples & Griffin....... | 2 42.2 PH ail PAS 533 4.42 11690|Bangor E. W. Wilde........... | 7 46.1 20.2 24.8 4.02 11789\Gardiner Boston Provision Co. . | 13 44.4 20.6 26.3 3.61 11791\Gardiner Brann’s Market Co.... | 12 41.7 23.8 24.3 |’ 4.37 11790, Gardiner Cash Market Co....... ts} 32.3 23.2 25.6 6.60 11788 Gardiner Clarke’sMarket....... 13 3719 {| 215) | 26550 ease 11786,Gardiner A. W.Cunningham....| 13 34.1 25.9 23.9 4.54 11792, Gardiner Gray-Hildreth Co...... | 13 43.7 20.5 26.5 3 Hil 11787|Gardiner Manson’s Market...... 10 33.8 25.6 24.2 3.83 11781)Hallowell Cash Market......... 13 PON eet) | AGB) ALS 11785|Hallowell C. A. Cole............ | 12 2427 eT eS alee 265309 masa 11783/ Hallowell Joseph Grandin...... -| 10 | 35.6 24.8 25.9 5.56 11782|Hallowell Hallowell Market..... | 10 Bay he (is 23.9 4.89 11784|Hallowell D.C. Skillin.......... | 10 32.3 26.6 24.0 4.44 11651)Lewiston John J. Dunn......... 6 32.8 26.8 26.2 5.59 11654/Lewiston Fogg & Miller......... 7 37.8 24.7 23.1 4.59 11653)Lewiston F. L. &M. E. Hoxie... a 38.2 25.9 25.0 4.68 11661'Lewiston E. Janelle & Co....... 8 44.6 PB i) A218) 3.31 11656 Lewiston Alphonse LaChance.... Seat 42.7 21.4 25.0 4.11 11668 Lewiston Lewiston Cash Market. 7 | 36.5 PI 0 26.0 5.64 11650| Lewiston D. Mousette & Bro... .. 7 | 37.1 27.1 23.3 6.10 11663| Lewiston AUS ejay Wes SONS BASS 6 10 27.2 28.7 25 6.39 11669|Lewiston Pinette & Auger...... 8 28.7 27.4 25.2 6.40 11652|/Lewiston C. Rourke............ 7 | 40.3 25.6 23.6 4.57 11655 Lewiston Spear & Webster...... 7 | 35.8 26.6 283,71 4.83 11698|OldrownleEa rR eAltord ee eee 7 | 45.5) |) S10y talk Maasai ameanom 11699 Old Town Beaulieu Bros........ 7-°|. 43/9: Ai gah wl 2s aad eee 11700/Old Town F. X. Boutin......... Neat 38.7 23.7 25.2 4.54 11702 Old Town Indian Agency....... | 7 43.5 21.8 24.1 3.34 11701 Old Town Old Town TeaCo..... 8 39.5 21.5 24.3 1 4 38 11703 Old Town C.M. Stevens........ U 46.4 20.0 24.8 3.61 11697;Old Town C. O. Stevens........ 7 44.5 19.5 24.3 4.69 11730) Portland Clarence E. Bangs..... 8 44.2 20.0 25.5 4.98 OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 59. 39 Results of analyses of samples of Molasses—Continued. A | eee es | | Price Invert | Sa | Town AND DEALER. | per |Sucrose—| sugar— |Water— | Ash— Sz | jt Per cent. |Per aloes CE LEE cent. | 11780|Portland Carl J. Blom.......... 8 | 47.1 | 22.0 | 26.0 1.41 | i 11747|Portland Butler & BarrowesCo..; 10 | 45.7 20.5 | 26.7 1.88 11741|Portland Thomas L. Callan..... 7 | 40N8q ||) e2322)belh 25 25)c|Se99 11735|Portland William P. Carroll..... 6 | 45.7 19.9 25.9 3.78 11755|Portland John H.Charles &Co..| 6 | 37.6 26.2 22.3 5.77 11771 Portland i ByChipman 5-06. i | 44.4 ZFS iia 2546 2.94 11745|F ortland JohniGzCollinsssa.-) | 8 | Sasa) | 25533 | 24.3 5.42 11765|Portland D.Colucci............ be lie aes 20.8 | 25.2 | 4.55 11723|Portland John M. Conway...... 8 40.4 | 23.8 | 24.8.| 3.82 11776) Portland John W. Deering & Son} 7 38.2 24.5 24.5 | 4.05 11734 Portland SED yz okra e eee relics 30.6 | 27.9 | 23.2 |) e207 11732|Portland Fred Beehistes Wein. ee 8 43.8 21.2 25.8 | 3.90 11743|Portland Green & Barrett....... Le LOA | ee |) ace 11736|Portland W.C.Haggett &Son..| 7 | 44.8 | 20.7 | 24.9 | 3.89 11753 Portland George Horner........ u | 38.4 23.4 24.3 5.47 11724|Portland Chas. W. Horton...... Le Sha sobs) |ibees) loseane| | acon 11770 Portland B. Huberman......... 5 | 36.5 24.8 | 24.3 | 5.10 11742|Portland Burt L. Johnson....... es 34.5 26.4 DABS Ma mene 11727|/Portland John D.Johnson......' 6 | 41.9 Di 25.6 | 4.53 11769|Portland David Josselson....... \e10.+ | 40g | p22 asiealee3).5.<1 |, :5576 11737|Portland Charles E. Kelly...... -| if 40.8 3 470 25.1 33575) 11751|Portland E.M. Leighton........ re 38:4 eGR Tate 4. 3) 1, 04067 11757 Portland Fred H. Libby........ Leen Ageiten| ezaraemmeeed: | 3242 11756 Portland M. B. Lougee.-:....... | 8 44.4 19.6 26.2 | 3.47 11729! Portland Albert D. Lovell....... | 7 45.4 19.4 26.0 | 3.47 11750 Portland C.E.Mack........... ley 30.6 | 22.6 | 25.5 | 3.59 11772 Portland TnpAN Mercier: naeme 8 4574 |) 21-3 |p 254+ 613.26 11754| Portland Mas IB. Milles? oper | 7 39.7 23.1 25.6 | 4.54 11728 Portland J. A. Moreshead....... fin 43-0 20.7 25.7 | 4.35 Maa\Portland) Mowe Ress ee 7 40.3 24.2 24.6 | 3.95 11738|Portland Henry F.Owen........ 7 | 35.9 | 26.7 | 23.4 | 5.95 UES Dacian Ambrose Partridge....| 12 | 315). 11 17.9 25.5 | 6.30 11746 Portland D. W. Patterson....... 7 | 39.4 | 24.7.| 22.8 | 4.18 11775 Portland C.J. Pennell & Co..... 8 37.4 23.1 24.2 | 5.15 40 MAINE AGRICULTURAI, EXPERIMENT STATION. 1914. Results of analyses of samples of Molasses—Concluded. EE Town AND DEALER. ee Sucrose— ae Water—/ Ash— s : Pa Per cent. |Per cent.|Per cent.|Per cent. 11767) Portland Timothy Reagan...... 6 SMO) 28.3 23.7 i 2P) 11768|Portland Mrs. Catherine Reardon 6 44.8 24.5 24.7 4.66 11744|/Portland Roscoe R. Reed....... 5 35.1 24.1 23.8 5.69 11731 Portland L. P. Senter & Co..... 8 43.8 24.1 25.9 2.32 11725|Portland Serunian-Amergian Co. ul 39.9 23.8 24.8 5.93 11779 Portland Aram Serunian........ 8 3749) 26/0) inearb ee ean 11749|Portland George C. Shaw Co... | uf : 43.4 23.9 26.3 2.23 11759|Portland Henry L. Starbird..... 5 36.8 21.3 25.9 5.02 11778|Portland C.H. Stowell......... 6 32.6 23.9 24.7 3.95 11766 Portland Mrs. E. A. Thomas....) 5 BA09) 126130 24nGy suet 11752|Portland Joseph Thompson..... i 37.2 PAL eh 6 24.8 3.41 11748/Portland J. L. Waite........... 5 37.6 21.5 25.8 4.80 11773)Portland W. L. Wilson Co Tees a 44.6 19.8 27.0 2.86 11733|/Portland John Wright.......... 6 43.9 23.4 24.2 2.21 11763|So. Portland C. E.Cash......... 7 32.5 27.3 23.5 6.37 11762|So. Portland G. W.CashCo..... 5 Bodh 4) BH, 7/ 24.8 5.36 11739|So. Portland J. A. S. Dyer & Co. 6 24.6 30.0 241 5.74 11760|So. Portland M. B. Fuller & Son. 7 43.3 20.2 25.8 3.36 11761'So. Portland W.I.McKenney... ie 38.6 25RS 24.2 4.63 11740|So. Portland Skillin & Knight... 7 40.7 24.0 25.5 B50 11794|Westbrook R.C. Boothby...... 6 40.0 24.0 24.1 4.07 11793|Westbrook A. A.Morrison...... 7 43.7 21.0 25.8 3.32 Table showing the results of examination of goods purchased as molasses by the inspector without making himself known, which on examination were found to be adulterated by the addition of glucose. a Price Reducing Commer- 35 Town AND DEALER. per | Sucrose—| sugar— | Water— cial 85 pint—}| Per cent. | Per cent. |Per cent.| glucose— ma Cents. Per cent. 11692|Bangor A. E. Baker.......... 7 25.8 25)..0 26.5 29.3 11758|Portland M. J. Flaherty...... 24.1 28.0 25.4 39.6 P64 (Portland) eA\) We elutioe ssc cite. 6 29.3 26.7 24.6 5.4 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ORONO, MAINE. CHAS. D. WOODS, Director ANALYSTS. James M. Bartlett Herman H. Hanson Royden L. Hammond Edward E. Sawyer Elmer R. Tobey Harold P. Vannah Offictal Mnspections 60 Commencing January 1, 1914, the Commissioner of Agricul- ture is the executive of the law regulating the sale of concen- trated commercial feeding stuffs in Maine. It is the duty of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station to make the analyses of the samples collected by the Commissioner, and it is the duty of the Director to publish the results of the analyses of the samples of commercial feeding stuffs, together with the names of the persons from whom the samples were obtained, the names of the manufacturers thereof and such additional infor- mation as may seem advisable. In the following pages there are given in tabulated form the results of the analyses of the samples of feeding stuffs on sale within the State from April, 1913 to April, 1914. The results of the analyses seem to call for no special dis- cussion. Whenever the goods have fallen below the guarantees the cases have been investigated by the executive of the law and whenever the blame was found to exist outside of the State interstate cases have been made under the federal law. Nore. All correspondence relative to the inspection laws should be addressed to the Commissioner of Agriculture, Augusta Maine. 42 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI4. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FEEDING STUFFS SAMPLES. MANUFACTURER OR SHIPPER AND BRAND. *Source of sample. Station number. COTTONSEED MEALS. American Cotton Oil Co., New York City. RediTac Cottonseed: Meal: aa osetia sane en iiisi tas nani ae ay a a 5139 : 5140 5171 5172 5199 5206 5210 5211 5215 5240 5268 5305 5328 5343 5472 wlelolelejelelelelelelejsjeje} Blakeslee, Harry J., Little Rock, Ark. Old Reliable Cottonseed Meal................. 00.0.0 eee eee eee 4879 4895 ele} Brode & Co., F W., Memphis, Tenn. DoverBrand @ottonseedsMiealsri.s 5 ee ita tele een ee 4866 4884 4897 4905 4908 4909 4924 4925 4946 5118 5157 5221 5277 5284 5295 5296 5298 5306 5364 5470 wlelelelelele\eleleleje)e)elejelelelele) Brode & Co., F. W., Memphis, Tenn. OwleBrand(Cottonseed)VMealter arent ence ee eee 4856 4869 4874 4882 4888 4904 4906 4907 4914 4926 slolelelelelelelele) | . *Samples marked D are drawn by dealer and those marked O were taken by the inspector. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 60. 43 ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFFS. PROTEIN. Far. FIBER. u a 2 g Ge 3 Ge Bh Une =) o o o oo o SI ® £ $ $ a. a 8 3 ze} eI ae} a J 8 ws 3 = & i 5 = 5 a 5 a EE; 2 Ss om nD i) 3 ic} 3 iS) 3 om ty = D a < BE | Oo o Fy o) Zo| * | 5139 = = 38.44) 38.55 = 7.00 = 11.50 = 0 5140 = = 39.62) 38.55 = 7.00 = 11.50 = 0) 5171 = = 38.75) 38.55 = 7.00 = 11.50 = 0 5172 =. - || 37.62) 38.55 = 7.00 = 11.50 = 0 5199 = = 41.31) 38.55 = 7.00 = 11.50 = 0 5206 = 2 40.37) 38.55 = 7.00 = 11.50 = 0 5210 = = 41.12) 38.55 = 7.00 = 11.50 = 0 5211 = = 41.62) 38.55 = 7.00 = 11.50 = (0) 5215 = = 40.31] 38.55 = 7.00 = 11.50 = 0 5240 = = 39.25) 38.55 = 7.00 = 11.50 = 0 5268 = = 41.62) 38.55 = 7.00 = 11.50 = 0) 5305 = = 41.75) 38.55 = 7.00 = 11.50 = 0 5328 7.46 6.93)| 41.50) 38.55|| 8.37| 7.00/| 9.23) 11.50}| 26.51 0 5343 = = 40.18} 38.55 = 7.00 = 11.50! iz 0 5472 = = 40.07| 38.55 = 7.00 = 11.50 0 4879 = = 41.46) 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.50 = 0 4895 = =i 40.62} 41.00 = 6.00 = 8.00 = 0 4866 = = 40.53] 38.63 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 4884 = = 41.68) 38.63 S 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 4897 = = 39.09) 38.63 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 4905 = = 38.12) 38.63 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 4908 = = 38.43) 38.63 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 4909 = = 39.37) 38.63 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 4924 = a 41.87] 38.63 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 4925 = = 40.31) 38.63 a 6.00 i 10.00 = 0 4946 7.83 6.02|| 37.25) 38.63]| 8.53) 6.00]| 12.86, 10.00|| 27.51 0 5118 5.06 5.78]) 39.00} 38.63]/ 8.46} 6.00/) 11.81) 10.00]! 28.89 0 5157 = = 39.81) 38.63 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0) 5221 = = 37.18) 38.63 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 10) 5277 = = 38.19) 38.63 = 6.00 = 10.00 re 0 5284 = = 38.63) 38.63 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 5295 = = 38.50) 38.62 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 5296 = = 37.50| 38.62 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 5298 = = 38.56) 38.62 = 6.00 = 10.00 a 0 5306 = = 37.69) 38.62 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 10) 5364 5 = 38.50) 38.62 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 5470 = = 38.75] 38.63 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 4856 = = 36.76) 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 > 0 4869 = S 39.74) 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0) 4874 = = 39.87) 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 4882 = = 33.90) 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0) 4888 = = 41.34| 41.00 es 6.00 = 10.00 = 10) 4904 = = 41.25) 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0) 4906 5 = 40.34} 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 4907 = = 41.71) 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 4914 = = 40.81) 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 4926 a = 45.25) 41.00 = 6.00 = 10.00 = 0 * Few means two to eight in a half pint sample; some means eight to fifteen; many not more than seventy-five; and very many means up to two per cent. of weed seeds. 44 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQT4. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FEEDING STUFFS SAMPLES. MANUFACTURER OR SHIPPER AND BRAND. *Source of sample. Station number. OwlsBrand! Cottonseed? Mica es ek ci ats bears tamale ean ese eee jelelelelelelelolelelelelelelelelelelelelo)\=lelelelelelelelelelelolelejelelejelulelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelelele} i i i OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 60. ANALYSIS OF FEEDING STUFFS. Station number. 4928 4929 4938 4959 4962 4966 4972 4974 4976 5013 5029 5043 5046 5075 5079 5096 5097 5115 5116 5133 5135 5143 5156 5158 5170 5173 5175 5183 5187 5188 5191 5195 5201 5202 5204 5207 5213 5216 5217 5218 5222 5224 5227 5231 5233 5234 5235 5243 5244 5246 5252 5264 5267 5276 5278 5292 5294 5299 5302 5319 5320 5332 5342 5380 <1 | ee) | et) | ne Is eC Pt et nC CY [|| Uo Ye Ue Oe ee | FT tC coe TV oe ETE Moisture. -55 36 Ash. Gott ltt hl bedi tat hit 0D PO oD 00 oo oad hbo) oo bern 1 eerie 0 0 0 FOO 00-0 55} .92 44 | PROTEIN. || Fat. FIBER. 3 3 3 oO oO oO g g g 4 qd : qd : q a eee ost Sallis ain 5 a || 6 Sill 9B 5 ie G |) So || & O H ' 35.83! 41.00] - 6.00 - 10.00 39.56, 41.00} - 6.00 - | 10.00 40.13] 41.00) = 6.00 = 10.00. 40.88] 41.00] - 6.00 - | 10.00, 41.62! 41.00) - 6.00 = || 1OL@0) An 19) ALO), 6.00 = |) 10), 010) 41.00} 41.00} - 6.00 = 10.00 41.00] 41.00] - 6.00 — | 10.00 38.81] 41.00] - 6.00 - | 10.00, 41.44] 41.00] - 6.00 — | 10.00 42.87) 41.00) - 6.00 - | 10.00 41.25} 41.00] 7.44} 6.00|| 9.94] 10.00 41.43] 41.00] - 6.00 = 10.00 36.19] 41.00) - 6.00 - | 10.00 38.75} 41.00) - 6.00 — | 10.00 36075 Et 1eO0le = 6.00 - | 10.00 41.06] 41.00) - 6.00 - | 10.00 41.43] 41.00} - 6.00 = 10.00 38.87| 41.00} 9.10} 6.00|| 11.10] 10.00 42.00] 41.00] - 6.00 =| 10800 ATS12 P4100 a= 6.00 - | 10.00 41.06] 41.00) - 6.00 =| 10.00 41.75] 41.00) - | 6.00 - | 10.00 40.06] 41.00} - 6.00 — || 10.00 ASE 12400 |e 6.00 - | 10.00 43.68] 41.00] - 6.00 - | 10.00 41.18) 41.00] - 6.00 = || 102000 41.25] 41.00} - 6.00 - 10.00 41.18] 41.00} - 6.00 - | 10.00 41.68] 41.00} - 6.00 - | 10.00) 41.06] 41.00} - 6.00 - | 10.00, 40.31} 41.00] - 6.00 = 10.00 43.75] 41.00] —- 6.00 - | 10.00 44.31) 41.00! - 6.00 - | 10.00 44.18] 41.00] - 6.00 - | 10.00) 41-12] 41.00] - 6.00 - | 10.00} 42.37| 41.00) —- 6.00 = | 10.00} 41.81] 41.00] - 6.00 - | 10.00 40.56] 41.00] - 6.00 - | 10.00 40.62| 41.00} - 6.00 — | 10.00 39.93] 41.00} - 6.00 - | 10.00 40.37| 41.00} - 6.00 - | 10.00) 42.25| 41.00] - 6.00 —- | 10.00| 43.25| 41.00] - 6.00 — | 10.00) 39.37| 41.00) - 6.00 - | 10.00 39.00} 41.00} - 6.00 - 10.00! 40.06} 41.00] - 6.00 Sele OROO) 43.12] 41.00) - 6.00 = |! 10200) 39.31] 41.00] - 6.00 =e O70 42.25] 41.00} - 6.00 = |\1@.@0)| 41.50] 41.00] - 6.00 - | 10.00] 41.43] 41.00 - 6.00 - 10.00) 42.37) 41.00) - 6.00 - } 10.00 41.31) 41.00] - 6.00 = | 10.00} 41.00] 41.00} - 6.00) = | 10.00] 41.13] 41.00] - , 6.00 - | 10.00] 42.12) 41.00] - , 6.00] — | 10.00 40.38] 41.00) - 6.00 Sr LOROO) 42.13] 41.00] - 6.00 = | 10.00} 41.88] 41.00] - 6.00 - | 10-00} AAO) AGL (OO) 6.00 - | 10.00) 40.25| 41.00] - 6.00) — | 10.00) 39.75) 41.00) —- 6.00 = || 10,00 38.50} 41.00] 8.79] 6.00|| 12.21] 10.00 Nitrogen free extract. ot a ath a thy tho 29).27 29.65 UU ae eet UO Ue Ca at tet fet teh a Soa en Wet tet i il 26.74 *Weed seeds. SSSSSSSSeSeeeEesSseeoooooosooSSeocooeooooOosos OOo OCOSCOSo OOOO SD OOOO OCOCOOCCOO 460 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FEEDING STUFFS SAMPLES. IQT4. MANUFACTURER OR SHIPPER AND BRAND. *Source of sample. Station number. @wl'Brand' Cottonseed$Meal) heme en oe eS ee eae eeee Buckeye Cotton Oil Co, Cincinnati, Ohio Buckeye Prime) CottonseedyMeal:nen. see a eee Seen Bunch Commission Co., T. H., Little Rock, Ark. Acme! Brand !Rure/CottonseediMealsa: 4+ eee eee eee eee Bunch Commission Co., T. H., Little Rock, Ark. Old Gold Brand Pure Cottonseed Meal......................--+-- Davis, S. P., Little Rock, Ark. Goodluck Brand!@ottonseediViealea ae eee eee Eee East St. Louis Cotton Oil Co. National Stock Yards, IIl. illinois; Brand(Cottonseed Meals 3.45). ee eee eer clelelelelelelele) lolelelelelclolelelelelelelelelelelelelele) Xe) sie) slelelelele) Oouy olelelejele) OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 60. 47 ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFFS. PROTEIN. | Fat. FIBER. ‘s — E esa a g < | 3 3 || 2 ss | a) () (3) o 3) = S | 2 | | 2 = a. g =| 5 g a 7 q | : ~ 2 3 : z s Sine ea leas Seals 3 3 sea Sa ls By) eb aera aoe al ces eral as 3) = < = S) Fhe li oe ) Zo| * ! | 5400; - - 41.07/ 41.00; - | 6.00) - | 10.00]/ - ) 5403} 7.47| 5.84|| 39.63] 41.00,| 8.68} 6.00)| 12.38] 10.00|| 26.00} 0 5404, - - 41.44] 41.00,| - | 6.00||- —- | 10.00]| —- 0 5444, - - 41:07| 41.00]| - | 6.00)/ - | 10-00/ - 0 5463, - = |} 40.881 41,00|/ = | 6.00|| = | 10.00|| = 0 5467, - ==}, 44650)4100|| = || 6.00l| = =. | 10%00)|e = 0 5468) - - 38.82] 41.00 = 6.00|| - | 10.00 - 0 5469| - = 41.13] 41.00]| - | 6.00 - | 10.00) - 0 5471| - || 41.13] 41.00]] - a - | 10.00)| - 0 4876, - - || 38.37] 39.00|| - | 6.50} - | 8.00] - 0 4883) - - || 40.00] 38:50]/] - | 6.50). - | 10:00/| - 0 4885, - - || 40:12} 38.50] - | 6-50)! - | 10.00/| - 0 4893, - - || 39.87] 38.50|| - | 6.50!/ - | 10.00!) - 0 4902| - = 39.30] 38.50|| - 6.50|| - | 10.00|| - 0 4929! = - || 38.00] 38.50]} - | 6.50| - | 10.00]/ - 0 4932| - |] 39.68} 38.50]| - | 6.50]/ - | 12.00]| - 0 4933; - = 40.81| 38.62|| - | 6.00)| - j 12.00], - 0 4957| - - 33.08 83.50] el) (Ge = 9) ao o)) = 0 4960) - - 38838) 38262||0.2— |b 6100||— | =. Ne 12s00|lNie= 0 4967, - = 37.19] 38'62|| - | 6.00|| - | 12:00] - 0 5023} 6.41/ 5.91]! 38.62] 38.62|| 6.86] 6.00,| 12.84) 12.00|| 29.36] 0 5138] =a e395 121 3362|| elle 6850; = ll e200} ame 0 5159] - - || 39:76] 38.62|| - | 6.ool; - | 12/00]] - 0 5186, 7.02| 5.69|| 36.37| 38.62)| 6.71] 6.00.) 13.52) 12.00]| 30.69} 0 5209} - = 41.37| 38.62|| - | 6.00/| - | 12.00]} - 0 5237| - = 273i Sls | GO 4) eI = 0 5248) - =~ ‘ji 3900le38862||'. 5 |— 6.00) 5 |2so0|le= 0 5270| - = |} 39/82} 38-62|| = | 6.00 - | 12/00]| = 0 GarAll| ) E SOMITE SSU6ZI| =) le GL00/ ls =) | 1200||pe— 0 5280| - oe issessiessie2|| = 6 00)If ser =) |e 12200) |e 0 } | ! 5273| - - || 38.62] 38.60)! - | 7.00} - | 8.00] - 0 5274, - - || 39.12! 38.60 7.00|/} - | 8.00] - 0 5291| 5.04| 6.80/| 38.75] 38.60|| 8.53) 7.00|/ 10.81) 12.00] 30.07} 0 5424) — =O 1385631238260) |e 7 OO} e012 <00} |e 0 4862| - = 42.93] 41.00]| - | 9.00} - | 9.00]] - 0 4863, - - || 42.06] 41.00)) - | 9.00// - | 9.00] - 0 4875; - - || 44.05] 41.00]/} - | 9-00]] - | 9.00]] - 0 4887) - - || 41.00} 41.00 - 9.00// - | 9.00 - ) 4891; - - 39.93] 41.00// - | 6.00]| - | 10.00) - 0 4892; - = 39.12] 41.00|| - | 6.00/ - | 10.00/ - 0 | 4 4881; - - || 41.81] 41.00]] - | 7.00]]/ - | 10.50} - 0 4890, - - 41.87) 41.00]| - | 6.50|| —- | 10.50) - 0 5117) 6.81| 6.50) 41.75] 41.00) 7.18) 7.00 10.44) 10.50] 27.32 0 5148, - = |} 41//62/)41200l|/ “= | 7.00|| = | 10.50!| = 0 | 5130| - - || 41.31] 41.50]| - | 6.50\]/ - | 10.00/| - 0 5181; - - || 42.12] 41.50]| - | 6.50// - | 10.00] - 0 5194| - - || 43.871 41.50]| - | 6.50|| - | 8.00) - 0 5205] - - || 44.00] 41-50]/ _- | 6.50|| - | 8.00] - 0 5263| - = |\44095 41-50) = || 6.50|| =. 1}, -sxo0l| = 0 5356 5.27/ 6.35] 41.88 41.50 9.22, 6.50/| 10.97 10.00] 26.31, 0 48 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI4. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FEEDING STUFFS SAMPLES. MANUFACTURER OR SHIPPER AND BRAND. *Source of sample. Station number. Humphreys-Godwin Co., Memphis, Tenn. DixievBrand|@ottonseea Meals). 5-6 sane cere Slelelolelslelelelelelelelelelolelulelolelelele)=lelelelelelolelelelelejelelelelejelejelelejelojelolejelelelelelejelojele) 4867 4870 4871 4872 4877 4889 4900 4903 4911 4912 4913 4915 4916 4919 4920 4921 4927 4930 4931 4942 4950 4958 4963 4964 4968 4971 4973 4975 5012 5028 5065 5095 5107 5142 5164 5174 5176 5182 5184 5185 5192 5196 5198 5203 5208 5212 5220 5236 5238 5239 5245 5247 5266 5283 5303 5307 5327 5329 5338 5381 5405 OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS OO. ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFFS. Station number. I 1 PROTEIN. | Fat. FIBER. 4 a) ; ce] 3 | a} 2 ~ . o © | oO we o g g g | g q % 2 g q : S g a Ve a Pech Ween Meceuiene le aiken aalesscnl ce oS a 5 5 5 Soult ine 5 £5 = = < es O 4 iS | ce S ae || es | = = 37.62] 38.62 = @.Ool| 9S i) 12.@0)| = 0 = = 40.84) 38.62 2 6.00|| - 8.00 = 0 - = 40.15] 38.62|| - 6.00 - 8.00] — - 0 = - 40.62! 38.62 = 6.00 s 8.00)| = 0 - - 37.93| 38.62 = 6.09]; - Sok = 0 = = 41.25) 38.62 a 6.00 = | 1,@o/| = 0 - - 39.15} 38.62!| - G300|| = 8.00); - 0 = : 39.37) 38.62 = 6.00 = 8.00 = 0 - - 40.99 38.62 = 6.00]| - 8.00 - 0 = = 40.93 38.62 = GOO = 8.00 = 0 = = 40.18) 38.62 a EROO|| =e Se 00; ea 0 = = 39.12) 38.62 = 6.00 - | 8.00 = ) = | = eRe) 2) Seu = |e) S| = = 4 | 38.62 = 6.00); - 2.00'| - - - 30980|938)62| = i) 6500) 0 en et 00||ammr 0 - = 41.13) 38.62 = 6.00]] = 8.00 = 0 = = 42.18) 38.62 = 6.00]; = 8.09 = 0 - = 37 ie 38.62] = 6.00]| - sn = 0 = = 40.6 62 = 6.00]) - OO = ( 7.77| 6.18'| 38.69} 38.62|| 8.86] 6.00]! 11.92 12.00]! 26.58, 0 - - 41 .22| 38.62 = 6.00) - 8.00 - 0 - - 39.81) 38.62 = GOO" 8.00/| - 0 = = 39.82| 38.62\| - 6.00 = 8.00 = 0 - - 40.00) 38.62 z 6.00 = 8.00 = 0 - - 38 63 38.62 = 6.00 = 12 00) - G = = 9.75| 38.62 = 6.00 = : = = = 37.38] 38.62 = GsOO|) = 8.00 = 0 g Gy sehen coll 2 cools sion so - - 62 = 6. e 8. = - = 40.87] 38.62 = 6.00 = 8.00 = 0 = = 38.25| 38.62 a 6.00 =| 19,00 = ) - - 38.35] 38.62 = 6.00), - 8.00 = 0 - - 38.37] 38.62 2 GO|) = 8.00 = 0 - - 38.87] 38.62 = 6.00 Sf AsO) 0 = ~ 39.37| 38.62 = 6.00 = | 12,00)| |= 0 - - 34.25] 38.62 = G00) =. |) 12.00!) + Ss 0 = = 41.06) 38.62 = 6.00 = | 12.00) = 0 Se eee al Se Gal 2 eel soho 6.92, 6.48 35.37 38.62 8.51 6.00] 15.65 8.00 27.07 0 - = 41 : = 0 S| Wool = - = 41.56 38 63 = 6.00 = 8.00 = 0 - = 36.00) 38-62 = 6.00 = 8:00 = y - - 42.18) 38.62|| - 6.09 = 8.0 = = = 40.00) 38.62 = 6.00 12500) | 0 - - 38.87| 38.62 = 6.00 = 8.00|| = 0 - - 46 73 38.62 = 6.00 = 12-00) = 2 - = 4 38.62 = 6.00 = -0f = = = 3994) 38.62 = 6.00 = S00 = 0 - - 40.37] 38.62 = 6.00 = 8.00]; - 0 - - a 25 B22 = 6.00 = eat - y = = 46.88) 38.62 = 6.00 = 00], - - - 38.62} 38.62 = 6.00 = 8.00 = 0 =) = fey ae] 2 | Saf = | tee = | 8 - - 4 | 38.6 = 6.00 = Oil = = = 39.63} 38.62 & 6.00 = 8.00!| - 0 - - 41.63| 38.62 = 6.00 2800 | ie 0 - = 40.00} 38.62 s 6.00 - | 12.00 = 0 - - 38.63] 38.62 = 6.00 = 1900 = 0 - = 39.63] 38.62 = 6.00 - | 12.00 = 0 = - 42.25] 38.62 = 6.00 = 8.00 = 0 50 MAINE AGk*CULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ14. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FEEDING STUFFS SAMPLES. 2 a K 5 2 a 5 os ) MANUFACTURER OR SHIPPER AND BRAND. 5 A 2 8 3 5 DB iss ¥ op) Humphreys-Godwin Co., Memphis, Tenn. Horfaty Brand) CottonseedsMealee eee eee eee eee D 4937 O 4955 O 5006 D 5145 D 5219 O 5253 D 5361 Imperial Cotto Milling Co., Memphis, Tenn. Imperial Cotto Brand Cottonseed Meal................0+.sesecees D 5141 Soper Co., J. E., Boston, Mass. PilsrimpBrandiCottonseedMealase eee eee tere eer te eee D 4939 O 5004 D 5074 Soper Co., J E., Boston, Mass. Pioneer:Cottonseed Meal saeco eo Leone D 4873 D 4878 D 4956 D 4961 O 4998 D 5080 D ils O 5137 D 5144 O 5165 O 5189 O 5190 D 5193 D 5406 COTTONSEED FEED. Humphreys-Godwin Co., Memphis, Tenn. @reamo) Brandi CottonseediiMeed ae. eee ee eee O 5452 GLUTEN FEEDS. American Maize Products Co., New York City. Cream) of(@orniGlutenwleed seek eee. eee one Le eee O 4910 O 5090 O 5411 D 5443 Clinton Sugar Refining Co., Clinton, Iowa. Glinton'@orniGluten#heed? = sao neo eee oe eee D 4918 oO 4945 oO 5430 OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 60. 51 ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFFS. PROTEIN. Fat. FIBER. B Q oy : E 3 | a 3 e 3 3 (5) ro) (3) co] ro) a i=} ; H B ae) od Ee ese ere Ves ae eee aes 3 i) al 5 s 5 5 5 5 eee = » > 3) = < & o cs O es o Zo & 4937 - - 39.50) 38.62 - 6.00 - 8.00 - 0 4955 - - 38.63) 38.62 - 6.00) - 8.00 - 0 5006 5.78 5.71|| 41.50) 38.62 7.53) 6.00)/ 10.46) 12.00)) 29.02 (0) 5145 - - 39.43] 38.62 - 6.00 - 8.00 - (0) 5219 - - 37.25) 38.62 - 6.00 - 8.00)| - 0 5253 - - 39.25) 38.62 - 6.00 - 12.00 - 0 5361 - - 36.75) 38.62 - 6.00) - 8.00 - 0 i 5141 - - 41.12) 41.00 - 8.00 - 9.00 = 0 4939 - - 41.88) 38.50 - 5.00)! - 10.00 - 0 5004 6.99 6.48)| 39.87) 38.50)| 8.82) 5.00)| 10.18} 10.00] 27.66 0 5074 - - || 89.50) 38.50 - 5.00 - 10.00 - (0) 4873 - - 37.87| 41.00 - 7.00 - 10.00 - (0) 4878 - - 37.84) 41.00 - 7.00 - 10.00 - 0 4956 - - 43.44) 41.00 = 7.00 - 10.00 = 10) 4961 - - 41.50) 41.00 - 7.00 - 10.00 - 0 4998 6.27 6.50]| 42.12) 41.00]| 8.09) 7.00;| 9.63) 10.00|| 27.39 0 5080 - - 41.25) 41.00 - 7.00 - 10.00 - (0) 5132 - - 39.50} 41.00 - 7.00 - 10.00 - 0 5137 - - 38.75) .41.00 - 7.00 - 10.00 - 0 5144 - - 41.12) 41.00 - 7.00 - 10.00 - 0 5165 6.52 6.00}| 36.87) 41.00 6.62} 7.00]} 13.93) 10.00}} 30.06 (8) 5189 6.08 5.94|| 37.138) 41.00 6 64| 7.00'| 13.88) 10.00|| 30.38 (0) 5190 - - 42.00) 41.00 = 7.00. - 10.00 = 10) 5193 = = 39.41) 41.00 = 7.00, = 10.00 = 0 5406 = = 41.13) 41.00 | 7.00) = 10.00 0 j 5452 8.40 4.36)| 21.88) 20.00 5.23} 5.00|} 21.13) 22.00)| 39.00 0 4910; 10.80 2.99}| 24.99} 23.00 1.81) 2.50 6.85} 8.50]| 52.56 0 5090 7.04 2.17); 25.50} 23.00|| 2.79) 2.50 6.79| 8.50]| 55.71 0 5411 - - 25.75). 23.00 - 2.50 - 8.50 - 0 5443 - - 22.00} 23.00 - 2.50 - 8.50 - 0 4918 - - 23.97) 20.00 - 3.00 - 8.00 - (0) 4945 9.21 2.01|| 24.88! 20.00]] 3.02) 3.00 8.13} 8.00]} 52.75 0 5430) = = || 27.63) 23.00) = 3.00) = 8.00! = (0) | | | | | 52 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q14. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FEEDING STUFFS SAMPLES. 2 Q, . EU ees a 5 a 3 MANUFACTURER OR SHIPPER AND BRAND. Z q a8 e | n & ¥ mn Continental Cereal Co., Peoria, Illinois. Continental GlutensMeed: nce ah ole ok cei oy Le ee a O 5311 Corn Products Refining Co., New York City, N. Y. ; Buftaloi@orn Gluten: Meedigess ies 3 fa ee eee ae D 4936 O 5009 O 5413 Douglas & Co., Cedar Rapids, Iowa. DouglasiGutenvheed 403.0 aaa he eee eee D 4934 Huron Milling Co., Harbor Beach, Mich. Jenks (Gluten Meedvins kines esc oe ene ers See Ce eee O 4982 Stanley Mfg. Co. A. E., Decatur, Ill. Stanley’siGluten eed eset niche eee ee O 5055 O 5412 GLUTEN MEAL. Corn Products Refining Co., New York City, N. Y. Diamond (Gluten: Meals). ake. caste GL One aeEooce O 5089 LINSEED OIL MEALS. American Linseed Co., New York City, N. Y. Tanseed@il Mie al... Guce 3s |, 2 haa ee ee eNO ee O 4979 O 5335 O 5416 American Linseed Co., New York City, N. Y. Oli Process OilMeale ssa ee ae een eau PAReT Se ane eee O 5085 Major Co., Guy G., Toledo, Ohio. Old) Process) Linseed! OiliMkeal ye ae sk eer O 5000 O 5032 Midland Linseed Products Co., Minneapolis, Minnesota. Midland Brand Pure Old Process Ground Linseed Cake............ O 5088 O 5394 DISTILLERS GRAINS. mks Milling & Heed Bes ; New York City, N Adj ax Makes isciinclovacscots tins ay seseausiehensligvacs jee shoiehevereneie veh el aoe Cane O 5069 OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 60. 53 ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFFS. | PROTEIN. Fat. | FIBER. | : | Co) || ] 3 | : \eses g a 3 | z 3 Leelee ie 5 3 | e g fe Sera ene aoe 3 ae ee aes ieee ete ree) aes peer lets Ss x j 3 3 5 | a BR g S ° 3 5 3 5 3 He ee ilar S=ris4 = » | 4 Dn = = 0 5265, - = |! 16.63] 16.00]; - 5.50|| - | 10.00 = 0 5312| 9.22) 4.25|| 16.88] 16.00]| 5.52) 5.50|| 7.06) 10.00|| 57.07) 0 5414, - Sa etGets 1600] |N 5.50|| - | 10.00 = 0 5325| 10.12| 3.83|| 17.38| 15.00]; 5.59] 3.00|| 5.26, —- || 57.82] 0 | | 5460} 10.40) 2.74/| 17.38] 17.00|| 5.10] 5.00) 3.41) 4.80)| 60.97 0 | | | | 5417| 8.50] 4.34]| 18.50] 17.75]! 6.25| 5.80|| 5.55] 6.75|| 56.86] 0 5167| 9.01} 4.81|| 17.25} 16.00]| 6.13] 4.00] 7.85 10.00), 54.95) 0 | | 5083] 8.92) 4.37|| 17.25] 17.00]| 5.61] 4.00|) 7.89} 10.75]) 55.96) 0 | 5293| 6.83) 4.47|| 17.13] 15.00|] 5.23] 4.50|| 6.35] 8.00|| 59.99] 0 5448) - = 16.25] 15.00 = 4.50 = 6.00/| - 0 5061] 7.85/ 5.45|| 15.38] 15.00|| 5.43] 4.50|| 9.39) 8.00|| 56.50] 0 5348) 8.96) 3.52|/ 16.88] 15.30|/ 5.86) 5.50|) 5.82) 7.60) 58.96 0 | | 5102} 9.06} 3.05|| 17.63} 16.00]] 5.50| 5.00|| 4.11) 8.00|| 60.65 0 5419] 9.21] 3.45]! 18.75] 18.00|| 5.13] 5.00|; 4.23) 8.00]| 59.23} 0 5007} 8.61) 6.29|| 16.00] 15.00]| 6.25' 4.00) 7.28] 9.00) 55.57, 0 5409| — = 18.00] 15.00 = 4.00|| —- 9.00// - | 0 60 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q14. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FEEDING STUFFS SAMPLES. 2 sa a g oa 3 MANUFACTURER OR SHIPPER AND BRAND. s aa Eee »_ PD s * n Sleepy Eye Flour Mills Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Pure Wheat Middlings'2 oie as Se oe eee O 5317 Stock & Sons, F. W ., Hillsdale, Mich. Stocks! Middlin gs) inci ieee eo ee eee eee oO. 5048 Stott, David, Detroit, Mich. _ Glimax(Middlings-te5 ioe a ee ee eee ee O 5025 Stott, David, | Detroit, Mich. Fine White Midd lings sccscst ays ae pee ee ee ae O 5026 Stott, David, Detroit, Mich. RennantyVad dine sree eee eee ee ee Fane ets Ae oO 5027 Traders & Producers Supply Co., Buffalo, N. Y. vriaisit: Chippena Pancy;Middlings.4.s0 ee eee eee O 5045 Urban Milling Co., Geo., Buffalo, N. Y. Mad dlin pais. ci 5 ecto sasars ios eco Seger eee oa eet ea O 5098 Urban Milling Co., Geo., Buffalo, N. Y. WiheatiMid dim gett nivsc)./o. gees ise PT ties a: NR acs ce IT Ree O 5449 Valley City Milling Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. H Harmen selavorite Middling ss Scere oe eee eee Oo 5251 Voigt Milling Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. WVolgtePureiMiddlingsap seem Shee eon ee eee O 5387 Washburn-Crosby Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Flour Mid dling: iiyci os. acters te iiliore Ee ae eee O 5287 Washburn-Crosby Co., Minneapolis, Minn. StandardsMiddlingss ye = Sra scecie co ee eee ea eae Cee Oo 5125 O 5415 Williams Bros., Kent, O. ; HancyawanterswWiheativuddlingss ae eiaeeclaiee ee eee eos Oo 5359 WHEAT OFFALS, BRAN. { Acme-Evans Co., | Indianapolis, Ind. | NCTE MEDAN Reo seccrees SMES ye ils decal ctu aye coven i 6 GIR eee ae eee eee O | 5070 Allen & Wheeler Co., | Troy, O. | Trojan Bran. < cic .cc7ctepaieie: «ooo Selectors sv icce oleh aseeare orate Stay Seas Tae Neen oor Oo 5153 O | 5421 | OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 60. 61 ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFFS. PROTEIN. Fat. FIBER. K oO 3 ; : : 2 oi g rd J aI 2 a) o oO oO Gr o , g E E St Be oe 3 . . . ~~ eee ee eee | eg $ 8 a 5 5 5 5 5 5 sie |S n = 3 MANUFACTURER OR SHIPPER AND BRAND. - A Ean me ~~ Bees * io) Grafton Roller Mill Co., Grafton, N. D. Grafton Wheat Reed sais seid cthe yo ela ae oe EEE Oe O 5260 O 5390 Gwinn Milling Co., Columbus, O. 4 Gwinn Dairy Heed is icsiccriescccieis scoevelicels sya eestor Neer nS O 4994 Larrowe Milling Co., Detroit, Mich. UES ad of) (cya | cee Re RRS ae ed Ua tie pan er eRR IE” an E IS Oy enon Olsen Ena OiO “0 O 5022 O 5362 O 5426 Noblesville Milling Co., t Noblesville, Ind. GoodeatcheMecd hy fe tciac sia Oe oe ea OE DCE nines O 5279 Northwestern Consolidated Milling Co., Minneapolis, Minn. . Planet eed 2: snk skein eos On tienes KBr one Port hice Pats eee i eA ey at 8 O 5357 O 5434 Northwestern Consolidated Milling Co., Minneapolis, Minn. DP, @, ©, A Oo) col ei een ee Rete ER a ea ele Ta A(A/iSorE.6 6 Om oOlbb Oc O 5049 O 5433 Park & Pollard Co., Boston, Mass. PGE Ne eet Ronit Rial canto ear seat Ne CUntede une aL al nip. an db. p00 6 O 5119 Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, Ill. Buckeye Peed escicvarsracs oon cher eaten k en eae Sb ee O 5092 Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, Ill. WMaisy Dairy. Peed siya cee cools ata iene dla che ois RO eee ene O 5420 Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, IIl. Quaker MolassesyDairy,Peedieen ean oe eee O 5021 Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, Ill. Schumacher Calf Meals seca yee levine cs nce Ie REE Eee O 5121 O 5336 D 5401 Russell-Miller Milling Co., Minneapolis, Minn. OccidentsWiheat eed heres aso ens Sheet Oe ee Eee O 4943 O 5423 Sheffield-King Milling Co., Minneapolis, Minn. GoldiMinevPeedi iis See eh eieaic nlo® Grae Oo Ben Aero Oe OS On ORC oe O 5014 Stock & Sons, F. W., Hillsdale, Mich. INF OMAT CIE srone ce veces secede islet te OS (on AER DO IS CE ee O 5050 OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 60. aS ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFFS. U PROTEIN. Fart. FIBER 3 : 3 3 |} 3 is g 3 zg ‘ $ ; S : | £ ee 3 ol aie Reine a. ec i veal soa E So sh Sa lane Sh 2 Bl ses 0) = < ies O fy 6) Be | Zo i | 5260| 9.59] 3.89|| 16.50] 15.40|| 5.22] 4.50|| 6.90| 9.30|| 57.90) Few 5390| - = 19.00) 1500] =) A.a0) 0S) O20 So) snc 4994 8.44| 4.80|| 16.50| 16.39|| 5.75; 4.50/| 6.76| 7.00|| 57.75] Few 5022} 8.37| 4.72/| 19.00] 19.00|| 4.22) 3.00|| 11.70] 14.00|| 51.99] 0 5362 5.36| 4.91/| 20.25] 19.70|| 4.65| 3.70|| 12.36] 14.00|| 52.47/ 0 5426, - is 1D. 1O.Coll “oi | S.0ol S| Asoo) “= 0 5279] 5.33] 5.59|/ 18.00] 15.00|| 5.18) 4.00|| 8.18] 11.00]| 57.72] Few 5357| 7.18) 5.02|| 17.63) 15.00|/ 6.01) 4.00|| 6.46) 8.00;| 57.70} Few 5434, = x sre) S00)|| ea) ZC = |) E.Coli) ibe 5049] 9.56| 3.30]| 18.00] 16.50|| 5.67) 4.00|| 2.84| 3.00/| 60.63; 0 5433 |e = s ID! USO] = Aol Ss] Sc] = 0 5119) 5.14| 9.65|| 15.75] 12.00|| 2.87] 1.50,| 28.74] 30.00]| 37.85| 0 5092| 7.98} 5.22|| 17.13] 15.50/| 6.46) 4.50|| 8.23/ 8.50|| 54.98| Few 5420| 7.98] 8.45|| 16.13] 16.00]/} 4.29| 3.50|| 12.43) 14.50|| 50.72|Many 5021; 8.85| 7.36| 16.88] 16.00]| 5.19) 3.50|| 10.39] 14.00|| 51.33) Many 5121| 6.50| 3.51)| 16.37) 19.00|| 9.49] 8.00]| 2.46] 3.00/| 61.67; 0 5336, — = 1D) WO-Call ~=S || Ball S|). Balk = 0. 5401] - BF )25850|) 19:00) aye) ass00|\! = 1} e 8200|| a. = 0 4943] 10.85| 5.41|| 16.69] 15.00|| 5.73) 4.50|| 7.54] 10.00|/ 53.78| Few OA s 7863) 1500! eee eaesoll jel TO!CO| | esi llerew, 5014] 8.82) 5.12|| 16.88) 15.90|| 5.23| 4.90|| 7.75| 8.80|| 56.20) Few 5050) 8.46) 5.36| 17.38 16.00, 5.48] 4.00]/ 7.70) 10.00) 55.62) Few I 70 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q14. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FEEDING STUFFS SAMPLES. 2 [oy q 3 n comin MANUFACTURER OR SHIPPER AND BRAND. a q = oO mM x Stock & Sons, F. W., Hillsdale, Mich. j RShUY o}s) KO) eae eens SLM oaths Ieee niin une Aa aie ens d cin Siw ipic-o oto ea a oo O O MISCELLANEOUS COMPOUNDED FEEDS. Protein 10-15 per cent. American Hominy Co., Indianapolis, Ind. FT OMG @ Hees isi dasves cise he ree Ott eae Er ener gon O Buffalo Cereal Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Bufceco Horse: Meediy ce Westy ih a ysuinos i seceny ine eee ie Pana NG O Clover Leaf Milling Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Ground’ Cornivand:O)atsh setae eee One Gee eee D Cox Uo., Chas. M., Boston, Mass. 4 Wirthmore = Hominy Heed) sien 6 ese Se TOE O Cox Co., Uhas. M., Boston, Mass Mirthmrore! Stock Heed: wai. tne ete eg ee O Donahue-Stratton Co., Milwaukee, Wis. : HiqualitysruresHominys Heed tn nai ceie eer nee a ea O Eastern Grain Co., Bangor, Me. Ground Cornvand Oatsh este csc ee aA an ee eee O Gray Milling Co., East Gray, Me. GoM Con Oat Medes sierra clebe neh s coeeiaiee ee ane eg eo gee O Ham €o., J. B:, Lewiston, Me. Corn and Oati@ hopress eee eee oe ee eae O Hills Co., Wm. S., Hillsdale, Mich. Trojan Stock Meed t= sicher dee ceva. Clee ae Oe eee re O Indiana Milling Co., Terre Haute, Ind. Miolsteim sHeedey cia t. ac vscys ieee ee soley Rac uIS Aaa cheat Oe ee O Kimball Bros., Bath, Me. Cornand OatiChopscee ite tse oe ee ee ee O Krause Milling Co., Chas. A., Milwaukee, Wis. Badger Hominy Heedme 2.2 .eossieoh coe ee a eee O Miner-Hillard Milling Co., @hoicelSteam|Cooked¥Hominy, Heedt. eee. eee eee eee O Station number. 5047 5436 5308 5368 4898 5169 5371 5314 5166 5330 5010 5177 5099 5347 5290 5451 OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 60. Ti, ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFFS. PROTEIN. Fat. FIBER. H ae Ee 2 | > : g 3 J a 2 3 3 3 co) o o sa e 5 s g g We ea) q | 5 . a : | : q Be) = See ee el ecg es ie ees 3 3 BI 5 5 5 5 5 Silene || D = skalGetchelll ieee ee ser ere eter 81.32 10.6 106 ieee, (Oh IB. hid an 5 Gp doouaassccu0sc0dcc 84.76 4.3 43 11847|Augusta Frank R. Partridge............... *73 .00 .8 68 11846)Augusta W. R. Partridge.................. 85.16 9.2 92 11844|Augusta Red Cross Pharmacy............... | 80.24 13.0 130 P49 Augusta )-Arthuretraults.secre eee : *83 .56 a8 93 11848|Augusta J.S. Therberge &Co............... 83.56 a) 95 12622)iBangorerATranWallenere hse etree ree ere te 84.45 10.7 107 12082|Belfast Old Corner Drug Store............... *85.96 11.9 119 12081|Belfast Wm. O. Poor & Son................. ! 83.96 12.8 128 12779|Biddeford N. P. Baillargeon................. 84.24 10.3 103 1269 |BiddefordeHerBoyntons eee eee seen 85.40 10.1 101 12780|\Biddeford)) eb Cosgrovel ele olen 87,00 9.8 98 12685|Biddeford Jeremiah Crowley................- 83.60 Uf o® 75 12747|Biddeford L.Doyon &Co..................: | 87.20 7.0 70 12686|Biddeford Harvard Pharmacy.............. | 84.50 0.9 9 12749|Biddeford Daniel Kerwin................... 93.70 trace 0 12750|Biddeford Morin DrugCo................--| 86.30 10.4 104 12746|Biddeford Wallace F. Percival.............. *86.30 10.3 10 12687) Biddeford) J)-wrlaseldel arc ence eee 83.60 10.5 105 12689/Biddeford A.B.Smith...................- | 82.70 8.4 84 12688|Biddetord Chas. F. Traynor &Co.............} 85.40 10.0 100 12079/Bucksport Albert A. Page.................. | 80.96 14.0 140 12080|Bucksport SR. Be Stover... 2 - eee ene | 84.76 12.1 121 12277|Cumberland Mills L.K. Paine.............- *78 .36 5.0 50 * Alcohol not stated on label as required by law. 7 In this column 100 means in accord with U.S. P. Outside of these limits hearings were recommended. Goods from 90 to 110 are passed. