3 - eth issn: ais oH ig es i u iy (Ae _ eae len ene ii ae cS NTN pana saescasene Saye LIBRARY OF THE Oo FORTHE ~® eae = M. -Surface. Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. X, No. 6. Washington, D. C,, pp. 293-312. 113. Studies on Imbreeding VII—Some Further Gontideratene Regard- ing the Measurement and Numerical Expression of Degrees on Kinship. By Dr. Raymond Pearl. American Naturalist, Vol. LI, No. 609, pp. 545-549. 114. Sex Studies. By Alice M. Boring and Resmiond Pearl. Anatomical Record, Vol. 13, No. 5, pp. 253-268. 117. The Change of Milk Flow with Age, as Determined from the Seven Day Records of Jersey Cattle. By Raymond Pearl and S. W. Patterson. Annual Report of the Maine Agricultural Experi- ment Station for 1917. pp. 145-152. Bulletin 262. 118. Studies of Imbreeding. VIII. A single Numerical Measure of the Total Amount of Imbreeding. American Naturalist, Vol. LI, No. 610, pp. 636-639. 119. The Sex Ratio in the Domestic Fowl. By Raymond Pearl. Pro- ceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. LVI, No. 5, pp. 416-436. ENTOMOLOGICAL PAPERS FROM THE MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 1917. Ent. 88. Eastern Aphids, New or Little Known Part 1. By Edith M. Patch. Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 10, No. 4. Ent. 90.. Pupae of some Maine Species of Notodontoidea. By Edna Mosher. Bul. 259, Me. Agr. Exp. Station. Ent. 92. An Infestation of Potatoes by a Midge. By Edith M. Patch. Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 10, No. 5. Ent. 93. The Biology of the Alder Flea Beetle. By William C. Woods. Bul. 265, Me. Agr. Exp. Station. . PUBLICATIONS. Xili Ent. 94. Syrphidae of Maine—Second Report. By C. L. Metcalf. Bul. 263, Me. Agr. Exp. Station. Ent. 95. The Aphid of Choke Cherry and Grain, Aphis pseudoavenae. By Edith M. Patch. Bul. 267, Me. Agr. Exp. Station. Ent. 96. The Currant Fruit Fly. By Henry H. P. Severin. Bul. 264, Me. Agr. Exp. Station. THe STATION AND THE WAR. In April at the time of the annual meeting of the Station Council the work of the Station for the preceding year was reviewed. This as usual covered work completed during the year, published and unpublished, work begun that would natural- ly be continued and plans for new lines of investigation. The whole plan along usual lines with some advances was adopted. The declaration of war followed quite shortly after this meet- ‘ing. But for the few first weeks the work of the Station went on uninterruptedly. Plantings were made at both farms as usual and in accord with the plans approved by the Council. The usual amount of hatching at the poultry plant proceeded normally. The regular lines of investigation were entered upon. The usual special summer staff in entomology came to the Sta- tion early in June. The National Academy of Séiences had in the preceeding fall appointed a committee on Agriculture with special view to war needs of which Doctor Raymond Pearl, Biologist of the Station, was the chairman. A meeting of this committee was _ held in Washington in May. President Wilson had previously asked Mr. Herbert Hoover, who had charge of the feeding of the Belgians under the Belgian Relief, to come to the United States to take charge of the food supply in America. Although legislation was still pending the administration had a_ pretty well thought out plan of action. At that time and later develop- ments confirmed and- strengthened this judgment, the most important branch of food service was thought to lie along statis- tical lines such as the amount of food in each country of the world, their normal production, their war production, their nor- mal needs, their war needs and the same statistical information regarding the production, consumption, and possible exportation surpluscof the United States. Mr. Hoover asked Doctor Pearl to’come to Washington for the period ofothe war and take charge of this department of the Food~Administration. The XIV Ma NE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. project from the start was a large one and has been a constant- ly increasing one. Doctor Pearl felt the need of people that he knew and whose judgment he could rely upon to immedi- ately assist him. This resulted in the Food Administration asking that the Station release for the period of the war Doctor Frank M. Surface, biologist to the Station and Mr. John Rice Miner, Computer in the Biological Department of the Station. Leaves of absence for the period of the war without salary were granted Doctors Pearl and Surface and Mr. Miner. They went to Washington the last of June, 1917. Expert clerical help was needed. The salaries offered were greatly in excess of what the Station could afford. This resulted in the two long exper- ienced clerks, Miss Pooler and Miss Fayle, resigning from the Station and accepting positions with the Food Administration at Washington. After licensing of food manufacturers and dealers was adopted as a war measure the Food Administration - needed to take charge of one of its divisions a man educated as a chemist and experienced both from the field and office stand- point with food inspection. For this work they chose Mr. Her- man H. Hanson who had been associated as chemist with the work of this Station for many years. Leave of absence for the period of the war without salary was granted Mr. Hanson and he went to Washington in December. Very soon after the declaration of war a meeting was called at the office of the Commissioner of Agriculture at Augusta to consider what could be done to promote agricultural production in Maine. After discussion at a morning meeting a committee was appointed to draw up a line of action to submit to the after- noon session. At the afternoon session the program as sug- gested by the committee was adopted and the committse was instructed to bring the whole matter to the attention of the Executive Committee of Public Safety. The Executive Com- mittee adopted the plan, named Mr. Donald Snow of the Execu- tive Committee as Chairman of the Maine Public Safety Committee on Food Production and Conservation. The Director of this Station was named as oze of the other 7 members. This committee has met almost weekly and directly and through committees appointed by it has planned and coordinated the efforts made during the past year to increase the production and the conservation of food. This has taken about 20 per cent of the time of the Director since May, 1917. PUBLICATIONS. XV With the danger of fuel shortage the Congress passed control laws and a Federal Fuel Administrator was appointed with very broad powers. He in turn appointed a Fuel Admin- istrator in each State to each of whom were delegated the powers of the Federal Administrator. With the increasing shortage of fuel coal attention was turned to the use of fuel wood to replace fuel coal so far as possible particularly in house- hold use. Fuel Administrator Hamlen for Maine, appointed the Director of this Station as chairman of the State Fuel Com- mittee for Maine, and delegated to him the powers of the Fuel Administration for handling fuel wood. This is taking quite a considerable amount of time. Ordinarily the ‘Station Staff does no work at all analogous to extension service. But the needs of the year called for expert direction of the work along the lines of insect and plant disease control. Doctor Edith M. Patch, Station Entomologist, has acted as leader for the work along insect control and Doctor Warner J. Morse, Plant Pathologist to the Station, has acted as leader along plant disease control. As part of his work in connection with the Fuel Administration the Director has acted as leader in improvement wood lot cutting demonstrations. It will be noted that the Station has granted leave of absence for the period of the war to 4 of its ablest workers and has partly diverted for war needs the time of 3 others of its most impoitant staff members. Although all of these accepted the added war work with enthusiasm and have endeavored to have it interfere as little as possible with Station activities it has not made it possible to maintain the Station program entact. In common with the rest of the Country the Station is glad to “do its bit.” CHANGES IN STAFF. The temporary changes are noted in the preceding section. Gem C. Russell, Stenographer, Doctor Maynie R. Curtis, As- sistant Biologist, John H. Perry, Assistant Chemist, Harry C. Alexander, Laboratory Assistant (Chemistry) Donald S. Clark, Laboratory Assistant (Plant Pathology): Blanche F. Pooler, Clerk and Janie L. Fayle, Stenographer resigned at the end of the fiscal year although the services of part were retained for a few weeks later. XVi Ma NE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Marian Avery, Clerk, Estelle M. Goggin, Stenographer, Silvia Parker, Assistant Biologist, Helen A. Ring, Laboratory Assistant (Biology), Viola L. Morris, Laboratory Assistant (Plant Pathology), Harold L. King, Assistant Chemist were appointed for the year beginning July 1, 1917 although not all of them reported for work at once. The Station was very fortunate in securing the services of Doctor John W. Gowen as Assistant Biologist during the period of the war to continue lines of work that would have suffered otherwise. Doctor Gowen did post graduate work at the Uni- versity of Maine. His major was under Doctor Pearl and along the lines of animal husbandry investigation. When Doctor Pearl was called by the Food Administration Doctor Gowen was just completing his work for the doctorate at Columbia Uni- versity. He brought to the Station the skill and experience that he had obtained from his work under Doctor Pearl and the broadened view from 2 years of study at Columbia Univer- sity. THE STATION PLANT. There have been few changes in the plant during the year. At Aroostook Farm the Federal Department of Agriculture in addition to the green house built last year has constructed a potato storage house with office for the use of the Department Horticulturist. The whole plant at Orono and both Experiment Farms have heen maintained in good order and in high efficiency. BULLETIN 258. SOME COMMONLY NEGLECTED FACTORS UNDER- LYING THE STOCK BREEDING INDUSTRY- By RAYMOND PEARL. THE BREEDING INDUSTRY. Animal-breeding as an industry lies at the foundation of animal husbandry, which in turn is a basic element of the art of agriculture. Before any of the domestic animals. can be used to provide food or clothing for mankind, the animals themselves must be produced. It is the function of the art or craft of animal-breeding to produce the world’s supply otf domestic animals of all kinds. An attribute of living organisms, which fundamentally differentiates them from non-living matter, is the faculty of self-reproduction. Certain cells of the body in all higher ant- mals are able, under suitable conditions, to go through a process of development which has as its end result the production of a new individual of the race or species. Through these cells (known as reproductive cells, or gametes) the animal has the power of reproducing itself. A new and distinct individual existence 1s brought into the world. Nothing like this is known in the inorganic realm. The stone in the field is not capable, through any self-initiated or self-perpetuated activity, of caus- ing the coming into existence of a new stone, essentially like itself in form, size, structure, chemical composition and every other quality. Only plants and animals—in other words, living things—can do this. *Papers from the Biological Laboratory of the Maine Agricultural - Experiment Station, No. 107. The substance of this paper was presented as an address before the Maine Live Stock Breeders’ Association at its meeting in Augusta, December 5, 1916. The introductory portion is a reprint, with some slight changes and corrections of typographical errors, of a paper entitled “The Animal-Breeding Industry,” published in the Scientific Monthly, July, 1916, pp. 23-30. 2, MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI7. It is this fundamental attribute of self-reproduction which the art of animal-breeding makes use of for the benefit of mankind. The breeder attempts to direct and control the reproduction of certain species and varieties of animals which possess qualities that are of value. Thus the breeder of dairy cattle endeavors so to control and direct the reproduction of these an:mals that he shall be able to produce cows which will yield a large amount of milk. The beef-cattle breeder tries to produce animals which carry on their frames a large amount of meat of good edible quality. The sheep-breeder has for his object to bring about the plentiful reproduction of animals bear- ing a large amount of wool. And so on, always the breeder is trying to control, guide and direct a fundamental biological pro-_ cess (reproduction) in such way that the product may be most valuable to him in some direction, either utilitarian, esthetic or other. The more complete this control is, and the more defi- nitely it 1s directed towards a particular desired end, the greater is the success of the breeder. Man’s needs or fancies have led to the production of many and diverse breeds of the domestic animals. In every civi- lized country special breeds and sub-breeds or varieties have been developed to meet the particular conditions prevailing there. In the number of such specialized and diversified races . of animals, all of which must have come originally from a very small number of unspeciakzed ancestral forms, is perhaps to be found the most striking measure of the degree to which man has developed and extended his control over the natural pro- cesses of reproduction. Some idea of the extent to which this differentiation and specialization of animals for particular ends has been carried may be gained from Table I. This table shows the number of different breeds and varieties of farm live stock which are found in the British Isles.” Some are local varieties, but still distinct. All these are essentially native British breeds. Other countries, especially the older ones, show in greater or less degree the same conditions. They have developed breeds of live stock to suit their own special needs and fancies. “This table is compiled from “British Breeds of Live Stock,’ Lon- don (Board of Agriculture and Fisheries’), r1oro. STOCK BREEDING INDUSTRY. 3 TABLE I. Showmg the Numbers of Different Breeds of British Live Stock. Number of Distinct British Breeds and Kind of Stock ; Varieties ISLOAFSES "GO Sr ARB Occ es AORN ae ee SY ARLE ane 17 IBGE CaS” Gee RRs Ae Cee Rani Che Weta Den nO Na aU Tae 13 BD hisvamcacllereint ys sym eh ic) eu ate en Pek ag SLs ks Gi SLC D) ype Si Ee OR Ge ee EE A IS Rg UAL 34 SHI. Y's dG Ses crise ATA ME ey Me A Ny aaa Oe UN ARS 8 It is evident from this table that the skill of the English breeder has well justified the reputation it has created for the British Isles as one of the chief sources of the pure-bred live stock of the world. To produce the world’s supply of domestic animals, which we have seen to be the business of the animal breeder, is a task of great magnitude. Resort must be had to statistics’ if any just conception is to be formed of the extent and im- portance of this breeding industry. We shall confine our atten- tion to the United States, remembering that except in certain rather restricted lines, the animal-breeding industry in this country has as yet had no special or intensive development. The following table shows the number of living domestic animals of various kinds which were on farms in the United States on January I, 1912, together with their estimated farm value. The figures take no account of the vast number of horses, for example, which are not on farms. ®Counting the Dairy Shorthorn as a distinct variety. 4*The raw data on which the following statistical discussion is based are taken from the official returns of the U. S. Department of Agri- culture, as published in the Yearbooks. The writer is, of course, responsible for the treatment of these figures here developed and for the deductions made. . The fact that the statistics here used are three years old in no wise invalidates the conclusions. Essentially the same conclusions would be reached from a survey of the stock-breeding industry in any normal year. Of course just at the present time industrial conditions of all sorts, including stock-breeding, are upset by war conditions. On that account, indeed, it is altogether probable that the facts as here pre- sented give a much more nearly normal picture of the industry than would statistics for the years 1914 or LOIS. A MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I917. TEA ee Number and Value of Farm Live Stock in the United States on January I, 1912. Kind of Stock Number Value EUOTS Spat geet ree ie teen ears: Ha RPS aye 20,509,000 2,172,604,000 SW ECU occysniee ast Neca uantant iemeh( Mia ats, OTN is oe ees 4,362,000 544,359,000 IM BU cloman(ee han (ea 2hah Hie trio cineca cis oS alolw a oielGior 20,699,000 815,414,000 Other cattlen(chichiyaabeat) erence 37,260,000 790,004,006 SINGS ie 8 aero erer me aaa eaten hooper Scans hie 52,302,000 181,170,000 AS DAUM ery eer ae nia Wes ROTI Lah IN, Sia gery ces 65,412,000 523,32%.c00 PLE {O eH os Mesa seas eal is Wie Pech neo aS Isat eran 200,602,080 $5,027,020,000 Each one of these two hundred million animals was pro- duced by a definite breeding operation. Somewhere some- body, with more or less care and thought as to the result, mated together two animals to produce each one of the indi- viduals or litters which lumped together give this enormous total. The mere statement of such large figures conveys little impression to the mind. Let us try by comparison to see what the figures really mean. If all the live stock on farms in the United States on January 1, 1912, had been sold at a price such as to realize the estimated farm value in cash, and then the money so obtained, had been equally divided, each individuai man, woman and child in the country would have received as his share from this transaction $54.66. Furthermore the farm value of live stock represented an amount sufficient to pay the whole principal of the public debt of the United States (equal to $2,906,750,548.66 on October 1, 1913) nearly twice over. This same sum of money would support the common schools of the United States for more than 12 years, assuming the same rate of school expenses as obtained in 1908-09. The mules or the swine each alone, if converted into cash, would pay all the common school expenses for more than a year, the cattle for four years, and the horses more than five years. The sheep of the cquntry on January I, 1912, were worth more than one and a half times as much as the entire property (lands, build- ings, equipment, etc.) of all the colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts in the United States in 1910, the last year for which figures were available when this was written. STOCK. BREEDING INDUSTRY. 5 The figures given do not tell the whole story of the magni- tude of the animal-breeding industry of the country. They deal only with the live stock actually on the farm. Besides this are the exports to be reckoned with. Table III gives the facts regarding exports. TABLE III. Number and Value of Live Stock Exported from the United States During the Year Ending June 30, 1911. Kind of Stock Number Value TEIGHE@S. | 2.58 8S FSR eee CUMS oO E em cares 25,145 $3,845,253 Iles \- RABE BUMS ae Gace oe Fecicman nner 6,585 1,070,051 MOTD Me eee Oras cin evans aye itiive nicdeee araraetas 150,100 13,163,920 SHaSE > oc Ree See eee an Oe een 121,491 636,272 SipPUHS + “ppl ahes ce PE es Beton ae SII ee ies ca ety eae 8,551 74,032 TT oiiaill «Gp Gare SE BS OOS Tee Re eter erties cave 311,872 $18,780,528 Over against the exports are to be set the imports. Animals are imported into the United States for purposes falling into two general classes. On the one hand, are the imports, mainly from European countries, of superior animals to be used as breeding stock. The ultimate object of such importation is the improvement of the live-stock of the country. On the other hand, there are some importations of animals for purposes of slaughter and utilization in other ways than breeding. The live- stock imports of each of these classes for the fiscal year 1910-11 are given in Table IV. ABER VE Number and Value of Live Stock Imported into the United States During the Vear Ending June 30, TOIT. = | Kinp oF Stock. Why Imported. Number. Value. TOTSC Se een Seda de ee. For breeding purposes ...| 6,331)/$2,055,418 SMI cee inca ciate tach ugrereheeeeay< “other oe 3,262 636,656 ‘Chie. 4s ye ee eee, cree APOE ‘* breeding 2,441 362,220 MaRMREE Rte ie thse stand chat aradencwe re “other “ 180,482) 2,590,857 Sheep sets Sa ste Glare ees one “* breeding Pte 5,341 116,277 OE a ay NAO oe eT al ee ** other o Stet 48,114 261,348 ANGIE) estetae tes See DI Se Ee Atos e MN hte ele RAGA eid Ree ene RD 245 ,971|$6,022,776 6 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI7. From the figures given in the preceding tables it is possible to make some calculations to show average individual values. These are of interest because they furnish some indications of the cash value which rewards attention and care devoted te the breeding of animals. Let us first consider the average values of the different kinds of live stock on the farm. These figures will furnish a base with which comparisons may be made. They measure in a crude way, but still a real one, the stage of development or progress which the live stock breeding industry of the country has attained. Table V gives the figures, calculated from the data given in Table II above. TABLE V. Average Values of Live Stock on the Farm. Average Value of Kind of Stock the Individual TENORS Ss seca nee aegis tae ese ee Tae ea eae Re oe ae $105.94 Mite sayy ee crue ead fond lie es irae mutts pela ARM alten ee 124.80 UM ISU aines(CXOn i Ste eva cte pts 5 eyasic me ONT Slee Renan Cathet oti ie ne IR a ate 39.39 Othericattl eioN ewer ssn Commas kas) eo N oe Ai ee 21.20 SiGe pikes tek ack gaa eco OR Snr Recta She obs aay ia 3.47 S110 ie ote Ps een Oe IR dete Pate ty OM ete Bek a lire 8.00 It is to be expected that animals chosen for export will be on the average of somewhat better quality than those left on the farm. A part go out of the country for breeding purposes, and these will have a powerful effect in raising the average value of exported stock. In accordance with expectation, the average values for exported stock are seen in Table VI to be in every case somewhat greater than those for farm stock. The relative amount of this increase, shown as the percentage which the difference in values is of the farm value, is given for each class of stock in a third column of the table. mae au STOCK BREEDING INDUSTRY. N TABLE VI. Average Values of Live Stock Exported. Percentage Increase in Average Value of Ex- Average Value ported Over Farm Kind or Stock of Individual Live Stock TFIGHSAS A a ee eee ocean epee Su52i02) a! 44.3 ONGC SA, Re nor rere? Dear ae 162.50 30.2 (Caitdle:scea eee oe are ln 87.70 216.7° ICE its ales situa 5.24 51.4 + SORTASE eae ae ae es 8.66 8.2 While the relative increases of value seen here are respect- able, considered by themselves, they are insignificant in com- parison with these exhibited in the valuation of animals imported for breeding purposes. The figures for the latter are shown in Table VII, which is calculated in the same way as Table VI. WEAN BIEIs AUD Average Values of Live Stock Imported for Breeding Purposes. Percentage Increase in Average Value of Im- Average Value parted Over Farm Kind of Stock of Individual Live Stock fel@iSeSper ret ncs ere arene $324.66 206.5 (CRITE ETS ee ea ee 148.39 435.8 SME CWE ee a. tii cele os 21:77 520.2 Taking these figures at their face value, for the moment, they indicate that the average horse imported into the United States for breeding purposes is worth three times as much as the average horse on an American farm. The average cow or bull imported is worth nearly five times as much as the average cow or bull on the farm; while the average imported sheep is more than six and a quarter times as valuable as the home product on the farm. These figures furnish an impressive object lesson as to the value of paying attention to the breeding of live stock. Funda- mentally the enhanced valuation of the imported animals resis on the fact that they are better bred than the average farm *Calculated on the basis of weighted mean of the two classes of cattle distinguished in Table V. 8 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI7. stock here. Their qualities all approach the ideal more closely. But they have been brought to that condition by the practice of skilful, well-planned and carefully executed breeding. The statistical data so far presented regarding the breeding industry have been drawn from official returns and cover the country as a whole. They suffer from the defects of such statistics. While they show the general relations in a substan- tially correct way, they tend to reduce to a minimum differences of all kinds. In the case of the last comparison made, the indicated difference in average valuation between farm and live stock and that imported for breeding purposes is probably distinctly less than the true difference. A better comparison, and one which not only shows what careful breeding means to the farmer and to the nation as a source of wealth, but also shows that the foreigner has no monopoly on the production of fine breeding stock, is between average farm values and the prices realized at auction dispersal sales of pedigreed stock in this country. Let us examine a few figures of this kind. Table VIII’ gives the average sale price of pedigreed beef cattle in all sales held in this country during the six years pre- ceding 1913. The increase of these prices over the $21.00 of the farm cattle is obvious. The same considerations apply to other kinds of stock. At a Guernsey cattle sale held in Oconomowoc, Wisconsin, March 20, 1912, 69 head were sold at an aver- age price of $377.26. Mr. H. E. Browning of Hersman, IIL, sold 41 Duroc-Jersey swine “of his own breeding” on December 19, 1912, at an average price of $173 per head. The contrast of this price with the $8.00 average on the farm is sufficiently striking. The live-stock breeding industry of the world rests on a foundation of pure-bred pedigreed stock. The constant aim of the breeder from the earliest time has been to produce differentiated types particularly adapted to his locality, condi- tions and needs. Having once found or developed such a type, the breeder wishes to keep it. This he can only do if it “breeds “Compiled by the Breeders’ Gazette and published in the issue of January I, 1013. STOCK BREEDING INDUSTRY. G TABLE VIII. Average Prices Realized at Auction Sales of Pedigreed Beef Cattle. - = 1912. | 1911. 1910. Name oF BREED.) | Sol hs i Ce S elie No. of, No. |Average No. of} No. |Average No. of} No. |Average sales. sold. price. | sales. sold. | price. | sales.| sold. price. | | | | | ae Short-horn..... 3 45, 1,882 $177 40 53) 2,258 $162 50 49) 1,999 $187 50 Hereford..=....-| 15} 957 180 40 19, 1,203) 160 50) 20 1,214 146 20 Aberdeen-Angus.. 12) 627 1388 95 13) 723) 143 60) 19 995 167 35 5 (Esa PR el ee [eran Seba Ui 167 | 083).30 Polled Durham. . 2) 83 132 85 1 42! 140 60) 3 74 115 00 Red Poll........ |e a 80) LO We2 tare pe eee eaaaee | 1} 41) 185 00 } i ! | 1909. 1908. 1907. | NAME OF BREED.) | | a as haa eal | No. of| No. | Average No. of} No. |Average|No. of} No. |Average sales. | sold. | price. sales.| sold. | price. | sales. | sold. | price. } ! J | Short-horn...... | 78} 3,308.$159 00 59| 2,689'$146 50, 84] 3,608 $160 15 3} 50 00) 3) 97; 83 00 peers en 5 || 1-308) 12705] 15| 936/116 15|. 29] 1/358! 123 70 Rippelcene Ani gts! 131 '935| 189 00|_ 18| 955| 165 10| 18| 1,119| 134 75 ‘CMlOWay i... .. 2, 69-128 05 3| 136] 84 50 3, 123 139 05 Polled| Durham _. 2| 79) 129 45 6| 244) 124 50 3 106 130 35 REARS. | 3 35) 97 80) 1| true.” It obviously could not be expected to breed true if at frequent intervals it were crossed with other types. The breed- ing of individuals all of the same general type, and belonging to a few family lines, could be safely left to the individual breeder in the earlier days of the industry. With the wider development of the industry this was no longer possible. It became necessary to have an official registration of pedigrees, which should be beyond any chance of manipulation by the breeder. In this way one wishing to purchase an animal of a particular breed would have definite and objective evidence that the individual was, in fact, of the breed it was supposed to be. Out of this need have grown the systems of pedigree regis- tration in herd-books, stud-books and the like. In most coun- tries at the present time these registry records have an enhanced official status, because they are under governmental control and supervision. In the United States the control of live-stock registration is in some degree supervised by the Bureau of 10 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9QI7. Animal Industry of the Federal Department of Agriculture, particularly so far as concerns the registration of imported animals. The statistical data given in the foregoing discussion are by no means complete, but they serve sufficiently well the present purpose, which is simply to give some conception oi the magnitude of the live stock breeding industry and its impor- tance as a source of wealth to the nation. .No account has been taken of other than farm live stock, and such obviously represents only a part of the animals which somebody has to. breed to supply the needs of the people. Further, nothing has been said about poultry, which represents an important industry in itself. Altogether, however, the following statement by Heape,. in concluding a review of the value of the breeding industry in England, is as well justified by conditions in this country, as in the country for which it was written. He says: All I have attempted is, to give such a broad idea of the number and value of live stock in the kingdom, as the careful consideration of evidence I have been able to obtain, permits. I have taken the utmost care to avoid exaggeration, and in this, at any rate, I have reason to think I have succeeded. When it is recollected that the Board of Agriculture returns are below, may be IO per cent or even more below the correct figures; when it is recollected what a large proportion of the people in the country, farmers, dealers, shopkeepers, farm-laborers, working men of various kinds, and gentlemen’s servants, make their living in one way or another by means of stock; when it is recollected what a very large number of valuable animals there are in this country, as shown by a sale of yearlings at Newmarket, the prices obtained at the dis- persal of a herd of Shorthorns or a flock of Southdowns, the value of a successful horse on the turf, of a good hunter, polo pony, pair of carriage-horses or car-horses, of a couple of pointers, a spaniel, a bull- dog or lap-dog, etc., when such facts are borne in mind I do not think there can be found justification for objection to the final figures I have arrived at on the score of excess; and yet they show a total sum of nearly £450,000,000 invested in live stock in this country. When to this is added the capital necessary to provide both buildings to house the stock, land on which to grow their food, barns, machinery, vehicles, harness and attendance, the total becomes so gigantic that I am surely justified in asserting: We have here an industry of enormous importance to the country, and one which merits far more attention than has ever yet been accorded to it. “Heape, W., “The Breeding Industry,’ Cambridge, 1906. a. STOCK BREEDING INDUSTRY. If Some Factors WuHicH MAKE FoR SUCCESS IN THE BUSINESS OF BREEDING. In the preceding section we have seen that the pecuniary rewards of success in the business of breeding animals are generous. But it also appears clearly from the statistics that the general average quality of the live stock on the farms ot this country is deplorably low, and the returns to the breeder are correspondingly meager. What can be done to better this condition of affairs? Are there some obvious general prin- ciples which are being systematically neglected by the rank and file of the farmers? I believe that there are. Any farmer has it within his power to do certain things which will surely improve the quality of his stock, unless it is already of such high quality that further improvement is virtually impossible. And this last, we may be sure, is not a frequent condition of affairs. What then are some of these principles which we are. neglecting ? THE TEST OF PROGENY PERFORMANCE AND ITS’ IMPLICATIONS. For the practical breeder of any kind of animals one of the. most significant results which has come from the modern scien- tific study of genetics is the demonstration of the importance of what I have elsewhere termed the principle of the progeny test in breeding for performance. This principle may be stated in the following way. The only certain and sure test of the worth of an animal as a breeder is found in the actual per- formance of that animal’s progeny. The work of the last decade in genetics has led to a new conception of the mechanism of heredity which differs markedly from older views. The key- note to this conception is that it is the germ cell (egg or sperm) and not the body or soma which is the factor of primary impor- tance in inheritance. What the individual is like in respect to its personal, somatic’ characters is not determined by the- "For the reader not familiar with the technical terminology of biology, it may be said that “somatic” is used in designation of those characters of the organism which pertain to all parts except the reproductive or- germ-cells. These reproductive cells are called “gametes.” We then have the adjective “gametic,’ meaning “pertaining to the germ cells,” in contrast to “somatic” meaning “pertaining to any or all parts of the- organism other than the germ cells.” {2 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI7. somatic characters of its parents, but by the composition or constitution of the parental gametes. Thus the size of a bean is determined not by the size of its parent bean, but by the gametic constitution of the latter. In the principle above stated “performance” is used in the broadest and most inclusive sense. It may mean performance in the show ring, at the butcher’s block, in the milk pail, at the shearing shed, in the trap nest, at the race track, in the pulling contest, etc. The essential point is that it is not pos- sible to tell with any certainty by looking at a cow, for example, or its pedigree, whether the heifers from that cow will be good ~ milkers. Nor does the fact that the cow herself is a superior milker ensure or prove that her heifers will be superior milkers. They may be or they may not. The only way to be sure about it is to try them. If they are good milkers then the use of that cow as a breeder is by just so much improving the quality of the herd. Again the fact that a bull’s dam made a great record at the pail does not ensure that his daughters will be superior milkers. We can only know whether he possesses the ability to transmit dairy productivity by getting the actual records from some of his daughters. Ii these records are good the breeding worth of the bull 1s presumptively high. At any rate we know in that case that he is not lowering the average quality of the herd. Nothing else can furnish the sure and certain kind of information which the actual progeny test furnishes. The principle of the progeny test carries with it a certain implication as to the age to which breeding stock should be retained. Obviously if we are to profit from our knowledge as to the breeding worth of a bull gained by the progeny test we must have the bull alive and in breeding condition after we have made the test. This means that we must keep him in the herd longer than bulls are usually kept by Maine breeders. If a herd bull is disposed of before any of his progeny have reached an age where their performance as milkers, for ex- ample, can be measured, then clearly this guiding principle of progeny test is playing no part in the breeding of the herd. Without this principle in active operation the breeder is in much the circumstances of a mariner without a compass. Pro- STOCK BREEDING INDUSTRY. 13 gress towards a desired goal is possible, but it is likely to be by a very roundabout and haphazard route, and is sure to be very slow. It is a matter of considerable interest to examine statistically the age of breeding bulls in the hands of progressive Maine farmers and breeders. Data on this point are presented in Table IX. It should be noted particularly that all ages re- corded in this table are the ages of the animals at the time when they were bred successfully. Each entry in the table is based upon what we call a “completed record.” Such a com- pleted record comprises, on the one hand, a service record, and on the other hand a birth record, which sets forth the facts regarding the calf born as a result of the service accounted for on the service record. The ages tabled here are the ages at the time of service. The more important biometric constants from this table are shown in Table X. TABEE WxXe Showing the Age in Vears of Bulls Used as Breeders. Absolute Age in years frequency Percentage I 213 22.03 2 252 26.06 3 209 21.61 4 149 15.41 5 52 5-7 6 53 5.48 7 24 2.48 8 8 83 9 23 31 10 — — II = = 12 4 41 13 Bes ec 14 = == 15 a = 16 — = 17 = = 18 —— = Total 967 100.00 14 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI7. TABLE X. Showing the Chief Physical Constants for Variation in Age of Breeding Bulls. Constant. é | Bulls used as breeders. Mean or average age............... Ae AE Oho) a NHN ee Rect e | 2.921 + .037 years FEPINTedi stl akon RG Teer iste os Ee aes ata ey | 2.5894 .047 years *Bhirdiquartil eva get ets mst ue csr eer Seer Re RCA) ROTA 3.8444 .047 years Standard deviation 1.722 + .026 years D804) se LS IG From these tables we note that the average age of the herd bulls used to sire the 967 calves included in the statistics was just under three years. The median age of these herd bulls was approximately two and a half years. This means that one-half of the calves were sired by bulls under two and a half years old at time of service. Seventy-five per cent of all the calves (as shown by the third quartile age) were sired by herd bulls less than about three years and nine months old at time of service. Less than 15 per cent of the calves were sired by bulls five or more years old. Let us consider for a moment what these facts mean. A bull must be at least four years old before the breeder can possibly have had any opportunity to test adequately the milk producing capacity of his daughters. But 85 per cent of all the calves covered in these statistics were sired by bulls under four years and 10 months of age. In other words, in the breeding operations of a large number of Maine’s most progressive and wide-awake breeders (for such — the codperators in this record scheme are) more than three- fourths of the calves produced in a given interval of time are sired by bulls about whose ability to transmit milking qualities absolutly nothing definite can by any possibility be known. It is doubtless entirely fair to assume that essentially the same conditions regarding cattle breeding methods obtain in other places generally. Is it remarkable that progress is so slow? For comparison with these figures regarding Maine cattle in general let us examine the facts regarding the leading cows Con , STOCK BREEDING INDUSTRY. I in two of the leading dairy breeds, Jerseys and Holsteins. The facts regarding 32 of the leading cows of the Jersey breed are given in Table XI, which includes the name of the cow, the date when she was dropped, her sire’s name, and the age of the sire at the time of conception of the daughter here dealt with. The ages of the sires are given ta the nearest year. Taille, OSI Showing the Age of the Sires of some Leading Jersey Cows at the Time of Service. | Age at Name oF Cow. Date dropped. Srrr’s Name. time of service. Dosoris Park Lily 233783...... Dec. 15, 1908) Dosoris Park Golden Lad 76986, 2 DABS DOL bet OMA 2: oiecsed) neve ue) Noy. 26, 1906/Interested Prince 58224....... 6 Beaudesert’s Lass 211380...... Nov. 4, 1907|Rearguard 70962............. 2 Lass 83d of H. F. 289028...... May 26, 1911/H. F. Torono 60326.. 11 Golden Angela 225625......... May 7, 1907|Golden Lad of Berlin 75310. . 2) Raleigh’s Financial Hope 279450 Oct. 24, 1912|Queen’s Raleigh 88232........ | 2 ‘Golden Maid’s Rose of St. John! Imp. Golden Maid’s Prince) DANOOR) 2G phtcie Aue eR eae ain May 16, 1907) GABOR eeu enone Nips mae ata 7 Lily Martin Figgis 209529..... Feb. 13, 1906 Marna’s Figgis Tormentor 69086) 2 Jacoba’s Loretta 251186....... May 22, 1909) Irene’s King Pogis 73182...... | 3 Figgis 97th of H. F. 273502... .|July 22, 1910) H. F. Pogis 9th 55552. 2 prod 11 Karnak’s Fontaine 250450..... Dec. 1, 1910 Karnek’s Noble OG. wien cs 2 Spermfield Owl’s Victor Lass DHE TENG 2 as ks ReGen eB ne eee en Dec. 20, 1909|Spermfield Owl 57088......... | 10 Lass 73d of H. BF. 277540...... Mar. 14, LOM HEsBhorono GO236h8 eae 10 Dass 92d of H. F. 302072...... Heb: 5; 1912 H. is Dorono 602360.70. 5 2. ili Lass 89th of H. F. 300426.....)Nov. 3, 1911/H. F. Torono 60236........... ala Lass 74th of H. F. 281203..... Dec. 28, TOTO Pek sorono:602364.2- ee | | 10 Interested Jap’s Rose 306053. . .|Oct. 9, 1912) Meridale Int. Prince 86473... .} 3 Eminent’s Bess 209719........ July 1, 1905 La Rilla’s Eminent Lad 71770. .| 2 Jacoba Irene 146443.......... Apr. 35 ~1898| Kine of Corfu 50110). 325... 1 Sophie 19th of H. F. 189748. ..|Jan. 24, 1905' Fort Hill Farm Chief 62859....| 4 Spermfield Owl’s Temisia215982;May 1, 1907)Spermfield Ow] 57088........ s i Spermfield Owl’s Dawson192935, Aug.25, 1904\Spermfield Owl 57088......... 5 Lass 45th of H. F. 233488..... iDec. 2 190M. Lorono 60326%....55 62. a Lass 40th of H. F. 223642..... Mar. 5, 1907\/H. F. Torono 60326..... Soe 7 Lass 47th of H. F. 240327..... |\Mar. 23, 1908|H. F. Torono 60326........... 7 Lass 30th of H. F. 214511..... |\Mar.26, 1906/H. F. Torono 60326........... 5 Landseer’s Pacific Pear] 205097,Aug. 2, 1905| Landseer’s N. Exile 54626..... | 7 Gertie of Glynllyn 2d 206903 ..|Feb. 9, 1906) Rosaire’s Golden Lad 64554... 4 Pride of Hillerest 194087...... ‘|Dec. 5, 1905|Mabel’s Golden Sultan 70683. .| 2 Mary of Golden Letta 240917. .|Jan. 19, 1909 Golden Lad of Greenwood 64956) 6 Lass 38th of H. F. 223628. .|Jun. 10, 1906/H. F. Torono 60326. wee 6 Pearly Exile of St. L. 205101... July 15, 1906) Landseer’s N. Exile BAGG) oe. 8 Upon analysis of the figures in Table XI we see that in round numbers, only one (or 3 per cent) of these very high producing Jerseys was sired by a bull under 1} years old at the time of service; g (or 28 per cent) were sired by bulls under 2% years old at the time; 11 (or 35 per cent) were sired by bulls under 34 years old. All the rest were sired by bulls 34 or more years old. The contrast between these figures 16 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. and those given above for Maine cattle in general is sufficiently bulls wall necessarily get better or more productive heifers than young S striking. This result does not mean at all that old > bulls. Evidence that this 1s not necessarily so is seen even in the present table in the cases of Jacoba Irene, whose sire was only one year old at the time of this service, and Eminent’s Bess, whose sire was only two years old. What the result does mean is that those Jersey breeders who are breeding world’s record animals in the great majority of cases are pro- ducing those animals with tested sires, which they know from actual previous experience are transmitting to their offspirng high dairy qualities. A graphic comparison of the facts as to age of sires of Maine cattle in general and of this group of high producing Jerseys is shown in Fig. 1. The cross-hatched areas above and below the four year line show in a striking way the pro- portionate number of offspring sired by old and young bulls in the two cases. BREED FROM TESTED SIRES. 65% OF WORLDS RECORD JERSEY COWS ARE SIRED BY AGE OF SIRE. 12 | BULLS OVER 4 YEAAS OLD 10 e| ou va coo rad Coo goo — AOE 80ee ceo: ct 4 YEARS YO oS *y eA IL ree BY TESTED FILLILL 85% OF MAINE CALVES ARE SIRED BULLS 0 BY BULLS UNDER 4 YEARS OLD TT TE 60 70 80 90 PER CENT OF CALVES Fig. 1. For further explanation see text. Similar data for Holsteins are given in Table XII. Here we have 25 cows of outstanding productive merit as evidenced by 12 month records. The arrangement of the table is the same as ‘n the case of Table XI. STOCK BREEDING INDUSTRY. TABLE XIL 17 Showing the Age of the Sires of some Leading Holstein Cows at the Time of Service. | Age at Name or Cow. Date dropped. Sire’s Name. time of | y | serv. ice. | Banostine Relle De Kol 90441..'Jan. 2, 1906 Friend Hengerveld De Kol Buttermboya2930shu eee eee 4 Bon ae Clothilde De Kol 2d! GOOG Rea etna tees haere ‘Dec. 26, 1903 Pontiac Korndyke 25982...... 4 High-lawn Hartog De Koi 84319 Apr.17, 1905 Friend Hengerveld De Kol Butter Boy 29303..........| 3 Colantha 4th Johanna 48577...'Qct. 30, 1898 Sir Johanna 23446............ | 1 Daisy Grace De Kol 98228....|Dec.10, 1906 Friend Hengerveld De Kol | Butter Boy 29303.......... 5 Creamelle Vale 73357......... Feb. 13, 1904 Paul De Kol Jr. 24762........ 5 Aralia De Kol 55194....... Jun. 26, 1900 Ignario De Kol 23538..... 2 Caroline Paul Parthenea 77784 Sept.21 1903 Aaggie Parthenea Byronia 29775 2 Belle Netherland Johanna 62304 Oct. 11, 1902 Johanna Rue 3d’s Lad 26939. 3 Woodcrest Meta Vernon De Kol ; a SOOM a te ee elon |Jan. 4, 1905 Prince Johanna De Kol 31168. 2 Lunde Korndyke 75838....... April 6, 1904 mone ke Queen De Kol Prinee it QO ZDiE a Hee in Spee ee Spotted Ann Daughter 100270. Oct. 23, 1906 Friend MHengerveld De Kol | Butter Boy 29303.......... | 5 Haverside Sadie De Kol Burke) | GO MU Soren cne de ercbatcn sieisarsns a |Nov. 24, 1903'De Kol Burke 22991.......... 7 RontiacAntisOllil4e ey bees} July 11, 1902 Hengerveld De Kol 23102..... 5 Beauty of Plum 6th De Kol 2d| MOO SRO Baca materia, cis tite is sue ale Feb. 13, 1907 The Milk and Butter King41114 1 Sadie Vale Pietertje 79740. -;Oct. 29, 1904 Onions De Kol Paul 31341..... } 1 K. P. Lilith Clothilde 110228 . .| Nov 17, 1907 King of the Pontiacs 39037.... 2 Vale De Kol Elliston 87448. ‘Sept. 26, 1905 Onions De Kol Paul 31341..... 2 Pauline Queen Johanna 89407. .|Dec. 14, 1905'\ Johanna de Pauline 2d’s Lad) ; ZS3 OM eae eee eee e hots - K. P. Manor Kate 126416. .!. |pep. 18, 1909|Kine of the Pontiacs 39037. 3 Queen Juliana Dirkje 97608....|Dec. 12, 1906 Juliana King of Riverside 38446 2 Maple Crest Pontiac De Kol! MGaival OOO ee soso aenlews |Feb. 14, 1907 Pontiac Aaggie Korndyke 38291| 1 Spotted Lizzie 3d 91567....... jApr. 18, 1700 J onanne de Pauline 2d’s Lad hana aeeye3 OU es ee ee oa ised poo 5 Alma Kuperus De Kol Pietert‘e, | COD - Se Sea Sa Eanes Oct 23, 1903 Duke De Kol Pietertije 29365... 2 Pontiac Jewel 56976.......... July 24, 1901;)Hengerveld De Kol 23102..... 4 The facts in regard to Holsteins, if somewhat less strik- ing than those for Jerseys, are still widely different from the conditions found in the cattle breeding industry of Maine. Four (or 16 per cent) of these 25 leading producers of the Holstein breed were sired by bulls under 14 years old at the time; II (or 44 per cent) were sired by bulls under 2} years old; 14 (or 56 per cent) were sired by bulls under 33 years old. All the rest (44 .per cent of the total) where sired by bulls 34 or more years of age at the time of service. It is doubtful if there is any one thing which every breeder could do if he would, likely to work greater improvement in the average quality of the live stock of the state or nation than to 18 MAINE, AGRICUETURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q17. the faithful following of the policy of keeping every sire until it was definitely known, by the performance records of the first of his progeny, whether he was adding to or substracting from the productive value of the herd or flock. Prove the breeding worth of the sire. If it is poor discard him at once and get another. If it is good keep him as long as possible and by the multiplication of his desirable qualities in his off- spring make definite and sure progress. CONTINUITY OF PURPOSE IN BREEDING AND ITS IMPLICATIONS. The art of breeding is at once a conservative and a pro- gressive matter. It is conservative in the sense that it holds steadfastly to certain definite and relatively fixed ideals as to what the perfect animal should be. It is progressive in the sense that it bends every effort towards the attainment of those ideals. While it is, I think, unquestionable that these state- ments are true as general propostions it is unfortunately equally true that many breeders of animals exhibit in their practice rather striking exceptions to them. To the true breeder it is unbelievable, and indeed unthinkable, that there should be so many men as there are who breed without any definite ideals whatever before them. Again there are the so-called breeders whose ideals are perenially subject to change “without notice and without doubt.” Today one type or one family is the greatest, indeed the only hope of the breed to one of these men. Meet him a year hence and you will discover, somewhat to your astonishment and confusion, that a totally different type, or wholly foreign blood lines, offer the only chance to stay the rapidly progressing annihilation of the breed. It is a misuse of words to call such persons breeders. They belong mentally ~ in precisely the same category as the colored gentleman of the story who averred that he didn’t know where he was going, but that he was on his way. Success in breeding is possible only for the man who does know were he is going, that is who has a definite, and for him permanent, ideal as to the kind of animals which he wants to breed. This ideal is something which must be always in his mind as he makes his matings, STOCK BREEDING INDUSTRY. Ly or studies pedigrees, or buys stock to add to his herd or flock, or sells stock from it. Lacking such a definite ideal the breeder is worse off than the mariner without a compass, because he not only lacks a means of guidance but also he has no notion of what port he would like to arrive at if he could. If he is to be successful the breeder ,must not only have an ideal but must also stick to it, and not change it every time he makes a mating. This implies that the breeding must fall within definite and rather narrow blood lines. It may fairly be said that some degree of narrow breeding (line breeding or inbreeding) is an essential for the highest success in breeding.” This may seem a radical statement, but a careful study of the history of the best improved strams of live stock of all sorts leaves no room for doubt that the attainment of the highest degree of excellence has always been associated with the practice of a very considerable amount of inbreeding, of rather close degree. It is a curious paradox of animal husbandry in general that while, as a matter of fact, every successful breeder of high grade stock practices inbreeding to a greater or lesser extent, a great many of these men are violent, even fanatical, Opponents to inbreeding in theory. Most of them will deny stoutly that they ever practice inbreeding. They contend that they practice “line breeding,’”’ but never, never “inbreeding.” The distinction here is obviously verbal and not biological, being in its essentials precisely similar to that between Tweedle- dum and Tweedledee. What is called “line breeding” is simply a less intense form of narrow breeding than that which is called “inbreeding.” The essential and important biological point is that what is actually done is to purify the stock in respect to all characters to as great degree as possible. What the suc- cessful breeder aims to do is to get his stock into such condi- tion that he has only one kind of “blood” in it. Expressed more precisely, though unfortunately more technically, it may be said that the breeder endeavors to get his stock homozygous “The following discussion of narrow breeding is based upon. that contained in a paper entitled “The Biology of Poultry Keeping” by R. Pearl, published as Bulletin 214 of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, 1913. ray a i M4 FI r i i { corey ba 20 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. I9Q17. with reference to all important characters or qualities. The quickest way, indeed the only way, practically to obtain this result is by the practice of some degree of inbreeding. Some- times a great stride towards the desired end may be made by mating brother and sister or parent and offspring together. That a mating of such close relatives will surely result in disaster is one of the carefully nursed superstitions of breed- ing, which has often been exploded, but will doubtless always be with us. It may be said that all the evidence which may be gleaned from the experience of stock breeders indicates that the results which follow inbreeding depend entirely upon the nature of the individuals inbred. If one inbreeds weak animals, lacking in constitutional vigor, and-carrying the deter- minants of undesirable qualities in their germ cells, the off- — spring resulting from such a mating will undoubtedly be more neatly worthless than were their parents. If, on the other hand, one inbreeds in the same way strong and vigorous ani- mals, high in vitality, and carrying the germinal determiners of desirable qualities there may be expected a corresponding intensification of these qualities in the offspring. The time has come when a vigorous protest should be made against the indiscriminating condemnation of inbreeding. It should be clearly recognized that if the experience of stock breeders ex- tending throughout the world, and as far back as trustworthy data are available, means anything at all it plainly indicates that some degree of narrow breeding is an essential to the attainment of the highest degree of success in the breeding of animals. This contention receives full support from the results of modern exact studies in genetics Such studies show that the personal bodily characters of the parents have no causal rela- tion to the personal characters of the progeny. What the pro- geny shall be like is determined by the constitution of the germ cells of the parents. When by a proper system of selective breeding the point is reached where these germ cells are pure with reference to a particular character, or degree of a char- acter, then that character will unfailingly appear in the off- spring, in the degree of perfection in which it is represetned STOCK BREEDING INDUSTRY. 21 in the germ cells. This is the highest goal of the practical breeder. But in sexually reproducing organisms like the domestic animals purity of the germ cells with respect to the determiners of any character is only to be obtained, in the hands of a practical breeder without special scientific training, by the practice of inbreeding. It should be clearly understood that indiscriminate inbreeding without definite purpose or reason 1s not advised or advocated. What we do mean is this: all successful breeding is the work- ing out of carefully made plans looking toward the attainment of a definite ideal. In those plans narrow breeding has a place. Introduction cf new blood for purposes of rejuvenation or reinvigoration is, as ordinarily done, one of the surest ways to prevent any real or permanent improvement of stock by breeding. The difficulty here is that when one introduces new blood he runs the risk of introducing a whole set of characters mfertor in their degree of perfection to what he already has in his own stock. As a matter of fact the average breeder is usually much too ready to introduce now blood. If one is breeding in certain definite blood lines and getting good results he should be exceedingly conservative about introducing any new blood, and should only do so when he has absolutely sure evidence that it is actually necessary for one reason or another. There are two main reasons which induce the breeder to go out after new blood. The first is a fear of the evil conse- quences of inbreeding. This fear is usually, im the particular case, absolutely without foundation in fact. Yet how widely prevalent is the idea among the cattle breeders of Maine that at least as often as once in every three or four years one must go out and buy a new bull. It passes all comprehension that any intelligent person could expect to make steady progress 17 breeding on such a system. Again the careful breeder sometimes finds himself in this situation. He has by well planned and executed breeding brought his stock up to a particular level of excellence. There the improvement stops. His animals breed true to that par- ticular degree of quality but cannot be made to attain a higher degree. In other words, he has substantially purified his stock 22 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. td relative to the characters which interest him. But he sees that the stock of some other breeder is measurably better than his. [f A is to get his stock up to the B level he must introduce some B blood. This has long been the breeder’s procedure, and 1f done in the right way, it is found to be as successful in practice, as it is justifiable in theory in the light of modern ideas respecting inheritance. The danger in the matter in such a case as this under discussion all turns on the way in which the thing is done. If one feels it to be desirable, for the reason specified, to introduce “new blood” let him by all means do it gradually, and not swamp the whole stock with the new germi- nal combinations all at once. For if he does he may destroy in this way at one blow results which have taken years of careful breeding to build up. TAB SUPERIORITY OF DHE PUREBRED: The necessary, intrinsic expense involved in breeding and rearing a purebred animal is no more than that involved in breeding and rearing a grade or a scrub. The end product is worth a great deal more in the former case than in the latter, on the average. These considerations being true, and [ think they cannot be successfully controverted, it would seem to be the most obvious of sound business principles to keep and breed only purebred, registered livestock.. Yet the propor- tionate number of farm animals which are purebred must be very small indeed. The chief reason for the/relatively small proportion of pure- bred animals is fairly evident. Most farmers keep animals solely for their immediately productive or useful qualities. They are in no true sense breeders and make no attempt to realize the additional profits which would accrue from com- bining a breeding business, on however small a scale, with a producing business. The farmer of the sort mentioned is prone to compare in his mind the productive qualities of the best of his grades with the poorest purebreds he has ever seen or knows about, to the detriment of purebred animals in general. He is then apt to take the general position that it would not pay to buy purebred animals for a foundation stock to breed from. STOCK BREEDING INDUSTRY. 23 The argument on which this extremely prevalent point of view is based is essentially a fallacious one, because it overlooks certain very pertinent considerations. In the first place while it is true that the best grades are much better than the poorest purebreds in productive qualities, and indeed may in some cases rank with the best, it is also true that’ the general average productivity of purebred animals is higher than that of non- purebreds. In the second place there can be no comparison between purebred animals and non-purebred animals, considered as ' groups or on the average, in regard to extent to which they transmit good qualities to their offspring. The purebred animal is, on the average, narrow-bred or line-bred to a much greater extent than the grade or scrub. This means that the likelihood of any particular individual transmitting good qualities which it may possess to its progeny is by so much enhanced. In the third place, the breeder of purebred animals is not depending, as is the breeder of grades, solely on their produc- tive qualities as a source of income. If he is handling pure- breds the offspring are a standard commodity to which a more or less definite rating as to value attaches automatically. If he is breeding scrubs or grades the offspring are apt to be more or less troublesome and unprofitable by-products of his manufac- turing business. The dairyman for example who keeps only grade cows has no market whatever for his bull calves except as meat. When sold for this purpose he is sure to get small returns for them. On the other hand, the dairyman whose herd is made up of purebred animals at once has opened out before him the possibility of an additional and better market for his bull calves. He can sell them for breeding purposes and in this way realize much more than meat prices for them. Finally, the breeder of purebred, registered live stock at once identifies himself with a large and powerful organization, namely that of the registered live stock interests of the country. The extent of these interests is indicated in Table XIII which is based upon a table published by Dinsmore.” ele ialle eee a : 5 : x ie Dinsmore, W. [he registration of pedigrees.” Breeders’ Gazette. Vol. LXX, p. 881-882, 1016. Se ee ee aa ae Se Se ee ee ee N an | me O08 601 T 0€ 096 |O8P GHA SS MoO = OLE VHP Or PO Vows Wook oo BA TENE oO. 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I0©17. From this table it appears that the number of purebred registered animals in this country is increasing at the rate of nearly half million a year. Nearly 200,000 breeders of such purebred live stock are recording their animals at the present time. All of these interests are united in the National Society of Record Associations. The purposes of this Society are stated in its constitution as follows: “To advance the interests of all registry associations by de- vising and perfecting practical methods of preserving pedigrees of purebred animals; by united effort endeavoring to secure the enactment of equitable laws relating to record associations ; by securing the adoption of just rates by the railroads on exhibition and breeding stocks, and also to do and transact such other business as will, in the judgment of such society, advance the interest of breeders of purebred stock through. their respective registry associations.”’ Regarding the results which have been obtained by this National Society of Record Associations, and the significance of the Society for the breeder, the following statement by the Secretary, Wayne Dinsmore,” is of interest: “In the five years that have elapsed the various associations, working through the National society, have defeated some hostile legislation, aided in shaping some that was favorable and given wider publicity to the work which the individual associations are trying to accomplish. They also took up exist- ing abuses in the shipment of breeding animals in less than carload\ lots (i @. —. shipments), and, atter the! tailmjeson negotiations to secure proper concessions. from the railroads, carried the case to the Interstate Commerce Commission.” The breeder of grade animals stands in a business way prac- tically by himself. The breeder of purebred animals auto- matically become allied with an extensive and powerful organ- ization. There can be no doubt, from a strictly buisiness point of view that in this regard alone the man with the purebreds enjoys an enormous advantage over the man who keeps only non-purebreds, grade or scrub, animals. “Dinsmore, W. Loc. cit. p. 882. STOCK BREEDING INDUSTRY. 27 CONCLUSION. In this paper I have tried to show, first, the importance o7 the live stock breeding industry as a business, and second, how the neglect of some rather obvious and easily remedied matters, holds back the more successful development of that business in many particular cases. One ‘must not, however, hastily draw the conclusion that if he attends strictly to the things which are pointed out in this paper as being commonly neglected, he will surely attain success in the breeding business. There are many more factors involved in the case than have been discussed here. Perhaps the most fundamental of all is the man himself. By no means everyone can become a suc- cessful breeder of live stock. The art of breeding demands personal qualifications which are rather rare. Bates, the great Shorthorn breeder, once said: “Hundreds of men may be found to make a Prime Minister for one fit to judge the real merits of Shorthorns.”” The man who 1s to be a real breede: and a successful one must start with a love for animals and a natural instinct for handling them. Without these qualifica- tions he can never be a breeder in the highest sense of the word. Furthermore, the real breeder is always a student, with the instincts of the scientific investigator. He studies his animals and their pedigrees till he knows them thoroughly. He studies the pedigrees of all the leading animals in his breed. He attends live stock shows, fairs, and sales that he may study the best individuals of the breed. Besides all these things the successful breeder must know how to feed, care for, and develop his animals properly. The most excellent individual may be ruined by improper care. So then along with knowledge and skill in the art of feeding must go an expert ability to recognize condition in an animal, to detect and correct the slightest impairment of health and vigor. Altogether the real breeder must combine many and varied abilities with his natural love for good animals. And what is the reward? To the real breeder it is great and manifold. He will have the satisfaction and emoluments of a creator of some- sore. 28 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, IQI7.— thing new and needed. The world will always need better animals and be prepared to pay for them. How well it will pay, everyone who reads live-stock journals knows. Prices for breeding animals numbered in five figures are of such frequent occurrence as to excite only passing comment. Furthermore the joy of creating these new and better animal types is the breeder's. In some degree he may justifiably feel that he is guiding the forces of nature to the working out of an ideal, which is his. BULLETIN 259 PUPAE OF SOME MAINE SPECIES’ OF NOTODON- TOIDEA.* EDNA MOSHER.+ INTRODUCTION. It is only in recent years that entomologists have realized the value of studying the immature stages of insects, although immature forms are responsible for more damage to crops than adults. Now that the need for such studies is felt, it is surpris- ing how very little we really know about the subject. The pupae have rarely been considered even from the standpoint of the systematist, much less from that of the economic entom- ologist. Nevertheless it is important to be able to recognize an insect pest at any stage of its life-cycle, even if it does no dam- age while in that stage. These studies of the pupae of some of the commoner forms found in Maine will, it is hoped, lead to the easy recognition of the species described, and awaken an interest in this stage of the insect’s life history. The pupae were, for the most part, obtained by collecting the eggs or larvae and rearing them to maturity in order to identify the species, as will be necessary until the larval and pupal stages are more carefully studied. This work was done during the summer of 1915, but the season was not a favorable one for rearing Lepidoptera, being very cold and wet. Many of the specimens died of fungous or bacterial diseases, the Geo- metridae being especially hard to rear successfully. In some *Papers from the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station; Ento- mology No. 90 and contribution from the Entomological Laboratories of the University of Illinois, No. 54. +Member of the Station Summer Staff. The synonymy used is, for the most part, that of Dyar’s check list. 50) MaIneE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. cases the life history has been supplemented by material from the author’s private collection. The adults were identified part- ly by Dr. T. H. McDunnough of Decatur, Illinois, and partly by the author, while Dr. W. T. M. Forbes identified larvae of several species. MORPHOLOGY. The pupae described here belong to the type known as ob- _ tected pupae because all of the appendages are firmly soldered to the body wall and have no power of independent movement. In order to understand the following descriptions, the terms used will be briefly described. A hypothetical pupa is shown in Fig. 2, A and B to which reference will be made under the discussion of the different struc- tures. THE HEAD Vertex. The vertex is found on the dorsal surface of the head. In the pupae described here, it is confined to a small, triangular area adjacent to each antenna (Fig. 2, B, v). The. vertex is bounded cephalad by the epicranial suture (Fig. 2, B, es), but only a portion of each of the epicranial arms is visible. Front. The front (Fig. 2, A, f) is the sclerite to which the antennae are attached. It is separated from the vertex, when this is present, by the epicranial suture. The fronto-clypeal suture is not present, but the front includes most of the ventral surface of the head. Clypeus. This sclerite (Fig. 2, A, cl) cannot be definitely bounded in specialized pupae. The invaginations for the an- tericr arms of the tentorium (Fig. 2, A, at) which are always dis- tinct, are located along its lateral margin. Labrum. The labrum (Fig. 2, A, lb) is caudad of the cly- peus and is not separated from the clypeus by a suture. Its other margins are always distinct. Eve-pieces. These are situated mesad of the antennae and each is composed of two parts, a narrow smooth portion along the mesal margin called the glazed eye-piece (Fig. 2, A, ge) and a broader lateral portion called the sculptured eye-piece (Fig. 2, A, se). These are often hard to distinguish in smooth pupae. Purse oF Some Matne Species or NotopoNTOIDEA 31 Antennae. These are easily located (Fig. 2, A, a) being attached to the front and curving laterad along the margin of the head, extending on to the ventral surface of the thorax and abdomen along the edge of the mesothoracic wing. Labial Palpi. Only a very small portion of the labial palpi is visible just caudad of the labrum (Fig. 2, A, Ip). Masxillae. The maxillae (Fig. 2, A, mx) lie adjacent on the meson and vary greatly in length. They are measured on the meson from the caudal margin of the labrum to their distal end, (Fig. 2, A, a). This length is compared with the distance on the meson from the caudal margin of the labrum to the caudal margin of the wings (Fig. 2, A, ac). The parts of the head, exclusive of the appendages, are referred to as the face-parts. THE THORAX. Prothorax. This segment (Fig. 2, B, p) is normally about one-third the length of the mesothorax. Prothoracic Legs. These lie adjacent to the maxillae (Fig. 2, A, 11). The legs are folded so that normally only the sur- face of the tibia and tarsus are exposed. In generalized forms, however, a portion of the femur is visible (Fig. 2, A, f1). These legs are about half the length of the wings in the great ma- jority of pupae. Mesothorax. The mesothorax (Fig. 2, B, ms) is the long- est segment of the body, and is normally from two to three times the average length of the abdominal segments. Mesothoracic Spiracle. The opening to this spiracle re- ferred to in the text as the mesothoracic spiracle (Fig. 2, B, msp), 1s found at the cephalo-lateral angle of the mesothorax, between that segment and the prothorax. The real spiracle is down below the surface in the conjunctiva between the two seg- ments. Mesothoracic Legs. These are folded just like the pro- thoracic legs and lie adjacent to them, but their femora are nev- ‘er exposed (Fig. 2, A, 12). The part referred to as mesothor- acic leg is in reality the outer surface of the tibia and tarsus. These legs are from three-fifths to three-fourths the length of the wings in the majority of pupae. 32 Marine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. Mesothoracic Wings. The wings of the mesothorax (Fig. 2, A, wl) almost conceal those of the metathorax and are visible on both dorsal and ventral surfaces. In most pupae they are the only wings visible on the ventral surface. Metathorax. This segment (Fig. 2, B, mt) is usually about as long as the first abdominal segment. Metathoracic Legs. These legs (Fig. 2, A, 13) are never visible for their entire length, and are sometimes entirely con- cealed. The tips are often visible on either side of the meson near the caudal margin of the wings. Metathoracic Wings. These are usually concealed by the mesothoracic wings except for a narrow strip along the dorsal margin (Fig. 2, A, w2). In Platypterygidae they are visible on the ventral surface. ABDOMEN. The abdomen consists of ten segments (Fig. 2, B, al to al0). The first three segments are only visible mm dorsal view. The fourth usually shows a slight margin below the wings on the ventral surface and all of the other segments are visible on both surfaces. There is movement possible between the fourth and fifth, fifth and sixth, and sixth and seventh segments, and the fourth, fifth and sixth are said to be movable segments. The pupa is thus capable of expanding and contracting the body and can bend it from side to side. The movements possible between these segments enables the pupa to work its way out of the ground, or out of a cocoon. These movable segments generally fit over one another so that the transverse conjunc- tiva of one covers the cephalic portion of the next segment. This cephalic portion is referred to as the cephalic margin (Fig. 2,B,cm). The transverse conjunctiva differs from the remaind- er of the segment in texture and is usually lighter in color. Its cephalic boundary is indicated in the figures by a dotted line. Tubercle Scars. The larvae often bear prominent tubercles or projections on the body and the scars (Fig. 2, B, ts) of these are nearly always visible on the body of the pupa. Anal Opening. This is situated on the meson near the caudal margin of the tenth segment (Fig. 2, A, ao). It is usual- ly slit-like and surrounded by prominent wrinkles or folds, Pupart oF Some Maine Spectes or NoropoNnToivEA 33 Genital Openings. The sexes may be easily distinguished by the position of the genital opening (Fig. 2, A, go). That of the male is situated on the meson of the ninth segment. That ef the female is situated mostly on the eighth segment or on both eighth and ninth segments. The cephalic margins of seg- ments eight and nine curve strongly cephalad in the female, and this alone is sufficient to indicate the sex. In generalized pupae there are two unpaired genital openings in the female, a condition retained by many of the specialized forms. Abdominal Spiracles. These (Fig. 2, B, s) are present on the first eight segments but are never visible on the first seg- ment, being entirely covered by the wings. The spiracle on the eighth segment is never functional and shows no distinct opening. Spiracular Furrows. Vhese are found on the cephalic mar- gin of some or all of the movable segments just cephalad of the spiracles (Fig. 2, B, sf). In many genera they are only present on the fifth segment. In some genera there are a number of low ridges, in others a very distinct pocket-like invagination. Cremaster. The cremaster (Fig. 2, B, cr) is a prolongation of the tenth segment. It is of various shapes and lengths and often separated from the tenth segment by a depression. Its length is measured on the ventral surface, from its junction with the curve of the tenth segment to the distal end. In Fig. 2, A, ab represents the cremastral length. CLASSIFICATION. The superfamily Notodontoidea, as considered in this pa- per, includes the families Geometridae, Notodontidae and Pla- typterygidae. The family Dioptidae also belongs to this super- family but there are no species in the eastern states. The pupae of this superfamily are not always easy to separ- ate from those most closely related, the Noctuoidea and Bom- bycoidea. As in the case of the larvae and adults, there is no one prominent character by which they may be recognized, and it is only a careful comparison of several characters that en- ables us to recognize the pupae of the Notodontoidea. The labial palpi are seldom exposed, and then only a small triangu- lar or polygonal portion caudad of the labrum, thus differing 34 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. from the great majority of the families Noctuidae, Liparidae, and Lasiocampidae in which they are often visible for one-fifth the length of the wings. There are no prominent setae on the body, which separates them from most of the Arctiidae, Lipari- dae, Lasiocampidae, and some Noctuidae. As a general rule only the prothoracic leg extends cephalad between the sculp- tured eye-piece and the antenna. Nearly all of the Noctuidae which do not show a large portion of the labial palpi and pro- thoracic femora, have both prothoracic and mesothoracic legs extending cephalad between the sculptured eye-piece and the antenna. Briefly summarized the characters of the superfamily Not- odontoidea are as follows: Epicranial suture very seldom vis- ible; antennae separated from the face-parts by a distinct su- ture, always broadest at the proximal end, the greatest width about equal to that of the prothoracic legs, but never much broader; labial palpi seldom visible, and then only a small tri- angular or polygonal portion caudad of the labrum; prothoracic femora only exposed in the generalized families of Geometridae ; mesothoracic leg very seldom extending cephalad between the sculptured eye-piece and the antenna; body surface never dense- ly covered with setae or having prominent setae arranged in rings or around prominent oval areas; abdominal segments usually punctate; cremaster usually present, and setae at the distal end always hooked. The dorsal surface of the abdomen frequently shows a deep furrow between the eighth and ninth abdominal segments. The caudal margin of this furrow is usually serrate or crenulate. There are also spiracular furrows found in many species. These ~ vary in number and form, and are mostly found in the Geomet- ridae. The families of Notodontoidea may be separated as follows : a. Metathoracic wings never visible on the ventral surface of the body. b. Maxillae usually more than three-fifths the length of the wings, if not, then the caudal end of the body with hooked setae, or the spiracles of the third abdominal segment concealed by the wings and those of the sixth segment farther ventrad than those of the other seg- ments; prothoracic femora sometimes exposed; a deep Pupar oF Some Maine Species or NovrodoNTOoIDEA 35 furrow usually present on the dorsum of the abdomen between the ninth and tenth segments; caudal margin of mesonotum never with a row of deep pits with smooth tubercle-like areas between. Geometridae. bb. Maxillae seldom exceeding three-fifths the length of the wings, 1f so, then the caudal margin of the meso- thorax with a row of deep pits with smooth, elevated quadrangular, tubercle-like areas between them, or with the entire body surface coarsely punctate; ab- dominal spiracles of the third segment never concealed by the wings, and those of the sixth never farther ventrad than the remainder; prothoracic femora never exposed ; a furrow never present on the dorsum of the abdomen between the ninth and tenth segments except in Datana where the cremaster is of the type shown in ees) tom bd. Notodontidae aa. Metathoracic wings meeting on the meson caudad of the mesothoracic legs, and visible along the caudal margin of the mesothoracic wings. Platypterygidae. Family GEOMETRIDAE. The pupae of this family are, with a few exceptions, less than an inch in length. The majority of species are about half an inch long. They are either found suspended from leaves with the cremaster fastened in a mat of silk, much as the chry- salids of butterflies, or they may be found in thin cocoons at- tached to a leaf, or ina cell in the ground. The legs are longer than is usual in lepidopterous pupae, the prothoracic legs usu- ally three-fourths the length of the wings; the mesothoracic legs normally reaching the caudal margin of the wings, or only separated by a very short distance. This is the best single character to separate the pupae of Geometridae from those of the other families. The epicranial suture is present in a very few genera. The labial palpi are sometimes exposed as small triangular or polygonal areas caudad of the labrum. The pro- thoracic leg and occasionally the mesothoracic also, extends cephalad between the sculptured eye-piece and the antenna. The femur of the prothoracic leg is sometimes exposed, often only a very narrow portion, which might easily be overlooked. The >= 36 Marne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT StTaTIon. 1917. maxillae are always long, nearly always extending to the caudal margin of the wings. The antennae vary little throughout the family. They are usually about as wide as the prothoracic legs, measuring the proximal part of both, and are gradually narrowed to the distal end, which usually extends to the caudal margin of the wings. The metathoracic wings usually extend along the margin of the mesothoracic wings on the dorsal surface, but are not visible in ventral view. The mesothorax is very short in some genera and the entire thorax sometimes very short in relation to the remainder of the body. The mesothoracic spir- acles often have a decided projection adjacent to their caudal margin. This may be a sharp ridge, or it may be a prominent tubercle which is often flattened and bears numerous short setae. The abdominal spiracles are sometimes produced and very often the spiracles on the sixth segment are considerably ventrad of the others. Spiracular furrows are frequently present, varying greatly in size and number. The dorsal furrow between the ninth and tenth abdominal segments is present in many genera. It often bends caudad near the lateral margin of the body and this lateral extension may reach to the base of the cremaster. A cremaster of some type is always present. In the pupae ex- amined during this investigation only two types were found, the triangular type with hooked setae, and the bifurcate type, with or without hooked setae. The coloring of the pupa varies considerably in this family. While the majority are chestnut or darker brown, in common with most lepidopterous pupae, there are some which are nearly white, others yellowish, and various shades of yellowish and reddish brown. Some are conspicuously marked with black or dark brown and one of the pupae described has a beautiful pearly luster. The genera described here may be separated as follows : a. Cremaster with prominent hooked setae at the distal end, but never bifurcate. b. Cephalic end of body very blunt and each cephalo-lateral angle prominently produced; a large portion of the pro- thoracic femur exposed. Cosymbia. bb. Cephalic end of body rounded; the prothoracic femur never visible, or only a very narrow portion of it ex- posed. } PuparE oF SoME Marne Spectres oF NotopONTOIDEA 37 c. Dorsal furrow never present between the ninth and tenth abdominal segments; antennae usually reach- ing the cephalic margin of the fifth abdominal seg- ment. Aplodes. cc. Dorsal furrow always present between the ninth and tenth abdominal segments; antennae seldom extend- ing beyond the caudal margin of the wings. d. Caudal margin of the dorsal furrow between the ninth and tenth abdominal segments with very small, inconspicuous projections; the two lateral setae adjacent to the mesal setae or spines on the cre- master larger than the others. Ania. dd. Caudal margin of the dorsal furrow between the ninth and tenth abdominal segments with promi- nent projections ; lateral setae of the cremaster all of the same size. e. Abdomen never densely punctate, either smooth or with shallow impressed lines; color never brown. f. Body white, conspicuously marked with black, never iridescent. Cingilia. ff. Body pale yellow or green, always iridescent. Sicya. ee. Abdomen densely punctate; color always brown. f. A small portion of the prothoracic femur ex- posed ; head never showing three small tuber- cles at the cephalic end. Sabulodes. ff. Prothoracic femur never exposed; head al- ways showing three small tubercles at the cephalic end. Abbotana. aa. remaster always bifurcate at the distal end, often with hooked setae, but these weak and easily broken. b. Prothoracic femur exposed. ce. Dorsal furrow never present between the ninth and tenth abdominal segments, nor a prominent dorsal furrow on the fifth abdominal segment. d. Cephalic margin of fifth abdominal segment with a furrow over each spiracle; mesothoracic spiracle never with a prominent ridge adjacent to its caudal margin. Cleora. 38 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. dd. Cephalic margin of fifth abdominal segment with four or five shallow furrows over each spiracie: mesothoracic spiracle always with a prominent elevation adjacent to its caudal margin. Duasticits. cc. Dorsal furrow present between the ninth and tenth abdominal segments, and a very prominent one on the dorsum of the fifth abdominal segment. Aydria. bb. Prothoracic femur never exposed. c. Dorsal furrow never present between the ninth and tenth abdominal segments; a prominent tubercle nev- er present adjacent to each mesothoracic spiracle. Paleacriia. cc. Dorsal furrow always present between the ninth and tenth abdominal segments; a prominent tubercle ad- jacent to each mesothoracic spiracle. FErannis. Genus COSYMBIA Hubner. Body much wider at the cephalic end and truncate, the cephalo-lateral angles distinctly produced; face-parts consider- ably elevated, a transverse ridge extending across the front on a line with the cephalic angle of the eye-pieces ; labrum quadrate in outline; labial palpi not visible; maxillae reaching nearly to the caudal margin of the wings, the proximo-lateral angles not quite reaching the eye-pieces; prothoracic legs almost three- fourths the length of the wings, their femora exposed; the legs reaching cephalad between the sculptured eye-pieces and the antennae; mesothoracic legs reaching the caudal margin of the wings, always longer than the maxillae; tips of the metathoracic legs showing caudad of the maxillae; prothorax on the blunt cephalic end of the body, scarcely visible in ventral view, its mesal length one-third that of the mesothorax; mesothoracic spiracle with a large rounded tubercle adjacent to its caudal margin which form‘the produced cephalo-lateral angles of the body as seen in either dorsal or ventral view ; mesothorax with a distinct lateral ridge which extends from the base of the spir- acular tubercle caudad to near the anal anele of the wing; mesal length of metathorax one-fourth that of the mesothorax, the caudal margin curved slightly at the meson; abdominal seg- ments smooth, never punctate; abdominal spiracles small, el- PupaeE oF SoME MAINE Spectres oF NoroDONTOIDEA 39 liptical, those of the second segment covered by the wings; no spiracular furrows present; no dorsal furrow present between the ninth and tenth abdominal segments but a very distinct con- striction or furrow at the base of the cremaster; cremaster tri- angular, longer than broad, the distal end with six strong hooked setae and two finer hooked setae just cephalad of these. COSYMBIA LUMENARIA Hubner. HissZ.