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 61. 95 Table showing the results of analysis of samples of spirit of peppermint—Continued. O1L or PEPPERMINT. g8 Alcohol 3 g NAME AND ADDRESS OF DEALER. found ase TE ae RE ae per cent. | standard. 12278 Cumberland Mills King S. Raymond........ 86.76 515) 25 12119|Dexter E.A. Brewster & Son............... 83.96 11.9 119 ato Dexter gi Ac gl Davis te. 2fe yee. each 83.96 11.5) 115 12122/Dover Elmer E.Cole............020- 02005. 84.76 9.5) 95 12088|Fairfield Fred H.Neal..................... 79.84 10.4 104 12087|Fairfield Wilson Pharmacy................. 82.44 12.1) 121 22 RoxcrohtieE HesNickersonn.- sejane va ccc stems 84.76 11.8 118 11874 Gardiner Beane's Drug Store..........: = Oe 83.56 12.8 128 12254 Gardiner Beane’s Drug Store..........-...- 84.76 11.3 113 11872\Gardiner Charles J. Burke................. 83.96 11.5 115 HS73iGardinererJacksOnwBrosi= cise erect 82.44 10.0 100 HIS 7,G| Gardinersi@hass wager ce ciiceeaterincir *84 .76 6.6 66 12281 Gorham 1Biokaaye 1D. Cages cs onenecchacdons 83.20 10.3 103 11877 Hallowell (Crimi; ID RW Ee HHO 45 bop dobaudepoes 82.08 10.4 104 11875|Hallowell W. WD. Spaulding................. 73.00 6.2 62 12092|Oakland Samuel J. Foster-.............-... 82.08 IL 7s 117 12693}Old Orchard Seaside Drug Co.............. 81.80 11.3 113 12782|Peaks Island Ernest G. Pettingill........... 68.66 2.1 21 11217|Pittsfield Libby’s Pharmncy............... 82.44 12.7 127 AS iPibtsheldiy Eley Ese N Ut bere eye lepers ieee eye oe iPacere | 82.08 11.2 112 12509 Porulands vAsayki pAlb bOttiynmi-ilecieier ors ieee | 85.70 7.6 76 12S (PortlandiesBranks Jess raed Oni w eee ects | 89.08) 3.3 33 12199|Portland Dudley-Weed Drug Co............ | 82.44| 11.9 119 i230 a\iPortlandsawWryAcehlahertyessaee nee ian eee 83.68 10.4 104 LAtSO iRortlandesbdwardell-s Blosser see nee | 85.96. 6.8| 68 12172|Portland Lyman C. Fowler................. 73.44| 3.3) 33 HOSA Portland birankliny rus: Come ace en ee | 80.96) 10.9 109 12196|\Rortland | Georgel@ inves n= ce oe ee 82 -34| 12.0 120 12194|/Portland Frank J. Gallagher.................| 87.56) 5.8 58 123i) Portlands |©. HiiGuppyi© ores. | 86.52) 5.4 54 12193 \PortlandmelredeDastanveyaeree error 82.44 11 -2| 112 12100|Portland CANE: sblawkins) crests hearths tecue a suse | 82.84 11.3 113 * Alcohol not stated on label as required by law. + In this column 100 means in accord with U.S. P. Outside of these limits hearings were recommended. Goods from 90 to 100 are passed. 96 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI4. Table showing the results of analysis of samples of spirit of peppermint—Continued. Oi oF PEPPERMINT. Bs Alcohol 3 g NAME AND ADDRESS OF DEALER. founds ene Wer cents n 5 . per cent. standard. 1191) |PortlandaeH woes aysiSOnShEeseriar ere eee 81.72 5.0 50 12102 (Portland) woe Heel avesi SONS Hee ern cease 82.44 5.0] 50 12312)|Portland) Johnewe Healey-) oecmescdastecrs eet 81.34 10.8! 108 TiS kontland seuhearaghial ton eee ee recrr eee 87.50 4.9! 49 12310 |Portland sd. Eleeamel js erien hae arene eee | 68.22 3.2 32 17 Ol Portland Hammonds ruci Con eeeee eee | 83.56 12.0) 120 12171|Portland MHeseltine & Tuttle Co............... ee S2E84 12.6 126 19976|Portlands | Brancisids Holland-n serene iby riser | 80.96 1327 137 12195|Portland | Hurl burteBrosir eect ijaceiscr toe 82.84 8.7} 87 12183|Portland Italian-American Drug Co........... 80.96 il 5 2/ 117 ATOM |Portlande ohne ehWcelenmrmeeriee iii eee 81.32 12.4 124 227 5iPortlands wlan Viaire pee ei earner einen 78.72 13.1 131 12308|Portland Georreiwe Mernllaa se eee eee *75 .80 10.8 108 2329) |Portland? JohniCSOtishs a neeeeasaeeieeee 77.50 6.4 64 12182|Portland Pearl Street Pharmacy.............. 78.36 11.3 113 12187|Portland Geo. W. Rankin................-.-. 82.44 10.6| 106 LOL SiPortlands (Riker-Jawnes: sane seeeee eee mene 82.84 1.5) 125 12314 Portlandss Jobnet hawie see t rr) eee 80.68 12.0 120 12188|Portland Simmons & Hammond.............. 83.56 10.7 107 12189|Portland Simmons & Hammond.............. 82.08 10.0 100 PAlGBMerdbnacl § tsieekhe, a IDSs Ao oonsbobooocedoacas 83.20 12.0 120 A 277PortlandsyArt hun Geis peateperrer yee 82.08 12.8 128 121:75|)Portland! Henry Iu Stimson... 2.45242 eee 83.96 7.8 78 12198|Portland West End Drugi'@o....-.:.......... 77 56) 12.4 124 12170|Portland Charles E. Wheeler...............-- 78.72 13.9 139 12114 Rockland.) Hl Jeguitchs. 0) jes eee 50.82 0.9 9 IS Rockland eaiEeyJepbite hysteria seer 62.31 0.8 8 12646|Rumford Bower’s Pharmacy................. *85.40 9.1 91 12648|Rumford) (Cote Pharmacy... 0.)...2.--5-255 law applies to the sale, distribution, transportation, or the c-cering or ex- posing for sale, distribution or transportation, any materials Note. All correspondence relative to the inspection laws should be addressed to the Commissioner of Agriculture, Augusta, Maine. TOD MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q14. used for fertilizing purposes the price of which exceeds $10 per ton, and to lime, marl and wood ashes intended for fertil- izing purposes at whatever price they are sold. For many years the sale of materials other than mixed goods was so small that no notice was taken of it. As time went on, however, with the propagation of the ideas of home mixing, the demand for chemicals increased. For the last few years the most common chemicals such as acid phosphate, ground bone, nitrate of soda and the various potash salts are regularly registered by the companies handling them. In the case chiefly of companies manufacturing in the State it happens that other fertilizing constituents are sold in small amounts and primarily for experimental purposes. While the law is explicit there will until further notice, be no prosecutions made by the Commis- sioner of Agriculture for the sale without registration of small amounts of these more unusual fertilizing constituents, pro- vided the company can show that these goods were sold in good faith for experimental purposes. As a part of the indi- cation that the goods were thus sold it should be explained to the customer exactly under what conditions the goods are sold; that they are unregistered; that they have not been or are not likely to be analyzed by the Director of the Maine Experiment Station and that the Commissioner of Agriculture holds himself in no way responsible for the quality of these unlicensed goods sold for experimental purposes. Their sale is allowed because the Commissioner of Agriculture does not regard it as the purposes of the law to either hamper ordinary business or hinder experiments on the part of the farmer. Whenever any goods thus offered experimentally come to be sold in consid- erable amount they must be registered the same as other fer- tilizing materials. 2. The Brand. Every lot or package shall be plainly marked with: The number of net pounds in the package. The name or trade mark under which it is sold. The name and principal address of the manufacturer or shipper. he minimum percentage of nitrogen, or its equivalent in ammonia, in available form. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 62. 107 The minimum percentage of available phosphoric acid (solu- ble and reverted). The minimum percentage of total phosphoric acid. The minimum percentage of potash soluble in water. In the case of lime, marl and wood ashes each package shall, in addition to the above be plainly marked with: The minimum and maximum percentage of total lime (Cal- cium oxide). The minimum and maximum percentage of total magnesia (magnesium oxide). The minimum and maximum percentage of lime combined as carbonate (Calcium carbonate). The minimum and maximum percentage of magnesium com- bined as carbonate (magnesium carbonate). The minimum percentage of lime-sulphur (calcium sulph ite) in gypsum or land plaster. If a fertilizer (including lime, marl and wood ashes) is sold in bulk or put up in packages belonging to the purchaser, upen the request of the purchaser he shall be furnished with a copy of the statements named above. 3. Manufacturers certificate. Before manufacturing, sell- ing or distributing a commercial fertilizer a certified copy of the statements named in 2 shall be filed with the Commissioner of Agriculture. 4. Manufacturers samples. When the Commissioner of Agriculture shall so request, the manufacturer shall furnish a sealed package containing not less than two pounds of the com- mercial fertilizer. 5. Registration fee. A registration fee is assessed on any brand offered for sale, distribution or transportation in the State as follows: $10 for the nitrogen, $10 for the phosphoric acid, $5 for the potash and $10 for the lime contained or said to be contained in the fertilizer. The filing of the certificate and the payment of the fee is required from only one person for a given brand. 6. Registration may be refused or canceled. The Commis- sioner of Agriculture may refuse to register any commercial fertilizer which bears a name that is misleading or deceptive or which would tend to mislead or deceive as to the materials of which it is composed. The Commissioner of Agriculture also 108 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQt4. has power to cancel the registration of a fertilizer manufac- tured, sold, distributed or transported in violation of any of the provisions of the law. 7. PPED BDPP bP 299 9999 990¢ S 2941)|Bradley’s Complete Manure for Corn and Grain...............-..-------+:--=::: 2606) Bradley’s Complete Manure for Potatoes and Vegetables..................-.---: 2968| BradleyzsiComplete Manure with 1095" Botashy a see ere eee an ieee ener 2604 | Bradley’s Complete Manurexwath 1095) Po tais lye eee eae oe ero treerne 2608)BradleyisiCorn; Phosphate). any o2e. Ae Sn ne nee eee Neb co 26/8liBradley2s:\ Corn Phosphates ..4 55 ace ae ene ne eee eee een eit eien- 2609)|(Bradley7siHMurekaHertilizers: 45. .5 o.oo eee eee ee eerie. 26%5|(Bradleyis:Brureka, Mertilizers: a. 2h ee ne ae ee er ee een 2588|Bradley’s High Grade Potato and Root Special...............-----------::=-+>> 20M iBradleyis Niazara ehosphater -. se a er ie telat retarted 2844'BradleyisiNiacara Phosphaten=: sess cee oe Oe OLE cee een 2605|Bradleyispr otatomhentilizen. sect n: oa chine: elon bile cei eee eee 2817 Bradley2s Potatolvia mune 2) yoy ayuelereiene ne es wae esac eee eee ene ae 2605)|Bradley/sexel, super=2hosp hate) of inerrant tenet needa 2607|Bradley’s xen Super-phosphatelof Immense... 34) ier= 2635|Clark’siCove Bay state bertilizet: «cree as cise eee erie eee ee nee eee eee eee 2913|Clark2s|Gove Bay state bertilizer ys. aoe ee en orice nee ee ieee eee mentee 2589) GlarksiCove Bay state mertilizer GGim yes is seein ree ne enema 291i Clarks Cove Bays statemhectilizer G Geiser seter bee ere leeee eet tte etre ieeeret st ae meneic eaten 2638|Glarkis|\ Gove GueatuelanetVianiire tAVAr ees eter rien Deere eerie eerie net 2639/Clark’s Cove King Philip Alkaline Guano for All Crops.............-..-..+-..-+- 2938/Clark‘s Cove King Philip Alkaline Guano for All Crops.....:.................... 29374 Clarksi@ove LotatOvMeruliizere - mine eibeiciatic rence ee ee ean renee eee 2629]|Clark?siGovereotato Manure: sc. ce ts oeisre Sie ie ane nee eee ee eee earare 2936|\ClarksiGove PotatoiMamures 1-5 tants oee ec ene 3056|/Complete:Manurenwith Hol, Potashl. fy. qos ee ee ee eee ent 2683)\Crockers Ammoniatedueorn hosphates sacle) eer iete nen ie eee eee ene 2806|Grocker!s, Ammoniated @orn) bbhosphater ss ecient ae earner tee ieee eare 2687)|Crockeris ATOOstooksbopaib0) SDEClala a. - ao ciate.) eine ses ieee eee eee 2824|Crocker’s New Rival Ammoniated Superphosphate..................--.+.+----- 2689|Grocker's Potato. Hoprand hopaccOm cis st. telalti rite eee I19g OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 62. sis of Fertilizer Samples, Tor4. Analy : “pooquvien 2900 S009 S099 SSS Sooo mNOD COD CSO SCOMR SSS COO OnNm OOS td 19) Sooo KKENN SCOoOrnrr oon mNsos SHAN Sao MIDNA ANH RAN oisig CHH ONG ig aaa aS I a We DOMD OHDD NMMHO ABN MWOHKR DOSOK OCHO AMON HHOM WHN BHD OAD OoOKT fe) “punodgy RSVR SSS SSNS PAN SESS SRLS SSH HSAN SHON SSN FSS 6SH Rw a SSSS HHAN SCObhr SOM HPHSS BAAN Sd MAAN AAU Noa 191 SHN ONos aon ion! Cali aie > oe m ora eMNTAELN — ecoeoe SSCS SCSOSS COS SSOS90 S500 SOS SoCo SO0S SoS SOO Soo SOS = PES RS 9) OMI WWONN WOAH BOM SOnK BAAD ane Sr-OS Soe BOO oOF&K Rao aaa 2 et aS sy Sere Fe See 8 eae Se Ser Ua ai ° —ROSOON ANH M1IDIDO HOK~R GBOMD HOM FWD HNOSO OHM AND WOK AMON WAN ‘ a *puno,y ASH BNGS AGH WHR DMOD MOSH Ata iota GALAH WOW AND Oro wt a MOND HDOHA BORD BBO Sond oose Sam > OO tt BABS SSR BH HAD BAD 1S) . r <4 o “pooyurarensy SOSCO SCSOSS SSOSS SSS SSSS SSCS SOS S000 S809 SOS SSS Soo S050 5 ia) KNoS Rea RROD OOH WDHNSDD WHHHH HNK DHODHD GBBHWH HDHD WOOD GOW WAOW wa 3 = mr Sal fs 3 5 ROOnm OMHID DOMID DES ANWHHD MAHAR BID DSH wWOdH BON MOD Gao MLO oy S puno Wd DWHAS HRARWOD AONMR DOD WMORBH ASCBN CHO MONTH OMAN mtr craig xHorcd Or. Ay 00 o> 00 Niji) 6 Hod be COH Or oO COnANS AND Ost OD Ono oOo CON rt © a aT qnyosut COONH OD - + Hoto OH - HOMO Hidsdtd SODCD CD ON CAH INH HoD coca eD CN ODID inImCD = rcD CD [= bo OATZOG BY Soce) Seo 6 SSeS SOs SSoer SSeS eS GS9q COS Cf GOS GOS Goo a o) ANON moO. COMM AG. MENS ADOSD BHO HOGBH HORDSD HHN ARO BHD ORD ‘op qnyos HOM Md +: + COMHD BN - IHR MODO DAN DmHANR~ WORN mH OND wid 1919190 10VUM SY Scie! OO 66 CSOS SO 0 HOSO COS SOS MESS Sele SESE eSeQ SeSSe eee Be ONINnH DO. OMINSD AO: wWinoH AMHSO CHO HNN HHweo GON COON DION HO “BIUOUILIG SW BOWN OO 1.5 MONG OOH. AWAH HRA HOR ALSO AHOM Mart ASO HHO 19 yj HOSOO HO: : SCOno CGO: Onna SCOSS SOSOO SCOSCSo HOOS Soc Con HOS SooS — WON O MO. OOOH oo: OND COMM DDH HOHID DOM OH HOOD SOMO ONH ‘a7 RQ SY Ari OM + + rAMGOGD Aco - SOAs DOSH GHS WrHHDS GONIGQ MHO Orig DAT BOW ° SnHOo OF +- +s Anon SCO: SSO aonmciolom Oooo OOOoon solo m Ooms OIoiS Not H ai-1DN MOSH C19 DOOH DODD HAH INR IODL WHMMBH ORO MRO OMO MHD SBOHSO inkedtig HAHHO BRON HOODOO SCOR SN BDKH WHODO BHHH MOM MAD 19NDS CON “raquinu woTyey SRoO OMS OROD GHD BOND SHODS HWNnD GDHODD BGHRDR SHOR HOD SHH OHO q 1YB1S ANAN ANAK ANAN ANN AANANN ANNAN AAN ANNAN ANNAN AAN ANH MAAN Ang I20 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI4. Descriptive List of Fertilizer Samples, 1914. Station. number. Manufacturer, place of business and brand. 3095| Nitrate of Sodax ooo 5c aie Sis lee eka Se Ee a oie cic ae eet eS 2734) OtissBotatos PF entilazer. 8 52h hc oe ee. atten sk RO ae Zio | Otispsupresehosphateleaaee cece mre itera: SANUS er ee dO eRe 2636)Pacihe Dissolved Bone & Potash see sm oe een eee eran ane 2634 iPacine Grassyaa Grain) Hertilizers 2 wee ene ic ieee ee eee 2632)\Pacihe Biph Grade General Mertilizen: 2. cj20 5 2c a5 cela ie eee naire 3085|RaciheNobsquel Guano tor All| Crops samme oe cee 3099|iPacifie Nobsque’Guano for All\@ropsraseiac els serie ee neice ener ee 2633|Pacific PotatowSspecialt: 3. ttaseeien Ra eR rn nse eae eet eee ee 2910) Pacific BotatorSpecialliss -\o.seco2 ce ah ts ac leke Se coe eae ane eee me 3084 Packers WUnioneAnimalli@ornvHertilizer eee entree ee nee 3091)}Packers Union Animal Corn Fertilizer................... Crocker’s Special Potato Manure Crocker’s Specia } Potato Manure Darling’s Blood, Bone & Potash....... Darling’s Blood, Bone & Potash General Crop Grower Genuine German Kainit Great Eastern General Fertilizer............ Great Eastern Genera] Fertilizer Great Eastern High Grade Potato Manure Great Eastern High Grade Potato Manure Great Eastern Northern Corn Special Great Eastern Northern Corn Special Great Eastern Potato Manure................... Great Eastern Potato Manure Great Harvester Potato Manure... . Great Harvester Potato Manure................ High Grade Dried Blood High Grade Fertilizer with 10% Potash.............. High Grade Fertilizer with 10% Potash........... High Grade Fertilizer with 1095 Potash Lazaretto Aroostook Potato Guane............ Wazanetto. Gorn Gianose ete nae WazarettombuighiGradeRotatolGuano eee are een irene Lazaretto Propeller Potato Guano Mutrate of Potash......... Nitrate of Soda Packers Union Maine Central Fertilizer Packers Union Potato Manure. . Packers Union Univeisal Fertilizer HighiGrade Sulphatejoipeotashe sc seue eevee eis eter eee MazaretowsiehiGradenkopatol Gildan on ieieters cee erie eee eter Packers) UnionjGaideners|\€ompletes Manureh. 5. peor (Backers) UnroniUnivensallblentilizene nce ce ein aeen ienenee i net ene erie Plain Super-Phosphatewees iy. stare a fons svc. seizecct adetet ars pees ae eRe eRe eee eee {21 OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 62. Analysis of Fertilizer Samples, 1or4. : ‘paaquereny eese Seesfe SomnB SOSCO LISS) “SOS SSO) S40 2 Sine CSCS GOSS See) Ge) et SOK WAHH COnH MMOS iSocs ia 5 setae i a 505) so 5a a csc cs co oso (SSS B4¥N SSS Fis HAN ANAN MOAN SOS ww dy CwmwIoN HAND SSOSSD wWADD (OOO OOF Fint ©... INKRN HOHN MOND OM ia, *punoy Sites) CHevep SCIEN SINCE) “OND HOt END © +--+ OOM Migi918g Fodder SBS =3s SCoOr~ wmMHtH CONF MMOS ‘ooo HO <—) iiesate 4 ina A) — >< sc o8 co ee (SSS BHA SOO HH . MAN ANAN HON SON wot ‘pooquereny Sooo S799 S995 SSS ooo -ocO SecCO =... ©8060 SCSSOS SSOSCS SSeS SoS 2s BROOD 'IAD PEAD Paw Rey ta No 2 BOM DAOA G2@ISSO HHH a6 a . 5 . . mr ret oes! bere 2 _— Seen } SCrot &@ Ot Wert SHANA Ree “aa HxH00 7 OOM OID CONOH RRO OND j i “punow HOODOO 219 NH COOHH OAHOID Now “Ot NON 2! MONO F19GDID OONH M9 AGN a =P 000 DD HRD ONAD ADDO MOO OO hom 52 SCOnt HOGA 2SOOSG Kom Gar 13) : 2 See ea Sal felis seal a ae Seco 8S Co SCOS SCcSoSoS Coco [oO CoO TL LAO OM SOom OOo Om OOlOomoclO _ ra peszueren ft) OONN 0 HO OOOO OONnnr 1600 100 OOO 55 DOS MHWD WHA CoO woot | ; fe 8 : : os oO aI A990 A wt COHS OMOH ‘keo "OO ADO 7 10GID CORK MRHO OM MOD H 3 ‘punog HHANS DCH RMOMM AHO [OON [Om mor Di oN ODNN FHHNMD SHO MIN Be ee : Oonn MBM RO COOK WORK 19 OO KE 000 - 5: GS GHW DHOAD Cinco mom ° OAMDH FS BO MIDnOH SMOH Oooo “On NAAN 7 IDO OOM BIND HOO IOtH [| e]qnposuy A901 SN MHHO Hors 100 Hd [HH HOW 1 i ONO MERON HWHOKR MON WMD 3 Sony oF - HR LOt WADS DAO COON CD OO >) OHO AMNOD ANGCOM NOK Mom gTqnjos ANOmme OC ON DOROH ~ODS ron “ON HoOOId foe Het 190 OI1ID OP DtH ADH MIDS Meo A HH ANH Heo TSA tsHod | oo aH Fit COO OMAK HANH TAH Heo SOenn 0 AN SDDOS COnH ELE “AH ODO [OO 2S: ASDMHM CORE LOD AN - *pooyvuerenr) ANH © -OOD ANDO COnF OM “Oo NANO SoS 8CF0+ ANDG COMA HWANG OO a Mott HOO MMONN ANHH ANNAN [On man IBID AN + SMa AANA AMA CO 3 pen : ; 2 oO COHN ARAN SHOW OCLRON DHEA “AA oon “OSD 00D. DHOD GOODON HOR Od a *“puno,y MOnH DMN AMAN MAN OAR [HOO 1H TSO HH! SCHOS HORM WS FAN cot H Nes MONA ANHH DANA ist COON NOS AA: aod AAA AWA eo 5 Dene GO - moO BROOR MNOS AWO -0200 HO es ON: BMOND DHOOM Ho an: 93] qnjosut MOtMD NNN AMAN FANN ODnAN ae AN ee OOD UNS INO OF mA. Z 3 dATJOBUL SY Sel — a ema am) 5S SIS) ~2s OOl+ COCO cOOO GO oo - 3 & = : cae : ; Beste aoe eee pats i} “o -oTqN OSU ANDS SF - MH DMM DNRD OOM aH On De RO) 6 OHOD Cincom” Ot aa 6 q 1401 t HOR 6 ie HOS HDHOS ONHH MD GH Di SR ft mM HON Heist Noo cost: 8 ap SATPOV BY SCSOSS 5 160 SOOO SOSH MSSOS 160 SO 5756 GG 0 SGOS GEGS 6c oo: ef 5 - : 8 ose : : & fo) -“aTgnyOs SONOS O DN DNSSD SROSD RRAN "OO GoM LS LS Catan TBH eS eae 7, TqN] IDEAS NAN -MH MOMID MAGD AHH (OOH HH foe HH OHH MONT HHA He. I9,UM SY SOS) © 196 SOoOoe SoSeSe Geo oO CCS i OO) COoo Sooo (ooo (Sor: AANN KH HN MND DAKO ~HoS “Ho | ON > OO ODOO Enos ANNO TEI “ermoWUIe Sy Otte HN OAD HARAND 11D 10 :O1p oD O19 Db GS) SOkham DWHSON DHE SGA ie E mono 0 100 HOSS COMO ooo 1OO AHO +i OO + COCOCSD SOSH SHO Oo: CONDOS BD - HH DoH DOONAN one ON OCNOOD GCO MO - (00 +O HH.) BRON & . "9781710 SV DE oD oD oO Nr notre X19 oD -One “Aa ANDO Bet) moO - 210 +o Oin . - Hore a 5 Sinine MHHO DanS mWMhRO Rott GOW Smid Hoo Hino HAND MOH Dat 1900 DA NOOO OCOHid0O ORO SERON ARR DAD 0HMD MHD MHMOND WHHD DOr MON “J9qUInU U0ONe COND DOOD COhKOSG GAWHD SOSH Sin 01HOID SHO KREG SHSSSG OBSG OOH WS q 17848 ANAAN ADAN ANAAN ANAND MAAN ANN ANN MAND ANNA AND AND ANN ADNAN I22 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI4. Descriptive List of Fertilizer Samples, ror4. a SS SS Manufacturer, place of business and brand. Station number. 2904/ Quinnipiac: Corn Manure. 2. seas ese Onna ee eee 3062/ Quinnipiac Market Garden Manure............... 0. c cece cece renee sere sseens 3059|@uinnipiacveotatoManureh pero enact ee ooo oon. 3060]Quinnipiac Potato Phosphate.......... 0.0... cece cee eee eee Meare hh 2577|Read’s Farmer’s Friend Super-Phosphate.............. 0.0. ccc e eens e eect eens 3082|Read’s Farmer’s Friend Super-Phosphate............. 0.00 ce eee ee ects eee 2583|Read’s High Grade Farmer’s Friend Super-Phosphate...............00.eeeeeee 2586) Read's Potato Mianure 22a vcs nose ore ae vale eee RIS Te Eee Ere aeace pezetiors 2914|Read’s Practical Potato Special Fertilizer... ...... 0... 0... cece eee cette eee 3098]Read’s Standard Super-Phosphate.....................2.0005. Pa em dicks cee Cen a-oerers 2934 iReadis) Surei@atcheliertilizerseene ee eee eno cee neocon aere 2637liRead’s) Vezetable) doiVane) Hertilizeria. sane cece creel ci iteeieisaeietteie since dete nana 2641 SolublesBaciiciGuanoneeeeenion ono een ane pie as Un 2909|SolublesPaciticiGuanonmanciseiaci nein eek icra ree eater 3061|SpecialiGrassi& GardeniMixtures yy onc ae eieiece ine en een enereiors Q58Ui Standard A vBrana oie ah eis wee eat suede er Susie ee ee Ree eee eI ACR Eee isab even ener s 2903|StandardeAviBrand rena eee acini are iet: Rae aa) ene hae ae anny SEE 263i |StandardyBonel ce eotash-we hee rnc eerie tea ener 2584 Standard @ompleteiManurens ae cinesere riot ener rie inner iierar 3902|Standardi@ompleteManurel eee ain cei ric icene ancien ee Cee ae ea meena nonemeieatey= 2591 Standard Mentiizen seo cieccs Genelec aie ee ee EERIE LOCI ROR Menem cKR ers 2901 Standard Bertilizer i eee ee Ren Tr eC rae re aeons S086\Standard’ Guano torvAll)@ropsi ea eecieiete cielo ete ie ee eee aie aie neneieiere 2905|StandardiSpecialetorseotatOesmin. ee cen aecei rei ten net nei oii pie neat eterno mer Sverre 2907| Will ams & Clark Americus Ammoniated Super-Phosphate..............-.+2+0+- £912) Williams & Clark Americus Corn Phosphate..............0 00 ce eee eect tees 2906] Williams & Clark Amevicus High Grade Special for Potatoes & Vegetables. . 2908] Williams & Clark Americus Potato Manure...............22+2eee eee aa ede ses 2939} Willia.ns & Clark Royal Bone Phosphate for All Crops............-..++++++2000> ARMOUR FERTILIZER WORKS, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. YOO) 2-0 ers koy hol all (sere aL Ue Caen ran at ea ne er Rua od ida a Gieicoobo ue boo dmoas SOLA AMSS Glib To's eee eae SU Sees Ne Diep enn tretiuy mee tte a Ae ee BR eee nite Oil trata ee ser By oS O718|Bone Blood) & Potashy eck ae nee D ee ee erin torn 2766| Rone, Blood & Potash......... Pe Nhe eC Ey ilab ling a .a-anb d’o.0 cola 2854|\Complete* Rotato ies Wes eie scaus cate clei ned creel chs tens Renee aG nnn eae at men iE Rn TE 2990| Complete Potatoss.dcccd sciccisiaclccced cle env coo eeed Red eee Reto ee enna R ACR I D79 IN Gori Growers oe lars esd eee ale ee eeead eae Sra ALR eee ORI RI aaa acne RCN REC RET a= ieee 3029 Gorm Growers cian cine caste Sheroccoek Se Oe Dera EAL) Neue tet ae eee ee a ee a CMS D729 Double cVialues. isos halerasele av a.iee chatiecs We cAc Usha donens oseie caer OER RS nee en eR a ea eat Ren Me rs DAVE Dayo a} eae ila (cee arnienee iS iene ee Cont Le Ce EE EM Pol) oro ahead ogoueesoo0 00 Od OANOV/daeubih cs IBOKOIH Ornoyo) INAGWN | Gouvogagalobooduccmoudnoe Bre eet tee ths Sees SOA Means ce Javon Ory) SISO MM So oeaudecanuceuseuccoucc do nenoaGcoonGDeD OUD SXODD0KD 3009) Hach GradesPotaton ae sec oo kl- euch ie Ona e RO Cena Orne reir a een ATE nai 3028| Hizh: GraderPotatonccie co of eset cosl-)cNee tenia oe toe eo eR CRE Renn En mene nenet el: 2989 liWiheats GornedsiOatse men cle aisieise che cts einer arctan cr Reni hr = B02 7WiheatsG ormiek © atse eee crac cce citisikes Wie niet Gera en CHAE Rane na Rn aC Ren a ena mel BAUGH & SONS CO., BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 22> BaughisrAroostook#5o—S oii eriac cs ccesceieria ce) ln een ene Renn eke ean anit OUTS eyord als) AGoOEioOLolc = SMa Goan gbonoencbnocodnbvoodosousdcceoandnono0 es o00DOE PAWS HOA VS OOS) << “="fq soba emer ooongoomeundanoocpddconnondovaccouondccnne 123 woo COCO COCO COCO 2815BOo OOO COMM COO MOOoOC CoOoOoo eF0Coo EeFCoeoo SeoCoo ooo PorasH. PuHospHoORIC ACID. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 62. Analysis of Fertilizer Samples, ror4. NITROGEN. peevuBrenyy MRIs me SOM HANS BHO BAN KKH AMA BKoON WHR SONN SOHnH SOF ron ae ae nae ne home) SNM OHO SON BRN HAHN GOHLOCZMHON OEM CHAD BHRHD SOSOn HOT ROE 1520 *puno, OND MKS H MON HOH BHOH SHH BGAND Ms Bown ANMMDM DODO NSOwin WAC <= Nos) HEId MMM COMO HHR NAO AnH BREAN AMN BRON HPHRR CONN COMM CON Lor - are ae 5 on hae : SOSO0 CSO S090 COO SOD SSO CSCS COO SOCS 161918ID 191919190 1N1anANAd «Anan agap oso _ | pesyaereny SB DAB SL BAG GHW YH BAGG GHD AAGG Wood GOW ccc coconrnr BOS os} ~~ — ° C110 SCOmW HRH OOH MED ANS DOHD DHT BMWOMD SHOHO MND H BOwH OArN ai ote) a ‘puno,y SAS SHO COND AD WrO DDS SCOnMnH CON MAAR BNAH COO NASCABW GDoMMH HAS SOD BOO FEO ADHD CON CDHO BOBO Cnn COOD BAOr~ FEAR DAMM MOM aoe Galea ean SSS: SSS See. See See Soe Se eoe S25 Seeo SeeEe Seq] “Seqge- SSeS osoo ira Rest r3) Woo DOD OOH WOW DH PHS DHMH WOM ccDMW 10000 WOODGD 90000060 COCO CO E00 kon} Gs} 7 0OIn INHD ONO OOF MND GRO CHDND BOD NOAMH HMMS SOKM~Y HEwWMeR MOOK 1910 g ‘punoy ASD MAN BOB COND BAdtHiH AMS DOOGON WHO SOEOW BOSS HHAo OCOPno SOx NOS a Wr C00 IBOH WOO DOM SHO MHHO WOOD MrMD WMOWS OOMMm Mrwow coMmorm Or 00 RRO 298100 DHN SHS SCMR AWS ANMD wWINM ADBOHW WBArD qOOH WRHOmR 1990719 onfo ‘olqnyjosuy Sts OND OCINHtH AHS BPMN OPO OAS wWi9O0 WHAN Cw OOIN0O ANH COMO Aco Aner onmr aod onr mANO 1) MATIN maAN ANN anno Conn Soe oe ihe hee mmo Se ihe ieee TOH1n DOR ONH MHH COD KROK COND ADD SERS WORD CHRD HAMS AHS HOD ‘arqnjog Oat ARN BRON AND BERD ANDO DAND AND MON MOrD FNO1G BOBD WOM AND Ao COM H st HEId WAND OME ABHN DAN ATND HHOO WHMAN OHHH WAND roo CPrye OOD ALN AOD GHD AN: BDHBOD MONw OBOD DOM PH910 Bind 1w1dNAN ANS “‘pooquvieny SAH CSOD AHO © +-OC CON DDH + ANDSD SOH BGNSOD BAOAH ANSH FHSS OOW mo ra AMA ANN MND CN AND CO. MDMNAN FANN ANMATD ANHH MMAH HHH WHOS HH oD eS ON OOD Ott 9 - OC HOO SHO. ANGOH DOR WDMDN GCOON SAND ANGO HRoOOS Hon a “punog SWE NOOO HOR ONAN NODS SH + ANAN OHH Nida BAA AMSOO AAOO OOAH ANDO AMA ANN MND OC -N AND HO - MMAN HNN AHMAD ANHH MMA dita AAO HH OD mOID COnmO INH HN MHO DMO. NWDOID HOM WAI HAHN OADRE OHNO COO1919 oN “arqnyosut AWA Bae Fae ANN OGNH AW. HAND ANN FAHAN MOM Mtg WHAM BANISH Noa 3 “QATIOVUI SY SESE CEO SSeS SC 1 Seo SO 5. OOS (SOG COO Seee SGeeaeqg SGSeeqg COE — a) & : I 6 5 a 5 “4 01D DHO RON BH OOD Chm. Heat AHH HONS DONT SOMO ODNDHH DIAN Ok a a[qnyjosut Omid Hd Meo BH -H Hoot ON - WHOM WH DHOH DOOM W191I9NH ORM DONO tN &p DATOS SY ooo coo COCO O10 SCOm CoO: sooo Coo coco ScoOno COcoo rococo cocci SiS iy 3 a ; 4 ©) SND DOOD HON DB +O OF HD O19N - OR DD DOD MHOMH ANS HWHMOH MOHAN CONnR 00 O19 ‘aqnyos Ron att iON CO HH OHD MM - HOON FOOD BEMO BOBO CHAN MOD Binion HAN 107M SV Se C65) COG 2 oS SSS CO 5 OOSESe, SOO SGOSoe SSSOS SSO OOE0- SSeg2e) eK) z DDS DADS OHO 1 19 BROOD WD. HANDBO CHAN DONO WHIND DCO -N OrFag Cann HAD “‘eTUOUIUIe SY MOM MHS NDSO OOD EHMN CO. RPOWH AHH OOHH MBOM MO -m HHH ANNO HHS . SEG, SOG) BSS 25106 COG) OS 5s ODES SOQ) Seee See sha) OTOoe SoS No COG COM HoH SE co SSN as eo ti cop cS) HO CHM +: HODD HDHMWSO 00.1 1 CO : oD +00 oan Hon OOH COO soe S25 COO - 6HRHSD "OO COM. HOS MOoOoM 1D 4 Aan : So .o CREAR EN Sno COO AHO 6 0S) SOG OS 5s TIOEGS ‘OS SCOHO+s OOOH COSOSCDSO HOS oo . — a) HAD OPN MOH OND HOW HOW HAH OME ADHD CHDOD HOHRD ADMD BOOK 1D HO S8n SO DHH AMM HOD DSM WDORD DOG HSSHW BAAS HWABN AHAN SDNWON NON SSS O19 86ND OHH OHS WHS WH9DD CODD BDOBAGD COP BHBEDSD LADS SORDd Ree AMD MND ANN DANN AND ANN ANNAN MAN ANNAN BMBAN ANND ANN MAND. AAN *‘IequUINU 104e1g I24 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQT4. Descriptive List of Fertilizer Samples, 1914. Station number. Manufacturer, place of business and brand. 2887 2630 2890 2971 2969 2754 2852 Baughis Aroostook:4 6x1 Og: 2 cia vie cee Soe Ean) AACA eg tne aU Baugh?sAroostooke4 57 —NO iis ariave spre ie ie ake ene oe a ec ae BOWKER FERTILIZER CO., BOSTON, MASS. Bowker’s-Acid ,Phosphaite gis) .55 Ne 7M ah ei sre (aN nC a RE Bowker’s Blood, Bone & Potash Bowker’s Blood, Bone & Potash Bowker’s Bone & Potash Square Brand Bowkers) Bonerae Potash squareyBVand specie erent tanner mre ena enarenE ne Bowker’s Complete Manure for Potatoes and Vegetables Bowker’s Complete Manure for Potatoes and Vegetables Bowker’s'Cornubhosphates eins cic ecw pais sia calito (5 pace eta 7d Bel Re CTO ee Biowker!s Corm/Phosphater ecg ese le ne o 5 Sess a enc et ee cee eget BowkerissHanly BRotatoyManureniccsi eco ra aie ieee eee Teen Bowker?s) Warlymbotatoy ilar eyes nsy miei teen tee ate a amen ane SE Bowlers Warm) ca Gardenee hosp ate py wit eye i aia ae Mn ny eee ne eu Bowker's -Hresh (Ground sone 8 iiy. 0a a awe a ee een eee Bowker secu yao rill Eos hn abe yes rasreeyrcy acacia saan elena n Bowker/suballén Drill Senos p hia tetera eee eet ana a ae en Bowker Market: GiarcemmHeruihiz els siren eee a eer me erst este wae ay ein apa eee iBowkersiMarket Garden sHertilizensee ei eee eee ‘Bowker!siMiriate of: Potash in eee ra sit ne A emcee en RI Bowker’s:NitratetofiSodas; Ayaic stock ce racic sae ee dee Ee ene ee Bowker’s' Potash (Bone) i saucers cache cle euedevane cont sual eatin ng ee ey eg eS Bomker’

i ~ 3/3 a| 3 s/o a a q H qi H q Ha ig 3 Ss t=} 3 i} 3S q ° =) °°. I to) 3 1.05) 6.78) 6.0] 7.83} 7.0) 8.84! 10.0 1.08) 7.76) 7.0) 8.84) 8.0] 9.73] 10.0 UA] LOMO) WSO gow. «wo. 1.28] 7.14) 7.0} 8.42] 8.0) 7.39] 7.0 1.05) 6.89) 7.0! 7.94) 8.0] 7.39] 7.0 1.91) 6.67) 6.0] 8.58] 7.0] 2.90] 2.0 1.56) 6.19} 6.0) 7.75} 7.0] 2.09) 2.0 1.38] 6.04; 6.0) 7.42) 7.0! 9.62] 10.0 1.53] 6.00! 6.0} 7.53] 7.0!10.00; 10.0 1.53} 8.04} 8.0} 9.57]. 9.0] 2.39] 2.0 1.33] 7.86} 8.0} 9.19] 9.0) 2.54) 2.0 1.61) 7.98) 8.0) 9.59) 9.0] 7.24) 7.0 1.28) 7.91} 8.0) 9.19] 9.0) 7.38] 7.0 1.35} 8.68] 8.0/10.03} 9.0) 2.34) 2.0 beste (eeaenenieel frees PAIS POs adellou sue 1.67] 8.90} 9.0/10.57) 10.0] 2.79) 92.0 2.49} 8.40} 9.0/10.89| 10.0] 2.60) 2.0 1.44] 6.00} 6.0) 7.44) 7.0)10.09| 10.0 2.02) 5.95) 6.0] 7.97) 7.0)10.50| 10.0 Pill tes ne Li ie Caan a OLN Aaa 50.36) 49.0 1.12] 6.44| 6.0] 7.56| 7.0] 2.62] 2:0 0.64] 6.30} 6.0) 6.94) 7.0) 2.22) 2.0 1.15) 8.23) 8.0) 9.38) 9.0] 4.21) 4.0 1.15) 8.99) 8.0)10.14| 9.0] 4.72) 4.0 1.51) 9.26) 8.0/10.77| 9.0].2.95) 2.0 0.94) 8.10) 8.0} 9.04) 9.0] 2.42) 2.0 1.35] 8.57) 8.0) 9.92) 9.0) 3.16) 2.0 2.09} 8.15; 8.0}10.24) 9.0) 2.10] 2.0 1.58) 7.06} 7.0) 8.64) 8.0} 9.44) 10.0 1.74) 7.19} 7.0) 8.93) 8.0/10.65| 10.0 1.99)10.05] 10.0)12.04) 11.0) 7.41) 7.0 1.53] 9.76] 10.0/11.29) 11.0] 7.51) 7.0 1.07) 9.90} 10.0)10.97) 11.0; 7.43) 7.0 1.48] 6.24) 6.0] 7.72) 7.0|10.45) 10.0 | 1.95] 6.52} 6.0] 8.47) 7.0|10.75) 10.0 Hen 1.10}10.34) 10.0)/11.44) 11.0) 8.22) 8.0 2.42)11.39} 10.0)13.81) 11.0] 7.81] 8.0 1.19] 4.68} 4.0) 5.87) 5.0).6.23). 6.0 0.19) 4.45} 4.0) 4.64) 5.0) 6.44) 6.0 1,03] 7.60] 6.0| 8.63) 7.0/10.15| 10.0 0.94) 5.92) 6.0} 6.86) 7.0!10.00) 10.0 0.61] 7.33) 7.0} 7.94} 8.0/10.20} 10.0 0.93]. 6.95| 7.0} 7.88] 8.0|10.72| 10.0 126 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI4. Descriptive List of Fertilizer Samples, 1914. Station number. Manufacturer, place of business and brand. 2783 2845 2550 2616 2988 2612 2626 2624 2547 2615 2567 2838 2549 3079 2672 2617 2991 3037 2546 2614 3071 3092 3057 2552 2600 2613 2625 3055 3058 2599 2995 2771 3044 2818 3043 2779 2968 3045 3004 2717 2880 2732 2855 2720 2879 E. D. CHITTENDEN CO., BRIDGEPORT, CONN. @hittendentsyHich GradesRotatomen ety as smoe ee eee ee eae Ghittendents/High:Gradeseotatonaee eee eee Lee eee eee coer ene COE-MORTIMER CO., NEW YORK CITY, N. Y. 7 Branki@oesubloods Bone @ hotashe. eee eee eee eee EEE Hranki@ocs bloodybonerd hotashne eee yee eho ee eee Leen . Frank Coe’s Celebrated Special Potato Fertilizer..........................4- sirankw@oe,si©olumbpiamC onnphertilizer ane rere een eet nee piranks Coes ColumbianiCornyllertilizerse reentrant ee eee . Frank €oe’s\Complete Manure with 10% Potash. 2322424 + eee elec. ‘Erank @oe’si@omplete Manure with 109, Potash) ee pee eee eee nee. ) Erank Cloe!s Double Strength Potato Manure. aoc ee eee eee eee Shranki@ oes Double strenguhelotatolVianiite eine Ten iin ea manna rank oes) xcelsiors Lotatoyhentilizer. sie ees ee eee ete ae ee Frank Coe s Extra Special Potato Fertilizer & Fruit Grower.................. Frank Coe’s Famous Prize Brand G:ain & Grass Fertilizer.................... Bee See Ses os ~Rrank Goes GoldyBrandiwornManites Se see eee oeE eee oer rere a NRrank Coes GolduBrand| CornyManuren ae eee eee eee oer Eee ene ane SErank(@oe/s'Grass(& Grainy specials aaa eee LeeLee eee een Frank Coe’s High Grade Ammoniated Superphosphate....................... Frank Coe’s High Grade Ammoniated Superphosphate....................... rank @oesueiphiGrade Rota tomuentili zene eee ieee eerie ne etter na Prank. @oe.spHoghiGradesRotatonlerlizeneec aor eee etice eee Brank @oeishich Grace: SolublesPhosphateneeeeee eee Lee erere oa: Frank Coe’s Red Brand Excelsior Guano, for Market Gardening............... Frank Coe’s Red Brand Excelsior Guar.o, for Market Gardening............... = Hranki@oe!s standard eotatophentilizenn i.) 44) e ee eee ieee eeeenrer Hank Goes standard otatopherntilizers |) eee Eee eee Miuriate of Potash: 2c. cicn csc Beceem BE SSS Spies eibics INitrate of Soda 2c ccd sececee scree area EE SOR Thomas Phosphate Powder (Basic Slag Phosphate}...............-.-eeeeeseeeee CONSUMERS CHEMICAL CORPORATION, NEW YORK CITY, INS @onsumers Potatoiw Vezetablel\@ompound: 45 eee eee oe eecen: DOMINION FERTILIZER CO., ST. STEPHEN, N. B. Dominion: Hive=Might-seven-) sen aeeene (ean ein ie nee eee eer Dominion Hive-Bight-Seven:. 2 sh eaeee coc ore J ekere CLG IO ean nore ireieetes sts Dominion* Bour-91x-Lens\: 2). os ak Ween Gis sisic oie oe eee ee eee of ae Dominion: Hour-Six-Pene 4.25.6. Skike se BA SOG eee eerie Dominion Hour-one-hali-Bight-Nine sean een eee een ne neeeeiitets DominronyHour-one-halt—bie ht-Ninew mn ss ano eee ieee enna IDYoycovbav Voy IA; O-INGIEANK@= Oo poaccbidedeecadoseccocaccosoone See lee ottoete ESSEX FERTILIZER CO., BOSTON, MASS. Essex Complete Manure for Corn, Grain & Grass. . «2:5 ape oe ee ae Essex Complete Manure for Potatoes, Roots ca WVezetablesanenn ere neers Essex Complete Manure for Potatoes, Roots & Vegetables....................... bssex Grain, Grassvang,eotato)Hertilizerse sce ace eee eee naretat Essex Graas & Top Dressing for Lawns and Meadows*............-.-++-++++2::- lissex: Haigh) Gradelspecial with, 109; eotash.. seer eee eee ere Hssex High Grade Specialj.with 10°73 Potash... el ele ieee ne enenoner= *Not registered in 1914. 127, OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 62. Analysis of Fertilizer Samples, 1914. ‘pooqusireny oo Tc) a) ooo SoorooCSCO IS OOo 0 0 oO td ne Ket ANN COGS OoN CON MMOoo i KK SOD 520 o n aon . =") oO = Bs ——— me = ‘ Lo:10 a oo SEO FOS Sons Aeow MSR SOwe ‘22 esa a0 ro) 5 “punoyy aS SSH OND HONG MOS ASM Acces 90 OS108 0 S Ay 20 00 Ret ANN HOSS WOON COON MMOM ‘SE COO a 0 o neers = . hoon lhsen lt . . — oo oso NIH SOSO Se5 ooo S900 S00 SCO: Tr) ro) _ || DERI AEcRcYS) Oa OOD AAA Kroc Oo BOR AHO WHR mes ie nN a ey a 6 oO On RRO DRAG WON SMR HOOm Ho mH. +B “ =| a ‘puno,y ox ADH AIH WSSG yar RAG WOW ONO WO . a) ro a sco OO BAG NMwowd aN BOD ARID KAD or . +00 © eur SS = = = ee ee ee i B) a oS SSS 1H SSOSS S65 SSlOmMOooOlonmCOlomocion: i) So 5 rx | ‘poopusrent) oes) MNO Og OONE mos OOO OOOOH HOO OO: i119 ; % Q eS en Ge, 2 (e) Cy Pidahs hee Miva ELL en i en Ses Se Met : fq TA ve) MHOC MNOS OHH ONA HANGS ARH mo os) fo SS) Ay ins] “punoyy oo MOND DOr WOO GC HOO SCOMWM Wr 10% Ean) LY) Ono oD 6 & OD Ro O00 CONE ~OS ccc mmm: MwA wo x) 10 001910 js} 2 - - oD Hom wow dHinmt GOON ACW COBH MON OH ae oo car Ay ‘oyqnyosuy i SHA SHS WSR CON AA BWOHS rising AN Aan of SSRSS SRS ——— eee > aa oo a0 HON WIND O HOW HON MINHA MOD Oi9 7. oD DON Omo A arqnyog SS FRA SIS SBSS WSS VIS KSSH HSN SS 1: BR RNS NAS ow Noi wdticd Ari 1A oO ACD MOO COM a6 a Asada 191900 I) mmm mmne teoo FN: REN Mone Sonia een oa =P “o SOoMm CON . | psepuBreny) ae reo NNN HHEe Re HO + WHO OOH ‘ANN NN: ©: AN BAAN REO 3 HH HH Pn ANNMM AW! ANDO FANN HEDCD CED » Mo + on HH MOO ae — : Pee Sh ere ee nes eee ah ae Pe AS Ae Wes ° HO OND MMO DHNOD MO. ANG OHA TOO l=tinN RCN: = Stom Won i= *puno eles! Mot Hedin OOMmO HO + DIDS COMM tHXH adam 5 GO ea) OHO Nod sh tH HH Fe ANH NR ANT ATAN ODD OD OD ie) ‘ on MAH COON ‘o[qnposut i AAD ARR ONKRD ave) SAM © ore QBS Wo 7 = SHIDO H Hoo ve Hoo SAA sas Aad i) AoW A HAN ‘Aig «ono Oi a Het Hig incon po 3 SATPOBUL SY oo SoS SSS SOoSo 10! > S600 8S 100 1OSG SCO nae i) Soosco Sco a a Seear amy Rie | erotic Wad ODO WOOMM ~°o ADE © 10N 19 re. oOo Frotnmr SHS 9 a ‘oyqnyjosut + DR WH DIDO ic: RHO HOO SE aH aie oO RSds Nos ine] bo OATZOS BY oo coo ooo Se°oC°o oO: ooo 0° :9o°0 ‘oO COC: 09 —) oooo ooo 5 ie) as) RAR ONS ANAND Am Minn MHiINnD OW DIO Tar a BNO theo 4 ‘arqnyjos on oD SCOH 19ND HOOH 9H: AVN WrinN ‘NAO oO oF H MoO OO I0jBM SV coo HOO COO HOSDSD COs SGOGO SONOS ‘HO OC : 3 30 fo) SoHo CHO j ao GOO 020 HOD SO Na ANDO TCD LO en =H BOGS O00 *BTMOULWB SW Eeico RIGA SOD “Otce she SHO aed ep hmy eae uae 3 LO onc . AA HriSo COS COCO OO Coo COSCO 1coO CO a0 4 SonoSo COCO — DON AO HOM ON: AMA BAHN 700) OOD ome a) incor Sv Oo -oyerqtu 6 RN een NSst SSA SH: SAS Esaa ‘HO Od ao. = Mig S1g Wigm' SO st KEES —K—) mHOo COO SOOH CO BHO COCO ent He 1B: o HHOon HOS en) 19 OO NOt BNeO BON Bore OCHHAN EN CDIDID COD 1 Hoc =D OOID Ti 9 B28 S88 Bebe SSS 228 BESS BRE 288 SR S §Ses Ses Se3 0 S TOq(uUINUM WOTZEYS an NAAN ANN ARAN ADNAN ANM ANTM MAN AND AN x) AMNG ANC MAN 128 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ 4. Descriptive List of Fertilizer Samples, ror4. I o ¢ 3 Manufacturer, place of business and brand. d = i) sg nD 9994|Hssex Wa wn Dressim ata rou hise conte e¥e ley ns mets re) a eet ae oa aN aoe 2659| Essex Market Garden andPotato Manure..........