@. Color usually bright green with three interrupted, longi- tudinal white stripes on the dorsum, one of these on the meson and one on either side, a broader, less interrupted white stripe through the spiracles, the body more or less mottled between the stripes with either small black or white blotches; lateral ridge usually with a narrow white stripe on the dorsal side and a broader black stripe on the ventral; body often entirely white with the black stripe near the lateral ridge; head, thorax, and appendages smooth, or with very fine transverse striations, an- tennae at proximal end equal to greatest width of the prothor- acic legs, but narrowing rapidly so that they are only one-third as wide at the distal end; abdomen smooth, the segments taper- ing gradually to the caudal end of the body. Length 10 to 11 mm.; greatest width 2.5 to 3 mm. The larvae were very abundant on sweet fern and were often found feeding along the edge of the leaf. Some of the larvae were about an inch long, pale green, with white dorsal stripes much as described for the pupae, with fine powdery white dots be- tween, others were brown with indistinct white stripes and dark- er brown oblique lines or blotches, and seemed to be entirely dif- ferent, while the pupae and the adults would be exactly alike, or at least appeared to be. Larvae were abundant all through July, and many pupae were collected the latter part of the month and in August. The larvae spin a little knot of silk and fasten themselves to it and then transform to pupae. They are sus- pended like many butterflies with the hooks of the cremaster fastened into the web of silk and a fine white silken thread around the middle of the body. There is never any trace of a cocoon. The moths emerged in August and many were seen flying about, but the egg-laying habits were not observed. aoe eras I I 40 Matne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. Genus APLODES Guenée. Body of usual shape, blunt at the cephalic end, entire body surface roughened with deep, indeterminate, impressed lines; a small portion of the labial palpi exposed caudad of the labrum ; antennae extending beyond the caudal margin of the wings, reaching the caudal margin of the transverse conjunctiva when the body is expanded, each distal end curved slightly towards the meson; maxillae never quite reaching the caudal margin of the wings, the tips of the metathoracic legs exposed just caudad of them and between the distal ends of the antennae; proximo- lateral angles of the maxillae not extending to the eye-pieces ; prothoracic leg extending cephalad between the sculptured eye- piece and the antenna, about three-fourths the length of the wings, the femur never exposed; mesothoracic legs reaching the caudal margin of the wings and slightly longer than the maxil- lae; mesal length of prothorax two-thirds that of the mesotho- trax; opening of the mesothoracic spiracle on a slightly elevated tubercle; mesal length of the metathorax one-fourth that of the mesothorax; metathoracic wings showing a large triangular piece adjacent to the second and third abdominal segments and almost forming a right angle opposite the third abdominal seg- ment; abdominal-spiracles almost circular in outline; a dorsal furrow never present between the ninth and tenth abdominal segments; sutures between all of the abdominal segments very distinct; cremaster broadly triangular, continuing the outline of the body except for a slight constriction at its proximal end, armed with eight hooked setae, of which the two mesal ones are slightly longer. APLODES MIMOSARIA Guenée Fig. 3, E. Body variously colored, usually grayish green, sometimes yellowish brown, often tinged with reddish or orange~shades, always with a darker dorso-mesal stripe, and dotted with black or dark brown, the bases of the setae conspicuously dark brown or black; cephalic end of body showing a small tubercle on the meson just caudad of the proximal ends of the antennae; proxi- mal ends of the antennae slightly elevated and somewhat tuber- Pupar o-r Some Marine Seectes or NotTopoNTOIDEA 41 culate, especially along the middle line; wings slightly elevated along the dorso-lateral margin; abdominal spiracles almost cir- cular in outline, usually slightly elevated, the spiracle of the sixth abdominal segment considerably ventrad of the others; abdominal segments roughened with indetermimate trans- verse impressions and sparsely punctate; cremaster less than 1 mm. in length, the two caudal setae of each side curved cepha- lad, the remainder curved caudad. g Average length 12 mm.; greatest width 3 mm. The larvae of this species were very abundant on sweet fern. They differ from the majority of geometrid larvae in having the lateral margins of most of the abdominal segments produced into triangular projections one on each side of a seg- ment, which makes the lateral margin of the body very strongly toothed. These projections often curve slightly dorsad. The larvae were about an inch long and variously colored. Some were all green, others were tinted with yellowish and reddish colors like autumn leaves, while others were pale yellow tinged with red. The pupae were less variable in color, and no differ- ence could be detected in the adults. The larvae were very diffi- cult to locate as they fed along the edge of the sweet fern leaves, and the notches on their body corresponded in a general way to the notches in the leaves. Many of them were taken by sweeping. The first larvae were collected July 23 and they were abundant till the middle of August. By the third week in Aug- ust practically all had pupated. The larvae spin a few threads ’ of silk between two leaves and the pupa is held in place in the entanglement of the silk by the hooks on the cremaster. Genus ANIA Stephens. Body widest near the cephalic end; surface roughened with deep indeterminate impressed lines on head, thorax and appendages, densely punctate on the abdomen, never presenting a polished appearance; face-parts elevated, the head with a rounded, transverse ridge just caudad of the proximal ends of the antennae; a small portion of the labial palpi exposed caudad of the labrum; maxillae about seven-eighths the length of the wings, the proximo-lateral angles never reaching to the eye- pieces; prothoracic legs about three-fourths the length of the wings, their femora never exposed ; mesothoracic legs longer than 42 Matne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1917. the maxillae and meeting on the meson caudad of them, often separating to show a small portion of the tips of the metathor- acic legs; both prothoracic and mesothoracie legs extending cephalad between the sculptured eye-pieces and the antennae; antennae reaching to the caudal margin of the wings and meet- ing on the meson; prothorax about half the length of the mes- othorax ; mesothoracic spiracles with the caudal margin elevated and somewhat flaring ; abdominal segments 1 to 8 densely punc- tate ; abdominal spiracles elliptical, slightly produced ; spiracular furrows present on segments 5 to 7, the surface of the furrows punctate like the remainder of the segment; furrow present on the dorsum between the ninth and tenth abdominal segments, the edges very finely serrate; cremaster triangular in outline, ru- gose, with two large long hooked spines at the distal end, at the base of these two stout hooked setae, and cephalad of these two hooked setae near each lateral margin, forming a transverse row. This genus consists of a single species in North America. ANIA LIMBATA Haworth. The Horned Span-worm. Fig. 2, E and H. General color light brown, with darker brown markings, most of these small, irregular spots; antennae with dark brown inverted V-shaped markings; ventral surface of abdomen show- ing three broad stripes, the mesal one more distinct than those near the lateral margin; dorsal surface of abdomen with broad, indistinct, oblique bands of a lighter color; bases of the setae dark brown, and usually the distal portion of the cremaster ; antennae slightly elevated, with a row of minute tubercles along the middle line; abdominal segments 1 to 8 finely, densely punc- tate, the ninth and tenth segments smooth; segments two and three with a more or less distinct tubercle on each side the meson indicating the scars of the larval filaments; segments five, six and seven with a distinct elevation along the cephalic margin; dorsal furrow between segments nine and ten with a lateral extension, the caudal margin (Fig. 2, H) notched on the meson and slightly serrate; cremaster 1 mm. long, slightly ru- gose, and showing a slight constriction on each lateral margin at the base. Pupar or Some Marine Species or NotopoNtTOoIDEA 43 Average length 9 mm.; greatest breadth 3 mm. The larvae of this species are easily recognized by the group of four filaments that stand up on the back with their ends slightly curled. The first pair is attached to the second abdominal segment. They feed on various plants and were col- lected at Orono on sweet fern during the first week in August. The larvae pupated the fifth of August between the leaves of sweet fern, but did not form a cocoon. Genus CINGILIA Walker. Body slender, but of usual type; labrum quadrangular; a small polygonal portion of labial palpi exposed caudad of the labrum; antennae extending to the caudal margin of the wings, their greatest width greater than that of the prothoracic legs, their distal ends usually meeting on the meson; maxillae almost reaching the caudal margin of the wings, the proximo-lateral angles not extending laterad to the eye-pieces; prothoracic legs three-fourths the length of the wings, their femora never ex- posed; mesothoracic legs seven-eighths the length of the wings; only the prothoracic leg extending cephalad between the sculp- tured eye-piece and the antenna; mesal length of prothorax two- niths that of the mesothorax; metathorax about half the length of the prothorax and slightly shorter than the first abdominal segment; abdominal segments with shallow, transverse im- pressed lines; dorsal furrow between the ninth and tenth ab- dominal segments present, the caudal margin crenulate; cre- master without a furrow at the base, ending in two long hooked spines with one short hooked seta on each side, a transverse row of four similar setae just cephalad of these. This genus includes a single species in America. CINGILIA CATENARIA Drury. The Chain-dotted Geometer. Fig. 4, C and F. Color white with conspicuous black blotches, the largest of these on the dorsum of the first five abdominal segments, the wing veins and some of the sutures lined with black; entire surface of body with shallow transverse impressed lines; an- tennae elevated, highest along the middle line, transversely lined with black; mesothoracic spiracles split-like; abdominal spira- 44 Matne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. cles without any outer margin, the openings elliptical; cre- master (Fig. 4, F) with two large spines and six smaller ones. Length 15 to 18 mm.; greatest width 3.5 to 4 mm. The larvae of this species are pale yellow with some narrow dark brown or black stripes and marked with cénspicuous black spots near the spiracles and on the lower part of the body. They feed on numerous plants, and specimens were collected from larch and sweet fern August 8. They pupated shortly after, spinning a very loose open cocoon through which the pupa could be easily seen. The cocoon was attached either to a leaf or a stem. The adults are white, and also conspicuously marked with black. They emerge in September. Genus SICYA Guenée. Body of usual type; surface smooth with a few punctures on the abdomen; labial palpi represented by a small triangular area caudad of the labrum; maxillae seven-eighths the length of the wings, the proximo-lateral angles scarcely reaching to the eye-pieces ; antennae elevated, extending to the caudal margin of the wings, their greatest width slightly greater than that of the prothoracic legs, and meeting or approaching each other on the meson; prothoracic legs about two-thirds the length of the wings, extending cephalad between the sculptured eye-pieces and the antennae; mesothoracic legs nearly as long as the wings, meeting on the meson just caudad of the maxillae; mesal length of prothorax about half that of the mesothorax, while the meta- thorax is one-fifth of this length; mesothoracic spiracle slit- like, the cephalic margin slightly elevated; spiracular furrows not present; dorsal furrow present between the ninth and tenth abdominal segments, the caudal margin showing two large projections ; cremaster triangular, longer than the tenth segment, two large hooked spines or setae at the end, with three smaller, but heavy hooked setae on each side just cephalad of the others. SICYA MACULARIA Haworth. Fig. 2, D and G. Color pale yellow and green with silvery and pale green iridescence; surface smooth and polished, the setae rather con- Pupare oF Some MAINE SpEcIES oF NoTroDONTOIDEA 45 spicuous under the microscope and arising from small brown tubercles; median line of thorax brown, also a line indicating the suture at the base of each antenna, the spiracles, the glazed eye-piece, the margin of the prothorax, and the cremastral hooks ; abdominal segments 1 to 7 with a few, very fine punctures which are scarcely apparent, segments 3 and 4 have a row of larger punctures along the cephalic margin of the segment, while segments 5 to 7 have a few larger ones scattered over the surface of the cephalic margin; abdominal spiracles almost circular, produced, the openings ovate in outline; cremaster (Fig. 2. G) with a distinct furrow at base, the dorsal surface depressed be- low the level of the tenth segment, and rugose with fine longi- tudinal striations; cremaster 1 mm. in length, the lateral hooks flattened and broader at the end. Length 12 mm.; greatest width 4 mm. The larva of this species was ready to pupate when collect- ed, and therefore no description was obtained. It was collected July 2 on wild white spiraea. The larva first spun a very open web of silk which bent over the tip of the leaf and fastened it down. This web was drawn around the larva to form a sort of cocoon. The pupa at first was pale green with a brown med- ian line on the thorax and brown around the spiracles. The dorsum of the body was lighter in color than the remainder, and had the appearance of being powdered. The body showed a beautiful iridescence even then, but in three days more it was fully hardened, a sort of yellowish-green in color and iridescent over the entire surface. The adult emerged July 16. Genus SABULODES Guenée. Body of usual type; surface always dull in appearance, con- siderably roughened with deep indeterminate transverse, im- pressed lines on head, thorax, and appendages, the abdomen densely punctate; labial palpi represented by a small polygonal area caudad of the labrum; proximo-lateral angles of maxillae never reaching the eye-pieces ; maxillae, antennae and mesothor- acic legs normally reaching the caudal margin of the wings, sometimes falling a little short of it; prothoracic leg about two- thirds the length of the wings, a very narrow portion of the femur exposed ; the prothoracic legs extending cephalad between the sculptured eye-pieces and the antennae; the mesothoracic 46 Marine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917, leg scarcely reaching the level of the glazed eye-piece in some species and extending farther cephalad in others; mesal length of prothorax one-half that of the mesothorax; metathorax one- fifth the length of the mesothorax and shorter than the first ab- dominal segment; mesothoracic spiracle slit-like; abdominal segments 1 to 8 punctate; furrow present on the dorsum between the ninth and tenth abdominal segments, the caudal margin coarsely toothed, the lateral extensions reaching almost to the base of the cremaster; cremaster longer than the tenth segment, bearing two stout curved spines at the distal end, with slender hooked setae along each lateral margin, the ventral surface with two deep parallel furrows, one near each lateral margin. The species of Sabulodes may be separated as follows: a. Face-parts with a prominent transverse ridge between the eye-pieces; body setae arising from small papillae; caudal margin of furrow between the ninth and tenth abdominal segments with small projections or teeth. transversata. aa. Face-parts never with a prominent transverse ridge be- tween the eye-pieces; body setae arising from small de- pressions ; caudal margin of the furrow between the ninth and tenth abdominal segments with large projections. lorata. SABULODES LORATA Grote. Fig. 4, B and E. Color yellowish brown, the spiracles, tenth segment, and cremaster always darker brown, an irregular dark spot on each side the dorso-meson of the first eight abdominal segments and one on the mesothorax at about the middle of its length, also fine irregular blotches on other parts of the body which are exceedingly variable; antennae more elevated than the other appendages, highest along the middle line, the surface covered with small tubercles ; abdominal segments 1 to 8 densely punctate with medium punctures, the ninth and tenth segments smooth; body setae arising from small pits; abdominal spiracles with the openings elliptical; spiracular furrows never present; dorsal furrow between the ninth and tenth segments edged with black or very dark brown, with four prominent teeth on each side 3 Pupare oF SomME Maine Species oF NoroponToIpEA 47 the meson; cremaster (Fig. 4, E) 1.5 mm. in length, the dorsal surface with deep longitudinal furrows and a transverse furrow at the base, a hooked seta laterad at the base of each large curved spine and a transverse row of four hooked setae of the same size at about one-third the length of the cremaster from the distal end. Average length 18 mm.; greatest width 4.5 mm. The larvae of this species are slim brown loopers with three rather prominent tubercles and a ridge on the dorsum of the body. They were only taken from sweet fern. When full grown they attach themselves to the leaves with a few threads of silk and usually pull another leaf over it, so that the pupa is entirely concealed. SABULODES TRANSVERSATA Drury. The Large Maple Span-worm. Fig. 4, K. Color usually yellowish brown, the head, thorax, and ap- pendages of many individuals a much darker brown; the cre- master usually dark brown; surface of body roughened with impressed lines and striations and somewhat tuberculate, there being small distinct, whitish tubercles visible on the appendages and on the eye-pieces ; face-parts with a distinct, high, rounded transverse ridge extending from just cephalad of the middle of each glazed eye-piece; antennae tuberculate, the proximal fifth elevated along the middle line and forming a ridge; setae of thorax and abdomen arising from small, dark brown. papillae; abdominal segments with the punctures mostly obscured by the ridges, except on the seventh and eighth segments, the ninth and tenth segments smooth; abdominal spiracles usually edged with darker brown, those of the second, third and fourth seg- ments touching the wings, the lips of the openings slightly pro- duced and somewhat crescent-shaped; spiracular furrows indi- cated on the fifth segment; dorsal furrow between the ninth and tenth abdominal segments distinct, the caudal margin edged with black and finely toothed; cremaster with four longitudinal ridges and a transverse furrow at base, four of the hooked setae inserted on the dorsal surface, and two on the lateral margin. a ry rt es en 48 MaIne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. Average length 17 mm.; greatest width 5 mm. The larvae of this species were collected from maple, but they are found on other kinds of trees. They are two inches or more in length, dark grayish brown and the mesothorax somewhat swollen at the sides. They pupate by attaching themselves to the leaves with a few threads of silk and then folding the leaf over, or attaching another leaf to it with the silk. These threads of silk do not form a cocoon. The pupa fastens itself to the silk by means of the cremastral hooks. The larvae are found in July and pupate early in August. Genus ABBOTANA Hulst: Body of usual type; surface always dull in appearance with deep impressed lines on the head, thorax, and appendages, and densely punctate on the abdomen; cephalic end of body showing three small tubercles between the antennae; labial palpi repre- sented by a small polygonal area caudad of the labrum, proximo- lateral angles of the maxillae never reaching the eye-pieces ; maxillae and antennae reaching the caudal margin of the wings; prothoracic legs two-thirds the length of the wings, the femora never exposed ; mesothoracic legs a little shorter than the max- _ illae and never reaching the caudal margin of the wings; both prothoracic and mesothoracic legs extending cephalad between the sculptured eye-piece and the antenna; mesal length of pro- thorax one-half that of the mesothorax; that of the metathorax shorter than the first abdominal segment; mesothoracic spiracles slit-like, showing a narrow very slightly elevated ridge along the caudal margin; abdominal segments 1 to 8 punctate, the tenth segment irregularly rugose; furrow on the dorsum be- tween the ninth and tenth segments distinct, the caudal margin coarsely toothed, the lateral extensions never reaching to the base of the cremaster ; cremaster longer than the tenth segment, bear- ing two very stout spines at the distal end and slender hooked setae along each lateral margin, the ventral surface with a deep furrow on each side. This genus includes a single species Abbotana clemataria found throughout the eastern part of the United States. ABBOTANA CLEMATARIA Smith and Abbot. Color chestnut brown, variously mottled with very dark brown or black, the darker color always conspicuous around the Pupart oF SoME MAINE Species or NoroDONTOIDEA 49 spiracles and on the cremaster; head, as seen in ventral view, with three small tubercles along the cephalic margin, one on the meson, and one on each side of it; face-parts and appendages not elevated, except the cephalic fourth of each antenna which shows a low ridge along the median line, the tubercles on the ridge causing the lateral margins of the head to appear serrate ; antennae covered with minute tubercles ; prothorax with a slight- ly elevated median ridge which is almost always lighter in color than the remainder of the segment; middle line of mesothorax usually marked by a pale yellowish line; abdominal segments 1 to 8 densely punctate, the ninth practically smooth, the tenth segment and cremaster irregularly rugose; spiracles ovate in outline, the openings elliptical; spiracular furrows of the fifth abdominal segment indistinct, very slightly elevated and in- terrupted by punctures; cremaster triangular, with two heavy curved spines at the distal end, each about 6 mm. long, and three hooked setae along each lateral margin. ae Length 18 to 23 mm.; greatest width 7 mm. The larvae of this species were the largest of any geometrid collected in Maine being about three inches long. They are dark brown to nearly black in color, with a prominent ridge on the mesothorax and one near the caudal end of the body. These ridges have a small orange tubercle at each side. Near the mid- dle of the body is a very prominent.brown tubercle on each side the meson, resembling the winter buds of the maple tree, so that when this larva mimics a twig, these tubercles pass for buds. They were collected from apple and maple, but are said to feed on a variety of trees. When ready to pupate, the larvae spin a few threads of silk and draw two leaves together and the pupa fastens the hooks on the cremaster into this silk. The larvae were most numerous the latter part of July, and the first one pupated August 10. The adults emerge in the spring. The pupae of this species resemble those of the genus Sabulodes very strongly, so no figure is shown. They differ, however, in the tubercles on the head and antennae, and in the irregularly rugose cremaster and tenth abdominal segment, and in never having any portion of the prothoracic femur exposed. The pu- pae of Abbotana never become hard and firm as most pupae do, but are always soft and yielding to the touch. They are normal- ly much larger than those of Sabiulodes. 50 MatneE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. Genus CLEORA Curtis. Body of usual type; face-parts not much elevated; antennae reaching the caudal margin of the wings, the distal end of each curved slightly mesad; a small portion of the labial palpi ex- posed caudad of the labrum; maxillae reaching almost to the caudal margin of the wings, the proximo-lateral angles not extending quite to the eye-pieces; prothoracic legs three-fourths the length of the wings, their femora exposed; mesothoracic legs equal in length to the maxillae; mesal length of prothorax two-fifths that of the mesothorax, mesothoracic spiracle with an ovate tubercle adjacent to its caudal margin, the surface covered with fine setae; mesal length of metathorax one-fourth that of the mesothorax; first eight abdominal segments coarsely punc- tate; the spiracular furrow present cephalad of each spiracle on the fifth abdominal segment, the surface of the furrow very rugose; dorsal furrow never present between segments nine and ten; abdominal spiracles almost circular in outline; cre- master triangular at base, the distal half spine-like, and slightly bifurcate at tip. This genus includes a number of species but only two are commonly found in Eastern North America. One of these Cleora pampinaria is described here. CLEORA PAMPINARIA Guenée. Fig. 2, F and I. Color chestnut brown, usually without markings, some- times with a few small dark spots on the appendages ; face-parts and appendages almost smooth and appearing polished; pro- thoracic leg slightly elevated near the large exposed part of the femur; thorax smooth, or with very fine transverse impressions ; abdomen densely punctate with medium punctures on the first eight segments; spiracles almost circular, the openings ellipti- cal, that of the sixth slightly ventrad of the others; spiracular furrow (Fig. 2, 1) with the surface deeply rugose, the outer edge heavily chitinized, almost black and apparently serrate; surface slightly concave between the furrow and spiracle, crossed by faint elevated lines; cremaster about 1 mm. long, the dorsal surface convex and rugose, the distal end spine-like and bifur- cate. Pupart oF SomME MAINE Species of NoToDONTOIDEA 51 Average length 12.5 mm.; greatest width 4 mm. It could not be determined from the specimens whether or not there are hooked setae on the cremaster as they stayed in the soil until the moths emerged, and if present were broken off. The larvae of this species were collected from common yellow dock the latter part of June and pupated before a description was obtained. The moths emerged during September in the laboratory. Genus DIASTICTIS Hiitbner. Body of usual shape, widest in the region of the third and fourth abdominal segments; head, thorax and appendages com- paratively smooth, the abdomen rather coarsely punctate ; fronto- clypeal suture indicated at the base of the antennae; labrum rounded on the caudal margin; a small portion of labial palpi exposed caudad of the labrum; maxillae never quite reaching the caudal margin of the wings, the proximo-lateral angles not extending to the eye-pieces ; antennae broader than the prothor- acic legs, narrowed slightly at the distal end and sometimes touching on the meson; prothoracic legs three-fourths the length of the wings, their femora exposed; mesothoracic legs as long as the maxillae; tips of the metathoracic legs usually exposed caudad of the maxillae; mesal length of prothorax two-fifths that of the mesothorax; mesothoracic spiracle with a prominent ridge adjacent to its caudal margin, the edge curved slightly caudad and covered with white setae; metathorax one-half the length of the prothorax; abdominal segments 1 to 8 thickly punctate, the ninth and tenth sparsely punctate or smooth; ab- dominal spiracles elliptical; fifth abdominal segment with five or six shallow furrows over each spiracle, the margin of the seg- ment cephalad of the spiracle with coarser punctures than the remainder of the segment; dorsal furrow never present between the ninth and tenth abdominal segments; cremaster rugose at base, bifurcate at the distal end. Only two species of this genus were collected in Maine, but other species are known to occur in the State. These two species are very closely related and may be separated as follows: a. Elevation along caudal margin of mesothoracic spiracle strongly elevated and visible in ventral view; spiracular } { } | j ' | ' a Sk ae ge es gl Hae aoe _» a le =e 52 Matne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. furrows indistinct and often resembling rows of con- fluent punctures. ribearia. aa. [Elevation along caudal margin of mesothoracie spiracle strongly elevated and not visible in ventral view; spir- acular furrows narrow, but distinct, the edges sharp. anataria. DIASTICIIS RIBEARIA Pitch: The Gooseberry Span-worm. Fig. 3, F, and Fig. 4, I and J. Color dark reddish brown; head, thorax and appendages usually smooth and polished, occasionally with indeterminate transverse striations, especially on the thorax; antennae with transverse impressions indicating the segmentation, usually -as long as the wings but seldom meeting on the meson; a distinct, transverse furrow present between the invaginations for the anterior arms of the tentorium ; eye-pieces almost equal in width; elevation caudad of the mesothoracic spiracle prominent, and visible in ventral view, the surface thickly covered with fine whitish setae; spiracular furrows of the fifth abdominal segment indistinct and resembling confluent punctures; cremaster 1 mm. in length, rugose and bifurcate for about one-fourth its length. Length 10 to 12 mm.; greatest width 3.5 mm. The larvae feed on leaves of gooseberry, currant and blue- berry. They are more often found on the gooseberry and often become a serious pest. The larvae are whitish, irregularly spotted with black and have yellow stripes on the dorsal and lateral aspects. They are full-grown about the last of June and enter the ground to pupate, but do not spin a cocoon. The moths emerge from the pupae in two or three weeks and lay their eggs which hatch the following spring. DIASTICTIS ANATARIA Swett. Fig. 4. G and H. Color dark reddish brown, head, thorax and appendages with fine indeterminate transverse striations, but giving a smooth and polished appearance; antennae as long as the wings and meeting on the meson at their caudal margin; a transverse fur- row indicated between the invaginations for the anterior arms Pupare oF Some MatINe Species or NOTODONTOIDEA 53 of the tentorium, but not deep nor very distinct; eye-pieces difficult to distinguish; elevation caudad of the mesothoracic spiracle not prominent and not visible in ventral view, its sur- face sparsely covered with whitish setae and not very noticeable, a small furrow just caudad of the elevation; spiracular furrows of the fifth abdominal segment distinct, narrow, five or six in number and punctate at the bottom of the furrows; cremaster 1.3 mm. in length, with a distinct transverse furrow at base, rugose on the proximal half, the furrows deeper on the ventral surface, and bifurcate for one-fifth its length. Length 10 to 12 mm.; greatest width 3.5 mm. The larvae of this species were collected on gray birch and yellow birch. They were about an inch long, colored dull red, marked with black in an irregular marbled pattern with a whitish spot in front of each spiracle. They were collected the last week of June and were ready to pupate in about two weeks. In the laboratory they pupated on top of the soil without form- ing a cocoon, but would probably burrow in the soil out of doors. The adults emerged July 25. Genus HYDRIA Hibner. Head short, slightly narrower than the thorax; body sur- face slightly roughened with impressed lines and punctures, but presenting a polished appearance; epicranial suture present and distinct; labrum broader than long, rounded at the distal end; a small triangular portion of the labial palpi usually visible caudad of the labrum; maxillae sometimes reaching the caudal margin of the wings, but usually slightly shorter and exposing the tips of the metathoracic legs, the proximo-lateral angles never extending as far as the eye-pieces ; antennae always reach- ing the caudal margin of the wings; prothoracic legs almost three-fourths the length of the wings, their femora always ex- posed; mesothoracic legs usually slightly shorter than the an- tennae ; both prothoracic and mesothoracic legs extending cepha- lad between each sculptured eye-piece and the antenna; mesal length of prothorax two-fifths that of the mesothorax; meta- thorax about half the length of the prothorax and shorter than the first abdominal segment; mesothoracic spiracles slit-like ; abdomen coarsely punctate, except on the ninth and tenth seg- 54 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STaATIon. 1917. ments; dorsum of fifth abdominal segment with a deep furrow along the cephalic margin, invisible when the body is contracted and the movable segments telescoped; abdominal spiracles slightly produced, the openings elliptical; dorsal furrows present between the ninth and tenth abdominal segments, its caudal mar- gin finely serrate, the lateral extension reaching caudad almost to the base of the cremaster; cremaster about twice the length of the tenth segment, a slight furrow at base, bifurcate at tip and with hooked setae near the proximal end. HYDRIA UNDULATA Linnaeus. The Scallop-shell Moth. Fig. 4, A and D. Color reddish brown; ventral surface of head and append- ages with shallow, impressed lines; labrum slightly elevated ; thoracic segments with irregular, deeply impressed lines; met- athorax and first abdominal segment showing a rather prom nent ridge along the caudal margin; abdomen with the first four segments coarsely punctate except a narrow strip along the caudal margin; dorsum of fifth segment almost smooth caudad of the furrow which is edged with black; sixth, seventh and eighth segments like the first four, the ninth and tenth practi- cally smooth; cremaster rugose at base, narrowing rapidly to a slender spine-like part which is bifurcate at tip, the arms of the bifurcation slender and divergent, lateral margin of cremaster with three slender hooked setae along each lateral margin. Average length 9 mm.; greatest width 3 mm. The larvae of the scallop-shell moth feed mostly on cherry. They are dark brown or nearly black on the back with some fine yellow lines, and yellowish white underneath. They make a sort of nest by webbing the leaves together at the end of a branch and adding more leaves as they need food. The larvae were collected August 26 and soon after entered the soil to pu- pate. They form an earthen cell in which the pupa passes the winter. Genus PALEACRITA Riley. Body of usual type, but usually strongly convex on the dorsum of the first three abdominal segments, so that the body Sect 55 Pupar or Some Martine Species or NoroDONTOIDEA is very thick in this region; face-parts decidedly elevated at the proximal ends of the antennae, clypeal region, labrum and eye-pieces ; a furrow present indicating the lateral parts of the fronto-clypeal suture; labrum almost semicircular in outline; antennae reaching the caudal margin of the wings, the distal end of each curved slightly mesad; maxillae reaching the cau- dal margin of the wings, their proximo-lateral angles not ex- tending as far as the eye-pieces; labial palpi never exposed; prothoracic leg reaching cephalad between the sculptured eye- piece and antenna, and at least seven-eighths the length of the wings, their femora never exposed ; mesothoracic legs sometimes reaching the caudal margin of the wings, but usually a little shorter; thoracic segments unusually short, the entire thorax less than one-fourth the total length of the body; mesal length of prothorax two-thirds that of the mesothorax, and the meta- thorax one-half of this length; mesothoracic spiracle with its caudal margin abruptly elevated, then a gradual slope towards the base of the wing; abdomen coarsely punctate, at least on eight segments; dorsal furrow never present between the ninth and tenth segments; abdominal spiracles strongly produced, the openings somewhat lenticular; one deep spiracular furrow present over each spiracle on the fifth segment, the outer margin strongly chitinized; cremaster longer than broad, slightly bi- furcate at tip often showing a fine seta on each lateral margin near the proximal end. This genus has only one common species, Paleacrita vernata which is common in the eastern part of the United States and Canada. PALEACRITA VERNATA Peck. The Spring Canker-worm. Fig. 3, C and D. Color yellowish or reddish brown; head, thorax, and ap- pendages slightly roughened with indeterminate transverse stria- tions; a portion of the front more strongly elevated than the remainder of the face-parts; antennae showing transverse im- pressions ; abdomen coarsely punctate on segments | to 8, rarely on the remaining segments; abdomen considerably arched in the region of the first three segments giving the pupa a hump- backed appearance; spiracular furrows with their transverse 56 Marine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1917. length twice that of the spiracles; spiracles usually black or dark brown and produced for a distance equal to their length; a prominent projection usually present on each side of the anal opening, probably the scars of the anal prolegs; cremaster less than 1 mm. in length, usually triangular at base narrowing ra- pidly so that the distal end is cylindrical and spine-like, slightly bifurcate at tip; lateral setae of the cremaster very fine and easily broken and not usually found on specimens. Average length 8 mm.; greatest width 3.5 mm.; height at third abdominal segment 3 to 3.5 mm. The larvae of the spring canker-worm are about an inch long and vary considerably in color from light brown to dull black. There is a yellow stripe running through the spiracles and a greenish yellow stripe underneath. They are ready to pupate about the first of June and enter the ground where they make an earthen cell and change to pupae. They live over win- ter in the pupal stage, the moths emerging in early spring. Al- though the female moths of this species are wingless, the pupae have the wings as well developed in the female as in the male. Genus ERANNIS Hitbner. Cephalic half of body much thicker than the remainder, the dorsum of the first three segments convex as seen in lateral view ; fronto-clypeal suture distinct for a part of its distance; clypeal and labrai regions distinctly elevated, the labrum almost semi-circular in outline; labial palpi not visible; maxillae never quite reaching the caudal margin of the wings, the proximo- lateral angles never reaching the eye-pieces ; antennae consider- ably broader than the prothoracic legs and only slightly nar- rowed at the distal end, always reaching the caudal margin of the wings and there curving mesad and normally touching; pro- thoracic legs at least seven-eighths the length of the wings, the femora never exposed, the cephalic end extending between the antenna and the sculptured eye-piece; mesothoracic legs as long as the maxillae and almost reaching the caudal margin of the wings; prothorax one-half the length of the mesothorax, the caudal margin not prominently curved at the meson; mesothor- acic spiracles with a prominent ovate flattened tubercle adjacent to its caudal margin, the surface rugose and apparently cov- ered with very fine, short setae, the tubercle extending at least oe Pupart oF Some Matne Species or NoropoNToIDEA 57 one-fourth of the distance between the margin of the antenna and the meson; mesothorax shorter than usual, the metathorax about one-fourth of its mesal length; abdominal segments 1 to 8, sometimes 1 to 9, punctate, the remaining segments smooth; abdominal spiracles almost circular in outline, the openings elliptical, the lips somewhat elevated ; spiracular furrows present on the fifth segment, each with a strongly chitinized edge, the sur- face punctate, the area surrounding the spiracle having few punctures; dorsal furrow present between the ninth and tenth abdominal segments, the edges not strongly toothed; cremaster broad at base, and rugose, narrowing rapidly to a smooth spine- like distal half which is bifurcate at tip. ERANNIS TILIARIA Harris. The Lime Span-worm. Fig. 3, A and B. Color usually bright reddish or yellowish brown, the head, thorax, and appendages often darker than the remaining sur- face ; face parts with fine indeterminate striations, almost smooth, a few wrinkles or impressed lines between the proximal ends of the antennae; thorax with shallow impressed lines; abdom- inal segments 1 to 8 coarsely, thickly punctate; eighth segment somewhat swollen in the region of the spiracles and narrowing rapidly to the caudal margin; caudal margin of the furrow be- tween the ninth and tenth segments finely serrate and somewhat crenulate in outline; cremaster with a transverse furrow at base, the proximal half rugose with a slight lateral projection on each side at the base of the narrow, smooth distal portion, which is bifurcate at tip, each half slender and somewhat seta-like, very easily broken. Average length 12 to 15 mm.; greatest width 4 to 5 mm. The larvae of the lime span-worm were collected this season from apple, cherry, Carolina poplar and the linden or lime tree, although most of them came from apple. The caterpillars are about an inch and a half long, and the markings vary con- siderably. They are generally dull dark red on the back, with a broad yellow stripe through the spiracles, and whitish under- neath. They were most abundant the last two weeks of June and pupated the last of June and the first week in July. They burrow into the soil near the base of the tree to pupate and 58 Matne AGRICULTURAL EXPERTMENT Station. 1917. make an earthen cell, but no traces of cocoons were found. The adults emerge late in the fall and lay the eggs, which do not hatch till spring. Family NOTODONTIDAE. The pupae of this family vary considerably, and there is no one character which will serve to separate them from those of the nearly related families. The prothoracic and mesothor- acic legs are of the normal length for lepidopterous pupae, the prothoracic legs about half that of the wings and the mesothor- acic legs slightly longer. The labial palpi often show a very small portion caudad of the labrum. The maxillae seldom reach the caudal margin of the wings and are usually less than three- fifths their length. The antennae are broadest at their proximal ends, and there the width exceeds that of the prothoracic legs. They seldom reach the caudal margin of the wings, and their tips often le adjacent on the meson caudad of the other appen- dages. The mesothoracic leg never reaches cephalad to the eye-pieces, but the prothoracic leg always does. The latter seldom extends cephalad between the sculptured eye-piece and the antenna. The abdomen is usually punctate and only shows a dorsal furrow between the ninth and tenth segments in the genus Datana. The mesothoracic spiracles are usually slit-like and seldom, if ever, show an elevated ridge or tubercle adjacent to the caudal margin. The abdominal spiracles are seldom pro- duced and always in a straight line. Spiracular furrows are never present. A few members of this family have no cre- master, but usually a short cremaster is present. The presence of hooked setae on the cremaster is the exception in the Noto- dontidae, as most of them pupate in the ground. The colors vary but little in this family, nearly all being chestnut-brown, but a few are nearly black. None of the species known have prominent markings on the body. The genera of Notodontidae may be separated as follows: a. Maxillae one-third or less the length of the wings; both prothoracic and mesothoracic legs meeting on the meson caudad of the maxillae; abdomen very finely punctate. b. Thorax and abdomen thickly covered with very fine short setae; cremaster a stout spine about one millimeter in bb. ada. (Ee PuparE oF SomME MAINE SPECIES OF NOTODONTOIDEA 59 length with two short recurving hooks at the tip, each of which bears two or more very fine setae. Melalopha. Thorax and abdomen never thickly covered with very fine, short setae; cremaster never as described above; sometimes absent. Abdominal segments 2 to 7 with a slight ridge at both cephalic and caudal margins, the cephalic ridge interrupted by deep pits giving it the appearance of a row of square tubercles; face-parts and ap- pendages not elevated, making a smooth even sur- face; cephalic end of body not elevated between the antennae; cremaster short. Apatelodes. cc. Abdominal segments 2 to 7 never with ridges; ap- pendages distinctly elevated; cephalic end of body elevated between the antennae; cremaster never present. ; Far pyia. Maxillae always more than one-third the length of the wings ; never with both prothoracic and mesothoracic legs meeting on the meson; abdomen usually rather coarsely punctate. b. Maxillae from one-half to three-fifths the length of the bb. wings; mesothoracic legs meeting on the meson caudad of the maxillae; appendages roughened with deep inde- terminate striations; abdomen coarsely punctate; a dis- tinct, deep furrow on the dorsum between the ninth and tenth abdominal segments; cremaster short, bifurcate, each half with several short, spiny projections. Datana. Maxillae more than three-fifths the length of the wings; neither prothoracic nor mesothoracic legs meeting on the meson caudad of the maxillae; appendages usually with shallow striations; a distinct furrow never present on the dorsum between the ninth and tenth abdominal! segments ; cremaster not as described above. c. Entire body surface with coarse deep punctures; ce- phalic margin of the movable abdominal segments with large lunate punctures and a ridge with a row of large distinct punctures just caudad of it; cre- master short, rugose, slightly bifurcate; bearing six 60 MatIne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. long hooked setae; mesothorax never with a deeply pitted caudal margin. Symmerista. ce. Body usually punctate on the abdomen but not on the appendages; movable abdominal segments some- times with a shght ridge along the cephalic mar- gin but never with a row of large punctures just caudad of it; cremaster bifurcate, but’ never with hooked setae; mesothorax with a row of deep pits along the caudal margin, with smooth quadrangu- lar areas between and partly covering them. d. Wings always touching on the meson; max- illae never as long as the wings; cephalic end of body sometimes with two sharp, heavily chitinized projections. Schizura. : dd. Wings adjacent on the meson but not touch- ing; maxillae usually as long as the wings ; cephalic end of body never. with heavily chitinized projections. Heterocampa. Genus MELALOPHA Htibner. Body cylindrical, blunt at the cephalic end, the head scarce- ly visible in dorsal view; surface smooth, polished, covered with very fine setae which are only visible by the aid of a lens; epicranial suture present but only a small portion visible, the vertex being represented by a small triangular area adjacent to each antenna; labrum usually broader than long; sculptured eye-piece more than twice the width of the wlaged eye-piece ; antennae broader at the proximal end than the prothoracic legs and tapering gradually to a pointed tip; labial palpi usually en- tirely concealed, but occasional specimens show a small portion just caudad of the labrum; maxillae one-third or less the length of the wings, the proximo-lateral angles never reaching the eye- pieces; legs of the normal length, both prothoracic and meso- thoracic legs adjacent on the meson caudad of the maxillae, and a very small portion of the metathoracic legs showing between the wings at their caudal margin; thorax relatively short, only about one-fourth the length of the body; mesal length of pro- thorax two-fifths that of the mesothorax; metathorax. shorter than the first abdominal segment; spiracles all slightly elevated, PupaE oF SoME MAINE SpEciIES oF NovroDONTOIDEA 61 their openings elliptical; abdomen finely punctate; cremaster a straight spine with the distal end widened and bearing two or three recurving hooks on each side, each hook bearing minute setae on its mesal margin which are very easily destroyed. MELALOPHA INCLUSA Hubner. Big. 5; Cand I Color usually yellowish brown, with darker brown on the thorax, the cephalic margin of the abdominal spiracles, the ce- phalic margin of the movable abdominal segments and the cre- master; antennae smooth, ending opposite the prothoracic legs; maxillae one-third the length of the wings or slightly less; first three segments of the abdomen usually more elevated than the thorax and forming a distinct curve; abdominal segments finely punctate, the cephalic margin of each movable segment much more densely punctate, the ninth and tenth segments almost smooth; first abdominal segment with the scar of the larval tubercles apparent, in some specimens as a dark spot on each side of the meson, in others a small, but distinct tubercle in the same position ; cremaster (Fig. 5, 1) 1 mm. in length, with either | two or three recurving hooks on each side. Length 13 to 16 mm.; greatest width 5 mm. The larvae of this species feed on poplar. Several of the larvae live together in a sort of tent formed by drawing two or three leaves together with threads of silk. They spin a loose co- coon, placing it among the leaves in captivity, but no cocoons were found during the summer’s collecting. Genus APATELODES Packard. Cephalic half of body to the caudal margin of the wings wider and thicker than the caudal half, which tapers gradually to the short blunt cremaster; body surface highly polished, none of the face-parts or appendages prominently elevated so that the surface is smooth and even; epicranial suture present, but faint; vertex about twice as long at lateral margin as at meson; fronto- clypeal suture sometimes indicated by an impressed line; ceph- alic margin of labrum about twice the width of the caudal margin; labial palpi represented by a small pentagonal area just — 2) 2a 62 MarIne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. caudad of the labrum; antennae broader at the proximal end, where they slightly exceed the width of the prothoracic legs, and tapering gradually to a pointed tip; maxillae one-third the length of the wings, their proximo-lateral angles separated from the eye-pieces by almost the width of the latter; legs of about the usual length, the prothoracic legs adjacent on the meson caudad of the maxillae for a distance equal to the length of the maxillae; mesothoracic legs meeting just caudad of the pro- thoracic ones; wings adjacent on the meson for a short distance caudad of the mesothoracic legs; mesal length of the prothorax slightly more than half that of the mesothorax which is shorter than usual in the notodontids; metathorax equal in length to the first abdominal segment ; abdomen very finely, sparsely punc- tate, some of the segments with a flanged plate or ridge along the cephalic margin which is interrupted by deep pits, segments 4 to 6 with a similar plate along the caudal margin not inter- rupted by pits; cremaster, if present, very short, rough, and us- ually blunt. APATELODES TORREFACTA Smith and Abbot. Fig. 6, G: Color very dark reddish brown; head usually smooth and highly polished, sometimes roughened around the labrum; an- tennae ending slightly cephalad of the prothoracic legs; thorax with a few impressed lines and punctures; prothorax always with a small group of punctures in the caudo-lateral angle near the spiracle; mesothoracic spiracle with an elevated caudal mar- gin and caudad of this a slight depression; abdominal segments 2 to 7 with an elevated cephalic ridge interrupted by pits, and sparsely covered with very fine punctures and a few striations in the spiracular region; segments 8 to 10 with a very few punc- tures; cremaster very short, less than 1 mm., rugose and scarce- ly bifurcate at tip. Length 20 to 22 mm.; greatest width 9 mm. The larva of this species has been taken in Maine on ash, beach, plum, oak, sassafras and various species of Rubus. It is very hairy, somewhat like a “woolly bear” and light grey in color with two long pencils of hairs on the thorax and one on the eighth abdominal segment. It enters the ground to pupate Pupar oF SoME MAINne Species oF NOTODONTOIDEA 63 and there makes an earthen cell. The pupa is easily recognized by the peculiar “bordered” appearance of the abdominal seg- ments. Genus HARPYIA Ochsenheimer. Body distinctly depressed, elliptical in outline; front elevat- ed at meson to accommodate the slight crest of the adult; fronto- clypeal suture indicated laterad by a slight furrow; invaginations for the anterior arms of the tentorium large and distinct ; clypeo- labral suture indicated by a furrow; labrum nearly as long as broad, the caudal margin slightly narrowed; genae elevated ; an- tennae elevated with the proximal half almost twice the width of the prothoracic legs, then rapidly narrowing to about one- fourth of this width, ending slightly caudad of the prothoracic legs; maxillae one-third the length of the wings; prothoracic and mesothoracic legs of the usual length and both meeting on the meson caudad of the maxillae; wings meeting on the meson caudad of the mesothoracic legs; mesal length of the prothorax slightly more than half that of the mesothorax, and that of the metathorax one-sixth that of the mesothorax; abdominal seg- ments punctate; no cremaster present. HARPYIA BOREALIS Boisduvyal. Bigs 5, -): Color reddish or yellowish brown; surface smooth and dull; head,- thorax and appendages with fine striations more promi- nent on the prothorax and front; antennae with a row of minute tubercles along the middle line; maxillae with the proximo- lateral angles separated from the eye-pieces by a distance equal to the width of the eye-pieces; prothorax with a protuberance at each cephalo-lateral angle, probably indicating the scar of larval protuberances; mesothoracic spiracle slit-like; abdomen finely, sparsely punctate on the dorsum of the first eight seg- ments, the remainder of the surface smooth; spiracles lenticular, usually margined by a black line. Length 16 to 18 mm.; greatest width 7 mm. The larvae of this species have been taken in Maine from poplar. 64 Marine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Sration. 1917. The larvae of this species belong to the group popularly known as horntails, on account of the long tail-like projections from the caudal end of the body. Harpyia borealis has two of these. The body is yellowish in color, the dorsal part nearly all dark brown. They feed on wild cherry. The larvae are found early in September and pupate about the last of the month. The cocoon is very thick and tough and usually spun against the side of the tree, where it resembles an excrescence on the bark. Genus DATANA Walker. Body always with an elevation at the cephalic end between the proximal ends of the antennae evidently to accommodate the crest of the imago; front prominently elevated, the elevation roughened with deep transverse striations and deeply punctate along the lateral margins; labrum also elevated, more promi- nently on the cephalic half; mandibular area sometimes elevat- ed; glazed eye-piece always very narrow, scarcely more than a line along the mesal margin of the sculptured eye-piece; an- tennae at proximal end wider than the prothoracic legs and tap- ering gradually to a pointed tip, usually about two-thirds the length of the wings; maxillae from one-half to three-fifths the length of the wings, the proximo-lateral angles extending to the eye-pieces; labial palpi entirely concealed; legs of the usual length, the mesothoracic pair always meeting on the meson cau- dad of the maxillae; wings always adjacent on the meson cau- dad of the mesothoracic legs; mesothorax shorter than usual so that the thoracic segments are only one-fourth the. total length of the body; mesal length of the prothorax one-half that of the mesothorax, the metathorax about one-sixth of the same length; thorax and abdomen always punctate; dorsum of abdo- men always showing a deep furrow between segments nine and ten, its caudal margin serrate; cremaster short, bifurcate, each half bearing two or more short spinous projections. There are at least four species of Datana found in Maine, and two of these Datana ministra and Datana integerrima may become serious pests. The other two species are comparatively rare as far as our records for the state show. While the pupae of this genus are very distinctive, the species are very closely related and the characters available for their separation are PupaE oF SoME MAINE SPECIES OF NOTODONTOIDEA 65 somewhat variable: The teeth on the furrow between the ninth and tenth abdominal segments vary considerably, but in general follow the same arrangement. The following table may serve to separate the species: a. Prothoracic legs always extending as far caudad as the maxillae, or meeting on-the meson caudad of them; furrow between the ninth and tenth abdominal segments with the teeth on the caudal margin all short and approxi- mately of equal length; pupae normally less than 20 mm. in length. b. Dorsum of tenth abdominal segment not punctate; caudal margin of the furrow between the ninth and tenth ab- dominal segments scarcely elevated; surface usually shining and polished. angust. bb. Dorsum of tenth abdominal segment punctate as the remaining segments except perhaps a small area near meson; caudal margin of the furrow between the ninth and tenth abdominal segments always considerably elevated; surface dull. integerrima. aa. Prothoracic legs not extending as far caudad as the max- illae, at least 1 mm. apart; furrow between the ninth and tenth abdominal segments with the teeth on the caudal margin uneven, and longer near the meson; pupae nor- mally over 20 mm. in length. b. Crest on the front with a prominent longitudinal carinate ridge on the meson and a distinct furrow on each side; abdomen with medium punctures; each half of the cre- master with three projections. major. bb. Crest on the front without longitudinal ridges or fur- rows; abdomen with large shallow punctures; each half of the cremaster with two projections. muinistra. DATANA ANGUSII Grote and Robinson. Fig. 5, D and E. Color bright reddish brown; crest prominent, always ru- gose with deep transverse striations and punctures, and usually with two longitudinal furrows; face-parts and appendages with transverse striations, much shallower than those of the crest 66 Martner AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. and not noticeably punctate; antennae ending just cephalad of the mesothoracic legs; maxillae slightly more than half the length of the wings, usually about four-sevenths; prothoracic legs normally ending opposite the maxillae; cephalic margin of prothorax considerably elevated as seen in lateral view; pro- thorax with a distinct median carinate ridge, a similar but less prominent ridge on the metathorax; abdomen with medium punctures, larger along the cephalic margin of the movable _segments; the surface irregular with fine ridges and some ir- regular depressions so that it does not appear even; first three abdominal segments broadly elevated along the meson; furrow between the ninth and tenth abdominal segments without prom- inent teeth, the teeth all about the same size; ninth abdominal segment with few punctures, the tenth smooth; each half the cremaster (Fig. 5, E) with a large, rather blunt mesal projec- tion and a smaller, more pointed lateral one. Length 15 to 18 mm.; greatest width 5 mm. The larvae of this species feed on walnut and hickory. They pupate in the ground, each larva making a somewhat oval cell, without spinning a cocoon. DATANA MAJOR Grote and Robinson. Fig. 5, F. Color bright reddish brown; crest very prominent with two longitudinal furrows and deep transverse striations, the lateral margins punctate; face-parts and appendages with irregular, transverse striations’ and depressions; antennae meeting on the meson caudad of the mesothoracic legs; maxillae slightly more than half the length of the wings; prothoracic legs much shorter than the maxillae; mesothoracic legs meeting on the meson just caudad of the maxillae; cephalic margin of prothorax not ele- vated; prothorax and metathorax very slightly elevated along the meson; abdomen rather coarsely punctate and with small indeterminate depressions, both transverse and longitudinal; furrow between the nmth and tenth segments edged with black, the caudal margin elevated and with uneven teeth ; both ninth and tenth abdominal segments punctate like the remaining segments ; each half of the cremaster (Fig. 5, F) with three equal projec- tions. PupPAE OF SoME MAINE SpEcIES oF NoTODONTOIDEA 67 Length 25 to 27 mm.; greatest width 8 mm. The larvae of this species feed on certain species of Vac- cinium, the common blueberries and deerberry, also on An- dromeda. As its name implies it is the largest species of the genus. The method of pupation is probably the same as for the other species of Datana, but it has not been observed by the writer. DATANA INTEGERRIMA Grote and Robinson. Big. 5, (G: Color dark brown; crest not very prominent, the longitud- inal furrows not deep or well defined ; face-parts and appendages very rough with impressed lines and other surface sculpturing ; antennae never meeting on the meson nor extending as far cau- dad as the mesothoracic legs ; maxillae about one-half the length of the wings and slightly longer than the prothoracic legs ; meso- thoracic legs meeting on the meson caudad of the maxillae; median line of the prothorax and metathorax slightly elevated ; thorax noticeably punctate among the transverse striations ; ab- dominal segments rather finely punctate, with few other mark- ings; furrow between the ninth and tenth segments edged with black, the caudal margin elevated and almost evenly toothed; both ninth and tenth abdominal segments punctate; each half of the cremaster with three short, almost equal projections. Length 17 to 19 mm.; greatest width 6 mm. The larvae of this species feed on walnut, hickory and oak. They are found in large companies and always keep together while feeding. They pupate in the ground. DATANA MINISTRA Walker. Higa Seb: Color bright reddish brown, ,sometimes yellowish brown; crest on front seldom showing longitudinal furrows; face-parts and appendages rugose with indeterminate transverse striations, the appendages less rugose than the face-parts; maxillae three- fifths the length of the wings or a trifle shorter, always longer than the prothoracic legs; cephalic margin of prothorax slightly —— 68 MatIne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. elevated ; median line of prothorax and metathorax slightly ele- vated but not carinate; abdomen coarsely punctate, the punc- tures larger along the cephalic margin of each movable segment, and with scarcely any other markings; furrow between segments nine and ten edged with black, the teeth coarse and largest near the meson; caudal margin of furrow elevated; eighth and ninth abdominal segments always punctate; cremaster usually with two short spinous projections on each half. Length about 23 mm. varying but little; greatest width 7 mm. Most larvae of Datana ministra have been collected from apple in this state, although it feeds on a variety of other trees. The larva enters the ground to pupate. It spins no cocoon, but forms an earthen cell in which silk threads are seldom present. Genus SYMMERISTA Hubner. Head distinctly narrower than the thorax; body surface punctate, even on the appendages, though presenting a polished appearance, and without impressed lines or other markings; clypeal region slightly elevated; invaginations for the anterior arms of the tentorium very distinct; labrum almost semicircular in outline; glazed eye-piece one-fourth the width of the sculp- tured eye-piece and bounded mesally by an impressed black line; maxillae about nine-tenths the length of the wings, the tips of the antennae meeting just caudad of them on the mes- on; antennae considerably wider at the proximal end, but their greatest width is not equal to that of the prothoracic leg; pro- thoracic and mesothoracic legs of the usual length, never meet- ing on the meson; wings meeting on the meson for a short dis- tance caudad of the antennae; mesal length of prothorax one- third that of the mesothorax and the metathorax one-fourth of the same length; cremaster short, slightly bifurcate, and bear- ing hooked setae. SYMMERISTA ALBIFRONS Smith and Abbot. Fig. 6, A and B. Color dark chestnut-brown; mesal half of the genae and a small area adjoining the cephalic margin of the prothorax : Pupar oF SomE Matne Species or NoropoNTOIDEA 69 highly polished and without punctures; punctures on the front black, and more irregular in outline than on the remainder of the body surface; mesothoracic spiracles with both margins elevat- ed, the caudal margin slightly more so than the cephalic, and black’ in color; movable abdominal segments with the cephalic margin more densely punctate than the remainder and with large lunate punctures ; cephalic margin separated from the remainder of the segment by a distinct ridge, and just caudad of this a row of large black punctures ; abdominal spiracles (Fig. 6, B) elevat- ed along the cephalic margin, the openings somewhat crescent- shaped and directed caudad ; cremaster less than 1 mm. in length, rugose with longitudinal ridges, each point of the bifurcation bearing three hooked setae. — Length 17 to 21 mm.; greatest width 5 to 7 mm. The larvae of Symmerista albifrons are striped longitudin- ally with black and red and have a prominent red hump near the caudal end of the body. They spin a thin, tough cocoon between leaves, and are usually found on the surface of the ground under the tree on which the larvae fed. The larvae feed on oak and maple. They appear late in the season and pupate in September. Genus SCHIZURA Doubleday. Body of usual type, sometimes with a projection at the cephalic end; surface appearing smooth and polished ; epicranial suture visible in some species ; antennae with the greatest width greater than that of the prothoracic legs, narrowed rapidly and forming a long pointed tip, never quite reaching the caudal mar- gin of the wings; maxillae always more than three-fifths the length of the wings, but never reaching their caudal margin, the caudo-lateral angles always reaching the glazed eye-piece, sometimes extending beyond; mesal length of prothorax one- half that of the mesothorax; mesonotum with a row of deep elongate pits along the caudal margin of the wings with smooth, square black areas between; metathorax with its mesal length about one-fourth that of the mesothorax; abdomen with the first eight segments punctate; cremaster entirely bifurcate, each half somewhat boot-shaped, the lateral margins of the cremaster subparallel. 70 Matne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1917. The species of Schizura may be separated by the following table: a. Maxillae always more than seven-eighths the length of the wings; cephalic end of body blunt and only slightly pro- jecting between the antennae; abdominal segments 5 to 7 with the punctures distinctly larger and more numer- ous along the cephalic margin; body never with prominent tubercle scars on the dorsum of the mesothorax, meta- thorax, and first abdominal segments. ipomede. aa. Maxillae five-sixths the length of the wings; cephalic end of body with a prominent, slightly bifurcate pro- jection; abdominal segments 5 to 7 with the punctures of approximately the same size and not much more nu- merous along the cephalic margin; body with prominent tubercle scars on the dorsum of the mesothorax, meta- thorax and first abdominal segment. concimna. SCHIZURA IPOMEAE Doubleday.. igeo) gb Color bright yellowish brown; body with a slight projec- tion at the cephalic end between the proximal ends of the anten- nae; epicranial suture visible for a short distance adjacent to each antenna in the majority of specimens; face-parts and ap- pendages smooth and polished, with very few punctures or oth- er surface markings; mandibular area) slightly elevated; anten- nae ending just caudad of the mesothoracic legs, but never meet- ing on the meson; maxillae more than seven-eighths the length of the wings, the caudo-lateral angles always extending to the eye-pieces ; sculptured eye-piece distinguished by its impressed lines and slightly wider than the other; thoracic segments with a few fine punctures; mesothorax without punctures as in S. concimna, but with short, transverse, impressed lines on each side the meson; caudal margin of mesonotum with seven pits and six square black polished areas between; abdominal seg- ments sparsely covered with very fine punctures except for a band along the cephalic margin of segments 5 to 7, which is densely and rather coarsely punctate; first abdominal segment often with a small rounded tubercle, or at least a tubercle scar on the meson showing the location of the prominent larval pro- PuprarE oF SomME Marine Species or NotodONTOIDEA 71 jection; abdominal spiracles slightly produced, the openings somewhat crescent-shaped; eighth abdominal segment with a dark tubercle scar on each side of the meson; cremaster about 1 mm. in length, the lateral margins subparallel, the mesal mar- gins with two projections. Length 15 to 20 mm.; greatest width 4 mm. The larvae of this species has been collected only on maple, although it is reported from oak, elm and several other trees. The larvae enter the soil to pupate and there spin a thin cocoon which is covered with particles of sand or soil. The pupae of this species closely resemble those of certain species of Hetero- campa notably H. bilineata. SCHIZURA CONCINNA Smith and Abbot. The Red-humped Apple-worm. Fig. 5, A. Color chestnut brown; body with a prominent median ce- phalic projection which is slightly bifurcate; face-parts and appendages smooth and polished, without markings except for a few transverse impressions; antennae not extending as far cau- dad as the mesothoracic legs, which are usually 1 mm. longer; -maxillae five-sixths the length of the wings; scars of larval projections prominent on each side the meson of the mesothorax, metathorax and first abdominal segment, where they often show as distinct tubercles, less prominent scars on the fourth abdom- inal segment, and occasionally scars visible on the other seg- ments but usually not distinct; caudal margin of mesonotum normally with nine pits and eight square, black, polished areas between; abdominal segments rather densely punctate with punctures of medium size, the punctures on the cephalic margin of segments 5 to 7 differing very little from those on the re- mainder of the segment; abdominal spiracles large, slightly pro- duced, the openings elliptical, the margins very dark brown; cremaster about one-half millimeter in length, bifurcate, each half oblong with a very slight projection at each angle and an- other on the mesal margin about half way to the distal end. Length 10 to 12 mm.; greatest width 4 mm. The red-humped apple caterpillar is often a serious pest in apple orchards. It also feeds on other fruit trees and a number of forest trees. The larvae feed mostly at the ends of the Matne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT StaTiIon. 1917. NI bo branches and live in colonies. They have fine black and white longitudinal stripes on the body and near the cephalic end some short black projections with a prominent reddish hump on the fourth abdominal segment. They usually pupate under dead leaves and sticks at the base of the tree and begin to pupate the last of August or in the early part of September. They spin a very thin cocoon which is usually fastened between two dead leaves or some small sticks. There is only one brood in Maine and adults emerge from these pupae the following spring. Genus HETEROCAMPA Doubleday. Body slightly wider at the cephalic half, tapering gradually from the fourth abdominal segment to the cremaster; fronto-_ clypeal suture faintly mdicated; labrum somewhat triangular in outline, much narrower on the caudal margin; glazed eye- piece about one-half the greatest width of the sculptured eye- piece ; antennae more than seven-eighths the length of the wings; maxillae usually as long as the wings, but sometimes a little shorter, the proximo-lateral angles extending laterad to the eye- pieces ; prothoracic and mesothoracic legs visible and of the us- ual length; labial palpi never visible; wings adjacent on the meson below the maxillae but seldom touching; mesal length of prothorax about two-fifths that of the mesothorax; mesonotum with a row of deep pits along the caudal margin separated by smooth quadrangular areas; mesal length of metathorax one-fifth, that of the mesothorax; abdominal segments punctate ; cremaster bifurcate, each half somewhat boot-shaped. HETEROCAMPA GUTTIVITTA Walker. The Saddled Prominent. Fig. 6, C and D. Color very dark brown, often almost black; surface smooth and polished; head, thorax and appendages slightly roughene with fine, rather close striations excepting the genae and glazed eye-pieces which are highly polished; maxillae slightly longer than the antennae but never quite reaching the caudal margin of the wings; pits along the caudal margin of the mesonotum normally eight, but occasionally with only seven; mesothoracic spiracle with a smooth, slightly elevated area adjacent to its Purse oF Some MAINE Species oF NoOTODONTOIDEA 73 caudal margin which has a small semicircular depressed area in the middle; abdomen finely but not coarsely punctate, the punctures slightly larger along the cephalic margin of the seg- ments; spiracles lenticular, slightly depressed; cremaster with the lateral margins subparallel, usually 1 mm. in length, some- times shorter ; a rugose area at base Ens cephalad by a nar- row, irregular carinate ridge. Length 18 to 22 mm.; greatest width 6 mm. The larvae of this species feed on beech, maple, and many other trees. They often become very numerous and during the years 1908 and 1909 became a serious pest in Maine and New Hampshire. A description of the larvae and their life history is given in Bulletin 161 of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station. The larvae when full grown pupate in an earthen ceil, or among leaves at the base of the trees. HETEROCAMPA BILINEATA Packard. Color usually chestnut brown, sometimes darker; surface smooth and polished; head, thorax and appendages almost smooth, with a few slightly depressed lines; maxillae always reaching the caudal margin of the wings; pits along the caudal margin of the mesonotum usually eleven, occasionally only ten; mesothoracic spiracle with a very narrow elevation adjacent to the caudal margin, and caudad of this a slight depression; ab- domen rather coarsely punctate on the cephalic margin, the punctures smaller and farther apart on the remainder of the segment; abdominal spiracles lenticular but not depressed; cre- master with the lateral margins distinctly converging to the tip, usually less than 1 mm. in length, never with a rugose area at base. Length 16 to 20 mm.; greatest width 5 mm. The larvae of this species have been collected in Maine from oak, elm and linden. The larva enters the soil to pupate, where it spins a loose web of silk to which the particles of soil adhere, forming a sort of earthen cocoon. Family PLATYPTERYGIDAE. This family consists of four genera, and pupae of only two of these have been seen. The larvae of Oreta rosea were col- calipers STI ERS ee ss SE ERE ca Se 74 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. lected, but were not reared to maturity. The pupae of the two genera vary considerably in some respects, but are very similar in others. They have the maxillae very short, about one-third the length of the wings. The legs are of normal length, both the prothoracic and mesothoraciec meeting on the meson caudad of the maxillae. The antennae are about the width of the pro- thoracic legs at their proximal end and are gradually narrowed towards the tip. They are slightly longer than the mesothoracic legs. The tips of the metathoracic legs are always exposed. The metathoracic wings are always visible on the ventral sur- face of the body. They meet on the meson caudad of the meso- thoracic legs and then separate to show the metathoracic legs. _ They are also visible along the caudal margin of the mesothor- acic wings. The thorax is of normal length and the mesothor- acic spiracles are slit-like. The abdomen is punctate, with a dorsal furrow present between the ninth and tenth segments. This furrow is never as well-defined as in the Geometridae. The abdominal spiracles are usually quite large and in a straight line. No spiracular furrows are present. A cremaster is always pres- ent and may or may not have hooked setae. So far as known the members of this family do not pupate in the ground, but in a thin cocoon, or attached to a web of silk by the cremaster. The genera described here may be separated as follows: a. Cremaster with prominent hooked setae; prothorax with a prominent median ridge which shows as a median cephal- ic projection on the ventral surface; body densely covered with whitish bloom. Falcaria. aa. Cremaster without prominent hooked setae; prothorax without a prominent median ridge, the front having two prominent cephalic projections; body never with bloom on any part of its surface. Drepana. Genus FALCARIA Haworth. Body of usual shape, and densely covered with a whitish bloom; face-parts slightly elevated, an irregular tubercle on the front adjacent to the proximal end of each antenna; caudal portion of the clypeal region distinctly elevated to form a large rounded tubercle; prothoracic leg extending cephalad between Pupar or Some Marne Spectres or NoroDONTOIDEA 75 the sculptured eye-piece and the antenna; antennae about seven- eighths the length of the wings, the distal end of each curved slightly laterad, widest at the cephalic end where they exceed the greatest width of the prothoracic legs and narrowed gradually to half this width at the distal end; maxillae slightly more than one-third the length of the wings, the proximo-lateral angles never extending to the eye-pieces ; labial palpi entirely concealed ; prothoracic legs three-fifths the length of the wings, the distal third of their length meeting on the meson caudad of the max- illae ; mesothoracic legs about five-sixths the length of the wings, and meeting on the meson caudad of the prothoracic legs for about the same distance; tips of the metathoracic legs showing on the meson between the wings; metathoracic wings exposed on the ventral surface, meeting on the meson just caudad of the mesothoracic wings and extending along the mesal margin of the mesothoracic wings to their caudal margin, and visible most of the way across to the lateral margin; prothorax with a prom- inent ridge on the meson, visible in ventral view; mesal length of prothorax two-fifths that of the mesothorax; mesothoracic spiracles slit-likke; metathorax shorter than usual, its mesal length one-sixth that of the mesothorax; abdominal segments 1 to 8 with medium sized punctures and sparsely covered with small curved spines which are more numerous near the spiracles and the scars of the ventral prolegs, the transverse conjunctiva covered with small spines or spinous processes; body setae aris- ing from the bases of the larger spines; dorsal furrow present between the ninth and tenth segments; abdominal spiracles shghtly sunken, lenticular in outline, the openings elliptical ; cremaster triangular in outline, longer than broad and ending in a group of stout hooked setae. This genus imcludes a single species, Falcaria bilineata, found throughout the Atlantic states. FALCARIA BILINEATA Packard. Bice Ow Ee andakt Color dark brown, but covered with dense, rather flocculent, whitish bloom; head, thorax and appendages considerably rough- ened with indeterminate, transverse impressed lines; labrum somewhat quadrangular, the caudal margin slightly notched; ——— 76 Matne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1917. clypeal region elevated to form a prominent quadrangular tu- bercle bearing two prominent setae; tubercle at the proximal end of each antenna also bearing prominent setae; antennae tuberculate, the three rows of tubercles arranged transversely ; surface of thorax more roughened than that of the head and with a small, irregular tubercle at the base of each important seta; dorsal furrow between the ninth and tenth abdominal seg- ments distinct, the caudal margin not more strongly chitinized ‘and toothed as in the Geometridae; tenth segment (Fig. 6, F) with a distinct V-shaped depression at the proximal end of the cremaster, the triangular area between considerably more el- evated than the remainder of the segment; cremaster triangular in outline, rugose, the lateral margins convex, and narrowed to a rounded tip, then flaring suddenly on each side to form a spiny process which is much shorter than the stout curved setae; four stout hooked setae inserted at the meson at the caudal end of the cremaster and one inserted on each side on the ventral sur- face just caudad of the lateral projections of the cremaster. Length about 12 mm.; greatest width 4 mm. The larvae of this species were collected on the leaves of gray birch June 26. They are peculiar in that they have no well developed anal prolegs. The last segment bears a cylindri- cal projection which sticks up and away from the surface of the leaf. The body is roughened and somewhat granular with some wart-like projections on the mesothorax and metathorax and the second abdominal segment. The colors are yellowish or golden brown, with darker brown markings. They spin a thin yellowish cocoon which is usually fastened to the under side of the leaf. Often the leaf is curled over the cocoon so as to con- ceal it. The pupae are at first a bright yellow brown, but after a day turn dark brown and the bloom appears. The adults emerged July 23. Genus DREPANA Schrank. Body of usual shape with two prominent cephalic projec- tions; face-parts not prominently elevated, the labrum being slightly more convex than the remainder; eye-pieces reached only by the prothoracic leg which extends for a*short distance between the sculptured eye-piece and the antenna; antennae about four-fifths the length of the wings, widest at the proximal Pupar oF Some Maine Species oF NoTopONTOIDEA - 77 end, where they equal the width of the prothoracic legs; taper- ing gradually to a pointed tip; maxillae about one-third the length of the wings, the proximo-lateral angles never extending to the eye-pieces; labial palpi entirely concealed; prothoracic legs almost three-fifths the length of the wings, meeting on the meson caudad of the maxillae, for about two-fifths of their length; mesothoracic legs a little shorter than the antennae, meeting on the meson for about the same distance as the prothor- acic legs; tips of metathoracic legs exposed between the meta- thoracic wings; metathoracic wings meeting on the meson cau- dad of the mesothoracic legs and extending along the mesal margin of the mesothoracic wings to their caudal margin, be- low which they are visible for the greater part of their length; mesal length of prothorax two-fifths that of the mesothorax; mesothoracic spiracles slit-like; metathorax short, its mesal length only one-third that of the prothorax; abdominal seg- ments 1 to 8 punctate, the punctures thickest along the cephalic margin of the movable segments ; abdominal spiracles lenticular in outline, the openings elliptical; cremaster triangular, the dis- tal end widened out and somewhat spherical. This genus includes but one eastern species Drepana arcuata which is found throughout the Atlantic States. DREPANA ARCUATA Walker. Biges Oj: Color on head, thorax, and appendages dark brown except the tips of the cephalic projections which are reddish brown, the abdomen dull green mottled with dark brown, the coloring darkest on the dorsum; head, thorax and appendages consider- ably roughened with indeterminate transverse impressed lines ; cephalic projections triangular, their tips slightly curved dorsad, situated on the front adjacent to the proximal ends of the an- tennae ; glazed eye-pieces, clypeus and front smooth and polished ; thoracic segments with a slightly carinate median line; abdo- men with the first eight segments punctate, the remainder smooth ; dorsal furrow between the ninth and tenth segments not distinct forming an indistinct V-shaped depression at the base of the cremaster; cremaster slightly rugose, the basal part triangu- 78 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. lar, then a narrow, cylindrical portion which expands into a wider, knob-like end with a row of inconspicuous projections on the dorsal surface. A pupa of this species was collected from white birch, Aug- ust 3. The cremaster was entangled in a web of silk on the underside of a leaf, but there was no cocoon present. The adult emerged August 15. ; The larvae of these are dark red above and have a pair of prominent tubercles on the first abdominal segment. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. a. antennae al-al0. abdominal segments 1-10. ao. anal opening. at. invaginations for the anterior arms of the tentorium. cl. clypeus. cm. cephalic margin of an abdominal segment. cr. cremaster. es. epicranial suture. fe front. fal femur of the prothoracic leg. ge. glazed eye-piece. go. genital opening. 1b. labrum. li prothoracic leg. 22 mesothoracic leg. 33 metathoracic leg. Ip. labial palpi. ms. mesothorax. msp mesothoracic spiracle. mt. metathorax. mx maxillae. p. prothorax. S. spiracle. se. sculptured eye-piece. sf. spiracular furrow. ts. tubercle scar. Vv. vertex. w 1 mesothoracic wing. w 2 metathoracic wing. Fig. 2, A to I. A Hypothetical pupa, ventral view. B Hypothetical pupa, dorsal view. C Cosymbia lumenaria, ventral view, female. res =, t Me Ot Pupar oF Some MAINE Species oF NoToDONTOIDEA 79 Sicya macularia, ventral view, male. Ania limbata, ventral view, male. Cleora pampinaria, ventral view, female. Sicya macularia, dorsal view of tenth segment and cremaster. Ania limbata, dorsal view of tenth segment and cremaster. Cleora pampinaria, spiracle and spiracular furrow. Fig. 3, A to F. AmhoawPD> Erannis tiliaria, dorsal view. , Erannis tiliaria, ventral view, male. Paleacrita vernata, ventral view, female. Paleacrita vernata, lateral view. Aplodes mimosaria, ventral view, female. Diastictis ribearia, ventral view, male. Fig. 4, A to K. AS So GS esa bit Hydria undulata, ventral view, male. Sabulodes lorata, ventral view, female. Cingilia catenaria, ventral view, female. Hydria undulata, dorsal view of fifth abdominal segment. Sabulodes lorata, dorsal view of tenth segment and cremaster. Cingilia catenaria, dorsal view of tenth segment and cremaster. Diastictis anataria, dorsal view of cremaster. Diastictis anataria, ventral view of cremaster. Diastictis ribearia, dorsal view of cremaster. Diastictis ribearia, ventral view of cremaster. Sabulodes transversata, dorsal view of tenth segment and * cremaster. leiteg Gy UN toy Ale Fig. 6, TOAMUADeP >See ODD aAe> Schizura concinna, ventral view, female. Schizura ipomeac, dorsal view. Melalopha inclusa, ventral view, female. Datana angusii, ventral view, male. Datana angusti, dorsal view of tenth segment and cremaster. Datana major, dorsal view of tenth segment and cremaster. Datana integerrima, dorsal view of tenth segment and cre- master. Datana ministra, dorsal view of tenth segment and cremaster. Melalopha inclusa, cremaster. Harpyia borealis, ventral view, male. Om Els Symmerista albifrons, ventral view, male. Symmerista albifrons, abdominal spiracle. Heterocampa guttivitta, ventral view, female. Heterocampa guttivitta, dorsal view. Drepana arcuata, ventral view, female. Falcaria bilineata, dorsal view of tenth segment and cremaster. Apatelodes torrefacta, ventral view, male. Falcaria bilinedta, ventral view, female. = PuPAE OF SOME MAINE SPECIES 83 Specites oF NoropONTOIDEA Pupart or Some Marne Imes By BULLETIN 260 BARN AND FIELD EXPERIMENTS IN 1916. REPORTED BY CHAS. D. WOODS. The work of investigation at the two experiment station farms (Aroostook Farm, Presque Isle, and Highmoor Farm, Monmouth) is planned by the Director, the Biologists, the Plant Pathologist and the Entomologist. The results of the more scientific phases of the studies are reported from time to time in the bulletins, but it always happens that there are results obtained that lie somewhat outside of the lines of work of any of the Station specialists. Some of the more popular and prac- tical results are here reported. The carrying out of these ex- periments and the taking of the requisite notes devolved upon different members of the Staff. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS FROM FIELD EXPERIMENTS Field experiments at the best are somewhat uncertain be- cause there are so many factors of soil, temperature, rainfall, and the like, that affect the results which are beyond the control of the experimenter. In like manner ordinary feeding and other experiments with animals are outside of laboratory control and are beset with uncertainties that render conclusions more or less uncertain. It is, therefore, always planned at this Sta- tion to carry the same experiment under as nearly as possible the same conditions through a series of years before attempt- ing to draw any very definite conclusions. The results here re- ported should be considered more in the light of reports of progress than of completed studies. It may happen that the teaching that a single year’s results seem to warrant may be reversed by the repetition of the experiment in other years under different climatic or other conditions. ae! om 86 BarRN AND Frie_p EXPERIMENTS IN 1916 ARE SHEEP PROFITABLE IN WINTER? The Station Council, at its meeting in April 1914, authorized the purchase of grade sheep sufficient to stock Highmoor Farm for the purpose of studying the question as to whether sheep can or cannot be profitably raised in Maine. The sheep were not to be of a fancy type, or be pure bred so that none of the animals could be sold at a fancy price. Nor were they to be early bred to produce “hot house” lambs for the high price . of the early market. They were to be just plain sheep such as any ordinary farmer could carry. While care was to be exercised in handling the sheep, no high priced labor was to be used. Nor was a special “shepherd” to be employed. The sheep are grade Hampshire, but are so nearly pure Hampshire that only an expert could tell them from pure bloods. They are as fine a flock of sheep as one cares to see. The farm superintendent is an experienced man with sheep and they have excellent care. A year ago the results of the first year’s trial were published in Bulletin 246. This trial showed that the sheep were kept at a large loss. This publication led to the receipt of many letters and to the publication of some newspaper articles. It was evident from these that many owners thought they were making money from sheep. But no one was found who was keeping a flock of about 100 sheep who knew from ac- tual figures whether they were or were not being kept at a profit. At the recent convention of the State Dairymen’s As- sociation a paper was read that showed a profit on a small flock, but many of the data cited were estimates. It is prcbably true that on most farms a few sheep would be profitable, because they would be cared for in time that other- wise would not be profitabiy employed, and the sheep would be fed more or less. of unmarketable produce and hay. A set of books in which everything was charged and credited would probably not show the balance on the credit side. Neverthe- less, most farmers who are equipped for them would be better off with a few sheep, because of the salvage of time and ma- terials that might otherwise be wasted. Thus with sheep it is the same as it is in the case of a fey swine, a small flock of hens, a small area devoted to garden crops, etc. With certain well known exceptions, very few of the farm items, charging MaInE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. 87 fabor at what it costs, food at what it is worth, and taking fixed charges into account, would show book profit. Nevertheless, on every hand there are farmers who with incomes derived from small flocks, small herds, and small areas devoted to crops, live comfortably, educate their children, and accumulate some bank surplus. There will always be an expense for fitting up and main- taining pastures, buildings, etc., for sheep that will vary on different farms and with different farmers. The overhead charges, such as interest, taxes, and the like, will also vary with varying conditions. In an experiment conducted by the Station, where it is necesgary to keep individual records, buttons for the ears and time involved in note taking are expense items that the ordinary farmer need not be at. For these and similar reasons © the cost of fencing the pastures, erecting shelters in the pas- tures, fitting up the barns for winter quarters, expenses for pip- ing water, water troughs, sheep dipping tanks, shearing ma- chine, gas engine, root cutter, rent of land for pastures and crops for the sheep, while necessary expenses that must be taken into accout by the practical farmer, are omitted from the following statement. The amounts included are the inventory value of the sheep, the cost of labor in caring for the sheep, cost of the food purchased, the value of the hay and straw at the barn, the cost to grow the roots used. The credits are the sheep and wool sold and the inventory at the end of the year. As reported in Bullentin 246, the year as given ran from July 1 to June 30. This is the fiscal year as prescribed by the State Auditor, but is not a good one for an experiment of this kind which far more naturally begins and ends either with turning the sheep out to pasture in the spring, or, still better, with the housing of the sheep in the fall. In order to make it possible to include practically all the income from the sheep within the year, the duration of the year is changed so that it now runs for 12 months from the first of November, instead of the first of July. In order to compare fairly the first report as given has been changed so as to make it begin November 1, 1914, instead of July 1, 1914, as it was previously reported. The tabulations that follow give two years expenditures and receipts begining November 1, and ending October 31, for each year 88 BARN AND FIELD EXPERIMENTS IN 1916 Sheep Account for Vear Now. 1, ror4, to Oct. 31, 1915* Inventory and Expenditures. PS3.EWOS tat 2S Orci ae Gear ert SEs Ee SUE Sele need $ 365.00 22 sewer lambs 1@) Soe ie et Ba ed a enae ) eeeee 66.00 SteDUCKS ate SZ oes ee PEs cue eS eo eee aa 75.00 Bran and middlings, 7000 pounds at $30 per ton............ 105.00 @il meal; 800 pounds at $37 pen tons eee 14.80 Cora meal2400) pounds at $32 per tone se eee 39.40 Gluten feed 100 pounds at $36 per tone =o = eee 1.80 Ground oats, 44 bushels at 55 cents per bushel... 2. 24.20 lay, 49:000 pounds at SIZ penton. == a) = ee 273.60 Straw, O,000 pounds; at so per tome 2). 1 ee 15.00 Turcnips, 55 bushels at 1@¢ a bushel] =) aa 51.50 DU S5 CC CE Ree ee ee ee eee 10.96 895 hours man labor on sheep at 1714¢ per hour... 156.62 3 hours orseclaborat 15¢ per hour 2 = ee A5 $1,198.33 Receipts and Inventory. Sheep-andWlambs, soldi.) $ 115.69 Wooly! SOL es eeu iss Tu cal ee ao Se eae 170.09 DNAfs GMB et gS each a Aa ea SA ROR ete eS 36.00 A7old ewes on hand Oct. 31) 1915 2at Gos aes 235.00: 22 yearling ewes on hand Oct) 3i5) ll, at) S5.2 ee ee 110.00 S5,ewe Jambs onvhand: @ct oi 1Ola™ at Soren eee 99.00 3 registered bucksiom mandi@ct. sl, 1 loi 2 eee 75.00 IZOSS, ON Opera tlOn hOtayeaia ws ease me enone eae momen b/a:00 $1,198.33 *Pasturage, use of land for crops and buildings for summer shelter and winter housing, interest on investment and other overhead charges are not included in this account. **Manure as valued by farm superintendent’s estimate when drawn from the barns and _ sheds. Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. 89 Sheep Account for Year Nov. 1, 1915, to Oct. 31, 1916* Inventory and Expenditures. W7eomeimaly purchase ewes at $5. ee Praeaminopewes: (lO l4 lambs) at) Sono 2 see memenvcr Clea lambs ator ets nn a a ao 3 registered bucks at $25 (Sold m January 1916)... 2 registered bucks at $25 (Purchased in October 1916) Bran, and mixed feed, 5,500 pounds at $27 per ton........... Wilivedl47o pounds at. $40 per ton. 22 Soruemeal, 1900 poundspat/ $3 per ton. 2) inten teed 200) pounds at $36 per tons Ground oats, 67.5 bushels at 65 cents per bushel... ileneeeomloonpounds at) S15 per tome a ek Rowen hay, 4,800 pounds at $12 per torr ececececccccccncen Simcmerc Oso pounds-at Go per tone. 2 ea ee ’ Purnips, 570 bushels at 15¢ Dore [isos ei Sulletpmless srtons at Sh per ton a PiascoWOs Viedicines, SISO). 2. uy eee Saleerpusielsvatjo¢. per bushel.) eee Somiomnsmmean’ labo at: (OG 2222) ook ye ieoailons casoline: at -27¢ per gallons Total Receipts and Inventory Wool Suecepmand lambs sold). 2... IU aN Vg No SR i 63 tons manure from pit } Seer qiceuecae 12 tons manure from sheds | 38 original purchase ewes ) 7 1914 ewes OVpraltia Soe aed wR NS 22 1915 ewes ) EMmOloewevlatbs at Gone seek se ee Menesistered Elampshire) bucks at) $25.2 2 1 Hampshire buck obtained in exchange fot.............. AGENCE MlATIAD Seen e Siete ale ee i OsSmOn (Operation™ 2 au Ese eet Aaa eas Total *Same as first foot note on page 88. **This is the loss without allowing for value of manure. cussion in text. $ 235.00 110.00 99.00 75.00 50.00 74.25 9.50 29.45 3.60 43,88 361.01 28.80 21.69 85.50 12.00 7.50 70 153.54 5.13 $1,405.55 $ 255.91 491.08 335.00 60.00 50.00 6.00 207.56 $1,405.55 See dis- 90 BARN AND FIELD EXPERIMENTS IN 1916 THE EXPENDITURES The inventory of the flock is at a much lower price than they could be purchased for or than they would be sold for. This bears only slightly on the experiment as the numbers of the sheep are kept fairly constant year after year. Rather more sheep were carried through the winter of 1915-16 than would usually be the case. No account is taken of the feed consumed from the three pastures aggregating about 100 acres. Nor is rental charged for land used in growing crops such as rape and turnips for the use of the sheep. The concentrated feeds are charged at about the average cost for each year, but this dos not include freight or cartage. The hay and straw are priced at what they would have sold for at the barn each year. The turnips are charged at what it costs to grow them without any over- head charges. The season of 1915 was not a favorable one at Highmoor Farm for growing turnips and they cost a half as much again as they did the preceding year. A lessened yield and greater labor cost due to the character of the season explains this increase in cost of production. In 1914-15 the sheep were fed about 120 pounds of grain, 460 pounds of hay, and 320 pounds of turnips per head, and about 60 pounds of straw were used per sheep. In 1915-16 they were fed about 100 pounds of grain, 500 pounds of hay and 390 pounds of apples and turnips. The grain cost about $1.90, the hay $2.80, and the turnips $0.55 per head in 1914-15. In 1915-16 the grain cost about $1.40, the hay $3.75, and the turnips and apples nearly $1.00 per head. The total cost of food and straw in 1914-15 was about $5.35 per head, and in 1915-16 it was $6.40. The only labor charged against the sheep is the actual time used in care, as feeding, shearing, etc. The work of keep- ing up pasture fences, buildings, making records, and other things incident to the experimental side that does not directly apply to the sheep, is not included in the tabulation. The cost for labor per sheep was, in round numbers, $1.50 each year. The total cost per head, for maintenance, excluding inventory for the 98 sheep in 1914-15, was $7.06 and in 1915-16 it was $8.04 for each of the 104 head. Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. 91 The losses from death and accident were slight in each year and were mostly lambs that were still born or weak at birth. RECEIPTS. The wool and lambs sold each year were probably as well marketed as the average farmer could expect unless he put a good deal of his own time (and in the case of the Station that means added cost) into finding a market. No attempt to mar- ket in any unusual way was attempted as that would have been contrary to the plan of the experiment. The sales per head in 1914-15 averaged a little under $3 and in 1915-16 a little over $7. This difference was due to a larger number of lambs, their higher selling price, a heavier clip of wool and its very high price. In the spring of 1915, 67 strong lambs were dropped by ewes and in the spring of 1916 there were 80 strong lambs. The clip averaged 5.7 pounds per head in the spring of 1915 and 6.4 pounds in the spring of 1916. In 1914-15 the manure was left under the sheep during the winter, as is customary with all handlers of sheep the writ- er has knowledge of in the East or the Middle West. It is commonly supposed that the compacting of the manure by the sheep treading upon it and.the moistening from the urine will prevent losses. The value of the manure in 1914-15 was from estimates by the farm superintendent as to what we would be willing to pay for the manure if we were buying it. It may be that the farm superintendent underestimated the value of the sheep manure from the barn and yard and that it was worth more than was credited. As it is not the fault of the sheep if faulty handling of the manure results in loss, the attempt to guard against loss was made in 1915-16. The methods used are given on pages 94-99 beyond. - In 1915-16 there were produced 75 tons of manure which contained nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash worth, at the valuation used for commercial fertilizers in 1914 (before the war prices) about $300. The labor cost, teams and men, for moving the manure monthly to the manure platform for work- ing over by swine, was about $25. The net value of the plant food in the manure at the barn was, therefore, about $275. 92 Barn AND FIELD EXPERIMENTS IN 1916 Without considering the value of the manure on the credit side, or any overhead charges such as interest on investment, depreciation of plant, pasturage and taxes, there was a net Floss of a little over $200 for the year’s operation. Allowing full credit for the manure and omitting overhead charges would show a credit balance of about $100. Careful attention has been given to all criticisms that have been at all suggestive of better ways of handling the flock. Although there seems to be no reason to expect more favorable results than have been obtained in 1915-16, the experiment is be- ing continued. The high prices for wool and lambs were favor- able in 1915-16 and probably will be equally favorable this year. Hay is worth only about two-thirds as much as in 1915-16. Grain is some higher in cost, as also is labor. But on the whole if the prices that are likely to prevail this year were substituted for those that did prevail in 1915-16 the income would have prettly nearly equalled the outgo without giving any credit for the manure. Whenever an animal husbandry project will pay all costs of food and care from the sales and the manure is left as a profit it can be classed as a profitable enterprise. For the production and conservation of manure is as truly an asset in New England agriculture as for generations it has been reckoned to be in European countries. ARE SWINE PROFITABLE IN WINTER ? In the experiment on the care of manure discussed beyond it was necessary to keep it well worked over and at the same time compacted so as to prevent losses from heating. It was thought that swine might do the work at far less cost than man labor. As shown below this surmise was correct, for instead of having a labor bill to charge against the manure the swine made a profit. A brood sow and 14 two-months old pigs were placed on the manure December 1, 1915, and were kept there until June 7, 1916. The swine were fed and handled as the superintendent found convenient. That is, there was no definite program for feeding decided upon and therefore it varied more or less from time to time. Although experiments conducted at the Maine Station 25 years ago make it doubtful if there is a profit in feed- Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. 93 ing cooked roots, the swine were fed a mash composed of cooked turnips and ground feed as long as the turnips lasted. Some whole corn was scattered over the manure at times in order to keep the swine at work stirring the manure. During the rather more than 6 months the swine were fed 10,850 pounds of turnips, 1100 pounds of corn meal, 600 pounds of whole corn and 2100 pounds of middlings and bran. ‘The bran was used only when there were no middlings available. It took 155 hours of the chore boy to cook the mash and feed and otherwise care for the swine. | The season of 1915 was not a good one in which to grow turnips at Highmoor Farm and it cost 15 cents a busel to grow them that year. In 1914 it cost 10 cents a bushel at Highmoor Farm, and in some cooperative experiments in Washington County turnips were grown that year for less than 8 cents per bushel. Grain and mill feeds were high during the winter of 1916, though the prices dropped as warm weather came on. Reckoning the turnips at 15 cents a bushel, the corn at $30 per ton, the corn meal at $31 and the middlings at $27 per ton, the feed used cost $81.53. Reckoning the time of the chore boy at 15 cents per hour the labor cost was $23.25. The sow was worth $15 and the pigs $2.50 each when the experiment began, a total of $50 for the cost of the swine. The total cost, for the swine, their feed, and care, at the above prices, was $154.78. At the end of the experiment the sow weighed 270 pounds, and the pigs averaged 114 pounds each. None of these were fat, but were “store pigs” and were worth 8 cents a pound live weight in June. The total selling value of the swine at the end of the experiment was $149.28. It was planned to have the sow produce a litter of pigs in May. For some unexplained reason the pigs were, with one exception, born dead. This is no fault of the experiment, and hence in fairness the receipts should be increased by an average litter of 8 pigs worth $2 each. The plant food in the feed consumed at normal prices for ni- trogen, phosphoric acid, and potash, was worth $27. The swine should be credited with at least half of that amount. The corrected, complete returns were, therefore, in addition to having the manure thoroughly worked and in excellent shape for application to the land, $178.46. This gave a profit of $23.68, a return of 15 per cent of the total expenditure. Winter 04 BaRN AND Fretp EXPERIMENTS IN 1916 is not the time of the year in which it is supposed there is prof- it in swine in Maine. It is not claimed that these swine were handled in the best or the most economical way. Certainly turnips at 15 cents a bushel do not furnish protein and car- bohydrates at a very moderate cost. Not taking mto account the cost of getting the turnips from the storage and cooking them, the nutrients furnished by the turnips at a cost of $27 could have been purchased in the form of corn and middlings for two-thirds that price. That is, to compete with the price of mill feeds in the winter of 1916 turnips would need to be grown at a cost of about 10 cents per bushel in the celler. Bran is probably not an economical feed for swine. This one trial would seem to indicate that swine may be kept in this State at a profit in winter. An all-the-year round experiment with swine, where the chief growth of the young pigs would be made on pasture—fall sown rye, rape, clover, ete.—would probably prove swine to be one of the most, if not the most, profitable kind of farm live stock in Maine. THE WINTER HANDELING OF FARM MANURE. While it is probably true that the quicker manure can be applied to the land the less is the waste, even though the appli- cation is made after the ground is frozen, the fact remains that in Maine it is usually necessary to store the droppings during the winter months. Also it is usually not practicable to apply manure to land during the height of the growing season. It is estimated that approximately 75 per cent of the plant food con- tained in the feeding stuffs used are in the dung and urine voided. As usually handled, much of this is lost. As pointed out in the report of the Sheep Husbandry experiment in Bul- letin 246 there were apparently large losses from the stored manure. In examining the data it was found that the plant tood in the feed consumed while the sheep were confined to their winter quarters was worth at ordinary fertilizer prices in the neighborhood of $200 and that the manure from the sheep was valued by the farm superintendent as worth about one-eight of that sum. The manure was left under the sheep in the same way that is practiced by farmers everywhere, so far as the wri- Matne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. 95 ter knows, in the East and the Middle West. Inquiry among sheep men discloses the fact that they are not sure about the losses that may result from this method of handling sheep manure. In order to study this question an experiment was started in the fall of 1915 which involved the construction of a suitable manure pit and led to a trial of winter feeding of swine, and an experiment in the care and handling of ordinary mixed ma- nure from cows and horses as well as the handling of sheep manure for which the experiment was originally planned. THE MANURE PIT. The manure pit, if a structure above ground can be called a pit, is built beneath a shed. It is of cement construction; 33 by 30 feet, with walls of cement 18 inches high above the floor. A partition wall of the same height divides the pit into two equal parts. One-half was used for the experiment with sheep manure and the other half for that with the cow and horse manure. The sides above the concrete are temporary and made of rough boarding. It is not necessary to carry the walls higher than 18 inches as the liquid will never accumulate to that depth. The movable wooden sides make loading the manure from the pit easy. The cement floor is four inches thick and the cement walls taper from 8 inches at the bottom to 6 inches in thickness at the top. The floor inclines toward one corner at the middle partition where there is a partition so that if liquid accumulates too fast in the manure it will drain to these pockets. If the top is too dry the liquid from the ma- nure can be readily pumped to the dry portions or if the top is too dry and no liquid has accumulated, the manure can be wet with water. It took 15 horse days, chiefly drawing gravel and sand for the concrete work, 58% man days and 120 bags (30 barrels) of cement to construct the pit. The cost for everything, at prices that prevailed in the fall of 1915, was a little less than $200. 96 BARN AND FIELD EXPERIMENTS IN 1916 THE EXPERIMENT AT HiGHMOOR FARM IN 1915-16. As previously stated, in the experiment in sheep husbandry begun in 1914 an apparently large waste of the plant food con- tained in the feeds was observed when the manure was kept un- der the sheep during the winter. As the value of the manure is of great importance in the margin between profit and loss an ex- periment was planned and conducted during the winter of 1915- 16 so that the manure would be stored under what seemed to be the best conditions practicable. The plan was to keep account of all food eaten, store the manure in a water-tight manure platform, keep it worked by swine so as to prevent fire-fang- ing. As there are two cows and three horses kept during the winter at the farm, the manure platform was built in two sec- tions so that an experiment with this mixed manure could be carried on at the same time as that from the sheep. The feed and bedding used by the about 100 sheep con- sisted of 52,575 pounds of mixed hay, 7,075 pounds oat straw, 6,000 pounds cull apples, 34,150 pounds rutabaga turnips, 4,700 pounds bran, 600 pounds middlings, 1,500 pounds corn meal, 2,160 pounds oats, 475 pounds linseed meal; and 200 pounds of gluten meal. The cows and the horses used 24,650 pounds mixed hay, 3,250 pounds straw, 1,000 pounds bran, 1,300 pounds corn meal and cracked corn, 4,625 pounds oats, 300 pounds gluten meal, 300 pounds linseed meal and 100 pounds middlings. A bunch of swine was kept on the manure so that they could go from one part of the manure platform to the other. They were fed 10,850 pounds rutabagas, 1,/00 pounds corn, 1,600 pounds middlings and 500 pounds bran. As the droppings from the swine were from the most part made on the sheep manure part of the platform, the plant food in their feed was added to that of the sheep. The feeding stuffs were not sampled and analyzed but their plant food content was computed from average analyses of similar materials. The manure was weighed when it was drawn to the fields and each load was sampled. The final composite sample of each kind of manure was analyzed, with the follow- ing results: Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. 97 Composition of the manure as removed from the pit. Nitrogen Phosphoric Acid Potash Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent Mixed Manure. (Cows, Horses, Hogs) 0.457 0.19 0.50 Sheep Manure (with Hogs) 0.74 10129 1.04 The feed (including that of the swine) and the bedding for the sheep carried approximately 1177 pounds nitrogen, 564 pounds phosphoric acid and 1485 pounds potash. The sheep manure weighed 125,705 pounds and carried 931 pounds of nitrogen, 490 pounds of phosphoric acid and 1307 pounds of potash. The feed and bedding for the horses and cows carried 529 pounds of nitrogen, 207 pounds phosphoric acid and 576 pounds potash. The mixed manure weighed 76,870 pounds and carried 351 pounds of nitrogen, 146 pounds of phosphoric acid and 384 pounds of potash. Seventy-nine per cent of the nitrogen, 87 per cent of the phosphoric acid and 87 per cent of the potash in the feeding stuffs used were found in the sheep manure and 61 per cent of the nitrogen, 56 per cent of the phosphoric acid and 67 per cent of the potash in the food and bedding given the cows and horses was found in the mixed manure. In the case of the sheep tie amount of plant food recovered in the manure agrees very well indeed with the experiments that have been made where the excreta have been collected, weighed and analyzed immediately. In the case of the mixed manure, the trough behind the cows was not water tight and there were not sufficient absorbents used to take up all the liquid excreta. Also the horses were used more or less upon the road and their droppings when they were out of the barn were lost. On the whole, the manure platform described above has worked satisfactorily. It was not expensive to construct, the swine used to work the manure showed a profit after all food and labor were charged to them, and apparently the manure was kept with a very small loss of plant food. In Maine for the six months of the year when it is not practicable to draw the manure and apply it to the land as fast as it is made, this meth- 98 Barn AND FIELD EXPERIMENTS IN 1916 od affords a satisfactory and economical way of conserving the plant food in the feeds used. It is a conservative estimate, then, that the plant food in the manure annually voided by farm animals and poultry in Maine has a potential value of about ten inillions of dollars and that it is doubtful if by present methods of care even one-half of this plant food is actually returned to the soil. These trials with the manure platform and swine indicate that by a little care most of this plant food can be conserved and that the profit on the swine will make good re- turns on the investment and the added plant food saved will all be clear profit. And this conserved plant food will in many cases be the difference between keeping livestock at a profit or keeping them at a loss. WHAT IS FARM MANURE WorTH To THE FARMER? The Ohio Experiment Station has carried extensive com- parative experiments with farm and commercial manures for many years. Recently Director Thorne wrote: “After more than twenty years’ work in the comparison of manure and chemical fertilizers on many crops, the Station is not able to credit manure with any value beyond that of the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and lime which it carries.” “When manure costs more than two dollars per ton spread on the land, it is wiser to use the chemical fertilizers mentioned than to buy manure.” In addition to the nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash which farm manure supplies it also carries a large amount of organic matter which is important in increasing the produc- tivity of the soil. As this vegetable matter breaks down in the soil the acid products thus formed helped to dissolve and make available to plants some of the otherwise insoluble plant food in the soil. Farm manures teem with bacteria of various kinds which cause chemical changes not only in the manure, but in the soil itself, converting insoluble plant food into forms available for the use of crops. The humus formed from the organic matter of farm manure improves the soil texture, helps retain moisture, and is valuable in many ways. Its plant food is not so quickly nor so completely available as in the better forms of chemicals. But after much balancing of the Marine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1917. 99 pros and cons it has become generally accepted that the com- mercial value of the plant food contained is the only definite thing about a farm manure by which we can measure its ag- ricultural and commercial value. The sheep manure, together with the straw bedding as worked over by swine at Highmoor Farm carried .74 per cent nitrogen, .29 per cent phosphoric acid and 1.04 per cent potash. The mixed manure and bedding from three horses and two cows also worked over by swine carried .46 per cent nitrogen, .19 per cent phosphoric acid and .50 per cent potash. At the com- mercial values placed upon chemical fertilizers in 1914* the plant food carried by a ton of the sheep and swine manure was worth $4.16 and in a ton of the mixed manure $2.44. Assuming that two men and one double team can load, draw to the (not too distant) field and spread eight tons of farm manure a day it would cost about 75 cents a ton to apply the manure to the land. Deducting the cost of application, a ton of the sheep and swine manure had a value at the barn of about $3.40 and of the mixed manure of $1.70, per ton. Each of these lots weighed about 3500 pounds to the cord. ‘Therefore the sheep and swine manure was worth about 6 dollars a cord and the mixed manure about 3 dollars a cord at the manure pit. FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS ON APPLE TREES AT HIGHMOOR FARM. As it is pretty generally known, when the State purchased Highmoor Farm it had something over 3,500 apple trees upon it. These trees were about twenty-five years old, but for the most part had been completely neglected, as regards pruning, fertilization, culture and spraying. The first season that the Station had the farm the orchards were plowed, cultivated and sprayed. Pruning was begun and has been continued until at the present time the orchards are in pretty fair shape. It was, of course, not desirable or practical to thin the trees out at the start to where they should be at the end, but the pruning while rather severe each year has been gradually decreased in amount. The orchards were annually fertilized at the rate of 1,000 pounds per acre of a commercial fertilizer carrying 4 per cent *It has seemed fairer to use in this discussion the prices prevailing be- fore the war. 100 BARN AND FIELD EXPERIMENTS IN 1916 of nitrogen, 8 per cent of available phosphoric acid and 7 per cent potash. At the end ofthe third year the orchards had so far responded that they gave a good crop and since that time fertilizer experiments have been carried on in various portions of the orchards, as follows: The use of highly nitrogenous fertilizers has been advocated as a means of forcing trees into bearing and in some parts of the State has been tried with results that seemed to be gratify- ing. This method was first suggested by Doctor Fisher of Mas- sachusetts and was tried by the Station several years ago in cooperative work with Mr. Pope in his orchard at Manchestcur without very decisive results. At Highmoor Farm a row of 32 Baldwin trees was divided into three sections. The trees were treated alike so far as the application of standard fertilizer was concerned, but 10 of the trees at each end of the row received in addition nitrate of soda at the rate of 100 pounds per acre. Also the Baldwin orchard was divided into, two parts so that part of it received the usual treatment and in addition received 100 pounds of nitrate of soda per acre per year. Exact records of yields and measurements of growth have been taken since the experiment was begun. No differences that cculd be attributed to the additional nitrogen in the fertiliz- er have been noticed. It may be that when at the end of a period of years the data are carefully analyzed, results may be found that are not noticeable from general observations. The experi- ment is being continued. In experiments carried out at the New York State Experi-. ment Station it has been found that with their deep clay soils well suited to apple tree growth and apple bearing, there is no effect from the use of fertilizers either upon the growth of young trees, the wood growth on matured trees, or in the amount, coloring, or size of the fruit. To see if anything like this would hold with Maine conditions, particularly with the rather shallow soil and with the stubborn subsoil upon Highmoor Farm, an experiment was begun in 1912. It is to be remembered that the orchard had been cultivated and fertilized for the three pre- ceding years and brought into good condition. About 400 trees were divided into three plots containing 12 rows extending clear across the large No. 1, Ben Davis orchard. , Plot A (rows 1 to 4) has received no fertilizer since 1912. Plot B (rows 5 Marine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. 101 to 8) has received annually since 1912, 500 pounds per acre of a fertilizer carrying 4 per cent of nitrogen, 8 per cent of available phosphoric acid and 7 per cent of potash. Plot C (rows 9 to 12) has received annually since 1912, 1,000 pounds per acre of a commercial fertilizer carrying 4 per cent of nitrogen, 8 per cent of available phosphoric acid and 7 per cent of potash. Careful records of growth shown by measure, and of yields of fruit as shown by weight, are made of all of the trees in the orchards at Highmoor Farm. No person examining the twelve rows of apple trees, part of which have been fully fertilized, part partially fertilized and part not fertilized at all for the past three years, could detect differences whereby he would be able to pick out the treated from the untreated rows. Each tree occupies 25x25 ft. or 625 sq. ft. This is about 70 (69.5) trees per acre. At the rate of 1,000 lbs. per acre this is 14.4 lbs. per tree. Fertilizer at $40 per ton costs 2 cents a pound, making a total cost of 28.8 cents per tree, not allowing for the cost of application. The crop on this orchard was too small in 1913 to give re- sults that could have any meaning on the apple bearing of the trees. In 1914 and in 1915 there were fair crops and while from observation no differences were apparent, the actual yields of fruit were larger on the fertilized plots. The yields are given in the table that follows, but it will apparently be necessary to wait a number of years before decisive results are obtained. The yields show consistent increase with the amount of fertilizer applied. Orchard Fertilizer Experiment. About 130 Ben Davis Apple Trees m each Plot. Average yield of apples in pounds per tree. Plot 6 A | Plot 6 B Plot 6 C Year No fertilizer | 7.2 pounds 5-8-7 | 14.4 pounds 5-8-7 since 1912 fertilizer per tree | fertilizer per tree 1914 172.8 158.8 194.2 1915 121.1 131.8 157.4 1916 113.7 } 138.7 147.2 Average for 135.9 143.1 166.6 3 years 102 BarN AND FIELD EXPERIMENTS IN 1916 It is to be remembered that in all of these experiments nothing has been grown upon the land except apple trees and apples. An orchard cover crop of rye is sown in the fall, is plowed under early in the spring, and the land is kept culti- vated until well into August when the cover crop is again sown. The plant food stored up in the wood growth and that which has been removed in the apple crop has been taken from the soil, but beyond that the soil has not been made to pay tribute to any other crop. This experiment is to be continued for many years, or until decisive results are obtained and the unfertilized rows show evidence of need of plant food. COMMERCIAL VARIETIES OF OATS AT AROOSTOOK FARM. Experiments with oats were undertaken by the Maine Agri- cultural Experiment Station at Aroostook Farm in 1914. Two principal objects are in view in this work—first, to ascertain which of the more popular commercial varieties are best adap- ted to Aroostook conditions; and, second, to breed new varie- ties which will be still better adapted to those conditions than any now available. The work of breeding new varieties is under way, but is necessarily slow. It will be several years before any of the new varieties already produced will have been sufficiently tested to warrant distribution. For several reasons the results obtained in 1914 were not entirely satisfactory. The farm was purchased very late in the fall of 1913 and there was little opportunity to learn anything by observation of the land until planting time was come. Be- cause of everything being new to the staff it was impossible to get the oats planted as early as they should have been. The very loose character of the soil allowed the heavy disk drill used in seeding to put the seed too deeply in the ground. All of these things tended to lower the yields. In 1915 the work at the Farm was very much better organ- ized and more favorable results were obtained. Fifteen dif- ferent varities were grown each in a single half acre plot. These varieties were all sown with a large disk drill. In ‘order to prevent the seed going into the ground too deeply the land was rolled before drilling. The seeding was at the rate of 3 bushels per acre. iF Matneé AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1917. 103 The detailed results of the experiment for 1915 were pub- lished in Bulletin 246. In 1916 sixteen different varieties were tested. These in- cluded all the varieties grown in 1915 except Imported Scotch, and in addition two new varieties. One of these, known as Maine 340, was originated by the Maine. Agricultural Experi- ment Station at Highmoor Farm. This variety has proven to be such an excellent oat for southern and central Maine that it was thought desirable to test it under Aroostook conditions. The other new variety is the Minnesota 26. This variety origi- nated by the Minnesota Experiment Station has proven to be very good in the southern part of the State. In the two preceding years each variety has been grown in a single plot of about one-half acre. Owing to the uneven na- ture of the land on Aroostook Farm the plot of one variety sometimes fell on very good soil and that of another variety on much poorer soil. In order to get around this difficulty each variety was sown in 1916 on 3 separate plots each located in a different part of the field. In this way there was much less chance of all the plots of the variety falling on very good or very poor soil. Each plot was 1-10 acre in area. The three plots thus making 3-10 of an acre for each variety. The yield of each variety is taken as the average of the 3 plots. The yield of each variety expressed in bushels of oats and pounds of straw, and the average yield of grain for the two years 1915 and 1916 are given in the table which follows on page 104. From this table it is seen that Maine 340 gave the best yield and for this season at least has shown itself superior to any of the other varieties. The Early Pearl and the Siberian have always been near the top of the list in our variety tests. The chief objection to these two varieties for Aroostook is their late maturity. These varieties are from 3 to 6 days later than Maine 340. The early varieties such as Kherson and Daubeney will mature about a week or 10 days earlier than the others, but as shown by the table their yields are not so good as many of the others. Varieties such as Garton No. 5, Swedish Select and Senator have been at the bottom of the list every year. We can be very 104 BarN AND FIELD EXPERIMENTS IN 1916 certain that these varieties are not well adapted to Aroostook conditions. Vield Per Acre of Commercial Varieties of Oats Tested At Aroostook Farm 1915 and 1916. 1916 Yield | 2-year = Varicty Average Grain Straw | Bushels Bushe!s per Pounds per } Acre Acre Maine 340 | 75.6 3868 Early Pearl 70.1 66.6 3268 Silver Mine | 65.6 66.3 3267 Siberian | 68.3 66.0 3389 Ligowo | 63.1 64.3 3248 Minnesota 26 63.1 3177 Banner 59.2 62.5 3137 Prosperity 64.3 61.9 2970 Gold Rain 61.5 61.5 3757 Kherson 64.5 } 61.3 4991 Maine 346 60.4 59.5 2813 Irish Victor 55.4 57.3 3139 Daubeney 59.0 57.2 3979 Garton No. 5 54.9 | 56.9 3778 Swedish Select 53.0 | 56.5 3101 *Senator 47.8 *45.8 *3611 | Average 69.5 | 61.4 3412 *One plot only. of Senator planted. COMMERCIAL VARIETIES OF OATS GROWN AT HIGHMOOR FARM IN 1916. The Maine Agricultural Experiment Station has been con- ducting tests of commercial varieties of oats at Highmoor Farm since 1910. The detailed results of these tests for the 4 years 1910 to 1913 inclusive were published in Bulletin 229, and the results of the 1915 tests were published in Bulletin 246. The season of 1916 was very unfavorable for oats at High- moor. The yields recorded are the lowest obtained in the 6 years that the Experiment Station has had the farm. A very severe rain storm in which 4.1 inches of water fell in 24 hours occurred on May 18. The oats were just well started at that time. All of the plots were badly washed and in some plots gullies 12 to 18 inches wide and almost as deep were washed out. Again just before harvest a very severe rain storm with some hail beat the oats down so that the yields were very seriously af- fected. The areas which were actually washed out in each plot were measured and some allowance made for these, but in some Marne AGRICULTURAL ExpERIMENT STATION. 1917. 105 plots the plants were washed worse than in others, and yet it was not practicable to estimate the exact amount of damage done. In all, 18 different varieties were tested. Seven out of these are standard commercial varieties which have been tested by us for several years past and found to be exceptionally good. These varieties with their 1916 yields in bushels per acre are Early Pearl 56.7; Irish Victor 52.6; Banner 51.1; Gold Rain 51.0; Minnesota 26, 47.8; Swedish Select 44.5; and Kherson 40.3. In addition, one other commercial variety, Dibbles Heavy Weight, were tested for the first time. This gave 43.8 bushels Pew acte: Ten varieties of our breeding were also tested. Five of these were varieties which have been tested for the past four years. These varieties with their yields are as follows: Maine 340, 52.7 bushels; Maine 355, 51.4 bushels; Maine 281, 51.5 bushels; Maine 351, 51.1 bushels; Maine 337, 48.2 bushels. The other five varieties were new strains which were tested under field conditions for the first time this year. These varieties and their yields are No. 1054, 51.5 bushels; No. 891, 47.4 bushels; No. 1053, 46.7 bushels; No. 978, 46.5 bushels; No. 982, 45.0 bushels. From these records it will be seen that all of the varieties yielded much lower than in the past. The highest yield ob- tained was from Early Pearl, 56.7 bushels. Maine 340 was second in yield, giving 52.7 bushels per acre. Two of the plots of Maine 340 were very seriously injured by the heavy rains, and this in a large measure accounts for its smaller relative yield. Several other varieties such as Gold Rain and Minne- sota 26 which have usually stood near the top of the list yield- ed much lower relatively this year than in the past. The 5 pure lines including Maine 340, Maine 355, etc., av- eraged to yield better than the majority of the varieties tested. Of the five new varieties tested for the first time only one—No. 1054—appears to be promising, but some of these will be tested again next year. 106 Barn AND FIELD EXPERIMENTS IN 1916 RATE OF SEEDING OATS IN AROOSTOOK COUNTY. It is the prevailing custom in Aroostook County to seed very heavily with oats. Perhaps the, majority of the farmers sow from 4 to 6 bushels to the acre. It has been the experience in other parts of the country and even in other parts of the State that this 1s too much seed for the best results. From 2 to 3 bushels per acre have given the best results in the southern part of the State. . In 1914 some preliminary rate of seeding experiments were carried out on Aroostook Farm. The results were reported in Bulletin 236. Injury to certain of the plots, however, made the interpretation of the results somewhat doubtful. In 1915 these experiments were repeated upon duplicate plots under much more favorable conditions. The results of these tests were published in Bulletin 246. In 1916 the same experiment was again repeated, using triplicate 1-10 acre plots for each rate of seeding. The condi- tions under which the 1916 experiments were carried out were similar to those in 1915. Six different rates of seeding were used, ranging from 2 to 5 bushels per acre. The land was in potatoes in 1915. _The seeding was done with a large disk drill. Owing to the loose texture of the ground the land was rolled before seeding and also immediately afterwards. This prevent- ed too deep seding which sometimes occurs with the use of a heavy disk drill in the loose soil of Aroostook. Commercial fertilizer (5-8-0) was applied broadcast before seeding at the rate of 500 pounds per acre. The seed used in 1916 was the variety known as Maine 340. In the preceding year the Pros- perity variety had been used. The results of the experiment calculated to acre yields are given in the tables that follow. Marne AGRICULTURAL ExPERIMENT Station. 1917. 107 Rate of Seeding Experiment, 1916. ; Vields of gram and straw per acre. = Rate of Seeding | Oats Straw Ne ote Per Acre Bushe's Pounds 464 8 Pocks 62.6 4532 470 Sie 73.9 5044 476 rohe 72.2 5697 Average 69.6 5091 465 ni 64.0 3617 471 10 ” 71.3 5343 477 Tipe 717.3 3731 Average 70.9 4231 466 12? 63.3 3775 472 1D ee 81.4 3932 478 1-1) 78.3 3668 Average 74.3 3769 ‘ 467 Re 70.4 3758 473 Vee 73.7 3965 479 ie 82.9 3883 Average z 75.7 3868 468 LOM | 17.3 4172 474 167822 77.3 3834 480 TORS? 82.7 4769 Average } 79.1 4256 469 20” | 84.8 5458 475 90 738 70.8 4434 481 iy 2 | 380.0 4412 Average } 78.5 4768 Rate of Seeding Experiment. Average of the oat welds for two years. Rate of Seeding Per Acre 8 pecks 10 pecks 12 pecks 14 pecks 16 pecks 20 pecks Oats Bushels fey) pay AAARHD SO ants) SU bo & > oN Straw Pounds 3729 2870 3068 3187 3238 8334 These results indicate that there is really no significant difference in the yields when 14, 16 or 20 pecks are sown. There is, however, a distinct disadvantage in the higher rates of seed- ing. This lies in the greater tendency to lodge. With the heavier rates of seeding the straw tends to be smaller in dia- meter and never becomes so hard as in the more open growth 108 BarRN AND FIELD EXPERIMENTS IN 1916 of a lighter seeding. In each year we have noted that the plots with 20 pecks per acre were more likely to lodge than the others. It is expected that these experiments will be repeated next year since it is only from the average yields over a period of years that definite conclusions can be drawn. EFFECT OF OMITTING POTASH FERTILIZATION UPON THE OAT CROP. Owing to the shortage of potash caused by the war it is very important to have as much information as possible re- garding the value of this element for various crops. In 1915 the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station began a series of experiments at Aroostook Farm with the object of determin- ing the value of potash for potatoes. In general these results have shown that there is sufficient available potash in Aroos- took soils to mature a profitable crop of potatoes. Neverthe- less the addition of relatively small amounts of potash has re- sulted in a marked increase in yield. In order to obtain some information relative to the value of potash for oats two series of experiments were carried on at Aroostook Farm this year. In each series duplicate 1-40 acre plots of oats were grown with 5 different mixtures of fertilizer varying in potash from O to 8 per cent. Each mixture con- tained 4 per cent of nitrogen and 8 per cent available phosphor- ic acid. The fertilizer was broadcasted before seeding at the rate of 500 pounds per acre. The seed used was of the variety known as Maine 340, an oat bred by the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station and regarded as one of the best varieties so far obtained for Maine. Series No. 1 was grown on land which was in potatoes without potash in 1915 and Series 2 was on land which had potatoes with 7 per cent potash in 1915. The yields are given in the tables that follow. MarIne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. 109 Vields Per Acre in No Potash Experwment with Oats, 1916. Series I, on Land with No Potash m 1915. 2 Amount of Potash | Yield of Straw | Yield of Grain Plot No. | In Pounds | In Bushels | s) ies were! ators a = ieee . 412 None | 4590 | 71.6 417 None | 3180 65.6 Average 3885 68.6 413 None + common salt 4510 71.6 418 | None + common salt | 2989 59.4 Average | | 3745 65.5 414 | 2 per cent potash 4420 70.6 419 2 per cent potash 3300 | 61.9 Average 3860 66.3 | 415 5 per cent potash 4490 76.9 420 5 per cent potash 2824 - 57.5 Average 3622 67.2 | | 416 8 per cent potash 3980 | 71.9 421 8 per cent potash 3360 66.3 Average 3670 | 69.1 Yields Per Acre in No Potash Experiment with Oats, 1916. Series II, on Land with 7 per cent Potash in 1915 Plot N Amount of Potash Yield of Straw Yield of Grain ot NO. 1916 In Pounds In Bushels 422 None 3424 } 63.8 427 None 4110 | 74.1 Average 3767 68.9 423 None + common salt 3930 67.2 428 None + common salt 8500 68.1 Average 3715 67.7 424 2 per cent potash 3280 68.8 429 2 per eent potash 2160 60.0 Average 2705 64.4 425 5 per cent potash 3370 72.2 430 } 5 per cent potash 2640 | 63.8 Average 3005 68.0 426 8 per cent potash | 3380 74.4 431 | 2980 61.9 Average | 8 per cent potash | 3140 68.1 The average yield of grain in bushels per acre from the plots on the soil with the two different treatments in 1915 are as follows. 1916 Treatment No Potash in 1915 7% Potash in 1915 No Potash 68.6 68.1 No Potash + salt 65.5 67.7 2 per cent potash 66.3 64.4 5 per cent potash 67.2 68.0 8 per cent potash 69.1 68.1 110 Barn AND Fierp EXPERIMENTS IN 1916 It is seen at once that there is no significant difference be- tween any of these yields. The average yield of the plots on land without potash in 1915 is exactly the same as the yield on land with 7 per cent potash in 1915. The application of potash the year before, therefore, did not affect the yield of oats. Furthermore, in each series the yield of the plots without potash in 1916 is as high as that of the plots with 7 per cent potash. Some of the intermediate plots show slightly decreased yields but in no case is the difference great enough to be significant. So far as the results of a single year are concerned, it would appear that on Aroostook soil potash is not a limiting factor in the production of oats. However, too much reliance cannot be placed on a single year’s results. It is quite possible that under different seasonal conditions and on different soils quite different results would be secured. The experiment is to be repeated in 1917. EFFECT OF OMITTING POTASH FERTILIZATION UPON THE POTATO CROP. Since the introduction of potash in commercial fertilizers in the early seventies of the last century, many experiments - have been made and many treatises written showing the value of potash in crop growing. The experimental data on growing crops without potash are very few. Potatoes are the chief cash crop grown in Maine. It is of first importance for the growers to have what facts are available relative to the likelihood of obtaining a crop in 1916 without the application of potash. Foreseeing the possibility that, with the continuance of the war, very little potash would be available for fertilizers, the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station began in 1915, at Aroostook Farm, a series of experiments to determine the effect of different amounts of potash. The results obtained in 1915 were published both in the newspapers and in Bulletin 246. In 1916 these experiments were repeated on 2 different lots of land. The first series of plots was on land which had been in grass for 2 years. The second series was on land which was Marne AGRICULTURAL ExpEerIMENT Station. 1917. 111 in grain for the 2 preceding years, and in each year had received 500 pounds per acre of a fertilizer carrying 7 per cent potash. On account of the difference in treatment of the preceding crops these 2 series of plots will be considered separately. Five different mixtures were used. In each case the fer- tilizers contained 4 per cent of nitrogen (5 per cent of ammonia) of which one-third was in the form of nitrate of soda, and 8 per cent of available phosphoric acid. The potash varied as follows: On one plot there was no potash. The next plot also had no potash but common salt was mixed with the fertil- izer at the rate of 300 pounds of salt per acre. The salt was used to see whether this would aid in freeing potash already in the soil but not in a form available for plant food. The fertilizer for the remaining three plots contained respectively ‘2 per cent, 5 per cent and 8 per cent potash. In each case the fertilizer was applied at the time of planting, at the rate of 1500 pounds per acre. Each plot was slightly less than one-half acre in area. The area of each plot was obtained by actual measurement and the yields are based on the weighed potatoes from each plot. Norcross potatoes were used for seed. Other than in respect to potash all plots were treated exactly alike. Series I, The land on which this series of plots was lo- cated was in potatoes in 1912. It had been in grass for 2 years without any fertilizer. The following are the results obtained, expressed in yields per acre. Vields per Acre in No Potash Experiment With Potatoes, Series I. lige 5 | Merchantable Culls Plot No- | Amount of Potash % | Bpls. Bus. Bbis. Bus, 436 Non? | dy) 287 4.6 13 437 Nene + common salt 116.7 321 3.0 8 438 2 per cent 154.9 423 2.0 6 439 5 per cent 153.6 429 Mary 5 459 8 per eent 145,7 401 3.1 9 Series IJ. The land on which this series of plots was located was-in potatoes in 1913. In both 1914 and 1915 this WIZ Bary AND FIELD EXPERIMENTS IN 1916 . field was in grain. In each year 500 pounds per acre of a 4-8-7 fertilizer was applied to the grain. In both years this field was laid out in experimental plots, involving a number of path- ways. These pathways were kept culivated and it is probable that a considerable residue of phosphoric acid and potash re- mained in the soil. This year these plots were planted with the same mixtures and handled in the same way as those in ‘Series I. The land, however, was not naturally such good po- tato soil as that in Series I. The following are the results ex- pressed in yields per acre of merchantable potatoes. Vield per Acre in No Potash Experiment With Potatoes, Series II. SS : | | Merchantable Culls Plot No. | Amount of Potash | | Bbls. Bus. Bbls. Bus. 450 | None | 119.9 330 5.8 Sura 451 None + common salt | 120.5 331 3.2 9 | 452 2 per cent | 116.9 321 2.9 8 453 5 \per cent lionel S¥3 325 2.4 7 | | ’ | 9 454 | 8 per cent Pe SB yee) 378 3.3 The yield in barrels for the two years from the three series of trials are given in the following table. No Potash Experiment with Potatoes, 1915 and 1916. Yield.in Barrels per Acre. 1915 1916 Average Amount of Potash Series I Series II None 110 104 120 111 None + common salt — 117 121 119 2 per cent 116 154 117 129 5 per cent 116 154 118 129 8 per cent 120 146 137 134 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. 113 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS The 1915 results showed that while there was a consistent increase of yield with the use of potash, nevertheless a profit- able yield of potatoes was obtained without its use. Last year the plots without potash averaged to yield at the rate of 110 barrels per acre, while the plots with 8 per cent potash gave 120 barrels. The yields on the different plots in Series I for 1916 show that the addition of potash has resulted in a very marked in- crease in yield. There are some irregularities in that the 8 per ‘cent potash yielded slighly less than either the 2 or the 5 per cent. These differences are probably only random fluctuations due to irregularities of the soil. It must be remembered that field experiments of this kind are at their best very rough com- parison. Such fluctuations are to be expected unless a series of replicate plots are used. A crude comparison of the effect of potash on this soil may be made by averaging the yield of the three plots which had potash and comparing with the average yields of the two plots which had no potash. The three plots averaged 152 barrels per acre, while the two no-potash plots averaged 110 barrels per acre. At the current prices of pota- toes in Aroostook at harvest this means a difference of about $100 per acre. There seems to be no question but that the addi- tion of potash to this kind of land was a very paying proposi- tion under the seasonal condition of this year. It will be noted that in the case of Series II, 1916, there is no such marked increase due to the addition of potash as was found in the former series. The first four plots show no signi- ficant difference in yield. The fifth plot on which an 8 per cent potash was used shows an increase of nearly 20 barrels per acre over the preceding. Whether this increase is due to the extra potash alone, or whether it is partly due to soil differences cannot be ascertained. It seems very probable that there was a considerable residue of potash in the soil from the preceding crops and that this amount was sufficient to obscure any possible differences in yield due to application of small amounts of potash in 1916. From the results of these 3 trials in 2 seasons the following tentative conclusions may be drawn: First, that the addition of 114 BARN AND FIELD EXPERIMENTS IN 1916 as little as 45 pounds per acre of potash increased the yield of potatoes at least when grown on sod land. The amount of this increase depends upon the condition of the land and probably also upon the seasonal conditions. The results obtained this year on sod land indicate that it paid to use goods with 2 per cent potash even at the present abnormal price. Second, a pro- fitable yield of potatoes can be obtained without the use of potash for at least one year. If it should happen that potash is absolutely unobtainable, growers may still plant on land that is in good heart with the prospect of obtaining a profitable yield. SULPHATE OF AMMONIA COMPARED WITH NITRATE OF SODA AS A SOURCE OF NITROGEN IN POTATO FERTILIZERS AT AROOS- TOOK FARM A few years ago there was quite a general failure of the crop of potatoes in Aroostook County where a certain brand of fertilizer was used. This fertilizer was analyzed by the Station chemists and found to be high grade. While it was not quite up to its guaranty in some particulars it did carry enough nit- rogen, phosphoric acid and potash to more than grow a good crop of potatoes. This fertilizer carried none of its nitrogen in the form of nitrate of soda, but it was all in the form of sul- phate of ammonia and high grade organic materials. This led to the stronger reaffirming of the position which the Station had taken relative to the use of nitrate nitrogen m the potato crop. In earlier publications it has been pointed out that the po- tato makes its demands for nitrogen early in the season and that in the cold, late springs so common in Aroostook County, the crop demands that part of the nitrogen should be immedi- ately available. For this reason the Station has strongly urged that about one-third of the nitrogen in a potato fertilizer be nitrate nitrogen. ; In the process of making gas and coke from coal there is developed a large amount of sulphate of ammonia, which in many coke and gas plants is still going to waste. In some plants this now is being conserved and many thousand tons of sulphate of ammonia are thus obtained each year. With the in- “Mate AcricutturAL ExpertIMENT Station. 1917. 115 creasing use of high grade organic nitrogen for food of ani- mals, the price of tankage has been going higher and higher year by year. It is, of course. desirable, if it can be done, that as much as possible of this sulphate of ammonia, which is a comparatively cheap source of nitrogen, be used in Maine ferti- lizers. Because of these facts, arrangements were made to begin in 1914 a series of experiments to run over a period of several years. The “base” which was used in these goods was made by the wet process, whereby nitrogen from rather low grade goods is made as available as from high grade goods. The available _ phosphoric acid was furnished in the form of acid phosphate and the potash in the form of sulphate of potassium. The fer- tilizer was free from chlorides so as to preclude the possibility of the formation of poisonous ammonium chloride. The base carried approximately one-third of the nitrogen that went into the formula. The remainder of the nitrogen was furnished in the form of nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia, as indi- cated in the following plan: Plot 1. Basal mixture and 2-3 of the nitrogen in form of nitrate of soda. Plot 2. Basal mixture and 2-3 of the nitrogen in form of sulphate of ammonia. Plot 3. Basal mixture and 1-3 of the nitrogen in form of nitrate of soda and 1-3 in form of sulphate of ammonia. Plot 4. Basal mixture and 1-3 of the nitrogen in form of high grade organic and 1-3 in form of nitrate of soda. Plot 5. Basal mixture and 1-3 of the nitrogen in form of high grade organic and 1-3 in form of sulphate of ammonia. In each case the finished fertilizer analyzed 4 per cent ni- trogen, 8 per cent available phosphoric acid and 7 per cent po- tash. In each year the fertilizer has been applied in the planter at the rate of 1500 pounds per acre. Other than the fertilizer used the plots were planted, cultivated, sprayed and cared for in all particulars alike. In each year duplicate plots each about one-half acre in area have been grown with each mixture. The results for 1914 and 1915 are reported in detail in Bulletin 246. The detailed results of the experiment for 1916 are given in the table which follows. 4116 BARN AND FieLpD EXPERIMENTS IN 1916 Sulphate of Ammonia and Nitrate of Soda Experiment. Yield of Potatoes per Acre. Merchantable Culls Plot No. Treatment Bbls. Bus. Bbls. Bus. 441 2 nitrate of soda 130.6 359 27.5 21 455 2 nitrate of soda 150.1 412 2.6 if Average 140.8 385 5.0 14 442 2 sulphate of ammonia 135.8 373 4.9 14 456 2 sulphate of ammonia 143.5 395 4.2 12 Average 139.6 384 4.1 13 443 + nitrate of soda | 2 sulphate of ammonia { 131.0 360 6.1 17 457 4 nitrate of soda | 2 sulphate of ammonia } 143.7 378 1.8 5 Average 137.3 369 4.0 11.0 444 i nitrate of soda | 2 organic ) 136.6 376 4.7 4 13 458 3, nitrate of soda | + organic J 144.3 397 1.6 4.4 Average 140.5 386 3.1 8.6 445 2 sulphate of ammonia | 2 organic i 142.4 392 (a 6.9 18.9 459 2 sulphate of ammonia | + organic j 144.1 396.22 ial Brean’) Average 143.3 392.97 4.0 10.9 From the above table it will be seen that the yields from these different mixtures were exceedingly uniform. There is only 6 barrels per acre difference between the best and the poor- est yielding mixture and in field experiments of this kind such a small difference has no significance. The result for the 3 years of the experiment are given in the following table. Sulphaie of Ammonia and Nitrate Soda Experiment 1914, 1915 and I916 Vield m Barrels Per Acre. Treatment 1914 | 1915 1916 Average 2 nitrate of soda 120 113 ‘| . 140 125 2 sulphate of ammonia 110 120 140 123 4 nitrate of soda, 4 sulphate of ammonia 116 119 137 124 2 nitrate of soda, 4 organic 120 111 140 124 4 sulphate of ammonia, 4 organic 110 109 148 121 Marne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. 117 From the results of these 3 years it appears that at least 2-3 of the total nitrogen can be supplied in the form of sulphate of ammonia without decreasing the yield. It is planned to con- tinue these experiments in order to determine the effect of these different substances under a number of different seasonal con- ditions. METHOD OF APPLICATION OF FERTILIZER UPON POTATOES AT AROOSTOOK FARM. It has always been more or less customary in growing po- tatoes in Maine to apply the fertilizer in the drill or hill at the time of planting. This was largely the practice when farm ma- nures were used in connection with potato growing and has been followed with commercial fertilizers. Although now when farm manures are used in connection with potatoes they are more likely to be applied broadcast and a smaller amount of fertilizer applied in the drill. There was little question in the minds of practical growers that when 500 to 1000 pounds of fertilizer were applied per acre that it was to the best ad- vantage to apply it in the drill. With the increase up to 1,500: to 2,000 pounds per acre the question has arisen whether it may not be advisable to apply the fertilizer at different times. This led the Station to undertake a series of trials at Aroostook Farm. In 1914 an experiment was started to extend over a period of years for the purpose of testing the method of applying fer- tilizer. Something over acre plots were used. Three plots were used in the experiment in 1914. To one plot all of the fertilizer was applied in the planter at planting. To another plot 1,000 pounds of fertilizer were applied at planting and 500 pounds when the potatoes were up. And to a third plot 1,000 pounds were ap- plied broadcast before planting and 500 pounds in the planter at planting. The Lowell Strain of Green Mountain potatoes was used for seed. The crop was well cultivated and sprayed. The experiment was repeated in 1915 and a plot was added’ to which all of the fertilizer was applied broadcast before plant- 118 BarN AND FIELD EXPERIMENTS IN 1916 ing. The experiment was again repeated in 1916, using bears cate plots of about one-half acre each. The fertilizer used each year was high grade, carrying 4 per cent nitrogen, 8 per cent available phosphoric acid and 7 per cent water soluble potash. One-third of the nitrogen was in the form of nitrate of soda, and the remainder was high gerade organic nitrogen. The yields are based upon weighings and not upon measure. The potatoes were clean, without ad- hering soil. In potato experiments at Highmoor Farm the Station had found that when there was only a small amount of rainfall fol- lowing the second application of fertilizer that apparently this added fertilizer was not well utilized. Each season, however, at Aroostook Farm there was ample water to dissolve and render the plant food in all of the fertilizer available. It has been es- timated that it takes about 6 inches of water to successfully grow a crop of potatoes. The rainfall in each of the years 1914 and 1915 totaled over 12 inches in May, June, July, and August, and in 1916 over 11 inches in these months. The results obtained in 1914 and 1915 are reported in de- tail in Bulletin 246. The yields per acre obtained in 1916 are as follows: Vield per Acre Obtained in Method of Applying Fertilizer Experiment, 1916 | Merchantable | Culls } Plot No. Treatment : . Bbls. Bus. Bbls. Bus. 446 1590 Ibs. in planter 141.8 899 Eyl 16 460 1500 Ibs. in planter 145.5 400 1.0 3 Average 143.7 396 oH) 9 447 1000 Ibs. in planter, 500 13030 Po oRs 2.8 8 461 lbs. when up 149.3 386 PA 5) 7 _Average 139.8 384 2.7 ZF 448 1009 Ibs. broadeast, 500 139.4 358 0.6 2 462 lbs. when up | 129.7 356 ley 5 Average | 130.9 357 11 3 449 1500 Ibs. broadeast Peisae 370 1.0 3 463 1500 Ibs. broadcast - | 197.6 351 0.5 1 Average | | 131.1 360 0.8 2 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. 119 These results indicate that the best yields are obtained when all or a large part of the fertilizer is applied in the planter. The results this year are much more marked than in the 2 pre- ceding years. In fact, the results of the first two years indi- cated that there was little to choose between the methods so far as yield was concerned. The yield of merchantable potatoes stated in barrels for the three years is given in the table that follows. Method of Applying Fertilizer 1or4, 1915 and 1910. Yield in Barrels per Acre. Method 1914 1915 1916 Average 1500 pounds in planter 131 109 144 128 1000 pounds in planter, 500 pounds 124 113 140 122 when up 1000 pounds broadcast, 500 pounds 123 109 130 121 when up 1500 pounds broadcast — 118 131 122 From these results it seems quite clear that fully as good, if not better, yields are obtained by applying all of the fertilizer in the planter. As this method is much cheaper and more con- venient than any of the others it is the one to be recommended. It seems that at least up to 1500 pounds per acre nothing is to be gained either by broadcasting fertilizer before planting or by applying a part at the first cultivation. SALT AS A FERTILIZER In the experiments with oats (page 109) and potatoes (page 111) salt was used in connection with nitrogen and phosphoric acid without potash. No decisive results were obtained. In cooperation with the county demonstrators in Hancock and Washington Counties, salt was tried on grass, potatoes and turnips. An experiment with M. S. Lyons of Calais on grass showed no effect from the use of salt in top dressing. Ex- periments with I. R. Sprague of Princeton, John Grasse at Lubec and Fred A. Tyler at Prescott with potatoes gave on the whole a slightly smaller yield in the plots where salt was applied than where there was no application. In case of Mr. Tyler, he had 120 Barn AND Fretp EXPERIMENTS IN 1916 quite a large percentage of rot, and there seemed to have been less rot and rather more sound potatoes on the plots where the salt was used. Hence, his experiments showed a gain in the use of salt, but nothing decisive. Salt tests were made with turnips with C. L. Pottle, Perry; bP. Washburn, Perry; and!) M.\ Scott) Renny. View Scoras experiment was a failure because of the exceedingly wet weather. There was a gain from the use of salt of 48 barrels per acre in the case of Mr. Washburn, and 24 barrels per acre in Mr.Pottle’s case. This is in accord with experiments running over a long series of years at the Rothamsted Experiment Station in Eng- land, where salt was found uniformly to be of benefit as a fertil- izer for turnips. This does not seem to be due to the fact that it freed potash, but that common salt 1s an essential factor in the successful growing of turnips. With oats, grass and potatoes no benefit has been found in the few trials made at this Station from the application of common salt. With turnips increased yields have been obtained from the application of salt. These experiments are not exten- sive enough or sufficiently carefully planned and carried out to warrant definite conclusions, but they do not mdicate any ap- preciable effects of common salt as a liberator of potash of the soil. ‘ > = ———— je ee ee nce q q 4 ry a ef 4 q ~ a ac ae Es a ge a < BULLETIN 261 REPORT OF PROGRESS ON ANIMAL HUSBANDRY INVESTIGATIONS IN 1916? BY RAYMOND PEARL. | As in former cases, this report will deal with the progress _ which has been made in the animal husbandry investigations - carried on by the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station. It is a pleasure to be able to report that these investigations have progressed in a generally satisfactory manner during 1916. In the succeeding portions of this report we shall consider one by one the different lines along which these investigations are pro- gressing. 1. COOPERATIVE BREEDING RECORDS. The cooperative breeding record project, in which about 200 of the leading breeders of cattle in Maine, and a few out- side of the State, have contributed for purposes of study, exact records of the breeding operations in their herds, has gone for- ward satisfactorily. A very large amount of new material has been collected in the year. It is expected that with the com- pletion of the Service Records for the calendar year 1916 there will be in hand approximately 2000 complete and connected Ser- vice and Birth breeding records. This constitutes a wholly unique mass of material for the study of many vitally important problems in the physiology of reproduction in cattle. As the amount of material mentioned will be amply sufficient for the *Papers from the Biological Laboratory of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, No. 111. This report of progress during the year 1916 of the work on animal breeding and related lines (exclusive of work with poultry) carried on in the Biological Laboratory of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion, was in part presented as the report of the Committee on Breeding of the Maine Dairymen’s Association, at the meeting held in Augusta on December 7, 1916, 122 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Sration. 1917. study of the problem in hand, it is proposed to bring this breed- ing record project to a close at the end of September, 1917. No’ more Service Records will be asked for after January 1, 1917, and only such Birth Records as are needed to complete the Ser-_ vice Records already in hand. We wish again to express our great indebtedness to the breeders who have so carefully, and conscientiously, and will- ingly aided in the prosecution of this phase of the animal hus- bandry investigations. At this time it seems desirable to present a complete list of the breeders who have.aided in this project. This is accord- ingly done in Table I. In addition to the name and address of each breeder the following facts are presented: (1) the number of females (cows and heifers) in each cooperator’s herd; (2) the breed of the animals; (3) the number of herd bulls regularly kept; (4) whether the bulls are pure-bred or not; (5) what the breeder’s regular practice is as to the mating of his animals relative to the period of heat in which they are at the time of breeding. AlveNB NEN ay “ List of Cooperating Breeders. Ss Bo a Blas Breeding Name. _ Address. a Breed Be) el practice. 2a oi 4S o6'S OSlHBH Zo 4a)4.2,9 Allen, D. E. Blue Hill 8 {Ayrshire 2 Yes |Late. Allen, Harry C. |Buckfield 8 |Jersey 0 — jAt most conven- . ient time. Ames, Bertram CjOrono 5 |Jersey 1 Yes {As early as con- j venient. Ames, C. Lester. |Bridgton 5 |Jersey 0 — jNo fixed rule. Andrews, Carl E. |Jefferson 6 {Various 1 Yes [Late in general g never early. Austin, A. A. Ridlonville 19 |Holstein 1 Yes |Late. “ Babb, Geo. H. Ssbago 6 |Various 0) — |As soon as discov- ered. Barker, A. W. Easton 2. | Jersey 0 — |Farly. Bean, C. S. Wellington 9 {Jersey 1 No |Late. Bell, Harold M. |{Is!esboro 4 |Holstein 1 Yes |Early. Benn, Osear A. Houlton 12. {Jersey 1 Yes |Serve twice when possible when first noticed; and about 6 ; hours later. Bennett, J. B. Dexter 11 {Jersey 1 No {Late if possible, Beyer, H. G., Jr. |Portland 100 |Holstein 3 | Yes |Late. i Bickford, E. F. |Dixmont 7 |Holstein and} 1 Yes |Prefer early. Shorthorn iy 2 ANIMAL Huspanpry INVESTIGATIONS IN 1916. ; 123 List of Cooperating Breeders, Continued. cs) Zine EI Fa Breeding Name. Address. pa Breed Pay | ey practice. Bpace S149 Cae is) Pies ZASE Balas . F. H. [Brooksville 2 |Jersey 0 — {Late. ack, Elmer E. {West Baldwin 9 jJersey 1 Yes }]Odd heat for fe- Bi male calves. oe Lyman. aTeenville 20 (Guernsey 1 Yes |Generally first; not always. Boyd, DPE Oe Ea. Newport 11 |Holstein 1 Yes |Late. _ Bradford, T. B. {Goldenridge 15 {Jersey 1 | Yes JNo fixed rule. a Ee dtord, W. B. jTurner 5 |Jersey 0 — oy as poss- iy ; ible. Portland 6 jGuernsey 1 Yes |Harly Arlington 64. | Holstein 2 Yes |Early Heights, Il. Bumpus, Wm. E. {Mechanic Falls 40 | Jersey 3 Yes |Early. Burr, Leon T. Winthrop 21 |Holstein 1 | Yes }When first no- ‘a 4 ticed if pos- Bo ‘ sible - Butters, H: E. Exeter 12 {Holstein 1 Yes |Late. > Cairns, A. W. . So. Paris 19 eseeaer 1 Yes Barly as pos- Aes sible. Call, Everett D ittsfield 10 jGuernsey 2 Yes [Late if served aa but onee; pre- cr fer to serve night and morn- , ing Cathro, Ewen A. |Argentina, 59 {Shorthorn 1 Yes jJEarly “s IS. America ) Clark, C. F. Clark’s Mills 20 |Holstein 1 | Yes |Earl Clark, R. C. _ Lisbon 6 \Jersey 0) — |Late, usually Clements, Chas. |Winterport x 16 |Jerse 1 | No INo rule. Cobb, c. F. Lisbon Falls 12 |Jersey 2 Yes |Early unless old is cow: then serve : twice. Colburn, W. L. Ashland 2 |Jersey 0 — |farly. ole. R. F. Winterport 10 {Holstein 1 No fixed rule. Sooley, Henry. olon 10 [Jersey 1 Yes {Early if possible. Coston, H. H. {Pittsfield 8 |Guernse 0 | — INo rule: rocker, Ee Ge t. Albans 18. |Guernsey 2 Yes [No rule ummings, A. D. jSo. Paris 15 {Holstein 1 Yes |Usually late urtis,; C..C. exter 6 |Jersey it) — |Late. Curtis, E. D. Bantam, Conn 15 |Holstein and | 2 | Yes |No rule Guernsey Curtis. Norman. owdoinham 8 |Jersey 1 Yes |Late Dalbey, W. E. Granville 12 |Guernsey 1 Yes JEarly Davis, A.-C. Harrison 5 |Holstein 1 Yes |Harly Davis, E. A. Liberty 5 |Various 2 Yes jEarly - Davis, E. L. Harrison 7 |Holstein 1 | Yes |Early. Davis, Herbert. Eaton 5 {Various 1 Yes }Bull allowed to run with cows. _ Davis, J. Frank. {Hampden 14 {Holstein 9 — IlLate Highlands avis, Tyler §. Union 8 [Jersey 1 Yes jLate. ODay, Harold Ry Lewiston 25 jAyrshire 1 Yes jEarly. p West Kennebunk | 19 |[Guernsey 0 — |Late. Waterville 17 | Jersey 1 Yes {As soon conve- nient after no- ting her con- ditions. Bridgton 12 | Jerse 1 Yes |When convenient. South Portland 20 1 Yes |Late. Gardiner 8 |Various 2 Yes |Middle of heat. Portland 56 {Ayrshire 3 Yes |Early. . Mapleton 4 |Various 1 Yes |Early. Bangor 8 |Jersey 1 No |Late. Norway 23 |Ayrshire py) Yes |Harly. . Fea iz Boyer, Isaac. Gorham 12 [Jersey 2 | Yes |Early. ‘ Eastman, W. H. |Corinna 3 | Jersey 0 — |Usually late. ) Raton, H. D. North Cornyille 17 {Hereford 4 | Yes |Both early and ‘1 late, McGlauflin, H. F.jPresque Isle 124 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1917. ee List of Cooperating Breeders, Continued. : : cs} Bl 1 a ElES Breedin Name. Address. - aa Breed Sepa practice. Zz 3s Za|a5E i= Ellis, A. H. Fairfield 9 \|Shorthorn 2 Yes jNo fixed rule. Ford, J. H. Anson 9 {Jersey 1 No jEarly. Foster, G. E. Skowhegan 29 Guernsey 5 Yes j}Usually -early. Fuller, C. F. Skowhegan, 20 |Guernsey 2 Yes [No rule. Gardiner, R. H. |Gardiner 39 |Various 1 Yes ———. ‘ Gerrish, H. W. Cornish 11 {Jersey ) — jLate.. i Getchell, Mrs. Ida.J|Machias 2 j\Holstein 0 — |jEarly. Goding, L. S. Vonmouth 10 jGuernsey i Yes |Late. © a Goodrich; M. B. |Brunswick 3 |Jersey 0 — ie convenient 7 ime. ; Good Will Home |Hinckley 30 |Ayrshire 3 Yes |Early. Association ~ Graham, J. L. Ea. Corinth 12 |Jersey 1 Yes jEarly. : = _ Griffen, S. F. Alfred 10 (Guernsey 1 Yes |Reekoned by ~ time of day. Hatch, H. J. Augusta 3 |Various 0 poe convenient ime. Hawes, S. H. West Brooksville | 11 {Jersey 0 — |Early. Haytford, Ralph. |Belfast 9 |Guernsey 1 Yes |Late. Higgins, B. W. Levant 14 |Jersey i Yes |Early if possible. Higgins, H. H. Mapleton 5 jJersey 0 — jEarly. Hilton, A. T. Athens 9 jJersey 1 No {As soon after no- ticed as conven ient. e Holbrook, E. A. |Vaneeboro 12 |Holstein 1 Yes jNo rule. Holston & Paine. |Cornish 30 |Jersey 2 Yes jEarly. Hooper, Wm. H. |Biddeford 28 |Holstein 1 Yes {No rule. Harrison, He As Utica: No Ye 100 |Holstein 4 | Yes jNo rule. M. D. é Ireland, G. F. Dryden 6 |Guernsey 1_}| No |Late. Jackson, C. E. Bryant’s Pond 8 |Holstein- af No |{Early. Jersey Cross] 0 — j|Late. Jackson, G. B. Waterville 13 |Various 0 — |Late. Johnson, E. E. Hebron 10 }|Holstein 0 — |No rule. Johnston, E. L. |Easton 4 |Jersey i Yes jEarly. Johnson, H. O. |East Sullivan 8 |Guernsey 1 | Yes |Late if possible. Jones, C. L. Corinna 9 {Holstein 1 | Yes |Sometimes twice, both early and 4 late. Jones, R. O. Winslow 8 |Jersey 1 | Yes jUsually alternate F heat theory. Jordan, C. E. Mechanic Falls 3 |Holstein 0 — |Late. Jubilee Dairy Pekin, Ill. 75 (Brown Swiss 1 Yes |Early. Farm. * Kent’s Hill Kent’s Hill 26 |Holstein 2 Yes [Late. Seminary. { Kilgore, E. K. South Waterford 6 jJersey 2 Yes |EHarly. Kimball, D. M., Winterport 9° |Jersey 2 No |About 7-10 hours and Son. after onset of Z heat. Kuch, Wm. F. Portland 2 |Various 0 — |Late when conven- xt ient. Lamkin, F. M. Farmington 6 |Various 0 — |As early as pos- sible. Larrabee, C. C. |Wells 12 |Guernsey if Yes |Late. Leach, E. R. Newport 6 |Holstein 0 — {No rule. Leavitt, E. R. Winthrop 12 }|Shorthorn 2 No and Jersey : Libby, P. W. St. Albans 7 |Holstein 1 Yes JAS early as pos- sible. : Lilley, S. O. Gardiner 3 | Various 9 — |Late. Lincoln, N. M. Corinna 16 |Holstein 1 Yes jUsually late. Longley, J. R. Detroit 11 {Holstein 1 Yes jAs see as no- ticed. Loud, S. O. Berwick 5 |Various 0 — |When convenient. Luce, R, T. Carmel 12 |Jersey and 1 | Yes {As early as pos- Holstein sible. — a McCrum, Lemuel |Mars Hill 7 jAyrshire i Yes jEarly. : 4 |Various 1 Yes 'EKarly. - Jee ae ve i a, - \ ANIMAL HusBaNpbRY INVESTIGATIONS IN 1916. 125 List of Cooperating Breeders, Continued. ro we |e a Ses Breeding Name. Address. pa Breed Baye a practice. 2H S| here \ ORR oBlgse aoe Za\|aee McIntire, L. E. East Waterford 29 }Holstein 1 | Yes |Early when pos- and Son. , sible. Maine State Hebron 40 }Holstein 1 Yes /Varies. * Sanatorium fi Association. Merrill, Herman. |Lovell 9 jJersey 1 No |jEarly. : Millett, C. R. West Minot 40 |Holstein 1 Yes [Both early and late. Moore, S. C. Brooks 6 [Jersey 0 — |Just before P. M. milking. Moulton, H. M., |Cumberland 25. | Jersey 3 | Yes |Usually early. M. D. Center Murray, Wi. Hampden 3 Ayrshire 0 | — jEarly. Highlands Nash, H. H. Camden 17 {Jersey and 1 Yes |Harly. Holstein National Soldiers|Nationa!l Soldiers} 60 {Holstein 3 | Yes [Serve just before Home. Home feeding in P. M. Neale & Dix. Sewickley, Penn. 24 }|Ayrshire 2 Yes jEarly. Nelson, A. C. West Minot 20 jHolstein 1 No |Early. Ness, John A. \uburn 3 jAyrshire 1 Yes |No fixed rule. Oakes, A. A. Farmington Falis} 6 |Guernsey 1 Yes |No rule as to ; heat. f Ontario Agricul- |Guelph; Canada 60 Various 8 | Yes |As early as pos- a tural College. sible. Osborne, W. H. Springfield 17 |Holstein 1 | Yes jNo rule. Packard, E. A. Turner 9 jAyrshire 1 Yes ‘At the zenith” (of heat) Page, E. D. Bangor 11 |Jersey 3 Yes j|Early if possible. Page, Geo. E. East Livermore 10 jHolstein 1 Yes |No rule. Palmer, J. F. East Sumner 7 |Jersey 0 — |Late. Palmer, W. C. Thorndike 2) {Jersey 1 Yes jLate. Parsons, M. C. Hampden 9 |Holstein and 1 No jUsually when first Highlands Durham noticed. Parsons, O. J. Patten 19 |Various 1 No jEarly. Pastures, The. Belfast 190 |Jersey 2 Yes |Early. Patten, R. T. Skowhegan 20 1 | Yes |No rule as to heat. Paul, A. M. Dexter 20 Holstein 2 Yes |Early, and when hard to _ settle late also. 5 Perkins, S. W. West Kennebunk | 12 |Jersey 1 Yes Just past middle. Philbrook, F. W. jGreene Various 1 Yes [No special time; as near middle ¢ as possible. Pierce, I. C. Bingham 22 | Jersey 1 Yes jSometimes early in morning and late at night. Pike, J. M. Lubee 15 |Holstein 1 Yes en latter part of heat. Piper, S. A. Troy 29 |Holstein 2 Yes jEarly, usually. Plant, Stewart. {Gardiner 6 0 — As soon as pos- sible after com- ; ing in heat. Plummer, H. E. |North Whitefield & }Hereford 1 Yes jEarly. Pope, Chas. S. Manchester 50 |Jersey 3 Yes JNo rule. ¥ Porter, E: L. West Paris 8 ,Various 1 Yes |Early. Potter, F. A. Old Town 35 |Ho'stein J Yes jEarly. Powers, A. J. Ft. Fairfield 7 jBrown Swiss 1 Yes jEarly. Pulsifer, C. L. East Poland 12 }Holstein 1 Yse JNo rule. Reed, J. H. Waterville 12 |Various il Yes jEarly. _ Ricker, J. F. North Saco 14 | Jersey 1 Yes |No rule. Ricker, L. A. Buckfield 6 | Jersey 0 — j|Late. Rines, J. H. Portland 34 |Guernsey 2 Yes |When convenient. Ring, Walter H. |Cambridge 8 |Jersey 1 | Yes }Late. Rose, S. W. Greene 19 }Holstein 1 Yes |Usually early. and Sons. Ryder, Murray. North Newcastle | 12 Holstein 1 Yes |Late. 126 ‘List of Cooperating Breeders, Concluded. ie) Zia e el Bila3 Breeding Name. Address. 'S,4) Breed pare Penh practice. Ze Eis} irs 655 OS/ESE ZAos iG. |q oo Salley, M. H: Dexter 12 {Ayrshire 2 Yes |Early. Sawyer, L. E. Hebron 2 IJersey 0 — jLate. } Sehrumpf, W. E. |Farmington 3 |Jersey 0 — |As soon as pos- sible after com- ing in heat. ~ Sedgley, G. W. Maranacook 4 |Jersey 0 — |Late preferred. Small, E.~A. Cornish 9 [Jersey 1 — |Early—if any ik signs of heat after 12 hours serve again. Smiley. Roy C. Augusta 4 |Various 1 Yes |Early. ; Smith, Owen W. |Portland 19 !Jersey 2 Yes jEarly. ; Smith, Ralph L. }|Kennebunkport 8 }Various 0 — |As soon as pos- sible. Smith, R. V. Steuben 11 {Jersey 1 Yes |Late. { smith, W. G. Dixmont 4 |Jersey 9 — |Late. Somerby, E. O. |Winn 6 |Jersey 9 — jEarly. Soule. H. C. Canton 20 {Jersey 1 Yes }Late. stanchfie!d, Easton 4 |Jersey 1 Yes |Most convenient Dura. : time. Stanton, C. F. South Paris 16 {Holstein 1-| Yes jLate. Stetson F. B. Los Banos, Cal. 109 |Ho!lstein 3 Yes jEarly. Stover. Austin. Sullivan » 3. |Various ) — |Medium to late. Summit Lumber |Davidson 3) {Holstein 1 Yes |Just before fesd- - Company. é ing in P. ‘ Tarbell, E. L. Mapleton 5 |Jersey 1 Yes jJAlternate heat method. Thaanum, P. A. |Winthrop 28 |Jersey 1 Yes |Generally and preferably late. Thayer, J. M. Paris — 1) {Holstein 1 Yes jEarly. Y Thayer. W. C. So. Paris 7 {Holstein Bie — jEarly. Tibbetts, F. L. Dexter 30 |Holstein if Yes jLate. Tingley. D. H., Readfield 11 |Hereford il Yes {No rule. & Son. ; Towne, Don M. Madison 28 }Guernsey 2 Yes {No rule. True. Nathan C. |Litchfield 9 {Guernsey 2 Yes |Late. Tucker, Benj. Norway 21 }|Holstein 1 Yes |Late. Tucker, H. M. Canton 11 |Jersey 2 Yeas [No rule. University of Orono 71 |Various 6 Yes |No rule. Maine. : Wadsworth, W. D.jCornish 8 |Jersey 1 Yes jEarly. Walker, E. A. Vassalboro 3. | Jersey 9) — |Late. Wheeler, G. E. Waterville 23 {Jersey and 1 No {No rule. Holstein E - Whitaker. E. H. |Albion : 15 |Jersey Yas jUsually late. Wilkins, H. M. Livermore Falls 16 {Jerse i) — |Usually late. Wilson, J. A. Brunswick 11 {Dutch Belted 1 Yes |Usually late. Winslow, E. S. North Berwick 6 }|Various ai Yes |Late. Winslow, L. V. Larone 6 a -- Wood, C. J. Skowhegan 17 |Jersey “ 1 — Early. Woodsum, A. G. }Oakland 6 Various 1 Yes {Middle of heat. Woodward, S. R. |Sebee Station 8 {Jersey 1 Yes |Early. Total 3085 cows, 217 bulls of which 131 are pure bred k eee, S SSE ee ee Pe ET A ee Bre ~ AnrmaL-Huspanpbry INVESTIGATIONS IN 1916. 127 _- From the preceeding table it appears that this cooperative _work has made available data on cattle breeding from 192 dif- _ ferent herds, including 3085 cows and heifers and 217 bulls. _ These herds are distributed by breeds as follows: Breed Herds | t NSS CV Aer eee ee tse ope cobra erete rors cesta e A naaGacts 70 4 SRC SET IeSIATi)e Mae ies OR epicenter ee save eve oe 47 d MEME ELISEY ee ire tae ie Mn tiie k 19 ASCII RTS RAE Pet cs A ee Bae rcrt ies Airy eet 11 el "Sierra peal Bees ee NN eA Nene ie Oi aetna Me ie 2 4 ' TRIGSAEN Nata tN oles MTN I Rae ae ie nae ei oe (A aR aoa eae eat 3 % ~ BST ON ADS SS tele aI An else inc hea Be we eictaee ¢ cM eae Ee 2 I 4 NDR EEE LINE he Clas sci Pees russ Cs cs Seer FaMAR ae ah NS TER y 1 | Waletomeianaleraao-gerahuei ee Seman nn soca oe iii ee Avan ata mis 33 4 INGE COLG CU gcety te Nenes Str an ue a eRe iy ae ie, 4 Total 192 ss *This means more than one breed in herd. So far as may be judged from these figures it would appear _ that the Jersey is still the leading breed of cattle in Maine. It | bis equally clear, however, that the other breeds have made, and are making, large inroads on the popularity of this breed. From all the evidence at hand one would judge that during the last 50 years the proportionate number of Jersey cattle in the State : has decreased, while other breeds, particularly in recent years iA the Holstein-Friesian, have increased. B | It is interesting to note the large proportion of Maine breed- ers of cattle who use pure-bred sires. Out of 146 herds in which a bull is kept and for which information on this point is 4 given, 131, or 89.7 per cent report the bulls used as pure bred. _ This is very gratifying and augurs well for the future of the live-stock industry im this State. One of the most interesting features of the table is the last column, in which are given, in condensed form, the answers to the question “Do you make it a rule in breeding to have cows served early in heat or late?’”’ Summarizing these data we find the following facts: Peper ue WR carvan Vi eee at hte Vinten UI ENS Berd a2 Bek 8 \ 128 ~ Maine AcRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Sration. SOL se xe Time of Service Number. Per cent. Early in heat 81 42.2 Middle of heat 6 ahll Late in heat 52 27.1 Both early and late? 6 3.1 On basis of alternate heat theory 3 1.6 Bull runs with cows 1 0.5 In relation to feeding or milking time 3 1.6 No regular rule* ; 36 Pa Ser, Not reporting on this point and unclassified 4 Za Totals 192 100.0 “Includes all cases where it is the rule to serve twice during the heat period. : “In this category are included all cases recorded as “when conven- ient” and the like. The facts brought out by this list are interesting. It is evident that the great majority of this group of breeders follow, or attempt to follow so far as they can, some definite rule in re- gard to the time of the heat period at which the cow shall be served. There can be no doubt further that the primary ob- ject sought, in most cases at least, is the control of the sex of the offspring. Curiously enough, however, there is nothing like unanimity of opinion as to how such control is to be gained. While roughly 42 per cent of the breeders in the group think that early service is most likely to get heifer calves, about 27 per cent are just as strongly of the opinion that service late in heat is needed to bring about this end. It is curious that only 6 or 3.1 per cent of the breeders say that they breed in the mid- dle of heat. An examination of the actual times of breeding in hours after the onset of oestrum, shows that really these same 192 breeders are having more of their cows served in what may fairly be considered the mid-oestral period than either very early or very late. | ANIMAL Huspanpry INVESTIGATIONS IN 1916. 129 2. PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION. In all of its work the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station endeavors in every possible way to meet the most pressing 1m- mediate needs of the farmers of the State for practical infor- mation at the same time that it is carrying on fundamental in- yestigations, having for their object the discovery of the underlying principles of science on which agricultural practice depends. A good index of the immediate practical needs of the farmer is found in the inquiries and requests for information which he sends in to the Station. Experience shows that a large portion of the correspondence of the Station relating in any way to breeding has to do with inquiries concerning one or another phase of the general subject of the physiology of breeding. There is a great dearth of information in the avail- able agricultural literature regarding the biological or physiolo- gical processes concerned in reproduction and breeding. As has already been pointed out in the preceding portion of this report, the Experiment Station, through its cooperative breeding record project, is in possession of a unique body of original material throwing light on many of the most puzzling of these biological questions relating to reproduction and breeding in cattle. In view of this fact, and because of the very evident interest in this subject, and desire for information about it, it has seemed wise to devote a considerable amount of time during the past year to the preparation of a comprehen- sive bulletin on “The Physiology of Breeding with Special Reference to Dairy Cattle.” This bulletin is now nearly ready for the press. It is expected that it will be issued as an appen- dix to this report sometime in the year 1917. It is estimated that it will make a volume of about 150 printed pages. This ‘will, of course, be distributed free to residents of Maine. It will not be distributed by the Station outside of the State of Maine. Instead, the same material composing this bulletin will be issued in book form by one of the large commercial pub- lishing firms, from whom it may be obtained, on payment of the regular price of the book, by anyone not a resident of Maine. 130 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1917. 3. THE CONTROL OF THE SEX RATIO. One of the primary objects for which the cooperative re- cord project was inaugurated was to collect statistics bearing on the question as to whether the proportion of males to females in cattle could be influenced or controlled by the time of service relative to the beginning of the period of heat. Some earlier statistics” appeared to indicate that there was a possibility of influencing the sex ratio by paying attention to this point. It was believed to be of such extreme importance as to justify the careful study of the matter on the basis of much more extended statistics. These statistics we have now collected and analyzed and shall publish as soon as possible. In the meantime it may be reported that, with the more extended statistics in ‘hand, it appears to be conclusively established that there is no definite or permanent relation between the time in the heat period at which the cow is served and the sex of the offspring. The ap- parent relation between these two factors, which is believed by many breeders to exist and which our earlier statistics appeared to indicate, seems now to be purely accidental, and to have arisen only because of the comparative meagerness of the statistics on which the matter was discussed. TABLE 2 Showing the Sex of the Calves Following Service at Different Parts of the Heat Period. Sex of Offspring Per Cent Lapsed time in hrs. from appearance of heat to a of Heat Period service. Males Females Males Early | Under 3 hours. | 200 192 51.0 | Middle Over 3 and under 8 hours | 270 252 51.7 Late | Over 8 hours | 187 212 46.9 Totals 657 656. 50.0 *Cf. Pearl, R:, and Parshley, H. M. Sex Studies V. —Data on Sex Determination in Cattle. Biol. Bulletin, Vol. 24, pp. 205-225, 1913. Pearl, R. Brief Report of Progress on Animal Husbandry Investi- gations in 1914, Me. Agric. Expt. Sta. Misc. Publ. 503, pp. 1-11, 1914, ANIMAL HuspaNpry INVESTIGATIONS IN 1916. 131 The summarized results of 1313 separate and distinct mat- ings given in Table 2 will demonstrate this point. In each one of these 1313 cases the following facts were accurately known, and reported in such a way that any bias, conscious or uncon- scious, of the observer could not have influenced the result: (a) the time in hours from the first appearance of heat (oes- trum), as noticed by the breeder, to the time the cow was suc- cessfully served; (b) the sex of the calf resulting from this ser- vice. It is evident fromthis table that there is no significant pre- ponderance of females when service is early in heat. There is not now known any method by which the sex ratio or proportion of the sexes in cattle may be effectively controlled by the breed- er. A more detailed account of the results, together with fur- ther statistics will be published elsewhere. 132 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1917. 4. THE ANALYSIS OF MILK RECORDS. The intensive study of existing records of milk and butter fat production published in the Advanced Registry reports of the various breeds has been prosecuted energetically during the past year. As was pointed out in the last report, the neces- sary age correction factors for milk production have now been completely worked out for the three breeds,—Jersey, Holstein- Friesian, and Ayrshire. The necessity for these age correc- tions has been emphasized in former reports. Before it is pos- sible to make any just comparison between the productivity of two cows it is necessary that a proper scientific correction be made for their difference in age at the time when the milk records were made. The working out of proper corrections has involved a great deal of extremely laborious mathematical work. This work, however, is now completed and we are able to use these correction factors in a constructive way. As a first contribution in this direction we have considered in the Jersey breed the influence of certain advanced registry bulls on the productive qualities of the breed. A complete report on this phase of the work, which will include data cor- responding to those for Tables 3, 4, and 5 for every Register of Merit bull of the Jersey breed having two or more daughters whose dams have records, will be issued as an appendix to this - report as soon as it can be prepared for the press. Tables 3, 4, and 5 show in abbreviated form the effect of 23 of the best known Jersey sires on the average milk, fat test, and net butter fat production of their daughters as compared with the dams of these daughters. It appears from these tables that about one-half of the bulls in this group got daughters which on the average were poorer producers than the dams of those daughters. In some cases the deleterious effect of the bull on the productive qualities of his offspring was extremely marked. On the other hand, certain of the bulls in this group, notably Hood Farm Torono, exercised an extraordinarily benefi- cial effect upon the productive qualities of the breed. AntmaL Huspanpry INVESTIGATIONS IN 1916. 133 TABLE 3. Showing the Influence of Certaim Jersey Bulls on the Breed, as Indicated By the Average Yearly Production of Milk of The Daughters as Compared With That of the Dams of These Daughters. -+denotes that daughter’s average was higher than dams’ average —denotes that daughter’s average was lower than dams’ average LBS. OF MILK BY WHICH DAUGHTERS’ NAME OF BULL AVERAGE IS DIFFERENT FROM DAMS’ Group A. Bulls which significantly 4 lowered the productivity of their daughters. Hector Marigold 59121 3001.0 Hood Farm’s, Tormentor 76311 1555.6 Irene’s King Pogis 73182 1540.9 Lady Letty’s Victor 65020 1396.2 Mabel’s Raleigh 77913 965.7 Hood Farm Torono 21st 83413 800.5 Noble of Oaklands 95700 453.3 Hood Farm Torono 20th 82854 252.8 Mabel’s Poet 65780 139.0 Group B. Bulls wihch neither lowered nor inereased productivi- ty significantly Tonona Pogis 78657 96.9 Interested Prince 58224 70.1 Gedney Farm Oxford Lad 71338 128.7 Group C. Bulls which — significantly increased the productivity of their daughters. Flying Fox’s Victor 64768 } 285.0 Lookout Torono 78593 385.7 Hood Farm Pogis 9th 55552 i 464.3 Mabel’s Oxford Lad 66518 590.0 Gamboge’s Knight 95968 | 627.4 Raleigh's Fairy Boy 83767 715.8 Eminent’s Raleigh 69011 1313.0 Royal Majesty 79313 2138.6 Hood Farm Pogis 34th 63309 2497.5 Fontaine’s King 65641 2880.0 Hood Farm Torono 60326 2946.1 4 134 Maine AcricuLTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1917. TABLE 4. Showing the Influence of Certain Jersey Bulls on the Breed, as Indicated By the Average Fat Percentage of the Milk of Their Daughters as Compared With That of the Dams of These Daughters. +denotes that daughter’s average was higher than dams’ average —denotes that daughter’s average was lower than dams’ average | PERCENTAGE OF FAT BY WHICH DAUGHTERS’ NAME OF BULL | AVERAGE IS DIFFERENT FROM DAMS’ Group A. Bulls which — significantly Bi lowered the fat percent- age of their daughters Eminent’s Raleigh 69011 1.2038 Raleigh’s Fairy Boy 83767 | 0.637 Fontaine’s King 65641 | 0.588 Lookout Torono 78593 | 0.288 Royal Majesty 79313 0.264 Group B. Bulls which neither lowered nor increased fat percent- age significantly Hood Farm Torono 60326 0.144 Hood Farm Pogis 34th 63300 0.094 Hood Farm Torono 20th 82854 0.073 Gedney Farm Oxford Lad 71238 0.071 Interested Prince 58224 0.055 Mabel’s Poet 65780 0.053 Mabel’s Raleigh 77913 0.080 Lady Letty’s Victor 65020 0.118 Gamboge’s Knight 95698 0.140 Group C. Bulls which significantly increased the fat percent- age of their daughters 4 Flying Fox’s Victor 64768 5) Oa Hood Farm’s Tormentor 76311 0.271 Hood Farm Torono 21st 83413 0.272 Hood Farm Pogis 9th 55552 0.282 Mabel’s Oxford Lad 66518 0.314 | Nobel of Oaklands 95700 0.386 | Tonona Pogis 78657 0.446 Trene’s King Pogis 73182 0.658 Hector Marigold 59121 | 0.715 | AnimaL HusBanpry INVESTIGATIONS IN 1916. 135 TABLE 5. Showing the Influence of Certain Jersey Bulls on the Breed, as Indicated By the Avetage Yearly Production of Milk of Their Daughters as Compared With That of the Dams of These Daughters. +denotes that daughter’s average was higher than dams’ average —denotes that daughter’s average was lower than dams’ average NAME OF BULL Group A. Bulls which — significantly lowered the productivity of their daughters. LBS. OF BUTTER FAT BY WHICH DAUGHTERS’ AVERA7E IS DIFFERENT FROM DAMS’ Hector Marigold 59121 Hood Farm S. Tormentor 76311 Mabel's Raleigh 77913 Eminent’s Raleigh 69011 [vene’s King Pogis 73182 Raleigh’s Fairy Boy 83767 Lady Letty’s Victor 65020 Hood Farm Torono 20th 82854 Hood Farm Torono 21st 83413 Mabel’s Poet 65780 Group B. Bulls which neither lowered nor increased productiviy significantly Interested Prince 58224 Gedney Farm Oxford Lad 71238 Lookout Torono 78593 Noble of Oaklands 95700 Group C. Bulls which — significantly increased the productivity of their daughters. Flying Fox’s Victor 64768 Tonona Pogis 78657 Gamboge’s Knight 95698 Hood Farm Pogis 9th 55552 Mabel’s Oxford Lad 66518 Royal Majesty 79313 Fontaine’s King 65641 Hood Farm Pogis 34th 63390 Hood Farm Torono 60326 + = 106.55 61.59 46.00 41.74 35,12 31.72 21.72 21.27 20.85 11.88 0.41 1.57 1.70 4,24 33.94 47.00 47.49 51.83 60.76 81.34 101.37 | 140.48 ‘ 148.56 136 Martner AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1917. 5. NEW COOPERATIVE PROJECT. The Maine Agricultural Experiment Station wishes to call attention to a plan for a new cooperative project which it will take up with the breeders of Maine provided they are interested in the matter. The most important thing which a breeder of dairy cattle desires to know is whether his animals are trans- mitting productive qualities to their progeny. In particular this information is desired in regard to the herd bull, which constitutes one-half of the herd. If by chance he is exercising a deleterious effect on the productive qualities of the herd he may in a few years time do a great deal of harm. It would ap- pear to be beyond doubt or question for practical purposes, that - if a bull’s daughters are on the average poorer milkers, or poor-_ er in the quality of their milk, than the dams from which they came, then the bull which produced them is exercising a harmful effect upon the herd. On the other hand, if a bull’s daughters are on the average measurably better than the dams from which they came in productive qualities, then that bull is exercising a beneficial effect on the herd. What the breeder wants to know at the earliest possible moment is which of these two categories his herd bull falls into. The writer has worked out a plan whereby it is believed that it will be possible to furnish this sort of information to the breeders of the State more quickly and in a much more definite and precise form than they have ever been able to acquire it hitherto. The plan of cooperation involves the following pornts: Any farmer who will comply with certain conditions may at any time have made for him by the Experiment Station an Official Daughter-Dam test. The conditions are: (a). That he shall have in his herd at the same time both the dam and her daughter to be tested. Or failing the actual possession of the animals at the_time he must be able to furnish satisfactory records of the milk production of the missing ani- mal, either daughter or dam, together with the other necessary information for making the test. ek S ee ay ah i fel the END COR im ah eo Me ae een ed oy eerie kl! fl aso * apt edhe SVE ba eee oe RAVE MAS RIE RT Reh aE SME LAS Se nM pee Teh re AximaL Huspanory Investications in 1916. 137 i (b). The breeder or farmer undertaking such a coopera- _ tive test under the directions furnished by the Expermient Sta- tion must agree to keep a careful and accurate record of the milk of the animals on test over a period of time mutually agreed upon (7 day; 14 day; 30 day; 90 day; or one year). (c). Anyone desiring to take up sucha test should write to the Director of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station asking for an application blank form, which he should fill out and return at once. This form is given on page 138. (d). Samples of the milk of the animals on test shall be regularly taken, according to directions which will be furnished, and sent to the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station. There an analysis of the milk will be made and the necessary calcula- ~tions for making proper age corrections for the animals con- cerned will be carried out. An official report will then be ren- dered to the breeder as to whether in the particular case involved the sire produced a daughter which was a better or a poorer pro- ducer than her dam when both are compared on an equal age ba- sis. The report will be in the form given on page 139. (e). The only expense to the breeder involved in having ‘such a test carried through is the expressage on the samples of milk to Orono, and postage on reports. This cooperative daughter-dam testing project will be open on precisely equal terms to owners of grade cattle as well as owners of pure-breds. PE et Ae, ey ee ent (One blank should be made out for cach daughter-dam pair to be tested). [Hones 4 = ¢ -. ~ rm Marne AcricuLtturaL Experiment Station. 1917, APPLICATION FOR DAUGHTER- Dam TEST. the carrying out of the Test. i eS OS. Ss This blank should be completely filled out and returned at once to Raymond Pearl, Orono, Maine, in Sime die Ue eas Sacks he ee ae Ra aa a ue th ANGE EES Sistah 4 tens oe eee ay NOS Ai) a Rene er The Following Questions Must be Answered Before the Test Can be Started. P) fistthevdamt’ to; bestested= now, an tiers? ss a ieee een Give the name, breed, and registry number (if pure-bred) of the sire of the daughter to bes teste dines sun aus ee yw RRCe cise ck SM a ce When was this bull born? Year...... = Mionthh ee aeie 110) Avyaentee Wien’ didiithe dam) ireshen say yas e- Bene eae ye. i aa \Wihentdide they idatrelitern “iceshiermiccs sian see she ene eaten When was the dam born? Year...... a Mionithie ea seis i Dayeene When was the daughter born? Year...... When do you want to start the test? Do you agree to weigh accurately, and record the milk at each milking, and to take proper samples according to directions for that purpose. (name of applicant) ————, desire hereby to make ap- plication for an Official Daughter-Dam Test. fully to the best of my ability any and all imstructions, rules, and regula- tions regarding this Test which may be laid down by the Maine Agri- cultural Experiment Station through its officers. time during the Test my premises, including barns and herd, shall be open freely to inspection, without prior notice, by any properly accred- ited representative of the Experiment Station, and I further agree to give such representative any information which he may desire regarding I agree to follow faith- I agree that at any the addressed envelope provided “it \ OFFICIAL DAUGHTER-DAM TEST. Matne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Orono, MAINE Cuas. D. Woops, Drrector. This is to certify that an Official Daughter-Dam Test has been made the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station on, the animals and with e results hereinafter set forth. The cow..........(Name of daughter) Papa Sibed a Dyantnemeny .(Breed of bull).... bull (Name of bull) 2 FOUL Or tne a Melos. (Breed of dam)........ (Name of dam)...... made, The Ws chet feenenea)e The dam freshened... Animal fAge at Milk yield Actual Average Actual Net fat i Test. ni corrected average |fat % cor- net © yield cor- for age fat %. rected for fat rected for and stage | . age and yield. age and of lacta- stage of stage of tion. lactation. lactation. Net gain’ u or loss of Beers sOpiat jas ythis test indicates) the bulls) 00.0 ve ete ae = nas the net fat yield of this daughter in comparison with the net fat yield of her dam. Se et | Biologist. ae et Bo fa ote ®t oe Ons ~ + San as eh Nights et on ey ON ten aN See ee Se 2 eta ee ee ae ee ee a i eS Fyre er ne Me eee Be al a ee Ser ih EN Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. 6. BREEDING EXPERIMENTS. The experiments in cattle breeding which are being car- ried out with the University of Maine herd have proceeded satisfactorily during the year. These experiments are along the line of experimental hybridization. This is the only meth- od now known. by which one may hope to make an adequate analysis of the laws:of heredity. In view of these considerations we are endeavoring as ra- pidly as possible to build up an experimental herd of first gen- eration crosses between low milking and high milking breeds, on the one hand, and between low testing and high testing breeds, on the other hand. It is gratifying to be able to report that this experimental cross-bred herd is now nearly completed. To February 9, 1917 a total of 42 animals have been produced of which some 14 will probably be permanently retained in the experimental herd. The remainder have been, or will be, sold as fast as they pass the age of 200 days when certain records are taken on them. To complete the herd, so that analytical experiments may go forward, there are now required only six heifers. Owing to the fact that a control of sex in the individ- tal case is impossible, it is likely to take at least one or two years more to complete the experimental herd. After these six heifers have been obtained probably no more first generation crosses will be bred. The breeds used in the formation of the experimental herd are the Jersey, the Holstein-Friesian, and the Aberdeen Angus. The Ayrshire and Guernsey breeds were used in some prelim- inary work, but will not be continued. It is interesting to note that one first generation hybrid animal is now in milk, having borne a heifer belonging to the second hybrid genera- tion on April 10, 1916. Another heifer belonging to the second cross-bred generation was born August 17, 1915. It is the second cross-bred generation which yields the important results in Mendelian experiments. A complete list of the calves born in the experimental herd between January 1, 1916, and February 9, 1917, is given in Table 6. In conjunction with the list given in the last report® this gives all the cross-bred calves obtained in the experiments. *Pearl, R. Report of Progress on Animal Husbandry Investiga- “tions in 1915. Me. Agric. Expt. Stat. Misc. Publ. 519, pp. 1-27, 1915. th ee ‘ ~ Fiaiee = > monk ae ety a se ie = J ‘ie 4 ey Poy Sons er Ty s a ; = s § coont cs , as 3 — = ‘ Sy — is ‘AOSMIONY) “(gszeg) pug Way ‘UleIs[OH xX Aas “(L1) petq-ssoig Ty) ‘uregsjoHH xX Asso L (0) ~poerq-ssolg yy ‘OIGL ‘OL [Mdyw 6 A “AVSUIONYH | “(14ZZPE) P| BVSNeIQ assda][og ‘SnSsuUy Us0ploqy “(O)(ZT9L9T) WeABy ‘OIGL ‘0G Gorey P Ley ‘AVSIOP}( —-) “ISSO UMOTG VIQUINjOH| ‘UWRISETIZ-UlE}S[OH | (zePRe) Biase sue rl afjeureaID Ssnaney, ‘OIGL °6 YoIeyL P HH *AOSUIONY) “(199GZ) BSD esdT[OD ‘Sneuy Usep.1oqy “CATOLOT) UBABYI‘OTEL ‘ee ArvnaqaT 6 es “OTIS LAV “(SG866) BYSBIY 40d ‘Snsuy Uoep.loqy “(ATOLOT) UBAVYI “OT6L ‘FL. Acvnuee 2. z ‘oTrysIA VW] *(1086Z) BIION GAOIH [AVI] ‘“URISOITT-UlOIS[OH | (ZePRG) PleAdosueH o[sutvalg sniney] ‘oT6E ‘OL AaenuUeE se) 3 3S 0 | ASS |e Re eee eee || 2) SS | | | Gooseberry, 222822222 June 22 | 4—5 July 8 1 11—16 16—20 9 2 10 2 | VW 6 12 3 Gooseberry —_-___-_--2s. June 23 4-5 July 9 1 11—15 16—19 10 1 | 11 5 12 4 | Wild gooseberry__-_--__- June 20 | 5—6 July 8 2 12—14 18—19 a | 9 1 Wild gooseberry____---_- June 21 | 46 July 7 | 1 10—16 16—20 5 | 8 | Lape 9 eee oie 10 2p | 11 1 | | White 7currant..2 222s June 21 4—5 July 7 5 | 11—14 16—18 | 9 P40 | White currant____-_--__- |egqane} 28)" 46 cn gulyeda vals 3) e168 17—20 | 17 2 | | 18 1 White currantes sss eee June 30 | 4-6 July 17 1 | 11—15 17—19 | 19 1 Red currant__--___-_-.___ June 23 4—5 July 9 1 | 11—16 16—20 | | | 10 Sara | | 11 2 | | 13 Si Red currant______________ | June 29 46 | July 15 2 | 10—17 16—21 16 5 17 | 2 | TS ou ae 20 | 1 Mountain currant________ June 18 7 | July 9 1 | 1416 21—238 | | 10 5 | ral fia Mountain ctrrant________ July 6 5—6 July 28 1 | 14—18 22—23 | 29 1 | Tue Currant Fruit Fry. 185 It is evident from this table that the egg period required from 4-7 days; the larval stage from 10-18 days and the egg plus the larval periods from 16-23 days in the different fruits. Ecce anp LARVAL PEriops UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS. In 1915, the duration of the egg and larval periods was determined in gooseberries and red curants under field conditions. No trouble was experienced in causing the trypetids to oviposit in confinement in the field. On June 22, at 6 A. M. 100 female currant fruit flies, which had been captured in the field, were liberated in a cage enclosing a gooseberry bush, and by 6 P. M., all of the specimens had been removed. On June 25, 150 females were set free in a cage covering a red currant bush and at the end of the day the insects were removed. As the minimum lar- val period under laboratory conditions required 10 days, it was decided to allow the fallen fruit to remain on the soil below ground cages until the tenth day after the eggs had hatched. The drops were then placed in sanitary fruit jars which rested on the ground in the shade but were protected from rains. All fruit which dropped on or after the tenth day was placed in jars » immediately. In the containers the fruit soon became covered with fungi and few maggots completed their development com- pared with the number of infested berries. The duration of the ege and larval periods is shown in table 3. 186 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. TABLE 3. Egg and Larval Periods Under Field Conditions. | | | c [-b) § | I | S ee | £ | 2 5 C= H Ae Kind of Fruit 2 Ce Gites Sag] BIg ft sl (= eS en ks Sree gS 3) Boe eee PS ca Says} Sn PD BHae| sig bo BOS | ACO Raw (ey hice) Z4iZ2!| Aa Aawr Gooseberry. 222-223 | June 22 7-8 July i E 11—25 19—82 13 iW 14 25 15 33 16 37 17 24 18 33 19 eo al) 20 5 21 4 22 3 24 6 198 Red currant_-----------.- June 25 6—7 July 2 4 13—25 20—31 17 6 18 12 19 17 20 4 21 3 22 2 23 2 24 1 26 1 54 A total of 198 maggots issued from gooseberry drops and of this number 178 completed the larval development in two to three weeks, seven required 11-13 days and thirteen, 21-25 days. Fifty-four maggots emerged from the red currant drops, of which number 48 completed the larval period in two to three weeks, two required 13 days and four, 21-25 days. Periop BETWEEN DrRopPiING oF FRUIT AND Exit oF LARVAE. A method of control recommended is to frequently gather and destroy fallen infested fruit. The length of time between the dropping of the berries and the exit of the larvae has an important bearing on the frequency of collecting drops. A daily record was therefore kept of the gooseberries which dropped from the bush and the dates of the exit of the larvae. The egg chambers in gooseberries which dropped from June 27—-July 1, (% THe Currant Fruit Fiy. 187 were opened to determine the egg period and hence no data were | obtained on the emergence of the larvae from these berries. Table 4, shows the results. TABLE 4. Dates of Dropping of Gooseberries and Exit of Larvae. ' | Dates in July of dropping of gooseberries A eal et. >a Bus) 2) 3 4) 5/ 6| 7| 8| 9) 10} 11 | 12) 18 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 22 | 24 Cee To Anes Ree eal eae] ee Kiera | nin lias | ee ee ee Ee ee se ee se ss {hed} | | July 11 leeds | 12 6 Nee 13 (ust 8 | | | TL obsal alee | ea at leer 15| 3) 5| 19 | 3 1 iL | 1 | | 16, 5| 3/12] | 4 aie) 27 e214 see one iaeeS Heo eon! boli 8e}-\1) | 2 | Hele | Rss ae ed Poesseemietn is 2 Gule 3] Dl 1 sai 2 | 19 DB Ley | 1a | Ui esranl 20 | ier 3 be 1 al 1 | 21) 1 | ets] 1 Thijs al | 20) || et vf ae De a 1 1 1 Reason 24 | Iyavtse| Tf ah hai} a Thea | | | | Similar records obtained with currants are given in table 5. TABLE 5. Dates of Dropping of Currants and Exit of Larvae. a Dates in July of dropping of currants ° nog _Z0 oD S | | | | a8 226) | 401 11 | 12/1812 115 | 16 | 17/18 119 | 2901 21 | 02 | os |oe| SEE ass | | lire fest tage | se aes RES eee July 15 | eu ela | | 2 16 | 1 | bie lekSut aster 4 Uf |), aah [ene2iy els ko eaten 2 | 6 18 | AON estes |r| 3| 3 12 19 2 TiN SO Nl Senda N VE by 17 20. | | | ba il || 2 4 Pit | Wide Kora 1 | 1 3 22, | esol irad th a5 | 2 23 oa lia |) 2 | 2 24 1 1 26 1 1 If the laborious task of picking up fallen infested fruit has any practical value, it is evident from tables 4 and 5, that the drops must be picked up daily. With this method of control the AomaS BSRSBRGan 188 Matne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. first issuance of the larvae from the fruit must be determined. In 1895, Harvey (1895, p. 116) writes, “the larvae began to emerge on June 20.” In 1915, the first larvae issued on June 30, but in all probability, the dates would vary in different sea- sons. We began to pick drops on June 14, 1914, and June 13, 1915, and continued to gather the fallen fruit at least twice a week until the crop was harvested. The results obtained by the destruction of fallen infested fruit are discussed under methods of control. Cracked fruit—From the same bush a record was obtained of the number of egg chambers in each gooseberry drop and the number of fallen cracked fruit with or without egg cavities. The results are indicated in table 6. TABLE 6. Dates Gooseberries Dropped, Number of Egg Chambers, and Cracked Berries With or Without Egg Cavities. | Number of gooseberry drops with egg chambers | Drops With ance SOR Se a eh oe Se I No Egg s | 1 Egg Chamber | 2 Egg Chambers |8EggChambers) _ , Chambers -@ ee ts ee el ‘ (= ene ie hee ee pee EE eS | 2 3 | Fruit | Not | Fruit | Not | Fruit | Not | © £ | Fruit | Not A cracked | cracked | cracked | cracked |cracked cracked BA |eracked| cracked June 27 i : it 2, 1 1 | 2 20 | 1 Pte bat 3 30 | 5 | 5 July 1) 3 | 2 5 2 | 8 Gis) | 3 | 50 4 12 142 1 3 16 9 | 5 27 if! 7 *156 10 4 | 9B} i (Oe 6 24 83 135 3 Sian O0bue laa AO MN eats 10 2 i OG 1 5 6 | 14 1 2 29 3 7 11 | 16 2 3 32 il 1 8 23 ig} | 1 42, 1 9 3 2 3 8 1 10 | 1 Bae 6 1 11 | 18 eel| 2 1 28 1 12 | 17 6 | 1 24. 1 13 | 12 a | 1 | 15 1 14 | 4 4 8 2 15 | 2 1 3 16 | 4 12 | 16 17 8 12 20 18 | 4 5 | 9 2 19 6 10 16 20 gina 3 | | 5 21 Bi | Sip | 5 22 6 8 | 14 1 23 2 3 5 24 1 7 | 8 207 431 | 21 127 7 24 818 2 34 * Tncluded in the 156 was one cracked gooseberry with four egg chambers. Tue Currant Fruit FLiy. 189 From table 6, one can readily comput that 29 per cent of the total number of drops having egg chambers were cracked compared with 6 per cent fallen cracked fruit without egg cavi- ties. Gooseberry drops with one egg receptacle showed that 32 per cent were cracked. Similar data were also obtained in checking up the effectiveness of the poisoned bait spray. Drops with egg chambers obtained from a gooseberry bush treated with the poisoned bait showed that 7 per cent were cracked com- pared with 1 per cent fallen cracked fruit without egg cavities. Gooseberries picked at the end of the season from a check or control bush, showed that 23 per cent of the berries with one egg receptacle were cracked. Cracked currants with egg punc- tures were also observed among the drops and picked fruit. In all probability, the cracking of the fruit was due to the fact that the tissue had been killed in the formation of the egg chamber and in the further development of the berry cracking resulted due to the mterference of this dead tissue to uniform growth. The first gooseberry dropped from the same bush 5 days after oviposition had taken place and 11 berries dropped before the eggs hatched. The maximum period of dropping occurred on July 2-5, when the larvae which were less than a week old, caused 62 per cent of the fallen fruit. Before the exit of the first larva 78 per cent of the total number of drops containing ege punctures had fallen. Currants and wild gooseberries may also drop before or after the egg hatches, or the currants may remain on the bush throughout the larval development. The exit hole of the larva (Figs. 14, H. 15, G.) was occasionally found in currants and cultivated gooseberries which were still adhering to the branches. INFESTED UNFERTILIZED BERRIES. Among the first drops of the season are a large number of unfertilized berries in which the currant fruit fly sometimes deposits its eggs before the fruit falls. Unfertilized gooseberry drops become shriveled, dried and turn black on the ground in _ about ten days and the larva is unable to complete its develop- ment in such berries. 190 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. PROCESS OF OVIPOSITION. After the process of oviposition was observed with the naked eye in the field, we decided to see with a binocular micro- scope, the formation of the egg chambers or receptacle in which the egg is deposited. Accordingly, about 100 fruit flies captured in the field, were confined in a large breeding jar which con- tained currant branches bearing green fruit. After the female fly alights on a berry, it usually walks about as if seeking a suitable place in which to oviposit. Finally the insect comes to rest, cleans off the egg-laying apparatus with its hind legs, and then the last three segments of the abdomen are bent beneath the body at an angle of about 30 degrees (Fig. 17, F). The berry with the trypetid in this position was now cut off with a pair of scissors, and held below the objective of a binocular microscope. One could readily see the telescoped ovipositor move up and down within the seventh tube-like segment. The distal end of the tube-like segment is applied to the fruit, while the teeth-like projections (Fig. 13, G.) at the end of the ovipositor begin to rasp the epidermis of the berry. The puncturing apparatus often slips on the peel of the currant but apparently the tactile bristles (Fig. 13, G.) near the end of the egg-laying organ assist the pest in locating the scraped area. The claws of the middle and hind legs also slip on the berry and as the legs approach the median line of the body, the fly grasps a new hold. During this rasping period, the mouth-parts are constantly protruded and retracted. Finally the teeth-like projections have scraped a small elliptical hole through the epidermis. The adult now endeavors to force the end of the ovipositor beneath the thin skin of the currant, and as the peel is pried loose in the small hole, the abdomen moves up and down. Next the entire length of the ovipositor is forced beneath the epidermis. A small drop of liquid exudes from the hole. In loosening the cuticle the piercing instrument is thrust in different directions, while the abdomen moves from side to side. The membrane between the egg-laying organ and the tube-like segment becomes swollen at the end of each thrust of the ovipositor. After the egg chamber is completed the imago raises its body on its legs, the abdominal segments become distended, and sometimes the proboscis is protuded stiffly. As the muscles of Tue Currant Fruit FLiy. 191 the oviduct and oviductus communis expel the egg into the ovi- positor, a peristaltic movement of the abdominal segments occurs. The egg can be seen gliding through the membrane connecting the tube-like segment with the egg-laying organ and again, when it passes out of the opening near the end of the ovipositor into the egg receptacle. The ovipositor is then with- drawn, and with the abdomen still bent, the fruit fly walks around on the berry, stops a moment to clean off the egg-laying appa- ratus with the tarsi of the hind legs and then takes flight. Time REQUIRED IN PROCESS OF OVIPOSITION. The time required to rasp through the epidermis of the currant, the time spent in forming the receptacle and depositing an egg and the total time of the entire process of oviposition of ten specimens, which were captured in the field in the morning and allowed to oviposit in the afternoon, is shown in table 7. TABLE 7. Time Required in Process of Ovtposition. Time required to | Time required to 4 rasp through form receptacle Total time of epidermis | oviposition and deposit egg (minutes) ; | (minutes) (minutes) 2 | il 3 2.5 1.5 4 3.5 | 1.5 5 4.5 | 1.5 6 5 3 8 8 1 9 8 2 10 8.5 3.5 12 1643) 4.5 12 11.5 2.5 | 14 =. = | <== Average 6.1 2.2 8.3 The time required to puncture the epidermis depends upon the toughness of the peel, and the general activity of the insect. One female was unable to rasp through the skin of a hard, green, mountain currant and finally deposited several eggs on the out- side of the berry at the calyx end. On cold, cloudy days the fruit flies are not active and the process of oviposition is rare and often prolonged. Adults near the end of their natural life were frequently observed rasping the epidermis of currants and 192 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. gooseberries for half an hour or more and then failed to break the cuticle. Such specimens were occasionally seen to move the end of the ovipositor against the side of the glass jar. When a fine needle is used to puncture the epidermis at the region where the fruit fly is rasping the peel, the ovipositor is forced immediately into the hole, a receptacle is formed and an egg deposited. If the needle is thrust into the pulp, the female may push its ovipositor into the hole, but often does not lay an egg. Ecc CHAMBER. It is not difficult to locate the egg cavity containing the egg immediately after oviposition has taken place. Two days: after the egg is deposited in a gooseberry, faint indications of brown discoloration appear around the semi-circular mouth of the recep- tacle. Later the peel over the entire egg chamber becomes brown and very conspicuous. Finally, in some cases after the egg hatches, the epidermis may turn black (Figs. 14, A. 15, C.). An examination of gooseberries “stung” by the pest but which failed to drop, showed that if an egg did not hatch, or the young larva died, then tie brown or black epidermis of the egg cavity usually cracked around all or a part of the margin of the egg chamber or around the shriveled egg. Sometimes the peel ruptured through the center of the egg puncture but in some gooseberries the epidermis remained intact. A corky growth may develop in the pulp beneath the receptacle. Number of eggs in eyg chamber—As a general rule, one egg is deposited in an egg chamber. On a number of occasions two eggs were found in one receptacle in gooseberries. An egg cavity is sometimes formed and yet no egg may be laid within the same. Number of egg chambers in fruit—The number of egg chambers in a single berry may vary in the different fruits and probably depends upon the abundance of flies. In white, red and mountain currants the usual number of eggs deposited in a single berry is one, but in some cases two were found. In Chautauqua gooseberries from one to six egg punctures were counted, the average being three (Fig. 14, C.) Without excep- tion every berry on two Chautauqua gooseberry bushes was stung by the pest. An inquiry was made concerning previous condi- Tue Currant Fruir Fry. 193 tions. The owner informed us that several years ago he had about 50 currant and gooseberry bushes, but as his entire crop had been maggoty for years, he had pulled up and burned all except the two Chautauqua bushes. In all probability, this accounts for the abundance of the pest and the numerous egg cavities in the fruit. PREMATURE RIPENING. A green currant which had been “stung” repeatedly at 8 A. M., showed indications of red or premature ripening at 6 P.M. A green currant in which one egg was deposited showed a patch of red at the region of the egg chamber two days after oviposition (Fig. 15, B). When two eggs were deposited in a green berry, two patches of red appeared (Fig. 15, A.). When a little pressure was exerted on a prematurely ripened, white currant, in which an egg had been laid four days previously, a small drop of liquid exuded from the mouth of the egg receptacle. Wild gooseberries also show evidence of premature ripening when they are punctured by the pest. A wild gooseberry in which an egg was deposited, turned red at the region of the egg cavity three days after oviposition had taken place. An attempt was made to determine whether or not the fruit fly injects into the egg chamber, a secretion which causes pre- mature ripening. Although many specimens were observed during the process of egg-laying under a binocular microscope, no liquid was noticed leaving the opening near the end of the Ovipositor and entering the egg cavity. As already stated, the membrane between the egg-laying organ and the seventh tube- like segment becomes swollen at the end of each thrust of the ovipositor. However, a small amount of clear secretion ejected with each thrust of the piercing apparatus probably could not be seen passing from the opening of the ovipositor into the egg receptacle. Morvtarity oF Eccs anp LARVAE. A mortality occurs among the eggs and larvae. The per- centage of mortality occurring among eggs and larvae in the egg chambers of gooseberries picked on July 14, from two bushes growing in the sunshine was 36 and 48 per cent. The percent- 194 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. ages given do not include the mortality of the eggs and larvae in gooseberry drops and no accurate statement can be made of the mortality in the fallen fruit. Our observations on mortality were confined to the egg cavity and hence only dead larvae of the first instar were found. We frequently observed that the eggs of the currant fruit fly were covered with a fungus growth, but this may have been secondarily developed after the eggs failed to hatch. In opening one egg receptacle below a binoc- ular microscope, two small mites were found near an egg. Although natural enemies may attack some of the eggs, the primary cause of the mortality of fertile eggs and larvae in gooseberries is unknown. FEEDING HaBits OF LARVAE. The minute larva, upon hatching from the egg in the egg chamber, may either penetrate toward the interior of the fruit leaving no external visible trail, or bore beneath the peel form- ing a tmy winding tunnel which, at its maximum length, may extend almost completely around a currant or half way around a gooseberry (Fig. 14, D). At first the trail is light colored but later it turns brown and becomes quite conspicous. A dissec- tion under a binocular microscope of the tunnel leads to the region where the larva is feeding. The recently hatched larva may feed for a time in the pulp between the peel and seeds, but later it may partly or entirely eat its way into a seed. As the larva grows the seeds become too small to hold the maggot and the larger larva is commonly found partly within or between the seeds or in the pulp. After a larva has devoured the embryo of a currant seed, the posterior end of the body may remain within the seed coats while the mandibles (Fig. 13, G) of the protruding anterior end gnaw holes in the neighboring seeds, or the body may be withdrawn from the seed coats and the larva may then be found with the head region buried in a seed and the caudal part protruding (Fig. 13, A). in other cases, both ends of the body may be within two currant seeds, the posterior portion being within the empty seed coats and the anterior part within a hole of another partly devoured seed. An examination of currants after the exit of the larva showed that in some cases the embryo of every seed was con- THe Currant Fruit FLy. 195 sumed, but in other instances, some of the seeds were not injured. In one currant 9 empty seed coats were counted and in addition, the embryos of two seeds were partly devoured. As a general rule, however, less than half a dozen seeds are destroyed in each currant. Within some of the seed coats brown particles may be found and these apparently are the excrement of the maggot. In the pulp, these particles are glued together. The brown mass sometimes contains the exuvia of the larva, the black molted mandibles being conspicuous under a binocular microscope. RESPIRATORY PORE. Sometimes a small hole is present in the peel of currants (Fig. 13, R) and gooseberries which is apparently used for the purpose of respiration by the maggot. A larva was frequently found in berries with the posterior spiracles near the respiratory pore. This breathing pore is absent in fruit containing larvae in the early stages of development. When the maggot issues from the fruit it usually bores through and enlarges the respir- atory hole, so that berries which show the exit hole usually do not show the breathing pore. Within the respiratory hole of a Chautauqua gooseberry six small oval eggs were found, evidently of some parasite. Exit Hote. When the larva is full grown it forces its way through the pulp, either cuts a hole through the peel (Fig. 13, E) or enlarges the respiratory pore (Fig. 14, H), and issues from the berry. This exit hole is partly enclosed by the ragged edges of the epidermis (Fig. 15, G) which was severed by the larva. A tun- nel with the wall composed of brown particles can be traced to the exit hole in gooseberries. JumpInGc Hapit oF LARVAE. After burrowing out of the fruit, the mature larva often exhibits a peculiar jumping habit. The maggot first slowly arches its body in a circle (Fig. 13, B); the posterior spiracles are next invaginated while the pair of hooked mandibles (Fig. 196 Matne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. 13, G) attach to a fold at the lower end of the body; the curled body then leans back as far as possible (Fig. 13, C); the jaws suddenly loosen their hold and finally the larva springs into the air. Often the maggot arches its body but may experience diffi- culty in attaching its jaws to the fold; the larva may then fall over on its side, and although the body is straightened out sud- denly, it does not raise from the substratum. Instead of falling on its side, the maggot may topple on its back, and in this case, the larva immediately rights itself. The maximum height of the jump is 2% inches and the maximum distance 6 inches. Fifteen different larvae jumped the following distance; 1, 1%, 2, 2, 214, 214, 24, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 34%, 4 and 6 inches, or an average of 2.8 inches. An experiment was performed to determine the effect of a wet and dry substratum on the jumping reaction. Soil could not be used, for many of the maggots would burrow into the ground, and hence filter paper was employed instead. A dozen mature larvae were placed on wet filter paper and another dozen on dry filter paper. The number of jumps during five minutes were as follows: wet filter paper 22, dry filter paper 8. This experiment was repeated with the same number of different mag- gots with the following results : wet filter paper 6, dry filter paper 4, The above experiment was repeated, but after a record was taken of the number of jumps during five minutes, the 12 larvae on the wet filter paper were transferred to the dry and vica versa. The following figures indicate the results: wet filter paper 26, dry filter paper 5; transferred from wet to dry filter paper 0, from dry to wet filter paper 12. This experiment was repeated with the same number of different maggots with the following results: wet filter paper 16, dry filter paper 3; transferred from wet to dry filter paper O, from dry to wet filter paper 14. It is evident that a wet substrattim such as was used in these experiments increased the number of jumps of the larvae. Mally (1904, p. 10) of South Africa, noticed that when a Mediterranean fruit fly larva jumped out of a collecting box and struck the ground at a temperature of 142° F., the maggot began to jump at a lively rate and in five minutes it was dead. pi j Tue Currant Fruit Fry. 197 PuPaAL PERIOD. After the larvae emerge from the fruit they enter the ground to a depth of from one to three inches to pupate. The pupal period may vary between 10 and 11 months. EMERGENCE OF ADULTS. Shortly after the adult emerges, the wings are small curled masses projecting from the thorax. While the organs of flight are expanding the fly strokes them on the upper and lower sur- faces with the hind legs and at times separates the two wings. In 15-20 minutes, after the insect has come to rest, the wings are expanded. The opaque appendages first show faint indica- tions of markings which later become more conspicuous as they dry. At this time the wings are held parallel to the long axis of the body and not in the characteristic trypetid manner. The ptylium may still be inflated after the wings are expanded. Nor- mal flight occurs about an hour and a half after the first appear- ance of the fruit flies above the ground. Adults with deformed wings were sometimes reared under laboratory conditions. On May 29, 1914, several flies with one or both wings not fully expanded were taken on the ground below currant bushes. While the wings are expanding, the segments of the abdo- men are pushed out as far as the membrane connecting the meta- meres will allow. The abdomen of both sexes projects beyond the tips of the recently expanded opaque wings at this time, but does not after the wings are dry. At first the abdomen of the female is curled down so that the seventh tube-like segment containing the ovipositor rests against the substratum, but after the wing pattern becomes more marked, the tube-like segment is turned upward. Finally the membranes between the meta- meres become invaginated, thus pulling the segments into their normal position. The female may now draw the end of the ovi- positor along the substratum and expel a trail of liquid from the egg-laying organ. A red spot on each side of the fifth abdomi- nal segment is present in the male upon emergence but this is absent in the female. Dates of emergence of adults—Yo ascertain the dates of emergence of Epochra canadensis, a cage (height 38, length 60, 198 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. width 38 inches) with top and sides of wire netting of the mesh used for mosquito screen was placed over a white currant bush. Soil was banked and tamped around the bottom of the cage to prevent the escape of any of the flies but the ground under this bush had not been disturbed. Table 8, shows a daily record of emergence of male and female currant fruit flies in 1914. The weather records were copied from the weather bureau reports taken at the University of Maine. TABLE 8. Dates of Emergence of Adults m 1014. Date | Total | Maximum Minimum | ee Cin One| temperature temperature Precipitation | | 1 May 21 0 Ai) 1 82 42 22, 0 al alsa 78 57 | 23 0 0 On4 es 54 | ‘50a 24 0 0 (eel 71 i 44 : 25 3 Oia eek2) 74 48 26 |e ass: Sullss SPA 86 54 Dill 8 21 29 88 61 | 98 | 16 | 49 | 56 88 59 29 62 77 189 78 40 30 25 29 54 69 46 — 31 32 84 66 78 38 June 1 38 87 75 79 55 1 Deane ia 6 20 73 45 3 14 LL) 15, 66 37 4 * x | % 67 40 wool 5 4 Boho 61 rm) 1.20 6 7 3) lic10 70 42 7 18 Gy on 63 38 fa 8 2 al 3 78 45 14 9 2 0 | 2 72 34 10 0 0 | 0 75 46 10 ltl aN 0 1 84 61 25 2ier 2 Somn aoa), * No record was taken due to heavy rains. — Indicates a trace of rain. In the season of 1915, the dates of emergencé of the adults under natural conditions was again determined by placing cages over or under currant and gooseberry bushes. Six cages cover- ing 85 square feet of soil enclosed four red currant, one white currant and one gooseberry bush. Eighteen ground cages with top of screen wire and board sides covered 39 square feet of, ground below currant and gooseberry bushes. Table 9, gives a daily record of the emergence of male and female currant fruit flies in these cages: i dt ie ka ec 3 Tue Currant Fruit Fty. 199 TABLE 9. Dates of Emergence of Adults in 1015. Date | | Total Maximum Minimum | aay Merc 3 fe) temperature temperature Precipitation Saeneal | | May 22 af 1 2 68 | 47 | 28 23 0 5 5 76 | 56 24 4 | 6 10 77 AQ _— 25 34. | 31 65 77 43 TG) a en 76 52 93 Zipidee | 29 | 56 61 25 28 14 by We ale) 57 35 29 10 14 24 56 36 | 30 43 43 | 86 71 32 31 79 66 145 76 49 June 1 44 46 99 83 42 2 21 37 58 84 41 3 | 25 13 38 70 31 Aree eee On 1 24 72 37 i ABE AN OAS val 82 49, 6 14 | 12 26 80 46 7 16 11 27 81 60 —_— 8 19 BiG 77 57 04 9 5 6 11 74 49 10 i 2 3 75 48 87 iftl 1 PN 73 44 10 12 4 1 55 72 51 —_— 13 1 2 3 73 44 14 2 1 3 77 50 15 0 0 0 81 51 16 16 1 0 al 77 49 17 0 0 0 79 52 | 30 18 0 il 1 81 56 3 421 | 3877 798 | | * No record was taken due to heavy rains. — Indicates a trace of rain. A comparison of the data in tables 8 and 9, shows that the flies began to issue on May 21, 1914, and May 22, 1915, reached the maximum period of emergence on May 28—June 1, 1914, and May 30—-June 1, 1915, and the emergence gradually diminished from June 2-11, 1914, and June 2-18, 1915. The period of emer- gence covered about three weeks in 1914, and four weeks in 1915. Records were taken to determine whether the kind of soil effects the dates of the first and last emergence of the adults. Table 10, shows the details: 200 Marne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1917. TABLE 10. Dates of First and Last Emergence of Adults With Different Soils. Dates, first and Seis ; ee 4 Bush in shade last emergence Kind of soil Kind of fruit or sunshine May 22—June 18 |Loose soil covered Red currant Sunshine with manure : May 30—June 14 |Loose soil covered White currant |Sunshine with manure | May 27—June 13 |Loose soil covered White currant \Sunshine | with manure | May 25—June 12 |Loose soil covered Gooseberry \Sunshine | with manure May 22—June 5 Loose soil |Red currant Sunshine May 27—June 2 Soil covered with White currant Sunshine coal and wood | ashes R May 25—June 9 |Sod ‘Red currant ‘Sunshine May 27—June 4 Sod. Red currant Partial shade May 31—June 5 |Clay Red currant Shade If the dates of emergence of the adults are compared in the cases where loose soil was covered with manure, it is evident that there is a difference of 3-8 days between the first issuance of the flies and 1-6 days between the last emergence. The maxi- mum emergence occurred on May 31—June 2, in each instance. The records were obtained in the same garden, the cages were within a few feet of one another and the kind of soil, conditions of moisture and sunshine were apparently the same. It may be possible that from puparia which are near the surface of the ground the flies issue first while from those deeper in the soil the trypetids emerge later in the season. Again, early and late maturing larvae may have some effect on the duration of the pupal period. Data on such factors are necessary before definite conclusions can be drawn. SEXUAL MATURITY. Of 35 trypetids which issued on May 20, one pair was observed in copula (Fig. 17, E) on May 30, 10 days after emer- gence under laboratory conditions. To determine how soon mating takes place under natural conditions, currant fruit flies were marked by amputating part of a leg and then set free in a currant and gooseberry garden. A specimen which issued on June 3, was marked and liberated on the same day and was taken Tue Currant Fruit Fiy. 201 in’ cdition on June 8, five days after emergence. The average maximum temperature was 77° F. and the average minimum temperature was 42° F. for the five days. Males which are sexually mature can usually be recognized by the lateral expan- sion of the abdomen, but later in the season this is not always a reliable characteristic. Matinc PERIOD. Under natural conditions, the period of mating was deter- mined in a commercial currant and gooseberry garden, consist- ing of 100 bushes. On June 7, 1914, 38 specimens were collected on the outside of two cages enclosing currant bushes and of these, three pairs were copulating. Three hundred trypetids were taken under scantlings of fences on June 9-10, and 21 pairs were noted in coition. One pair was caught in copula on a limb of a poplar tree 30 feet above the ground. A single pair of fruit flies in coition were taken in the field as late as July 10. From these observations it is evident that mating extended over a period of 33 days. In 1915, mating commenced in the same currant and goose- berry garden on June 7, and ceased on July 6, thus covering a period of 29 days (Table 18). In another currant and goose- berry patch at a distance of about a mile from the commercial garden, mating began on June 6, and the last pair in coition was captured on July 15, a period of 38 days. PREOVIPOSITION PERIOD. An attempt was made to determine the number of days required before fully developed eggs appeared in the ovaries, after the adults issued from the pupae. Fruit flies upon emerg- ing were consequently confined in glass jars, the bottom of which was covered with about an inch of sterilized sand and the top enclosed with cheese cloth. The insects were fed daily on diluted corn syrup and fresh bananas. Several times during each day, water was applied to the cheese cloth with a small sponge fastened to a stick. After the trypetids had been kept in captivity for a period varying from 7-16 days, the flies were dissected, the ovarioles were mounted in toto, and a record was 202 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENY STATION. 1917. taken of the number of ripe eggs found in the ovaries. ‘able 11, indicates the results: ABI ail: Period After Emergence Before Eggs are Developed. Date Date Days flies Number Number of Number of of of were kept of flies ripe eggs flies without emergence dissection in jars dissected in ovaries Jipe eggs in ovaries May 14 May 30 16 10 - il 8 16 0 14 10 | 2 9 20 30 10 10 | 2 8 June 1 June 8 ni 25 | 2 22 | 6 il | 1 3 In all probability, the effect of confining the insects in breed- ing jars, as well as the food material employed, plays an impor- tant part in the rapidity and number of eggs developed. An attempt was made to determine the duration of the pre- oviposition period under field conditions.- On the day that the adults emerged in cages under natural conditions they were removed, marked by amputating part of a leg, and liberated in a currant and gooseberry garden. Two hundred females were released in six different marked lots on May 31—June 5. Dur- ing the season, twenty marked insects were captured from the 200 that had been set free. The shortest preoviposition period required 6 days under field conditions but from the data at hand, no conclusions can be drawn as to the maximum and average periods. As already stated, a specimen which issued on June 3, was marked and lib- erated on the same day and was taken in copula on June 8, five days after emergence. On June 9, six days after the female issued, she deposited 29 eggs in gooseberries. The average maximum temperature was 77° F. and the average minimum temperature 46° F. for the six days. On the other hand, a marked trypetid which issued on June 1, was not at the egg- laying stage on June 8, when it was captured, seven days after emergence. In this case the average maximum temperature was 79° F. and the average minimum temperature was 44.5° F. for . Tue Currant Fruit Fiy. 203 the 7 days. The last marked fly was caught 25 days after libera- tion. EGG-LAYING PERIOD. In the season of 1914, female fruit flies were captured in the field and dissected to ascertain when ripe eggs appear in the ovaries, and thus a clue might be obtained as to the date that egg- laying is likely to begin under natural conditions. No fully developed eggs were found in the internal reproductive organs _ of specimens captured during the last week in May. On June 6-7, 80 per cent of the females collected contained full grewn eggs in the ovarioles. Females which are at the beginning of the egg-laying stage can usually be recognized by the expansion of the abdomen. Since the earliest date that egg-laying is likely to begin under natural conditions has an important bearing on when to apply the first application of the poisoned bait spray, female flies were again captured in the field in the season of 1915, and dissected to determine when mature eggs appear in the cvaries. Table 12, shows the data. TABLE. 12. Dissections of Flies Captured in Field to Determine When Ripe Eggs Appear in Ovaries. Date flies Number Number of flies Number of flies were of flies with ripe eggs without ripe eggs captured dissected in ovaries in ovaries May 25 12 0 12 30 13 0 12 31 13 0 13 June 1 5 0 5 2 16 0 16 3 11 0 11 4 20 0 20 5 4) 12 29 6 8 1 7 uf 37 24 13 8 50 36 14 Ten female currant fruit flies captured in copula on June 17, 1914, and 12 females on June 11, 1915, were dissected and fully developed eggs were found in the egg tubes of all of them. 204 Marne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1917. During the season of 1914, the first oviposition observed in the field was on June 6. Numerous flies were seen depositing eggs on the warm days of June 11, 12 and 13. The last female laying eggs was captured on July 10. The egg-laying period therefore, covered 34 days. In 1915, the first oviposition in currants under natural con- ditions occurred on June 9, and the last on July 15. The deposi- tion of eggs in this year extended over a period of 36 days. NuMBER OF Ripe EcGs IN OVARIES. Ovarian tubules mounted im toto dissected from currant fruit flies which were copulating in the field early in the season, show that there were usually five eggs present in each tubule. The lowest egg in each ovariole was considered mature when no nurse cells were present. When the egg tubes were treated with hot carbolic acid or clove oil and mounted in balsam on a slide, an unripe egg became clear, while a full grown egg appeared opaque under a microscope by adjusting the mirror and shutting off some of the light. Above the second proximal egg in each tubule is a nutritive or yolk chamber which is filled with a mass of nurse cells. The eggs anterior to the second one, however, are surrounded by nurse cells. The average number of full grown eggs in the two ovaries of 10 specimens captured mating in the field on June 7-8, 1915, was 7. The largest number of fully developed eggs counted in the. two ovaries of one female was 17 and the smallest number in another specimen was three (Table 13). NUMBER OF OVARIOLES IN OVARIES. Each ovary is made up of a variable number of egg tubes, there being usually between 15-18. Table 13, shows the number of ovarioles and ripe eggs in 10 specimens which were copulat- ing in the field early in the season. Tue Currant Fruit Fry. 205 TABLE 13. Number of Eggs and Ovarioles in Ten Currant Fruit Flies. | | | | Date, flies * Ovarioles | Total | Number of were mating in right | Left in | ripe eggs in field ovary | ovary | both in ovaries June 7 16 16 32 4 7 ilt/ 17 34 17 8 16 15 31 3 8 15 16 31 10 8 17 15 32 10 8 16 7/ 33 8 17 17 34 5 8 aly 17 34 Wf 8 17 18 35 8 8 18 18 36 4 Average 16.6 16.6 33.2 eo If the five eggs present in each of the 33 ovarioles were to reach maturity, the female would be able to deposit 165 eggs; but since many more eggs may be developed in the terminal chamber, the question of the number of eggs that a fly may lay remains doubtful. Dairy RATE OF OVIPOSITION. An attempt was made to ascertain the daily rate of oviposi- tion under laboratory conditions. Three pairs of currant fruit flies in coition were confined in three glass jars. The bottom of each container was covered with about an inch of moist sand, in which was embedded a small bottle of water containing the stems of gooseberry twigs heavily laden with fruit. At the end of each day the twigs were removed and replaced by others cut from a screened gooseberry bush. The trypetids were fed daily on diluted corn syrup. Several times during each day water was applied to the cheese cloth enclosing the top of the jars. Table 14, shows the daily rate of oviposition. 206 Marne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. TABLE 14. Daily Rate of Oviposition. Fly Bly ; Fly Date No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 AULT G Hil 2 ese ce aa a rca eee cera eb * (oa) = | TOOHMmMoOHHONNNATSEMWNOCOmSHROONM PPA pn SS SES OSS eS Sees ets * 2 8 33 5 4 5 5 2 4 0 1 0 DG he tate Sh sie eS AN ea NE 2 0 6 0 2 AUT Yore WpsD apes a a AL OEE ‘i 1 0 0 1 0 0 + H bo TSOSSCOSOHHOHOWoOWOCCONaANMERO ESA * * First mating. + Died. One or two days after the first mating, the females began to oviposit and within a week they reached the maximum ege- laying stage, depositing as high as 23-33 eggs in a day. After this period was reached the number of eggs laid decreased and on many days no eggs were deposited. Frequently the flies formed an egg cavity but did not deposit an egg. One specimen formed 31 chambers from July 14-28,. and during these two weeks not a single egg was laid. In all probability, the effect of confining the currant fruit flies in jars and also limiting the food material to corn syrup and water, had a marked effect on the egg-laying capacity. LONGEVITY OF ADULTS. According to tables 8 and 9, the first flies emerged on May 21, 1914, and May 22, 1915, in a commercial currant and goose- Tue Currant Fruit Fiy. -207 berry garden, and the last specimens issued on June 11, 1914, and June 18, 1915. During two’ seasons, the last trypetids were captured on July 10, in this commercial garden, and if these insects emerged on June 11 and 18, the longevity of the adults would have been 29 days in 1914, and 22 days in 1915. In anoth- er currant and gooseberry patch at a distance of about a mile from the commercial garden a male currant fruit fly was cap- tured as late as August 12, 1915. Whe last date of emergence was June 18, making the longevity of this imago apparently 55 days. Under laboratory conditions, however, a few specimens of Epochra were kept alive in jars for a period of 9 weeks. An experiment was performed to determine the longevity of marked male and female currant fruit flies under natural con- ditions. Trypetids were removed from cages in the field, marked with different colored waterproof inks, and were set free in a currant and gooseberry garden on the same day that they issued. One hundred thirteen male and 74 female flies were released in two differently marked lots. No attempt was made to capture any flies during the first two weeks. During the third week 15 males and 14 females were caught in shady localities in the cur- rant and gooseberry garden and during the fourth week three males and two females were taken. The last male was captured 29 days after liberation, and two females were collected after 30 and 31 days of freedom. OnE Broop ONLy. According to Paine (1912, p. 142) “the only evidence that suggests a second brood, is the report of a single specimen of Epochra canadensis collected at Redwood City late in summer.” A male currant fruit fly was captured by the writer as late as August 12, 1915, at Orono. This specimen was caught in the shade on a limb of an apple tree which was growing among cur- rant and gooseberry bushes. During the season of 1914, 121 quarts of infested goose- berries were taken into an insectary of the enclosed type to deter- mine whether a second brood of flies would emerge. This build- ing was provided with a glass roof sprayed with whitewash, a number of windows in the two sidewalls and two screen doors, one in each endwall. The fruit was allowed to remain within the imsect-house until the larvae completed their development. 208 Marine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. From a portion of the infested. berries, 12,154 puparia were obtained. The puparia were placed in moist sand in glass jars with cheese cloth covering the mouth of each container. The jars were transferred from the insectary to a laboratory and were kept out of direct sunlight. On August 9, two female cur- rant fruit flies emerged and by the end of the month 17 trypetids had issued. Of this number 11 specimens were apparently nor- mal but 6 were abnormal due to the fact that the wings did not expand properly. This abnormality may have been caused by the loss of moisture from the sand. A few adults emerged also during September. If a second brood of flies issued under natural conditions, one would expect an infestation of such berries as were over- looked by the pickers after the crop was harvested. Accordingly, currants and gooseberries were gathered on August 15, and placed on sand in breeding jars. One month later the sand was sifted but no puparia were found. In view of the fact that conditions were not normal under insectary and laboratory conditions, it was decided to determine whether a second brood occurred under field conditions. During the season of 1915, 101 quarts of infested gooseberries were dis: tributed in four large cages (height 35, length 36, width 31 inches) with top and sides made of mosquito wire. The vary- ing soil conditions with reference to sunshine and shade under which the cages were placed over the infested gooseberries in the field are indicated in table 15. The cages were visited daily except on heavy rainy days. In none of the cages did a single adult emerge. There is no evidence of a second brood under natural conditions at Orono, Maine. ADEE, Ey, Soil Conditions Under Which Cages Were Placed Over Infested Gooseberries to Determine Whether a Second Brood Occurs. Cage | Tocation Soil | Sunshine or Infested Dates drops | | shade | gooseberries | were gathered | | | No. 1 |Adjacent (Sod removed from|Partial shade 31 qts. \June 13—26 | to barn | rich black soil No. 2 |Hay field jSod Sunshine 32 qts. June 27—July 3 No. 3 | Forest \Plowed clay Shade below 22 qts. July 4—10 alder tree No. 4 | Orchard Tufts of grass Shade below 16 qts. July 11—17 | growing in clay | apple tree | Tue Currant Fruit Fiy. 209 SUMMARY OF DURATION OF STAGES IN LIFE EISTORY: The duration of the different stages in the life history, the mating, preoviposition, egg-laying periods and the longevity of the adults as determined under laboratory and field conditions are summarized in table 16. TABLE 16. Summary of Duration of Stages in Life History Under Laboratory and Field Conditions. Stages in life history 1914 1915 (days) (days) EIS MET 0 Glee eeenat ceniietaae Sa Nim Shee OnE SEL | *4 7 | 6— 8 i eTavicd Lets OTL O Clee reeset tere LS NO Nee ane) *10—18 | 11—25 Pupal period (CANONS) are ee 10—11 10—11 AVA 11 ies 10 C1 © Clee eater ioe eee eI EE LN NE Es | 33 | 38 EXE OWIDOSILION yy periods. ee eee * 7—16 6 Be alam eTOCs ee a Se 34 36 TONLE VIVO AGUITSse sesso eto as ee ea 229 29—31 * Laboratory conditions. HABITS AND BEHAVIOR OF ADULTS. FEEDING Hasits. The only observation on the feeding habits of Epochra canadensis made in 1914, was that of a single female fly which was seen feeding on a currant flower on May 25. During the following season, the adults were frequently noticed lapping up honey-dew from plant lice infesting currant leaves. STARVATION EXPERIMENTS. A series of experiments were performed to determine the number of days that currant fruit flies would live in captivity on water and without water. Shortly after emerging from pupae, one lot of trypetids was confined in a glass jar with the top enclosed by cheese cloth. On the same day another lot of speci- mens collected in shady localities in the field was placed in cap- tivity in.a similar glass container. Four times daily either dis- tilled or lake water was sprayed through the cheese cloth into 210 MatIne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. the jars with atomizers. The jars were kept out-of-doors in the shade and were protected from the rain. The daily death rate is indicated in table 17. TABLE 17. Daily Death Rate of Currant Fruit Flies Fed on Water ands Without Water. (o) g 3M i a s Daily Death Rate Zen | #5 Gah 204 F BSD B= fs} pS} 25) Se » Loli=ip= oa os S2a SMe os aoa 2Sae aeE 286 Ze ah oho yee a | | te 49 49 6 | 14] 17 | 12 Flies 38 38 8} 15) 18 2 Flies 28 28 2 Bo 5 5 1 |Flies 21 21 2 9 5 3 2 \Flies 21 21 51/12) 4 - |Flies 28 28 9} 16) 3 Flies | | } | It is evident that the currant fruit flies can not subsist on -water alone. INACTIVENESS ON CoLp Days. It was observed in the field that currant fruit flies are so numb on cold cloudy days that they are unable to take wing. When disturbed on such days the trypetids would hop and then drop to the ground. During the night of May 27, 1915, the minimum temperature registered 25° F., and during the next two cold days (Table 9, May 28, 29) the adults were sluggish and inactive. i ADULTS SEEK SHADE. Currant fruit flies seek shady localities in the field. Large numbers of specimens were captured in the shady parts of a wood pile, beneath the scantlings of fences, on fence posts, on trunks and branches of trees, and on branches of raspberry, blackberry, currant and gooseberry bushes. It was frequently observed that during the morning hours, the pest could be col- lected in certain shady places, and yet' when the hot sunshine struck these same localities toward noon or afternoon, not a single trypetid could be found. Tue CurrAnT Fruit FLiy. 211 In the season of 1915, a daily record was kept of the number of trypetids which were captured in shady localities of a com- mercial currant and gooseberry garden. After mating com- menced in the field, data was taken on the number of male and female flies caught during the morning and afternoon and also on the number taken in copula. Our records are not complete, however, as we were unable to visit the garden on some morn- ings, as indicated by a vacant space in the column of figures in table 18. An asterisk (*) in a space indicates that no specimens were captured due to heavy rains and an asterisk preceding a figure, that collecting was discontinued on account of rain. TABLE 18. Male and Female Currant Fruit Flies Captured in Shady Localities and Number Mating. Date A.M. | P.M. | A.M. | P.M. Mating| Mating, Total of g o o OR hy) PACRNiee SPN. | | | | | Fei a pat aE a tana Pea I eae May 23 een 3 | 4 24 eax 0) *4 | *4 25 ieee 3 8 i 26 | * * | | * 27 0 1 | 1 30 9 9 | 18 31 22, 32 | 54 June 2 19 16 35 3 ieee 13 25 pense 1D 20 32 5 | 35 25 60 6 | 16 8 | 24 if | emeinch lite WO ee enna 7, * 6 140 8 *20 38 I) SL AV *g 8 *130 9 47 43 21 oT 8 8 154 10 | * 3 % 11 * 6 20 i 4 | *26 7 *106 0 #24 *167 12 * 56 * 63 * 22 141 13 24 58 2 84 14 28 63 14 105 15 13 *0 13 *] 4 * *31 ' 16 64 34 24° 5D 4 18 199 17 * ¥*3 * *14 * *0 *17 18 4 23 * 39 * 12 74 19 22 58 8 88 29 * * * * * * * 21 44 25 16 27 4 18 134 22 43 18 9 30 14 4 118 23 * 0 * 1 * 0 1 24 0 i 0 1 25 ra 32 i 34 0 0 88 26 27 al 3 9 4 16 70 28 15 7 10 12 0 6 50 29 12 ait 2 13 2 2 42 30 estate Mais) 3 4 4 0 24 July 1 | * * * * * * * 2 il | *2 *4 *7 4 Ona) 1 0 1 6 Vero Linas Ais neh 2210 3 0 2 11 7 | | | 0 | | 0 4 4 8 | | | * | * | * * * * * 9 | | * | * | * * * * * 10 | Ieee Oe Oo NW SW CC In view of the fact that no adults emerged from 50 puparia buried with potassium cyanide as indicated in table 24, a num- ber of experiments were now conducted to determine the effect of potassium cyanide on wild gooseberry bushes growing in Different quantities of this poison were buried in holes three inches deep at various distances from the origin of the branches above the soil as indi- cated in table 25. Several weeks after the treatment, all of the wild gooseberry and cultivated currant bushes had shed their leaves, but the next spring all of the shrubs “leafed out” again. Tue Currant Fruit FLiy. 227 TABLE 25. Quantity of Potassium Cyanide Buried in Soil at Various Distances from Bushes. Quantity of Number of Distance from bush potassium cyanide © holes, poison poison was buried Kind of bush (0Z.) | was buried (inches) | 1 1 4 6 Wild gooseberry 2 6 4 Wild gooseberry 3 8 8 Wild gooseberry 4 8 12 Wild gooseberry 4 8 18 Red currant No fruit flies emerged from 50 puparia buried in clay soil treated with two applications of one part carbolic emulsion to 50 parts of water, at the rate of one-half gallon per square foot; but in the experiment previously described in which a cage was placed over a currant bush and the ground was treated with the same formula, flies emerged after each application of the insecti- cide. Use or O1rs To Trap ADULTs. Recent investigations have shown that certain vegetable and petroleum oils attract enormous numbers of male fruit flies of different species. Pans containing pure oil or a few drops of oil poured in water which partly filled the pans were placed upon the ground under currant and gooseberry bushes. Each oil was tested out separately so that there was no possibility of the volatile parts of different oils interfering with one another. The number of pans used, the number of days each oil was tested and the results obtained are stated in table 26. 228 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1917. TABLE 26. Number of Male and Female Currant Fruit Flies Captured in Oils. Oils | Pans Days J 9 | PASAT ET 0 6 pase ae oe et NR ee hee ME | 1 14 0 0 Balsam (Giiy COM) peer eee eee 4 9 0 0 Bayz vWleavessscns a ee ee ee 2 13 1 0 TD BYEh of Serr 1s OKO Fie eas | 3 17 0 al CFE CS) Oa gf a ae 1 13 0 0 @amphory: 22 esses SE os ie ee 5 10 il 0 Cara waiyithn SSeS 680 Bee eh se 5 4 0 0 WBS COTY eee ea ae ee 1 14 0 0 Wed ar)y= S22 ese et ene s Saree eee = ul 14 0 0 Celery:s'seedii2 2c Se ee ee 1 14 0 0 GTO Wey ee eee a ae eS es SS 1 14 0 0 Cinnamon’(Cassia) 222s eee | 4 3 0 0 Citronella 22525 30 ee a ee ee eee 3 9 1 2 Cobarbic S222 2 Soe eee ee ee il 13 0 0 CODA a HY a Ge SS i a ce 2 13 0 “0 Eugenol 5} | 7 } 0 0 Hemlock - 4 | 3 0 0 Horsemint. — 5 10 0 1 Isoeugenol ____- 3 7 0 0 Juniper (Savin) -_- 4 10 0 1 Keroson ela sie oe 7 11 1 5 Kuromoji from Japan -_-. 4 3 0 0 MB VEN ET pee oe ee ne a ee ee 3 | 13 i) 0 Marjo ram: 20026 cn ee ee Se 1 13 0 0 Methyleugenolge sss wee ee 3 i 0 0 OTs ean a a a eel ha iad a ee il 13 0 0 DB eu Phiri ighe een SN ie RS Ene ee et RS 1 14 0 0 Pep Vermin tyes ee ene ON aes Se eS 3 7 0 1 Phenolpthalines soe ee eae | 1 } 13 0 0 Pine ea (Rup Cr Gime) pe eae ee ee 1 | 14 0 0 Pyenischennum lanceolatum ___.-_-------- 5 | 4 1 0 Sassatnasie.ssins 2h es See See 6 | 10 | 0 0 poy Gees Dp pin 08 BY ee cle ean a a ee 7 3 1 0 TANS pa ees ate ata REN eer We ee 3 13 0 0 Tiny mer (red) ee fees ee Nae ae eee ee 4 9 0 0 EM Iyan els (WLC eC) fae ee eae ee eee 3 17 0 | 0 ees Sore 6 | 11 In all probability, the currant fruit flies that were found in the pans were not attracted to these oils but came within the sphere of influence by accident, became stupefied and dropped into the oils. Fow Ls. It is claimed that fowls, when allowed to run at large under currant and gooseberry bushes, will destroy many larvae and puparia. One grower who had tried this method raised the objection that the hens scratched large holes below the bushes and exposed the roots. He also stated that the hens ate the fruit from the lower parts of the bushes. To determine whether Tue Currant Fruit Fiy. 229 fowls relished the berries, hens were called together at their regular feeding time, and a quart of ripe red and white currants and gooseberries were thrown on the ground. The flock of hens tasted the fruit and seemed to prefer the currants but they soon departed leaving some of the currants and most of the goose- berries on the ground. To avoid loss of fruit, fowls could be placed in the berry patch after the crop is harvested and in early spring before the fruit is set. Hens were fed on currant fruit fly puparia to deteemine whether any pupae would survive after having been taken into the digestive canal. A caged hen with an empty crop was offered 200 puparia and in 15 minutes she discovered the puparia and swallowed all of those that rested on the surface of the sandy soil. An hour later another 100 puparia were thrown into the cage and in a few minutes she began to feed on these. After the fowl had remained in the cage for two hours, she was dis- sected, and the contents of the alimentary canal were examined. Four puparia were found in the oesophagus, 6 in the stomach, 71 in the crop and 8 in the gizzard. Of the total number of puparia found in the oesophagus, stomach and crop, 12 had been injured by the bill. Seven puparia had been found up in the gizzard, but one was intact. As none of the puparia had reached the intestine in the previous experiment, 200 currant fruit fly puparia were placed at the rate of 50 at intervals of an hour, into the mouth of a hen with an empty crop. Six hours after the first lot of puparia had been fed to the fowl she was dissected, and it was found that the puparia had been converted into a paste-like substance in the intestine. It is evident that no currant fruit fly puparium can pass through the digestive canal of fowls and issue as flies. Late Picxine to Avoip Maccoty FRuIt. One person picked his crop of currants and gooseberries late in the season to avoid maggoty fruit. From time to time currants and gooseberries with egg punctures were picked from his bushes and the last larvae issued on July 30, from the former and July 28, from the latter. During the previous year out records show that the last maggot emerged on July 29. To determine whether any larvae would issue later in other locali- ties of Orono, one pint of currants and three quarts of goose- 230 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. berries were picked from bushes on July 30, in the commercial garden but not a single maggot bored out of the fruit. In one garden where currants were so badly infested that the crop was not harvested, all fruit still adhering to the bushes and also drops were gathered on July 30, but no larvae emerged. If picking could be delayed until August 1, practically all fruit which remains on the bushes would be free from maggots. In 1914, the commercial grower picked his crop from July 14-23, and in 1915, from July 19-28. If late picking is adopted, the danger of losing some of the sound fruit through sun scald must be taken into consideration. PoIsoNED Bart SPRAY. Lovett (1911-12, pp. 135-136) attempted to control the currant fruit fly with the poisoned bait spray in Oregon, using a formula which Mally (1909, p. 6) employed to combat the Mediterranean fruit fly in South Africa. No conclusive results were obtained, but the following brief summary of the season’s trials is given: “1. The sweetened poison does attract the fly, Epochra canadensis.” 2. Frequent rains during the period of experimen- tation made numerous applications necessary. “3. Granulated sugar is rather expensive; it crys- tallizes quickly and is not so satisfactory as a cheaper brown sugar would probably be.” “4. The crop was injured one-half in many locali- ties and in a few cases the fruit, due to the maggot’s attack, was not worth gathering.” “5. It is not considered that the amount of poison which would incidentally fall on the fruit is sufficient to endanger human life. The foliage spray is more effective for the flies.” The effectiveness of different kinds and amounts of poisons added to diluted molasses was tested on fruit flies confined in cages enclosing currant or gooseberry bushes in the field. After ‘the poisoned bait had been applied to the bush with a bucket pump provided with a Bordeaux nozzle, 50 or more trypetids were liberated in the cage. The ground below each bush was covered with cheese cloth, so that the flies which succumbed to the effects of the poison could be found more easily on a Tue Currant Fruit Fiy, 231 white back ground. The results with each formula of the poi- soned bait used in the various experiments are given in detail as follows: In the first experiment we endeavored to determine what effect arsenate of lead (paste) without molasses would have on the pest. After a light application of the spray was made to the foliage of a gooseberry bush, 50 fruit flies were liberated in the cage. Many of the specimens rested on the sides and top of the cage. The formula employed and the daily death rate of the flies are given in table 27. TABLE 27. Death Rate of Adults Confined in Cages Enclosing Gooseberry Bushes Sprayed With Arsenate of Lead or Poisoned Batt. Molasses | Arsenate | Wratten | Death Rate of Flies (pt.) | OfLead | (gal.) is Ieee SRR Es : (oz.) | 1 2 3 5 Days we (ee =: |} ———— = = |— 2 : 1 1 7 3 Flies VY) 1 1 14 12 3 1 Flies VY) 2 1 Hi 8) 5 8 Flies As ants were found in the cage devouring and carrying away dead fruit flies, the daily record of the death rate is prob- ably not correct. Living flies were found within the cage at the end of 5 days, when the experiment was discontinued. To determine whether the fruit fly would feed on arsenate of lead after the water had evaporated, a twig was cut from the sprayed bush, three days after the application of the insecticide, and the stem was emersed in a bottle of water within a glass jar. One fly died at the end of one day, but 24 specimens were still alive at the end of 6 days, when the experiment was discon- tinued. During the 6 days the cheese cloth covering the top of the jar was moistened with diluted corn syrup and water, sev- eral times a day. It was evident that arsenate of lead when dry on the leaves had no marked effect on the fruit flies in captivity under laboratory conditions. In the next two experiments different quantities of arsenate of lead were added to diluted molasses and the different formu- las of the poisoned bait were then tested under field conditions. To prevent the ants from entering the cages through the mos- 232 Marine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. quito wire, a layer of pyrethrum was placed on the ground around the bottom of the cages, and kerosene oil was poured on the soil outside of the layer of By ae canta Table 27, shows the results with each formula. It was found that ants were coming into the cages around the base of the branches which the cheese cloth did not cover. Besides the dead trypetids which were devoured or carried away by ants, there were others which did not drop on the cheese cloth. Some of the poisoned flies fell between the branches, then worked their way under the cheese cloth and died, others died on the leaves. The daily record of the death rate of the fruit flies is therefore, not complete. Small quantities of sodium arsenite added to diluted molas- ses were tested under field conditions. As many of the fruit flies rested on the sides and top of the cages in the previous experiments, it was decided in this test to spray the remedy through the mosquito wire of the cages on to the foliage of the enclosed currant and gooseberry bushes. Table 28, indicates the results obtarned. TABLE 28. Death Rate of Adults Confined in Cages Enclosing Bushes Sprayed With Sodium Arsenite in Diluted Molasses. Molasses Sodium Water Death Rate of Flies pt.) Arsenite (gal.) Ch aioe | { (gr.) 8 hours 1 2 | Days % 2 | 1 9 flies [ic 64 n | esl GS ea cates Ya 1 | 1 29 flies |r ian | Flies Too much emphasis, however, should not be attributed to any of the experiments carried on under field conditions, because the fruit flies were in captivity and in feeding were forced to consume the poisoned bait. Again, some of the trypetids may have died due to the exposure to sunshine and not to the effect of the poison. Three currant bushes not enclosed in cages were sprayed with the poisoned sweet, using one gram of sodium arsenite, one-half pint of molasses and one gallon of water. Cheese cloth was spread on the ground below the bushes, but not a single Tue Currant Fruit FLy. 233 dead fruit fly was found. The leaves showed no evidence of burning. An experiment was performed in the field to compare the attraction of the adult for the poisoned bait applied to the lower Lranches of a red currant bush with honey-dew of plant lice present on the foliage. On June 22, the lower branches of the currant bush were baited, and then 100 male currant fruit flies were liberated in a cage enclosing the bush. A week later, a few trvpetids were found alive in the cage and at the end of two weeks a single specimen was still alive. In 1914, the poisoned bait spray was tested in a commercial currant and gooseberry garden consisting of 100 bushes. This garden was not isolated, for currant and gooseberry bushes were present not only in three adjacent dooryards but also in vther yards in the vicinity. To isolate this commercial garden as much as possible, it was decided to spray all of the currant and goose- berry bushes found in this locality. A total of 142 bushes con- sisting of 18 currant and 124 gooseberry bushes were sprayed; these were distributed in 8 different gardens. This entire area had a natural isolation on three sides,—by the Stillwater and Penobscot Rivers and by a bay of the Penobscot. Inquiry was made as to the infestation of the currants and gooseberries during previous years. Some of the owners stated that in some years practically all of the fruit had dropped to the ground, but in other years the infestation was not so severe and only about one-half of the crop was lost. The most reliable data were obtained from the commercial grower, who kept a record of the yield of the currant and gooseberry bushes during the previous five years (Table 30). No attempt had been made by any of the gardeners to control the fruit fly and all of the infested drops had been allowed to remain on the ground in prior years. In order to avoid any complication of results, it was decided that none of the gardeners were to use their remedial measures against the imported currant worm (Pteronus ribesii Scop.). On May 26, we sprayed the foliage of the 142 currant and goose- berry bushes by using 30 gallons of water mixed with 30 ounces of arsenate of lead (paste). Throughout the season the same formula of the poisoned bait was sprayed on the foliage of 100 bushes in the commercial 234 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. garden and on 33 bushes in six dooryards, but on 9 bushes in one garden the same amount of arsenate of lead mixed with water without the molasses was used. The insecticide was applied with a bucket pump, provided with a Bordeaux nozzle. The following proportions of the ingredients were used: Molasses . yy pt. Arsenate of lead (paste) ZO Water Leal: Eight applications of the poisoned bait were made during the season. After a rain and as soon as the weather became settled, the insecticide was renewed. The number of gallens of the poisoned sweet used in each application of the spray on 100 bushes in the commercial garden, on 33 bushes im the six neighboring dooryards and on 9 bushes in the garden treated with arsenate of lead without molasses is shown in table 29. The data on the precipitation were copied from the weather bureau reports taken at the University of Maine. TABLE 29. Quantity of Poisoned Bait Used, Dates of Applications of Spray and Weather Records. Quantity of poisoned bait ae ame ROS es ey 2 ae ao F = “ aas ae es O80 “eas om Sy ON GS Za as ey A Be nb nes Be | | mS BRe @ | sese @ eee S|) Sage) Fees ee Ons 2 | Hue 2 | Sma J AsSa Aie2 Oncl (ean dames | | 6 3 2 | May 29 1 May 30 | _— | June 1 11 3 2 2 | June 2 2 ol 6 3 2 5 | 5 1.20 3 2 2 6 1 7 = Bien ard 4 3 2 10 19 10 | 51P} | _— 3 2 2 13 13) | — | } 15 | — | | 16 | .96 3 2 2 | 17 2 19 = 20 55 3 2 2 | 22 Tee 29 34 31 19 16 13 — Indicates a trace of rain. Tue Currant Fruit FLiy. 235 After four applications of the spray had been made, it was found that many fruit flies sought shady localities in the neigh- borhood of the currant and gooseberry bushes. Male and female flies were found in the shade, at a distance of about 200 feet from their breeding grounds. As soon as we became acquainted with this habit of the pest in the field, it was decided to spray the vegetation and shady places adjacent to the commercial garden. Apple and poplar trees, raspberry and blackberry bushes and truck crops were treated with the same formuia of the poisoned bait as was used on the currant and gooseberry bushes. Three gallons were used in each application on June 10, 13, 17 and 22. Grass, fence posts, scantlings, a wood pile, in fact, all shady places wherever the trypetid was found, were sprayed on the above dates with three gallons in each application of the follow- ing formula: Molasses YY pt. Sodium arsenate LOZ: Water ie eel, A record of the crop harvested in the commercial garden in the seasons of 1909-1913, without control measures, compared the yield in 1914, after spraying, is shown in table 30. It must be noted, however, that two of the nine currant bushes were enclosed by cages in the season of 1914, thus protecting the fruit from the attacks of the pest, and hence increasing the yield of the crop. This table also shows the crop harvested in 1914— 1915, after picking up fallen infested fruit during the two sea- sons, compared with the yield in 1916, when no remedial meas- ures were used. A weekly record of the gooseberry drops gath- ered in the commercial garden during the seasons of 1914-1915, is given in table 20. 