--.0-eececceceecesvceees eee 716 iHssexebe cerlessebotatolMantree sca ia cies ae ee ee ee Rea ere 9738|iWssex beerlessybotato Manure. per eee ne eee eae eee es 2003 ssexsbotatoGrowen with) lOOGsrotasho seer one n eee eee anne 9830|Hssexi Special Corn Merlitizer: Sate soma oe tories Se eee aeeesenicn ee 2733| Essex Specisl Potato Phosphate, for Potatoes & Reots.......................-.-- DE5SiiWssex Nexow Mishiceotash, forallicropstacee ei eee eee eran GERMAN KALI WORKS, NEW YORK wITY, N. Y. SV CHM G II aEH MoU (o) ay oto) nol MG eco OTA Minna Mtoe. Brod mis AiO ceca SrolG ia Oma. tog bled dou ou ce ca.Oo HUBBARD FERTILIZER CO., BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. D277 \EubbaLrclsyAToostookaspecialubertilizers emer nein eee ene 9049 \iubbardispAroostook specialyHertilzers eam aeene niece icine eerie: DANAUS iol bxcl sy} ISI oyaKoly IBYoyONs JEOMACING a oho bosuodudodoccvD UGG UDD OD OOD Ub D node ODED 597 7\ubbard’st Blood: Bomeray Potash. | snes jel pti tetas i leet p erecta ae een NTE a 9046\Hubbard’s13..& (PaO G Oke eG otse ae eae des Wee pear Eco Reece ene ee 9950|Hubbard’s Farmers I. X. L. for Grain & Grass... 6.00.00. cesses) is sed ee eee 2759|Hubbard’s Maine Potato Grower Fertilizer... 0... .... 0. eee ee ee es 2784| Hubbard’s Maine Potato Grower Fertilizer sc fc oe eee oe ee FOA5EubbandssyNewsbrocessLopyDressen.c oie ein Cn ien eae en eee ern 9043 ||Hubbard?s» Royal Hnsien fon Conn) Grain se eee eerie nance 57 58lElubbard?s special’ Potato) Hertilizey ) “veya eis sia ciyenene oeteieneie elie rene oieeer ene ieee iencireyi ete 9944 Hubbard's) Specialseotato) Hertilizer serena amici ciliaris ieee ae eee eran 2949|Hubbard’s 10% Potash Guano for Potatoes....... Dig. RADE AS A deel ie ln ate CE ig esa INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL CORPORATION, BUFFALO FERiI- LIZER WORKS, HOULTON, ME. OY (OV /NishebseNloy INH weatsrqcte Olovor(xUlatss-O) yn noodcousdcussccsdadccoedsaugoacancsoscanaden 2788) Buffalo Five-Hight-Nine..... Pre R IRONS a ROPE Mrs os Omen eher oid idl gcatsia mribato‘oceca.cO'd BS OLA Shins oy lhc wed INpwAL Guaobloe scsndovebuaceborcoaccsonodnessosodcoos op CObE 2729 |ButtaloyHive-Wight-Sewem nerves ae ena re teen eee eerie nee ee MAilleuviloy Moxa raumescncewlacohassodeasecoocdviodpobodnooadescdyeooouavsoaawneon DLE EMsiie onl Khim cAk Moya MEM G MBs bo oo coulda nacoogdeoacedankouosaoe deur PVA Asiroe Moiese CM EE MOTO Noi ook oon aco BbeodsAooaHa ce cae Mi PMshocseioy Home OAH MINV AGS Gabo ou odod ea oe ound culoeoodedo dd oodpecdcaHouaoue PU MAA Sear (oy Mobic TOA ah INpH es WOE Gina wy odo dp bo sdho cogs de ddoodsoguoccodano 710) ButtaloWhree=Sixa Mem. sp hima ee bneahsia encase uence acon panne Re: RT eC e poate eitea teat 27 1'Buttalo Mor) Dresser (6-0) )e i oi) abajo ete ot] fis elt hits ol ela hs -e dee Mek peeved are erey Dr (HO lerevsraikoy Wy oPliedonmIhsao Wwe in Gonwyediuabardoboooadgaoveorscoueosedaudugo nado on 9909|\Buftalovmwo-Wioht- Rens wclnios selma ee eel rire wate eal Ion hancnea nore Rane ae Rey mee area te MEBs uo) AOAC) ckouasodiaondaaapoagosudovanoecovooaaebooubocboouggg 9903 |(Buttaloviwo-Wight-I women arise iakicl serait I hon ne Iie lemer hein nein teenie ei mena ieyte 2708|'Buftalo Two Nine sWiviebierc isi scout tice ngs aie anutaraee cles Ueree ee Ren tases sen e ee meesmea eens 57:74 Butt alo guwo-sine=Hivieney so oni ce fod nei elke ces as Rucieia Pe ey eeaeny neoc a eman enioats LISTERS AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL WORKS, NEWARK, N. J. 394 Genuine:Germanw ial nite ne sera eee CE icici 3075 buch Grade Sulphatel ome obash ere.) oprcieicde etl) -Veeicu=tekeie ele telteiel Netter Sea ee eae gee CLOBY Dr ehvardeh erorrs eta Pern tide ate Aol e oma coe momo Coote oles godidcnoooe soo aoe ByIV RN biteytdehd SXop AVY. GUS Me MSIE oR Sea alodhodada do ob aoonoesecdous *Not registered in 1914. 129 ooo coco Coo coo CCooo OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 62. Analysis of Fertilizer Samples, 1914. : “pooyuBiensy coco oocoo Oo Sooo ocoon oom co oo: is] 19000 Oooo ie) COnr~r ANRKK MHO CO IDO RROD ARO NOOO ANIM moo nm Sol sH me 5 ool mrt mr et net mt . < zs z iz MuHMeS MMOS oO COND NODE ODO Or O01 OMINM AND OOD DODO oo: () ‘punoy Coro Nooo ~ HOdre FOoOdtH On rir Oom Wt AMO ODO Ontd aco + a ©190000 OMOM > SCOKra ANKO MNO SCS Iba KKOWH ARG COD NAINIW mo - Sol s ao Sol Comino! mar ol mao mead: “paoquesreny Soooso oocSo : eoooo oco00 Solon oO) COCO COCO SCCOO COO oCoSoSo a7 a CODCOD POM COORD BOAD Om RE BOD BOrrK BOY FAD AROS aN 3 Sal . nr ANN . Pe o. ‘ . a) ° mDOnHS WIDSO ° SCOMN OHAHO “ON Ob RHO SCOkKS Hen OHH THOSE —¥—) H i *puno,y HOODMAN ONDO : DHoOr moO -O0 ND IDA ORMO~ ROK DAN HON oOo = ~DOOD OCOROD MOO AOR [com eb BHR WNOGG ORWD OBR BWOD patie Oo OMeoaaireren BOC Cmo ooo oooo osccSo “00.0 SOS. COSS COO CSOD Sooo o= 6 I re) pees o room hm 000000 : rreo0 OoOn0 1000 OO 000000 CODD DOD OO WDORGR : : = k ° a) = : q eI ROD CAND : aNOD toon nos AN HOD HOND MOD HHO wt AY g “puno yy SSSS AHO : SHSN COMM “oc OOO BSS tomMt ABO PHN BOMD a a RoOor~rm~ oor 00m jr 0000 ‘KO woo ROO MOND KRO~- NOHO ROT a 5 DSND DOK 5 BOM NOWD *HOO SD COI ODIN0 AH Mey OMON o[qnyosuy MONT HOBO 5 Rreoaw ~oro ~O AN BHA MOAN 0WHMRSD WrO Nooo Oonwner onor oo°ooe mn ooO oo orn mao mOnr nor nor nOoOnn Hinaa AoOs : BOO~F COLO “HN Of INNO DSO MmNno BiH weeEO “arqnyog COOH HOSE : Oreo atin “On Oo HOnM HDOGDKR WOSD ATH ONOM 1D1DAGAD «=—- HAS 19g HHO mmo Om On Higa HOHN NOH AHH WAM om 6 eoecoo sosce B00 00 HOO S00 DO NOOO COaM COmK Ott HHH a ao “pooquereny Hone HOS SOANN Cam MHN At Dan BAAAN BRT ROD OOOO + +Oo a HASH H ANNN OD OD OD OD rH tH ts or) CON om HH oD OD OOO N LD Son oon Dh oe — “NN & 3 ae ° AWAD DOA SCOaDS HAO Non Dio MAN HONSD HHO SON BNSC . ood a ‘punoy Soman wWSinM 10 Hoo AHA SCHOH COO Hoc ANH NOH DOR OERr Dea eK=) HAM ANNAN on ed en on AHH DA ON SHH oto MOM IA Ae + 0a i Wome | C= Ss = = SSS soa ow aS Sq GSS aes aaa Soas ae Z Tq? ] t tatoo AANA 3 SAS IMNN AM: AN HH bidmin wine INAH NAcc ec. a & dATPOBUT SY ‘OS0 COCO : ooco IIe SiS 6 OS SOOO Sooo COO COD COCO O80 ° 7 : +@O0 MNMOF 5 IIS) "S194 OID. lO InOoM +Hq0oO COD MNO Rao Seo is 3 aT qnyjosut (NOM 160 SH S90 LD DORD BORER ABQNMR BH RRO KROtro RRE RED ORK Sogo ANNAN MANA aq AMAN ANNN ANN AN AAN ANNAN ANN ANN ANNAN mo No ‘IOqUINU TONBIG 130 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI4. Descriptive List of Fertilizer Samples, ror4. Manufacturer, place of business and brand. Station number. 2899) Listers 5-7-7 Potato Wettilizer......................0--2-:2eee: Sal Setters ccloee 2671| Listers 5-7-10 Fertilizer for Potatoes............... 00.5 e eee eee eee eee 29900\Nasters 5—7—1O) Mertilizer for Potatoes: 54 a ie ene ele ene enters GO histers| Grain: @Grassebenrtilizersqne eee een eee aaa SRO8|liisters| Grainy Grass wentilizer- mane ee coe eee eee a ne renner 2679| Listers High Grade Special for Spring Crops.............. 5.2 e cee ee ee ee ees 2813|Listers High Grade Special for Spring Crops........... 0.2... 5c cece eee eee ee Oey MeN ehtehdss SOKO MINORS 6 hoe nse boblbs oo dU coco Odd ouUDoAadoDDO UDO Sao OS enODDOUOD F214 MisterseeotatolMamuneya ss ericie ci icie cists eisai reeset ee ae sneer aerate DE03isters Speciali@ornebertilizer smear en eee eer ace er nora 9935 ihisters) Speial.Corneblertilizereeyaee eres cia enter 260illlistersispecialu RotatomHertilizerss eae enor ie ene tet ier een ear 2680|\Wisters Special Potato) Mertilizer)) 2 2 se see ieee ieee ate neler ee ims end--n 992 5\bisters) Special Potatombentilazersee scales nee erie ae etl ie eee ier ean Se - OG 03 leusters! Successubertilazers anaes ae aCe See icra ere ne aires can marie SYA Oehrards) MMOGs) IManmIUASIOng oduncobosobbondboHadouooagscodosD eo ao adoo DD OO DODO ND NB lores OGG Iouehne) (CoxonnAe, cogs secvnodcehoconsbocooncocebn0c0aacnuGnooDdcOnG DOOAMhisters LOU eotavo Growelnnn cee eee eee eerie net erence nt SO7AlNMariate ote botashe ss acu ee ene sian ate ere ene area ee ea ren ae teial= PLOY AAING CHRO OLS Eee IG A Ae intoo nh nod sawn occadnbononobedano soo cNdd LOWELL FERTILIZER CO., LOWELL, MASS. QROLAcidRhosphateniie) png ae ne eee eee ny ee OC nar een ken te leit 2538| Lowell Animal Brand, A Complete Manure for all crops...........-..--.++++++0- 2972|Lowell Animal Brand, A Complete Manure for all crops...........-...2+++++ +e es 2563|Lowell Bone Fertilizer, For Corn, Grain, Grass & Vegetables............,-..----- 2660|Lowell Bone Fertilizer, For Corn, Grain, Grass & Vegetables..................-.-- D56illMowelliCormand) Veretablemeccm seas cee ec attest erin note 2829|Lowell Dissolved Bone and Potash............... DUnRe oe oA dob donlsanconcaqad 2827|Lowell Empress Brand, For Corn, Potatoes and Grain.........-..++.2++--+-+055 8081] Lowell Market Garden Manure.......... 2.2.22 e eects eee eee ete eet t etre esee 3080|Mowelll Ground) Mankage* acevo cues eine yen ene teeta E-Ten IC enn 7A owellecertect otatoubrand sie sey ace ciel ee iceich eink ine Rod NTN DM Ietereieron leinichno) Iaieeols Gan ouoabeodconoup sono esocanudbD cada noooodDOOUGO 2539| Lowell Potato Grower, ith 10% Potash. .......... 0... eee ee eee ee eee eee 2967|Lowell Potato Grower, With 10% Potash. .......... 2.5... eee eee eee ee eee HoT owell Lotatomvlamure 04 | os cereus seusiela eta eio aterm on tet ikke in tae ate I59Siiowelll PotatomMlamures. . suse sale cies aria lelchcielolenensneiey Nellie W-EcMe heidi eyelet RRM 2541|Lowell Potato Pnosphate........... 2.0.50 cece eet eee ee ee eee eee 2661\Wowell Potato Phosphate s. .- 2+. ccs one a. eerie rae rh er etree nn 2850| Lowell Seeding Down Fertilizer............ 02-000 e eee ee eee 2884|Lowell Special Grass Mixture ......... 2 eee eee ees 2553|Lowell Special Potato Fertilizer, with 10% Potash............-..-+seee ress eees 3034|Lowell Special Potato Fertilizer, with 10% Potash. .........-..-.-+sessee cree 2724| Lowell Sterling Phosphate*. .. 2.2.0.0. cr ee we we ee we 2540! Lowell Superior Fertilizer, With 10% Potash.......... 2... see este recesses 2966| Lowell Superior Fertilizer, With 10% Potash..........-.-- ++ sees eee rece esees SM AMIINpinanry estos sano. Jenene opabomdonousosvnooo ven acc con Dov oOGoDDDyADD AGO OO *Not registered in 1914. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 62. Analysis of Fertilizer Samples, 1914. ms oO Q g : oO A 3 a ec) q 3 |g 2899]..... 2671] 1.72 2900) 0.06 2602tee eee 2898)..... 2679| 0.05 2813) 0.16 2548] 0.03 2OU4 ener 2603) 0.06 O35 eee 2601) 0.13 2680] 0.08 2925 |mmene 2623 |e 2926) ene 2673) 0.02 O24 ees 3074)..... 3076|15.04 KAM o cade 2538] 0.71 2972) 0.64 2563] 0.04 2660) 0.42 2561] 0.02 2829) 0.44 2827) 0.28 3081] 0.69 BX0):X 0) eee iA eee 2851) 0.11 Ooo ade 29GTile ee 2557| 0.04 2598! 0.09 2 4all eee 2601\) sce. 28500 |p 2884 eae 2553| 0.55). 3034] 0.54 2724! 0.03 240 Sere 2966|heeoe 2802/15.04 NITROGEN. Organic. 3 4 2 i) @ 2 da 8 a \gs|23| 2a ra J a |Eg as 84 4 |ag|/28/<23 2.54) 0.66) 0.50} 0.42) 4. 1.33] 0.57] 0.38) 0.22) 4. 2.86] 0.71] 0.42) 0.13] 4. 0.17] 0.62| 0.56! 0.44] 1. 0.28] 0.67] 0.53] 0.32] 1. 1.93] 0.40} 0.58] 0.40} 3. 2.04| 0.53) 0.51} 0.32) 3. 0.12) 0.47) 0.41} 0.22) 1. 0.22] 0.40) 0.37) 0.25) 1. 0.07} 0.76 0.54) 0.24) 1. 0.08} 0.73; 0.65} 0.37} 1. 0.20) 0.54) 0.60} 0.50} 1. 0.15) 0.46] 0.69) 0.03] 1. 0 24) 0.41] 0.45] 0.26) 1. 1.96] 0.68} 0.59) 0.36; 3. 1.82] 0.56] 0.50) 0.38) 3. socbullsc ncatlonnec MMs (OIG 0.42] 0.75] 0.39] 0.19] 2 0.50} 0.80] 0.33} 0.21) 2 0.68] 0.48} 0.37} 0.07] 1 0.38] 0.69) 0.35) 0.16] 2 1.24] 0.83} 0.78] 0.43] 3 0.42] 0.33] 0.44] 0.24) 1. O) 10) Ose oo eclocene it. 1.24] 1.27) 0.76] 0.44] 4. Sete 3.29] 0.98] 0.83} 5. 1.84} 1.23] 0.71) 0.42} 4. 1.87] 1.01] 0.74} 0.42] 4. 1.16] 1.25] 0.68) 0.25) 3. 1.22} 1.13] 0.60) 0.37) 3. 0.36] 0.80] 0.42; 0.18] 1. 0.31) 0.99) 0.41] 0.16} 1. 0.98} 0.81] 0.48} 0.30) 2. 0.90! 0.88] 0.46) 0.26] 2. 0.94] 0.73) 0.50) 0.29} 2. 2.10) 1.60} 0.74] 0.40] 4. 0.42} 1.10; 0.56) 0.23] 2. 0.44| 0.65) 0.55] 0.25) 2. 0.01} 0.71) 0.24] 0.09} 1. 1.58] 0.88! 0.74! 0.30) 3. 1.64] 1.12) 0.61} 0.45} 3. Beeraibn traerren eeu cal hemes 15. Total. | o z ay: 6 |. 8 eh || 12) 4.11 22) 4.11 18} 4.11 184| 1.65 96) 1.65 34| 3.29 40} 3.29 28) 1.23 24| 1.23 74| 1.65 91} 1.65 84) 1.65 Be) Wea DOlmezo: 61) 3.29 26] 3.29 ON laane -46| 2.46 -48|} 2.46 . 64) 1.64 .00} 1.64 .30| 3.28 86) 1.64 24) 1.24 40| 4.10 10} 5.00 20} 4.10 15| 4.10 34| 3.28 32| 3.28 80| 1.64 96| 1.64 52] 2.46 50| 2.46 46| 2.46 84) 4.10 86) 2.46 46] 2.46 08} 0.82 50} 3.69 82) 3.69 04/15. 00 an Insoluble. I31 PuospHoric ACID. PorasH. Available.| Total. a ss] J oO o Oo Ee Vee eile Si eseiamar ile csalno tte &| oO Fa Oo] | oO 6.88] 7.0) 8.58] 8.0] 7.31) 7.0 7.23) 7.0) 8.02) 8.0)10.56! 10.0 7.09, 7.0) 8.01] 8.0)10.65) 10.0 10.06} 10.0|10.70] 11.0) 2.00} 2.0 10.11) 10.0|10.57) 11.0) 2.34) 2.0 8.28} 8.0)10.56; 9.0/10.56| 10.0 7.08} 8.0) 9.49) 9.0]11.35] 10.0 8.41] 8.0) 9.89} 9.0] 7.06) 7.0 8.43} 8.0)10.32| 9.0] 7.33) 7.0 82012 8.0) OR63i Oe ON3e%3}) 30 7.70) 8.0} 9.44) 9.0] 3.08] 3.0 8.20) 8.0)10.22} 9.0] 3.32) 3.0 7.82} 8.0/10.00) 9.0) 3.73) 3.0 8.19} 8.0/10.69] 9.0) 3.10} 3.0 10.74) 9.0)12.54; 10.0} 2.23} 2.0 8.77| 9.0/10.43] 10.0) 2.51) 2.0 6.20} 6.0} 7.99} 7.0|10.14) 10.0 6.02} 6.0} 7.61] 7.0)11.52) 10.0 Bee a enc eicll faecal lelarctare 49.28] 49.0 SSG) WOME) WHO s ea ello ooee 8.25} 8.0} 9.09} 9.0} 4.30} 4.0 7.83} 8.0} 8.95] 9.0} 4.00} 4.0 7.89) 8.0} 9.19) 9.0} 3.09] 3.0 8.26] 8.0) 9.43] 9.0) 3.05) 3.0 Se 11) 1820/9203)" 950) 7255, 720 9.76} 9.0/10.91) 10.0} 2.17; 2.0 GROSlaOl ida 2 Ss Ol 2207) 200 7.22) 7.0} 8.29] 8.0} 6.76} 6.0 1 es veal teas Wel TES MEAG os ecllooood 7.10) 7.0} 8.26] 8.0} 8.16} 8.0 7.30) 7.0} 8.44] 8.0} 8.54] 8.0 6.46] 6.0) 7.10} 7.0/10.00] 10.0 6.35! 6.0) 7.03} 7.0/10.42| 10.0 7.38{ 7.0) 8.31] 8.0} 4.01] 4.0 7.35| 7.0} 8.33] 8.0} 4.88) 4.0 8.66] 8.0} 9.63) 9.0} 5.95) 6.0 8.23] 8.0) 9.28} 9.0} 6.01) 6.0 8.18] 8.0) 9.38] 9.0} 6.37) 6.0 7.14] 7.0) 8.31] 8.0) 8.07) 6.0 6.34) 6.0} 7.00) 7.0/10.01) 10.0 6.18} 6.0} 6.86} 7.0/10.32) 10.0 8.14} 8.0] 9.14) 9.0} 3.91) 4.0 7.41) 7.0} 8.26] 8.0|10.17} 10.0 (20| eeO vl 8.0/10.16} 10.0 I32 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQi4. Descriptive List of Fertilizer Samples, 1914. Station number. Manufacturer, place of busicsss and brand. | | 3015 2694 3050 3046 2695 2696 3047 3048 3049 2693 2697 3051 2797 2755 2778 3072 3078 2765 2796 2756 2763 2833 2757 2764 2702 2705 3033 2555 2701 2565 2700 2564 2977 3053 2542 2780 2782 2803 2699 2562 2698 2554 2792 #¥N MERROW BROS. & CO., AUBURN, ME. Merrow’s:'Bone Mealtic. i. Sails saciid: eiicoae Be a ee MORISON BROS., BANGOR, ME. IMonisSOnyBlostameA a Brand Potatomberbilizena icici eee aetna aan amen IMorisonuBrosia Alaa rand eb otatOmBeLellyzere ge seers meet an n nnn ra IMorisons Bross eAciGgeb hosp hate nt ein yi tae eee Sone Sr Hin A Morison Bros.’ Bangor Brand Fertilizer for Potatoes & Vegetables................ Morison v Bros. iC Le Brand bertilizertonallicropsay eee te eee IMforisons Bross Mininiate kote! 2 0 bas lise seserse rare etic a earn IMorisonBros.’ Nitrate ofSoda sus tints sere ee re ae ee Morison) Bros-, PackingeHouse Mankage seen seen oe een eer ener ier IMorisoneBros., 3-6=L0sbertilizer sen sn eee eee Eee ee eee Morison Bros.’ **Xtra”’ High Grade Potato Pertilizer..........:.......----.:-+- Morison Bross. xitray, Hich\GradewPotatorbentilizer. ees aie eee eee NATIONAL FERTILIZER CO., BOSTON, MASS. ChattendenispAmmoniatedsBonevehosphate sneer eee eerie GhittendentsrAr oostooks Speciale ea aaa are Chittenden’s Aroostook Speciale 2icsaec hace, ene eo ae eae Chittenden’s Complete Root & Grain Fertilizer GhittendenssEuneka ‘Potatogtertilizerser er ns eee eee Chittendents Hi xcelsjor RotatoHeriilizers3- ee eee ne eee @aoittendenis!#xcelsion Rotato wert lizeraepe ee ene @hittendentsiHi xtra euch) GradenWVianiire ner laa) ieee eae Chittendenjsyh xtrapHigh| GradeiMianires os eee eee eee eee eee eer GChittenden{si/Market!GardenSpectaly-sea cracls norcreii eer eee teen ne ee @hittendenjs}PremierMiotatoMianuren srt oie teeter caer Ghittendenis) Premier) Potato Manure: -n,.cn corer eerie Peng Teer et Sa Pet orn elle bee NEW ENGLAND FERTILIZER CO., BOSTON, MASS. ‘Acid Phosphate: x. ssi tie oid < Pitre od eee OT OR EEy ar eeea ene riers Dried Bloods 3c sc)2)dess eo Din 3 ok Rec toeedlenore sl on OE CeCe eee New England Complete Manure, With 10% Potash........................-20- New England Complete Manure, With 10% Potash....................-sseacess New linglandi@ormland GrainiMertilizers.- eo eee ee Lee eee Een Newsbingland|Cornjang (Grainvhertilizerssoeee oe eee een New Lingland'Corn; Phosphate nic. canes sehr bee eee CLE OEE New. England! @orn Phosphate)... 2 cic.nceieiee clan Hae aie ee Rene ne Leer noe New England High Grade Potato, Pertilizer. 4.3... © sce delerieelee el ieeieisieieieree New England High Grade Special, With 10% Potash..................1-..+.--0:- New England High Grade Special, With 10% Potash................-.....--+s New England Market(G@arden) Manure...) 27 in eee eee eee eee eee News ling landiMiarketiGarden) Manure heme acne nee orice ier ieee anne New. England! iPeerlessitertilizer®.; 2: .j.¢ save are ie eae en OO one neta New. England iPotatoWertilizer, fic. fois cay leiescice SCI iene ET reine New Lingland: Potato fertilizer. 240.02). 4, .a.cd act oe oe eS eer eine ene New England Potato Grower, With 10% Potash................-.eceeecvsccece New England Potato Grower, With 10% Potash.................2..eeeeeeeveee ot registered in 1914. 133 PorasH. PuospHoric AcID. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 62. NITROGEN. Analysis of Fertilizer Samples, 1914. *poopuRieny : oo ooo o oC ees eesee eee SS ‘© GCO00 S00 Sooo A ——) . ¥) ~oo eo) oe ARK ©OSG SOI CGO 1 SONN MMO SCOnNKR AHH CO s nme ites) re See Don Eon oe mre rat et . rete Sen I ool ae 3 . QR Sia as ND ODS BHMOSO OHN OO 5 SCOnm 19WND BROS Oain mo punowy : oo rior) 6 60D SHA BOO HHmOSD SOM AN =) Sond Ore SSe3 noo HO : i) MOM + ':O Orn Axe cooo Sow i) 10 GONN mmo COON Hdd CO . touttel i Aad os Saal Ar i aS Cafes best Areal ee Grea Speel OE een rion aes : rae! Coal : me ‘pooquureny ro) an : : Tr) : SSS SC0CSSO SOS SS Seer SOOO Soe SoS SSE SS) 4 Fa aia DOO Arr wor woo 1D +00 INE COKD MAD 00000000 0.0000 nm | : 2 io} ls Onin OM: «Id OI £xDOAG OEeMO OmId Win NmMin HORE OMS MomH dna on H “punoiy ~ OOM mm - “OC 19H NOM WAN OOO Od AAA OMMDO MOD rHADOCO rH Oa g woo WO : "100 00.00 ©3 00.00 Sonn Onm woo IDCO00 II AAW DOOMrM WOM wo Q | ‘poeoyuesensy RA ae = en Se en oes Poe en OC er ao ae 2 0 OO : © 00 hh ONE OODS MESO NK Hom OONm CHOC RHEE BEE oo od a as piss poe. é ee hires, ore ren e Sear iene 2. a i ; mro HO. Go OG teltin) Onwm © Low oO ABN oO So Oo IDCORH O10 £ puno gy . SAD A : + hy=ti 5/00 ON 19 ay Sno 19N RAN AoA Fo SASS SON ZS On > a peeyueieny ss SG 2 SuSIGRICS G8 eon st San 00 00 xH hen ooo CSS OFt Ss a 3 : 3 i= Roo “SO: @QHeD 250 LOS HOS StOM BOO Oov0g COD Oat onc S ) HHA “Ho OHI SSH DHHS HHO BHSH HAD OD SRA w6WRA moo NAS S AY *punoy eles) “SO + 2929819 ODE 00 DOH OtH COCO OdmoO rrerr~r DADO noo Ctr So mo “ug hom! ial ao mo re 191910 yo SSSoS oSoS Soe SoS SoSoS) Sooo 191D191D 191910 191915 1D 1D : = “peoquereny 0000 é 2 CORRE HOG PRE ROD ONwcir POR 09000 HOO KOO WO : ~ : a : Io) aoa = D HOM WSk WR wo Sono nRond Sere tH8 QaAN DOG a & a enti) =H > OOHRS MON SON SKiQ DAS aOomH DHOD 1980 BOR ONS So 4 “panow Loo kt * SOANN 0MWOSD COM OOH CHA ARADO Onc Orr ~OO BHO fo) ie) Sal . be es hs To | mr re me rt et A on he Oe he ) Hor Oonkt (oe ooe~ as) Noort ODD HN mor Sal on 00 sH te HOOO HNN MOm BOX S80T Hid Hoo IDOI Od 1DHid = HHO ~ 1 7-2 691I9SS SAN OSS HOO SOKnSoS Seno SAO BOS mo ma = _ “poop aereny) ASA “Oo S000 AATF ANAND AAN SOHO cont FANN NNN SHANNA On So = oo 68 298 Sods CHidtd MMH HAN ANSSO on co AH stones = oo on ed Noo tt x & : ic) z oso “AN ANSOW COS HOH DHD ONOA 100 =H Sada BHO COM Cond wD i= punow O19 “4 SOMO DiINSD MOH AABN NAOww seo idOo eat Dad WOAaN 1D oo od nO ead OM MON HHN ANKnSO 60 60 1G Hodes en coed AA sod oD oo 6 4 O10 » »- oid a0) 0 : Gi in t -pent= meee 1d hk stro moo i> HH wa epqnjosur BAS Os CRO POSSI GD teaO G0 ge O8 EAS tO U2 i) BNA cOCOm HON moan of alabees lie oes AY oco ob 9 0S a a2 6-890 Ge G_b0 Dp Sosco Sooo SoS SSS Soo i) =) ae - oO Smears : FaEo Tene Ts Hop Sneon haa BOON Sis oO 9 a ‘aTqnyposur NGS Rte Seen ee Bic Shea om cea. Sn AS wwSH Wi SoSH HOH So) es bo DATING SV oso Do 5 oOE 0 ps 9 Ofo 6 oc ae i) SSSoo SoS SSS SoS S i || © Scot 7 GINNS WNO BRON LOD DOD - oso IDR OM Ona SIAN COM a Zi ‘oyqnyos AAdH Do wo FR Oto COHN NS: DH co 0 HANS WSO BSc Mac 1D IdjeM sy osco * + O80O SOO SOS HOS Soo : SHnoS SSseoo coco SSS SOF o AoA - +) OM © COM COH HHO HOOD HOO HAAS CON SOn CON i) “eIMOUIULY SV Rad Se AS eS MOR RRN mine HOMO SosoSo ARDS ODS Aco WHO oa) ; non 560 OO cS GOS SOS TOO SSoSoS Ssosco Aaaa ao Sek) Ste = cel 6 - AN S8CH OND MOH OMID CANAA 00 NO 00 Occ OHO "aa aac 1D ‘oyerya sy ie io DOTS DOM OEW HOS WaSs ROOD Roig mow “Ap OS19 a . Heine a 29 SOOO MAN Ad ASCH AHASO conn SCSOnSo COO 1S) SOS —) O15 DH DDS EA COS FARO Ot Ae ACO Onto GOS ARS Oc oS 68 oD 08 19101 OIBGDO 001 MOG Ooin 190198 Sor IDt19 DS aa SH OLS Ais S eo) BAD GHOD BED RRS BOD BOBS Sono BSOD ODS SoS SOG S on OI CO ANN ANAN ANA ANN ANN NAAN OD OD 69 CO AMAGD ANC mam MAN a 138 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ14. Descriptive List of Fertilizer Samples, 1014. 8 q 3 Manufacturer, place of business and brand. | & ~~ 3 oD) VIRGINIA-CAROLINA CHEMICAL CO., NEW YORK CITY, N. Y. DION Ca Consbeetbloodgcue Boner BS BIB eee ee eee eee eee 2793/V. C. C. Co.’s Champion Corn & Grain Grower.................2+0+0-- hfe act iene QRi19 Wa CnChGovsiGenerall Crop: Grower ene ee ee tere a 2794|V. C. C. Co.’s Indian Brand for Potatoes & General Use.......................-. 2596/V. C. C. Co.’s Star Brand Potato & Vegetable Compound....................... 2982|/V.C.C.Co.’s Star Brand Potato & Vegetable Compound....................... DEOSIVE@ Aen GoseZ0thiGentunyabotatolVianium emir ieee are ey erie DRA 7lIVACaCaCo:s)2 0th) Centuny, Rota toyMianuner wn eee cence ia asec eerie WHITMAN & PRATT RENDERING CO., LOWELL, MASS. ZOSSiWihitman ceerattsvAlli@ropeyeccss es Aei eer O eae cis cae ne eae einen a EYP AAA Morinoatsna ae Lagan IOUS SKM Gig dab aoaodeoeoesdodaoneqboundbnooroo soon S209 l\Wihitmania ieratthassunrerGround Boneria sere eee aoe eee eee Z0R9liWihitman & Pratt’s| Vegetable\Grower, jas.) 2. os ss ele oe ol nelsenel ee eieie neice ee Analysis of Fertilizer Samples, 1914. NITROGEN. PHospHORIC ACID. PorasH. AS Organic. Total. Available | Total. 2 : : 5 5 4 © ie} ce) ice} ne} (5) . So o : o ® (3) pai ae. (28lee| | 2) 3/2) eee q Yolo 9 : : 5 5) $ aa | es | 8 3 S ra 3 ae) a} 9 a| os Spe a See ee See | Ba S| ale Le 1s n CA | ica ta |) a io) S ur} i ° 5 iS) =] -) =} nD aj <4 (eis (49) 2] oO Oeste | SG) & | Gle Ie 2820! 0.12) 2.02) 0.30) 0.50] 0.40) 3.34] 3.29] 6.24] 1.68) 8.62) 8.0/10 30} 9.0) 7.59} 7.0 2793| 0.10! 0.94] 0.30! 0.42] 0.16} 1.92] 1.65} 6.97) 1.77)10.19| 10.0]11.96) 11.0) 5.12) 5.0 2819] 0.08] 0.38) 0.22] 0.18] 0.14] 1.00] 0.82} 3.11] 1.57] 8.43) 8.0/10.00} 9.0) 5.22) 5.0 2794| 0.02! 1.12] 0.42! 0.47) 0.32) 2.35) 2.47] 3.52) 1.25] 6.64) 6.0) 7.89} 7.0/10.55) 10.0 2596! 0.05! 2.11] 0.47] 0.52) 0.47] 3.62) 3.29] 4.29] 1.24) 6.80} 6.0} 8.04} 7.0/10.06| 10.0 2982! 0.01! 2.25) 0.41) 0.35] 0.64] 3.66) 3.29) 3.54] 1.39] 6.49] 6.0} 7.88} 7.0)10.74/ 10.0 2595) 0.06) 2.68] 0.44) 0.61] 0.35) 4.14] 4.12] 6.73] 1.44] 9.12) 8.0/10.56} 9.0) 8.00) 8.0 2847| 0.10] 2.98] 0.35! 0.47] 0.36) 4.26] 4.12] 6.30] 1.61] 8.33! 8.0) 9.94) 9.0) 9.16) 8.0 3088) 1.40] 0.02) 0.32] 0.50] 0.36] 2.60) 2.46] 4.78] 3.06] 8.89) 9.0)11.95} 11.0) 4.00) 4.0 3087) 0.71] 0.07] 0.$4| 0.64) 0.54) 2.90) 2.87) 2.34] 2.36] 6.09) 6.0} 8.45) 8.0)/11.45) 10.0 DOO 2|itererat tegeiarceal |foteroete | oanetel ltebsterece OSA’ ia aio Gino peilodoo cllaon0.0 PP PRO cocallan coo 3089] 1.32] 0.24] 0.81] 0.48] 0.45] 3.30] 3.29] 4.40] 1.89] 8.22} 8&.0}/10.11] 10.0} 7.48) 7.0 OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 62. 139 SAVE VER Ni BY ES sexs CUMIN Ol) Eth IA We A. M. G. Soutz, Cuizer BurEAu oF INSPECTIONS. Acting upon the instructions of the statute, collections of samples of fertilizers were made by this department in the spring of 1914. Great care was exercised to have these samples fairly represent the class of goods sold in the open market and in each instance where the lot was of any amount, the sample was taken from ten bags of the fertilizer and thoroughly mixed. Most of the fertilizer manufacturers have shown a willing- ness to comply with the law and protect the dealers handling their products in this state by the necessary registration; their attitude in general has been very fair and businesslike and there have been but few exceptions. The inspectors found during the season, on their rounds taking samples, eighteen brands not protected by registration. Hearings were then arranged with the dealers with whom these goods were found and explanation requested. As a result of these hearings, it was found in some cases that the goods had been shipped direct from the manufacturer to the consumer and—as the law was interpreted—did not require registration ; in other instances it proved to be an oversight on the part of the manufacturers, evidently entirely unintentional. It will be seen from the tabulations that most of the samples collected by the inspectors and analyzed at the Experiment Station have been found to be true to guaranty. Whenever there have been exceptions, upon receiving a report of the analysis a hearing has been arranged and the parties were not excused until a satisfactory explanation as to the deficiency was given. During the past season it has been brought to the attention of the department that the New Mineral Fertilizer Company, who have a plant at Rumford, Maine, have been selling goods evi- dently contrary to the law, no registration having been issued to them from this office. In order to ascertain the volume of business and the amount of the product shipped from Rumford station from January Ist, 1914, to May oth, 1914, the matter was carefully taken up by one of our deputies and the result of his investigation showed that 224 tons had been shipped out I40 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I914. of the state and 52 tons shipped to different points within the state. It was also ascertained from the different people to whom these goods had been shipped that actual sales had taken place: possessed of this evidence, a hearing was arranged with the New Mineral Fertilizer Company and a request made for an explanation as to why registration had not been arranged. At this time a refusal to register their product was made through their attorney. Samples of the goods were obtained throughl several sources and analyses made and the parties to whom the goods had been shipped, the Director of the Experiment Station and the writer, appeared before the Grand Jury in Portland at the September term of court. A true bill was found by the Grand Jury but, owing to the congestion of business at that time, the case was continued and will probably be brought up in the next term of the Superior Court of Cumberland County. After all that has been written warning people concerning the worthlessness of this product for fertilizing purposes, it seems almost incredible that this company were able to dispense 275 tons. The writer only recently received from one of the users of this product a statement that, in his opinion, ordinary road dust would have served better for fertilizing purposes than did this rock dust. As several inquiries have been received regarding just what | the attitude of this department will be towards the fertilizer companies selling goods containing less potash than formerly, or brands with their guaranty changed from what it has been in previous years, it may be well to state that we have replied to all such inquiries to the effect that there will be no interference with any brand when the guaranty on the certificate and on the package as to the amount of potash agree with that found in the analysis. There is nothing in the law that prevents the sale of a fertilizer that contains no potash, and realizing the dearth of potash and the hardship to the manufacturers, it will be the policy of this demartment to assist and cooperate with the manufacturers in every way possible, keeping IESE within the limits of the law, however. November, 1914. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, ORONO, MAINE. CHAS. D. WOODS, Director. ANALYSTS. _ James M. Bartlett Herman H. Hanson Royden L. Hammond Edward E. Sawyer Elmer R. Tobey Hoyt D. Lucas @Offictal Jnspections 63 ICES CREAM: During the summer of 1914 large numbers of samples of ice cream were collected in various parts of the State. An attempt was made to cover the larger towns quite thoroughly. Practi- cally all of the places that were found in 1913 to be selling ice cream below the standard were visited and samples taken. Whenever a sample of ice cream was found to be nearly up to the standard or samples were found to run under, in the case of makers that had been found all right in previous years second samples were taken before reporting the results of the first examination to the person whose goods were sampled. In the Nott. The Commissioner of Agriculture is the executive of the law regulating the sale of food in Maine. It is the duty of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station to make the analysis of the samples collected under the direction of the Commissioner, and it is the duty of the Director of the Station to publish the results of the analyses together with the names of the persons from whom the samples were obtained, the names of the manufacturers and such additional informa- tion as may seem advisable. All correspondence relative to the inspec- tion laws should be addressed to the Commissioner of Agriculture, Augusta, Maine. 142 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI4. case of the ice creams within one and one-half per cent of the standard it was recommended that the dealers and makers be warned. In the cases in which there was a serious falling off it was recommended that hearings be appointed and the cases fully investigated. STANDARDS. In considering this report it should be kept in mind that the standard for ice cream is as follows: “Tee cream is a frozen product made from cream and sugar, with or without a natural flavoring, and contains not less than fourteen (14) per cent of milk fat. A limited amount of gelatine, starch, eggs, or other healthful food constituents may be added to ice cream without statement of fact, and such goods may be called ice cream provided the required per cent of milk fat is maintained. If imitation flavoring materials are used, the label must state that fact, as in the case of imitation extracts.” “Fruit ice cream is a frozen product made from cream, sugar, and sound, clean, mature fruits, and contains not less than twelve (12) per cent of milk fat.” “Nut ice cream is a frozen product made from cream, sugar, and sound, nonrancid nuts, and contains not less than twelve (12) per cent of milk fat.” “Imitation ice cream. Frozen products which contain less milk fat than the standards require, cannot be lawfully sold as ice cream and the word cream cannot be lawfully used upon the labels or in any way in connection with such goods, unless it is qualified by some such words as ‘imitation’ or ‘substitute. Thus a frozen product similar to ice cream or fruit or nut ice cream, except that it carries less milk fat than the standards may be lawfully labeled ‘Imitation ice cream,’ or ‘Ice cream substitute. If an imitation ice cream contains imitation . flavoring matter, this fact must be plainly stated on the label.” “At soda fountains, ice cream rooms, etc., if it is desired to sell frozen products that do not conform to the standards for ice eream, conspicu- ous signs showing exactly what is being served must be displayed and orders for ice cream can not-be lawfully filled by serving substitutes without explaining what they are.” “The regulation relative to ice cream and ice cream substitutes applies equally to hotels and restaurants. All statements upon bills of fare, etc., must be in accord with the above.” “The standard for cream in the State of Maine is fixed by statute at eighteen per cent of milk fat. It is unlawful to sell any article as cream that carries less than this amount of milk fat.” OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 63. 143 Table showing the results of the examination of samples of ice cream collected in the season of 1914, arranged alphabetically by towns. Per Cent MILK Far. Ne Town AND DEALER. Cream sold as wan W] Standard. Found. | Per cent. Per cent. 13342/Auburn. A. Baker..............--- Vanilla...... lier tr 17.01 USBROVAT ob | dor IBSEAVedocccocamAaacon Vanilla...... 14 14.96 13365|Auburn. A. Borenstein............. Vanill asap 14 19.76 13361|Auburn. Bumpus & Getchell........|Vanilla...... | 14 15.28 NASA AMoepay, 195 JAS Orenengno ogeoudaaecda Vanilla 14 | 15552 13335)/Auburn. EH. L. Fowles.............. Vanilla...... 14 | 15.23 13334|/Auburn. R.W.Milburn............ Vanillatee scr 14 12.66 13333|/Auburn. R.A.Minnard............. Vanilla: 2-7 14 16.74 13331)/Auburn. G. Ll: Moore............... Wantllaeerrer 14 15.45 13344|Auburn. Raymond & Fortin......../Chocolate.... 12 19.79 13328)Auburn. Rounds & Sands........... |Vanilla...... 14 23.99 SSB Amur, 195 ARIES goes up oooh 06 Wanillaterscrs | 14 21.05 13345|Auburn. B.D. Sullivan............. Strawberry. .| 12 16.16 feseo) uburnsge be Be Tarn: «eee gene Vanilla...... | 14 15.45 13210/Augusta. Augusta Fruit Co.........|Vanilla...... 14 16.44 13208|Augusta. Folsom & Son............ Manill aise 14 13.49 TSs20qVAugustas ee Gersting. --c-oceiect = Vanillasere | 14 18.56 13205|Augusta. L. LeVine................ \Vanilla...... aoe a 19.85 13206)Augusta. H.J.Marden............. \Chocolate.... 12 522 13209|Augusta. BE. L. Winslow............ Werteice onec 14 | 12.66 13161|Bangor. East Side Pharmacy........ | Vanilla Bare Oe 14 17.04 13177,Bangor. Fifield &Co...........-..- Vanilla...... 14 13.69 - 13178)Bangor. G.T.FlorosCo............ |Vanilla...... 14 19.05 13162|Bangor. N.T. Floros...............| WVanillassaee 14 17.79 13166|Bangor. Fowler’s Drug Store........ |Vanilla...... 14 17.26 PS G5 | Bancornde bE rawleyae ase eile Wantllaeeneee 14 17.68 13159|Bangor. Frank Karam.............. Vanilla ROE 14 14.52 S160 Bangor ers Ke Priest. s4- see eee iManill ase 14 14.64 13176 Bangor. SSOCHITO Mase ees Vanilla ere 14 17.83 L379 Bangor John Skoufis’....--.--2-9.04- Wemilssooae 14 18.40 13180/Bangor. Caldwell Sweet............. |Vanilla...... 14 19.80 144 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q14. Table showing the results of the examination of samples of ice cream collected in the season of 1914, arranged alphabetically by towns—Continued. | aie | PER CeNt Mitxk Fat. No. Town AND DEALER. Cream sold as ; Standard. Found. Per cent. | Per cent. 13164 Bangor, sAllense-brasky es serine e. cee Vanilla 14 12.18 13163 Bangor. Zoidis Brothers............ Vanilla...... 14 14.72 13087 Bar Harbor. Fred A. Gonya......... Vanilla...... 14 we OT, 13085) Bar Harbor." ©: By Higgins)... Vanillaner 14 12.12 13088|Bar Harbor. C. A. Keucher......... Vanilla ye 14 13.27 13086 Bar Harbor. W.B.Marshall........ Vanillarerincr 14 19.13 13089 Bar Harbor. West End DrugCo..... Vanilla 14 13.58 13056) Bath= (eh Clanyeeaseeeiece eee Manillanssne 14 15.01 T3059 (BatheeeAe Hallett nie cree WMamnillaanvsiae 14 14.76 13055 Bath. Leonard & Mitchell........... Vanilla 14 14.00 13058|Bath. W.M.TempleCo............ Keri... 14 18.70 13057| Bath. Webber’s Drug Store......... Vanillaeeaeee - 14 14.68 13186| Belgrade Lakes. Mrs. Dora W. Hunt.|Vanilla...... 14 14.40 12898/Biddeford. James Adams........... Vanilla...... 14 13.70 13043| Biddeford. James Adams........... Vanilla tere 14 14.32 12901|Biddeford. G. & A. Boucher......... Vanilla... 14 10.99 12894| Biddeford. Pete Frediani............ \Vanilla...... 14 14.39 12900/Biddeford. A. Mantis............. Vanilla... 14 15.88 12895| Biddeford. H.L.Merrill............ ‘Vanilla Sakae 14 13.76 12899|Biddeford. Louis Pelletier........... |Vanilla...... 14 18,8 12896|Biddeford. George Vassill...........|Vanilla...... 2 eet 100 13173|Brewer,, ln AssBoyntone ss eee eo ee Vanilla...... 14 eh 7a TS175|IBrewerss Sa Nee DOC Yea nee Vanilla he Sea 14 15.80 13172|Brewer. Hinckley’s Pharmacy....... Vanillata sae 14 20.26 13174|/Brewer. G.G. Hodgkins............ |Vanilla...... 14 14.84 13170|Brewer. Merrill Drug Co............ Vanill apes. 14 15) 335) 13171) Brewer. B. N. Rowe. . Pee aliens Leniges 14 17.84 T3169 Brewers. Ac Bs Veatoni. sant ne Wanillapnererer 14 16.32 13060|/Brunswick. H.J.Given............. |Vanilla...... 14 14.08 13061| Brunswick. 19310), Jee pea aoc aes i Vanilla ieee 14 13.04 13192|Burnham. Frank B. Brown........ Vanilla eee 14 14.20 OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 63. 145 Table showing the results of the examination of samples of ice cream collected in the season of 1914, arranged alphabetically by towns—Continued. Per Cent MILK Fart. ae Town AND DEALER. Cream sold as | Standard. Found. 13191|/Burnham. L.E.Gerald............. Choeilase ll lame iaeaaa eee GH 13302 Drevin Louis Bourgeois........... Vanilla...... 14 18.08 HOI Calaiss Li. Bernardinit-.... 09-15... - Vanilla 14 10.24 13Z009|Calaishy PACER Checeis \. sa sace elie Wanillateeers 14 8.84 138010|Calais. Mrs. Jane Todd............. Vanilla...... 14 Thoisal 13011|Calais.” Lori Brothers... 2.4.0... 6... Vanillatee a: 14 11.60 13037|\Camden. E. E. Boynton............ Wanillaseeeer 14 15.07 13047\Camden. Burkett Brothers.......... Wanillasceaee 14 18.36 13036/Camden. Camden Baking Co........ WVarillass- =. 14 17.44 13035|Camden. Geo. Mixer............. «..|Vanilla...... 14 11.82 13272|Canton. Nathan Reynolds.......... Vanilla...... 14 14.33 13063\Cherryfield. U.G.Gardner.......... Wanillateerere 14 11.60 13062|Cherryfield. W.A. Van Wart........|Vanilla...... 14 10.44 13273|Chisholm. A. Poisson............... Wanillarerrerer 14 14.36 13051|Damariscotta. Frank Jacobs........ Wanillamaeere 14 15.52 13015|Deer Isle. Mrs. H. J. Pickering...... Vanilla...... A 14 8.58 12991;Eastport. W.F.Capen............. Manilla. 14 15.65 Ta uaa ie aSeport: A Contiiyars saratscerey sete oko Wantllasaeeicr 14 11.19 12990|Eastport. Gouldings Restaurant..... WVanillatrercr 14 7.56 12993|Eastport. Havey & Wilson.......... iVanillageeer 14 15.69 12994|EKastport. J.P. Hutchinson......... WManillayre 14 15.90 13034|East Machias. F. A. Hall........... Wamnillatersrr 14 6.82 13095/Ellsworth. Chas. H. Leland......... Wantllaereerr 14 23.14 13091|Elisworth. Mrs. J. Luchini.......... Vanilla...... 14 20.12 13094\Ellsworth. E.G.Moore............. Wanillarener 14 17.64 13090|Ellsworth. H.W.Morang........... Vanilla. 3..- 14 21.07 13093|Ellsworth. Parcher’s Pharmacy...... Vanilla...... 14 14.86 13092|Ellsworth. R.H.Smith............ Manilla 14 20.86 13267|Fairfield. Holman & Nelson......... VWernlib soooc 14 15e73) 13268]Fairfield. C.E. Holt............... Wanillayy-teey- | 14 18.86 13266|Fairfield. C. W.McGlintock......... Wanillaner rir 14 20.26 12787|Falmouth Foreside. C.G. Pierce..... Vanilla...... 14 15.84 146 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQT4. Table showing the results of the examination of samples of ice cream collected in the season of 1914, arranged alphabetically by towns—Continued. | Per Cent Mix Far. | | Ne Town AnD DEALER. Cream sold as | Standard. Found. 13279|Farmington. Drake’s Drug Store.....|}Vanilla...... Bae oe oo 13278|Farmington. C. E.Marr............ Vanilla...... 14 16.33 13277|Farmington. J. F.Norton........... Vanilla...... 14 15.78 13198|Gardiner. ie )Baitler vee) eee oe Vanilla...... 14 el O07: 13200|Gardiner. R. W. BealesCo.......... Vanilla...... 14 10.70 13197\Gardiner. Bean’s Drug Store........|Vanilla...... 1 ae 13.07 13201 Gardiners oh sekin@alley aera ee Vanilla...... 14 125 13199|Gardiner:) ©We Blint= sso eee Wanillareie 14 12.22 13304 Gorhams bewh Caswelleee rer eeeceee Manillasee ee 14 16.47 13303| Gorham ©. Gabiercem er kirtteerr Wanillasnee 14 14.21 13204|Hallowell. C. B. Hobbs............. Vanillate see 14 1135 2/04 13203)Hallowell. A. H. Randall........... Wand apes 14 18.63 13202|Hallowell. Guy K. White........... Vanilla...... 14 17.38 12132|Kennebunk. V.G. Fiske............ Wanillaane ee 14 16.61 13116|Kennebunk. P.D.Greenleaf........ Vanilla...... 14 17.81 13115) Kennebunkport. W. F.Goodwin..... Wanillateeir 14 21.38 13285) Kingfield. Mrs. Bertha Graves....... Wanillaseeese 14 11.35 13127| Kittery. Clark & Rogers. . 72:2 ..2... Vanillace ae 14 21.89 13354|Lewiston. P. W. Babcock........... Walnutsee 12 16.08 13364|Lewiston. Louise Beaumont......... Vanillaneece 14 18.70 13339|Lewiston. C. Bilodeau.............. Vanillasa ere 14 14.60 13350|Lewiston. Mary Collins errs ap cates Vanilla...... 14 9.04 13340|Hewiston. LACote..-).-.- sees eee Vanilla ase 14 17.43 13343) ewistonseel aD nboOise ieee ee Strawberry. : 12 19.19 13369|Lewiston. JAVED UCASSC ies. o cieleiebae Ciete: WVanillatee sre 14 15.50 13349|Lewiston. HE. Dumont.............. Vanillarceses 14 20.02 13355|bewiston. An Grantees eee Strawberry. . 12 15.19 13338|Lewiston. A. E. Harlow....:....... Vanilla...... 14 17.86 1335i\'bewiston.) ye ebuard ss cc eee ieee Strawberry. . 12 14.48 13353|Lewiston. Lewiston Candy Kitchen. .|Strawberry. . 12 17.07 13347|Lewiston. C.Morneau.............. Vanilla...... 14 16.51 13346|Lewiston. M.C.Murphy............ [Vanilla...... 14 7.84 OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 63. 147 Table showing the results of the examination of samples of ice cream collected in the season of 1914, arranged alphabetically by towns—Continued. Per Cent Mirtxk Far. eo Ozuz dette Mrs. Catherine Ayers..... Ne Town AnD DEALER. lerenra sold as Standard. Fourd. d pasa ieee GaWis Newellav tects esse Vanilla eee aoa ae 13367 Lewiston. O. Parent.............--. Strawberry. . 12 13.07 issomlewaston. Ho Perkins’... 04. -1--- Manilla yarseya 14 17.06 13356 Lewiston. Riker-Jaynes Drug Co.....|Vanilla...... 14 16.59 13341 Lewiston. Gaba Robergein.. scien oe - Chocolate 12 16.41 13363 Lewiston. T.J. Robinson........... Vanilla. . | 14 15.21 13368 Lewiston. George Ross............- Vanilla.2..-. | 14 17.16 13366|/Lewiston. A.Simard.............-. Vanilla 225 -- 14 15.14 13348)Lewiston. P.J. Simard............. Chocolate 12 16.27 13337| Lewiston. Pesh Wralkereeysrreierstetier Wanillaarereyr. 14 18.84 13371|\Lisbon. P.L.Cotton.........-..--- Vanilla...... | 14 20.86 13372 Lisbon. A. G. Deschenes..........-. |Vanilla...... | 14 18.43 13274| Livermore Falls. E. Edgecomb...... Vanilla...... 14 11} by 13275 Livermore Falls. B. B. Stinchfield...|Vanilla...... 14 18.48 12996|Lubec. C.L. Adams............---- Vanilla...... 14 14.94 12995 Lubec: T.G.Mitchell............... Vanilla...... 14 15.12 13046Machias. R.D.Crane............--- Vanilla...... 14 11.66 13044 Machias. D. A. Curtins &Co....-... Vanilla...... 14 16.68 13045|Machias. J.P. Farris............-.. Vanilla...... [eae 8.98 13184|Newport. Jones & McKenney........ Vanillage..-.- 14 16.37 13182| Newport. Sass Slosberess eerie ee ae Vanilla...... | 14 12.51 13183|Newport. -. W. Withee............ Vanilla...... 14 14.37 13150) North Berwick. C. W. Goodwin......|Vanilla...... 14 15.75 13022 North Haven. Bray & Miller........ Vanilla...... 14 8.28 13024 North Haven. Mrs. F. M. Calderwood|Chocolate 12 7.47 13292 North New Portland. M. Weinberg..|Vanilla...... 14 18.14 13194 North Windham. D. W.Cram....... Vanilla...... lietateaa 10.76 13193 North Windham. W. O. Gates....... Vanilla. . 14 14.56 13270|Oakland. S. J. Foster............... Vanillaseeeee 14 11.42 13269 Oakland. Eee tiwElatiiel dt teys tne) Wantillajep 14 14.62 13271|Oakland. J. E.Morrisette......-.... Vanilla : 14 16.22 | Vanilla 14 8.36 148 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ14. Table showing the results of the examination of samples of ice cream collected in the season of 1914, arranged alphabetically by towns—Continued. | Per Cent Mixx Far. Ne Town anv DBALER. Cream sold as| | Standard. | Found. 13119/Ogunquit. C.S. Littlefield........... Vanillaaeeraes Tagen BeonTO 13118)Ogunquit. Mrs.M.S. Perkins........ Vanilla... .:. 14 10.65 12936/Old Orchard. Sears & Hinckley...... Vanillapeeeer 14 15.64 12937|Old Orchard Vermont Ice Cream Co..|Vanilla...... 14 ' 20.83 UST5 6 Orono Ae Ace han cee see ny reir ieee Wenvilleys oo aoc 14 16.24 13155|Orono. George A. King............. Vanilla, 20 0ee 14 14.92 13153}Orono. Nichols Drug Store.......... Vanillay. oe 14 14.51 13152/Old Town H.I.Goldsmith........ Walnut...... 12 16.22 12681/Old Town. Jordan Bros............. Wamnillamnee er 14 15.74 12680\Old Town. Lunt’s Cash Store........ Wemlcscc ss 14 14.53 13154 Old) Lown. Way Muttiy. yada eee Vanilla....-. 14 17.82 12682|/Old Town. Morin Bros.............. Vanilla...... 14 17.22 13188/Pittsfield. Charles Baker............ Vanilla...... 14 15.72 13189|Pittsfield. R.N. Berry.............. Vanilla 14 12.67 13190/Pittsfield. Nutter’s Pharmacy....... Chocolate.... 12 15.21 13305|Portland. C.R.Chapman........... Vanillane ees 14 Mi onO9) 12984|Portland. Thomas Cristo............ Nanillataren 14 15.43 12980|Portland. Deering Ice Cream Co..... Vanilla...... 14 17.45 12862|Portland. Jacob Gitlin.............. Vanilla...... 14 16.60 12863/Portland. Sam Gitlin............... Vanilla...... 14 15.56 12977|Portland. Heseltine & Tuttle Co..... Vantllane er 14 15.51 12981|Portland. Thersa Hilton............ Wanillaaerisee 14 13.86 12939|Portland. Krikori Johrson.......... Vanilla...... 14 18.39 12938|Portland. Jacob Linderberg......... Vanilla...... 14 13.48 12983/Portland. I. F. Lord & Son.......... Vanilla. 14 14.91 12866|Portland. O.S.Maxell.............. Vanilla...... 14 14.00 12565/Portland. Merrill Cafe.............. Vianillanmner 14 4.67 12865|Portland. Munjoy Ice CreamCo..... Vanilla...... 14 15.25 129/79 Portland CAC eoolen pr elsiekelaieio ener Vanilla...... 14 23.76 12949|Portland. Riker-Jaynes............. Vanilla...... 14 13.58 12951|Portland. George BE. Sawyer......... Vanilla...... 14 18.75 12940|Portland. George F. Soule........... Vanillayeerr 14 15.28 OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 62. 149 Table showing the results of the examination of samples of ice cream collected in the season of 1914, arranged alphabetically by towns—Continued. Per Cent Mix Far. Sta. No. Town AND DEALER. Cream sold as : | Standard. Found. : x | Per cent. Per cent. _12950)Portland. Arthur G. Spear.......... Vanilla..:. 2. 14 14.98 12978|Portland. H.L.Stimson............ Vanilla...... 14 12.54 12941/Portland. Charles Thomas........... Vanilla s)s.). 14 16.35 12976|Portland. John J. Thuss............ Vanilla...... 14 17.74 12975|Portland. West End Dairy.......... Vanillaeeee: 14 15.45 13196)Richmond. W. A. Bibber........... Werle s boo 14 17.82 13195/Richmond. F.R. Winslow.......... Wanillatee a 14 10.70 13041;Rockland. A. R. Havener........... Wena oan oc 14 12.96 13040/Rockland. J. H.Meservey........... Vanilla...... 14 14.82 13042|Rockland. Miss F. L. Stover......... Vanilla...... 14 17.12 13050|Rockland. EF. H. Whitney........... Vanilla*..... loxonseenenon 9.67% 3362 Sabattusy 9 Hy PY Wombard..). 44.0. 4 Vanilla...... 14 18.67 13310|Saco. Napoleon Tatro.............. Weevil na 5 8 | 14 15.87 13080|Sanford. Bourisk Brothers.......... Vanilla... ..: 14 14.64 13078|Sanford. Powers & Ackroyd......... Vanilla... ... | 14 12.62 13079|Sanford. Powers & Ackroyd......... Vamnillapeeeen 14 12.67 13077|Sanford. N. K. Spinney............. Vanilla near | 14 10.89 13128/South Berwick. M.A.Gordon....... Vanilla if 14 12553) 12982|South Portland. W.W.Rich........ Venilley sian 14 | 14.11 13083 Springvale. Nick Augustinos........ Vanilla... .. ian NN Brae 13082/Springvale. John J. Gibson.......... Vernal ares 14 13.09 13081|Springvale. Charles P. Rowe........ Weaver. 4 ose 14 10.02 13084|Springvale. Nich. Seferlis.....:..... Vanilla.....: 14s Galt? Wott KOR HSsiS3 Stillwater. EC Sibley. 29.5.4.) 41. Vanillanee. 14 14.58 12019|Stonington. Mrs. H. Gardner........|Vanilla...... 14 | 3.66 13018|Stonington. Mrs. Edna E. Merrill... .|Vanilla..... | 14 | 2.36 * Sold for ice cream substitute. I50 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI4. Table showing the results of the examination of samples of ice cream collected in the season of 1914, arranged alphabetically by towns—Concluded. Sos | | Per Cent Mixx Far. No. | Town AND DEALER. \Cream sold as Standard. Found. 13016|Stonington. Noyes Pharmacal Co....|Vanilla...... Saar ears 13039/Thomaston. G.A.Moore............|Vanilla...... 14 10.21 13020|Vinalhaven. H. Y. Carver & Son.....|Vanilla...... 14 4.65 13021/Vinalhaven. J. W.P.Turner........ |Vanilla*. . eds teuonis tes yee Reva : 4.77* 13023) Vinalhaven. L.A. Williams......... Venillaieee 14 8.47 13048| Waldoboro, (On Ladwip oe al Vanilla ae 14 14.16 13049|Waldoboro. C. B. Stahl............. Vanilla. 225. 14 13.26 13038|Warren. J.C. Munsey.............. Caramel..... 14 13.86 13259| Waterville. JED eOrsaynees ee Vanillaneneee 14 13.84 13263) Waterville. Evangelos & Condas..... Vanilla sae 14 16.96 13261|Waterville. Louis Facos............. Vanilla Seles 14 14.30 13265) Waterville. Hager’s Candy Store.....|Vanilla...... 14 15.18 13258| Waterville. Hayden’s Candy Store...|Vanilla...... 14 14.70 13262| Waterville. Red Cross Pharmacy.....|Vanilla...... 14 14.97 13260|/ Waterville. J.D. Parents........... Vanilla sayienees 14 16.92 13257|Waterville. Verzoni Brothers........ Vanilla...... 14 15.13 13117|Wells Beach. F.C. Bickford......... Chocolate... . 12 16.40 12947| Westbrook. F.D.Anderson......... Vanillaanener 14 17.31 11327716|Walton wel sb ee barlines re-enter ete Chocolate... . 12 13.79 13052| Wiscasset. AW IW), Kaersteadia: Vanillaseerrsr 14 16.29 13053] Wiscasset. E. H. Pushor...........:|Vanilla...... 14 16.99 13054|Woolwich. Mrs. Thomas Savage.....|Walnut...... 12 68383 13123) York Beach. H.Gleekman &Co..... Chocolate... . 12 17.71 13122] York Beachs ad -rueElollandeee meer Vanillase eee 14 10.87 13125) York Beach eh eAcm ia) lp ey emeeieriaieie Wanita 14 13.38 13124| York Harbor. Hawke’s Pharmacy...|Vanilla...... 14 18.97 13126| York Village. J. P. Sanford......... Vanilla...... 14 15.98 * Sold as ice cream substitute. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 63. ISI Swi MENG BY tek EXE CUDIVE- OF THE LAW: A. M. G. Souter, Chief, Bureau of Inspection. In the collection of samples of ice cream, a wide range of ter- ritory was covered. Particular care was taken by the inspectors, along with the inspection work, to bring to the attention of the ice cream manufacturers in an educational way the requirements under the law. We also issued from this department, about the first of August, a regulatory announcement, essentially the same in text as given on page 143—with the addition of the penalty for the violation of the law and a clause of the dairy law inform- ing the ice cream manufacturers of the protection afforded them when purchasing their raw material. The deputies report a wilingness, with but few exceptions, on the part of the manufacturers to conform to the law and that very little fault has been found with the standard that is re- quired. As will be seen from the tabulations, some slight deficiencies were found in a few of the samples collected in the cities, but in nearly all these cases the deficiency was not large enough to warrant a hearing and a letter of warning was written which was apparently gratefully received. Another feature noticed among the city dealers was a spirit of sharp competition and jealous guarding of their formule; as this has a tendency to raise the standard even above that required by law, I feel that it should be encouraged. In some of the coast towns, and on the islands along the coast, where ice cream is made and sold only in mid-summer, particular care was taken to inquire the source of the raw material, the experience in manufacture, the price paid for the materials and the price charged for the frozen product. Among the samples of ice cream obtained from these localities, several were found to be deficient in milk fat. Hearings were arranged for cases of this nature and an explanation for each deficiency requested. In some cases the use of eggs was responsible for the reduction of the milk fat content, but it is gratifying to note that in no L52 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQIT4. instance have we found a case where, to our belief, an intentional violation could have been proven. In general the results obtained by collecting and analyzing the samples of ice cream have been most encouraging and it is indeed with pride that the statemennt is made that we believe the people of Maine are supplied with ice cream that is not surpassed any- where. This condition is, perhaps, not due so much to the care- ful enforcement of the law as to the actual existence of a fair standard, to sharp competition among the producers and the honesty and integrity of the manufacturers. Having been informed by the dealers whose samples have shown the highest milk fat content that a fair profit is made ona product that will analyze three or four per cent. above standard, and taking into consideration the fact that large quantities of this healthful and valuable food product are being shipped to this state, there seems to be a broad field for added manufacture by our own people, giving an outlet at a market nearer home for dairy products. December, 1914 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, ORONO, MAINE. CHAS. D. WOODS, Director. ANALYSTS. James M. Bartlett Herman H. Hanson Royden L. Hammond Edward E. Sawyer Elmer R. Tobey Hoyt D. Lucas Official Jnspections 64 SHED UN SIC NN. The Commissioner of Agriculture is the executive of the law regulating the sale of agricultural seeds in Maine. It is the duty of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station to make the analyses of the samples collected by the Commissioner, and it is the duty of the Director to publish the results of the analyses of the samples of agricultural seeds, together with the names of the persons from whom the samples were obtained, the names of the manufacturers thereof and such additional information as may seem advisable. The first law regulating the sale of seeds was enacted by the Legislature of 1897. This was revised by the Legislature of 1905. This was again revised by the Legislature of 1911 so as to conform with the requirements recommended by the Asso- ciation of Official Seed Analysts and agreed to by the Ameri- can Seed Dealers Association. The chief requirements of the law follow. The full text of the law will be sent on request. Nortr. All correspondence relative to the inspection laws should be addressed to the Commissioner of Agriculture, Augusta, Maine. 154 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI4. THE CHIEF REQUIREMENTS OF THE Law. The following are the chief points of the law and the rules and regulations for carrying out the law regulating the sale of agricultural seeds which, as directed by the law, the Com- missioner of Agriculture, has made. 1. Kind of seeds coming under the law. The law applies to the sale, distribution, transportation, or the offering or exposing for sale, distribution, or transportation of the seeds of alfalfa, barley, Canadian blue grass, Kentucky blue grass, brome grass, buckwheat, alsike clover, crimson clover, red clover, medium clover, white clover, field corn, Kaffir corn, meadow fescue, flax, hungarian, millet, oats, orchard grass, rape, redtop, rye, sorghum, timothy and wheat for seeding purposes. 2. The brand. Each lot or package shall be plainly marked with the name of the seed and its minimum percentage of purity. 3. Mixtures. Mixtures must be plainly marked with the name of the seed and the percentage of purity. In case the mixtures contain seeds not included in 1 these need not be named. (e. g.,a mixture consisting of half redtop, 90 per cent pure, quarter Kentucky blue grass, 85 per cent pure and the remainder seeds not named in the law, could be marked “Red- top 45 per cent pure, Kentucky blue grass 21 per cent pure.” The statement of the remaining constituents may or may not be named. ) 4. Adulteration. A seed is adulterated if its purity falls below its guaranty or if it contains the seed of any poisonous plant. 5. Misbranding. A seed is misbranded if the package or label bears any statement, designed or device which is false or misleading in any particular, or if it does not carry the state- ments named in 2. 6. Free analysis. Free analysis of seeds on sale in Maine will be made of samples taken in accordance with directions furnished by the Commissioner of Agriculture. Sample not so taken may be refused examination. Blanks with full directions will be furnished on request. 7. Paid analysis. As an accommodation to residents of Maine samples of seeds not on sale in Maine will be examined tek OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 64. 15 On at cost, and the results will not be published. The cost of the analysis of blue grass or redtop is $1.00 per sample and for other seeds 50 cents. Remittance should accompany the sample. 8. Written guaranty. No prosecution will lie against any person handling agricultural seeds provided he obtains at the time of purchase a written guaranty signed by the person resid- ing in the United States, from whom the purchase was made, to the effect that the seeds are not adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of the Maine law regulating the sale of agricultural seeds. After a person has been notified by the Commissioner of Agriculture that an article of agricultural seeds appears to be adulterated or misbranded the written guaranty will not protect-further sales. 9. Hearings. The person who is believed to have violated the law regulating the sale of seeds will be granted a hearing at which he may appear in person or by attorney or by letter. The notice of the hearing will name the time and place of the hearing and a copy of the charge. Failure to appear will not prejudice the case. The hearing will be private and every opportunity will be given for explanation and establishment of innocence. If the time appointed is not a convenient one, post- ponement within reasonable limit will be granted. TESTING SEEDS AT HoME. It is important to the user of seeds not only to know their percentage of purity and what kind of weeds they carry, but to also know something of their vitality. In the case of seeds there are at least three ways whereby the user may be injured. A seed which carries foreign matter of any kind, in any consider- able amount, is correspondingly lowered in value. But there is another reason which is more important than the money consid- eration, and that is that the weed seeds which the seeds contain may be pernicious. For example,—clover seed ferquently car- ries plaintain seed. If this plaintain seed is the door-yard variety which is present practically all over Maine, there would be comparatively little harm from using clover seed which conr- tained it. On the other hand—lance leaved plaintain or rib grass is not abundant in Maine. It is an undesirable plant and using seed carrying it might introduce a weed into land which is at present free from it. It is important that the farmer should - 2 156 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI4. know the vitality as well as the purity of the seed that he is to use. No matter how pure a seed may be, if half of it will not sprout it has no more value than if the seed were half chaff. While it is not easy to make an exact purity test, it is not difficult for a farmer to so acquaint himself with the seeds that he is ordinarily using that by the help of an ordinary reading or magnifying glass he will be able to tell whether the seed in question contains any considerable amount of impurities. If the seed is spread out upon a white plate, a little practice will enable a farmer to see whether a given seed is reasonably pure or not, and he will soon learn to detect the more common for- eign seeds. VITALITY OF SEEDS. It is much easier for the farmer to test the vitality of seed than to make a purity examination. The following simple instructions for performing germination tests at home without any special apparatus will enable the farmer to learn for him- self whether the seed that he is using has good vitality or not. Germination tests may be made in two ways,—the so-called blotting paper methods, and the sand method. In making the germination test with blotting paper, blue blotting paper of com- mon weight, cut into strips about 6 x 19 inches, should be used. | This is laid folded twice so as to get a piece of three thicknesses and about six inches square, on an ordinary dinner plate or platter. The seeds if small are placed on the top of the paper and if large between the folds. The paper is kept moist (not soaked) and at a temperature of 70 to 80 degrees F’. If only a vitality test is desired the blotting paper method is preferable, but if it is desired to know how many seeds may be ~ expected to grow, the sand method is in some ways preferable. In this method a thin layer of fine sand is sprinkled on the bottom of a flat dish and the seeds to be tested placed on it under a thin covering of sand. This must be kept moist and well shaded and at a somewhat higher temperature than in the first case. At the end of every second day in the case of some seeds, and the third day in the case of those germinating more slowly, the sprouted seeds should be removed from the blotters or the sand and counted, the per cent being readily found by referring back OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 64. 157 to the number of seeds which were taken for the test. If 100 seeds are used, the number that sprout give the vitality per cent. Tue Resuxtts oF INSPECTION. For several years the grass seeds on sale in the State have been inspected by the seed analyst. His experience makes it possible to tell by observation in most instances whether a seed is or is not up to its guaranteed purity. In 1914 he visited 328 dealers and examined 1263 samples of seeds. The varieties examined are given in the table which follows. Of all this large number of lots of seeds he found only 8 samples that seemed at all doubtful as to their quality. On examination at the Station all of these were passed as being in substantial accord with the guaranty. All parts of the State were visited. The stock in the hands of dealers, large and small, were generally examined. Out of nearly 1300 samples none were appreciably below the guaranteed percentage of purity. Net only were the seeds prac- tically all up to guaranty but for the most part all of the seeds sold in the State carry a high percentage of purity. The improvement in the quality of seed used in Maine in the past sixteen years is as gratifying as it is marvelous. It is safe to say that no other State is uniformly using as good seed as. Maine. In fact the wholesale dealers and cleaners of seed claim that if all the States were as particular in their demands for seed of high quality there would not be enough to go around. Table showing the result of the imspection of seed in lots at dealers in 1914. These seeds were all examined at the dealers to see if they were in accord with guarantees upon them. In doubtful cases samples were taken to the laboratory. Names oF SEEDS AND NuMBER OF Lots oF Eacu INSPECTED. cs d a= | | rae : 302 | | a | 8 |B | | CS | io} mn | ; | eles | | eal | < © Seales | i : C) || | = ish | oe oO | (eet easel | = Cat 2 uo} inenee ON Beg EI ss fo) 5 io) aS. |' & ie cet ul) aS es 3 > 2 & rs) Soa | nes! BO eee |S, © ) ar |S 5 ee S One Eanes ; D é : a resin [lal i oly A ee | s a io) a S = 3 = A 2 Gh ele) iw a op & a Ore ae Peal oe) = = S lect rel & | g oS S Gh ete ey (=> 2] o 8s i=} isto Ag Gl) ae o a CE Wo Ep eel ae) Oy WS Ge O 3 Be | & < = | an oa} 5 | Cs} i} me me % Se 2 } a Seo aen| oO & a las 7 | ALSIKE CLOVER. IC. M. Conant Co., Bangor. 7367 | Anchor Alsike|@lover jufeerieeoeoeeenicceee re 99.25] 98.9) 0.2} 0.5] 0.4 7368 | Blue Jay Alsike Clover......................-|98.75| 98.2] 0.2] 0.9] 0.7 7369 | BellvAlsike:Cloverscacmuneee nero Lee eee Wot oot) apt) eA )-9/ |Dexter Grange Store, Dexter. Ta0s es Fancy Aleike 5) 3.01. 0 2.co eer me aera 9720) 187-9! O23! = 1410-4 bie E. Gray, Corinna. 7388 |! .Haxporé:Alsike Glovers 4. <..54-4 20 ee ere eree 97.0 | 98.3] 0.4] 0.9| 0:4 |Judkins & Gilman Co., Newport. 7291 | Hx pono sAlsikce: Clovermpieyscicscicis crite eters 9720829559) Oe tesla 9 Palmer Bros., Hinckley. 73350 Alsikee OMe eee se aoe cetacean eae ante 97.0] 98.3] 0.3] 1.1] 0.3 'L. L. Sanford, Skowhegan. 7375*| Alsike, N. Wertheimer & Sons, Ligonier, Ind...) - 96.5} 0.8) 1.9] 0.8 \John Watson & Co., Houlton. 731d Globe Alay kers096700 oem eee eee 97.7 | 98.0] 0.2] 1.2] 0.6 7322 | Stark Globe Alsyke 86966...............0.5- O7474| 98 ORe lect le iG 7323 | Boott Ace Alsyke 86987...........cecceeeeees 95.0 | 96.9] 0.5] 1.61 1.0 \Frank 8. Wingate, Hallowell. | 7404 | No. 4 Alsyke, Whitney-Eckstein Seed Co., Buf- [Stato NOW 2. oboe wore ee eee eee 97.0 | 97.1] 0.6] 1.5] 0.8 | RED CLOVER. |Dexter Grange Store, Dexter. 7392) |) Hureka) Medium) Clover =). =. eerie clones 99.25) 99.6) 0.3) — 0.1 IR. E. Gould, Harmony. 7399 | Acewdved Clover ©9005 se eericretn tate einer 98.0 | 99.0] 0.5} 0.2) 0.3 |Oscar Holway Co., Auburn. 7302 | Red Clover Mark, 308427...................- 99.0 | 99.3) 0:4) 0.1) 0.2 |Judkins & Gilman Co., Newport. 7279 PantAmerican\Gloversccn icity eee ee 98.5 | 98.8)! 0.5) O76) 0.1 |L. L. Sanford, Skowhegan. 2 poe 7374*| RedClover, N. Wertheimer & Sons, Ligonier,Ind.| - BOO OoAl Oil ez John Watson & Co., Houlton. 7316 eaGlobe Glover Tals tie aes ee eee 99.0] 99.4} 0.3] 0.1] 0.2 T3l7lGlobeClover, WOISie yates ea eee epee 99.0 | 99.4 0.2] 0.2] 0.2 * Sample taken from consumer. = OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 64. 165 Table showing the kind of seed, name and location of dealer, and the results of analysis of official samples taken in 1T9oT4— Continued. | | PURITY. | IMPURITIES. eee a | | [=| . | | aes S | 5 | 3 ; Kinp or SEED, NAME anpd TowN OF DEALER) as i Fy S 3 Specrat Marks. | © 3S | | [=| | 2 S a mn i= |. &S : g & 3} 2 Ne EN es eh oi 3 |g 5 ® aS RD oy a ee a fee) afb | | | 7324 GlobeiClovert (Ol 20vACi aris ry secteur areesee- 99.0 | 99.5) 0.2); —- | W327 eAce Medium Clover) 79201)... 2... 4. --22--- 55. 98.0 | 98.6 0.8) 0.3) 0.3 __ |Frank S. Wingate, Hallowell. | | 7402 |No. 2 Clover, Whitney-Eckstein Seed Co., Buffalo, | SINGS Y GA e etiam ags 208 peak a eer ea tea Po A SRN No ie Mei 98.0 97.9| 0.4 0.9) 0.8 HUNGARIAN. | Dexter Grange Store, Dexter. | | 7394 Ja loacvegaiee yavere ora etea 6 a hiG econo Eo OlO Dime 99.0 | 99.0; 0.3] O.1| 0.6 Oscar Holway Co., Auburn. : | 7299 Hungarian, Mark ‘‘McCullough’’............. 198.0 | 98.3) 0.7) 0.1) 0.9 Judkins & Gilman Co., Newport. : | | 7339 Fancy Hungarian, Whitney-Eckstein Seed Co...|98.5 | 99.1) 0.6) - 0.3 Frank 8S. Wingate, Hallowell. : | | | 7403 No. 3 Hungarian, Whitney-Eckstein Seed Co...|98.0 | 98.4) 0.8) - 0.8 | | | | REDTOP. | Dexter Grange Store, Dexter. | 7395 HAN CYBREULOD esse rice lel Sree ersten eis oem ee eno |88.0 | 88.5) 11.2) - 0.3 J. E. Gray, Corinna. i | 7389 Choice Redtop, Whitney-Eckstein Seed Co.....) - 89.4) 10.2} 0.1) 0.3 Oscar Holway Co., Auburn. | 7303 ec top me Ate nm Ciicu ee desu yaya sky teers ee cee 90.0 | 90.6] 9.0; - | 0.4 Judkins & Gilman Co., Newport. | | 7282 C@hoicevRedto peers sees ister pete Ar eee eee 187.0 | 89.1) 10.5) - 0.4 | Palmer Bros., Hinckley. | | 7337 RECTOR ees ey cian ieen dataea sabe seb ofaoe ieamhae vovewaven enero a ioes 92.0 | 90.3 9.2 0.1; 0.4 L. L. Sanford, Skowhegan. | 7376*| Redtop, N. Wertheimer & Sons. .............. Ihessies 95.4) 3.1) 0.8) 0.7 | | TIMOTHY. | | B. D. Coombs, Lisbon Falls. (oa baneAmertcamlim ob iver allen teir cele cistietrars 99.5 | 99.5) 0.3) 0.1) 0.1 Dexter Grange Store, Dexter. | | 7391 Pan American Timothy...................... 99-5) 99-41) OF 3|> 02 |) Ont \J. E. Gray, Corinna. 7386 PangAmericanwpeimnothyaee cies oe anes 199.5 | 99.3) 0.4 0.2) 0.1 * Sample taken from consumer. 162 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI4. Table showing the kind of seed, name and location of dealer, and the results of analysis of official samples taken in I914— Concluded. Purity. | IMpuRITIES. re . é 7! 3 : Pa oe ; Kinp oF Srep, Name anp Town or DEALER) _; | & Fe & 3 Spectat Marks. ® Hire | | a & | 3 a n a q : g < 3 aS sei S.-i Eo) ee a= 8 | 2 Be B % 8 = io) 2 Ss ° R ete Eh sy i) ee | > | R. E. Gould, Harmony. 7400 PinevureevbimothyObol4ese ree eee 99.5 | 99.6] 0.2) O. 1 0.1 E. P. Ham, Lewiston. | | 7295 Pan Americaniimothyp cecilia) tle EO6® i} G26) Ws2)) Os ih) Oeil Haskell Implement & Seed Co., Lewiston. | 7265 XXXX Timothy, No. 65288, Purity Brand...../99.7 | 99.7) 0.2} - | 0.1 7311 (ern? Dim othyss)sccp sacs oe oe Oo 99.0 | 98.3) 0.6) 0.6) 0.5 Oscar Holway Co., Auburn. | 7301 Dimothyzy blue ways brands see sere eee OO | COG Osay Osi) oa Judkins & Gilman Co., Newport. | } 7280 PanvAmerican“limothyanne cee eee one C965 || OO.8)) O.G) = 3) aul Palmer Bros., Hinckley. ; 7336 Timothy}. See ee ee eee ere eae ces se eae eee 99.5 | 99.7) 0.2) 0.1) - L. I.. Sanford, Skowhegan. | | 7373*| Timothy, N. Wertheimer & Sons.............. — | 9828 0.6) 0-4) 022 |John Watson & Co., Houlton. | (olon| ebinevireeamothyaOniG-enoee Seen Lod | SYS} Oss) Weil) Maal | F | | 7319 | Pine Tree Timothy, 65476............-.--.-.- 99.5 | 99.6] 0.2) 0: 1 0.1 7320 | B. H. Globe Timothy, 65348............--..-. 99.7 | 99.8| 0.1] 0. i) = | ; | | 7325 | Pine hreemuamothy. 654 00see een een PEE | POCO! OA Waal Weal \Frank S. Wingate, Hallowell. | 7401 | Timothy, Whitney-Eckstein Seed Co........... 99.5 | 99.5 0.3) 0.1) O.1 | | | MAMMOTH CLOVER. | Dexter Grange Store, Dexter. } 7390 Hureka Mammoth Clover.....-:-.-+.%<+e-s ss 99.C | 99.2) 0.4) 0.2) 0.2 J. E. Gray, Corinna. 7387 Pan American Mammoth Clover.............. 98.0 | 98.8} 0.1) 0.5} 0.6 Oscar Holway Co., Auburn. ; 7300 Mammoth Red Clover, ‘‘Peavine’’............ Chae HSS 83 OL) (Ee John Watson & Co., Houlton. | 7318 Globe Boott Mammoth Clover, 79127 A........ 99.0 | 99.4} 0.3} 0.1] 0.2 7321 | Boott Globe Mammoth Clover B.............. 99.0 | 99.4 0.4 Oni) Opal | Z | | 7326 | Boott Globe Mammoth Clover, 79128.......... 99.0 | DG 0.3) - 0.1 | * Sample taken from consumer. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 64. 163 Table showing results of examination of samples of seed in Tord. KiInp oF SEED AND NUMBER OF SAMPLES. 2 : g be a0 ; nAloes 2 | 3% Names OF WEEDS. ‘ 5 3 a eI : Ap ee el take SP ee > = “= S y id o 4 ON ee I SSM) CO ans as cS) £ & 5 2 & | to | . We Be Cao) GoW el Wich Bae o ao 3 ns) COP = Gy a t=} = a < = ic ant me 5 q fo) 3: | | Number of samples examined. . 34 47 11 237/ 9 1 4) 13 1 | IBArNyandierassen. see veces 4, - - - - - - 8} - iBirdasstoottreroller.s ees el 2 - - - - - - - - iBlacksme dickens eine er 10; 45 2) = = - = | = = Bladdersketmianasee senate si eas - - - - =| 1; - IBIS WAAL os son dens dpe oee - | - - Bye - - | 1; = | Bractedsplantain= = eae. -- ee = | 2 - - - | - - | | { Canada thistle............... - | 3 1) = - - elie - | | Gainip Mee es A: 1 Tih do Ties a =e z | Chiconvee ree toys ete 1| - 1 - - - - - - Common chickweed........... = | a i = - - - - Common mmallow-ees eee eee 1] - 1} - - - - = - Common nightshade.......... - - - - - - - Se — Common speedwell........... - - - - ee - - - (Chl OEMAEE 35 Siero ete cra eee olotave lee - - - - - - = 4, - DD) OC Keene ne ace eatveteetaecoie 10 23 8 1} - Myo - - Evening primrose............ - - - 12) - - - - - IDI ooo. oN Ss ee OOS 1 = - 13 8} - - - - IDI sibioen as Sasa cuore ena - 14, - - - - - - - lnthye tigers. 6G a dno oes oo oles - 6) - 21 3) - - - - Fowl-meadow grass........... - - | - 1 = = - - | Goosetootiercrs ices 10 14| 2 12} - - 1 9} - Greenvtoxtallemn saeco ce: 27 5| 3 5) = - 2 12} - lalenloill 3 sig sg ine aca eee eee 2 3 1 2 - - - - Hedeemmustarde eee ae | - a |e 3; - - - - IM OLBTASSIRE isn oe cfne is oasis 2 | = 1 - - Se - 2) - madyes thumb) an as eee a. 10; - - 1} - - 3 12) - NRE ATC Up etone es Men tebe: - - - - - - - = i IV itcivaw Ce Clem anime atenaae yr fens NL 1 8l - 6] = - = = = 164 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI4. Table showing results of examination of samples of seed in 1914 —Concluded. | KInpD oF StED AND NUMBER OF SAMPLES. a ; rarely | val | 2 s K oD 3 > 2 3 Names oF Werps. Rie i 3 a = Tee yeseccslts eee dl anes Saale d os © 2 SES die ag o & | 2 S) fo) a 6 5) a I leevares © 5 = ° i =| & : 3 | ‘a E 3 EI a S| | 34 | © B 3 & Ey ® Ri 3 a | fon] PIs weedeat ach aoe ned tak mee ree 1) - - 2) - - = 4 Pimperne lanes Ae oie = a ie - = = = = Plantain igiesae situate = aheoz | 7 S = = = Purslamne fs iarwetnsiictes oatarertereeeis = Wey 5) = = = = = Rialeweedanrscicn staan ete 2) - - = = - 4 al) = RAs pberbyniwicrtiecc cee eaeeee = Tihs | ea = = = i Ribgrass..... pee alee cs, OB 1 6| 9) = = - = - Rugel’s plantain. rchte 14 4 5 16} - = = = = Sed gece repre cur ass nese = - Seoul) oO). alles - Sheepisorrelee eee ec oes 10 34 6) 19) 1) = = = Shepherd’s purse............. re | =| a= = = = Slendericrabgrasst iste 3) = Uren lh = Gl Sow thistlon sen aera = Wipe eee Sr Wie | ce oles Mp Spurgen ie Ste soe eee 2) - =- | - J = - - - = Suckinexcloveraccmieiee een =| Pie aes | = = = = = Mumible=weedesnmmririe ieee 1} - 1| Wh os - = 1; - Virginia three-seeded mercury.. py Nectar] (Pinlestve at = he) - - = - IW hitelverwalmctes rise ciclo elena = - - | 1; - - - - - | 4] | Wild buckwheat............. Sls Sse he jes 1) - - Wildicarrotsee eee eee: Wo= | 1) = i - - = = Wil dismaddlerkesi inte tater = Wy = y= = = = = Wiaildiradish ys ix iocwmeteier ore = - = Al - - - 1 Wormseed mustard.......... - 2 | a= - - - - MAWSHON Ss auinoo6 oped du oDDOH GUS = - =| 2) 9) - - - - WENN, CANEN/eeGcooge -aoucesol =e |) = eos 15) 4\ - = = = | | | | | WellowMoxtailey- sme neeeeiar i Niet IY eee | ee - 4 11} - Wellowérocket-ns sewers - Gl 2 - - = = December, 1914 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, ORONO, MAINE. CHAS. D. WOODS, Director. ANALYSTS. James M. Bartlett Herman H. Hanson Royden L. Hammond Edward E. Sawyer Elmer R. Tobey Hoyt D. Lucas Official Pnspections 65 MISCELLANEOUS FOOD MATERIALS, The Commissioner of Agriculture is the executive of the law regulating the sale of foods in Maine. It is the duty of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station to make the analyses. of the samples collected by the Commissioner, and it is the duty of the Director to publish the results of the analyses of the samples of foods, together with the names of the persons from whom the samples were obtained, the names of the manufac- turers thereof and such additional information as may seem advisable. The examination of samples of maple sugar and syrup, canned milk, pickles, rice, jams and preserves, salt, sausage, tapioca, tea, sweet oil and confectionery are given in this number of Official Inspections. For the most part the samples were taken for special reasons and are not representative of the whole State- 166 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI4. Marte SuGar. Two samples of maple sugar, one purchased from E. Janelle & Co., Lisbon St., Lewiston, and the other from Emile Dumont, 500 Lisbon St., Lewiston, were examined and found to be pure maple sugar. MaAp_e SirRup. A few samples of bulk maple sirup were purchased by the inspectors. Two of these, No. 10598 and No. 12313, were adui- terated by not being sufficiently evaporated,—that is, they were pure maple goods, but contained too much water and much less sugar than they should have had. Samples 12621 and 12306 were straight adulterations. They were sold openly as pure maple sirup and contained no maple. Apparently the dealers were aware of exactly what they were selling. The results of the examination are given in the table which follows. Table showing the results of analyses of samples of maple sirup purchased in the spring of 1914. Samples arranged alpha- betically by towns in which purchased. Maple Sirup should contain not more than 35 per cent of water. ¥g 5 ee 'a5| 12 | Le 82) Name /anp AppRess or DEALER. Sa)l oo | Ho Remarks. Be | 8s| BF | Se Bel lea! 25 | 25 BA [ore] ey | Ay 10597|Farmington. F.L. Butler.......... | 15] 100/26.9|Passed. 10596 | Farmington. Lowell & Whitten.....| 15 100/33 .6| Passed. 10598|Farmington. W.W.SmallCo.......; 16 100|36.2)Too much water. | 10595|Oaklands) EVD) Sanford: sis. oer Nigel 100|29 .9| Passed. 12313, Portland. John W. Deering & Son...| 23 100 43 .2|Adulterated with water. 12304|Sidney. George A. Tilton...........| 20 100/31 (alenssedt 12621 Waterville. Alex Quirion............. 18]None. |33.0|/Mixture of water and | sugar artificially color- | ed and flavored to imi- | tate maple syrup. 12305|Waterville. Clayton G. Weeks...... 20| 100/30.1|Passed. 12306| Winslow. Joseph Quinn............ 13)Trace.|30.5|Mixture of water and | cane sugar artificially colored and flavored to imitate maple syrup. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 65. 167 Table showing results of analyses of samples of maple and compound sirups purchased in the spring of 1914. Samples arranged alphabetically by towns in which purchased. | Name and Address of | Sta. MaxkKER AND BRAND. | Remarks. No. Dealer. | PACKAGE SyRUP SOLD AS BRANDED 11909|C. A. Weston Co., Portland, Me.|J. A. Bernier, Bath... INot much maple. Con- “Trumpet Brand High Grade tained too much Sugar Syrup. A compound of| water. cane and maple sugar syrups.”’ 11910|Rigney & Co., Buffalo, N. Y...... Lowell’s Market, Bath| Not much maple. Most- “Park Brand Syrup. A blend of ly drips. _ Rock Candy Drips and Maple Syrup.” | 11908! Bay State Maple Syrup Co., Bos-|G. W. Temple, Bath!As claimed. ton, Mass. ‘‘ Mt.MansfieldBrand | Fancy Sugar Syrup.A compound of cane and maple sugar syrups.”’ 9745|Bay State Maple Syrup Co., Bos-|R. J .Kimball, Bridge-|Maple syrup but con- ton, Mass. ‘‘Mt. Washington; water. taiped too much Brand Maple Sap Syrup. Choisest water. Quality. Absolutely Pure.’’ 11902|Vesper Preserve Co., Ayer, Mass.|C. A. Lemieux, Bruns-|As claimed. | ‘Golden BeautyCompoundTable} wick. Syrup. Made from corn syrup, cane and maple sugar. Artific-! ially colored and flavored.” d 11906|/Chas. E. Moody & Co., Boston,|Wm. F. McFadden, /As claimed. Mass. ‘‘ Matchless BrandMaple Brunswick. Syrup.” | 11907/Chas. E. Moody & Co., Boston,}Wm. F. McFadden, |About as claimed. : Mass. * Fearless | Brand Table| Brunswick. Syrup. } maple, $ cane. | 11905|S. S. Pierce Co., Boston, Mass. H. T. Nason, Bruns-|As claimed. 11904 11857 12378 ‘24 fl. oz. pure maple syrup. From Vermont sugar orchards. New England Maple Syrup Co.,|M. Parent, Brunswick. Boston, Mass. ‘‘Golden Tree Granulated and Maple Sugar Syrup.” Towle Maple Products Co.,St.Paul, Minn. ‘‘ Towle’s Log CabinBrand Syrup. Made of pure cane sugar and maple sugar. New England Maple Sugar Co., Boston. ‘Golden Tree Syrup. Made from granulated and maple sugars.” C. A. Weston Co., Portland, Me. “Trumpet Brand High Grade Sugar Syrup. A compound of cane and maple sugar syrups.” wick. M. Parent, Brunswick. { Small & Hatch, Bruns- wick. C. A. Weston Co., Port- land. As claimed. Less than one-fourth maple. As claimed. As claimed. ee ee 168 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQIt4. Table showing maker and brand of samples of canned milk, and dealer and town from whom they were purchased. Ar- ranged alphabetically by makers. Sta. | S MAKER AND BRAND. DEALER AND Town. oO. | r EVAroORATED MiLtkK (UNSWEETENED.) 10619|Borden Condensed Milk Co., New York....... L. R. Giles Co., . Brownfield. ““Borden’s Peerless Brand.’’ | 11267| Boston Condensed Milk Co., Bellows Falls, Vt.) Milliken-Tomlinson Co., Portland “Quality Brand.” 10625|Conant, Patrick & Co., Portland, Me......... F. I. Dwinal, Mechanic Falls. “Yours Truly Evaporated Milk.” f 11268|Eastern Importing & Mfg. Co., Boston....... Milliken-Tomlinson Co., Portland “Eastern Star Brand.’’ ee 10633)Indiana Condensed Milk Co., Sheridan, Ind....|Chas. F. Ridlon, Norway. ‘“Wilson’s Evaporated Milk.” 10815} Mohawk Condensed Milk Co., Rochester, N. Y.|Hart & Holbrook, Rockland. - “*Gold Cross Milk Unsweetened.’’ : 10644}St. Charles Canning Co., St. Charles, Ill...... H. E. Burnell, Portland. ‘*St. Charles Evaporated Milk.” | 10624| Var Camp Packing Co., Indianapolis, Ind... mlb A. Woodsum, Mechanic Falls. “Van Camp’s Evaporated Milk.’’ CONDENSED (SWEETENED) MILK. 10620) Borden Condensed Milk Co., N. Y.......... “Baby Brand.’’ 10623 Borden Condensed Milk Co., N. Y.......... | } 10810) 10621) 10643, “Challenge Brand.’’ Borden Condensed Milk Co., N. Y........... ““Defiance Brand.’’ Borden Condensed Milk Co., N. Y........... ‘‘Gail Borden Eagle Brand.”’ Boston Dairy Co., Bellows Falls, Vt.......... ‘*Golden Gate Brand’’ 10809! Boston Dairy Co., Boston, Mass............. 10814) ; | 10642 Mohawk Condensed Milk Co., Providence, R. I. | | “Trumpet Brard.’’ Emery, Hood! Co: Chicago; DI) aia. ono nel “Rubie Brand.’’ “Blue Cross Brand.’”’ 10618 Vermont Condensed Milk Co., Richmond, Vt. “Ruby Brand.”’ Chas. A. Vallee, Westbrook. |A. A. Woodsum, Mechanic Falls. Willis I. Ayer, Rockland. Chas. A. Vallee, Westbrook. ‘Sullivan & Osgood, Portland. Ww. I. Wen Rockland. \Hart & eltieoets Rockland. C. A. Rounds, Portland. TR. Giles Co., E. Brownfield. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 65. 169 Table showing results of analyses of canned milks. Descrip- tion of samples on opposite page. None of the samples were found adulterated or misbranded and wvre all passed. a A WEIGET.° | | = 33 g | ohare 5% = x I eS | al 3 5 2 wy S A= 5 | | <) - } 2 | re a 2 1S) ne) | | - Se = 2 | >) ° eres oes 8 be ae Solace = ° f=) | co =a) | = s = = g | Sele ss Poe ae |) = S = 5 = a | ome | oF RNS n 3 = 3S = Te em ae j &O | ea ou < ee a The | EVAPORATED Mitk (UNSWEETENED). | | 10619 — 10 16 16.2 | 27.0 1.6 | 8.7 (st Wh O83 | | | | | MGHD Gifu ans 3 =e TH <4 I os Seta vel Tem eee aeE Se Ud ee Ra ee S| isan eS | | 10625 10 16 15.9 | 26.6 aE See | tren 9205 Waste aae | AED HB eee st ad oye Babslvet aan soe: 2 Oy Aas ae eee Te gets oy oot thes eats j | LDS) OM te cetera 16.4 PA oe TSG} hie teh 5 6.8 G2 OAs eee: | | “0S Oe ae ee ORO staat ial 788 [eles WO cae. | | } | 10644 10 Septet 16.2 26.8 1.5 7.8 | 6.6 bi Oe) a eek | | | 10624 | 5 6 Bo | Ds8 1.6 | 8.1 lpastiese” | LO Os caer | j | j CONDENSED Mitk (SWEETENED). 10620 2A yl ee eS Ne L2ES UBsif ied 9.2 7.6 ES 43.7 10623 12 lipee res cs! UPS ON eases sd 9.3 SEO Pe eae 7; 39.8 | | | 10810 Oils | eerie coll shave aoe 74.0 1.6 8.3 Ua! 25 43.9 | 10621 TH). |e a5 BY 15D UP sae 1.6 8.6 7.4 2 44.4 10643 THD) of Se eee 1295 73.3 1.8 8.2 8.1 1S 42.9 | | 10809 NO pest ya = Peer syal| le ls Sie UPaoT| D7. 8.6 7.6 | 11.9 42.8 10814 10 Pe ara oe aed Cid f e7/ 9.1 8.0 12.8 45.1 10642 LOTR eee 11.6 76.0 1.9 9.7 8.1 126 43.7 | : | : 10618 10 lepers: RB} 7329 ET 9.2 7.4 11.4 44.2 170 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQ14. PICKLES. Under the law a food is misbranded if “it fails to bear a statement on the label of the quantity or proportion of each and any added coloring matter, preservative, chemical or drug con- tained therein.” Under the food regulations benzoate of soda is at present permitted to be used in foods provided its pres- ence and amount are plainly stated on the label. Alum may be used in limited amount in pickles provided its presence and amount are plainly stated on the label. List of dealers who sold the inspectors pickles that did not contain copper or alum. Arranged alphabetically by towns. Bangor. M.C. Baker. Portland. Carl.P. Christianson. Bangor. W. W. Doane. Portland. J.T. Dougherty. Bangor. Eureka Market. Portland. B. Huberman. Bangor. C. W. Griffin. Portland. M. W. Jensen. Bangor. Leighton Market. Portland. H. Leighton. Bangor. Wentworth’s Market. Portland. A. D. Lovell. Biddeford. Desrosiers & Beaudette. Portland. Lewis Olsen. Fort Fairfield. Boyd Bros. Portland. Serunian-Amergian Co. Old Town. Beaulieu Bros. Portland. F. H. Verriil. Old Town. Lunt Cash tore. Dealers who sold the inspectors pickles that did not contain copper and did contain alum, but the package was labeled so as to disclose that fact. Biddeford. Bellerose & Beaudette. Biddeford. J. H. Holman & Co. Biddeford. Desrosiers & Beaudette. Dealer who sold the inspector pickles that did not contain alum or copper, but did contain benzoate of soda and not labyled to show that fact. : : Portland. E. F. Hillman. List of dealers who sold the wspectors pickles that did not con- tain copper but were misbranded in that they contained alum and were not labeled to show that fact. Hearings were appointed and all cases either have been or are in the way of being prosecuted. Arranged alphabetically by towns. Biddeford. Desrosiers &Beaudette. | South Portland. D. P. Cobb. Lewiston. Walker Brothers. South Portland. A. C. Sailer. Old Town. Old Town Tea Co. : OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 65. 171 RICE. In 1908 there was practically not a pound of rice produced in or imported into the United States that was not coated with glucose and tale. ‘his is adulteration for the only reason for thus treating rice is to make it appear better than it is, or in other words to conceal inferiority. It is however, permitted under the food law to practice adulterations of this kind pro- vided the truth is clearly and plainly stated on the label. Publicity speedily remedied this evil so that in a few months it was possible to buy rice neither coated with glucose and talc nor artificially colored. A good deal of the rice sold is still co3ted so as to make it appear of better color than it is. This is, however, for the most part properly labeled. A few samples for special reasons were purchased by the inspectors. The results of the examinations follow: List of deaicrs who sold the inspectors rice that was not coated with glucose arranged alphabetically by towns. Kennebunkport. Tobey’s Cash Oakland. Edward O'Neal Market Portland. . John B. Morgan Co. Last of dealers who sold the inspectors rice that was coated with glucose and not labeled to show that fact. Hearings were appointed and all cases either have been or are in the way of bemg prosecuted. . Arranged alphabetically by towns. Portland. Paul Blumenthal Portland. Chas. Hatzkelson Portland. Mrs. Jennie Branz Portland. Benj. Huberman Portland. John W.Charles & Co Portland. John A. Morshead Portland. Nellie G. Collins Portland. W.H. Pullen Portland. Angelo Giso Portland. 3h, Ae Themes: JAMS AND PRESERVES. Two samples of Marmo Brand, manufactured by the Corn Products Company have been collected and examined. “Marmo Jam, Blackberry,’ No. 11035, according to the label contained approximately 45 per cent corn sirup, 35 per cent fruit and juice from apple trimmings and 20 per cent granu- 172 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I014. lated sugar. “Contains added phosphoric acid. Blackberry.” The net weight of the contents of the jar, which cost ten cents, was 10.65 ounces. It contained 70.73 per cent of total solids, 0.59 per cent ash, 10.16 per cent sucrose, 51.46 per cent glucose, 0.16 per cent phosphoric acid. The goods were, therefore, ap- parently in accord with label. “Marmo Preserves,’ No. 11036, made with approximately 40 per cent corn sirup, 38 per cent granulated sugar, 22 per cent fruit juice from apple trimmings, “Contains added phos- phoric acid.” Claimed net weight 14 ounces. Price paid was 45 cents for three jars. The average net weight was 15 ounces. The total solids were 71.46 per cent, ash 0.4 per cent, sticrose 12.83 per cent, glucose 36 per cent. The reducing sugars were 32.48 per cent, which accounts for the difference ‘between the granulated sugar claimed and the sucrose found. It contained 0.15 per cent phosphoric acid. ‘The goods were practically in accord with label. SA At several different times in the past eight years the salt used for table and dairy purposes has been examined and for the most part has been found to be well within the stand- ards. Complaint was made by Croswell Brothers, Farmington, regarding “coarse fine” salt bought of T. R. Savage Company, Bangor, part of which was short weight and part of which was very wet. This was labeled “Crystal Spring C. F. Salt.” The lot in question was shipped direct from the makers to Croswell Brothers on the order of the Savage Company, and was, of course, not seen by this last named company. Tihe drier bags weighed around 51 pounds instead of the 56 claimed. The wet bags over-weighed. ‘The wet bags contained consid- erable higher percentages of magnesium sulphate which takes up water from the air. The water in the drier lots was about four per cent and nearly seven in the wet salt. Apparently the whole lot was short weight though the wet salt had ab- sorbed water enough from the air to make it over-weigh. The results were reported to the executive of the law and the case is being further investigated. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 65. 173 PoRK SAUSAGE. The gist of the regulations as regards the sale of pure and adulterated sausage is summed up in the following :—Pork sausage should be composed of minced, fresh pork to which salt, spices, and nothing else has been added. It should con- tain no larger amount of water than the meat from which it is made. Pork sausage true to name can be lawfully sold without labels. Pork sausage to which cereal, water, or anything else has been added needs to be labeled to show exactly what it is. In the case of the manufacture of sausage it seems to be a fairly common practice to add more or less water. Some man- ufacturers state that they only add as much water as is neces- sary in orde: co make the sausage in such condition that they can be worked and put in the cases. While the addition of water softens the sausage, it is perfectly possible to make sau- sage from pure meat, salt and spices without the addition of water. Cereals, such as flour; are frequently added to pork sausage. Some of the spice mixtures sold for sausage flavor- ing are adulterated with cereal.. It.seems that cereal is added chiefly so that the sausage may hold more water. Thus it is possible to take 50 pounds of meat and 5 pounds of flour and add water enough to make 100 pounds of sausage. While it is doubtful if such an extreme adulteration is actually practiced, many cases have been found where large amounts of water are added. Most manufacturers who are using both cereal and water are labeling their sausage “cereal added.” That, how- ever, is not enough. Correct labeling of pork sausage to which cereal has been. added and which contains more water than the meat from which the sausage is made is “Pork sausage, cereal and water added.” » ee The food value of sausage depends upon the protein and fat. Both of these constituents have a direct relation to the water, and because of this mutual relation between fat, protein, and water it is easy to tell with considerable degree of accuracy whether or not sausage has been adulterated by the addition of water. Adulteration by the addition of cereal can be directly learned by the presence of starch which all cereals carry and which meat does not contain. a The results of analyses of samples collected in the spring of 1914 are given on the following page: 1914. EXPERIMENT STATION. MAINE AGRICULTURAL 174 *posseg *poqei0}[N py ‘JOFP] UO ,, Poppe [BeI90,,, “passed *poyeieynpy “‘posstg *poyer09[N py *poyviey[Npy *‘posseg ‘posse gq ‘posstq *posstg “passe gq ‘posse ‘posse “TEqB] Fo ., pop -pe 10j8M pUB [voI00,, OSTEO) G1 SD -p@ 10jVM pue [velID,, “posse ‘poyeioy[NpVy ‘posse “posse gq *payBieqy[NpV uo payeys 4ON “quoBerg Set isi ee - quasor gy BGs os Sea ae ican eee eon auoNy sain ornn et Mes jeqBy wo uO pojejs JON -"4UeSOIg “-ToqRy uo pozyeys JON “yuoSord ‘T2481 uO pozeys JON “quoserg ehido le aueqneb cone ++ QUON Se atceononG ces aNc OOO pearl uo poyeys JON ‘quaesorg N — mA OD OON Oo O19 1970 a Sa rm DDNADOOAdH mre me oo Oo po 09 oy Yoapoy at “a ‘STICA proyuIny vrreeesee es << 100g ploley ff ‘SBT pzojyurnyy “s+ s*s90ghy ‘dood ‘0D p10jxQ ‘S| [BY projurny freee ee eee Aruey W preqqny “ST[Bq pzoyumnyy Otho. 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POPORCLG:0.0 0°08 b's Cxpeons O oMoY » TIGqaMw cpemeleieaterenmiree oe arog » 11°%8®H ‘ad ‘0ay) *PLOJOpPlag 1 *TOUIpIey *TOUIPIVy) “eysnsny “B{Snsny 89SCI 8SC6oI 9SCGT SSCGL LSGCT LOGET OrerT €LIel GLIGL LOTGL eras SOIGT OLLGL 6016T 90TST 8dcIT LOGIT 9SoIT Sool PLEIL 66611 O&cIT *SMUVINGY ‘TVAUO *s} 90) i — ‘pa nod sed ao1g — "78 *sooung ‘punod ouo -quoo 13g IO} PJOs ISIE M — ae, 01g ‘que0 10g S | | “SUALOT cq oman eine a4D Dp sojduns ‘aNvug ‘uYa@Ivaqg ‘NMOJ, “lequind uoyeyG ‘tror fo buiads ayy ut Ssozoadsua ay, Kq pespysand sabvsnvs fo uoynunuvvea fo synsos ayy Humroys 2]qD 1 OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 65. 175 TAPIOCA. Complaint was made to the Station relative to tapioca that it was colored blue. This led to the purchase of several samples of tapioca as sold in the State. Six samples of “Minute Tapioca,” prepared by the Minute Tapioca Co., Orange, Massa- chusetts, were collected. One of these was colored blue very decidedly, the color being readily seen with the unassisted eye. It also had high ash content. It was impracticable to obtain interstate papers so this case was not reported to the Federal authorities for prosecution. The Maine dealer was, of course, innocent in the matter. One other sample of Minute Tapioca contained a trace of blue color only visible under the micro- scope. The ash content was about normal. The other four samples of Minute Tapioca were uncolored. “Slade’s Quick Cooking Tapioca” and “Slade’s Pearl Tapi- oca,”’ made by the D. & L. Slade Company, Boston; and “Pearl Tapioca,” made by the Stickney & Poor Spice Co., Boston, Mass., were all found to be free from coloring matter. TEA. A sample of tea was obtained from Scott & Co., Corner of Main and Sea Streets, Rockland, on the complaint of a pur-. chaser. It was an Oolong tea, sold at 60 cents a pound. The sample was No. 13014. The pound package weighed 16.2 ounces net. The odor was poor. Tea made in the usual way was weak and poor. Microscopic examination showed no for- eign leaves, some sticks and stems were present. It was a very poor quality of tea, composed of the large bottom leaves of the tea plant. SWEET O1L (OLIVE OIL). A few samples of olive oil were tested. Three samples sent in by dealers were found to be straight olive oil. A sample No. 12323, purchased as olive oil from C. Delooke, 41 India St., Portland, Me., was found to be cottonseed oil. The same was true of a sample of sweet oil, No. 13385, purchased from Abra- ham Rappaport, 152 Newbury St., Portland. The last two were adulterated and misbranded and it was recommended that hearings be appointed and the cases investigated. 176 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1914. CONFECTIONERY. Various samples of cordials were examined for alcohol and found to contain practically none. Goods that were sold as “brandy drops” were found to be practically free from alcohol. Silver coated candies were found to contain considerable metallic silver, particularly a sample of “Silver Dragees” from the Geo. C. Shaw Co., Portland, Me. These were said to have come from Schall & Co., New York. The coloring matters found in candies were the permitted colors, were harmless, and were passed. Not at all thorough examination was made of the confec- tionery on sale in Maine. It is gratifying to find that in prac- tically all cases the cheap candies were free from objectionable materials. The coatings on the cheap colored candies all car- ried shellac, but were free from arsenic which is common in some cheap grades of shellac. Commercial glucose entered largely into the manufacture of these cheap candies, but glucose is as healthful a tood as sucrose. There was found to be frequent shortage in weight in pack- age goods. The net weight law did not become effective until the latter part of September and these incorrect short weights will doubtless be corrected as time goes on. In the case of one large department store it was found that their candies as sold by weight were invariably short weight. Investigation showed that a dial scale was used and that the scale was so placed as regards the saleswoman that when the hand was actually at 154 it appeared to her to be at 16 ounces. It was not possible to learn whether this was an accidental or an intentional arrange- ment. As soon as the manager’s attention was called to this and the resulting short weight, the trouble was corrected. The candies in some of the more congested streets in the poorer parts of cities were occasionally found to be dirty. Those exposed to the dust of the street were found by microscopical examination to carry mineral matters and bacteria. No prose- cutions were brought in these cases, but the practices were dis- continued so that the goods were protected from dust, filth, flies, etc. 492-4-14 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, O E. CHAS. D. WOODS, Director. OF THE Maine Agricultural Experiment Station COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE For the Year 1913 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ORONO, MAINE Organization July to December, 1913. THE STATION COUNCIL. PRESIDENT ROBERT J. ALEY, President DIRECTOR CHARLES D. WOODS, Secretary CHARLES L. JONES, Corinna, : FREELAND JONES, Bangor, CEES? Oi WILLIAM A. MARTIN, Houlton, UTE OF EES JOHN A. ROBERTS, Norway, Commissioner of Agriculiure EUGENE H. LIBBY, Auburn, State Grange ROBERT H. GARDINER, Gardiner, State Pomological Society RUTILLUS ALDEN, Winthrop, State Dairymen’s Association LEONARD C. HOLSTON, Cornish, Maine Live Stock Breeders’ Association WILLIAM G. HUNTON, Readfield, Maine Seed Improvement Association AND THE HEADS AND ASSOCIATES OF STATION DEPARTMENTS, AND THE DEAN OF THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE. THE STATION STAFF. { CHARLES D. WOODS, Sc. D., Director ADMINIS- BLANCHE F. POOLER, Clerk TRATION 1 GEM M. COOMBS, _ Stenographer | JANIE LOGIE FAYLE, Stenographer { RAYMOND PEARL, Pu. D., Biologist FRANK M. SURFACE, Pu. D., Biologist MAYNIE R. CURTIS, Pu. D., Assistant BIOLOGY J CLARENCE W. BARBER, B. S., Assistant | JOHN RICE MINER, B. A, Computer HAZEL F. MARINER, B. A., Clerk FRANK TENNEY, Poultryman JAMES M. BARTLETT, M. S,, Chemist HERMAN H. HANSON, M. S., Associute CHEMISTRY 4 EDWARD E. SAWYER, B. S,, Assistant | ELMER R. TOBEY, B. §S., Assistant | HARRY C. ALEXANDER, Laboratory Assistant ENTOMOL- if ALICE W. AVERILL, Laboratory Assistant OGY a SD EEE IM." PAL CE shraape Entomologist WARNER J. MORSE, Pu. D., Pathologist PLANT J MICHAEL SHAPOVALOV, M.S. — Assistant OL, | VERNON FOLSOM, Laboratory Assistant HIGHMOOR WELLINGTON SINCLAIR, Superintendent FARM { HAROLD G. GULLIVER, B. A., Scientific Ait ROYDEN L. HAMMOND, Seed Analyst and Photographer CHARLES S. INMAN, Assistant THE WORK OF THE MAINE AGRICULTURAI, EXPERIMENT STATION IN 1913 Director CHas. D. Woops. The year 1913 was the twenty-ninth year of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station. It began its work April 1, 1885. In the following pages is given a brief outline of some of the more important lines of investigation that have been taken up during the year, and particularly matters which have an immediate practical agricultural significance. The full re- port of the operations of the Experiment Station will be found in its bulletins and annual report for the year 1913. GOVERNMENT OF THE STATION. The development and management of the Station is in charge of a Station Council made up of the President of the College, the Director of the Station, the heads of the various departments of the Station, the Dean of the College of Agri- culture, three members of the Board of Trustees, and a repre- sentative from each of the state-wide agricultural organizations. The Station Council meets once a year. At this meeting the Director and other members of the Station staff outline the work which has been undertaken in the past year and make recommendations for the following year. Such of these as commend themselves to the Station Council as well as sug- gestions from that body are approved and the Director is in- structed to carry them out in detail. The appointment of members of the staff is made by the Trustees, and the recom- mendations of the Council are subject to their approval. The Director is the executive officer of the Station and passes upon all matters of business. The members of the staff have charge of the lines of work which naturally come under their departments. 4 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. INCOME OF THE STATION. For the year which ended December 31, 1913, the income of the Station in round figures was: From the United Staies Government, Hatch Fund, $15,000; Adams Fund, $15,000; from the State of Maine, investigations in animal husbandry $5,000; printing bulletins and reports $4,500. In addition to this there were about $20,000 in appropriation and fees from the State for carrying out the work of inspection and about $11,000 from the sale of farm and poultry products. RELATION OF THE STATION TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MAINE. The Station is by act of legislature a department of the Uni- versity of Maine and in the organization of the University is co-ordinate with the different colleges. The function of the colleges is to teach. It is by the Act of Congress establishing the Station “The object and duty of said experiment stations to conduct original researches or verify experiments ......... bearing directly on the agricultural industry of the United States as may in each case be deemed advisable, having due regard to the varying conditions and needs of the respective States or Territories.” None of the funds received by the Station can lawfully be used for teaching, for demonstration, for exhibition purposes or for any punpose whatever outside of research into agricultural problems. ORGANIZATION OF THE STATION. The Maine Agricultural Experiment Station was first estab- lished as a fertilizer control, but in 1888, when the Hatch Act became effective, the purpose of the Station was changed by that Act so that its work is that of the investigation of agri- cultural problems. However, the fertilizer control was left in the hands of the Director of the Maine Agricultural Experi- ment Station, and as various other inspection laws regulating the sale of commercial feeding stuffs, agricultural seeds, drugs, foods, fungicides, insecticides, and other materials, were en- acted they were also placed in the hands of the Director of the Experiment Station. The execution of the laws which had to do directly with the agricultural products were not particularly taxing, but with the large duties which were required par- SPECIAL REPORT FOR YEAR. 5 ticularly under the food and drug law, it came about that the time of the Director of the Experiment Station and much of the office force was diverted from the strict purpose of inves- tigation to that of police duties. Recognizing that it was the function of an experiment station to conduct original exper:- ments and investigations in agriculture, and that the function of the State Department of Agriculture is executive, he Legislature of 1913 so changed the laws regulating the sale of agricultural seeds, commercial fertilizers, commercial feeding stuffs, drugs, foods, fungicides and insecticides, that the purely executive part of the work is, beginning with January 1, 1914, in the hands of the Commissioner of Agriculture. The analyti- cal work, including the publication of the results of the examt- nations, will be conducted at the Experiment Station, as in the past. This probably is the most important legislation, from the standpoint of the integrity and concentration of the work of the Experiment Station, that has recently occurred. DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION. It is not the function of the Station to disseminate generat agricultural or other information. That is for the College through its extension department. It is, however, the distinct duty of the Station to publish the results of its investigations. Although the correspondence that bears upon general agricul- ture is referred as far as practicable to the correspondence department of the University, the Station receives and answers many thousand letters each year. The Station publishes: (a) Bulletins which contain the results of investigation; (b) Official Inspections which give the results of the work of inspection; (c) Miscellaneous Publi- cations; and (d) a series of publicity letters that are issued Wednesdays of each week and sent to a limited number of papers to be released for publication on the following Wednes- day. The bulletins, the Official Inspections and the chief mis- cellaneous publications are bound together at the close of the year and make up the Annual Report of the Station. During 1913 there were issued 14 bulletins containing about 350 pages: 10 Official Inspections containing about 350 pages; 28 miscel- laneous publications and 53 publicity letters. 6 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Some of the investigations of the Experiment Station which are necessary for the solution of the problems which the Sta- tion is investigating are of a technical nature, and so far as possible these are printed in other places, such as scientific nagazines published in this country and in Europe, and ‘he bulletins of the United States Department of Agriculture. Something more than 200 printed pages were thus published in 1913. The following are the principal publications, although there were numerous circulars not here listed as well as more pre- tentious papers that were printed in scientific periodicals, both American and foreign. LIST OF PRINCAPAL PUBLICATIONS IN I9QI3. Work of Investigation (Bulletins). 209 New Mineral Fertilizer. 210 Spruce Bud Worm and Spruce Leaf Miners. 211 Potato Flea Beetle. 212 Orchard Spraying Experiments in 1912. 213. Aphid Pests of Maine. II. Willow Family. 214 The Biology of Poultry Keeping. 215 The Measurement of the Intensity of Inbreeding. 216 Poultry Notes, 1911-13. 217. Woolly Aphid of the Apple. 218 Tables for Calculating Coefficients of Inbreeding. 219 Comparative ‘Studies of ‘Certain Disease Producing Species of Fusarium. 220 Woolly Aphids of the Elm. 221 Variations of Fat in Milk. Pedigree System Applied to Guinea Pigs. Aluminum in Chick Feeds. 222 Meteorology, Finances and Index. Work of Inspection (Official Inspections). 46 Seed Inspection. 47 Fungicide and Insecticide Inspection. 48 Drugs. 49 Protection of Food Offered for Sale. 50 Feeding Stuff Inspection. 51 Weight of Butter. 52 Seed Inspection. 53 Fertilizer Inspection. 54 Insecticide and Fungicide Inspection. 55 Clams, Oysters and Scallops. Among the more important miscellaneous publications are: 467 The Potato Flea Beetle. SPECIAL REPORT FOR YEAR. 468 Preparation and Use of Lime-Sulphur in Orchard Spraying. 471 Methods of Poultry Management at the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station. 485 Special Report of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station for the Commissioner of Agriculture for the Year 1012. 488 ‘Summaries of Station Work. I. Apple Studies. A complete list of the Station publications for 1913 is given in Bulletin 222. All publications of the Station are distributed free to resi- dents of Maine. The demand for the Station bulletins outside of the State has made such inroads upon the printing fund that a price is put upon them to non-residents with the exception of exchanges, scientific investigators and libraries. EQUIPMENT OF THE STATION. The Station is well equipped in laboratories and apparatus, particularly in the lines of chemistry, entomology, horticulture, pomology, plant pathology and poultry investigations. Its poultry plant is probably the most complete for the purpose of investigation of that of any experiment station in the country. While the Station carries on some cooperative work such as orcharding, and field experiments with farmers in different parts of the State, most of the work is conducted in its own laboratories and poultry plant at Orono, and upon Highmoor Farm, situated in the town of Monmouth. Its offices and laboratories are chiefly located in Holmes Hall (named in honor of Dr. Ezekiel Holmes, the first Secretary of the Board of Agriculture) on the University of Maine campus, Orono. It is a two story brick building, 81x48 feet. The poultry plant is also situated on the University of Maine cam- pus. Aroostook FARM, More than 70 years ago, Dr. Ezekiel Holmes, the first secre- tary of the Board of Agriculture, and who was in many ways a pioneer in Maine in the application of science to agriculture, urged the necessity for an experimental farm in Aroostook: County. This idea conceived so long ago came to partial ful- fillment by the act of Legislature of 1913 providing an appro- priation for the purchase of a farm for experimental purposes in agriculture in Aroostook County. The appropriation for the & MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. furchase of this farm was $10,000. ‘To the committee this seemed inadequate to obtain such a farm as was needed for the purpose of an experimental and seed farm. In order that a better farm than could be obtained for $10,000 might be pur- chased, they sought the cooperation of Aroostook citizens. As a result, a farm was purchased in Presque Isle for which the State has paid $10,000 and the citizens of Presque Isle have provided for the payment of the other $10,000 to complete the original cost of the farm and $3,000 for putting up a suitable house. The farm is well situated: two miles south of Presque Isle village. The Bangor and Aroostook Railroad crosses the farm. There was a siding at the point where the direct road from Presque Isle to Houlton crosses the Bangor and Aroostook Railroad, and a flag station has been established there under the name of “Aroostook Farm.” The house and barn upon the farm were destroyed several years ago. One of the best barns in Aroostook County was erected, to replace the one burned, by the last owner. It has a high cement constructed basement, part of which is fitted for admirable potato storage. The farm contains about 275 acres, about one-half of which is cleared. It has several types of soil characteristic of Aroostook County, and it is believed to be in every way suited to experimental work. The house for a farm superintendent will be constructed in the early spring from funds provided by citizens of Presque Isle. The State made no appropriation for the carrying out of experimental work on this farm in 1913 and 1914. Through the liberality of the management of the Bangor and Aroostook Railroad in contributing $2,500 to the carrying out of investt- gations in the year 1914 there is made possible the beginnings of experimental work on this farm in 1914. The Directors have given this support clearly recognizing that the railroad will obtain no direct returns therefrom, but believing that the road in common with the County will receive so much indirect bene- fit that the beginnings of the studies should not be postponed until the meeting of the legislature in 1915. This gift is made with the distinct understanding that it will not be duplicated and is to tide over the existing lack of funds. As Aroostook Farm was turned over to the Experiment Sta- tion there were about 55 acres plowed, ready for the potato SPECIAL REPORT FOR YEAR. 2) crop for 1914. There were about 25 acres in potatoes in IQt that it was planned by the former owner to seed to oats in 1914. Among the experiments which it is hoped to begin at Aroos- took Farm in 1914, the following may be cited: Experiment with Oats. Experiment to test the profitable amount of oat seed per acre for a maximum crop. There is a great diversity of opin- ion in the county and in the state as to the amount of oat seed that is best used per acre. While this would naturally vary with the different varieties, it is believed that many people in Aroostook County are not merely wasting seed but are decreas- ing the crop by over-seeding. This will be given as thorough a try-out as is possible in a single season on ten acres, using the Prosperity oats which have been cleanly grown at Highmoot Farm for three years. Fifteen or more varieties of the most promising of the oats which have been grown at Highmoor Farm for the past three years will be tested out in acre plots at Aroostook Farm in 1914, Experiments with Potatoes. The hill selection Cobblers which have been made during tie past three years at Highmoor Farm will be taken to Aroostook Farm and the testing out continued. Experiments upon the different methods of applying fertilizer to the potato crop will also be as thoroughly tested as is practicable in a single season. The United States Department of Agriculture will use 12 acres in continuing the testing out of the seedlings and other single tuber tests which they are carrying out at four different sections in the country. For the two preceding years these were conducted on the John Watson farm at Houlton. The study of