236 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. TABLE 30. Record of Crop Harvested in 1909-1916, in Commercial Garden. - | Gooseberries Currants | eer Method of control | bu. at. | at. 1909 22 35 None 1910 12 3 0 |None 1911 | 8 7 2 ‘None 1912 8 27 26 \None 1913 12 2 12 \None 1914s} 10 1 17 [Poisoned bait spray; destruction of |_ fallen infested fruit 1915 16 | 0 8 |Destruction of fallen infested fruit 1916 Taeve | 6 2 None To check up the effectiveness of the poisoned bait spray, all of the gooseberry drops were gathered from the ground. A weekly record of the fallen infested gooseberries in the commer- cial garden in 1914, is given in table 20. As the drops during the first three weeks were not full grown, the actual loss is greater than the number of quarts recorded in table 20. The berries were ripe during the fifth week and the owner began to pick his crop on July 14. The results of the season’s spraying in the commercial garden and the three neighboring dooryards compared with the infestation of gooseberries on two untreated bushes used as a check at a distance of about 2000 feet from the commercial garden, are indicated in table 31. No record was taken of the infestation of currants. TABLE 31. Results of Season's Spraying in 1914. | Number of Check gooseberry Non-infested Gooseberry Infested infested bushes gooseberries drops gooseberries gooseberries sprayed at. at. % % 91 321 103 24 100 3 7 5 41 100 8 4 5 55 100 7 5 9 64 100 Tue Currant Fruit FLy. 237 In three gardens the gooseberry drops were not gathered because the bushes were growing in high grass. As these bushes had been neglected for years the yield of fruit was very low. The seven currant and two gooseberry bushes treated with arsenate of lead without diluted molasses resulted in a total loss of all of the gooseberries and only four quarts of currants were picked. After the bushes had received 7 applications of the poi- soned bait spray, some of the currant and gooseberry leaves began to show evidence of spray injury on June 20. Some of the leaves turned yellow, speckled with small brown areas (Fig. 15, H) and later dropped from the bushes. On the other hand, the currant and gooseberry bushes sprayed on the same dates with arsenate of lead mixed with water without diluted molasses, showed no evidence of spray injury. The following formula of the poisoned bait spray with the use of a so-called “quick killing di-plumbic arsenate of lead” burned the foliage of currant and gooseberry bushes so that many of the leaves turned yellow and dropped: Arsenate of lead Se OZ: Molasses 1 gal. Water 2 gal. The cost of the insecticide for eight applications of the spray to 100 bushes not including labor amounted to $.65. The additional cost of four applications of the bait to the vegetation surrounding the commercial garden and to the shady localities amounted to $.46. There was some evidence to show that the fruit fly was attracted to the poisoned bait. During the application of the spray an occasional trypetid was observed feeding on the bait which was spattered on the outside of the bucket. In a number of instances, after reaching down to the bottom of the bucket to determine whether the arsenate of lead was in suspension and upon withdrawing the hand, a specimen alighted on the arm to feed on the poisoned liquid. In the season of 1915, the poisoned bait spray was tested in a currant and gooseberry patch located on a farm. Twenty- two gooseberry bushes were in an orchard and 13 currant bushes 238 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.’ 1917. were situated along the margin of a vegetable garden. At a distance of about 315-565 feet from this farm, currant and gooseberry bushes were present in 5 door-yards. The farmer informed us that the bushes had been growing in the same place for a period of 15 years, and that in some years he had lost about one-half of his crop due to insect pests. As a remedial measure during a number of years, he had placed coal and wood ashes on the surface of the ground under the bushes. The ashes had formed a hard crust under some of the gooseberry bushes. On May 25, the foliage of the currant and gooseberry bushes were sprayed with two gallons of water mixed with two ounces of arsenate of lead (paste) to control the imported cur- rant worm (Pteronus ribeswu Scop.). The proportions of the ingredients of a poisoned bait spray recommended by Winter (1913, p. 11) to control the Mediterr- anean fruit fly in Bermuda, was used in our work, but sodium arsenite was substituted for arsenate of lead. The following formula was used: Molasses Zqts: Sodium arsenite 1 oz. (dissolved in 1 qt. of boiling water). Water 1 gal. : The poisoned bait was applied to the lower branches of the currant and gooseberry bushes and to the grass under the bushes with a bucket pump, while the upper branches were baited with a paint brush. The trunk and lower limbs of the fruit trees near the gooseberry bushes were also sprayed. Four baitings were made during the season. Table 32, shows the quantity of insecticide used, the dates of applicaticas of the spray and data on precipitation: THe Currant Fruit FLy. 239 TABLE 32. Quantity of Poisoned Bait Used, Dates of Application of Spray and Data on Precipitation. Quantity Dates of Days spray of poisoned applica- remained on Dates ,of Precipi- bait tions of bushes with- rainfall | tation (gal.) spray out rain 8 May 29 8 | June 7 — 8 04 10 87 ol | 10 8 June 12 0 | 12 | a 15 | 16 17 .30 | 18 .03 | 20 .65 3 21 2 23 -06 24 -07 26 _— 27 — 28 15 29 — 30 04 July 1 35 2 03 3 alot 3 July 3 2 5 61 } 8 on 9 4.00 12 | 12 i — Indicates a trace of rain. In checking up the effectiveness of the poisoned bait spray all of the gooseberry drops were gathered from June 13—July 14, below two baited bushes and also under two check or control gooseberry bushes located at a distance of 525 feet. A baited and check gooseberry bush were growing in the shade of apple trees and the other two were situated in the sunshine. On July 14, all of the gooseberries from the four bushes were picked. Table 33, shows the results: TPABEE S33: Infested Fruit on Baited and Check Gooseberry Bushes Including Drops in 1915. Baited bush Baited bush | Check bush Check bush in shade in sunshine | in shade in sunshine 33% 17% 797% 23% 240 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. The cost of the insecticide for four applications of the spray to 33 bushes not including labor amounted to $.575. ArE Honey Bees PoIsoneD? A serious objection to the adoption of the fruit fly remedy would be the poisoning of the honey bees. Honey bees visit the currant and gooseberry blossoms in enormous numbers and if the bushes were sprayed during the flowering period there is a possi- bility that the bees may be poisoned through feeding in spray- poisoned blossoms. The first application of the spray, however, was applied after the maximum period of emergence of the cur- rant fruit fly had commenced, at the time when all of the goose- berries and most of the currants had set. Are honey bees attracted to the poisoned diluted molasses applied to currant and gooseberry bushes after all of the fruit is set? On June 22, 1914, one hundred currant and gooseberry bushes in the commerciat garden were baited, when honey bees were visiting the flowers of raspberry and blackberry bushes in large numbers. The raspberry and blackberry bushes were growing between or near the currant and gooseberry bushes. An entire day was spent in watching the honey bees, but the bees paid no attention to the film of poisoned sweet on the leaves. The next morning the raspberry and blackberry bushes were sprayed and a half day’s observation failed to show that a single bee deserted the flowers for the poisoned diluted black strap molas- ses. SUMMARY. A summary of the different methods of control is herewith given: The destruction of fallen infested fruit can not be advocated as a method of control in commercial currant and gooseberry gardens, for the expense of labor employed in gathering the drops would consume most of the profits. Fallen infested berries must be gathered daily. This system can not be relied upon to destroy all of the flies, as some of the larvae issue from the fruit before it falls to the ground. The daily destruction of all infested fruit by burning or boiling is not always a convenient method and is somewhat Tue Currant Fruit FLy. 241 expensive on account of the kerosene and fuel consumed. Sub- merging fruit in water for a period of two days will destroy all of the larvae. When a sufficient amount of submerged fruit has accumulated, two days must elapse after the last addition of infested fruit to the container has been made before burying or plowing it in the soil. In view of the fact that the pest winters over in the pupa stage in the ground below currant and gooseberry bushes, the removal of the surface soil to a depth of three inches, dumping and spreading it out on the road destroys the pupae. The soil -must be carefully removed below the network of rootlets. New soil at some distance away from the bushes should replace that removed. Few infested fruits were found in the currant patch thus treated but it must be noted, however, that no data could be obtained as to the infestation during previous years in this garden. Sifting the puparia from the soil instead of removing and replacing the ground under the bushes proved to be an unsatis- factory method. The earth was first sifted through a one-quarter inch mesh wire netting, so as to break up the lumps and to remove the roots and grass, then as much of the soil as possible was passed through a mosquito wire. It was found that the smaller puparia passed through the meshes of the mosquito wire. Sifting the soil through wire netting with meshes smaller than screen wire would be an exceedingly laborious task. Stirring the soil with a rake several times a week during the spring so as to expose the puparia to the natural enemies and sunshine did not prevent the emergence of some of the flies. For several years each spring a farmer had placed coal and wood ashes upon the surface of the soil below currant and goose- berry bushes. Currant fruit flies issued in cages placed over hoed ashes but none emerged from compact ashes. An’ exam- ination of the crop showed the presence of maggoty fruit but the infestation was not so severe as in currant and gooseberry gardens situated at a distance of 315-565 feet. Various proportions of the following chemicals placed on or in the ground to destroy the larvae, pupae or adults upon emerging, did not give promising results as a method of control: sulphate of iron; unslaked lime stirred in soil; unslaked lime on infested berries or on soil; lime slaked on infested fruit or on 242 Marne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1917. soil; carbon bisulphide; formaldehyde; Nikoteen; Black Leaf 40; kerosene emulsion and carbolic acid emulsion. No adults emerged when various quantities of potassium cyanide was added to soil containing puparia but defoliation resulted. The currant fruit fly was not attracted to vegetable and petroleum oils used in traps. Fowls when allowed to run at large under currant and goose- berry bushes, are said to destroy many puparia. To avoid loss of fruit, fowls should be placed in the berry patch after the crop is harvested and in early spring before the fruit is set. An objection raised against this method, is the fact, that the hens scratch large holes below the bushes and expose the roots. No puparia can pass through the digestive canal of fowls and issue as flies. If the picking of the crop is delayed until August 1, at Orono, Maine, practically all fruit which remains on the bushes would be free from maggots. If late picking is adopted, the danger of losing some of the sound fruit through sun scald must be taken into consideration. In 1914, the results of spraying the foliage with arsenate of lead added to diluted molasses showed a loss of 24 per cent of the crop of gooseberries in a commercial garden consisting of 100 currant and gooseberry bushes. In three adjacent dooryards 41, 55 and 64 per cent of the gooseberries were infested. The cost of the insecticide for 8 applications of the spray to 100 bushes not including labor amounted to $.65. In 1915, a baited gooseberry bush growing in the shade showed a loss of 33 per cent of the berries compared with 79 per cent of infested fruit on the check or control bush similarily located while a treated and untreated gooseberry bush in the sun- shine showed an infestation of 17 per cent and 29 per cent res- pectively. The poisoned bait, consisting of sodium arsenite and diluted molasses, was applied to the lower branches of the bushes with a bucket pump, while the upper branches were baited with a paint brush. The cost of four baitings applied to 35 currant and gooseberry bushes without labor amounted to $.575. If currant and gooseberry bushes are sprayed during the flowering period there is a possibility that the bees may be poi- soned through feeding in spray-poisoned blossoms. The first application of the spray, however, should be made at a time ee THE CurrAnt Fruit FLy. 243 when all of the gooseberries and most of the currants are set. Not a single honey bee was ever observed feeding on the poi- soned bait, sprayed on the foliage or branches after the flower- ing period. BIBLIOGRAPHY. * References do not refer to Epochra canadensis. 1873. 1878. 1883. 1891. 1892. 1892. 1894. 1895. 1895. 1896. 1896. 1896. 1897. 1897. 1897. 1898. 1898. 1898. 1898. 1899. 1899. Loew, H. Smith. Misc. Colls. 256, pt. III, pp. 235-238. Osten-Sacken, C. R. Smith. Misc. Colls. 270, p. 189. Saunders, W. Insects Injurious to Fruits. pp. 352-353. Weed, C. M. Insects and Insecticides. p. 102. Gillette, C. P. Col. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 19, pp. 18-20. Riley, C. V. and Moward, L. O. Ins. Life. IV, p. 355. Snow, H. A. Kan. Univ. Quar. II, No. 3, p. 159. Baker, C. F. Ent. News.-VI, p. 174. Harvey, F. L. Ann. Rept. Me. State College, pt. II, Rept. Director Agr. Exp. Sta. pp. 92, 96, 111-126. Beach, S. A. 15th Ann. Rept. N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. (Geneva) p. 341. Harvey, F. L. 12th Ann. Rept. Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. p. 120. Piper, C. V. 6th Ann. Rept. Wash. Agr. Exp. Sta. p. 38. Fletcher, J. Ann. Rept. Exp. Farms, Can. p. 204. Hall, F. H. N. Y. Agr. Exp. (Geneva) Bul. 114, p. 7. Harvey, F. L. 13th Ann. Rept. Me. Agr. Sta. Bul. 35, pp. 25-31. Doane, R. W. Ent. News. IX, pp. 69-72. Felt, E. P. Bul. N. Y. State Mus. V, No. 23, pp. 160-163. Harvey, F. L. 14th Ann. Rept. Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. pp. 127, 130. Piper, C. V. and Doane, R. W. Wash. Agr. Exp. Sta Bul. 36, pp. 1-9. Doane, R. W. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. VII, p. 178. Felt, E. P. Bul. N. Y. State Mus. VI, No. 31, p. 591. 1899-00. Fletcher, J. Trans. Roy. Soc. Can. 2nd. ser. V, sect. IV, pp. 1900. 1900. 1900. 1901. 1901. 1902. 1903. *1904. 1904. 1905. 1905. *1906. 223-224. Cooley, R. A. Mont. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 23, pp. 97-99. Harvey, F. L. 16th Ann. Rept. Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. pp. 34, 41. Rotter) ©. He Col, Acre Exp. Stas Bult 60% p. 4: ‘Craw, A. Pacific Rural Press. LXII, No. 26, Dec. 28, p. 408. Fletcher, J. Ann. Rept. Exp. Farms, Can. p. 238. Gillette, C. P. Col. Ann. Rept. State Bd. Hort. XIV, p. 90. Cooley, R. A. Mont. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 51, pp. 257-258. Mally, C. W. Repr. Agr. Jour. No. 28, Cape of Good Hope, pp. 1-18. Washburn, F. L. 9th Ann. Rept. State Ent. Minn. p. 63. Aldrich, J. M. Smith. Misc. Colls. XLVI, No 1444, pp. 603-604. Fletcher, J. Ann. Rept. Exp. Farms, Can. p. 188. Gannett, H. U. S. Geol. Sur. Bul. 274, pp. 1-1072. 244 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. 1906) Gillette C2 Pa Cols Act Exp eSta, Bullhl4s ppaiz4-25s 1907. Fletcher, J. Central Exp. Farm, Can. Bul. 56, pp. 30-31. *1907—08. Froggatt, W. W. Official Rept. N. S. W. Dept. Agr. pp. 1-115. *1908. Coville, F. V. and Britton, N. L. North American Flora. XX, pt. 3, pp. 193-225. 1908. Gossard, H. A. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 198, p. 73. 1908. Surface, H. A. Pa. Dept. Agr. Zool. Bul. V, No. 12, pp. 380-381. 19092 Aldrichs J. Me Can: nts Ses 72: *1909. Mally, C. W. Repr. Agr. Jour. No. 14, Cape of Good Hope, pp. 1=15. 1909. Osborn, H., Titus, E. S. G. and Quaintance, A. L. Jour. Econ. Ent. II, pp. 14-16. 1909-10. Hewitt, C. G. Ann. Rept. Farms, Can. p. 241. 1910. Johannsen, O. A. 26th Ann. Rept. Me. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 177, pp. 36-37. 1911-12. Lovett, A. L. Oreg. Agr. Exp. Sta. pp. 135-136. ISIZe Banks: Ne Bure EntedMlechwcerm Now 22. py 3o: *1912. Compere, G. Cal. State Com. Hort. Mon. Bul. I, No. 10, pp. -709- 730; No. 11, pp. 842-845; No. 12, pp. 907-911; No 13, pp. 929- 932. 1912. Cooley, R. A. Mont. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 92; p..56: 1122 Paine ey bea msy ches XCexesNiow 5. ppals9= 144, 1912. Sanderson, E. D. Insect Pests of Farm, Garden and Ondiert pp. 490-491. 1912. Treherne, R. C. 43rd Ann. Rept. Ent. Soc. Ontario. p. 110. 1913: Essic: EE; ©." Cale State’ Com) Hort? Mon: Bul: i, Nos Hieipa sie *1913. Winter, W. R. Bermuda Dept. Agr. pp. 1-14. 1914. O’Kane, W. G. Injurious Insects. pp. 346-347. 1914. Severin, H. H. P., Severin, H. C. and Hartung, W. J. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. VII, No. 3, pp. 177-207. *1914. Silvestri, F. Hawaii Bd. Agr. and For. Bul. 3, pp. 1-176. 1914. Slingerland, M. V. and Crosby, C. P. Manual of Fruit Insects. pp. 355-356. 1915. Essig, E. O. Cal. State Com. Hort. Supplement Mon. Bul. IV, No. 4, sec. ed. pp. 341-343. 1915) *Gillette, CP. and List) G: Mi >’@ol! Agr Exp: Sta, Bul Zl0s pp: Sl=SSiiee *1915. Severin, H. H. P. Ent. News, XXVI, pp. 78-83. 1916. Whitney, L. A. Cal. State Com. Hort. Mon. Bul. V, No. 4, pp. 1522157 Ln DISTRIBUTION AND DESTRUCTIVENESS BIBLIOGRAPHY Tue Currant Fruit FLiy. INDEX TORSTIET RCD (COTP TON Nie ee SA I I TR Ah Rae ep vp chee OR Jol eM ed SESE ANIC 2X O YS UA QIN (SEE Accents Celi, oe Meaty el cnt |e OLR adie ah aa elec ee SRD Serr TIME ETL Mee ere re aM Eo aedkes nan eee a eel et General description of adult ... Technical description of adult CB ctriat cl pe ee oe a Sh ee Supe ee United States Mita rit ewe eee a be Wativessnostplants 2a. Destructiveness to cultivated fruits VMAD VE, TE EISVINOQRN GE (ea a Ne ee se Oe IO Ea PEETENS gto ral cM pe ese LEM HVE SR a a Na ted ey la ee Egg and larval periods under laboratory Conditions ani nan ea wane oe Egg and larval periods under field conditions ......... Period between dropping of fruit and exit of larvae (Cypaycs lereyel. sree gb: Rat ne ae Ee NE eee Paces UME Ib Wer ee oie Rae es Infested unfertilized berries . SSI TR eon R Zi es Uae Be Ac sae) IProcessmoigovipositioni eee = HiIMemcediuiredwiny process) Cf; OvIpOSition eee ee eae Eeomechambersce sts ee ree Number of eggs in egg chamber ...... Number of egg chambers in fruit .. ad OMI UPLI GO mm TLP CIILID npr ne er oe ree ra ene ae ee ee WMoytaliivaormerrsmandalanyae (tee we ee ee eee ae Reedistcaphabutsotwlarvaen a. ee a ea een Respiratory pore 0.0.0... ae DESPUES pe a YU ESA ee eye eR a Le i Pitti pinteae Nab ihe OL VAT Viale ee ee ee er Se ST ae ed as FECT a BRD © Tot © Clinger tees is Se Ce EI BC EE eae ere A a ae BaP TNC Cum Oar CLUES sees te ae a ER ee IDigviSS OVE. CiPa ESA! OSE FN ES ee Sextialmemabinl tye ee Matinee period 922... Preoviposition period Egg-laying period .................... Number of ripe eggs in ovar eae AN Gettin e tao fan Osvie 1 Ol © Spi 11 Vick Tol CS See ee ee ieee ne ccna Daily rate of oviposition ....... ae IL BNR RRS E TO UGG MN Seek gE er ae ean pe er WTeM DOO Gs AO mT ys ee eteee ena ne es ae ae Sammaryaol duration: on stages in. Life: history, eee THLANBITANS)” ANDNVID) “SEN BTS VENAVMICO IES (CO) VED NOI Wi Sy Bi ee FEN elitr grate nea 1 ge eee ere RS IRIEL RU UR ee SEA EDELO MME XCD ELLTTIE TIE Sesotho ae aoe a OMA Dita pea age PRUE St eA a CENGETIESSGLOMy (CO! Chien civ Sip teers cent ene aie be RB REE Ss Sh ee PANGUTUL ESM © © Kame Sea CO tinct ase ey te ee Se aa Effect of sunshine ....... . spo esas Deathesteint f-22- meat Peaeeeees Marking flies............. Se eee ag a remrerarescnececccereemaearersrs EN USNAR URIS T LTDA DINED) ES a SY DIGS a a a ES AR a ee ese cnc De le an aaa ae an ass ona bomen cmemen coer vensnsesoeanae TDSSOPEAEIS) OTIS Oe er METHODS OF CONTROL eceecneencecncccenceccessessnsecnsesnscensecnecenseensteneeessemmerneennsenascnessuncensneaascaserneeeaesesssane Destruction of imfested frvit. ni eneecccneeecceeccccssecscnneeccentecceneesceneteccmersnmesceneeesnnsercnmmecssamessee Removal of soil under bushes .. ane Sifting puparia fromm SOi) .nneescneeeeecee ences eeeccccceeeecccnenceceee reeeenmeeescennseecnnnssecemmanseenens ees Stirring the Soi) eee eceeceensee ene eceeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeceeeeeereeeenenencnnnnsaenenceneneeceteennannnauanuasscssnezeecerecseenes Effect of chemicals on or in soil .. Aes Use of oils to trap adults ..........0.. ale Ue fofayte | payee cee Are honey bees poisoned ? -.-....-ceeceeeeernceee een Se ay nena csce cn enenencnccnneeeecnneececnececeneecenneecneeeetensesnnneessccuemeennesesnnsssenmsstenssecsueesoraseecenasrenanensnsssseeneseren 245 246 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. EXPLANATION OF FIGURES. Figure 13 A. Larva eating its way into a currant seed. The head region is buried in the seed and the caudal part is protruding. B. Mature larva with its body arched in a circle in prep- aration for a jump. The posterior spiracles are invaginated while the pair of hooked mandibles are attached to a fold at the lower end of the body. C. The curled body of the larva leans back as far as pos- sible just previous to jumping. D. R, respiratory pore in peel of currant. E, exit hole of larva. Larva embedded within three currant seeds. Mandibles of mature larva. Ovipositor of Epochra canadensis showing tactile bristles. Figure 14 A. Gooseberry with one egg chamber. Gooseberry with two egg receptacles. Gooseberry with three egg punctures. Tunnel of recently hatched larva beneath the peel. External indication of decay of gooseberry infested with a currant fruit fly larva. F. Internal indication of decay of gooseberry. The lar- va has devoured some of the seeds and pulp. G. Mature larva boring out of a gooseberry. H. Exit hole after the larva has emerged from a goose- es IS) Gee) a fan| (ep) tea berry. I. Gooseberry which has become dried and_ shriveled after the larva issued. Figure 15 A. Two eggs deposited in a green currant which shows premature ripening around the egg chambers. B. Green currant showing premature ripened area two days aiter oviposition. C. Two egg punctures in a currant. D. and E. External indications of decay of infested cur- rants. F. Mature larva issuing from a currant. G. Exit hole after larva emerged from a currant. H. Poisoned bait spray injury to one-half of a gooseberry leaf. Figure 16 A. Currant fruit fly which died on a currant leaf due to a fungus disease. B. Male and female sun-flower trypetids (Straussia longi- pennis Wied.) which contracted the fungus from diseased currant fruit flies. C. Spider which captured a currant fruit fly. Figure 17, A to E—Behavior of adults. F.—Currant fruit fly ovipositing in a currant. 247 Tue Currant Fruit FLy. HIoUne LA: Figure 15. ED Vitor 17. Figure BULLETIN 265 THE BIOLOGY OF THE ALDER FLEA--BEETLE, Altica bimarginata Say. ' WILLIAM COLCORD WOODS? OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. Almost one hundred years have passed since Thomas Say (1842) first described the alder flea-beetle, Altica bimarginata Say,® but although periodically this insect appears in enormous numbers, no detailed work on its life history has yet been pub- lished, despite its wide distribution. In the United States this beetle occurs from Maine to California, and it has also been reported from Canada. The following list includes all of the published distributional records which the writer has found: Maine (Packard 1890, Johannsen 1912); New Hampshire (Harris 1869, Packard 1890); New York (Linter 1887, Felt 1905, Britton 1911) ; Minnesota (Lugger 1899); Iowa (Sturm 1843); Missouri (Say 1824); Nebraska (Bruner 1893); Kansas (Le Conte 1859, 1860); New Mexico (Le Conte 1859) ; Oregon (Le Conte 1860) ; California (Manner- heim 1843, Le Conte 1857, 1860, Essig 1915) ; Mackenzie River Region, Canada (Le Conte 1860, Gibson 1913) ; British Columbia, Canada (Gibson 1913); Alberta, Canada (Gibson 1913); Nova Scotia, Canada (Gibson 1913). *Papers from the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station: Entom- ology No. 93. Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of Cornell Univer- sity. "Member of the Station Summer Staff. ®Altica bimarginata Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1824. V. 4, p. 85. alm Harris. Ent. cor. ed. Scudder, 1869, p. 267. ambiens Le Conte. Col. Kans. 1859, p. 25. carinata Sturm. Cat. 1843, p. 282. plicipennis Mannerheim. Bul. de Moscou, 1843, p. 310. prasina Le Conte. Rept. Pac. R. R. Survey. 1857, p. 67. subplicata Le Conte. Col. Kans. 1859. p. 25. 250 Marine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1917. Altica’ is the type genus of Alticini, one of the tribes into which the family Chrysomelidae, the leaf-beetles, is commonly divided. The members of this tribe are popularly known as flea-beetles because of their extraordinary powers of leaping, due to the strong muscles enclosed in the greatly enlarged femora of their hind legs. While Geoffroy (1762) stated that these insects could “jump with the agility of fleas”, the first writer who actually referred to them as flea-beetles, seems to have been DeGeer (1775) who wrote “In Sweden they are known under the name Lopp-mask, that is to say, flea-beetle.” Among the European species of Altica, the injurious turnip- fly, A. nemorum. Fab., is the best known, and of our. American forms the destructive grape-vine flea-beetle, A. chalybea IIl., is a familiar example. Besides A. chalybea, at least two ,other species of Altica in addition to bimarginata Say occur in this state, the biology of which will be discussed in a forthcoming bulletin of this Experiment Station. Although the alder flea-beetle is usually rather scarce, it may occur more or less periodically in enormous numbers, as has been intimated above. The first recorded outbreak was noted by Harris (1869) while he was traveling in New Hamp- shire, near Conway. Lintner (1888) gave an interesting account . of the depredations caused by this species near Elizabethtown, N. Y., in 1877, and around Lake Pleasant, N. Y., in 1887. Pack- ard (1890) mentioned this species as very abundant in Maine and New Hampshire in 1886 and 1887. Similar outbreaks occurred in the State of Maine during the years from 1912 to 1915, and the observations recorded in this paper were made during those summers. The first speci- mens which were referred to the Experiment Station were sent in from Pan’s Hill, Maine, in mid-July 1912. Later in the sea- son, the beetles and their larvae were found working extensively on the alders in the Bangor Bog, near Orono. In 1913 they were extremely abundant all through the township of Orono and in many other parts of the state. The writer observed them in the townships immediately east of Orono, as far north as Mattawamkeag, and as far west as Oakland. They were not ‘A discussion of the synonymy of the genus Altica Geoffroy, with the reasons for changing the name from Haltica, will be found on page Tue Biotocy or THE ALDER FLEA-BEETLE. 251 found in Lewiston, nor in Hancock and Washington Counties. Mr. John D. Tothill informed me that the beetles were present and abundant in New Brunswick, and Dr. Robert Matheson, in Nova Scotia. So far as Maine is concerned, the year of maximum abun- dance was 1914. Even in the single township of Orono, the individuals of this species must have numbered many millions. The leaves were riddled by the attacks of the hibernating adults even before the larvae appeared. By the middle of August practically all of the leaves of every alder bush in the township had been skeletonized by the larvae, and the trees looked brown and bare, as though they had been swept by a fire. Many of the leaves had dropped from the trees, forming a mat half an inch or more thick under alder clumps. Some idea of the abundance of these insects may be obtained from the following data, which represent typical cases, illustrative of the condition of all of the shrubs in an alder copse covering several acres: on a twig selected at random, on which only the three last leaves were left, were found 115 larvae, 31 on the terminal leaf, and 56 and 28 respectively on the other two; on a single large leaf close by were counted 77 larvae. By the first of September the trees were practically leafless. The majority of them had put out new leaves which were eaten by the beetles as fast as they were produced. Such a serious infestation killed many of the trees even in a single season. In the summer of 1915, there was a great reduction in the number of the beetles, and although they were still common locally, their range was so much restricted, that the writer knew but few localities in the whole township where he could obtain these insects. They were so rare in 1916 that even with diligent searching the writer found no larvae and only a single adult in Orono, and this condition seemed to be typical of that prevail- ing all over the state. The writer can offer no satisfactory explanation of this extraordinary disappearance. It certainly was not due to any failure of the food supply through over-population, nor was it due to the activities of natural enemies, for the parasitic forms preying upon these insects were not sufficiently abundant to cause a wholesale destruction, and they are but little troubled by birds. Climatic conditions in the winter of 1914-15 were 252 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. far from favorable, yet this can hardly be postulated as the cause of their disappearance, as it seemed to have little if any effect on the abundance of other species of Altica. The sum- mer of 1915 was a favorable one for the growth of fungi, and many larvae and some adults were killed in this fashion, but the alder flea-beetle is not more suspectible to fungous attacks than other members of the genus whose numbers remained undimin- ished. However this species was much more abundant than any of the others, and on that account fungus could work much more effectively. Undoubtedly the fungus played a large role in checking the outbreak. There is one peculiar circumstance which should be noted in this regard, as it seems to be correlated with the disappearance of A. bimarginata. As is pointed out under another heading, most of the eggs of these flea-beetles are deposited within the leaf-rolls of an alder caterpillar,Acrobasis rubrifasciella Pack- ard. So far as the writer has observed, the abundance of this larva on the alder almost parallels that of the alder flea-beetle. It was abundant in 1912 and 1913, and very abundant in 1914; it was somewhat less common in 1915, and scarce in 1916. What- ever may have been the complex of conditions acting as deter- minative factors, the same conditions which acted as a check on the abundance of Altica bimarginata Say apparently acted also as a check on Acrobasis rubrifasciella Packard, and the abundance of the two species was evidently closely correlated. Fortunately these beetles are not yet of great economic importance. The alder is not used commercially, and so long as the depredations are confined to it, the beetles cause no great injury, except where the alders have been used for ornamental planting in landscape gardening. But as is pointed out later, they can live on willow and probably on balsam poplar; and whenever this species is abundant, there is always the possibility that it may become a serious pest, should the beetles: transfer their ravages either to the willow or to the poplar, both of which are of commercial importance. hy P Tue Briotocy or THe Axper FLEA-BEETLE. 253 ee eine aiSstORY: OF LHe INDIVIDUAL: SUMMARY OF THE Lire History. The adult Altica bimarginata is a dark shiny steel blue flea- beetle, which can be distinguished from all other species in our fauna by the iongitudinal plica or fold on the side of the elytra. Like the greater number of other chrysomelids, these beetles hibernate as adults; in Maine they seek winter quarters in late September, and emerge in the spring as soon as the alder leaves, on which they feed voraciously, are well expanded. Pairs may be taken in copulation from the first of June until early July. From mid-June until late July the females deposit clusters of yellow eggs on the foliage which hatch in a few days into grubs or larvae which skeletonize the leaves. The larval life extends over a period of about 25 days, during which they molt twice; there are, therefore, 3 larval instars. When the grubs are full grown, they enter the ground and construct a rude cell, in which they pass about 6 days as prepupae and 10 days as pupae. At the end of that time the adults appear. Before they seek hiber- nating quarters, the beetles feed freely on the leaves of the alder, which is the preferred food-plant of this species. There is but one generation each year. SEASONAL History AND BroLoGicaL Data. DURATION OF THE EGG STAGE. A record which. was kept of 476 eggs deposited between June 16 and July 20, inclusive, may be tabulated as follows: 87 hatched in 7 days; 207, in 8 days; 157, in 9 days; 25, in 10 days; average 8.3 days. LENGTH OF THE FIRST LARVAL INSTAR. A record which was kept of 425 larvae which hatched between July 13 and July 28 inclusive, may he tabulated as fol- lows: 182 molted to the second instar in 5 days; 115, in 6 days; 31, in 7 days; 18, in 8 days; 73, in 9 days; 6, in 10 days; average 6.3 days. 254 MaIne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. LENGTH OF THE SECOND LARVAL INSTAR. A record which was kept of 340 larvae which molted to the second instar between July 18 and July 30 inclusive may be tabu- lated as follows: 65 molted to the third instar in 7 days; 210, in 8 days; 65, in 9 days; average 8.0 days. LENGIH OF THE THIRD LARVAL INSTAR: A record which was kept of 95 larvae which molted to the third instar between July 27 and August 30 inclusive may be tabulated as follows: 5 entered soil in 9 days; 11, in 10 days; 3, in 11 days; 11, in 12 days; 4, in 13 days; 38, in 14 days; 11, in 15 days; 12, in 16 days; average 13.2 days. : LENGTH OF PREPUPAL PERIOD. A record which was kept of 215 prepupae which entered the soil between August 7 and August 30 inclusive may be tabu- lated as follows: 9 pupated in 4 days; 19, in 5 days; 82, in 6 days; 56, in 7 days; 11, in 8 days; 11, in 9 days; 6, in 10 days; 8, in 11 days; 6, in 12 days; 3, in 13 days; 2, in 14 days; 0, in 15 days; 1, in 16 days; 0, in 17 days; 1, in 18 days; average 7.0 days. IIS IN(EAM SE (ONS AN SMS, TUNE “SAVAGIs A record which was kept of 34 pupae which transformed between August 11 and September 6 inclusive may be tabulated as follows: 2 adults emerged in 8 days; 7, in 9 days; 1, in 10 days; 18, in 11 days; 5, in 12 days; average 10.2 days. VARIATIONS IN THE REQUIRED TIME. It was observed that whether the eggs were deposited early or late in the season had no bearing on the number of days occu- pied by the different instars, nor did the length of any given instar affect the length of the next instar. However, if the third instar were of short duration, the prepupal period tended to be longer than normal, and conversely. The principal factors causing variation were the conditions of temperature and mois- — ture. Tue Brotocy or Tur ALper FLes-BEetLeE. 255 Nevertheless there is great variation in the length of time which different individuals require for reaching maturity. This is true even in the case of larvae hatching from a single egg cluster, or from different egg clusters but on the same day. For example, from eggs which hatched on July 17, 11 prepupae were obtained on August 11, 25 on August 13, 4 on August 14, and 11 on August 15; 9 pupae were removed on August 17, 5 on August 19, 4 on August 20, 1 on August 21, and 1 on August Dei", The following is cited as a typical life-history: 6 eggs which were deposited on July 22 (1914) hatched on July 30. The larvae molted to the second instar on August 11. _The larvae molted to the third instar as follows: 1 on August 19: 1 on August 21; 2 on August 23; 2 on August 24. The larvae entered the soil as prepupae, as follows: 1 on August 27; 1 on August 28; 1 on August 31; 3 on September 1. Pupae were formed as follows: 3 on September 3; 2 on September 5; 1 on September 6. Adults emerged as follows: 1 on September 13; 1 on September 14; 1 on September 15; 2 on September 16; 1 on September 17. SEASONAL HISTORY IN MAINE. The earliest date on which the writer has found eggs of the alder flea-beetle in Maine is June 16 (1915), but since he has collected recently hatched larvae on June 18 (1915), eggs must be deposited at least as early as June 10. The maximum period of egg deposition is early July. The latest date on which eggs were deposited in the laboratory is July 29 (1915), when only three eggs were obtained from many females. which had been Ovipositing freely. No unhatched eggs were found in the field at a later date. The oviposition period extends over a period of about a month and a half: from mid-June until late July. Just hatched larvae were common on June 20 (1915). Lar- vae may be found commonly in the field as late as mid-August in years when this insect is abundant. No larvae have been found in the field later than August 24 (1914), although the writer has had them in the laboratory as late as August 30 (1914). The great majority of the larvae become full grown in late July or the first half of August. The earliest date on which the writer has obtained pupae of this species is August 5 (1914). Without doubt this is much °256 MatINre AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. ‘too late to be representative. Larvae entered soil in the labora- tory on July 25 (1914), and if they had been allowed to develop should have formed pupae on July 31. Eggs deposited on June 10 should produce pupae on July 21 since 41 days is the average length of time required between the deposition of the eggs and the pupal transformation. This estimate is probably not far from correct, as eggs deposited on July 4 (1915) yielded pupae on August 13 (40 days). The majority of these insects pass through the pupal stage in August; the extreme records which the writer has for just-formed pupae are August 5 (1914) and September 6 (1914). As was pointed out, July 21 would doubt- less be nearer the range of possibilities than August 5. Nearly all of the hibernating adults are dead by late July. The latest date to which one lived in the laboratory is August 17 (1914). Adults become common again about the middle of August, and this undoubtedly represents the appearance of a new generation of the beetles. No adult which was bred in the laboratory emerged earlier than August 20 (1914), but pupae formed on July 21 should give adults on August 1. The extremes of emergence are probably represented by August 1 and Septem- bene7: There is only one generation each year. There is no tend- ency to pair among the individuals of the new generation, and there is no indication that any of the pupae live over in the soil until the following summer. Since they pupate very near the surface in only the rudest sort of a cell, and since the pupal life normally lasts but a few days, one would not expect any of them to winter over. In the laboratory it was clear that all of the pupae which did not transform were unhealthy. The writer was not able to make personal observations as to the time when the beetles seek winter quarters in the fall, and come out from their hibernating places in the spring. From the data to which he has access, it seems probable that in Maine the adults enter their winter hiding places early in October, and desert them in the spring as soon as the leaves of the alder are well expanded. Both in the fall and in the spring, the beetles feed freely on the foliage. Tue Brotocy or THe ALpEeR FLEA-BEETLE. 257 DESCRIPTION OF THE STAGES; MoLTING HaBiTs AND COLORATION. THE EGG. Description. Pale orange; ovate-oblong; average length 1.25 mm., average width 0.45 mm.; surface densely marked with fine pits. The egg is shown in figure 23. Manner and place of deposition. Whenever it is possible, the eggs of this beetle are deposited within the larval tubes of Acrobasis rubrifasciella Packard, a leaf-rolling caterpillar of the family Pyralidae, which is often very common on the alders in Maine. The eggs are laid in the innermost part of the folded leaf, so that they are completely hidden and the leaf must be unrolled to expose them. Usually the eggs of Altica spp. are streaked with excrement by reason of an instinct which prob- ably has arisen in connection with concealing them; occasionally the eggs of A. bimarginata are so streaked, but usually they are not, probably because, since the eggs are already so well pro- tected, such an instinct is unnecessary and has been lost. In a few instances the writer has found the eggs deposited on the under side of a leaf; in such a case they were always placed next to one of the larger veins. In the laboratory, the beetles deposit eggs, freely without any attempt at concealment. When first deposited, the eggs are soft and in color dark yellow, but they become bright orange as they harden, and by 24 hours they become the characteristic pale orange. Usually but not always the eggs turn dull gray 24 hours before they hatch. The eggs are always deposited in clusters, never singly; a count of 90 clusters gave the following data (v stands for variant, or the number of eggs per cluster, and f for the frequency with which that variant occurred) : mo Ma eo Or AO Olas ben IA 13> 4s I5s 16 AZ. 18 Omer M2 eo OO AO ef 9 iS ge 30 je dood Ore On OU 0 (GY) US AAW PAE Ze Gy SO US Oe taut This shows 6 as the mean of the species, and gives 6.6 as the real aver- age. Hatching. Before the egg is ready to hatch, the shell becomes very brittle, and usually the egg turns grayish 24 hours previous to the emergence of the larva, although this is not always the case. Always, however, the lateral tubercles of the 258 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. mesothorax and the metathorax show prominently through the egg shell as 4 black spots 20 hours before the egg is ready to hatch. When the larva is ready to emerge, it makes 2 longi- tudinal slits near, but not quite at, the anterior end of the egg. The only chitinized portions of the cuticula at the time of the emergence are the dorsal halves of the lateral tubercles of the last 2 thoracic segments, and the writer believes that they are the instruments used in rupturing the egg shell. These tubercles show up very prominently in a newly hatched larva, as the chit- inized portions are jet black, while all the rest of the body is bright yellow. The explanation offered above would account for this peculiar appearance, which is characteristic of the newly hatched larvae of all of the Alticini which the writer has observed. SK. The thorax is arched out through one of these longitudinal slits, sometimes the right one, sometimes the left. The presence of the second slit doubtless lessens the rigidity of the egg shell, and makes it yield more readily to the efforts of the larva in the process of hatching. This is accomplished merely by the regu- lar contraction and relaxation of the body muscles. The meson- otum is the first part to protrude through the opening, then the metanotum and the pronotum, giving the larva a sort of hunch-backed appearance. After a long, hard process of similar, slow, regular, alternate contraction and relaxation of the body muscles, the larva finally succeeds in withdrawing its head from the opening. In 5 minutes, or even less time, after the head is free, the legs are drawn out, all almost simultaneously, and the larva walks out of the shell. This process was observed several times. The time required from the appearance of the first break in the shell until the larva was entirely free varied from 28 to 39 minutes; it usually occupied about 30. The following example is cited as a typical case: 10.05 first break in the egg shell; 10.10 second break in the egg shell; 10.20 metanotum and mesono- tum exposed; 10.25 pronotum exposed; 10.31 head free; 10.33 prothoracic legs drawn out; the other legs freed almost simultaneously; 10.35 larva entirely out of the shell. THE LARVA. Description of the full grown larva. Head, thorax, and abdomen distinct; abdomen composed of 10 segments; prono- tum and dorsum of 9th abdominal segment strongly chitinized Tue Biotocy or Tue Arper FLea-BeErtce. 259 to form the prothoracic and anal shields respectively; one pair of jointed legs borne by each of the thoracic segments; a single median anal proleg borne by the 10th abdominal segment. Length 1 cm. Head directed obliquely downward and forward; strongly chitinized, shining black; the epicranial suture, at first extending cephalad along the mesal line, soon splits, passing back of the antenna to the base of the mandible on each side; it divides the head into three large segments, the median dorsal oné the postclypeus, and the other two forming the epicranium; the clypeus is very narrow; labrum moderately large, rounded in front, shining black; mandible dark brown, moderate in size, with notched teeth at the apex; trochantin present at its base, non-chitinized ; maxilla, with the cardo completely, the stipes incompletely, chitinized, bearing anteriorly a palifer with a 3-segmented conical palpus, and a very small nodule which probably represents the lacinia; labium with a large slightly chitinized basal piece, the fused mentum and submentum, bearing a ligula, unchitinized except at its base, from which arise a pair of small 2-segmented palpi; antennae inserted on the side of the head near the base of the mandibles, 3-jointed, white, the basal segment much larger than the middle segment, and the distal segment very small; ocelli wanting, the large sclerite between the labium and the prothorax (figure 18 B and C) is the gula. Body wall of thoracic and abdominal segments brownish, densely beset with dull black cuticular nodules; prominent dull black dorsal, dorso-lateral, and lateral tubercles; ventro-lateral and ventral tubercles dull brown. ' Abdominal segments 1 to 8 bear setiferous tubercles, segments 1 through 7 being identical; on the first 7, the setae are arranged in a mid- dorsal row of 2 tubercles on each segment (the anterior the larger), an upper and a lower row of dorso-lateral tubercles above the spiracle (each row composed of 2 small tubercles on each segment), a lateral row of prominent tubercles just below the spiracle (one tubercle to each seg- ment), an upper and a lower row of ventro-lateral tubercles (a single tubercle each, on each segment), and a median ventral row (a single tubercle on each segment) ; on the 8th, the arrangement of the tubercles is the same except that the posterior of the mid-dorsals is the larger, and the upper and lower posterior dorso-lateral tubercles have united into a single one. Abdominal segment 9 is modified dorsally into a strongly chitinized anal shield; ventrally it bears a large median tubercle, not clearly homolo- gous with the other abdominal tubercles. Abdominal segment Io is very small; it has no setae nor tubercles, but bears ventrally the orange-yellow anal proleg (which probably repre- sents the fusion of a pair of prolegs); the anal opening is shaped like an inverted Y, and lies in the middle of the proleg. Metathorax and mesothorax. Mid-dorsal tubercles are present, homol- ogous with those of the abdominal segments; they are broken along the mesal line (to provide a thin place where the cuticula can yield to strain, 260 Maint AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STaTIon. 1917. and split at the time of molting) ; of the dorso-lateral tubercles, the 2 posterior have fused into one, the upper anterior is non-setiferous, and the lower anterior has fused with the lateral tubercle; the mid-ventral tubercles are present and homologous with those of the abdominal seg- ments; but no other homologies can be drawn. Prothorax. Modified dorsally into a strongly chitinized cephalic shield; the mid-ventral tubercle is the only tubercle which the writer can homologize with those of the abdomen. Spiracles. There are 9 pairs of spiracles, 8 abdominal and one tho- racic; the abdominal spiracles are borne on little tubercles located just above the lateral tubercles on segments 1 to 8; the thoracic spiracle is borne on a tubercle just above the base of the mesothoracic leg; an homol- ogous tubercle, present on the metathorax, shows no indication of a spiracular opening. Legs. The legs are composed of 5 segments, with an anterior and a posterior sclerite externally, at the base; the anterior sclerite is setiferous in the prothorax, and non-setiferous in the mesothorax and the meta- thorax; the posterior sclerite is setiferous in all 3 thoracic segments; the proximal segment is incompletely chitinized ectad, and almost not at all entad; it fits closely into a socket formed by the infolded body wall, with which it is continuous; the second segment, which is chitinized proximally, is barely visible ectad, but is much larger entad; the third segment, strongly chitinized ectad, is about equal in size to the second segment; the strongly chitinized fourth segment is the longest of the leg segments; the short, strongly chitinized distal segment bears a single pulvillus and a single inward-curved claw. The setae are the same on all of the legs, except that the proximal segment of the prothoracic leg lacks the anterior seta borne on the ental surface of the mesothoracic and metathoracic legs. There is no homology between the segments of the larval legs and those of the imago. Figures. The arrangement of the setae and tubercles of the full grown larva is shown in the following figures: dorsal aspect, figure 18 A (head, thorax, abdominal segments 1, 8, and 9) ; ventral aspect, figure 18 B (head, thorax, abdominal segments 1, 8, 9, and 10); lateral aspect, figure 18 C (head, thorax, abdominal segments 1, 8, 9. and 10). The structure of the larval legs is shown in the following figures: ectal aspect, figure 20 A; ental aspect, figure 20 B (both drawings were made from mesothoracic legs). The structure of the larval mouth parts is shown in the following figures: labrum, figure 19 A; mandible, figure 19 B; maxillae and labium, figure 19 C. A first instar larva is illustrated in figure 24; a second instar, in figure 25; and a third instar, in figure 26. Color changes of the larva during growth... The body wall of these larvae is covered with minute cuticular nodules, which together with the tubercles, are the pigmented portions of the body. Just after hatching or immediately after a molt, the integ- ument is translucent, and the larva appears bright orange yellow, as no pigment has yet been formed, and the yellow fat-body Tue Brotocy or THE ALDER FLEA-BEeTLE. 261 shows through. Ina few hours pigment is formed in the tuber- cles and in the nodules. As the body wall is not stretched, the tubercles and the nodules lie very close together,:and give the larva a dark aspect; late in the instar, the general color of the larva is much lighter, since the mtegument is stretched, the nodules farther apart, and the tubercles See oe in proportion to the body surface. Such a series of color changes is very characteristic of all of the species of Altica which the writer has studied. They are either white or yellow after a molt (according to the color of the fat-body), as there is no pigment in the cuticula; they rapidly become darker, and the darkness is at a maximum a few hours after the molt; they become gradually lighter throughout the instar, and the coloration of the early and late part of the same instar is quite different in some species. Description of the newly hatched larva. The coloration and setal arrangement (with the exceptions noted below) is the same in the newly hatched larva as it is in the mature larva; however the tubercles are proportionately much larger, and the cuticular nodules much closer together. The setae are distinctly capitate all through the first instar. There are only 3 setae on the lateral tubercles of the meso- thorax and the metathorax, instead of 4, as in the full-grown larva; and only 2 on the lateral abdominal tubercles instead of 3; and only one on the posterior dorso-lateral tubercles of the 8th abdominal segment instead of 2. This condition is characteristic of the second instar larvae as well as those of the first instar; and not infrequently this same condition prevails in a full grown larva. Head measurements of larvae. Ist instar. Minimum .38 mm. Maximum .43 mm. Mean 43 mm. (21 specimens.) Average 42 mm. (42 specimens.) 2nd instar. Minimum .64 mm. Maximum 71 mm. Mean .64 mm. ( 5 specimens.) Average .67 mm. (10 specimens.) 262 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. 3rd instar. Minimum .86 mm. Maximum 1.05 mm. Mean 1.00 mm. (29 specimens.) Average 1.00 mm. (81 specimens.) Ratio of measurements: 1.6. Theoretical measurements: .42; .67; 1.07. Actual average measurements: .42; .67; 1.00. Actual mean measurements: .43; .64; 1.00. Coloration after hatching. When the larva hatches from the egg, it is entirely bright shining orange yellow, except for the lateral tubercles of the mesothorax and the metathorax, which show up very conspicuously in contrast to the rest of the larva, as 4 black dots. As has already been pointed out, there is no pigment in the cuticula except in these tubercles, and the’ general color of the fat-body shows through. It is a general rule in the coloration of Altica larvae of all species that those parts which are darkest in the fully colored larva, are the last to show signs of coloration in a recently molted specimen. The coloration of the larva after it emerges from the egg is typic- ally that outlined below: 20 min. abdomen darkish, head somewhat dull; 30 min. mesothorax and metathorax darkish above like the abdomen, head and pronotum still quite bright shining yellow; 45 min. head and prono- tum blackish; 60 min. body all blackish and duller, lateral tubercles of the mesothorax and the metathorax less conspicuous; 75 min. body uni- formly dull and darkish above, the tubercles darker than the body, and the head and legs darker than the tubercles; 90 min. no change; 120 min. head and legs darker, somewhat shining; 135 min. legs deep shining black, body decidedly dark, tubercles black but not shining, head and prothorax deep shining blackish yellow; 150 min. head and pronotum deep shining black. The lateral tubercles of the mesothorax and the metathorax continue darker than the others for about 24 hours. Color description of a first instar larva, early. Head, prothoracic and anal shields, and legs, shining black; general body color dark brownish black dorsally, somewhat lighter ventrally; dorsal and lateral tubercles black, not shining; ventral tubercles dark brown. Color description of a first instar larva, late. Head, prothoracic and anal shields, and legs, shining black; general body color dark golden yellow dorsally, lighter ventrally; dorsal and lateral tubercles dark brown; ventral tubercles golden yellow. The molt to the second mstar (first molt). This molt is performed in exactly the same way as the molt to the third instar, and the process is described in detail under that heading. Numerous larvae were observed as they underwent the first molt; it required from 35 to 50 minutes to complete it. Tue Brotocy or Ture Atper FLEA-BEETLE. 263 Coloration after the first molt (second instar). The coloration of the larva after the first molt does not differ from the coloration after the second molt, and is described in detail under the latter heading. Color description of a second instar larva, early. Head, prothoracic and anal shields, and legs, shining black; general body color brownish black dorsally, lighter ventrally; dorsal and lateral tubercles dull black; ventral tubercles but little darker than the body. Color description of a second instar larva, late. Head, prothoracic and anal shields, and legs shining black; general body color very dark golden brown dorsally, somewhat lighter ventrally; dorsal and lateral tubercles dark brown; ventral tubercles same color as the rest of the underparts. The molt to the third instar (second molt). As is the case with arthropods in general, when the larva is ready to molt, a new cuticula is formed underneath the old one, and late in each instar, the old cuticula becomes very brittle. In the process of molting, it cracks first along the mid-dorsal line of the meta- thorax, the slit extending cephalad along the mid-dorsal line of the other thoracic segments, and the V-shaped epicranial suture of the head. During this time the larva is firmly attached to the leaf by the legs of the skin which is being shed, the tarsal claws of which are securely imbedded in the tissues, and by the anal proleg, which projects out a little beyond the old cuti- cula. By slowly and regularly contracting and relaxing the body muscles, the larva works its way out of the old skin; first EMemtnouaxems ‘arched out and then the head is. freed: The legs are drawn out almost immediately after the head, but as they are soft and weak, they are held closely appressed to the body, and the larva makes no attempt to walk for about half an hour. The insect is now attached to the leaf only by the anal proleg, and the old cuticula is left as a ring around 3 or 4 of the abdominal segments. This ring is finally pushed off over the anal proleg, mainly by the activities of the body muscles, although the legs are used a little at the end. This molt was observed several times; a typical example is given below: 11.05 skin cracked along the metathorax; 11.15 head free; 11.17 legs free; 11.25 old cuticula left like a ring around the abdomen, which is about two-thirds free; 11.40 begins to walk; 12.05 entirely out of the old cuticula. Coloration aftcr the second molt (third star). At the beginning of the molt, the larva, as it emerges from the old skin, is a pure orange yellow, except that the mandibles are reddish 264 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. brown and the setal punctures dark. In about 20 minutes the setal punctures show up black, and the cuticular nodules are just beginning to be pigmented, although a hand-lens is neces- sary to observe this. In about 40 minutes the body has a gen- eral dullish cast, but the head, legs and prothoracic shield are still bright yellow. (The legs are always a paler and more translucent yellow than the rest of the body, probably because they contain less adipose tissue.) In about 50 minutes the dis- tal segments of the legs have a dark cast. The following figures refer to the time when the larva was fully free from the old cuticula, and the molt complete: 10 min. body and prothorax darkish, the tubercles not darker than the rest of the body, head still yellow, legs duller; 20 min. no change; 30 min. body not quite as dark as the prothoracic shield, distal segments of the legs blackish and the other segments dull, head somewhat dull; 40 min. body about the same color, head as dark as the body but not as dark as the protho- racic shield; 50 min. prothoracic shield blackish at the sides, head dull darker than the body, legs still light except the distal segments; 65 min. prothoracic shield dark brown; head, legs, and tubercles brown; general aspect of the body dark yellow brown; 95 min. little if any change; 110 min. head black, legs dark brown the distal segments black, prothoracic shield black, tubercles dark brown; 140 min. normal coloration; Color description of a third mstar larva, early. Head, prothoracic and anal shields, and legs shining black; general body color very dark brown, almost black (aspect black dorsally and dark dull golden- yelow ventrally); lateral and dorsal tubercles dull black; ventral tubercles brown. Color description of a third mstar larva, late. Head, prothoracic and anal shields, and legs shining black; general body color very dark brown, almost black, dorsally, very dark golden yellow ventrally, much darker than earlier in the instar; dorsal and lat- eral tubercles black; ventral tubercles brown. THE PREPUPA. Formation of the pupal cell. In all insects which undergo a complete metamorphosis, the wings are developed internally in the larva, as hypodermal invaginations; then a part of this invagination evaginates, forming the wing-bud proper; just before the formation of the pupal cuticula, this wing-bud pushes out so as to lie outside the hypodermis; finally the pupal cuti- cula is secreted around it, and thus it is brought about that the internal wing-bud of the larva is external in the pupa. The period from the outpushing of the wing-bud in the larva until the molt to the pupa is spoken of as the nrentnal period. ’ Tue Brotocy or THe Axper Fiea-BeEet_e. 265 In the alder flea-beetle, the prepupal period is passed in the earth. As soon as the larva is fully fed, it enters the ground to complete its transformations. Sections of specimens fixed at this time show clearly that the entrance into the soil closely corresponds with the outpushing of the wing-buds. In nature, as Lintner (1887) pointed out, the insects prefer to pupate under the mossy edge of a half-sunken rock, and the majority of the pupae are probably to be found in such situa- tions. But even under natural conditions they will enter any fairly loose soil, pupating about an inch below the surface of the ground. The larvae construct a rude cell by contortions of the body, and the earth lining it is cemented together by a mucous. secretion, probably poured out by the maxillary glands. (Labial glands, the ordinary salivary glands of insects, are entirely wanting in this species, as in Coleoptera generally.) The earlier prepupa is straight and can walk, but by the third day the body is strongly arcuate, and the insect is unable to move the legs. This is due to the degeneration of the larval muscles, for, as has. been pointed out already, there is no relation between the larval legs and the imaginal legs. The latter are developed as knobs. or pads at the bases of the larval legs, and do not project down. into them, so that when the larva molts to the pupa, the larval legs are simply hollow shells. Color changes of the prepupa. In several species of. this genus, there is a distinct prepupal color cycle, the insect first becoming darker and then very much lighter in color. So far as the writer has observed, there is no change in the coloration of the prepupa of the alder flea-beetle. ANISH AON es The molt from the prepupa to the pupa. When the prepupa is ready to molt to the pupa, the larval cuticula cracks along the thorax as in an ordinary molt (beginning at the mid-dorsal line of the metathorax and extending forward) and the pupa grad- ually wriggles out by slowly contracting and relaxing the body muscles. The larval skin passes off over the caudal end of the body, where it may hang for several hours. At the beginning of the molt, each leg, though fully formed, is curled up into a little pad at the base of the larval leg, but as soon as they are free from the old cuticula they are straightened out so as to lie 266 Marne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. in the position normal to the pupa. The wings and elytra lie pushed ventrad beneath the old larval skin in about the same relations that they show in the pupa. The pupa is always formed with the ventral aspect. uppermost, and it remains in this posi- tion throughout this period. Description. The general appearance of the pupa is that typical of the chrysomelids: wings and elytra pushed ventrad; the femora extending away from the middle line, the tibiae toward it, and the tarsi caudad along the mesal line; the meta- thoracic legs passing under the wings; the antennae extending caudad, bent under. the mesothoracic legs. There are 9 abdominal segments (unless the anal plate may be counted as a vestigial 10th), the last bearing a pair of strong black caudal spines. The arrangement of the setae is that char- acteristic of the genus Altica, and does not present any specific characters. The only specific variation which the writer has noted in the pupal setae of the genus Altica is the number of setae present on the femora. Sometimes there are 3, and some- tintes but 2. In A. bimarginata there are 3: a pair of pre-apical setae and one apical, on each femur. Great variation prevails in the setae which may be present in any individual specimen. Any given seta may be wanting (though the writer has never found a pupa in which any of the head setae were absent), and certain extra setae are sometimes present on the thoracic segments. The greatest variation is to be found in the pygidial setae. Very rarely the caudal spines themselves may be wanting entirely. Where the setae are seri- ally homologous, and the arrangement the same on both sides of the body, as on the abdomen, a seta missing on one segment is usually present on the others, and may be absent only on one side. The setae occur only on the dorsai aspect of the body and serve to kee - the insect froi: contact with the sides of the pupal cell, as it lies with the ventral aspect uppermost. The average length of the pupa is 5 mm.; the average width is 2.5 mim. When formed, the pupa is bright oranze yellow, with the appendages a more translucent yellow; the setae are brown, and the caudal spines and the spiracles (which occur on the first 6 abdominal segments) black. Packard (1890) described the pupae as white, but this is without doubt a mistake. Lintner el Tue Brotocy or Ture ALpEeR FLEA-BEETLE. 267 (1887) corrected this statement, suggesting that Packard’s des- cription might have been made from an alcoholic specimen, or that just formed pupae might possibly be white. The context - precludes the former explanation, and as has just been stated, the newly formed pupae, like the older ones, are yellow. Essig (1915) stated that the pupae are either white or yellow, but this statement is probably incorrect. The writer has spoken of this at length because bimarginata pupae may be distinguished from certain other Altica pupae which are white, by the color characters, which are very constant. As the pupae of bimarginata do become white in alcohol, this distinction is useful only in the case of living pupae. Figure 27 shows the dorsal aspect of the pupa; figure 28, the ventral aspect; figure 21 A, the arrangement of the setae, dorsal aspect, (mesothorax, metathorax, abdominal segments 1 through 8); figure 21 B, the arrangement of the setae, ventral aspect; figure 21 C, the setae of the 8th abdominal segment and the pygidium; figure 21 D, the setae of the prothorax, dorsal aspect. Color changes of the pupa. As has been stated, the pupa when formed is entirely bright orange yellow, except for the brown setae and the black caudal spines and the spiracles, which are also black. But as the pupa grows older, certain color changes appear, which are correlated with the internal meta- morphosis, and furnish a good indication as to the age of the pupa. All other species of the Alticini and the Galerucini which the writer has studied show similar external evidences of the progress of the internal metamorphosis by the formation of pigment in the cuticula. The first change is to be noticed in the eyes, which become light brown on the 4th or 5th day after the pupal molt. On the 7th day, as a rule, the eyes are dark brown, the wings light gray, and the tips of the mandibles red brown. On the 8th day, the eyes are black, the distal tarsal segments black, and the femoro- tibial joints black; the labrum, the tips of the mandibles, and the palpi are brown; and there are brown spots on the pronotum. On the last day of pupal life, in addition to these markings, the coxae and tibiae are black, and the head is brown between the eyes. There is of course a considerable amount of individual variation as to the time required for the appearance of these 268 MatIne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. changes, even in pupae which have come from the same egg cluster, but the sequence of the changes and the pigmentations themselves take place very constantly. The elytra do not become pigmented at all during the pupal period, although the true wings become dark gray or almost black; since the wings lie under the elytra, the latter appear as if they were colored gray, but if one lifts them up, it is clearly seen that they are uncolored. Another point which should be noted is the fact that no pigment is deposited in the pupal cuticula. The imaginal cuti- cula begins to be formed on the 3rd or 4th day of pupal life, and all of the pigment is formed in this cuticula. The pigmented imaginal cuticula shows up very plainly inside of the sheaths of pupal cuticula which enclose them. The imaginal mouth-parts are not completely formed at the molt to the pupa, and the pupal sheaths are much larger than the organs developed within them. THE ADULT. Description. “Oblong, subparallel, above blue or slightly bronzed, usually mod- erately shining, sometimes subopaque. Antennae’ half as long as the body, piceous, joints 2-3-4 gradually increasing in length. Head feebly shining, frontal carina obtuse, tubercles usually well marked, a few punctures extending across the head above the tubercles and near the eyes. Thorax one-half wider than long, slightly narrower in front, sides feebly arcuate, the margin very narrow, disc moderately convex, the ante-basal transverse depression rather deep, slightly sinuous at the middle, reaching the sides and joining the marginal depression, surface distinctly alutaceous, sparsely punctulate, punctures more distinct near the apex and the front angles. Elytra distinctly wider at the base than the thorax, humeri distinct, umbone moderately prominent and with a slight depression within it, a prominent lateral plica begins at the umbone, extends parallel with the margin, curves toward the suture near the apex, surface alutaceous, the punctures fine and indistinct, not closely placed. Body beneath and legs blue black, shining, abdomen sparsely and indis- tinctly punctate. Length .20-.24 inches; 5-6 mm.” The above description is copied directly from Horn (1889). The Maine forms are usually bright cobalt blue, but rarely they may be a greenish blue. The writer has never seen any bronzy or subopaque forms in the state. The lateral plica varies *The italics are the writer’s; there are no italicized words in Horn’s description. Tue Brotocy or THe. Atper FLEA-BEETLE. 269 in prominence, but in all specimens which the writer has exam ined, it has been plainly in evidence. Emergence of the adult. The pupa is as deeply pigmented as it will ever be about 12 hours before the emergence of the adult. The coloration has already been described on page 266. About half an hour before the emergence, the mouth-parts are moved continually. The pupal cuticula first splits along the mid-dorsal line of the mesothorax; then this crack extends back- ward down the mid-dorsal line of the metathorax, and forward along that of the prothorax. This split is made by the scutellum, which is moved up and down until the cuticula is ruptured. With- in 20 or 30 minutes after the crack has appeared, the head and mouth-parts, as well as the whole pronotum, have been freed from the pupal cuticula. The elytra and wings, which have increased to their full length, have been pushed nearly dorsad. The prothoracic legs project out on each side, strongly bent at the femoro-tibial joint; the mesothoracic legs extend straight down the body, as do also the metathoracic pair, which have been drawn from under the elytra. The antennae lie straight down the middle of the ventral aspect, slightly bent in at their tpis, but entirely free from the legs. The abdominal muscles contract and expand rhythmically. After the mouth parts have been freed, the beetles usually rest about 5 minutes, but soon recommence the task of molting. The next step is to withdraw one of the prothoracic legs from its pupal sheath, the other following almost immediately. At this point the antennae usually are drawn out: the head is inclined ventrally as far as possible, and then is suddenly thrown back- ward dorsally as far as is possible, and thus the antennae are pulled out of their pupal cases. Kicking and pushing with the tibio-tarsal joints of the front legs, the beetle rapidly succeeds in drawing out the mesothoracic legs and then the metathoracic legs from their pupal sheaths. The movements of the abdomen have pushed the pupal cuticula farther and farther caudad on the dorsal aspect of the body, and on the wings and elytra, so that by this time they are two-thirds free from the cuticula. The wings and elytra lie entirely dorsad. The pupal skin is now pushed downward and backward off the tip of the abdomen; the tibio-tarsal joints of all of the legs are used in this process which requires only a short time for its accomplishment. 270 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. The pupa is formed with the ventral aspect uppermost, and the adult remains on its back for about 4 hours after it has emerged. The beetle is of course very soft, and remains in the pupal cell, until it is fully hardened and colored, which requires about 24 hours. The coloration of the adult. The beetle which has just emerged is quite as yellow as was the pupa. The eyes, antennae, and mandibles (sometimes also the labrum) are black, the elytra are grayish orange, and the wings gray. The insect becomes colored gradually, but it is some 20 hours before the character- istic coloration is reached. The beetle is entirely blackish above within 5 hours, and the underparts do not begin to color up at all until after that time. The centers of coloration are the prono- tum, the ventral aspect of the pygidium, the bases of the elytra, the bases of the coxae, and the femoro-tibial joints of the legs. THE RANGE OF FOOD PLANTS. In nature, the alder flea-beetle is confined almost entirely to the leaves of the alder, at least in Maine, and the only other plant on which the writer has taken them is the willow (Salix rostrata Richards.) There is a biological race of this species which occurs on balsam poplar, in Veazie, Maine. Eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults are indistinguishable from the typical bimarginata, and the larvae and adults eat alder or willow as readily as they do balsam pop- lar. The forms taken on alder however (both larvae and adults) have been tested many times on the leaves of the balsam poplar, but the results have always been negative. This is not surpris- ing, when individuals which had already eaten alder were con- cerned, for the glandular leaves of the balsam poplar have a very decided taste and smell, but just hatched larvae of the alder race which had never tasted any food were equally emphatic in their refusal to subsist on the balsam poplar. Both larvae and adults will feed freely on the leaves of willow; they ate the foliage of all species with which they were tested. Nevertheless the writer feels very sure that these are only biological races of the same species, if they deserve even that distinction. The habits, size, appearance, and life-history of the variety on the balsam poplar are exactly the same as that described for the alder forms, save that the eggs are deposited Tue Brotocy or THe ALper FLEeA-BEETLE. 271 in clusters on the under side of the leaves. Specimens were referred to Mr. C. W. Leng of New York City, who kindly determined them as undoubtedly Altica bimarginata Say. All of the data on pages 253-270 appertain to the alder race. Gibson (1913 p. 6) recorded this species as feeding on alder, willow, and poplar. Essig (1915 p. 266) reported this insect from alder, willow, poplar, and cottonwood. The following tables record a few food plant tests which were made with the larvae and adults of the 2 races. The tests were made as follows: 6 larvae or adults were kept in a clean shell-vial without food for 24 hours; then an uninjured leaf of the plant to be tested was introduced, and the insects were left undisturbed for a second 24 hours; at the end of that time the leaves were examined, and a record made as to whether they had been considerably eaten, slightly eaten, or left untouched. Altica bimarginata. (Alder race.) Food-plants of adult. (i) Eaten readily. Willow, Salix sp. near nigra Marsh, S. cordata Muhl., S. rostrata Richards; alder, Alnus incana (L.) Moench. (ii) Eaten slightly. European ‘gooseberry, Ribes Grossularia L. (iii) Refused. Balsam poplar, Populus balsamifera L.; gray birch, Betula pop- ulifolia Marsh; white elm, Ulmus americana L.; cultivated rose, Rosa sp.; wild red cherry, Prunus pennsylvanica L. f. Altica bimarginata. (Poplar race.) Food-plants of adult. (i) Eaten readily. Willow, Salix cordata Muhl.; balsam poplar, Populus balsamifera L.; alder, Alnus incana (L.) Moench. (ii) Eaten slightly. White elm, Ulmus americana L. (iii) Refused. Gray birch, Betula populifolia Marsh; wild red cherry, Prunus pennsylvanica L. £.; red osier dogwood, Cornus stolonifera Michx. Altica bimarginata. (Alder race.) Food-plants of larva. (i) Eaten readily. Willow, Salix sp. near nigra Marsh, S. cordata Muhl.; aspen pop- Richards; alder, Alnus incana (L.) Moench. (11) Refused. Balsam poplar, Populus balsamifera L.; wild strawberry, Fragaria virginiana Duchesne; red osier dogwood, Cornus stolonifera Michx. Altica bimarginata. (Poplar race.) Food-plants of larva. 272 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. (i) Eaten readily. Willow, Salix sp. near nigra Marsh, S. cordata Muhl.; aspen pop- eee Populus tremuloides .; balsam poplar, Obes balsamif era ; alder, Alnus incana a) Moench. Ae form of the scientific names and the sequence of the plant families in the above tables follows the use of the last edition of Gray’s Manual. The writer has found the following references to additional host-plants in the literature: Alder. Alnus serrulata Willd. [Now classed as ru¢osa (DuRoi) Spreng. | Harris (1869); Lintner (1887); Packard (1890). Knotweed and smartweed. Blatchley (1910). ACTIVES OF VER AW Di RB Wik AS bye saebs FEEDING HaBITs OF THE LARVA. The larvae live exposed on the leaves of their food-plants, on either surface. In the case of the alder, when they first hatch they crawl to the petiole end of the leaf, where they feed for a few days protected under the slightly revolute margin. At first the larvae eat only the lower epidermis and the green tissue, leaving the upper epidermis; but before this instar 1s over, they eat this epidermis also, leaving only a skeleton of the larger veins. This perfect and beautiful skeletonization, which has also been remarked upon by Harris (1869), Lintner (1887), and Pack- ard (1890) is characteristic of all of the larval feeding, with the exceptions here noted; it is illustrated in figure 29. The nearly full grown larva eats holes through the leaves, as does the adult. The skeletonization is not as perfect on the leaves of the balsam poplar or the willow, as it is in the case of the larva. A balsam poplar leaf skeletonized by the larvae of Altica bimarginata is shown in figure 31. Tue FEEDING HaBITs OF THE ADULT. The adult beetles feed very freely on the leaves of the alder, eating little holes through them. This method of feeding, which is as characteristic as that of the larvae, is illustrated in figure 30. The adults feed both in the fall and in the spring: Willow and balsam poplar are attacked in the same way, and in no case do the adults ever skeletonize the leaves. Tue Brotocy or THE ALDER FLEA-BEETLE. 273 COPULATION. The male and female remain in copulation several hours. The writer has never observed them to pair more than once, but it is probable that they do, since this is quite characteristic of related species. NuMBER oF Eccs DEpPosITED BY A SINGLE FEMALE. The writer has very little data as to the number of eggs which one female may deposit. None of the females which he has isolated after pairing deposited more than 35 eggs. But related species may deposit as high as 500 eggs per female, and doubtless 35 is far too low even to approximate the number of eggs which one female bimarginata can deposit. They usually begin to oviposit within a few days after pairing. NATURAL ENEMIES. Funcous ENEMIES. Both in the laboratory and in the field, larvae, prepupae, pupae, and adults are very susceptible to the attacks of Sporo- trichum globuliferum Speng, if the conditions are right for infection. The writer does not doubt that this fungus played an important part in checking the outbreak of the alder flea- beetle, since it was abundant both in 1914 and 1915. While probably the fungus was not the only agent in the extermination of this species, nevertheless the extreme abundance of these insects offered ideal conditions for fungus to work, and doubt- less great numbers of Altica bimarginata were destroyed in this way. Dr. Roland Thaxter of Harvard University kindly deter- mined the species of fungus for the writer. The pupae are quite subject to a wilt-disease, probably bacterial in its nature, but the writer has made no attempt to isolate the causative organism. Insect PARASITES. An interesting parasite was bred from the adult beetles in the summer of 1915, a dipterous insect of the family Tachinidae, which was determined by Mr. C. W. Johnson of the Boston 274 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. Museum of Natural History as Hyalomyodes triangularis Loew. It was described under the generic name of Hyalomyia by Loew (1863, p. 85), and described again as a new species by Townsend (1893, p. 429), as Hyalomyodes weedi. The identity of the types. was established by Coquillet (1897, p. 70), but he recognized Hyalomyodes as a distinct genus from Hyalomyia, and therefore the correct name stands as Hyalomyodes triangularis Loew. The larvae are internal parasites of the adult beetles. The writer has no data as to the length of larval life, nor the manner of oviposition, but it seems probable that the eggs are deposited on the adult beetles in the spring or summer, after they have come out from hibernation. When the larva is full grown, it issues from the beetle, forcing its way out through the dorsal side of the abdomen, between the last two abdominal segments. The larva is white, with irregular brown splotches. In a few hours a brown puparium is formed, and the adult fly emerges. about 2 weeks later. 1 puparium formed July 9, 1915; adult emerged July 21................ 12 days. 1 puparium formed July 21, 1915; adult emerged Aug. 9................ 19 days. 2 puparia formed July 26, 1915; adults emerged Aug. 9..............- 14 days. The writer has not found any reference to the life-history of this species in the literature. Celatoria spinosa Coquillet, a related species which the writer has bred from the adults of 2 species of Altica, has been recorded by Coquillet (1890, p. 235) as bred from the adults of Diabrotica soror LeC. CONTROL. The writer has had no occasion to work on the control of these insects, but there is no reason to suppose that the measures employed in combating other flea-beetles would not serve to keep the alder flea-beetle in check, wherever their application was practicable. A thorough spraying with arsenate of lead at the rate of 3 pounds (paste form) to 50 gallons of water, as soon as the beetles appear in the spring, and repeated in late June and mid-July for the larvae, if necessary, would doubtless control this species. THE SYNONYMY OF THE GENUS ALTICA GEOFFROY. Altica Geoffroy 1762. Hist. nat. des. ins. t. 1, p. 244. Haltica Iliger 1802. (Emend.) Mag. f. Insektenk. Bd. 1:138. *Haltica Hoffman 1803. (Emend.) Ent. Hefte. *Graptodera Chevrolat 1834, Cat. Dejean. ed. 2. AT Tue Brotocy or THe Atper FLEeA-BEETLE. 275 _ The systematic position of the flea-beetles was a matter of great dispute for about 50 years after Geoffroy had proposed the genus Altica to include them. A summary of the usages of the various writers from the roth edition of Linnaeus’ “Systema naturae” in 1758, which has been adopted as the arbitrary start- ing point for zoological nomenclature, to the final establishment of “Haltica’ as a definite genus by Illiger in 1807, is given in the 2 tables published below. ‘A more complete account of this history may be found in Kutschera (1859), Allard (1860), and Chapius (1875). Authors who retained Altica previous to 1807. *1762 Geoffroy p. 244; 1764 Geoffroy p. 244; 1775 De Geer p. 290; 1775 Fabricius p. 112; *1785 Fourcroy; 1789 Olivier p. 128; 1790 Olivier p. 100; 1796 Latreille p. 63; 1802 Illiger p. 138 (Haltica) ; *1803 Hoffman; 1804 Latreille p. 323; 1807 Latreille p. 63; 1807 Illiger p. 81 (Haltica). Authors not retaining Altica previous to 1807.” 1758 Linnaeus p. 373 Chrysomela (Saltatoriae femoribus posticis crassisimis) ; 1763 Scopoli p. 69 Chrysomela (Saltatoriae) ; 1776 Fabri- cius p. 32 Chrysomela (Altica similis Chrysomelae saltatoriae Linn. certe huius generis); 1781 Fabricius p. 131 Chrysomela (Alticae saltatoriae femoribus posticis incrassatis) ; 1787 Fabricius p. 75 Chrysomela (Alticae saltatoriae femoribus posticis incrassatis) ; 1788 Linnaeus p. 1691 Chry- somela (Saltatoriae femoribus posterioribus incrassatis: Alticae) ; 1792 Fabricius t. 1, pt. 2, p. 24 Galeruca (Saltatoriae) ; 1801 Fabricius t. 1, p. 417 Colaspis (Saltatoriae), t. 1 p. 445 Chrysomela (Saltatoriae), t. 1 p. 463 Crioceris (Saltatoriae), t. 1 p. 477 Lema (Saltatoriae), t. 1 p. 491 Galleruca® (Saltatoriae femoribus posticis incrassastis) ; t. 1 p. 502 Cyphon (Saltatorii) ; t. 2 p. 57 Cryptocephalus (Femoribus saltatoriis). Altica was proposed by Geoffroy in 1762 as a distinct genus to include the jumping chrysomelids which had been included by Linnaeus (1758) in the genus Chrysomela. The original definition of Altica was “Antennae ubique aequales, femur a postica crassa subglobosa”’ (p. 244), and as first constituted the genus included 19 species. In modern usage, as one would expect, the genus Altica is defined within much narrower limits, *The writer has not had access to this paper. *The flea beetles are grouped at the end of the respective genera in which they are placed with the designation “saltatoriae” or some similar expression, as is indicated in the parentheses. *The older authors spelled this word sometimes with one and sometimes with 2. The genus was constituted by Geoffroy (1762) as Galeruca (p. 251), which is therefore the correct form. In this section of the paper the writer has indicated the spelling as it is to be found in the various papers quoted. rile 276 _ MAINE AcricuLTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. and the original genus has been split up into many smaller ones, so that Altica as we regard it today includes only,a small portion of the species agreeing with Geoffroy’s original description, which quite closely approximates our present conception of the tribe Alticini. Geoffroy’s (1762) discussion of the alticines is very interesting, and a translation, as literal as possible, follows: “To jump actively in the air with the agility of fleas is one of the peculiarities of the insects of this genus, a character which has given them the Latin name of Altica, or in French sauteurs, in place of the name Mordelles under which they have been described by some recent writers. We have reserved this latter name for some insects which constitute a different genus from this, although the two have been confused. “To accomplish this active and considerable jump, nature has made the hind legs of the altise larger and stronger than the others. Especially the femora of these legs are remarkable. In almost all-of these. insects they are disproportionately large and often almost spherical, a character which makes them walk badly and slowly; but these great femora also enclose sufficiently strong muscles to execute such a violent movement as that which these animals make in leaping. We have drawn the char- acter of the genus from the large femora and from the form of the atnennae which are quite long and of the same diameter throughout. The altises are all quite small. They are found in great quantities on potherbs, especially in the spring. They riddle and consume them. I have also found on these same plants numbers of small larvae, which may well be those of these altises, a thing which I do not dare affirm as I have not followed their metamorphoses.” There are 3 points which should be noted in conection with the paragraphs just quoted. First, the date which is usually assigned for the erection of the genus Altica is 1764; however, this is an error. The original date of publication of the Histoire d’insects by Geoffroy was in 1762, and the 1764 edition was a reprint. (The writer has had access only to the latter edition, and the page references given in this paper all refer to that printing, but as all of the page references to the 1762 edition agree with the pages as here given, it is probable that the pagi- nation of the 2 is identical; such also is the inference one would draw from Hagen’s Bibliotheca Entomologica. ) In the second place, Geoffroy proposed Altica to take the place of Mordella Linnaeus (p. 244). But Geoffroy was mis- taken in stating that Linnaeus placed the flea-beetles in the genus Mordella. In the 1758 edition of the Systema naturae which has been constituted the standard from which binomial nomen- clature dates, the flea-beetles were put in the genus Chrysomela Tue Brotocy or THe ALper FLEA-BEETLE. 277 with the designation “Saltatoriae femoribus posticis crassissimis” (p. 373). Each species under this heading is described as “Mor- della etc.” and it is possibly this fact that accounts for Geoffroy’s statement, but more probably it is because in the 1756 edition the flea-beetles are evidently included under Mordella, which is characterized as “Antennae filiformes, ultimo globoso. Pedes saepe saltatorii”. But in 1758 and all of the later editions Mor- della is used by Linnaeus for Coleoptera very distinct from the flea-beetles. Finally, Geoffroy was also mistaken in saying that Altica was derived from the Latin. It is really derived from a Greek word, dArixos, a leaper. As in Greek “h” is not a letter but is represented only by an asper, this omission of the “h’ was a not unnatural error. Illiger (1802) pointed out the proper derivation and cor- rected the speling. In his list of insect genera, we find: “Haltica- ae f Flohkafer. dArumos, zum Springen geschikkt. Nicht Altica.” (p. 138). But this emendation cannot stand, for by Article 19 of the International Code: “The original orthography of a name is to be preserved unless an error of transcription. a lapsus calami, or a typographical error is evident” we must return to the first spelling, Altica. Hoffman (1803) also emended the spelling to Haltica, apparently independently (Chapius 1875, p. 16: the writer has not had access to Hoffman’s paper). In this connection it is interesting to note the opinion of Allard (1860) who wrote long before the Code was drawn up: “It seems to me that the orthography of the word should be determined by priority, and since Geoffroy in 1762 and Fourcroy in 1785 wrote it with an ‘A’, with Latreille we must respect their right of invention and omit the ‘H’ ” (p. 41). It is unfortunate that it is necessary to make any change in the name of a genus so important, so well-known, and so firmly established as “Haltica’, but the change is such a slight one that there should but little confusion result. It is obvious that all of the larger groups of which Altica is the type genus must be changed in a corresponding fashion, Halticini to Alticini, Halticae to Alticae etc. The English and German authors as a whole adopted the emended spelling as soon as it was proposed. The French how- ever clung to the old spelling for many years. “Haltica” is the 278 Matne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. spelling universally recognized today; the last systematic paper in which the writer has found the old spelling is Allard (1860). The word is probably spelled with an “A” in Allard (1867), a publication to which the writer has not had access. Chevrolat (1834) proposed the genus Graptodera as a sub- stitute for Altica Geoffroy, omitting this genus entirely. (The writer has not had access to this paper: authority for statement Chapius 1875, p. 60.) This usage was followed by Allard and several writers. But Chapius (1875) pointed out the conven- ience of the term “Halticides” and the consequent necessity of preserving a genus “Haltica’. Kutshcera (1859), Fairmaire (1856) and Redtenbacher (1849) all retained “Haltica”. Since Chapius’ work, it-is fair to state that Graptodera Chevrol. has been reduced to the synonymy, and that “Haltica’ has been recognized as a valid genus. The use of Illiger (1802) has been universally followed in the spelling, but this practice is inadmis- sible, and we must return to Geoffroy’s original orthography, Altica. Naas Ae Be The writer is not in a position to discuss the proper system- atic position of the genus Altica, nor the proper rank to which its group should be assigned, but a brief summary of the develop- ment of the Alticini as a tribe (or according to some writers as a family) may not be without interest. A full discusion may be found in Kutschera (1859) and Chapius (1875). The first attempt to divide the chrysomelids into groups seems to have been made by DeGeer (1775), who divided them into 4 families, Altica being the sole representative of the 4th family (p. 289). Latreille (1796) grouped various chrysomelid genera together as his 24th family (p.-63). Later (1804) he called this family the Chrysomelinae (t. 11, p. 323) and placed the genus Altica in it (t. 12, p. 5). In his next publication (1807) he recognized the same classification (p. 42 and p.. 63). In 1810, he divided this family into the Criocerides (p. 232) and the Chrysomelinae (p. 235), retaining Altica under the latter (p. 235). This same plan was followed in 18171, but in 18257 he changed these names to Eupodes and Cycliques respectively. In 18301 he subdivided the Cycliques into 3 groups, Cassidaires, Chrysomelines, and Gallerucites, the last being further sub- ‘The writer has not had access to this publication; authority for wvtatement Kutschera (1859), p. 10-11. Tue Biotocy or THe ALDER FLEA-BEETLE. 279 divided into the Gallerucites isopodes with Galleruca as the type, and the Gallerucites anisopodes with Altica as the type. Chapius (1875) recognized the Galerucides as a tribe, which he divided into 2 subtribes, the Galerucides proper and the Halticides. The latter he subdivided into 19 groups. Le Conte and Horn (1883) followed this use, recognizing the Galerucini as a tribe of the Crysomelidae, and dividing it into the subtribes Galerucini and Halticini. Horn (1889) has published the only monograph of the American Halticini (properly to be called Alticin1). He found 14 of Chapius’ 19 groups in America, and subdivided 3 of them into 2 groups each, so that he listed 17 groups of American Alticini. One of these groups which he sub- divided was the “Halticae” of Chapius, which became the Disonychae and “Halticae” (represented in this country by the single genus Altica) of Horn. Some recent authors have constituted the Alticidae as a separate family, but it seems best to the writer at least for the present either to regard the Alticini as a tribe under the family Chrysomelidae, or to follow the use of Horn and regard it as a subtribe of the tribe Galerucini. The following characterization of the group Alticae and the genus Altica is copied directly from Horn’s monograph (1889) : Alticae. “Antennae 11-jointed. Thorax regularly arcuate at the base, with a distinct ante-basal line variable in distinctness, not limited at the extremeties by a longitudinal plica. Posterior tibiae with, at most, a very slight sulcus on the posterior edge near the apex. Anterior coxal cavities open behind. Claw joint of posterior tarsi slender, claws appendiculate.” Altica. “Head short, usually deeply inserted, front regularly declivious, the interocular carina never prominent, the tubercles usually feebly masked. Anntenae half as long as the body, joints 2-3-4 gradually longer, except in rufa. Labrum small. Maxillary papli short, rather stout, the terminal joint short and conical. Thorax usually one-half wider than long and broadest at base, and with a more or less distinct ante-basal impressed line, base arcuate, lateral margin more or less thickened at the front angles. Elytra usually a little wider at the base than the thorax, the punctation of surface confused. Prosternum rather narrow between the coxae, the coxal cavities open behind, angulate externally. Legs moderately long, tibiae of posterior legs not or feebly sulcate, terminated by a small spur. Tarsi moderate in length, claws with a broad dilatation at the base.” 280 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917, Allard, Eraste. 1860. Essai monographique sur les galerucites anisopodes (Latr.) ou description des altises d’Europe. “nn. soc. ent. Fr. 1860. ser. 3, t. 8: 39-144, 3) -AaG, 539-578, and 785-834. 11867. Monographie des alticides. L’Abeille. 1866-67. ty 2-160, (Ret, Chapius 187.5 .p: 16)e Blatchley, Willis Stanley. 71910. An illustrated catalog of the Coleoptera or beetles... known to occur in Indiana............ (p: 120%); Briton, Wilton Everett. 71911. Vacation notes in thz Adirondacks. Jour Ec. Ent. V. 4:544. Bruner, Lawrence. 71893. Insect enemies of »rnamental and shade trees. Ann. Rpt. Neb. Hort. Soc. 1893, p. 166-235 (alm, p 205-206, fig. 40). Chapwus, F. 1875. Histoire naturelles des insectes. Genera des Coleop ESReES 1 Gy he Chevrolat, Pierre Francois Marie Auguste, Comte. 17834. In Dejean, Catalogue des Coleopteres, ed. 2. (Ref. Agassiz, Nomenclator zoologicus.. Chapius 1875, p. 61 and Kutschera 1859, p. 11, give this date as 1837). Coquillett, Daniel William. 1890. The dipterous parasite of Diabrotica soror. Insect Life v. 2:233-236. 1897. Revision of the Tachinidae of America north of Mexico. U.S: Bur) Ent ech” Bulk a(pejoe DeGeer, Charles. 1775. Memoir pour servir d’l’histoire des insectes, t. 5. Essig, E. 0. 21915. Injurious and beneficial insects of California. p. 264-260. *Writer has not had access to this paper: reference unverified. "This paper deals directly with Altica bimarginata Say. Tue Brotocy or THe Aber FLEA-BEETLE. 281 Fabricius, Johann Christian. 1775. Systema entomologiae. 1776. Genera insectorum. 1781. Species insectorum. 1787. Mantissa insectorum. 1792. Entomologia systematica...... 1801. Systema eleutheratorum. Fairmaire, Leon. 11856. Genera des Coleopteres d’Europe. (Ref. Chapius 1875 p. 60). Felt, Ephraim Porter. “1905. Insects affecting park and woodland trees. -(v. 2, P- 573): Foudras, Antoine Casimir Marguerite Eugene. nto50.)alues, alticides. Ann. soc. Linn, Lyon. 18505 ser. 2, t. 6: 157-384. Fourcroy, A. *1785. Entomologia parisiensis........... Geoffroy, Etienne Lous. 1762. Histoire abregee des insectes........... 1764. Histoire abregee des insectes........... edna! Gibson, Arthur. 71913. Flea-beetles and their control. Can. Dept. Agr. Ent cit., 2) p:( 6: Harris, Thaddeus William. *1869. The entomological corespondence of Thaddeus William Harris. Edited by Samuel Hubbard Scud- der. Occ. papers Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1 (alm, p. 267-268 ). Hoffman, J. J. and others. *1803. Entomologische Hefte. Horn, George Henry. *1889. A synopsis of the Halticini of Boreal America. Trans. Am, Ent. Soc. 1889. v. 16:163-320, 282. MaINe AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. Illiger, Karl. 1802. Namen der Insekten-Gattung. Mag. f. Insektenk. 1802. Bd. 1 :125-162. 1807. Verzeichniss der Arten der Flohkafer. Halticae. Mag. f. Insektenk. 1807. Bd, 6:81-182. Johannsen, Oskar Augustus. 7912: Insect” Notes for 1912, » Me: Agr 2xpasstayeoul 207. (p. 459-460). Kutshera, F. 1859. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der europadischen Halticinen. Wiener ent. Monatschr. 1859-62. Bd. 3:8-15, 33- 45, 107-118, 129-141, 257-263; Bd. 4: I-19, 65- 79, II12-12I, 129-143, 192-208, 299-310; Bd. 5: 14-27, 233-250, 286-292; Bd. 6: 47-54, 98-1009. Latreille, Pierre Andre. 1796. Precis des caracteres generiques des insectes. 1804. Histoire naturelle... des crustaces et des insectes. toll, 1807. Genera crustaceorum et insectorum. 1810. Considerations generales sur l’ordre naturel des ani- 11817. Le regne animal. (Ref. Kutschera 1859, p. 10). 17825. Familes naturelles. (Ref. Kutschera 1859, p. 10). 17830. Le regne animal. ed 2. (Ref. Kutschera 1859, p. It): LeConte, John Lawrence. 21857. Report of the Exploration and Surveys... for a Railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean.. v. 12. Report on the insects collected, p. 1-72, pl. 1-2. (prasina, p. 24, p. 67; plicipenms, p. 24.) 71859. The Coleoptera of Kansas and Eastern New Mexico. (ambiens, p. 25; subplicata, p. 25). 21860. Notes on Coleoptera... Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. : We WA sei pea. (Go Sh107/))- LeConte, John. Lawrence, and Horn, George Henry. 1883. Classification of the Coleoptera of North America. Smithsonian msc. col. 507. Tue Biotocy or THe Aber FLEA-BEETLE. , 283 Linnaéus, Carl von. 1756. Systema naturae......... edo: 1758. Systema naturae........... ed. 10. 1788. Systema naturae........... ed. 13. Lintner, Joseph Albert. 21888. Fourth report on the injurious and other insects of the State of New York. p. 1-237. (p. 96-101). Loew, Hermann. 1863. Diptera Americae Septentrionalis indigena. Cen- turia quarta. Berliner ent. Zeits. Bd. 7:275-326. (No. 85, p. 319) Lugger, Otto. BT OOM IS eCetles =. injurious to plants. Minn. Agr. Exp. Sta: Buls 66) (p: 241): Mannerheim, Carl Gustav von. “*1843. Beitrag zur Kaferfauna der Aleutishcen Inseln, der Insel Sitka, und Neu-Californiens. Bul. de Moscou, t. 16: 175-314. (Graptodera plicipennis, p. 310). Olivier, Antoine Guillaume. 1789. Encyclopedie methodique. t. 4. 1790. Encyclopedie methodique. t. 5. Packard, Alpheus Spring. 21890. Insects injurious to forests. Fifth Rpt. U. S. Ent. Comm. (p. 630-632, fig. 208). Redtenbacher, Ludwig. 3 1849. Fauna austriaca. Die Kafer nach der analytischen Methods bearbeitet. Say, Thomas. *1824. Descriptions of coleopterous insects... Journ. Acad. Naty scl bhilas-visds 2-3 @ps)S5): Scopoli, Johann Anton. 1763. Entomologica carniolica...... 284 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. Sturm, Jacob. "1843. Catalog der Kafersammlung von J. Sturm. (carinata, p. 282). Townsend, Charles Henry Tyler. 1893. Descriptions of a new and interesting phasiid-like genus of Tachinidae s. str. Psyche, v. 6:429-430. 19 B ' Altica bimarginata, larva. Fig. 18A: dorsal aspect, showing setae; fig. 18B: ventral aspect, showing setae; fig. 18C: lateral aspect, showing setae; fig. IgA: labrum; fig.19B: mandible; fig. ~19C: maxillae and labrum. For explanation see pages 258-260. Setae marked with an asterisk (*) are never found in first and second instar larvae and may be wanting in the third instar. aes 2c 21D Altica bimarginata. Fig 20A: larval leg, ectal aspect; fig. 20B: ental aspect; fig. 21A: dorsal aspect of pupa, showing setae; fig. 21B: ventral aspect of pupa showing setae; fig. 21C: prothorax of pupa showing setae; fig. 21D: pygidium of pupa showing setae. For explanation see pages 260 and 265-267. PAPA aA i EAN Altica bimarginata. Fig. 22: adult; fig. 23: eggs; fig. 24: Ist instar larva; fig. 25: 2nd instar larva; fig. 26: 3rd instar larva; fig. 27: pupa, dorsal aspect; fig. 28: pupa, ventral aspect. an eases: AON ee ENN: eS Pray, | gather: | Altica bimarginata. Fig. 29: work of larva on alder; fig. 30: work of adult on alder; fig. 31: work of larva on balsam poplar. BULLETIN 266 THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GREEN SPROUTED OATS. JM BARTLETT: Green sprouted oats have been widely exploited in recent years as a succulent food for poultry. Indeed, there are some so-styled “Poultry systems” on the market which consist of little else than the use of this food. The Maine Station has been using sprouted oats in its poultry studies for a number of years. The method of sprouting devised by the Station was published in a bulletin that is now out of print. But it is reprinted in detail in “Poultry Management at the Maine Station.” The essential points are outlined below. The poultry investigations of this Station, for the most part bear only incidentally on food studies and the average of published analyses are sufficient for this purpose. In the earlier work the analyses of unsprouted oats were used in computing the rations,ebut as the amount of sprouted oats in the ration used at the Station were considerably increased it became desir- able to know more concerning the composition of sprouted as compared with unsprouted oats. For this reason the studies here reported were undertaken. rl PREPARATION. OF SPROULED OATS. The first experiments with this material at the Maine Agri- cultural Experiment Station were not satisfactory. It was found difficult to get the oats to make a sufficiently quick growth. Experience here has indicated that in order to make a satisfac- tory green food the oats must be grown very quickly. In order to get quick growth it is necessary to have three things :— warmth, plenty of moisture, and sunlight. 286 Marne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. A tight closet provided at the bottom with steam or hot water heating pipes, glass doors open to the south in a sunny room, and suitable trays for the thoroughly moistened grain furnish these three essentials. At the Station the trays are 2Y% feet square and 2 inches deep inside. The closet can be of a capa- city suited to the size of the poultry plant. The closet at the Station holds 12 trays in 3 tiers with 15 inches in height between the trays. The trays are made of wood and have holes bored in them to allow surplus water to drain off. The only difficulty with which one has to contend is the matter of mold. There is always a tendency for the oats to mold in the sprouting process. The only way in which it has been found possible to control this mold is by thoroughly clean- ing the trays after each time when they are used. After a tray has been emptied it is thoroughly scrubbed with a 50 per cent solution of commercial formaldehyde (that is, equal parts of commercial formaldehyde and water.” Enough formaldehyde is used to soak the tray well. With this precaution, and if the oats are further made to grow rapidly, the mold does not give any trouble whatever. The actual method of sprouting the oats is as follows: Clean and sound oats are soaked in water over night in a pail. The next morning the trays are filled to the depth of about 2 inches, and put into the sprouting closet. At the beginning freshly filled trays are placed near the top of the closet so as to get the maximum amount of heat, and in that way get the sprouts started at once. During the first few days, until the sprouts have become from a half to three-quarters of an inch long, the oats are thoroughly stirred and raked over 2 or 3 times during the day. This stirring insures an even distribution of moisture throughout the mass of oats in the tray. After the sprouts become sufficiently long so that the oats form a matted mass it is not desirable to stir them, or to disturb them in any way. The sprouting oats need plenty of water and should be wet 3 times a day. This is readily done with an ordinary green- house sprinkling can, with little expenditure of time or labor. As the oats grow the trays are moved to different positions in the closet. The taller the green material gets, the nearer the trays are moved towards the floor, because the growing grain Tue CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GREEN SPROUTED OATS 287 then needs less heat. This procedure leaves the desirable places in the closet for the grain just beginning to sprout where high temperature is needed. The oats are fed when they are from 4 to 6 inches in height. They are fed at the rate of a piece of the matted oats and attached green stalks about 6 to 8 inches square for each 100 birds per day. Pri COMPOSIMON. OF SEROULEDFOATS. The analyses of the sprouted oats were made at different stages of growth and in such a way that it was possible to com- pare the nutritive value of the sprouted with the unsprouted oats. Two experiments were carried out. In experiment 1 the oats were sprouted in the closet described above. In experi- ment 2 the oats were sprouted in glass dishes to avoid any pos- sible loss from drainage. EXPERIMENT I. Four lots of 3000 grams of oats each were soaked over night, and put in trays in the sprouting closet. At the end of 48 hours, tray No. 1 was taken out, the oats weighed, thoroughly mixed and a sample taken and dried for analyses. The sprouts at this time were from % to 1 inch long. After 2 days more tray No. 2 was taken out and treated the same as No. 1; the sprouts were from 2 to 3 inches long and roots had begun to form. At the end of 2 more days tray No. 3 was removed, weighed, and sampled the same as No. 1 and No. 2. At this time the tops were 2 to 3 inches high and the whole mass of oats was matted together with roots. The fourth tray was allowed to stand 2 days longer when the whole tray was covered with a dense growth of tops, many blades being 6 inches high. - These plants had made more growth than is usually allowed. A section from this tray was weighed separately and the tops cut close to the roots and analyzed alone. The results of the analyses of all the trays are given in the following tables. 288 Marne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917, This Table Shows the Composition of the Oats Used, and Sprouted Oats at Different Stages of Growth. | | ‘per cent |per cent percent percent percent per cent per cent per cent 9.88 - So | sp | Sy a 2 225 = sos Ono eS Oats used_______! 10.35 | Tray 1-2 days__| 55.60 | Tray 24 days__| 67.31 | Tray 3-6 days__| 76.55 Tray 4-8 days__| 78.71 Tops from ct 4 iS) | ‘am Re) i=) si Ash | Crude Protein i) wp wo ~I Qe cee Se bo a 3 ° a8 | Boa | oy BBS Fe ZK OR Nitrogen Free Extract 8.25 8.97 413 | 4.84 3.16 | 3.73 221 | 2.93 213 | 3.24 1.43 | 1.66 | 41.14 39.75 22.55 15.58 13.32 4.98 Fat 5.03 2.38 1.76 1.36 1.25 0.57 Starch by Acid Method 52.88 26.33 16.69 je SESE | 6.75 1.20 Sugar per cent This Table Shows the Composition of the Oats, and the Sprouted Oats on Water Free Basis. per cent per cent Oats set Sse 3.18 ray ics een i s 3.00 Mrayggpes aoe 2.94 IPT AV Roe 3.15 raya poe ae 3.41 Tops from GLa he ee 4.99 11.03 11.51 11.27 12.07 12.89 24.76 Jbuminoid A Nitrogen x 6.25 |Der cent 9.24 9.30 9.66 9.42 9.99 | 15.57 | Nitrogen Free Extract This Table Shows the »~ cs} me 5.61 5.37 5.39 5.79 5.87 6.18 |percent per cent per cent | per cent 58.98 59.30 51.06 42.35 31.72 13.08 Amount of Nutrients in the Oats and at Different Stages of Growth. Sprouted Oats | | | ee | 38 Wee aly eh ane | AS =< On grams grams | grams | Oats ee ashes 2689.5 Tray 1 2 days__| 2419.3 Tray 2 4 days__} 2500. Tray 3 6 days__| 2350.6 Tray 4 8 days__| 2239.5 Tops of Tray 4 129.20 is) | us) | Se He | os 2° z =a OF grams grams 248.5 269.1 | 225.3 263.8 241.6 285.6 221.7 294.3 | 223.8 341.2 18.6 21.8 Oarbo- hydrate ‘ aq g ~~ 3 3 ey R | grams | grams 150.9 | 1587.0 130.0 | 1436.0 135.0 | 1278.0 | 136.1 | 996.0 131.5 710.2 7.4 15.7 Tue CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GREEN SPROUTED OATS 289 EXPERIMENT No. 2. A second experiment was undertaken in glass dishes as it was thought that possibly some leaching might take place in the wooden trays which were provided with drainage, it being impossible in practice not to add an excess of water and be sure that enough had been added to wet all the oats. Four covered glass crystalizing dishes were used for the purpose. Two hun- dred grams of oats were put in each dish and treated as nearly as possible the same as those sprouted in the trays but only enough water was added to keep the oats moist. At the labora- tory temperatures the sprouting did not go on as rapidly as it did in the sprouting closet and about 3 days were allowed between each sprouting. In the fourth sprouting the tops were about 3 to 4 inches high, about the size that they are ordinarily fed. The results are given in the following tables. This Table Shows the Composition of Oats and Sprouted Oats Sprouted in Glass Dishes, Calculated to Water Free Basis. | | | | | ; Rope | | Protein te ey Is ene a O| H Wg Geliay 0a dour Bo | 3 5 IES eal mee citi ca ieee ein < | OF Od BH |ndal o per cent per cent per cent lper cent percent percent per cent Oats 3.90 | 11.67 8.73 | 69.43 6.27 7.0 | 45.7 | 3.19 First sprouting, 3 days 3.27 12.52 8.04 69.83 6.34 54.8 43.7 3.66 Second sprouting, 6 days 3.50 11.95 11.12 | 67.03 | 6.40 43.5 41.1 7.64 Third sprouting, 8 days | 3.67 12.86 10.90 66.30 6.27 42.2 34.5 7.95 13.66 12.33 | 64.58 | 563 | 319 | 244 | 131 Fourth sprouting, 11 days | 3.80 | This Table Shows the Amount of Dry Matter and Nutrients in the Oats and Sprouted Oats at Different Stages of Growth in Glass Dishes. leegters a) eS =| 5 eg setas re as a 2 H re 35 ~ S 2 HO ts} rey AOU g nS un Ds fs Refit = ed 3 iss S] As < Ay & 268 RAD D | grams grams | grams | grams grams grams | grams | grams OBS - ssceneeeeeo see 180.0 7.02 | 21.00 15.7 125.3 | 11.28 | 102.6 5.72 First sprouting --___- 166.9 5.45 | 20.9 13.4 116.6 | 10.58 91.7 6.11 Second sprouting ----| 170.0 5.98 | 20.3 18.9 114.0 | 10.88 73.96 | 12.99 Third sprouting -____- 154.2 | 5.65 | 19.83 | 16.81 102.2 9.66 65.1 12.26 Fourth sprouting ----| 151.9 | 5.69 | 19.75 | 18.48 97.45, 844 | 47.85, 19.62 290 Marne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1917. An inspection of the figures in the tables shows a loss of material in all the different stages of growth. There is a larger loss of dry material in tray No. 1 where only very little growth has been made than in tray No. 2 where considerable more growth had been made and some roots formed. In the wooden trays to which a liberal amount of water was applied it was thought that the loss might be due to leaching but the same thing occurred in the glass dishes where no leaching occurred and the loss could not be accounted for in that way. Trays No. 3 and 4 represent about the usual sizes that oats are grown to feed out, consequently the average analyses of these two trays would probably be nearer the true composition of sprouted oats as usually used in practise than any one of the trays alone. The average analyses of these two trays shows a loss of dry matter of 14.5 per cent, crude protein 3.5 per cent, protein calculated from albuminoid nitrogen 9.6 per cent, nitro- gen free extract (starch, sugar, etc.) 27.2 per cent and fat 12.8 per cent. The greatest loss was in starch but that was partly made up by the increase in sugar. SUMMARY. Sprouted oats at the proper stage to feed will carry about 77 per cent of water, 2.8 per cent protein, 3 per cent crude fiber, 1.3 per cent fat and 16 per cent nitrogen free extract. There is an actual loss of dry matter in sprouting oats and the only advantage of the process is to produce a succulent green food at times when grass or other green foods are not available. Tur CHEMICAL CoMPOSITION OF GREEN SPROUTED OATS 291 FISH WASTES FOR FEEDING ANIMALS J. M. Bartlett The increasing demand for animal foods together with the high price and scarcity of beef scraps (which has been the chief supply in the past) has forced dealers and consumers of these materials to look to other sources for a supply. Fish waste or fish of any kind has been known always to be highly relished by meat eating animals and to produce excellent results in growth or egg production. The great objection to its use in large quan- tities has been the tendency to give the flesh or eggs a fishy flavor which is known to be very pronounced in water fowl that live largely on fish. Late investigations have shown that the fishy flavor is due largely to fish oil and when that is quite completely removed as it is now in some fish meals that have appeared on the market the material can be used in much larger quantities without imparting a disagreeable flavor to the product. In Eu- rope waste fish products have been used for feeding animals for several years. Spier of Scotland reports no bad influence on milk when reasonable quantities of dried fish are fed to dairy cows, and in Germany, the better grades of dried fish waste have been used for feeding hogs, cattle and poultry for many years. [experiments conducted at the Experiment Station in Harlis- hausen, indicate that fish meal forms a desirable supplementary feeding stuff for farm animals especially for pigs. It was found that if fed in too large quantities or contained too high per- centages of oil it would produce a fishy taste to the meat prod- uct, but meal containing only 2 percent to 4 percent of oil could be safely fed. The phosphate of lime found in the meal is deemed a valuable ajunct in feeding animals. The fish waste should not contain more than 3 percent of salt. It is recom- mended to feed as high as 2 pounds to 1000 lb. cows and one fourth to one half pound to pigs, depending on their size. Large quantities of fish wastes are produced along the Maine Coast every year and these, in the main, have been sold to fertilizer companies in the raw condition. Much of this 292 MAINE AGRICULTURAL Ssaenennaaarn Sration. 1917. material if it could be properly handled would be valuable food for animals and a very good substitute for beef scrap. Below are given several analyses of waste materials from sardine fac- tories, which have been recently received from parties interested in their value as food and fertilizer. Table Showing the Composition of Fish Wastes from Sardine Factories as they were Recewwed. | Ss | og 4 | 8 e ee ee mM Bo | Se) Senta eae 5 = 12 BA | Ae Fy < l | | 579 So-called mush or chum as it comes} 70.88 | 2,54 1.69 | 15.88 7.99 -| 5.91 from packers tables | 580 Hendored material from Sardine] 10.46 | 819 | 5.75 | 51.19 | 20.91 17.36 actory | 581 Chum from sardine factory, dried| 12.84 | 7.46 6.76 | 46.63 | 19.69 19.36 and ground 582 Herring pomace from sardine fac-| 48.02 | 4.60 | 2.37 28.75 9.09 12.52 | tory. Steamed and pressed | 588 |Pomace from head and trimmings! 44.92 | 4.50 | 4.31 28.13 8.44 15.67 of alewives | *Chiefly phosphate of lime. Table Showing the Nutrients in the Fish Wastes from Sardine Factories when Air Dry. ae N Ca) s g 5” 2 = <4 4 Fy 579 |\So-called mush or chum as it comes 12.02 17.84 43.93 24.15 | from packers tables 580 Rendered material from Sardine 10.46 | 17.36 51.19 20.91 | factory | 581 Chum from sardine factory, dried 12.84 19.36 46.63 19.36 | and ground | 582 Herring pomace from sardine fac- 10.00 21.60 50.02 14.70 | tory. Steamed and pressed 583 |Pomace from head and trimmings 10.00 25.50 46.80 | 13.83 | of alewives The above samples show a great variation in composition (in the first table) due, largely, to the variation in water content. When reduced to an air dry condition carrying approximately ten percent of water the variation in composition is not very great. The water content of a meal should not be much above 10 percent to have good keeping qualities. These samples show a large food value, but the oil content is too high to be safe to fed except in small quantities. BULLETIN 267 THE APHID OF CHOKE CHERRY AND GRAIN.! Aphis pseudoavenae sp. n. EpitH M. Patcu. Late in June, 1917, a group of choke cherries on the campus of the University of Maine were found to be heavily infested with a species of aphid which I had not previously taken, although specimens of the same thing were brought me from Fort Kent, Maine, July 6, 1916 where they were found by Professor C. L. Metcalf while collecting syrphids. Mounted specimens of this aphid would be most likely? to be determined as Aphis avenae (i. e. of American authors) because of the constriction before the flange of the cornicle, the arrangement of the sensoria of the antennae, and the rather long, pointed stigma and the noticeably short second branch of M in the wing. However, the fresh colonies crowded close along the stem and ventral leaf would suggest at once the Aphis rumicis group on acount of the conspicuous areas of wax powder, and could not be mistaken for avenae in life. DESCRIPTION FROM LIFE. SPRING CHOKE CHERRY GENERATIONS. Apterous viviparous female: A rather old individual had body dark olive green irregularly mottled with still darker. Areas of powder especially noticeable in lateral rows of spots on abdomen, one on each side of segments just dorsad of promi- nent lateral crease, and over the tip of the abdomen caudad cornicles. These white areas are conspicuous on undisturbed colony but the powder is soon shaken off from collected material and then the aphids show only a general rather slight pulverul- *Papers from the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station: Entomol- ogy No. 95. 294 Marne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. ency. There is a deep purplish area (internal) at the base of each cornicle. Tibiae and base of antennae pale, cauda and cornicles black. Cornicles with constriction before flange with perhaps a suggestion of constriction at eauelsle. Beak short, scarcely, reaching second coxae. Bele heey Alate viviparous female: Head and thoracic lobes glis- tening black, general body color dark olive green. Breastplate, anal plate, cauda and cornicles black. Cornicles constricted before flange and tendency toward a very slight midconstriction. There are three large, heavy, black spots along lateral line of abdomen cephalad the cornicles, and an irregular black patch at base of cornicle, caudad. The second branch of M is typically near margin of the wing, though there is considerable variation in the length of this,branch. The shape and length of stigma is variable but it is always pointed and rather elongate. The rela- tive length of the antennal segments and the number of sensoria are also unstable factors. The drawings show what is a good average. Sensoria are always present on III (25 more or less), and IV (10 more or less) and usually-on V (a few). The Deals reaches about half way between first and second coxae. Spring nymph developing to alute female: The newly dropped or newly molted nymph is-yellowish or pale brown, with rusty area (internal) at'base of cornicle. The nymph soon colors to dark olive green. INSTAR ANTENNA BEAK Ist. 4-segmented just caudad 3rd coxae 2nd. 5-segmented reaches 3rd coxae 3rd. 6-segmented 2nd coxae or beyond 4th. (pupae) 6-segmented not reaching 2nd coxae. In the pupal instar this nymph is dark olive green, with five lateral powder spots on each side of abdomen cephalad cornicles and a solid powder area caudad the cornicles. Powder spots are present on base of head and on prothorax. There is a dark rusty area at base of cornicle due to internal substance showing through the body wall. Cauda is pale at base with black tip, and the cornicles are black. Tue Apuip or CHokE CHERRY AND GRAIN 295 GRAIN GENERATIONS. Apterous viviparous female. Unlike their choke cherry pro- genitors, the summer colonies do not share pulverulency in any instar. In general body color they are soft dark green, dull amber greenish, to very pale greenish; always unmarked by any darker green streaks and always with strong rusty space at base of cornicles and often connecting them, a color being due to internal structure showing through the body wall. Alate viviparous female. The laboratory bred specimens had olive green abdomens with black lateral spots, a black patch at caudal base of cornicle and some black median dashes caudad the cornicles. | SUMMER Foop PLANTSs. Migration tests were made by placing the winged June forms on various grasses. The progency of the migrants accepted the following: Timothy, Kentucky bluegrass, sheep fesque, meadow fesque, red top, barley and oats. The test was continued through one generation only, except with the oats which was used during the summer for the material under observation. Lier Gere: No data are yet available for the stem female as the first choke cherry collection was made June 25. At this time both apterous and alate viviparous females were present, the latter being recently developed as was evidenced by the abundance of individuals in the pupal instar. The migrants were already taking wing on June 25th and the process continued for a week or so longer. No collections were taken in the field in the summer here but in the laboratory material continued to live on oats until about the first of September, the colony dying out at that time partly from unknown causes. Discussion OF NAME. Whatever the ultimate fate of the name proposed for this species may be, there seems to be no safely established American 296 MatIneE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. aphid to which to refer it. It is not the avenae of American authors which has well defined characteristic dark green longi- tudinal streaks entirely absent in pseudoavenae. It is not the avenae of Theobald (Canadian Entomologist, 1916 p. 235). It is not the padi described and figured by Koch and Buckton. Is it the padi of Van der Goot (1915 p. 241)? Possibly, “in part’, though it is certainly not in accord with his collection from Mespilus and Pirus malus. No such aphid has previously been recorded on its spring host in this country as it is none of the species listed from choke cherry. That it has been taken on grain and confused with the apple grain aphid, the so called “avenae”’ of American authors seems not improbable as these two species are so much alike in structural characters that they would be distinguished with diff- culty from mounted material. In life, however, they are readily separable especially in the spring generations with a simple hand lens, the characteristic dark green longitudinal lines of our so called “avenae’’ being entirely absent from all generations of pseudoavenae and the powder areas of the spring generations of pseudoavenae being particularly noticeable, Both species have a rusty internal area near the bases of the cornicles. To designate this aphid as a new species seems the only way to preserve its life cycle from confusion at present. a. ‘O[BOS aes IY} 0} opelUt sie ssulMeVIpP []Y ‘saldeds OM} 194}0 BY} JO ssoY} UY} JaTjeWIS AT}UAISISUOD Ie ‘JaAaMOY ‘pryde uress-Arrayo ayoyo ay} JO vliosues oY p ‘solseds aa1y} [|v UT o[qQUI4eA JeYMoUIOS o1e asoy} se A puR AI ‘III S}ueurses uo eliosues JO Jaquinu 9sANeIe1 94} UO poosejd oq Jou plnoys siseydwa yonut oo], ‘UIe1IS UO SUIOS910} dy} JO s[VUII} JOWLUNS a}eTe Ue JO VfOIUIOD pue eUUDIUYy ZI Yat “aprus0d 0} uoNv[e1 UT snsiv} Jo YISus] oY} pue ‘A] JWeurses [eUUaJUe Jo YISucT ION ‘pryde ureis-A1ayD ayoyo B@ Jo jueISIur Sutids oy} JO sJIUIOD puL ‘snsie} ‘TA 0} [] S}UsUISes jeuUDJUYW °“Z1-SE ‘pryde urers-usoyymey & JO JURIsIM SuLids ay} JO ap>TUIOD puUe ‘snsiv} ‘TA 0} [] S}UOUISas yeUUDJUW ‘zI-LE ‘JA Woulses [euUs}]Ue PU V]dTUIOD JO YISUIT IATPLIOI 9ION pryde urers-sjdde ue jo Jueisi sutids oy} Jo oa[>IuI09 pue ‘snsivy ‘TA 0} T] S}uaUIses [euUD}JUW ‘bo-61 ‘ANIVJN JO SGIHAY Nivu aauH], ‘cf “91 SSO) Of aa me or TCC ree Lee oer [Soe Se TPO Gf. div se : Ee eee ACEC Fe ee i a Se) Gian ae DP~ = = ecco CL i. ( SE ee ee a oe Ce c —— D Om os a ( I ia eA a ig Stn Oe ali Li-s€ / NS eR ; SS Fae Ae aE SETI en DOS UAUINIO RS POIs ese ioe ee se SS be z1-€€ Pee eS a i oa ne eee A ree = = ce eee 6 . fe ae BULLETIN 268 ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS PUBLISHED BY THE STATION IN 1917 BUT NOT INCLUDED IN THE BULLETINS. A complete list of all the publications issued by and from the Station in 1917 is given on pages x to xii of the introduction to this Report. The following pages contain abstracts of the papers issued during the year that are not included in the Bul- letins or Official Inspections for the year. THE EXPERIMENTAL MODIFICATION OF GERM (CIDILIES J]. GENERAL PLAN oF EXPERIMENTS WITH ETHyt ALCOHOL AND CERTAIN RELATED SUBSTANCES* = This paper is the first of a series of studies having to do * with attempts, in the first place, to modify hereditary factors or determinants in a definite and specific way, and in the second place, to observe and analyze the hereditary behavior following such modification. The results here reported followed attempts to modify the germ cells by treating the individual domestic fowl with one or another of three poisons, viz., ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol and ether. The males used were Black Hamburgs. The females were pure bred Barred Plymouth Rocks. Both strains used have been so long pedigree bred, and used in such a variety of Men- delian experiments, that they may be regarded as reagent strains, whose genetic behavior may be predicted with practically com- plete certainly. Analyses of the inbreeding in their parents indicate that the amount of intensity of this inbreeding is low. *This is an abstract from a paper by Raymond Pearl, having the same title and published in the Journal of Experimental Zoology, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 125-164. 298 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. This foundation stock is shown to be a random sample of the general population from which it came. F, offspring from these parents were treated with the above poisons. The advantages in the use of these crossbred were, first, a heterozygous condition of many factors enabling a test of the effects of the poisons on usual conditions of Men- delian dominance, second, a possible increase in vigor due to heterosis. Full brothers and sisters of the treated birds were used to control the experiments. The poisons were administered daily by the inhalation method in practically as large doses as could be tolerated when given in this way. Large tanks containing 7 cubic feet of air with capacity for 4 to 5 birds and small tanks with 4 cubic feet were used. Cotton was placed in an inhalation compartment soaked with the reagent. The air is then saturated with an atomizer and the birds introduced into the chamber. By this method a treatment in saturated air for one hour daily is in- sured. No accurate measure of the amount of inhaled alcohol js available. An estimate of the amount may, however, be made from the amount consumed in one inhalation. These amounts are, fon the large tank: 45 cc. and for the small, 2oscemomeam amount per bird corresponding to that of a steady but moderate drinker. It is reasonable to suppose that the effect, if any, of the alcoholization of the parents upon the progeny will depend in some degree, at least, upon the period of time during which the pareats have been subject to treatment with alcohol prior to the birth of the offspring. The measure of this pre-birth treat- ment may be designated as the “total germ dosage index” and defined as the total number of days during which the two gametes making the offspring zygote have been exposed to al- ‘coholic influence while sojourning in the body of the treated individual. Express graphically. TOTAL GERM DOSAGE INDEX IN DAYS=(M;—Ao)+ (M,—A@), where M =Mean date of hatching of progeny. A4=Date when treatment of J parent began. A9=Date when treatment of 9 parent began. ABSTRACTS. 299 The treatment of the F, generation ranges from 130 to 354 days with a mean of. 210.35 days, or approximately 7 months in these experiments. THE EXPERIMENTAL MODIFICATION OF THE GERM (GILLS). TW. Dae Errect Uron tHE Domestic FowL oF THE DAILY INHALATION OF EtHyt ALCOHOL AND CERTAIN RELATED SUBSTANCES.* This paper, the second of the series, deals with the effect of alcohol and related substances on the treated individuals. Summarily stated the results of this study are: 1. The mortality among the treated birds was much smaller than among their untreated control sisters. After 15 months of treatment the difference was 41 per cent in favor of the treated birds. | 2. The body weight changes in the treated birds were as follows: immediately following the starting of treatment, which was in the autumn, there was an increase in niean body weight, probably in no way due to the treatment. Following this initial rise, which reached its peak in January or February, there was a sharp and prolonged fall in mean body weight which reached its lowest point in May or June. Beginning in June or July there was a steady increase in mean body weight continuing without break until the end of the period covered in this report (February 1, 1916). At the date mentioned the treated birds were on the average 9.9 per cent heavier than their untreated sisters. 3. Neither the total amount nor the distribution of egg production were significantly different in the treated birds from what they were in the controls. Both treated and controt birds laid normally and well. Taking the whole untreated flock, the mean production per bird in the 15 months was 184.74 eggs, while the mean production for the treated birds was 183.97. Generalizing the results we may say that the treated birds are slightly superior to the untreated birds. *This paper is an abstract from a paper by Raymond Pearl, having the same title and published in the Journal of Experimental Zoology, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 165-186. 300 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. THE EXPERIMENTAL MODIFICATION OF GERM (CRIES: Ill. Tue Errect or PARENTAL ALCOHOLISM AND CERTAIN OTHER Druc INToxIcAnts UPon THE PROGENY.* This paper deals with the influence on the offspring of al- cohol and like poisons administered to the parents. That this is one of the most fundamental problems of breeding admits of no doubt. The method by which this general problem is attacked in the present investigation is that of exposing systematically the germ cells of the bird to the fumes of ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol and ether and analyzing the results on the offspring. The specific conclusions coming out of this investigation are: 1. The fertility of the eggs where one or both individuals are treated is reduced in direct proportion to the dosage of the poison. 2. The parental mortality (percentage of dead embryoes) was inaterially smaller where one or both parents were treated than the controls. The same conclusion holds true for post natal mortality. 3. The sex ratio of the progeny was not materially effected by treatment of the parents. 4. There was no significant difference in hatching weight of the offspring of treated males and the offspring of normal untreated control males when both were mated to sound un- treated females. Both the male and female offspring of matings in which both parents were treated showed a higher mean hatch- ing weight than the offspring of either completely normal con- trol matings, or of matings in which the father only was treated. The adult offspring of alcholyzed parents (one or both) were heavier than the controls. 5. In the case of the male chickens there was no substan- tial difference in the rate of growth in the three lots until after an age of about 100 days was passed. From that point on the male offspring of treated ¢¢ X untreated and treated 2° grew at a more rapid rate than the controls. The difference in mean *This paper is an abstract from a paper by Raymond Pearl, having the same title and published in the Journal of Experimental Zoology, Wools 22 Now 2 poncleolO: ABSTRACTS. 301 body weight for a given age became increasingly large as the age advanced. In the case of the female chickens there was no substantial difference in the rate of growth in the three lots until after an age of 150 days was passed. During the next 25 days the controls grew faster than the chicks from treated par- ents. At and after 200 days of age, however, the offspring of treated parents (one and both) showed a higher mean body weight than the controls. At all ages in the case of the male ‘chicks, and in all ages but two (12.5 and 19.5 days) in the case of the female chicks, the mean body weight of the offspring having both parents alcoholic was higher than that of the off- spring having one parent only, the father, alcoholic. 6. The proportion of abnormal chicks produced from treated parents was no greater than that produced from un- treated parents. 7. The normal Mendelian inheritance was in no way af- fected by the treatment of the parents, so far as concerns any of the numerous characters observed and tested. This state- ment applies only to phenomena of dominance, recessiveness and sex linkage. Other Mendelian phenomena have not as yet been tested in these experiments. 8. There was no evidence from these experiments that: the treatment of individual fowls, whether male or female, with either ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, or ether, had any deleterious effect upon those germ cells which formed zygotes. The treat- ment rendered many germ cells incapable of forming zygotes at all, but those which did form zygotes had plainly not been injured in any way. Further no specific germinal changes have been induced by the treatment, at least so far as concerns those germ cells which produced zygotes. It is suggested that these results, as well as the results of earlier workers, may be most satisfactorily accounted for on the hypothesis that alcohol and similar substance act as selective agents upon the germ cells of treated animals. The essential points in such an hypothesis may be put in the following way. a. Assume that the relative vigor, or resisting power of germ cells varies or grades continuously from a low degree to a high degree and further assume that the absolute vigor of the whole population of germ cells, measured by the mean let us say, is different for different species. 302 Matne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT StaTIon. 1917. b. In the intensity of dosage employed in inhalation ex- periments alcohol does not destroy or functionally inactivate all germ cells. The proportionate number of the whole popula- tion of germ cells which will be inactivated by such dosage may fairly be supposed to depend upon the mean absolute vigor or resisting power characteristic of the particular species or strain used. Ina species with germ cells of absolutely low mean vigor proportionately more will be functionally inactivated than in a species of high absolute mean vigor of germ cells. c. Besides the germ cells which are wholly inactivated by the deleterious agent, and which we may designate as class (a), we may fairly assume that there is a possibility of two other classes existing, viz., (b) germ cells which, while not completely | inactivated, are so injured by the agent as to produce zygotes which are measurably defective in some degree, and (c) germ cells which are not measurably affected by the agent at all in the dosage employed, and produce zygotes which are not discernibly otherwise than perfectly normal. d. It appears entirely fair to assume that germ cells of the (a) class are of relatively the lowest mean vigor or resisting power,.class (b)-next, and class (c) the highest. The propor- tionate number of the two sorts of zygotes corresponding to classes’ (b) and (c) of germ cells which would be expected to appear in any experiments made to test the point would clearly be a function of the mutual relationship or proportionality be- tween two variables, the dosage of the deleterious agent on the one hand, and the mean absolute resisting power of the germ cells characteristic of the strain or species of animal used in the experiments on the other hand. e. If the dosage of the agent be relatively high in pro- portion to the mean absolute resisting power it would be ex- pected that all the germ cells would fall into classes (a) and (b), producing no zygotes at all or zygotes in some degree de- fective. This about represents the condition, so far as can be judged from the data given, with Stockard’s alcoholized guinea pigs and Weller’s lead-poisoned guinea pigs. The dosage is sufficiently high in proportion to the absolute germinal resist- ing power that all or practically all of the offspring are defec- tive in greater or less degree and in reference to some one or more characters. Stockard’s F, and F, results indicate that ABSTRACTS. 303 though the untreated F, animals from alcoholists may appear normal, they really are somewhat defective. f. If, on the other hand, the dosage, though absolutely the same, be relatively lower in proportion to the mean absolute resisting power of the germ cells it would be expected that all three germ cell classes (a), (b) and (c) would be represented. The zygotes actually formed would be chiefly produced by (c) germ cells, and to a much smaller extent by (b) cells. Under these circumstances it would necessarily follow that a random sample of the zygotes produced after the action of the dele- terious agent would, on the average, be superior in respect to such qualities as growth, etc., which may be supposed to depend in part at least upon germinal vigor, to a random sample of zygotes formed before the action of the agent, because the germ cells of class (c) are a selected superior portion of the total gametic population. g. Essentially that proportionality between effective dosage of the deleterious agent and absolute resisting power of the germ cells outlined in the preceding paragraph (f) is believed to have obtained in the present experiments with fowls, Nice’s experi- ments with mice, and nature’s experiments with the working- men’s population studied statistically by Elderton and Pearson. THE PROBABLE ERROR OF A DIFFERENCE AND THE SELECTION PROBLEM.* This paper deals with the results of Ackert in selection of Paramecium. Due to his arithmatically wrong calculation of the probable error of a difference Ackert deductions based on this are wrong. Corrected his data is contradictory and when compared with the other selection work on Paramecium neither confirms nor refutes the previous results. e *This paper is an abstract from a paper by Raymond Pearl, having the same title and published in the Genetics, Vol. 2, pp. 78-81. 2 304 Marne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. On THE DIFFERENTIAL EFFECT OF CERTAIN CALCIUM SALTS UPON THE RATE OF GROWTH OF THE TWO SEXES OF THE Domestic Fow.t.* Calcium Lactate and Calcium lacto-phosphate given to chicks in doses of 0.1 gram to 0.3 grams daily are shown to increase the body weight and reproductive ability of the females but in no way to effect the males. An inhibitory substance, corpus lutium, also inhibits this increase as the presence of the calcium salts. A NOTE ON PIltiING. OF PARABOEASs Formula for the fitting of parabolas by the method of Moments assuming origin at the mid-point have already been given by Pearson. A need has, however, been felt by many investigators for formulas and tables for fitting of parabolas taking origin one unit below the first ordinate. This paper supplies such a need. THE PROBABLE ERROR OF A MENDELIAN CLASS FREQUENCY. In view of the defect in the calculation of the probable errors of small subclasses in mendelian work, the writer has suggested a new method of estimating the significance of these constants by calculating the median and quartile classes. Tested on material where the hypergeometrical is known, this method gives good results. *This paper is an abstract from a paper by Raymond Pearl, having the same title and published in Science, N. S., Vol. XLIV No. 1141, pp. 687-688. : 7This paper is an abstract from a paper by John Rice Miner, having the same title and published in The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 3, pp. 91-95. £This paper is an abstract from a paper by Raymond Pearl, having the same title and pubilshed in the American Naturalist, Vol. LI. No. 603, pp. 144-156. ABSTRACTS. 305 DAP eSELECLON PROBLEM > This paper deals with the general problem, “Does selection (in the sense of long continued selection) cause gradual changes in the given plasm in the direction of selection.” The evidence when studied is found to prove just the opposite, that these supposed careful selections are in reality chance selection of favorable mutations. Seis ON DHE PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION DN Ee DOMES PG ROWE: XVII. THe INFLUENCE oF AGE UPON REPRODUCTION ABILITY, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEw REPRODUCTIVE INDEX.+ The belief is widespread among poultry breeders that two year-old birds or older should be used for breeding purposes. The alleged reasons for this are superior vigor of the offspring Or more numerous progeny per mating, etc. This paper takes up the points for the 1114 mating in the nine years’ experience of the writer. A mathematical measure of the reproductive ability or fertility is introduced for this treatment. This New Reproductive Index for Poultry is Number of chickens alive at the end of the 3rd week 7 after hatching X 100 Total number of days from the day when this mating began to the day when the last egg from this mating began its incubation. Treated in this way the following facts are brought out: For the strain of Barred Rocks used, and under the con- ditions of environment and management which obtained during the experiments, the reproductive index has a mean value of about 12 per cent. *This paper is an abstract from a paper by Raymond Pearl, having the same title and published in the American Naturalist, Vol. LI, No. 602, pp. 65-91. +This paper is an abstract from a paper by Raymond Pearl, having the same title and published in Genetics, Vol. 2, pp. 417-432. 306 Marine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. Net fertility, as measured by the reproductive index, is a rather highly variable character, agreeing in this respect with other purely physiological characters. Reproductive ability, as measured by the index, dimishes with advancing age of the birds mated, having its maximum when each of the birds mated is from 10 to 14 months of age. The decline in reproductive ability with advancing age is at a more rapid rate in the case of the males than in the case of the females. STUDIES ON OAT BREEDING VY. Tue F, anp F, GENERATIONS OF A Cross BETWEEN A NAKED * AND A HuLiep. Oar.* This paper is an account of the results obtained from a cross between representatives of two subspecies Avena sativa patula var. Victor and Avena sativa nuda var. imermis, The contrasting characters involved in this cross are: firm flowering glumes, biflorous spikelets, black color of the glumes, strong awns, a long but sparse pubescence at the sides of the base of the lower grain—vs. loose membranous flowering glumes, mul- tiflorous spikelets, white or light yellow glume color, and almost total absence of awns and the absence of pubescence. The F, generation is distinctly intermediate in most char- acters. In regard to the glumes, both naked and firmly hulled grain as well as intermediate forms are found on the same panicle and even in the same spikelet. The F, generation segregates into a large number of inter- mediate forms. In addition to the two parental hull types, four intermediate classes were distinguished. These intermediate forms contain all gradations from the plants with perfectly hulled grain to the perfectly naked forms. The inheritance of the hull characters presents a simple Mendelian relation giving 1 hulled, 2 intermediate, 1 naked. Likewise, in respect to grain color, there are 3 plants with black grain to I plant with white grain, the genes for these two char- acters, segregating independently of each other. *This is an abstract from a paper by Jacob Zinn and Frank M. Surface, having the same title and published in the Journal of Agri- cultural Research Vol X, pp. 293-312. ABSTRACTS. 307 Multiflorous spikelets occur only in connection with naked grain. Plants with completely hulled grain bear only biflorous spikelets. The inheritance of the pubescence at the base of the lower grain presents ‘some difficulties, since this character can not manifest itself on plants with naked grains. In the group of plants having hulled and intermediately hulled grains the pu- bescence behaves as a bifactorial character, giving 15 pubescent plants to 1 without pubescence. Neither of these genes are linked with the color genes. The long and short pubescence at the base of the grain be- haves as a monohybrid character and segregates independently of the other genes considered. An interesting feature of this cross is the presence of pu- bescence at the base of the upper or second grain. No cultivated oat varieties possess this character. In this cross these forms occur only on spikelets where the lower grain is naked or semi- naked, indicating that this condition may be due to physiological disturbances caused by the presence of the naked lower grain. In regard to the inheritance of the awn character, the hulled and intermediately hulled types of grain appear to present a ‘simple 3 to 1 ratio between plants with medium strong to strong awns and those plants with weak awns. SLUDIES ON UNBREEDING Zi 100) ne *This paper is an abstract from a paper by Alice M. Boring and Raymond Pearl, having the same title and published in the Anatomical Record, Vol. 13, No. 5, pp. 253-268. yThis paper is an abstract from a paper by Raymond Pearl, having the same title and published in The American Naturalist, Vol. LI, No. 610, pp. 636-639. ABSTRACTS. ; 309 where } denotes summation of all values between the inclusive limits indicated, and Fy, is a constant having the value set forth in Table 1. Fp, is of course the total area of the maxi- mum brother X sister curve up to and including the n-+1-th generation. Studied by this unique measure the American Jer- sey Cattle are shown to be about 28 to 30 per cent as closely inbred as the maximum possible inbreeding which could occur. Mp Sx RATIO. IN THE DOMESTIC FOWL* The material dealt with is the sex ratio found in over 22,000 chicks representing the matings of eight years’ work by the writer. Data is presented to show that the normal sex ratio found in chickens indicate an excess of females. This excess of females is not a sporadic, but rather a regular phe- nomon in the stock and conditions. The ratio in individual families is shown to be approximately symmetrical about the mean with high contact at both ends. These fitted curves make possible some definite conclusions, thus out of every 1000 fam- ilies of twenty birds one is expected containing twenty. or more pullets. This difference in males to females is not due to prenatal mortality at least after the 10 days since of the dead embryoes opened 927 were males and 994 females. The conclusion is justihed that prenatal mortality is not differential in respect to sex, and that in consequence the observed sex ratio at birth is stibstantially the same as the initial zygotic sex ratio. VN SEATON, OF POTATORS BY cA MIEDGE On October 25, 1913, potatoes were received from Roxie, Maine, with the statement that they represented the condition of an infested acre. The trails contained numerous dipterous larvae so different from any pest known to the writer that it *This paper is an abstract from a paper by Raymond Pearl, having the same title and published in the Proceedings of the American Philo- sophical Society, Vol. XVI, No. 5, 416-436. *This is an abstract of a paper with the same title, by Edith M. Patch, published in the Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 10, No. oy 1917. \ 310 : MaAtne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. was at first suspected that they had worked into mines made by something else and that their presence was accidental. That such was not the case was testified by the larvae themselves when a cut tuber was placed under the microscope. The ex- posed miners were busily tunneling down into healthy tissue. As they worked they moved the ventral flap under the head up against the mouthparts. Some of the trails lay under the skin near the surface of the potato and were apparent as soon as the tuber was washed. Others extended for some distance into the vegetable. The larvae were three-sixteenths of an inch in length. They were abundant in the trails, where frequently as many as fifteen or twenty could be found together in the wider places, though the narrow mines seemed to be the work of single individuals. A specific determination was not possible on the data pre- sented, but Dr. O. A. Johannsen kindly examined the larvae and pronounced them “probably Camptocladius sp.” No similar occurrence has come to the attention of the writer since this record for 1913 and it is hoped that the attack was due to some peculiar local condition which may not again prove favorable to this midge in its career as a serious pest of potatoes. BASTERN APHIDS, NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN; PN RGiales The present paper resulted from the examination of the collection of Connecticut aphids lent by Dr. W. E. Britton. Sev- eral undescribed species were found, some of which were well known in certain collections without having made their way into literature. A few of these are briefly described by the writer of Part I, and the others are presented by Mr. Baker in Part II as he was already at work on the groups those species represent, and kindly undertook their examination. Most of the species are described with reference to mater- ial from Connecticut, though a few not yet reported from that state are included. *This is an abstract of a paper with the same title, by Edith M. Patch, published in Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 10, pp. 416- 20. ABSTRACTS. 311 The species treated were APHIS VIBURNIPHILA Ni. Sp. APHIS RUMEXICOLENS Ni. sp. APHIS SALICETI Kaltenbach APHIS DAVISI, new name PROCIPHILUS APPROXIMATUS N. sp. PROCIPHILUS XYLOSTEI de Geer LacHNus RosAE Cholodkovsky SLOpiIsS UPON THE BLACKLEG DISEASE OF THE LO woe Wit SPECIAL REFERENCE 10 THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE CAUSAL ORGANISMS* This paper may be roughly divided into two parts. The first part gives a brief historical review of the subject, describes the character and appearance of the disease, its geographical distribution and economic aspects, sources of infection, means of distribution, and control measures. The second part, is concerned with an investigation of the causal organisms, and contains the results secured from a comparative study extend- ing over a series of years. While the fact that the potato is subject to mmalvdies like that under consideration was noted at a comparatively early date in the history of bacterial diseases of plants it was not until about 1897 that blackleg was definitely connected with a bacterial parasite. Since 1902 a number of different investiga- tors in Europe and one in America have isolated, described and named. as separate species, bacterial parasites associated with and found capable of causing the type of potato disease known as blackleg. Blackleg is a disease of both the stem and tuber. The attacked stems are characterized by an inky-black discoloration starting from the base, at the junction with the seed piece. Usually the blackening extends only to the surface or at the most only a few inches above the surface of the soil. Under favorable weather conditions it may follow up the stem for several inches, or even out on the larger branches destroying *This is an abstract of a paper by W. J. Morse, having the same title and published in the Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol. VIII, No. 3, pp. 79-126. January 15, 1917. 312 * Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. the stem with great rapidity. The attacked plants usually pre- sent a characteristic appearance in the field. If the progress of the disease is slow they are more or less unthrifty and under- sized, and have a more compact, upward growing habit than normal, turning first lighter green then yellow and finally dying. If the progress of the disease is rapid the plant may fall over suddenly without much previous signs of disease. A soft rot of the tubers is also produced. Infection takes place in the hill by means of the disease following along the stolons from the stem to the base of the tuber. Blackleg has been observed in Germany, France, Belgium, Holland, England, Ireland, Canada and the United States. It was first reported in the United States in 1906 and in Maine in 1907. Evidence is given to show that it-was introduced into and widely disseminated in the United States by means of in- fected seed potatoes. Most writers on the subject have emphasized the economic importance of the disease. While blackleg is by no means un- important, judgments based on observations made in Maine would indicate that its destructiveness has been overestimated. This more particularly applies to the losses occasioned by tuber decay caused by the blackleg organism, which have undoubtedly been confused with those primarily due to other causes. At the same time the evidence is conclusive that in Maine the disease does not live over winter in the soil and that infected seed tubers are the sole source of infection and means of dis- tribution of blackleg. Successful methods of control have been worked out, which depend upon the elimination of all diseased or imperfect seed tubers and then disinfecting the remainder with corrosive sub- limate or formaldehyde. The aim of the bacteriological investigation was to secure cultures of all named pathogenic organisms previously described in Europe and America as the cause of blackleg and, in com- parison with like cultures obtained from diseased plants in Maine, subject them to the same tests, at the same time, under identical conditions. This work resulted in the conclusion that Bacillus atrosepticus van Hall, Bacillus solanisaprus Harrison and Bacil- lus melanogenes Pethybridge and Murphy were identical with each other and with the organisms obtained from diseased plants ABSTRACTS. 313 from different parts of Maine. For various reasons it was felt that the name B. atrosepticus should be adopted for the group. Two different cultures were obtained from Germany as Bacillus phytophthorus Appel but neither of these proved pathogenic. In cultural characters they did not agree with each other nor with Appel’s original description of this organism. A FORM OF POTATO DISEASE PRODUCED BY RHIZOCTONIA.* What appeared to be an undescribed type of potato tuber disease was observed a few years ago in southern Maine for the first time. While authors have described many troubles more or less in association with Rhizoctonia, as far as the writer was able to ascertain, outside of Maine, no other reference had been made in the literature to this type of injury which the writer chooses to call “dry core” of the potato tuber. Two phases of the disease are noted. First a stage which on superficial examination might be mistaken for common scab. Second, a stage showing a canal formation which might be confused with the injury caused by the wire worm. In the first phase the fungus enters at the lenticels and works its way down into the tuber without much external dis- turbance. The definite boundary and dark brown color of the area suggests a form of scab. The interior mass of hyphae, broken-down cells and starch grains all remain in position, forming a dry core. The second phase in this type of injury is found in the older stage where the infected area reaches a greater diameter than 3 mm. Owing to a drying out and shrinkage of tissues, a pit or canal is formed in the center of the affected area. This may present an appearance somewhat similar to wire worm injury. The diseased areas are approximately circular in outline and at the surface vary in size from that of a lenticel to 6 or 7 mm. in diameter. They usually extend into the flesh of the . tuber to a depth equal to or somewhat greater than the diameter. *This is an abstract of a paper with the same title, by G. B. Ramsey, published in the Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol. IX, No. 12, June 18, 1917, pp. 421-426 with 4 plates. 314 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. The dry core thus formed is usually proportioned and shaped quite like a thimble. Surrounding the mature core there is a very definite line of demarcation separating the diseased tissue from the healthy. In many cases, by inserting the point of a knife, one may lift out these cores bodily. Rhizoctonia mycelium is found in abundance in all stages of dry core formation. Pure cultures have repeatedly been obtained from the inner parts of the diseased areas. Evidence shows that the host cells die and loose their contents, and the walls suberize and are more or less broken down several cells in advance of the fungal filaments. This might lead one to suspect that part of the action is due to a toxin that is secreted by the fungus. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 315 METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. For many years the meteorological apparatus was located in the Experiment Station building and the observations were made by ‘members of the Station Staff. June 1, 1911, the meteor- ological apparatus was removed to Wingate Hall and the obser- vations are in charge of Mr. James-S. Stevens, professor of physics in the University of Maine. In September, 1914 the meteorological apparatus was again moved to Aubert Hall, the present headquarters of the physics department. _ The instruments used were at Lat. 44° 54’ 2” N. Lon. 64° 40’ 5” W. Elevation 135 feet. The instruments used are the same as those used in pre- ceding years, and include: Maximum and minimum thermom- eters; rain gauge; self-recording anemometer; vane; and barom- eters. The observations at Orono now form an almost unbroken record of forty-nine years. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. 316 PIPTS | S8cP Be ema ieee OLS saan are AVAG = Eee OC ies enines 90:77 aa |e igre cists GLGp oer LUGh 4 > ° =T. W! Sewver. DN RaVONE) SWAB ecckeria Baas Mii calle eaten LOB ERMC e 99.5 | 99.6 |58. 8351|Monson. W. H. Eldridge. Bison Oba eee aint 98:0 | 98.8 |35, oO: 30, 59, 37, 53, 72, 100. 835°] ‘\7onson.* H. E. Gilbert. PTI Tay yy arses cee bee eae ap ingen isal 99.5 | 99.6 |30, 37, 35. 8287|Newburg. C..A. Staples & Son. SIRI tliyah see ween aawaGen Oe oe ieee areteusha mucus 99. 99.2 169, 30, 35, 10, 48. 8453] New Gloucester. C. R. Atwood AD OCOone ONY He let pita CMU aR RUE 98.0 | 98.7 |85} 69, 38, 6, 58. * The numbers refer to weeds named in the table on pages 3 and 4. American pennyroyal, 2 is American’ wild mint. E. g. 1 is for { Sample taken under directions with guaranty and sent in by dealer. Table showing the results of examination of samples of seeds collected by the inspectors in the spring of 1916, arranged alphabetically by towns and dealers—Continued, PurRITyY. KInD or SEED, NAME AND TOWN OF : \*Kinds of Noxious Weed DEALER. Seeds. Station number. Guaranty Found. TIMOTHY—Continued. 8114| ewport. Hanson & Pingree. IBisonyshimot hy peg ee ese era eee ems 98. 69, 35. s 24 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. UO. 8337|North Anson. Porter & Marston. | | 9) 7 iBisoneimothy sey ee weer eee 98.0 | 98.0 |35, 69, 30, 29. 8305| North Berwick. Johnson Bros sbi Oth yeseeee odes BO AEA NeDeS 98.0 | 98.7 |35, 73, 30, 38, 69. 8382|North Jay. S. H. Niles. ABA TNOUINY ya ea oe A eae ees 98.0 | 98.3 |35, 69, 98. £8389|North Jay. North Jay Grange Store. AviIT OLY eee eee ee eee ae ee 98.0 | 98.0 |35, 69, 73, 58, 30, 72. 8387|North Jay. H. EH. Purrington. , Broa avon sista Wiever eri Nok Wien in nine Cte Bere ear ania 98.0 | 98.5 |73, 69, 55, 30, 72. 8279| North Sullivan. Crabtree & Havey. ETRiin@ Gh Pet eee o eee ene ea ee eee rH 99.5 | 99.6 !61. 8280| North Sullivan. Harvey Robertson. AtiheaYoud chiang Golo Gosia CE Oa ok SB ooo 97.7 | 98.3 35, 69, 58. 8482|/Oakland. H. W. Grccies Co. TRV OG Yancey ema IEe 99.0 | 99.2 !10, 30, 69, 35, 37. 8485|Oakland. D.M. Marshall & Co. SP OLAV APA ae ea User eee Rater 98.0 | 99.0 173, 35, 53, 10, 30, 69. _ 8235|Old Town. _C. E. Grant. Pinewinreeuhimot hives senses 99.0} 99.5 §239|/Old Town. Old Town Supply Co. Pine ree Mimochyse asses lee 99.5 | 99.5 |69. 8237\/Old Town. Sawyer, Rand & Co. Pan American timothy eset eee. 99.5 | 99.6 |73, 53, 72. 8162)Orland. A. R. Buck. i PINOLE Veco ie eee anes 98.0 | 98.1 |35, 69, 29, 10. 8093|Patten. I. B. Gardner & Son. Binewirecriimothveess aoe eae ae 99.5 | 99.5 |37, 35. 8126|Pembroke. C. Laughlin. Rinemrecwinimot hive er rice ee 99.5 | 99.5 8135|Pembroke. Hobart Pattangall. IRinewiree mun Obiyeenere eerie ie 99.5 | 99.6 |69. 8128|Pembroke. E.H. Sprague & Son. Square Deal Timothy............... 99.0 | 99.0 |30, 53, 37, 69. 8123|/Perry. J. F. Gove & Sons. AM aXoy rl ah pease ices hon ee EER nee ciel $8.0 | 97.7 |59, 69, 35, 72, 53. 8418) Peru. elie Bros. iM Ot hy see oe ec ooh eae 99.5 | 99.6 |100, 73, 30. 8445] Phillins. pales & Russell. TRIM Ob yee eee oa ete enters ine 99.5 | 99.6 |72. 8108) Pittsfield. E. W. Wallace. Pan American Timothy............. 99.5 | 98.7 |30, 69,.2. 8112)| Pittsfield. Whitten & Emerson. Pine whreewinm Ot yar ee i eee 99.5 ; 99.2 |10, 30, 35, 37, 73, 72, 46, 58, 52, 69. 8065)Presque Isle. Aroostook Co-operative Company. Pinetree himot aye ewer tie 99.5 | 99.6 |73, 95. 8202)Princeton. W. M. Allen. Pine wereewLiMOLAyeee eae ee ech cee 98.0 | 98.8 |69, 30, 58, 98. 8204!/Prineceton. IT. M. Furbish * The numbers refer to weeds named in the table on pages 3 and 4. E. g. 1 is for American pennyroyal, 2 is American wild mint, etc.’ . t Seed placed in table under name of what it proved to be. Information with sample gave it another name.. Probably inspector’s error. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 81. 25 Table showing the results of exanunation of samples of seeds . collected by the inspectors in the spring of 1916, arranged gee) es towns and GO ie ECO fens? ol ee | | a | me 2 | | E Kinp oF SEED, NAME AND TOWN OF] .- |*Kinds of Noxious Weed | DEALER. Be | Seeds. (= A a # 5 | ie oe ao x oS ee | } TIMOTH Y—Continued. } Eleraldmhim Oclyeree ier ey -neery eds oe 98.0 | 98.6 |73, 58, 30. 8200|Princeton. C. A. Rolfe. | “GTrbeeYOLH ERY GiGeE AE Ee bP OO i ERO ee 97.7 | 99.6 .|35. 8407 Rangeley. Oakes & Badger. “Prat OH eh ano ers Reel De ee oO COREG Cee 99.5 | 99.5 8456|Ripley. L. R. Ramsdell. pITTTOULYA ere eeek- recta payvagece sor 98.0 | 98.7 |35, 69, 100, 68. 8165|Rockland. Littlehale Grain Co. | Pan American Timothy............. 99-5 | 99.4 |30, 35 8167|Rockland. Wright Seed Co. e IBIsODML MOG yn sein. oe ee eleva otros 98.0 | 98.5 (|35, 69, 61, 30, 73. 8171;Rockport. Rockport Ice Co. | PRIMO DEY en Re cleevena 98.0 | 98.7 |35, 58, 69, 73, 100. 8173|Rockport. S. L. & H. L. Shepherd. { Bim ob liye eee ree inal eneleh etsy 4 98.0 | 98.6 (69, 29, 100, 34. 8409| Rumford. James S. Morse. | | AMusa enya Cha ded cana bb daca pouDee 99.0 } 99.2 {10, 37. 8363)Sangerville. A.C. Dow. | AUIS TRV ONT) CHT ie oie Hic loi DIES Os OIOERONS $9.5 | 99.8 |30. 8187/Searsport. F. HE. Whitcomb. Pinetree Miuimo ty macy lei ereneteie eee 99.5 | 99.6 8350 |Shirley. F. A. Virgie. (|. 2 Be ecoy el Os 7 cicne see eas eee oie Re ola mir osa renee 99.5 | 99.6 |37. +7932 Skowhegan. D. A. & W. E. Porter. | | Pan American Timothy B—2 10933...| 99.5 | 99.5 |73, 68, 36 8316 Skowhegan. D. A. & W.E. Porter. WePinewireesbimothyecae eee ee 99.5 | 99.7 |35. 8220 South Brewer. F. H. Brastow & Son. Pinewinee aurmOpbyne ye micysicei re eke 99.5 | 99.6 |58, 46. 8369 South Sebec. A. J. Chase & Son. } ipintemineerlmMothyacee ea sie eae 99.5 | 99.5 8309|Springvale. Ross & Bradford. PTI OLAV AR ee elena eee te 98.0 | 98.9 |35, 53, 59, 100, 72. 8191 Stockton. Goodhue Co. Square Deal Timothy.....-.-....... 99.0 | 99.0 |69, 35, 42, 73, 29, 75, 100, 68, 18. 8401/Strong. C.-Y. Starbird Estate. BETTI O PLUS ore se eras Su leona ieee eke 98.0 | 98.6 {35, 95. 8397 Strong. ynecert & Will. yaa YOR ANNI cine MN AD ee Meare oo ay ES 98.0 | 97.8 |35, 30, 48, 98, 69. 8163 tetera E. L. Dillingham. TEP TLay) See a a TR oR ae 98.0 | 98.2 |35, 59, 37, 72, 73, 61, 69. 8458|Thorndike. Farwell Bros. TOTES hice ed See a ee ea aE renee D7 Outs NOON DSoDI os OS. lo: 8490|Thorndike. Peter Harmon & Son. ERIM OUD Ven deiace er ee ey eo ha ie totelelashecceneaals 99.5 | 99.6 |69, 30. 8076|Van Buren. A. E. Hammond. iIPMmepurees inotlyale peace 99.5 | 99.7 8116) Waterville. G. A. Kennison & Co. ADEG Rees B coM Oe OO DCO nn one = 98.8 |69, B50; 59, 68, 65, 46, * The numbers refer to weeds named in the table on pages 3 and 4. E. g. 1 is for American pennyroyal, 2 is American wild mint, etc. + Sample taken under directions with guaranty and sent in by dealer. 26 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. IQI7. Table showing the results of examination of samples of seeds collected by the inspectors in the spring of 1916, arranged alphabetically by towns and dealers—Concluded. \ Purity. 2 oO i] 2 | 5 Kanp OF SEED, NAME AND TOWN OF S| Kinds of Noxious Weed 4 DEALER. 2 | Seeds. g fst aaG ° os | | ‘s aa Srl ae et re, || D Sy fe | | TIMOTHY—Concluded. 8296) Wells. F. E. Rankin. | BETO t DA ook eae rea tNe i erent ee | 98.0 | 98.5 |37, 69, 35, 29, 61. 8394! West Farmington. E. H. Lowell. | CRIM OED Yp2a en Apo ee cae eacE ae Oke 98.0 | 98.0 |73, ae 30, 35, 58, 29, 49, eas 3 : 48046| Westfield. Don C. Sylvester. | Malet Erhaayoyn hye ea oes oan Deas AEE seems 99.5 | 99.5 |69, 30, 59. 8124|West Pembroke. FE. H. Fisher & Son. | Square Deal Timothy............... 92.0 | 98.6 (69, 37, 35, 49. 8422)West Peru. Arnold Bros. | ERIM OCH YA eee ene cee ee eee aie 98.0 | 98.3 |35, 69, 30. 8448) Wiscasset. Wiscasset Grain Co. | MPIMN OLN YA er tae es Re ee ee ae 9979) | 99041302 {S8092}Yarmouth. W. G. Sweetser. | i) eee O LH ype eae ee ae ee ry nce 99.8 | 99.7 |69, 95, 68. WHITE CLOVER. 8110)Pittsfield. T. E. Getchell. | Wihite.Clovierssee ee ee eee 1 95.0 | 94.6 |73, 5, 20, 76, 31, 41, 22, | 50; 63 8172) Rockport. Rockport Ice Co. | | Wihtite Glovers eee ee ee 95.0 | 96.6 |73, 24, 50, 5, 20, 23, 68. * The numbers refer to weeds named in the table on pages-3 and 4. E.g. 1 is for American pennyroyal, 2 is American wild mint, ete. 7 Sample taken under directions with guaranty and sent in by dealer. EXPLANATION OF TABLE ON PAGES 27 AND 28. The object of this table is to show the weed seeds that are common to different kinds of grass and clover seeds. For instance the first kind of seed named in the table is Red Clover. It will be noted from the first line of the table that 142 samples of Red Clover were examined. Following down the column will show the kinds of weed seeds that were found in these samples of Red Clover. It will be noted that Black medick, Birds foot trefoil, Dock, Goosefoot, Head-all, Rugel’s plantain, and Sheep sorrell are quite commonly found in Red Clover; that a third of the samples contained Wild carrot; half of the samples had Green foxtail; and two-thirds of the samples con- tained Ribgrass. In like manner it will be found that five finger is a very common weed seed in Timothy. There were 55 samples of Red Top examined and the table will show that Yarrow was present in 55 samples. That is all of the Red Top examined contained more or less of Yarrow as a weed seed. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS. 81. 27 Table showing results of examination of samples of seed in Kind or SEED AND NuMeeErR Or SAMPLES. * Found in orchard grass. | é : | : > aoM zy re a) eS & | ie 3 © Names OF WEEDs. coll Fell oe = | 5 A z el > te! 7 go} > pe rs) Weer im-o lero plaints eronneesa| 2 a We ke) ¢ ‘ | = s o> 5 Fuiaaliee | aroe ness ealers || ealeaul acs eo = eI Pet © 3 = Cs ra So a Stas elie |S! Bo fe ae Sao | nat | { | i Number of samples examined...... TADS STA 85 | cop lee a en sOt ell |e olen ola tSteauS American pennyroyal............. We Sh ea SN a ed Se me American wild miot.............. SR TO GA A es | ee We a ATES QU Sete 6.4 Bo CO Re Ee Oo I) cmal) Selle eel eh SS ee seh IBArIVATOIOTASS sweets +i os cae eisle chon OY) eee VAP ON ee 7D le Pa ee ST ChaTeE CIC Kane eaeens otic sccre SS eiwlsys 44) 67) 1 1) -} =} =) 3} -| - 3 iBladdenicamplonees stisss oe) aoe OST = al | eee ee ay Sse Ht ot ee 1 iBladdeniketmiiapr ins oes le. Sone eaten | eee | ee Nyces pee | cenit Set InGisetoOuRuLelOll ay eiese sees etal ances By es Nes SNe ey SE et ate ee ft Blue field madder................ 10} 1) -} -! -} =! =|] -}] -] =] = 2 Bite kMenViali seh cities ftecrs selec: Zio ermal |e ed ae We eee Sl es Bracteduelamtalnees. earls cece se sce i| = = Ns SNe ale i alee laxnill Woe. So soeem pe ood ape cm be | eget kl ok let f= ieee = | TBAT AKA O SDS Gon aaa Et Bien Ee aCe pe hin 'S Sa gears | ee eee | =e | ee @anadaathistles marie asec faker a 4; 19 1 1| -| -]| -| = (CRU TIS), 5 aes ots eR Om Geers ee ee - 6h =} =} =} = {0 -] =) =] =] =) = (CUNSEISS.5 7b ore) Pci ale SUSE RE Cae eToeacte eee Boel dS eect eI SI eet ie oS cas he (Clio He Hood eee AOE See eon Ae = el ten ee tf ele 1; =| = Gl oir ldareey ape ciehee ave oki tages eet - 1 = se eee ee ie | WlovernGodGert Sachs aes cee 5) | Ses ie) wr ee fre fee ee ny | [ee Te Common chickweed.............- - oe | te et ee | at He Darn | en Common nigitshade.............. - 1} -}| -}| -{| -| -}] -] = fil alte Common speedwell............... - eee ema | eer eee Fa 1| - il = Commoa St. Joan’s wort.......... =o Fula eer eee een be We | 1 ese ee Wornyeamormil ery feces veers ie meager en eet Nee ee | ot We ssl SS (Coin COGN eae cocoate SS hs IO Noe SA = 2 ee | | eel (Grab erassreew sci iesers cool etalele sreicueoy! ON 7) i (i Pa cd a aU a Grane sy Dil rie foue oi eo Roe) aetiepanes es 3 Ty) ees est eS Wes Ae =) Sie 1 (Ne cil 2 ani Os BCR SET CE IER SueeC emer 55) 51 6 1 = - = ap = = 3 IDFREGS hao o's er o-6 See COREE OO e = Lh 2 ot =) SU Sp ast BIVEMIN STITT OSE =y2)p 1-12 ie ss =) + 2 25 | eS le-83 [l= 1} 4; -! -] -]|] -|{ = AIS Ep axa sriss Aleit. orc setae, each teas =.) 16) = 1) — | =je = 1 lj -} -] - HAI SCRE LOD eysrnic cine iets tee eet: ft eri) aS lhe ey ee eee = H HYVeLARG OF hers h oceania cence 74) == as of | | Nie pee ON Fiera aye *hield scorpion grass..-....-..-...- - DN Ne SN eh ea el ee) foe ae ae HAN eMIN Clee eee efi stom Sais aie ewes 2| 14; — | 100} 23) -} -] —- yjo-| -]}] = Fowl meadow grass............-.