the chemical effects of potato diseases will be cor- tinued by the Department of Agriculture in 1914. A few other minor experiments are planned by the Experiment Station which are not here given. HicHMoor FARM. The State Legislature of 1909 purchased a farm upon which the Maine Experiment Station ‘shall conduct scientific investi- IO MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. gations in orcharding, corn and other farm crops.” ‘The farm is situated in the counties of Kennebec and Androscoggin and largely in the town of Monmouth. It is on the Farmington branch of the Maine Central Railroad two miles from Leeds Junction. A flag station called Highmoor is on the farm. The farm consists of 225 acres, about 200 of which are in orchards, fields and pastures. There are in the neighborhood of 3,000 apple trees upon the place which at time of purchase had been set from 15 to 25 years. The fields that are not in orchards are well adapted to experiments with corn, potatoes, and similar general farm crops. ‘The house is two story with a large wing, and contains about 15 rooms, well arranged for the Experiment Station offices and for the home of the farm superintendent. The barn is large, affording storage for hay and grain. The basements of the building afford a moderate amount of storage for apples, potatoes and roots. Highmoor farm is used as a laboratory by the different de- partments of the Station and part of the work in progress there is described in other parts of this report. Anyone inter- ested can obtain a full list of the field experiments at High- moor Farm in 1913 on request to the Director of the Station. A similar list for 1914 will be published. Work OF INSPECTION. The inspections entrusted to the Maine Agricultural Experi- ment Station include agricultural seeds, commercial feeding stuffs, commercial fertilizers, creamery glassware, drugs, foods/ fungicides and insecticides. In the course of the year this work leads the deputies to visit practically every town of im- portance in the State at least once and many of them severa’! times. The work of inspection comprises much more than the actual collection of the samples. The deputy has constantly to be on the watch for goods which are not registered in the case of fertilizers, feeding stuffs, fungicides and insecticides; labels and tags have to be constantly examined in order to see that the statements thereon are apparently in accord with truth. Weighings are often made in order to see that the net weight actually contained in the package does not fall below the guar- ; SPECIAL REPORT FOR YEAR. HEL anteed weight; and there must be constant watch for old, shop- worn and damaged goods. The fertilizer inspection must of necessity be carried on almost entirely during the early spring months just before thar commodity is used by the farmers. While a large amount of fertilizer comes into the state during the fall and winter and is stored in large warehouses, more and more is being shipped into the state by rail and directly to the points of consumption -so that the collection of samples of the various brands becomes more and more difficult and involves a larger expenditure of time and money each year. The feeding stuffs inspection comes naturally during the fal! and winter months when commercial feeding stuffs are most in use. This work also increases year by year as the consumption of commercial cattle feeds increases. The importance of this inspection becomes more and more apparent as the number of compounded feeding stuffs on sale increases. The tendency to use waste and inferior materials, screenings, chaff, oat clip- pings, hulls, cob meal, and other low grade materials, is ever increasing and the importance of having such compounds marked plainly so that the consumer may know exactly what he is getting is, of course, apparent. The inspection of agricultural seeds also comes during the spring months just before the seed is placed in the ground. A comparatively few samples of seeds are actually analyzed, be- cause the seed analyst himself does the actual work of inspec- tion and no samples are taken unless the appearance of the goods indicates that the guarantees accompanying it may be too high, or for some other reason there is cause for suspicion. The insecticides and fungicides inspected include all classes of materials which are used to destroy, repel, or mitigate in any way insect and fungus pests. The requirements of the insecticide and fungicide law are more recent than the other inspection laws of the State, but the importance of the work is already evident. The inspection of foods and drugs goes on constantlv throughout the year, and the number of samples collected does not represent in the least either the importance of the work or the scope of the ground covered by the deputies. The importance of manufacturing, storing and dispensing food materials under sanitary conditions is just being realized WZ, MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. by the public. Just how much disease is spread because flies carry with them and deposit upon exposed foods the germs of dangerous diseases, or the dust of the streets containing dan- gerous disease germs is scattered upon food materials, or the spray from human mouths contaminate food products, can never be ascertained. That diseases are spread by these means, however, is indisputable. In like manner it can never be ascer- tained of just what value various inspection laws are to the commonwealth, but by comparing the reports of many other states with our own we can feel certain that at the present time the old statement that Maine is the dumping ground for inferior materials can no longer hold true. The character of the various materials offered for sale in the State, which come under the requirements of the various inspection laws, is constantly improving. The actual work of inspection in the field is accomplished by means of several deputies. The collection of samples oi fertilizers, feeding stuffs and seeds is done, as noted above, at certain short definite periods of the year and is usually done by special deputies who search for these particular materials only. The remainder of the inspection work is at the present time done principally by local inspectors appointed to look after some limited locality in which they reside. By this means the larger towns and cities are at present being constantly inspected and the sanitary conditions of food dis- plays are being constantly improved. As stated above, with the close of the present year the Di- rector of the Experiment Station is relieved from the executive work under these various laws, which will be enforced by the Commissioner of Agriculture. There will be no radical changes in the enforcement of these various acts. The chemical an- alyses will be made at the Maine Agricultural Experiment Sta- tions and the results of the examination published by the Sta- tion, as in the past. BIoLocy. The Department of Biology is chiefly engaged in the studv of plant and animal breeding. The final goal of this work is to find out how the common farm crops and live stock may be improved in quality and productivity by breeding. On the ani- SPECIAL REPORT FOR YEAR. 13 mal side the work is largely with poultry and cattle, while on the plant side corn, oats and beans have been the crops chiefly studied. WORK WITH POULTRY. During nearly the whole existence of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station it has carried on work with poultry along ‘one line or another. Two phases of the poultry work of tuis Station have attracted wide attention, namely its experiments in breeding for increased egg production, on the one hand, and in poultry management on the other hand. In recent years an increasing amount of attention has been paid to the former line of work. This is warranted by the great practical impor- tance to agriculture of the subject of breeding for performance in general. Not only is a working out of the fundamentai principles upon which successful breeding for egg production aepends proving useful and valuable to the poultryman, but also to the breeder of any kind of live stock who is seeking to improve utility qualities. Poultry probably furnishes more fa- vorable material for working out the laws of inheritance arid breeding than any other of the domestic animals. Another line of work has to do with the physiology of egg production. In this connection a study has been published during the past year of the mode of formation of the white of the egg. How the White of the Egg Is Made. The oviduct or egg tube of a laying hen is divided into five main parts, readily distinguishable by gross observation. Be- ginning at the anterior end of the organ these parts, in order, are: (a) the infundibulum, or funnel, (b) the albumen se- creting portion, (c) the isthmus, ) the uterus or “shell gland” and (e) the vagina. Each of these parts is generally supposed to play a particular and exclusive role in the formation of the protective and nutri- tive envelopes which surround the yolk in the complete egg as laid. Thus the funnel grasps the ovule at the time of ovula- tion; the glands of the albumen region secrete the different sorts of albumen or “white” (thick and thin) found in the egg; the shell membranes are secreted in the isthmus; and fi- 14 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. nally the glands of the uterine wall secrete the calcareous shell. This is in brief, the classical picture of the physiology of the oviduct. For some years past experiments and observations have been systematically carried on in the Biological Laboratory of the Maine Station with the object of acquiring a more extended and precise knowledge of the physiology of the hen’s oviduct than is to be gained from the literature. Putting all the evidence together, the following account of the processes by which the hen’s egg acquires its white and shell summarizes the results of this study. 1. After entering the funnel the yolk remains in 1 the so- called albumen portion of the egg tube about three hours and in this time acquires only about 40-50 per cent by weight of its total “white’’, and not all of it as has hitherto been supposed. 2. During its sojourn in the funnel and albumen portions of the duct the egg acquires its chalaze and chalaziferous layer, and the “thick” albumen layer. 3. Upon entering the isthmus, in passing through which por- tion of the duct something under an hour’s time is occupied instead of three hours as has been previously maintained, the egg receives its shell membrane by a process of discrete depo- sition. 4. At the same time, and during the sojourn of the egg in the uterus or shell gland it receives its outer layer of fluid, or “thin” albumen which is by weight 50-60 per cent of the total “white.” 5. This “thin” albumen is taken in as a dilute fluid by os- mosis through the shell membranes already formed. ‘The flu’d albumen added in this way diffuses into the dense albumen already present, dissolves some of the latter and so brings about its dilution in some degree. At the same time the fluid albu- men is made more dense in this process of diffusion, and comes to have the consistency of the thin layer of the normal laid egg. The fluid albumen taken into the egg by osmosis is a defi- nite secretion of glands of the isthmus and uterus. 6. The addition of albumen to the egg is completed only after it has been in the uterus from 5 to 7 hours. 7. Before the acquisition of albumen by the egg is completed a fairly considerable amount of shell substance has been de- posited on the shell membrane. ~ SPECIAL REPORT FOR YEAR. I5 8. For the completion of the shell and the laying of the egg from 12 to 16, or exceptionally even more, hours are re- quired. Poultry Management. At all times efforts are being made to improve the methods of management of poultry on the Station plant. During the past year the Station has issued Circular 471 entitled “Methods of Poultry Management at the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station.” This is a revision, with much additional matter, of Farmers’ Bulletin 357; it brings the account of the Station methods up to date. “Dead in Shell.” Careful analysis of the matter leads to the conclusion that there can be but two general classes of causes concerned in the death of chicks in the shell during incubation. The first of these classes of causes must be those which are inherent in the egg which one has attempted to hatch. The other class of causes must include those which are involved in the method of incubation practiced in hatching the eggs. The causes of mor- tality during incubation which are inherent in the egg itself may be considered first. The developing chick embryo derives the nourishment which it needs for its proper development from the yolk and white of the egg. All the time that it is growing and developing it feeds on these substances. It is, of course, cbvious from general experience that if a young growing ani- mal does not get the right kind of food for its proper nourish- mentit doesnot make good growth or developinstrength. Im- proper nourishment means that the young animal will weaken and may finally die. The same reasoning applies exactly to the develop- ment of thechickintheegg. It cannot makea proper growth un- less it has nourishment of the right kind. Now the yolk and white of the egg are formed in the body of the mother hen which laid the egg. Experience has demonstrated that if this hen is not in good, strong, vigorous physical condition and is not fed the proper sort of food while she is laying eggs, then in turn the yolk and albumen within these eggs which is to serve as food for the embryo during incubation will not be of the sort which will produce strong healthy chicks. 16 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Here then is the clue to the primary factor in the control of death of chicks in the shell during incubation. The first step tc: take towards preventing mortality in the shell is to see that the breeding birds from which the eggs come are in a strong, healthy, vigorous condition, and that they are fed a proper ta- tion for breeding birds. In the experience of the Maine Agri- cultural Experiment Station the most important factor in feed- ing breeding birds is to see first of all that they get a minimum amount of animal food of any kind in their ration. By anim | zood is meant any food substance of animal origin, such as becf scrap, blood meal, fish scrap, milk, green cut bone, etc. Further- more it is necessary that the breeding birds have an abundance cf fresh succulent green food. During the season of the year when hatching is done the climatic conditions in Maine are such that green food from out of doors cannot be obtained. Under these conditions the most satisfactory source of green tood which has been found at the Station is green sprouted oats. These should be fed to the breeding birds in liberal quantities. To give good results the oats should be quickly grown and should be about 6 inches tall above the root at the time when they are fed. This material may furthermore be supplemented to great advantage by feeding cut clover or cut alfalfa which has been steamed. The birds relish this and it has a valuable influence on the quality of the hatching eggs. Attention to these points in the feeding of breeding birds will go a long way in the reduction of mortality in the shell during incubation. Turning now to the second class of causes, those having to do with the operation of the incubator itself, it is probable that the greatest single factor in incubation causing mortality in the shell is a lack of sufficient moisture. In making this statement it is of course assumed that the operator of the machine is skilled in that work and that he understands how to run the incubator at an even temperature. By improper temperatures chicks may be killed in the shell very easily, but there should be no difficulty in this direction with any good standard incubator, provided the directions furnished by the manufacturers are carefully followed. The need for a continuous and copious supply of added moisture during incubation however is very often overlooked. This necessary added moisture may be sup- SPECIAL REPORT FOR YEAR. 17 plied in various ways. Some incubators on the market are made with automatic arrangements to supply this water. On the other hand most of the hot air incubators, which are very widely used, lack any such arrangement. In these cases the most satisfactory way of supplying added moisture is by sprink- ling the eggs each time they are taken out of the machine for turning, with water warmed to a temperature of from 108-110 degrees: This water may be sprinkled on the eggs by hand as in sprinkling clothes for ironing, or a hand spray-pump may be used for the purpose. The eggs should be put back into the machine when wet. There should be no sprinkling of the eggs after the 18th day of incubation. From this time on the eggs should be left undisturbed until the chicks hatch. The Value, Method of Preservation, and Economical Use of Hen Manure. One of the most valuable by-products of any live-stock in- dustry is the manure. Its proper care and use is one of the distinguishing features of a successful stock farm. ‘he high nitrogen content of poultry droppings makes them in certain respects the most valuable of farm manures. At the same time this quality necessitates special treatment to preserve the nitro- gen and utilize it economically. According to experiments carried on at this Station some years ago the night droppings average 30 pounds per hen per year. They contain .8 pound of organic nitrogen, .5 pound of phosphoric acid and .25 pound of potash. At the present price of fertilizers this material would be worth 20 cents. No data are available on the amount of day-voided dung. Since the hens spend less than one-half of their time on the roosts, and since more dung is voided while the birds are exercising than when at roost, it is estimated that during a year probably 45 pounds of dung are voided by each bird while off the roost. Allowing that more than one-half of the fertilizing elements of the day dung are necessarily lost, the value of the total drop- pings, if properly cared for, should be at least 30 cents per bird per year. The poultryman or farmer who properly cares for the drop- pings can add a neat further profit to his business. For exam- 18 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ple the droppings from 1000 birds, if preserved without need- less loss, wili be worth at least $300. Poultry manure contains more nitrogen than other farm manure, because in birds the excretion of the kidneys is voided in solid form (uric acid), with undigested portions of the food. This form of nitrogen is easily available to plants. Unfortunately, however, it is not stable. Putrefactive processes easily change it to ammonia compounds, and unless special care is taken of the droppings one-third to one-half of the nitrogen passes off as ammonia gas. The mechanical condition of poultry manure is poor. It is apt to be sticky when fresh and lumpy when dry. On this account, if used untreated, it can only be successfully applied to the land by hand, as it does not work well in drills or spread- ers. Hen manure used alone is very wasteful of nitrogen as it carries this element in too large a proportion to its phos- phorus and potassium. In the experiments referred to above the attempt was made to find a method of treatment of hen manure which would first prevent the loss of nitrogen, second, add sufficient phosphorus and potassium in forms available for plant food to make a balanced fertilizer; and, third, so improve the mechanical con- dition of the dung that it can be applied to the land with a manure spreader. Seven different methods of treatment were. tested. Summarized the results were as follows: By itself, hen dung is a one-sided nitrogenous fertilizer. As usually man- aged, one-half or more of its nitrogen is lost, so that as ordi- narily used it does not carry so great an excess of nitrogen. Because of its excess of nitrogen it will be much more econom- ically used in connection with manures carrying prosphoric acid and potash. As both acid phosphate and kainit prevent the loss of nitrogen, it is possible to use them in connection with sawdust or some other dry material as an absorbent (good dry loam or peat will answer nicely) so as to make a well balanced fertilizer. For example, a mixture of 30 pounds of hen ma- nure, Io pounds of sawdust, 16 pounds of acid phosphate, and & pounds of kainit would carry about .25 per cent nitrogen, 4.5 per cent phosphoric acid, and 2 per cent potash, which, used at the rate of 2 tons per acre, would furnish 50 pounds nitrogen, 185 pounds phosphoric acid and 80 pounds potash. SPECIAL REPORT FOR YEAR. Ig At the present price of fertilizing ingredients this mixture is worth about $10.00 per ton. It is a well balanced, stable fer- tilizer which, while still not fine enough to work well in drills, can be successfully applied with a manure spreader. The kind of absorbent used should be the one which can be obtained at least cost, since the amount of plant food added by any one of those suggested is negligible, and since they are about equally effective as dryers (the slight acidity of peat gives it some advantage as it helps a little to preserve the nitrogen). It is probable that one of the three can be obtained by any poultryman or farmer at little or no expense. The absorbent and the acid phosphate and kainit should be kept conveniently at hand and each day when the droppings are collected they should be treated. It may be best to weigh the ingredients a few times, after which it will be possible to make sufficiently close estimates by measure. The treated droppings should be well sheltered until time to apply them to the land, i. e., shortly before plowing. Any form of shelter may be used. For a temporary plant, or for a small farm, a small wooden building or a bin in a larger build- ing will probably be the best place practicable; but for a large, permanent poultry plant a cement manure shed or tank is advis- able. A general farmer also will find such an equipment for the storage of all farm manure a paying investment. A portion of this shed can be partitioned off for hen manure. A properly constructed cement building will not have to be constantly repaired and frequently replaced like a wooden structure, which rots out quickly when used for the storage of manure. The cement building is water tight, preventing the entrance of water from without and the escape of any unab- sorbed liquid manure. It is, in fact, a perfect permanent shel- ter. WORK WITH DAIRY CATTLE. At the last session of the legislature an act was passed pro- viding for the conducting by the Station of investigations in animal husbandry. An annual appropriation was made for this purpose. Work on this line has been well started during the past year. The main lines of study involved are: (1) The study of existing records of milk production for the different pure breeds of dairy cattle. 2 20 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. (2) The carrying out of definite and controlled matings, both within the pure breeds and in crosses of high and low pro- ducing breeds, in order to discover whether this character milk production is inherited in a similar way to the character egg production, which has been studied in fowls. It is of course obvious that experimental work in this line will take a considerable number of years to produce results. The dairy cow is a slow growing animal and the character ntilk production is one which does not come into expression un- til full adult life is reached. However, the milk records now in existence will make it possible to make some beginning at once on an analysis of the inheritance of this character before the results of experimental investigation come into hand. Collateral lines of investigation in connection with the cattle breeding project include the study of sex determination, of inbreeding and other topics. Influencing the Sex Ratio in Cattle. To control the sex of offspring is a thing which the breeder of live stock would very much like to be able to do. Sex con- trol, however, can never be hoped for until the laws of sex determination are known. ‘The search for these laws has en- gaged the attention of students for centuries past. Many theo- ries regarding the matter have been propounded, but only with. in comparatively recent years have careful experimental and statistical investigations on sex-determination been made. Some years ago the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station undertook the collection of statistics in regard to cattle breed- ing operations in order to find out whether the time of servic« in relation to the period of heat had any relation to the sex of the resulting calf. About 1860 it was suggested by a Euro- pean investigator named Thury that if cows were served at the very beginning of heat there would be a tendency towards a preponderance of heifer calves in the resulting offspring. On the other hand if the cows were served relatively late in heat there would tend to be more male calves born. Thury produced practically no concrete evidence in support of his theory anc after a few experimental tests of it on a small scale the mat- ter dropped out of notice and has been practically forgotten. Within the last few years, however, experimental studies on SPECIAL, REPORT FOR YEAR. 21 sex determination in lower animals like the frog and the toad have tended to show that in its essentials Thury’s idea was probably right. In these lower animals it has in some cases been possible to control sex absolutely, that is, to produce all the offspring of one sex. The statistics regarding sex determination in cattle collected at the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station are the most extensive which have yet been available to test this matter. Putting together all the authentic evidence which has been col- lected at the Maine Station and at several experiment stations in Germany the relations are as shown in the following table: Number of Male Calves to every Time of Service. Sex of Calf. 100 Female Calves. Barlyeim heate. 020+ oki 134 male 178 female Gs ® Middlevoiheati. 4.24 -c 67 male 58 female 115.5 Patepinheat sige: eta 77 male 44 female 175.0 MG tal sei os ea: 278 280 These figures comprise 558 distinct breeding operations to test the matter. They show that when the service was early in the heat there were 133 heifers to every 100 bull calves (or put the other way about there were 75 bull calves to every 100 heifers). When the service was late in the heat this relation was reversed. There were then 175 bulls born to every 100 heifers. These figures have been subjected to the most refined mathematical tests, applied to determine whether they are to be regarded as accidental or as representing a real and definite law of sex determination. The results point with a high degree of probability to the latter conclusion. The position of the Experiment Station in regard to the results set forth above should be clearly understood. It is not contended or supposed that the time of service in relation to the period of heat absolutely controls the sex of the subsequent offspring. It is believed, however, that the facts show, with a considerable degree of probability, that the sex ratio in cattle can be to some extent modified by controlling the time of ser- vice. But the amount of such observed modification is not se great that the matter can be tested with a few individuals. ZZ, MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. There is every reason to believe that any effect would only ap- pear in fairly comprehensive statistics. The matter is one of much practical consequence to the stock breeder. Because this is so we would caution the reader against misinterpreting these results. A trial of a half dozen individuals will not in any sense whatever adequately test the accuracy of the results set forth above. Nae The probability that the sex ratio can be changed by careful attention to this matter of time of service is sufficiently great, in our judgment, to warrant any man in modifying his breeding practice in accordance with it, particularly since in so doing he will be incurring no added risk of any kind. In the every day affairs of life in regard to business, investment of funds, and the like, practical men every day undertake courses of action on the basis of probabilities much smaller than that in favor of getting an increased number of males if cows are served late in heat. The practical cattle breeder in most cases would like, if he could get it, an excess of female calves. All the evidence at hand warrants the belief that by taking care that cows are served as soon as possible after the onset of heat there will be some reduction in the proportion of male calves born. In short, the facts warrant the breeder in paying attention to the time of service in his cattle breeding operations, but he must not suppose that by so doing he can absolutely control the sex of the offspring, or even approach measurably close to absolute control. He can at best merely modify, over a period of years, the sex ratios in greater or less degree, in the direction which he desires. The Fear of Inbreeding. A careful study of the history of the best improved strains of live stock of all sorts leaves no room for doubt that the attainment of the highest degree of excellence has always been associated with the practice of a very considerable amount of inbreeding, of rather close degree. It is a curious paradox of animal husbandry in general that while. as a matter of fact, every successful breeder of high grade stock practices inbreed- ing to a greater or lesser extent, a great many of these men are violent, even fanatical, opponents to inbreeding in theory. Most of them will deny stoutly that they ever practice inbreed ing. They contend that they practice “line breeding,’ but never “inbreeding.” SPECIAL REPORT FOR YEAR. 23 The distinction here is obviously verbal and not biological. The essential and important biological point is that what 1s actually done is to purify the stock in respect to all characters tc as great a degree as possible. What the successful breeder aims to do is to get his stock into such condition that he has — only one kind of “blood” in it. Expressed more precisely, though unfortunately more technically, it may be said that the breeder endeavors to get his stock homozygous with reference to all important characters or qualities. The quickest way, in- deed the only way, practically to obtain this result is by the practice of some degree of inbreeding. Sometimes a great stride towards the desired end may be made by mating brother and sister or parent and offspring together. That a mating of such close relatives will surely result in disaster is one of the carefully nursed superstitions of breeding, which has often been exploded, but will doubtless always be with us. It may be said that all the evidence which may be gleaned from the experience of stock breeders indicates that the results which follow inbreeding depend entirely upon the nature of the individuals inbred. If one inbreeds weak animals, lack- ing in constitutional vigor, and carrying the determinants of undesirable qualities in their germ cells, the offspring resulting from such a mating will undoubtedly be more nearly worthless than were their parents. If, on the other hand, one inbreeds in the same way strong and vigorous animals, high in vitality, and carrying the germinal determiners of desirable qualities there may be expected a corresponding intensification of these quali- ties in the offspring. The time has come when a vigorous pro- test should be made against the indiscriminating condemnation of inbreeding. It should be clearly recognized that if the ex- perience of stock breeders extending throughout the world, and as far back as trustworthy data are available, means any- thing at all it plainly indicates that some degree of inbreeding* is an essential to the attainment of the highest degree of suc- cess in the breeding of animals. This contention receives full support from the results of modern exact studies in genetics. Such studies show that the * Of course if the term “inbreeding” makes too violent a strain upon anyone’s prejudices, there is no objection to his using for the practice the term “line-breeding,”’ or some other even milder designation. personal bodily characters of the parents have no causal rela- 24 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. tion to the personal characters of the progeny. What the pro- geny shall be like is determined by the constitution of the germ cells of the parents. When by a proper system of se’cctive breeding the point is reached where these germ cells are pure with reference to a particular character, or degree of a charac- ter, then that character will unfailingly appear in the offspring, in the degree of perfection in which it is represented in the germ cells. This is the highest goal of the practical breeder. But in a sexually reproducing organism, like the domestic fow! or cattle, purity of the germ cells with respect to the determin- ers of any character is only to be obtained, in the hands of a practical breeder without special scientific training, by the practice of inbreeding. It should not be understood that indiscriminate inbreeding without definite purpose or reason is advised, or advocated as a panacea for all the difficulties which beset the breeder’s path. All successful breeding is the working out of carefully made plans. In those plans inbreeding has a place. WORK WITH PLANTS. Beans. The experience of the past two years has shown that it is impossible to grow several varieties of beans in adjoining plots without the varieties mixing. The general impression has pre- vailed that the bean flower was so constructed as practically to ensure self-fertilization and to prevent cross fertilization by insects. The pistil and stamens are entirely enveloped in a sheath or tube-like structure. Generally the pollen will have ripened and the ovule will have been fertilized before the bu fully opens. Without the intervention of insects, self-fertiliza- tion would always take place in the bean blossoms. Last year humble bees were observed working among the blossoms of the bean plants in the Station’s variety tests. Humble bees were seen to light on the lower petals of blossoms, which were borne down by the weight of the bee, and served as levers, throwing the stigma and antlers out of the sheath into full view. The bee brushed its body against the exposed stigma and antlers and then flew to other blossoms, again alight- ing on the lower petals and repeating the operation described above. Hence, it seems justifiable to conclude that the humble bee may be an agent in the crossing of beans. SPECIAL REPORT FOR YEAR. 25 The crop of beans harvested in the fall of 1912 presented marked differences in size, color, shape and type within the same variety. Even the descendants of single plants supposedly self-fertilized also showed a wide variation in color and shape. Some exhibited an entire lack of uniformity. This was con- clusive evidence that the beans propagated in the variety tests of 1911 had been crossed and observations of the bees lead one to believe that the beans were again crossed in 1912. In view of this hybridization it became necessary to devise ways and means of protecting bean plants to prevent crossing by humble bees, especially if one desires to study the inheritance of char- acters in beans and to originate new pure strains. To accom- plish this a screened cage was planned wherein it would be pos- sible to propagate 500 to 600 plants to form the basis of pure lines. From the experience reported above growers of seed beans will realize that it is advisable to cultivate only one variety of beans at a time. If more than one variety is grown there is bound to result a mixture of types through the agency of humble bees in crossing. While the Station’s work with beans to date has not pro- gressed far enough to enable one to draw many conclusions, some promising types have been separated out which are breeding true. Among these types that have been found te breed true is one strain which produced white beans, In IgI1 out of a variety of beans which each year developed many types was selected one plant characterized by long runners, spreading habit of growth, white blossoms and many pods enveloping all white beans. The seed of this plant has been planted separately during the past two years and each season has produced a high yield of white beans. Another interesting pure line is one of the Old Fashioned Yellow Eye beans. A plant of this type,—short, erect growin-, with white blossoms bearing many pods and yielding beans white in all parts except around the eye, was selected in IgIr. This plant also has bred true to type each season. The Old Fashioned Yellow Eye bean is familiar to all in Maine. How- ever, of the three varieties sold in the state by dealers for seed, none is pure. Each will produce many widely varying types. The fixation of the color pattern and shape of bean, and also high yield, seems to have been accomplished in the line developed 26 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. from the one plant just mentioned. The color present in the Old Fashioned Yellow Eye bean is generally a hue of yellow. However, we have found this same pattern also carrying red, black or brown pigment. In what way each of these is pro- duced is another interesting phase of the work yet to be studied. In addition to these strains of beans there are