- = = 7 \ ae | oe ett eae |e ea ke CQOOSeLOOT Ce ine erection 24) 71 6} 43) - Zhe LS - - - Greentioxtale cys oie sohbet ak UA Ws BY) hy PAGS 1} -| - len ereSCUe areas a cicgeveceetae rer cea -}/ -| -] = DAF oe) | sea fh Raita Salles ic | st HV aINYASLICKSECM ay sees ee afore ere 2 - l= | ea |e NH ea | = Tnige Ea 3 ie aed ia ane eae et eae PBB aie = 1 = jbo Sah We ==) = led cemmustand sm satcercen Gone: 20 ee 5) WW -| -| -}| =] -|] -j = agranmmallo ween einen seh eee = 8 Rec ie SO PW eS ee oN IBOTOE-OTASSH eer ors cs heen s wis hecueeheee ahs Ht eS p= Aen eA) | =o |e ee LEGKPA Weibel yap ce Odom cae cae ee oe PP al sa a Coal Ve ats) ae Fee es) (0 Mirren die taster ich tg OA Nfs ts Bay BB pose ale 1 24=—) =] -}o = 7 =] = Meadow tesCues tone cess se ewe PJ Wye al Nees ce Wee] Nena | Va ad | tase ee Vien tees sy opeentcicelolaeeiate = i 2} 12) 26 2) 1} = = ee) ioc bemiulletn st eet cleo see telsven. joo 2) - Si At) =P Sy st ed a = Mouse-ear chickweed........:...., — 9} - fere33 earl = 3) - P| oo itis tan dicon re Ge wn pee be eae 6] - lj] -| - We a 3 | eal eS Night-flowering catchfly.......... 12S 2 leat ee 5a — Se Ty, eh 1 OLA EWILC HEE TASS = clic ional a tyes Se Seas me ean |e 2 | ea 28 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1QI7. Table showing results of examination Of samples of seed in 1916—Concluded. | KIND oF SEED AND NUMBER OF SAMPLES. { | | z 5 | F 5 | a Bi Se OMt 1g : 3 NAMES OF WEEDS. Vas | a= | PA a) R| Ee | | Blog} > Wee ibesa le te) Si alee et = a Sip S Ai el fay, || & | S) all es Vey HOP WO SE FEMI ey i reel ee oo} S| 3 BMA S © ~ = OT l| el] as 5 | 3 a 3 | & me) 2, pt ~~ 6 ao f=} | O| 4 atlases ro) = =) 3S SS) (3) P feetel| ee teen (eh GSS east ey tee || Sat tS \ | | | Ovordispikelnusheneee es eee = GM Nia (be BSI ergs esl bee Ox-everdaisy eee eee ee sereucts mee || ee lh ie Oe Tamera (el aie ome Palespersicariate va ese ene Stil haere (eel Eccl eat aN A Ne Py Pes Pennsylvania persicaria........... Sd |i eel Pe ad eter ie Maa MEA 7 OH heen yeaa In es Repperzrass: eld) pee see oe = THNY gee eee y ether bey All ell ees iPeppererass, (wild) eyes aan yy Gi TA Pa oaks es [ee I) 1 Perennial sweet vernal grass....... SH V4 Say US ee ig weedenaniseyat iene 0 cbr ey nae si auEnG 4) f= 4) -| - A\ et ie Were’ Pam pernelin se ces eae elegy ace aprs CW NP ee ee eee yy ek Plaribanms ys rseey ae! See a a Neco ones 7 28) = TI TUL Soe 1). - os ee IPoisonthemlockssnn seo ee TH) eS Meee Aho BN palletes St eet eae |e ae urslanesoe ei yates ars NE Nene = | ee PAV nels ia Weeds Ho 8 il 9 @Uusclorassre eae Neen eae Heat ee LT Tes | eter, a es I a eo Rae Weedless ssa se re) siete NU eae 5} - UWS Tye Ie Ribgrass..... GRO Sng e Ege \a by bala we LOO} SG Si) MG 2 lie ah 1 1 il Rugelispplantvain aes see eee ZEN) TO TU PG ale y= ieee IUsstamsy as bless yew eye eer eae Wee ho pet UW DS oe ih = Sandtrocket werner ae eee =a ee US SOS mp ce Sedge..... PS BSE a OMS eran reat 2) 7) — | 18} 48) — | =} —}eay = 2 Sheéprsorrel yan eee nee ti ZA SSO Varo (6) shiv ee ee Or aa ee Shepherdisspursesn eee eee eee - i aU eis Spice New nea He NS Sy 9 Slendericrabgrass. 2. ue s eee. oe 19) 4) — Sen ie Foy (pages Perec a Small flowered crane’s bill......... cab idiot iat et Ue oe ee a Ups Bry Sow thistle taney nena eee aie sean SH ol wl a ote Spimiypsia asta Ne pees he ar ba sae Yeo-] -f} =] =} --] =] =} =) =] = Sprouting crabgrass.............. 3) ltl ftet e | | 6 ee a ae SDUTLe Wale seas a In enone Ra yt ee esi ee ee SDULL sh cisnyeesteoers aay en eae aoe SS Sl See Tes SP es fp Sucklineucloversaae eee ae ee — | 40} - Toile Nima eerie ce | SUN O Wer Ae ee eae eee So fcc eta ap coat ale lj - 1] -}].=] - Roothedispurcesreer ae ee CoE 1 = | Sis posal ALIN ble=wiee diy yersuen mms ooudene maaan [Perr am Divas fee ies thes {Se Virginia three-seeded mercury..... | 9 8) —] =f =) = 3} =) = ae NGO GRE ictenA ins hear ea sora Ble, esee eee eu ee Sco = hh = SNe Wihiteihoarhound heres seei a siee Fiebre aha lice ae teh Selle sale eee oy le IWihiteRVenvalnemn Gessner ann oe 1g ee 1 Ay 5 1) -} -}] -] =] = Wihorledimallow 22.45) e eee ee Li = = =| = IWaldibuekwheatie see een ein ee Wee Nhe es Nise vAltrese| | sf oe Waldicarnote 5 eae aoe | 51) - |) J =} =] -) =} =] =] =} = Waldimaddens nicer ntcie nisi He aed) oy 8} -| -!} -] -}| -] =] = Waldinose yy se sia Nah een vain {ial eater hag ret tt Pet 1} -}| -| - Wallowsherbyiecmieiecn ike eer ieee ee eater eee SUC ee IWancedipioweedy cena cae Ne Yai Nees Nei eo 1 WS Si a4) = Wormseed mustard............... | = 1) - By ie lee Ny | a MaTNO Wi ehaee eis Ce earliest ee aN 9) 55) —| -]| -] =} =] = Mellowlalyssumte sa oe ee | = yj-} -; -~-} -} -] -]} =] =} = Wiellowsdaisye ame ee ne We ees | BP PAV Ni eM of es YicllowMoxtalle ry sii coinr ert eee eed al BN Te TUS a) ia US fe 2] Free Pe Wellowsrocket came teeesce eee 5 3 SSeS We a yeh Yellow-wood sorrel............... | = 1} - - | if Crimson clover. Ts Tae Urata | Te | ee | | i Hoe tke the I We he ih db TPA ite ae Te Tp Wh ee February, 1917. (Copy sent to printer Feb. 7, 1917) MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ORONO, MAINE. CHAS. D. WOODS, Director ANALYSTS. ~ James M. Bartlett Herman H. Hanson Royden L. Hammond Elmer R. Tobey John H. Perry Official Juspections 82 MISCELLANEOUS DRUG PREPARATIONS. CHAS: DD: WOODS: The Commissioner of Agriculture is the executive of the law regulating the sale of drugs in Maine. It is the duty of the Director of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station to make the analyses of the samples collected by the Commissioner, and to publish the results of the analyses together with the names of the persons from whom the samples were obtained,-and such additional information as may seem advisable. Note. All correspondence relative to the inspection laws should be addressed to the Bureau of Inspections, Department of Agriculture, Augusta, Maine, 30 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. SPIRIT OF NITROUS ETHER. Table showing results of analyses of samples of spirit of nitrous ether (sweet spirit of nitre) purchased in the fall and winter of 1914-15 and in the fall of 1915. Properly prepared spirit of nitrous ether will carry g2 per cent alcohol and not less than 4 per cent ethyl nitrite. The samples are arranged alphabetically by towns. gS ae Name and Address of Dealer and Results of Examination ss | Maker and Brand. As Regards Ethyl Nitrite 16006|Curtis & Tupper, Bangor. “Sweet Spirit |Eighty-two per cent of standard of Nitre. Alcohol 92 per cent.’’ | strength. Adulterated. 16578)Curtis & Tupper, Bangor. “Sweet Spirit |Eighty-seven per cent of standard of Nitre. Alcohol 92 per cent” strength. Adulterated. 13950|Frank Karam, Bangor. “Stickney & Poor’s Slightly below standard strength. Best Sweet Spirits Nitre. Stickney &| Poor Spice Co., Boston, Mass. 91 per cent alcohol.’ | 13951|Frank Karam, Bangor. “Dill’s Sweet! Forty-three per cent of standard Spirits of Nitre. Alcohol 92 per cent. strength. Adulterated. Prepared by The Dill Medicine Co., Norristown, Pa.’’ 15992|Priest’s Pharmacy, Bangor. “Sweet Spirit |Fifty-eight per cent of standard of Nitre. Alcokol 92 per cent.’ | strength. Adulterated. 15994|Riker-Jaynes Co., Bangor. ‘Spirits Ni- |Eighty-seven per cent of standard trous Ether. Alcohol 92 per cent.’ strength. Adulterated. | 15699|L. D. Snow Est., Brunswick. “Dr. Dill’s|Two bottles. One bottle seventy- Sweet Spirits Nitre. 92 per cent al-| three per cent of standard cohol. Prepared by The Dill Medicine| strength; other bottle eighty-three Co., Norristown, Pa.” per cent of standard strength. Adulterated. 15870|G. H. Cates, East Vassalboro. ‘Spirit |\Seventy-one per cent of standard Nitrous Ether. Alcohol 94 per cent.| strength. Adulterated. Mfg. April 8, 1915, John W. Perkins Co., Portland. Not to be dispensed after 12 weeks.” 15875|P. E. Frost, Monmouth. ‘‘Pure U. S. P.|Slightly below standard strength. Nitre. Derivation of alcohol 93 per cent \ (Date Dec. 29, 1914). Mfg. by Frank | E. Harris, Binghampton, N. Y. 15869\W. A, Marriner. North Vassalboro. “Three |Eighty-four per cent of standard | Crow Brand Spirit Nitrous Ether. Con-| strength. Adulterated. tains not over 92 per cent alcohol. The | Atlantic Spice Co., Rockland, Me.”’ 16018'Samuel J. Foster, Oakland. “Sweet Spir- |Eighty per cent of standard its of Nitre. Alcohol 92 per cent.’’ strength. Adulterated. 13358 F. W. Demerritt, Ocean Park, Old Or- Slightly below standard strength. chard. ‘“Brewster’s Pure U. S. P. Sweet Spirit Nitre. Alcohol 92 per cent.” 13359, F. W. Demerritt, Ocean Park, Old Or- Above standard strength. chard. ‘Foss’ Pure Spirit Nitrous Ether or Sweet Spirit Nitre. Contains 92 per cent alcohol. Prepared by Schlot- terbeck & Foss Co., Portland, Me. The contents of this bottle should not be sold or used after October 18, 1913.” 15998 E. T. Fifield & Co., South Brewer. ‘“‘Sweet 'Eighty-one per cent of standard Spirits Nitre. Alcohol 92 per cent.’’ strength. Adulterated. OFFICIAL INSPECTIONS 82. 31 SPIRIT OF NITROUS ETHER—Concluded. Wame and Address of Dealer and Results of Examination Maker and Brand. As Regards Ethyl Nitrite Station number 16136 W. G. Preble, South Gardiner. ‘‘Pure U. In accord with standard. Sh Sweet Spirits Nitre. Alcohol 93 per cent. Mfg. by Frank E. Harris Co., 0 Binghampton, N. Y. April 27, 1914.” | 16025|Wm. C. Hawker, Waterville. ‘‘Sweet Spir- Eighty-four per cent of standard it of Nitre. Alcohol 92 per cent.” strength. Adulterated. 14533|W. C. Perry, Winnegance. “Sweet Spir-|Slightly below standard strength. its Nitre. Contains alcokol 92 per cent. | D. T. Dougherty, Bath, Me.” | | SPIRIT OF PEPPERMINT. Table showing the results of analyses of samples of spirit of peppermint (improperly called essence of peppermint by many Maine druggists), purchased in the spring and fall of 1916. Properly prepared spirit of peppermint will carry 85.5 per cent of alcohol and 10 per cent of oil of peppermint. Small deficiencies in alcohol are not reported. Samples are arranged alphabetically by towns. a4 | 2 Name and Address of Dealer and. : gs | Anon tand: Brand: | Results of Analysis. OA | 16532 Percy L. Lord, Calais. “Essence of Pep- Practically up to standard. | permint. Alcohol 85 per cent.” 16531 McAlliston Drug Store, Calais. ‘““Essence Half standard strength. Adulter- Peppermint. Alcokol 85.5%.” ated. 16692, W. D. Spaulding, Hallowell. ‘“‘Essence Sixty-four per cent standard Peppermint. Alcohol 75 per cent.” strength. Adulterated. 16652 vlabee’s Drug Store, Lubec. ‘‘Essence Pep- Up to standard. ermint. Alcohol 85-5 per cent.” 17356 Frank J. Gallagher, Portland. ‘Spirits Eighty-four per cent standard Peppermint. Alcohol 85.5 per cent.” strength. Adulterated. 17335|J. H. Hamel, Portland. “Essence Pepper- Up: to standard. mint. Alcohol 85.5 per cent.” 17331 John D. Keefe, Portland. “Spirits Pep- Up to standard. permint. Alcohol 85.5 per cent.” 17329' Lafayette Hotel Pharmacy, Portland. Up to standard. “Spirits Peppermint. Each ounce con- tains 85.5 per cent alcohol.” | 17358 E. J. Bradbury, Saco. ‘‘Essence of Pep- Eighty-six per cent standard permint.” strength. Adulterated. Percent- age of alcohol not stated, as re- quired by law. 16535 Chas. E. MacIninch, Woodland. “Essence Seventy-two per cent standard Peppermint. Alcohol 86 per cent.’’ strength. Adulterated. 32 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. TINCTURE OF IODINE. Table showing the results of analyses of samples of tincture of iodine _ purchased im the fall and winter of 1915-16 and in the summer of: 1916. Properly prepared tincture of iodine should carry not less than 6.5 grams nor more than 7.5 grams of iodine per 100 c. c., and not less than 4.5 grams nor more than 5.5 grams of potasswm iodide per Too c. Samples are arranged alphabetically by towns. > coal 2 Name and Address of Dealer and Results of Examination E Maker and Brand. As Regards Iodine = 16008 Central Pharmacy Co., Bangor. ‘“‘Tincture lin accord with standard. Iodine. Alcohol 94.9 per cent.’ 15987 Essex Pharmacy, Bangor. ‘‘Tincture Io- Materially below standard strength dine. Alcohol 94.9 per cent.” | Adulterated. 15993, Frawley’s Pharmacy, Bangor. “Tincture In accord with standard. | Iodine. Alcohol 94.9 per cent.” | 16001 Merrill Drug Co., Brewer. “Tincture Io- In accord with standard. | dine. Alcohol 94.9 per cent.’ 16921 \Davis-Dow Co., Bridgton. “Tincture Io-jIn accord with standard. dine. Alcohol 94.9 per cent.” 16039) ine R. Pilley, Brooks. ‘“‘Tincture Iodine. |In accord with standard. | Alcohol 94.9 per cent.’ | 16734|E. E. Boynton, Camden. “Tincture Iodine. In accord with standard. | Alcohol 94.9 per cent.” | 16731/C. A. Richards, Damariscotta. ‘‘Tincture | Ipeioes standard strength. Adulter- Todine. Alcohol 94.9 per cent.” | ated. 16016 Fred H. Neal, Fairfield. “Tincture Iodine. Below standard strength. Contains Alcohol 94.9 per cent.” ethyl and methyl alcohol and some benzine. Adulterated. 16011.'\Wm. Buck & Co., Foxcroft. “Tincture |In accord with standard. | Iodine. Alcohol 94.9 per cent.” | 16687, Burke’s Pharmacy, Gardiner. ‘Tincture |In accord with standard. | Todine. Alcohol 94.9 per cent.’’ 16691|\W. D. Spaulding, Hallowell. ‘“‘Tincture In accord with standard. Per- | Iodine.’ | centage of alcohol not stated on | label, as required by law. 16373 Quality Drug Store, Lewiston. “Tincture Below standard strength. Adulter- Iodine. Alcohol 94.4 per cent.” | ated. 16405! Ham’s Drug Store, Livermore Falls. “Tinc- |Practically in accord with standard. | ture Jodine. Alcohol 94.9 per cent.” 16002/Alexander Fraser, Old Town. “Tincture |Practically in accord with standard. Iodine. Alcohol 94.4 per cent.” | 16021 Sampson & Avore, Skowhegan. “Tincture |In accord with standard. Iodine. Alcohol 94.9 per cent.’ | 16012 leas H. Dunbar, Waterville. “Tincture | \In accord with standard. Iodine. Alcohol 94.9 per cent.’ | 16156,Raymond & Marr, Westbrook. “Tincture Practically in accord with standard. Iodine. Alcohol 94.9 per cent.’ 16695|C. P. Hannaford & Son, Winthrop. “Tinc- Belew? standard strength. Adulter- ture Iodine. Alcohol 94.9 per cent.’ ated. 16730,E. H. Pushor, Wiscasset. ‘‘Tincture Io-|In accord with standard. dine. Alcohol 94.9 per cent.”’ = 7a OrriciAL INspPEctTions 82. 33 SPIRIT OF GAMPHOR. Table showing the results of analyses of samples of spit of camphor purchased in the fall of 1915 and the spring of 1916. Properly prepared spirit of camphor will carry 86 per cent alcohol and Io per cent gum cumphor. The samples are arranged alphabetically by towns. ak ; 22 Name and Address of Dealer and Results of Examination 38 Maker and Brand. As Regards Camphor. nz 16352 Bumpus & Getchell, Auburn. “Spirits |Slightly below standard strength. Camphor. Alcohol 86 per cent.” 16380 O. W. Jones, Auburn. ‘Spirits Camphor. |Slightly below standard strength. | Alcohol 86 per cent.” 16381 O. W. Jones, Auburn. “Spirits Camphor. |Slightly below standard strength. | Alcohol 86 per cent.” | 16379|\Claude E. Packard. Auburn. “Spirits |In accord with standard. Camphor. Alcohol 86 per cent.”’ 16378|Perryville Drug Store, Auburn. “Spirits |Somewhat above standard strength. Camphor. Alcokol 86 per cent.” 16099/P. J. Begin, Augusta. “Spirits Camphor. |Slightly below standard strength. Alcohol 86 per cent.” 16097\B. Earle Bithers, Augusta. ‘‘Spirits Cam-|Somewhat above standard strength. phor. Contains 86 per cent alcohol.” 16096; Bowditch-Webster Co., Augusta. ‘“‘Spirit|/In accord with standard. of Camphor. Contains alcohol 86 per cent.” 16098|J. Coughlin, Augusta. “Spirits Camphor. |Somewhat above standard strength. Contains 86 per cent alcohol.” 16101|B. E. Getchell, Augusta. ‘‘Spirits Cam-|Slightly above standard strength. phor. Alcohol 86 per cent.” 16095|H. E. Goodrich, Augusta. “Spirits Cam-|Slightly above standard strength. phor. Contains 86 per cent alcohol.” 16094|Frank R. Partridge, Augusta. “Liquid |Seventy-two per cent of standard Camphor. Contains about 60% alcohol.’?| strength. Adulterated. 16093|Willis R. Partridge, Augusta. ‘Spirits |Slightly below standard strength. Campkor. Contains 86 per cent alcohol.” 16100;Arthur Tetreault, Augusta. ‘Spirit Cam-|In accord with standard. phor. Alcohol 86 per cent.” 15996|Buckley Drug Co., Bangor. ‘Spirits Cam- {In accord with standard. phor. Alcohol 86 per cent.” 16465,Fred A. Gonya, Bar Harbor. “Spirits |Slightly above standard strength. Camphor. Alcohol 86 per cent.” 16463|Charles A. Keucher, Bar Harbor. ‘Spirits |Slightly, above standard strength. of Camphor.” Percentage of alcohol not stated on label, as required by law. 16464 West End Drug Co., Bar Harbor. “Spir- |Somewhat above standard strength. its Camphor. Alcohol 86 per cent.” 16035,\Wm. O. Poor & Son, Belfast. ‘Spirits |Somewhat above standard strength. of Camphor. Alcohol 90 per cent.” - 16733|Chandler’s Pharmacy, Camden. ‘Spirits Slightly above standard strength. of Camphor. Alcohol 86 per cent.” 34 Matne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. CAM PHOR—Continued. Name and Address of Dealer and Maker and Brand. 13523'George H. Parker, Cornish. “Spirit of Camphor. Contains 86 per cent alcohol.” 16732, F. L. Smithwick, Damariscotta. ‘Spirits Camphor. Alcohol 93 per cent.” 16656 Kingsley’s Drug Store, East Machias. “Spirit of Camphor. Alcohol 86 per cent.” 16539| Byron N. Andrews, Eastport. ‘Spirits of Camphor. Alcohol 86 per cent.” | ihe 16536;William E. Capen, Eastport. ‘Spirits | Camphor. Alcohol 86 per cent.” 16538, Havey & Wilson, Eastport. “Spirit of Camphor. Alcohol 86 per cent.” 16540 J. P. Hutchison, Eastport. ‘‘Spirits Cam- | phor. 94 per cent alcohol.”’ 16537 E. S. McGregor, Eastport. ‘Spirit of Cam- phor. Alcohol 86 per cent.” 16461 E. G. Moore, Ellsworth. “Spirits Cam- phor. Alcohol 86 per cent.” 16462|Parcher’s Pharmacy, Ellsworth. ‘‘Spirit of Camphor. Contains alcohol 86 per ° cent.” 16017, Holman & Nelson, Fairfield. “Spirits Camphor. Alcohol 86 per cent.” 16408 Frank E. Drake, Farmington. “Spirit of Camphor. Alcohol 86 per cent.” 16410 Hardy’s Pharmacy, Farmington. “Spirit | of Camphor. Alcohol 86 per cent.” 16409| Marr’s Drug Store, Farmington. “Spirit of Camphor. Contains alcohol 86 per cent.” 16009 Elmer E. Cole, Foxcroft. “Spirits of Cam- j | phor. Alcohol about 86 per cent.” | 16685, Beane’s Drug Store, Gardiner. ‘“‘Spirits | Camphor. Alcohol 86 per cent.” 16689 Fred H. Call, Gardiner. “Spirit of Cam- | phor. Alcohol 86 per cent.” 16686|Jackson’s Drug Store, Gardiner. ‘Spirit of Camphor. Alcohol 86 per cent.” 16688 Ward, The Druggist, Gardiner. ‘“‘Spirits | Camphor.” 16693) City Drug _ Store, Hallowell. “Spirits | Camphor. Contains 86 per cent alcohol.” 16690| W. D. Spaulding, Hallowell. “Spirit Cam- | phor. Alcohol 86 per cent.” — 16659|Geo. C. Harmon, Jonesport. “Spirit Cam- | phor. Alcohol 86 per cent.’ | Results of Examination As Regards Camphor. Somewhat above standard strength. ‘ Somewhat above standard strength. Somewhat above standard strength. Slightly below standard strength. In accord with standard. Slightly above standard strength. Somewhat above standard strength. Slightly above standard strength. Eighty per cent of standard strength Adulterated. Slightly above standard strength. Slightly above standard strength. Sixty-six per cent of standard strength. Adulterated. Slightly above standard strength. Slightly below standard strength. Slightly above standard strength. Slightly above standard strength. Eighty-three per cent of strength. Adulterated. standard Slightly below standard strength. Percent- on label, In accord with standard. age of alcohol not stated as required by law. ‘Slightly above standard strength. \In accord with standard. Slightly above standard strength. / OFFIcIAL Inspections 82. CAM PHOR—Continued. Name and Address of Dealer and Maker and Brand. 16657|Frank T. Stewart, Jonesport. “Spirit Cam- phor. Alcohol not less than 90 per cent.” 16363,H. R. Alden, Lewiston. ‘Spirits Camplkor. 16365 16375 16366 16374 16387 16368 16364 16369 16367 16385 16371 16384 16370 16372 16361 16383 16366 16407 16406 16653 16655 Contains 86 per cent alcohol.” Babcock’s Drug Store, Lewiston. ‘‘Spirits Camphor. Alcohol 86 per cent.’ Arthur Boucher, Lewiston. ‘‘Spirits Cam- phor. 86 per cent alcohol.” R. W. Clark, Lewiston. “Spirit Camphor. Alcohol 86 per cent.” Arthur Dussault, Lewiston. ‘Spirits of Camphor. Alcohol 86 per cent.” Globe Drug Store, Lewiston. “Spirit of Camphor. Alcohol 86 per cent.’’ Harvard Pharmacy, Lewiston. ‘Spirit of Camphor. Alcohol 86 per cent.” Louis K. Liggetts, Lewiston, “‘Spirit Cam- phor (Assayed). Alcohol 86 per cent.” Martel’s Pharmacy, Lewiston. Spirits Camphor. Alcohol 86 per cent.”’ Chas. W. Newell, Lewiston.. ‘Spirit of Camphor. Alcohol 86 per cent.” People’s Pharmacy, Lewiston. ‘‘Spirits Camphor. 93 per cent alcohol.’’ Ernest Petrell, Lewiston. “Spirit of Cam- phor. Alcohol 86 per cent.’ Pharmacie Franco-Americaine, Lewiston. “Spirits Camphor. 93 per cent alcohol.” Pharmacie Nationale, Lewiston. ‘Spirit of Camphor. 86 per cent alcohol.’’ lWarren E. Riker, Lewiston. “Spirit of Camphor. Alcohol 45 per cent.” Smith’s Drug Store, Lewiston. ‘Spirit of Camphor. Alcohol 85 per cent.” W. H. Teague, Lewiston. ‘Spirit of Cam- phor. Alcohol 86° per cent.” Wakefield Bros., Lewiston. ‘Spirits Cam- phor. Alcohol 86 per cent.” S. S. Locklin, Livermore Falls. “Spirit of Camphor. Alcohol 86 per cent.’ E. P. Smart, Livermore Falls. “Spirit of Camphor. Alcohol 86 per cent.” D. A. Gillis & Co., Lubec. “Spirit of Camphor. Alcohol 86 per cent.’ Crane’s Pharmacy, Machias. ‘Spirit of Camphor. Alcohol 86 per cent.’’ 35 Results of Examination As Regards Camphor. Slightly below ' Somewhat above standard Slightly above Seventy per standard standard cent of strength. Adulterated. Slightly above Slightly above Slightly above standard standard standard In accord with standard. Slightly above Somewhat above standard standard Eighty per cent of strength, Adulterated. Slightly below Forty-eight per standard cent of strength. Adulterated. Slightly above Slightly below Slightly below Slightly below Slightly below Slightly above Slightly below Slightly below Slightly above Slightly above standard standard standard standard standard standard standard standard standard standard strength. strength. strength. standard strength. strength. strength. strength. strength. standard strength. standard strength. strength. strength. strength. strength. strength. strength. strength. strength. strength. 36 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. CAMPHOR—Concluded. a5 ate Name and Address of Dealer and £3 Maker and Brand. nea | 16654|D. A. Curtis & Co.. Machias. “Spirit of Camphor. Alcohol 86 per cent.” 16533|Percy L. Lord, Milltown. ‘Spirit of Cam- phor. Alcohol 90 per cent.” 16377|Ralph F. Burnham, New Auburn. “Spirit of Camphor. Alcohol 86 per cent.” | 16376| Joseph Phoenix, New Auburn. “Spirits | Camphor. Alcohol 86 per cent.” 17330)Frank Gallagher, Portland. ‘Spirits Cam- phor. Contains 86 per cent alcohol.” 17334|J. H. Hamel, Portland. ‘Spirit of Cam- phor. Alcohol 86 per cent.”’ 17332|John D. Keefe, Portland. “Spirits Cam- phor. 86 per cent alcohol.” 16684|Booker’s Pharmacy, Randolph. “Spirits Caimphor. Contains 86 per cent alcohol.” 17359/E. J. Bradbury, Saco. “Spirits of Cam- phor.”’ 15997/T. G. Seymour, South Brewer. ‘Spirits Camphor. Alcohol 86 per cent.’ 16022/Wm. G. Lord, Skowhegan. “Spirit of Cam- phor. Alcohol 86 per cent.” 16015|W. R. Jones, Waterville. ‘‘Spirit of Cam- phor. Alcohol 86 per cent.” 16024|Larkin Drug Co., Waterville. “Spirits of Camphor. Alcohol 86 per cent.” 16658;A. F. Knapp, West Jonesport. ‘‘Spirits Camphor. Alcohol 90 per cent.’’ 16479}|H. R. Dascombe Co., Wilton. “Spirits Camphor.”’ 16694|Jackson’s Drug Store, Winthrop. ‘Spirits Camphor. Alcohol 86 per cent.” 16729 G. W. Keirstead, Wiscasset. ‘Spirit of Camphor. Alcohol 86 per cent.” Results of Examination As Regards Camphor. \'Somewhat above standard strength. | \Slightly below standard | } | strength. Slightly below standard strength. In accord with standard. In accord with standard. Somewhat above standard strength. Slightly above standard strength. In accord with standard. Ninety per cent of standard. Al- cohol not stated, as required by law. In accord with standard. Slightly above standard strength. Somewhat above standard strength. Somewhat above standard strength. In accord with standard. | Percentage of alcolol not stated | on label, as required by law. i} ‘Somewhat above standard strength. | ‘In accord with standard. July, 1917. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ORONO, MAINE. CHAS. D. WOODS, Director ANALYSTS. James M. Bartlett Herman H. Hanson Royden L. Hammond Elmer R. Tobey Harold R. King Official Jnspectinns 83 MAINE PACKED BLUEBERRIES, CORN AND SARDINES. CEAS= DE WOODS: The Commissioner of Agriculture is the executive of the law regulating the sale of foods in Maine. It is the duty of the Director of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station to make the analyses of the samples collected by the Commissioner, and to publish the results of the analyses together with the names of the persons from whom the samples were obtained, and such additional information as may seem advisable. Nore. All correspondence relative to the inspection laws should be addressed to the Bureau of Inspections, Department of Agriculture, Augusta, Maine. 38 of the other packers. water. Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. CANNED BLUEBERRIES Twelve samples of canned blueberries from 7 different pack- ers in Washington County, Maine were examined. The claimed weight of contents ranged from 18 to 20 ounces and all cans ex- amined were full weight. No report that water is added in pack- ing was made but the high water content of all samples except the last indicates that water was added quite freely in the case Fresh berries carry about 82 per cent of With the exception noted all the cans examined carried 6 to 8 per cent more water than fresh berries do. Table showing the results of analyses of samples of Maine packed canned blueberries collected by the inspector in the packing season of 1916. The samples are arranged alphabetically by the names of packers. Station number | i | Name and Address of Packer | and Brand. Results of Examination 17319-17320. 17321-17322. 17328. 17823-17324. “Pigeon Brand Blueberries. Pack- ed by E.M. Frye & Co., Harring- | ton, Me. Contents 1 lb. 2 ozs.” Samples collected at factory Aug. | 21, 1916. “Hall Brand Faney Blueberries. Packed and guaranteed by Hall Packing Co., Me. Net weight 1 lb. 4 ozs.” Written in on can: ‘‘Packed by | Pleasant River Canning Co.” Columbia Falls, | Net weight in accord with claim. Cans full and corroded. Appearance not very attractive. Some sticks and leaves. Water 89.7 per cent. \Net weight in accord with claim. Cans corroded. One can, appearance good; one can, appearance fine, ber- ries large. Water 89 per cent. Samples collected at factory Aug. 21, 1916. “Our Brand of Blueberries. Packed by Hinkley, Stevens & Co., West _Jonesport, Me. Net weight 20 ozs.’ Sample collected at facto- ry Aug. 21, 1916. . “Packed by H. S. Kans, Brooklin & Addison, Me. Contents 1 Ib. 3 ozs. Pleasant River Brand Maine Blusberries.’”” Sample col- lected at factory Aug. 21, 1916. “Packed by A. & R. Loggie Co., Ltd., of Loggieville, N. B., Can- ada. EHagle Packed at Columbia Falls, Contents 1 Ib. 3 ozs.’’ Samples collected at factory Aug. 21, 1916. “Stewart’s Brand Blueberries. Net weight 1 lb. 3 ozs. A. L. Stewart | Sam- | ples collected at factory Aug. 21, | é& Sons, Cherryfield, Me.’’ 1916. “Wyman’s Brand Blueberries. Packed and guaranteed by Jasper Wyman & Son, Mi'bridge. Me. Contents 1 Ib. 3 ozs.”’ Brand Blueberries. | Me. Samples | Net weight in accord with claim. Can badly corroded. Appearance not very good. Many wtmnripe berries, sticks, and leaves. Water 88.8 per cent. * 'Net weight in accord with claim. Can badly corroded. Appsarance fair. Some sticks and leaves. Water 89 ) per. cent. Net weight in accord with claim. Cans badly corroded. Appearance poor. Many small, unripe, and shriveled berries, and sticks. Water 88.4 per cent. |Net weight in accord with claim. Both ‘caus full; one not corroded, one somewhat corroded. Appearance good. An occasional leaf, stick. | green or shriveled berry. Water 88.8 | per cent. ‘Net weight in accord with claim. One | can little corroded; one can badly corroded. Appgarance good. Wa- | ter 82.3 per cent. collected at factory August 21, | 1916. OrFiciAL INSPECTIONS 83. 39 CANNED CORN About 60 samples of corn from 30 factories were exam- ined in the laboratory. These goods were all taken at the fac- tory at time of packing and were unlabeled. Information was given as to whether or not starch was added at time of packing. Water and sugar are used in packing. Starch is or is not added as the superintendent deems necessary to make the goods put out uniform in appearance. Only sufficient water to give proper fluidity to the pack is used. As corn starch is used and as all corn carries sugar, laboratory examination will not determine whether or not either of these materials were added to the corn. As the water content of green corn varies greatly with the ma- turity of the corn, laboratory examination will not disclose the amount of added water. Salt is usually added to make the prod- uct palatable. It was not tested for. WEIGHT OF CAN CONTENTS As caned corn has quite a high nutritive value the amount of corn contained in a can is of considerable importance. Twen- ty ounce cans are used and with one exception the can contents over weighed the weight claimed. The contents ran from 19.5 ounces to 21.5 ounces and averaged about 20.75 ounces. The net weights are shown in the table that follows. Table showing net weight of can contents in the case of Maine packed sweet corn. The weights are given in ounces and are arranged from the lowest to the highest weights. 19.41 20.47 | 20.68 | 20.86 li. Le (21.34 20.05 20.51 20.68 | 20.88 21.03 9135 20.14 | 20.51 | 20.74 20.89 } 21.07 21.37 20.15 20.52 20.74 | 20.91 | 21.07 21.42 20.26 20.54 | 20.75 | 90.91 | 21.07 21.44 20.40 ap os6e | il 52075. | 20.95 21.16 21.51 20.40 20.56 | 20.77 | 90.97 | 21.18 20.42 20.61 | 20.77 | 20.97 | 21.20 | 20.47 20.61 | 20.82 20.97 | © 21.21 | o047 =| oer =| 20.82 zoo =|, | si.s2\¢ | 40 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. TOTAL DRY MATTER IN SAMPLES CANNED CORN EXAMINED When the inspectors obtained the samples they asked rela- tive to the addition of starch. In rather more than half of the samples the packers stated that starch had been added. It is claimed that starch is only added to make a uniform looking pack and that it is added to immature rather than mature corn. The percentages of dry matter found in the samples are given in the two tables that follow. In the first table no starch was claimed and in the second it was stated that starch was added. In both tables the samples are arranged in accordance with the amount of dry matter beginning with that containing the least. Table showing the per cent of dry matter in samples of canned corn packed without the addition of starch in canning. 18.26 20.91 | 22.60 | 23.10 | 23.62 25.14 18.61 22.33 22.84 23.15 | 23.79 | 25.38 20.19 | 22.43 | 22.87 | 23.26 | 24,22, | 26.35 20.22 | 22.50 22.89 | 23.49 | 24.99 Table showing the per cent of dry matter in samples of canned corn to which starch was added in the process of canning. 19.33 | 19.94 | 21.34 22.16 | 23.13 38.98 19.64 fox ees ee omen 29:86)! 2) 5, 23,15 ag eo aa 19.66 | 20.67 | 22.00 22.51 | 23.20 | 24.48 19.69 | 20.74 |. 22.01 22.62 | 28.41 | 24.87 19.7 21.09 | 92.09 ln e2trs |, 28.61 | OE I. cally pons |< ood es ear ua CORN ON THE CoB CANNED Two samples from the same factory of corn that was packed on the cob were examined. The net weight of the cans was a- bout 37 ounces. The free liquid found in the cans was the water added in canning. It contained small amounts of the more sol- uble portions of the corn dissolved out in processing. The liq- OrriciAL INsPEcTIONS 83. 41 uid amounted to about 1514 ounces. The cobs weighed about 9 ounces, so that there were about 14 ounces of corn in each can. The dry matter in the corn was, however, much higher than in corn canned after being cut from the cob and was about 30 per cent against 20 to 25 per cent dry matter in the samples of ordi- nary canned corn here reported. WATER IN CANNNED CORN Corn like all other green vegetable foods carries in its nat- ural state quite high percentages of water. Since water in a food material serves, so far as is known, in nutrition no better purpose than any other water, its presence always means a lowered nutri- tive value product. Sweet corn in the early dough stage, which is the desirable condition for table use, will carry a little more than 70 per cent of water. Hence such corn will have a little less than 30 per cent of dry matter which is the nutritive part of corn. Partly to improve the appearance of the finished goods and part- ly to add bulk and weight water is added to canned corn in the process of canning. To add water to make the goods more ha- uid and to add starch to make the goods have greater consistency would seem to be in the nature of adulteration. It is probable that canned corn need never carry less than 25 per cent of dry matter. With quite immature corn—and too immature corn should not be packed—tthis percentage of dry matter can be main- tained without the addition of starch. From the appearance of the opened goods in the laboratory there is no indication that starch was added with good judgment or in most cases was needed at all. Since starch, sugar and water are all natural constituents of corn their addition cannot be surely detected in the laboratory. Investigations are being made and probably before many years standards will be established for canned corn. But when they are they will probably be based upon what is found to be common practice by packers and like other standards will be so low that considerable manipulation—perhaps as great as is now prac- ticed—will come withen the limits. In the meantime possibly some packer will come forward with a more solid product than the general run of factories are now putting out and bid for pat- ronage on the high food value of his output. It may be that when 42 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. standards are established that the amount in ounces of added wat- er, sugar and starch will be required to be stated on the label. In this connection it is well to remember that Maine corn is higher in solids and hence has a higher nutritive value than the run of packed corn the country over. In an examination of canned corn purchased in the open market it was found in North Dakota that over a third of the samples contained less than 20 per cent of dry matter. In the samples here reported only two fell below 19 per cent in dry matter and the average was about 22 per cent. CANNED SARDINES. There is no food product of higher nutritive value put up in Maine than the small herring that are packed in oil, mustard sauce or tomato sauce under the name of sardines. The fish used are a different species from those packed in the Mediterranean. But they both belong to the herring family and the fish occuring along the Maine coast are as fine in quality and of as high nutri- tive value as the true sardine. Maine sardines are, for the most part, packed in cotton seed oil or in mustard sauce. The oil packed fish are usually in “quarter sizes”, with the net contents a little less than four ounces.. The mustards are mostly packed in “three quarter sizes”. Undoubtedly originally this was in- tended to be a 12 ounce package but usage has somewhat reduced (as in the case of nearly all tin packed goods) the size of the package. The net weight of the contents of a “three quarters” sized tin is a little less than 11 ounces. At the prices at which these goods are sold there is no better low priced animal food obtainable the country over. As pointed out on pages 51 and 52, while there is still room for improvement, a great advance in the quality and appearance of the finished product, and in the sanitary surroundings of the factories has been made in the past 5 years. The results of the examination of nearly 200 samples are given in the table that follows. OrriciAL Inspections 83. 43 CANNED SARDINES Table showing the results of analyses of Maine packed sardines collected by the inspectors in 1916. The samples are arranged alphabetically by the names of the packers. The samples are grouped by the nature of the material in which they are packed and under each group by the names of the packers. a Station number 17174-17178. , 17159-17163. | | 17235-17239. 17408-17407. 17413-17417. 17224-17228, 17308-17312. 17090. “American Sardines in Cottonseed Name and Address of Packer and Brand. Results of Examination IN COTTONSEED OIL. “Arrow Brand American Sardines | in cottonseed oil. 3% ozs. Packed by E. W. Brown Co., So. Port- Jand, Me.” at factory Oct. 24, 1916. “Clyde American Sardines in cot- tonseed oil. Packed at So. Port- land, Me., by E. W. Brown Co. Contents "3a avoir. ozs.’’ Samples purchased at factory Oct. 24, 1916. “Casco Brand American Sardines in cottonseed oil. Brown-Willard Co., Portland, Me. Weight 3% ozs.”’ Samples purchased from Cut Price Market, 405 Lisbon St., Lewiston, Oct. 25, 1916. “Banquet Brand American Sar- dines in cottonseed oil.’’ Samples taken from packer’s bench where goods were being packed at fac- tory of L. D. Clark & Son, East- port, Me., Nov. 11, 1916. “Clark Brand American Sardines in cottonseed oil. Packed at Eastport, Me., Son. Weight 3% ozs.’’ Samples Samples purchased | |Net weight from 3.6 to 4.2 ozs. by L. D. Clark & | collected at factory Nov. 11, 1916. | ‘Holmes Company (H C O Brand) | American Sardines in cottonseed | oil. Packed at Robbinston, Me. Average net weight 32 ozs.’’ Sam- ple purchased from E. Janelle & Co., 396 Lisbon St., Lewiston, Oct. 25, 1916. Oil. Laurens & Cie. 3% ozs. Packed by lLawrence Canning Co., Rockland, Me.” Samples collected from factory of Law- rence Canning Co. at Stockton Springs Sept. 22, 1917. “Campfire Brand American Sar- dines in Cottonseed oil. Packed | by Lawrence Canning Co., Rock- jand, Me. 3% ozs.” Sample col- lected from John Pelkey, 35 Win- ter St., Rockland, Oct. 24, 1916. Net weight 3.8 to 4.3 | | |Net weight 3.7 to 4.1 ozs. Net weight 3.8 to 4.5 ozs. Net weight 3.4 to 4.1 ozs. ‘Net weight 3.8 to 4.1 ozs. Net weight 3.9 to 4.2 ozs. |Net weight 3.6 ozs. Six to § fish in can in cottonseed oil. Fish hard, firm, good flavor; no feed. Four cans not corroded; one slight- ly corroded. From 8 to 16 fish in can in cottonseed oil. Fish hard, firm, good flavor; 3 -of the cans no feed, two cans no red feed but a few of the fish contained di- gested feed in small amounts. Two cans not eorroded, 3 cans very slightly coroded. Seven- teen to 22 fish in can. Fish hard, firm, good flavor, but with less salt than sardines usually have. No feed. Cans slightly corroded. ozs. Six to 10 small fish in can in cottonseed oil. Fish somewhat broken; with mussy appearance. Flavor good. Some fish in each can contained red feed. Cans slightly corroded. Five to 10 can in cottonseed oil: In 3 cans fish hard, firm; in 2 cans fish slightly soft: good flavor. One can, no feed; 4 cans each had few fish containing red feed. Cans very slightly corroded. fish in Seven to 18 fish in can in cottonseed oil. In 2 cans fish hard, firm and good fla- vor, with small amount of red feed; 3 cans slightly soft, flavor flat, some red feed. All cans corroded, some badly. Five or 6 ‘fish in can in cottonseed oil. Fish hard, firm, good flavor; no feed. Cans corroded. Can about two- thirds full. Fish hard, firm, good flavor; no feed. Can somewhat cor- roded. 1917. Results of Examination 44 Maine AGRICULTURAL i.XPERIMENT STATION. CANNED SARDINES—Continued. ne tation Name and Address of Packer number and Brand. 17095. ‘“E-M-L Brand American Sardines. Packed by lLawrence Co., Rockland, Me. Weight 34 ozs.”’ Sample collected John Pelkey, Oct. 24, 1916. 17091. Sardines in tin box without label. Lawrence Canning Co., Rockland. | Sample collected from John Pel- key, 35 Winter St., Rockland, Oct. 24, 1916. 17300-17304. ‘“‘Togo Brand American Sardines in cottonseed oil. 34 avoir. ozs. Lubee Sardine Co., Belfast, Me.’’ Samples collected at factory Sept. 22, 1916. taken at random in pack- ing room. 17184-17188. ‘“‘Cape Elizabeth Brand American Sardines in cottonseed oil. 3% ozs. Packed by Portland Prod- ucts Co., So. Portland, Me.” Samples purchased from factory Oct. 25, 1916. “Yarmouth Maine Brand American Sardines in cottonseed oil. 3% ozs. Packed by Royal Packing Co., Yarmouth, Me.” Samples purchased at factory Oct. 26, 1916. 17199-17203. “American Sardines in Cottonseed Oil.” Seacoast Eastport, Me. 1736817372. Factory No. Canning | from | Canning Co., | 4.0 River | Samples were taken from factory | from five different cases before | being cartoned, Nov. 10, 1916. 17240-17244. “Big Smoke American Smoked Sardines in cottonseed oil. Con- tents 33 ozs. Seacoast Canning Co., Eastport, Me.’’ Samples purchased from Cut Price Mar- ket, 405 Lisbon St., Lewiston, Oct. 25, 1916. “Conquerer American Sardines in Cottonseed Oil. Weight 3% ozs.” Seacoast Canning Co., Eastport, Me. Samples taken at factory Nov. 10, 1916. 17398-17402. | 17373-17377. ‘‘Continental American Sardines in Cottonseed Oil.’ Seacoast Can- ning Co., Eastport, Me. ‘‘Weight 34 ozs.’’ Each sample represents a case. Taken at factory Nov. 10, 1916. 17393-17397. Dixie Brand American Sardines in eettonseed oil. Weight 3% ozs.” | Seacoast Canning Co., Eastport, Me. Samples taken at factory Nov. 10, 1916. |Net weight from 3 to 3.7 ozs. | |Net_ weight 3.5 ozs. Net weight 4 ozs. Net weight 4.2 to 4.6 ozs. Net weight 3.5 to 4.2 ozs. | Net weight from 3 to 4.4 ozs. Six fish in can. Fish hard, firm, good flavor; no feed. Can slightly corroded. 2 Can well filled. Fish hard, firm, good flavor; no feed. Can somewhat corroded. Five to 7 fish in can in cottonseed oil. One can fish hard, 4 cans fish slightly soft, flat favor. Four cans no feed, one can small amount white feed. Four cans not corroded, one can slightly corroded. Eight to 12 fish in can in cottonseed oil. Fish hard, firm, good flavor; no feed. Cans not corroded. Net weight 3.8 to 4.8 ozs. One can 13 fish in cottonseed oil; other 4 cans from 18 to 21 fish in tomato sauce. Hard, firm, good flavor; no feed. One can not corroded; 4 cans slight- ly corroded. Net weight averaged about 4 ozs. Three of these cans over-ran, 2 un- der-ran. Eleven to 16 small fish in can in cottonseed oil. Flesh hard, firm and good flavor. Three cans without feed; slight amount of red feed; in few fish in 2 cans. Cans were slightly corroded. Net weight from 3.5 to 4.4 ozs. Four to 7 fish in can in cottonseed oil. Fish hard, firm and good flavor; 2 cans without feed, 3 cans with small amount of feed in some of the fish. Cans slightly corroded. Eight to 11 fish in can, in cottonseed oil. Fish hard, firm and good flavor; 3 fish in one and’ one fish in each of 2 other cans contained small amount of red feed, otherwise no feed. Cans slightly corroded. |Net weight ranges from 2.9 to 4 ozs. This low weight can was the only one below claimed net weight. Eight to 11 fish in can. Four cans had fish hard, firm and good flavor; one ean, fish slightly soft with flat fla- vor. No feed. Cans slightly corro- ded. Eight to 20 fish in can in cottonseed oil. Fish hard, firm and good flavor; small amount of red feed in one can. Cans slightly corroded. OrricrtAL Inspections 83. 45 CANNED SARDINES—Continued. Results of Examination | Net weight ranges from 3.5 to 4.3 ozs. Station Name and Address of Packer number and Brand. | 17378-17382. “Red Horse American Sardines. Packed in cottonseed oil. Con- | tents 3% avoir. ozs.” Seacoast | Canning Co., Eastport, Me. Each _ sample from separate boxes, | taken at factory Noy. 10, 1916. 17229-17233. “American Sardines. Extra Qual- ity. Fried. Packed in cottonseed | oil for W. H. Shurtleff Co., Port- land, Me. Net weight 5 to 6 ozs.” | Sample purchased from E. Janelle | | & Co., 396 Lisbon St., | Oct. 25, 1916. 17306-17307. American sardines | Stockton Springs Stockton Springs, taken at random | Were cartoned, at 22, 1916. Lewiston, Packed by Canning Co.. Me. before goods 17234. “Luncheon Brand American Sar- dines in cottonseed oil. Weight | 33 ozs. The Stockton Springs Canning Co., Stockton Springs, Me.” Five samples examined as A, B, C, D, and E. Purchased from E. Janelle & Co., 396 Lisbon St., Lewiston, Oct. 25, 1916. 17305. “Luncheon Brand American Sar- dines in cottonseed oil. 34 ozs. Packed by Stockton Springs Can- ning Co., Stockton Springs, Me.” Sample collected at factory Sept. | 22, LL, 1916. In stock since 1912. | ‘Net weight 4 and 4.2 ozs. Samples | factory, Sept. | | |\Net weight 3.8 ozs. Five fish in each can. Fish hard and firm and good flavor; no feed. Cans slightly corroded. Net weight 5 to 6.4 ozs. Sixteen to 19 fish in can in cottonseed oil. Fish hard, firm, good flavor; no feed. Cans slightly corroded. Four fish in one can, five fish in other can, in cottonseed oil. Fish hard, firm, good flavor; no red feed, a little white feed in one can. Cans slightly cor- roded. {Net weight from 2.8 to 4.1 ozs. This low weight only one below claimed weight. Four or 5 fish in can in cot- tonseed oil. Fish in one can hard, firm; in 3 other cans some of the fish were hard and firm and others were slightly soft; flavor good but not very salt. Fish in one can soft, flat flavor and bitter taste; evidently old fish; not fit for food. No feed. Cans slightly corroded. Nineteen fish in cottonseed oil. Fish hard, firm, good flavor, smoked; no feed. Can not corroded. IN OLIVE OIL. 17142. ‘Portland Brand American Sar- dines. Weight 33 ozs. In pure Olive oil. Packed by Brawn- Wil- lard Co., Portland, Me.’ Five samples examined as A, B, C, D, and E. Collected at factory Oct. 30, 1916. 17219-17228. “Viola Brand Sardines in pure olive oil. Contents 3% ozs. Distributed by Deep Sea Sardine Co., New Or- leans, La.’’ Samples collected at factory of E. W. Brown Co., So. Portland, where goods are pack- ed, Oct. 27, 1916. “Clover Brand American Sardines packed in pure olive oil. Con- tents 33 ozs. Lawrence Canning Co., Rockland, Me. Samples col- lected at factory Oct. 24, 1916. 17113-17117. 17179-17183. ‘“Faney American Sardines in Pure Olive Oil. Contents 3% ozs. Packed by Portland Products Co., So. Portland, Me.’’ Samples purchased at factory Oct. 25, | 1916. Net weight from 4 to 4.2 ozs. Hight to 10 fish in olive oil. Fish hard, firm, good flavor; one can, no feed; 4 cans, small amount of feed. Some of the cans slightly corroded. Net weight 3.9 to 4.3 ozs. Eight to 10 fish in can in olive oil. Fish hard, firm, good flavor; no feed. Cans slightly corroded. | Net weight 3.5 to 4.1 ozs. Ten to 20 fish in can in olive oil. In 4 cans fish hard, firm, good flavor; in one can fish rather soft with flat flavor; no feed. Cans not corroded. Net weight 3.5 to 4.2 ozs. Eight fish in can in olive oil. Fish hard, firm, good flavor; no feed. Cans slightly corroded. 1917. 46 MatIne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. CANNED SARDINES—Continued. Station Name and Address of Packer number and Brand. Results of Examination 17214-17218. ‘““Mytinice Brand Norwegian Style Unsmoked Sardines in Pure Olive Oil. Packed at Yarmouth, Me., 34 ozs. for Figved Importing Co., Chicago, Hl.’’ Samples collected at factory of Royal River Pack- ing Co., Yarmouth, Oct. 26, 1916. Net weight 3.4 to 3.9 ozs. Six to 21 fish in can in olive oil. Fish in 4 cans hard, firm, good flavor; fish in one can hard, firm, but flavor flat. Slight amount red feed in one fish in one can; others no feed. Cans corroded. 1720417208. | “Norwegian Style Smoked Sardines |Net weight 3.5 to 4.4 ozs. Six to 19 in pure olive oil. Prince Peer | fish in can in olive oil. Fish hard, Brand. -Packed at Yarmouth, firm, good flavor; no feed. Cans Me., for Figved Importing Co., slightly corroded. Chicago, Ill. Contents 3% ozs.” Samples collected at factory of Royal River Packing Co., Yar- mouth, Oct. 26, 1916. IN MUSTARD SAUCE. 17164-17168. ‘‘American Tomah Brand Sardines. |Net weight 10.2 to 11.1 ozs. Four to Packed in mustard saucs. EK. W. Brown Co., So. Portland. 11 ozs.” Samples purchased at factory Oct. 24, 1916. 17169-17173. ‘‘Arrow Brand Sardines in Mustard Sauce. Average net weight 11 ozs. | Packed by E. W. Brown Co., So. Portland, Me.’’ Samples pur- chased at factory Oct. 24, 1916. 17149-17153. “Clyde American Sardines packéd in mustard sauce. Weight 10 ozs. Packed at So. Portland, Me., by -E. W. Brown Co.”’ Samples pur- chased at factory Oct. 24, 1916. | 17154-17158. “‘Clyde American Sardines in mus- tard sauce. Packed at So. Port- Jand, Me., by E. W. Brown Co. Weight 3% ozs.’ Samples. pur- chased at factory Oct. 24, 1916. 17408-17412. “Banquet Brand American Sardines | in Mustard Sauce. L. D. Clark | & Son, Eastport, Me. Samples | | taken from separate boxes at | factory Noy. 11, 1916. 17118-17122. ‘“E-M-I, Brand Sardines in Mustard | Sauce. Packed by Lawrence Can- ning Co., Rockland, Me. 11 ozs.”’ Samples collected from factory Oct. 24, 1916. | 17092-17094. ‘Laurens & Cie American Sardines in Mustard Sauce. Packed by | | Lawrence Canning Co., Rock- | | land, Me. Weight 10 ozs.’? Sam- | ples collected from John Pelkey, | | 85 Winter St., Rockland, Oct.. 24, | | 1916. Net weight 10.4 to 11.2 ozs. \Net weight 3.8 to 4.5 ozs. \Net weight 10.6 to 11.8 ozs. 9 fish in can in mustard sauce, also many pieces. Although the fish were fairly hard they appeared to fall to pieces readily. Appeared mussy. Two cans good flavor, 3 cans flavor fiat. Three cans no feed; two cans had few fish containing digestible material which appeared to be red feed: Cans not corroded. Three to 15 fis ch and several pieces in can in mustard sauce. One can fish hard, firm, good flavor; 2 cans fish fairly soft with flat flavor; one can fish slightly soft with flat flavor; one can fish soft with flat flavor. Few fish in two cans contained dark col- ored feed similar to mud; from one to 3 fish in other cans contained red feed. Cans not corroded. Net weight 9.7 to 11.4 ozs. Six to 8 fish in can in mustard sauce; in one can six unbroken fish and several Dieces. Fish hard, firm, good flavor; no feed. Cans not corroded. Five or 6 fish in can in mustard sauce. Fish hard, firm, good flavor; two fish in one can contained white feed, others had no feed. Cans not corroded. Net weight 11.1 to 12.0 ozs. Four fish in can in mustard sauce. Fish hard, firm, flavor flat. Few fish in 4 cans contained red feed; one can no feed. Cans not corroded. Five to 8 fish in can in mustard sauce. Fish hard, firm, good flavor; no feed. Cans not corroded. Net weight 9.7 to 11.9 ozs. Eight to 11 fish in can in mustard sauce. Fish hard, firm, good flavor; no feed. Cans not corroded. aR ONS ge OrFicIAL Inspections 83. 47 CANNED SARDINES—Continued.. i k Station NEBR pny Address ot EOS: Results of Examination 17363-17367. “American Sardines in Mustard |Net weight in excess of 12 ozs. Cans | Sauce.”’ Seacoast Canning Co., contained from 3 to 5 fish. With | Eastport, Me. Factory No. 4. the exception of one fish no feed | Samples were taken from ship- present. Part of the fish were hard ping room before being cartoned, and firm; others were slightly soft. Nov. 10, 1916. Flavor of all was good. Cans were not corroded. 17388-17392. ‘American Sardines in Mustard |Net weight from 3.4 to 4.1 ozs. Seven | Sauce.” Plain tins. Seacoast to 12 fish in each can in mustard Canning Co., Eastport, Me..Sam- sauce. Fish hard, firm, good flavor; ples taken from 5 different cases no feed. Cans not corroded. at factory Novy. 10, 1916. IN TOMATO SAUCE. 17148.\Sardines in tomato sauce. Plain | Net weight 3.8 to 4.1 ozs.. Four or 5 | cans. Conners & Thompson, fish in each can in tomato sauce. Freeport, Me. Five samples ex- | Fish hard, firm, good flavor; no amined as A, B, C, D, and E.| feed. Cans slightly corroded. Collected at factory Noy. 3, 1916. | 17123-17127.,American Sardines in ‘Tomato Net weight 2.9 to 4.1 ozs. Four fish 17209-17213. 17189-17193. 17194-17198. 17383-17387. Sauce. Lawrence Canning Co., Rockland, Maine. 24, 1916. \“Rob Roy Dainty American Sar- | dines in Tomatoes. Net weight 3% OZS. & Co., New York.”’ | Packing Co., Yarmouth, Oct. 26, 1916. ‘Piper Brand Fresh Herring in To- mato Sauce. 7 ounces. land, Me.” ‘tory Oct. 25, 1916. “Piper Brand Fresh Herring in To- mato Sauce. Net contents one tb. Packed by Portland Products Co., Portland, Me.’’ Samples | purchased at factory Oct. 1916, “American Sardines in Tomato by Portland Products Co., Port- | Purchased from fac- | Samples taken | | from stock in shipping room at | | factory before being labeled, Oct. in can in tomato sauce. Fish hard, firm, good flavor; no feed. Three cans not corroded, 2 cans slightly corroded. Net weight 4.1 to 4.4 ozs. Six to 8 fish Packed for J. M. MeNien | Samples col- | lected at factory of Royal River | 'Net weight 7.1 to 8.7 ozs. Packed | in can in tomatoes. Fish hard, firm, good flavor; no feed. Cans slightly corroded. Four to 6 fish in can in tomato sauce. Fish hard, fine flavor; no feed, except small amount of white feed. Cans slightly corroded. |Net weight 12.7 to 15.6 ozs. Five to 9 fish in can in tomato sauce. Fish 25, | |Net weight from 2.7 to 4 ozs. | Sauce. One-fourth size.’’ Sea- | coast Canning Co., Eastport, | Me. Samples taken from differ- | hard, firm, good flavor; no red feed but a little white feed. Cans not corroded. Hight to 15 fish in can, in tomato sauce. The light weight can was only half full. Fish hard, firm, good flavor; ent cases at factory Nov. 10, 1916. | no feed. Cans not corroded. 48 MaIneE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. STATMENT BY THE EXECUTIVE OF THE LAW. A. M. G. SOULE, CHIEF BUREAU OF INSPECTIONS. A special endeavor was made during the season of 1916 to make a more complete inspection of food factories and collection of products than ever before, with particular reference to the three principal canning industries of the State of Maine: Corn factories, blueberry factories and sardine factories. The following tabulations will show the unique importance of the sardine industry in Maine as compared with the rest of the United States; they also compare the blueberry pack in Maine with that of the rest of the country and define the position the state occupies in the clam and corn canning industries: Total number of cases of sardines packed in the Winited States hime 94ers eee 5,012,199 Total number of cases of sardines packed in the State sof sMaime sa: 01 OMA eee ete a ie eee eee 4,634,424 Total number of cases of blueberries packed in the United States an LO) Aisa er eee eee 151,636 Total number of cases of blueberries packed in dave Syechne opm WW kenov roo UA 116,001 Total number of cases of clams packed in the Uni- tedi bran, wheat meal, corn meal, bone meal, meat meal, granulated milk and powdered charcoal. Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 4 per cent fat and 14 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. Peerless Poultry Mash. E. A. Clark & Co.,/One official sample. In accord Portland, Me. Composed of ground oats, fish} with guaranty in all respects. meal, alfalfa meal, wheat bran, wheat meal,| Contained a few hulls of corn gluten, milk albumen, meat meal and pow-] cockle and wild buckwheat. dered charcoal. Contains not more than 10 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 3 per cent fat and 20 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. Yankee Scratch Feed. O. L. Clark, Freeport,)No dealers’ or official samples Me. Composed of cracked corn, cracked wheat,| received. buckwheat, milo maize, oats, hemp, sunflower seed and barley. Contains not more than per cent crude fiber, and not less than 3 per cent fat and 9 per cent protein. Registered; in 1916 and 1917. | } Yankee Cereal Mash (with Fish). O. L. Clark,)One official sample. In accord Freeport, Me. Composed of corn meal, bran,| with guaranty in all respects. fish meal, corn flour, rolled oats, alfalfa, char-; Contained a few seeds of corn coal and peanut meal. Contains not more than! cockle and wild buckwheat. 6.5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 3/ per cent fat and 15 per cent protein. Regis-| tered in 1916 and 1917. Wirthmore Gritless Chick Feed. Chas. M. Cox)One official sample. One-half per Co., Boston, Mass. Composed of cracked milo} cent below guaranty in protein; maize, white corn, yellow corn, wheat, hulled) in accord with guaranty in fiber oats, kaffir corn, peas and fish. Contains not) and fat. Contained many seeds more than 3% per cent crude fiber, and not less| of various weeds, including mus- than 3 per cent fat and 11 per cent protein.| tard, wild buckwheat, ete. Registered in 1916 and 1917. OrFiIciAL Inspections 84. 107 FEEDING SturFs—Continued. Brand, Maker and Guaranties. | | } | | Results of Examination. Wirthmore Gritless Intermediate Chick Feed. Chas.-M. Cox Co., Boston, Mass. Composed of cracked white corn, cracked yellow corn, wheat, kaffir corn, milo maize, buckwheat and peas. Contains not more than 3% per cent crude fiber, and not less than 3 per cent fat and 11 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. Wirthmore Scratch Feed. Chas. M. Cox Co., Boston, Mass. Composed of wheat, kaffir corn, sunflower seed, buckwheat, barley, oats, cracked corn and milo maize. Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 3 per cent fat and 11 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. Wirthmore Growing Feed with Scraps. Chas. M. Cox Co., Boston, Mass. Composed of beet ulp, wheat middlings, ground corn, wheat, Henle. oats, milo maize, peas, salt and choice fine ground beef scraps. Contains not more than 41% per cent crude fiber, and not less than 4% per cent fat and 16 per cent protein. (1916 certificate gives 17 per cent as minimum proseiy guaranty). Registered in 1916 and 1917. Wirthmore Fish & Scraps Poultry Mash. Chas. M. Cox Co., Boston, Mass. Composed of ground oats, ground barley, gluten feed, alfalfa meal, wheat bran, ground corn, choice fine ground beef scraps, fish meal, wheat middlings, and about 34 of 1 per cent salt. Contains not more than 914 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 3% per cent fat and 184 per cent pro- tein. egistered in 1916 and 1917. Conkey’s “Buttermilk” Starting Food (for chicks). The G. E. Conkey Co., Cleveland, Composed of gentian root, iron sulphate (copperas), mustard seed, wheat, corn, hulled oats, wheat middlings, bone and evaporated buttermilk. _Contains not more than 4 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 3 per cent fat and 12 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. Globe Chick Feed. Albert cago, Ill. Composed of corn, hulled oats, millet and grit. Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 2.5 per cent fat and 10 per cent pro- tein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. Globe Developing Feed. Albert Dickinson Co., Chicago, Ill. Composed of corn, wheat, kaffir corn, hulled oats, buckwheat, millet and grit. Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 2.5 per cent fat and 10 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. Dickinson Co., Chi- corn, wheat, kaffir Globe Scratch Feed. Albert Dickinson Co., Chi-| cago, Ill. Composed of corn, wheat, barley, oats, kaffir corn, buckwheat, sunflower, linseed | oil cake, grit. Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 2.5 per cent fat and 10 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. One official sample. In accord with guaranty in all respects. Con- tained many seeds of various weeds including wild buckwheat, mustard, pigweed, etc. One official sample. Slightly be- low guaranty in protein; in ac- cord with guaranty in fiber and fat. Contained some seeds of various weeds, including wild buckwheat, corn cockle, ete. No. dealers’ received. or official samples Three official samples, all unlaw- ful in that they did not carry the same guaranty on the pack- age as filed in the certificate. Two carrying lower guaranties than those in the certificate were in accord with their guar- anty but below the certificate guaranty in protein. One carry- ing a higher guaranty than those in the certificate was in accord both with its guaranty and the certificate guaranty in protein. No weed seeds found except a few hulls: in one sample. No dealers’ or official samples received. One official sample. In _ accord with guaranty in all respects. Contained a few seeds of char- lock, lady’s thumb, dock, ete. One official sample. In accord with guaranty in all respects. Contained a few seeds of wild buckwheat, ragweed and pig- weed. One official sample. In accord with guaranty in all respects. Contained a few seeds cf wild buckwheat, corn cockle and cow herb. 108 MatneE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. FEEDING SturFs—Continued. | Brand, Maker and Guaranties. Results of Examination. Globe Egg Mash. Albert Dickinson Co., Chi-|No dealers’ or official samples cago, Ill. Composed of wheat bran, wheat} received. middlings, alfalfa meal, corn bran, corn feed meal, linseed oil cake, meat scraps, salt % of} 1 per cent. Contains not more than 10 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 3 per cent fat and 15 per cent protein. Registered in 1916| and 1917. Queen Poultry Mash. Albert Dickinson Co.,|Two official samples. In accord Chicago, Ill. Composed of alfalfa meal, corn| with guaranty in all respects. feed meal, wheat middlings, ground corn bran,| No weed seeds found. wheat bran, meat scraps, linseed oil cake, salt % of 1 per cent. Contains not more than 10 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 2.5 per| cent fat and 11 per cent protein. Registered) in 1916 and 1917. King Pigeon Feed. Albert Dickinson Co., Chi-|No dealers’ or official samples cago, Ill. Composed of corn, wheat, buckwheat, | received. j kaffr corn, peas, millet, hemp and grit. Con-| tains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 2.5 per cent fat and 10 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. | Elmore Chick Feed. Elmore Milling Co., One-|No dealers’ or official samples onta, New York. Composed of millet seed,| received. cracked kaffir corn, cracked corn, cracked wheat| and oat meal. Contains not more than 3.5 per) cent crude fiber, and not less than 3.5 per cent fat and 10 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. Elmore Intermediate Chick Feed. Elmore Mill-.No dealers’ or official samples ing Co., Oneonta, N. Y. Composed of cracked| received. ‘corn, wheat, millet seed, buckwheat and kaffr! corn. Contains not more than 3 per cent crude! fiber, and not less than 3 per cent fat and 10) per cent protein. Regier in 1916 and 1917. | Elmore Scratch Feed. Elmore Milling Co., One-|No dealers’ or official samples onta, N. Y. Composed of wheat, cracked corn,| received. barley, buckwheat, oats, kaffir corn and sun-} flower seed. Contains not more than 5 per cent| crude fiber, and not less than 3.5 per cent fat| and 10 per cent protein. Registered in 1916) and 1917. t O-NE-ON-TA Scratch Feed. Elmore Milling|No dealers’ or official samples Co., Oneonta, N. Y. Composed of wheat,| received. ’ cracked corn, barley, buckwheat, oats, kaffir corn and sunflower seed. Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 3.5 per cent fat and 10 per cent protein. Reg- istered in 1916 and 1917. Elmore Growing Mash. Elmore Milling Co.,!No dealers’ or official samples Oneonta, N. Y. Composed of rolled oats,| received. corn gluten feed, old process oil meal, wheat middlings, wheat bran, bone meal and salt. Contains not more than 6 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 4 per cent fat and 17 per cent protein. Not registered in 1916. Regis- tered in 1917. OrFiciAL INspections 84. 109 FEEDING SturFFs—Continued. Brand, Maker and Guaranties. Results of Examination, Elmore Egg Mash. Elmore Milling Co., One-;One official sample. In accord onta, N. Y. Composed of corn meal, rolled oats, ground barley, wheat flour middlings,| hominy feed, wheat bran, meat and bone meal,) corn gluten feed, alfalfa meal, old process oil) meal and salt. Contains not more than 8 per, cent crude fiber, and not less than 4 per cent) fat and 18 per cent protein. Registered in| 1916 and 1917. | with guaranty in all respects. Contained a few seeds of mus- tard. ' Farmers Union Scratch Feed. (Registered in One official sample. In accord 1916 as Farmers Union Scratch Grain). Far- mers Union Grain & Supply Co., Waterville, Me. Composed of wheat, cracked corn, bar-| ley, oats, buckwheat, kafhr corn, and sunflower} seed. Contains not more than 5 per cent crude! fiber, and not less than 3.5 per cent fat and) 10 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and) 1917. with guaranty in protein and fiber; slightly below in fat. Con- tained some seeds o! various weeds, including wild buck- wheat, mustard, etc. Grandin’s Scratch Feed. D. H. Grandin Milling) No dealers’ or official samples Co., Jamestown, N. Y. Composed of wheat, cracked corn, kaffir corn, milo maize, barley, buckwheat and sunflower seed. Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 2.5 per cent fat and 10 per cent protein.| Registered in 1916 and 1917. G-M Dry Mash. Gray Milling Co., East Gray,|No dealers Me. Composed of wheat bran, middlings, corn meal, gluten ground oats, alfalfa meal,. ground meat scraps. Contains not more than 9 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 5 per cent fat and 20 per cent protein. Not registered in! 1916. Registered in 1917. received. ? or official samples received. ' Greene’s “First Feed”. Greene Chick Feed Co.,;No dealers’ or official samples Marblehead, Mass. Composed of white corn steam cooked, yellow corn germ meal, shredded) codfish steam cooked, ground hulled oats steam) cooked, dried buttermilk steam cooked, entire wheat, cod livers steam cooked, ground flax- seed, gluten meal, dried blood, shell lime and fine ground meat scraps. Contains not more - than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than} 3 per cent fat and 17 per cent protein. Reg- istered in 1916 and 1917. Cackle Fine Chick Feed (No Grit). Hales & Edwards Co., Chicago, Ill. Composed of} cracked wheat, cracked corn, cracked kaffir corn and millet seed. Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 2.5 per cent fat and 10 per cent protein. Regis-| ‘tered in 1916 and 1917. received. No dealers’ or official samples received. Red Comb Fine Chick Feed (No Grit). Hales &'No dealers’ or official samples Edwards Co., Chicago,. Ill. Composed _ of cracked wheat, cracked corn, cracked kaffir corn, millet seed and steel cut oats. Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 2.5 per cent fat and 10 per cent pro- tein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. received. Red Comb Coarse Chick Feed (No Grit). Hales! No dealers’ or official samples & Edwards Co., Chicago, Ill. Composed of wheat, cracked corn, kaffir corn, millet seed and hulled oats. Contains not more than 5 Demccnt picew fiber, and not less than 2.5 per cent fat an per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917, , seaNishie received. SUR LLY ERS Uh ML MLE Oy Eee EE 110 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. FEEDING Sturrs—Continued. Brand, Maker and Guaranties. | Results of Examination. Cackle Poultry Feed (No Grit). Hales & Ed-| wards Co., Chicago, Ill. Composed of wheat, cracked corn, kaffr corn, barley, oats, and sunflower seed. Contains not more than 5 per| cent crude fiber, and not less than 2.5 per cent! fat and 10 per cent protein. Registered in| 1916 and 1917. | Morning Glory Scratch Feed (No Grit). Hales| & Edwards Co., Chicago, Ill. Composed of} wheat, cracked corn, kaffir corn, barley, oats, wild buckwheat and sunflower seed. Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 2.5 per cent fat and 10 per cent pro- tein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. Red Comb Poultry Feed (No Grit). Hales & Edwards Co., Chicago, Ill. Composed of wheat, cracked corn, kaffir corn, barley, oats, sun- flower seed and buckwheat. Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 2.5 per cent fat and 10 per cent protein. Reg- istered in 1916 and 1917. Red Comb Chick Mash (With Dried Buttermilk).| Hales & Edwards Co., Chicago, Ill. Com- posed of dried milk, wheat flour, barley meal, dried buttermilk, salt, linseed oil meal, blood flour, pea meal, bean meal, rice polish, locust bean meal, recleaned cottonseed meal, cocoa- nut meal, cocoa shell meal, fenugreek meal, anise seed meal, bone meal, ground oats, corn feed meal, wheat middlings, meat scrap and) ground flaxseed. Contains not more than 8| per cent crude fiber, and not less than 5 per cent fat and 18 percent protein. Registered! in 1916 and 1917. | Red Comb Meat Mash (With Shell). Hales & Edwards Co., Chicago, Ill. Composed of lin- seed oil meal, corn feed meal, meat scrap, wheat bran, wheat middlings, ground oats, alfalfa meal and not over 5 per cent shell. Contains not more than 10 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 4 per cent fat and 15 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. | | Pound Squab Pigeon Feed (No Grit). Hales & Edwards Co., Chicago, Ill. Composed of wheat. corn, kaffir corn, hemp, peas, buckwheat and millet. Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 2.5 per cent fat and 10 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. | Dry Mash. J. B. Ham Co., Lewiston, Me. Com-| posed of corn meal, ground oats, wheat bran, wheat middlings, linseed meal, meat scraps, | charcoal and alfalfa. Contains not more than| 12 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 3.5] per cent fat and 15 per cent protein. Regis-| tered in 1916 and 1917. | H_H Dry Mash. E. P. Ham, Lewiston, Me. Composed of bran, gluten, meat meal, alfalfa, charcoal, salt, middlings, corn meal, and ground) oats. Contains not more than 11 per cent| crude fiber, and not less than 4 per cent fat| and 15 per cent protein. Not registered in| 1916. Registered in 1917. | No dealers’ or official samples received. No dealers’ or official samples received. No dealers’ or official samples received. No dealers’ or official samples received. No dealers’ or official samples received. No dealers’ or official samples received. One official sample. In accord with guaranty in protein and fat; slightly high in fiber. No weed seeds found. ; One official sample. In accord with guaranty in all respects. Contained a few seeds of mus- tard and a few hulls of wild buckwheat. OrriciAL Inspections 84. 111 FEEDING SturFFs—Continued. Brand, Maker and Guaranties. Results of Examination, H-8 Special Scratch Feed. E. T. Hathaway, Yarmouthville, Me. Composed of corn, cracked corn, oats, wheat, buckwheat, barley, kaffir corn, sunflower seed, and a little charcoal. Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 2 per cent fat and 10 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. Orono Brand Dry Mash. E. T. Hathaway, Yar- mouthville, Me. Composed of corn meal, bran, middlings, gluten, ground oats, linseed meal, meat scrap, fish meal, alfalfa and a little char- coal. Contains not more than 8 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 5 per cent fat and 18 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. The H-O Company’s Chick Feed. The H-O Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Composed of cracked corn, cut oat meal, cracked wheat, cracked kaffir corn, cracked peas, millet, wild weed seed. Con- tains not more than 9 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 3 per cent fat and 12 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. The H-O Company’s Algrane Scratching Feed. The H-O Co., Buffalo, Composed of wheat, oats, kaffir corn, buckwheat, wheat screenings, cracked corn, milo maize, sun- flower seed, hulled oats, cracked peas, barley. Composed of 9 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 3.5 per cent fat and 11 per cent pro- tein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. The H-O Company’s Steam Cooked Chick Feed. The H-O Co., Buffalo, Composed of cracked corn, cut oat meal, cracked wheat, cracked kaffir corn, cracked peas, millet, wild weed seeds. Contains not more than 9 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 3 per cent fat and 12 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. The H-O Company’s Dry Poultry Mash. The H-O Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Composed of oat mid- dlings, corn gluten feed, wheat middlings, rolled oats, alfalfa meal, ground corn, hominy feed, cracked wheat, wheat bran, ground grain screenings. Contains not more than 11 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 3.5 per cent fat and 18 per cent protein. (1916 certificate gives 9 per cent as maximum crude fiber guar- anty). Registered in 1916 and 1917. The H-O Company’s Poultry Feed. The H-O Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Composed of ground corn, corn gluten feed, wheat middlings, oat mid- dlings, wheat bran, hominy feed, rolled oats, ground peas, ground grain screenings, and molasses. Contains not more than 9 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 4.5 per cent fat and 17 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. Dirigo Little Chick Feed. Oscar Holway Co., Auburn, Me. Composed of wheat, kaffr corn, millet, corn, oat groats, pigeon grass and char- coal. Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 2.5 per cent fat and eS cent protein. Registered in 1916 and No dealers’ or official samples received. No dealers’ or official samples received, No dealers’ or official samples received. One official sample. In accord with guaranty in all respects. Contained many seeds of vari- ous weeds including corn cockle, mustard, ete. No dealers’ or official samples received. One official sample. In accord with guaranty in protein and fat; nearly 2 per cent high in fiber. No weed seeds found. No dealers’ or official samples received. One official sample. In accord with guaranty in all respects. Contained very many seeds of various weeds, including wild buckwheat, mustard, etc. 112 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. FEeEpING Sturrs—Continued. Brand, Maker and Guaranties. Results of Examination. Dirigo Scratch Grains. Oscar Holway Co.,,No dealers’ or official samples Auburn, Me. Composed of wheat, kaffir corn,| received. barley, cracked Indian corn, buckwheat, and sunflower seed. Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 2.5 per cent fat and 10 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. Dirigo Egg Mash. Oscar Holway Co., Auburn, e. Composed of alfalfa meal, bran, mid- dlings, wheat meal, corn feed meal, ground corn, bran, linseed meal, meat scraps, salt % of 1 per cent. Contains not more than 10 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 3 per cent fat and 16 per cent protein. Registered in 1916. Not registered in 1917. Hopkins Scratch Grains. A. R.' Hopkins Co., Bangor, Me. Composed of cracked corn, wheat, kaffir corn, oats, barley, buckwheat, sunflower seed and grit. Contains not more than 4 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 3 per cent fat and 9%4 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. Hopkins Dry Mash. A. R. Hopkins Co., Ban- gor, Me. Composed of corn meal, beef scraps, wheat bran, linseed meal, white middlings and gluten. Contains not more than 8 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 6% per cent fat and 22 per cent protein. Not registered in 1916. Registered in 1917. K. & W. Chick Feed. Kendall & Whitney, Port- land, Me. Composed of corn, wheat, kaffir corn, hulled oats and millet. Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 2.5 per cent fat and 10 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. K. & W. Scratch Feed. Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Me. Composed of corn, wheat, bar- ley, oats, kaffir corn, buckwheat, sunflower and linseed oil cake. Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 2.5 fat and 10 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. K. & W. Mash Feed. Kendall & Whitney, Portland, Me. Composed of wheat bran, wheat middlings, alfalfa meal, corn bran, corn feed meal, linseed oil cake, meat scraps, and salt % of 1 per cent. On 1916 certificate: Contains not more than 10 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 2.5 per cent fat and 11 per cent protein. On 1917 certificate: Contains not more than 10 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 3 per cent fat and 15 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. Pontiac Poultry Feed. Lapelle Poultry Food Co. No certificate filed. Claims on package: Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 1.5 per cent fat and 10 per cent protein. Unregistered. One official sample. In accord with guaranty in fiber and fat; practically in accord in protein. No weed seeds found. No dealers’ or official samples received. No dealers’ or official samples received. One official sample. In accord with guaranty in all respects. Contained some seeds of wild buckwheat, ragweed, corn cockle and yellow foxtail. No dealers’ or official samples received. No dealers’ or official samples received. One official sample. In accord with guaranty in all respects. Contained some seeds of vari- ous weeds including cow herb, corn cockle, etc. OrrFiciAL InsPections 84. 113 FEEDING StuFrrs—Continued. Se ———————e—eeseOOO80—>q0ReEeo0.0080800oo>wsSsa>——— Brand, Maker and Guaranties. | Results of Examination. a Monmouth Dry Mash. E. M. Marks, Monmouth, One official sample. One-half per Me. Composed of pure wheat bran, wheat mid-| cent below guaranty in protein; dlings, ground oats, corn meal, ground alfalfa,) nearly 3 per cent high in fiber; beef scraps, gluten feed, cottonseed meal, fish | in accord with guaranty in fat. meal, oat feed and ground feed. Contains not, No weed seeds found. more than 10 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 5 per cent fat and 18 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. Elm City Scratch Feed. Merrill & Mayo Co.,|Two official samples. Both in ac- Waterville, Maine. Composed of corn, wheat,| cord with guaranty in protein; rye, barley, oats, kaffr corn, buckwheat, sun-| the one examined, in accord in flower and oil cake. Contains not more than| fiber and fat. The one exam- 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 2.5| ined for weed seeds contained per cent fat and 10 per cent protein. Regis-| some seeds of wild buckwheat tered in 1916 and 1917. and corn cockle. Domino Chick Feed. (Registered in 1916 as|No dealers’ or official samples Domino Justice Chick Feed). Nowak Milling} received. Corporation, Buffalo, N. Y. Composed of cracked corn, cracked wheat, milo maize, hulled oats, split green peas and millet. Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 2 per cent fat and 11 per cent pro- tein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. Domino Developing Feed (Registered in 1916 as|No dealers’ or official samples Domino Justice Developing Feed). Nowak] received. Milling Corporation, Buffalo, N. Y. Composed of cracked peas, buckwheat, milo maize, wheat and cracked corn. Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 3 per cent fat and 10 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. Domino Growing Mash. (Registered in 1916 as|No dealers’ or official samples Domino Justice Growing Mash). Nowak Mill-| received. ing Corporation, Buffalo, N. Y. Composed of oat meal, corn gluten feed, linseed oil meal,| corn feed meal, wheat bran and wheat mid-| dlings. Contains not more than 7 per cent| crude fiber, and not less than 5 per cent fat! and 15 per cent protein. Registered in 1916) and 1917. Domino Scratch Feed. (Registered in 1916 as|No dealers’ or official samples Domino Justice Scratch Feed). Nowak Mill-) received. ing Corporation, Buffalo, N. Y. Composed of eracked corn, whole wheat, milo maize, whole barley, buckwheat, split green peas, and sun- flower seeds. Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 3 per cent .fat and 10 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. Marathon Scratch Feed. Nowak Milling Cor-|No dealers’ or official samples poration, Buffalo, N. Y. Composed of wheat,| received. milo maize, cracked corn, barley and_ buck- wheat. Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 3 per cent fat and 10 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. Baby Buster Chick Feed. Park & Pollard Co.,)/No dealers’ or official samples Boston, Mass. Composed of cracked: corn,| received. wheat, kaffir corn, milo, whole millet seed Oat groats, and shredded fisl. Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 2 per cent fat and 11 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. 114 MaInE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIME nt Station. 1917. FEEDING STuFFsS—Continued. Brand, Maker and Guaranties. Results of Examination. Red Ribbon Chick Feed. Park & Pollard. Co.,} Boston, Mass. Composed of cracked: corn, wheat, kaffir corn, milo and whole millet seed.) Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber,| and not less than 2 per cent fat and 10 per} cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. | Intermediate Chick Feed. Park & Pollard Co.,| Boston, Mass. Composed of cracked corn,| wheat, buckwheat, oat groats, millet seed, kaffr corn, and milo. Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 1% One official One official sample. In accord with guaranty in all respects. Contained some seeds of yellow foxtail, wild buckwheat, mus- tard, and pigweed. One official sample. Slightly be- low guaranty in protein; in ac- cord with guaranty in fiber and fat. Contained a few seeds of corn cockle, ragweed, yellow foxtail, green foxtail, and lady’s thumb. sample. In accord per cent fat and 10 per cent protein. Regis-| tered in 1916 and 1917. Growing Feed. Park & Pollard Co., Boston, Mass. Composed of ground: Corn, wheat, oats, barley, kaffir corn, buckwheat, alfalfa} meal, beet pulp and wheat bran with mill run| of screenings, wheat middlings, calcium car-| bonate and salt. .Contains not more than 8| per cent crude fiber, and not less than 1% per) cent fat and 10 per cent protein. Registered) in 1916 and 1917. Pontiac Scratch Feed. Park & Pollard Co., Bos-| ton, Mass. Composed of cracked corn, wheat, barley, buckwheat, oats, kaffr corn and milo. Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber,| and not less than 1% per cent fat and 10 per| cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. Red Ribbon Scratch Feed. Park & Pollard Co.,!One official Boston, Mass. Composed of cracked corn, wheat. buckwheat, barley, oats, kaffir corn, milo, and sunflower seed. Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 1% per cent fat and 10 per cent protein. Reg- istered in 1916 and 1917. Screened Scratch Feed. Park & Pollard Co., Boston, Mass. Composed of cracked corn, wheat, buckwheat, barley, oats, kaffir corn, milo, and sunflower seed. Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 1% per cent fat and 10 per cent protein. Reg- istered in 1916 and 1917. Lay or Bust (Dry Mash). Park & Pollard Co., Boston, Mass. Composed of ground: corn, wheat, oats, barley, kaffir corn, buckwheat, alfalfa, fish, meat, bone, beet pulp and wheat bran with mill run of screenings, wheat mid- dlings, calcium carbonate and salt. Contains not more than 12 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 1% per cent fat and 18 per cent pro- tein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. Protena Chick Feed. Purina Mills, Branch, Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Mo., and Buf- falo, N. Y. Composed of corn, millet, kaffir, and milo maize. Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 2.5 per cent fat and 9 per cent protein. Not regis- tered in 1916. Registered in 1917. with guaranty in all respects. No weed seeds found. One official sample. In accord with guaranty in all respects. Contained many seeds of corn cockle and wild buckwheat and a few of mustard, yellow fox- tail, and ball mustard. sample. In accord with guaranty in all respects. Contained some seeds of wild buckwheat and corn cockle and a few of ragweed, cow herb, yellow foxtail and mustard. One official sample. In accord with guaranty in all respects. Contained some seeds of wild buckwheat, corn cockle and rag- weed. Two official samples. Both in ac- cord with guaranty in protein; the one examined, in accord in fiber and fat. One contained a few seeds of giant ragweed; in the other, no weed seeds were found. No dealers’ official samples received. or OrFiciAL Inspections 84. 115 FEEDING Sturrs—Continued. Brand, Maker and Guaranties. Results of Examination. Purina Chick Feed. Purina Mills Branch, Rals- ton Purina Co., St. Louis, Mo., and Buffalo,| N. Y. Composed of wheat, corn, millet, kaffir, milo maize. Contains not more than 4 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 2.5 per cent fat and 10 per cent protein. (1916 cer- tificate gives 11 per cent as minimum protein guaranty). Registered in 1916 and 1917. Purina Chicken Chowder Feed with Charcoal, not over 1%. Purina Mills, Branch, Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Mo., and Buffalo, N. Y.| Composed of wheat middlings, wheat bran, corn meal, alfalfa flour, linseed meal, gran- ulated meat, not over 1 per cent salt. Con, tains not more than 9 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 4 per cent fat and 19 per cent} protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. | Protena Scratch Feed. Purina Mills, Branch, Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Mo., and Buf- falo, N. Y¥Y. Composed of wheat, corn, barley, kaffir, milo maize, and sunflower. Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 2.5 per cent fat and 9 per cent protein. Not registered in 1916. Registered in 1917. | Purina Scratch Feed. Purina Mills Branch, Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Mo., and Buf- falo, N. Y. Composed of wheat, corn, barley, kafhr, milo maize, buckwheat, sunflower. Con- tains not more than 4 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 2.5 per cent fat and 10 per cent prorein Not registered in 1916. Registered in 17. Purina Pigeon Feed. Purina Mills, Branch, Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Mo., and Buf- falo, N. Y. Composed of wheat, millet, kaffir, milo maize and Canada peas. Contains not more than 4 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 2.5 per cent fat and 11 per cent protein.) Registered in 1916 and 1917. Iowa Chick Feed. Purity Oats Co., Davenport,| Towa. Composed of cracked corn, cracked} wheat, cracked kaffir corn or milo maize, steel) cut oats, recleaned wheat screenings, and mil-) let. Contains not more than 5 per cent crude) fiber. and not less than 35 per cent fat and 10 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. | | | Tom Boy Chick Feed (With & Without Grit). Purity Oats Co., Davenport, Iowa. Composed of cracked corn, cracked wheat, cracked kaffir corn or milo maize, steel cut oats, recleaned wheat screenings and millet and (with or with-| out grit). Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 2.75 per cent fat and 10 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. | Iowa Scratch Feed. Purity Oats Co., Daven- port, Iowa. Composed of cracked corn, buck- wheat, hulled oats, kaffir corn or milo maize, | barley, wheat and sunflower seed. (1916 cer- tificate gives in addition, recleaned wheat screenings). Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 3.25 per cent fat and 10 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. No dealers’ or official samples received. One official sample. In _ accord with guaranty in protein and fat; over one per cent high in fiber. Contained a few seeds of chess. One official sample. In accord with guaranty in all respects. Guaranty on bag did not agree with guaranty as_ registered. Contained some seeds of wild buckwheat and a few of corn cockle, mustard, yellow foxtail, and charlock. One official sample. In accord with guaranty in all respects. Contained some seeds of wild buckwheat, corn cockle, mustard, and other weeds. No dealers’ or official samples received. No dealers’ or official samples received. One official sample. In _ accord with guaranty in protein; not examined for fiber and fat. Con- tained about 10 per cent weed seeds, including wild buckwheat, mustard, pigweed, etc. No dealers’ or official samples received. ee 116 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. FEEDING StuFFsS—Continued. Brand, Maker and Guaranties. Results of Examination. Tom Boy Scratch Feed. Purity Oats Co., Daven-;One official sample. In accord port, Iowa. Composed of cracked corn, buck-' wheat, wheat, hulled oats, kaffir corn or milo| maize, barley, and sunflower seed. Contains} not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not| less than 3 per cent fat and 10 per cent pro-| i in all respects. Contained a few seeds of wild buckwheat, mustard and sever- al other weeds. with guaranty tein. (1916 certificate gives 2.7/5 per cent as minimum fat guaranty). Registered in 1916 and 1917. Tom Boy Poultry Mash. Purity Oats Co.,| One official sample. In accord Davenport, Iowa. Composed of ground: meat,) with guaranty in all respects. wheat, oat meal, wheat middlings, milo maize,| buckwheat, cornmeal, barley, oat middlings, millet, gluten feed, kaffr corn, alfalfa meal, hominy feed, wheat bran, oat germ meal, rock phosphate, salt, calcium carbonate and char-) coal. Contains not more than 10 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 4 per cent fat and 15 per cent protein. Not registered in| 1916. Registered in 1917. | Quaker Chick Feed. Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, Ill. Composed of cracked wheat, cracked kaffir and milo maize, cracked Indian corn, whole millet seed, oatmeal, charcoal, marble grit,| wild buckwheat (with not to exceed % of 1 per cent miscellaneous wild seeds occurring in above seeds and grains). Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 2.5 per cent fat and 10 per cent protein. Reg- istered in 1916 and 1917. Schumacher Little Chick Feed. Quaker Oats Co.,| Chicago, Ill. Composed of cracked wheat, cracked kaffir and milo, cracked Indian corn, whole millet seed, oatmeal, charcoal, marble, grit, wild buckwheat (with not to exceed WA of 1 per cent miscellaneous wild seeds occurr- ing in above seeds and grains). Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 2.5 per cent fat and 10 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. Blue Ribbon Scratch Grains. Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, Ill. _Composed of whole wheat, whole kaffr and milo, whole barley, cracked Indian corn, whole buckwheat, % of 1 per cent sun- flower seeds. Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 2.5 per cent fat and 10 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. Pansy Scratch Grains. Quaker Oats Company Chicago, Ill. (No certificate filed). Claims on package:—Fiber not over 5 per cent; fat not less than 2.50 per cent; protein not less than 10 per cent. Quaker Scratch Grains. Quaker Oats Co., Chi- cago, Ill. Composed of whole wheat, whole kaffr and milo, whole barley, cracked Indian corn, whole buckwheat, % of 1 per cent sun- flower seed. Contains not more than 5 pe cent crude fiber, and not less than 2.5 per cent fat and 10 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. One No No One Iwo official samples. Contained about 5 per cent weed seeds, including mustard, pig- weed, etc. official sample. In accord with guaranty in all respects. Contained about 7 per cent weed seeds of various kinds, mostly wild buckwheat. dealers’ or official samples received. dealers’ or official samples received. official sample. In accord with guaranty in all respects. Not examined for weed seeds. Both in ac- cord with guaranty in protein; the one examined, in accord in fiber and fat. Both contained - many seeds of various weeds, including wild buckwheat, mus- tard, pigweed, etc. OrrFiciAL Inspections 8&4. 117 FEEDING Sturrs—Continued. Brand, Maker and Guaranties. Results of Examination. Schumacher Scratch Grains. Quaker Oats Co., One official sample. In accord Chicago, Ill. Composed of whole wheat, whole) with guaranty in all respects. kaffr and milo, whole barley, cracked Indian) Not examined for weed seeds. corn, whole buckwheat, % of 1 per cent sun-) flower seeds. Contains not more than 5 per ' cent crude fiber, and not less than 2.5 per cent) fat and 10 per cent protein. Registered in) 1916 and 1917. American Poultry Feed. Quaker Oats Co., Chi-| No dealers’ or official samples cago, Ill. Composed of hominy feed, cornfeed, received. meal, by-product from the manufacture of| hominy and cornmeal by degerminator pro-| cess with partial extraction of oil, cottonseed| meal, ground barley, wheat mixed feed and) rye shorts. Contains not more than 9 per cent) crude fiber, and not less than 3.5 per cent fat) and 12 per cent protein. Registered in 1916} and 1917. Quaker Poultry Mash. Quaker Oats Co., Chi-}One official sample. In accord cago, Ill. Composed of meat scraps, oatmeal,| with guaranty in all respects. wheat bran (with ground screenings not ex-| Not examined for weed seeds. ceeding mill run), alfalfa meal, yellow hominy feed, cornteed meal, by-product from manu-} facture of hominy and corn meal by degermi- nator process with partial extraction of oil,| corn gluten feed, ground grain screenings. Contains not more than 10 per cent crude fiber,) and not less than 4 per cent fat and 17.5 per) cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. Scribner’s Laying Mash. D. & C. E. Scribner}One official sample. In accord Co., Brunswick, Me. Composed of ground oats, with guaranty in all respects. corn meal, hominy, bran, middlings, cottonseed) Not examined for weed seeds. meal, fish scrap and meat meal, alfalfa, bone) Guaranty on bag did not agree meal. Contains not more than 12 per cent) with registered guaranty. crude fiber, and not less than 3 per cent fat and 14 per cent protein. Registered in 1916.) Not registered in 1917. | | Onondaga Scratch Grains. Syracuse Milling Co.,|No dealers’ or official samples Syracuse, N. Y. Composed of whole or cracked} received. grains as follows: Corn, kaffir corn, milo maize, wheat, barley, buckwheat, oats and sunflower seed. Contains not more than 9 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 3 per cent fat and 10 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. Syragold Scratch Grains. Syracuse Milling Co.,,No dealers’ or official samples Syracuse, N. Y. Composed of whole or cracked | received. grains as follows: Corn, kaffir corn, milo maize,}| wheat, barley, buckwheat, oats and sunflower! seed. Contains not more than 9 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 3 per cent fat and 10| per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and we Syragold Dry. Mash. Syracuse Milling Co.,,No dealers’ or official samples Syracuse, N. Y. Composed of wheat bran and received. wheat middlings with screenings, corn meal, corn gluten feed, linseed meal and Heneta.| Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 3 per cent fat and 12 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. Tioga Chick Feed. Tioga Mill & Elevator Co., No dealers’ or official samples Waverly, N. Y. Composed of cracked corn,, received. cracked kaffir corn, cracked wheat, steel cut oat meal, millet seed. Contains not more than 4.75 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 3 per cent fat and 9 per cent protein. 118 MaInEeE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ion FEEDING StuFFS—Continued. Brand, Maker and Guaranties. Results of Examination. Tioga Mill & Elevator Tioga Poultry Grain. Composed of wheat, Co., Waverly, AONE cracked corn, barley, kaffir corn, buckwheat, oats, sunflower seed. Contains not more than 4.79 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 2.08 per cent fat and 9 per cent protein. Not registered in 1916. Registered in 1917. Tioga Laying Food. Tioga Mill & Elevator Co., Waverly, N. Y. Composed of wheat middlings, wheat bran, corn gluten meal, hominy feed, kaffr corn meal, corn feed meal, oats, barley, buckwheat, meat and bone scrap, phospho-! silicate of lime and soda. Contains not more than 6 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 2.5 per cent fat and 16 per cent protein. Not registered in 1916. Registered in 1917. Wentworth Bros.’ Dry Feed for Young Chicks. Wentworth Bros., Cornish, Me. Composed of corn meal, wheat middlings, oat meal, char- coal, linseed meal and salt. Contains not more than 8 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 4 per cent fat and 16 per cent protein. Reg- istered in 1916 and 1917. Dry Feed for Growing Chicks. Wentworth Bros., Cornish, Me. Composed of corn meal, wheat middlings, meat scraps, | wheat bran, ground oats, charcoal and salt.) Contains not more than 8 per cent crude fiber,| and not less than 4 per cent fat and 18 per) cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. | Wentworth Bros.’ Wentworth Bros.’ Dry Feed for Laying Hens. Wentworth Bros., Cornish, Me. Composed of corn meal, feed flour, wheat bran, gluten meal,}| alfalfa meal, meat scraps, oil meal, charcoal) and salt. Contains not more than 9 per cent| crude fiber, and not less than 4 per cent fat and 20 per cent protein. Registered in 1916) and 1917. No dealers’ or official samples received. No dealers’ or official: samples received. One official sample. In accord with guaranty in all respects. Not examined for weed seeds. One official sample. In accord with guaranty in all respects. Contained a few seeds’ of pig- weed. One official sample. In accord with guaranty in all respects. Contained a few seeds of pig- weed. ALFALFA MEALS. Alfalfa Meal. Albert Dickinson Co., Chicago, Ill.- Alfalfa hay. Contains not more than 35 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 1 per cent fat and 12 per cent: protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. Alfalfa Meal. Empire State Alfalfa: Mills, Inc. No certificate filed. Claims on package: Con- tains not more than 35 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 1 per cent fat and 12 per cent protein. Purina Alfalfa Meal. Purina Mills, Branch, Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Mo., and Buf- falo, Y. Pure alfalfa hay. Contains not more than 35 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 1.5 per cent fat and 12 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. Park & Pollard Alfalfa. Park & Pollard Co., Boston, Mass. Ground alfalfa hay. Contains not more than 30 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 1% per cent fat and 12 per cent pro- tein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. One official sample. In accord with guaranty in all respects. No weed seeds found. \ One official sample. Practically in accord with guaranty in pro- tein; slightly high in fiber; in accord with guaranty in fat. No weed seeds found. No dealers’ k or official samples received. : Two official samples. Both in accord with guaranty in protein; the one examined, in accord in fiber and fat. No weed seeds found. OrrFictAL Inspections 84. 119 FEEDING SturFs—Continued. Brand, Maker and Guaranties. Results of Examination. DRIED MEAT AND FISH WASTES. Protox ‘Pure Ground Meat Scraps. (Registered No dealers’ or official samples in 1916 as Ground Meat Scraps). American| received. Agricultural Chemical Co., New York. Con- tains not less than 10 per cent fat and 55 per cent protein. (1916 certificate gives 45 per cent as minimum protein guaranty). Registered in 1916 and 1917. Armour’s Blood Meal. Armour Fertilizer Works,|No dealers’ or official samples Chicago, Ill. Dried blood. Contains not more} received. than 2 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 80 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. Armour’s Meat Meal. Armour Fertilizer Works,}One official sample. In _ accord Chicago, Ill. Meat residue. Contains not more] with guaranty in protein and than 2 per cent crude fiber, and not less than fat; practically in accord in 6 per cent fat and 60 per cent protein. Reg-| fiber. istered in 1916 and 1917. Beach’s Star Brand Beef Scraps. Beach Soap|No dealers’ or official samples Co., Lawrence, Mass. Contains not less than|_ received. 10 per cent fat and 40 per cent protein. Reg- istered in 1916 and 1917. Bowker’s Ground Meat Scraps. Bowker Ferti-|One official sample. In accord lizer Co., Boston, Mass. Contains not less} with guaranty in all respects. than 10 per cent fat and 45 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. Breck’s Ground Beef Scraps. Jos. Breck & Sons, Boston, Mass. No certificate filed. Claims on package: Contains not less than 12 per cent fat and 43 per cent protein. Unregistered. B. & M. Poultry Feed or Fish Scrap. Burnham & Morrill Co., Portland, Me. Fresh codfish and haddock trimmings, cooked, dried and ground. Contains not less than 1.5 per cent fat and 55 per cent protein. (1916 certificate gives 60 as minimum protein guaranty). Reg- istered in 1916 and 1917. Dow’s Beef Scrap. John C. Dow Co., Boston, Mass. Meat scraps. Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 12 per cent fat and 43 per cent protein. Reg- istered in 1916 and 1917. Dow’s Favorite Poultry Meal. John C. Dow Co., Boston, Mass. On 1916 certificate: Composed of dried meat and bone. On 1917 certificate: Composed of dried meat, bone, fenugreek seed and cottonseed meal. Contains not more than than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 10 per cent fat and 30 per cent protein. Reg- istered in 1916 and 1917. J. D. Grant & Son’s Poultry Food. J. D. Grant & Son, meat. scraps. Bangor, Me. Composed of bone and Contains not less than 25.5 per cent fat and 35.56 per cent protein. Regis- tered in 1916 and 1917. Greene’s Meat Scraps. (Registered in 1916 as Greene’s Old Fashioned Meat Scraps). Greene Chick Feed Co., Marblehead, Mass. Meat, bone and gristle. On 1916 certificate: Con- tains not more than 3 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 5 per cent fat_and 30 per cent protein. On 1917 certificate: Contains not more than 5 per cent crude fiber, and not less) than 5 per cent fat and 35 per cent protein.) Registered in 1916 and 1917. | | | | | One official sample. Slightly be- low. guaranty in protein; in ac- cord with guaranty in fat. One official sample. In accord with guaranty in all respects. No dealers’ or official samples received. One official sample. In accord with guaranty in all respects. No dealers’ or official samples received. One official sample. In accord with guaranty in all respects. 120 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1917. FEEDING StuFFsS—Continued. Brand, Maker and Guaranties. | Results of Examination. Lord’s Egg Maker. Lord Bros. Co., Portland,|No dealers’ or official samples Me. Fish scraps. Contains not more than 2%} received. per cent crude fiber, and not less than 2% per cent fat and 45 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. Poultry Scraps. New England Dressed Meat &|No dealers’ or official samples Wool Co., Boston, Mass. Animal food products} received. and bone meal. Contains not less than 10 per cent fat and 50 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. Ground Meat Scraps. Carroll S. Page, Hyde Park, Vt. No certificate filed. Claims on package: Contains not less than 15 per cent fat and 50 per cent protein. Unregistered. Portland Bone Meal. Portland Rendering Co., Portland, Me. Contains not less than 5 per cent fat and 20 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. Portland Bone & Meat Meal. Portland Render- ing Co., Portland, Me. Contains not less than 8 per cent fat and 35 per cent protein. Reg- istered in 1916 and 1917. Portland Cracked Bone. Portland Rendering Co., Portland, Me. Contains not less than per cent fat and 20 per cent protein. (1916 cer- tificate gives 10 per cent as minimum protein guaranty). Registered in 1916 and 1917. Portland Poultry Feed Prepared from Cooked Meat and Bone Scraps. Portland Rendering Co., Portland, Me. Contains not less than 8 per cent fat and 40-per cent protein. Reg- istered in 1916 and 1917. Chic-Chuk Concentrated Poultry Food. Russia Cement Co., Gloucester, Mass.. Composed of pure fish meal made only from portions of wholesome food of fish, as cod, haddock and hake. Contains not more than 1 per cent crude fiber, and not less than 2 per cent fat and 50 per cent protein. Not registered in 1916. Reg- istered in 1917. Whitman & Pratt’s Animal Meal. Whitman & Pratt Rendering Co., Boston, Mass. Selected meat tankage and bone. Contains not less than 10 per cent fat and 33 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. Cracked Bone. -Whitman & Pratt Rendering Co., Lowell, Mass. No certificate filed. Claims on package: Contains not less than 5 per cent fat and 20 per cent protein. Unregistered. & Pratt’s Beef Scraps. Whitman & Pratt Rendering Co., Boston, Mass. Beef scrap, bone. Contains not less than 10 per cent fat and 45 per. cent Protein. Registered in 1916. and 1917. Whitman Whitman & Pratt’s Extra Quality Beef Scraps.|One official sample. Whitman & Pratt Rendering Co., Boston, Mass. Beef scraps. Contains not less than 10 per cent fat and 55 per cent protein. Registered in 1916 and 1917. | | One official sample. Slightly be- low protein guaranty; in accord with guaranty in fat. One official sample. Slightly be- low guaranty in protein; in ac- cord with guaranty in fat. One official sample. Over 1% per cent below guaranty in protein; in accord with guaranty in fat. No dealers’ or official samples received. Two official samples. One in ac- cord with guaranty and _ one slightly below in protein; both in accord with guaranty in fat. No dealers’ or official samples received. : One official sample. In accord with guaranty in all respects. One official sample. In accord with guaranty in all respects. One official sample. Over two per cent below guaranty in pro- tein; in accord in fat. Nearly two per cent below guaranty in pro- tein; in accord in fat. December, 1917 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ORONO, MAINE. CHAS. D. WOODS, Director ANALYSTS. James M. Bartlett Herman H. Hanson Royden L. Hammond Elmer R. Tobey Harold R. King Official Inspections 85 COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS, 1917 CHAS. D. WOODS. The Commissioner of Agriculture is the executive of the law regulating the sale of fertilizers in Maine. It is the duty of the Director of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station to make the analyses of the samples collected by the Commissioner, and to publish the results of the analyses together with the names of the persons from whom the samples were obtained, and such additional information as may seem advisable. Note. All correspondence relative to the inspection laws should be addressed to the Bureau of Inspections, Department of Agriculture, Augusta, Maine. 122 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. eS PERE IAR Re ANY: The law requires the registration of all commercial fer- tilizers carrying nitrogen (ammonia), phosphoric acid, potash and lime with the Commissioner of Agriculture previous to their being offered for sale. Each package shall carry a plainly printed statement showing the net weight, the name of the goods and _.the maker, and a chemical analysis showing the minimum per- centages of available nitrogen (ammonia), available and total phosphoric acid and potash and in the case of agricultural lime limestone, marl, etc., the minimum percentage of lime. The full text of the law will be sent on application to the Commis- sioner of Agriculture, Augusta, Maine. THE RESULTS OF THE ANALYSES Because of the demand made by the war upon chemists for war purposes it has been impracticable to keep the usual chemical staff at the Station and this resulted in a delay in com- pleting the analyses. Illness in the élerical force of the Com- missioner caused delay in returning the analysis reports with names of brands, makers and guaranties. And an entire change in office clerical help at the Station due to the former clerks being called to Washington by the Federal Food Administra- tion made a delay in the tabulation of the results. From these three causes there is an unavoidable delay of weeks in the issue of this number of Official Inspections. The tables giving the analyses of the samples collected by the Commissioner of Agriculture during the year 1917 follow. The samples were sent to the Station without description other than an identifying number. The data given in the left hand page tables and the guarantees were furnished after the analyses were. completed. The table on the left hand pages gives the Station number of the sample, the name, manufacturer and placé when col- lected: The table on the right hand pages gives the Station number of the samples and the detailed analyses. By means of the Sta- ‘tion numbers the two tables are readily compared. OrrFiciAL Inspections 85. 123 Under the head of “Nitrogen” in the tables are found 6 columns of figures under the following headings. 1. The nitrogen from nitrates. In this column is given the percentage of nitrogen present as nitrate. Nitrate nitrogen is wholly and quickly available. 2. Nitrogen from ammonia salts. In this column is given the nitrogen from ammonium salts, chiefly sulphate. Ammonia nitrogen is not as quickly available as nitrate nitrogen. 3. Organic nitrogen. In this column is given the per- centage of nitrogen found by subtracting the mineral nitrogen (the sum of the nitrate+ammonia nitrogen) from the total nitrogen found. Organic nitrogen is devised from organic ma- terials such as dried blood, bone, tankage, cottonseed meal or any organic material carrying nitrogen. 4. Total nitrogen found. 5. Active nitrogen. In this column is given the nitrogen obtained by subtracting the inactive nitrogen found by the alka- line permanganate method from the total nitrogen found. It therefore is the sum of the nitrogen from sodium nitrate, am- monium sulphate, soluble organic, and active insoluble organic nitrogen. It gives the available nitrogen as near as we are at present able to determine by laboratory methods. While it perhaps is not as accurate as the methods for determining avail- able phosphoric acid, enough vegetation experiments have been made to show that it can be quite safely relied on for most ni- trogenous materials, excepting perhaps cottonseed meal, which is very little used in fertilizers for this State. Just as available phosphoric acid is a better measure than the total phosphoric acid of the value of a fertilizer so the active nitrogen is a better measure than is the total nitrogen. Neither of them are perfect measures but they give close approximations to the value as plant food of the nitrogen (ammonia) and phosphoric acid carried by the goods. 6. Total nitrogen guaranteed. Phosphoric Acid. The table shows the percentages of available and total phosphoric acid found and guaranteed. Potash. The table shows the percentages of water soluble potash found and guaranteed. oF oi 124 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. Descriptive List of Fertilizer Samples, 1917. A 2 g Sample 2 Manufacturer, place of business and brand. taken at qi ss) ~ 3 ~ 7) AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL CO., NEW i , WONRATS (CHIN ISI, VE Ab ZAC ACT Cn Con Ammonia ted aA AAAS eS ee kee Caribow= =a 4711;A. A. ©, Co. General Crop Grower 1916_.-.-.-..--..--.+.-_----__ Haired 4385 Ammoniated Fertilizer A 4411 Ammoniated Fertilizer A 4599 Ammoniated Fertilizer A 4404 Ammoniated ASTI Z eT SAAC? | oe Ee we eee a ee Belfast= 2222222 pees 4594/ Ammoniated Fertilizer DAMA i a nee Bee lee LUE pede Sa a DN Den eee eee ce ee Portland ZRF veliamboaouayerrexel Inert OnVAerp PAVING! (ee ee ee Banror==- = ASS IPAM ON Tab Gee Her GTZ CTyseACA VA terre eer ee ee ee Bellast] es 4596) Ammoniated MertilizenvAAAu == as es ee ee Portland 4359 /Ammoniated@hertilizersAAWAAG sen ns ee Bangor ee ZUNE) waobenoranenyeol IN BNby AN aVN eee ee eS So Bano Zour Ammoniatedwhertilizeni Awe = sswan ean nen Portin CURA) PaNn ooh oaYon owen eyo b-1 ey eed DV ASTID \ Le eas i Belfast 2419 VArmmoniated pWertilizery ss Rive Nese ee en eee ee Bano = 4834; Aroostook Complete Manure 1916______--__-------------------_-_ Vassalboro-__---.._ 4355|Bradley’s Complete Manure for Potatoes and Vegetables ------ Bano = 4572 Bradley's Complete Maniire for Potatoes and Vegetables 1916_|Bangor____________ 4625 Bradley’s Complete Manure for Potatoes and Vegetables 1916_|Portland______----. A435 Dra dleyesnCOnneyeNOsph ster dO Geese ae eee Farmington____-_- 4412) Bradleyzs bclipsePhosphatel 1916-26 2. eee ee Banzor= = 4439 Bradleyes\ sb clipsesehosp hater! 916 mesese ee eee ee ee Farmington_-_-___-_ 4727 Bradleyes HelipsexLhosphaterd Ol Gases eee ee Sebago Lake____-. 4830|Bradley’s Extra Quality Potato Manure______---___-_-----_-_---- Beliast2 sews AB Yay Nencevallxvetsy (ExsvorreeNl ol Henry U UPA peo ee ee a Bangor’. ss AUDEN Bie OU Nas} Cx 1A VAT ea ee a Belfastz-2252.- oe 4607) BradleyiseGeneralemMertilizer enter Portia (BEM Benalen Ss Gaesin Isaniive Bangor____-_--- =e 4496 (Bradleyis) GraingeHertilizens =e 2 en ee | Beliast = AUS WO) Ba reel (Chery bay Tater mUipAe el Portland 45 (pibradley;sSbi she Grade ereilizeril G1 Gusset eee Banror. 4770| Bradley?s' High (Grade -Mertilizer 1916 eS ee Gardiner === s—— CPO ers E haa letouryco) Sperone Se ee Banzor! == Aby(eh deieolinass MEN iars). Leon KO). Parole se ee Bangor: ASH BradleviseMaine: sho tatoOres DeClal oscars amen ae mene eran nee eno Rockland ===. ASA Bra dleyiseMaine) Potato) as pecialaas sae ae aun eee ne eee Dixfield22=22====.= evliG) Donec youlenvasy IIKsy Okonnal | Telavoyspov ayn Banco 4497 BradloyiseNOTbhan die O ba bom Gro We tee eee eee ae Fort Fairfield___- 4448/Bradley’s Potato Fertilizer 1916__________________ Pee a ee ee eS Bangor 45/8 Bradlevssue Obabou Hentilizerc) 91 Ges seen a unenen eee eee ee Bane ores AWE EACLS VAS EO Gab Omelet i111 Ze Tees Oil ty meteseoerea aan oa ae an tou een Gardiner 469 (Bradle yess P.0 ib ab Owe Wes bili Ze ree maa ee nea lie ae ie DS Sacovs= eee ASHsibradleysAs seo tato. Mamie Ol Gueees ie ence sean wel eam hares een eenem Banror =e 443 BLACICYES EO. Cabo MATIC! #19) Gas cm enemas tee ne nore me een ee Farmington__-_--- 44 i BradleyzssROOtOLO Ds Manresa meet ae eee anne Bangor aa 4422|Bradley’s Root Crop Manure____---------- o nr ace Serer eee Ses Belfast____-_------- OrFiciAL Inspections 85. 125 Analysis of Fertilizer Samples, 1917. 3 NITROGEN. | PHOSPHORIC ACID. POTASH. 3 aaeenars PRET STENDEC ar ; B | Available. | Total. -) q 3 P (2 )a8|¢ 2 2 | 2 2 Semen ae | eee). 2 hed 1.8 is salocrcima trate r 2 & | 3 6 e 5 BR A sens mage g E es } & 3 yeh ase Neues eS Sais 5 5 | & n n o | =] eet ft ei | at Be fm | Gl |G | 4527, 9.48 1.42, 1.12 0.94 3.48 3.23] 3.29] 10.08 10.00 11.48 11.00 _--___\_-____ 4711| 7.08 0.70, 0.54 1.01 2.25) 2.03] 1.65] 8.57 9.00 10.80/ 11.00, 1.6 1.00 4385| 8,00 0.50/ 0.20; 0.45 1.15 1.05| 0.82) 9.21) 10.00, 10.27) 11.00|______|______ 4411| 9.48; 0.56 0.38, 0.54 1.481 1.30| 0.82] 9.85| 10.00} 10.54, 11.00-_.._-|__.___ 4599| 8.79, 0.26 0.24 0.70} 1.20| ;1.20| 0.82] 10.36, 10.00, 11.10) 11.00|_._-_/2_____ } | | | | | 4404) 9.81 0.76, 0.68, 1.82, 2.08, 2.02) 1.65| 10.18/ 10.00/ 10.81) 11.00|______|______ 4594| 8.24) 0.46 0.48 1.12| 2.06, 1.69] 1.65| 9.08] 10.00| 12.04) 11.00/_-__-_|______ : | | | 4380| 9.69| 1.06) 0.74| 0.90| 2.70| 2.41 2.47| 9.68| 10:00| 11.63| - 11.00|_-.-_|.____ 4431| 8.78| 0.94, 0.82) 0.86) 2.62; 2.44) 2.47| 9.81| 10.00] 10.88] 11.00|_-_--_|______ 4596| 8.77) 0.94 0.86 1.14 2.94 2.62) 2.47|°10.14| 10.00| 11.72) 11.00|2_-_-_|__-___ 4359| 8.55, 1.62, 0.98) 0.74) 3.34) 3.15, 3.29| 9.76| 10.00| 12.43) 11.00/27 |2__ | \s | | 4415| 8,72| 1.52| 1.40| 1.31] 4.93) 4.07! 4.11/ 8.19] 8.00/- 9.17/ 9.00|-_____|______ 4611| 8.24| 1.70| 1.30| 1.04) 4.04; 3.67| 4.11] 8.68] 8.00) 10.21; 9.00)__._-|._____ 4410| 9.79| 1.54 1.58! 1.18) 4.30, 4.09| 4.11| 10.48] 10.00} 11.79] 11.00/__-._.|_2____ 4419| 10.06] 1.52, 1.42| 1.92 4.16) 3.97| 4.11| 10.57/ 10.00/ 11.90) 11.00|______|______ 4834 8.53, 0.84 0.74 1.22 280 259 2.47/ 8.90/ 9.00/ 10.43 10.00) 1.12) 1.00 4355| 9.31| 1.38, 0.86] 1.10, 3.34 3.10) 3.29| 887| 9.00) 10.18] 10.00) 1.12| 1.00 4572| 9.51) 1.02, 1,08 1.24, 3.34) 3.11| 3.29' 861 9.00 9.82) 10.00) 1.10] 1.00 4625| 13.29] 1.34 0.94 1.04 3.32 2.96] 3.29| 9.00, 9.00, 9.89, 10.00, 1.06| ‘1.00 4438| 11.36] 0.74) 0.46 0.72, 1.92 1.69) 1.65 10.35, 10.00 11.45 11.00 1.14 1.00 4412| 14.18, 0.52, 0.88 0.48 1.38 1.25] 1.23| 9.91! 10.00, 10.78 11.00) 1.21 1.00 4439| 10.91 0.58, 0.34 00.70 1.70 1.62) 1.23 11.02 10.00. 12.17 11.00 1.19 1.00 4727| 14.56 0.48| 0.16, 0.73 1.37/ 1.16] 1.23 9.78|- 10.00 11.28, 11.00. 1.10 1.00 4830) 9.32) 1.49] 1.49} 1.32| 414) 3.91| 4.11) 9.97| 10.00) 11.96) 11.00)--_--|_-__ 4373) 8.35) 0.76| 0.42} 0.72). 1.90| 1.77] 1.65, 9.69] 10.00| 11.83] 11.00|-._-.-|__.___ 4493| 8.39! 0.86, 0.66 0.60, 2.12| 1.99 1.65' 9.69| 10.00 10.77| 11.00\-_-._-______ 4602) 9.06) 0.56, 0.56] 0.78| 1.90) 1.73| 1.65| 9.51| 10.00| 10.81} 11.00|-2__2_|__-___ 4384' 9131| 0.58) 0.18 0.48) 1.14; 1.04) 0.82 9.61) 10.00; 10.21) 11.00|-_-___|_--___ 4496) 8:70) 048) 0.24| 0.66] 1.38] 1.38) 0.82; 9.99] 10.00} 11.341 11.00|/2-.___|_---5 4600, 8.15| 0.42; 0.20 0.54 1.16, 0.92) 0.82 10.28 10.00 10.96 11.00__---...___- 4575, 10.99) 0.90 0.72 118 280 2.38) 2.47 873 9.00 10.26 10.00 1.09 1.00 4770, 11.03} 1.00 0.96 1.25 3.21, 2.98) 2.47 8.95 9.00 10.10 10.00 1.20 1.00 4367| 9.43] 1.62) 1.42) 1.10] 4.14! 3.96 .4.11) 9.51] 10.00) 11.74) 11.00|-__<|____7_ 4574| 8:76} 1.40) 1.98| 1.44 419| 3.88 411) 9184] 10.00! 11.64) 11.00|__-_-|_--.-. 4811; 9.60 1.40| 1.30). 0.62| 4.32 4.10] 411, 9.57| 10.00) 12.03; 11.00|--____|__-___ 4894| 9,18| 1.40| 1.42| 1.69] 4.41] 3.75) 4.11) 9.88) 10.00| 12.00! -11.00|.--_-.|_2_-__ 4413| 13.31) 0.64 0.40, 0.62, 1.66] 1.50 1.65) 10.35 10.00| 11.18 11.00) 1.18, 1.00 4482 8.66 148 1.00, 0.90 3.38 3.05 3.29 7.88 $.00| 858 9.00' 3.98 4.00 4448, 8.74, 0.84 0.74 0.60 2.18 1.99 2.06 9.08 © 8.00 9.95 9.00) 1.04 1.00 4578 9.22) 0.64 0.56 1.00 220 2.08 2.06 7.56 9.00 9.09 10.00 1.07 1.00 4771, 11.05] 0.78 0.54) 0.88, 2.20| 1.92 2.06 8.75, 8.00) 10.19 9.00) 1.31, 1.00 4697 8.12 0.58 0.62 1.32 2.52 2.08 2.08 805 8.00 9.63 9.00 3.01 3.00 4363, 8.75, 0.96 0.64 0.86 2.46 2.19 2.47 8.49; 9.00, 10.30 10.00 1.03 1.00 4437| 10.09! 0.82 0.88 0.77 266 247 2.47 9.41, 9.00| 10.86) 10.00, 1.23 1.00 4417| 9.95) 122 1.18 0.96) 3.36, 3.21 3.29) 10.12| 10.00; 11.40 11.00|---_--|_---__ 4492| 8.79 1.18 1.14 0.96 3.28 3.13 3.29 10.09 10.00, 12.03 11.00_--__ .-__- 126 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1917. Descriptive List of Fertilizer Samples, 1917. E o Q | : Sample = Manufacturer, place of business and brand. taken at qa ° Ss 3 _ n 4381 Bradley’s Special Corn Phosphate without Potash__--__-------- Banvors ena 4427 Bradley’s Special Corn Phosphate without Potash____---------- Belfasts 2 eee S481) BradleyiS Special SNiag ana. ee ee ee |Thomaston________ 4472 Bradley’s Special Niagara Superphosphate 1916____-__________-__ Gardiner === 4379 Bradley’s Special Potato Fertilizer without Potash________-____ Banrore ae is 4430 Bradley’s Special Potato Fertilizer without Potash__-_-----___- Belfast =o =e 4424 Bradley’s Special Potato Manure without Potash____---_--_--_ Belfast 4361 Bradley’s Special Potato Manure without Potash______-_------ Bancor= aie 4360 Bradley’s Special XL Superphosphate without Potash____-_---- Bancors ssa 4498 Bradley’s Special XL Superphosphate without Potash________- Belfast soe 4622 Bradley’s Special XL Super-Phosphate without Potash________ Portland ==s 4345|Bradley’s XL Superphosphate of Lime-_--------_------------_--- Banvorss22 ae 444)|Bradley’s XL Superphosphate of Lime_--_-___-----~-----------__ Farmington_______ 4656 BradleyiswLni ploxd Oa Oss DECI least eee mae ee eee inco ines eee ae 4372|Bradley’s Universal Crop Phosphate___----_-_-----------------_ Bangor-_______ eee 4604/Bradley’s Universal Crop Phosphate____-----_---------------_-- Portland 4577 Bradley’s Universal Crop Phosphate 1916______-_------------___- Bangor] ae AZS2 (Cereal nda ROOt Mer biliz ers =e ene en ee ee Bangor 4626) Cereal rho) RO Ob sR eCLUIZer ee ee ee Portland =e ASP OCTE A lim Ge eEvO.O bie ECT 1L1Ze Tee ae eae ee eee oe tence Eee Dixficld=====eeeeees 4822 Crocker’s New Rival Ammoniated Superphosphate____---_------ Belfast:-224 = 4819|Crocker’s Revised Special Potato Manure______----__------__---- Belfast22 eas A45 A Darn Sas avAc Ime eT Iie Tse mes we nee er ao Sasa Cae ee Honitone aes CATA NDE ad bu avec ish | Ne OC e007) ee eae ee ee et Caribou 4368|Darling’s Blood Bone & Potash 1916__.-_--_--_-------__-_-_-_-- Banco A376. xtra Oualityec Ota cOmMia Tn Uren ss eesese samt nale seen Mesto ese aay Bangor === eas MOS opp OQoey iin; letorpyno) IM waybhro ee | Ne ee Belfast.2. 232 ee AOI XtLan Oualibyeer Oba cO me Mia miT ee eee ee eee eee ene eee Waterville_________ 4828)Extra Quality Potato Manure______-----_-------_-_--------------= Dixtidd as AGS! Grainne laainia AO Dsl LESS iT oil Ol 6 eee ek ee eee eee Portland AeA Grainvandisssedehentilizer= sess =e ma= ase seen meee eee ee ee Bangor ---= AG 21H (Gar eT Go) pS CEILI Se BLO Te ba LUTZ, © ee erm ere meer ae ee ee Portland === A937 (Grain es UOceGin can eT bLzer sss eee eee e ee ee ee No. Vassalboro__. AYewall (Caerayiny, UDyVsh reveal (Cees aVeyieey lee eee Belfast == 4405 Great Hasterm Northen Corn Speciale. = 2252 h a ee eee Belfast ss salzees 4203 Great eastern otabome Manne kense te eee iBeliast222. eee 4421 Great Eastern Revised High Grade Potato Manure__-_-------- Beltast222-sss5 4446, Great Eastern Revised High Grade Potato Manure__________-- Houlton 4819 Great Eastern Revised High Grade Potato Manure_---__------ Belfiast22 os =seees 4444\Great Eastern Superior Potato Grower______-_-___-_-_____--____ Houlton 4547\Great Eastern Superior Potato Grower__-_----------------------- Oaribou=—— 4449\Great Harvester Potato Manure 1916_--_-_-_-._-___-__-_-_______ Bano 43/8 Ucn Grads ACs ENOSDhabessss sss =a ee ee eae Banvor2--— ACMYS Va beedal. (Encravokey. Wal es aoysj ovary ree eS Belfast== === 4595 (EishuGradevAcid Phosphates === ae ee ee Portland AS62 High Grader Mertilizer 101 6ss2— =a eee ee ee Bangor AT25 (0 ohne Grad oye Wen GL Ze yy LOL 6 sere a ee ae eae = car eee a ee West Falmouth__ 4825 High Grade Grass Top Dressing without Potash 1916___-__---_ Dixiled OrrFiciAL Inspections 85. 127 Analysis of Fertilizer Samples, 1917. NITROGEN. PHOSPHORICO ACID. PoTasH. | ea pL Arikan Nene 00k | EB Available. Total. \ 8 | 4 g 3 i ‘ Ed oat 5 : 3 | 4 — neh Ko) s 5 | epee g ao 8 z SRceaeme ie hone (pee alten Nera) rae ie Gs Seren rs p= & =| S ° 3 > Fe q a q K q ra S os mn n n 6 S =] 5 s 5 5 5 I ao} & | 4 < = a < Si ales S cy So | iS | | | | | eae aA | ASM oTin OS). O4Gh 0.661. 1-92. 1-79), 1.65) T1280. 10:00) 12-19) 17.0022 4407), 8,89} 0-72) 0.40) 0:70] 1.82! 1-70| 1.65) 9.78|" 10.00) 11.87| 11.00)-2--__|-__-7- 4810| 15.05 0.10 0.24 0.71) 1.05 0.90) 0.82) 7.03 10.00 8.66} 11.00 1.00! 1.00 4772| 6.97) 0.36) 6.22) 0.70; 1.28) 1.10; 0.82) 8.57 8.00 10.37) 9.00, 1.37 1.00 ABT OM em OLSAle in Os02) ae0:42l) le(Sia Ie6u|| sal-Oo\ wle20b 1 O00 e122 ek OD |= 2 ee 4430| 8.75 0.68! 0.46 0.78 1.92 1.78) 1.65 9.86 10.00 11.90) 100 pee eee, | | 4494) 8.56). 1.02) 0:74) 0:96) 2.62) 2:47, 2.47) 9:54) 10.00), 11.48] 11.00}/----_-|_____- 4361 8.57)- 0:98) 0.78) 0.84) 2.60) 2.44) 2.47) 9.33 10.00) 11.69) 11.00)_-_-_- ---___ 4360, 7.57) 0.86 0.76, 0.90. WASYA) < GREY 2.47, 9.00 10.00 DBE Al ab 0) ees 4428) 8.92) 0.90) 0.78 0.80) DAS 2 85h 4 el OL OleeeL OL00 hm ld Salm lls OO psaa neni amae 4622, 9350) 01941; O78) 0:92) 2.64) 2:39) 2.47) 19187) 10.00), 11.24). 10-00) 2 2 ee | / | | | | 4345, 8.55) 1.10) 0.64! 0.78) 2.52 2.93, 2.47 8.82 9.00! 10.53) 10.00' 1.00 1.00 4440) 10.17| 0.78),- 0.80} 0.96) 2.54) 2.41) 2.47) 9.52 9:00; 11.01) 10:00}. 1.22: 1.00 4656} 9.62) 1.64) 1.86) 1.18) 4.18) 3.98 4.11) 9.80) °10.00| 11.23) 11.00 3.58 4.00 4372) 8:47), 1.20) 0:78) 0.62) §2.60| 2:40} 2:47) - 9:90)! 10.00} 12:07) 11.00)-----_ = 4604, 9.98! 0.90) 0.64, 1.80! 2.84 2.54 DEAT O56 hee 1 O00 ene dele SI a eslel= 0 eee ec 4577 9.48) 0.96 0.82 0.90, 2268 2049 DA Ti Osa SL OLOO leu leS4 | orl: OO pen pee | | 4382, 8.96) 1.04 0.80 0.72) 2.56 2.40) DATA 9 Olde ol OL00 Melle Si wld 00 eee een ee 4626 10.12) 1.04 0.72; 0.90) 2.66; 2.41) 247) 10255) ~ 10200) 5 10-83 )5 2 1100) 22 2 se ee 4827) 9:63) 0.96; 0.78) 1.06) 2.80) 2.53) 2.47) 9.26; 10.00; 11.90} 11.00)---_--)_____~ 409! 10.25) 0.34! 0.26) 0.79) 1.39; 1.09} 0.82) 10.80) ' 10.00 12.04) 11.00, 0.92) 1.00 4819} 8.99 1.44 1.14 1.27 3.85 3.49) 3.29 10.19) 10.00) 11.25) 11.00, 3.15 3.00 4454 9.87 1.70 1.40 1.22; 4.32 3,98 | AA “9:97 10200}) = 1:50) 100) ee ADD) WesCo eleva aloo! delbbe A251 3:96 e419) 10271 A000. Ade6p 100) eee 4368; 9.93) 1.22) 1.56 1.46) 4.24 3.82) 4.11} 8.21) 8.00 9.63 9:00), °1.12) 1.00 4376, 8.20, 1.98 1.36) 0.86 4.20 SO eset TOOT 10:00) se b2 ln cde OO ee 4495) 9:44) 1.54) 1.46] 1,16) 4:16): 3.89). 4:11! 10:13} 10:00): 11.29) 12:00})-222--j-____= 4709 10.02, 1.50, 1.30 VAL) 4:27) 8.92) 4.11) 10519) 10.00) 12.38), 1100}----=-|--- = = 4828) 9.60; 1.60; 1.32) 1.32) 4.24) 3.99] © 4.11) 9.96] 10.00} 11.96) 11.00)2-----|-__-__ 4618 12.20 1.22 1.14) 1.28, 3.64) 3.38| 3.10) .7 37) 8.00 9.81 9.00, 0.98 1.00 aia) 9274) 0:74) 0550) 0:70) 1.94) 1:78) 1-65) 9:79). 10:00) 12:00) 1.00/22 2--|22- = 4621) 11.01; 0.76} 0.36) 0.74) 1.86} 1.69) DGS} LOLGS:| sel OF OO Nisere 1 9 Lae Tile 0) | easel a eee A837! 11°37) 0:62) 0:44) 1/01) 2:07) 181) 1.65) 9.72) 10/00) 12.09) 11:00)--2-2_j2 2 4821. 8.99 0.18 0.16 0.90 1.24 1.08! 0.82 9.64 8.00 11.36 9.00, 0.97 1.00 4405| 10.01) 0.56! 0.56). 1,10; 2.22) 2.07) 2.06) 9.67 8.00 10.53 11.00 0.97) 1.00 4823) 9.56) 0.64) 0.62) 1.02) 2.28) 2.12) 2.06) 10.71| 10.00; 11.93 11.00) 1.11) 1.00 4491) 9:85) 1.44) 1.14) (0.70). 3.28) 3:03) 3:29) 10:09} 10.00) 10:98; 11.00! 2.71) 3:00 4446| 9.77 1.42) 1.18) 0.66 3.26 3.04) 3.29! 10.10! 10.00 11.20 11.00 3.08) 3.00 4819, 8.99 1.44 1.14 0.84 3.42) 3.06) 3.29 10.26; 10.00 11.28 .11.00' 3.15) 8.00 4444) 10.388) 1.32) 1.18) 0.76) 3.26 3.05) 3.29 8.92 8.00 9.70 9.00 4.01 4.00 4547) 10.56 1.38; 1.14) 0.74; 3.26) 3.11) 3.29) 8.3 8.00 10.02 9.00 3.88 4.00 4449'° 11.26 1.46 1.38) 1.386 4.20) 3.76) 4.11 8.18 8.00 9.65 9.00 1.12! 1.00 AST SN ret Oy fiber ee | eee | Min wii sodt 16/49 eG 00h cll O 200 eee ees BANG He Sib oI ate ses ee a a Se OE eee Doe eS G40 ied OL OO iekel 7221 aes er Renee a ea AOD tas () 1G) aera)? Se et A eee eel 16:29) 16:00)". 16:88) 7 17.00)}22 2222 (sone 128 Marne AcrIcuLTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1917. Descriptive List of Fertilizer Samples, 1917. K o 2 . 7 : y Sample 5 Manufacturer, place of business and brand. taken at qa ) § [-s] »~ RD 4348 Lister’s High Grade Special for Spring Crops 1916_-____--______ [Bang Ors eens 4364 Lister's Standard Pure Superphosphate of Lime 1916___-_______ (Bangor: === aie 4347 Listsr’s Superior Ammoniated SHIUEEOEDSD IBIS 19162 ee |Bangor ES EO Re 4447 Northern Maine Potato Special 1916 Peet oA bee Oo sabe a Ns (Houlton see eee 4833|Northern Maine Potato Special 1916________-___________-________ |Vassalboro__-_____ 4829|Packers Union Animal Brand Fertilizer__-____-_________________ |Belfast==—— == 4842/Packers Union Animal Corn Fertilizer 1916_-.-_--_----_--_-+_---_ ‘Norway core = ae A820) Packers: Union: Potatos Manure = 22252) s2 soe soe ee =| Beltastee eee 4841 Packers Union] PotatoeManires| 916 Sas ee ee eee (INOrWways eee 4407|Packers' Union Universal Fertilizer__..___._-._--__-_____--_______ /Belfast eno ELS 4843|Packers Union Universal Fertilizer 1916_---_____-------=--_=-+___ Norways--= 4726|Pacifie Special Grass & Grain Fertilizer____--____________________ West Falmouth__ 4836 Pacific Special Potato Fertilizer without Potash________________ No. Vassalboro-__- A693 (Paine Superp hes pha tose = see ee ae ee eee ACOs] eee 4724 @Quinnipiac: Climax. Phosphate 19) Gass se eee ee West Falmouth_- 4887 Quinnipiac Cornkh Manure yt 6 ie So 78 Ls ae ee eee eas Yarmouth_________ 4886|Read’s Vegetable & Vine Fertilizer 1916-----_-=-_2 22 = Yarmouth________- 2445 Revised “Aroostook: vHigh=' Grade. == a eee Houlton === 44907 Revissd 2ATOOSLOO Kel & her G ba Ce ss een ee en a eee Presque Isle______ 4539) Revised: Aroostook ‘High’ Grade==s2- = ==) ee Presque Isle_____- 4835 Special Soluble Pacific Guano without Potash__________________ Vassalboro________ 4844 Special Soluble Pacific Guano without Potash______-___________ Monmouth______-_- 4393S peciale, Vepebable: eM enuilzer= =e ee oe te ee ee ee ome ee Bangor. seas AG23|Syecia le aVier Sua lene CT GTI Ze Tee eee meee ae eee = eee oe Portland ASIGI Speciale Verse bab lene M er Gli cree ees aes ee ee ve ee ee rn Dixfileld2 Saas ASSH Special wecetable sm enpilizeni os ens a ee ee So. China____---_- 4749 | Standard sPertilizers| 91 Ges even aee ew ee eineee oem ee mre ner ees Auburn= ene 4721S tandard Guano yes ee ee tee eS ee eee Sg kt MER Mainnelds= = vst itpenave ual (CUI aK Oy, «SAS Canton = 4804|Standard Special for Potatoes 1916__-___-_-___+_---_____- == Cantons 25 4598 Williams & Clark Americus Corn Phosphate Saini Potash__|Portland_____-_--- 4597; Williams & Clark Americus Potato Manure without Potash___|Portland__________ 4601) Williams & Clark Americus High Grade Special for Potatoes SFROOTMOLODSE, LOG Ce eee a ee a ee ee Portland_-_-------- |ARMOUR FERTILIZER WORKS, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 4645 Armour’s Acid Phosphate Bertilizer eee alc eM STERN Portland. 4643 Armour’s Bone Mealtibertilizer: sees ues eee eee Portland 4597) Armour Mer tilizers 4:8 -4enctos Sia eee ae ese ee Se oe Mars Ein eee BASS ASETNG Ur SAD eee ead dar rer 9 SNE ete eget ania ea Houltons ales 4650) Armour’s Fy tea Cae is Foes Sh ars et Malan oe Se Sear eR Dace Bucksport-_-_------- 4442| Armour’s Byeih () 20) asian eS bares sce he ot Sv ts Ry IE Rey ANAL e ere cee RL Houlton___--__--_- A535 AT INGIIT Ss red = (see Sere cee ee tet NS Te ER a ate a Crouseville__-_-___. | AG3Z0VATIMNOUTS w4- Swen Ize ase een eek hone era nes cee Portland 4686 Armour s< 4-81 sPertilizens 22 sas sete ee Ie Ee eee Se Madison=-====== A751 AM Oui. 8)74-9 be Men bIZe Cas eee eee De ee ee New Auburn____-- 4760|Armour’s 4-8 Fertilizer_________- oh) DENSA Te Farmington_____--. 4495 Armour 4-8-4502: ono ee Oe Presque Isle_------ OrriciaL Inspections 85. 129 Analysis of Fertilizer Samples, 1917. NITROGEN. PHOSPHORIC ACID. POTASH, Ki Available. | Total. : a ae Ny q & : aa : : eI 2 S| 3 3 = S 3 : eRe eles Qo gs - 5 j A j rd 2 Pie ee (sae 2 lee ee Whee) Se sc log |. s eee ela | 5 |e) 2 | 6.| 2.) 8 }-8 | 8 | 8 Tp |e es et ret Et al ratte ts Be bY G4 By 6 |e | zE: a st z 8.86, 0.88, 0.54; 0.66 2.08] 1.82) 2.06 10.11 10.00, 11.48) 11.00 1.11 1.00 $104) 0:86] 0:84) 0.86] .2.56| 2:25|. 2.47) 8.67] 9.00) 10.26) 10:00|__2-2_|______ 7.81} 1.34; 1.00) 0.98, 3.32| 3.02) 3.29 10.46 10.00/ 12.03) 11.00/_--___|______ i] 9.90| 1.44) 1.14) 0.70! 3.28! 3.03] 3.29] 9.17; . 9.00} 10.22| 10.00} 1.07| 1.00 8.97| 1.16) 0.96 1.16] 3.36) 3.01) 3.29 9.23- 9.00 10.58 10,00, 1.25|. 1.00 10.14) 0.62) 0.34 0.99) 1.95) 1.74} 1.65) 10.82 10.00/ 12.06, 11.00 1.07; 1.00 11.67, 0.62, 0.56, 1.00, 2.18 2.02) 1.65 10.70 10.00, 12.54, 11.00 1.06 1.00 11.40| 0.74) 0.70| 0.90! 2.34) 2.11! 2.06) 10.18 10.00) 11.60 11.00) 1.18) 1.00 9.78, 0.86) 0,60| 0.93, 2.39 219] 2.06) 9.97, 10.00) 11.76 11.00} 1.03) 1.00 | | 8.38, 0.16 0.20/ 0.84 1.20, 1.20) 0.82 9.88 8.00 11.31) 9.00 0.98) 1.00 9.76, 0.14, 0.18 0.87) 1.19) 1.04| 0.82 9.77 8.00 11.48 9.00! 0.95) 1.00 12.44 0:26) 0.16, 0.60, 1.02) 0.84) 0.82 7.98 8.00 9.38 9.00 1.06) 1.00 11.05| 0.60| 0.44) 1.07) 2.11) 1.89] 1.65) 9.64 10.00} 12.15) 11.00|--____|______ ED NEE SS eee Rae eel ble a | Marieae 15.28' 14.00} 16.08} 15.00|_2_-__|2-_ = 8.89} 0.12; 0.16] 0.82} 1.10) 0.90| - 0:82| 9.86 8.00) 11.66] 9.00) 1.03] 1.00 11.50; 0.52; 0.44 0.90 1.86 1.61! 1.65) 9.57 10.00| 11.39 11.00, 1.20) 1.00 12:24) 0.80) 0.74) 1.01) 2.55] 2.22} 2.47| 8.92) 9.00] 9.95) 10.00) 0.97| 1.00 10.91} 1.80) 1.58 0.90 4.22) 3.96] 4.11) 9.94, 10.00 10.94 11.00 3.97 4.00 9.94) 1.62) 1.34) 1.28) 4.24) 3.92) | 10.54) 1.44| 1.28) 1.37) 4.09 3.78] 4.11) 9.77) 10.00) 11.07) 11.00| 4.03) 4.00 | | 4.11) 9.84 10.00 19.86 11.00 3.99) 4.00 11.39] 0.56} 0.44) 1.09} 2.09] 1.94] 1.65] 9.89|: 10.90]. 12.20} 11.00/-=____|______ 8:74! 0:50] 0:50) 0.85) 1.85} 1.67] 1.65] 9:22| 10.00) 11:21}. 11.00). 22_2_|__---2 9.18} 1.44 1.22, 0.64 3.30 3.20) 3.29| 10.18, 10.00| 11.52, 11.00-_____|______ 9.64| 1.42) 0.94) 1.00} 3.36] 3.12] 3.29|° 9.63] 10.00) 11.76) 11.00/_____-|_--___ 10:87) 1.28}; 1.16) 1.12] 3.56) 3.23] 3.29] 9/81) 10.00} 12.14) 11.00|--22--}2-___- 10:23) 1.16] 1.04) 1.21] 3.41) 3.16] 3.29/ 9.88] 10.00} 11.47} 11.00)-----_ Lier 9.30, 0.60 0.44 0.97 2.07 189 1.65, 10.08 10.00, 11.69 11.00 1.20, 1.00 4,31} 0.34] 0.22) 0.53) 1.09} 0.98| 0.82) 7.77) 8.00} 8.98) 9.00) 1.16] 1.00 7.01) 0.80/ 0.42| 0.48/ 1.20! 1.00| 0.82| 7.77, 8.00) 9.67, 9.00 1.20) 1.00 9.41/ 0.66) 0.74 1.04, 2.44, 2.13) 2.00 8.00 8.00 9.74 9.00 1.09| 1.00 10.25| 0.70| 0.44! 0.72) 1.86) 1.70| 1.65] 10.20| 10.00) 11.48) 11.00|-_-___ ues: 9.79| 0.52| 0.50 0.80) 1.92 1.79) 1.65 10.03 10.00, 11.66 11.00____-- peaee 13.27; 1.10) 1.02 1.22) 3.34 3.10) 3.291 8.86 9.00 9.60 10.00, 1.30| 1.00 HI) |S a | Reece) STE nea (O24) SIGH) Salrey pA) aH) eee Si) uence a Sea Dino amie PYG ener ea ener Se DAG Ele 210) eee ae a 9.85, 1.38) 0.10 1.82) 3.30) 2.83 3.29 847 8.00, 8.93 8.50, 4.44) 4.00 8.99} 1.90} 1.30] 0.86] 4.16] 3.70/ 4.11| 8.01) - 8.00} 8.52} 8.50)______ 2.00 8.97] 1.34) 1.64) 1.29) 4.97) 3.74) 4.11) 812) 8.00} 9.22) 8.50} 2.16) 2.00 11.26} 2.40} 0.12, 1.64) 4,16) 3.51 11} 10:24) 10.00] 11.45] 11.50|----__|__-__- 13:01; 1.12} 0.06} 1.98) 4.16) 3.39 4.11) 10.10/ 10.00) 11.16) 10.50|-__-__|-_-___ 4.34) = 0:34) 0:90} 1.20) 2.44) 1.96, 3.99) 7.64) 8.00} 8.79] 8.50|____--|__-___ 7.64] - 1,04! 0:10] 2:16} 3:30] 2:72! 3.99) 7.97] 8:00] 9:00) — 850|-2--- JL 2 7.93] 1:32! 0.06} 2/20} -3,58| 8111) 3:29) 8:99) 8:00] 9.27) 8.50} 2-2 2}es_ 2 4:60] 0.92| 1.02) 1.63} 3.57| 3.08 3.29] 7.18] 8.00} 8.71) —8.50)---___|--____ | 9.95| 1.38 0.06) 2.16 3.60 3.08 3.29 8.30 8.00 895 8.50 4.44) 4.00 130 Marine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. Descriptive List of Fertiliger Samples, 1917. = 2a ie | : Sample = Manufacturer, place of business and brand. taken at q 2 ~_ sj ~ Rn AZAD SWAT IN OUT M4 =S-2, eM OT GILLZC eae se oe eee ee Se Houlton CUSSSY 64 Wa Nid DAKO) OR wit shiy: io pe eee eaten ca ee Ne Veto ida ee REN eae ee ee a ee Caribou === AGS TRATIMO UTS) 4-8-2 te os ee CE ee oh eee ee Portland == 4890 /ATMOUTS74-1 0mentilizan2 ses es ee ee eee Augusta === AG63IVATMOUES:02-S-5 iE ONtli Zens ee as Pee aS eee Portiand ees A753 ATMOUTISs 2-6-3 pet CRUUNI ZL eae nen ee en Farmington_______ 4641 Armour’s 4687 Armour’s 2-8-! 4761 Armour’s AG 3S VAT TIL OULD Shee Lis ese SS a ee ed ND RS Ii av es ya (Portland BAUGH & SONS CO., BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 446) Baushis wATrOOSt0Okg)4-8-45 sae = es ee Houlton BOWKER FERTILIZER CO.. BOSTON, MASS. . 4452) Bowker’s; All Round sMertilizsr 1916)22 2 =) eee Houlton 4492; Bowker’s: Blood; “Bone & Lotash 19162222 Presque Isle______ 4335 Bow ker:si Drip ntons hosp hates ss en = ee ee ee Beliast==sss ame ASTM DOMKELS eb E Sh GON ye NOSD la beeen ee Sena ee eee Bangorsssaese aaa 4396) bowkers Com: slhosphaten 916228 a ee Belfast: s——2 4756 Bowker s. Cor sbhosphatoelOl6sss= 2 ee Farmington_______ 4809 BOwKSTS COE ENOSD Haters] 91 Gest en ian a ee Canton 4583 Bowker’s Farm & Garden Phosphate 1916___----------_---------- Portland 4356 Dowkers Hour henarilleanda rile ee Bangor:23 439 1 BOW Kkers: Sell ck Sri = 1) see ee ee ee eee Beliast== S40 Bowker/sOne-Ten= Sure! Cro Des eee eee nes ee ee ee Belfasts2222.s 4336 Bow Ker’s)sOne-Rena Sure CLO Das =e a en ee eee Banecors= as 4581} BOWKETS i One- Rene Sure eC LO psa ee eee Portland____-____-. 45621. B owker Si One-Tens Sure Or O Dea se ae nee ene ra Pejepscot____---_-- 4451 Bowker’s, Potato “Phosphate 19162222222 = ees ek ee Houlton === 4696 Bowker’s Potato and Vegetable Fertilizer Revised______------__- Sacost eee ASG BOW Kelsie OliIple wen OS p lahore amen eee ee ee Portland 4337 Bowker’s Superphosphate Ammonia 1%____----------------------_ Bellast-=— 4349 Bowker’s Superphosphate with Ammonia 3%_------------------- Bangor. es 4371 Bowker’s Superphosphate with Ammonia 2%-_-__---------------_ Banvor =a 494 BOWKeS sures Cropm Le hosphaters==— 0s sess ee Sabattuss=—=s=-=s 4418|Bowker’s Sure Crop Phosphate 1916_-_--_---_------_-_-___________ Banco A333 DOW KET AS a UT CC MCE Ail eas EGO UE Choe e eee ois ee eee ee ae Belfast 435 | Bowkers whree- neni All oRoUn Cae eas Bangor]... 4352) BOWKELS AL Wwo- Den COnn== 90 Saas Se ee Se ee eee Bangor. 4398 (Bow Ker:si woo Reniet © Orns ae es ee eee ae ee se Belfast--2oee5 4339| Bowker’s Two-Ten Farm and Garden___-__-_-__--------_________ Belfast-=2 == saeee 4354) Bowker’s Lwo-Ten Farm ‘and Garden-—-—_---->-----=--2=-_- == Bangor = 45/9} BowkKer’s: wo-Len® Harm) -& Garden’: 222225 0s oes ee Portland A334 BO WKeTAS SRhWO2 Len Ste OFA LO se meme ee ee ee eee Beliast-2-22-=es= 4353 (BOSKEIAS SL WO-D SD RO LAOS seas! sie eee See Pe oe Banzoy 423° Stockbridge Cereal Manure without Potash____-_-__-_---__-_--__ Beliast=2222=s=eere 4358|Stoekbridge Cereal Manure without Potash__-----_-------_-__--- Bangor: 2 sees af G\Stockbridgs=Completes ae ee ee ee eee Ft. Fairfield Lae tee OrFIcIAL Inspections 85. 131 Analysis of Fertilizer Samples, 1917. NITROGEN. | PHOSPHORIC AOID. POTASH. n Available. Total. a - pase ele 3 rc = = erly a les z ‘Z q = (|| az : ; Suits is) Ey is a Peas loo ee tebe ld le Peg | a ok = = 3 3 Ss | 3 3 5 3 5 3 Pey n a a ° ° 5 i) =) ° =) ° =} ao|eEe|]/afs|; 4.11) 8:55! 10:00} 9:47) -11.00}e-22__| 2 MOS TO}, st \)) AS021 STi 4all |S iri 8 :00le OAT 9100s aamney meta 154) 798) 3:39) 4:14! 3:70) 4.11) 8165+ 8.00] 10.21). 9.00)2-2 222/22 178) 1.44) 1-20) 4.02! 3.821 4.11) 10.21) 10:00, - 11.23). ~ 11.00. = _|_ 1:88 1.52! 0.66) 4.06! 3.79| 4.11) 10.32} 10.00). 11.60| 11.00!-2...1|22 2 2.04, 0.16 0.94) 3.80} 3.14) 3.28) 9.39 9.00; 13.64 10.00\_____|.____ 0.24) 2.64 0.36) 3.24) 3.06| 3.28) 9.64) 8.00 10.85) 9.00|__-___|-_____ 2.28, 1.20, 0.64 4.12 3.86) 4.10) 10.28) 10.00 11.44 11.00_____|_____ 2.14, 0.84 1.14 4.12 3.08) 4.10 9.20 10.00 10.58 11.00 0.97! 1.00 1.76 0.382 1.10 3.28 2.90| 3.30 9.21, 8.00, 11.58 9.00 2.87) 3.00 0.22 166 145 3.33 2.82) 3.30 891 8.00 10.38 9.00 2.59 3.00 1.64) 1.84> 0.70) -448) 3.96), 4.11] | 8.89] 8,00]. 10.29) 9.00]. |-=-__- 1.26 1.10 0.98 3.34 3.24) 3.29, 827 8.00 10.49, 9.00 3.99 4.00 1.38 1.10 0.80 3.28, 3.16) 329 7.85 8.00 9.78 9.00 4.19 4.00 0.52 0.40 0.66 1.58 1.44 1.23) 10.13 10.00 11.80 11.00 1.10) 1.00 0.48 0.42 0.66 1.56 1.45 1.23 9.62' 10.00, 10.54 11.00 1.19) 1.00 1.56 1.26 0.94 3.76] 3.48| 3.70 7.78} 8.00| 9.74]. -9.00| 1.27; 1.00 1,82, 0.86 0.72, 3.40; 3.11} 3.70 8.06! 8.00 9.20) 9.00 1.12) 1.00 1.66 0.98 1.12 3.76 3.39' 3.70 842 8.00 - 9.95, 9.00 1.27 1.00 1.42; 1.38} 1.12) 3.92] 3.70! 4.11) 10.65, 10.00) 12.28] © 11/00)--_--_|__-___ 1.68) 1:42|- 1,00) 4:10) -3'84| 4:11) 10.58) . 10:00)! 10.50) . 11.00/02 2222) 1222 1.64 1.54 1.06 4.24 3.96 4.11 9.88 10.00 10.91) 11.00 . 4.09 4.00 1.52 154 110 416 359 411 9.94 10.00 11.37 11.00 4.36 4.00 1.54 146 1.08 4.08 3.88 411 981 10.00 11.01 11.00 412 4.00 1.06 1.00 0.82 2.88 2.65 2.47 8:46 9.00 10.37 10.00 1.28 1.00 1.00} 0.84 0.80, 2.64, 2.56, 2.47) 9.81 10.00 11.55| 11.00|----__ ______ 1,14) 1.08) 0.36 2158) 21451. 9.47) 9:89) 10,00): 11:61) .11.00)22220_)--- = _ 1.12, 1.16 0.94 3.22 3.05 3.29 10.24 10.00 11.85 11.00 3.03 3.00 parisien CIC ae Bahia EC SAU eRe esa 14,071. 14:00] 15.86) 15.00/20 2" |_-2-- Nga eters ae PON SG: at Naat SN 14°17\"" 14:00) 15,98}, 15,00|22--22|_ === 0.50 0.34 0.29 1.18 118 0.82 7.17 8100 8.66) 9:00 1.03 1.00 0.42 0.80 0.51) 1.28 1.18, 0.82. 7.43 8.00 877 9.00 1.29 1.00 0.42 0.84 0.88 1.64 1.57. 0.82 899° 8.00 10.14 9.00 1.24 1.00 134 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. Descriptiwe List of Fertilizer Samples, 1917. | 1 | | 5 2 S Sample a Manufacturer, place of business and brand. taken at q ‘=| 2 — 3 ~~ mn 4337) (Bebra ka Coss eroltic, (Crop) “Producers aaa ee Belfastz2> “sa 4457 rami «Cog seeroutic, «Crop ErOGucen 22 =) aaa =| Howton aaa - 4366|£. Frank Coes Prolific Crop Producer 1916__------------------- Bangor. eee 4843/6. Frank Coe’s Prolific Crop Producer 1916__----_-_________-___ South Paris______ 4316/8. Frank Coe’s:Red Brand Exeelsior Guano___----------------_- Beliast 22 Ses 4319|B Frank: Coe’s-Reliable' Crop Grower--2---2--=-2 2 ee Bellas ti==te ee 4839|B. Frank Coe’s Reliable Crop Grower 1916__._-.-----___-__-____ South Paris______ A395 Hee eHinanke (O88) 16%5- SUD eCDNOSPN ailbesss esas ame ee ee ere Beltastsss2s. ese 4324|. Frank Coe’s Standard Potato Fertilizer___--_----_--_-__-2___ Belfast ee oer sas 4374|. Frank Coe’s Standard Potato Fertilizer 1916___________----- Ban? OT ae 4765|BH. Frank Cue’s Standard Potato Fertilizer 1916____----_--_-_-- West Farmington A457 iio rami COPS OMIVETS ale BOT bIiZ Cr ane te wine e bale Une ne See els senna Belfast: 2s 4763/E. Frank -Coe’s Universal Fertilizer 1916._-_-_---=_____-___-_+___ West Farmington 466.|High Grade Ammoniated Superphosphate 1916__________-_-_-_-- E. Newport------- 4304 Packers: Union -botato, Maniurelsss = 2 eee Belfasteeia ee ABO S Tea Tyel ate Chest) Ty N17 Tye Select ee a eA NS a ne OIG Ta Belfast es snsia sania | CONSUMERS CHEMICAL CORPORATION, NEW YORK CHB YESNE eve : 4503|Consumers Pure-Sure Potato & Vegetable with 4% Potash__-__|Ft. Fairfield______ 450&|Consumers Pure-Sure Potate & Vegetable with 3% Potash_____ Westieldz== es 45)4|Consumers Pure-Sure Potato with 1% Potash_______-.-___---___ Ft. Fairfield______ \DOMINION FERTILIZER CO.. LTD., ST. STEPHEN, N. B., CAN. 4548|Dominion Complete Potato: Manure_____-2___+_______2____-- Caribo i= AES 6) Ot DD OTD TIAT © Tn re =A ses OE BA ES PRIS Ae opener Presque Isle__-_-_- AD SEN © TAVITN OT PAE RAS ns RY I UE LA es gE aft en EE Crouseville____-___ AGED OMIM Oa As tems Sh SOTA Fase Dye Nk NES ops Oe pere lars ino AG TZN DOM II OTS AOS Bee asi see ea dO aA eae Ne ita eee ee Pittsield==ssaes AAD Dominions General: Oropy 410-0 es eae noe aseaere ae: Belfast===2225==es 4545 Dominion 4673 Dominion 4546 Dominion 4655 Dominion 4689 Dominion 4498: Dominion 4662; Dominion 4674 Dominion General Crop 4-10 General Crop 4-10 King Brand 5-10-0 Kin S Brande 5-10 Paes ea ai ae Ieee ee oe ene ee Special Vegetable Manure 3-10-0. Vegetable Corn and Grain Manure 2-9-1____----------_ Vegetable Vegetable Corn and Grain Manure 2-9-1____--_-_--__-_ Corn and Grain Manure 2-9-1____-___-_---_- ESSEX FERTILIZER CO., BOSTON, MASS. 4775 Essex 4745 Essex 4800| Essex 4744 Essex 4723) Bssex 4793 Essex 4799 Essex 4813) Essex 4774 Bssex 4511 Essex 4513 Essex Potato Potato Potato Grade Garden & Garden & Garden & Corn & Vegeta Corn & Vegeta Potato Garden & Potato Manure < Potato Potato Manure ble ble Grains Grasse&eboratowlertilizerse == sane eee Grains Grassy OLA tO Meer GTi Cr spec neste pee eee nan nes Grain’ Grass -&) -Potator Mertilizen yet ee ae High Market Market Market Market Cor & Ve Reta lessen nels soi Abeta n Copeekne UO vam Lincoln.: Center__- Pittshicld= aan Mexico--____- hes (Rockland==222s === (Houltons22====-=— OrriciaL Inspections 85. 135 Analysis of Fertilizer Samples, 1917. NITROGEN. eal PHOSPHORIO AOID. PorasH. | B Available. Total. 8 eesti | : ees le E g g g g BA 7s ee lee a 5 BN es : : : Pee pe Se ee ee Belk oe BS) | oe PRS le lic | Sle.) soles | oS deel Slee) 8 wey = MMe 11.00/__-_|----= 4513) 4.59| 0.54) 1.84) 1.98) 4.36| 3.86! 4.10) 10.20/ 10.00, 11.72) 11.00|-_-___|_.____ 136. Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. Descriptive List of Fertihzer Samples, 1917. FS 2 | -- E : Sample 5 Manufacturer, place of business. and brand. taken at q e) Ss 3 LY 1) Aakers Potato Phosphate for Potatoes & Roots__--~-~----_---- Van Buren_______- 4510/ Essex Potato Phosphate for Potatoes & Roots 4-10_----------- Westfield__________- alee XXX Fish Fertilizer for all Crops 3-10_-------_-_--__-____ Sacoleco esse eee 4743)Essex XXX Fish Fertilizer for all Crops 3-10_------------_--__-- Bowdoinham______ 4773|Essex XXX Fish Fertilizer for all Crops 3-10_------------------- Winthrop__________ _4792|Essex XXX Fish Fertilizer for all Crops 3-10_-----_--_---------- Sabattus__________. 4812|Ksstex XXX Fish Fertilizer for all Crops 3-10__-------------_---- Rockland__________ ZENS IH IT ASH S\ sip SSS ac I A Neg a a Houlton___--__2___ | ' J. J. GREGORY & SON, MARBLEHEAD. 4831|Sheeps” Head Brand Pulverized Sheep Manure______-__----_-_--_ Richmond__-_______- HUBBARD FERTILIZER CO., BALTIMORE, MD. - 4392 Mubbardis Aroostook Gemi2s2 8 ss5 es Tei ne Searsport__________ AHMMEIb bp ALdsseATOOStO Oke Geman eee iun i en eee ay Mapleton__________ 4543 Eubbardis Aroostook Gem = S22 5222. See ee eee Caribou 4390|Hubbard’s Excelsior Mixture. 22.02) a. fe Searsport__________ 439) Hubbards Maine) Mavorite:-- 2.0510 is ee ee eee Searsport__________ LVMGXO) A & bi) oY oz eG EFS IM EE UO KEY TNE COW em eee a a eee Houlton-______-_-__ AZSS EMU Jo BT CYS ys Os VS Ea Wa AT swabs UT me a ea ater east Ss me See Searsport__________ 4519 (Hubbards =Potashy¢Mixture sss eee eee Mapleton___-_______ 4380 (Eubbardisseocatoy. Grower 59s le eee eS ae Searsport__________ 4518) EnbbardisisPotatoy. Grower. 2220 sess debs eee eee Mapleton_________- 438 7iHubbardis Specials Compoun dss sss sees ee ees ere ee Searsport_________- 4493) Hubbard’s Special Compound__-__-___----__----__--_-___--_-----__- Presque Isle______- 4514|Hubbard’s Special Compound________-______=-_-_________=----_--- Mapleton__________ INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL CORPORA- TION, BUFFALO FERTILIZER WORKS, HOULTON, MAINE. 4525| Buffalo Five-Kight-Four Pea RS fa Ser IS OR eS ae ae ea Washburn__-_____-- EGP) Neo aK) ION eI Opies otal Noy obe: ke ee Houltons=ssaa eas AGS ZB UTE al OMB yje EU Sab eNom ee a ee ee eer ese ine ons eae A560 (BUTLaAlO PE Vie- A eneIN eye Init ye = ee ween oy nee Ses eee Houlton___________ 4462| Buffalo J Noo PS Oka MEIC THOS eee le eee er Bridgewater UG ae 4489 (Butt alow hour =-11 8 GEO Ute eee eee tek ete ae age en ea Se een Ft. Fairfield_____- HuKoven Sibisaepe io) «lH oybuesl Opis) ahs) MoNbNr, vache Sh a a) Ne oe Presque’ Isle______- CMaSScl eyo YK) I MoRbb cel Dyfed olin) Mobos = Son iN see ee ee Houlton sean AGS ionaielo) a Nohonel oiled avg IN nopAonhy ae ye Houlton__________- 4653|Buftalo Pour-Bight-Nawelnt 22 Se Sas ee eee intone 4496 ButtalowMour-Nine- One) ieee ae ee ae iie ne Nice Aw mira 4595|(Buttaloghour-Nine- One se eee ANG SYA Sb tr bets) Ko) id ROWAN bays OMoV=y (ete ee ee CCM BYOB NONS A MayeerorIN stoke Oday) eee eC ee 4870 Buffalo Three-Ten-Naught i £666) Builalowe wioaNine- OTe year eae ee OER eee teen a ee |Newport___---____-. LISTERS AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL WORKS, NEWARK, N. J. Nay alepita Gytahiefen ached eX on ave) 211 aps) RAG cto bee ASP TS 4370|isters’ Corn & Potato Hertilizer' 19162 2S ee ee See 4609) Listers Corn .& Potato Fertilizer 1916---______-_-____==-_-_-____ 4395| Lister’s 5-10-4' OT GH IZ ere eee ose ees a RU Pe ee re UE Sha | 4608 Listers High Grade Special for Spring Crops 1916__- 4369) Listers. Potato Manure 1916_----2-___22_~-__2--_-__e_s 4606 Listers Potato Manure 1916 OrFiciAL Inspections 85. 137 Analysis of Fertilizer Samples, 1917. —— % NITROGEN. PHOSPHORIO ACID. POTASH. yg 4 Available. Total. q ey | 8 ic} a 3 3 3 3 FI 5 fn eae pest: lied = A Si teas A : | : ‘ POR eds ire (2 es |) 8 le 8 ell 2/3] 2 Scohe Dees (Se) Scenics Sl eried eld lil Be lea emia oom el eo! |e | | | | | : | 4566, 7.50, 0.46, 1.16 1.92; 3.54 2.96 3.28 9.53, 10) 4510| 5.96] 0.42) 1.68 1.34) 3.44, 3.16 3.28) 9.91) 50) 4721| 7.85} 0.42| 0.52) 1.57| 2.51} 2.21 2.46] 8.71| 24) i 4743| 7.57) 0.42) 0.84 1.60} 2.36 2.12 2.46) 9.94 60 00) 4773) 5.84) 0.34) 0.50} 1.84) 2.68) 2.47 2.46) 8.77 .88) 00, 4792| 7.40| 0.38} 0.46} 1.69; 2.53] 2.22 2.48) 8.54; 10.00| 10.45) 11.00)---___|______ 4812| 7.08] 0.32} 0.48) 1.74 2.54, 2.81 2.46) 9.53) 10.00| 11.44) 11.00|---___|--____ ABT AebeVy ls TOS a Vee (enced hs 3136 | naa 3.28, 7.11) 8.00) 9.28, 9.00| 3.80| 4.00 | | | 4831| 9.59|______ ma Pn lise a | OHA) DAD; ae 1.50) 1.67) = 1.25) 1:91] 1.50 | | | | | | | 4392| 9.62| 2.66] 1.28} 0.24) 4.18| 3.96 4.10] 10.68) 10.00) 11.55) 11.00|____-_|______ 4521| 11,07) 2.30) 1.12) 0.70} 4.12) 3.91) 4.10] 10.39} 10.00) 11.69) 11.00|-----_|__-___ 4543) 9.50| 2.30| 1.16) 0.82/ 4.28) 4.17| 4.10} 10.66) 10.00] 11.66) 11.00|-____- eee | | | | 4390| 7.62| 0.20) 0.10] 1.30} 1.60| 1.19] 1.64; 9.17) 10.00) 11.61] 11.00)2---2_|_--__- 4391) 13.35] 2.72) 0.34) 0.21; 3.27) 3.08] 3.28] 10.48] 8.00] 12.97; 9.00) 2.00) 2.00 4459} 10.96] 2.70) 0.30, 0.32| 3.32) 3.12] 3.28| 9.66] 8.90| 12.71| 9.00} 2.05) 2.00 4388| 10.87; 2.32| 0.76, 1.02/ 4.10 3.64 4.10| 9.29, 10.00/ 10.57, 11.00| 0.97| 1.00 4519} 12.30; 2.26/ 0.80) 1.14) 4.20, 3.84/ 4.10) 9.28, 10.00/ 10.57, 11.00} 0.97) 1.00 4389| 9.78] 2.84) _--__. | 0.48) 3.27; 1.88} 3.28) 8.93) 8.00] 10.49) 9.00] 2.18| 2.00 4518) 9.71] 2.64) 0.08) 0.84) 3.56] 3.87) 3.28] 8 70) 8.00} 10.05) 9.00) 2.88) 2.00 | | | 4387| 9.63] 2.32] 0.16] 0.88] 3.86] 3.05] 3.28] 9.18] 9.00] 12.73) 10.00]2_____ eee: 4493) 10.19] 2.26| 0.52| 0.82} 3.60) 3.48) 3.28) 10.26] 10.00) 14.00) 11.00)---_-_|_-____ 4514) 10.42) 2.34) 0.10; 1.22) 3.60) 3.85) 3.28) 9.34; 9.00] 13.40} 10.00)______|__-___ | | | | | | | | | | | 4525| 10.25] 1.66| 0.50} 1.84) 4.00, 3.31). 4.10) 8.11; 8.00) 9.28} 9.00/ 4.11) 4.00 4562} 9.89/ 2.30, 0.12; 1.60, 4.02) 3.56) 4.10/ 8.04 8.00, 9.70 9.00] 4.21) 4.00 4652) 8.67) 1.42) 1.20| 1.60) 4.22) 3.76) 4.11) 8.21) 8.00) 8.80] 9.00/-_-___|______ 4560) 9.95) 1.68} 0.16] 2.40} 4.24) 3.58) 4.10) 9.90| 10.00) 11.71) 11.00/____-_|_-____ | | | | | | 4462| 9.09, 1.46, 0.48, 1.46, 3.40 2.90| 3.30) 8.08) 8.00} | 9.27; 9.00] 4.11) -4.00 4489 11.48, 1.28 0.54, 2.02) 3.84) 3.53) 3.29 8.89 8.00) 9.68 9.00 3.96). 4.00 4494) 11.46, 1.10) 0.46) rey 3.16 2.91) 3.30) 8.15) 8.00| 8.80) 9.00) 3.36) 4.00 4558| 8.44 2.06 0.10/ 1.58, 3.54, 3.10) 3.30) 7.63} 8.00} 9.30| 9.00| 3.96! 4.00 | | | | | | 4561| 7.95] 1.16] 0.10} 1.82; 3.08) 2.75, 3.30| 8.01, 8,00] 9.78) 9,00|_____- eases 4653) 7.83) 0.88, 1.00, 146 3.34, 2.84 3.30) 8.46 8.00, 9.00, 9.00|-_____|_-____ } | | } | \. | | | | | 4486| 9.21| 1.38, 0.44, 1.44) 3.26 2.83] 3.9 9.31/ 9.00| 10.02| ' 10.00, 1.16| 1.00 4555| 8.92) 1.96] 0.12) 1.32) 3.60) 3.17| 3.30] 8.10} 9.00) 9.67] 10.00} 1.67) 1.00 4654) 11.11| 1.00} 0.48) 1.79| 3.27) 2.78; 3.30| 9.53} 9.00) 10.29 10.00) 1.27) 1.00 | | | | | 4441| 10.78| 1.14) 0.18) 1.04; 2.86, 215° 2.46) 9.43} 9.00] _9.98/ 10 00| 1.19, 1.00 4870| 9.37] 0.84] 0.26) 1.60) 2.70) 2.17) 2:46! 8.08] 10:00) 12.25) 11.00/---___ Wel Onel 4666] 9.22) 0.54) 0.14; 1.18) 1.86) 1.60! 1.60) 8.99] 9.00} 9.95) 10.00! 1.17) 1.00 | | | | | | | |@ | | | | | ACA eal) ea a ea (even 2.60|------ DPAT |e saalee ayia INen23. 07) 20,88] aerse Sune 4370| 7.68] 0.76) 0.68) 0.68) 2,12) 1.98, 92.06] 8.37; 8.00) 9.28] 9.00| 1.04| 1.00 4609} 8.82) 0.64) 0.50} 1.12) 2.82) 2.10, 9.06) 9.17/ 8.00} 10 83| 9.00} - 1.10) 1.00 | | | | | | | | 4395| 10.49) 1.94) 1.54) 0.54; 4.02) 3.78 4.11| 4, 10.00) 10.86, 11.00 3.86 4.00 4608| 12.81] 0.70] 0.48) 0.88) 2.06) 1.94 2.06) 9.81) 10.00 11.00, 11.00) 1.24) 1.00 4369| 8.32| 1.38, 1.62, 1.22 4.22) 3.79 4.11) 8.28 8.00 9.62, 9.00, 1.16] 1.00 4606| 10.10} 1.46] 1.24 1.84) 4.04) 3.63, 4.11) 8.51| 8.00) 9.54| 9.00) 1.10) 1.00 138 Maine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. Descriptive List of Fertilizer Samples, 1917. K . 2 q : Sample =} Manufacturer, place of business and brand. taken at q ° S 3s + | mM | a | 434€| Listers Special Potato Fertilizer 1916___-_--2-----22- =~ 222222 ee Bangor. ssa 448¢| Listers Special Potato Fertilizer 1916__._----.-------_--_-_.-_-_- Ft. Fairfield______ 4526| Listers Special Potato Fertilizer 1916_--__-__-_.__-_--_-_--___-__ Washburn_________ AGO SNEASDETS AS UCCSSSiy HOT G1 TZ CTs iil Oil (5 Sessa Sa Portland ASGESNTISEELSMSULCCESSH mH GLU Teal Oil G mee ete ee pe ee eee eee eg Bath eee A344 ISLETS SUCCESSi eH eLullIZe el Ol Ome eee eee ee Bangor ase 4610 Listers Superior Ammoniated Superphosphate 1916___----------- Portland LOWELL FERTILIZER CO., BOSTON, MASS. CVAD) Noon f UL Navas NU Bits wae Race oa oe) i ee oe ee iBelfiast= ess. a=-se 4855 bowellsAnimall; Brand <2) eee eee North Leeds__-_-- 430 ji Wowell Anim aley Bran das soa ee ee ee ee Ban sor aaa 467¢ i bowellvAnimals Bran G2 see ee eee East Newport____ 4852 Lowell Bone Fertilizer for Corn, Grain, Grass and Vegetables_|North Leeds______ 4865 Lowell Bone Fertilizer for Corn, Grain, Grass and Vegetables_|Foxcroft__________. AABANTFO WEL As B=4h! tie tae eh eS SAE EIS eee ea Ft. Fairfield______ BARS HIRO WC lUz4- OA ieee cue Lien oils Neel cee Ua ees) Ar SINE epee ipa ele ane Ft. Fairfield______ CIGSSPA) Koy, Mev Enaybboxe lors xopayswe ec Se ee a ee Port!and eee 4302|Lowell Potato, Corn & Vegetable--_--.---- = -- 2222 Bano ALN i Wowellwkotatoy.CorniwdccmVeretab loss.) ki al eee Beltas aaa sae Tel TB oR AM TEXONNHO) Gunner North Leeds_----- ASDA SOME HUE, Ot BGO po aT Ure ee ec le A a Se eee Bangor ae A7eobowelleeotat om Viarimn ey vena ener eee eee ne ee ee ees Danforth____-_-__- 4403 Lowell PotatoyEhospha tesa 228 a ek ee eae Se Se Belfast esas LEM BLO CWE LEON KO) TEVOVa YS) OL ONE HRS): eS Bangor ASO LOwellePotacomEhosp leat ens. see eee eee ee Ee eee ee Danforth____-_---- ATMLOWellSPotato ye hosphatee ans ase ee Wiscasset__-_-----_ A852 ho welleeotato re hosphatey esses eee ee eee North lLeeds_----- AGSA TG OWE! SGOT TT Oy ack En © Sp Bate ee eee tee eal me Ansonies.222222e= MORISON BROTHERS, BANGOR, MAINE. 4313. ACG! AP DOS DH aii oe eee ese ia SUE I VR ia RS | ls ees eee Bangorea= eae CRU Dias Dyas IS) ewayol IS) Meo eps feateys a ee Banr or ae ASTD PM OTAS OTE TO Sei Oe ag ees eae ee ee Bango 4872|Morison Bros. Special Potato Fertilizer___-----------------_---_- Bano 4311, Morison Bros. Special Potato Fertilizer without potash__----- Bangor =a 4310)Morison Bros. War Brand Potato Fertilizer____._--_------_---- Banrore = 4871|Morison Bros. War Brand Potato Fertilizer____---------------- Connna= eee ASAD ING GI E Oo Ost) Sy © Cl ea nes SS URL eI a MTS UU A pein UL Oe e LE N ea Bangoweeaseae NATIONAL FERTILIZER CO., NEW YORK CITY, N. Y. 4496|National Extra High Grade Potato Fertilizer__________.___---- Presque Isle_------ 4536|National Extra High Grade Potato Fertilizer___-___-__--_----- Presque Isle_----- 4668 National Nitrogen Phosphate Mixture No. 3___-_---------------- incolns ee 4660 National Nitrogen Phosphate Mixture No. 4___--_-------------- hincoln= eee e 4393 National Nitrogen Phosphate Mixture No. 6_------------------- Searsport______-_- 4475|National Nitrogen Phosphate Mixture No. 6___----------------- Houlton == 4394|National Pine Tree State Potato Fertilizer_______-----__----_--- Searsport_____----. 4460 National Pine Tree State Potato Fertilizer___-_-___-----__------ Houlton===-=-=-==— OrFIciAL Inspections 85. 139 Analysis of Fertilizer Samples, 1917. NITROGEN. | PHOSPHORIC ACID. | POTASH. Fe | Available. | = Total. | e 3 . . | .- 4 ea ls 3 | 3 5 3 : 5 Eee : = < - q ac) fs 5 ; 5 oe g Peeler ere e 8 los. loge) og les 3 2 S s 2 3 =) 3 2 3S re) n n nm 5° iS) 5 ° =) ° =] ° =] n a4idqj}<4f]/a8]<4]6 Fy & Fy ) Be | & l | | 4346, 9.49 1.56 1.30 146 4.32 3.94) 4.11 10.34 10.00, 11.71, 11.00 --.-__---_-- 4488) 10.23] 1.60/ 1.36) 1.12) 4.08] 4.08] 4.11) 10.26] 10.00] 11.31| 11.00|-_____|_-____ 4526| 10.03, 1.90, 1.16 0.81 4.16 3.87} 4.11 10.13 10.00) 12.12 11.00 --.--__-____ 4605). 9.88 0.30 0.34 0.76 1.40 1.25] 1.23 10.69 10.00, 11.90 11.00) 1.14 1.00 4863, 9.86 0.40| 0.28) 0.75) 1.43 1.33| 1.23 10.87 10.00 12.12 11.00 1.08 1.00 4344\ 10.01 0.54 0.36 0.56 1.46 1.37] 1.23 10.47 10.00 11.68 11.00 1.01 1.00 4610| 8.96) 1.28} 1.00} 1.04! 8.32) 3.03] 3.29) 9.68) 10.00) 11.96 11.00|______|______ 4402) 5.37, 0.42) 0.84| 1.22 2.48, 2.17| 2.87, 9.62; 10.00, 10.64) 11.00-_-___|_____- 4855| 5.47, 0.32' 0.64; 1.94) 2.90| 2.98) 2.87) 9.60 10.00, 11.07| 11.00-_____|______ 4307, 4.89 0.40 0.86] 1.68, 2.94) 2.72) 2.87) 9.44, 10.00, 10.88 11.00\__--__|______ 4670| 7.07 0.42, 0.86 1.76 3.04 2.49] 2.87 9.60 10.00 11.79 11.00/__-___|______ S31 E370) AS i Ml | 2.48) 2.48) 2.00] 2.05] 9.85): 10.00) 11.48] 11.00|-----_|_--___ 4869) > fedlb 10:52) ) 0:34) -1.50) 2:36) 1-97] 2:05! 9:09! 10:00) ° 10:89]. 11.00}-2222)}2 22 = 4485 9.35 0.90 0.86, 1.64 3.40 291] 3.28 7.14 8.00 9.08 9.00 4.09] 4.00 4483 9.99 0.94 0.94, 1.40 3.28 2.85] 3.29 721 8.00 9.17 9.00 3.77| 4.00 ASS) | CW 7) beens oe a 2.46\___ = DAG | ence 10.00 27.21 20. 4302, 6.18 0.48 1.70 1.97 4.15 3.70| 4.10 9.64) 10.00 11.88 4400 6.24 046 1.74 214 4.34 4.01] 4.10) 9.87) 10.00, 11.66 4854 4.50 0.70 0.88 1.97 3.55 3.20] 3.28 10.45 10.00 11.48 4304 7.42 0.46 0.42) 1.58 2.46 2.32] 2.46 9.28 10.00 11.45 478 9.80 0.52 0.44 1.89 2.75 219| 2.46 9.57 10.00. 11.71 4403 4.63 0.82 0.94 2.04 3.80 2.84] 3.28 9.60 10.00 11.26 4301 10.27 0.90 0.70 1.70 3.30 2.83| 3.28] 9.21) 10.00 11.80 4786 6.17 0.44, 1.20 1.72 3.36 2.97| 3.28] 10.02, 10.00 11.96 4777, -5.77_—«*0.42,s«i1.20 «21.92 3.54) 3.22] 3.28) 9.50! 10.00, 11.16 4852 4.41 0.38 0.90 217 3.45 3.04] 3.28) 9.74) 10.00, 11.02 4684 5.68 0.10 0.06 1.29 1.45 1.37] 0.82) 11.12, 12.00 13.40 !SGIB}| SUNG) Si gt A ei i la el Lead a TELM ATGIO0 finel’7-40| sts telesales JEN SiG ae ae ee B86 | eee 6166 (Sta oc TBO a TAD ec ae cde seme ae 4312 7.01 0.86 0.08 1.72) 2.66 2.16] 2.46) 7.44, 800 9.76 __-___ 2.07 2.00 4872 9.98 154 0.18 2.29 4.01 3.29] 4.11) 8.38; 10.00 12.44) 11.00__---_______ ASA 0e(S\o cl sOjet OSLO}, 2222), 4:02) e03:53|- 45001 8:90)" 10:00)» 12%68)22 2 st eee | 4310 7.99 1.84 0.04 1.96 3.34 2.81] 3.29 7.24; 8.00) 10.35 __-____ 4.34 4.00 4871 9.19 1.08) 0.22 217 3.47 2.69} 3.9 7.42) 8.00 10.27 9.00 4.57 4.00 4349) 118) 15.57 \-----2 |=. -< IB Gay ba Urata oa A) ) a Pca (i | oe nea (8 eae 4496 9.71 1.78 146 3.98 4.22 393) 4.11 10.17 10.00 11.09 11.00 3.82 4.00 4536 10.40 1.64 1.50 0.98 4.12 3.58) 411 9.90 10.00 10.86 11.00 4.06 4.00 4658; 9.70, 0.94, 0.96 0.87 2.77 2.57| 2.47) 10.30; 10.00, 11.28) 11.00-_--__|_____ 4660, 8.84) 1.14; 1.20, 1.21| 3.55) 3.82| 3.29) 9.74) 10.00] 11.68] 11.00|-_-_-_|-_____ 4398, 9.64, 1.76) 1.46 0.83 4.05 3.83) Ae O29 el OOO audits iil OO fea aa a a 4475) 9.40; 1.84 1.24 1.04 4.12 3.88, 4.11) 10.03) 10.00 11.91 TG Ufa 0) Vaeveing Sto) Se ee | 4394, 10.04 1.42 1.14 0.70 3.26 3.08 3.29 8.42) 8.00 9.44 9.00 4.00 4.00 4460| 10.88' 1.50| 1.16 0.72 3.38 3.08 3.29 8.70 8.00 10.03 9.00 3.36 4.00 4700|Portland Organic Fertilizer Animal Brand 140 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. Descriptive List of Fertilizer Samples, 1917. u Q B 5 Sample =| Manufacturer, place of business and brand. taken at S| (S) 3 3 » > oa) NATIONAL GUANO CO., AURORA, ILLINOIS. 4644/Sheeps Head Brand Pulverized ‘Sheoph Mannressamer atau Portland______-__- | NEW ENGLAND FERTILIZER CO., BOSTON, MASS. 45294|New England Complete Manure___-_--_-_-__-_=---_-_--____--____ Washburn--_-__-____ _ 4769|\New England Corn & Grain WFertilizer__--_--____-___--_____L__ Randolph__--___-___ 4308|New England Corn & Grain Fertilizer_____-__-..____-_--_______ Bangor aaa. saaasn 4864|New England Corn & Grain Fertilizer____--__/___-___-_________ Bathoei ex 2 4882) New England Corn Phosphate for Grain & Vegetables 2%4-10__|Belgrade_________-_ AG TONG wa akin ool era les 5 ae Ce we Limestone_________ ASP IN(eny TolavedlaTaG! ASE Sas Oe Washburn_________ CASRN JCEM Ye Og Se 0G eee fo ce a OS I a Crouseville________. 4463} N@ wo bln Gal evr ht B= eee sey Ss sath NES eS (8 i a Orn ase ac na Bridgewater______- 4401|New England High Grade Potato Fertilizer__-_--____._-_-_____ Belkastseeeee 4303|New England High Grade Potato Fertilizer 4-10 Bans O1eee aaa 4679|New England High Grade Potato Fertilizer 4-10 Skowhegan_-___---_- 4523|New England High Grade Special 4-9-4_____---_--_--------__--____ Washburn_________ 4759|New England Market for Vegetables, Top Dressing and Lawns Farmington_______ 4880|New England Phosphate for Grain & Vegetables 214-10_-----__ hinge = ake ssa 4309|New England Potato, Corn & Vegetable Manure 5-10__------_- Ban cores 4515|New England Potato, Corn & Vegetable Manure 5-10___------- Mapleton_________-_ 4767 New, bneland seo taco Hentilizeni: eases a2 ee ei eS Reece eae ‘Randolph POSER Wie IMS 47aniNew bngland Potato» Meritlizert) 2222s 22s ee ee eee eee Newcastle: =-=------ 4779|New England Potato Fertilizer 3-102------_-+_---2- = 2 Wiscasset____---_-- 4766|New England Standard Phosphate 1-12____---________-____-_-_-- Randolph_-_-------- 4881|New England Superphosphate 314-10__------------_---------------- China!22 ads 4305|New England Superphosphate __-----------------------------+__-_ Bangor as 4399|New, England) Superphosphate —----===--=_-_--_ = 2-8 Belfast 4678 iNew England Superphosphate 22522 iss ss se ee ee Skowhegan-______-- 4768\New England Supsrphosphate 2-22 2-2222 22 2 2 ee se Randolph____------ | NITRATE. AGENCIES CO., NEW YORK CITY, N. Y. 4865 |FlighaGrade Acid vehosphates sss s sess S eee Dexterco- kaos AS6GINGE Ate CAB rand Niitiraitas OS O Cals sae eee eee eee ee Dexter se 'PARMENTOR & POLSEY FERTILIZER CO., BOSTON, MASS. AS5O NEAR er GLa GmOwWelinlo-1 0S ee eee lisbon. 4396|P. & P. Plymouth Rock Brand for all Crops 3%%-10_-_--_---_-_- Bangor 4432) P. SEPM OG AGO mR eT GUNZ CI ie es eee ee Re eee Farmington__-_---- 499 7 iP ace meOtatoOmehosphiatery4-10 et a2 ese ee eee ee Bangor-_-__--_------ LU (fy 123 rg Dew JeLoersh oo) Je) avoysyolayen rey. A tag), Ses ee Farmington______- LUSH TE iiss 12d deXonershio) Jed akaysy oO aenie) Ca) Ae ee be Houltonsee====se— 4550 (Pi ees peclaleebotatosbertilizens=0jnese ase ae ee Cariboussss es 4300/P. & P. Svecial Potato & Corn Mertilizer’510)| sees eae Bangor__------_--- 4551/P. & P. Special Potato & Corn Fertilizer 5-10 ~----_-------_-___ @aribo == 4617|P. & P. Spscial Potato & Corn Fertilizer 5-10 -_---------------- 'Stoekholm____-_--- 4681|P. & P. Special Potato & Corn Fertilizer 5-10 __--------------_- Skowhegan---_----- PORTLAND RENDERING CO.. PORTLAND, MAINE. 4778) Portland Organic Cumberland Garden Manure_----------------- Wiscasset____------ 4299|Portland Organic Fertilizer Animal Brand ---_------------------ Banco Portland eons Station number. Orriciat Inspections 85. 141 Analysis of Fertilizer Samples, 1917. NITROGEN. PHOSPHORIC ACID. POTASH. Available. | Total. Bear) 6 cece are a g H = A a x 3 Ke) 3 |. 3 3 rg SS Se eye lela ea) eter e als n n Oo mieeleedi ih te Woe lied Mico ma ol cy |e | o |e] s if | | | | | | AAT eerie aha ZEAL Van DeAal ae een 2.25|___--- We) 1500) 9228] 9) 1-25)5°220))7 1.50 | | | | | 9.45, 0.28) 1.30/ 2.04 3.62; 3.14; 3.29] 11.03] 10.00; 12.41) 11.00, 1.24) 1.00 6.54; 0.00/ 0.16] 1.36] 1.52/ 1.34] 1.50) 9.19) 10.00| 11.55| 11.00|______ pie pies 6.98] 0.20| 0.06] 1.32) 1.58] 1.44] 1.28] 9.55} 10.00)' 11.80] 11.00|-_____|______ 4,24| 0.06] 0.08| 1.18, 1.32] 1.04] 1.23) 8.71] 10.00) 10.19} 11.00/____2_|______ 8.60| 0.10} 0.84] 1.77| 2.11) 1.99| 2.05; 9.71 10.00] 11.36] A TO0 eel 9.81) 0.82/ 1.48 78 4.06 3.59] 4.10 9.91 10.00) 11.80| 11.00) 3.28) 4.00 9.59| 1.06] 0.90| 1.56, 3.52/ 3.00/ 3.28) 7.14, 8.00 9.31) 9.00| 3.97/ 4.00 9.34| 0.52| 1.24 1.88, 3.64) 3.07/ 3.28 7.84, 8.00, 9.63, 9.00, 4.41! 4.00 9.21} 0.96! 0.80) 1.64) 3.40} 2.81) 3.28) 7.48] 8.00! 9.36 9.00} 3.75) - 4.00 | | | 5.35, 0.48] 1.58] 1.26] 3.82/ 3.07] 3.28] 9.68} 10.00] 11.26] 11.00|______|______ 5.63| 0.98, 1.76] 1.36] 3.50; 3.25| 3.28] 9.85/ 10.00) 10.96} 11.00|_____-|__.___ 8.32] 0.58] 1.00] 2.12) 3.70] 3.00] 3.28] 9.89] 10.00] 11.23) 11.00|_-22-_|_..___ 7.30| 0.54 1.60| 1.16 °3.30| 2.82| 3.29) 8.71 9.00) 10.24| 10.00 1.52) 1.00 9.17| 2.14). 0.52) 1.55| 4.21| 3.90] 4.10} 877| 8.00/ 884) 9.00) 1.14) 1.00 8.79 0.14! 0.32! 1.67 2.13| 1.69] 2.05] 9.27) 10.00) 11.16]. 11.00|______ ane | | | 4.41| 0.44; 1.70) 2.02| 4.16] -3.78] 4.10| 10.24) 10.00] 12.70} 11.00|______|__-___ 8:81] 0.92]. 1.52/ 1.72| 4.16] 3/74| 4.10] 8.62] 10:00] 11.04)" 11.00|_2---_|_12.2. 3.74, 0.28] 0,58, 1.98, 2.84| 2.42/ 2.46 9.86) 10.00; 11.93) 11.00 at cet eure Nae 5.65) 0.14) 0.56) 2.03] 2.73| 2.93) 2.46] 10.29) 10.00} 11.87| 11.00|______ Iai 6.24) 0.18} 0.54) 1.93) 2.65; 2.20] 2.46) 10.00, 10.00) 11.68) 11.00|______ jee 3.63, 0.08, 0.08, 1.07, 1.23) 1.15 | 6.16| 0.26| 0.84, 1.83) 2.98) 2.89 5.03) 0.88 0.80/ 1.48| 2.66] 2.46 5.88] 0.38 0.96 1.60) 2.94 2.78 6.09] 0.36) 0.90) 1.73| 3.09| 2.79 4.55, 0.48] 0.90) 1.74) 2.92] 2.70 Er eat P/N) NI ae Tull TGSYI| LEAT SS BEER) 15.34) 15.34 3.60/ 0.00} 0.34| 1.38] 1.72| 1.52| 1.23) 9.92/ 10.00] 11.01) 11.00/--____|______ 5.19} 0.40| 0.82/ 1.68} 2.90| 2.64/ 2.87) 9.59) 10.00| 11.48) 11.00/-_____ | Sete 10.50, 0.88, 0.88) 1.70| 3.46| 8.03} 3.28) 9.22) 10.00/ 11.39, 11.00, 0.87) 1.00 | | | | ! | | 6.04| 0.86, 1.64 1.42} 8.42| 3.93] 3.28] 9.46] 10.00| 12.87) 11.00|__-___ jie ee 8.59| 0.84 0.86] 1.88] 3.58] 3.02] 3.28] 8.88] 10.00|° 11.82] 11.00|_._-_-_|2.____ 7.28| 0.62) 0.84| 1.98| 3.44! 3.08] 3.28] 9.61/ 10.00| 10.69] 11.00|______|______ 7,35| '1.52|. 1.90] 1.90] 4.32) 3.84] 4.10] 9.98] 10.00] | 11.13} 11.00|__-___|____-_ 6.40| 0.40| 1.56] 2.20/ 4.16] 3.80| 4.10/ 9.91/ 10.00/ 12.50) 11.00/_____- [Beatie 6.92) 0.48] 2.04) 1.80/ 4.32] 3.'77| 4.10] 9.77| 10.00/ 11.01| 11.00|______|______ 7,08| 0.34| 1.66] 2.32| 4.32] 3.77| 4.10) 9.56] 10.00/ 11.26] 11.00|__-_-_|______ 9.05| 0.82) 1.88] 1.78] 3.98] 3.60| 4.10] 9.53| 10.00] 10.81/ 11.00|_._--_|______ | | | | | | | 7.81| 0.82) 1.68) 2.50/ 5.00] 4.47/ 4.89] 10.07| 9.00] 11.18] 10.00)---___|______ 7.43| 0.48] 0.68] 1.90| 3.06] 2.53} 2.88] 10.64) 10.00) 12.90) 11.00|______|______ G518|2270!80 | 68 |e |r 87, ee 3.50] 10:01/ 10.00] 11.18] 11.00|2-2--|__-2.- 142 Marine AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1917. Descriptive List of Fertilizer Samples, 1917. B a | . Sample | Manufacturer, place of business and brand. taken at a © » 3 _ v7) 4298) Portland Organic Fertilizer Potato Grower -_-_______________-_ Hanger Nie oe Pea 4671|Portland Organic Fertilizer Potato Grower _-_-_-_----____-_____ E. Newport-__-___- PULVERIZED MANURE COMPANY, CHICAGO, ILL. | pace azar Brand «Manure... -Pulverizeds Sheeps ssa ee |Freeport___----___- | ROGERS & HUBBARD CO., PORTLAND, CONN. | 4847, Hubbard’s ‘‘Bone Base’? Oats and Top Dressing____-_-_-_______ |Monmouth________- 4874, Hubbard’s “Bone Base” Oats and Top Dressing__-------------- |Monmouth-______--. 4848 Hubbard’s ‘Bone Base’”’ Soluble Corn and General Crops____-- | Freeport Be Nia Vee 4875 Hubbard’s -‘‘Bone Base’’ Soluble Corn & General Crops Manure|Freeport_---------- 4850, Hubbard’s ‘‘Bone Base’’.Soluble Potato Manure____________--__ |Monmouth______-__- 4879 Hubbard’s ‘‘Bone Base’’ Soluble Potato Manure__-__------------ |Freeport____--_--—- 4876 Hubbard's iPyoas Ise (Ehroroeaval yleyopays |Freeport---=2---—-- 4846|Rogers é& Hubbard All Soi!s-All Crops Phosphate______-------- |Monmouth_-_------. 4877, Rogers & Hubbard All Soils-All Crops Phosphate___--------_-- Ireeponte 4849|Rogers & Hubbard Complete Phosphate___-_--___-__________-_- ‘Monmouth___----- 4845|Rogers & Hubbard Potato Phosphate____________-______________ |Monmouth__------ poco & Hubbard Potato Phosphate____-_-________---_-_______|/Freeport_------_-_- | SAGADAHOC FERTILIZER CO., BOWDOINHAM, MAINE. CUCM ANC (0 ed BA aYaysy 0) 0% ole eee epee Or Sa ae Se oe te |Bowdoinham_____- 4707/Sagadahoc Dirigo Fertilizer for Grass and Grain__-_---------- |Waterville___--_--- 4734 Sagadahoc Dirigo Fertilizer for Grass & Grain_____------------ | 4796, Sagadahoe Dirigo Fertilizer for Grass and Grain___-_____----- ‘Livermore Falls_- 4839|Sagadahoc 5-10-0 Fertilizer-_.__.________-___-__--_-_- ‘Richmond_----- yas A(36\S a gad ahoe,5-10-0m eH erbilizer seen en ene ee ep ESSE ‘'Bowdoinham--___-- A(06\Sagadahoc)o-l0-y Mertilizers seas. ea ee ee |Waterville__-_-----. LP Severo aoe All Ii plbyAnes oo ee ee ee ‘Bowdoinham---__-- “URW Rev olnae CeEHs lenlttze | LoL ee /Bowdoinham____-- ESTAS ayo aoe Casta antanibbze | Bee Re Ce ee /Winslow’s Mills_- UNS IS FE EAIO EN AKO OA tor! Tey NAc es) ee ee |Haston__-------___. AAT SAS AC ANO Ce Seb rs B OTL ITZ Tei cee eeie ineipa eee EI N eaa Ft. Fairfield_----- aby Smoky ioe xb ier niiyeie: po Limestone__------- AT Sagadahoc 4:8:2) Bertilizer jessica ees Menu ahs ene eaanene |Fairfield____----__- LU BSI SRO Bao e ASM bern lbizere: J Bowdoinham-_--_-_-- ATAG| Salgiad anoee4- 8-2 Her GIlIZe rays eee ee nea ee ee eae Lewiston____------- ATO |S agadaho cree nm Grail ey tl oe maces ae eh secu mle me eee ‘Bowdoinham bee a LU fo Se ystyokMaroro Jeb a) Careyol) Ol) laa ie ee ‘Livermore Falls_- 4716|Sagadahoe Q & L Brand Bone Lime & Potash Fertilizer____-- | Fairfield Dees See 4737|\Sagadahoe Q & L Brand Bone Lime & Potash Fertilizer_____- |Bowdoinham__-_--- 4885|Sagadahoe Q & L Brand Bone Lime & Potash Fertilizer____-- |Palermo eS 4808|Sagadahoe Special Corn Fertilizer 3-10-3__________-_____________ |\Winslow’s Mills_-- 4708|\Sagadahoe Special Corn Fertilizer 3-10-3________-__-_------------ Waterville___----_- 4738|Sagadahoe Special Corn Fertilizer 8-10-3__--.-_________-_-______ |Bowdoinham_ oe 4851|Sagadahoce Special Corn Fertilizer 3-10-3____________-__--_--___- Wie esas ASOONS ae 2 Cea OCB ES =A hae Le BeSTL Ria fo staat LE MRSA ROTEL cE | Winslow’s Mills__- | A704 Sav ad anOey8:8-3 7 es eee Deseo a Ca Oe eet ae eas NO ana eS Bare Btnay sss eee 4689|Sagadahoe 3-8-3 Fertilizer __|\Skowhegan--_---_-_ A735 | Sale ad anOcis:s:3 pMeLvII Zena men ee ee eee SES /Bowdoinham__-_-_-- Station number. OrriciAL Inspections 85. 143 Analysis of Fertilizer Samples, 1917. NITROGEN. PHOSPHORIC AOID. | PoTAsH. | Available. Total. | ase oS 3 3 5 5 . Ee) 5 5 = ; ; oO eel ol ae] & | St Bol Bile |e) e = 2 Pe 3 =} 3 = a = 3 os m a a ° 3) 5 } 5 ° 5 iS) 5 Ei<«]|4 < | 8 ) = O & o>) 4690 8:79) 1.52) 0.16) 1:33) 3.01) 2.70) 2:47) 9.88) 10.00} 10-85} 11.00) 1.48) 1.00 4733| 10.09 1.80 0.30 1.20) 2.80) 2.386 2.47) 10.05) 10.00) 10.78 11.00 1.41 1.00 A747) 9.52) 1.24) 0.22) 1.38 2.84 .00| 2.47) 10.02, 10.00 10.40) 11.00' 1.56 1.00 4705, 8.90, 1.16 0.32 0.27 1.69) 1.40, 1.65 11.17 10.00 11.69 11.00 2.07 3.00 4730) 8.33) 1.24) 0.22) 0.49) 1.95) 1.76) 0.82) 9.31 8.00 9.82 9.00 2.16 1.00 AT97) 6.71) 0.52) 0:06) 0.71) 1.29) 1.10) 0.82) 8.30 8.00 8.77 9.00' 2.07 1.00 | 4816 10.71 2.90 0.18) 1.21) 4.29) 4.17; 4.10 9.34 8.00. 10.27 9.00 0.98 1.00 4883 11.97 2.68 0.30 1.00 3.98, 3.90| 4.10 9.19 8.00 9.78 8.50 0.41 1.00 4659 15.33 2.42 0.16 0.94 3.52, 3.29) 3.28 8.81 8.00 9.54 8.50 3.93 4.00 4691| 15.42} 2.42) 0.08) 1.07) 3.57); 3.39} 3.28 8.60 8.00 9.62 8.50| 3.86 4.00 4702| 10.37 2.10 0.24 1.24 3.58) 3.34) 3.28 8.62 8.00 9.31 Si5D ses a5 ose e's 4789 12.91, 1.32) 0.38) 1.61 3.31, 3:07) 3:28) 19:29 10:00 i Ta) 11 00 |= eee 4692) 12:54) 1.66) 0.20) 1.52; 3.38) 3.18] 3.28) 10.62) 10.00) 11.58) 11.00)----__|______ 4776, 11.03) 1.64 0.28; 1.38) 3.30) 3.09} 3.28 10.56 10.00 11.64) 10.50)/__---_|___-__ 4817, 13.62, 1.66 0.16 0.72 9.54 2.40} 2.05) 10.98 10.00) 12.15 11.00 2.30 2.00 | | AHS BY ool eee Bem Bee ------|------ OS 1.95 2.00, 3.98 4.00 4868 11.12) 0.84 0.84 0.96) 2.64, 2.42) 92.45 9.52) 10.00/ 11.61) 10.50/__-_-_|__-___ 4466; 8.92) 1.28) 1.82) 1.04; 4.14; 3.841 4.10) 9.69) 10.00} 11.40} 10.50)_-__-_|_-____ 4467, 9.77, 1.36 1.04, 0.92 3.52) 3.27) 3.45; 9.94 8.00 11.02 8.50; 2.10 2.00 4867) 10:91} 1.48) 1.16) 1.61) 4.25) 3.78) 4710) 9.92) 10.00) 12.55) 11.50}/_-_---|_-__-_ AGL at (510 esse | Ps eee ee eee oe ce AUB SIGH ages AGI Seo | ee 4464 7.67 1.98 1.38 0.70, 4.06) 3.73 4.11) 8.91 8.00 9.79 8.50 2.69 3.00 4502) 6.82; 2.14) 1.54) 0.48) 4.16) 3.81; 411) 8.18 8.00 9.01 8.50) - 2.92) 3.00 4616 8.66 1.54 1.50; 0.96 4.00) 3.31) 4.11 8.45 8.00 9.67 8.50 2.13) 2.00 4633)" 10.74) 2:34) 0-10) 1.738) 4.17) 3:15) 4.11) 10:02) 10.00) 10:91] 10.50)-----_|-___-_ ARIS) 59) 1.68) 1.36) 1:22) 4.26) 3:61) 4.0)" 10/51] 10:00] 10:96] - 10.50)----__|__=-__ 4538) 11-76} 2:46) 0.12) 1.66) 4.24) 3:65] 411) 10:47] 10.00) 11.68] 10:50)---2-_|-----_ 4632, 7.66 1.20, 0.12) 2.40) 3.72} 3.01) 3.29 7.60 8.00 8.90 S750 seers |e 4465 8.04 1.70| 0.90' 0.76 3.36 3.01| 3.29| 8.45 8.00 9.09 9.00; 3.97 4.00 4474, 9.05 1.66, 0.20' 0.64 3.10) 2.83) 3.99) 8.54 8.00 9.22 9.00, 3.71, 4.00 4646} 6.85 0.20) 1.02) 2.08) 3.30; 2.68; 3.29) 8.63 8.00 10.85 8.50 4.24 4.00 4634, 7.74 0.54) 0.32) 1.18) 2.04 1.38| 1.85} 8.13 8.00 9.19 8.50, 1.94) 2.00 | 4668, 11.26, 1.30; 0.18 2.04 3.52; 2.88 9) 8.71 8.00 10.96 9.00, 4.389 4.00 4669, 9.83 0.76 1.36) 1.46 3.58 3.13) 3.29) 8.23 8.00 9.63 9.00 - 1.16 1.00 4505, 9:70; 0:74; 1.10) 1.54; 3.38) 2.93) 3.99) 7:64 8.00 10.89 9.00 4.45 4.00 4509) 10.15) 0.98; 0.96 1.38 °3.82) 2.84) 3.29, 8.88 8.00 10.33 9.00; 1.20 1.00 4501} 9.69) 0.32) 1.26) 2.02) 3.60) 3.13) 3.29) 98.90 8.00 10.48 10.00 3.16 3.00 4553] 10.26] 1.10) 0.84) 1.67; 3.61; 3.08! 3.99, 7.94 8.00 11.32 9.00 3.38) 3.00 146 Matne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1917. Descriptive List of Fertilizer Samples, 1917. Station number. Manufaeturer, place of business and brand. Sample taken at 4790, V. C. ©. Co.’s Beef, Blood & Bone without Potash 4478/V. C. C. Co.’s 20th Century Potato Manure_--_------------------ WHITMAN & PRATT RENDERING CO., LOWELL, MASS. AGA())| Gi. @ FIT CAE OT eect ere ie eISSN a a Lasoo alesse Dusen sede Bortland===eea CUMBIA evan Nats cde) SACP SIL iy eset ie eA ME Maine qa. aaa CREAM aDHEDOR NO, Org JereAn Byerdl Toye ab os Soi Se Lisbon] ss2eeaas 4lo Wihitman =k. bratt 510i Brand sss ae eee Fairfield________-__ ATA AW a BaMenal cig Tear MAE tall): Tepe eKits is See ee Sacolsce nie 4753 Winitmany cme ratory ees al (eset nee en eee etere ne ees eee Farmington_______ Al GpA\WVlaumoake Na ocrg Jecekeey cee he 1 Biers ae Le W. Farmington__ 4859)\Whitman & Pratt 4-104 Brands2222 222 ee ee Hisbon====s ss ssseae AGN MVavK Homa Arq JOE DES ANI) Bie nays Se a ee Sacos-22 3s eee 4754|Whitman & Pratt 112-10 Brand____-___________-_-_____-__-_-_____ Farmington_______ 4858)Whitman & Pratt 144-10 Brand-_-___-----------------------------_ Ti sponme==ssaasses AUAUS\VoNmOOE NG Cy JOUEG Saerl 1BIP OO ee ed Sacose aes 4860|/Whitman & Pratt 3-8-1 Brand____--_--.---------------------_--__ Thishons==s.--.==s=— 4720 Winitman &pratbtesl0) Brands: eee el ee ere se eee Saco ee 4752 | Wihitman &ebratt)3-10s bran dsees sass eee Farmington_____-- AS6liVWihitmanncmerabt sl) ran Gees senm en oe ishon 22 OrFiciaL INspections 85. 147 Analysis of Fertilizer Samples, 1917. NITROGEN. | PHOSPHORIO AOID. POTASH. K | Available. Total. 2 A | iS : ‘ z ; . =) a qa 2 co] Lo} Ko} | a [= q q 3 7 Ey Fe S q g = ) ae ~ , ery 8 H = | H Le 3 a Le} a fo a bo} a = 2 q 3 ° 3 2 u q H q u q a = = re) rs 3 3 S 3 a 5 a Pc n n n fo) Oo =) o = fo} =) ° a reine < < a < cs) Fy o Fy ) Fy & 4790 8.92 0.16 1.44) 2.07\ 3.67| 3.37) 3.29 10.51, 10.00) 12.23, 11.00|_-_-__|______ 4478, 9.47 0.74, 1.50) 1.94 4.18) 3.80] 4.12 8.57 8.00 9.92 9.00 1.02) 1.00 LED AOE aes Eee UN 29477 | saa DAG [abies 10.00] 26.78) 20.00|-----_|__---- 4713| 5.37 0.82; 1.42) 1.73) 3.97| 3.25] 4.10; 6.80 8.00; 9.22) 9.00 1.25) 1.00 4857, 7.18 0.70| 1.46] 1.87| 4.03) 3.44) 4.10, 6.83| 8.00| 9.38} 9.00) 1.18] 1.00 | | | | 4710| 2.43) 0.14) 1.22) 2.03) 4.89] 38.86] 4.10) 10.27/ 10.00] 12.80] 11.00|---___|______ 4719| 6.94) 0.40} 1.82] 2.15) 4.87| 3.72) 4.10) 9.30} 10.00) 11.24) 11.00|---_-_|______ a 5.67| 0.42) 1.94) 1.90| 4.26) 3.77] 4.10) 9.58} 10.00} 11.12| 11.00]/---_|-_____ 4762; 9.28 0.70 0.86 1.86 3.42) 3.04| 3.28 7.29' 8.00 9.33 9.00; 3.84 4.00 4859) 10.29 0.84 0.76) 1.89 3.49 2.73) 3.28, 9.04 10.00 11.55 11.00 0.90 1.00 4698| 6.20 0.26 0.06) 0.95 1.37 1.10' 1.23) 8.82 10.00 11.28 11.00 ------ (eet A754| 5.56] 0.22| 0.10] 1.23) 1.55] 1.41) 1.23/ 9.41| 10.00) 11.96) 11.00|_-____|______ 4858| 6.87; 0.12/ 0.20/ 1.30) 1.61) 1.34 1.23, 9.01} 10.00) 11.42, 11.00)______|______ | | | | | | | | | | 4718, 7.80| 0.46. 0.44) 1.69, 2.59] 2.34 2.40) 8.95) 8.00 11.04) 9.00) 0.24) 1.00 4860} 10.16! 0.48 0.30| 1.73) 2.51] 2.04 2.46] 7.59} 8.00) 9.17 9.00) 1.02) 1.00 4720, 7.89 0.54 0.36] 1.65| 2.55] 1.94 2.46] 7.82/ 10.00] 9.88 11-00|-___--|__.__- 4752} 6.66, 0.48) 0.40| 1.78} 2.66, 2.40 2.46) 8.96, 10.00, 10.91) 11.00)-_____|-_-___ 4861| 7.54| 0.34). 0.50| 1.70| 2.54) 2.94 2.46] 8.59] 10.00] 11.23) 11.00/______|______ 148 Matne AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 1917. Table Showing the Results of Examination of Samples of Lime and Limestone Collected by the Inspectors in 1917 Per Cent Name of Maker Brand Caleium Oxide Station number Found |Claimed AGB VAS Tyiy at INC eee eae eee rae Ground lLimestone_____--__-_-_ 58.12 4715|Edward Bryant Company,_-____ Agricultural Lime_-_._---_--____ 43.80 4815|J. A. Creighton & Co.___--_---- Creighton’s Agricultural TAIN Cop pS ee SARE eee 50.92 60.00 4703|Dominion Lime Co._______----_-_ Dudwell Pulverized Agricul- tural Limestone__-___-___- 53.86 4818|Dominion Lime Co.______-_-_--__ Dudswell Pulverized Lime- Te BS CONCH Wee Maes ae eA ler Se ae 53.18 4557|The Limestone Company,____-_- Ground Limerock____-_-_--__---- 80.23 4639|Pownal Lime Company_____-__-__ Fine Ground lLimestone___-___ 49.30 45.00 4591|Rockland & Rockport Lime COREE SUES rene epen es es R. R. Ground Limestone__-__- 54.06 51.00 4688|Rockland & Rockport Lime 5 CORRS ERS 2 Sally econ UMA lea: R. R. Ground Limestone-__-_--_- 538.74 51.00 4742|Rockland & Rockport Lime Coys ae seta eee aot Ane Sai R. R. Ground Limestone-_-_-_-_-- 53.20 51.00 4590)Rockland & Roekport Lime ‘ Oe EOS EC nares R. R. Land Lime, A High Caleium Lime__----------- 62.14 60.00 4714|Rockland & Rockport Lime | CO eae es IR. RR. Wand Time_--=---------: 59.14 LAND PLASTER Two brands of land plaster were collected. A sample from Plaster Rock, N. S., carried 22.40 per cent calcium oxide and a sample from the United States Gypsum Company carried 26.90 per cent. Neither of these samples carried guaranties as required by law. MUSSLIZER This material which claimed to be dried mussel bed mud was made and offered in the State. A sample collected by the inspectors showed it to carry .63 per cent of total nitrogen, .29 per cent total phosphoric acid and .54 per cent potash. Thirty six per cent was ground fine enough to pass through a sieve 60 meshes to the inch, 17 per cent passed a 4o mesh sieve, 29 per cent a 20 mesh sieve and 18 per cent was too coarse to go through a 20 mesh sieve. AMNH LIBRARY ni in