many others that have been propagated from single plants. Some produce black beans, others all yellow, brown or mottled beans. Some of these may prove to be superior strains for snap beans if not for marketing as dried beans. All in all the bean breeding work at Highmoor is developing many interesting types of beans, some of which promise to be of superior value as a crop. Oats. Two lines of work with oats have been carried on at High- moor for several years. These are (a) variety tests and (b) breeding work. (a) Variety Tests. The object of the variety tests of oats is first to find out which varieties already on the market are best suited to Maine conditions and second to furnish material for the breeding work. ‘These variety tests were begun at Highmoor in 1910 and have been carried on for four seasons. In all from 20 to 26 varieties have been tested each year. The more promising varieties have been continued in the test from year to year. Those varieties which failed to do as well as expected have been discarded and new varieties substituted in their place. Seed for these tests was obtained from dealers and growers in the United States and from members of the Canadian Seed Growers Association in Canada. These varieties represented the most productive strains grown in the regions from which they were obtained. All varieties were sown in drills 6 inches apart and at the rate of two bushels by weight of seed per acre. In the earlier tests each variety was grown in a I-10 acre plot. During the past season a new method has been adopted which is very satisfactory. Instead of having one I-10 acre plot there were four I-40 acre plots for each variety. These four plots were scattered over the field so that each variety was SPECIAL REPORT FOR YEAR. 27 tested in a wide range of soil conditions. In calculating the yield per acre the average yield of the four 1-40 acre plots was used as a basis. This is much more satisfactory than the use of a single large plot. During the past season 21 varieties of oats were tested at Highmoor. Of these, 11 varieties have been tested for four seasons, 8 for two seasons, one for three seasons and one for one season. The average yield both of grain and straw for the four seasons for the 11 varieties tested is given in the following table. Yield of the Most Promising Varieties of Oats on the Basis of an Average of Four Successive Years Test. AVERAGE YIELD FOR Four YEARS. NAME OF VARIETY. ail Bushels of grain) Pounds of straw per acre. per acre. | ATISHBVACLOES Stier oe ea eae Be arate Sea ad Sates 63.7 2794 TAO. 5 ooh DOS COT Oe ha En A eetOe Sire anne 63.0 2879 HM POLLEUEOCOLC Help ene See remy ee eee See ieee | 63.0 2793 IETOSPOLIL Yop iene ai chy ee eo aoe dl oes 62.2 2766 IBYPFPETIGIE S| 5g Soles SIG SIGE ee IS ANON art es, UAL es, See Peete 60.5 2820 ECSICL CHLOE ts yetea es eee ee aye ee econ tees oe 59.3 2722 Siler Vitter oe acs eee salma eee ore ee oor e ae Sree 59.0 2710 eos weaishimelech serra Sen ees ata irene eet 57.6 2684 actors (apbiack Gat) merscier ee ote: eters o araeyete 57.6 2614 KMhersony(aniearlycoat) recs eset ees ske elon been ok ee 57.6 2471 Senators lorse mane Oat) ee eee eo noe 49.25 2985 Among the varieties tested four seasons there are some very interesting types. First among the early varieties of oats is the Kherson. With short, fine, stiff straw supporting a small open head, characterized by short delicate drooping branclies, the Kherson often surprises one in its cropping ability. The grain is long, slender, yellow in color and not particularly at- tiactive to the average farmer because of its small size. Never- theless, this oat is one worthy of attention. Seeded May 1 to 5 it is generally thoroughly ripe by August 1. At Highmoor this variety yielded from 48 to 69 bushels per acre during the past four-seasons, giving an average yield of 57 1-2 bushels per acre. The average yield of straw during the same period was 2,466 pounds per acre. In the season of 1913 this oat yielded 61 bushels per acre. 28 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Among the medium late varieties are the Imported Scotch and Irish Victor. These mature generally about a week later than the Kherson. These varieties have a taller straw and larger, more plump, white grains. The Imported Scotch has yielded from 60 to 71 bushels of grain per acre during the past four seasons, the average yield for the four seasons being 63 bushels per acre. The yield of straw averaged 2,793 pounds per acre. The straw of each of these varieties is a little weak. In 1913 the yield of these varieties was as follows: Imported Scotch, grain 68 bu. per acre, straw 2,635 lbs. Irish Victor DOT PO ete OO Be aiee Of the late varieties of oats which mature 10 days to three weeks later than the Kherson there were several types in these tests. Only a few of these. will be mentioned owing to the lack of space. An oat which always attracts attention by its long head of the “Horse Mane’ type, and tall stiff stout straw bearing very broad leaves, is the Senator. However, this oat has nev." yielded very satisfactorily. The heads carry many spikelets but the percentage of barren grains is very high so that this promis- ing variety always fails to yield as high as one would esti- mate from its appearance. The grain is very large, the kernel being enclosed in a thick hull. Often the kernel of a mother oat does not develop, in which case the pin oat is generally enclosed within the hull of the mother oat. The yield of grain ranged from 38 to 63 bushels per acre, giving an average yield of 52 bushels per acre in the four years test. The yield of straw amounted to 3,000 pounds. The Banner Oat with a yield of 46 to 71 bushels per acre is one of the best late oats tried out in these tests. The plants are tall, leafy, possessing stiff straw, and carrying open heacs with stiff upright branches. This oat produced on the average 61 bushels of grain per acre and 2820 pounds of straw during the past four seasons. The grain is medium to large in size, plump and white. It does best on strong moist soil. The Pres- ident oat is late like the Banner and similar in appearance ex- cepting that the branches of its open head are longer and droop more. Yield of grain 50 to 68 bushels per acre. Straw (4 year average) 2,722 pounds. The grain of this variety is large, plump and white. SPECIAL REPORT FOR YEAR. 29 The Prosperity oat is also a late variety producing tall leafy plants having stiff straw. The heads are open, spreading with long branches, the grain is white, short and plump. During the four years test the yield of grain ranged from 53 to 73° bushels per acre, averaging 62.5 bushels. Average amount of straw produced was 2,768 pounds. A black oat, the Victor, is an interesting type. The straw is coarse, tall, stiff, and bears an open head with very long branches. This variety yielded 55 to 60 bushels of grain per acre. The Lincoln oat resembles the President in general appear- ance except that it does not grow as tall. The grain is short, very plump and white. During the past four seasons this vari- ety has yielded from 48 to 70 bushels of grain per acre and an average of 2,900 lbs. of straw. Of varieties introduced since 1910 the Early Pearl, a medium 1o late variety, is very promising, judging from its performance in these tests. This oat has been grown for several years by Mr. R. L. Copeland of Brewer, Maine. It seems that this vari- ety originated from a single plant found on the roadside and later propagated by Mr. Copeland. It has a uniform appear- ance and is very productive on fertile soils. In 1912 this vari- ety produced 64 bushels of grain per acre and in 1913 70 bushels per acre. These figures are the means of yields from two plots in 1912 and four plots in 1913. The straw of this variety is tall, stiff, medium size, the heads open, erect. The grain is white, long, medium size, and well filled. Other late varieties, the Siberian, Abundance and Silver Mine, resemble in general the Banner and President varieties in appearance. The yield has not been as great as that of these two varieties. These tests will be continued in following seasons in order that each variety may be tested more than two years at least and preferably during five years. In such a period it may be possible to judge of the effects of certain seasonal changes on the cropping ability of these different varieties. (b) Breeding Work. The work of producing new varieties of oats which would be better suited to Maine conditions was started in 1910. Two lines of work have been carried on, One of these has been 30 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. the attempt to cross varieties which possess desirable charac- ters and then to isolate from the progeny strains which wili possess the good qualities of both parents. Last year about 300 hybrid oat plants were grown. It is too early to make any statement regarding new varieties secured in this way. It will be several years before we can be certain that any new varie- ties secured in this way are breeding true or that they are better than varieties already existing. The second line of work has been the selection of individual plants and the propagation of new strains from these. Each year we have gone through the plots and selected out individual plants which appeared to be better than their neighbors. The seed of each plant was kept separate and sown in a single row by itself. Hence all plants in a row were the descendants of one plant. Throughout the growing season notes were made as to tlie characters and general behavior of the plants in these rows. The plants of each row were weighed and threshed together so the progeny of the original selections were kept tree from admixtures. Being self pollinated the oat plant gen- erally breeds true from season to season. To those self- fertilized plants which breed true Johannsen of the University of Copenhagen has given the name “pure line.” ‘The culture of the progeny of single oat plants in rows affords a good basis for the study of the characters of the plants and also forms a basis of measuring the value of the selections in respect to the yield of grain and straw. Individual plants, all the progeny of which the test of two years showed to be uniform in type and possessing the ability to transmit the character of high yield, were propagated the following season in plots of two-thous- andth acre in area. These small plots were necessary because of the small amount of seed available. The test in plots of this area showed some of the pure lines to be worthy of further trial. These promising lines were propagated the following year in fortieth acre plots. During the past season at High- moor there were 49 of these plots representing the descendants of 33 plants selected in the season of 1910. Some of these ap- pear very promising. These 33 pure lines represent all the plants, out of 300 originally selected, that were deemed worthy of further propagation. Some of these 33 lines will be taken out of the test this year because they are no better than strains already on the market. SPECIAL REPORT FOR YEAR. 31 One of the most productive pure lines is worthy of mention here. This new variety, Maine 357, represents an oat charac- terized by tall stiff straw averaging four feet in height, carry- ing open spreading heads. The grain is white fairly long, plump and well filled. On two fortieth acre plots during the past season this oat yielded at the rate of 81 1-2 bushels per acre. Besides this new variety known as Maine 357 there are six varieties of equal importance whose yields in 1913 ranged from 71 to 75 bushels per acre. All of these varieties originated by the Station are characterized by stiff straw, spreading heads and white plump grain. In 1913 these seven new varieties pro- duced an average yield of 74 bushels of grain per acre. Twen- ty-one commercial varieties representing the best oats obtainable in the seed markets of this country were also tested at High- moor last season. These yielded an average of 62 bushels of grain per acre as compared with 74 bushels produced by the seven varieties originated by the Station. This represents an average increase of nearly 20 per cent. in yield as a result of the breeding work over the best commercial seed. Before a final decision is made in regard to these lines it will be necessary to continue the test during another season. At present, suffice it to say, there is a great deal worthy of con- fidence in the strains of oats that have been developed from single plants at Highmoor. Corn. The work with sweet corn and with field corn (yellow dent) has been continued. The field corn of the Cornforth strvin has been bred up to a point where it appears to be a desirable sort for the Maine farmer. The past season was an extremely hard one for corn on account of the cold weather during June. However, a fair proportion of this corn matured in good season and was ready for harvest in the latter part of September. The work with sweet corn suffered more severely from the cold spring. This was chiefly owing to the fact that the plots were on a cold piece of ground. The new variety of sweet corn originated by the Station was given a further extended test this year. This variety promises to be superior to any corn now grown in the state for cannin« 32 . MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. purposes. It is believed that the work of the past season has brought about a still further improvement in this corn. Owing tc the unsatisfactory season this year it is desired to test this corn another year before it is put in the hands of the farmers. Winter Wheat. The possibility of winter wheat becoming a grain crop in Maine has often been discussed, and a few records of experi- ments with this cereal in this state have been found. Another winter grain, namely winter rye, is used much more extensiveiy row than a few years ago as a green food for stock and also as a crop for plowing under to increase the humus content of the soil. In order to determine the behavior of winter wheat under the climatic conditions of this region a small amount of each of two varieties, one the World’s Champion, the other Garton’s Selected Turkey Red, were tested. These are said to be among the best winter wheats grown in the West. On September 5, 1912, these two varieties were sown at Highmoor on separate plots. The seed was dropped in drills at the rate of 1 1-2 bushels per acre, and fertilizer, 4-8-7 grade, was broadcasted at the rate of 500 lbs. per acre. The growth of winter wheat is similar to that of winter rye. The leaves spread out upon the ground forming a thick covering before snow falls. By September 27 the plants of the World's Champion and the Selected Turkey Red varieties had developed leaves about 6 inches long. Throughout the winter the plants remained green. The plots on which these varieties grew were situated on a slope where very little snow collected. During the greater part of the winter these plants were unprotected and laid fully exposed to the frequent changes from freezing to thawing temperatures. All in all the environmental factors formed a severe test of the hardiness of these varieties. In the spring growth started at an early date and the plants grew rapidly, attaining maturity by the last of July. On August 1 the crop of each variety was harvested. The grain was well developed, red in color and hard, the straw was stiff, free from rust and of bright appearance. The yield of the two varieties tried out was as follows: The World’s Champion yielded at the rate of 30 1-2 bushels of grain and 2,745 lbs. of straw; the SPECIAL REPORT FOR YEAR. 33 Selected Turkey Red produced 27 1-2 bushels of grain and 2,385 lbs. of straw per acre. Considering these yields of grain in pounds per acre it is seen that 30 1-2 bushels of wheat are equivalent in pounds to a yield of 57 bushels of oats per acre; 27 1-2 bushels of wheat to 51 1-2 bushels of oats. It should be said that more experi- ments should be conducted to determine the time of planting in its relation to yield of grain and straw. However, in our judg- ‘ment the time of sowing winter wheat should not be later than September 5 to get the best results. Yield of Apples from Individual Trees. It has been felt for some time that in one respect the records of the individual apple trees at Highmoor were not complete. The yield of apples from each tree has in the past been esti- mated and not accurately determined. Since in different years such estimates are made by various people they are not suitable for comparative purposes. After all it is the yield of apples that is the important thing to know about a tree. This fact was fully appreciated at the beginning of the experiments. The reason for not attempting to measure the yield has been that it was thought likely to involve too great a loss of labor at a very busy season. With a good crop of apples there are twenty to twenty-five pickers employed at Highmoor. If each man should lose five minutes on each bag of apples it would mean a great loss of time for the season. However, the necessity of having some accurate measure of the yield of fruit from each tree has been becoming more urgent each year. It was decided that this year we should try out some methods for doing this. With a relatively light crop of apples this year it was possible to work out the details with- out causing much loss of time. The method finally adopted was as follows: Large tripods ‘were constructed with the legs about twelve feet long. From the center of such a tripod there was suspended a rod upon which a pair of 60-pound spring balances hung. Such a tripod was placed between the rows of trees to be picked. The pick- ers all use bags which fasten over the shoulder. Each picker brought his bag of apples to the tripod, hung it on the scales 34 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. and taking another bag returned to the tree. A man at the tripod recorded the weight of the apples to the proper tree and emptied the bag. By such methods there is practically no loss of time by the pickers. It is, of course, necessary to have an extra man for weighing and emptying the bags. One man can weigh, record and empty the apples from nine or ten pickers. Such records continued for several years will give the Sta- tion a very valuable set of data. In the first place it furnishes the best measure of the success or failure of most experiments. Thus a fertilizer or cultivation experiment must, if it is suc- cessful, show an increased yield of fruit over that given by the control trees. Estimates are not reliable especially in years where the differences are small. Besides such estimates may be unconsciously biased by the observer. Aside from this the data will furnish many interesting bio- logical facts. Thus it will be of interest to know whether cer- tain trees which yield well in a poor year will also yield well in a good year. Are there trees which are uniformly better yielders than other trees of the same age, size, etc.? If so, is it possible to propagate this high yielding quality by grafting or budding? It is hoped that in the course of time these and other questions may be solved from these data. CHEMISTRY. The work of this department for the past year has been devoted almost entirely to inspections and may be Considered under the following heads: Fertilizer Inspection, Feeding Stuff Inspection, Food and Drug Inspection, Fungicide and Insecticide Inspection, Creamery Glassware Inspection. The work of the department has been interrupted somewhat by quite extensive repairs on the laboratories. However, the addition of two new rooms and considerable new chemical apparatus will greatly facilitate the work in the future. SPECIAL REPORT FOR YEAR. 35 FERTILIZER INSPECTION. Four hundred and eighty-seven samples of fertilizing ma- terials were received and analyzed in the last inspection. Nearly all of these were mixed fertilizer, only 19 samples of chemicals being received. These consisted of 6 samples of nitrate of soda, 5 samples of acid phosphate, and 7 samples of muriate and sulphate of potash. _ In addition to the regular determinations of nitrogen, phos- phoric-acid and potash the quality of the nitrogen in the mixed fertilizers was determined. This work involved four extra determinations of nitrogen and increased the work of analyzing a fertilizer about one-third. It is of value, however, in detect- ing low grade forms of nitrogen. which are often used in low grade fertilizers. The mineral nitrogen, particularly that in the form of nitrate, is very important to Maine farmers, especially those growing potatoes, and the nitrate content should be considered as much as the total nitrogen. Manufacturers are still in some instances using very different sources of nitrogen in the same brand of fertilizer. It certain- ly does not seem to be unreasonable to insist that a high priced and high grade brand of fertilizer be as uniform in the fornis of nitrogen that it carries as in its total nitrogen. For instance, it is believed to be necessary in this climate for the best re- sults that a potato fertilizer contain about one-third of its nitrogen as nitrate. If much more is present it is liable to loss from leaching. If much less is present the plant will not have enough immediately available nitrogen. Most of the manu- facturers do not appear to attach sufficient importance to this feature. They frequently substitute ammonium sulphate or organic nitrogen for nitrate nitrogen, seeming to have only the total nitrogen in mind. Even a cursory examination of .the tables in Official In- spections 53 will show figures that bear out the above state- ment. This is as true of the high as of the low priced brands of fertilizers sold in the state. And also it seems to apply to a large number of the makers. It would seem that one should have the right to expect that the goods would be uniformly made and mixed. The variations in character of the nitrogen content seem to indicate that too little importance is attached by 3 6 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. [9N) the manufacturer to the forms of nitrogen in a definite brand. It is believed that quite heavy losses in crops in this state have occurred in some seasons from lack of sufficient nitrate nitrogen to give the crop an early start. Every farmer who buys fertilizer for potato growing should know whether it con- tains the required amount of nitrogen in this form and the tnanufacturers should be required to furnish such guaranty. As a rule the results of the analyses show that all the fer- tilizers sold in the state correspond reasonably close to their guarantee in total fertilizing elements. FEEDING STUFF INSPECTION. The feeding stuff inspection is made during the months when the most feeds are used and consequently covers a pa‘t of two calendar years. The results of the last completed in- spection were published in May as Official Inspections 50, Five hundred and ninety-three samples were collected and analyzed, complete analyses being made of one sample of each brand and protein on all samples. At the present time less than half the inspection samples have been collected. Many samples of cottonseed meals, however, have been sent in by dealers and early in the season many samples were found to be below guaranty in proteinn—so much so that several were reported for prosecution. This inferiority did not seem to be confined to any particular brand but even those brands which can nearly always be relied upon to be up to guaranty fell below. The manufacturers claimed that the inferiority was due to bad weather conditions in the cotton growing states when the seed ~ was harvested, which always impairs the quality of the meal it makes. The samples which have been received recently are of better quality and are well up to their guarantees. Other classes of feeds which have been examined correspond well with the guarantees, and very few adulterated feeds have been received. FOOD AND DRUG INSPECTION. A smaller number (726) of food and drug samples have been handled the past season than usual, owing to quite extensive repairs to the laboratories going on, and a smaller chemical SPECIAL REPORT FOR YEAR. 37 force than usual for the last five months of the year. The principal materials examined have been oysters and clams, tested for water content and preservatives; ice creams, tested for butter fat content; rice, tested for glucose and talc coat- ings; pickles, tested for alum and preservatives; sweet spirits of nitre, which deteriorates quite rapidly, tested for percentage of ethyl nitrite; butter tested for fat, water, salt and caseia; molasses tested for sucrose, invert sugar, glucose and water. FUNGICIDE AND INSECTICIDE INSPECTION. One hundred and sixty samples of fungicides and insecticides were collected and examined. They comprised almost all kinds of materials used as disinfectants or insect repellents or destroyers. Many of these were examined only sufficiently to determine if their labels were in conformity with the law. All materials suspected of carrying arsenic were tested and those with printed guarantees were analyzed. This included 13 sam- ples of Paris green, 10 of lead arsenate, 9g of poison fly paper, 5 of arsenite of soda, 3 of bordeaux mixture and lead arsenate, I prepared bordeaux, one of zinc arsenite, one Rough on Rats, and 4 lime-sulphur solutions, CREAMERY GLASSWARE. Under the state law requiring that the glassware used by creameries for testing milk and cream by the Babcock test shall be tested for accuracy, about the usual number (1,500 to 2,000) of pieces have been received. ENTOMOLOGY. The work of the Department of Entomology has been con- fined chiefly to five lines of investigation during 1913. These are ecological and life history studies of aphids; a survey of Maine to ascertain the distribution of leaf hoppers, with special attention to those species which give promise of most economic significance; morphological, ecological and life history studies of the larve of the sawflies; a study of seasonal distribution and ecology of Maine crane flies; and field studies of our blue- berry insects. 38 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. APHID INVESTIGATIONS. In the report for 1912 a general statement of the purpose and significance was given of ‘our aphid investigations which have been under way for several years. The discovery there recorded of the annual migration of the woolly aphid of the apple from the elm leaf to apple and the resulting knowledge that the elm generations are an essential part of the life cycle of this insect put a new significance upon the economic status of the elm aphids and incited the entomologist of the Station to concentrate attention during the past season chiefly upon the woolly aphids of the elm and two bulletins just issued (No. 217 and No. 220) give the results of this investigation. As a brief summary .of the case it may be stated that in New England there are five distinct though closely allied species on the elm. Of these, the most important to us as an orchard state is the species previously discussed which migrates to the apple from the leaves of the American elm. A second species common oa the English elm in Maine, and probably introduced into this country with the tree, is a leaf curling aphid which migrates to the roots of currant and gooseberry where it is a serious pest. We do not yet know the full life cycle of the third species, which deserts the curled leaf of the American elm in the spring to pass its summer in some place still remaining to be discovered. The fourth species forms a large gall something the size and shape of a fig on the elm twig in the spring, but we do not know its summer haunts. The fifth species appar- ently confines itself to the elm alone where it is common, es- pecially on young trees, in woolly clusters on the bark. A key is given here to aid in distinguishing the woolly aphid of the apple from the other elm species with which it may easily be confused in the spring of the year. A. Conspicuous woolly colonies on bark of Ulmus americana. ‘Throughout the summer on young elms. No alternate host known. Widely dis- tributed: ame: Americas 75.415. ae eee S. rileyi AA. Spring generations in elm leaves, causing various types of deformation. B. Large baggy gall on Ulmus campestris. Alternate host unknown. European species. Taken in Con- necticut “IMmM1OIZ can. oe S. lanuginosa SPECIAL REPORT FOR YEAR. 39 BB. ‘Terminal leaf cluster or rosette on Ulmus amer- icana. Spring migration to apple, mountain ash, and) hawthorn. elaine) to; Coloradol ents. ash. Se gen Sy eaieon S. lanigera (americana in part, of authors) BBB. Leaf curl or roll type of deformation. C. Leaf roll. Wax glands of apterous generations and ' antenne of winged generations apparently the same as those of the rosette dweller. Spring mi- gration to apple... Recorded as yet only from the Sontiness oes S. lanigera (americana in part, of authors) CC. Leaf roll of Ulmus scabra and U. campestris. An- tenna of winged generations with V and VI with- out annulations. Spring migration to gooseberry and currant. European species. In America found in California, Oregon and Maine (1913) NEM eau NIE Anan ie a ea S. ulmi (fodiens) CCC. Leaf roll of Ulmus americana. Second apterous spring generation with wax glands distinctly un- like those of lJanigera. Spring migrant with antenna typically with III not longer than IV+V+VI. Alternate host unknown. Maine to Calitonmias aie. oe S. americana in part, of authors LEAF HOPPER INVESTIGATIONS. _ The insects known as leaf hoppers belong to the same order of insects as the aphids or plant-lice and like them feed by piercing the plant tissue with a sharp beak and sucking the sa». As their name implies, however, they are not stationary like the aphids but hop actively from place to place so that often the damage done by them is hard to trace to its source. Espe- cially is this the case when as often happens fungous troubles find entrance into the plant tissue at the wounds caused by the insects. : Closely allied to the leaf hoppers and included with them to a certain extent in this account are the “frog hoppers” or “spittle insects’ known by the blobs of froth, common in meadows and on trees in which the young live. Most of the species are very inconspicuous both on account of their small size and their close color resemblance to the ob- jects around them. They jump so quickly when disturbed that 40 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. they are caught with difficulty except by sweeping with a net, and when on the wing they are easily mistaken for other insects except by a person especially trained to recognize them. For these reasons the leaf hoppers themselves though abounding nearly everywhere are almost unknown to the ordinary observ- er, though their cast skins are frequently found in the wake of their injuries and are more familiar objects than the live in- sects which discarded them. The principal economic importance rests on their attacks upon such farm crops as oats, timothy, wheat and the various other cereal and forage crops, on fruits of different kinds and upon forest and shade trees, their occurrence in this connec- tion being very general indeed. No comprehensive study of the Maine species of this group having previously been made and the situation in regard to them evidently needing the attention of a specialist, the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station invited Prof. Herbert Osborn, head of the Department of Zoology and Entomology at the Ohio State University, to undertake this important work for us. As Professor Osborn is the best American authority on these insects and has studied them in various parts of the United States as special agent of the Bureau of Entomology, it need not be stated that he was prepared to give us the most valuable information as a result of his summer’s investigations in this state. Reporting very briefly some of the results of the season’s work on the leaf hoppers of Maine it may be said that Pro- fessor Osborn’s collections show in general the species to be found in the state and for many of them a considerable amount of data as to distribution over the state and through the season. At Highmoor Farm some of the species were found to be doing very apparent damage on oats, one species was found working on beans and two or three particularly on the potatoes, The Cicadula 6-notata was abundant on oats and grasses it Orono, North Harpswell, Portland, Highmoor, Houlton, Fort Fairfield and Fort Kent. Empoasca mali was found on apple and was also plentiful on beans and potatoes at Highmoor and Houlton. Several of the grass feeding species were abundant in the meadows and pastures and a few notably numerous in SPECIAL REPORT FOR YEAR. 4i the salt marsh grasses near Portland. In 1908 Aphrophora parallela attacked the new growth pine shoots in the southern part of the State to such an extent that the sap dripped down from the wounded tips like rain-drops from branches after a shower. The leaf hoppers affecting the cereal and forage crops con- stitute a very constant factor and the extent of the drain on such‘crops is doubtless very much greater than is generally ’ appreciated. In some estimates made by Professor Osborn in cther parts of the country these insects were taken in grass land at the rate of one and a half to two millions to the acre and in many instances grain fields have been very badly in- jured (see Bulletin 108, Bur. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr.). It may be stated that no such serious devastations were found this season in Maine, but meadows and grass lands have shown the presence in large numbers of certain species which are in- jurious to an extent that makes them an economic factor of importance. In all approximately 150 Maine species were studied by Pro- fessor Osborn which will be discussed in a forthcoming report on the investigations for the season with especial attention to such as are most important from the economic standpoint. SAWFLY INVESTIGATIONS. A sawfly belongs to the same order of insects as the bees and wasps but instead of having a sting for an ovipositor, its egg laying apparatus is equipped with a little saw with which it cuts a slit in the tissue of the leaf and deposits an egg in the opening. The adult or winged sawfly does practically no harni, but the young which hatch from her eggs are as greedy as caterpillars and as completely demolish the foliage they feed upon. The larve resemble hairless caterpillars somewhat in their appearance as well as in their feeding habits and are fre- quently mistaken for them. Certain species like the currant and gooseberry “worm” the pear and rose “slugs” and the larch sawfly are familiar pests to all who are interested in these plants, and it frequently hap- pens that pine and spruce growths over large areas are devas- tated by sawfly larve. But in spite of their destructiveness, the larve of sawflies 42 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. have not been given very much attention, only about 150 spe- cies for the whole United States having been previously reared and studied. In order that our Maine species might be adequately handled, this Station invited Dr. A. D. MacGillivray of the University of Illinois to work on the group in this state this summer. As Doctor MacGillivray has made a special study of adult saw- flies, his systematic knowledge of the family put him in a posi- -tion to work up the earlier stages of these insects as only a specialist could. . The task is not a simple one as these larve present certain difficulties. Some species for instance are powdery white during one stage and after molting become yellow with black spots. As several molts occur during the growth of the larve and as closely related species resemble each other, the precau- tions necessary in rearing large collections of these insects are evident. However, about 150 species of larve have been taken and recorded, between 40 and 50 species have been reared to the adult stage and others are in their cocoons to emerge next spring. These 150 species have been collected from and reared on the leaves of 36 kinds of trees, shrubs, and plants of eco- nomic value either for their products or as ornamental vege- tation or because they are so closely related to plants of eco- nomic value that their pests should be known. As a result of this season’s work the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station is in possession of an exceedingly fine reference collection of sawfly larve and their respective records. From time to time it is proposed to publish bulletins on such. species as are of most significance in the state. On account of their prevalence and the constant inquiries concerning them, the first to be treated will be the sawfly infesting conifers. The spruces, pines and larches in Maine have suffered severely over large areas from the depredations of these insects. CRANEFLY INVESTIGATIONS. This family of insects had been almost entirely neglected in Maine, nor had they anywhere received the economic attention which seems their due. There was reason to think that Maine possesses a very extensive fauna in this family and as the SPECIAL REPORT FOR YEAR. 43 larvee of many species feed upon the roots of grasses their status in relation to corn, oats, wheat, and other grains as well as the native meadow grasses is a matter that could well bear investigation. Mr. Chas. P. Alexander, of Cornell University, world author- ity on Tipulide, undertook for this Station a study of seasonal distribution and ecology of Maine craneflies during the sum- mer of 1913. The outcome of this work was most gratifying, - for of the 150 or more species studied none were found which would indicate that these numerous and common insects are a present menace to plants of economic value in Maine, our species being mostly confined to swamplands. BLUEBERRY INSECT INVESTIGATIONS. The field observations as to the insect status of the blue- berry were supplemented by rearings under control conditions. Among the most common pests bred from the fruit were a fly, a weevil, and two moths. Parasites of the moths were abun- dant. The results of one season’s observations indicate that the situation is well worth following up and this work is to be continued through another season. It might be said that the practice of burning over the blueberry barrens as is the custom is highly to be commended as a means of keeping certain very serious pests in check. PLANT PATHOLOGY. The work in this department has been carried on during I9I3 upon much the same lines as in the past. While the dis- eases of other economic plants have been by no means ignored the attention of the plant pathologists has been largely cen- tered upon those which attack the apple and the potato. In addition to the regular lines of investigation much valuable data is accumulated each year relative to the prevalence and distribution of plant diseases within the State. This work is greatly facilitated by the hearty cooperation of the office of the State horticulturist and the directors of extension work in the College of Agriculture. It is also made much more effective through codperation. with the United States Department of Agriculture in connection with the plant disease survey car- 44 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ried on by the Bureau of Plant Industry. The Station patholo- gist is supplied with printing shipping tags which will carry packages of diseased plants without prepayment of postage and which can be furnished to those who will send specimens. OCCURRENCE OF PLANT DISEASES IN 1913 WITH RECOMMENDA- TIONS FOR THEIR CONTROL. An accurate record is kept of all specimens received giving date and place of the collection, and the name of the collector. The following discussion is based upon the observations made by the pathologists during the season, and upon specimens received from various sources. No attempt is made, however, to include all plant diseases recorded during the season, but simply to mention certain of those which for a particular rea- son are considered worthy of special consideration. Diseases of orchard trees and fruits. Apple scab on the fruit and leaves while quite prevalent was not sao common nor so destructive as in 1912. This was with- out doubt due to differences in seasonal climatic conditions. Mention was made in the previous report of the occurrence of scab on the limbs of some varieties of apples which resulted in more or lecs killing back of the twigs of the current year’s growth, Many more specimens of this form of the disease were collected or received from correspondents during the winter and spring months of 1913. ‘The results of certain studies on this and of spraying experiments on apples are given under a separate heading. Fewer specimens of crown-gall upon nursery stock were re- ceived than for the past two or three years. So far this has all come from trees shipped in from outside the State, no speci- mens having been received which were reported as coming from Maine nurseries. Apple trees affected by crown-gall should not be set. Apple rust, which is common and destructive in some states was sent in for the second time since the present record was started some 7 years ago. Both specimens have come from the southwestern part of the state, as apple rust is only found SPECIAL REPORT FOR YEAR. 45 in the vicinity of the red cedar. It is one of the diseases which require the presence of two different or alternate hosts for the development of the fungus which produces it. This fact is the key to the situation with respect to the method of control. If red cedars are removed it is easily eliminated as it is absv- lutely essential that the fungus pass one stage of its life history upon this tree to be able to re-infect the apple. Recently it has been found, particularly in Wisconsin and West Virginia that lime-sulphur is quite effective in controlling apple rust if applied at the proper time in the spring. However, unless it is impossible to eradicate the red cedar trees in the vicinity of the erchard lime-sulphur should not be relied on wholly in controll- ing the disease. Also from what has already been said it is evident that apple rust need not be feared in those sections of Maine where the red cedar does not occur. The quince is also attacked with the same disease, and ‘n Maine appears to be far more susceptible to it than the apple. In fact quince rust is a disease which appears to occur in Maine with a frequency which is far out of proportion to the extent that its host plant is cultivated in the state. Several specimens were sent in during the past season. It attacks the leaves, the limbs, and the fruit of the quince, but it is on the last two that it does the most damage. The affected limbs show swollen oc: enlarged sections an inch or more in length, not unlike the black knot of plums in shape, but quite different in color. These enlarged portions of the small limbs and twigs are cov- ered with small pustules, and the latter often show feathery projections around the openings. They are quite noticeabie when the spores begin to form as the liberation of the latter gives the surface a bright salmon color. Most of the specimens of diseased fruits which have been received by this Station were quite severely attacked by the fungus. They were frequently distorted in shape, and usually covered with the fruiting pus- tules which showed many of the feathery cylindrical projections which when broken have a fimbriate margin. On account of the liberation of millions of bright colored spores upon the surface of such fruit the diseased portion is of a salmon o7¢ even orange color. Early in the spring, almost before the growing season has begun, the other stage of the quince or apple rust occurs on the 46 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. red cedar in the form of little swellings of the limbs known as “cedar apples.’ After the first warm rains come these swell up and become gelatinous and also somewhat orange tinted. It is then that the spores are formed and matured which infect the quince and apple. These spores are not able to re-infect the red cedar. To produce the disease of the latter the other form of the spores must come back from the quince or apple or some closely related fruit. Where spraying is attempted the quince or apple trees should be sprayed with a bordeaux mixture or lime-sulphur just before the cedar apples on the red cedar become gelatinous, repeating this twice at the intervals of a week or ten days. Much injury from russeting of apple fruits was observed during the past season which was directly traceable to weather conditions which existed during the earlier part of the season, although this was in some instances incorrectly attributed to spraying. When the fruit was setting, and shortly thereafter, weather conditions were very unfavorable, with late frosts and heavy rains associated with strong, cold winds. Warm weather previous to this, or late in April, forced the flower buds to early opening. These circumstances combined, resulted in al- most a total failure of the apple crop. Such fruit as did set was more or less injured. Nearly 32 per cent of the crop of the unsprayed trees at Highmoor Farm were russeted at har- vest time, and this could only be accounted for as the result of the conditions mentioned above. Early in the season frost injury was plainly evident on apple leaves in many instances. It is possible that some form of orchard heating such as is prac- ticed in the far West might be effective in preventing disasters — of this kind, although unfavorable weather conditions in the spring of 1913 were so prolonged as to make the expense for heating prohibitive. ; The usual amount of brown rot and black knot on plums as well as plum pockets was received. ‘The recommendations for control are given on pages 295 and 296 of the Report ot the Commissioner for 1912, and need not be repeated here. One specimen of peach leaf curl was received in 1913. Whi'e this is a very serious disease in some localities it is of little economic importance in Maine since here the peach is grown SPECIAL REPORT FOR YEAR. 47 in a very limited area. An application of strong lime-sulphur just before the buds open, the same as is used for scale insects, will control it. Bordeaux mixture or even a solution of 2 pounds of copper sulphate dissolved in 50 gallons of water, and used as a spray at the same time will also act as a preventive. Diseases of Field and Garden Crops. Certain diseases of field and garden crops observed last year are worthy of special mention. The leaf spot of the beet seems to be very common and widespread in the State, and no doubt does much damage. One case was noted at Orono where the same disease was quite injurious to Swiss chard, although it is claimed by those who have studied the subject that this plant is seldom affected to a serious extent. On beet leaves the spots are at first very small brown specks with reddish purple borders. When the spots reach a diameter of one-eighth inch or more they turn ashen gray at the cenler but the border remains purple as long as the blade continues green. After a time the leaves blacken and dry up gradually from tip to base. These leaves stand more nearly upright than the healthy ones and are somewhat curled or rolled. The older and more mature leaves are attacked and killed first. Leaf-spot of the beet can be controlled by bordeaux mixture, but to do so it is important to begin spraying early. Late blight of celery is a relatively new disease in the United States, and has very recently made its appearance in Maine. It has not been considered a serious malady in Europe, but judg- ing from an outbreak in an Orono market garden in the sum- mer of 1913 it may prove serious here, for it ruined the crop in this instance. The attacked plants are covered by irregular rusty brown spots more or less in the center of which, after the spots begin to turn brown, may be seen little dark colored bodies imbedded in the diseased tissues. These are the fruiting organs of the fungus. No experiments have been tried at this Station for the control of this disease, but it is claimed that in the field early spraying with bordeaux mixture or ammoniacal coprer carbonate is the most effective means of combatting it. There 48 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. is much danger in placing an affected crop in storage, and where this is done the cellar must be well ventilated and not too moist. Two diseases of the pea which have been reported in Wis- consin as doing much damage to the crop in those sections where peas are largely grown for canning purposes have been found to a certain extent in Maine. One of these produces spots on the stems and leaves, and these spots have ashen white centers with dark borders. In severe cases the lesions on the stems run together and girdle the stalk. The other disease at- tacks the base of the stem causing a wilt and early death of the plant. . For control measures it 1s recommended to use clean seed,— that is from a field where the disease does not occur, and prac- tice a crop rotation of several years before growing peas on the same land again. Thorough drainage and avoiding the use of manure on the surface of soil around the base of the plants is also helpful. Im severe cases it is best to gather and burn all vines after harvesting the crop. . Partly on account of the failure of late blight of the potato to appear in 1912, and partly on account of the scarcity of potato bugs, not making it necessary to spray for them, many potato growers neglected last season to spray sufficiently to con- trol late blight and rot. Consequently more loss resulted from this disease in 1913 than was necessary. Otherwise about tlie usual amount of the common potato diseases were observed. Several new types of potato diseases are beginning to mani- fest themselves in this country, and Maine potato growers should be on the alert to prevent their getting a foothold here. Powdery Scab has been found to be quite abundant in certain restricted, neighboring portions of Canada. As yet there have been but three reports of the occurrence of this disease in the United States, and these are not serious outbreaks. A new disease known as silvery scurf has recently been intro- duced into this country from Europe, and apparently is by no means uncommon in Maine. In our cool storage cellars it ap- parently does not develop sufficiently to attract attention, but when sent South into a warmer climate quite characteristic spots may develop on the surface of tubers. These are dark areas on the skin of the tuber which when carefully examinca SPECIAL REPORT FOR YEAR. 4ay seem to be covered with fine black spots. The disease only attacks the skin, and does not produce a decay, but the tubers on which it occurs are apt to dry up and shrivel rapidly, par- ticularly if the conditions of storage are warm. So far ordt- nary methods of seed disinfection have not proven successful in its control. There are several obscure leaf diseases of the potato which have recently been recognized in Europe, and which are known ~under the names of leaf roll, potato rosette, curly dwarf, mo- saic disease, etc., which have appeared to a limited extent in this country. The names indicate more or less the character of the foliage of the affected plants. Potato fields, particulariy those intended for the production of seed should be watched carefully, and all plants which show abnormal or unhealthy foliage should be removed. There is reason to believe that some if not all of the diseases of this type are of a physiological nature, and are more or less closely associated with poor seed. There is also evidence that at least a part of them are carri> with the seed, and if tubers from affected plants are used for this purpose that the crop will rapidly deteriorate. Diseases of the Cereals and Forage Crops. Three rather interesting diseases of this nature have been under observation during the past year. One is a stripe dis- ease of barley, which has been reported as doing more oz less damage in some of the western states, particularly Wis- consin, and the same malady has been reported as very inju- rious in certain parts of Russia. It is of a fungous nature, and appears as yellow-brown stripes on the leaves. Since the disease may be carried by the seed the hot water or formalde- hyde treatment the same as for smut is advised. A new leaf spot disease-of timothy was found in Orono last summer. The fungus which caused it had been previously reported on orchard grass in Vermont, but so far as determine:l this is the first case recorded on timothy. It appears in the form of light yellow spots with reddish borders, and having many small black dots scattered upon them. These latter are the fruiting bodies of the fungus. No method of treatment can be advised at the present. 50 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. An anthracnose disease of clover has been observed in Maine for the past two or three years. This appears similar if not identical with one previously reported from Tennessee. ‘This appears as brownish spots and streaks on the stems and leaves of red clover which eventually result in premature ripening and dying. There is no doubt that this disease has done con- siderable damage in Maine. The only remedy yet obtained is the selection and growing of resistant strains of clover. APPLE SCAB ON THE LIMBS A SOURCE OF SPRING INFECTION. From a financial standpoint apple scab is probably the most important disease with which the Maine orchardist has to contend. Anything which tends to increase the amount of knowledge which we have regarding the life-history of such a parasite simplifies the problem of its control. During the past year the Station pathologists have made a discovery regard- ing one of the means by which the apple scab fungus passes the winter in condition to start new centers of infection the following spring which is of considerable local significance. It has been generally taught, and often asserted with consid- erable assurance by writers on this subject in this country that apple scab lives over winter only in one way, namely upon the fallen leaves of the season before where it produces an entirely different form of spore—the so-called perfect stage of the fun- gus. Last year’s report mentioned the fact that specimens of apple branches had been obtained which showed the growth of the current season badly attacked and in some cases killed baci by apple scab. Cases of limb infection were followed through the winter and it was found that the fungus was alive upon these limbs in the spring, that the summer stage spores thereon were still viable as spring approached and were capable of infecting the leaves as soon as the latter were put forth. A small orchard of McIntosh trees badly affected in this way in 1912 developed a severe attack of scab on the leaves early in the season of 1913, although they had been sprayed in the usual way with summer dilution lime-sulphur. On the other hand adjoining trees which showed equally bad cases of limb infection, but which were sprayed with a strong, or dormant spray of lime- SPECIAL, REPORT HOR YEAR: 5 rs sulphur just before the leaf buds opened were practically free from scab on the foliage during the summer of 1913. It would seem then that to control this form of the disease requires a dormant spray, just before the leaf buds open. It is not claimed that the spores of the perfect stage of the apple scab fungus, formed on the leaves of the season before, which have lain on the ground under the trees during the win- ter, are not the source of a large amount, and usually all ot the spring infection. It is maintained, however, that with cer- tain varieties limb infection is an important and serious factor in carrying the disease over winter and that this form requires a special treatment with a dormant spray if it is to be effeci- ually controlled. The data regarding varieties of apple trees which are af- fected in this way are incomplete, but while this form of the dis- ease has been recorded before in this country it must be re- membered that this is the first case where it has been definitely proven in America that apple scab remains alive over winter on infected limbs. It is to be expected that those varieties which are most susceptible to leaf and fruit infection will be more likely to have the limbs attacked. Observations so far made indicate that this supposition is correct. In an orchard containing 7 varieties, McIntosh and Fameuse were the worst attacked. Milden and Westfield ranked next in order of sus- ceptibility. Only an occasional twig was found affected on the Northern Spy trees and these but slightly, while Oldenburg and Tolman trees were entirely free from injury. THE EUROPEAN APPLE CANKER IN MAINE. Observations made during the past season show that the European apple canker is not only present in Maine but that in some localities it is quite common. In one young orchard the cankers were found on the trunks of several trees white in older orchards they appeared more abundant on branches an inch or two in diameter. Several were found in crotches, suggesting that they might have followed winter injury. The larger part of them, however, showed the remains of a dead twig in the center indicating that the fungus may have gain2d entrance thereby. 52 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. The fungus associated with the cankers was easily isolated and while it is too early to make definite conclusions it appears to be capable of producing the disease upon inoculation to healthy limbs and twigs. These cankers as they occur in nature are iilustrated in Bulletin 223 of this Station. ORCHARD SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS IN I9Q13. The fourth series of experiments in orchard spraying we:e carried out at Highmoor Farm during the summer of 1913. While the crop was very short on account of unfavorable weather conditions at blossoming time and apple scab was not so severe as was the case the previous season, some very inier- esting results were secured. Perhaps the most important result from a practical stand- point was from the use of arsenate of lead as a fungicide. This is a well known and effective insecticide but its fungicidal properties either have been overlooked or have not been fuliv appreciated. The use of 4 pounds of arsenate of lead paste to so gallons of water in 1912 resulted in fruit as free from scab as where lime-sulphur was applied with 2 pounds of arsenate of lead paste to each 50 gallons. ‘These results were fully confirmed in 1913 with 2 pounds of dry, powdered arsenate of lead instead of 4 pounds of the paste. Even one pound of dry arsenate of lead to 50 gallons proved to be two-thirds as efficient in controlling apple scab as lime-sulphur combined with the same amount of poison. Arsenite of zinc used with lime-sulphur in 1912 resulted in no injury but in 1913 the same lot of material caused severe leaf-spotting and considerable defoliation. The same effects were obtained with 2 pounds of “Soluble Sulphur Compound” and one pound of dry arsenate of lead in 50 gallons of water. This last combination appeared to be quite efficient in scab con- trol, however. “Atomic Sulphur,” another proprietary com- pound, also gave satisfactory results as a preventative of scab, but caused no injury to fruit or foliage. The results secured in 1913 strengthened the conclusions suggested by the work of the previous year that a dilution of lime-sulphur 20 per cent stronger than standard could be used on Ben Davis trees with little more danger of injuring the SPECIAL REPORT FOR YEAR. 53 leaves or russeting the fruit and the increased efficiency in scab control would more than pay the added cost, particularly where the lime-sulphur concentrate is prepared at home. “LITTLE POTATO” OR RHIZOCTONIA DISEASE. Every New England housewife is familiar with the little brownish or almost black patches or nodules of what is gen- erally supposed to be dirt, very frequently found closely ad- _hering to the surface of potato tubers. Unless these are numer- ous or large they are not usually noticed till an attempt is made to wash the tubers. The notion that these bodies are simply particles of closely adhering, black soil is farther strengthened by the fact that they may be, with some difficulty, removed by means of a stiff brush or the thumb nail, leaving the skin of the potato smooth and uninjured. As a matter of fact they are a mass of closely woven threads or the resting stage of a fungus which has long been known under the name of Rhizoctonia. It was classed among the so-called sterile .fungi till it was discovered that in the summer it grew up around the base of growing potato stalks and there produced. spores of a definite type. Rhizoctonia is an almost universal inhabitant of potato soiis all over New England and doubtless the same thing is true for all potato growing sections of the country. While it has heen known for years as capable of attacking the below-ground parts of the stems of a considerable variety of unrelated plants it has not in the past been generally recognized or accepted as a serious cause of potato disease, except in a very few localities. It appears to have been the cause of a partial failure of the crop on one field in Maine for the past two years, and evidence is being accumulated which shows that it does more or less damage in some other sections, particularly on Irish Cobblers. It may be that this fungus is one of the factors responsible for imperfect germination some seasons. It is possible to give only a preliminary report on the occur- rence of the disease in this state at the present time. Nothing is known as to what conditions or kinds of soil are favorable or unfavorable to it. The fungus is so common in all kinds of soils that disinfection of the seed will be of little help unless new land is being used for planting. If disinfection is at- 54 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. tempted, corrosive sublimate should be used as formaldehyde is not entirely effective upon it. The injury is all below ground and the plants may be at- tacked at any time after the sprouts begin to start from tie seed pieces. The sprouts which are attacked first or most severely, either never reach the surface of the ground or come up much more slowly than the healthy plants. The diseased stems show brownish patches or areas of varying size, situated anywhere on the parts below the surface of the soil. ‘These lesions start at the surface, are not so black as those produced by blackleg, and do not invariably start from the base and work upward as is the case with the latter disease. Badly affected plants are either cut off and killed or have a stunted appearance, frequently showing leaf-roll or rosette characteris- tics. Sometimes a stalk will be cut off and then throw out new branches from below. Fields attacked with Rhizoctonia are quite sure to prove deceptive in the matter of yields. While the plants may be considerably affected by the fungus the majority will appear strong and thrifty till a few weeks before normal maturity. Then, especially if a period of dry weather comes on, they wiil suddenly wither and die. When the crop is dug the yield falls far short of what it should be and consists of an abnormally large number of small tubers, many of them not much bigger than marbles—hence the name “Little potato disease.” The little potatoes result from the fungus cutting off the tuber- bearing stolons as fast or nearly as fast as they are produced. POTATO SCAB. The work upon potato scab which has been going on for several years has been continued. Much of that which has been done during the past year has been along the line of laboratory studies of the organism which causes the disease, which while important and necessary are not of general inter- est except where the facts discovered admit of practical appli- cation. Comparative studies of a large number of cultures of organ- isms isolated from scabby tubers checked up by inoculation tests, showed that potato scab obtained from many parts of Maine, from several different states and from Canada and Russia is the result of the attack of the same parasite. This of course refers only to the common type of potato scab. SPECIAL REPORT FOR YEAR. 55 Laboratory experiments showed that the common potato scab organism is extremely susceptible to the effects of direct sunlight. Fifteen minutes exposure was sufficient to kill all of the germs of the disease when spread out in a thin layer in a culture dish. This explains why sunning potato seed for several days before planting tends to reduce the amount of scab on the crop. It was also determined that the organism is very readily killed by drying and that it is destroyed by much ’ weaker dilutions of formaldehyde and corrosive sublimate than are usually employed for disinfecting purposes. However these stronger solutions are necessary for disinfection on account of the fact that the scab organism is fairly well protected by the corky tissues covering the diseased spot. In an experiment to test how long potato scab would remain alive in the soil without the presence of any crop, the detai!s of which it is not necessary to give here, it has been found that the organisms causing the disease were able to persist in the soil kept entirely free from vegetation and outside contamina- tion for at least 3 years. This work will be continued for sev- eral years. A part of the same experiment has also to do with the question of what effect growing various grains, grasses and clovers on scab infected ground has upon the continuance Ompete erms, i the soil, A TWO-WHEELED POWER SPRAYER FOR POTATOES. The ideal potato sprayer is one which will cover all parts of each and every potato hill thoroughly. This means that by the use of such a sprayer the lower leaves and the under sides of all leaves are as well coated and protected from fungous attacks as the upper sides of the outer leaves of the hill. Bordeaux mixture is a preventative and not a cure and it must be on the leaves before the spores of the parasitic fungus ‘which causes the blight. Any application of a spray which only partially or slightly meets these requirements must not be expected to give complete protection from disease. One nozzle to the row and 50 gallons of bordeaux mixture to the acre should never be expected to give complete protec- tion, and should never be used except when the plants are small. As the plants increase in size the number of nozzles should be 50 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. increased, using 2, 3 or 4 to each row as required and so ar- ranged that they will cover each row thoroughly, but so directed toward the row that the cones of spray will each strike it inde- pendently and not interfere with each other. This is the ideal but so far it has not been possible in the past to entirely realize it. Some very efficient traction sprayers have been developed but to haul a 100 gallon tank of spray and supply pressure for 4 nozzles to each of 4 rows or16 nozzles in all requires a com- bination of a most efficient pair of horses and an equally effi- cient pump. In an attempt to solve some of these difficulties an experimental two-wheeled, gasoline-power sprayer was con- structed at Highmoor Farm and used there during the summer of 1913. This machine was by no means perfect but it is feli that it does point the way toward the next step in the improve- ment of potato sprayers. This sprayer was mounted on a pair of extra heavy wheeis with an equally strong axle. For power the engine and pump from one of the orchard sprayers was used. To save expense as this was an experiment which might prove impractical a 50 gallon barrel was used for a tank. A Ioo gallon tank would be necessary in practical work and this full, with the combined weight of it and the engine, would have hauled easier than a traction power sprayer carrying the same size tank. A special spray boom was constructed and when the plants were large 4 nozzles were used to each row, 2 on top and 2 between the rows. Those above the row were placed 6 inches apart or 3 inches each side of the center, one being directed forward and downward and the other backward and downward. In this way the cones of spray did not interfere with each other, the whole top of the row was covered, the spray striking the row in a slanting direction instead of directly downward, thus securing greater penetration to the interior of the hill and partially forcing the surface leaves upward and hitting the undersides. The nozzles between the rows were of the 45° type. They were attached to a T at the end of a 3 foot pipe which nearly reached the ground between the rows. This T was placed parallel to the rows to avoid catching the vines a«. much as possible and to permit the adjustment of the nozzles in the proper direction. By rotating the 45° nozzles on the SPECIAL REPORT FOR YEAR. 57 axis of the T they could be adjusted so as to direct the spray forward and upward against the underside of one row andina like manner backward against the opposite row. SPRAYING FOR BEAN ANTHRACNOSE. Bean anthracnose, commonly known as rust, is frequently a very serious and destructive disease in Maine. Rather con- _tradictory results have been secured in attempting to control it by spraying. Based on the assumption that failures in the past might be due to beginning too late and not spraying thor- oughly enough some experiments were planned and carried out at Highmoor Farm last season. The field was planted with seed from a crop where much injury from anthracnose was recorded the season before, and this seed showed plenty of evidence of anthracnose upon it when planted. The field was divided into 3 equal parts, one- third to be sprayed with bordeaux mixture, another with lime- sulphur diluted the same as for summer spraying of appie trees, while the remainder was left as an unsprayed check. The first application was made soon after the first foliage ieaves formed and this was repeated every week or ten days till the pods were all set and some of them had attained con- siderable size. Unfortunately weather conditions apparently were not favor- able for the best development of anthracnose, for less than 5 per cent of the pods were affected on the unsprayed check. The disease was almost entirely controlled where the bordeaux miix- ture and lime-sulphur were used, there being less than two- tenths of one per cent of the pods affected on the sprayed plots. It is important to note however that heavy applications of bor- Ceaux mixture at the same strength as used for potatoes and equally thorough applications of lime-sulphur diluted as for use on apple trees in foliage produced no detrimental effects whatever on the bean plants. COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF THE GENUS FUSARIUM. A preliminary account of these studies was given in this re- port for last year, with special emphasis upon the practical significance of the results obtained. That part of the work 58 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. which has to do with the relationship of the organisms and a large amount of data concerning their cultural characters and their ability to attack different host plants, as shown by inocula- tion tests, has been written up and published in Bulletin 219. While some very important immediate practical results have been secured this was primarily a research problem involving several factors of a broad and fundamental nature. The coliec- tion of the published data required much painstaking and care- ful labor on the part of Doctor Lewis, the author of the bulle- tin. As has been suggested above, this study has been carried 01 for some years, Dr. Lewis paying especial attention to the. pathogenicity of the various species isolated from -different hosts. His conclusions regarding relationships were based largely upon the behavior of the different organisms in culture. About 2 years ago a full set of these cultures was turned over to Dr. H. W. Wollenweber of the Bureau of Plant Industry at Washington who was making a special study of the relation- ships of the members of the genus Fusarium. The determi- nations made by the latter, based on the size and shape of the spores, etc., were accepted and the names which he gave to tlie strains obtained from different hosts were adopted. It may be said that his conclusions were largely in accord with those obtained by Doctor Lewis working independently and based upon the cultural characters of the organisms. In all 46 different strains of Fusarium were studied, all but 3, of which were isolated in this laboratory from diseased plants. The following list gives an idea of the wide range of hosts involved; Apple fruit, china aster, dent corn, flint corn, sweet corn, cucumber, fowl meadow grass, June grass, quack grass, redtop, timothy, pea, potato, summer squash, winter squash, sunflower, tomato and wheat. Definite conclusions were reached as to the identity of 32 cf the 46 strains of organisms under consideration or practi- cally all of those which were carefully studied. In all it was found that only 11 species were represented in the entire col- lection. ‘Ten of these proved to be species already described, although 2 of the 10 were classed as new varieties and one had been previously described as belonging to an entirely differ- ent genus. This last, F. poe, is of particular interest as it ap- a SPECIAL REPORT FOR YEAR. 39 pears to be of considerable economic importance in Maine, be- ing associated with “silver top’ of various grasses. It was isolated from dent, flint, and sweet corn, fowl meadow grass, June grass, quack grass, redtop, timothy and potato tuber. This same fungus has been credited with being the cause of :. decay of carnation buds in Nebraska and New York. In this connection an important fact was discovered. It was found that the strains from June grass, quack grass, redtop and timothy were capable of causing the carnation disease while the remaining strains of the same species did not do this, but so far as discovered were identical with the first mentioned in every other respect. The final studies have shown that neither of the species which are commonly associated with decay of apples in Maine are identical with that which produces a similar apple rot of Europe. This work represents the first record of an apple disease caused by any representative of the genus Fusarium in America. This is somewhat remarkable as all of the straiis tested were more or less pathogenic to apple fruits, and at least one more in addition to the 2 mentioned produced a rapid and complete decay. It is also interesting to note that 5 species of Fusarium were isolated from decaying potatoes and 2 of these are also the cause of apple decay. Numerous other facts of a similar nature were brought out with reference to other, unrelated host plants, all going to show, as has been proven with certain other plant diseases, especially the powdery mildews, that the old notion that a different host means a different species of the pzi- asite is by no means correct. At the same time, as has been pointed out in connection with F. poe strains which to all ap- pearances are of the same species may differ biologically in their ability to attack a given host. ie Se a hh = ehh Agee ee oe ae Fhe Ei At : cs 7 j y i a Wi) i A i) I ‘ i ¥ 1 a fi 100170014 oo